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While Rome Burns '

AT A TIME when Hitler re-arms, and Mussolini marches toward Abyssinia; when a radio battle
^ rages with General Johnson. Senator Long and Father Cougblin before the microphone; with
farm land withdrawn from cultivation, with factories running part time, with men out of
work — with the relief problem pressing — is this a time for music, drama, crafts — for enjoying
nature; for working on problems related to abundant living? Are recreation workers fiddling while
Rome burns?

There never has been a time when work on "abundant living" was more fundamental
than now, for now is a time when sanity of nations and individuals is important. This is not a
good time to be riding fast in every direction. A sense of direction, a sense of values is doubly im-
portant now. There is no gain just now in hysterically running fifty yards with the ball — in the
wrong direction!

Empires have risen and fallen. Dynasties and dictators have come and gone. But people —
ordinary people — have gone on living; there have been values such in literature, in music, in art, in
athletics, in comradeship, in the arts of human intercourse, that the world has not completely com-
mitted suicide. There has seemed to be enough of value in the world to justify going on living.

Security in itself would be an empty victory in a barren, dull, heavy, ugly, colorless world.
It is victory in real living, in real wages of life itself that counts, — a chance to "live" for the farmer,
for the worker in the mine, in the factory. Two chickens in every pot and three automobiles in
every garage do not make a Promised Land. There is dynamic explosive power in making life itself
rich and fruitful, in abolishing poverty of life. Sharing of real living is important.

In a world where we have so much cotton and corn that we plough it under, in an age of
abundance where we kill our pigs, close our factories because they produce more than laborers can
buy — we dare not say that we are too poor to provide opportunities for swimming, skating, singing,
reading and all that men gladly do to stretch their souls and their bodies. In a world where college-
trained men beg for a chance to work we cannot say that our country as a whole cannot afford to
set aside 80,000 additional education — recreation — leisure time workers to give all communities the
opportunities for recreation, for living that the best communities have already provided for themselves.

Even tribes of American Indians whom we designated as savages in an age of scarcity set aside
men to serve as "Delight Makers." In an age of plenty such that we stop our production, it would be
ridiculous to say that we have not the wealth for music, drama, beauty. Once let the world have
adequate beauty of action, motion, sound, drama, nature, literature, and all other problems will be-
come easier because frustration, disillusionment, disappointment, disgust, will be removed from the
center and will be replaced by a sense of fulness, richness, color, power, joy — -so that the world no
longer seems to hang stagnant.

We have been so blinded by men's cry for bread that we have not seen that the real cry is for
something far more vital — a cry for beauty of life.

Men growing up knowing what hunger is — when they speak their deepest thought — tell you
thai great as was the need for food — food alone was not enough. Man is not the kind of animal
whose hunger is satisfied by bread. Romance, adventure, beauty, comradeship, share in living must
there be — as well as bread — to satisfy the hunger of the human spirit, to give enduring security.

Howard Braucher.

APRI L I 935

On the Grandstand

Charles J. Storey

New York City

Watching, instead of doing, is not
a recreative sin, but it sometimes
leads to a badly balanced diet!
Why take all your fun vicariously?

IN A SMALL boy's vocabulary there is no such
word as "spectator." He has generally to be
chained down if you want him to watch any
sort of active game. His whole being is against
looking at an activity in which he is not allowed
to take part. I suppose a child does not know any-
thing about vicarious participation in any activity.
The spectator attitude is essentially that of the
adult, who from either innate laziness or some
other reason is capable of watching the most active
and interesting sports without any desire to be in
the midst of them. A child who sees other chil-
dren playing nearby will fidget and resist paternal
restraint in order to be among them. His entire
body moves in excitable rhythm in accord with
the actions he beholds. The young animal thinks
with his muscles and he will not be content until
he is exercising them in a game.

Watching other people in activity is apparently
an adult entertainment. It is enjoyable and recrea-
tive. Look at a group of men in easy attitudes
watching the laborers digging up the street. The
scene is certainly familiar to them. They have
watched it many times before, but it still has the
power to give a reposeful ease and a sort of con-
tentment. Early Americans used to gather in a
ring to watch a dog fight in front of the general
store. Their descendants fill a stadium and watch
a prize fight. Seventy thousand thunder at a foot-
ball game. Thousands fill the grandstands and
bleachers at professional baseball. They go for
the fun of it, yet there is much discussion about
the relative value of watching instead of partici-
pating in recreation.

Witnessing Spectacles An Old Custom

Going in crowds to witness spectacles and
sports is no modern recreation. The ancient Greeks
and Romans did it. A glance at the noble remains
of the Colosseum at Rome shows what provision

they made for the forty or fifty thousand people
who once filled that amphitheatre. Baiting Chris-
tians in the arena was only a small portion of the
Roman outdoor sports program, for the Roman
politicians understood thoroughly how to further
their own ends by using the natural craving for
recreation in their people. And their oflferings
were unusually cruel. There is a difference not
only in the kinds of sport offered today but also
in the fact that an infinitely greater proportion of
of the populace regularly attend indoor and out-
door theatrical and sport entertainment.

Without boring the reader with statistics of the
number of theaters, movies and stadiums in the
country, you may take my word for it that there
are quite a lot of them. They range in size from
the intimate theatre and movie house of less than
three hundred seats to athletic bowls of seventy
to one hundred thousand capacity. No doubt the
growth of a city dwelling age with its millions of
people in sedentary occupations is responsible in
part for the increase of opportunities to watch
something rather than to do something in recrea-
tive hours.

The greatest number of spectators are gathered
at the four major spectacles — the theatre, the
movies, professional baseball and college football.
Professional ice hockey, boxing, wrestling and
even professional tennis draw huge crowds. Col-
lege football is included in these commercial rec-
reations because as far as the spectator is con-
cerned it has all the earmarks of commercialism.
The visitor pays a good price for admission, re-
ceiving no extra benefits, while what are usually
considered the principal aims of athletics — the
enjoyment of playing the game and the physical
development of the players — are lost sight of
under the tremendous gate receipts and the pro-
fessionalized teams.

ON THE GRANDSTAND

Why do so many people go to see things rather
than do things? And do they receive the same
recreative benefits in watching as in doing?

Of course we know that sitting on the grand-
stand watching twenty-two active college men
play football is a stimulating and engrossing oc-
cupation. There is nothing quite like the thrill of
a well-played baseball game between professional
teams who play with exactitude and rhythm. And
aside from the cultural aspects of some theatrical
performances, these spectacles, as well as the omni-
present movies, furnish a release from the ten-
sions of work or care which their very popularity
attests.

Sitting on the grandstand — that is, watching
instead of doing — is not a recreative sin. It is do-
ing that and nothing more which comes in for
adverse criticism. Students of recreation deplore
both the tendency of many people to get all their
active recreation vicariously on the grandstand or
in the theatre and the all-too-shrewd commercial
interests which capitalize this human indolence by
inventing and continually presenting new specta-
cles for the inert looker-on.

The confirmed baseball fan, if he never plays
ball, is undoubtedly a dissipator in recreation. He
is getting his recreation in one form only with-
out any of the accompanying pleasures of per-
sonal performance. His recreative meal is all
vegetables and no meat.

Not Prohibition But Temperance!

It is the inert spectator who we may surmise
is not getting one hundred per cent recuperation.
His inertness may come from being continuously
and only a spectator in his leisure moments. We
don't need prohibition of "spectatoritis" but rather
temperance. Continual reliance on being enter-
tained and amused, whether it be in the grand-
stand or in the seats of a theatre, is intemperate
and recreative excess. We must have an audifence
for our theatre whether its players are profes-
sional or amateur. And we should have spectators
at our ball games and athletic events. But we do
not want the same audience, the same spectators,
all the time. I once heard a conductor on the
Pennsylvania Railroad say that his run ended
every afternoon about two o'clock and he could
go to a ball game, which he did. Well, he was
just drinking too much "spectatoritis." He found
some recuperation, of course, in thus enjoying his
favorite and apparently only diversion. But he
had an unbalanced diet.

People often choose their recreations in the
same fashion that careless housewives buy food
for the family. They purchase the products near-
est at hand or widely advertised.

What Americans may need is a little more sales
resistance. It has been said that when the news-
papers discovered that sports were news, the glori-
(Continued on page 41)

The Japanese National Game: Go

By J. P. Bowles

WITH rules
simpler than
checkers,
but with possibili-
ties greater than
chess, the Japan-
ese game of Go is
a sort of eighth
wonder of the
world. A child can
probably be taught
quicker to begin
playing Go than
checkers. Dr.
Emanuel Lasker,
for many years
world's chess champion,
concedes the superiority
of Go to chess.

The Equipment and
Object

All that is required,
besides two players, is a
"checkerboard" with
nineteen lines each way,
a bowlful of white and
one of black "checkers"
or stones, as they are

called. Lacking these, Go can be played with pen-
cil and ruled paper.

All there is to the play is the capture of terri-
tory by placing stones in unbroken lines around
it — incidentally capturing opponent's stones by a
similar process of surrounding them. When
neither player sees advantage in continuing, prison-
ers are exchanged and placed in home territory,
thereby reducing the area captured. The player
whose stones surround the most vacant inter-
sections wins. There is only one arbitrary rule,
applying to a situation called ko and necessary
to forestall a sort of stalemate and a drawn
game.

Honinbo Shusai and two professional wonnen So
players of Japan in conventional opening play.
The nanne Honinbo is conferred upon the cham-
pion. He does not receive a numbered degree
but is called Meijin, the Master. When a new
Honinbo is chosen, he is adopted as the son of
the old Honinbo; thus the name is perpetuated.
Honinbo Shusai, the twenty-first Honinbo, has
never been defeated since receiving the title.
It is believed that Go Sei Gen, the young
Chinese Go revolutionary, will become the next
Honinbo. Go Sei Gen has upset the .Go tradi-
tions of centuries with his opening play. Honinbo
beat him by only two points; but he is an old man
and Go Sei Gen has not reached his majority.

The standard
Japanese Go board
is about nineteen
by twenty inches
and about six in-
ches thick. ( Boards
for use in the
United States are
likely to be only
about one inch
thick.) It is usu-
ally made of a
medium-hard, re-
sonant, yellow
wood, such as
yew, cedar or
white pine. To increase
resonance the under side
is sometimes hollowed
out, so that the Go board,
tradition slyly suggests,
may also serve to hold
the dismembered head of
a kibitzer 1

Centered on the upper
surface is the "checker-
board." Nineteen lines
each way, about seven-

eighths of an inch apart,
form 361 intersections. As the squares are not
used — only the intersections — they are not dis-
tinguished from the board proper by any other
marking. The nine intersections of every fourth,
tenth and sixteenth lines are pointed up with tiny
dots, which serve as handicap points.

The stones are discs, convex on both sides,
about seven-eighths of an inch in diameter and
nearly one-quarter inch thick in the center. As
made in Japan, the white stones are of pearl shell,
pleasant to touch ; the black stones of slate, turn-
ing a luminous jet after continued use. The
meticulous Go stone maker provides 180 white
and 181 black stones, one for each of the 361 in-

THE JAPANESE NATIONAL GAME: GO

tersections, but seldom does a game require more
than 1 50 of each. White and black stones are kept
separate in each of two wooden bowls about six
inches in diameter and four inches high, of which
the covers, removed and inverted, serve during
play to hold prisoners.

Rules for Play
Play begins with the board clear and the stones
in their respective bowls. Starting with black,

DIAGRAM A
Diagram A illustrates prime positions.

players take turn placing one stone at a time on
any intersection not occupied by a stone, except
on a certain intersection on a certain play in a
situation called ko. Once a stone is played, it is
never moved to another intersection.

A typical mannerism is to fork out a stone from
the bowl between index finger fingernail and third
finger, not in affectation but because this is the
easiest way to handle it; then to slap it down on
the resounding board (whereby, it has been
hinted, the slow player may awaken his oppon-
ent) ; then to slide it delicately to the chosen in-
tersection.

Regarding the board as an island, with outer
lines as waterfront boundary and corner areas as
peninsulas, obviously the corner areas are easiest
to capture by surrounding, since few stones are
required to complete the partitioning off of terri-
tory already partly surrounded or partitioned oflf
on two sides by the waterfront boundaries. Hence
early play usually takes place in corner areas, and
the first stone is usually placed on an intersection
three or four lines from each of two boundary
lines (including boundary lines in
the counting), as in a in the ac-
companying Diagram A. The op-
ponent usually places the second
stone similarly in another comer
area, and so on with third and
fourth plays.

Since the sides are next easiest
to capture, the following play is
sometimes on other intersections
three or four lines from an outer
or boundary line. But Go is a
fighting game and most players
seem to favor challenging an op-
ponent for possession of a corner
or a share thereof. This precipi-
tates a fight.

The accompanying Diagrams,
B, C and D, record and illustrate
a game between Karl Davis Ro-
binson and Fritz Kastilan. It is
a naive experiment in the open-
ing play strategy of the young
Chinese genius Go Sei Gen.

Diagram D shows the fin-
ished game. White has captured
the following black stones : seven
around f-i6; they are conceded
captured.

Black has captured the follow-
ing white stones: k-14, I-14, q-15 and q-i6. Other
captured stones are shown on Diagrams B and C.
When these stones and others previously taken
prisoner are returned to their own home territory,
it is found that White wins by sixteen points. The
beginner will do well to replay this game slowly,
trying to understand the reasons for every play.

A territory is definitely captured when the
stones surrounding it cannot be captured by the
opponent, as in Diagram A : positions b, c, d and
e. To understand this it is necessary to know how
the opponent's stones can be captured and the con-
ditions under which they cannot be captured.

THE JAPANESE NATIONAL GAME: GO

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Stones I to 100. No. I, at r-17, is an un-
conventional opening play, except to the
followers of Go Sei Gen. No. 14, at g-16,
is necessary, for otherwise Black has this
side of the board entire. No. 53, at c-3,
an unforunate error. A play at e-4 would
have preserved Black's threat of a large
territory, necessarily contested by White.

obcdefgbj klmnopqrst

DIAGRAM B

A stone is captured when all adjacent intersec-
tions are occupied by opponent's stones, as in f,
g and h. A group of stones is captured when all
intersections adjacent to the stones of the group
are occupied by opponent's stones, as in q.

As soon as a stone or group of stones is
actually so surrounded and thus captured,
it is taken off the board by the capturing
player and kept in his custody until the
end of the game. Therefore it is obvious
that the last stone played in cj was a white
stone, for Black would not have played a
stone in such a way as to complete the
capture of his own group.

The last white stone having been play-
ed in q, White takes off the board all the
black stones in q before Black plays in
his the next turn.

Another example of capture is k.
Which is captured : the group of black

Stones 101 to 200. The black stones around
f-16 are virtually conceded as lost, as Black
cannot form a wall around two separate com-
partments before White closes in and captures.

stones or the white stone at t-i2? The
answer depends on whether the last stone
played was a black stone or the white
stone at t-i2. If the last stone played was
a black stone, then the white stone at t-i2
has just been captured and is to be taken
off the board by Black before White may
play. If the last stone played was the
white stone at t-i2, then all the black
stones have just been captured and are
to be taken off the board by White before
Black may play. Neither of these plays
is a suicide play, because the removal of
the stones captured as the completion of
the play saves the last stone played from being
automatically captured and subject to removal by
the opponent prior to his, the next play. If, how-
ever, any of the white stones other than that at

DIAGRAM C

THE JAPANESE NATIONAL GAME: GO

t-i2 had been missing, the last stone played could
not have been White's at t-12.

Although a player must completely surround
and capture the stones of an opponent before he
may take them ofif the board during the game, at
the end of the game he is entitled to take of? the
board all of opponent's stones which cannot be
saved in territory captured by himself. For ex-
ample, in position c Black need not play at k-19
in order eventually
to capture the white
stone at I-19. The
white stone at I- 19
is regarded as dead
and, at the end of
the game. Black
may take it off the
board as prisoner.

It now becomes
apparent why black
stones in b, c, d and
e cannot be captur-
ed. Using e as an
example, White, in
order to capture,
would have to place
stones on r-19 and
t-19. But White
may not play at both
intersections at
once, and to play on
either is suicide.

Accordingly it
follows that a group
of stones is safe when it
surrounds territory which
the opponent cannot in-
vade without being cap-
tured. This is so when the
group definitely surrounds
two separate territories
and tentatively so when

the group's player cannot be prevented by plays
of his opponent from dividing the territory sur-
rounded into two separate definitely surrounded
territories.

There is a certain condition, called seki, under
which invaders of a surrounded territory cannot
capture or be captured, as in s. If White plays on
either a-7 or a- 1 1 , r)lack jjlays on the other inter-
section and captures that white stone and those at
a-8, a-9 and a- 10 and is safe. If Black plays on
either a-7 or a-ii, White plays on the other in-

DIAGRAM D

Stones 201 to 234. Finished game. Black has
surrounded 66 intersections and five prisoners.
White has surrounded 78 intersections and
ten prisoners. White wins by seventeen points,
enough to warrant giving Black a one-stone
handicap after two such victories.

tersection and captures all the black stones. Such
a situation, called seki, is left as is and neither
player gets credit for the two points of territory
at a-7 and a-ii.

Now for the one arbitrary rule of play, called
the rule of ko, as in m, n and p. Given the situa-
tion in m, it is Black's play. Should Black place a
stone on m-14, he would thereby capture and re-
move the white stone at I-14. In the absence of

rule of ko, White
might then on his
the next play place
another stone at I-14
and capture the
black stone just
placed at m-14, and
so on indefinitely.
Similarly with the
ko situations at n
and p.

The rule of ko
provides that a stone
which has just com-
pleted the capture
of an opponent's
stone may not be
captured on the fol-
lowing play unless
other stones can
also be captured
with the same play.
Thus, if Black plays
at m-T4, White may
not play at I-14 on
his the following play.
This gives Black an op-
portunity to make his the
following play at I-14 and
so "close" the ko and
"win" the ko. If the win-
xning of the ko is, however,
sufficiently important to
White, White will make his interim play else-
where so threatening to .Black that Black may
chose to answer it instead of closing the ko. Then,
and only then. White may play at I-14. Similarly,
Black may contest the ko, and so on until all po-
tential plays sufficiently threatening are exhausted.
So much for the one arbitrary rule of play.
There are several rules of courtesy, not all of
which, however, are likely to be observed in the
United States. But it is ever obligatory, as a rule
of courtesy, to give warning when one makes a

THE JAPANESE NATIONAL' GAME: GO

play such that on his follow-
ing play he can completely sur-
round, capture and take off the
board one or more of oppon-
ent's stones. It is customary to
give this warning by saying
the Japanese word "atari,"
similar to the "check" or
"guardez" in chess.

Handicapping is provided
for by allowing Black a given
number of plays before White
begins. These plays must be
made, however, in prescribed order on prescribed
intersections, nine of which are d-4, d-io, d-i6;
k-4, k-io, k-i6; q-4, q-io, q-i6. Altogether, at
least seventeen degrees of handicap are provided
for. In practice, nine are the limit.

With not more than nine stones of handicap, a
master and a passing fair player can play together
with equal chance of success. It is one of the
beauties of Go that such handicapping does not, as
in chess, spoil the game for either player. Games
rarely end in a draw. And it is significant that,
through handicapping, degrees of ability are mea-
surable to a fraction of a degree of handicap.

The History of Go

Of the origin of Go we know not which, if any,
of the hoary legends be true. It is casually re-
ferred to in a Chinese writing of about 1000 B.C.
Certain Chinese classics date it prior to 2300
B.C. It is said to have been invented by a Chinese
emperor or an aide to strengthen the weak mind
of the emperor's son. It is believed to have been
introduced into Japan between 700 and 800 A.D.
Whereas China is the mother, Go properly belongs
to Japan by adoption. While the rules have been
altered little, the present marvelous development
of tactics and strategy is exclusively Japanese.

When Shakespeare was hitch-hiking to London,
Japanese players with a reputation — even monks,
farmers, trades people, regardless of social status
— were being summoned before the royal presence
to "do their stuff," either to give the imperial play-
boys a stiff workout or to demonstrate their skill
against one another.

Then Honinbo Sansha, spiritual ancestor of a
line of masterful Honinbo, opened a private Go
school. Hideyoski, a famous general, founded the
first Go college. His successor, lyeyasu, super-
ceded it in 1603 with a sort of national Go college,
subsidized, which lasted until 1865. Honinbo

"It is written in the Wu Ts'ah Tsu that
among the playthings of modern and
ancient times, there is nothing more
remote than Go. Next to wine and
women it leads men astray. If they
think it difficult even village boys and
common people can play it very skill-
fully, but if it be thought very easy
even the wisest and most intelligent,
though they investigate it thoroughly
through generations, may not acquire
it correctly." — From The Game of
Go, by Arthur Smith.

Sansha was the first Dean,
with a princely retainer of
land and rice. Many of the
ranking players were salaried
professors. The alumni went
forth as strolling players, set-
tling down where they fancied
as teachers, in security and
honor.

At the fall of the Shogunate
in 1868, the national Go col-
lege closed its doors. And for
a decade the fascination of
Occidental innovations seems to have lured some
attention from Go. Around 1880, however, there
seems to have been a reaction against foreign in-
terests and Go returned to popular favor.

For centuries Go has been the national game of
Japan — of the public, including children. Yet it
enjoys the reputation of being the game of
Princes, scholars and war lords. While Japanese
children play Go as ours play marbles, Go is the
darling of officialdom and of high society. It is
quite the thing- — sort of "horsey," let us say. And
to play Go well is a far more essential part of be-
ing a gentleman than to play bridge well in this
country. But, whereas the public plays both Go
and Shoghi (Japanese chess), aristocrats play
only Go.

Go has been played by Americans in the United
States for a generation. Among the pioneers are
Karl Davis Robinson, proprietor of The Photo-
graphic Research Laboratory, Lee Foster Hart-
man, editor of Harper's Magazine; W. D. Witt
of Philadelphia, a bibliophile, and Edward Lasker,
chess expert. Mr. Hartman and Mr. Robinson
have had translated and have edited Japanese Go
classics. Mr. Lasker has just published an intro-
ductory history and manual of the game. Mr.
Robinson, as the foremost American authority, is
preparing a comprehensive treatise, based largely
on his twenty-year collection of Go literature and
correspondence with the Japanese masters, to
which the author of this article expresses in-
debtedness.

Various groups in New York, Philadelphia,
Baltimore and Princeton have developed consid-
erable skill. Since the formation of the American
Go Association by Mr. Robinson, isolated players
are being discovered all over the United States,
clamoring for information as to where to find
fellow-players. The number of new players is
(Continued on page 42)

Heigh-ho for a Merry Spring!

HARDLY ANY Other delight
is so deep and so in need
of expression as that we
feel on a fresh May morning when the fields
and trees are growing into full, radiant life
again. Then, if ever, is a time for a festival. But
that word of happy erstwhile simple mean-
ing has come to mean big choruses, a sym-
phony orchestra, soloists, much expense, or
other things difficult to achieve. Without be-
littling these great things or the possibility of
achieving even these, we could have in every
community a Spring festival, and others to fol-
low it, that would be easy and inexpensive to
produce, enlist many people, and be as delight-
ful and possibly as stimulating toward the best
kinds of musical, dance, dramatic and other
artistic activities as anything could be.

Such a festival was held during the recent
New York State Farm and Home Week at
Ithaca, and it was so successful and so readily
adaptable to any community or neighborhood,
rural or urban, that many a recreation leader
may wish to know what it was and how it
was done.

Though there might have been a blizzard
outside the auditorium on the day it was done,
it was a Spring festival with all the color, sing-
ing, dancing and other gayety that we associate

By Augustus D. Zanzig

National Recreation Association

with that time of bright new
life. This was done in order
that many of the several
thousand men and women gathered for the
Week from all parts of the State might see how
they could have such a celebration of the Spring
in their own communities. It was all prepared
in less than three days. On Tuesday morning
no one who was to take part in it knew what
he or she was to do in it, but on Thursday
afternoon eleven groups of people — 135 persons
in all — were active on the stage, a new unison
chorus of 80 sat amidst the audience near the
piano to lead in the singing. An audience of
about 2,000 held printed programs containing
the words of the songs which all were invited
to sing and most of which had been learned
and sung by many of them during an informal
singing period held on each of the first three
days of the week.

The Program

Each page of the program which was given
the audience was of a dififerent color — orange,
yellow, green and blue. We are presenting here
the main events as they were listed on the pro-
gram. Unfortunately space does not permit of
our printing the words of the songs used and
it is possible to give only their titles. After

HEIGH-HO FOR A MERRY SPRING !

reproducing as much as possible of the pro-
gram, we will comment on each item in it and
tell how it was planned, organized and pro-
duced.

SPRING FESTIVAL
Farm and Home Week, Cornell University
February 14, 1935
Introduction

This Spring Festival, all of which has been planned
and prepared in three days of this week, is for immediate
pleasure, but all those connected with it are hopeful that
it will serve also as an inspiration for the production of
such a simple festival in many other communities in New
York State in the spring, at harvest time and at other
times. A large group of county representatives from all
parts of the state have taken steps this week, in daily
conferences, toward preparing to plan and direct such
festivals in their respective communities.

For this festival there is really no audience, for every-
one present is invited to take full part in it, through the
singing if not through any other merry-making.

Behold the ancient customs '

By which the folk made gay
Within the pleasant greenwood
Upon the first of May.

The Merrymakers Sing and Dance

I. "Mayers" bringing in the green while everybody
sings the "Cornish May Song."*
II. "Mayers" decorate the festival-place while every-
body sings.

Song : "Morning Comes Early"**

III. Bringing in the Maypole : bearer, chimney-sweeps,
hobby horse and more Mayers.

Song : "Come, Lasses and Lads"

IV. Maypole Dance: "Sellenger's Round," an old
English Country Dance.

V. Another group comes to dance and sing.
Song: "Rosa"*
Song: "Come, Let Us Be Joyful"
VI. Ploughboys and Milkmaids.

Song: "The Jolly Ploughboy"
Bean-setting, an old English dance grown out of
springtime dibbing and sowing.
The Merry, Merry Milkmaids— another old
English dance.
VII. Birds and other children from Bethel Grove
Rural School.

Song: "All the Birds"
"Song: "A Windmill"*
A singing game : "Oats, Peas, Beans and Barley Grow"
VIII. Song characters come alive.

Song : "The Lark in the Morn"**
Song: "The Old Woman and the Peddler"**
IX. Neighbors from the Hungarian Social Club of
Ithaca, in three folk dances.

Szalon Polka Csardas

X. Boy and girl hikers from Boynton Junior High
School, Ithaca, in some spring games.
Song: "Tiritomba"**
XI. Folk dancers from the Campus, in three Scandi-
navian dances.
Dal Dance Schottische Josseharad Polka

XII. A group of American "Square Dancers" in a
Virginia Reel or whatever else you wish.
But Where's the fiddler?

Song: "The Generous Fiddler"*
XIII. A last good dance around the Maypole, and off
they go !

* To be found in "Songs for Informal Singing," published by
the National Recreation Association. 10 cents a copy; $7.50 per
100 for 50 or more copies.

** In "Folk Songs and Ballads," Set I., E. C. Schirmer Music
Company, Boston, Mass. 12 cents a copy.

Explaining the Program
The "Mayers" were eight couples of college
freshmen (high school, 4-H club or other
young men and women could do equally well)
who came dancing down the outside aisles,
four couples in each, from the rear of the hall
to the stage while the Cornish May Song was
being sung. The girls were in simple English
country dresses and carried paper bonnets of
Spring colors, while the boys were in dark
trousers, white shirts, simple sleeveless jackets
made of bright, solid-colored cambric, and
girdles or scarves of the same material and
color about their waists. The boys carried small
branches of green leaves with which to finish
decorating the stage, the entire back of which
was covered with handsome hemlocks. In the
Spring they would, of course, be carrying
sprigs of flowers, too, in their upraised hands,
and the stage would also be decorated accord-
ingly. The directions for this processional
dance, as well as the melody and words of the
song, are in "Songs for Informal Singing,"
published by the National Recreation Associa-
tion. Both the song and the dance have been
used for generations in an annual May celebra-
tion in the village of Helston in Cornwall,
England. There on every eighth of May a
group of young people, having gone out be-
fore the dawn to gather greenery and flowers,
come singing and dancing as they bring these
into the village. Then other village folk joining
them and preceded by a band and usually led
by the mayor, dance through the streets and
in and out of houses, bringing tHe benign in-
fluence to every household.

Directly after "Morning Comes Early" was
sung, a gay shout was heard as the Maypole
was brought in by two men in old English
costume accompanied by two clownish chim-
ney sweeps, a very spirited hobby-horse and
four more "Mayers." The Maypole, fifteen feet
high and 4j/^" in diameter, was all wound
round with fresh laurel with calendulas
fastened at short intervals between the laurel
stem and the pole, a wonderful sight for eyes
weary of winter's bareness. From a small disc
two inches thick fastened to the top of the pole
hung gay-colored ribbons of cambric which,
not to be used in any dance, were only ten
feet long. The base or stand for the pole was
5 feet, 4 inches square, made of boards about

HEIGH-HO FOR A MERRY SPRING !

9 inches wide and
Ij4 inches thick,
with four wooden
braces which were
held together at
the top by a disc
about a foot wide, •
in the center of
which was a hole
into which the
pole fit snugly.
This base was, of
course, placed in
position on the
stage before the
festival started,
and it was hidden
under branches of

green. courtesy English Folk Dance Society

The song,
"Come, Lasses and Lads," can be obtained for
ten cents from the H. W. Gray Company, 159
East 48th Street, New York. The music and
full directions for dancing "Sellenger's Round,"
"Merry, Merry Milkmaids" and four other old
English dances are in Volume III of the
English Country Dance Graded Series, obtain-
able from the same company at $1.50.

After "Sellenger's Round" was danced
around the Maypole by the same young people
who danced in to the Cornish May Song, some
women appearing at the left wing of the stage
and seeing the merry-making, sang as if to one
another the song, "Rosa, Let Us Be Dancing"
and skipped to the middle of the stage, all
twelve of them, falling into a circle around the
Maypole. At the end of the first stanza the two
girls who happened then to be nearest a group
of six young men who had also appeared at the
left wing, dropped their hands, and the men
skipped inside the women's circle singing,
"Rosa, will you be mine, now?" The women
continued skipping around while the men did
likewise but in the other direction. At the close
of the second stanza, each man turned to take
a certain two girls for his partners in "Come,
Let Us Be Joyful," a charming and easy sing-
ing-dance to be found in "Twice 55 Games with
Music," published by C. C. Birchard and Com-
pany, 221 Columbus Avenue, Boston, at 25
cents a copy. This singing-dance had been

learned in about
twenty minutes on
the preceding af-
ternoon.

Eight milkmaids
and six "plough-
boys" in overalls,
each of the latter
bearing a rake,
hoe or other light
farm implement,
strolled in with
free swinging step
to the song, "The
Jolly Ploughboy,"
one step to a
measure. This
song, costing ten
cents, and the
music for the
dance. Bean-setting, can be obtained through
the H. W. Gray Company mentioned above.
The dance music is published in Set I of Morris
Dance Tunes, along with seven other such
tunes, which costs $1.50.

Bean-setting, done by the men, is partly, at

least, an idealization of garden planting in

which a stick or dib was used to make a hole

for the seeds. It is done in sets of three coujjles,

each set in column formation, partners about

four feet apart : '

5 6

3 4

I 2

Audience
Each dancer holds in his right hand a round
stick about 18 inches long and about }i of an
inch in diameter, and for each measure of the
music except those 'for the dibbing and strik-
ing of sticks there are four low hopping steps
— left, left, right, right — with the free foot
slung slightly forward.

Introduction. During the playing of the
first 8 measures the dancers stand as in the
above diagram, the sticks crossed between
partners ready to strike them together on the
third beat of the last measure.

Part I. A Ring

A. With dancers i, 3 and 5 turned "right
about face," all proceed in an elliptical ring
with the step described above. No. 5 following

HEIGH-HO FOR A MERRY SPRING!

No. 6, and No. 2 following No. i, until Nos.
5, 3 and I are facing forward in the positions
of 2, 4 and 6, and vice versa. Then the two
files close in slightly, continuing the stepping,
and on the third beat of the fourth measure
partners strike their sticks together.

B. All continue around to the original posi-
tion and strike sticks on the third beat of the
eighth measure.

Part II. Dibbing, in which with partners
facing one another each one stoops forward
with stick in right hand to thump the lower
end on the ground.
Meas. I. All dib twice
Meas. 2. Remain stooped, strike partner's

stick on first beat and hold it there
Meas. 3. All dib twice
Meas. 4, 1st beat. Strike partner's stick
Meas. 4, 2nd beat. No. 2 strikes stick of No. 4
Meas. 5, 1st beat. No. 4 strikes stick of No. 6
Meas. 5, 2nd beat. No. 6 strikes stick of No. 5
Meas. 6, ist beat. No. 5 strikes stick of No. 3
Meas. 6, 2nd beat. No. 3 strikes stick of No. i
Meas. 6, 3rd beat. All partners strike across
together.

Repeat all of Part II.

Part III. Crossing over and back with step
of Part I.

A. Partners face each other, cross passing

right shoulder to right shoulder and turn right
into opposite places as they strike their sticks
together on the 3rd beat of fourth measure.

B. Partners return again, passing right
shoulders, and turn right into original place as
they strike sticks together on 3rd beat of eighth
measure.

Part IV. Repeat Part II.

Part V. Back-to-Back.

A. Partners cross as in Part III, but return
at once moving backward into original place in
time to strike sticks on the 3rd beat of fourth
measure. As they return backward they pass
left shoulders.

B. Partners cross passing left shoulders and
return backward passing right shoulders in
time to strike sticks on 3rd beat of eighth
measure.

Part VI. Repeat Part II and on the last beat
of the dance jump into the original column for-
mation, facing forward, as the sticks are struck
and held crossed between partners.

The children in the one-room rural school
were asked what they would like to contribute
to the happiness of the festival. The seven
little children, dressed in capes and caps of
different colors, who thus resembled birds,
needed no rehearsal to flit about while the song
"All the Birds" was sung twice:

German Folk Song

ja^

AU ike f^\.rdLs

uL^i' : J. i- J 1 1 f. Q J I .^^

AU iive \>irls h^Mte CMr\t a- 3o-«-»^ , Came t\jUXjo^

Ou-S.

iLJUu: \ f r-i ^m

Slu^U^. Ko^ C^ ^biu.e bx^if- ^tu-jLArJ. J OLij

i^ J J-.rj-kr^^J I I vl^J' r

Si,yiMikeJirmerr\t f^tuvde ~ ^-*-^ - N>1 ^c bw^tU fuLoe

\i^ f L^

i I J. i^J-j- 1^^

CftvTve «\- ta-*^ , CW»*e U'^JX g'o^ou^ ^Cvv^i/w^

HEIGH-HO FOR A MERRY SPRING!

The children imitated the motions suggested
by each stanza of "A Windmill" as they sang it.

"The Lark in the Morn" and "The Old
Woman and the Peddler" were acted out.

The delight and other values to be found
in such dances as the Hungarian and Scand-
inavian ones, especially when they are done
as real folk-expressions by persons whose
natrve heritage they are, should lead any
festival-maker to seek for such and for songs
and other appropriate folk-expressions among
the people of his region. Many a festival or
other such occasion has led people of foreign
extraction to recapture for their own happiness
and to present to the community traditional
music, dancing and other arts and crafts that
are superb recreational activities which they
had given up because of the contrary interests
and pressures of our everyday life.

The Junior High School boys merely played
two typical outdoor games, each taking two or
three minutes, after they had hiked on to the
stage. "Tiritomba" is a fine song to be sung
for such an entrance.

Two sets of eight for an American square
dance were formed at the moment, of people
who responded to an invitation given to "any-
one in the audience" to come and take part.
Only a caller and a fiddler had been chosen
beforehand and they had chosen "Darling
Nelly Gray" as the dance. The fiddler had been
asked to delay his appearance in order to give
excuse for singing the beloved song, "The
Generous Fiddler." He also acted out his part
in the second stanza of the song. Music and
directions for "Darling Nelly Gray" can be
obtained for 25 cents from the Church Recrea-
tion Service, Delaware, Ohio.

Throughout the festival as each group
finished its part it gathered, standing, at the
rear of the stage. Thus a constantly growing
company of jolly and interested spectators was
on the stage, making the latter more and more
handsome and animated with their costume
colors and sincere appreciation and applause of
each succeeding group of performers. The
children seated themselves at the side ends of
the stage near the front. After the square dance
the Maypole, which had been set back to make
room for that dance, was brought to the middle
of the stage again, the Mayers did Sellenger's
Round again around it, and then they skipped

off the stage, half going down one aisle and
half going down another aisle to the rear of the
hall followed by all the rest of the merry-
makers, each group of whom had been told
down which aisle to go. Had there been time
before the festival for each of them to learn
"Sellenger's Round," it would have been
splendid to have three circles at once doing
that dance around the tree in a "grand finale."
If there was any tendency toward having
this festival appear to be, unfortunately, an
exhibition rather than, or as well as, a spon-
taneous, self-forgetful though often beautiful
merrymaking, that tendency was completely
defeated by the chimney sweeps, Maypole
bearers and the hobby-horse. Their unrehearsed
imitations or other pranks coming at the close
of a dance or immediately after it brought
gales of laughter and made plain to anyone
who might otherwise doubt it that the per-
formers were not taking themselves too seriously.
But perfect care was taken to avoid having this
clowning detract attention from any dance or
other performance until the latter had had its
full effect.

Organization and Preparation

A tentative program for the festival was
presented to a group of people chosen before-
hand as representing together knowledge and
executive force as to available resources for
costuming, stage decoration, lighting, folk
dancing, singing, dramatics and, most import-
ant, for enlisting people to take part in the
festival, to be ushers, or to help in other ways.
After a three-hour, leisurely discussion the
program to be striven toward, and all its
needs, adapted to the actual possibilities as
estimated by those present, was well in mind,
including arrangements for enlisting groups to
perform. In the process of getting groups and
preparing them, some slight changes in the
program were made. No group rehearsed more
than four times, most of them fewer times, and
there was no joint or full rehearsal at all ; yet
each group appeared without delay, in proper
costume, and performed well, and everything
else worked out well. This was mainly due to
the clarity of the plans for the festival, and
full knowledge for each group as to what it
was to do. A chart of the stage and the audi-
(Contmued on page 42)

The Florentine Musical May

Bu Marinobel Smith

FLORENCE^ Italy, will lead
the other art and music
centers of Europe with
the first music festival of the
season April 24th to June 4th.
The six-weeks affair' is known
as Maggio Musicale Fiorentino,
or Florentine Musical May,
and was inaugurated in 1933
at the instigation of Premier
Mussolini. Her Royal High-
ness, Princess Maria of Piedmont, sponsors the
festival this Spring.

One hundred and fifty thousand visitors were
estimated to have attended the first Maggio Musi-
cale. Among these were many Americans, and
again for the coming fete, throngs of tourists,
students and others are expected to flood the city
during the month of May.

If these travelers abroad are familiar with the
older, more picturesque festivals having their
roots in medieval times, they will make sure to
arrive in Florence at least a week before the
music festival starts. For it is in the ancient
square in front of Florence's Duomo, or Ca-
thedral, that one of the country's most colorful
Easter-time rituals takes place. On Holy Satur-
day a great three-tiered chariot, blazing with fire-
works set off by a mechanical dove (La Colom-
bina), draws out the entire Florentine citizenry
from the farthest parts of the city and the hills of
Fiesole nearby. "Lo Scoppio del Carro" — the
Burning of the Chariot — originated in the sacred
rite of kindling the holy fire on Holy Saturday,
and dates back to 1305 when a member of the
local Pazzi family returned victorious from the
Crusades.

Other traditional fetes, revived by the Fascist-
sponsored "National Leisure Hours Institution,"
attest to the still unrivaled spirit of carnival in
Italy. The culmination of the various seasonal
and religious festivals takes a less nationalistic
form in the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino. In its

It is indeed a far cry from the
simple Spring festival in rural
New York described by Mr.
Zanzig in the preceding article,
to the ambitious music festival
planned for Florence, Italy; but
we invite you to cross the ocean
with us and enjoy a festival to
which six nations will contribute.

inception it was predominantly
Italian, music from i8th cen-
tury Italy comprising the
greater part of the 1933 pro-
gram. For the second Maggio
Musicale, however, contribu-
tors from Germany, France,
Austria, England and the
United States, as well as Ital-
ians, are featured in the pro-
gram of opera, symphony and
chamber music concerts, drama in the out-of-
doors, the modern dance and lectures.

France offers the Paris Opera Company in
Rameau's "Castor et Pollux," and members of the
National Dancing Academy in a program of
dances. Austria is represented by the Mozart
opera "II Ratto al Serraglio" in its complete form,
conducted by Bruno Walter and performed by
Viennese artists. The Philharmonic Orchestra
and Kittel Chorus from Berlin will give perform-
ances of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony and the
Verdi Requiem.

The combined Florentine Choruses and Or-
chestras will appear in Haydn's "The Season,"
under the baton of Vittorio Gui ; in Mozart's
"Requiem" under Mr. Walter; and in the com-
plete series of Bach's "Brandenburg Concerti"
under Adolph Busch.

The most important contribution from Italy
herself is a new opera, "Orseolo" by Ildebrande
Pizzetti, to be given its first public performances
May 4th, 9th and 15th. Rossini's "Moses," Verdi's
"Ballo in Maschera" and Bellini's "Norma" are
other Italian productions for which leading per-
formers and conductors have been engaged.

Rino Alessi's drama "Savonarola" will be
staged by Jacques Copeau in the historic Piazza
della Signoria where the martyr was executed
more than four hundred years ago. An orchestra
conducted by Previtali and a huge chorus under
the direction of Morosini will supplement the out-
of-door spectacle with music written especially

THE FLORENTINE MUSICAL MAY

for the occasion by Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco.

The United States will send the distinguished
Dr. Herbert Graf, stage director of the Phila-
delphia Opera, to direct Gluck's "Alceste." This
country may claim, too, a number of festival
stars : Mme. Elizabeth Rethberg, and Messrs.
Lauri-Volpi, Pinza and Borgioli of the Metro-
politan Opera Association, and Marion Clark,
American operatic soprano. Charles Kullman,
American singer who has appeared here with the
Chautauqua Opera Association at Chautauqua,
N. Y., and has enjoyed considerable success in
the opera houses of Berlin and Vienna, will also
take a leading part in the Florence festival per-
formances.

The Palazzo Vecchio, whose tower is visible
for miles up in the hills surrounding the city, will
house the second International Music Congress, a
part of the Maggio Musicale. The Piazza della
Signoria where "Savonarola" is to be given is
under the shadow of the \'ecchio, but the other
scenes of festival productions are scattered in dif-
ferent parts of the city. Operas will be presented
in the Teatro Comunale, formerly the Politeama
Fiorentino, with a seating capacity of 5.000 and a
modernized stage said to rank with the La Scalla.
The Teatro Pergola, not far from the Duomo,
will house several of the concert attractions.

One must cross over to the left bank of the
River Arno, preferably by the Ponte Vecchio, to
reach the Pitti Palace where the "Serenades" of
Mozart will be played in the courtyard and the
"Brandenburg" Concerti in
the Sala Bianca. The "Alceste"
of Gluck brings the festival to
a close in the regal and ancient
Boboli Gardens nearby, fitting
surroundings for the culmina-
tion of the Maggio Musicale.

To the festival program it-
self, and the art treasures of
Florence which have attracted
generations of travelers, are
added other events of varied

The announcement of a festi-
val is always the signal for
Italian peasantry to gather
from the countryside to take
part in the festivities.

appeal. The Florence International Horse Show,
for example, is scheduled to take place this year
between the 14th and 19th of May. Italy's fifth
annual Arts and Crafts Exhibition, presented in
a different city each year, will also be conducted
in Florence. Opening on May 5th and continu-
ing until the 26th, the exhibit will have on display
the finest specimens of modern handiwork done
in this Tuscan region and other parts of Italy.
Laces, wood carvings, metal work, pottery, glass-
ware and other crafts, in which the natives con-
tinue to excel with the encouragement of the Na-
tional Leisure Hours Institution, will be dis-
played.

Supplementing the music festival will ' be a
series of International Conferences in which
lectures on contemporary problems in the arts will
be given by H. E. Luigi Pirandello ; Lajos Zilahy,
the Hungarian writer ; Henri Bordeaux of France;
Herman de Keiserling of Germany, and G. K.
Chesterton of Great Britain, among others.

Another Spring festival which will arouse much
interest is the second National Folk Festival to be
held May 14th to i8th in Chattanooga, Tennessee,
in the heart of one of the richest seed beds of
folk material in America. Folk music, folk dances,
plays and exhibits of folk arts and crafts will be
features of the festival. Further information may
be secured from Miss Sarah Gertrude Knott,
National Director, Chamber of Commerce Build-
ing, Chattanooga.

special Activities in Glens Falls, New York

THE PROGRAM conducted with
the rehef funds allocated to
Glens Falls by the State De-
partment of Education, has depended upon the
available teachers eligible for relief. We have
been fortunate, however, in having the services
of a number of men and women who not only
needed the financial help but who could contribute
richly to the community. Certain phases of the
program have been more or less obvious. We
have had athletics directors ; one teacher has
taught French and German, another Spanish ; we
have been astonished at the number enrolled in a
public speaking class another girl has been able to
hold together; Parent Education, Shorthand,
Jewelry Making, Social and Economic History of
the United States, Psychology and Cooking have
been among the varied classes we have conducted
during the last thirteen months. However, we
have had several other rather unique activities,
due to the fact that we have found highly trained
teachers for these subjects who were eligible for
employment through these State funds.

The Fellowship of the Blind

One of the first people we located was an ex-
perienced teacher for the blind and deaf. She be-
gan her work by calling upon the fifteen blind
persons here in the city and inviting them to a
meeting to discuss the formation of a club of their
own. The idea was received with great enthusi-
asm and the Fellowship of the Blind was duly
organized for social and rec-
reational purposes. .Officers
were elected and a program
of activities planned. While
one or two members of the
club are in fairly comfort-
able circumstances, the ma-
jority are very poor, yet
every member has insisted
upon paying a few cents
dues each week. The Out-
ing Club has quietly made
up deficits.

Every week for over a
year now this group has met

By Ruth Sherburne

Superintendent of Recreation

In New York State the TERA has aiiocated
■funds to the State Department of Educa-
tion to employ teachers and leaders in need
of financial assistance to work on adult edu-
cation and leisure time programs. Com-
munities presenting acceptable programs
in turn receive funds from the State De-
partment for their projects. The work is in
charge of the boards of education of the
various cities, but in Glens Falls, because
of the already highly organized set-up for
adult education and recreation under the
Recreation Commission and the supple-
mentary Outing Club, the local school au-
thorities have delegated the responsibility
to the recreation executive.

every Tuesday afternoon at two
o'clock at the home of a member
for a meeting and social time.
The business meetings have been given over to
lively discussions of a variety of matters of special
interest to the group. Last winter several bills
were introduced in the Legislature and one im-
portant one in Congress that related to the care
of the blind. The club members took pains to
study them carefully and to write their Represen-
tatives and Congressmen.

After the meeting members who read Braille
play Contract with cards marked in Braille, . of
course. Incidentally, one of the best bridge teach-
ers in town has given them a number of lessons.
Those who cannot read Braille play dominoes and
similar games. The gathering always ends with
afternoon tea. On Thanksgiving, Christmas, Val-
entine's day and similar festive occasions there
have been more elaborate parties, sometimes even
dinners. During the summer months there were
several picnics at Lake George which these blind
men and women enjoyed as thoroughly as chil-
dren would.

Last fall the club became interested in the pur-
chase of a "Talking Book," a combination radio
and victrola for which there is a circulating
library of book records. The cost of the machine
was considerably more than the Fellowship could
shoulder itself, but the entire amount was raised
in a very short time through a very generous con-
tribution made by the churches at their Union
Thanksgiving service and by
parties given by several in-
terested people. The book
has proved a great comfort
to a number of our blind
who, losing their sight late
in life, have had difificulty
in mastering Braille and
hence are cut off from books
unless someone reads to
them. The club has not only
been a source of happiness
for the blind ; it has de-
veloped a really fine fellow-
ship and a spirit of cooper-

SPECIAL ACTIVITIES IN GLENS FALLS, NEW YORK

ation that has proved greatly to the advantage of
the members. For one thing, they have been able
to agree at last upon a standard price for their
chair caning, weaving and other handcraft; and
furthermore, a blind rug weaver now encourages
his customers to buy food from the blind food
sellers, who in turn suggest that their patrons buy
newspapers and cigarettes from the blind news-
dealer.

The teacher's major work lies in assisting the
members of the club with their industrial work,
teaching them new patterns, helping to set up their
looms for weaving, sorting colors, starting bas-
kets and finishing work to be sent to the New
York Commission for the Blind. The blind have
not only made articles for their own profit but
have donated a large number of toys and useful
articles to the children at Westmount Tubercu-
losis Sanitorium. Furthermore, the leader is
teaching Braille and Square Hand, reading aloud,
reading and writing personal mail and assisting
the club members in other personal matters. She
has arranged for medical attention for five semi-
sighted persons and for two important operations.

In addition to this work with the blind, the
same teacher is working with several deaf persons
who want to learn lip reading. One of them is a
college graduate who has rather recently almost
completely lost her hearing. Another is a clergy-
man who has had to give up parochial work be-
cause of his affliction, and has actually been on
the relief rolls because of his inability to find other
work to support a large family.

Americanization Classes

We have had an Americanization teacher under
our auspices for over a year who has worked ex-
clusively in a district without night schools, where
most of the non-English speaking Syrians and
Italians live. She has classes two nights a week in
the school building and works with four other
groups of women who meet afternoons in private
homes. Most of the women are mothers of large
families who find it impossible to get out even-
ings but who can give an hour or two, three times
a week, while their older children are in school.
Three men and women in her group expect to get
their naturalization papers in May while several
others are applying for their first papers.

At Christmas time we had a party for all the
students, and although it was a bitterly cold night
and several were unable to get there, all who did
brave the zero weather had a jolly time playing

games, singing English and Italian songs and
dancing their own beautiful Tarantella.

Home-Bound Children

We also have a teacher for home-bound chil-
dren who visits the homes of children' of school
age who, either because of infantile paralysis, seri-
ous heart condition or other serious defects are
unable to attend regular school classes. The cases
were located through the records of the school
authorities and through the cooperation of phy-
sicians. At the present time the teacher visits eight
children regularly and drops in to see several
others semi-occasionally. As far as possible she
is trying to give them regular school work. One
little eight year old boy, a paralysis victim, had
never been able to have any school work whatever
up to the time she took him in January 1934. He
is an exceptionally bright youngster, however, and
during the year the teacher has been with him he
has fully covered required work for the first two
grades. Many of the children of course are un-
able to do much school work. However for those
who can use their hands the teacher has various
kinds of suitable handicraft. In the case of a few
seriously afflicted children, she merely goes to play
with them a bit, to tell them stories and to leave
some suggestions and material for the mother to
use until her next visit.

We have felt that great tragedy for most of
these children was their lack of social contacts, so
using the utmost care in transporting them we
have on several occasions taken all who were
capable of going to a picnic or party. Twice last
summer they went to our bathing beach where
they rolled in the sand like puppies, and at Christ-
mas we had a wonderful party at the teacher's
home. There were stockings full of presents,
moving pictures, a tea table with delightful favors
and loads of good things to eat. But the great
thrill of the afternoon came when one of our
leading dentists, who is an amateur magician of
real skill, came to entertain them and produced a
live, white bunny from a crumpled paper and
gave it to one wide eyed youngster "for keeps."

The Hobby Club for Unemployed Men

]>ack in 1932 when the depression really hit us,
we saw crowds of hopeless looking men standing
in the corridors of the City Hall or milling about
on certain street corners days when the sun was
a bit warmer. We decided that a decent, warm
place where these men could read and play games

SPECIAL ACTIVITIES IN GLENS FALLS, NEW YORK

while waiting for work to turn up would be of
real social value. Accordingly we rented a store
room that winter, equipped it with the tables and
benches used on the summer playgrounds, and
for three months, under the supervision of a sec-
retary, an average of ninety men a day made use
of the place. It was not open evenings regularly,
but on occasion, smokers were held at which a
speaker talked on a subject of interest.

The next year, 1933, the club branched out and
was named the Hobby Club. The second floor of
a large building formerly used as a dress factory
was secured, and in addition to the games and
reading room a work shop was set up with fine
wood working machinery, hand tools, and a pot-
ter's wheel. Here those who cared to were able
to make or repair articles either for profit or to
be taken home.

Last year the club did not open until February
first as our factory had been
rented and it was difficult to
secure suitable quarters with-
in the limit of our funds. We
discovered that the Transient
Division of the TERA was
also looking for headquart-
ers, and arrangements were
made with this Federal group
for the use of the entire floor
jf an unused school building
they were renting. In return
the Outing Club repaired and cleaned up the
premises for both organizations.

The place was well adapted to our purposes.
One room was used as the reading and games
room ; another as the shop ; a third, set aside for
boxing, wrestling and physical education, was
equipped with a regulation ring. In the fourth
room rehearsals for the weekly entertainment
were held and scenery and props built and painted.
A very wide hall was converted into a theatre by
putting in a movable stage and seats each Friday
for the minstrel shows and entertainments put on
by the men themselves. On these occasions men
might bring their wives.

The personnel of the club consisted of one gen-
eral supervisor especially in charge of the enter-
tainments who served in the Red Cross during
the war and has been on the stage for many years ;
two manual training teachers for the shop ; three
secretaries, working in shifts, who kept the read-
ing room open seven days a week from 9 in the
morning until 10 at night, and an athletics director,

One of the outstanding activities
of the Outing Club of Glens Falls,
which for years has conducted a
broad recreational program, is the
Hobby Club for Unemployed Men
operated for the past four years.
The story of the development of
this club is an interesting one.

working on part time. All men participating in
the regular Saturday night boxing bouts and
wrestling matches were given a rigid physical ex-
amination by one of the local physicians who very
kindly donated his services.

In addition to these activities there were a num-
ber of interesting speakers, among them. Father
Daniel R. Burns, Chaplain of Great Meadow
Prison and George H. Cless, Jr., Secretary of the
Glens Falls Chamber of Commerce. Instruction
in first aid and artificial respiration was given by
Major George F. Heustis and A. P. Newkirk,
Boy Scout Executive, assisted by a group of
Scouts.

During the four months and a half the club
was open last winter, the shop alone was used by
1089 men who turned out the following articles:
mahogany library tables, office tables, card tables,
soft wood kitchen tables. Queen Anne stands,
smoking stands, davenport
stands, bed side stands, wash
stands, magazine racks, hall
trees, children's chairs, cup-
boards, floor and table lamps,
candlesticks, medicine cabi-
nets, cigarette cabinets, book
ends, clothes racks, ironing
boards, shipping crates, bird
cages, bird houses, a row
boat and various toys and
puzzles. These articles were
made in the main from old wood — the head boards
of old black walnut beds, discarded oak dining
room tables, rough lumber from packing boxes
and three ply wood carefully saved from big
cases.

Approximately two hundred new articles were
made and finished by the men for profit or for
their homes but in addition there was a wide
variety of articles brought in for repairs such as
chairs, clocks, radios and musical instruments. A
few did sign painting. Moreover, the men were
very glad to give their time making and repairing
equipment for the Recreation Department. Scen-
ery and props were made for the Outing Club's
Little Theatre group. All the toboggans were re-
paired and refinished. Twenty sets of paddle ten-
nis were turned out. LaCrosse goals were built
and regulation bases for all of our hard and soft
ball diamonds were made at a cost not greatly ex-
ceeding the cost of two high priced sets we might
purchase from sporting goods houses. To stitch
(Continued on page 43)

The Successful Nature-Garden Club

IN CONSIDERING factofs that lead
to club success the counselor
or club leader may well turn the spotlight of
critical examination upon himself. If you are
a nature-garden club counselor, what are the
qualities which you should have in order to be
a successful club leader? Imagination, initia-
tive, and enthusiasm are some of them. More-
over, as counselor and leader you must be able
to kindle those qualities in the members of your
club also. The nature-garden club leader must
be able to see life through the eyes of boys and
girls. He must be able to guide without push-
ing, to sugar-coat learning with the spirit of
play. He must have a rich store of garden and
nature lore and must, at a moment's notice, be
able to find answers to countless questions. If
you are looking for something easy to sponsor,
it is suggested that you do not become coun-
selor of a nature-garden club !

Planning Ahead

Another factor is the one of goals. Has your
club definite aims in planning its activities?
Many clubs run along from week to week in a
hit-or-miss manner and the counselor wonders
why they are not successful. Think about this
— does each meeting, each program, bring
some definite end nearer to realization? In
planning club activities many interests should
be cared for and programs must be varied.
Plan to avoid monotony, plan with the inter-
ests of everyone in mind — but keep on looking
ahead.

At the beginning of
each year a considerable
amount of time should be
spent in general thought
and discussion. The plans
for the coming season
should be considered care-
fully. It may be possible
that the club has under
way a project which ex-
tends over a period of
years — if so, what shall

By Karl H. Blanch

be done this year toward bring-
ing the project nearer to com-
pletion? A certain school has seen a school park
evolve during a period of five years. Where
once was a tract of wasteland, brush has been
cut out and trees, shrubbery, and flowers plan-
ted instead. Paths, lined with stones, have
been made, leading around thickets in which
birds build their nests. A stone amphitheatre
has been built among the trees. This project is
the result of planning — of planning with vision.
In addition to major projects like this one
there are many smaller and less elaborate ones
which caji be completed in a single season ;
your local situation will suggest many possi-
bilities. In considering, however, the selection
of a project several things must be thought of.
Has the project any real value? Does it con-
tribute anything of worth to the pupil's per-
sonal welfare or to the welfare of the school
or community? At the club's present stage of
development is it possible that the contem-
plated project may be too ambitious a one?
Can it be financed adequately? Here is one
place where a need for thoughtful planning
can be seen. Supplementing group projects a
number may be worked out by individuals;
gardens are a good example of these. Plan to
do many things — interest is aroused and main-
tained only through activity — but whatever
your club does, see to it that it has been well
planned first.

In a bulletin, "The Successful Nature-Garden
Club" issued by the School Garden Asso-
ciation of America, Mr. Blanch, who is
chairman of the Committee on Nature-Gar-
den Clubs of the Association, outlines the
organization of clubs for the upper grades
and high schools, the elementary school and
the rural school. We are presenting here
material from the suggestions for clubs in
the upper grades and high schools. Anyone
wishing to communicate with Mr. Blanch
may address him at the High School, East
Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania.

Meetings

Well-planned projects
make the traditional type
of club meeting a very
subordinate activity. Re-
gular meetings, however,
should not be neglected.
They serve to emphasize
the "organization" idea ;
boys and girls like to feel
that they belong to some-
thing that holds meetings
just like grown-up groups.

THE SUCCESSFUL NATURE-GARDEN CLUB

Now fha+ Spri
ready to begin

But just what is to be done
during these meetings is a
problem.

Every well-organize(i
chib has a program com-
mittee. The important duty
of this committee is to plan
the program for club meet-
ings. As counselor, be care-
ful that you do not dom-
inate the work of this
committee — stand aside
and give guidance and help
onl}' when necessary. Start-
ing with the idea that all
programs should contribute,
directly or indirectly, to the
progress of the club toward
one or more of its major
goals the committee should
attempt to discover the
interests and abilities of
every member so that all
may share in the year's
programs. The committee
should not permit a few
members to do all the work ;
it is so easy to let the outstanding pupils
monopolize programs ! Keep looking for hidden
ability and talent ; school clubs are the incuba-
tors for the development of these.

As a usual thing the business portion of the
meeting should be brief. It likewise should be
kept strictly formal. The play-way has no
place in Parliamentary procedure. The in-
formal part of the program should follow the
business session. Have you been wondering
why the boys and girls in your clu-b don't seem
to be interested in meetings? Check up a little.
Have most of the programs been made up of
badly-read papers dealing with miscellaneous
subjects, the material for which has been
.copied, word-for-word, from an encyclopedia
or other reference book? This is common club-
meeting procedure. Put yourself in the place
of the pupil who has to hsten to this type of
program-then stop wondering about the lack
of interest ! Enliven the programs, making of
them something vital and living instead of
something that is dead and static. If the meet-
ing has not been planned so that most of the
time will be spent in working on either group
or individual projects, chose one topic and plan

ng has arrived he's
work on his garden!

TCIT^HB the program around it.
^ I ^^^ Have members give short
talks based, if possible,
upon their own experiences.
Include a few musical num-
bers on the program. Save
some time for general dis-
cussion of the topic for the
day. Always have a novelty
of some kind to end the
meeting — a contest, a game
or something of similar na-
ture. Make frequent use of
motion pictures, lantern
slides, exhibits of collec-
tions, and guest speakers.

Have you ever really
considered the potential
program possibilities in
your community? Perhaps
the mailman may be an
enthusiastic amateur taxi-
dermist; why doesn't the
chairman of the program
committee invite him to
talk to the club about
animals? That man in the
next block who has that fine vegetable garden,
the woman whose home across the street is
always filled with beautiful plants during the
winter months — how about them? A local
florist, the man who keeps the pet shop, the
manager of a fish hatchery, the district forester
— all these are sources of interesting program
material. Have you ever exchanged pupil-
speakers with another similar club in your own
school or in a school in a neighboring town?
Has your club ever invited another group to
exchange entire programs? Here there is an
excellent opportunity to do something both
worth while and interesting.

When should club meetings be held? The
best time of all is during a period set aside for
activities of this kind during the regular school
day. This period should, preferably, be the last
one of the day so that clubs may, if desired,
meet for longer than one period. This is espe-
cially desirable in the case of nature-garden
clubs which are often working on out-door
projects at a distance from the school. If no
regular time for meetings is provided during
the school day, the next best time is after
school. As a rule, evening meetings should not

THE SUCCESSFUL NATURE-GARDEN CLUB

be held except in cases where there are very
real reasons for meetings at this time. If several
clubs working with diflferent activities are to
meet together, if guest speakers are unable to
be present during the daytime, if motion pic-
tures can be shown only after dark — these are
good reasons for evening meetings. Once in a
while an open meeting should be planned and
the public invited. Plan this meeting to show
in some striking way something of the work
of the club. Don't hold meetings too often —
once every two weeks is often enough — even
one a month if a sufficient number of "get to-
gether" meetings of activity groups are held
and members, as individuals or groups, work
on projects as they can find time.

Evening hikes are popular with nature-
garden clubs but they have little real worth
and are difficult to supervise properly. Far bet-
ter is the early morning hike. Have a com-
mittee plan where to go and why, then arrange
for the club to meet at a definite place and time.
Leave promptly. An hour or two of brisk walk-
ing through the woods in spring or autumn,
breakfast cooked over an open fire after the
destination has been reached, return to school
with just time enough for a shower before
classes begin — this is one way to make the rest
of the school envious of the nature-garden
club!

Activity Groups
It is a good plan to divide a large club into
several smaller groups, each of which is inter-
ested in some particular activity. There is no
objection to a member's belonging to several
of these groups. This is a much better plan
than that of having several nature-garden clubs
in the same school. Each activity group should
be under the informal direction of a pupil
leader, chosen from among those members who
show outstanding qualities
of leadership and interest.
Activity groups do not
bother with regular meet-
ings unless they are neces-
sary to make plans, to dis-
cuss projects, or to study
some special phase of their
work. Each group should
take the lead in planning
one or more of the regular
meetings of the entire club,

"The desire to work among plants In any
manner is always to be encouraged. It
fosters a love of the beautiful, an ap-
preciation of growing things, gentleness
and kindness, responsibility and faithful-
ness to duty. And besides developing
these desirable attributes, it occupies
spare hours satisfactorily and trains
bodies In a . healthful, wholesome way.
So give children a garden though It's
only the size of a pocket handkerchief!"
— From Home Education.

working with the club program committee.
Often a teacher will be found who is interested
in a special nature-garden activity and who will
be glad to work with this group as a co-coun-
selor. It has just been said that one of these
groups may wish to spend some time in study.
An excellent plan — pupils plan to study be-
cause they themselves see the need for ac-
quiring more information concerning their
work ! But don't attempt to make a class of this
study hour — here, if ever, the spirit of purpose-
ful play should prevail and the study hour
should be informal in nature.

Club Libraries

Has your club a library? If your members
have access to a public or school library, if
your school is progressive and large enough
to have a special general club library — fine!
But have a nature-garden club library anyway.
A closet, or a cupboard in the corner of a class-
room will provide sufficient space. Choose a'
librarian and an assistant from the club's mem-
bership and put them in charge of all books,
magazines, pictures, clippings, etc., belonging
to the club. If there are several clubs with a
nature study interest in your school, or if
there are a number of activity groups within
the one club the library should be a joint pro-
ject. Providing material for the library should
be a continuous club activity — it will be sur-
prising to note how the collection of pictures
and clippings grows and how many magazines
are being donated. It might well be said here
that provision should be made in the budget
of every nature-garden club for subscriptions
to several magazines dealing with nature study
and gardening activities. In the nature study
field money spent for magazines is a far better
investment than is a similar sum spent for
books. Leading magazine articles should be
listed on file cards and the
cards indexed according to
the chief activities of the
club. Clippings and pictures
should be kept in large
envelopes and the envelopes
filed alphabetically. A spe-
cial list of books an'3 maga-
zines available in the school
library should be prepared
and posted. Librarians
should be on duty for a

THE SUCCESSFUL NATURE-GARDEN CLUB

few moments before and after school each day ;
club members and counselors should be per-
mitted to take out material in accordance with
some established regulations.

Service

How may your club be of service? Within
the school it should cooperate with other clubs
in the general activity program. Again, it may
be possible that a unit of the work of a biology
or general science class may be devoted to
either study or projects relating to nature. Here
club members should act as leaders, both in
discussion and in the working-out of projects.
In the community the constant aim of the
club should be to spread the desire to be inter-
ested in nature study and gardening activities.
Much can be done to make a community
"nature conscious" through exhibits. These ex-
hibits should be seasonable. An exhibit of
garden posters, seed collections, clippings, and
folders dealing with flower and vegetable cul-
ture would be very appropriate for the early
spring months and would help to create a com-
munity interest in gardening; a mid-winter
flower and potted plant show would help to
encourage window-gardening in the com-
munity. A shade tree census might lead to a
community program of street and roadside
beautification. Cooperate with the local news-
papers and the local public library and they
will cooperate with you.

National Organizations

Is your club a member of the national or-
ganizations in the nature study field? If not,
much that is worthwhile is being missed.
These groups specialize in giving help to clubs
and club counselors. The National Association
of Audubon Societies, in the field of bird study
and animal conservation ; the Wild Flower
Preservation Society, in the field of wild flower
conservation ; and the Junior Garden Clubs of
America, in the field of gardens for juniors —
all these are outstanding national organizations
which will welcome a local chapter in your
school. The School Garden Association of
America is interested in a broad program of
nature study and gardening activities in boys'
and girls' clubs; all nature and garden clubs,
no matter what their special interest may be,
should register with this association. The fee

for affiliation with any or all of these national
groups is nominal and brings back big returns
in the form of help and service.

Club Finances
Last of all to be considered, but important
nevertheless, is the manner in which your club
finances its activities. There is no doubt but
that some money is necessary with which to
work; just how much and where it is to come
from is the real problem. To begin with, a
budget should be made up at the time the
year's activities are being planned. The amount
of money necessary for carrying out the year's
work should be estimated and possible
sources of funds considered. The usual way of
securing money for club activities is through
dues paid by members. There is some value in
having dues — they at least serve to keep out
the "drifters" — those pupils who have no real
interest but who are always on hand when
something extra-special is being planned. Have
dues, but keep them low. Better have low dues
that can be collected than high ones that can't!
There are other — and better — ways to raise
money. Borrow the school movie machine and
run a show, charge a small admission fee to an
exhibit, put on a nature play or operetta, or
plant bulbs during the winter months and sell
flowers in the spring.

The School Garden Association of America
whose address is 121 East Fifty-first Street, New
York City, has issued a second bulletin prepared
by Mr. Blanch entitled "Home Room Gardeners
— a Garden Club for Indoors." In it Mr. Blanch
outlines a program of activities in which the lower
grades, in particular, naay participate through
"doing" groups of Gardeners. He makes practical
suggestions regarding the best plants to choose
for an indoor garden, their location, planting and
care. "Home Room Gardeners," he says, "in ad-
dition to the more or less routine work outlined,
may carry out other activities and projects. In a
large school a room should be set aside for nature-
garden club use. Here the Gardeners may store
supplies, pot bulbs, start seedlings, and carry on
similar work. Extra plants for emergencies can
be grown here. A flowering plant, school grown,
sent to a pupil or teacher absent from school be-
cause of prolonged illness is a very welcome gift
indeed."

April Showers

THE INVITATIONS to this party may be written
on brightly colored paper, or pale blue paper
may be used with a rainbow painted or pasted
on it and a boy and a girl in slickers under an
umbrella.

On a sheet of cardboard draw a large open
umbrella and underneath it write "Come in out
of the rain and enjoy our April Showers."

Use a variety of colors for the decorations.
Form a big rainbow out of crepe paper or cheese
cloth at one end of the hall and over this draw a
bit of white gauze to blend the colors. String
crepe paper garlands in rainbow colors about the
room. Festoons hanging from doors and curtains
make an effective background. Colored balloons
suspended from the ceiling will add to the beauty
and atmosphere. Gaily colored paper hats may
be provided for the guests, or rainbow paper head-
bands for the girls and belts or sashes for the
boys. Or each guest may be asked to bring
umbrellas and wear slickers or raincoats.

Program
Slicker Wise-CrackIng Contest

Give each guest as he arrives three yards of
plain wrapping paper, scissors, crayons, and pins.
Allow fifteen minutes to see who can create the
cleverest slicker. Have a slicker parade with
judges to vote on merits of the decorative efforts.

Colored Clothing Contest

On the invitation the guests may be asked to
wear as many different colors as possible, such as
a green sock and a blue sock ; a purple shirt and a
red necktie. Award a prize to the person wearing
the. most colors.

down and back again without allowing her feet to
touch the floor as the boys try to keep a news-
paper in front of her all of the time. First couple
to finish first wins. If one of the girls steps on
the floor instead of the newspapers, she and her
partner must either drop out of the race or begin
again.

A Rainy Day Race

Several couples are needed for this race. They
stand in line with a closed satchel and an umbrella
in front of each couple. In each satchel are a
pair of rubbers, a pair of gloves and a raincoat or
cloak. At the signal to start each young man grabs
his satchel, and hand in hand he and his partner
rush to the opposite goal where he opens the
satchel, hands his partner her rubbers, which she
puts on, holds her coat for her while she gets into
it, closes the satchel, raises the umbrella, and,
holding the umbrella over her with one hand and
carrying the satchel with the other, runs with her
back to the starting point. He then closes up the
umbrella, opens the satchel, helps his partner out
of her coat, takes the gloves and rubbers as she
drops them, and puts them all in the satchel, clos-
ing it up. The couple to finish first wins.

Stepping Stones

Select six or eight persons to compete in this
race. Each contestant is supplied with two little
squares of wood or cardboard just big enough for
one foot to go on. These squares are pushed
along, one at a time, the player standing balanced
on one foot while he thrusts the stone (the wood
or cardboard) forward with the other. Anyone
touching the floor with either foot must go back
to the starting point and begin again.

Sir Walter's Cloak

Select a half dozen couples.
The boys will be Sir Walter
Raleigh and the girls Queen
Elizabeth. Give to each boy two
newspapers for a cloak and lay
out a course from one end of the
room down and back again. Line
up the couples and give the start-
ing signal. Each girl tries to go

This party is one of a series of
broadcasts on the subject of
social recreation by the Down
Town Branch of the Y.M.C.A.
of Pittsburgh over station
KDKA. The material for these
broadcasts is prepared by W. T.
Rowe and T. R. Alexander, and
is issued under the caption
"Recreo Bulletins."

In the Pond, On the Bank

Draw a chalk line down the
middle of the room or stretch a
tape along the floor. Designate
the space on one side of this line
as "the pond" ; on the other side
"the bank." Line the players up
on the bank and then start giving
orders. When the leaders says :
(Continued on page 43)

On the

Wild Flower

Trail

Courtesy Ft. Worth, Texas, Park Detartment

WITH THE I'lRST l)reath of spring there is an
incentive to be out in the open. A recrea-
tional activity that may be engaged in
almost as soon as the snow has gone, and which
lasts until late fall, is the collecting of wild flow-
ers, and their artistic arrangement in an her-
barium. This collection may be assembled in a
single summer, or it may be added to from one
season to the next as long as the interest holds.
And interest is likely to last for there is a genu-
ine thrill in arriving unexpectedly upon a patch
of cardinal flowers in all their brilliance, in mak-
ing the acquaintance not only of the common way-
side plants, but also of those hidden in the depths
of the woods, of the delicate flowers growing by
the rim of the lake and of the more hardy varie-
ties trailing over the mountainside.

A part of the delight of flower collecting is that
it holds so many surprises for its followers. What
appears to be an insignificant bloom turns out to
be a plant of interest, as in the case of the sun-
dew. The sundew, a bog plant growing from four
to nine inches high, actually catches insects and
devours them. The sundew's hairy leaves are
coated with a fluid which attracts the insect. The
tiny red filaments of the leaves curl about the in-
sect thus captured and gradually the plant absorbs
its prey.

You will need an inexpensive flower guide to
identify the specimens. When you have found a
number of different flowers the pleasure of dis-
covery will be two-fold if the next step is con-
sulting the guide and learning the common Ameri-
can names for the newly-found specimens.

By Sara H. Carleton

Cambridge, Massachusetts

The Herbarium

For the herbarium use a large book of manilla
paper with a heavy cover. A loose leaf book is
preferable. Decorating the cover will add to the
attractiveness of the collection. The flowers
should be pressed between newspapers. The
newspapers are laid between large sheets of blot-
ting paper which are covered with a wooden lat-
ticework made of strips of wood about three-
quarters of an inch thick and an inch wide.
Weights are placed on top. For the majority of
smaller flowers satisfactory work can be done
with the newspapers and weights alone. The blot-
ting paper is used as a drier and is sometimes
changed from day to day.

After an interval, when the flowers have been
pressed, they are ready for mounting. Arrange
them on a page of the herbarium and attach by
means of very narrow strips of court plaster, one
or two strips across the stem, and others across
the leaves, as many as the specimens seem to re-
quire. A more expert mounting is achieved by
gluing the specimens with a tin paste, the kind
that is employed in factories for pasting labels on
tin cans, in addition to using strips of court plas-
ter. A very large flower will cover an entire page,
but four or five specimens of smaller plants may
be grouped on a single page in whatever arrange-
ment satisfies the collector. There is an artistic
value in the grouping of flowers, an ability that

ON THE WILD FLOWER TRAIL

grows as the herbarium maker becomes skilled in
this practice.

The sweet-scented arbutus makes an attractive
specimen with its fan-like spread and its dainty
pink blossoms which preserve their natural color
especially well. Some of the least pretentious
plants make very beautiful specimens in the her-
barium. The rough bedstraw when mounted
makes a pattern of delicate tracery with its whorls
of leaves and many tiny blossoms in clusters that
add to the intricacies of the design. The hogweed,
scorned habitant of back yards, is an admirable
specimen for a collection with its fern-like leaves.
Some plants have; leaves of a dark green that are
a silver white on the backs. A pleasing efifect is
accomplished by turning some of these leaves on
their wrong sides when arranging the mount, thus
bringing out the contrasting shades of silver white
and deep green. There are many tricks of the trade
that the flower collector will pick up as he adds
to his herbarium. The amateur is likely to over-
look the importance of roots. Many of the trail-
ing and vine-like plants have roots that not only
add to the grace of the mount, but are equally in-
teresting from the botanical point of view.

The collector will want to print beside each
flower the common name, the date on which it
was found and the place where he found it. So
much data will give a personal note to his collec-
tion. If he wishes he may include also the name
of the flower family which he will find in the
guide.

In general the mounted specimens will preserve
their natural colors for a considerable number of
years. Some colors will endure longer than others.
The waxy white Indian pipes, after a passage of
time, turn a solid black until they are silhouettes
of their former glory. In one collection a speci-
men of blue vetch, which was added to the her-
barium in 19 1 3, is nearly as colorful today as at
the time of its mounting.

A woman living in Maine collected over four
hundred different wild flowers in a single sum-
mer. She reports that her two most exciting
flower "finds" were a species of greenish white
trillium or wake robin known to be rare, and the
discovery of a field of purple loosestrife, a flower
not supposed to flourish in Maine although it is
prevalent in Massachusetts. While driving over
an out-of-the-way country road, the brilliance of
the loosestrife growing in a field where there was
a windmill close by a farmhouse lured the flower
collector from her car. Massachusetts friends had

sent her specimens of the purple loosestrife so
she was well acquainted with the plant, although
scarcely able to believe that she was seeing before
her a sea of flowers that were foreign to that part
of New England.

The earliest spring flower is the skunk cabbage
that makes its debut when March gales are still
blowing. In April anemones and trailing arbutus
are found in the woods. By May there are many
newcomers — pussytoes, columbine, Jack-in-the-
pulpits, violets and others. The collector is able
to have work on his herbarium well under way by
the middle of summer, June, July and August are
the months of greatest activity for the collector,
but even in September there are flowers waiting
for the place in the herbarium. Among the late
flowers are the lilies, foxgloves, goldenrod and
asters.

Don't Overlook the Back Yard!
Automobiles have paved the way for getting
into the country, but cars are not essential to city
residents who are lovers of wild flowers. There
are parks and reservations where there are flow-
ers. Even in suburban back yards there are plants
worthy of attention. The commonest plants are
often overlooked. They are little known by the
average man, who, if he considers them at all, does
not recognize them as more than passing acquain-
tances. Yet no herbarium that aims at a general
survey of all sorts of flowers is complete without
them. The sorrel, the cinquefoil, the stitchwort,
the ground ivy, the diminutive speedwell and the
shepherd's purse are a few of these plants. The
amateur who has been familiar with only the red
clover of the field and back yard species, will soon
discover that the red field clover has a number of
cousins worthy of his acquaintance, ranging all
the way from the cinnamon colored rabbit-foot
clover to the sweet white clover common to the
grassy roadsides.

The collector who is t)f an aesthetic rather than
a scientific turn of mind may choose to include in
his collection only those flowers that appear to
him as the most attractive because of their color
or graceful outline. From time to time he may
run across quotations describing the various flow-
ers in his collection which may be copied beside
his specimens on their appropriate pages. Wil-
liam Cullen Bryant wrote:
" — Within the woods

Whose young and half transparent leaves scarce cast

A shade, gay circles of anenomes

Danced on their stalks."

(Continued on page 44)

Planning for Recreation

IT WOULD be difficult to add
materially to the already
long list of recreational possibilities and lei-
sure-time activities. A recent pamphlet* typical
of its kind, suggests as many as five thousand
things to be done, to be made, to be required,
or to be learned. Courses, lectures, booklets,
discussions and debates are growing day by
day.

Since recreation is an old human problem,
changing only relatively with the times, it is
worth while to discover its characteristics.

Recreation may stand for restoration, rehab-
ilitation, reconstruction, rejuvenation, regen-
eration, relaxation, reeducation, growth and
many other such processes expressing the
potentiality of man to regain strength after
fatigue, courage after distress, play after work
and similar functions. Recreation must be
taken as a part of human life. Let us under-
stand it as a normal need just as is food or
water, sunshine or sleep. Recreation is a uni-
versal phenomenon found in animal, plant and
man as recovery and restoration as well as an
expression of the will to live.

When planning ways and means of recrea-
tion, distinction must be made as to the inter-
ests and inclination of adults and children, as
well as to their needs.

Recreation for the Adult

From a study of nearly a thousand adults
three psychological and sociological factors
seem to me most vital :

(i) Every human being
wishes at times to be alone,
to relax in order to recover.
This means finding oneself,
one's own meaning and im-
portance in life.

(2) If this wish is grati-
fied, a normal desire drives
the individual to seek com-
pany, to exchange ideas, to
play and work with others,

By Isaac M. Altaraz, Ph.D.

Dr. Al+araz, who has had long experience
as an educator, in 1927 founded the Al-
taraz School for Character Training at
Monterey, Massachusetts. Since that
date he has served as resident director
and psychologist at the school which has
as its purpose the solving of personality
problems and the discovery of practical
methods for reeducation and guidance.
During 1934, as visiting lecturer in the
Division of General Education at New
York University, Dr. Altaraz gave a
:ourse of lectures on Creative Life.

to get approval, to express
feelings ■ — in short, to
satisfy the element of social contact.

(3) As a third factor we have the desire
of the human being to come in contact with
nature.

Since we are all different and each of us has
a different rhythm of living, recreation will be
individual and varied. Some people are condi-
tioned to air, others to sun, still others to
music. We may then speak of helio-tropic,
aero-tropic, amoro-tropic, money-tropic, jazzo-
tropic, movie-tropic, radio-tropic people. The
recreative means, accordingly, will be different.
Recognizing, then, these three sources of
recreational life, how is it possible, practically,
to meet the needs which arise?

Recreation in Solitude. To become acquainted
with oneself is "easier said than done." In one-
self are the many desires, dreams, wishes,
aspirations, hopes, worries, tragedies and
comedies that make man. Standing at Times
Square when the Babylonian mob moves north
and south, one may well say, "Who am I?"
But sitting in an easy chair in a cozy room, re-
laxed and surrourrded with familiar posses-
sions, one will feel "so big."

Work As Recreation. Some individuals find
recreation by a change in activity, going
smoothly from one interest to another and
never tiring. Recent studies of fatigue have
proven that the old state of being tired at the
end of the day is more of an habitual emotional
one; that every one of us
gets another "break" when
we have finished with our
work, so that we can start
to create again and do
something just when we
begin to say to ourselves
that we have done our
share.

Social Contact. Man's
social contacts, either in

' Care and Ferdiiig of Hobby Hortis.
E. E. Calkins.

PLANNING FOR RECREATION

work or play, need planning and cultivation if
they are to be sources of vital and humanized
recreation. In this field great progress has re-
cently been made in the cities through courses,
lectures, forums and gatherings for intelligent
recreation ; through work shops in the arts and
crafts for artistic and creative recreation, and
through inspirational centers for spiritual
recreation.

The Place of Work and the Place You Live In.

Work should be our greatest blessing. Do you
love the work you are doing and are you en-
gaged in the pursuit of some activity that
utilizes all your energies? Is the house you
live in a tower full of
strangers who are trying
to avoid one another by
locking themselves in
boxes called rooms and
apartments? If you feel
this is true, you will
derive no recreation or
happiness from your
dwelling.

How entire cities can
be humanized is a tre-
mendous problem. The
TVA movement may be
one way. Benton Mac-
Kaye in his phenomenal
work, The New Explora-
tion has written a book
of revelation which is a
source of wisdom. As an
engineer he has shown

a remarkable way to transform the "wilderness
of civilization" into an "indigenous environ-
ment," mechanized life into cultural growth,
existence into real living, and a gigantic met-
ropolis into a regional city.

Nature. Mother Nature will always remain
the greatest source of human recreation. For
genuine recreation city folks should join clubs
and organizations whose purpose it is to hike,
to explore, and to encourage simple ways of
spending time in the open. For families and
small children, parks and playgrounds in the
cities supply some opportunitites to spend every
possible moment among trees and plants, giv-
ing the children their opportunity to saturate
themselves with life-giving natural forces. Mu-
seums are sponsoring garden clubs, the care

of flowers and animals, the planting of trees
and other projects. The movement known as
the small garden projects offers city dwellers
an excellent opportunity to return to nature.

The whole problem of planning recreation
for adults is a difficult one because formerly
education was not concerned with the develop-
ment of individual interests and hobbies.

Recreation for the Child

The new education encourages free play and
utilizes surplus energies in constructive ways.
In the school I conduct the basic idea is to
start the building of character from the play-

Courtcsy Chicago South Park Commissioners

A boy's desire to make things nnay be a de-
ternnining factor in his choice of vocation

ful tendence of each individual child, from his
inner likes, dormant gifts and genuine and
natural aptitudes.

A boy of fourteen who would at every oc-
casion sneak away and disturb the peace even
of the early hours by his hammering was found
building a house on top of a tree in the near-
by woods just to satisfy his longing for build-
ing. This hobby of his was encouraged. Extra
time was given him for shop work, and now
at twenty he is a fine craftsman and self-sup-
porting. Another young pupil who loves and
really understands animals — and they know it,
too — spent his free time in the barn with cows
(Continued on page 44)

A Successful Bird Club

LAST September the Brooks Bird
^ Club with headquarters at
Oglebay Park, Wheeling,
West Virginia, celebrated its sec-
ond birthday, a healthy and sturdy young child !

The bird club is only one of the nature activi-
ties of Oglebay Park Institute which since iq28
has included in its program a rather extensive
nature study schedule. Public field trips have been
held in the park since July 1928, and somewhat to
the surprise of those who have engineered the In-
stitute program since its inception these field trips
have had a weekly attendance average since their
beginning of 115 people who meet every Sunday
in the spring, summer and fall at seven o'clock.
Under the leadership of A. B. Brooks, park nat-
uralist, they then hike over approximately two
miles of the park's trail system which is about ten
miles in length. Mr. Brooks is a keen observer
and student of bird life, and in addition to his
public hike schedule has served as a leader of the
annual nature training school affording intensive
work for three weeks or longer early each summer.

It is not surprising that with such opportuni-
ties for cultivating outdoor hobbies at their very
doorsteps, a number of Wheeling district people
should have displayed more than ordinary inter-
est in various phases of nature study, including
the study of wild birds which abound in the 750-
acre natural park where the walks are held and
which is headquarters for
the annual Nature Train-
ing School.

In September of 1932 a
dozen individuals especial-
ly interested in birds de-
cided to organize a bird
club — the club to be part
of the West Virginia Na-
ture Association, Inc., the
official sponsor of all
nature study activities of
Oglebay Institute. For a
month or two the organi-
zation floundered about.

By J. W. Handlan

Oglebay Institute
Wheeling, West Virginia

RECIPE FOR A SUCCESSFUL BIRD CLUB

"Secure a competent naturalist who will
conduct public nature study trips until a num-
ber of those regularly attending them acquire
the desire to know more about birds.

"Stir in a copy or two of Dr. F. M. Chap-
man's Handbook, or the Handbook by
Florence M. Bailey, if the dish is prepared
West of the Mississippi River.

"Add a program of regular meetings in
which members take part rather than visiting
experts. Include a regular schedule of field
trips limited to members.

"Simmer, permit interest to crystallize — and
there's your Bird Club!"

Then it hit upon the simple ex-
pedient of planning its activities a
year in advance.

An executive committee decided
upon subjects to be studied at each meeting. It
listed the names of club members alphabetically
and assigned three people to each meeting to re-
port upon assigned subjects. The committee — all
amateurs — were fortunate enough to have had
two to four years of study in connection with the
Park hikes or the Nature Training Schools. In
other words they had become humbly aware that
they knew little or nothing about ornithology!

But books were available and the entire first
year's program of the club — the presentation of
three ten-minute papers at each meeting by mem-
bers of the organization — consisted virtually in
reviewing the literature locally available upon each
subject assigned.

In the second year the program was slightly
varied. One major paper was assigned for each
meeting. Two shorter papers were assigned with
the subjects optional with those who were to pre-
sent them.

This summer all club members are working
upon self-assigned "projects" in local bird study,
and beginning in September, most of the papers
to be presented at the monthly meetings of the
club will be original in nature.

Throughout the duration of the club's life "club
field trips" have been held.
Each Sunday morning in
April and May, for ex-
ample, the group meets at
5 A. M. at Oglebay Park.
\1 ore experienced mem-
bers serve as leaders for
two to three less experi-
enced bird students. A two
hour field trip is the
schedule of each of these
small parties and, as a re-
sult, bird identification in
the field is no longer a
(Continued on page 45)

A State Experiment in Rural Recreation

A BEAUTIFULLY clcar summer's day in the midst
of the White Mountains. Onto the lawn in
front of a big hotel there come early Ameri-
can Indians with their colorful headdresses and
regalia, while nearby an orchestra plays strains
from MacDowell's Indian music. Tracing the
progress of light as represented in education and
culture these groups from Hillsboro and Cheshire
counties show to the audience of three hundred
gathered to watch them what the development has
been through church, school and home. Square
dancing to the tune of a melodeon and fiddles
played an important part in the early days of the
state, and the present day was demonstrated in a
tableau of arts and sciences which included agri-
culture and home-making as well as literature,
music and painting.

This pageant was the result of the leadership
of the recreation advisors in Hillsboro and
Cheshire counties.

Another day — equally fair — and the same ma-
jestic setting. In the foreground tiny children
dressed in pure white costumes dance gracefully
to piano and violin music, while in the back-
ground wood-choppers bring in the trees used for
various kinds of wood-carving. Two other groups
of girls, costumed like English peasants, advance
to the green to one of the old English procession-
als, and then go into a circle dance which has been
handed down from the Druids and represents
their worship of the trees. There follows a puppet
show which gives an idea of the modern adapta-
tion of wood-carving — all of
the puppets being made from
wood.

The recreation advisors in
Belknap and Grafton coun-
ties were responsible for this.

A third day — the same set-
ting. As the rock tapper
breaks open the rock, girls
dressed as jewels dance
forth onto the green. As
they hold their poses, a beau-
tiful rendition of the Faust
Jewel Song is given by a
young worrian representing

New Hampshire has an interesting and
unique set-up for its E.R.A. leisure time
program in that although funds are for
the most part provided by the State
E.R.A., the workers are associated with
the Extension Service of the State. Uni-
versity. Miss Ethel Worth, in charge of
the program, is Recreation Specialist in
the State Extension Service. The county
recreation workers, known as recreation
advisors, bear the same relationship to
the Extension Service as do the 4-H Club
leaders and other county workers. At
the request of the Governor the National
Recreation Association helped in organ-
izing the program, initiated in April 1 934

Marguerite. There follows a most dramatic
picture of the iron kettle story in which a young
girl dashes from the block house on horseback to
secure forces against an unexpected Indian at-
tack. So well was this depicted that the entire
audience was held spellbound.

Here the leaders were the recreation advisors
from Merrimack and Sullivan counties.

Again — sheep grazing peacefully in the back-
ground. A small group of women in old-fashioned
costume spin the wool and prepare the flax while
another cards. In the foreground the dyeing takes
place — first the goldenrod or other flowers used,
then the dipping in huge caldrons, then the fin-
ished skeins hung on the racks. Ofif to the other
side a group approaches the loom, singing the
Weaving Song as they come, while from a distance
girls dressed in the colors mentioned in the song,
dance the English Weavers' Dance. The grand
finale is the march of handwoven coverlets — fifty
of them carried by girls in old-fashioned cos-
tumes. With these as a colorful background the
picture is complete.

The Carroll County advisor organized this.
And yet another — the development of pottery
from prehistoric times to the more advanced In-
dian, then early Colonial times. Civil War period
and finally our own modern pottery. Two huge
replicas — one of the Willow plate, and one of a
Wedgewood \^ase — served as background for
separate groups of dances.

Recreation advisors in Rockingham and Straf-
ford counties engineered this.
Results : Several groups
are repeating the whole pag-
eant or scenes from it for
Old Home Day celebrations
or for some special event.

For many it was a real
holiday — they picnicked or
camped along the way up and
back. Some had never seen
that part of New Hampshire
Ijefore and did not realize its
beauty. All had real fun tak-
ing part, and many gained
valuable experience in pag-

A STATE EXPERIMENT IN RURAL RECREATION

eantry, music and dancing,
which will help in their own
communities.

Another scene — this time
in Durham — shows i lo
young leaders between 15
and 25 years of age playing
new and different games on
the playfield, under the di-
rection of a corps of ten
leaders trained tinder the
state recreation advisor in a
four day course. Following
this training these leaders
conducted the play meet for
the Camp Carlisle boys and
girls each afternoon during
their camp. To see three
hundred and fifty girls on
the play field moving from
one game to another with-
out confusion, thus giving
each of these girls an op-
portunity to play eleven dif-
ferent games, was worth
watching ; the boys did like-
wise, two hundred and fifty
strong.

An added feature of the in-
stitute was the formal party held for and by these
young people to make them acquainted with the
etiquette of such an aflfair, including invitation,
receiving line, social dancing, and seeing the girl
home ! Much was learned through this experience.

The scene changes once more to a crowded
lecture hall with the audience a bit drowsy from
listening to many speeches. A ten minute relief
period between periods give opportunity for rec-
reation advisors to lead the group in singing, mo-
tion songs, and coordination stunts.

The curtain has just gone down on the last of
three nights of plays and while the audience waits
for the decision of the judges a jimior symphony
orchestra from a nearby town plays for their
amusement. Everyone is pleased when Sullivan
County with its play "Cloudburst" comes in first,
Rockingham with "Not Quite Such a Goose" sec-
ond, and Carroll with "The Bishop's Candle-
sticks" third. Most of the audience and all of the
casts retire to another room to hear the criticism
given by the judges. A great interest is manifest.
In many cases the county would not have entered
had it not been for the leadership of the recrea-

^■fili

Walter King, eighty-four year old
singing master, who led the sing-
ing school group and sang two solos

tion advisor there. Still an-
other change of scene, and
groups are showing how our
grandparents and great
grandparents had their rec-
reation — an old-fashioned
singing school, led by an 84
year old man, a quilting
party with square dancing
as part of the fun, and
finally an old-fashioned
wedding, with couples who
had been married fifty years
as special guests. The finale
a choir festival of 75 voices,
demonstrated what good
music can be sung with the
right amount of eflfort and
leadership.

These last few events
were the result of the com-
bined efforts of the state
and county advisors.

A type of community
gathering which was tried
out with much success at
Wilton in the Spring proved
equally successful in the fall
in the form of Foliage and
Harvest Festivals. The Monadnock Region As-
sociation called on the Recreation Service to help
in the staging of a dancing and singing pageant in
honor of the fall colors in and around Jaffrey. At
Deerfield a Harvest Festival brought together
school children for folk dancing, choral groups of
adults for songs, and a combination of partici-
pants and audience in community singing. A
number of other towns have conducted similar
festivals.

The communities of New Hamp.shire have re-
sponded with enthusiasm to the suggestion of
community nights. The programs, planned and
conducted by a committee from the community
under the guidance of the county recreation ad-
visor, is participated in by the entire community,
young and old. The activities include community
singing, folk dancing, and group games both
active and passive.

A practical demonstration of community serv-
ice was made in connection with the fairs at
Rochester and Lancaster. Part of the fair grounds
was fenced off and play equipment and leaders
were provided in this space so that mothers could

A STATE EXPERIMENT IN RURAL RECREATION

leave their children to be taken care of while they
attended the fair. In one instance over two hun-
dred children were thus cared for. A second rec-
reational feature of the fair was an exhibit at
Rochester which showed indoor and outdoor play
equipment, and a miniature playground with out-
door fireplaces, swings, tennis and baseball courts
and other facilities. A similar idea was carried out
at the Sullivan County 4-H Fair where not only
a miniature play center was exhibited but also a
splendid hobby exhibit conducted. At Tufton-
boro the entire program was turned over to the
County Advisor who arranged a Mother Goose
Pageant, a program of individual competitive
sports, and a picture demonstration by the Home
Management Specialist.

A five-part program in recreation has been
planned for the 4-H Clubs of the state which in-
cludes games that are adaptable for club meet-
ings, games for the home, music, folk dancing,
and tramping and trailing. Interest is running
especially high for tramping and trailing. This
program suggests various kinds of hikes which
can be taken by the club — Hobo, Point to Point,
etc. ; new ideas for outdoor meals cooked over an
open fire; snowshoe tramping, nature trails, skat-
ing parties and the like. One county held a win-
ter carnival planned by and for the 4-H Club
members, with ski races, snowshoe dashes, speed
skating and the like. At an informal carnival con-
ducted by a local 4-H Club leader, several rural
schools combined and produced some snow model-
ing worthy of mention. Cooking their noonday
meals over an open fire in one corner of the school
yard was a feature they
enjoyed almost as thor-
oughly as the game period
and trail through the
woods in the afternoon.

Constant use is being
made of the three-act play
loan service established
this winter. One hundred
and forty plays donated
by several publishing com-
panies compose a library.
Anyone in the state may
borrow three of these
plays at a time to be kept
for one week. Thus a bet-
ter opportunity is given to
choose the most suitable
play for production. A

play exchange in which each of several towns
produce a play in their own and all of the other
towns in the exchange is being conducted in a
number of the counties.

In order to make this temporary program of
permanent value, community recreation councils
or committees are being formed. The members of
these committees not only represent various lead-
ing organizations, but also have a special recrea-
tional interest in dramatics or music or outdoor
sports or social recreation. These leaders are
urged to attend institutes, to keep in close touch
with the county and state recreation leaders, and
to be informed on any recreational activity of in-
terest to their community. Young people especially
are being included in these committees. Only in
this way can a sound recreation program for rural
communities be established.

A FEW ACCOMPLISHMENTS
A Spring training course for county workers
Ten county institutes attended by 748 vol-
unteers from 125 organizations
A Spring festival

A number of county summer camps for
women, girls, boys and entire families
An extensive life saving program
A four-day camp training course for State
Junior Leaders

A series of five different pageants on arts
and crafts

A state festival — "Good Times in the Old
Times"

Fall training courses in ten counties
A state-wide Winter Sports Club program
An indoor community center program
throughout the state.

One special study made in the Washtenaw
County, Michigan, Rural Recreation Survey, cov-
ered one school and one school district in each of
the twenty county townships. It was found that
the average area of the school grounds was a little
less than a quarter of an acre; that not more than
twenty-five per cent have sufficient space for a
thirty-five foot softball diamond, the only organ-
ized game generally played. There were no facili-
ties for tennis in the country districts and only
very limited facilities for baseball. Less than
15% of the children knew how to swim. Many
communities were without facilities for pic-
nicking.

"What seems to be the great social and recrea-
tional need," says Dr.
Henry S. Curtis, director
of the study, "is some cen-
tral meeting place indoors,
with an auditorium for
movies, lectures and per-
haps preaching on Sunday ;
a gymnasium for dances
and parties; a social room
for neighborhood meetings,
and a swimming pool. Out-
of-doors there should be a
place for tennis and base-
ball, with a garden and
nursery, and at the back,
if possible, a picnic grove.
They are quite as essential
to the rural community as
they are to the school."

Seeing the Northern Rockies on Foot

By Carroll Lane Fenton

TiiiC West — pinnacles of red and brown rock
rising from sage-tufted plains. The West —
snowy mountains and deep valleys dug by
vanished glacial ice and now lined with rich for-
ests of cedars, firs and lodgepole pines. The West :
a world of beauty and primitive romance; of pasts
that stretch back through ages to days when the
earth itself was young.

This world, once inaccessible, was brought to
our reach by railways. For forty years they suf-
ficed, with tallyhos, saddle horses and pack out-
fits to take visitors among peaks and lakes.

Then came the automobile. More flexible than
the railway, it followed the tallyho and crossed
passes once remote. As roads improved, cars im-
proved also, until they promised to invade any
mountain range or valley. They served well —
much too well ! Trains took us and put us down,
to do and explore for ourselves. The automobile
takes us and then sits waiting, ready to hasten us
away. It begs us to glance and hurry on ; to "do"
this range in an afternoon, drive a hundred miles
on for dinner, and skim through another scenic
region tomorrow. Increasing thousands motor
westward — and a few hundreds see the West.

To know the real West, you must travel many
miles of high, narrow trails, where eagle, bighorn
and mountain goat pause to watch you pass. You
must climb ancient ladders cut in rock and look
down into precipitous canyons from the doors of
stone-age huts. You must walk beside glacial
lakes in valleys where moose and caribou pasture.
You must skirt snowfields on the Great Divide,
and at evening come to a cabin of red rocks
perched among twisted pines. There a mountain
woman will give welcome and a cook will pre-
pare you a meal of such size that you never would
dare eat it at home. But you will eat it, and a
large breakfast, too, without a
thought of the knicknacks that are
served to tempt you in hotels.

But where, in the vast distances
of the West, is there country to be
traversed on foot? Where are vil-

lages like those of Switzerland and France, where
Monsieur I'Aubergiste awaits tourists even among
the mountains?

There aren't any, and that is one beauty of the
region. You may walk for a month in the Rockies,
yet never pass through a town. But trails, inns,
food are other matters. For what are national
parks equipped, if not to care for those who walk
as well as the others who ride?

Not all parks, of course, are equally good for
the traveler who wants to hike. No one would see
the Yellowstone on foot unless endowed with
superabundant time and one or two burros to
carry baggage. The Grand Canyon has awe-in-
spiring trails ; but he who would "do" the Canyon
on foot must burden himself with pack mules and
a guide, or must carry a painfully heavy load over
dusty trails where the sun beats down with sub-
tropical heat even in April. The Yosemite is beau-
tiful and cool — but its holiday crowds often sug-
gest those on beaches near New York .

Four Regions Supreme
I doubtless am prejudiced; but four regions
seem to stand supreme among hiking districts of
the West. One is Glacier National Park, with its
neighbor, Waterton Lakes, in Alberta. Another
is Jasper Park, where the hiker must be sup-
ported by horses to do a really thorough job. Next
come the mountains and valleys stretching west-
ward from Banff, a perfect pleasure ground for
those who want to hike from camp to camp with-
out the burden of food and duffle and with relaxa-
tion at fine hotels. Last is Canada's Glacier Park
among the magnificent Selkirks. It has neither
cabin, camp nor hotel — the hiker must bring his
own bedding and tent, be his own guide, camp-
tender, cook. In reward he has wild life, glaciers

Are you going to the Rockies this summer? Let
an experienced traveler tell you how best to
see this world of beauty and primitive romance.

SEEING THE NORTHtKN ROCKIES ON FOOT

Courtesy Carroll Lane Fenton

Let the horses carry the
tents and supplies while
you have the [oy of fol-
lowing the longer trails
through the mountains

and high peaks, with good
trails, yet with that soH-
tude peculiar to a moun-
tainous region untouched
by motor roads.

In American parks the
hiker may find himself
looked down upon. Rang-
ers lead trail parties, it
is true, but tradition says

that a bus or a horse is the proper means of get-
ting about. Canadians are more informal : their
peaks were visited by hikers and climbers long
before good trails were built. No signs warn that
hob-nailed boots are forbidden in dining rooms,
and railroads schedule hiking trips to the more
spectacular valleys. They even sponsor a hiking
club, "Trail Hikers of the Canadian Rockies,"
operating from Banff and Lake Louise, but send-
ing information from the Windsor Station in
Montreal. The club plans four or five day hikes,
transfers baggage during trips, engages glacier
guides and packers, and even supplies alpenstocks.
Costs for this service, food and shelter are a little
more than $6.00 per day. Measure that by an in-
dependent trip, on which you will pay $7.50 for
the glacier guide alone !

The guide's service is required, of course, only
when you plan to cross ice. For the rest, take the
trails alone or in parties of family and friends.
Routes are marked and thoroughly safe; with a
topographic map and some caution you even may
strike out through country where the only trails
are those of game. If you photograph, have a
camera ready : deer, moose, bighorn and moun-
tain goat often pose obligingly.

As you may vary sights and routes, so you may
choose accommodations. You may stop at the best
hotels any national park on this continent offers —
their rates, by the way, are by no means so high
as boastful rumor reports. You may leave them
for simple log cabins in valleys, where moose
waken you in the morning as they clatter down
gravel paths. Go on to more remote tea houses,
hanging between precipices and valleys dug by

^»>***^^**^.-««^

glacial ice. Then return to your neglected car,
visiting the motor camps that line the road through
Kootenany Park. Or put tents, bedding and food
on horses and, leaving them in care of a guide,
lead forth on longer trails through the mountains.

Expenses? They vary also. If you stay strictly
by motor camps they run astonishingly low, for
good food in Canadian towns is cheaper than in
our own Northwest. A more liberal plan yields
greater returns, for many worth-while things lie
beyond reach of daily hikes from the camps. Al-
low stops at cabins, tea houses and hotels, com-
pensating by periods spent in your own home tent.
Following this plan we have spent four summers
in the northern Rockies on budgets only slightly
greater than those of home. I shall not bore you
with figures, for three of those trips were made in
times when fares, cabin rates and food were far
higher than they are today.

Whether you come by motor or train, start hik-
ing on the trails about Banff. There are good and
easy trails along valleys cut among sharp gray
mountains of tilted and twisted gray rocks. There
is also the "million dollar view," which is all the
guide books say and more, since it tells a story
of vanished glaciers and rivers pushed out of
their paths. As for beauty, every photograph
shows it, but even those in natural color fail to
give its quality.

Lake Louise deserves four days to a' week. Its
trails, though well graded and wide, lead to spec-
tacular peaks or the edge of grinding glacial ice.
Ptarmigan lead their chicks among heather ; a pica
spreads his hay out to dry on red rocks near the
head of the lake. Mantled ground squirrels come

SEEING THE NORTHERN ROCKIES ON FOOT

to beg, and pack rats make collections of bright
things dropped by campers and hikers. They
don't always wait for things to drop, and often
cut shiny buttons from carelessly handled coats.

Take road or trail to Moraine Lake, which
hides below ten red-and-buff peaks each more than
ten thousand feet high. Then back to Lake Louise,
and across the Continental Divide. Cars may be
left at Wapta Camp while the party hikes to Lake
O'Hara, the one rival of Louise. There are few
trails leading from it, but they offer views of
great beauty and chances to study mountain plants.
Open slopes allow for hikes at will, without even
a map fotj guide.

From Yoho Camp, reached by road or trail,
there are routes leading to high basins, lakes and
the grim foot of Yoho Glacier. Moose feed in
Duchesney Lake, and at least one handsome bull
has learned not to fear human beings. But use a
telescopic lens, for he is not really neighborly.

An easy route leads on to the chalet on the
shore of Emerald Lake. Harder, but more beau-
tiful, is that which climbs toward Burgess Pass,
reaches a fire-protected camp ground and then
drops suddenly to the valley. Tent, bedding and
food can be sent up for three dollars; stay until
the suj^plies are eaten and pack your remaining
duffle downhill. But don't let that word "down-
hill' deceive you ; unless you are thoroughly hard-
ened to loads, thirty-five pounds will seem like
three hundred by the time you reach the foot of
that trail !

There is another reason for taking the trail fol-
lowed by that steep descent. Like most of the
northern Rockies, those about Banff, Lake Louise
and Field are formed of rocks laid down long ago
under shallow, shifting seas. Those seas con-
tained varied life: seaweeds, sponges, shellfish,
bristled worms and queer, flat creatures with
jointed bodies whose only name is trilobites. On
sands they died and disappeared, but in limes and
muds their remains were preserved as fosil ani-
mals and plants.

Corals and shells of the early Coal Age lie in
the tilted cliffs above Banff. More ancient beds
outcrop at Ross Lake, not far from the Conti-
nental Divide. Near Burgess Pass is a dark gray
ledge whose fossils^ rarely abundant and perfect,
have made it famous throughout the world. Even
if you have no collection it is worth while to visit
that quarry, search the scattered slabs for re-
mains, and contrast these records of ancient seas
with modern lakes, glaciers and mountains. But if

you expect to take fossils away, first get appro-
priate permission from the National Parks office
in Ottawa!

From Emerald Lake an excellent road leads to
the railway town of Field. You may motor west-
ward to Golden, but must take train to the Sel-
kirks — there is no other way to go. Leave it at
the village of Glacier and get the one Ford in the
place to take your duffle to the camp ground
where the famous Glacier House once stood.
There you'll find wood, shade, water and a place
to put your food beyond reach of ground squirrels
and bears. A porcupine will be your neighbor,
but since quill-throwing is a myth this is no cause
for alarm.

The Selkirks once were a mecca for moun-
taineers of America and Europe. Today they are
almost deserted — which means you may enjoy
good trails and still have solitude. For glacier
work get a guide from Lake Louise ; without one,
take trails upon Mount Sir Donald, to the tip of
Mount Abbott and across Baloo Pass. In the
meadows near Nakimu Caves there are grizzlies;
the caves themselves are strange tunnels worn by
water from glacial ice. Reserve at least one even-
ing for the sunset, which stains with rose, ver-
milion and purple the snowy peaks north of Rogers
Pass. It's a perfect ending for your visit in this
land of high peaks and ice.

Expenses? I promised not to give figures — but
here there are no rates to change. On our last
four days in the Selkirks we spent $5.92 above
railway tickets and observation car fares. Of
these, fifty cents went for hauling duffle and the
rest for milk, oranges, lettuce and more substan-
tial items of food. Less than $1.35 per day for
two, permitting some fliers in luxury at Emerald
Lake and Louise ....

Can you afford not to see the West when bud-
gets are reduced like that?

"But spring will come. The ice will break
up and melt away ; elms and maples will
venture into leaves; hemlocks and firs
will arouse themselves to a fresher green.
Grasses will cover the hills and the
meadowlands. And there will be bird
songs in the air. Then will come the time
for the good sport of hiking over the
countryside." — Harry A. Overstreet in
A Guide to Civilised Loafing.

Adventures Over the Radio

THK Jacksonville Depart-
ment of Public Recrea-
tion is sponsoring a novel
club known as the Junior Road
to Adventure Club, which each week broadcasts a
serial under the title, "Peter and Peggy in Story-
Book Land." Competitive auditions are held for
the variovis parts and all the individuals con-
nected with the production are volunteers.

The Recreation Department is especially
fortunate in having, in Mr. Martin Fabian, a
volunteer worker whose hobby is the presen-
tation of radio plays. Mr. Fabian, a civil en-
gineer by profession, first became interested in
radio drama through the technical problems in-
volved in producing sound effects. As a result,
he spends much of his leisure in building de-
vices for the accurate reproduction of sounds
over the radio. His generosity, both in the ex-
penditure of time and money, has made it pos-
sible for the Department of Public Recreation

By Nathan L. Mallison

Superintendent of Recreation
Jacksonville, Florida

to present unusually inter-
esting and worth while pro-
grams which are arousing"
much favorable comment.
ATost of the good scripts for radio presenta-
tions are cop\-righted and sold by syndicates.
Mr. Fabian believes that good sound effects
must ha\e good plays, so he has purchased a
series of scripts with most happy results. While
children's fairy tales are the theme of the broad-
casts, the fan mail indicates that more adults
listen to the program than children.

Many so-called children's hours, especially
those which have been commercialized by com-
panies dealing in articles of merchandise for
children, are insipid affairs which even the
children will not tolerate. When time and ef-
fort are expended on a program to insure an
artistic production, even adults will listen, the
experience of the Jacksonville Recreation De-
partment attests.

Presenting, from
left to right, the
operator of the
sound effects; the
announcer, Smoke-
wreath; the narra-
tor; Peter and
Peggy, who are
woven into every
production; the di-
rector of the pro-
duction; Prince
Charming; Cinder-
ella; the FairyGod-
mother and the
two sisters.

World at Play

^ . To make possible the

If You are Going r u ^ ■ ^■

" fullest appreciation

to the Theatre c ., j -.• c

of the dramatic ot-

ferings of the Mil-
waukee, Wisconsin, 1934-35 theatre season, the
Extension Department of the Public Schools
each Tuesday evening at one of the social
centers holds drama and music previews. At
these previews the coming week's events on
the theatre board are discussed. If there are
no special attractions on the program of the
following week, the evening is devoted to the
reading and discussion of some outstanding
modern play, some topic of the theatre or
musical demonstration studies.

Travel Talks
Popular

An interesting ac-
tivity fostered by the
Recreation Commis-
sion of Phoenixville,
Pennsylvania, is a series of travel talks running
through the winter which are given by resi-
dents of the city who during the past year
ha\e taken interesting trips. For example, one
speaker motored across the country spending
considerable time in Arizona, New Mexico and
the Grand Canyon. Another, a florist, spent the
summer in Holland among the bulb growers.
Reading, Pennsylvania, has also adopted this
plan, which is working out very successfully
in both cities.

Making Washington
Safe for Play

Accidents on muni-
c i p a 1 playgrounds
are few, the ratio of
all mishaps being 2.8
to each 100,000 visits to the playground, accord-
ing to the 1934 report of the Department of
Playgrounds of the District of Columbia.
Nevertheless, a determined effort is being
made to reduce this ratio, and with the co-
operation of the Women's City Club, the
American Automobile Association, and the
Metropolitan Police Department, an interplay-
ground campaign for safety and for playground
beautification was conducted from April i
through September 30, 1933. Several patrols
were organized on each playground. The Wo-
men's City Club offered an attractively de-
signed certificate to each playground which
showed improvement in the appearance of the
grounds and in its safety-record. The AAA
presented three handsome banners, first, sec-
ond, and third place to the grounds having the
highest record each month. Keen interest in
many communities in the beautification of the
grounds brought generous gifts of shrubbery,
Tose-trees, furniture, curtains, and enlisted the
assistance of many adults who painted furni-
ture, made curtains and helped in garden
iictivities.

„, ^ . The community

The Community , t^ „

,^ x^ ,. house at Dedham,

House at Dedham ,. ,

Massachusetts, is an

historic mansion
built in 1799. The house was in a sadly neglec-
ted condition when it was turned over to the
Dedham Community Association in May 1922,
and it has been gradually restored to its present
state. It is open to the people of Dedham and
to others for all kinds of leisure-time activities
— social, educational and recreational. In it and
on the grounds about it is conducted a con-
tinuous all the year round program of gather-
ings and activities for young and old alike.
Frances M. Baker Park, including within its
limits the landing place of the original settlers
of Dedham in 1636, was a gift to the associa-
tion in 1927. It adjoins the grounds extending
to the Charles River and provides space for
tennis courts, other outdoor games and a swim-
ming beach.

Subdivision
Development

In Subdivision De-
velopment circular
Number 5, issued by
the Federal Housing
Administration, minimum requirements are set
forth for the physical characteristics of sub-
divisions and of the properties within them.
Among the requirements on which special

MAGAZINES AND PAMPHLETS

TENNIS for TEACHERS

By HELEN I. DRIVER

Instructor in Charge of Women's Tennis
University oi Wisconsin

• A manual for the recreation leader, and teacher of
Physical Education. Contents include analysis of seven
strokes, common errors and teaching progressions for
each; practice organization for beginning and advanced
groups; tactics, tests, and tournaments; organization of

tennis programs. Price $2. Detailed description
sent upon request.

Orders, accompanied b\j full payment thoutd bt directed to

H. I. DRIVER, Lalhrop HaU
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Vfia.

emphasis is laid is the following : "Appropriate,
adequate and conveniently accessible schools,
parks, playgrounds, and shopping centers shall
exist or they shall be definitely in prospect.
Dedication or reservation at a reasonable cost
of sites for schools, parks, and playgrounds
shall be considered bona fide evidence of intent
to provide these three types of facilities and
preliminary arrangements shall have been ef-
fected for making them available."

ike C(

bine

.aaazine

If you ate interested in

The leadership of youth.

The swiftly changing methods in organized
camping.

The statements of leading thinkers on educa-
tion through camping.

Leadership training — Counsellor's Education.

Camp Programming — Administration.

Outdoor Sports and Activities.

New Games, Land and Water.

Swimming — Canoeing — Sailing.

Riding — Archery — Riflery.

Woodcraft — Indian Lore — Nature,

Artscraft — Dancing — Stunts.

Council Fires — Story Telling,

Then read the Camping Magazine regulatty
Send for a sample copy $2.00 a year.

Lane Hall, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Dcpt. R

Magazines and Pamphlets

) Recently Received Containing Articles j
^ of Interest to the Recreation Worker '-

MAGAZINES
The National Parent-Teacher Magazine, March 1935
Hobbies for Girls, by Ruth Nichols

Leisure, March 1935

Coaches for a Miniature Napoleon, by Ellen Hill
Dramas Without Dialogue, by Will Anderson
Whit-Tennis, by Milton Connelly
Make It a Kitchen Party, by Frank L. Havey
Ted Tinker — Tinkerer

Safety Education, March 1935

The Ancient Kite in the Modern Sky, by Marion
Holbrook

Parks and Recreation, February 1935

Emergency Conservation Work in the National

Parks, by John D. Coffman
Recreation and Reconstruction, by L. H. Weir
Curling, An International Sport, by Irwin R. Dunnell

The Parents' Magazine, March 1935

The Busy Child Gets Well Fast, by Marie Willcox

Abbott

Educational Method, March 1935

Grand Rapids Schools Develop Children's Hobbies,
by Helen K. Mackintosh

How the Museum Contributes to Leisure-Time In-
terests, by Jane A. White

Elementary Industrial Arts and Leisure-Time Inter-
ests, by A. Adele Rudolph

Is Your School Educating for Leisure? by Eugene
T. Lies

Education for Leisure: Recent References, by Edith
A. Wright

Recreation and Juvenile Delinquency, by Katharine
F. Lenroot

The Journal of Health and Physical Education,

March 1935
Dramatic Activities of the Berkeley, California, Rec-
reation Department, by Charles W. Davis
The Use of Basketball Skill Tests for Girls and
Women, by Helen A. Moser

PAMPHLETS
Charlton Community Center Leisure Time Program,
Board of Education, Newark, N. J.

A Study of Rural Community Development in Water-
ville, N. Y. »

Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station,
Ithaca, New York

Report of the Monroe County Regional Planning Board
for 1934

Thirteenth Annual Rport of the Park Department, Rec-
reation Bureau of the City of Passaic, N. J., 1934

First Annual Report of the Board of Recreation Com-
missioners, Summit, N. J., 1934

'^£/ .^P"n? and Summer Outings of the Westchester
Trails Association
Westchester County Recreation Commission, White
Plains, New York

Adult Education and Recreation Report of the Board of
Education — Elmira, N. Y., 1934

WORLD AT PLAY

New HEYDAY HOUSE Hits:

The new best-seller in entertainment
books is Gerald Lynton Kaufman's
delightful "IT'S ABOUT TIME" — a
treasure-chest of clock and watch puz-
zles, problems, tricks, games, curiosi-
ties and philosophy that will test your
wits, arouse your imagination and offer
a thousand rich and thrilling hours of
fun — appeals to everyone.

Just out — the exciting new de-
tective game for competitive
playing — baffling picture-clue
mysteries that require eyes,
wits, speed, and are grand
fun to solve!

BRINGING

$1.00

IT'S ABOUT
$1.50 TIME

by GERALD LYNTON KAUFMAN

DOUBLEDAY. DORAN & CO 'INC

SHERLOCK HOME

by LAWRENCE TREAT

Coming! NAMING QUINTUPLETS, by J.
Bryan, III, and MAY I LEAVE THE ROOM?
by G, Lawson Kendall — $1.00 each. Ask for
these Heyday House Hits at your bookstore.

E. R. A. Concerts in Boston. — On January
24th, the first of a series of free public E. R. A.
concerts was held at the Boston Opera House,
presented by a selected group of 88 profes-
sional musicians representing the best per-
formers of the E. R. A. Symphony Concert
Orchestra and the F. E. R. A. Symphony
Orchestra. Free tickets were distributed
through the sectional committees of the City-
wide Emergency Committee on Health and
Recreation. Two outstanding soloists volun-
teered their services for special numbers. In
spite of the blizzard and zero weather, 600
people were present.

Annual Meeting of the American Associa-
tion for Adult Education. — The Tenth Annual
Meeting of the American Association for Adult
Education will be held at the Hotel Schroeder,
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, May 20, 21, and 22.
There will be sessions on public schools as
adult education centers ; adult education in
rural communities ; adult education under
public auspices ; vocational education and ad-
justment for adults ; rural library service ; a
vocational interest of adults ; training com-
munity leaders ; readability, and mechanical
aids to learning. Further information may be
secured from the American Association for
Adult Education, 60 E. 42d Street, New York.

A Hobby Round-Up. — From May i to 11,
1935, the Leisure League of America, Inc. will
sponsor in New York City "a national exposi-
tion of hobbies, sports, games, arts, handicrafts
and other diversions organized to display and
demonstrate in an animated, colorful and

dramatic way the activities and accomplish-
ments of the many organizations and indivi-
duals engaged in furthering wholesome leisure-
time activities." The exhibit, which will be held
in Commerce Hall, Port Authority Building,
will be under the executive management of
Robert Everett Associates, Inc., 232 Madison
Avenue, New York City.

A Hobby League. — The Playground and
Recreation Association of Philadelphia has
established a hobby league which is arousing
much interest. Hundreds of ideas on hobbies
have been assembled. A consulting group has
been organized who are experts on various
phases of leisure-time activities and who will
answer questions. Hobby clubs and groups will
be formed. Four workers are giving full time to
the project.

A Children's International Fete in Japan. —
In November the Tokyo Y. W. C. A. held a
Children's International Fete, introducing the
festivals of four seasons in many lands. Among
the countries represented were: Afghanistan,
America, Canada, China, Denmark, England,
France, Holland, India, Ireland, Japan, Mexico,
Philippine, Poland, Russia, Siam, Sweden,
Scotland and Turkey.

The Dog as a Playfellow. — Dr. Henry S.
Curtis, Director of the FERA Recreational
Survey in Washtenaw County, Michigan, writ-
ing about the dog as a playfellow says, "He is
probably the most valuable piece of apparatus
available as he leads to much activity and has
a strong emotional appeal. This is coming out

WORLD AT PLAY

Bright

eon

SUNSHINE
FRESH AIR

Keep playgrounds free from dust
with Solvay Calcium Chloride . . .

PROTECTING children at play is the aim
of the modern playground. How im-
portant to protect them from the dan-
gers and dirt in dust! It's so easy and
it costs next to nothing.

An application of Solvay Flake Calcium
Chloride on gravel or earth surfaces
effectively ends the dust nuisance. And
Solvay Calcium Chloride kills germs.
The photomicrographs pictured here
show you the results. 347cultures in the
untreated dust. Only 3 in the some dust
treated with Solvay Calcium Chloride.

Germs
in Dust

Before treatment After treatment

Make this a dustless outdoor season
on your playgrounds. Send today for
full information and booklet No. 1159.

y^^^ Solvay Sales Corporation

'•» «w -^ Alkalies and Chemical Products Manufoc-

tured by The Solvay Process Company

40 Rector Street New York

SOLVAV

^^_^ TRADE MARK REG U S, PAT OFF

C^LCIUAI
CHIiORIDE

FlAKE-77%-80%

Strongly in the study we are now making of
summer activities. For the only child in the
country the dog offers the only opportunity
for vigorous play, and for many others he is
more important then any other kind of play
equipment. He is an excellent playfellow and
leads to much running and romping out-of-
doors. The pet in general, and the dog in
particular, has a large place in child direction,
and the boy or girl who has grown up without
one will probably be socially poorer for all the
rest of his life."

May Day— Child Health Day.— The stamp-
ing out of diphtheria has been chosen as the
special project for this year's May Day — Child
Health Day, according to an announcement
issued by the American Child Health Associa-
tion. Further information may be secured from
the association at 50 West 50th Street, New
York City.

Activities of the Opera Nazionale Dopola-
voro. — The Italian government has issued a
beautifully illustrated volume entitled "De-
velopments and Realizations of the Opera
Nazionale Dopolavoro" which gives the his-
torical development and accomplishments of
the Leisure Time Organization established for
the benefit of workers. Accomplishments are
classified under four headings : Physical Cul-
ture (Sports and popular games — Italian Fe-
deration for Excursions) ; Artistic Education ;
Popular Culture and Professional Education,
and Assistance (hygienic, sanitary, social dis-
counts, facilities, social assistance.) An exceed-
ingly broad program of activities is embraced
in this program which is the coordinating body
for thousands of small societies.

Recreation in Institutions — C. M. Goethe of
Sacramento, California, who for many years
has been devoted to promoting the recreation
movement and who was one of the first to work
for the international play movement writes
that he is supplying to certain of the residents
of an institution for the insane packets of post-
age stamps. Officials of the institution have
found that stamp collecting has not only re-
creational value but in some instances curative
value. Another resident of Sacramento is per-
forming the same service for tubercular patients
in a local institution.

WORLD AT PLAY

Tenth Annual Seminar in Mexico. — The

Committee on Cultural Relations with Latin
America announces the tenth annual seminar
in Mexico to be held in Cuernavaca and Mexico
City from July 3rd to July 23rd. The seminar
will consist of three weeks of lectures, round
table discussions and field trips which will
supply a general introduction to Mexican his-
tory, economics, art, international relations and
archaeology, under the leadership of outstand-
ing Mexican and American authorities in many
fields. Further information may be secured
from Hubert C. Herring, executive director of
the committee, 287 Fourth Avenue, New York
City.

The South- Wide Leisure Time Conterence.

— The second annual South-Wide Leisure
Time Conference will be held May 3rd to 8th
at Nashville, Tennessee. Sessions will be held
at Scarrit College for Christian Workers and
the Y. M. C. A. Graduate School. Further in-
formation may be secured from Dr. Walter L.
Stone, secretary of the conference, 500-2 1st
Avenue South, Nashville.

The N. E. A. Convention. — It is suggested
by officials of the National Education Associa-
tion that delegates attending the 1935 conven-
tion to be held for a week during July come
prepared for an all summer vacation. For the
convention is to be held at Denver, and with
the National Parks, Mountain Parks and the
inexhaustable outdoor facilities of Colorado, a
delightful vacation period will be assured.
Information regarding tfie convention may be
secured from A. L. Threlkeld, Superintendent
of Schools, 414 Fourteenth Street, Denver,
Colorado.

Tennis Tournaments in Detroit. — Last sum-
mer the Detroit Department of Recreation,
assisted by the Detroit News, staged a novice
tennis tournament open to the residents of
Detroit and any city, village or town within
forty miles of Detroit. A novice was construed
to mean any player who had not won a city or
district championship. Approximately 2,000
people registered for the tournament. The plan
of operation was to have any town or com-
munity entering conduct a tournament of from
32 to 64 players, including both men and wo-
men. The winners and runners-up of these
community tournaments competed in Detroit
for the metropolitan championship.

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EQUIPMENT

On the Grandstand

(Continued from page 4)

fication of such diversions began. Before this
grand publicity, sport had its players but not its
fans. It is difficult to resist the lure of pages upon
pages of professional baseball, college football
and prize fights w hen we have them before our
eyes every morning and evening. The enormous
crowds at certain prize fights, for example, were
brought together only because the public interest
had been jazzed up by a clever publicity of the
training details until the final contest gradually
came to appear as an event of primary import-
ance. This advertising of sport now parallels the
advertising of merchandise. One wonders how
the average man or woman can keep enough of
the family income to pay for bread and butter.
We are lured to buy by high pressure sales cam-
paigns and yet we somehow survive. Many spec-
tators are those who come not from any innate
interest but because they cannot resist the sports
ballyhoo.

"Is your boy interested in athletics?" queried
one mother of another.

NAT M. WASHER

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"I should say he is," replied the other. "He
stays in bed every Sunday morning and reads all
the sport pages in the newspapers!"

This boy's attitude is surely one of bovine qui-
escence unless he has some other outlet for his in-
terest in athletics than mere vicarious spectator-
ship. And many people only read and look upon
action, either mental or physical and never have
any desire to be more than a spectator. The con-
firmed theatregoer, the movie fan, is living vi-
carously as is the bookworm or the man who is
always found in the grandstand. Pleasures taken
vicariously are recreation and a recuperative pro-
cess, but like too much sameness in a diet, they
produce a badly balanced life.

It is not the impressive millions spent by Amer-
icans for grandstand, theatre and movie seats or
attendance at commercialized sports that can be
criticized. These all represent legitimate avenues
of release from fatigue, of recuperation and
pleasure. It is the entire surrender to their lure
because it is the easiest way, which is deplorable.
Recreation is an activity of body and mind no less
than work and we should seize upon the most de-
veloping, the most releasing kinds. Dissipation

Nat M. Washer

Nat "M. Washer of San Antonio, Texas, whc^
died early in February 1935, was Chairman of the
War Camp Community Service Committee at San
Antonio during the World War and for many
years had been a warm supporter of the National
Recreation Association. He assisted in raising
money for the organization and put his influence
behind the movement. In recent years he had
served as President of the Texas State Board of
Education and for many years he was a leader in
the civic, educational, business and fraternal life
of San Antonio, and was largely responsible for
the establishment of the San Antonio Public
Library. At the time of his death, the flags at
Austin, the state capital, were lowered to half
mast, and at the hour of his funeral service
classes in all the San Antonio public schools and
colleges were suspended, as was also the operation
of the San Antonio public library system.

and idleness and monotony of play require fur-
ther recreation to offset fatigue. A mixed diet in
recreation is what we all need for the well-
rounded life.

The Japanese National Game: Go

(Continued from page 9)

multiplying rapidly. And inquiries are streaming
in from inquisitive and partly informed persons
as to where and how they can learn to play.

Go, like music, can be learned from a relatively
few simple written instructions. But it is as im-
portant for Go students to witness good Go played
as for music students to hear good music played.
But to a Go student personal instruction is even
more important than to a music student. The rea-
son is this : Go students, unlike music students,
cannot easily detect their own mistakes.

Helgh-ho for a Merry Spring!

(Continufd fruiii page 14)
torium was made, on which the plans for the
entrance, place of action, place of standing,
and the exit of each group were carefully
worked out and a place in the front rows of
the auditorium assigned to it for seating be-
fore the beginning of the festival. Full direc-
tions for each group, based on these plans,
were typed and given to the representative of
that group who had been chosen as "liaison

THIRTY-FOUR YEARS OF SERVICE

Thirty-four Years of Service

Mrs. Mary J. Cowlev has just resigned from
the North Side Playground Association of Pitts-
burgh, Pennsylvania, after thirty-four years of
continuous service. Mrs. Cowley is still a mem-
ber of the Pittsburgh Board of Education, a posi-
tion which she has held for twenty-three years.

Recently a reception was held in Mrs. Cowley's
honor in Pittsburgh with nearly 400 educators,
playground supervisors and friends attending.
The City Council of Pittsburgh adopted a special
resolution of appreciation for the service of Mrs.
Cowley and all that had come through her efforts.

officer" between it and the festival director.
These liaison officers should meet with the
director shortly before the festival to go over
their instructions with him, to be sure to have
correct understanding.

About a hundred people who met each day
for a session in musical leadership learned all
the songs and sat in the auditorium as near as
possible to the piano as they sang them. A
public community singing period held each day
gave opportunity for many people who later
came to see the festival to learn several of the
songs. Under ordinary circumstances this
learning of the songs by the audience might
be done in connection with regular meetings of
clubs and other associations attended by people
likely to be at the festival; and even a half-
hour or so of song-learning by the audience
just before the festival begins might not be
amiss.

Such simple festivals seem a most promising
means of bringing all sorts and ages of people
into growing participation and lasting interest
in ways of expression whose social and other
human values we all place at the top of the
scale, and whose delights are always as fresh
as a bright May morning.

Special Activities in Glens Falls,
New York

(Continued from page 19)
the bases, we bought a cobbler's sewing machine.
We reopened the club again this winter the first
of February in the factory building used two
years ago, which is really better adapted to our
purposes as the one great room makes supervision
simpler and cuts down the cost of personnel. Our
program is practically the same as last year, ex-

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cept that we are not opening until one o'clock and
are running only week days. The attendance is
somewhat smaller this season, a happy sign that
there is less unemployment. But the club is never-
theless well patronized and our Board of Gov-
ernors feels that we are doing no work that is of
greater value or that has accomplished more real
good. We are reaching a large group of men who
are by no means down-and-outers, but rather, in
the main, self respecting workmen, who through
force of circumstances are either entirely out of
work or else employed only part time on relief
projects. A warm, bright, cheerful club of their
own, where they can putter around with tools as
they choose, has done much to keep up morale
and to give men courage to face these bitter days
of dire financial stress.

April Showers

(Continued from page 24)
"In the pond," the players must all jump to the
side of the line designated as the pond. On the

APRIL SHOWERS

SUMMER
SESSIONS

PENN STATE

Inter-Session, June 11 to June 28
Main Session, July 1 to Aug. 9
Post Session, Aug. 12 to Aug. 30

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Seekers of degrees in Health and Physical Edu-
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ideal. Combines thorough study with real vaca-
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recreational opportunities. Modern gymnasium.
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The PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE
State College, Pa.

words, "On the bank," the players must jump to
the side designated as the bank. Try to make the
players jump at the wrong time or fail to jump
when they ought to. Anyone who blunders must
leave the game. The last person to remain in the
game wins.

Noah's Ark

Divide the group into couples and give each the
name of some animal, bird or insect. A straight
row of chairs is placed across one end of the room
and a man takes his place behind each. The girls
are all taken out of the room and blindfolded.
When the girls are brought in again they are taken
to the end of the room farthest from the chairs,
and from here each tries to find her partner and
occupy his seat. The only guidance the girls have
is the noise made at the other end of the room
when the men imitate the sound of the animal
assigned to them. After all have found their seats,
partners change and the men try their skill at
locating their partners.

Rainbow Sfab

Using the large rainbow that you have for

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Richard e. shields. Editor

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Articles by writers of
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decorations, number the colors from i to 7. Play-
ers are formed into teams of seven each and then
are blindfolded, provided with a pin stuck through
a strip of white cloth, and sent up to stick this on
the rainbow. Each team is credited with the num-
ber of points represented by the color stabbed.
Team scoring the most points wins some rainbow
colored candy.
Bow Contest

Give each guest a pencil and paper with the fol-
lowing questions on it to be answered by words
beginning or ending in "bo," "bow" or "beau" :

Questions

Answers

A Hallowe'en bow?

Bogy

An unconventional bow?

Bohemian

A South American bow?

Bolivia

A sausage bow?

Bologna

A bow without fraud or deceit ?

Bona fide

A rich yielding bow?

Bonanza

A military bow?

Bonaparte

A bow that's always acceptable?

Bonus

A poorly fed bow?

Bony

An acid bow?

Boric

An animal bow?

Bovine

A ne'er-do-well bow?

Hobo

A dandy bow?

Beau Brummel

A bow that is a dangerous

weapon ?

Bowie knife.

On the Wild Flower Trail

(Continued from fayc 26)

This unique type of herbarium with its poetical
interpretation gives word pictures that increase
the pleasure of examining the flowers. There are
often several quotations accompanying a single
flower.

Whether the collector makes a scientific ap-
proach to his work or whether his treasures are
arranged for beauty's sake alone, to follow the
wild flower trail is to reap a pleasurable reward.

Planning for Recreation

(Continued from page 28)

and horses. Some months ago we bought him
a pair of rabbits. Today he showed me a plan
he has made for an underground dweUing he
is going to build for them as they have grown
considerable in number. And so a rabbit farm
has been added to our husbandry and the boy's
hobby or perhaps vocation has been established.

Hobby and Vocation. In the same way pho-
tography, stamp collecting, arts and crafts,
music, dancing, acting, the making of puppets,
soap carving, basket weaving, chair caning,
gardening, poultry raising and farming are the
natural hobbies of boys and girls at our school.
These are all interests which do not allow time

PLANNING FOR RECREATION

for loafing and the spread of "gangish" spirit.
Hobbies supply needed entertainment and rec-
reation. They satisfy normally the desire to
show oflf, to get approval and to attract atten-
tion. The greatest importance, however, is the
fact that a hobby can become a source of a life
adventure and a vocation.

The Social Value of Hobbies. As the result of
the constant contact of our pupils with nature,
the desire arose to serve less fortunate broth-
ers in cities and towns who never had the
privilege of tramping through fields and woods.
Appreciating the inexhaustible treasures of
nature in every bush and brook and tree, these
boys and girls wanted to find a way to share
some of this wealth with the children who
could never search for the first spring flowers,
or go berrying, or scoop polliwogs from a pond.
And they did find a way, for they began to pre-
pare some collections which they mailed to
public schools, settlement houses, children's
clubs, hospitals, homes and similar organizations.

These young nature lovers try to make each
package which they call "nature's parcels" in-
teresting. Each package is different, accord-
ing to the season and the adventures of the
amateur scientist. Things are being packed to-
gether that belong together — the broken egg
shell in the right bird's nest ; the fungus with
the moss from which it grew.

For each parcel the children prepare a cata-
logue, and here is where the "study" part of
the program becomes acute. Each item must,
of course, be given its proper name and a brief
description, and since the catalogue is to be
sent abroad in the name of the school, a sense
of purpose and responsibility make the students
very earnest in their researches. The pupils
who are more artistic than scientific in tem-
perament write poems or imaginative stories
about their discoveries, and all help to deco-
rate the catalogue and make it attractive in ap-
pearance as well as content.

And so we have established friendships with
many people and have brought happiness to
many children — an accomplishment which we
think is in harmony with nature's plan.

PUT

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Write for new catalog P. S. 1.

DIAMOND CALK HORSESHOE CO.

4610 Grand Avenue, Duluth, Minn.

A Successful Bird Club

(Continued jrom page 29)
puzzle to members of the club, all of whom have
an elementary knowledge of bird life.

The rugged West Virginia hills shelter no lakes
and the region is more or less barren of water-
fowl. The Bird Qub to some degree makes up
for this deficiency by staging an annual expedi-
tion to the lake regions of Youngstown and Niles,
Ohio, for the observation of waterbirds.

In the course of the club's field work a number
of state and regional records of the occurrence of
birds have been established. The 1934 field pro-
jects selected by club members range from a nest-
ing census of Oglebay Park to the study of the
behavior of individual birds. A reward of a bird
book to be selected by the writer of the best paper
describing his field work of 1934 has stimulated
activity in this direction for the season and some
interesting papers are anticipated in the 1934-35
season.

The club is sponsor for the first time this year
of a regular exhibit in the Oglebay Park Nature
Museum, opening with an exhibit which not only
contains the club's compiled Spring migration list
but includes an effort to dramatize the marvels of
bird migration. This exhibit is to be changed from

A SUCCESSFUL BIRD CLUB

rings you QO PAGES

crammed with hundreds of
illustrations of things to
make. listing blue prints of
them all, telling where to
secure materials, containing
valuable suggestions on shop
operation, etc. Over 3 75
things to make for pleasure,
usefulness, profit.

Send 12c, today,

opular Mechanics
Magazine

Dept. E

200 East
Ontario St.
Chicago, III.

time to time to keep progress witli tlie seasons'
interests.

Started as a small study group of a dozen mem-
bers, the club membership now has passed three
dozen and additional membership applicants are
present at virtually each of the monthly meetings.
Three honorary members have been designated
and have accepted this recognition.

The club publishes through the efforts of its

members a monthly mimeographed journal, The
Redstart, which publishes ornithological activities
of its members. In addition it tells of activities of
the three clubs which the Brooks Bird Club has
organized among beginners in the general area
and which are affiliated with the senior group.
These include the Roney's Point Nature Club, of
Triadelphia, W. Va. (an organization of twenty-
five rural people) the Triadelphia High School
Bird Club, with a membership of thirty-eight, and
the Niles, Ohio, Bird Club with a membership of
twenty-eight. The club recently voted to add a
class of corresponding members open to bird
students anywhere and primarily intended to give
a state-wide flavor to the club's monthly journal.
All in all, the Brooks Bird Club has opened to a
number of individuals fascinating new fields for
spare time activities. A merchant and his wife, a
truck driver, an industrial office executive, ste-
nographers, clerks, skilled mechanics and repre-
sentatives of other widely divergent industries and
professions are included within the comparatively
small membership. Nominal dues are assessed to
pay for the publication of the paper and other
club purposes.

The

PHYSICAL EDUCATION
HEALTH and RECREATION

DIGEST

CHARLES D. GIAUQUE, Editor
Professor of Health and Physical Education, Boston University

offers you the gist of the leading articles of the month from a

hundred publications.

An easy way to keep up with your reading in recreation
and the allied fields of health and physical education.

"An article a day; a dollar a year."

Send us a dollar (or ask us to bill you) for a year's subscription

The DIGEST

, 29 Exeter St.

Boston, Mass.

New Publications in the Leisure Time Field

Tennis for Teachers

By Helen I. Driver, Lathrop Hall, University of Wis-
consin, Madison, Wisconsin. $2.00.
THIS is a text book for the teacher of tennis. It is
planned for both individual and group instruction, so
that the recreation leader, tennis professional, and teacher
of physical education in school or college may use it in
planning their tennis programs. The contents include
analysis of seven tennis strokes with common errors and
teaching progressions for each. Various types of group
organization for backboard and court practice, with sug-
gested lesson plans for beginning and advanced students,
are emphasized. Tennis tactics, tests and tournament
organization are included in the twenty-one sections of
the book. References at the end of each section list ad-
ditional reading material from the well known tennis
books. The book is in mimeograph form, containing 105
closely typed pages, illustrated by fifty diagrams and
sketches. It is bound in a flexible cardboard cover.

I consider this book one of the most practical texts on
tennis which has been put out up to date. The material
is unusually well organized and teachers should find it
most helpful. — Blanche M. Trilling.

It's About Time

By Gerald Lynton Kaufman, heyday house. Garden City,

New York. $1.50.
"W/e are indebted to Mr. Kaufman and the newly or-
" ganized "heyday house" for this clever and ingenious
treatment of Time as a Pastime. There are ten unusual
picture puzzles to be numbered and rearranged in their
correct time sequence ; twelve absurdly mixed up sen-
tences to be straightened out, and a number of unique
time tricks and games which will provide entertainment
for many a party. Heyday house, under the direction of
Jerome S. Meyer, oflfers us insurance against boredom in
its forthcoming publications and games. We advise our
readers to be on the lookout for these publications as
they appear. They are bound to be novel and entertaining
if the sample ofTered is any criterion !

Popular Crafts for Boys

By Edwin T. Hamilton. Dodd, Mead and Company, New

York. $3.00.
THIS book, the latest of the splendid "Hamilton on
' Handicraft" series, contains fourteen crafts selected
because of their popularity with boys. It includes car-
pentry, mask making, block printing, book-binding,
leathercraft, pottery, tin-can-craft, miniature modeling,
■trick photography, soap sculpture, paper mosaic, plastic
wood modeling, art metal craft and wood carving. Step
by step instructions with accompanying line sketches have
Tjeen given for making at least one article of each kind.
Photographs show the finished article. A carefully selec-
ted list of dealers, an up-to-date bibliography and an
index complete the contents.

"Do not forget," urges the author, "that this is a fun
book and not a work book. If the making of any article
is not fun, do not pursue it. Keep looking until you find
the one just for you."

Easter and the Spring

By Nina B. Lamkin, Samuel French, New York. $.50.
This is one of the interesting "All Through the Year
Series" which brings to the teacher, club, church or
community leader, varied and attractive material for
boys' and girls' groups which may be easily adapted to
the various ages. The material is so planned that it can
become a part of the regular work of the groups by
distributing it as follows : The songs and the appreciation
of the instrumental music in the music hours; the games,
dances and rhythmic drills in the physical education and
recreation hours ; the costume, decorations and properties
in the industrial arts hours, etc. The booklet provides
ready to use programs and references for every occasion
at Easter time and in the spring.

Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia

F. W. Compton and Company, Compton Building, 1000

North Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois.
11 ERE are fifteen volumes of information so attractively
presented and with articles so interestingly and
vividly written that learning is made a real adventure and
joy. That this beautifully illustrated Encyclopedia has
value in the development of leisure time interests is
evident to anyone who gives it even a cursory examina-
tion. Plays and games, athletics, nature activities, holidays
and festivities and other subjects in the leisure time field
are presented in articles which represent a wealth of
fascinating material. The Encyclopedia is outstanding for
the ease with which it can be used. Every letter is com-
plete in a light-weight, handy, easy-to-use volume.
Scientifically constructed Reference-Outlines for organ-
ized study follow each major subject. Every outline gives
page numbers for cross-reference. The Compton Fact-
Index containing more than 100,000 entries and located
at the back of each volume in its natural place — enables
the student to turn to the exact page for every fact and
every picture in the fifteen volumes.

Swimming

Compiled by Frederic J. Haskin. The Haskin Informa-
tion Service, 21st and C Streets, N. W., Washington,
D. C. $.10.
^OMpiLED in cooperation with the American Red Cross,
^^ the purpose of this booklet is not primarily to in-
struct beginners how to swim. It does, however, carry
a great deal of practical information about what to do
with the ability to swim once it is acquired. There are
many illustrations in the booklet, which has a brief
section on swimming pools.

NEM^ PUBLICATIONS IN THE LEISURE TIME FIELD

Masks and Costumes.

By F. W. Bosserman. Recreation Division, South Park

Commissioners, Chicago, Illinois. $.35.

The latest pamphlet in the Leisure Hobby Series issued
by the Recreation Division of the Chicago South Park
Commissioners is entitled Masks aiid Costumes. It starts
with simple cut-out paper masks and leads the craftsman
through flour sack and cotton stocking masks into the
more difficult papier-mache mask where methods are
presented for making particular types of masks such as
helmets, character masks, Hallcwe'en and grotesque
masks, and masks portraying animals, Indians and similar
types. In the same way costumes start with simple burlap
bags and from that point describe costumes to be used
for well known characters and various types of per-
formers. Recreation workers will find this unique com-
pilation exceedingly valuable. The pamphlet may be
ordered either from the National Recreation Association
or from the Recreation Division of the Chicago South
Park Commissioners.

Nature Education: A Selected Bibliography.

By William Gould Vinal. School of Education, Western
Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. $.75 plus postage.
Professor Vinal has performed a real service in com-
piling this carefully selected bibliography for the use of
nature leaders and nature students who wish a list of
books that is accurate and at the same time interesting.
It is a bibliography of popular books for the lay reader
as contrasted with the technical books for specialists.
The book has been arranged in seven groups — Humanized
Biology; Animals; Birds; Gardening; Insects; Physical
Nature Study, and the Plant World.

The bibliography, which is in the form of 82 mime-
ographed pages, is offered at cost price with the hope
that it will be immediately useful not only to teachers,
to parents, to recreation leaders and to camp directors,
but to libraries and educators in general.

Social Studies — An Orientation Handbook
for Hiqh School Pupils.

Prepared under the Guidance of William McAndrew.

Little, Brown and Company. Boston, Mass. $1.60.

"What is this high school all about?" In this hand-
book, written for the pupils themselves, a number of
sympathetic authorities have attempted to answer this
question asked by hundreds of bewildered boys and girls.
The articles have been grouped under three main head-
ings : Vou and Your High School; You, the Itidiindual;
You and Your Community. The chapter on You and
Your Leisure was prepared by Eugene T. Lies of the
National Recreation Association. Written in popular
style in language which boys and girls can understand,
this book is practical, interesting and stimulating.

Branch Library Book News.

December 1934. New York Public Library, 2^

This issue of the News, a supplement to the bulletin
of the New York Public Library, contains an interesting
article on Little Theatres in the Branch Library, showing
how through the use of relief funds for painting, repair-
ing and remodeling unused rooms and libraries may be
converted into attractive little theatres. In the Same num-
ber will be found a list of children's books published in
1934, with a brief digest of each.

Our Public Schools.

Published by The National Congress of Parents and
Teachers, 1201 Sixteenth Street Northwest, Wash-
ington, D. C. $.25.

The past few years, with their clouded issues and
emergencies which have resulted in confusion regarding
the proper evaluation of the best things in life, have
brought about a need for stimulating and vital informa-
tion concerning our public schools and a "rededication
throughout the United States to those American ideals
of education which it must be our indomitable will to
preserve." The National Congress of Parents and Teach-
ers has sought to meet this need by publishing this booklet
in which a number of noted educators and leaders in
American life have described the educational plans and
policies of America in the light of their historic back-
grounds. Throughout the compilation of articles emphasis
is laid on cultural values and on the responsibility of the
school in training for the use of leisure.

The American School Board Journal, January 1935.
Bruce Publishing Company, 524-544 North Milwaukee,

Milwaukee, Wisconsin. $.35.

This issue is devoted to school construction and will
be of special interest to all concerned with school plan-
ning. All phases are considered from gymnasium con-
struction in the modern school to air conditioning. Re-
creational planning in relation to school plant planning
is also discussed. A large number of photographs and
plans make this issue exceedingly valuable.

Officers and Directors of the National
Recreation Association

OFFICERS
JcsEPH Lee, President
John H. Finley. First Vice-President
John G. Winant, Second V'ice-President
Robert Gasrett, Third Vice-President
GusTAVUS T. KiRBY, Treasurer
Howard S. Braucher, Secretary

DIRECTORS

Mrs. Edward W. Biddle, Carlisle, Pa.

WiLiAM BuTTERWORTH, Moline. 111.

Clarence M. Clark, Philadelphia, Pa.

Henry L. Corbett, Portland, Ore.

Mrs. Arthur G. Cummer, Jacksonville, Fla.

F. Trubee Davison, Locust Valley, L. I., N. Y.

Mrs. Thomas A. Edison, West Orange, N. J.

John H. Finley, New York, N. Y.

Robert Garrett, Baltimore, Md.

Austin E. Griffiths^ Seattle, Wash.

Charles Hayden, New York, N. Y.

Mrs. Charles V. Hickox, Michigan City, Ind.

Mrs. Fbancis deLacy Hyde, Plainfield, N. J.

Gustavus T. Kirby, New York, N. Y.

H. McK. Landon, Indianapolis, Ind.

Mrs. Charles D. Lanier, Greenwich, Conn.

Robert Lassiter, Charlotte, N. C.

Joseph Lee, Boston, Mass.

Edward E. Loomis, New York, N. Y.

J. H. McCurdy, Springfield, Mass.

Otto T. Mallery, Philadelphia, Pa.

Walter A. May, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Carl E. Millikev, Augusta, Me.

Mrs. Ogden L. Mills, Woodbury, N. Y.

Mrs. James W. Wadsworth, Jr., Washington, D. C

J. C. Walsh, New York, N. Y.

Frederick M. Warburg, New York, N. Y.

John G. Winant, Concord, N. H.

Mrs. William H. Woodin, Jb., Tucson, Arii.

The Recreation Movement
in a Time of Stress

MAY 1935

THE CHILDREN are not forgotten. The needs of
young people are not ignored. Difficult as the last
year has been citizens, associations, local govern-
ments, state governments and the national government
have cooperated to keep the United States a country in
which children could grow up without other scars than
those natural to childhood. On ten thousand and more
outdoor playgrounds has the laughter of little children
been heard. In more than a thousand swimming pools
have boys and girls forgotten their troubles. More
than fifty thousand men and women have helped on
the playgrounds and in the recreation centers. There
is no note of defeat when a country places its children
and their happiness first.

Surely we can be proud that children and young
people and their future have had a large place in all
thinking in this emergency period.

Howard Braucher.

With May Comes the Call of Open Spaces

A Summary of Community Recreation in 1934

Regular and Emergency Service

Number of cities with play leadership or supervised facilities. . . 2,190

Total number of separate play areas reported 20,641 ^

New play areas opened in 1934 for the first time 2,043 ^

Total number of play areas and special facilities reported :

Outdoor playgrounds 1 0,394

Recreation buildings 1,034

Indoor recreation centers 5,752

Play streets 396

Athletic fields 1,965

Baseball diamonds 4,394

Bathing beaches 611

Golf courses 353

Handball courts 1,188

Ice skating areas 2,156

Ski jumps 95

Softball diamonds 5,964

Stadiums 140

Summer camps 136

Swimming pools 1,089

Tennis courts 10,047

Toboggan slides 243

Wading pools 1,189

Total number of employed recreation leaders 43,419

Total number of leaders employed full time the year round 2,325

Total number of volunteer leaders 1 1,126

Total expenditures for public recreation $41,864,630.22

(1) This figure includes outdoor playgrounds, recreation buildings, indoor recreation centers,
play streets, athletic fields, bathing beaches, golf courses and summer camps.

(2) Recreation buildings and indoor centers open for the first time are not included.

Community Recreation Leadership, Facilities
and Activities in 1934

NINETEEN Hundred Thirty-Four stands out
as a year of unparalleled growth in the
community recreation movement. For a long
period of years there has been a steady and fairly
constant increase in the number of cities reporting
recreation leadership and facilities. For example,
during the decade preceding 1934 the number of
cities in the Year Book has risen from 71 1 in 1924
to 1,036 in 1933. In one year, however, the num-
ber has more than doubled and the present report
contains information concerning recreation facili-
ties and service in 2,190 communities.

This phenomenal increase can be attributed
largely to the allocation of emergency relief
funds to recreational leadership projects. Of
the 2,190* towns and cities in this report, 1,025
are included only because of service made pos-
sible through emergency relief funds or work-
ers. A large number of these communities are
towns and villages in which recreation pro-
grams were provided in 1934 for the first time.
Others are cities where, due to financial condi-
tions, regular appropriations for recreation
services had been eliminated.

Whereas emergency funds made possible the
extension of recreation service to many towns
and cities, they made their greatest contribu-
tion in cities where some facilities and pro-
gra»ms wer'e also (provided through regular
channels. Nearly 90 per cent of the emergency
funds reported spent for recreation in 1934
were used in cities providing some regular rec-
reation services, and more than 75 per cent of
the workers paid from these funds also served
in such cities. In fact, a most encouraging
feature of this Year Book is the evidence that
in so many cities the emergency workers and
funds that were made available to recreation
agencies were used to supplement regular
workers and services rather than to replace
them.

Reports indicate not only an increasing num-
ber of communities with recreation facilities

and projects last year, but an unusual growth
in leadership personnel, facilities and expendi-
tures. The largest number of leaders previ-
ously reported was in 1931 when 25,508 work-
ers were employed. In 1934, 43,419 men and
women were reported as leaders, 23,174 of
them paid from emergency funds.

This additional personnel goes far in ex-
plaining the 40 per cent increase in the num-
ber of outdoor playgrounds as compared with
1933. the 55 per cent increase in the number
of indoor recreation centers and the 33 per cent
increase in recreation buildings. Never before
have so many indoor and outdoor centers un-
der leadership been conducted for the benefit
of the people and the attendance at these cen-
ters fully justifies the expenditure for their
operation. The reported seasonal attendance
at outdoor playgrounds was 300,000,000 as
compared with less than 234,000,000 the pre-
vious year. Indoor centers attracted 75,000,000
or 15,000,000 more than in 1933.

Reports indicate that more money was spent
in 1934 for community recreation facilities and
services than in any previous year. The total
amount reported was $41,864,630.22 or three
and one-third million dollars more than in
1930, the record year. The amounts secured
from regular sources and from emergency
funds are almost equal. A large percentage
of the emergency funds was spent for land,
buildings and permanent improvements where-
as the regular funds* were used largely for cur-
rent operating expenses.

* Reports from the following were received too late to be
listed in the statistical tables although the Information
which thev' contained has been included in the summary
figures : Hope, Ark. ; Naug-atuck, Conn. ; Cicero, 111.
(Hawthorne Park District) ; South Bend, Ind. ; Augusta,
Maine ; Stoneham, Mass. ; Iron County and Traverse
City, Mich. ; Bates County, Mo. : Eveleth, Minn. ; Au-
burn (Recreation Commission), New York (Board of
Education) and Syracuse (Dunbar Community Center),
N. Y. ; Belmont County, Chester Hill, Pennsville and
Westland, Ohio ; Ponca City, Okla. ; McMinnville, Ore-
gon ; Morrisville, Vt. ; Mineral County, St. Marys and
Upshur County, W. Va.

Reports of special recreation facilities show
an increase in practically all the types record-
ed, especially the ball diamonds, ice skating
areas, wading pools and bathing beaches. Many
of these facilities which were open in 1934 for
the first time were constructed with the emer-
gency funds previously referred to. The rela-
tive frequency and popularity of the special
recreation activities differ but slightly from
those indicated in previous reports but special
emphasis was given to swimming, crafts,
drama, music and forum-discussion activities
in many communities through the provision of
additional emergency leaders.

As pointed out in the Year Book for 1933,
experience has indicated that the most effec-
tive use of emergency leaders has been in cities
where they have served under the guidance
of a trained supervisory staff. The contribu-
tion which these leaders are making is illus-
trated by a statement from the Recreation De-
partment in a large city where many CWA and
SERA workers were placed at its disposal.

"By assigning these assistants to various
duties under the direction of the regular rec-
reation department staff, it was found possible
to provide supervision and leadership for an
increased attendance of more than two and
one-half millions during the past year, and to
organize more than 800 new activity groups
at playgrounds and recreation centers. Projects
on which the relief workers were placed in-
cluded the development of recreation activities
on the municipal beaches, the enlargement of
the city's plaveround program for the preven-
tion of juvenile delinnuency, the oreanization
of arts, crafts, and hobbies groups, the conduct
of a general survey of all public and semi-pub-
lic institutions providing recreation for youth
in the city."

In many states little was done toward the
utilization of relief funds for recreation lead-

ership projects until late in 1934. In other
states, projects carried on early in the year
with CWA funds were discontinued when
these funds were no longer available. It was
not possible to secure information concerning
emergency projects in many of these states,
and in several, others reports are very inade-
quate. It is recognized therefore that a great
deal more was accomplished in the community
recreation field through the Use of relief funds
than the reports in this Year Book indicate.

The picture of the service rendered both
through regular and emergency channels, how-
ever, is one which proves beyond question that
the local recreation agencies throughout the
country are making a tremendous contribution
to the happiness and well being of a large sec-
tion of the population in this trying period.
The loyal support which local recreation pro-
grams have received and the unselfish service
which thousands of local leaders have rendered
give promise of an even greater development
of the community recreation work in the years
ahead.

The statistical tables and summaries of in-
formation submitted on the local Year Book
reports are published in two sections. The
first includes all cities which reported expendi-
tures for leadership or for the operation of rec-
reation facilities from regular funds, either pub-
lic or private. Many of these cities also bene-
fited from the use of emergency funds. In
all cases, however, they would have qualified
for places in the Year Book even if they had
not reported emergency funds. The second sec-
tion of this report covers service in communi-
ties where no regular funds were expended for
recreation leadership or for the operation of
recreation facilities, but where emergency
funds or workers made such service possible
last year. Except for such emergency funds,
these communities would not have qualified
for places in the Year Book.

Regular Recreation Service

The summaries and statistical tables which
follow record the work in cities which main-
tained some regular service last year. This
section of the report therefore should be used
as a basis of comparison with Year Book re-

ports which have been issued in previous years
in so far as it records the services which, in
part at least, were provided without the help
of emergency relief funds. It is a record of the
continuing service which cities carried on in

1934 ^nd can be used in studying the normal
development of the recreation movement dur-
ing this year.

Regular recreation service was reported in
1934 in a total of 1,165 cities, which is a much
larger number than in any previous year. It
is encouraging to note that in spite of the fact
that large numbers of emergency leaders were
made available in many of the cities conduct-
ing regular service, there is only a very slight
decrease in the number of leaders paid from
regular funds in 1934 as compared with I933-
Likewise the number of workers employed on
a full time year round basis is almost equal
that of the previous year. The level of expendi-
tures for recreation leadership was also main-
tained during the year 1934.

Due primarily to the emergency leaders who
were available to supplement the regular
workers, there is a very large increase in the
number of playgrounds conducted under lead-
ership as compared with previous years. The
number of indoor centers rose from 3,702 to
4,246 and the total attendance at the centers
shows an even greater proportionate increase.

Relatively few changes of importance are
noted in the number or types of special recrea-

tion facilities which were operated last year
or in the activities which were reported in the
various cities. Few changes of special signifi-
cance are noted in the tables relating to the
types of management, especially with refer-
ence to the agencies reporting one or more full
time year round workers. The expenditures
from non-emergency funds, which total nearly
$20,772,000, were only $300,000 less than in
1933, and the amounts spent under the various
headings do not vary greatly as compared with
1933. A larger percentage of the total came
from tax sources, however.

The following are summaries relating to the
regular recreation service provided in the 1,165
cities reporting and the statistical tables re-
cording the service reported in each of them.*

* Reports of additional emergency service in 29 of these
cities will be found in the later section relating to such
service only. The cities are : Montgomery, Ala. ; New
London, Stratford, Torrington, Conn. ; Palatka, Fla. ;
Bloomington, Cook County, 111. ; Bedford, Ind. ; Holyoke,
New Bedford, Mass. ; Bridgeton, Collingswood, Eliza-
beth, Harrison, Jersey City, N. J. ; Hastings-on-Hudson,
Huntington, Ilion, Lackawanna, New York City, Rome,
N. Y. ; Bethlehem, Pa.; Watertown, S. D.; Barre, Bar-
ton, Vt. ; Lynchburg, Petersburg, Va. ; Spokane, Yakima,
Wash.

Leadership

A total of 20,245 recreation workers paid supplemented rather than replaced regular

from regular funds were employed by 773 cities staff workers. It is encouraging to find that

in 1934. Of this number 2,325 served on a full more cities employed full time year round

time year round basis. In the case of both workers than in any year since 1930.

the seasonal and full time workers, the number ^ , ;■ , , ,

, , ^ t ., ^, 1 Because a large percentage of the leaders

of men was somewhat larger than the number • , , r ,

, paid from emergency funds served agencies

of women. "^ 0 j a

In spite of the fact that large numbers of "^^'^^ employed workers paid from regular

emergency leaders were made available to rec- ^""^^' ^he following table includes a state-

reation authorities in 1934, there was only a "^^nt concerning these emergency leaders. It

slight decrease in the number of workers paid will be noted that their number almost equals

from regular funds as compared with 1933. that of the regular workers. Fewer women

This indicates that the emergency leadership served as emergency leaders.

Recreation Workers Paid from Regular Funds

Cities reporting employed recreation workers 773

Men workers employed 10.953

Women workers employed 9.292

Total workers employed 20,245

Cities reporting workers employed full time year round 268

Men workers employed full time year round 1,251

Women workers employed full time year round 1,074

Total workers employed full time year round 2,325

Supplementary Workers Paid from Emergency Funds in Cities
Providing Regular Service

Cities reporting such workers 39^

Men workers employed 10,733

Women workers employed 7>288

Total workers employed 18,021

Cities reporting workers employed full time 9^

Men employed full time 9^5

Women employed lull time 5^6

Total employed full time •. ^A9^

Volunteers

Fewer persons were enlisted as volunteer
workers in 1934 than in the previous year
when volunteers contributed so greatly to the
leadership of community recreation activities.
A total of 9,529 persons were reported as vol-

unteeers in 257 cities. Of this group, 4,018 were
men and 3,709 were women, several cities re-
porting only the total number of leaders. It is
possible that much of the service rendered in

1933 by volunteer leaders was performed in

1934 by workers paid from emergency funds.

Playgrounds and Indoor Centers

Outdoor Playgrounds

The total number of outdoor playgrounds
under leadership in 1934 in the cities reporting
"regular" work is 8,384, as compared with 7,434
reported by all cities in 1933. This increase is
doubtless due to the fact that the many relief
leaders who were assigned for service with rec-
reation agencies enabled them to open a larger
number of playgrounds. The increase was es-
pecially marked in the case of the playgrounds
for colored people, the number of which rose
from 352 in 1933 to 465 in 1934, or a gain of
33 per cent.

The influence of supplementary emergency
leadership is also reflected in the periods dur-
ing which playgrounds were open under lead-
ership in 1934. Year round playgrounds were
conducted in many more cities than before and
the number open during the "summer and
other seasons" was nearly double that in 1933.

On the other hand, there were fewer play-
grounds reported open during the "summer
only." These figures seem to indicate that the
emergency leaders made it possible for recrea-
tion agencies to keep the playgrounds open for
a longer season.

In spite of the gain in the number of play-
grounds, the total number of cities conducting
them is less than in 1933. This may be ex-
plained in part by the fact that the 1933 figures
include playgrounds in a number of cities
where emergency leaders only were used
whereas such playgrounds are separately re-
ported in 1934. On the other hand, several cit-
ies which employed "regular" playground
leaders in 1933 used only emergency leaders
on their playgrounds in 1934. It is of interest
that the number of cities reporting playgrounds
for colored people is larger by 22 than in 1933.

Number of outdoor playgrounds for white and mixed groups (704 cities) 7.919

Open year round ( 163 cities) 1,561

Open during the summer months only (570 cities) 4,138

Open during school year only (67 cities) 473

Open during summer and other seasons (164 cities) i,747

Average daily summer attendance of participants (6,115 playgrounds in 507 cities) .... 1,491,835*

Average daily summer attendance of spectators (331 cities) 338,768*

Number of outdoor playgrounds open in 1934 for the first time (204 cities) 813

In addition to the foregoing, outdoor playgrounds for colored people are reported as follows :

Number of playgrounds for colored people (134 cities) 465

Open year round (43 cities) 127

Open summer months only (91 cities) 230

Open school year only (17 cities) 42

Open summer and other seasons (25 cities) 66

Average daily summer attendance of participants (198 playgrounds in yy cities) 42,186

Average daily summer attendance of spectators (58 cities) I5,935

Number of playgrounds for colored people open in 1934 for the first time (30 cities) . . 60

Total number of playgrounds for white and colored people (707 cities) 8,384

Total average daily summer attendance of participants and spectators, white and col-
ored (6,615 playgrounds) 2,010,581

Total yearly or seasonal attendance of participants and spectators at playgrounds for

white and colored people (7,542 playgrounds in 571 cities) 277,035,949

Total number of playgrounds for white and colored people open in 1934 for the first time 873

* In addition to this number, 14 cities report an average daily summer attendance of both participants and spectators at
302 playgrounds totaling 56,388.

Recreation Buildings

One hundred and fifty-eight more recreation were not carried on in 1933, and still others

buildings were reported open under leadership are vacant store, school or other buildings

in 1934 than the previous year and in 22 more which were equipped and used for recreation

cities. Some of these additional buildings are in 1934. The total number of attendances at

special recreation buildings open in 1934 for 571 recreation buildings by persons taking part

the first time, others are existing recreation in activities was almost forty million,
buildings in which programs under leadership

Number of recreation buildings for white and mixed groups (2400 cities) 872

Total yearly or seasonal attendance of participants (510 buildings in 174 cities) .. .37,648,107

In addition, recreation buildings for colored people are reported as follows :

Number of recreation buildings for colored people (53 cities) 63

Total yearly or seasonal attendance of participants (50 buildings in 42 cities).... 2,161,745

Total number of recreation buildings for white and colored people (253 cities).... 935

Total yearly or seasonal participants at recreation buildings for white and colored

people (571 buildings in 187 cities) 39,809,852

Indoor Recreation Centers

Under this heading are reported schools,
churches, city halls, social centers and other
buildings which are not used exclusively for
recreation but in which a recreation program
is regularly carried on under leadership. Like
the outdoor playgrounds, the indoor centers
show a marked gain both in number and in
attendance. The influence of the emergency
leadership available for service is indicated by
the fact that the greatest gain was in the num-
ber of centers open three or more sessions
weekly. In 1934, 2,593 such centers were con-
ducted by the agency reporting, or an increase
of 42 per cent over the previous year. The
centers open less than three sessions weekly

showed a considerable though smaller gain.

For the second consecutive year an effort
was made to secure iiiformation as to the cen-
ters provided by the agency reporting but in
which leadership is furnished directly by the
groups using them. Only 362 centers of this
type were reported out of a total of 4,246 in-
door recreation centers, as compared with 977
such centers reported in 1933. The reason for
this marked drop is not clear although it sug-
gests the possibility that groups which formerly
provided either paid or volunteer leadership for
their indoor activities are now taking advantage
of activities provided by the recreation agencies
under either regular or emergency leaders.

Centers Operated Under Leadership of Agency Reporting

Number of centers open 3 or more sessions weekly (268 cities) 2,593

Total yearly or seasonal attendance (2,240 centers in 206 cities) 27,931,224

Number of centers open less than 3 sessions weekly (160 cities) 1,291

Total yearly or seasonal attendance (709 centers in 120 cities) 2,734,009

Centers Operated Under Neighborhood or Other Leadership

Number of centersi open 3 or more sessions weekly (36 cities) 118

Total yearly or seasonal attendance (81 centers in 26 cities) 243,227

Number of centers open less than 3 sessions weekly (42 cities) 244

Total yearly or seasonal attendance (204 centers in 32 cities) 254,604

Total number of indoor recreation centers (356 cities) 4,246

Total attendance (3,234 centers in 272 cities) 31,163,064

Play Streets

Thirty-eight cities report a total of 299
streets closed for play under leadership. Only
39 of these streets in 8 cities were open in 1934
for the first time. Although comparatively

few in number, these play streets serve large
numbers of people as indicated by the fact
that 20 cities report an average daily attend-
ance of 11,894 participants at 126 centers.

Recreation Facilities

The following list of several important rec-
reation facilities indicates the extent to which
they were provided and used during 1934. Few
striking differences from reports of the years
immediately preceding are noted, either in the
number of facilities or participants. There
is a marked decrease in the number of persons
using ski jumps and toboggan slides and a
lesser decrease in the participation at golf
courses and indoor swimming pools. Since
charges are frequently made for the use of
these facilities, these decreases may reflect the
reduced income of many families in 1934. The
water shortage last summer was reported to

Facilities Number

Athletic Fields 1,61 1 (518)

Baseball Diamonds 3,838 (652)

Bathing Beaches 496 (235)

Golf Courses (9-holes) 149 (115)

Golf Courses (i8-holes) 194 (125)

Handball Courts 1,032 ( 158)

have prevented the use of pools and beaches in
several cities and this accounts in part for the
fact that fewer of these facilities were reported
than in 1933. Much of the money spent from
emergency funds in 1934 for the development
of recreation areas and facilities resulted in the
opening of new recreation facilities, especially
athletic fields, ball diamonds and tennis courts.
Throughout the following table the figures
in parentheses indicate the number of cities
reporting in each particular case and the fig-
ures in brackets indicate the number of facili-
ties for which information relative to partici-
pation is given.

Participants
per season
7,432,581 (169)
[476]
15,577,048 (224)

[1,652]
34,641,201 (92)
[228]
2,078,61 1 (64)

[88]
4,283,813 (79)
[133]

Number open in

1934 for first time

100 (61)

145 (67)

17 (15)

8 (7)

8 (8)

87 (23)

Facilities Number

Ice Skating Areas 1,787 (292)

Ski Jumps 86 (44)

Softball Diamonds 5.313 (554)

Stadiums 124 ( loi )

Summer Camps 125 (66)

Swimming Pools (indoor) 300 ( 1 18)

Swimming Pools (outdoor) 716 (330)

Tennis Courts 9,420 (625)

Toboggan Slides 213 (81 )

Wading Pools 1,117 (356)

Participants

Number open m

per season

1934 for first time

9,098,507 (122)

86 (28)

[702]

35,920 (13)

6 (6)

[21]

5.633,377 (231)

356 (104)

[2,090]

1,658,395 (28)

4 (4)

[34]

675,309 (33)

9 (9)

[68]

2,424,123 (59)

[119]

19,843,158 (171)

40 (37)

[426]

8,506,462 (247)

500 (106)

[4,915]

172,563 (21)

13 (6)

[49]

77 (37)

Management

The following tables indicate the number of
public and private agencies of various types
which conducted the recreation facilities and
programs appearing in this report. It should
be kept in mind that some of the individual
agencies serve a number of communities and
that in the case of several cities two or more
different agencies conducted activities and are
therefore included.

In the tables there are listed separately (i)
the number of agencies reporting regular ser-
vice in 1934 and (2) the number of agencies
which reported emergency service only. Emer-
gency relief organizations cooperated with the
managing authorities in a large number of the
cities which reported regular service. How-
ever, they are listed in the first column relat-
ing to regular service only where it seemed
evident that at least a part of the local recreation
service was directly administered by the relief
authorities. In the second column 218 emer-
gency relief administrations are listed as hav-
ing been in charge of the program in cities

where emergency service only was reported.
It is probable that in some of these cities the
responsibility for administering the program
was turned over to some other local authority,
although on the report submitted no such
agency was listed.

The following table indicates that recreation
service was carried on by a greater number of
boards of education and other school authori-
ties in 1934 than by any other type of agency,
either public or private. When the regular
service only is considered, the playground and
recreation commissions, boards and depart-
ments take first place. The table indicates that
a large number of school authorities undertook
some form of community recreation service
when emergency funds were made available
especially in states where the emergency rec-
reation program was administered by the state
education department. It also suggests that
of the private agencies, the parent teacher
association took the lead in sponsoring recrea-
tion programs financed by emergency funds.

Municipal

The forms of municipal administration in the cities reporting recreation service in 1934 are
summarized as follows :

Emergency
Regular Service

Managing Authority Service Only Total

Playground and Recreation Commissions, Boards, and Departments .... 210 17 227

Park Commissions, Boards, Departments, and Committees 209 9 218

Boards of Education and other School Authorities 190 157 347

Mayors, City Councils, City Managers, and Borough Authorities 103 16 119

* Municipal Playground Committees, Associations, and Advisory

Commissions 34 4 38

Park and Recreation Commissions, Boards, and Departments 31 2 33

Departments of Public Works 20 i 21

Departments of Parks and Public Property or Buildings 14 . . 14

Departments of Public Welfare 10 13 23

Swimming Pool and Bath Commissions 5 . . 5

Golf Commissions 4 .. 4

Departments of Public Service 3 . . 3

Forest Preserve Districts 3 . . 3

Other Departments 18 4 22

Emergency Relief Administrations 22 218 240

* These authorities administer recreation facilities and programs financed by municipal funds aUhough in some of the

cities it is probable that they are not municipally appointed. Many of these authorities function very much as
Recreation Boards and Commissions.

Private

Private organizations maintaining playgrounds, recreation centers, or community recreation
activities in 1934 are reported as follows :

Regular

Managing Authority Service

Playground and Recreation Associations, Committees, Councils, and

Leagues, Community Service Boards, Committees and Associations. ... 52
Community House Organizations, Community and Social Center Boards,

and Memorial Building Associations 33

Parent Teacher Associations 14

Y. M. C. A.'s and Y. W. C. A.'s 12

Civic, Neighborhood and Community Leagues, Qubs and Improvement

Associations 11

Welfare Federations and Associations, Social Service Leagues, Settle-
ments, and Child Welfare Organizations 10

Kiwanis Clubs 9

Women's Clubs and other women's organizations 8

Park and Playground Trustees 8

Industrial Plants 8

American Legion 6

Lions Clubs 5

Chambers of Commerce and Commercial Clubs 5

American Red Cross 5

Rotary Qubs 3

Men's Clubs and Lodges 3

Athletic Clubs 3

Churches 3

Boys' Work Organizations 2

Colleges and Universities 2

Miscellaneous 10

Emergency

Service

Only

Total

3
16

36
30

, ,

10
10

8
8

13
6
6

5
4
3
4
4
2

4
II

Agencies Reporting Full Time Year Round Workers

In the following table are summarized the
types of municipal and private agencies report-
ing one or more recreation workers employed
on a full time year round basis during 1934.
Since two or more agencies in a number of
cities report such workers, it should be kept
in mind that the figures indicate agencies
rather than cities. Only agencies reporting

regular service in 1934 are included.

No striking changes are observed in this
table as compared with recent years. A large
percentage of recreation boards, commissions
and departments continue to employ full time
year round recreation leadership, whereas rel-
atively few of the other types of agencies
employ recreation workers on this basis.

Municipal

Number of
Managing Authority Agencies

Playground and Recreation Commissions, Boards, and Departments 122

Park Commissions, Boards, Bureaus, and Departments 45

Boards of Education and oth^r School Authorities 23

Park and Recreation Commissions aild Departments 12

Municipal Playground Committees, Recreation Associations, etc 6

Departments of Public Welfare 6

City Councils 6

Departments of Parks and Public Property 3

Departments of Public Works 3

Swimming Pool and Bath House Commissions 3

' Combined municipal departments 7

Miscellaneous 7

Private

Number of
Managing Authority Agencies

Playground and Recreation Associations, Committees, Councils, and Community Ser-
vice Boards 22

Community Building Associations, Community House Boards, and Recreation Center

Committees 24

Settlements and Neighborhood House Associations, Welfare Federations, etc 7

Industrial Plants 6

Park and Playground Trustees 2

Churches 2

Miscellaneous 3

Finances

Expenditures totaling $20,668,459.37 sup-
plied from regular sources, either public or pri-
vate, were reported by 809 cities for the year
1934. In addition, $103,349.81 were reported
spent from regular funds, largely for facilities,
supplies or incidental service, in 191 cities con-
ducting emergency work only. The total ex-
penditures reported from regular funds are
only $302,741.53 less than the amount spent
from similar sources in 1933, although they
are far below the expenditures a few years pre-
vious. It is encouraging that during a year

when large emergency funds were made avail-
able for both the development of recreation
areas and for recreation leadership, there was
practically no decrease in appropriations, con-
tributions and other regular sources of income
for community recreation service. (The ex-
penditures reported from emergency funds in
all cities carrying on either regular or emer-
gency service total $21,092,821.04, an amount
greater than was reported spent from regular
funds.)

An analysis of the expenditures from regular

funds indicates that they have been spent equipment are only slightly higher. Upkeep,

largely for the operation and maintenance of supplies and incidentals account for a smaller

recreation facilities and programs rather than expenditure than in 1933.

for the purchase and improvement of recrea- -p^e following table show^s the amounts

tion areas. Total salaries for leadership show spent from regular funds for various purposes

no decrease as compared with 1933 and expen- in 1934. The figures in parentheses indicate

ditures for land, buildings and permanent the number of cities reporting.

In Cities Reporting In Cities Reporting In All Cities

Regular Service Emergency Service Only Reporting
Land, Buildings, Permanent

Equipment $2,314,294.68(312) $64,596.42 (47) $2,378,891.10 (359")

Upkeep, SuppUes and Incidentals... 3,189,155.99 (605) 35,813.28(150) 3,224,969.27 (755)

Salaries and Wages for Leadership. 6,406,896.30 (657) 6,406,896.30 (657)

For Other Services 5,020,987.96(375) 1,901.80 (12) 5,022,889.76 (387)

Total Salaries and Wages 12,219,528.08 (704) 1,901.80 (12) 12,221,429.88 (716)

Total Expenditures for Recreation

in 1934 •. 20,668,459.37 (809) ib3,349.8i (191) 20,771,809.18 (1000)

In addition to the amounts spent from regular funds, the following expenditures were
reported from emergency funds in cities carrying on some regular recreation service in 1934. In
contrast with the regular funds, a large proportion of this money was spent for the development
of facilities and areas.

Land, Buildings, Permanent Equipment $13,348,331.52 (195 cities)

Salaries and Wages for Leadership 3,029,149.56 (334 cities)

Total Expenditures 18,894,717.65 (465 cities)

Sources of Support

The sources from which regular funds were secured for financing community recreation pro-
grams and facilities are summarized in the following table. Receipts from fees and charges sup-
plement the sources in 247 cities.

Source of Support Number of Cities

Municipal Funds 656

Municipal and Private Funds 191

Private Funds 142

County Funds 169

Miscellaneous Public Funds 2

Miscellaneous Public and Private Funds 5

The amounts reported spent from various sources appear in the following table. Nearly
86 per cent of the total amount, the source of which was reported, was derived from taxation as
compared with 81 per cent from public funds in 1933. Of the balance less than eleven per cent
was secured from fees and charges and approximately 4 per cent from private sources.

Amount Number of Cities

Municipal and County Funds $18,147,831.13 658

Fees and Charges 2,235,707.88 247

Private Funds 761,291.79 257

special Recreation Activities

The following table shows the comparative
extent to which various activities are included
in recreation programs and also the number of
individuals participating. The number of cit-
ies in which these activities are carried on is
considerably greater than is indicated in this
table because many cities failed to submit this
information.

It is difficult to compare the following table
with similar tables published in previous Year
Books because of the variation in the cities
reporting the desired facts, the variation in the
number of cities reporting each item and the
various methods of recording participants in

activities in different cities. However, the increase
over 1933 in the number of individuals taking
part in art and craft activities, so pronounced as to
indicate a growing interest in these activities, is
all the more significant because a similar increase
was noted the previous year. Other activities in
which a marked growth in the number of indi-
viduals participating was reported are drama, hik-
ing, swimming and ice skating. Swimming is far
in the lead in respect to the number of different
individuals participating, with Softball second.

In the table which follows, the figures in
parentheses indicate the number of cities re-
porting the participants.

Activities • Cities

Reporting
Arts and Crafts

Art activities for children 305

Art activities for adults "136

Handcraft for children 464

Handcraft for adults 200

Athletic Activities

Archery 125

Badge Tests (NRA) 81

Baseball 652

Basketball 521

Bowling 119

Handball 215

Horseshoes 586

Soccer 252

Softball 625

Tennis 609

Volley Ball 518

Dancing

Folk Dancing 324

Social Dancing 246

Drama

Drama Tournaments 116

Festivals 146

Pageants 208

Plays 350

Puppetry 128

Number of Different
Individuals Participating

68,941 (138)
17,200 (66)

275,435 (223)
38,826 (no)

12,824

(62)

20,400

(41)

319,181

(301)

245,035

(281)

29,766

(55)

65.865

(74)

164,184 (288)

50,325

(104)

405,636 (295)

307,173

(265)

124,125

(238)

206,039 (151)
186,776 (116)

8,155 (50)

116,357 (67)

71,706 (88)

52,168 (183)

33,203 (59)

Music

Vocal 274

Instrumental 263

Nature Activities

Hiking , 324

Gardening 95

Nature Lore 152

Water Sports

Swimming 564

Swimming Badge Tests (NRA) 83

Winter Sports

Ice Hockey 140

Skating 279

Skiing 86

Tobogganing 89

Miscellaneous Activities

Circuses 1 38

First Aid 224

Forums, Discussion Groups, etc 97

Playground Newspaper 66

Safety Activities 225

227,578 (147)

20,488 (t47)

135,998 (168)
16,659 (52)
21,523 (67)

3,143.707 (224)
12,113 (45)

18,059 (58)

340,850 (102)

11,792 (29)

48,024 (25)

25,144 {72)

23,284 (106)

36,079 (44)

3,557 (27)

110,450 (85)

Recreation Service of Park, Recreation and
School Departments in 1934

The table of authorities responsible for the
management of recreation facilities and programs
indicated that approximately one-half of the 1600
agencies reporting in 1934 were school, park or
recreation departme,nts. In the reports from
many cities, the work of these departments was
combined with that of other agencies. However,
there were 633 reports which covered only the
recreation service in 1934 of one of these three
departments. These 633 agencies, although com-
prising only 40 per cent of the total agencies of
all types reporting, employed 65 per cent of all

recreation leaders, 67 per cent of the workers
employed on a full time year round basis and
were responsible for 70 per cent of the total ex-
penditures reported. They also conducted more
than one-half of all of the playgrounds and indoor
centers carried on under leadership in 1934.

Because these three departments play such an
important part in the total community recreation
service of the country, the following analysis has
been made to determine the expenditures, per-
sonnel and service rendered by each last year. It
is based on the reports covering only the service
of one of these three departments.

Park
Departments

Recreation
Departments

School
Departments

5.728

7.389

13,118

(197 cities)

47%

803
(102 cities)

51%
2,515

5,034
2,450

7.484
(259 cities)

27%

235
(20 cities)

15%

1.505

259

2,553

1.764

(190 cities)

(197 cities)

45%

31%

1,620

736

Recreation leaders

Number paid from regular funds 2,510

Number paid from emergency funds 4,845

Total number 7,355

(137 cities)

Percentage of total 26%

Number of recreation leaders employed full
time the year round and paid from regular

funds 530

(43 cities)

Percentage 34%

Outdoor playgrounds under leadership

Number in cities reporting regular service. . . . 1,358
Number in cities reporting emergency service

only ' 35

Total outdoor playgrounds ' i,393

(108 cities)

Percentage of total 24%

Recreation buildings and indoor recreation centers
operated under leadership

Number in cities reporting regular service. ... 834
Number in cities reporting emergency service

only 2

Total indoor centers 836

Percentage of total 24%

Expenditures for recreation service

From regular funds $7,174,570.67

From emergency funds 8,260,348.68

Total expenditures I5,434,9i9.35

(172 cities)

Percentage of total 53%

The above figures indicate that approximately Nearly one-half of the recreation buildings and

one-half of the workers employed by all three indoor centers reported were carried on under

departments, including total workers and those the leadership of recreation departments. Of the

employed on a full time year round basis, served remaining centers, school departments reported a

with recreation departments alone. Park and gijghtly larger number than park departments.

school departments each employed approximately ^^^^^ ^^^^ one-fifth of the' centers under school

the same number of recreation leaders but more .^^^ ^^^^ .^ ^j^.^^ reporting emergency ser-

than twice as many were employed on a full time . ,

vice only,

year round basis by park departments as were *

employed by the schools. In fact, only 15 per tvt .u 1 if ^ ..1. ^ j

. , , r „ • , , More than half of the money reported spent

cent of the total full time year round workers , . • , , , ,

, .^, , , , ^ \ for recreation service by the three departments

served with school departments. , , , ^ ,

Forty-five per cent of the outdoor playgrounds ^^« ^P^"* by park departments Only 10 per cent
reported by the three agencies were administered ^^^ ^^^"""^^^ ^P^"* ^^ ^^^°°1 authorities. The
by recreation departments. School departments amounts reported spent from emergency funds
conducted approximately two-thirds as many play- were slightly larger than those spent from regular
grounds as recreation departments. School de- sources by park and recreation departments. On
partments alone reported a considerable number the other hand, emergency funds accounted for
of playgrounds financed entirely through emer- only about 27 per cent of the total amount re-
gency funds. ported spent by school departments.

102

191

1,722

927

49%

27%

$5,096,030.33

$2,122,261.93

5,665,037.96

801,639.58

10,761,068.29

2,923;90i.5i

(198 cities)

(246 cities)

37%

10%

Tables

Playground and Community

Recreation Statistics

for

1934
In Cities Conducting Regular Service

PLAYGROUND AND COMMUNITY

Footnotes follow

STATE AND
CITY

Popular

tion

Managing
Authority

(Not Including
Emergency Workers)

Expenditures Last Fiscal Year
(Not Including Emergency Funds)

4-
1

Paid
Workers

Volun- 1
teer
Woikers |

1
•o
6
Z.

d.a

o
d

•s

Land,
Buildings,
Permanent
Equipment

Upkeep,

Supplies

and

Incidentals

Salaries and Wages

Total

■s

For
Leadership

Other
Services

Total

->
1

Alabama

Birmingham

)irmingham,
(Environs of)'. .

259,678

400,000

5,800

38,000

66,079

9,000
10,000
48,118

5,517

1,706
35,000

7,000

7,273
2,811
8,000

35,000

100,000

4,750

22,000
2,995

40,000

32,000

10,997

90,000

17,429
10,000

3,118

2,250

40,000

53,000
13,000
62,736
4,000
21,000
142,000

1,293,329
2,307,104

Park and Recreation Board

Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad

2
1

1
1
1
1

1
1

17,808.43

6,500.00

30,988.35

37,488.35

55,296.78

M*P
M

M4P

MAP
P

M
M

P
MAP
MAP

M
M

MAP
M

MAP
M
M
M
M

M
M
M

C
C
M
M
M

P
M
M
M

M
M
MAP
M
M
M

MAP

M
M

'43
5

1,500.00

71.00

500.00

2,814.00

360.75
1,000.00

758.00

2,258.00

71.00

600.00

9,263.95

360.75
1,000.00

2,258.00

86.00

600.00

11,274.31

600.82
2,500.00

Emergency Relief Administration

15.00

100.00

2,010.36

240.07

Qadsden

Montgomery

Arizona

iisbee

1
1

6,449.95

1 City of Bisbee

1 School Board and Y. M. C. A

2
19

Department of Parks, Playgrounds and

22
1

1,509.05

26,064.97
1,750.00

8,200.00

8,416.23

8,658.28
150.00

10,796.21

19,454.49
150.00

29,379.77

26,214.97
51 750.00

14,699.68
1,320.00

167.60
286.00
625.00

1,400.00
750.00

4,160.00
500.00

5,000.00

7,900.00
22,000.00

14,783.86

12,363.44

56,295.35
20,400.00

City and Yavapi County Board of Pub-
lic Welfare

Safford

10
11

American Legion and E. R. A

City of Tucson and Recreation Corn-

....

13
14
15

900.00

120.00
255.00
150.00
900.00
750.00
300.00

420.00

1,320.00

120.00
255.00
150.00
900.00
750.00
1,400.00

Arkansas

47.60
30.00

School Board

2
1
3

1
1

Fayetteville

Fort Smith

Little Roclc

Morrilton

Pine Bluff

Trumann

California

Harmon Playfield Association

Department of Public Propwty

375.00

1.1

500.00

17
18
19
20

2,500.00

250.00

1,100.00

Park Board

[ Social Service and Recreation Board
I and Park Department

20
4

5,400.00

Alhambra

31
19

Department of Playground and Recrea-

. 3,039.13

1,216.07

10,649.63
5,000.00

8,418.73
4,411.82
34,775.70

3,326.00
1,875.00
9,834.36

11,744.73

6,286.82

44,610.06
15,400.00

Park Department and Citizens' R«crea-

4,860.55
. 1,035.66

City Recreation Dept. and Health Edu-
cation Dept., Board of Education. . .

2
5

'■i

Beverly Hills

Chico . . .

24
25

'>6

Bidwell Park and Playground Comnus-

Chino

**?

Recreation Association

151.25

300.00

200.00

600.00

651.25
2,000.00

3,024.70
38,968.00

414.00
16,406.00
11,000.00

812.00

'107,189.60

593,908.87
129,832.00
76,609.94

241,712.16

180.00

27,934.30

6,185.00

262,010.44

1,200.00
515.00

■•N

Compton

Fresno

Dept. of Rayground and Recreation,
Union Secondary School District* . . .

"ie

3
8

'2
2

766.30

5,446.00

75.00

2,900.00

4,500.00

312.00

2,094.40

15,677.00

314.00

7,545.00

164.00
10,920.00

2,258.40
26,597.00

314.00
8,505.00
6,500.00

500.00

79,673.51

425,238.67
121,900.00
62,032.50

172,015.94

180.00

732.00

3,035.00

180,397.35

700.00
425.00

?fl

6,925.00

25.00

5,000.00

Fullerton

Glendale

?''

City and School Board

960.00
6,500.00

Huntington Beach

Inglewood

Long Beach

Lc« Angeles

Los Angeles Co.'
Merced

City of Huntington Beach

Board of Education

163
132

500.00

Recreation Commission, Board of Edu-

111
141

16
81

31!

[ Playgr9und and Recreation Commis-

6,784.39

161,885.81
7,932.00
16,339.44

61,531.12

245,266.27
121,900.00

26.676.00
180.00
732,00

179,972.40

Board of Education

Board of Park Commissioners ......

8,238.00
8,165.10

52,032.50
145,339.94

County Department of Recreation

3
1
4
2
83

1
6
1

29
I
4
1

31^

8,500
13,847

■ otary Club

Modesto

Montebello

Oakland

5,498

284,063

13,583

9,OD0
6,000
15,000

80,000

9,975
11,000
23,000

3,517
14,177
20,000

30,000
93,685

Natatorium Department

6
114

7
3

1
30

1,200.00

1,950.00
81,613.09

500.00
90.00

165

108,489.91

500.00
425.00

71,907.44
200.00

Chaffey Union High School and Junior
College

Orange

411

Pacific Grove

Palo Alto

Pasadena

Piedmont

Pittsburg

Committee on Parks and Playgrounds. .

Community Center Commission

Department of Recreation, Schoo
\ District'^

7
5
2

18
76

27
756

4,122.09

2,076.00

34,428.47

500.00

12,390.44
21,567.50

2,796.00
4,168.50

15,186.44

25,736.00

66,711.29

5,126.00

500.00

600.00

390.00

19,308.53

27,812.00

103.306.30

7,326.00

500.00

1,680.00

506.40

3,152.73

34,088 41

"2,660.00

22,815.85
111,220.23

City and Park Department . . .

2,166.54
1,700.00

City Council

5,006.00
500.00
600.00
390.00

120.00

City of Pittsburg

4li

Park and Playground Commission

City of Red Bluff

1,180.00
116.40

Red Bluff

Redlands

Richmond

Riverside

Sacramento

6(]

Park Department.

.Advisory Park and Playground Com-
mission, City Manager and Schoo!
Board

1
24

4
1

1
14

6,034.21

9,279.07

500.00

7,931.00
30,607.85

5,932.00

2,160.00

2,070.00
30,114.40

13,843.13

19,775.13

2,160.00

14,884.85
74,111.67

Recreation Commission and County

E. R. A.»

Park Board

12,814.85
43,997.27

I Recreation Department ....

fi-.s'on'yi

RECREATION STATISTICS FOR 1934

the table

Playgrounds

Under
Leadership

!^>

t~-

•^

B
O

■s

Recreation
Buildings

3lj

Indoor

Recreation

Centers

Emergency Service

Paid

Leadership

Em-

ployed

Full

Time

"Z,

Expenditurea

Land,
Buildings,
Permanent
Equipment

Leader-
ship

Total

Source of
Information

2,306,612

M2,159
12,900

15,600

895,910

30,000

<4,400
13,100
15,000
75,000

5,000
' 63,876

•730,770

272,313

34,560

1,556,378

'79,
993

221,

' ' ''31',

6,021,

13,599,
4,026,

7,688,102

'•2,587,
12,

611,294

76,

'4,

200,

lU.OOO
'^91,259

143,070

8,160

7,300

38,000

2,000

600

75,000

36,432
31,000
20,288

13,800
23,205

1,152,135

223,627

125,000

1,500
15,022

80,000

68,661

5,040

30,240
16,755

2,100

4,860

12,900

5,400

11,000

18,453

600

15,034

320

4,424
52,354

610,214

6,616,078

11,500

900

6,496

' 9,420

12,000

40,000

109

170

2297

1022

80,000.00

75,000.00

15,000.00

38,614.69

93,990.22
28,188.00

1,500.00

8,000.00
60,000.00

3,430.80
10,560.29

17,729.77

16,303.80

16,866.73

35,932.00

3,684.95

150.00

8,000.00

2,840.00

1,008.00

8,100.00

513.60

5,000.00
300.00

1,980.00

971.50

2,048.75

241.66

7,298.00

4,168.60
94,700.00

96,496.24
15,848.40

193,287.00

27,802.50
300.00

42,685.30

1,982.25
'8,'4'00'.00

15,791.63

115,932.00

3,784.96

450.00

8,000.00

75,000.00

40,000.00
5,240.00

85,049.48

93,990.22
28,188.00

i,600.00

1,500.00

5,000.00

8,300.00

60,000.00

1,980.00
4,402.30
75,915.97

400.00

7,298.00
18,811.5

4,168.50
94,700.00

248,361.04
15,848.40

193,287.00

187,157.60
300.00

50,218.00

176,336.90

1,982.25

8,400.00

15,791.63

16,866.73

F. G. Swaim. ..
A. S. Hotchkiss .

Mrs. Virginia Green . .

WiUa G. Strain

Mrs. H. Tyler Watts.
W. A. Gunter, Jr

Ralph L. Motz. .
R. E. Souers . . .
J. E. Carlson, Jr.

Laura E. Herron .

Grace M. Sparkes.
Howard Smith ....

Harold A. Patten.
Ike Lepoeky

Mrs. J. Bruce Street.

Paul B.Kays

Mrs. Charles M. Reinoehl

(V. H. Vaughn

J. W. Matthews

Carl C. Buchanan. . .

R. J. Rhinehart

H. Lewis

Mrs. Phyllis McCoekey,.
Earl Fry

Mrs. Helen G. Wentworth
Rudolph Boysen ....

Charles W. Davis .
H. D. McCary...

George P. Morse .
Levi H. Dickey . .
B. L. McCue...

Kenneth W. Mason. . .
Raymond L. Quigley .

Arthur L. Johnson

William A. Burr

Charles R. Furr

Lionel De Silva

Walter L.Scott.

George Hjelte..
C.L.Glenn...
J. J. Hassett. , .

James K. Reid . . .
Charles Wright...

H. E. Gragg

VancilE. Row...
R. W. Robertson.

FredH. Clapp

Mrs. L. L. Williams. .
C. W. Easterbrook . . .
Phillip A Brotherton. .

Cecil F. Martin

Gilbert L, Skutt

Mrs. Telura Swim. . .

H. L. Denham

C. Kenneth Smith. . .
EnviUe C. Spaulding. ,
W. T. Ferguson

I.W.Hill

H. E. Wilson and
G. W. Braden..

J. C. Cooper

J. B. Maloney . . . .

PLAYGROUND AND COMMUNITY

Footnotes follow

STATE AND
CITY

Poptila^
tion

Managing
Authority

Recreation Leadership

(Not Including
Emergency Workers)

Paid

Workera

O I-

Volun-
teer

Woi kera

Expenditures Last Fiscal Year
(Not Including Emergency Funds)

Land,
Buildings,
Permanent
Equipment

Upkeep,

Supplies

and

Incidentals

Salaries and Wages

For
Leadership

Other
Ser\'ice8

Total

Calif— Cont.

San Bernardino. .
San Clemente

San Diego

San Francisco. . .

San Jose

San Mateo

Santa Barbara . . .
Santa Barbara Co.'

Santa Cruz

Santa Monica . . .

Stockton

Vallejo

Ventura

Ventura County*'

Whittier

Wilmar

Colorado

Boulder

Colorado Springs.
Denver

Fort Collins

Fort Morgan. . . .

Longmont

Loveland

Palisade

Connecticut

Ansonia

Branford

Bridgeport

Bristol

Danbury

Greenwich

Guilford

Hartford

Manchester

Meriden

Middletown

Milford

New Britain

New Haven. . . . .
New London ....

Norwalk

Norwich

Salisbury

Seymour

Shelton

Southington

Stamford

Stratford

Torrington

West Hartford...

West Haven

West port

Willimantic

Winsted

Delaware

Wilmington

Dist.of Col.

Washington .

Florida

Bartow

60
68

Clearwater

Coril Gables . . . .
Escambia Co." . .
Fort Lauderdale .

43,000
1,000

150,000

695,930
60,000
15,000
41,058
65,167
14,395
37,146

50,000
25,000
11,603

55,000
15,000
15,000

12,000
35,000

300,000

11,800

5,000

6,029

6,000

893

19,898
7,000

146,716
28,000
25,000
37,000
3,100

164,072
23,000
40,000
23,000
12,600

68,000

162,665
29,000

36,019

32,438
2,700
7,000

10,

10,000

60,000
22,000
27,000
26,000
25,808
6,000
11,000
10,000

106,597

486,869

6,000

8,000

6,000

22,312

8,666

E. R. A. and School Board . . .

3,027.00

2,426.00
2,178.61

8,366.14

4,185.55

131,763.59

36,386.00

2,916.44

300.00

150.00
2,543.68

17,600.00
16,157.14
17,442.56

450.00
2,543.68

46,190.16

16,357.14

290,937.30

135,905.00

8,685.44

1,725.00

7,000.00

8,824.84

5,903.00
4,722.19

65,492.35
25.542.69
601,811.47
171,291.00
13,256.02
27,404.84

Playground and Recreation Depart-

18
2
118
2
46
1
8

iio

■"8
3

109

35
2i

936.05
5,000.00
79,110.58

28,690.16

1,200.00

273,494.75

Board of Park Commissioners

1,754.14
1,027.00

8,585.44
1,726.00
7,000.00

1,120.0a
3,872.41

8,120.00'

200.05

8,824.84

12,697 JO

City of Santa Cruj

City and Recreation and Playground

14
5

8
3

"9
3

9
4
2

70,000.00
22,227.72
27,400.00
9,597.00

7,376.72
5,000.00

6,795.00
7,400.00

8,056.00

.14,851.00
7,400.00

15,000.00

City and School Board

'18
6

500.00

260.00

750.00

760.00
'200.00

1.250.00

39,260.71

18,799.47

8,694.12

93,000.00

770.00

2,000.00

9.551.40

1,650.00

100.00

'1,000.00
3,344.45

21,400.00

1,029.48

800.00

18,276.56

School Board

200.00

Department of Public Welfare

2
10

'20

1,250.00
877.40

1,250.00
29,450.88
13,328.84

8,160.12

31,500.00

600.00

2,021.03
2,421.20

7.788'.80

3,049.43

644.00

60,000.00

170.00

28,673.48
13,328.84

1 Memorial Golf Club Commission. . . .

23
10

8,150.12

1,500.00

600.00

1,600.00

30,000.00

Department of Public Works

2
3
3

3
12

2,100.00

1.600.00

1,200.00

100.00

1,500.00

1,350.00

100.00

200.00

150.00

1,000.00

1
67
3

1
67

5
11

1
9

10
34

10
6

10
1
3
2

1
4
4

1
4

1,777.03

2,750.00

245.48

500.00

6,646.36

1,667.42

10,000.00

784.00

300.00

11,616.94

1,667.42

18,650.00

784.00

300.00

12,630.20

8,650.00

Lions Club

1,113.26

School Board

Recreation Di\iBion, Park Department.
Recreation Center Committee

21
3
4
6

1
8

2
63

7
2

32.000.00
5,050.00
2,263.00
2,000.00

300.00
1,745.00

32,000.00
5,060.00
2,263.00
2,500.00

300.00
2,125.00

'32,000.00
19,936.00
15,933.72
5,500.00

300.00
2,760.00

12,751.22
8,456.15

1,100.00
1,994.72
5,500.00
2,160.00
666.00-

14,886.00

325.00
1,500.00

Department of Parks and Playgrounds .
Recreation Commission and Board of

1,600.00

600.00

Municipal Recreation Commission ....
/ Park Commission

635.00

380.00

1,086.22

\ Board of Education

413.81

100.00

147.42

2,900.00

40.00

6,666.32

1,000.00
1,847.30
2,600.00
2,120.00
440.00
300.00

1,376.02

8,042.34

1,000.00
1,847.30
2,600.00
2,120.00
440.00
300.00

Department of Public Works, School

5
15

Recreation Committee

Playground Association, Inc

'43

100.00
800.00

100.00

500.001
l,200.0n
14,186.89
6,306.00
7,155.00
2.822.00
4,209.00
2,170.00
2,874.90
302.72
440.66

20,971.06

62,614.32

"33,765.63
170,068.00

8,079.22

2,450.00

24,118.07

622.00

13,937.98

1
7
1
2

1
2
3
3

4
2
1
1

3.121.80
1,444.00
2,640.00

702.00
2,800.00

100.00

1,475.00

72.72

138.36

9,208.29

2,668.00

2,326.0(1

2,120.00

1,409.00

360.00

»J 699.96

144.40

302.30

6,613.03

1,855.80

394.00

1,870.00

11,064.09
3,062.00
4,195.00
2,120.00
1,409.00
1,520.00
1,399.96
159.40
302.30

6,613.03
52,214.24

\ Italian Center

1,800.00
320.00

Sterling Park Trustees

Town Plan and Cemetery Commission .

550.00

1,160.00

700.00

15.00

Park and Athletic Field Committee . .

Civics Committee, Woman's Club

Playground Association

1
2

19
119

70.60

Board of Park Commissioners

Community Center Department,
Public Schools

22
110

»52

10,400.08

National Capital Parks, Interior
Department

Department of Playgrounds

108

1
3

127

....

1
3

»50

16,150.00

1,210.81

600.00
6,324.43

134,660.00

720.00

1,800.00

3,800.00

522.00

1,337.09

19,268.00

2,648.41

150.00
11,493.64

163,918.00

3,368.41

1,950.00

16,293.64

522.00

7,197.09

City of Bartow

3,500.00

2,500.00

E. K. A. County Council

Department of Parks and Playgrounds

i,865.4i

4,876.48

5,860.66

M
M

M
M
M
M
M
M
M
C
M

M
M
M
M

C
M
M

P
M
M
P
M
M
M
M
M
M

M
M

M
M
M

P
MAP

P
M4P

M
M4P

RPXREATION STATISTICS FOR 1934
the table

Playgrounds

Recreation

Indoor

a
z

E
5

a
o

ca
m

J
a

s
e

a
Z

w
0

1
s

J
a

'a
s

0
.a

1
z

Emergency Service

Source of
Information

Leadership

Buildings

Centers

Paid
Leadership

Expenditures

a
O

1
t

i
%

•3

■3

■s

ill

III

s
•3

•0

Em-
ployed

Full
Time

Land,
Buildings,
Permanent
i^quipment

Leader-
ship

Total

6
•s

•B
d
Z

d
Z

■s

d
z;

49,049

32,559

. •

6
2

29
6
56
70
13
3
10

32,465.83

39,109.71

Glen H. Van Noy

William Holmes

W. A. Kearns

1,146,032

19,700.00

687,365.56

102,073.00

14,995.00

'i75

'245

A. S. Hill

"5,870,085

191,291

1
5

17
4
2
4

2
2

Veda Y. Conning

B. P. Lamb

102,073.00

12
2
6

12
2
13

220,975

62,846

12,500.00

Hugh C. Coleman

E. P. Wilsey

"2
4

1
1

183,575

91,198

19,998

'6,985.94

C. C. Christiansen

Frank E. Dunne

S. A. Evans

()

1
2
3

15
9
4

•6

12
7
4

1,150,743
235,971

25,000
15,000

5,000
21,170

500,000

1
2
3
3

1
2

1
1

1
I

10
9
8
6

145
5

78
4

50,000.00

Frank P. Holborow

4
2

2
2

300

25,030.00

30,000.00

Sabin W. Rich

20,000

H. A. Johnson and

G. W. Braden

(V.K.Cobb

Verne S. Landreth

John C. Holt

20
4

1
12

13
14

32,500
80,000

1
4

3,500.00
1,800.00

614.00

3,500.00
l,8D0.O0

614.00

1fi

3
15
2

30
67

Rudolph Johnson

1 Humphrey Saunders . .

vVillard N. Greim

A. W. Finley

3
4

i
1

•36

570,417

4
10

16
26

12
3

1,051.60

1,051.60
30,003.00

11,700

Bernard M. Joy

vVorks Department

B. J. Siebel

■>(!

... ..........

2
2

6
.2
6

2,O0D.OD

9,48J.O0

1
1

■)■>

1
2

50,000
20,000

18,000.00
1,500.00

C. A.Flanders

L. C. Osborn

''4

n,ooo

Mrs. Fillmare Duncan. .

Andrew F. Nolan

H. C. Brazeau

•'I

2
I

4,500.00

3
9
5

!.3

9
5

1
15

3,8S4

n22,518

•18,000

40,000

286,258

19,371

?«

1,719

3
1

R. A. Leckie

A. C. Hitchcock

Charles T. Musson

James S. Stevens

Leslie L Dudley

James H. Dillon

Frank C. Busch

Oscar L. Dossin

P.M. Kidney

2")

46,890

26
1
13

39,577

522.31

1,082.21

10
3
4

1
9

22
3
4
8

1
9

''1,459,366
187,500
50,000
45,000

3,500
'110,000

5
2

28
4
2
2

1
6

1
1
2
1

2
i

...

34
4
1
4

88,000.00

375,000

3
3

78,000.00

2,000

1
2

5,000
2,000

12,820.64

150.00
1,622.30

12,970.64
1,738.59

5,000.00
300.00

MaryE. CampbeU....

Harold V. Doheny

Henry J. Schnelle

George E. Watters

Joseph F. Andrews

Matthew J. Sheridan . . .

W. R. Hemmerly

F. B. Towle

37
1R

4
10
U

1
2

26
7

11
10
11
3

1
2

164,785

65,532

7
2

57,343
75,000
<9,000
20,000
12,375

6,500

300.00

1
1

6,030
3,500

4,1

150.00

■ 360.00

George W Anger

B T Noble

4.'i

1
5

149,454

1
1
1

10,422

24,000

2,350

10,000

30,635

Edward J. Hunt

3
2

1
1

286.60

1
2

1
1
1
1
1

S H Bunnell

1
1

1
I
1

33,000

8,400

Rose K. Eagan

H. J. Salmonsen

,Valter N. Seranton

Thomas H. Leonard ....

Mrs. A. C. Persons

Edith N. C. Wolf

Edward R. Mack

Mrs.EliiabethK.Peeplea

C. Marshall Finnan. . . .
Sibyl Baker.

4f)

9
6
6

<4,500
16,530
<4,107
7,060

524,307

1
1

6,435
66,805

2
6

1
14

1
I

1
5

4
4

88
33

e
1

2
11

140,525
844,187

594.00

3,495,273

16,000

30,000

17,225.00

161,785.00

54,150.0(

45,000.0(

H.OOO.W

928.0(

5(1

54,1S0.0C

45,000.0(
14,000.0C

George J. McNemee and
W. A. Dougherty. . . .
) Ralph B. Van Fleet....

) E. M. Williams

) N. E. Branson

lO.OOC

5,000

20,000

57
58

5fl

18,18C

4,600

9,800

...

928.0(

Alwen Neuharth

PLAYGROUND AND COMMUNITY

Footnotes follow

STATE AND
CITY

Popula-
tion

Mana^ng
Authority

Recreation Leadership

(Not Including
Emergency Workers)

Expenditures Last Fiscal Year
(Not Including Emergency Funds)

•t-

1
S

•s

Paid

Workers

Volun-
teer
Woikers

o
d

•s

3T3

d.i

0
d

•0

Land,
'Buildings,
Permanent
Equipment

Upkeep,

Supplies

and

Incidentals

Salaries and Wages

Total

>•

For
Leadership

Other
Services

Total

■s

Florida— Cont.

Green Cove Springs

Jacksonville

lAlteland

Lake Wales

Miami

1,719

146,300

24,400

3,401

110,637

7,500

1,600

33,000

7,000
32,000

48,000

10,000

8,380

105,000

26,000

3,646

25,631
270,366
60,342
41,331
72,000
85,000

9,400
8,206
3,800

31,154
50,000
52,315
35,000

12,298

12,000

1,461

12,600

3,376,438

22,320
66,000
4.000,000
67,500
10,090
37,000
64,000

23,000

30,000

6,500

25,130
12,000
12,000
18,000
70,000
12,000
8,000

27,100
6,500
. 12,800
28,000
33,000
5,118
63,000
15,840
10,000

108,900
. 9,000

9,623.27
5,715.59
2,625.00

59,623.27
66,579.33
20,153.50
3,600.00
24,170.00
20,887.56
21,000.00
700.00

22,851.96

M
M
M
M
M
M
M

M
M
M
M

P
M

MAP
M
M

M
M
M

M
M

P
M
M
M
M

M
M

P
M
C
M&P
M
P

M
M

M
M
M

P
MAP
P
M
M
M
P
M

MAP
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M

Playground and Recreation Board

18
3
1

U
1
3

7
1
1
3

19
3
1
7
1
3

12
S

■ 4
S

12,686.32
7,670.50

24,507.50
3,600.00

23,670.00
6,258.00

48,177.50
9,858.00

Park Committee, City Council

f Department of Recreation

4,000.00
1,430.93
4,000.00

9,000.00
6,311.38
6,500.00

11,170.00
13,145.25
10,500.00

\ Department of Public Service

Department of Public Recreation

Park Cnmmifwinn

2,160.00
7,000.00

10,985.25
3,500.00

6
7
8

Miami Beacli

Mount Dora

Recreation Department and Athletic

14,064.97

4,319.61

3,839.50

627.88

4,467.38

Palatka

9
10

City of Palatka

Pensacota

St. Petersburg

Sanford

City Manager and Municipal Goll

2
6

1
5

1
3

1,141.02

1,701.66
1,280.00

3,390.00
6,320.00

4,658.80

8,048.80
6,320.00

10,891.48
7,600.00

12
13
14
15

Recreation Bureau

'50

City of Sanford

!•>

1
8

"6
2

1
8

3,074.25
10,017.42

1,650.00
13,415.52

2,520.00

5,200.00
7,127.44

6.850.00
20,542.96

2,520.00

9.924.25
35,560.38

27,520.00

4,701.20

Tampa

5,000.00
25,000.00

West Palm Beach.
Winter Park

Georgia

Recreation Department, F, E. R. A.

and Recreation Commission

Park and Recreation Board, City and

E. R. A

17
18

19
20
21
22

23
24
25

26
27
28
29

Atlanta

Park Department

8,004.03

/ 4,734.51

2,914.99

1.539.03

1,800.00

650.94

55,456.32
19,012.10
2.287.62
8,244.00
5,917.35

68,194.86
17,927.09

3,826.65
10,044.00

6,568.29

2,500.00

3,555.83
2,287.62
8,244.00
5,197.35

11,456.27

Columbus

Playground and Recreation Association

1
3

Savannah

Idalio

720.00

Park Board

1
3

1
7

Preston

City Council

8
17
3

1
1

1
2

....

12
3

2,000.00

800.00

7,089.05
1,425.00

1,200.00

8,163.56
4,587.36
3,633.90

200.00

600.00

4,085.06
1,237.50

1,800.00

12,248.62
5,824.86
3,633.90

200.00

4,600.00

19,337.67
21,515.94
15,439.00

300.00

?•)

Illinois

Alton

Playground and Recreation Commission

Aurora . .

14,266.08

Berwyn ■. . .

Recreation Commission

1
10

Bloomington

Calumet City

Canton . .

Fell Avenue Community Playground
Committee

30
31
32
33

13
2

Township Park District

13,193.50

300.00

4,265.00

182,939.30
435,000.00
210,235.00

604,927.00

1,600.00

40,986.65

Carpentersville . . .
Cedtralia

Chicago^

Chicago Heights . .
Cicero

Department of Recreation

34
119
31

18
46
37

«0

52
65
62

121

1
2

1,100.00

23,000.00
25,490.00
11,390.00

31,500.00

500.00

23,206.65

2,965.00

95,739.30
150,560.00
104,980.00

256,347.18
1,000.00

200.66

64,200.00
258,950.00
93,865.00

149,924.82

3,165.00

159,939.30
409,510.00
198,845.00

406,272.00

1,000.00

17,780.00

Bureau of Parks, Recreation and Avi-
ation, Department of Public Works

West Chicago Park District

Bureau of Recreation, Board of Edu-

167,155.00

35
36

iff,

Clyde Park District Commission

Forest Preserve District of Cook County

Pines Community Association

Park District

Cook County". . . .
Decatur

38
39
40
41

300.00

4,300.00

200.00

4,500.00

4,800.00

Elgin

Summer Playground Association

Park and Playground Committee, City

36
.5

19
2

9
5

79.73
1,980.00

300.00
9,130.00

300.00
10,580.00

379.73

13,085.00
7,500.00
7,500.00

14,800.00
6,300.00

2,000.00

1,050.00

3,400.00

17,000.00

Evanston

Freeport

525.00
4,000.00

1,450.00

Park Board

/[I

Galesburg

Parks Board

Municipal Playground Committee

[ Park District

1
1

....

5,227.00
3,000.00

1,920.00
300.00

7,653.66
, 1,500.00

9.573.00
1,800.00

Granite City

Harrisburg

Highland Park....
Jacksonville

1,500.00

[ General Steel Castings Corporation . .
School Board, District No. 43

i\t\

300.00

750.00
2,500.00

1
2

1 East Park District

Park Board

49
50

Bureau of Recreation and Park Board. .
Civic Club

1
3

16
1
1
2
2
5
6
6
1
7

12
2

"4
3

8,100.00

200.00

85.00

9,500.00

3,178.00
230.00
32.60

2,590.69
306.33

2,400.06

415.00

2,500.00

4.899.00
200.00
120.00

3,830.00
933.35

2,400.00

415.00

10,500.00

6,026.00
200.00
120.00

4,615.00
933.35

'10,700.00

500.00

20,000.00

9,204.00
450.00
152.60
7,205.59
4,742.68
3,300.00

32,460.83
1,200.50
7,000.00
5,400.00

47,998.36
1,430.17

La Grange

Lake Forest

La Saile, Peru and

Oglesby

Lawrenceville

Lincoln

Vlaywood

Cil

Park Board

8,000.00
1,127.00

La Salle-Peru Township Social Center. .

IJity Council and Civic Groups

Board of Education

*!?

'^1

»5
'6

Playground and Recreation Board

Park Board

6
7
6
15

785.00

"is

3,503.00

*j7

Sf aperviUe

Oak Park

Ottawa

Park Ridge

City Council and Y. M. C. A

Playground Board

'iS

11,482.60

75.00

2,000.00

400.00

8,926.06

272.67

8,852.25
1,125.50

12,126.00

20,978.25
1,125.50
4,003.00
5,000.00

26,496.31
1,142.50

Park District

1,000.00

/ Recreation Commission

28
2

5,000.00
6,819.33
1,132.50

61 Peoria

Pleasure Driveway and Park District
Playground and Recreation Board

12,575.99
15.00

19,676.98
10.00

62 River Forest

fi'

RECREATION STATISTICS FOR 1934
the table

Playgrounds

Recreation

Indoor

Recreation

Centers

M
a

3
Z

a
3

M
a

X
A

"o
O

i
1

z
1

f
.a

£
a
3
z

■§

a
3
z

Emergency Service

Source of
Information

Leadership

Buildings

Paid
Leadership

Eipenditures

•B

3
O

a
O

1
1

g
o

Ill
H o5

l|j

a
1

■s

•3

Em-
ployed

Full
Time

6 d

z z

Land,
Buildings,
Permanent
Equipment

Leader-
ship

Total

■3

d
Z

4
13
5

6
13

2
2
2
3
4

8
1

19
8
4

4
4
10

4
4
5

4
1
1

19,910.74

669.15

1,710.00

373.90

30,239.51

16,990.00

3,803.66

43,000.00

Franliye Bufltin

Joseph E. Byrnes

W.W. Alderman

Miss E. D. Quaintance. .
E. E. SeUer

659,391
45,500

26,563
39,000

17,110
576

1
"h

3
4

3,429.76
43,000.00

3
4

171,991

72,000

1
1

3
5

335,363
9,000

1
1

2
2
3

1
2
9

2
1

16
4

11
3
8

8,500.00

800.00

11,300.00

J. B. Lemon

Shirley Shonenberger —

C. L. Varner and J. L.

10,000

117,300.00

1
1

G. D. Bogue

2
11

1
4

5,760
112,680

Julian OlBen and

J. E. Frenkel

P. V. Gahan

]]

101,385

349,829

6,500.00

7,500.00

10
11

James Noughton

J. E. Richards

1
7

9,000
25,000

2,400

"36
16
4

■'28
24

'9,921.77

3,549.60

150.00

'9,92Y.77

24,279.21

160.00

24
8
3

627,034
300,300

23
2

60,400
13,000

Cordelia B. Hunt

G L Ash

|(i

20,729.71

!«>

J. Lee Hame, Jr

Mrs. E. D. Byrd

George I. Simons

Annie Mae O'Connell. . .

4,028

14
5

"6
3

77
13
12
16
4

4
9
11
13

<4 65,686
'106,528
273,744
416,202

1
1

1
2
3

4,100

9,146

35,516.40
3,962.06

192.00

36,708.40
3,952.05
1,840.45

2,000.00

"f)

Mrs. WilmaE. BeggB...
H. S. Bounds

20,160

1,497.25

2,000.00

W. P. Hughes

John G. Bernard

L. E. Hansen

'■t

1
1

8
6
3

1
2

5
1

2
4

2
8

4,000.00

800.00
913.00

5,400.00
4,721.40

'ft

301,247

2
1

8,532

1
1

10,980
300

Russell J. Foval

■"fi

6
3

2
4

<13,927

Annette M.Terdina....
F. R. Sack

■"R

?(1

1
6

9()

40,000

2
3

1
2

16
85
13

2
1

6
10
2
4

40
360
108

2
12

5
14

1
1

Edward Fedosliy

L H Gillet. .

G. R. Adams

'i3

36
62
16

104
1

119,661

•5,684,432
'1,655,000
10,297,038

8,666,705

40,000

552,000

34,974

21,340

11
25
16

3
3

10
21
12

2,400.00

2,560.00

176,726.43
53,000.00
600,000.00

6.126.00
6,240.00
1,945.99

Edgar A. Drake

Theodore A. Gross

V. K. Brown

167,405.49

19
16

7,557,880
10,297,038

250
20

100
20

43
12

50,000.00

600,000.00

William J. H. Schultz. . .
Herman J. Fischer

5,856.00
6,240.00

3'i

2
3

45,000
78,248

1
3
1
2

'^'i

2
3

1,945.99

Edward J. Pad

John B. Morrill

Freda S. Combe

Esther M. Barton

Champ J. Stoakes

Charles T. Byrnes

Norman C. Sleezer

D. C. Bunker

J. A. WUliams

R. E. Frohardt and
H. D. Karadjeff

30
13

3
2
3

'180,000

3,000

7,000

1,200.00

1,300.00

11
3

14
3

'15,486

244,650
94,200

32,000

239,193

14
14
8

' 27

24,563.21

24,563.21
30,000.00

30,000.00

1
1

1
4

160.00
1,600.00

160.00
1,500.00

Roscoe Pulliam

George Scheuchenpf lug

Ernest C. Savage

P. H. Slocum

0. C. Stcnger

12,000

, 2

2,300

25,000

1
I
8
2
1

1
"2

2i
4
5

4
2
2
8
10

1
1
1

1
1
1
2

4<t

16,200

74,500.66

74,600.00

4
3

1
1
3
5
6
2

3
15
6
2
5
5

20,000
50,000

66,361
50,000

R. H. Peters

Howard Fellows

D. V. Peacock

1
1

155,591
250

i
4

4
3
2

1
1
2

600.00
268.80
783.96

.'i4

D. F. Nichols

112,961
31,405

6,426

VV. C. CoUisi

Alice L. Samuelson

Oliver W. Strubler

Josephine Blackstock . . .

0. J. Christmann

R L Baird.

19,784.00

1.490.30

21,496.28

713,413
15,000

72,117

2,442.00

9,612.49

5(t

■ifl

"7
2

2
6

2
6
1

12,000
'65,000
50,000

47,900

Walter B. Martin

E. L. Peterson

23
6

3,302.40

3,802.40

7,500

4,500

Wmiam C. Ladwig

PLAYGROUND AND COMMUNITY

Footnotes follow

STATE AND
CITY

•

Popular
tion

Managing
Authority

Recreation Leadership

(Not Including
Emergency Workers)

Expenditures Last Fiscal Year
(Not Including Emergency Funds)

1
1

•s

Paid
Workers

Volun-
teer
Woikcrs

•s

6
!5

1
d

g
S
o
d

a
1

"S
d

Land,
Buildings,
Permanent
Equipment

Upkeep,

Supplies

and

Incidentals

Salaries and Wages

Total

For
Leadership

Other
Services

Total

■3

111.— Cont.

Rockford

^ock Island

85,864

37,953
1,150

5,377

71,824

4,200

. 13,000

40,000

7,500

17,000

117,373

12,500

40,000
10,000

9,000
10,000

5,156

55,000
103,000
115,000

15,000
400,000

12,000
6,400

15,755

700

28,630

1,638

14,000

5,500

30,000

600

8,990
20,000

1,200

4,000
7,362

56,000
26,726
42,048

60,751
3,905

146,000

4,960

1,021

5,000

15,342

15,000

4,000

23,000

11,560

28,800

79,183
46,000

12,756
16,198
5.500
121,857
15,000
15,000
1,800

f Park District

1
4
1

2,337.50

1,200.00

3,623.82

150.00

1,600.00

2,337.50

2,500.00

4,114.15

160.00

4,619.98

22,828.07

2,500.00

4.8.59.41

810.00

6,603.09

P
M
M

P
M
M
M
M
M
C
P
M

M&P

M
M&P

M
M
M

M
M&P

M&P
M
M

P
MAP

P
M&P

M
M
M
M
M

M&P
M
M

M&P

M
M

M
M
P
P
P
P
P
M
M&P
M
M
M

M
P
M

M4P
M&P

I Booker T. Washington Community
I Center" . .

1
1

6
3

7
3

1,300.00
490.33

Playground and Recreation Commission

18
1

745.26
50.00

1,983.11

610.00

St. Charles

Springfield

Sycamore

Urbana

Henry Rockwell Baker Memorial

Community Center Board

Park Board

3,119.98

Playground and Recreation Commission
[ Memorial Community Center Asso-

5,471.80

3,092.44
2,547.27

18,028.20

1,042.14
200.00

18,028.20

2,007.66
3,356.61

23,500.00

5,100.10
11,927.98

965.52
3,156.61

1 Park Board

6,024.10

Waukegan

WhpAton

13
3

12
4
5

8
1
4

800.00
1,700.00
1,436.11

325.00
7,459.00
4,781.06

2,700.00

2,700.00
2,600.00
7,694.66
2,398.00
11,760.00
17,690.01

3,500.00
4,300.00
9,130.69
7,446.80
22,209.00
22,471.07

36,573.03
3,381.77
3,838.20
6,097.14

1,375.00

53,300.00

27,223.00

13,260.20

7,700.00

6,000.00

63,556.73

1,685.00

3,800.00

2,300.00

11,810.00

100.00

1,486.00

3,806.99

'4,500.00
1.100.00
1,500.00
3,400.00

Park District

Wilmette

Winnebago Co.^ . .

Winnetka

Indiana

Anderson

Bedford

Playground and Recreation Board

County Forest Preserve District

/ Community House, Inc., Board

1 Park District

7,402.75

201.80

4,723.80
3,000.00

!350

7,450.00

4,300.00

Board of Park Commissioners

1
7

27
3
3
4
1

13
3
1
4

28
3
4
6

900.00
"3,500.00

1,348.69

128.20

1,679.23

1,000.00

500.00
2,159.0-3

810.03

210.00

4,417.91

375.00

2,800.00
10,638.00
6,934.06
4,480.00

323.05

1,133.08

210.00

4,417.91

375.00

2,800.00
18,064.00
6,934.06
4,900.00

....

1
4

...

Columbus

Decatur . .

Woman's Club and Parent Teacher

East Chicago

Evansville

Fort Wayne

Huntington

Indianapolis

Jefferson vilie

Kendallville

La Porte

Recreation Division, Department of
Public Parka

1
2

Recreation Department, Park Board. .

j Board of Park Commissioners

\ The Wheatley Social Center"

Board of Works and School Board ....

7,000.00

7,426.00

800.00

2,000.00

420.00

1,431.63

18,083.14

641.00

2,000.00

23,389.63
864.00

20,662.33
180.00

44,041.96
1,044.00
1,800.00
2,300.00
6,660.00

City of Kendallville

....

2
2

2,300.00
2,560.00

1 Civic Auditorium Advisory Board . . .

5,150.00

4,100.00

Mishawaka

Pendleton

Peru

172.00
1,669.30

1,660.00
600.00
150.00

1,224.00

90.00
2,137.69

1,314.00
2,137.69

2,840.00

600.00

1,360.00

1,800.00

Park Board

y. M. C. A. and School and Park

3
1
7
1
1
1
4
1

2
1
4

2
2

2,840.00

200.00

1.350.00

1,800.00

Plymouth

Richmond

Speed

Wabash

Park Board

300.00

i School Board

\ Townsend Community Center"

Louisville Cement Corporation

1
2

524.50

986.40
12,000.00

721.00
8,000.00

856.00
11,000.00

1,577.00
19,000.00

3,087.90

31.000.00

1,850.90

1,500.00
6.000.00
8,954.00
4,154.00
6,722.10

Whiting

Zionsville

Iowa

1,200.00

300.00

Cedar Falls

Cedar Rapids

Clinton

397.00

384.00

3,675.00

961.82

456.30

1,265.92

6,369.35

1,225.83
3,313.70
1,781.18

7,596.18
3.313.70
1,781.18

Park Board

Council Bluffs ... .
Davenport

Parent Teacher Association, Chamber
of Commerce and School District . . .

1
5

3
&

2,000.00

2,000.00
22,418.55

10,000.00
29,467.07

1,722.16

5.326.36

22,418.56

American Legion and Fire Department
[ Playground and Recreation Commis-

Des Moines

Estherville

Fonda . .

13,017.00

1,620.00
I 23,842.86

14,537.00
23,842.86

14,537.00

60,700.49

1,430.00

660.00

300.00

2,240.00

2,500.00

1,200.00

700.00

480.00

29,875.00

10,764.65

[ Park Board

19,864.28
590.00
500.00

16,993.35

2
1
1

1
2
3
2
1
1
37

160.00
150.00
865.00
2,000.00
800.00

160.00

260.00

940.00

2,000.00

1,200.00

50.00
600.00
500.00

100.00
76.00

4(1

Iowa City

Keokuk

Recreation Board . .

1
1
2

10
2
4

25
6
2

700.00

Friendly House Community Center. . .

American Legion Post No. 298

Y. M.C. A.andY. W.C. A

Marion ....

400.00

4ti

Mason City

480.00
1,000.00
6,686.50

480.00
1,376.00
8,895.89

Ottumwa

Sioux City

W'aterloo. . .

Y. M C A and Park Board

25,000.00

3,500.00
1,868.76

375.00
3,309.39

/ School Board

(IS

1 Park Board

1
1
2

5,000.00

1,200.00
200.'00

1,550.00

250.00

1,800.00
400.00

8,000.00
"600.00

Kansas

.Arkansas aty

Coffey vilie

Concordia

Kansas City

Lawrence

Parsons ,

Smith Centre

,5.1

lY.M.C. A..._

125.00

440.00

25.00

1,756.00

1,900.00

75.00

516.00

25.00

1,756.00

1,900.00

300.00

640.00

>25.00

3,607.66

2,100.00

1,900.00

400.00

1
3
4

1^8

3
2
1

386,85

1,464.81
200.00

.51

ftO

School Board

8
1

6
1

Board of Park Trustees

100.00

300.00

RECREATION STATISTICS FOR 1934

the table

Playgrounds

Recreation

Indoor

Recreation

Centers

B
3

•3
.s

D
■§"

1
1

a
3

<S
•0

w
0

a
z

s
3
z

'a
a
'E

1
Z

-a

■§

J
Z

Emergency Service

Source of
Information

Leadership

Buildings

Paid
Leadership

Expenditures

o
o

a
§

1
1

I.
g

1
eg

o
•a
fc
a

3
CO

1
El

III

a
z

111

l!l

g
Z

Em-
ployed

Full
Time

J 1

"s ■s

d 6

z z

Land,
Buildings,
Permanent
Equipment

Leader-
ship

Total

*o
6
7,

1
4

1
4
1

209,482

1
1

9,600

2
6

900.00
1,179.59

900.00
2,619.59

'72,834
2,750

1
1

Melville H. Hodge

William Redd

Robert F. Munn

71,404

2
»36

245,608

1
1

5,675

48,675

!»2

38]

»4

6,800.00

John E. MacWherter . . .

Mrs. J. S. Halsted

S. M. Henderson

W. C. Noel

6,000.00

61,320

12
5
2

'25
3

"io

800.00

' '2,900.00
1,200.00

900.00

'4,464.52
8,128.13

Al. G. Groeche

J. L. D. Langan

Daniel M. Davis

T. G. Lindquist

George C. Getgood

H. L. Woolhiser

34,325

50,403

6,928.13

s'o'ooo

1
1

6
3

1
1

7
4
4
4

4
2

11
4
2
4

5
1
1

1
2
2

67,167
26,000
33,270

2,500

3,800.00
5,000.00

James J. Crossett

E. A. Brunochler

Walter M.Hall

Arthur R. Holthouse

F. V. Merriman

39,818

2
3

1
1
1

5
2

10
"2

10
12
15
1
4

36
3

210,660

230,000

197,142

15,154

1
1

37,785
10,000

290,210
18,000

13,352.00

15,000.00

394.00

300.00

13,352.00

22,000.00

394.00

300.00

12
15
1
3
36
3
4
2
1
1
7

Carrie .\. Sniveiy

Edgar J. Unthank

Zach T. Dungan

H. W.Middlesworth....
S. Harlan Vogt

35,871

5,000

274,644

2,753

1
2

1
5

'647,612
147,000

800.00

800.00
2,050.00

■ 1

?.■)

'54,034
12,500

100,000

W. A. Goering

800

Hardy R. Songer

J. I. Fetters

?ft

117,729

J. H. Walker

1
6

15,000
10,000
48,283

C. Y. Andrews

?fl

Arthur F. Becknell

L. H. Lyboult

1
1
1

25,000

Mrs. Julia W. Partner...

Jesse G. Dorsey

W C Mills

11,000
300,000

81,400
12,000

3
6

Ifl

1
1

M P Weaver

2
3

W. K. Voorheea

Mrs. Clare Nichola

Ed Stpfan

125,000

12,840

3
3

3,199.50

7,320.60
17,673.00
19,727.30

10
12

18,477.30

L. P. Hannaher

Otto A Wur!

6
3

...

6
3

'9,000
130,428

1,450

7
6
2

'47
4

2
3

0. E. Johnson

C. 0. E. Boehm

2
1

'285,200

8,814

1
1

■'2

1,300.00

1,300.00
133,233.40

" " '600.00

Kathryn E. Krieg

133,233.40

P V T.inkp

4«<

1
2

John C. Truesdale

1
2

4
2

425i00

625.00

3,000

12,000

Mabel V.Sones

Z N Lundv

4f)

85,600

E. M.Karges

P A Handke

1
17

1
9

1
1

E. J. Eigenmann

John E. Gronseth

H.C.Kingsbury

Gordon R. Speers

Jamee F. Clough

OrviUe E. Steffens

ThelmaC. Mifflin

E. B. AMbaugh

361,984

19,750

3,150.00

1
»1

24
11

106,420

1,080.00

1,500.00
2,100.00

2,100.00

'1,200
9,600

5«

1
1

15
4

128,000
10,000

4
2
1

8
2
2
1

32
10

"i
1

17,280.00

30,680.31
' ■ ■ ■ '2'4'o.o6

5(1

E. A. Wood .

(in

C J Mills

fli

3. C Stevens

PLAYGROUND AND COMMUNITY

— 1

Footnotes follow

STATE AND
CITY

t -

Popula-
tion

Managing
Authority

Recreation Leadership

(Not Including
Emergency Workers)

Expenditures Last Fiscal Year
{Not Including Emergency Funds)

•s

Paid
Workers

Volun-
teer
Workers

•E

"S
d
Z

o.e

g
S

•s

a
B

•s

Land,
Buildings,
Permanent
Equipment

Upkeep,

Supplies

and

Incidentals

Salaries and Wages

Total

For
Leadership

Other
Services

Total

•3

Kansas— Cont.

Topeka

65,000

7,405
100,000

1,827
45,736

320,000

30,000

5,000
3,000

23,025

31,465

1,054

4,000

14,000
26,028

458,762

3,450
80,000

325

70,000

7,000

12,000
16,000
10,807

841,264
14,434

10,000
37,500
10,000

22,000
21,748
25,086

781,188

18,000
62,160
50,000

125,000
48,000

4,224
12,957
15,000
12,000

6,400
47,000
10,700
40,692

22,743
19,399
15,500
55,690

f Board of Education

751.00

3,600.00

310.00

3,910.00

4,661.00
'9,948.00

M
M
M

M
M

M&P
P
P

P
M
P

P
P
M

M
M
M
P
P
M

P
M

P
M
M

SCMP

M
M&P

M&P

M
M&P

M
M
M

M&P

M
M&P
M&P

] Department of Public Parka and
[ Property

9.948.00

Wellington

Wichita

Park Board

Board of Park Commissioners

1
20

3
65

14,000.00

120.89

34,500.33

62.444.06

60,200.00
41,024.60

2,933.12
575.00
500 00

3,000.00

7.000.00

375.00

450.00

900.00

1,800.00

29,497.80

5,500.00

66,582.56

29,322.59

914.56

250.00

12,000.00

220.00
13,000.00

208.16

1,000.00

18,376.02

4.602.51

126.427.14

694,723.70

565.00

5,650.00
6,208.45
5,120.00

520.00
25,293.00
3,750.00

60,600.00

81,080.55

Kentucky

Berea

2
5

2
15
5

6.00
18,656.32
45,000.00

12.94

1,546.65

944.05

13,200.00

101.95

4,997.36

4,800.00

37,000.00

101.95

14,297.36

6,500.00

37,000.00

Lexington

Louisville

Playground and Recreation Depart-

2
29

9,300.00
1,700.00

Colored Department of Playground

Division of Recreation, Department
of Welfare

Playground Committee, Community

1
1
1

1
2

1,824.00

76.00

384.00

900.00
2,500.00

1,824.00
125.00
384.00

1,500.00
5,500.00

Princeton

RuaaeU

100.00

350.00
116.00

1,600.00
1,600.00

60.00

Community Work Committee

Playground Comrades International. . .

1
14

Louisiana

Alexandria

Baton Rouge

Delhi

600.00
3,000.00

^?.

Municipal Golf Club

DonaldsonviUe

Lafayette

Mohawk Tribe No. 33 Improved Order

250.00
100.00
100.00

5,279.94

1,000.00

12,915.62

6,882.49

205.39

200.00

800.00

1,700.00

24,217.86

1,500.00

40,609.28

22,440.10

709.17

250.00

6,000.00

210.00
6,751.61

208.16
1,000.00

500.00
2,737.92

86.932.42

436,566.94

480.00

1
1

800.00
1,700.00

24,217.86

1,200.00

1
23

\!i

New Orleans

PinevUle

Playground Community Service Corn-

8
3

Ifl

Orleans Parish Schools and Public

3,000.00
13,157.66

300.00

Council of Social Agencies"

Playground Comrades International . . .

3
1

1
4
6

709.17

150.00

6,000.00

180.00
4,751.53

125.00

500.00

308.00

2,599.92

100.00

Shreveport

Maine

Derby

6,000.00

10.00
6,548.49

30.00
1,999.98

83.16
500.00
192.00
138.00

Portland

Women's Educational and Industrial

Park and Playground Commission ....

1
2
2

139

Waterville

Westbrook

Maryland

Baltimore

Frederick

Massachusetts

Andover

17,875.02

179

1
44

1,864.69

39,494.72

242,764.63

85.00

f Playground Athletic League

15,412.13

436,556.94

?fi

4
6

10
18

3
6

480.00

Arlington

Athol

2,335.60

1,633.72

2,239.13

3,872.85

?«

E. R. A., Y. M. C. A and Red Cross. .

3,000.00

'10

Attleboro

Belmont

16
8

150

701
12

240.00
4,255.00
2,350.00

12,000.00

7,824.92

280.00
8,848.00
1,400.00

28,500.00

56,506.^

280.00
11,798.00
1,400.00

48,600.00

73,255.63

9,240.00

2,950.00

■^0

Beverly

Boston

Department of Extended Use, School

1
30

20,100.00
16,748.91

Physical Education Dept., School

Board of Park Commissioners

Braintree

Brockton

Brookline

Cambridge

Chelsea

19,463.38

8,692.00

2,916.00

11.608.00

31,071.38

444,375.00

2,500.00

11,411.37

39,335.00
37,594.65
1,946.55
12,406.34
6,050.00
5,242.38
1,600.00

303,400.00
400.00

Board of Park Commissioners

1
13

10
29
6
1
4
6
5
3
2
2
7
7
1
5

3
11

15
17
6
1
3
4
5
1
7
2
3
8

600.00
7,444.66

6,463.00
1,336.01

500.00
3,844.21

16,475.00
24,758.64
1,872.00
3,500.00
2,000.00
3,531.00
1,192,00

1,000.00
122.50

16,397.00

1,500.00
3,966.71

32,872.00
24,758.64
1,872.00
6,634.75
2.000.00
3,531.00
1,192.00

'I'i

Gymnasium and Bath Department,

and Playground Department

3oard of Park Commissioners

E'ark Department and E. R. A. .

Community Recreation Association. . .

8
6

11,500.00
74.55

Dalton

6,771.59

1,000.00

1,711.38

408.00

2,134.75

2,050.00

Easthampton

East Milton

Everett

Trustees of Cunningham Foundation. .
Playground Commission

1,435.00

1,200.00

4,678.00

5.778.00

7,213.00
3,039.46
5,928.47

13,700.00
8,341.52
3,982.18
2,500.00

17,944.05

[i'airhaven

Fitchburg

F'ramingham

Park Board

212.56
9,000.00

936.54
1,200.00
4,427.88

743.68

1,278.87

1,000.00

1,941.65

891.00

3.500,50
2,500.00
1,971.99
2,347.50

4,779.37
3,500.00
3,913.64
3,238.50

^ark and Playground Department

'layground and Recreation Commission
i^arks and Recreation Commission ....

49
50

Greenfield

Holyoke

4 11
20 33

3,210.56

7,571.28

7,162.21

14,733.49

RECREATION STATISTICS FOR 1934
the table

Playgrounds

lecreation

Indoor

Recreation

Centers

B
p

1
1

s
1

"ea

•3

a
z.

a
1 J

■s a

1 1

•^ 1

CO E-

Emergency Service

Source of
Information

Leadership

Buildings

Paid
Leadership

Expenditures

•c
c

S
1

■g

6
•a

e2|

Ill

1 s

•3
1

3
2:

Em-
ployed
Full
Time , ,

J- Land,

g Buildings,
■u 1 Permanent
S -^ Equipment

•s -s

d 6

Leader-
ship

Total

•s

. ■ 14

241,719

f
1

}

e
1
3

L. P. Dittemore

3 28

... 1

5 12

5 ..

George P. Kug,

I
I

C. L. Haslet

1
5
5

.. 4

. 5

. 6

19 23

317,200

<2,600
347,953
285,914
686,159

Alfred Mac Donald....
Forest Wyatt

1
1

IOC
8,200

2
5

24,720
47,382
125,660

2
1

... 8

Anna S. Pherigo

T. E. Brown.

... 6

1 ...

121,309

... 21

}w.R.II. Sherman....

Mrs. E. C. Wendt

Everett Howton

W. W. Tenney

1 74

14 ....

1
1

5
1

. 9
1
1

. 5
. 3

62,720

4,500

32,903

127,500
116,800

1
1

1 2
1 ...

133.20

6,055

1,655

... 4

Ml
1
1

ai 9
1 8

1 .

W.E.Brown

Powers Higginbotham.. .
C. C. Cutler

1 ...

1 2

... 6

i .'.'.

H. F. Vulliamy.

15
50

2
5

. 2
. 6

*9,600
15,000

935,741

303

1
2

George H. Gardiner

1
3

58,066
40,193

5 ...

1 ...
1 24
1 23

L. di Benedetto, Sr

10 .

. 70

18,000

... 90
1 ...

5,020.00

8
4

M. G. Montreuil

J. A. Hayes

1
11

1
1

12:

3 3

. 20

. 29

1
. 11

1
1
1
1

8 87

99,000
22,000

Wilmer Rhinlrfs,

W.E.Brown

1
9

1
1

... 22

6 3
1 ....

!1 65,000.00

9,168.00

74,168.00

GroverC. Thames

W. J. Russell

<3,600
'216,000

2,010

5,000

39,200

16,500

'524,606

1 2
... 11

1 ....

Granville R. Lee

Ruth S.Murray

Harry Stott

1
1

1 ...
1 ...
1 6

1 ....

?:?.

. 28,875.53

1,680.00

30,555.53

J. Frank Goodrich

Paul F. Fraser

1
219

19,140
1,163,166

149,862

19,799.98

'. 20,697.85
435,259.86

Dr. William Burdick....
John V. Kelly

6
4

1
2

a
1

1
1
2

1
6
8

7 106
1 2

2 ....

. 435,259.86

?fi

. 4

1 8

2 2

7 7

. 7

3 ....

Helma L. Hann

Margaret Davis

Clarence H. Dempsey. . .

Alexander P. Johnstone

and Edna iV. Gorton.

22,680
40,161

17,082

?,7

185
39,000

... 5

600.00
38,544.26

•>q

1 6

1 4
1 19

. 37,914.26

630.00

25,200
257,348
42,022

Lewis S. Harris

Public Works Dept

James T. Mulroy

Julia A. Murphy

William P. Long and

F. Lloyd Eno

M. Olive Crowley

William E. Whittaker. . .

3arry Vinton, Jr

AbbieO. Delano

Charles P. Cameron ....
Stephen H. Mahoney. . .

Timothy F. Kane

W. J. Sandford, Jr

laymond Funchion

Mrs. Ada H. Pillsbury. .

515,000

'60

...15

8 173
. 60

. 25'

3,600,000

235,000

108

1 100

1 100
. .. 31

60
55

94,146.00
8,415.35

•94,146.00

"310,257.92

9,625.00

30,000.00

7,993.78

61,830

68,405

. 234,650.81
9,625.00

12
5
11

7
5
2
6

18
2

1 12
9

■(4

1
5

1
11

10
8

12 .,

1
. 11

. 23
6 18
5 5
. 3
2 5
. 2
. 4
1
. 9
. 4
9 9
. 5

1
1

13
6
5
2
4
1
1
2

•15

•135,000

92,121
'600,000
341,250

44,682

4 1
1

2 . ..

7,993.78

1,5

3
3

245,024

3
2

2
2
1
2
1
2
1

2 12
.. 12

1 1

2 ....

6
10

S "

. 20,000.00

2,316.00
15,616.00

22,563.69
15,616.00

1
1

.. 5
.. 4
2 8
1 2

3
3
2
4

55,297

'13,705
52,000

1 4

864.00

150,000

1 S
.. 2

W.L. Caldwell

■•red A. Hutchings

Mrs. Mabel 0. Dutton. .

ohnC. O'Malley '

laymond J. Callahan. . . ^
F. D. Mac Cormick

9
4

36,318.34

7,581.32

43,899.66

4'i

56,600
200,000
36,000

5
'4

2
9
5

1
4

6,500

3 2
4

11
3

3
3
3

75,682.61
42,347.06

4,148.40
700.00
50.00

87,501.16

43,047.06

50.00

6,347.65

8,764.30

1
1

4,000

4
8
14

. 4
. 8
. 14

'36,990

'18,870

'154,689

1
2

5
2
9

.. 6

6,347.65
8,764.30

jeonard Thompson ^

Mina F. Robb

•in

3 6

2 ....

PLAYGROUND AND COMMUNITY

Footnotes follow

STATE AND
CITY

Popula-
tion

Managing
Authority

Recreation Leadership

(Not Including
Emergency Workers)

Paid

Workers

-=-a
o >-

Volun-
teer
Woi kere

Expenditures Laat Fiscal Year
(Not Including Emergency Funds)

Land,
Buildings,
Permanent
Equipment

Upkeep,

Supplies

and

Incidentals

Salaries and Wages

For
Leadership

Other
Services

Total

Norwood

Salem

Somerville. . .

Spencer

Springfield . . .

Taunton

Turners Falls .

Wakefield .
Walpole . . .
Waltham . .

West Newton . . . .
West Springfield..
Worcester

Michigan

Adrian

Ann Arbor

Mass. — Cont.
Lawrence

Lexington .
Lowell . . . .
Ludlow . . .

Lynn

Medford . .

Melrose

Methuen

Milton

Needham ....
New Bedford .

Newton

Northampton . . ,
North Attleboro .

Battle Creek . . .

Bay City

Bergland Township
Big Rapids^^. . .

Caspian . . .
Coldwater.
Dearborn. .

Detroit

Dowagiac . . . .
East Lansing.
East Tawas . .
Ferndale

Flint

Gladstone

Grand Haven . .
Grand Rapids . .

Grayling

Grosse Pointe. .
Grosse Pointe Park

Gwinn .

Hamtramck . . .

Hancock

Harbor Beach . .

Hastings

Highland Park.

Holland

Houghton

Ironwood

Jackson

Kalamazoo .
Lansing ....
Ludington. .
Midland . . .

Milan

Monroe

Mount Clemens.
Mount Pleasant.

Petosky

Pontiac . .'

85,068

10,000

101,820

8,876

105,000

61,135

23,566
21,068
17,500

10,800
110,000

65,295
25,000
12,000

15,049
43,353
104,000
6,572
150,000
38,000
8,000

16,700

7,449

39.875

10,006
17,000
197,000

Park Department

Playground Commission

Park Department

iNew Century Club and Village Club
Beach Committee, Board of Trade . .
ark Department

Playground Commission

Look Memorial Park Commission

Parent Teacher Association and Play-
ground Association

Board of Selectmen

Board of Park Commissioners

Recreation Commission

.Selectmen and Park Commissioners . . .
Recreation Division, Park Department

Park Commission

Playground Commission

) Recreation Commission

\ Bath House Committee

Town of Walpole

Board of Recreation '.

Community Centre, Inc

, Stearns School Centre Association . . .

Playground Commission

Park and Recreation Commission

13,408
26,944

43,573

47,000

800

5,000

1,888

6,723

60,000

,568,662

5,500

5,000

1,455

20,855

156,000

5,100

10,000

168,592

1,973
22,000
13,000

2,518
56,268

6.000
2,000
5,227
52,959
17,000
4,000
14,299

60,000

55,000

86,000

8,898

8,700

1,947
18,110
14,000
5,211
5,740
65,000

Department of Parks and Publiq Prop-
erty

Park Department . . . . ^

Board of Park Commissioners

Athletic and Recreation Association . . .

Board of Park Commissioners

Park Board and E. R. A

Board of Education and Park Commis-
sion

Civic Recreational Association

Recreation Committee

School District

Parent Teacher Association asd County

Schools

Community Center

School Board

Recreation Department

Department of Recreation

Department of Parks and Boulevards

School Board

.School Board and City Council

Board of Education

Department of Parks and Recreation

, Community Music Association'^

^hool Board

Recreational Association

Department of Recreation, Board of

Education

Board of Education

( School Board

\ Neighborhood Club

V illage Commission

City and Board of Education

Department of Recreation, Board of

Education

City Council

Board of Education

Recreation Commission

Board of Education

Ella W. Sharp Park Board

Department of Recreation

, Douglass Community Assn., Inc.'^

Recreation Department

School Board

School Board and Comanunity Center

Committee

Recreation Commission

School Board

Recreation Department

Board of Education

Recreation Department

»1S

8,667.41

24,100.00

629.04

420.00
5.179.00

1,822.00
6,500.00

4,000.00
90,000.00

15,428.32
SOO.OO

1,839.25
4,028.00

400.00

150.00
229.32

8,635.24

200.00

3,500.00

390.00

1,247.37

2,480.16

2,368.00
6.000.00
1,742.06
2,855.76
2,700.00
714.88

104.50

1,366.16
676.75

26,318.73
5,000.00

75.00
11,552.00

1,944.95

8,361.71

1,350.00

550.00

218.51

214.00

1,191.75

6,220.00

991.02

218.44
4,360.37

936.17

736.00
300.00
200.00

100.00
1,010.96

1,091.66
37,606.25
33,000.00

50.00

504.76
36,071.48

625.00
50.00
60.00

150.00
104.87

1.250.00
250.00
250.00
200.00
122.69

1,640.00

1,567.03

750.00

30.00

3,781.69

145.00

200.00

300.00

27.28

666.08

3,800.00

1,448.00

196.64

4,500.00
1,827.00

4,171.96

603.00
575.90
236.26

26,000.00
3,000.00

425.00
2,632.00
7,378.03
11,000.00

2,400.00
500.00
625.00

1,084.00

1,150.00
1,550.00
1,950.00
486.80
6,344.48

1,108.40

4,558.00
4,000.00

200.00

1,000.00
2,000.00

5,035.84

166,185.70

15,860.00

500.00

360.00

254.00

16,256.00

4,875.00

150.00

78.00

336.00
1,050.00
2,750.00

8,782.60
350.00
500.00
250.00

8,572.00
450.00

1,150.00

1,000.00
524.90

6,400.00

2,538.25

4,050.00

400.00

2,297.32

165.00

1,600.00

1,850.00

190.00

10,076.26

4,602.36
Mil .51

2,930.84

30.817.56
6,000.00

3,600.00

1.550.00
1,050.00

4,808.17

2,730.00

570.53

150.00

18,700.10

2,697.85

8,225.00
645.00

500.00
1,153.72

959.73
100,696.10
135,800.00

50.00

47,467.22
1,500.00

1.450.00
3,310.00

4,496.00

44.35
'4,035.66

4,100.00

6,138.00
30.00

8,402.36
1,448.00
8,608.15

4,500.00
1,827.00

.1,633.84
675.90
236.25

56,817.56
9,000.00

425.00
2.632.00
7,378.03
14,600.00

62.568.46
3.950.00
1,550.00
625.00
1,084.00
4,808.17
3,880.00
2,120.53
2,100.00
486.80

25.044.68

3,806.25

12,783.00
4,645.00

200.00

1,500.00
3,153.72

5,995.57

266,881.80

151,660.00

500.00

400.00

254.00

63,722.22

6,375.00

150.00

78.00

336.00
1,050.00
4,200.00
3,310.00

8.782.00

350.00

500.00

250.00

13,068.00

450.00

1,150.00

1,000.00

569.25

10,435.00

2,538.25

8,150.00

400.00

8,435.32

195.00

1,600.00

2,050.00

190.00

10,076.26

10,770.36

16.115.41

10.350.21

13,252.72

'31,300.00

2,541.88

4,905.60

2,082.15

4,80100

575.90

1,333 00

14,879.001 M

84,958.29
20,500.00

500.001

18,184.001

112,916.52

16,544.95

15,428.321

70.9.30.17

6.100.00i

2,100.00

843.51

1.298.00

5,999.92

10.100.00

3.285.26

2.900.00

705.24

29,404.96

6,581.6;

17,547.00

4,945.00

600.00

200.00

1,750.00

4,394.00

4,100.00

7,087.13

304.487.05

184.660.00

500.00

460.00

768.76

108,328.94

7,000.00

200.00

138.00

336.00
1.200.00
4,304.87
3,310.00

9,616.00

350.00

700.00

250.00

17,818.00

700.00

1,400.00

1,200.00

691.94

12,46500

4,105.28

8,900.00

430.bO

13,464.38

340.00

1,800.00

2,350.00

217.28

300.00

13,122.50

P
M
M
M
M4P
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
P
P
M
M

M&P

M
M
M

C&P

M
MAP

M
M
M
P
M
M

M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
P
M
M

MAP
MAP

RECREATION STATISTICS FOR 1934
the table

Playgrounds

Recreation

Indoor

Recreation

Centers

3
1

1
B

n
.S

a
3
z

■3
a

z
8

-a

be
e

a
J

z
1

£.

a
E

a
z

5"
g
0
.sa

Emergency Service

Source of
Information

Leaderabip

Buildings

Paid
Leadership

Expenditures

"3
0

1
l
1

•B

0 a

ill

e2 fe<

ill

■0

•s

Em-
ployed

Full
Time

Land,
Buildings,
Permanent
Equipment

Leader-
ship

Total

o
■5

.0
6
Z

•s

d
Z

■3
d

1
2
3

1
8

10
2

16
1

13
7

3
2
3

1
3

1
1
1

William V.Crawford....

John J. Garrity

John W. Kernan

1
16
7

7
3
2
2

•26,000
156,000
60,000

20,115.19
51,099.07

20,115.19
57,670.67

6,471.60

■;

7
1
2
2

6
2

1
1

10
3

56,864.64
128,564.78

11,930.90
7,567.60
8,047.06

12,596.00

69,460.64
128,564.78

12,482.70
7,567.60
8,047.06

John Morrissey

Edward P. Adanw and

John P. Leavitt

George W. Rogers

James Cookson

John L. Kelly.

52,159

•71,377
32,400
•11,250

4,780

2
3

I
7

551.80

fil

K. H. Godfrey

1
1

6
19

2,685.00
4,712.00

3,575.00
19,679.25

288,350.00
55,000.00

Robert H. Burrage

Jeremiah Coholan and

Louise Dupre

Ernst Hermann

M. Fobs Narum

R. A. Yates

2
1

2
6
8
4
1

■5

1
4

13
2

2
6
8
7
1
8
5
1
3

39
6

1
2
4

2
2

14,867.25

250,000.00
66,000.00

2
9
U
4

2
9

"1,500,000
13,000

25,000

35,000

22,000

1'i

2
3

1
3

2
2

VV. C. Kendrick

Daniel J. Phalen

Francis J. Mahoney, . . .
William A. Thibault ....

Arthur E. Gardner

Louis 0. Godfrey

C. E. Bankwitz

I'^ugene J. Sullivan

Arthur G. Abbott

Frederick F. Libby

•107,432
250,000

1
1

195,000.00

22,500.00

20,043.21

561,784.96

1,465.20

7,000.00

325.00

20,000.00

20,043.21
525,689.76

9
i

2,506,000
100,000
44,600
24,500

90,000

43
4
2
2

2
2

175
10

100
10

36,095.20
1,465.29

'>n

'>i

7,000.00

■>?

325.00

•n

6.451.39
284,998.61

5,451.39
289,128.61

1
1

1,500
11,262
11,035

2,330.00

?,'i

Gertrude MacCallum . . .

Helen I. Sandstrom

R. B. Pillsbury.

234.00

?fi

4
6
8

12
6
8
2

28,455
•67,500

150,000

102,088
•76,882
54,000

1
14

1
2
4

1
20

2
10
2

13,425.61
6,976.65

13,425.61

7,171.65

35,899.99

6,799.60

8,660.00

705.52

1,768.00

John J. Nugent

Hervey C. King

L. H. HoUway

15
15

9
8

12
19
7
6

195.00

2,239.00

2,299.50

1,660.00

683.60

1,419.00

?fl

7
6

7,450
45,111

1
1

■'2

3,600.00
7,000.00

H. W. Royal. .

A. D. Lohr

4,000

27,204

60,015
15,000

Mrs. W. M. Berry

John T. Symons

Henry D. Schubert

C. E. Brewer

2
10

173

15,000

40,000

2,997,549

4
4

16
143

5
91

500.00
18,601.50

6,500.00
627,210.87

5,197,075

736,846

57,274.88

Henry W.Busch

J.M.Lewis

■'2

3
2
1

8
12

1
1
1
1
2

1
1
1
1
9

4
2

11,000

Donald O'Hara

Hugo T. Swanson

Richard R. Rowley

E. C. Dayton

1
8

1
20
31

100.00
4,918.64
5,730.00

100.00
4,918.64
7,181.66

8
10

53,800
445,752

42,800

19
34

195,550

1,451.66

William W. Norton

A. R. Watson

1
3

1
5

17
1
3

6,000
6,600

112,453

1
2

2
4

M23

1^
6
4
1

200.00
384.00

10,246.10
551.00

300.00
384.00

10,246.10
661.00

44 I

1
9

18
2

Edward J. Huttenga. . . .

A. W. Thompson

Gerald L. Cass

134,295

»2

«8

32,500
18,000

1
1

2
2

135,373

6,000.00

George Elworthy

William G. Stamman . . .
Supt. of Schools

C. J. Reid

1
2

71.50
1,291.80

71.50

1,291.80

21,295.16

492.00

366.00

4,900.00

1,472.00

36.00

240.00

1,530.00

3,200.00

5,561.00

340.00

457 00

199.29

96.00
1,050.55

131,951

167,363

1
1

21,295.16
300.00

Norman D. Starrett ....

R. S. Brotherton

D. A. Van Buskirk

T. H. Fewlass

4,000

3,000

1
3
3
15
2
3
8

1
2
6

192.00

366.00

3,600.00

1,472.00

35.00

240.00

1,530.00

.53

13
5

571,383
60,520

«123,130

9
3

1
5

6
6

,">4

34,000

Leon N. Moody

Ley Norrix

,55

6
2
6
8
5

1
2

1
6

Arthur E. Ericksoa

G. L. Greenawalt

28,439

3
10

3,200.00
1,600.00

•176,062

16,566

22
2
3
2

"io

1
6

3,961.66
340.00
457.00
188.00

96.00
992.00

Lawrence P. Mofler

E. N. Powell

11
1

3
1

2
8

198,032

5,500

6
1

1
1
2

i<l

2827

5
4
2
5

2
1

Mrs. H. R. Harvey

H. H. Hawley

«?

51,091
16,000
15,907
136,000

61,261

Charlotte Conley

Glenn H. Brainard

B. M. Hellenberg

W. A. Olsen

1
4

2,400

■'2
4

2
4

5,000

2
25

324.00

295.00

7,324.30

350.84

295.00

60,980.88

G. E. Ganiard

1,200

4
3

H.C. Spitler

109,464

43,666.58

A. E. Genter

PLAYGROUND AND COMMUNITY
Footnotes follow

STATE AND
CITY

Popular
tion

Managing
Authority

Recreation Leadership

(Not Including
Eraergencv Workers)

Expenditures Last Fiscal Year
(Not Including Emergency Funds)

•s

Paid
Workers

Volun-
teer
Woikers

6
■s

g
S

•s

o
d
Z

= 1=

O 1-

I-

d.a

g
S
0
d

Land,
Buildings,
Permanent
Equipment

Upkeep,

Supplies

and

Incidentals

Sal

aries and Vt'ages

Total

For
Leadership

Other
Services

Total

d
Z

Mich.— Cont.

Port Huron

Portland

31,000
1,900

18,000
4,804
2,600
2,246
3,677

5,000
30,000
12,000

4,000
14,000
2,590
7,500

2,264

1,350

22,000

8,520

1,243

6,315

101,417

6,154
10,000

2,722
23,000

5,073

30,645
3,210

464,356

3,709

2,500

9,628

20,600

21,000
50,000

271,606
10,000

7,000
26,170
12,177

1,184
20,850

18,601
22,943

23,400
21,596
30,000

400,000

13,967
81,400

821,960

25,809

14,000

7,000

4,629

28,822

16,531

6,669
3,000
9,000

1
1
2
2
2
1
1
2

150.00
60.00
300.00
150.00
200.00

150.00
200.00
225.00
360.00
830.00
150.00

240.00
440.00

390.00
640.00
225.00
360.00
830.00
150.00

540.00
1,700.00

525.00

510.00
1.030.00

150.00

M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M

M
M
M

M&P

M
M

M&P

M4P

M
M&P

M
M&P
M
M
M
M
M

MiP
M

C
M

M
P
C
M
M
M

M
M

M&P
P
M

P
M
M
M
M
P
M

M&P

M
M&P

M
M

1,000.00

River Rouge

South Haven

Stambaugh

Vuloan

1
1
1

Board of Education

Board of Education and City

500.00
1,500.00

1,800.00
2,200.00

2,300.00
3,900.00

Wakefield

Wayne

Department of Public Affairs and Board
of Education

200.00

Public Schools

10
5

1
2
4

Wyandotte

Recreation Commission

5
16

2
1

"2,750.00
1,700.00

2,745.44
3,243.13

Ifl

School Board

200.00

1,500.00

1,785.00
1,656.50

Minnesota

Alexandria

Park Board and S.E.R. A

Gymnasium Committee, Library Board
Town of Bayport

960.44
250.00

1,336.63

644.00

1,012.50

Bemidji**

State Recreation and Leisure Time De-
partment and Park Board

2
2

«1

7
1
54
1
2
3
7

1
3

3
1

1
3

800.00
660.00
150.00

3,500.00

3,047.50

1,000.00

508.68

11,111.31

800.00
760.00
150.00

3,700.00
3,304.50
1,500.00
2,430.84
35,370.67

3,800.00

1,010.00

810.00

6,700.00

3,304.50

>1,500.00

5,146.75

65,348.87

12,000.00

880.00

1,315.25

1,800.00

9,407.75

1,245.00

1,0.50.00
1,750.00
162,360.00
190.00
1,668.00
1,250.00
3,565.00

1,625.00
1,200.00

5,400.00
43,441.52

500.00
110.00
lOfl.OO
1,748.27
5,075.84
415.38

2,943.02
2,630.00

392.44
3,323.56
9,900.00

24,120.77

5,316.00

600.00

18,361.94

'187,074.32

87,290.08

700.00

34,999.46

5900.00
1,187.21
1,400.00
450.00
2,300.00

25,100.00
3,800.00
3,800.00

Breckenridge

Cannon Falla

Carlton Coanty*'...

IJhisholm

Coleraine*2

>ookBton

Duluth

I')

District E. R. A. and American Legion. .
Park Board

250.00
560.00

2,000.00

100.00

1ft

100.00
1,000.00

17
IS

Leisure Time Activities Department,

State E. R. A

Independent School District No. 40. . . .
School Board and Village Authorities . .

Park Board

Recreation Department

3
3
1
1

30
3

12
2

200.00

257.00

500.00

1,922.16

24,259.30

17
IS

20
'I

1
4

357.30
200.00

2,358.61
29,778.20

30
'1

Ely

880.00
200.00

880.00
257.50

**?

Fergus Falls

Gilbert

808.36

249.39

57.50

^-t

Village of Gilbert

Hibbing"

International Falls.
Jackson and Cot-
tonwood Counties**
Lake City

Minneapolis

Mountain Iron

Naahwauk

Red Wing

Rochester

St. Cloud

St. Louis County".

Village of Hibbing and School Board. . .
Recreation Committee, E.R.A

1,200.21

8,207.54

?(i

50.00

1,000.00

750.00

104,750.00

160.00

1,000.00

52,377.00

30.00

f Board of Park Commissioners

\ Board of Education

5,233.00

21,940.00
160.00

82,810.00

29
a

750.00
2,165.00

200.00

300.00
1,000.00

1,300.00
900.00

2,400.00
0,599.06

400.00
60.00

300.00
1,400.00

1,300.00
900.00

5,400.00
26,249.27

400.00
60.00

?**

Board of Public Works

4
4

400.00

Parent Teacher Association Council and
Board of Education

325.00
300.00

Extension Department, County Board

450
30

150
20

3,000.00
16,650.21

36
37

17,192.25

100.00
50.00

100.00
79.52

3fi

South St. Paul ....

StUlwater

Todd County"....

Parks and Playground Committee, City

Junior Chamber of Commerce

County Recreation Association

1*1

1,668.75

1,668.75
260.00
415.38

1,646.09
2,630.00

332,00
1,230.69

4,815.84

260.00

i**

415.38

527.00
1,930.00

332.00

Mississippi

Hattiesburg

Vicksburg

Missouri

Hannibal

Jefferson City

Trustees for Hawkins and Kamper Play-

1,296.93

1,119.09
700.00

'I'l

1
1

Playground and Recreation Association .

60.44
1,849.27

243.60

4ft

Department of Parks

Kansas City

Moberlv

Department of Health, Physical Edu-
cation and Recreation, Board of

75
16

38
18

2,200.00
650.00

16,957.89
3,850.00

4,962.88
816.00

21,920.77
4,666.00

Park Board

St. Joseph

Board of Park Conmiissioners

f Department of Parks and Recreation .
\ Board of Education

1
143
87

3,500.00

125

194

1
1
1

101

32,030.67

155,043.65

69,545.35

500.00

5,372.20

155,043.65

87,290.08

500.00

23,677.52

■il

17,744.73

University City . . .

Montana

Anaconda

10
1

200.66
11,321.94

300.00
394.49

1
2

18,305.32

63
ni

300.00

492.72

792.72
900.00
400.00

5'^

Park Board

500i)0

66
67

68
69

Great Falls

Playground Association and Park Board

101

50.00

400.00

5fi

Nebraslta

Park Board ■. . . .

23,500.00
300.00

1,600.00
1,000.00
3,300.00

Blair

2,500.00
500.00

1,000.00
3,000.00

300.00

RECREATION STATISTICS FOR 1934

the table

Playgrounds

Recreation

Indoor

Recreation

Centers

E
.2

3
g

B
3

1
a

a
3

6
0

£
S

3
»■

w
s

=3
0

M
a

•a

Ph
bO

1
be
a

1
B
'£

1
z

Emergency Service

Source of
Information

Leadership

BuUdin(!3

Paid

Leadership

Expenditures

a
e

1
1

1
f

1
O

■a

0 a

-i
ll

M
a

111
ill

III

S
1

0
J

Km-
ployed

Full
Time

Land,
Buildings,
Permanent
Equipment

Leader-
ship

Total

0
d

•s

17,000

7,950

401.25

3,080.00

480.00

C. V. Fowler

6
1
4

3,080.00

R. T. Edwards

1
3

480.00

Fred J. Williams

E. J. Buckholz . .

20,800

1
2

1
1

Frank Weeber

1
1
1

192.00
50.00
75.75

192.00
50.00
127.75

L. C. Mohr

C. I.Clark

,■>

2
1
1
5

2,000
6,000

M. E. Dunn

50,000

C. A. Rydeski . .

D. T. Yape

5
3

»^4

3
3

James E. Ostrum

William E.Foy

E.E.Gahlon&M.FelBtul

William C. Pribble

F. B. Slaughter

154,000
7,000

6
2

6
3

1,050.00
1,849.12

1,050.00
2,511.29

7,800

1
■'2

1
1

1't

5
18

10
6

7
1

■'2
1

13
4

28
6
2
3

20
1
5

20,000

1
2

2,000

6
2

1
4

3,000.00
390.00

7,300.00
640.00

C.L. Stapleton

Myrtie Glasser

Dr. R. R. Polak

F.W.Trumbull

C. G. Giffei

l")

250.00

17,325

160,000
47,267

11,000

22
4
3
2
132
1
1
1

13
3

3.3

1,300.00

2,200.00
478.40
600.00

4,700.00
478.40
700.00

2
2
3

1
5
2

5
10
3
9

5,000

H. W. Dutter.

'>n

10,000
263,983

Uoyd Ostrander

K. M. Harris

■>!

252,110

30
2

275,410

'2
i

»2

30,857.51

11,381.10

42,958.61

22,000
34,500

E. Buckley

.1,200.00

1,200.00

D. E. Misfeldt

''I

P. R. Cosgrove. .

■"i

4
1

30,124

28,117

2
1

35
2

25
2

2,778.20
945.00

1,024.00

2,778.20
945.00

1,424.00

Jesse T. Porteous

George Johnston

B.E.Gilbert

H. V. Fick

2.5

''6

2fi

28,800

24
56
4

2,625

1,200

36,530

82,457

1,200

350.00

■>«

1
13

7
4

7
5

"3,300,912

'48,731

M 1,200

7,250

'4,000

49,523
65,000

175

448

....

162
2

1
1

10,000.00

80,964.45

90,964.45
100.00
60.00

K.B.Raymond

Ralph C. Tapp.

4
1
1

2
2
6

60.00

0. H. Whitehead

JuddF. Gregor

J. F. Enj

,30

600.00

PauIF. Schmidt

L. C. Grose.

17
106

28
55

3,500.00
53,224.90

33,460.17
175,443.73

B G Leiffhton

3.5

9
3

2,451,722

44,000
<15,000
22,000
73,699

291,596

194,397

112

2
2

1
1

110,000.00

Ernest W. Johnson

James E. Hunt

G. D. Robbins

1
3

1
1

1
2

3
4

600.00
3,203.00

'2,799.21

51,700

"2,799.21

L. G. Hurst

Martin 0. Akre

C D Tearse

5
2

■3

2
3

37,755

<7,200
45,000

22,305

1
2

2
3

W. F. S. Tatum

J C Hamilton

4,'i

T. T. McKinney

C. 0. Hanes

4,5

1
5

4«

Kit C. Vickrey

'i?

49
17

247,823
246,615

346,209

4,000.00

j Alfred 0. Anderson...
Allen C White

8
97

2
2

28
12

75,000.00

W. L.Skoglund

Frank D.Sullivan

RodoweH. Abeken

Sarah G.Knott

James K. Monteith

D. H. Beary

30
47

1,277,558
1,539,780

1,352,550

19,500

7
4

6
1

»34,320
25,000

2
5

1
1

4
4

9,000

7,000

1
1
1

1
1

Tom Henderson

T S M Lease

1
2

600.00

W. H. Swearingen

Earl D. Mallery

ReedO'Hanlon

W. T. Soudera

I
1

12,000.00
500.00

fin

20,000

fin

PLAYGROUND AND COMMUNITY

Footnotes follow

STATE AND
CITY

Popula-
tion

Managing
Authority

Nebr.— Cent.

Lincoln

MoCook. .A

Omaha

Nevada

Reno

White Pine Co. «..

N. Hampshire

Claremont

Concord

Dover

Lebanon

Manchester

Nashua

Pittsfield

Portsmouth

Rochester

New Jersey

Allenhurst

Beae%'iile

Bloomfield

Bogota

Bridgeton

Brookside

Burlington

Cedar Grove

Chatham

CliffsidePark

Collingswood

Dover^'

East Orange

Edgewater

Elizabeth

Englewood

EJssex County". . . .
Fair Lawn

Freehold

Garfield

Glen Ridge

Hackensack

Hackettatown

Harrison

Hoboken

Irvington

Jereey City

Kearny

Leonia

Linden

Lyndhurst

Maplewood

Millburn

Montclair

Moore3town

Morristown^

Mount Tabor

Newark

New Brunswick". .
North Arlington.. .
North Plainfield. . .
Ocean City

Orange

Palisades Park . . . .

Park Ridge

79.000

214.006

18,529
11.771

12.377
25.228

15.000

7.073

76,834

32,000
2,000
14,495

10.209

573

28.000

40,000
7,341

14.499
1,000

12.000
2,500

4,000
18,000

13,000
10.000
70,000
4.167

114.585

18.000

840,000

7,000

6,894
29.769

7.365
28,461

3,038
18.000
59,261

61,000
364,000

40,800

5.350
21,206
20,000

22,000
11,000

45.000

7,200

15,197

1.500

500.000

34,555

8,356

10,000

5«10,000

37,000
8,000

Recreation Board

Kiwanis Club and Parent Teacher Aaso-

ciatioo

Board of Recreation. Park Department

Recreation Committee, Council of

Social Agencies**

Park Department

Women's Work Division, F. E. R.

A...

Playground Commission

Playground and Bath Committee, City

Council

f Park and Playground Commission.. .
\ Neighborhood House Association, Inc,
Carter Community Building Association
Park, Common and Playground Com'

mission

Recreation Conrniission '

School Board

Board of Street Commissioners and City

Council

School Board

Board of Commissioners

Recreation Commission

I Recreation Commission

\ World War Memorial Association**
.American Legion and E. R. A. . . . . . .

Johnson Reeves Playground Association
Community Club

Board of Education

, Sponsoring Committee, E. R. A. .
Board of Commissioners and Board of

Education

Park Committee

Building and Grounds Committee, City

Council and E. R. A

School Board

Recreation Commission

Board of Recreation Commissioners.
Board of Education and E. R. A.. . .

Recreation Commission

Social Service Federation and E. R. A.

County Park Commission

Recreation Commission and E. R. A. . .

Recreation Association

Forstman Woolen Company and E. R. A.

Playground Committee

Board of Education and E. R. A

Board of Education and E. R. A . . .

Board of Recreation Commissioners.

Department of Parks and PuHic Prop-
erty and E. R. A

Department of Public Recreation. . .

Department of Parks and Public
Property

Recreation Commission and E. R. A.

Playground Committee.

Board of Education

Department of Parks and Public
Property

Park Committee, City Council

Shade Tree Commission

( Board of Education

] Department of Parks and Public
[ Property

Township Recreation Commission

Park Board Committee

Camp Meeting Association

Recreation Department, Board of Edu-
cation

Playground Committee —

Board of Education and E. R. A

Recreation Commission

Department of Publicity and Board of
Education

Playground Department

Board of Education

2,232 Commumty Committee and E. R. A. . . 1

Recreation Leadership

(Not Including
Emergency Workers)

Paid

Workere

"S. '^

6 a

Volun-

Uier
Woi kere

' Expenditures Laat Fiscal Year
(Not Including Emergency Funds)

Land,
Buildings,
Permanent
Equipment

Upkeep,

Supplies

and

Incidentals

Salaries and Wages

For
LeadeTsbip

Other
Services

Total

2.00
12,354.47

1,498.22
400.00

700.00
3,500.00

13,250.00

600.00
4,400.00

• 91.06
500.00

2,400.00

175.00

1,849.74

4,200.00

75,000.00

2,000.00

219.25
5,600.00

120.00

2,000.00
2.50

205.00

660.00

1,441.02
100.00

1,500.00

1,582.28
142.16

4.00

810.34

3,400.00

1,000.00

20.00

63.18

200.00

60.00

50.00

540.13
2,229.00

5,998.35
2,085.00

875.00
61.67

537.74

2,500.00
1,694.00

1,040.00

200.00

130.25

315.00

2,400.00

115.47

5,626.25
262.87

21,572.00

653.16

55.00

246.67

50.00
40.00

2,580.00
150.00

200.00

2,706.06
757.30

2,300.00

1,396.10

3,157.22

325.00

160.00

2,150.00

10,000.00

3,100.00

60.00

240.00

3,620.00

1,640.00

1,575.75
2,607.18

240.00

2,039.66
580.00

200.00

270.00
250.00

250.00
216.00

120.00
250.00
2.50.00
7,419.17
400.00

26,018.03

8,04.1.00

6.177.14

645.00

2.'>0.0fl
300.00

1,680.00

24,900.00
3,100.00

2,000.00

360.00
1,200.00

712.00
1,. 500.00
5,500.00

780.00

3,917.99
650.00
100.00

125,028.00
840.00
180.00
644.00

225.00
135.00

690.00
13,276.80

4,996.23

970.00

27,704.94

480.00

1,201.10

4,180.00
68.90

6,000.00
1,429.00

4,196.00
435.00

19,371.00
" 44.96

75.00

6,200.00
150.00

200.00

1,840.00

4,281.81
3,364.48

2,300.00

1,396.10

3,157.22

565.00

160.00

4,189.66

10,680.00

3,100.00

60.00

240.00

200.00

270.00

250.00

250.00
216.00

120.00
250.00
940.00
20,695.97
400.00

31,014.26
9,015.00

33,882.08
1,125.00

250.00
300.00

1,680.00

24,900.00
4,301.10

6,180.00

428.90
1,200.00

712.00

1,500.00

11,500.00

2,209.00

8,113.99

1.085.00

100.00

144,399.00
840.00
180.00
688.96

225.00
210.00

8,200.00

154.50
26,841.12

405.00

2,500.00

7,221.05
3,864.48
3,000.00
4,500.00

19,500.00

4,739.50

707.16

18,250.00
164.00

16,000.00

5,000.00

14.580.00

8,500.00

80.00

394.24

900.00

320.00

250.00

300.00
216.00

2,520.00
2.50.00

1,6.55.13

22,924.97

400.00

38,862.35

11.100.00

33,882.08

2,000.00

301 .67

300.00

4,715.00

2,217.74

6,025.00

27,400.00
5,995.10

300.000.00
7.220.00

428.90
1,400.00

842.25

1,815.00

15,900.00

2,324,47

3,000.00

13.959.49

6,947.87

100.00

165,971.00

1,493.16

355.00

935.63

7,000.00

16,000.00

275.00

250.00

RECREATION STATISTICS FOR 1934

the table '

Playgrouods

Recreation

Indoor

Recreation

Centers

B
Is

i
.2
Q

1
si

■1

K
=!>

•A

■3

•a

a
t— (

1
a

'a
a
'S

a
3

f
u

'S
d

Emergency Service

Source of
Information

Leadership

Buildings

Paid
Leadership

Expenditures

o
o

a
1

Vi
1 1

1
1

•a

S -3
1 ^

III

its.

s
•s

Em-
ployed

Full
Time

1 i

•^ is

0 -s

d 6
Z Z

Land,
Buildings,
Permanent
Equipment

Leader-
ship

Total

•3
1

27 ...

3 ...
12...

•••27

■•• 3
... 12

244,595

'3,200
<253,500

27,634

52,202

1
10

31,000.00

31,800.00

James C. I.«wis

Florence Taylor

Charles W. McCandless.

Mrs. Fred Rankin

H Dieterieh

2
3

3
a

425,382

153

209,960

207

159

9,604.80

76,348.02

85,952.82

2
5

5
2

15
5

9
6

4
5

7
8

i" 5

... 2

... g

... 2

10,000

5
4

89.00

139.00

Edith Hinckley

R G Blanc

...
10

2
I

2 ...

9 ...

2 ...

8 ...

5 ...
1

3 ..
1 ..

9 ...

2 !!!
1 ...

"i '.'.'.

6 ...

1 . .

2 ...

1 ...
1 ...

2 !!!

17 ...
5 ...
29 ...

4 ...

4 ...
1 ..
8 ...

1 .

3 '.'.'.

"6 .'.'.

\ ...

7 . .

2 ...
6...

i '::
2 ...

8 ...

"i ..'.

h ..'.
2

3 ...

4 2

5 .
1 ..

1 ...

15,000

53,600
5,000

John T. ProwBC

Dorothy W. Greenaway.

Edith G. Brewster

Willie F. Hough

Frank C. Livingston

R. A. Pendleton

Lester B. Badger

Peter J. Hickey

Arthur S. RollinB

Margret P. Ekstromer . .
Edward J. Lister

1 C. A. Emmons, Jr. . . .
Mrs. Annetta Humphries

Estelle T. French

Robert Scherzer

V H Smith

.500
11,000

33,000

10
11
12

13
14

15
16
17
a
18
19
20

... g

■ 5

■ I

... 3

■ 1

7
3

1
1

4
6
3

275,000.00
30,000.00

'47,584
4,250

1
1

28,750.00

26,750.00

5,100

2 ^
■^ 12

... 2

i 1

... ,

■•■ 6

... ,

■■ 2

... J

■ 2

■ 27
■ 'i 29

27,150
160,491

"'24,440
15,720
S.pno
2iii8

65,000

7
4

2
2

4,548.30
1,635.00

75,000

4,849

333.00

5,150

2,800

1
1

1
1
1

216.00

14,550

1,760
13,592

'12,647

2.000

30,104

964,101

4,109

986,669
43,304

1
2

660

360
4,632

2,646

366.00

Ethel Burr Dudley

Robert R. Blunt

James P. Callahan

Arthur J. Rooney and
Mrs. Annetta Humphries
H. T Ir\'ine

4
2

1
1

"7
2

1
1

1
3

1
2

465.00
347.00

9*^

9,1

3
1

6
5

3,207
3.500
2,437

33,138
9,000

4
3
2

"12

"6
"3

2
5
5

1
2

2,116.76

2,000.00

755.90

6,490.55

2,000.00

755.90

Robert Van Orden

John M . Rowley

Mrs. Annetta Humphries
and William J. Conway.
Claude A. Allen

9fi

30,000

i»

9<)

40,000

2,017.50

6
4

1
2
1
1

1
2

3
3

1
4

1
2

1
1

13
3

i
I

193
3

"2
1
3

David L Kelly

* 1

■■• 4

■ 4
1

■ 8

■• 6
••■ 4

" 16

• 6
... J

... J

1 3
■ ■ 6
10 ^\

■■■ 2

■« ?
... 1

8 39

... 5

... 2

... 8
... 6
... 1

... 1

44,876

9,500
'57.829
16,000
54,944

13 293

1,691

1
3

609.00

'i,802.00
180.00
397.50

117.00

609.00

' 1, '802.00
180.00

Dr. Maurice Kne and
Mrs. Annetta Humphries

L.E.Cobb

Mrs. Annetta Humphries
Clifford W. Brown

32
33

3,806

375

397.50 RuBsel 0. Summers and

207.00

Mrs. Annetta Humphries

Nicholas Varhall

H. George Hughes

Julius Durstewitz and

John McGann

Philip LeBoutillier

Frank A. Deisler

James P. Craig and

John McGann

George D. Butler

Mary S. Welles

James k Breslin

H. W. Heilmann

John F. FoT

13,000

507,688
'65,548

72.'i.OOO
93,000

28,000
16,200

18.680
11,746

25
5

2
6

6
7

2
2

5
2

1,680.00
4,089.68

15,000.00
3,500.00

312.00
420.00

572.00

2,328

"1
3

1,600.00

Sil2,00
420.00

572.00

I
2

93,485

107.677
18..50fl
86.000

'98,819

27,400

6,204

284,289

3
6
1
1

2
2
6

3
6
4
4

8
2
4

2
2

6
1
2

2
3
2

5,000

5
5

40,000
19,770

1
2

2
5

2.340.00
3,754.00

6,340.00
3,803.01

Franklin G. Armstrong. .

Ralph L. Huttenioch. . . .

Robert L. King

Gerald R. Griffin

George W. Earl

RrnPSt H ftpihprt

69,150

1,600

2
8

2
5

49
50

33,630.48

4,335.50

37,965.98

'2,922,796
83,706
15,588
50,510

'51,000

424,388

12,000

4,353

153,536

24
3
3

24
3

28,451.75
810.00
367.50

28,451.75

5*>

3
3

1
2
2

810.00 Willinm V.rfV

947

3
1

2
2

367.50

Mrs. .A.nnetta Humphries
Charles E. Reed

Luther R. Hoffman

Anthony L. Brown

Louis Katz and

Mrs. Annetta Humphries

Mrs. .\nnf;tta Hamphriea

18
10

1
1

4
2

1,121.50
570.00

172.00

1,121.60
570.00

172.00

7,200
56

5S
5»

PLAYGROUND AND COMMUNITY
__^ Footnotes follow

STATE AND
CITY

Popula
tion

Managing
Authority

Recreation Leadership

(Not Including

Emergency Workers)

Volun-

Paid

teer

Workers

Woikera

^ =

o
1

•s

riW

z;h

Expenditures Last Fiscal Year
(Not Including Emergency Funds)

Land,
Buildings,
Permanent
Equipment

Uplceep,

Supplies

and

Incidentals

Salaries and Wages

For
Leadership

Other
Services

Total

N. J.— Continued

Passaic

Passaic County". .

PaterBon

Perth Amboy

Philtipsburg

South Orange . .

School District of
So. Orange and
Maplewood. .

Summit .......

Teanecic

Tenafiy.
Trenton .

Union County**.

Ventnor

Washington ....
West Orange. . .

New Mexico

Chimayo

Dawson.
Deming.

Raton . . .

New York

.ybany

Amsterdam .
Auburn

PlainBeld.
Radburn . .
Rahway. .

Ridgefield

RidgefieldPark.
Rutherford

Beacon

Binghamton

Boonville

Briarcliff Manor*'

Buffalo.

Chautauqua Co."

Corning

Dansville

Delmar

Dobbs Ferry" . . .

Dunkirk

East Aurora

Eastchester*' ....

Elmira

Erie County" . . .

Floral Park

Geneva

Glens Falls

GioveraviUe

Goshen

Harrison"'

Hartsdale"

Hastings-on-

Hudson"

Hempstead

Herkimer

Hornell

Hudson

Hudson Falls

Huntington

Uion

63,000
301,351
138,000
43,000
19,250

37,000

1,500

17,000

11,239
14,915

13,500

35,084
15,000
16,483

6,000
123,356

305,030

6,674

4,409

25,000

1,000

2,000
3,377
6,090

135,030

34,815
38,030

12,033

80,030

2,0SS

1,798

573,076

63,539

17,244
5,030
3,003
5,633

17,033
4,968

23,340

47,397

762,408

10,030

16,000

20,030
23,099

5,000
10.030

2,300

7,097
22,000
12,000
16,250
12,337

6,700
26,539|
10,000

Recreation Bureau, Park Department. .
County Park Conmiission

31
3
21
24

2
5

1
1
2
3

2
2
1

40
....

1
2

706.00

7,935.00

459.39

4,400.00

4,250.00

1,336.28

5,729.22
4,360.00

360.00

9C.0O

250.00

405.00

1,050.00

8,985.00

459.39

8,531.00

7,750.00

1,336.28

6,729.22
4,360.00

360.00

90.00

250.00

437.00
7,.500.0O

9,690.00
24.462.67
10,771.00
12,750.00

1,536.28

9,000.00
7,125.00

510.00

160.00

750.00

718.46

9,703.00

Board of Recreation

20
22

2,240.00
4,000.00

200.00

2,270.78
2,765.00

150.00

70.00

50C.00

81.46

2,200.00

4,131.00
3,500.00

Municipal Recreation Department. . . .
Department of Parks and Public Build-
ings and Citizens' Recreation Com-

1,000.00

Recreation Commission

1
4

1,000.00

Board of Education and Recreation
Committee, E. R. A

Parent Teacher Association and E. R. A.

Department of Public Works

1
1
3

1
2
1

Council of Parent Teacher Associations
andE.R..A

Recreation Commission

200.00

32.00

Board of Recreation Commissioners . . .
Board of Education and E. R. A

School Board

3,330.77
71.26

200.00

2,198.55

22,642.71

125.00

60.00

2,850.00

3,597.00
320.00

7,28.5.00
11.00

10,882.00
331.00

14,212.77
442.26

'200.00

11,609.05

100,648.36

165.00

1,040.00

12,737.00

40.00

Playground Division, Department of
Parks and Public Property

9,310.50

23,267.20
40.03
80.00

9,310.50

78,005.65

40.00

980.00

9,887.00

57,738.45

Parent Teacher Association and E. R. A.
Board of Recreation

90D.00

Department of Parks and Playgrounds.

National Mission Board of Presbyterian
Church

8
3

Public Schools

350.00

City of Raton

50.00

3,174.20
1,587.00

348.00

500.00

2,465.00

550.00

'19,141.20
14,995.01

2,100.00
3,000.00
12,665.00
'2,272.00
3,200.00

235,532.68

11,728.00

1,650.00

4,895.44

325.00

Board of Education, Bureau of Parks

and Department of Public Works . . .

Recreation Commission

50
39

33
5

15,967.00
5,348.00

1,620.00
500.00

15,967.00
8,711.00

1,752.00

600.00

10,200.00

24
2

4
4

4,697.01

3,363.00
132.00

Booker T. Washington Community
Center"

School Board

46
"4
24

2,000.00

Department of Parks and Recreation. .
Oneida County E. R. A

2,272.00

1,632.00
30,093.63

2,000.00

500.00

1,895.44

25.00

350.00
75,660.12

8,728.00

300.00

1,072.83

300.00

1,218.00
126,608.93

1,568.00
202,169.05

8,728.00

300.00

3,000.00

300.00

Division of Recreation, Department

4
2

3,270.00

1,000.00
850.00

Eitension Department, Board of
Education

Board of Public Works

3
2
1

1
6

9
1

1,927.17

Board of Education

School Board

1
4

1,220.62

500.00

1,200.34

280.00

3,970.00
1,500.00

400.00
484.42

900.00

1,684.76

280.00

3,970.00
1,555.00

2,120.62

1,684.76

340.00

5,263.19

1,805.00

5,311.08

4,210.00

2,200.00

4,196.10

11,225.69

5,949.45

308.68

300.00

276.78

475.00
1,621.09
2,633.67

476.40
1,692.27

500.00
5,188.06
2,471.95

Mothers' Club

Division of Recreation, Department of
Public Welfare"

60.00

1,293.19
250.00

10
25

69
10

School Board

56.00

496.88

1
3
10
1
3
1

1
4
8

1
2

6
8
5
2

1,740.00

600.00
1,400.00
2,028.16
5,057.50
2,525.65
300.00
250.00

150.00

400.00
975.00
1,160.00
234.00
645.00
282.00

1,870.00

800.00

780.00

1,236.45

2,603.00

2,470.00
2,200.00
2,808.16
6,263.95
5,128.65
300.00
250.00

240.00

400.00
975.00

1,160.00
234.00
756.71
282.00

4,623.75
182.50

Park Board

«1
2

1
3

270.99

1,116.95

4,961.74

820.80

8.68

50.00

35.78

75.00

146.09

1,473.67

112.56

29.78
218.00
564.31

Rotary Club

School Board and T. E. R. A

.School District No. 7, Town of Green-

1
1

2
6

90.00

School Board

500.00

Recreation Commission

129.84
805.78

111.71

Playground Board

4,623.75

471.93

182.50

RECREATION STATISTICS FOR 1934

the table

Playgrounds

Ilecreatio:i

Indoor

Recreation

Centers

J
E

s
n

a
z

•0
w

i
■1

J
a
tj
z

be
c

'a
a

a
1

1
a
s

0
.s

a
a

Emergeocy Service

Source of
Information

Leadership

Buildings

Paid
Leadership

Expenditures

a
«
g

c
0

1
1
1

1
0
•a

^■3 8

111
ill

g
S
•s

Em-
ployed

Full
Time

Land,

BuildingB.
Permanent
Equipment

Leader-
ship

Total

s
•s

■0
d

0
d

•z

5
0

d
Z

8
2

7
2

26
11

12
3

1
5
1

2
5

1
8

1
1
4

511,366

«34,980

850,000

72,480

116,769

'210,400
'34,000

30,835

2,433

10,109

'18,000

90,000

45,741

43,200

15
4

5
3
15
2

7
5

3
2
12
2

3
5

1
5

5,000.00

812.50

6,083.40

1,560.00

2,851.86
6,240.00

5,000.00

812.50

88,610.52

1,560.00

2,851.86
6,240.00

Reeve B. Harris

Fredericlt W. Loede, Jr..

Alfred P. Cappio

Charles T. Kochek

Nicholas Varhall and
William H. Fisher....

R. 0. Schlenter

Robert B. Hudson

Raymond E. Drake and
Mary S. Welles

Mrs. Annetta Humphries
and Carl Mortenson . .

E. S. Ferris

2
3

1
1

5,000
14,000

11,598

4
12

6
2

15,000
18,868

9,600

26,751
40,000

7
4

75,638.02

"i
1

6
4

1
1
5

1
1

19
4

2
2

2
"2

1
3

1
1

4,000
12,875

1
2
2
2

1,136.00
135.00
197.50
765.00
132.00

1
2

1
3
5

4
3

1
1

9
10

660

R. E. Rahmes and Mrs.

Annetta Humphries. . ,

Joseph J. Farrell

H. Marjoric Wilson

H. S Kennedy

13
14

"i
1

1
2

7
2

78,398
'10,197

2,000

1,544

4,740
200

1,000

1
6

2
2

4,092.00
273.00

Mrs. Annetta Humphries

and Salvatore Salerno.

E.L.Williams

Alma R. Duch and

MaryG. GiU

F. S. Mathewson

Pauline Weatcott

George W. Miller

William J. Hulighan

Zoe Ellsworth

15
16

1
2

35
16

2
4

1
1

1
1
1

748.80

1,881.00
184.00
300.00
125.00

748.80

1,881.00
184.00
980.00
125.00

'483,612

4,653

16,950

440,000

i»i

17
18
19
20
21

22
23
24
25

26
27

28
29
30
31
32

1
1

1
4

1
3

2
9

680.00

1
1

1
3

Charles Schoepf

Mrs. Ada Atwater

Frederick F. Futterer . . .
Allen T. Edmunds

Mrs. J. M. Pollard

42,000.00

21
2

2
2

' i

28
5

1
1
9

525,000
141,736

14
4

50,000
23,295

400

6
2

20
2

1
1
8

9
"5

4
2

47,778.29

4,026.25

1,250.00

200.00

6,148.00

51,804.54

1,250.00
16,200.00
28,775.82
10,627.00

10,360

16,000.00
22,627.82
10,627.00

449,122

F. J. Pierson

Benjamin L. Williams. . .
Alfred H. Pearson

Joseph F. Suttner and
F. J. Downing

Carl H. Burkhardt

S. C. Weir

■\?.

1
21

4
2

1
24

1
2

5
1

7
8

1
1
3

1
50

16
2

1
1
1
4

3
65

1
7

33
a

4,963,219

480,372
154,485

270,330

83
26

745,815
94,440

56
22

46
4

649,271.79

6,240.00

25,614.00
3,300.00

656,511.79

45,626.50
5,850.00

16
1
2

1
1
3

3
6

21
2
4
5
2
7

2,550.00

34
35
36
37
38
39
40

41
42
43
44
45
46

W.O.Drake

W.J. Braman

S. L. Butterfield

Peter J. Carpenter

Karl Hoeppner.

Mrs. A. E. Nield

Vivian 0. Wills

Joseph F. Riley, Jr

Arthur B. Weaver

James H. Glenn

W A Gracey

1ft

'3,000

5,000

31,848

67,213

"i
i

5,256

2,046.00

'58,457

11
2

8,173
34,400

17,400

1
4

6
5
2
1
3

6
5

6
1
4

275.00

5,984.00

6,866.00

i
1

1
6
6

1
1

1
3
4
3
4

1
6
7
4
3
1
1

2
3
4
3
4

16,944
64,000

230,479
85,981

'35,000
3,800

1
7

"\2

1
1

13,367.91

27,659.76
10,405.25
9,900.75

1 Ruth Sherburne

A. E. Severn

L. McDonald

8,669.60

2
1

1
1

1
1
2
1
2
1

1
2

9,900.75

47
48
49

51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58

450.00

Kate A. Wasserscheid. . .

Marvin O.Williams....

John L. Hopkins

F. W. Loeb.

'1,806

15,501
7,350

9
5
2

Mrs. John Campbell

T. H. Robinson

D. S. Mac Donald

David S. Fisk.

14,554
25,782

1
2
1

9,461.87

1,109.00

10,570.87

1
2

A. L. Page

169.33

PLAYGROUND AND COMMUNITY

Footnotes follow

■ STATE AND
CITY

Popula-
tion

Managing
Authority

Recreation Leadership

(Not Including
Emergency Workers)

Expenditures Last Fiscal Year
(Not Including Emergency Funds)

s
•s

Paid
Workers

Volun-
teer
Woikera

•8

■s

o
d
S5

s
•s

Und,
Buildings,
Permanent
Equipment

Upkeep,

Supplies

and

Incidentals

Salaries and Wages

Total

.§

For
Leadership

Other
Services

Total

N. Y.— Cont.

20,70&

45,155

13,900

11,000

16,482

26,000

5,000

12,000

948

6,100

4,471

5,300

63,000

31,275

54,000
7,000,000

75,460

7,500
19,019
6,392

10,668

12,636
16,000
12,500
4.500
23,000
717

43,000
500

11,000
400

328,132

16,000

34,000

13,600

11,000

1.411

3,500

8,000

3,948

209,275

6,841

75,000

104,000
33,000
16,083

520,947

36,836
136,000

62,000
2,339
5,500
82,675
52,037
17,094

17,600

61,000
6,070

40,000
6,532
1,600

21,412

75,288

6,200

«46,950.00
600.00

382.60
200.00

3,600.80
600.00

66.60
176.00

3,567.40
776.00

50,900.00
1,676.00

M
P
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M

M4P
M

P
M

M
M
M

M
M
M
M
M
M
P
M

M
M&P

M
CAP

P
M

P
M
M

M&P

M
1 M

M
M4P

Tamestown

fohnson City

Tohnstown

School Board

2
2

30
1
3
1

Public Schools

2
2
4

100.00
948.57
114.64
600.00
314.00

450.00
1,592.16
2,832.38
1,100.00

657.00

450.00
4,487.62
2,832.38
1,100.00

678.C0

550.00
5,436.19
2,947.02
1,600.00

992.00
1,622.75

2,896.47

Lackawanna

Le Roy

1
1

21.00

Vlamaroneck*' ....

Vliddleburgh

VIontrose*''

75.00

263.02

300.00

2,796.13

3,488.34

300.00
12,000.00

1,052.35

150.00

26.00

274.30

100.00

2,641.13

8,168.80

175.00

274.30

500.00

23,398.80

16.960.16

606.88
661.934.50

3.619.58

250.00

627.32

1,000.00

28,464.91

25,462.36

906.88
'573,934.60

4,571.93

18,200.00

36,336.89
2,932.60
3,100.00
3,600.00

448.00

1,830.00
550.00

7.500.00

1.475.00
10.626.00

6.200.00
5897.73

7,615.64
26,600.00

8,500.00

2,063.68

2,400.00

99,054.34

1.000.00

6.086.48

2.244.60

1.000.00

6.469.45

770.00

200.00

165.00

38.489.28

2.476.00

29.400.00

34.175.50

VIount Kisco"

Vlount Vernon*' . .
^ewburgh

New Rochelle" . . .
New York City. . .

Niagara Falls

North Tarrytown"
North Tonawanda
Nyaek

3
18
17

"6
2

200.00
2,269.98
6,013.86

400.00
20,757.67
8,801.36

606.88
301,934.50

2,190.83

35
16

2
90

2
1

I'i

106
3
2

136
1

1
2

"260,000.00
1,328.76

Brooklyn Parks and Playgrounds

Community Councils of the City of

Recreation Commission, Bureau of
Parks

7,986.62

28..351.27

Community Center Association"

200.00

800.00

2,100.00
3,600.00

25.00

670.00

300.00

5,026.11

1,400.00

2,100.00
3,600.00

26.00

1.030.00
350.00
6.201.11
1,400.00
1.325.00
4.200.00

Beard of Education

Recreation Committee, Women's Civic

170.00
26C.00

253.00

560.00
200.00
836.01

Park and Playground Commission and
Emergency Recreation Committee. .

1
4
10
2
3
4

360.00

60.00

1,175.00

i!2

Ossining"

Pelham"

'462.88

75.00

8.000.00

Pleasantville"* ....

Port Chester*'

Port Leyden

Poughkeejisie

Purchase"'

Rensselaer ,.:....
Rhinecliff

Rochester

Rockville Center. .
Rome

1,300.00
1,000.00

3,072.00

1.128.00

897.73
1.756.96
19.500.CO

22
2
1

1
7

1,426.68
3,600.00

4,082.00
500.00

3.50.00
3.000.00

4.432.00
3.500.00

1 RonrH of Piihlir Works

The Purchase Community, Inc

68.23

1,985.46
1,800.00
14,942.91

1.985.45
2.400.00
79,750.32

,30

Morton Memorial Library and. Com-

1
12

600.00
64.807.41

Eiviaion of Playgrounds and Recrea-

7
2

23
1
3

19,304.02

Board of Public Works

500.00

500.00
1.000.00

3.686.48

282.00

1.000.00

1.600.00
962.50

5,086,48

1,244.50

1,000.00

2,191.67

470.00

200.00

60.00

32.322.23

1.725.00

23.165.00

9.660.00

Saratoga Springs . .

Scarsdale*'

Schuylerville

Sea Cliff

Woman's Club and School Board

3(i

1,541.18
300.00

1.736.60
100.00

2.191.67
50.00

Villaffp of Sea ClifF

1
2
2

46
1

15
24

420.00

200.00

60.00

16,920.62

1.725.00

8.350.00

9.660.00

Spring Valley

1
19

12
20

30.00

76.00

6.167.05

750.00

6.235.00

2.175.00

4(1

e
1
2
2

15.401.71

Tarryto»n"

Troy

14,815.00

Utioa

Watertown

Watervliet

Westchester Co. . ,
White Plains"....

22,340.50

1 Pirk Board

IS
21
44

7
56
42

5.960.00

1.370.00

35.126.50

5,960.00

1,370.00

57,917.30

8.960.00

1.720.00

117.847.25

649.916.61

27.389.50

2,850.00

63.000.45

4.1

200.00

150.00
59.929.95

4«

/ County Recreation Commission™ . . ,

22.790.80

I Recreation Park Commission

i
67

'"7
70

600.00

360.00
10.591.96

2.000.00
22,518.00

2,000.00
62,408.50

49;Yonkcrs"'

29.890.60

411

North Carolina

Asheville

Brevard

1 Negro Welfare CounciPS

1,500.00

1.500.00

Y.M.C. A

Park and Recreation Commission

1
4

2e
1

1.280.00
6.092.32
4.576.00

124.57

1.487.42
5.097.03

732.00
3,710.00
6,612.25

283.33

2,400.00
4,968.67

732.00
9,655.64
8,439.25

1,478.80

3,566.48
4,968.67

2.012.00
14.977.15
18.890.45

1.603.37

10.565.90
20.486.42

.53

Charlotte

Durham

Gastonia

Goldsboro ........

Greensboro

Hendersonville. . . .
High Point

■ 14

1
3

229.19
5,875.20

5.945.64
1.827.00

1.195.4"

1.166.48

=18

....

Parks and Playgrounds Committee

,5.1

Wayne County Memorial Community

1
10

2
"5

"is

5.512.00
10,420.72

Golf and Country Club

.59

Parks and Juvenile Commission

1
2

5,000.00
28.00

6,900.00
16.80
66.00

3,000.00
100.00
800.00

3,000.00
120.00
800.00

14.900.00

164.80

866.00

4.271.00

11.941.84

6.500.00

20.00

Montreal

Rocky Mount ....
Winston-Salem . . .

North Dakota

Devils I^ke

Mountain Retreat Association

fi?

Public Recreation Commission

Board of Park Commissioners

17.78

3,627.94

6,403.84

1.892.31

8,296.16

RECREATION STATISTICS FOR 1934

the table

Playgrounds

Recreation

Indoor

Recreation

Centers

-s"

1
<

•S"
g

i
1

_D
'2

1
.a

i
1
1

a
■2

■3

Emergency Service

Source of
Information

Leadership

BuildingB

Paid
Leadership

Expenditures

1
0
•n

B
i

*rt

III

■3^8

•s

Em-
ployed

Full
Time

Land.
Buildings.
Permanent
Equipment

Leader-
ship

Total

o
d

g
S

■s

•s

g
2
3

<34,050
1,500
47,136
<7,500
18,000

<40,267

6
2
4

15,701
1,700

145.376.00

6.400.00
704.00

151.775.00
704.00

E. E. Bredljenner

Jessie B. Cooper

Harry 0. Watson

H. B. Eccleston

Ruth A. Hine.

7,500

3
3

1
1
4
1
2

19
4

7
6

2,500
1,200

7,039

Henry G. Nadin

Michael McGuire

Edward J. Reifsteck . . . .
R. J. Whitney

1
1

'5,000

15,000

1
1

James P. Daniels

Frank G. Lindsey

Percy R. Haskins

Walter E. Huelle

R. W. Cammack

Douglas G. Miller and
W. J. Blake

6,000

. 2

300.00
822.90

ie
2

16
5

10
198

27,000
'269,300
974,567

'71,737
'»38,963,858

150,000

3
15

17,500
75,607

2
6
6

6
154

6
8

4
325

20
40

22
383

38,701
200,165

7
12

18
134

18.000.00
36.215.92

16.767.20
17.268.00

4.620.25
294.469.56

43.150.79
68.175.66

4.620.25
294.469.56

i69
4

10
26

...
4

Edward k. Wilson

J. V. MulhoUand and

Louise Edwards

Evelyn R. Meyers

Frank Peer Heal

Victor de Wysocki

J. M. Pollard. Sr

Earl Brooks

"642,775

293

113

7
16
2
5

4
2

31,500

26,608
17,750
10,410
69,611

3
19

100

42
2
3
8

16
2
5

100

27
2
2
1

1
2

60.000.00

20.673.50
308.00

60.000.00

34.335.64
308.00

'69,305

45,426

4
3

3
13

6
3
6
3

36,100
60,000

6,000

39,762

15,000

165,000

3
5

3
2
2

10.244.00

440.00

5.304.40

200.00

3,438.00

16.244.00

440.00

5.776.50

2DO.O0

3,408.00

W. L. Ramsay

•^n

3,750
3,000

1
1

7
6
7

W. E. Long

205,400

Mary M. Halpin

F. M. Smith

?„■)

Charles E. Canfield

Doris E. Russell

Leon H. Smith.

?fi

206,034

12,888

8,214.23

8.214.23
1.652.28

i!7

1
6
4
2
2

46
3

11
9
4

1,652.28

92,777

3
2

SamJ. Kalloch

Thomas F. Lawlor

Marion D. Coday

William J. Adams

Harriett E. Woolley

Gertrude M. Hartnett . .

Floyd B. Brower

Charles W. Havens

Patrick B. Kearney

Clinton S. Leonard

Percy R. Haskins

John H. Dickson

Anna L. Murtagh

C. Eberhard

VV. A. Barry

20,603.90

20.603.90

9
4

34
4

7
1
3

29,560

9,000

'•3,235,331

16.000

11
2

20
2
8
2
3

665,780.98

28.997.83

663,380.06

800

260,000

11,030

10,870.90

1.800.03

12,670.90

1
3

8,750

14,234.96

14
3
9

'3,826

3,068,390

79,964

'142,897

507,645

180.00

57.146.57

2.645.00

180.00

1.400.280.95

2.545.00

262,000
6.430

1,000,000
11,988

3
2

84
2
25
18
24
14
2

'3
3

1
1

158
,6

89
2

1,265,511.18

Mildred M. Wheeler. . . .

I
1
2
4

23.267.13

23.267.13
58.087.55
28.648.24

M. Esthyr Fitzgerald. . .

A'. J. Gray

William I. Graf

John J. Hackett

E. Dana Caulkins

Hermann W. Merkel. . . .

Frank T. Hanlon

Frank B. Mc Govern . . .
James F. Mc Crudden . .

Weldon Weir

8,087.55
28,648.24

4
4

66,317
88,030

4f)

232,698

16.730.74

22.138.58

6
2
5

10
6

6
6

1
1

281.520

47,887

861,269

38.125

1,839.08

19.382.00

21.221.08

6
17

4fl

103.623

2
3

18,148.00

53,021

'i9,'l'35.86

'i9.i35'.86

L. G. BlackuB

Noah Hallowell

a. C. Suttles

Lacy Ranson

C7 R.Wood

W. L. BalthU

R. C. Robinson

Daniel R. Neal

Noah Hallowell

W. F. Bailey

,')l

1
"3

.■i?

is
3

3
10

36,812

205,030

81,550

167,992

10,500
'69,609

1
1
2

105,382
10,000
16,732

1
7
5

1
1

14
12

1
4

8
12

3
29

96.486.44
19.840.00

12.262.60
760.00

6.217.60

246.00
3.250.00

109,617.44
21,100.00

6.829.15

11.383.50

36.740.45

"35.328.28

285.000.00

529.75

.53

9
16

22,344

Sfi

104,717
1,500

1
4

350
16,795

11.137.50
28.400.00
36.328.28
75.000.00

57
SS

\' ■

57
58

Sfl

12
3

201.000

6,000

650

13
3

16
13

10.000.00
499.30

«n

3
1

Mary A. Honey

Albert R. Bauman

L. B. Aycock

Loyd B. Hathaway

Noel Tharalson

500

1
1
3

5
4

10
1

....

169.20

312,025

18,779

16
2

PLAYGROUND AND COMMUNITY
Footnotes follow

STATE AND
CITY

Popula-
tion

Managing
Authority

Recreation Leadership

(Not Including
Emergency Workers)

Expenditures Last Fiscal Year
(Not Including Emergency Funds)

4-
1

c
a

■s

Paid
Workers

Volun-

teer
Wotkera

o
d
Z

•s

s
•s

a
•s

Land.
Buildings,
Permanent
Equipment

Upkeep.

Supplies

and

Incidentals

Total

•s

For
Leadership

Other
Services

Total

0
•3
d

N. Dakota— Cont.

Grand Forks

Lisbon

Valley City

Ohio

17.000
1,650
6,268

250,040

7,000
2,035
6,688

104,906
4,500

460.000

900,429

1,250,000
53,000

290,564

4,500

200,982

9,000

39,000

500

52,000

589,356

75,000
42,000
44,000
33,000

1,400

5,518
30,000
32,000
16.000

2,648
17,000
42,560

5,632
10,622

6.800
70.000
35.418

290,718

8,500
5,500
10,800

170,000

36,440

20,000
9.621
2.236

10.000
200.000

141.258

5.000
8,848
18,901
5,000

8,000
2,500
6,626

301,815

26,266

1,500
1,374,410

Board of Park CommissionerB

1
1

527.44
300.00

2,016.26
700.00

1,782.75
500.00

1,367.93

3,150.78
500.00

5.694.38
1.600.00

M
M
M

M&P
MAP
M4P
MAP

MAP

M
M
P

P
M
M
M

M
MAP

P
MAP

P
P
M
P
M
M
P
M

P
M
M
M

M
M
M

P
P

M
M

MAP

Board of Education

25
10
4

13,000.00

5,956.48

7.448.49
4.410.00

2.700.00

10,148.49
4,410.00

29.104.97
'*26,010.00

\ Municipal Recreation Commission. .

90
14

BlufFton

285

117

66
108

3,000.00

75.00
601.90

15.357.86
375.00

61.725.19

142,653.13

28,773.40

2,424.75

100.00

176.00
601.90

17.292.36
460.00

89,433.06

175,642.74

28,773.40

2,424.75

3,175.00

2,220.92

23,937.44

650.0n

302,049.94

215,927.58

33,239.65

3,893.42

"19,399.19

25,364.03

62.031.67

177.29

100.564.24
1.050.00
9,678.03

Bowling Green

Canton ....

1,619.02

4.559.62

150.00

38.786.74

40.284.84
4.466.25
1,468.67

Recreation Board, City .School District.

Recreation Commission

Public Recreation Commission

[ Department of Parks and Public

2.085.46

50.00

173,830.15

1.934.50

76.00

27,707.86

32,989.61

Cincinnati"

Cleveland

Cleveland Metro-
politan Pk. Dist.
Cleveland Heights.

Columbus

81
148
16

44
25

32
1

2
5

Division of Public Recreation, Board of

5.680.80

11,684.01

37.29

24,358.28
500.00

12.429.68
19.557.91

7,253.55

4,189.75

140.00

52,943.43
250.00

19.683.23

23.747.66

140.00

68.986.92
550.00

26,600.00

1>i

Kelly Park Board

Dayton

Bureau of Recreation, Division of Parks,

Department of Public Welfare

Men's East Defiance Booster Club. . . .

14
1
5

1
8

1
55
27

1
3

7,209.04

16,043.49
300.00

East Cleveland

Hamilton

Hamilton County. .

Lakewood

Department of Parks and Recreation . .
Division of Recreation, Department of

2
12

12,039.30

2,720.00

18,585.29

5,134.07

50.00

2,748.02

4,000.00

600.00

6,600.00

3,851.62

13,859.88

1,886.00

1,150.00

5,416.53

814.60

6,700.00

1,212.15

1,200.00

19.256.70

20,171.91

3.920.00

1.390.00

1.200.00

212.00

93.026.00

39.751.52

4.600.00

1.040.00

600.00

750.00

1.440.60

550.00

71.270.31

11,640.00

1,550.00

400.00
681.61
327.13

309.86
105.00

420.00
83,285.06

3,694.73

250.00
16,120.00

440.00

4,109.11

1,239.91

50.00

890.96

2,280.00
14,476.18
3,241.36

2.280.00
14.476.18
3.614.16

■>■)

380.00

272.80

'>1

'>';

Mansfield

Mariemont

Miamisburg

Middletown

1,867.06

1,857.06

»20

1
2
3
10
1
6
5

600.00

100.00

600.00

1
2
1
9

200.00
337.09

1,101.76

2,248.79

166.00

2,549.87
119.00

3.6S1.62

2,367.79

156.00

Niles .

Recreation Service and Park Board . . .

Y.M.C. A

School Board

11,156.00

North Canton

Piqua

20
23

Portsmouth

Rocky River

460.00

927.73

625.00

3,403.80

4,028.80

.34

•^',

Memorial Building Association

3
2

1
19

1
1
1

29
9

13
3

1
5

33
11

....

2
11

1,000.00
600.00

3.060.00
204.16

2,040.00
408.00

600.00

2,640.00
408.00

.35

South Euclid

Springfield

Steubenville

38
39

Department of Parks and Recreation . .
Division of Recreation, Department
of Public Works

»1

1,536.86

889.53

300.00
40.00

5,728.76

1,306.86

2.000.00

150.00

405.00

92.00

15.000.00

7,358.55

600.00

120.00

8,126.22

3,864.86

11,991.08

17.975.52

1,620.00

1.200.00

796.00

120.00

76.000.00

24.982.34

4.000.00

920.00

500.00
760.00
916.70
300.00

62.727.17

8.640.00

720.00
300.00
550.32

38
39

Van Wert

Wapakoneta

Wooeter

Frederick Douglass Community Asso-

6
220

1,620.00

1.200.00

375.00

120.00

16.585.00

4.920.34

4.000.00

920.00

500.00
750.00
700.00
300.00

17.011.04

5,940.00

120.00
300.00
527.70

Y. M. C. A '

School Board

I
1
16
1
5
6

420.00

Kiwanis Club and F. E. R. A

Youngstown

Zanesville

Oklahoma

Bartelflville

Blackwell

Cherokee

Guthrie .

1
1

3,026.00
7,410.63

58.415.00
20,062.00

] Mill Creek Park Commission

Y.M.C. A...

3
2

523.90
250.00

6.326.91

3.000.00

30.00
100.00
131.29

'^ 21 6.70

City of Guthrie

«9

Oklahoma City . .
Tulsa

Park Recreation Department and
School Board

38
2

1
■4

60
2

2.216.23

45.716.13
2.700.00

600.00

Board of Park Commissioners

Park Board

Oregon

.Ashland

80C.00

Bend

School Board

1
3

Eugene

22.62

Grants Pass

La Grande

Playground and Recreation Association

2
34

1
9

5
5

19.86

290.00
75.00

320.00
21.371.40

1,915.00

200.00
9.300.00

290.00
106.00

320.00
21.371.40

2,047.00

200.00
12.460.00

30.00

Pendleton

Portland

Playground Committee, Parks Com-

100.00

Playground Division, Bureau of Parks. .

31
3

Salem

1,172.91

474.82

50.00
1.200.00

132.00

Pennsylvania

Alden

Allegheny Co.™.. .

Playground Association

Recreation Bureau, Department of
Parks

2.460.00

3,160.00

RECREATION STATISTICS FOR 1934

the table

Playgrounds

Under
leadership

rr'

□

c
O

S
i^

"e3

■s

■21
Ha

Recreation
Buildings

"-30
S = c

ill

Indoor

Recreation

Centers

Emergency Service

Paid

Leadership

Em-

ployed

Full

Time

Expenditures

Land,
Buildings,
Permanent
Equipment

Leader-
ship

Total

Source of
Information

10,396
10,500

<70O,547

49,960
12,000

5.50,000

38,700

"1,519,197

<1,094,008

1,841,800

282,216

703,551

1,096,132
12,000

'1,250

327,373

269,237

18,000

184,938

28,000

141,025
<69,192

60,000
154,500

164.900

'45,068
138,377

'732,883

15,700
10,000
20,150

209,652
27,255

"9,000

5,600
18,750

«3,0I9,570
382,000

11,000
26,000
'42,750

15,000

'13,163
'938,040

143,392

'2,500

55,311

172,254
102,433

56,642
25,000

71,759
76,640
78,673

14,400

204,278

500

22,500
160,000

19,000
' 708,712

299,728

38,713

518,125
11,736

5,200

7,176
4,500

3,500
4,056

1,950

750
2,600

8,000

9,000

2 4

108

11,875.45

105,159.62

1,119,716.81

142,058.00

3,000.00
5,661.03

15,000.00

100,000.00

2,000.00

1,569.00
57,000.00

920.00

35,000.00
4,500.00

65.00
' 10,120.80
'41,003.03

12,516.00

20,162.00

695.00

14,976.00
4,950.00
9,373.42

2,042.42

1,980.15
1,025.20

200.00

750.00

931.00
1,440.00

32,000.00

625.00

621.60
1,200.66

7,092.00
6,955.20

280.00

67.50
519.00

281.00
10,948.63

11,875.45

Frances B. Kannowski.

C. G, Mead

D.W.Clark

35,000.00
10,426.00

65.00

115,280.42
,168424.21

Milton H. Saitz...
Rowan R. White .. .
.Arthur H. Rhoads. .
Robert Schaeublin..

Mabel Young

C. W. Schnake

Walter A. McElroy. .
Tarn Derring

A. S. Kubu

G.I. Kern

George P. Bauer .

174,603.00

40,162.00

695.00

16,472.40
7,950.00
15,520.45

15,000.00

1,993.44
104,025.20

200.00
2,000.00

750.00

2,500.00
62,040.00

32,000.00

2,800.00
621.60

1,200.00

7,092.00
6,955.20

280.00

" 1,562.3:
67.50

519.00
75.00

281.00
10.948.63

6,984.96

930.00

W. A. Stinchcomb. .

Earle D, Campbell .

Grace English

Mrs. A. A. Remy.. .

Paul F. Schenck. .
R. B. Cameron. . .

H. L. Green

E. C. Derbyshire.
L.J.Smith

G. S. DeSolc Neal

Sophie T. Fishback

H. G. Danford

J. P. Seitters

Philip Smith

Warren W. Parks

Leo Wall

D. W. .lacot

L. G. Millisor

W. G. Llewellyn

Charles B. Williams ....
R. S. Mote

E. V. Leach

Frank Mitchell

J.M.Kelly

Mrs. Carl L. Seith

Anna M. Tennant

Homer Fish

Gordon Jeffery

Clarence L. Thomas .

S. A. Miller

Carl D. Fischer, Jr.. .

B. C. Bresson

Lionel Evans

A. E. Davies

John H. Chase

J.T.Walker

C. C. Custer. . . .
Dwight Randall..

Ira A. HUl

E. C. Hafer

G. W. Danielson and

Herachel Emery. . . .
Roy U. Lane

Eleanor Coombe . . .
R. E. McCormack.
Frances E. Baker . .
C. R. Ihier and

E. B. Thompson .
Elmo Stevenson . . .
rt'.W. Silver

Mrs. A. C. Mclntyre. . .
Katharine E. Funk and

F.I. Roth

Lestle J. Sparks

Arch Turner

William S. Haddock

PLAYGROUND AND COMMUNITY

Footnotes follow

STATE AND
CITY

Popula-
tioa

Managing
Authority

Recreation Leadership

(Not Including
Emergency Workers)

Expenditures Last Fiscal Year

1
1

Paid

Workers

Volun-
teer
Woikera

(Not Including Emergency l-unds)

S
S
o
d

i
•s

^ E

s
■s

■s

Land,
Buildings,
Permanent
Equipment

Upkeep,

Supplies

and

Incidentals

Salaries and Wages

Total

•s

For
Leadership

Other

Services

Total

Penna. — Cont.
Ailentown

Altoona

Aspinwall

Avalon

Beaver Falls . . .
Bethlehem ....

Bradford

Carlisle

Chambersburg .
Coateeville ....

Dormont

Easton

East Stroudsburg
Erie

15 Greensburg .

16 Harrisburg. .

Hazleton . .
Johnstown .
Lancaster. .
Lebanon . , .

Lock Haven . . .
Lower Merion.

Meadville

Mechanicsburg . .
Mount Penn . . . .

New Castle

New Kensington .

OUCity

Palmerton

Philaddphia.

Pho^niwiUe.

Pittsburgh .

Potts town

Punxsutawney .
Reading

Rochester .
St. Marys ,
Scranton . .

Somerset

Souderton

Spring Grove . .
Stroudsburg. . ,

Sunbury

Warren

Waahington. . .
Westchester..
West Reading .

Wilkes Barre and

Wyo. Valley^'. .

Wilkes Barre. . . .

WiUiamsport. . . .

Wyomiasing .
York

98,000

82,054
4,2.36
6,000
17,14'
60,000
10,306
12,596
13,.')00
1.5,000

13,500

38,000

6,000

116,000

16,508

80,339

36,765
67,000
60,000
26,000

9,668
36,000

18,000
5,64
3,500
48,000
25,OD0
22,000
7,600

1,950,961

Recreation Commission and School
Board

669,817

19,030

10,030

111,171

7,726

7,500

140,003

4,395
4,030
1,500
5,700
17,.500
14.863
24,545
12,334
5,000

250,000
86,626
54,936

4,111
57,000

Recreation Commission

Boroueh Council

School Board

Boys' Club

Playground Commission

Borough and School Board

Borough Council

Department of Parks and Public Prop-
erty

Park and Pool Committee, Borough

Council and School Board

Department of Parks and Playgrounds

and School Board

Playground Association

' Department of Parks and Public

Property

, Commissioners of Water Works

Playground Association

[ Department of Physical Education,

j School District

I Bureau of Parks

Y. M.C. A

Municipal Recreation Commission ....
Recreation and Playground .Association
Progressive Playgrounds Association
, Southeastern Playground Association
Playground .Association and Civic Club
Pla.vground Committee, Board of Town-
ship Commissionera

Recreation Commission

Board of Park Commissionera .....

Board of Recreation ...

Park Commission

School Board

Playground .\asociation

Neighborhood House, New Jersey Zinc

Company

' Bureau of Recreation, Department of

Public Welfare

Board of Public Education

Playground and Recreation Associa-
tion

Commissioners of Fairmont Park. . . .

Smith Memorial Playgrounds

Children's Playhouse

Recreation Commission

' Bureau of Recreation, Department of

Public Works

Playground and Vacation School

Association of Allegheny, Inc

Department of Extension Education,

Board of Public Education

Departmeut of Hygiene, Board of

Public Education

Department of Public Safety

^. Soho Public Baths

School Board and Community Chest. .

Board of Edication

Department of Public Playgrounds and

Recreation

Public Sehools

Boys' Club of St. Marys, Inc

Bureau of Recreation, Department of

Public Works

Lions Club

Playground Association

School Board

Kiwanis Club

Park Commission

Recreation Board

Civic Association Recreation Council
Board of Recreation

Playground and Recreation Association

City of Wilkes Barre

Department of Parks and Public Prop-
erty

Playground Association

i Recreation Commission

\ Crispus Attucks Community Center"

2,050.00
1,000.00

1,000.00
800.00

2,702.97

1,893.35

'14

364

4.5

'150

200.00
491.64

3,671,58
125.00
408.29
428.00

828.81
450.00

1,482.80

360.00
868.15
500.00

500.00

4,122.3:

1,050.00
452.00

100.00
550.00

3,287.21
496.00

2,347.65

425.21

1,900.00

10,546.00

1,468.50

138.69

965.74
1,572.75

18,087.78

725.00

• 600.00

1,000.00

400.00

258.92
278.47
139.28

5,083.61
250.00
444.02
124.87

1,420.59
25.00
103.18

35,958.56
2,695.03

4.035.51

10,985.38

3,307.56

471.24

38,771.27

4,200

900.00
1,044.00
1,000.00

1,440.00

600.00
330.00

2,780.56
1,020.00

2,950.00

300.00
4,590.00
6,300.00
392.60
285.00
464.75

3,889.10
825.00
453.75
350.00

270.00

200.00

300.00

10,895.46
160.00

125.00
870.00

155,584.35
34,401.67

10,528.05

35,216.48
4,012.75
1,972.00

108,292.41

450.00

8.00

25.00

447.63

7,169.02

69.65

9,866.89

275.00

400.00

75.00

245.93

155.08

26.47

166.89

1,065.75

5,757.50

6,398.52

2,118.36
2,000.00
1,589.22

7,610.28
13,848.00

1,446.00
400.00
396.90

23,124.51

200.00

1,237.82

12,863.06
320.00

125.00
350.00
208.00
675.00
1,280.00
255.00
821.25

12,331.56

2,400 00
1,519.87
6,100.00
1,200.00

760.00
1,650.00

648.80

4,122.31

1,050.00

452.00

1,979.17

1,170.00
1,044.00
1,000.00

1,640.00

to.oo

330.00

44.20

130,822.19
4,912.25

2,229.00

8,264.55

4,520.00

266.11

62,344.32

5,905.60

28.50

' 233.55

» 4,105.45

13,064.82
150.00

251.20
645.43
854.75

962.47
182.07
537.69,

13,676.02
1,180.00

2,950.00

11,103.12

300.00

5,350.00

7,950.00

392.60

285.00

464.75

3,889.10
825.00

1,102.55
350.00

9,187.75
125.00
914.20

7,001.12

2,500.00

2,122.28

3,461.97

10.00

1,530.00
1,912.15
2,500.00

2,940.00

1,000.00
880.00

8,.531.51

19,666.20

1,676.00

2,950.00

15,344.12

725.21

7,250.00

7,95C.OO

651.52

763.47

1,095.67 M4P

286,406.54
39,313.92

12,757.05

43,481.03
8,532.75
2,238.11

170,636.73

30,200.00

7,610.28

19,753.60

1,474.50
400.00
630.45

27,229.96

200.00

1,207.82

25,927.88
370.00
800.00
125.00
350.00
208.00
675.00

1,549.60
900.43

1,676.00

12.644.29

1,200.00

1,954.86

902.87

10,608.34

150.00

11,560.38

322,365.10
42,008.95

18,261.06

54,466.41
11.840.31
2,709.35

209,408.00

34,400.00

7,610.28

20,203.60

6,258.25

1,621.19

425.00

2,043.82

8'35,971.73

200.00

1,277.47

53,882.55

1,470.00

1,800.00

200.00

595.93

776.25

701.47

1,698.09

1,966.18

7,901.38

12,331.56

2,400.00
2,482.34
6,282,07
1,737.1

18,730.08
4,000.00

M
M
M

M
P
M4P
M
M

M4P

M
M

M&P

M
M

M
M*P

M
M4P

M
M
M

M4P

M
M4P

M
M

P
M
P
P
M

M
M

M4P
P
M

M4P
M
P

M4P
M4P
M4P

P
M4P

M4P
M

8,487.00 M

4,600.70 M

8,682.07 M

3,326.91 P

RECREATION STATISTICS FOR 1934

the table

Playgrounds

Recreation
Buildings

Indoor

o
E

g
\

3
«>■

•o

"c
O

1
S

e
1
B

M
a

S5
1

a
1

a
■g

a
a

a
3

Emergency Service

Source of
Information

Leadership

Centers

Paid
Leadership

Expenditures

i
><

1
E

c
O

1
1

O
•a

s •?
1 t

\ 11

111
1-1

s
s
■s

■z.

Em-
ployed

Full
Time

Land,
Buildings,
Permanen
Equipment

Leader-
ship

Total

■s

6
Z

•0
6
Z

C
•3
d
Z

18
IS

.,.18

...15
... 1

'641,201 .
30,000 .

28,500

10
1

3
2

7
8

195,990.14

6,512.0(1

202,552.14

Irene Welty and

Elmer H. Roedel

R. H. Wolfe

F. D. Keboch

Joseph N. Arthur

James L. Waason

Edwin F. Van Billiard..
Fred Paige

2
1
4

... 2
... 1
. . 4
6 6
... 5

... 5

... 1

... 3

... 1

< 13,500 .
17,500 .

1,265

51,250

1
1
1

2
5
5

1
1

George P. Searight

J. N Rines

127,332 .

1
1

H. L Cloud

<20,000 .

20,525 .

1
"l

2
16

480.00

1'i

Edward J. Allen

James S. Dunwoody ....
A. W. Leeking

... 6

10 10
...18
... 5

1 25
...13
... 1

1 1
... 4

... 5

... 4
... 1
... 1

40,000

20,022 .

18,212

4
2

4
1
3
5
1
1

8
21

1
11

36
1
2
4

8
4
4

1,650.00

2,025.00

C. E. Zorger

17
5
24
13

Russell T. Tuckey

W. H. Kent

<79,049 .

' i

1,950.00

'265,000
250,000
15,000
24,655 .

2 8,000
1 13,000
1 . .

5
2

Georue S. Fockler

G. D. Brandon

E. F Frank

1«

13,280

1,360.00

1,385.00
400.00

'ft

Paul K. Kuhlman

Mrs. VV. T. Betta

R. A. Lockard

E. L. Barnhart

D. R. Jacobeon

Mrs. Howard U. Miller.

J. D. Alexander

Elizabeth Morgan

Oscar E. Collins

Margaret Tennant

Gertrude MacDougall. .
Grover W. Mueller

C. H. English

5
4
1

4,622

2
2
2

1,173.45

'21,000 .

5,000

■n,

32,223 .

1
1

6,000.00

42,000

''5

?fi

277,698.92

2
4

65
7

... 2
... 4

... 2

1 41
...65

... 7

5,000

36
6

''7

'5,000

98,583.03

50,360

"6,955,921 1
'408,252 .

1 10fl,0C0

8 ... .

12.500

35
5

38
5

?<)

117,001.20

271,683.12

3ft

1
4

43,000

'58,012

160

6
13

3 "314,464
1 90,548

94,314

12,166.57

Mrs. P. H.Valentine. . .
H. M. Shipe

... 1

1
1

1
5

4
91
33

... 4
...97
...46

28,677 . .

6
109
12

6,151

2
61

3
4

1
167

300.00
67,090.00

305.00
188,570.00

Roy D. Holden

W. C. Batchelor

Mrs. John Cowley

C. R Hoechst

1,939,868

9 1,723,844

16
3

121,480.00

SI26
18

...14

303,329 . .

Dr. Harry B. Burns

W. C. Batchelor

Mrs. Charles W. Houston

W. 0. Cressman

F. S. Jackson

I
1

1
1
1
1
1
4
8

''' 3
... 1

...26
... 1
... 1

...16
... 1
... 1
... 1
... 1
... 1
... 4
... 8

'5,470 . .

'8,650

17,000 . .

2
18

1
11

3,164.33
12,000.00

7,722.58
20,640.00

■i

531,494

2 59,885

616,127

8,640.00

Thomas W. Lantz

Robert P. Earner

Henry J. Brock

Robert B. Dixon

10,409 ..

'185,988
45,000 . .

1
1

1
2

97,368.76

3,600.00

106,959.47

11,000 .

1
1
1
1

Floyd G. Frederick

Magdalene Eyster

\. F. Everitt

1ft

12,580 . .

1
1

25,644 . .

26,000.00

10,000 . .

7,500

R.C.Worrell

M . L. Dougherty

Dorothy Wise

Clinton E. Moffett

fohn H. Shaner and
D. C. Wagner

^^RuthE. Swezey

P. A. McGowan

Allen W. Rank

Sylvia Weckesser

Chester N. Hayes

58,050

14,175

1
1

... 2
... 55

85,580 . .

2
8

5
26

632,080 . .

88,424

133

23,776.00

47
18

1
1

...14

2 2

...10

172,000 . .

1
15

7
16

'45,000
'137,000

1 2,000

2 12,736
1 28,000

3,700
2,023

<>|

3
1

728.00
118.40

PLAYGROUND AND COMMUNITY

Footnotes follow

STATE AND
CITY

Popula
tion

ManagiDK
Authority

Recreation Leadership

(Not Including

Emergency Workers)

Volun-

Paid

teer

Worlters

Woi Iters

•q-n

t*. c

g
S

1!
1-^

a
8

'/^

Expenditures Last Fiscal Year
(Not Including Emergency Funds)

Land,
Buildings,
Permanent
Equipment

Upkeep,

Supplies

and

Incidentals

Salaries and Wages

For
Leadership

Other
Services

Total

Rhode Island

Barrington

Central Falls

East Providence .

Newport

Pawtucket

Providence

South Kingston*^.
Westerly

South Carolina

Charleston

Greenville

Orangeburg

Sumter

Union

South Dakota

Aberdeen

Canton

Mitchell

Wanblee

Watertown

Tennegssee

Chattanooga

Harriman

Memphis

Nashville

Paris

Texas

Austin

Beaumont

Bryan

Dallas

El Paso

Fort Worth

Highland Park....
Houston

Longview ........

Luling

Marlin

Pampa

Panhandle

Plainview

San Angelo

San .\ntonio

Waco

Wichita Falls

Utah

American Fork . . .
Bingham Canyon.
Ogden

Provo

Richfield

Salt Lake City. .

Vermont

Barre

Bart-on

Brattleboro ....

Putney

Randolph

Rutland . . .
Woodstock.

Virginia.

Charlottesville. .
Fredericksburg. .

Lynchburg

Newport News. .

Petersburg

6,000

26,000
32,000
30,000
80,000
252,981

9,000
10,997

62,000
29,154

8,500
11,780

8,000

18,000

2,270

11,000

325

10,214

Maple Avenue Community House,
Inc

Town of Barrington

Recreation Board

Board of Recreation

Recreation Commission

Department of Recreation

f Board of Recreation

\ Park Department**

Neighborhood Guild

School Department

119,798

7,000
253,143

153,000
10,000

53,000

59,000

9,000

260,475

110,000

163,447

9,300

300,000

18,000
6,984
5,338

10,470
2,038
8,839

27,000
231,542

60,000

48,000

3,047

2,000

45,000

15,000

3,067

140,267

12,000
1,600

10,000

800

2,000

17,316

2,500

16,000

7,500

40,000

34,417

32,000

Department of Public Utilities, Grounds
and Buildings

School Board and Rotary Club. ...

Recreation Department, Park Commis-
sion

Board of Park Commissioners

Community Service Club

Board of Parks and Playgrounds .
Phillis Wheat ley Association". . .

Playground Commission

Trees and Parks Department ....
Mayor and City Council

Park Board

Chamber of Commerce and Red Cross

Park Board

Washabaugh County School Board and

Rainbow Club

Park Board

Recreation Department

Graham Congregational Church"

Park Board

Park Department

' Park Department and School Board

Community Center

Federation of Colored Women's

Clube"

Public Recreation Board

Park Department

/ Recreation Department

\ Public Parks Department

Park and Cemetery Department

Park Department

City and School Board

Board of City Development

Parent Teacher Association

Playground Association

Recreation Association

Park Department

Recreation Commission

Recreation Department

Park Department

Recreation Committee

Kiwanis Club and Board of Education .
Department of Parks and Public I m-

provements

Park Commission

City of Richfield ■.

Recreation Department

Recreation Bureau

Village Trustees

Brattleboro Bathing Beach, Inc. .

Putney Community Center

American Red Cross

Department of Parks and Playgrounds

and School Board

Village Trustees and V. E. R. A

Department of Recreation

School Board

Playground and Recreation Department
Playgrounds Division, Department of

Public Works

City Council

216

124

109.75

300.00

1,284.65

150.00

15.00

20,000.00
11,311.40

23,303.26

i,638.63

5,000.00

'7,499.68

28.00
■ 875.60

1,816.40

250.00

10,679.79

8,387.63

200.00
200.66

200.00
1,400.00

692.00

404.96
1,000.00

1,087.44
8,496.90
5,371.34
3,479.27
47.62

1,700.00
673.85

360.00

217.68

'2,060.60

490.00

12,522.57

9,119.68
12,659.85

20,851.31
360.00

4,000.00

225.00

22,440.81

1,829.03

500.00
1,800.00

3.25
500.00
275.00
1,131.00
2,718.43
400.00
447.00

300.00

314.68
200.00
277.45

100.00

30.00

234.68

607.73
210.00

60.00

300.00

1,418.39

2,229.02
1,500.00
6,231.35
8,664.10
21,497.39
10,302.12
4,720.00
340.00

8,357.00

2,664.00

1,698.26

600.00

93.00

2,700.00
270.00

3,976.00

42,622.38
14,629.63

17,060.25
1,428.00
2,250.00

15,197.65

4,000.00

16,460.26

741.16

19,193.14

1,200.00

1,965.00
2,760.00
5,418.00
2,100.00

400.00
150.00

1,645.61
300.00
787,50

500.00

215.00

340.00

500.00
65.00

600.00

300.00

5,161.70

500.00

260.00

39,040.34
' 72.60

576.00

450.00

1,200.00

20,743.64

8,771.70
16,579.33

13,388.24

2,000.00

14,579.77

1,230J0

16,762.99

1,700.00

7.60

25.00

5,760.00

617.61

5,417.25

500.00

600,00

500.00

372.32

1,678.39

2,229.02

1,500.00

6,231.35

8,664.10

21,497.39

49,342.46

4,720.00

412.00

8,357.00

3,239.00

1,698.25

950.00

93.00

3,900.66

270.00

24,718.64

51,394.08
31,208.96

30,448.49
1,428.00
2,250.00

15,197.65

6,000.00

31,040.02

1,971.46

35,956.13

1,200.00
1,700.00

7.60

1,990.00
8,520.00
5,935.61
2,100.00
5,417.25

900.00
150.00

1,645.61
800.00
787.50

1,000.00
150.00
215.00

340.00

872.32
66.00

600.00

300.00

6,161.70

600.00

2,370.39 P
109.75 M&P

2,633.98

2,800.00
12,627.00

9,751.54
31,278.94
54.713.80

8,199.27
459.62

10,057.00
3,912.85
2,444.76
1,300.00
750.00

325.68

300.00

5,900.00

760.00

37,241.21

80,513.76
56,180.21

74,603.05
1,778.00
6,807.03

73,208.80

16,000.00

225.00

60,980.51

3,800.49

35,956.13

99,947.00

1,700.00

3,600.00

3,500.00

38.75
600.00
3,140.00
'9,651.00
8,654.04
2,500.00
7,680.65

1,450.00
150.00

'12,639.98

'1,000.00

1,064.95

98,058.63

1,300.00
150.00
445.00

574.68

1,480.05
476.00

2,900.00

360.00

8,375.00

800.00
400.00

RECREATION STATISTICS FOR 1934

the table

Playgrounc

Recreation

Indoor

Recreation

Centers

a
z.

■3

■3
S

■<

M
1

■i
3

(0
u

J
&

a
z

i
■3

a
3
z

•§"

a
a

Emergency Service

Source of
Information

Leaderehip

Buildiaf^

Paid
Leadership

Expenditures

s
a

1
1

1
0
•8

ill

s
•0

•3
z

Em-
ployed

Full
Time

Land,
Buildings,
Permanent
Equipment

Leader-
ship

Total

•o
6

s
•s

d
Z

•s

3
d

Mrs. C. E. Blake

Viall Stanley

3,355.45
11,393.14

3,355.45
11,693.14

6,400.00
75,000.00

7
7
7
9

7
7
7
12
34

80,000
47,874

1
3
1
4
14
2
1

1
3
5
2
IS

4
6

fames E. Morgan

Otho F. Smith

•>

1
3

11
2

1,400.00

75,000.00

327,741

8
11

John V. Brady

1
1

Joseph J. McCaffrey. . . .

60,000
17,717

38
2
4

8
4

8
2

7
1
3

4
4

5
4

10
9
7
1
3

<6,043
'23,960

600,000
32,334

1
3

Emma H. Howe

Dr. Willard H. Bacon , .

Corrinne Jones

Mrs. HatticDuckett...

4
2
6

1
1

1
5

18,000
17,361

4,160.00

288.00

1,700.00

4,160.00

288.00

1,900.00

1,500.00

89,571

200.00

4,452

Mrs Julia L Dillon 12

"i
1

<28,698

6,850

1
1
1

3,222.90

l»

A. N. Bragstad

W. E. Webb

5
3

1
1

12,000
6,000

2
2

3,500
3,000

4,500.00

5,900.00
3,000.00

ifj

9,000

3,000.00

1
1

17
2

■91
25

"4
'io

31
1

"i
21
"5

31
6

25
17

12
1
4

I
121,090

8
2

12
2

13
5

2
2

B M Weaver

][

John R Davis

**(

21
22
23

25
26
27
28

1,576,204

4
12
4

228,130

"55,250

1
1

2
12

20
1
3

23
10

14
38

149,664.68

6,200.00

171,664.68

Minnie M. Wagner

J. Glenn Skinner

Mary Will Dortch

James A. Garrison

Lillian Johnson

R. G. Williams

Ruth Garver

•>

17,000
947,127

6
I
4
1
3

3,000

17,125

70,830

6,000

50,000

230,800

88,104

20,000
607,594
305,000

1
1
g

1
36

"i
3

1
"i

■3
2

"3
1

1
1
3

27
4

25
12

17
16

6
7
1

640,210
55,000
120,000

13,123.56

7,478.75

20,602.31

•>

J. R. Taylor

800.00

800.00
44,049.61

Mrs. M. C. Donnell

R. D. Evans

(

800,000

132,000

42,000

22
1

11
10

1
1

4
1

36
4
6

31
2
2
6

3
1

13,322.26

■)

Roderic B. Thomas

989,317

124,813

188,138

105

25,177.56

30,351.56

2
1

C.S. Brock

32
33
34
35

1
1
3

1,000 00
'2,000.66

B. N. Taylor

■"2

H. G. Stein

40,000

George S. Buchanan

George W. Briggs

Mrs. A. C. DowUng ....
W. J. Klinger

19
6
3

1
1
5

•3

'67
2

1
5
8

86
11
4

850

112.00

31,674
587,367
146,007
120,000

4,468
19,089

George W. Roesler

Mary Wilson Young

Ralph H. Schulze

Blanche Connor

Frank Collier

8
2
3

1
1

13
4
1

5
3

1
4

1
1

35
12
10
3

1
1
1

138
6
6

262

1
2

20
6
5

1
2

37,933.36
1,188.00
1,815.60

37,933.36
1,476.00
1,815.60

75,000

2
1

1,300

William S. Storrs

Bailey J. Santistevan. . .

Edvenia Jeppson

E. Reed Collins

Ellis V. Christensen

10,660
30,000

500

6
3

1
7

30,300
14,400

1
1
1
1

"i
1

■ i

47,394.01
12,000.00

600.00

47,894.01

12,200.00

500.00

83,206.00

300.00
" " '3'84'.66

1
13

1
14

15,000

1
7

1
4

82,406.00
200.00

800.00

L. R. Hutchinson

E. P. Davenport

Robert G. Smith

Mrs. Esther J. Pratt....
Mrs. Robert Ford and

•if

*>!

1
2

1
1

12
2
12

8
5

"i
1

1
1

'i''

"i
1

2
2

16,000

•9,761
7,100

30,331

5,250

624,889

2,500

150.00

622.80
600.00

1,537.36

150.00

622 80
615.00

1,537.36

•il

Richard F. Hayden

Loyd W. BrowncU

Mrs. R. L. Currier

2
3

300

2
2
3

2
4

■i^

"15

50,136

'i6

5,000.00

Lloyd L. Howard

Dr. S. Colbert Tyler....
R. C.Day

'<A

«i

PLAYGROUND AND COMMUNITY

Footnotes follow

STATE AND
CITY

Popula-
tion

Managing
Authority

(Not Including
Emergency Workers)

Expenditures Last Fiscal Year
(Not Including Emergency Funds)

Paid

Workers

Volun-
teer
Wotkers

s
•s

•s

3t3

g
2
■s

d
55

Land,
Buildings,
Permanent
Equipment

Uplieep,

Supplies

and

Incidentals

Salaries and Wages

Total

■3

For
Leadership

Other
Services

Total

d
z;

Virginia— Cont.

Richmond

185,000
70,000

21,753
40,316

970

2,600

35,000

12,766

1,800

1,700

3,000

360,000

125,000

107,000

23,000

60,000
25,000
5,240
75,572
39,831

18,000
16,186

15,000
29,623
5,376

61,000
11,000

23,011

600

2,514

3,763

1,500

26,000

26,500

39,000
23,000

50,262

2,350
40,000
60,000

9,780
599,100

725,263
5,015
9,196
1,425
2,000

40,108
4,200
67,500

39,251

14,0OC

10,76C

14,00C

Bureau of Parks and Pecreation, De-
partment of Public Worlds

Community Recreation Aflsociation*'
, Colored Recreation Asaociation" ....

53
2
2

3
3

I
2
1
1

'438
26

3,000.00

5,000.00

19,000.00

27,000.00
6,150.00
7.767.20

10,341.80

225.00

600.00
175.00
800.00

P
P
M

M4P

P
M
M

M4P
M

M*P

M.tP
M4P

M
M

?
P
P

C
P
P

P
M

SF4P

M
M
M
M

M4P

M
M
M

•
M

M
M

M
M
M
M

C
M&P
MAP

P
M
M

M&P
M
M

MAS
M
M
M
M

3.838.20
1.912.19

2,669.00
4,746.52

225.00

390.00
100.00

1,260.00
3,687.09

3,929.00
8,432.61

225.00

390.00
100.00

Washington

Aberdeen

Clark County** . . .

Davenport

Dayton

Everett

Hoquiam

Pomeroy

ProBser

Vancouver Playgrounda Aasociation and
W. E. R. A

)

110.00
75.00

Piayground Association, Park Board

and P. T. A

Park Board

1
1

200.00

350.00

300.00

50.00

29,239.42

14,430.00

2.148.00

160.00

300.00

450.00
800.00
900.00
500.00
161,082.21
23.878.00

16.800.00

650.00

4,000.00

2,500.00

550.00

268,780.28

96,308.00

24,600.00

2,850.00
1,300.00

900.00

50.00

33.247.57

18.867.00

12.700.00

1(1

Kiwanis Club

Board of Park Commissioners

Park Board

1
34
21

460.00

127,834.64

5,011.00

4,100.00

Seattle

Spokane

Tacoma

Yakima

West Virginia

Charleston

Fairmont

17
1

'12

78,458.65
57,000.00

5,552.00

12
13

Recreation Division, Metropolitan Park

I'i

1,1

Kanawha County Board of Education®

1
6
3
1
4

330.00
662.00

330.00

692.00

1,150.58

206.25

330.00

626.C1

3,330.55

251.44

1
1
1
1

33.91

1,279.97

45.19

30.00

Park Commission

900.00

19: Huntington

206.26

Martinsburg

Morgantown^' ....

Moundaville

Parkeraburg

Welch

40.00

25X)0

25.00

65.00
50.00

3,200.00
2,840.00
3,483.76

2.778.08
12,500.CO

34.000.00

500.00

4,086.11

\ High Street Parent Teachers League .
County School Board and Recreation

'25

980.00
900.00
696.86

1,388.08
1,638.00

2,220.00

390.00

2,708.00

1,390.00
6,000.00

15,000.00

225.00

1,313.60

2,220.00

740.00

.2,786.89

1,390.00
10.40C.00

15,000.00

226.00

2.830.14

1
13

'2i
4
1

8
2

1,200.00

360.00
78.89

''I

"27
6

"2
4

Community Service Center and
F. E. R. A

'250

462 60

WTieeling

Williamson

Wisconsin

Beloit

Birnamw( od

Bloomington

Columbus

4,400.00

Park Commission and Oglebay Insti-
tute

Kiwanis Club and B. P. 0. Elks

200.00
776.13

75.00
480.84

1.616.64

9f)

500.00

300.00

800.00
5,500.00

■^9

F. E. R. A

10
8
14

Eagle River

Eau Claire

Fond du Lac

Green Bay

Janesville

'3
21

School Board and F. E. R. A

Recreation Committee, Board of Edu-

8
33

55.44

200.42

800.00

390.19

6,700.00

2,542.14

350.00

3.400.00
1.036.26
1,806.00

8,174.86

350.00

5,200.00

1,313.82

12,028.16

9,311.84

605.86

6,000.00

1,704.01

28,328.16

11,863.98

818,760.42

521.03

1,264.55

20,915.16

11,000.00

363,420.00

80,670.66

"27,819.00

192,441.83

14,513.62

950.00

735.00

2,376.00
12,930.00
29,250.00
10,100.00
36,341.00

9,579.63

17,086.75

32,118.10

1,962.64

336.41

1,000.00

1,100.00

7
8

1,800.00

277.56

10,222.16

1,136.98

'!6

Board of Park Commissioners

5
100

5
30

9,600.00

Department of Public Recreation,

'<h

Department of Parks and City Plan-

[ ning

18,750.42

Kimberly

La Crosse

Madison

Menasha

Milwaukee

Milwaukee Co.^s . .
Monroe

1
7

7
578

1
5

308

141.03
261.69

2,750.00

879.00

46,075.00

11,030.18

380.00
992.96

10,276.25

2,200.00

2,33,006.00

380.00
992.96

14,665.16

3,308.00

317,345.00

69,640.48

9,019.00

124,678.29

697.40

•i

School Board

Department of Recreation, Board of

3,500.00
6,813.00

» 4,388.91

1,108.00

84,339.00

69,640.48

9.019.00

•C

Extension Dept., Public Schools ....
Board of Park Commissioners

Playground Division, Bureau of

18,800.00
28,044.74
13,100.80

County Park Commiseion . .

39,718.80
716.42

Park Board

1
2

371.00

326.40

City of Neenah and Red Croea

New Holstein

41^

Board of Recreation, Kimberly-Clark
Corporation

2
104

1
2

200.00
500.00

36.00
3,600.00

2,000.00
8,930.00

140.00

2,140.00
8,930,00

Oshkosh

4!
4(

Platteville

Citizens' Committee, City and C. W. A
Department of Parks and Recreation . .

f Board of Education

Park Department, Board of Public
Works

2
33
60

2
19
8

8,800.00
15,000.00
1,500.00

8,564.79

800.00

11,435.00

1,509.94

615.79
7,609.04
928.81
50.41
200.00

600.00
9,906.00
5,398.01

500.00
9.906.00
6,669.69

7,906.17

24,609.06

977.32

286.00

800.00

2
2

"72

"38

Sheboygan

Shorewood

South Milwaultee.

Tigerton

1,171.68

7,906.17

4,866.16

977.32

Board of Vocational Education

\ Village of Shorewood

19,642,90

,5,

fil

56.51

1
2

286.00
800.00

.5,

Village Board

800.00

RECREATION STATISTICS FOR 1934
the table

Playgrounds

Recreation

Indoor

Recreation

Centers

3
<

■f
1

5
i

M
a

a
3
"3
n

a
3
s^

w
J.

i
1

1
a

!z;
0

a
3

2
g=

'a
a

z
8

a
a
'£

■§

a
a

(£
s

Emergency Service

Source of
Information

Leadership

Buildini^

Paid
Leadership

Expenditures

•3
O

a
a
&

1
1

O
fc

a
&

f-co

o . i^

111

s
•3

is
0

i
S5

Em-
ployed

Full
Time

Land,
Buildings,
Permanent
Equipment

Leader-
ship

Total

0
d

■s

d
z

]

20
2
1

20
2
2
8

3
9

627,000

6
9

'43
10

"i3,'590.66
4,837.50
2,726.00

"i3,'590.6o
4,837.50
11,866.00

P. N. Binford

35,512

Claire McCarthy

Alice H. Harris

K. Mark Cowen

Mrs. Irene dumb

S. T. Hipelcind

3
8

36,906
<125,481

81,227

1
18

7
11

8
2

■>

6,620

2
2

9,140.00

•)

'27,500

3,502.64

3,557.64

1
1

Mabel B. Paige

Harold Rainwater

Elinor Small

'12,000

W. J. Anderson

F. Bunch

1,200.00
1,000.00

4,200.00
2,200.00

27
10

\V. C. Sommers

J. Fred Bohler

7,125
2,172,868
'175,873

87
45

464,259

..'

2
1

106
12

73
4

719,274.80
20,800.00

31,205.13
• 800.00

821,719.44
21,600.00

B. Evans

S.G. Witter

26,478

Norah M. Nilson

George W. Clark

Thomas E. Garnar

Patrick A. Tork

Charles H. Manion

W. B. Trosper

II)

16
14

172,412
94,713

1
4

17
29

3,240.00
2,635.20

3,540.00
2,906.70
4,798.35

2
5

4,798.35

1
5
1
3

1
3

4
1

1
5

1,620.00

1,710.00

Louis R. Potts

8,100

1 Mrs.ElizabethTownsend

Frances J. White

L. D. Wiant

">•)

142,800
48,000
68,269

10,416

1
3

6,673.00

12,592.00

'}'>

30,411

4
5

939.00

9,674.34
1,320.00

1,135.73

9,674.34
6,563.00

?■)

Mrs. LoisH. Hurt

498,818

9,664
2,409

3
1

1
1

6
4

17
1
1
2

H. P. Corcoran and

Betty Eckhardt

E. G. Bias

■'7

2
6

11,560
165,528

2
1

3
5

300.00

Myrtle F.Sturtevant...

760.00
10,000.00

750.00
10,300.00

1
1

F. B. Porter

'ii

N. H. Webster

1
1
5

7
19

1
1
5

17
7
19

Raymond J. Morrisey. .

Walter Gander, Jr

A. M. Olson and
A. L. Conrow ,

F G Kiealer

'20,900

110,111
102,551
300,000

254,301

753.90
7,103.00

19,776

6
14

1
2

528.00

34
15

Ifi

L. Earl Fogelsong

Kenneth F. Bick

G. M. Phelan

4,382.40

117.60
1,013.10

4,500.00

1,013.10

125,572.19

118,857

125,572.19

Floyd A. Carlson

1
S

14
18
SS

19.500

13,500

G. M. Wiley

276,536

17,402

2
3
8
2

4
2
9
10

6
3

7,080.73
7,000.00

1,577.50

32,237.89
22 000 00

H. C. Thompson

V^ernon Gniper

Dorothy Enderis

Charles Hauserman ....

Gilbert Clegg

4"'

13
15

1
40

3
4

230,000
1,243,000

3
5
3

'6,411,214

933,183

5,808.00

21,346.00

211,980.00

249,123.36

16,556.15

•2211,980.00

249,123.36

16,556.15

1
1

i4
2

George Hansen

H. T. Summeril

Armin H. Gerhardt

J. H. Murphy

4f)

2
33

128,000

1
1

1
2
2

1
1

15,000
146,850

10,000
62,113

Folke C. Johansson

Raymond C. Miller. . . .
\ L Cone

84,642

98,350.00
18,000.00
20,000.00
3,225.00

11,028.43

98,350.00

18,000.00

20,000.00

6,000.00

93,656.50

fiO

1
8
4

W N Smith

201,000
49,511

42,300

5
12

40,000
23,761

5
5

B A Solbraa

Ferdinand A. Bahr

C C Buencr

' 120,000

53,000

H. M. Genskow

William D. Stockwell...

Marie KiUingstad

P. M. Vincent

R. C. Heins

780.00
117.50

'26,195

117.50

3,800.00

PLAYGROUND AND COMMUNITY
Footnotes follon

STATE AND
CITY

Popula-
tion

Managing
Authority

Recreation Leadership

(Not Including
Emergency Worlters)

Expenditures Last Fiscal Year

-f-

1
•s

Paid
Worlcera

Volun-
teer
Woikers

(i\ot inciuamg timergency runos;

g
S

•z

o
d

J*"

■o

o
d

Land,
Buildings,
Permanent
Equipment

Upkwp.

Supplies

and

Incidentals

Salaries and Wages

Total

b
•s

For
Leadership

Other
Services

Total

o
•s
d
z

Wise— Cont.

Two Rivers

Waukesha

Wausau

Wauwatoea .
WestAUis...

Whitefish Bay .

Wisconsin Rapids

Wyoming

Cheyenne'5

Riverton .

Hawaii

Hilo

Honolulu

Lanai City

Wailuku, Maui.

CANADA

Alberta

Calgary

Brit. Columbia

Vancouver

Victoria.

Manitoba

Winnipeg

Ontario

Cornwall

Hamilton . . . .
Kapuskasing .

Kitchener ....

Ix)ndon

Ottawa

Peterborough .
Port Arthur. .

Sudbury

Toronto

Windsor

Quebec

Montreal

Quebec

Temiscaming.
Westmount . . .

Saslcatciiewan

Regina

Saskatoon

10,264
17,800
23,756

25,000
36,000

6,300

17,361
1,500

18,000

142,460

3,000

48,000

83,000

265,000
39,082

223,017

25,000

155,000

3,200

32,000
75,000

137,911
23,044
19,819
20,079

623,562
62,000

Board of Recreation

City Playground Committee

Recreation Department and Park Com-
mission

School Board

, Board of Park Commissioners

Board of Education and Board of Park
Commissioners

Recreation Committee and E. R. A. . . .

School Board and Recreation Com-
mittee

Department of Public W'orks and School
Board

Board of Education

Park and Pool Commission .

Recreation Committee

Recreation Commission

Hawaiian Pineapple Company, Ltd. .
Alexander House Settlement

Parks and Recreation Department .

Board of Park Commissioners

Parks Department

Public Park Board .

Recreation Association

( Recreation Commission

\ Board of Park Management

Community Club, Spruce Falls Power

and Paper Co., Ltd

Playgrounds Committee T

Public Utilities Commission

Playground Department .

Committee of City Council

Board of Park Management

Parks Commission

Parks Department

Board of Park Management

( Recreation Department

,1dZ,o^U \ Parks and Playgrounds Association.

140,000

2,000

26,000

Playgrounds Committee .
Town of Temiscaming . . .
Parks Department

54,000 Civic Playground Association .
43,291 Playgrounds Association

127

1,050.69

500.00

70.00

780.00

500.00

10,000.00

1,000.00
1,378.00

2,864.38
1,816.29

6,519.00

2,500.00
82.76

7,693.35
318.14

1,150.00
150.00

4,302.02

78.00

987.50
4,200.00
1,500.00

1,000.00
2,900.00
5,000.00

600.00

11,088.26

17,521.41

1,484.17

24,175.00
5,864.52
1,164.63

1,130.00

6,437.05
855.00

405.00
1,050.00

3,750.00
260.00

1,200.00

140.00

300.00

1,812.50
15,114.00
1,600.00
7,000.00

948.32
4,000.00

2,000.00

10,535.00

1,300.00

2,200.00
4,372.39
15,628.21

67,460.00

16,299.09

777.58

1,300.00

1,173.00
2,160.00

7,254.13
1,900.00

23,532.88

300.00

460.00
18,700.00

100.00

6,134.00

23,592.14

2,262.74

83,243.00
900.00
176.80

225.00
3,469.97

13,691.18
855.00

2,305.00
1,050.00

27,282.88

260.00

1,200.00
140.00
300.00

1,812.50

15,114.00

1,900.00

7,000.00

948.32
4,000.00

2,000.00
10,995.00
20,000.00

2,300.00
10,506.39
39,220JS

2,262.74

150,703.00

17,199.09

954.38

1,300.00

1,398.00
5,629.9

22,435.22 M
1,173.14 M

3,955.00
1,200.00
2,429.78

31,584.90

2,460.00

2,500.00
218.00
370.00

3,580.00
19,314.00

3,900.00
13,000.00

5,951.55

32,584.94
12,327.00

84,206.44

4,000.00
15,273.00
25,000.00

25,133.44

2,900.00

24,459.03

68,558.05

3,746.91

3,000.00

259,917.00

18,612.96

174,878.00

25,563.61

2,201.77

10,066.17

2,528.00
5,629.97

-Private Funds; S — State Funds and

FOOTNOTES
t Under Sources of Financial Support M — Municipal Funds; P-
C — County Funds.

1. This report covers recreation service in Ishkooda, Wenonah, Muscoda, Delonah, Westfield, Edge-
water, Docena, Hamilton, Bessemer, Fairfield and Birmingham.

2. This figure represents the total number of volunteers reported.

3. This report covers service in Leeds, Kimberly, Powderly and Bessemer.

4. This figure represents participants only.

5. Expenditures data incomplete.

6. This report covers service in Compton, Clearwater, Enterprise, Lynwood and Willowbrook.

7. These workers were employed on a full time year round basis September, 1934.

8. This amount represents expenditures of Recreation Commission and School Board only.

RECREATION STATISTICS FOR 1934

the table

Playgrounds

Under
Leadership

Recreation
BuildioKB

Indoor

Recreation

Centers

£
a

.2
<

Ji
B

3
Z

o
B

5
1

en
S

"o
O

o
o

(£

bo
c

■§

'i
s

J
E

§
0

a
1

EmergeDcy Service

Source of
Information

Paid
Leadership

Expenditures

1
1

o
"2

S
a g

gli

■g-ss

S C3 C

^fe5

3
S

•s

■3

S
3

Em-
ployed

Full
Time

g a

i ^

"o 0
d d
Z Z

Land,
Buildings.
Permanent
Equipment

Leader-
ship

Total

•s

d
Z

3
3

1
4

63,223
66,000

74,498

12,500

2
1

7
8

3
2

Arthur P. Eckley

Fred G. Hofherr

I. S, Horeen

1
4

2,600.00

'21,000

2
1

William T. Darling

8
17

8
6

1
2

2
2

2
4

253,816

20,000

85,000
2,342

17,655.03

17,655.00

Fred W. Zirkel and
E. C. Pynn

Ralph H. Cahill and

C. A. Wangerin

J. A. Torresani

P. A. Pratt

'2,000.06

2,000.00

2,250.0D

1,847.20

1,003.20
10,161.00

4
31

6
1
11

15
31

18
1
3

7,160

200

3,900

6
16

2,250.00

.50.00

1,003.20
10,161.00

A. S. Jessup and
Ellen Anderson

John 0. Goodman

Ernest A. Lilley

Theodore Nobriga

Frank Katterman

E. L. Damkroger

William R. Reader

Ian Eisenhardt and

Eileen English

W.H.Warren

5
10

1
17

1
2

1,797.20

8
q

'17,240
898,759

26
2

1
12

40,462
50,000
40,500

2,700
5,153

3
3

111
12

8
14

10
2

1
5

8
14

'57,752
'385,000

1
2

247.64

15
1

2
17

852,309

50,000
370,661

G. Champion

50,000

Joe St. Denis

15,972

l'20'.66

John J. Syme

1
1
5

3
3
14

313

F.Marshall

1
6
7
15

5,020

81,261

'148,335

661,381

117,380

Herbert J. Swetman

Harold Ballantyne

A. Green and John Innes

E. F.Morgan

S. R. Armstrong

T. J. McAuUffe

H. P. MoKeown

C.E.Chambers

Anthony L. Moor

1
3

2
3

3,200

■ i

1
20
2

I
4
7

' '24,792.06

24,792.66

2,075,913

531,620

537,578

10!
11
4

»12,468,957

'339,300

98,000

1,738,947

51,004

William Bowie

J. B. O'Regan

1
1

13
2

4
18

A. K. Grimmer

13
4

'89,747
'27,787

W. H Turner

9. The Los Angeles County Department of Recreation, Camps and Playgrounds maintains recreation
facilities in Arcadia, Artesia, Azusa, Baldwin Park, Bell, Bellflower, Belvedere, Bloomfleld, Burbank, Centi-
nella, Claremont, Clearwater, Compton, Covina, Culver City, Duarte, Downey, El Nido, El Monte, Gardena,
Glendale, Garvey, Glendora, Graham, Hawthorne, Hermosa Beach, Huntington Park, Inglewood, La Cres-
centa, La Verne, Lancaster, Lawndale, Lennox, Long Beach, Lynwood. Los Angeles, Manhattan Beach, May-
wood, Monrovia, Monterey Park, Newhall, Norwalk, Pasadena, Palmdale, Pomona, Puente, Rosemead. Re-
dondo Beach, San Dimas, Saugus, Santa Monica, San Gabriel, Sierra Madre, South Pasadena, South Gate,
Temple City, Van Nuys, Torrance, 'Whittier, Willowbrook, Wilmington, Gloria Gardens, Castaic, San Fern-
ando, Los Nietos, North Ranchito, Palos Verdes and Wilmar.

10. This figure includes attendance at indoor recreation centers.

11. This figure represents attendance at 3 buildings only.

12. The Pasadena City School District includes the cities of Altadena and Pasadena.

13. This report covers service in Riverside, Hemet, San Jacinto, Elsinore, Corona, Perris, Banning and
Beaumont.

14. Expenditures cover only a six-months' period.

15. This figure includes attendance at 14 indoor centers.

16. This figure includes attendance at recreation buildings.

17. The Santa Barbara County Board of Forestry operated bathing beaches at Carpenteria, Gaviota,
Surf and Goleta.

18. This report covers service in Ventura, Ojai, Conejo, Santa Rosa, Camarillo, Somis, Moorpark, Santa
Paula and Fillmore.

19. Twenty-six of these playgrounds are on park property and maintained by the Park Department.

20. The Leisure Time Council conducts some activities but is primarily a consulting agency.

21. Two of the playgrounds operated by the Branford Commmunty Council are at Short Beach and
Stony Creek.

22. This figure includes attendance at 4 year round recreation centers.
22a. This amount was paid by the Y. M. C. A.

23. This amount does not include cost of operating golf courses, pools and other facilities not operated
directly by the National Capital Parks.

24. This report covers service in Barrineau Park, Cottage Hill, Gonzales, McDavid and Gull Point.

25. Maintained a program of community recreation activities for colored citizens.

26. During 1934 the facilities and services of the park districts of Chicago were merged under a single
Park District. Because of this fact reports of most of these park authorities are not available this year.

27. The Cook County Forest Preserve District maintains recreation facilities in Des Plaines, Glencoe,
Glenview, Glenwood, Lemont, Lyons, Morton Grove, Northbrook, Palatine, River Forest, River Grove, South
Chicago Heights, Thornton, Western Springs, Wheeling, Wilmette and several additional communities.

28. These facilities are operated by the Park Board and the cost is not included in this report.

29. The Winnebago County Forest Preserve District maintains recreation facilities in Rockford, Rock-
ton Township, Pecatornica, Shirland, Loves Park and Cherry Valley.

30. This amount was spent on the stadium which was financed by city bonds through a specially created
corporation.

31. This figure represents the total number of emergency workers reported.

32. This figure does not include cost of golf course which is operated by a Golf Association.

33. Community Service was not responsible for spending most of this amount. It was largely spent on
municipal areas for projects and services initiated by this organization.

34. The Metropolitan District Commission maintains recreation facilities in Boston, Cambridge, Chelsea,
Everett, Lynn, Maiden, Medford, Melrose, Newton, Qu:ncy, Revere, Waltham, Belmont, Braintree, Canton,
Dedham, Hull, Milton, Nahant, Needham, Stoneham, Swampscott, Wakefield, Watertown, Wellesley, Weston,
Winthrop and Winchester.

35. This figure includes attendance at recreation buildings, beaches and ice skating areas.

36. Some of the leaders reported served in other towns in Mecosta County.

37. The Flint Community Music Association promotes and operates a community wide music program
in cooperation with public schools, churches, industries and homes.

38. This figure includes attendance at indoor recreation centers.

39. This figure includes $2200.00 spent by the Engineering Department for maintaining skating rinks.
39a. Two of the playgrounds are in Evansville and Osakis.

40. This report covers regular service in four communities and occasional service in many others.

41. This report covers service in Cloquet, Carlton and other communities in the county.

42. This report relates to Independent School District No. 2 which in addition to Coleraine includes five
villages.

43. This man is employed as sports leader for three months in the winter.

44. This report covers service in Kitzville, Carson Lake, Kelly Lake, Mahoning, Stevenson, Kerr and
Silica.

45. This report covers service in Lakefield, Windom, Bingham Lake, Storden, Heron Lake, Alpha,
Jackson, Mt. Lake, Westbrook, Jeffers, Okahena and Wilder.

46. This report covers service in Cook, Orr, Brookston, Meadowlands, Floodwood and approximately 50
other rural communities.

47. This report covers service in Clotho, Clarissa, Browerville, Long Prairie, Burtrum, Round Prairie,
Little Sauk, Bertha, Eagle Bend, Hewitt, Staples, Philbrook, Germania, Moran, Fawn Lake, lona, Leslie, Bruce
and Gordon.

48. This report relates to the service of American Legion Recreation Teams which conducted activities
in 254 different centers.

49. This report covers service in Ely, Ruth, McGill and Kimberly.

50. Some of the workers reported under the Recreation Commission also serve the World War Memor-
ial Association.

51. This report covers service in Mt. Hope, Hibernia, Danville and Wharton.

52. The Essex County Park Commission maintains recreation facilities in Newark, Bloomfleld, East
Orange, Irvington, Montclair, Nutley, Orange, Belleville, Caldwell, West Orange, Verona, Essex Fells, Mill-
burn and South Orange.

53. In addition, 20 emergency leaders served the Department in 1934. These workers and their salaries
are included in the special report of Emergency Service in Jersey City.

54. This report also includes service in Morris Plains.

55. The relief service reported nere was also extended to Highland Park.

56. Summer population 100,000.

57. The Passaic County Park Commission maintains recreation facilities in Wayne Township, Paterson,
West Paterson, Pompton Lakes and Totowa.

58. This is a 27-hole golf course.

59. Funds are received from "Taxation by Contract" on all restricted property.

60. The Union County Park Commission maintains recreation facilities in New Providence, Scotch
Plains, Westfield, Kenilworth, Roselle, Rahway, Linden, Union, Mountainside, Summit, Plainfield, Elizabeth,
Cranford, Hillside, Roselle Park and Garwood.

61. This is one of the communities in Westchester County which is also served by the County Recrea-
tion Commission.

62. This report covers service in Ripley, Sherman, Clymer, Panama, Cassadaga, Sinclairville, Cherry
Creek, Forestville, Mayville, Westfield, Lakewood, Celoron, Silver Creek, Fredonia and Falconer.

63. Eastchester includes the incorporated villages of Bronxville and Tuckahoe.

64. The Erie County Park Commission maintains recreation facilities in East Hamburg, Aurora, Lan-
caster and Tonawanda.

65. This person is also reported as a full time year round worker with the Outing Club, Inc.

66. This amount represents expenditures on municipal, not school, recreation areas.

67. This amount was spent in one borough.

68. This figure represents attendance at 168 playgrounds only. It includes the attendance at 29 rec-
reation buildings.

69. This figure represents attendance at 16 recreation buildings only.

70. The Westchester County Recreation Commission aids the cities, small towns and villages of the
county in increasing recreation opportunities for their citizens.

71. The Westchester County Park Commission maintains recreation facilities in Yonkers, Ardsley, Tar-
rytown, Harmon, White Plains, Mount Vernon, New Rachelle, Rye, Cortlandt and Yorktown.

72. Four of these were employed on a full time basis during 1934.

73. This amount includes expenditures on 8 school grounds.

74. Fifteen thousand dollars of the amount reported under expenditures was for the operation of the
18-ho!e golf course which is operated by a special commission appointed by the Mayor.

75. This report covers service in Addyston, Blue Ash, Cleves, Delhi Township, Elmwood Place, Fair-
fax, G'endale. Lockland. Loveland, Madeira, Mariemont, Newtown, North Bend, North College Hill, Nor-
wood, Saint Bernard and Silverton.

76. This figure includes attendance at swimming pools and wading pools.

77. The Metropolitan Park Board maintains recreation facilities in Hinckley Township, Willoughby
Township, Euclid, Bedford, Brecksville and Olmsted.

78. This amount represents the cost of maintaining golf courses and of lifeguards at bathing beaches.

79. The Allegheny County Bureau of Parks maintains recreation facilities in McCardles, Snowden and
Broughton.

80. This figure includes playground attendance also.

81. Eighteen of these pools are also included in the report of the Department of Hygiene.

82. In addition to this amount, approximately $56,500.00 were expended by the Park Department, Water
Bureau and School District for maintenance of the recreation facilities reported.

83. This report covers service in Swoyersville, Sugar Notch, Wyoming, Georgetown, Midvale, Ashley,
Plymouth. Freeland, Pittston, Hazelton, West Pittston, West Hazelton, Duryea, Avoca, Dupont, Exeter,
Warrior Run, West Wyoming and Lafflin.

84. A number of the facilities listed are on Park Department property.

85. The Neighborhood Guild serves the villages of Peace Dale, Wakefield, Kingston, West Kingston
and Mantanuck.

86. This figure represents attendance at 4 centers only.

87. This report covers service in Glen Allen, Highland Springs, Elko and Hardy.

88. This report covers service in Vancouver, Washougal, Camas, Amboy, Yacolt and Ridgefield.

89. Some of the playgrounds reported are in Dunbar, Clendinen and Eastbank.

90. This report covers service in Cameron, Moundsville, McMechen, Benwood and Glendale.

91. This report covers service in Wana, Blacksville, Continental, Cassville, Osage, Everettsville, West-
over, Star City, Sabraton, Pursglove and Jerome Park.

92. This amount represents expenditures for purchase and improvement of recreation areas to be admin-
istered by the School Board.

93. The Milwaukee County Park Commission maintains recreation facilities in South Milwaukee, West
Allis, Wauwatosa, Shorewood, Greenfield, North Milwaukee and Brown Deer.

94. This pool on a city playground is owned by a private corporation but will later be turned over to
the city.

95. This report covers service in Hillsdale, Carpenter, Pine Bluffs and Little Bear.

96. This figure includes attendance at skating rinks.

Emergency Recreation Service in 1934

Reports reaching the Association indicate that
in 1,025 communities recreation services were pro-
vided in, 1934 because emergency recreation lead-
ers and funds were made available. This num-
ber does not include any of the cities listed
in the earlier section of the Year Book in
which some regular local recreation service
was supplemented through the help of emer-
gency funds. Because these 1,025 communities
would not have appeared in the Year Book had
it not been for the special funds made avail-
able, the recreation service in these communi-
ties is reported in a special set of tables. These
tables also contain reports of some activities
carried on in 45 additional cities which also
conducted some regular service and which
therefore were included in the main section of
the Year Book. Emergency service in these
cities is reported in this second section, how-
ever, either because this particular service was
financed entirely from emergency funds or in
some cases because the city was included in a
county report of emergency service.

A large percentage of the communities re-
porting emergency service only in 1934 are
appearing in the Year Book for the first time.
It will be noted that many of the reports cover
county-wide service which includes the con-
ducting of playgrounds and centers in a
considerable number of towns and villages
throughout these counties. The people in many
of these smaller communities have never be-
fore had an opportunity to take part in a rec-
reation program under leadership.

Even though the communities reporting
emergency service only number 1,025, this fig-
ure does not begin to indicate the extent of
emergency recreation service in 1934. Not only
is the information which was submitted con-
cerning service in many of these communities
incomplete as compared with the reports re-
ceived from the regular cities, but no record
was received from large numbers of communi-
ties in which it is known that recreation pro-
jects were carried on last year. As in the case
of regular reports, only information from
county and local agencies has been incorpor-

ated. The emergency relief administration in
a southern state reported that 462 emergency
leaders operated 292 playgrounds in that state
in 1934 whereas Year Book reports received
from localities in this state cover only one
playground conducted by two emergency lead-
ers. Likewise in a northern state, 73 emer-
gency leaders were reported although not a
single report was received from a locality
within this state indicating emergency leader-
ership. On the other hand, emergency recrea-
tion service in a number of states, such as New
Jersey, New York, Alabama and Michigan,
was reported by a large number of agencies in
these particular states.

Among the reasons why information con-
cerning emergency service is less complete and
perhaps less accurate than reports from cities
reporting regular programs, is the fact that in-
many states emergency recreation programs
were not set up until late in 1934. In many
cases leaders were inexperienced. A large per-
centage of them were submitting Year Book
reports for the first time and in many cases,
especially those relating to county-wide ser-
vice, detailed records were not available. In
spite of these difficulties, much valuable infor-
mation was secured, and the hearty coopera-
tion received from a large number of state,
county and local emergency reHef authorities
is gratefully acknowledged.

The following summaries and statistical
tables indicate the 'scope and nature of the fa-
cilities and activities carried on in the cities
reporting emergency service. The extent to
which recreation programs have contributed
to better living in theSe communities may be
judged in part by the extent to which they
themselves assume responsibility for continu-
ing these programs after tTie emergency has
passed. It will be interesting to note how
many of these communities appear in the reg-
ular table in 1935, indicating that they have at
least shared in the responsibility for financing
the work.

In most of the summary tables which follow,
the number of cities reporting the various

items is indicated. It should be kept in mind
that many of the figures representing cities
reporting actually represent county reports

and that therefore the number of individual
communities involved is much larger than the
figure indicates.

Leadership

A total of 5,153 men and women were paid
from emergency funds for service as recrea-
tion leaders with agencies or in towns, cities
and villages where no other leadership was
provided in 1934. Reports of such workers
were received from 467 cities but they indicate
that these workers served in nearly 1,000 com-
munities. Approximately 60 per cent of these
leaders were men.

Because many recreation projects extended
for a limited period and others were not estab-
lished until late in 1934, relatively few recrea-
tion leaders paid from emergency funds served
throughout the year. Furthermore the dillFer-
ent local regulations governing relief work
programs resulted in a wide divergence in the
number of hours per week which these leaders
served. Therefore no figures are available as to

the number of persons who served on a full time
year round basis, such as were secured in the
case of workers paid from regular funds. One
hundred and eight cities, however, using emer-
gency leaders only, indicated that 871 leaders
were serving on a full time basis, and 1,491 addi-
tional leaders were reported serving on this basis
in cities carrying on regular service. There is
reason to believe that a much greater number of
persons were serving full time at the close of
1934. Even so, the number reported, 2,362, is
larger than the number of full time year round
leaders paid from regular funds.

The following table summarizes the emer-
gency service in all the cities reporting such
leadership in 1934. In each instance the figures
in parentheses represent the number of cities
reporting the particular item.

In Cities M ith

Emerqency In Cities With In All Cities

Service Only Reqular Sennce Reportinp

Men Workers 2,940 (377) 10,733 (375) 13,673 (752)

Women Workers 2,213 (401) 7,288 (339) 9,501 (740^

Total Workers 5,153 (467) 18,021 (391) 23,174 (858)

Men Workers Employed Full Time 537 (83) 965 (81) 1,502 (164"^

Women Workers Employed Full Time 334 (81) 526 (63) 860 (144)

Total Workers Employed Full Time 871 (108) 1,491 (91) 2,362 (199)

Volunteers

Fifteen hundred and ninety-seven men and
women were enlisted as volunteers in 155 cit-
ies employing only emergency workers. In
contrast with the situation in cities conducting
regular work, more women than men served

as volunteers, the numbers being 864 and 666,
respectively. In comparison with the total
number of paid leaders there are more volun-
teers in the cities having emergency service
only than in cities reporting regular service.

Playgrounds and Indoor Centers

Outdoor Playgrounds

More than two thousand outdoor play-
grounds were open under leadership of emer-
gency workers in 1934 in communities which
otherwise would have had no outdoor play-
ground program. This number is in addition
to the many play centers which v>^ere opened
in other cities because emergency leadership

supplemented the regular playground staff.
Many of these 2,010 playgrounds were in com-
munities which had never before had a play-
ground program. The marked extension of
play opportunities through the use of emer-
gency workers is further illustrated by the fact
that 43 per cent of these playgrounds were
open under leadership in 1934 for the first time.

Number of outdoor playgrounds for white and mixed groups (353 cities) 1,890

Open year round (35 cities) 125

Open during the summer months only (241 cities) 1,164

Open during school year only (55 cities) 223

Open during summer and other seasons (741) 378

Average daily summer attendance of participants (1,113 playgrounds in 278 cities) 99,9S6

Average daily summer attendance of spectators (178 cities) 33,477

Number of outdoor playgrounds open in 1934 for the first time (228 cities) 788

In addition to the foregoing, outdoor playgrounds for colored people are reported as follows :

Number of playgrounds for colored people (56 cities) 120

Open year round (12 cities) 22

Open summer months only (25 cities) 59

. Open school year only (13 cities) 21

Open summer and other seasons (6 cities) 18

Average daily summer attendance of participants (371 playgrounds in 71 cities) 9,254

Average daily summer attendance of spectators (20 cities) 1,856

Number of playgrounds for colored people open in 1934 for the first time (43 cities)... 74

Total number of playgrounds for white and colored people (360 cities) 2,010

Total average daily summer attendance of participants and spectators at playgrounds for

white and colored people (1,184 playgrounds) 144,543

Total yearly or seasonal attendance of participants and spectators at playgrounds for

white and colored people (1,490 playgrounds in 230 cities) 22,285,114

Total number of playgrounds for white and colored people open in 1934 for the first time 862

Recreation Buildings

Emergency leadership made possible the use of 99 recreation buildings for recreation pro-
grams in 1934. In view of the fact that many of them are located in small communities, the total
attendance of 678,709 which was recorded at 70 of them shows a very considerable use.

Number of recreation buildings for white and mixed groups (52 cities) 88

Total yearly or seasonal attendance of participants (62 buildings in 36 cities) 582,221

In addition, recreation buildings for colored people are reported as follows:
Number of recreation buildings for colored people (10 cities) 11

Total yearly or seasonal attendance of participants (8 buildings in 7 cities) 96,488

Total number of recreation buildings for white and colored people 99

Total yearly or seasonal participants at recreation buildings for white and colored people

(70 buildings in 39 cities) 678,709

Indoor Recreation Centers

The extent to which emergency leadership • service, the centers were probably located in
was used to conduct indoor activities in schools more than 500 towns, cities and villages. In
and other buildings not used primarily for rec- many cases the centers aflforded the only rec-
reation is evident from the fact that 1,506 such reation opportunity in the community and a
centers were reported in 1934. The number of large number of them were open under leader-
communities reporting them was 255, but since ship in 1934 for the first time. The attendance
many of the reports related to county-wide at 1,153 of the centers totaled 3,711,040.

Number of centers open 3 or more sessions weekly (166 cities) 830

Total yearly or seasonal attendance (553 centers in 128 cities) 3,273,209

100

Number of centers open less than 3 sessions weekly (127 cities) 676

Total yearly or seasonal attendance (600 centers in 105 cities) 437,831

Total number of indoor recreation centers (255 cities) 1,506

Total attendance (1,153 centers) 3,711,040

Play Streets

Nine cities reported a total of 97 play streets open under leadership, 11 of them open in
1934 for the first time.

Recreation Facilities

Large numbers of people had an opportunity
to engage in a variety of sports and other out-
door activities in the cities where emergency
leaders only were reported. Although the
number of units of service at a majority of the
facilities listed in the following table were not
reported, the figures submitted show a total
in excess of 2,400,000 participation. Like the
similar table relating to facilities in cities re-
porting regular service, ball diamonds, tennis
courts, athletic fields and ice skating areas are

Facilities Number

Athletic Fields 354 (159)

Baseball Diamonds 556 (205)

Bathing Beaches 115 (69)

Golf Courses (9-holes) 9 (8)

Golf Courses ( i8-holes) i ( i )

Handball Courts 156 (55)

Ice Skating Areas 369 (54)

Ski Jumps 9 (6)

Softball Diamonds 651 ( 183)

Stadiums 16 ( 14)

Summer Camps 11 (9)

Swimming Pools (indoor) 12 (10)

Swimming Pools (outdoor) 61 (51)

Tennis Courts 627 C142)

Toboggan Slides 30 (17)

Wading Pools 72 (49)

most numerous. Golf courses, swimming pools
and special facilities for winter sports are rela-
tively few. A much larger proportion of the
various facilities listed were open in 1934 for
the first time than was true of the facilities in
cities reporting regular service.

Throughout the following table the figures
in parentheses indicate the number of cities re-
porting in each particular case and the figures in
brackets indicate the number of facilities for
which information relative to participation is given.

Participants

Number open in

per season

1924 for first time

303,114

(55)

90 (53)

[118]

351,478 (67)

114 (57)

[210]

566,230

(24)

19 (14)

[37]

6,800

(3)

3 (2)

[3]

750

[I]

42 (21)

300,946 (21)

77 (23)

[83I

600

(I)

6 (4)

[2]

425,880

(80)

214 (83)

[349I

30,575

(4)

2 (2)

[4]

, I-I75

(3)

4 (4)

[3]

69,209

(7) .

3 (I)

[7]

74,931

(17)

19 (15)

[21]

151,151

(60)

129 (51)

[291]

11,430

(9)

18 (10)

[20]

19 (12)

101

Management

A summary of the number of agencies of
various types which were responsible for emer-
gency programs appears in the section devoted
to summaries preceding the statistical tables
relating to regular service. The 441 public
and 52 private agencies listed as managing

authorities on the "emergency only" reports
included a wide variety of agencies. Heading
the list were emergency relief administrations
which were listed as the managing authorities
in 218 cities and school officials which were
listed in 157 cities.

Finances

Nearly $2,200,000 were spent for recreation
in 462 of the cities reporting emergency ser-
vice only, and approximately 75 per cent of
this amount was spent for leaders' salaries and
wages. (Tn the cities reporting regular ser-
vice approximately 75 per cent of the emer-
gency funds were spent for land, buildings and
permanent equipment.) In addition, $110,938.65
from non-emergency funds were spent in these

cities but none of this money was in payment for
leadership. As previously pointed out, expendi- .
tures data concerning emergency funds are com-
paratively incomplete but the following summary
relating to all cities reporting such funds shows a
total expenditure of $21,092,821.04 which exceeds
the total amount reported spent in 1934 from reg-
ular funds. In each instance the figures in paren-
theses represent the number of cities reporting.

In Cities With In Cities In All

Emergency Service With Reqular Cities

Only Seyvice
Land, Buildings, Permanent

Equipment $360,632.99 (51) $13,348,331.52 (195) $13,708,964.51

Salaries and Wages for Leadership. . 1,642,713.93 (449) 3,029,149.56 (334) 4,671,863.49

Total Expenditures 2,198,103.39 (462) 18,894,717.65 (465) 21,092,821.04

In addition, funds from non-emergency sources supplemented the emergency expenditures as
follows :

Land, Buildings, Permanent Equipment $64,596.42 (47)

Upkeep, Supplies and Incidentals 35,813.28 (150)

For Other Services 1,901.80 (12)

Total 103,349.81 (191)

No attempt was made to summarize the sources of emergency funds most of which came
from tax sources. The following table summarizing the sources of the non-emergency funds
reveals the fact that in many communities emergency service was supplemented by contributions
from private sources.

Source of Support Amount Number of Cities

Tax Funds $60,784.76 80

Fees and Charges 5,817.39 14

Private Funds 44,336.50 109

Special Recreation Activities

Art and craft activities, athletics, folk dancing,
play production, music, hiking and swimming were
the activities most frequently listed by the cities
in which programs were carried on exclusively
under emergency workers. Forums, discussion
groups and related activities played an important
part in these programs, as evidenced by the fact
that nearly three times as many different partici-

pants are reported as in the cities with regular
service. Baseball is first in the number of cities
reporting but Softball leads in the number of dif-
ferent individuals participating. The table which
follows records in part the recreational oppor-
tunities made possible by emergency leaders in
many communities and the number of individuals
who took advantage of them.

102

Activities Cities

Reporting
Arts and Crafts

Art activities for children 123

Art activities for adults yy

Handcraft for children 236

Handcraft for adults 155

Athletic Activities

Archery 18

Badge Tests (NRA) 17

Baseball 277

Basketball 241

Bowling 27

Handball 1 1 1

Horseshoes 233

Soccer 72

Softball 250

Tennis 182

Volley Ball 238

Dancing

Folk Dancing 160

Social Dancing 131

Drama

Drama Tournaments 50

Festivals 62

Pageants 84

Plays 193

Puppetry 28

Music

Vocal 192

Instrumental 155

Nature Activities

Hiking 172

Gardening 38

Nature Lore 80

Water Sports

Swimming 186

Swimming Badge Tests (NRA) 13

Winter Sports

Ice Hockey 32

Skating 67

Skiing 25

Tobogganing 22

Miscellaneous Activities

Circuses 30

First Aid 74

Forums, Discussion Groups, etc 70

Playground Newspaper 12

Safety Activities 81

Number of Different

tdividuals Participating

10,649

(69)

4,292

(50)

46,431

(156)

23,054

(112)

786

(14)

6.276

(14)

^0,557

(171)

125,236 (156)

50,640

(18)

12,447

(61)

68,214

(151)

10,517

(42)

209,891

(159)

87,140

(119)

72,792

(161)

25,736

(99)

77,878

(84)

4,353

(32)

8,925

(31)

10,243

(48)

26,522

(129")

830

(12)

74,462 (122)

12,548 (107)

15,611

(119)

6,790

(23)

4,869

(47)

64,555

(III)

440

(5)

2,882

(23^

21,345

(39)

1,680

(15^

1,840

(14)

3.047

(12)

7,817

(38)

. 99,402

(46^

291

(7)

20,338

(41)

103

EMERGENCY RECREATION SERVICE IN 1934

Footnotes folloiv tl'e table

STATE AND
CITY

Popula-
tion

Managing Authority

Emergency
R3Creation Leadership

Expenditures for Emergency
Service Last Fiscal Year

Playgrounds

Indoor
Centers

Paid Workers

Volun-
teer
Workers

From Relief Funds

From
Other
Than
Relief
Funds

Mo. Em-
ployed
Full
Time

g
S

•s

is
■s

Land,
Buildings,
Permanent
Equipment

Leadership

Total

6
■s

g
S

•s

Alabama

Aliceville, Gordo,

2,000

3,000
20,513

1,836
26,016
17,768
32,556
25,429

1,500
15,633
40,104

16,688

3,000
12,000

5,000
26,265
22,820
31,000

2,600
18,001
22,878
36,427
25,967
70,001)
66,072

1,600

32,240

660

2,300
800

3,000

2,300

20,000

' 6,621

26,929
7,600

64,163
4,633
6,206

69,445
3,500

7,157

500
276

3,600
500
500

1,060
488
150

5,400
35,000
, 600

3,000

20,831

9,347

146,180

56,000

6,000

4,600

30,000

22,000

26,000

4,000
12,091
20,094

Alabama Relief Administration ,

56
28

284.00
225.00
227.00
101.21
176.46
180.00
190.00
217.00
200.00
208.69

195.00

160.00

240.00

1,799.79

144.00

532.60

90.00

1,235.16

135.00

70.00

83.60

2,230.20

46.00

16,000.00

3,474.40

136.00

93.42

147.50

546.00

135.00

270.00

260.00

90.00

774.00
257.92
120.00
237.50
983.00
213.32
854.20
260.00

284.00
225.00
292.00
101.21
176.46
180.00
190.00
217.00
200.00
208.59

195.00

160.00

240.00

1,799.79

144.00

532.60

4,589.60

1,235.16

I3S.OO

97.00

83.60

8,330.88

45.00

27,800.00

3,474.40

135.00

93.42

147.50

545.00

135.00

270.00

250.00

186.36

904.00
267.92
132.00
237.50
1.986.00
297.32
854.20
260.00

252.00

210.70
613.40
429.60
144.00
139.20
74.00

10.00

3
2
12
2
5

"5,660

3
13

2
11

1,308
2,500
1,341

360

4,134

•>

Auburn

Choctaw County^ . .

Clanton

Clarke County'....

Clay County'

Coffee County'

Conecuh County^ . .

Dadeville

Decatur

DeKalb County. . . .

Dothan

Florala

A. R. A

Chilton County Child Welfare Board. . .

A. R. A

County Welfare Board

....

1
2

4,002

County Emergency Relief Committee . . .
Tallapoosa County Child Welfare Board

A. R. A

County Child Welfare Board and School
Board

1
2

1,170
720
990

7.00
15.00

1
4
5
4

2,260

Houston County Child Welfare Board . .
Covington County Recreation Center . . ,
Lauderdale County Child Welfare Board
A R A

'"2

3.366
24,663

1,309

5,487

30,000

1
2

1
1
5
4

3.60
20.75

Greenville

Hale County*

Henry County'. . . .

Huntsville

LaFayette

Lamar County* ....
Lowndes County^ . .
Marengo County"* .
Marion County". . .

Mobile

Montgomery

Oneonta

Pike County

Pine Apple

Prattville

Robertadale

Russellville

Scottsboro

F, E. R. A

6
6
6
6
1
2
10

1,672
11,664
6,000

i20

5,000

9
6
10

13
3
5
4

1
7
2
2
2
8
4
4
6
1

2
5
1
6
8
I
8

3,700

1,580

13,116

120

666

240

4,000

350

25,000

6,527
435

974

12.988
534

800

11,800
549

2,554
9,746
1,057
8,817

4,499.60

A. R. A

Chambers County E. R. A

A.R. A ,

F. E. R. A

County Child Welfare Board

'>i

3
4

1
2

6
10

6,070.68

709.07

■>?

A. R. A

F. E. R. A

A.R. A

"4
6

'>A

3,600.00
106.00

39
9
2

198,000
643

?')

''7

Countv R A

''R

F. E. R. A

A.R. A

A. R. A

1
3
4
4
1
3

1
2

974

4,902

312

800

4.694

2,250

7
7
4

3,34

A.R. A

Dallas County Relief Association

Muscle Shoals Division, Alabama Tran.

1
5

I
1

Sheffield

100.00

Sumter"

Tarrant City

Tuscaloosa County'"

Tuecumbia"-^

Union Springs

Walker County".. .

400.00
10.00

School Board and Recreation Committee

1
S

5
12
14

F. E. R. A

E.R. A

A.R. A

Gila County Board of Public Welfare
E. R. A.

20.00

75.00

1
13

7,860
8,814

150.00

Arizona

Globe'5

Arkansas

School Board and E. R. A

1
3
2
2

89.50
97.40
429.60
144.00
139.20
63.20

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6

10
28

516.00

65.10

Clarksville

3
2
2

E.R. A

Locust Bayou

Mt. Pleasant

Russellville

Texarkana

Izard County E. R. A

E.R. A

School Board and Parent Teacher Asso-

153

1
2
7
5

1
I

50.00

50.00
1,200.00
1,284.40

504.00

.. 1

.50

"2
8

5''

M2S

984.40
504.00

16,901

15.801

,53

50.00

California

Barnes City

Norwalk, Bellflower,

.54

S. E. R. A., School Board and Coordi-

1,000.00
9,000.00

64,405.73

14,259.00

209.20

600.0

1,004.40

1,000.00
9,000.00

54,405.73

21,469.00

209.20

700.00

1,024.40

200.00

10,000
12,000

936,474

69,700

2,000

Redondo Beach

San Bernardino
County'"

Colorado

Pueblo

,55

3
28

4
3
4

4,600
413,275

60.750

4.800
200

S. E. R. A

10
5

4,973.00
1,250.00

Connecticut

Farmington

Jewett City

New London

loo.on
20.00

69.00

Educational and Training Center

F. E. R. A

"15,039

63
64

Torrington

Florida

Apalachicola

Bay Coun(y>'

Broward County". .

Srhonl Board

1
1

240.00

517.56

468.60
552.50

240.00

628.63

2,302.60
552.£0

Florida Emergency Relief Administra-

1
....

28
12

2,400

3,700
123,650

1
12

18,000

8,000
25,000

Recrea+ion Department, F. E. R. A.,

1,834.00

101.00

Recreation Department, F. E. R. A

104

EMERGENCY RECREATION SERVICE IN 1934

Footnotes follow the table

STATE AND
CITY

Popula-
tion

Managing Authority

Emergency
RDcreation Leadership

Expenditures for Emergency
Service Last Fiscal Year

Playgrounds

Indoor
Centers

Paid Workers

Volun-
teer
Workers

From Relief Funds

From
Other
Than
Relief
Funds

1
a
Z

No. Em-
ployed
Full
Time

•s

Land,
Buildings,
Permanent
Equipment

Leadership

Total

■3
d

0
■3

Florida— Cout.

Calhoun County". .
Collier County-' . . .

Dade County-'

Daytona Beach ....

DeLand

District No. 3,

F. E. R. A.-'....
District No. 6,

F. E. R. A.-''....

Fort Pierce

Gadsden County". .

Gainesville

Gulf County*

Hamilton County-^.
Holmes County'-^ . .
Jackson County-' . .
Jeflferson County** .
Key West

7,298

2,883

142,955

20,000

5,246

'6,200
29,890
12,000
3,182
9,454
12,924
31,969
13,404
12,831
3,162
4,694
23,476
4,067
15,614
9,879
7,000
12,111
14,083
2,912
2,304
15,731
13,136
3,229
5,468
14,576
12,180

318,587

4,000
7,837

30,000

16,000
13,532

3,000

3,982.123

21,085

36,765

7,000

888

43,983

1,000

1,658

995

10,203

8,570

9,100

35,278

7,100

13,000

8,000

16,129

2,300

950

1,850

16,286

2,130

360

250

12,000

422,666

4,800

12,264
1,321

22
2
3
3

1
2
3
6
2
7
1
1
3

'2
6

2
12
6
9

37
4
2
3
2
1
2
5
3
5

....

1
2
9

430.80
308.00

430.80

308.00

11,660.50

48,386.42

2,750.00

16,236.58

13,545.63
14,156.37
14,646.36

7
4
8
4
3

61
3
5

2
10
16
7
3
1
2
9
4
7
4
4
3
6
5
1
6
3
2
10

1,364

91,000

2,499,000

13,576

18,000

1,022,180

' 10,666
4,600

3,060
34,600

' '6,202

'6,424
17,000

5,371
29,177

5,000

6,600
7,000
5,500
7,731
3,600
9,500
27,335

9
4

23
3

1
5
7
3
2
10
21
7
1
1
2
4
5
7
4
2
2
3
4

6,776
13,611
21,300

4,500
20,000

194,979
17,500
16,400
2,260

600

32,500

15,685

8,800

2,000

6,000

800

2,000

1,400

12,25D

11,450

6,750

Recreation Department, F. E. R. A

F. E. R. A

47,266.42

1,120.00
1,750.00

9,560.80

2,752.00
9,298.04

•i

Recreation Department, F. E. R. A

Recreation Council and F. E, R. A

F. E. R. A

Recreation Der»-tment. F. E. R. A

Recreation Department, F. E. R. A

F E R A

4
1

1,697.93

12,913.55
13,645.36

1,242.82
1.000.00

3,321.85
6,929.38

140.00

219.16
681.55
700.00
691.20

1,596.12
180.00
125.52
665.40
490.68
964.00

2,700.00

359.16

868.45

1,420.00

7,817.16

9,679.16

234.00

125.52

7,158.93

5,055.52

1,979.85

20,380.50

>*19,123.87

65,610.75

900.00

2,522.51

1,790.00

1,147.60

2,649.50

1,586.27

5,618.00

6,378.67

787.57

32,064.00

136.00
1,943.70

291.20

1
6

Recreation Department, F. E. R. A

F. E. H. A.

7,225.96

911.90

Kissimmee

Lafayette County'''^

Leon County"

Liberty County*-. . .
Madison County". .
Oklaloosa County".

Palatka

St. AuRustine

Santa Rosa Co.»...

Sebring

Stuart

Suwannee County*'
Taylor County*" . . .

Vero Beach

Wakulla County"..
Walton County"...
Washington Co.*' . .

Georgia

Fulton County" . . .

Idaho

Burley

450.00

40.00

1,079.20

430.95

178.58

Recreation Department, F. E. R. A

Recreation Department, F. E. R, A

Recreation Department, F. E. R. A

County Recreation Council

F E R A and City Manager

4
3
6
5

1ft

6,493.53
4,564.84
1,026.86
17,622.87
19.123.87
53,253.87

••fl

■"l

■>!

6
3

1,750.00
11,000.00

'>^

F. E. R. A

Recreation Department, F. E. R. A

Recreation Department. F. E. R. A

Recreation Department, F. E. R. A

Recreation Department. F. E. R. A

Recreation Department, F. E. R. A

Recreation Department, County Relief

5
6
7
3
1
1
2
2
4
3

'2
4
5
3
3
3
4

32
2

703.52

900.00

2,522.51

1,540.00

511.60

627.00

428.27

618.00

2,028.00

787.67

31,164.00
135.00

?,')

9
4

9
3

•'6

■>s

636.00
2,022.50
1,158.00
6,000.00
3,360.67

742.55

306.48

568.75

1,360.00

4,000

?<)

10
2
14

4,000
7,000
2,030

13,518

16
3

6
3

"209,000

700.00

1,535.00

School District No. 1

Montpclier

Illinois

Bloomington

Blue Island

City of Montpelier

f
37

Illinois E. R. Commission and School
Board

10
12

526

13
1
1
1

7
3

4
2
388
2
15

750.00
600.00

8
5

16,000
27,000

Playground and Recreation Conmiisaion
Alexander County Recreation Commis-

3,841.45

3,430.24

432.00

444,167.34

420.00

7,738.01

443.52

166.00

2,184.00

87.50

42.00

600.00

203.22

60.00
800.00
826.74
304.41
910.00
605.50
140.00

60.00
443.52

50.00

60.00

3,841.46

3,430.24

477.00

444,167.34

420.00

7,738.01

443.52

156.00

2,184.00

87.50

42.00

600.00

203.22

60.00
800.00
826.74
304.41
910.00
505.50
140.00

60.00
443.52

50.00

60.00

16,856

CartervUle

Cook County" ....
Crawford County".
Danville

School Board

"381

12,000
U,030,420

Illinois E. R. C

County E. R. C

Recreational Advisory Committee

I. E. R. C«

173

92,000

1
1
9

136,165

35.00
12.00

780

Fulton County". . .
Grafton

E. R. A

Recreation Commission

775

Henry

City of Henry

1
2

3
4
1
2
4
4

I.E. R. C

County E. R. C

Physical Education Department, West-
ern 111. State Teachers College

High School Board

2,700

1,800

Johnson County . . .

1
9
2

2,600

25.00

,5?

.t3

Montgomery Co.** .

Mount Carmel

Mount Vernon

Normal

E.R.C

,53

25.00
60.00
58.65

i
3
2

12,900
"9,525

,54

City Park Board

6
2
2

City Council and American Legion

Park District

.■i?

Pekin

Sesser

1
1

LE.R.C

School Board

1
1

34.00

Washington

Washington Co." . .
Waterloo

22
29

4,100

;
:

4,800

78,000
100,000

I. E.R.C

F. E. R. A

Marion County Recreation Bureau

Playground Committee

1
1

4
18
2

1
1

6.-

Willisville

443.52
443.52

7,000.00

15,500.00

200.00

825.00
180.00

443.62
443.52

7,500.00

15,600.00

200.00

826.00
180.00

22.00
30.00

Winkle

Indiana

Bedford

flfi

Marion County**. . .
Tell City

«7

5
1

"3,000

fiS

Iowa

.\udubon County*' .

County Schools and E. R. A

Public School

105

EM,ERGENCY RECREATION SERVICE IN

Footnotes follow the table

1934

STATE AND
CITY

Popula-
tion

Managing Authority

Emergency
Ricreation Leadership

Expenditures for Emergency
Service Ljist Fiscal Year

Playgrounds

Indoor
Centers

Paid Workers

Volun-
teer
Workers

From Relief Funds

From
Other
Than
Relief
Funds

M
e

^ s

e2J

g
d

•0
6

No. Em-
ployed

Time

s
s
■s

•s

6
Z

Land,
Buildings,
Permanent
Equipment

Leadership

Total

6
•s

a
B

•3
d

Kentucky

29,074

29,000

54,440

1,604

65,882

115,000
49,282
56,537
60,000
15,800

111,000

5,365

10,000

49,677

12,992

7,226

4,989
3,941
6,734
4,140
5,571
81,066
4,000
3,922
400
837
1,104
2,247
4,923
1,548
1,600
1,400

Park Board

6
17

170.40

1,342.40

220.00
110.00
454.30

2,316.00

8,816.98

9,000.00

3,084.80

1.800.00

5,832.00

175.00

408.00

5,880.83

1,447.20

104.61

170.40

1,342.40

220.00
110.00
471.82

3,577.08

17,693.94

10,714.70

3,084.80

1,800.00

5,832.00

175.00

408.00

5,880.83

1,447.20

104.61

72.00

30.00

300.00

48.00

608.00

1,616.00

500.00

103.20

13.60

15.00

69.60

149.20

96.00

411.60

450.00

3,030.00

288.00

1,336.94

59.00

43.20

481.00

48.00

56.50

1,257.60

112.00

103.20

96.00

240.00

644.50

225.00

96.00

12.80

288.00

30.00

571.00

4,901.00

249.75

801.25

96.00

85.00

1,477.70

90.00

768.00

91.00

71.00

869.10

72.00

93.20

1,200.00

300.00

194.70

478.48

90.00

18.00
251.41

3,500
32,000

Maine

■>

Maryland

Frederick County"
Rnnw Hill

5
1
5

350
960

«>

Washington Co.>'. . .
Massachusetts

"Pall Rivpr

10
34
59
14
9
23

9
9
12
9
4
9
1
4
9
5

190,000
28,193
97.275

225,000
"9,000

135,000
3,600

"113,660
50,350

10
24
34
13

5
19

4
26

118.76
8,499.60

6,336.20

E.R. A......

16.264

400.00
250.00
800.00

1(1

Parks and Playground CommisBion

New Bedford

1
1

2
19
6

3
1
4
2
4
23
1

1
1

Pittsfield

Citizens' Playground Conunittee

School Board

250.00

i")

Ifi

Whitman

2
2
6

1,677

666

6,000

Michigan

Alcona County^* . . .

1
4

30.00
263.00

48.00

608.00

1,616.00

1f>

Belding

''I

5
17

100.00

3,000

Berrien County^^^ _ _
Bessemer

?'^

1,000

103.20

13.60

15.00

69.60

149.20

96.00

411.60

450.00

30.00

288.00

1,110.00

59.00

43.20

481.00

48.00

56.50

1,257.60

112.00

103.20

96.00

240.00

644.50

225.00

96.00

12.80

288.00

30.00

571.00

4,651.00

249.75

801.25

96.00

85.00

1,248.00

90.00

768.00

91.00

66.00

869.10

20.00

93.20

1,200.00

228.00

192.00

468.00

90.00

'>6

?«

Cedar Springs

Charlevoix

Cheboygan City. . . .

1,000
3,000

1
4
3
1
2
5

7fl

1
5

1
1
1

4,000
"2,400

'2,460

800

3,000.00

125.00

1
5
1
1
4

900

400

3,572

4,730

1,429

775

6,562

4,665

861

1,000

159

1,164

17,409

44,076

5,019

900

4,053

6,992

41,390

84,630

15.584

B,552

11,326

4,016

a,.595

5,554

11,330

Garden Township . .
Grand Ledge

3,5

38
39
40

Harbor Springs

Holton

2
10
2

9
5
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
3

43
4
5

2,402

100.00

"6,000

Kalltaeka

i
2

■2.666

43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
69
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76

77
78

50.00

Lake Leelanau

1
5

Manistee County". .
Marquette County*'
Marshall

800

2
2

Board of Education

80.00

Melvindale

Missoukee County'*

Muskegon

Muskegon County"
Muskegon Heights. .

2
2
8
3
4
1

4,666

2
6

1,200
3,900
7,000

4
12
5
4
1
4
4
2
3

City School District

46.97

"2,880

Niles

Board of Education

Ogemaw County". ,
Otsego County""... .
PresquelsleCo."...
Ralph

3,600

5
2

6
1

6
3
3
4
1

4.20

"1,327
"360

I
3

500

630
1,422

500

20,000

1,604

606

800
2,000

562
6,950

Consolidated School Board

S
1

7
3
1

500.00

Roscommon Co." . .

Royal Oak

Sagola*^^

1
5
1
1
2
1

School Board

70,050

Board of Education

1,692

School District

766

Springport

1
1

Board of Education

3
1
2

1,115.00
45.00
183.00
190.00
16.00
370.00

1,115.00

45.00

183.00

220.24

16.00

383.26

50.00

Three Oaks

Union City

1,800

1,104

1,200

600

15,009
10,169

15.00
30.00
200.00

418

I.OOO
2,000

120,000

School District

2,000

276,900
10,300

Minnesota

Aitkin County"....
Albert Lea

Recreation Deparment, State E. R. A. .
Park Department

1,512.00

106

EMERGENCY RECREATION SERVICE IN

Footnotes follow the table

1934

STATE AND
CITY

Popula-
tion

Managing Authority

Emergency
Recreation Leadorship

Expenditures for Emergency
Service Last Fiscal Year

Playgrounds

Indoor

Centers

Paid W'orkers

Volun-
teer
Workers

From Relief Funds

From
Other
Than
Relief
Funds

0 a

-i

1
Z

s
s
•s

§
0

•s

No. Em-
ployed
Full
Time

s
s
•0

■s

Land.
Buildings,
Permanent
Equipment

Leadership

Total

>»

c
•s

3
0

d
Z

Minn — Cont.

Becker County** .

Big .Stone and Tra-
verse Counties*'.

Brown and Waton-
wan Counties**. . .

Clearwater and
Mahnomen Cos.*^

Grant and Stevens
Counties'*

Houston, Fillmore
and Winona Cos.''

Kittson and Roseau
Counties^

Koochiching Co.^. .

Lake of the Woods
County**

22,503

17,776

36,230

15,700

20,000

59,892

22,309
14,078

6,000
885

5,000
400

51,069

47,553

32,415

20,586

24,753

7,000

919

19,923

9,142

20,962

10,254
59,000

895
1,672

3,000

1,728
2,374
5,734

65,000
1,136

92,131
8,810
1,955
3,336
1,416
7,000
7,372

16,000

8,000

119,000

2,637

1,444

1,430

2,000
1,474
2,800

46,875
2,502

15,000
5,734
1,615
5,148
3,478

3,024

114,589

1,616

560

600

4,176

4,372

13,796

S. E. R. A

S. E. R.A

S. E.R. A

S. E. R. A

4
■ 6

6
22

4
5

2
1

1
1

8
6

5
3

4
3

2
6
4

3
3
4

1,844.00

"658.00

5,600.00

2,852.00

10,000.00

3,000,00

1,000,00
4,826.00

1,426.00
264.00
120.00
440.00

3,279.50

2,050.00

2,345.00

2,620.00
4,000.00
2,353.00

144.00

220.00

3,094.00

'=658.00

5,600.00

3,002.00

20,000.00

5,482.40

1,630.00
7,201.25

1,426.00
264.00
120.00
440.00

3,638.50

2,425.00

'«12,745.00

7,974.73
4,250.00
8,353.00

194.00

220.00

33,900

6
2

16
10

20
10

50,000
10,000

30,242

34
4

6,800

22,500

7,500

13,000
5,040

2
4

1,500.00
100.00

540.00

35.00

10.00

90.00

105.00

1
4
3

''2,000

Little Falls

Littlefork

Morrison and Crow
W ing Counties". .

Olmsted and Dodge
Counties'*

Sibley and Nicollet
Counties"

Wadena and Hub-
bard Counties'^ . .

Washington Co.". , .

11
3

31
14

31
3
5

S. E. R. A

S.E.R. A

1
4
3

1
1

1
1
4

4
5
4

1
2
1

114,500

1
23

8
12
3

1,340
53,500
11,680
40,000
3,400
V,524

375.00
10,400.00

3
4
5

53,200
2,500

4,811.97

6,000.00

465.00

Mississippi

Mendenhall.

Missouri

Calloway County**..
Camden County.. . .
Cass County*'

Clark County*^

Springfield

■"O

C. W. A

'ft

C. W. A

Missouri Relief and Reconstruction Com-

252.00

240.00

3,240.00

126.00
96.00

369.00

28.50

32.00

180.00

6,550.00

216.00

1,920.00

110.80

350.00

285.00

67..50

256.00

560.00

1,364.00

250.00

3,619.00

24.00

168.00

136.00

80.00
860.00
300.00
1,283.77
297.00
420.00
195.00

24.00
120.00
750.00

936.00
7,384.00
184.80
75.00
115.20
750.00
657.00
351.00

252.00

240.00

3,540.00

126.00
96.00

360.00

28.50
32.00
180.00

6,550.00
216.00

1,920.00
110.80
350.00
285.00
117.50
256.00
560.00

1,364.00
250.00

3,619.00
24.00

168.00

136.00

80.00
860.00
300.00
1,283.77
297.00
420.00
195.00

24.00
120.00
750.00

936.00
9,064.00
184.80
75.00
115.20
750.00
657.00
351.00

F. E. R. A

School Board

6,000

'■I

Nebrasl<a

Bruning and Chester

E.R. A

Leo Brinda Poet No. 90, American Legion

"5,400

?")

''6

3
"12

450.00
20.00

2
3

150

400

615
982

New IHampshlre

Peterborough

New Jersey**

.\llendale

1
5

"Xf

Alpha

25.00

50.00

350.00

Amon Heights

Atlantic City

Beach Haven*^

Bayonne

Parent Teacher Association

1
14

"7
1

1
1
1
2
2
1
13

3
4

1
3
2
2
1
1
1
1

2
2

"2,227
30,000

3ft

Leisure Time Division, E. R. A

E.R. A

12
5
2
1

17,000

4,560

4,780

480

•^9

?•>

127,000

Bergenfield

Berlin

Camden County Park Commission

E.R. A

I^itizens' Recreation Committee

Leisure Time Advisory Council

E.R. A

Rpfrpqt.inn CnrriTTiit-ijip , ,

2
3

«*50.00
56.00

1
1
1
2
3
6
1
16

"24,627

"9,438

1,524

21,504

"40,733

40,000

5,000

161,423

Bernardsville ......

Blairstown

Boonton

1
. 4
3
1
10
1

246.00

90.00

500.00

14,080

Bound Brook

3
5

1
5

5
3

9
2
1
2

5
1

10,800
27,750

4ft

Cildwell

Camden

City Comrs. and Board of Education.. .
E.R. A

E.R. A

450.00

4?-

Cape May County,
Lower Township. .

Cape May County,
Middle Township.

Cape May Court
House

E.R. A

Recreation Committee

Clark Township. . . .

Clayton

Clifton

4
1
3

1
1
1

100.00

Community Committee

2,300.00

10.00

250.00

75.00

1
1
1

53,044

1,314

"18,520

"2,244

5
, 1

8,116
1,120

Closter

;^ommunity Recreation Committee

Collingswood

Delair

2
2

1
1

Parent Teacher Association

.53

Dennis Township. . .

E.R. A

Parent Teacher Aasociation**

,54

100.00
25.00

50.00
645.25
110.00
25.00
20.00

3
4
2
1

18,720
9,960

7,500
96,022
10,040
"1,915

2,520

S.'i

Kgg Harbor City...
Egg Harbor Town-
ship

Elizabeth

1
5
2

1
1
1
1
1

1
"8

4
6
2
1

8,325

500

110,345

264

210

1
2

1
1

Ewing Township . . .
Far Hills

E.R. A

5. _R. A

Neighborhood Club

1
20

Forked River

Franklin Township**

Glen Rock

Gloucester

6ft

Community Committee

"3,321
"24,627

1,584

Camden County Park CommlBsion

''SO.OO

107

EMERGENCY RECREATION SERVICE IN 1934

. Footnotes follow the table

STATE AND
CITY

Popula-
tioQ

Managing Authority

Emergency
Racreation Leadership

Paid Workers

No. Em-
ployed
Full
Time

Volun-
teer
Workers

Expenditures for Emergency
Service Lost Fiscal Year

From Relief Funds

Land,
Buildings,
Permanent
Equipment

Leadership

Total

From
Other
Than
Relief
Funds

Playgrounds

Indoor
Centers

N. J.— Cent.

Haddonfield

Hainesville, Mason-

ville, Whiteabog. .
Hamilton Township.

Harrison

Hight^town

Hillsdale

Hopewell

lona

Jackson Township. .

Jersey City

Kenilworth

Lakehurst

Lakewood

Lawrence Township.

Lincoln Park

Livingston

Lodi

Maple Shade

Margate

Matawan

Mays Landing

Metuchen

Merchantville

Middlesex Borough.

Milltown

Millville

Montville*^

Mountainside. .....

Mount Holly

Neptune

New Market

New Providence. . . .
New Providence

Township

North Bergen

North Caldwell

Nutley

Palmyra

Paulsboro

Peapack -Gladstone .

Pennington

Pensauken

Pleaaantville

Point Pleasant

Pompton Lakes ....
Pompton Plains. . , .

Princeton

Prospect Park

Raritan

Raritan Township. .

Red Bank

Ridgewood

Riverside

Scotch Plains

Seaside Heights ....
Shell Pile, PortNorris

Somerville

South .\mboy

South Plainfield....
South Toms River. .

Springfield

Thorofare

Union

V'erona. . .-.

Wallington

Wenonah

Westfield

West New York.. . .

Wildwood

Williamstown

Woodbine

Woodbridge

Township

Woodbury

WVckofF

New Mexico

Las Cruces

New York

Batavia

Cortland

Delaware County*" ,

Elmsford*'

Fort Edward

Fredonia

8,857

541
27,121
16,166
3,012
2,964
1,467

200

1,719

328,027

2,224

947
7,869
6,293
1,831
3,400
11,555
6,000
2,913
2.264
3,300
5,740
3,592
3,504
2,994
15,000

500

965
7,000
10,625

526
1,918

1,899

40,714

1,500

22,000

4,976

7,000

1,273

1,335

16,915

11,580

2,058

3,104

2,500

6,992

5,909

4,790

10,500

11,622

12,185

7,000

4,186

399

500

8,255

8,476

5,047

811

3,725

600

16,472

8,000

9,076

2,000

15,801

37,107

8,000

2,000

2,164

26,000
10,000
2,995

7,000

17,000
15,043
41,163
5,000
3,880
6,000

Camden County Park Commission .

E. R. A

Hudson County Park Commission. .

E. R. A

E. R. A..
E. R. A..
E. R. A..

Parent Teacher Association. .
E. R. A..
E. R. A..
E. R. A..

School Board

Recreatien Committee .
Board of Education . . .

E. R. A

E.R. A

E. R. A

E.R. A

E.R. A..

Parent Teacher Association.

Planning Commission

E.R. A

E.R. A..

Board of Education

Parent Teacher Association..
Parent Teacher Association .

E.R. A

E. R. A

Parent Teacher Association. .

Recreation Committee.

E.R. A

E.R. A..

Recreational Committee.

E.R. A

E. R. A..
E.R. A..

Parent Teacher Association..

E.R. A

E.R. A.

leisure Time Advisory Council .

E.R. A

E.R.

Board of Education .

E.R. A

Board of Education .

E.R. A

E.R. A..

Recreation Association.
City of South Amboy. .
E.R. A..

Colored Church*. .

E.R. A

E.R. A.

Parent Teacher Associations .

E.R. A

Board of Education

E.R. A.

Recreation Committee

E.R. A

Community Center Council. .

E.R. A

Board of Education

Rotary Club and Other Civic Groups .

Welfare Department

Temporary E. R. A

County 4-H Club

Recreation Commission

.School Board and Recreation Commission
Recreation Committee

2S0.00

351.00

246.00
873.60
1,500.00
453.20
133.86
154.00
120.00
504.00
8,970.00
1,350.00
200.00
276.00
772.80
112.00
300.00
669.00
300.00
150.00
495.00
150.00
673.00
180.00
120.00
150.00
210.00
252.00
15.00
120.00
600.00
120.00
165.00

15.00

1,440.00

225.00

2,666.40

300.00

362.50

168.00

2S9.20

180.00

1,316.00

480.00

311.26

46.00

361.60

1,196.00

216.00

1,833.27

1,405.00

150.00

300.00

10.00

32.00

750.00

477.60

105.00

108.00

115.20

75.00

150.00

345.00

640.00

880.10

300.00

2,310.00

1,200.00

182.40

150.00

405.00

4,456.00
460.00
101.50

234.00

473.00

482.04

1,411.00

lOO.OO

1,475.00

1.776.00

361.00

246.00
873.60
3,600.00
463 20
133.86
154.00
120.00
604.00
8,970.00
1,. 350.00
200.00
276.00
772.80
112.00
300.00
669.00
300.00
150.00
496.00
150.00
573.00
180.00
12C.00
160.00
210.00
252.00
16.00
120.00
600.00
120.00
166.00

16.00

1,440.00

226.00

2,666.40

300.00

362.60

168.00

272.70

180.00

1.316.00

480.00

311.25

46.00

361.60

1,196.00

216.00

2,083.27

1,405.00

160.00

300.00

10.00

32.00

775.00

477.60

105.00

108.00

115 20

75.00

,150.00

^46.00

640.00

880.10

300.00

2,310.00

1,200.00

182.40

160.00

405.00

4,455.00
460.00
101.50

488.00

482.04

1,411.00

100.00

1,476.00

1,776.00

"60.00

1,237.58

240.00

15.00

120.00

60.00
25.00

400.00
184.00

80.00

50.00
300.00

25.00
250.00
100.00

50.00
100.00

100.00

50.00
200.00

50.00
100.00

150.00
110.00
26.00

50.00
26.00
25.00
60.00

450.00

260.00

25.00

500.00

60.00
60.00
160.00

25.00
.60.00
426.00

56.00
800.00
300.00

50.00

750.00
150.00

150.00

210.00

64.00

"24,627

36,200

1,000

11,360

8.480

16,360

4.192

"6,300

15,000

11,840

15,680

4,200

14,937

5.450

6.250

3,500

8.400

62.200

"3.671

27.660

29.700

2,850

6.350
12,600
19,560
"8,640

12,000
2.310
"33,050
4,7.50
7,900

"4,889
6,040

"1,879

12,860
1,440
5,390

31,760
28,760
"7,290
66,960
6,500

23.860

2,500

"16,868

29,250

"2.400

"659

1.400

"18,700

9,000

21,813

2,000

"20.246

127,360

1,010

'224,812
6,050

15,000

11,000
9,000
5,750

1,980

134

6,728
2,600

840

360

31,390

■ 4,566
950

400
2,480
4,200

450

661

108

EMERGENCY RECREATION SERVICE IN

Footnotes follow the table

1934

STATE AND
CITY

Popula-
tion

Managing Authority

Emergency
Rocreation Leadership

E.xpenditures for Emergency
Service Last Fiscal Year

Raygrounds

Indoor
Centers

Paid Workers

Volun-
teer
Workers

From Relief Funds

From
Other
Than
Relief
Funds

e2|

g
S

■s

No. Em-

ploj'ed

Full

Time

g
S

•s

■0

Land,
Buildings,
Permanent
Equipment

Leadership

Total

g
2

0
0
6
Z

New York— Cont.

12,462

7,500
64,006
25,539

9,500
24,771
11,056
23,000
15,000
22.000
303,053

2,500
7,000,000

Recreation Commission and Fulton Ath-
letic Club

20
4

30
6

1
14

6
25

i9
6

"4
5

<"25

39,418.44

7,000.00
1,690.00
6,864.45
3,507.60
937.00
16,200.00

46,668.44
1,690.00
5,864.46
3,957.60
3,342.99

23,100.00

73,654

2
3
8
3
1
8
1
2

28,548

14,000

464,147

13,340

1,245

3,240

690

325.00

Herkimer County" .
Huntington

T, E. R. A

Board of Education

9
6

79,073
16,808

125.00

■i

School Board

Lackawanna

Little Falls

Lockport

2
1

19
2

105
2
4

11
2
3
1

9
5
5
2
3

'35,660
48,790
'•4,250
18,505

812,206

School Board

13,688.12
360.00
665.50

48,982.00
1,488.00

121,683.19

375,636.55

1,960.00

1,671.58

12,046.00

1,200.00

1,379.63

420.00

16,000.00

180.00

370.00

151.20
151.20

386.40

1,000.00
400.00
290.00

1,320.00

13,988.12

360.00

8,143.26

48,982.00
1,488.00

121,683.19

375,636.55

1,960.00

1,671.58

12,046.00

1,200.00

1,379.63

420.00

18,000.00

180.00

706.00

151.20
151.20
386.40

1,000.00
400.00
290.00

1,392.00

25.00

Middletown

Nassau County^' . . .

NewCa-stle"

New York City....
North Castle"

78
3

203

173
2
6

19
7

11
1

26
1
1

....

1
1
6
3
1

11
1

1
1

1
1
7

7,191.35

County T. E. R. A. and State Board of

58
3

4
1

57,200
5,000

Recreation Commission'^

300.00

[ Works Division, Department of Public
J Welfare^s

j Department of Public Welfare and
\ Board of Education**

173
2

105

Board of Education'^

1
6
10

' '30,628

1
1

Ogdensburg

Oneida County'* . , .
PeekskiU"

17,000

198,763

17,000

33,000

4,700

100,000

250

620

2,000
2,500
11,000

10,000

8,000

800

22,524

18,000
8,000

30,000
1,754

699
13,583

271
13,876
50,320

8,000

Board of Education and T. E. R. A

Rome

600.00

1
13

28,000
"120,000

Schenectady

Sharon Springs

Valhalla"

T. E. R. A. and Board of Education. . . .
Central School

96,000
650

25.00

336.00

1
1
1

6
3
1

7
1
1
4
1

2
8
5

1
1
1

North Carolina

Ayden

Pitt County E. R. A

Pitt County E.R. A

Pitt County E. R. A

School Board

3
3
5

3
2
2
6
3
2
12

Greenville

"35,000

1,366
11,250
22,950

' "52,660
800

1
5

91^

Ohio

300.00
75.00

Ofi

HflinHpn

F.E.R.A

County Emergency Schools Council

Henry County"

638

350.00

3,125.00

96.00

26.00
40.00

40.50

192.00

1,100.00

404.75
48.00
76.00

350.00

3,200.00

96.00

26.00
40.00

40.50

206.00

1,100.00

404.75
48.00
76.00

50.00

2,000

State E.R. A

Ohio Emergency School Administration.

E.R. A

?*'

McConnelsville

Montville and Ring-
gold

Morgan County**.. ,
Neelysville and

Reinersville

Pike Count.v"

Wood County"*. . . .

Oregon

Baker

State Emergency Schools

300

E.R. A

E. R. A

2
1

200.00

40,000
"1,080

American Legion and Alpha Club

3,000
1,348
3,000
16,093
5.000
1,767
5,761
740
1,360
2,550

60,000

26,000

460

7,800

30,000

10,251
6,500

6,243

4,173
4,316

'5,660

City School District

1
2

4''

Gladstone'"' .•

Hillsboro

City, School Board and C. W. S

1
2
2

257.00
188.25
929.90

352.00

3,542

Klamath Falls

Marshfield

Milwaukie'"'

Oregon City"'

Parkrose

Recreation Department S. E. R. A

Coos Bav Post No. 17, American Leffion
School Board and C. W. S.

94.00

2
2

City. School Board and C. W. S

1
4
6

1
1
3

165.00
128.00
589.80

3,600.00

165.00
128 00
589.80

3,600.00

1
3

4.9

20.00
75.00

"1,600

Tillamook

Pennsylvania

Bethlehem

1
5

6
6

23,155

Recreation Commission

School Board and C. W. A

1
1

4
8

"4,500

';•>

Thompsoiftown ....
Rhode Island

1
2

1
4

,"i4

Work Relief Bureau

868.10

12,694.20

1.360.00

2,343.75
11,792.25

1,100.00

8,989.17
507.00

4,356.68
304.00

320.00

15,000
30,252

South Carolina

Spartanburg

South Daliota

Watertown

Yankton'"'

Texas

New BraunfeU'w. . .

Utah

East Juab County'"
Park City

Recreation Committee, Woman's Club. .

Advisory Recreation Committee

Kiwanis Club

1,360.00

2,343.75
275.10

3,950

132.94

11,517.15

City of New Braunfels

860.00

250.00
125.00

'iR

,19

F.E.R.A

School Board and Recreation Board

F.E.R.A

2
2
11

1
•

8,689.17

300.00

5
17
4

' 'iiim

Salt Lake Region"*.
Tooele

....

10
3

3,738.16
304.00

109

EMERGENCY RECREATION SERVICE IN
Footnotes follow the table

1934

STATE AND
CITY

Popiila-
tioD

Managing Authority

Emergency
Recreation Leadership

Expenditures for Emergency
Service Last Fiscal Year

Playgrounds

Indoor
Centers

Paid V/orkers

Volun-
teer
Work»r8

From Relief Funds

From
Other
Than
Relief
Funds

Hc2

■s

No. Em-

ploj-ed

Full

Time

Land,
Buildings,
Permanen
Equipmen

Leadership

Total

•c

d
Z

Vermont

Barre

15,000

2,000

10,000

2,500

600

207
3,000
7,482

800
1,257
3,600
1,000
8,000

670
3,500

2,625

400
15,457
13,315
15,263
22,247
21,071
40,661
129,710
28,564
10,271

3,496

125,000

28,441

22,000

600

28,030
90,786
13,125
10,641
28,511
16,124
61,323
58,534

38,319
2,600
9,660
16,737
19,478
12,785
22,334

4,500
800

2,906
670

1,819

1,917
31,080

9,695 (
2,095.

F. E. R. A

■?

Barton"'

School Board

1
1
1
1
2
1
1
I

420.00
270.0C
270.00
90.00
1,200.00
246.00
250.00
120.00
330.00
362.80
150.00
150.00
240.00
150.00

300.00

72.00
392.50

20.00

84.00
1,426.40

16.00
480.70

133.00

206.00

420.00
270.00

8,343.00
90.00

1,200.0c
246.00
265.00
120.00
330.00
560.00
150.00
150.00
240.00
150.00

300.00

1,770.77

1,469.40
274.85
388.80

1,426.40
16.00

2,252.23
51,519.14

7,316.92
636.60

15.00

8.00

373.00

14.00
400.00

22.34

Bennington

Fair Haven

Guilford

1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3

7,650
5,670

School Board

7,700.00

Vermont E. R. A.

Marslifield'M

Middlebury

Montpetier

1,750
5,500
1,200
4,600
18,650

School Board

1
1

School Board

6.00
35.00

Orieans

Adult Education Council

1
2
4

Poultney

School Board

1
1
1

1''

3
2
4

St. Jolinsbury

Saxtons River

Swanton

State Department of Education

E. R. A. and Parent Teacher Associatioo
V. E. R. A and School Board

1
1

....
3

"2
2

1
3
5
3
1

3
21

20.00

160.00

5.00

15.00

I
1

1
1

"3,600
1,760
2,500

"11,700

White River Junc-

V. E. R. A

Work Division, V. E. R. A

V.E.R. A

V. E. R. A

County Commissioners and V. E. R. A. .

1
8
1
1
9
2
3

Virginia

Amelia Court House
Botetourt County'".
Buckingham County
Caroline County"^.

1,698.77

1,076.90

254.85

304.80

1
5

75.00

Fouquier County"'.

Lynchburg

Norfolk''^

V.E.R. A

V.E.R, A

V.E.R. A

V. E. R. A

School Board

2;*

1,771.53

■■■7,183'.92
331.50

Petersburg

Suffolk

4
3

1
4
13

Washington

Paaco

1
1
1

10,500
15,000

10
8

825.00

i,'366.6o

2,000.00

410.00

54.00

678.00
9,892.16

322.50

486.00
1,420.26

241.37
1,230.86

15,613.67
583.20
260.00
400.95
942.50
942.50
631.80
847.50

4,097.25
468.00

600.00

Wallft Walla Co.'" .

Ywirimn

"70,200

360.00
40.00

630.00
8,210.90

307.50

460.00
1,316.26

216.61
1,048.43

900.00
540.00
260.00
371.25
877.50
877.50
585.00
787.50

94.00
273.00

Yelm

Washington E. R. A

E. R. A

E.R. A

4
24
6
2
6
3
7

3
2

West Virginia

Berkeley County'" .
Cabell County"5. ..

Clay County!"

GUmer County'" . .
Hancock County'".
Jackson County'". .
Vlercer County'^ . .
Logan County'^'. . .

Mingo County'-'. . .

7
23

"5,920
103,850

1,056.52

10
4

223,600

2
3

1
8

6
4
2
2
3
1
1
3

1
1
1
2
2
4
6

150.00

17
8
4

18
6
1
3
6
8
3
7

1
I

8,000
4,780

■3S

E. R. A. and Agricultural Extension

14,613.67

9,360

State R. A.

45.00

Pendleton County'"
Putnam County'-* .
iioane County"^. . .
Tyler County'". . . .
Wetzel County'" .

Wisconsin

Berlin

1
3
1
3
4

-46

F. E.R.A

F. E. R. A

4,003.25

201.50
60.00

3,600
6,000

•7

East Troy

4(|

Edgerton ....

1
1

1
2

'2,466

*Iattoon

606.00

120.00

540.00

768.90

4,600.65

374.00
40.00

726.00

640.00

768.90

19,503.52

374.00
40.00

200.50

ron County Relief Department

2
2
5

3conto Falls

ftalworth County"*

Wyoming

'latte County"s . . .
rhermopolis

476.00
6,397.00

14,400
18,980

.53

rt^. E. R. A

14,648.37

3
2

4,935

66 '

•

FOOTNOTES (EMERGENCY SERVICE)

1. This report covers service in Butler and Lisman.

2. This report covers service in Fulton, Whatley and Grove Hill.

3. This report covers service in Ashland, Lineville and Millerville.

4. This report covers service in Enterprise and Elba.

5. This report covers service in Burnt Corn, Flat Rock, Nymph and Holly Grove.

6. This report covers service in Cypress, Greensboro and Newbern.

7. This report covers service in Newville, Headland, Capps and Abbeville.

8. This report covers service in Millport, Detroit and Vernon.

9. This report covers service in Letohatchee, Fort Deposit, Braggs, Sandy Ridge, Mount Willing and

Hayneville.

110

10. This report covers service in Demopolis, Linden, Thomaston, Sweetwater and Nanafalia.

11. This report covers service in Hamilton, Haclileburg, Guin, Winfield and Brilliant.

12. This report covers service in Cuba, York, Livingston and Shelbyville.

13. This report covers service in Tuscaloosa, Elrod and Peterson.
13a. This report also covers service in Sheffield.

14. This report covers service in Cordova, Dora, America, Carbon Hill, Jasper, Goodsprings, Oakman
and Nauvoo.

15. An outdoor swimming pool was operated in the summer of 1934.

16. This report covers service in Chino, Uplands, Redlands, Victorville, Yucaipa, Barstow, Needles,
Cres'tline, Arrow Head, Big Bear, Colton, Rialto, Fontana and Cucomonga. (Additional service in the City of
San Bernardino is included in the report for that city.)

17. This figure represents participants only.

18. This report covers service in Southport, Youngstown and Fountain.

19. This report covers service in Fort Lauderdale, Hollywood, Hallandale, Dania, Davey and Pompano.

20. This report covers service in Blountstown, Altha, Frink, Kinard, Carr, Marysville and Clarksville.

21. This report covers service in Naples, Imokalee, Everglades City and Collier City.

22. This report covers service in Miami, Miami Baach, Coral Gables, Opa Locka, Perrine, Homestead,
Florida City, Ojus, South Miami, North Miami and Hialeah.

23. This report covers service in Newberry, Evinston, Micanopy, Island Grove, High Springs, Waldo,
Archer, Hawthorne, Starke, Lawtey, Brooker, Crystal River, Dunnellon, Floral City, Inverness, Homosassa,
Lake City, Mason City, Watertown, Fort White, Lake Butler, Raiford, Providence, Worthington Springs, Cross
City, Bell, Brooksville, Springs Lake. Bronson, Williston, Chiefland, Otter Creek, Cedar Keys, Anthony, Citra,
Fort McCoy, Reddick, Summerfield, Weirsdale, Trilby, San Antonio, Dade City, Bushnell, Wildwood, Oxford,
Centejr Hill, Webster and Coleman.

24. This report covers service in Tamna, Plant City, St. Petersburg, Clearwater, Largo, Passagrille,
Bradenton, Sarasota, Punta Gorda and Fort Myers.

25. This report covers service in Quincy, Chattahoochee, Havana and Greensboro.

26. This report covers service in Wewahitchka and Port St. Joe.

27. This report covers service in Jasper, Jennings, White Springs and Belmont.

28. This report covers service in Poplar Springs, Bethlehem, Noma, Esto, Ponce de Leon, Westville,
Leonia and Bonifay.

29. This report covers service in Graceville. Campbellton, Cypress, Alford. Bascom, Greenwood, Kynes-
ville. Compass Lake, Cottondale, Cave Springs, Malone, Dellwood, Inwood, Round Lake and Marianna.

30. This report covers service in Monticello, Aucilla, Lamont, Lloyd, Wacissa and Waukeenah.
30a. This report covers service in Mayo and Day.

31. This report covers service in Tallahassee, Chaires and Woodville.

32. This report covers service in Bristol, Hosford, Rock Bluff, Telogia and Sumatra.

33. This report covers service in Madison, Greenville, Lee, Lovett and Pinetta.

34. This report covers service in Holt. Wright, Fort Walton, Baker, Dorcas, Red Oak, Beach Branch,
Silver Springs, Crestview, Milligan, Laurel Hill and Niceville. ^

35. Complete information not available.

36. This report covers service in Pace, Jay, Juniper, Calvary, Springhill, Milton, Fidellis, Wallace and
Allentown.

37. This report covers service in Live Oak, Branford, Dowling Park, McAlpin and Wellborn.

38. This report covers service in Perry, Boyd, Scanlon and Shady Grove.

39. This report covers service in Wakulla, Arran, Crawfordsville, Panacea, St. Marks, Sanborn and
Sopchoppy.

40. This report covers service in Freeport, Glendale and Liberty.

41. This report covers service in Caryville, Shiloh and Wausau.

42. This report covers service in Atlanta, College Park, East Point and Hapeville.

43. This report covers service in Chicago, Berwyn, Blue Island, Calumet City, Chicago Heights, Evan-
ston, Glencoe, Harvey, Oak Park, Park Ridge, La Grange Park, Wilmette, Niles Center and Western Springs.
(Additional leadership and expenditures from the Illinois Emergency Relief Commission are included in the
reports from several of these cities.)

44. Some of these were indoor centers and play streets.

45. This report covers service in Robinson, Palestine and Oblong.

46. Maintained a program of community recreation activities for colored citizens.

47. This report covers service in Farmington, Norris. St. David, Middle Grove, Ipana, Vermont, Sum-
ner, Ellisville, Lewistown, Cuba, Canton, Marietta, Smithfield. Bryant, Brereton, Fiatt and Banner.

48. This report covers service in Panama, Nokomis, Witt, Taylor Springs and Schram City.

49. This report covers service in Hoyleton, Irvington, Oakdale, Okawville, Nashville and New Minden.

50. This report covers service in Southport, Beech Grove, Ben Davis and Indianapolis.

51. This report covers service in Audubon, Exira, Kimballton, Gray and Viola.

52. This report covers service in Frederick, Brunswick, Emmittsburg, Middletown and Myersville.

53. This report covers service in Keedysville, Hagerstown, Boonsboro, Sharpsburg, Williamsport and
Hancock.

54. This report covers service in Harrisville ani Lincoln.

55. The names of the communities served were not reported.

Ill

56. This report covers service in Filer City, Stronach and Manistee.

."57. This report covers service in Forsyth Township and in Gwinn. ,

58. This report covers service in McBain, Falmouth, Merritt and Moorestown.

59. This report covers service in Holton, Montague and Whitehall.

60. This report covers service in West Branch, Rose City, Lupton, Prescott and 19 rural communities.

61. This report covers service in Gaylord, Vanderbilt and Johannesburg.

62. This report covers service in Onaway.

63. This report covers service in Roscommon, Houghton Lake and Markey.

64. This report also includes service in Chaming.

65. This report covers service in Aitkin, McGregor, Hill City, Jacobson, Rabey, Shovel Lake, Swatara,
Tamarack, McGrath, Lawler, Malmo, Cutler, Palisade, Kimberly, Arthyde and Rossburg.

66. This report covers service in Detroit Lakes, Lake Park, Ponsford, White Earth, Frazee, Shipman,
Arago, Audubon, Ogema and Tamarack Lake.

67. This report covers service in Odessa, Wheaton, Johnson and several other communities.

68. This report covers service in St. James, Lewisville, Butterfield, Madelia, Hanska, New Ulm, Sleepy
Eye, Cobden, Springfield and Comfrey.

69. This report covers service in Alida, Bagley, Clearbrook, Gonvick, Leonard, and Berner.

70. This report covers service in Morris, Herman, Elbow Lake, Barrett, Chokio, Alberta, Hancock, Nor-
cross, Wendell, Donnelly, Erdahl and Ashby.

71. This report covers service in Spring Grove, Caledonia, St. Charles, Lanesboro, Preston, Peterson,
Chatfield, Lewiston and Winona.

72. This report covers service in Karlstad, Donaldson, Bronson, Greenbush, Hauge, Badger and Hallock.

73. This report covers service in International Falls, Ranier. Holler, Littlefork, Big Falls and Mizpah.

74. This report covers service in Baudette, Williams, Pitt, Graceton, Carp, Clementson, Hiwood, Faunce
and Spooner.

75. This report covers service in Brainerd, Crosby, Ironton, Deerwood, Cuyuna, Pequot, Nisswa, Roy-
alton, Pierz, Swanville, Motley, Randall and Bwckman.

76. This report covers service in Rochester, Eyota. Oronoco, Stewartville, Dover, Chatfield, School Dis-
tricts No. 81, No. 34 and No. 16, Kasson and Dodge Center.

77. This report covers service in St. Peter, North Mankato, Nicollet, Lafayette. Klossner, Traverse,
Norseland, New Sweden, Belgrade Township, St. George, Gibbon, Winthrop, Gaylord, Arlington, Hender-
son, Green Isle and New Auburn.

78. This report covers service in Akeley, Verndale, Sebeka and Park Rapids.

79. This report covers service in Stillwater, Marme, Lakeland, Afton, St. Paul Park, Big Lake, Valley
Creek, Newport and Mahtomedi.

80. This report covers service in Fulton, McCredie, Auxvasse, Stephens and Hatton.

81. This report covers service in Cleveland, East Lynne and Creighton.

82. This report covers service in Kahoka, Medill, Ashton, Luray, Wyaconda, Alexandria, Saint Francis-
ville, Gregory Landing and Wayland.

83. This figure represents the total number of volunteers reported.

84. Emergency recreation programs in New Jersey communities were either carried on directly by, or
in cooperation with, the Leisure Time Division of the State Emergency Relief Administration. Unless other-
wise indicated the program was under the direction of a local sponsoring committee. In addition to the
leaders reported by the local communities, there were twenty men and women who gave full time service as
county leisure time supervisors.

85. This report includes service in Barnegat an! Ship Bottom Beach-Arlington.

86. This report covers service in Janvier and Plainville.

87. This report also covers service in Bowlbyville.

88. This report covers service in Andes. Margaretville, Bovina Center, Hobart, Stamford, Downsville,
Treadwell, Walton, Delhi, Hancock and East Branch.

89. This community is also served by the Westchester County Recreation Commission.

90. This report covers service in Dolgeville, Frankfort, Herkimer, Ilion and Mohawk.

91. This report covers service in Lynbrook, Rockville Centre, Baldwin, Freeport, Merrick, Massapequa,
Hicksville, Westbury, Hewlett, Mineola, Oceanside, Great Neck, Port Washingtoi}, Glen Cove, Locust Valley,
Oyster Bay and in several State Parks.

92. This report also covers service in Chappaqua and Millwood.

93. This report relates to 77 play streets sponsored by the Crime Prevention Bureau. In addition, the
Department provided the emergency leaders reported by the Park Department and Board of Education.

94. This report covers service rendered the Department of Health Education in conducting play activities
in the schools.

95. This report covers service in Armonk and North White Plains.

96. This report covers service in Whitesboro, New York Mills, New Hartford, Boonville, Woodgate,
Prospect, Camden and Holland Patent.

97. This report covers service in Napoleon, Ridgeville Corners, Liberty Center, Malinta, Holgate and
Deshler.

98. This report covers service in Deavertown and Roseform.

99. This report covers service in Waverly, Piketon, Beaver, Stockdale, Wakefield, Jasper, Latham and
Given.

112

100. This report covers service in Bowling Green, North Baltimore, Rossford, Perrysburg, Ross Town-
ship, Woodside, Stony Ridge, Bradner, Wayne and Pemberville.

101. This report covers the operation of a bathing beach.

102. This report covers the operation of a swimming pool.

103. One of the playgrounds reported was at Utica.

104. This report covers the operation of two bathing beaches.

105. This report covers service in Nephi, Mona and Levan.

106. This report covers service in Vernal, Brigham City. Garfield, Magna, Murray, HoUaday, Bingham,
Richfield, Eureka, Price, Wellington, Scofield and Standardville.

107. This report also covers service in Glover, Brownington and Irasburg.

108. This report covers service in five towns.

109. This report covers service in Buchanan, Glen Wilton, Eagle Rock and Fincastle.

110. This report covers service in Bowling Green and four other towns.

111. This report covers service in Warrenton and The Plains.

112. This report covers the construction and operation of an outdoor swimming pool.

113. This report covers service in Walla Walla, College Place and in unincorporated districts.

114. This report covers service in Hedgesville an! Inwood.

115. This report covers service in Camp Creek, Longbranch, Bo wen. Roach, Salt Rock, Milton, Fetly and
Central.

116. This report covers service in Ivydale, Bickm9re, Clay and Swandale.

117. This report covers service in Ellis, Gilmer. Stouts Mills, Sand Fork, Baldwin, Troy, Newbern, Cox's
Mills, Tanner, Glenville, Normantown, Hardman, Cedarville, Perkins and Conings.

118. This report covers service in Glendale and Grandview.

119. This report covers service in Ravens wood, Ripley, Cottageville, Sandy ville, Gay and Liverpool.

120. This report covers service in Bluefield, Priceton, Athens, McComas, Giatto, Matoaka and Thorn.

121. This report covers service in Lake, Chapmanville, Henlawson, Man, Big Creek, Clothier, Sharpies,
McConnell, Stollings, Peach Creek and Isom.

122. This report covers service in Williamson, Delbarton, Bias, Matewan, Chattaroy and Kermit.

123. This report covers service in Reeds Creek, Circleville and Brandy wine.

124. This report covers service in Buffalo, Red House, Hurricane, Scott Depot, Hodges and Bancroft.

125. This report covers service in Rudy, Speed, Stringtown, Hofftown, Looney ville, Newton and Hunt.

126. This report covers service in Sisterville and Middlebourne.

127. This report covers service in New Martinsville, Brooklyn, Reader, Pine Grove, Smithfield, Burton
and Paden City.

128. This report covers service in Walworth, Whitewater, Delavan, Elkhorn and Lake Geneva. (An addi-
tional worker is included in the report for Delavan.)

129. This report covers service in Wheatland, Sunrise and Esterbrook.

It is not too early to make plans NOW

to come to the

livent\j'-^ksi Tiailonai Kec^eaticn Gcna^,e^s

to be held

September 30 - October 4, 1935

In Chicago, Illinois

Write for information to T. E. Rivers

NATIONAL RECREATION ASSOCIATION

315 FOURTH AVENUE NEW YORK CITY

113

Ttie Service of the National Recreation Movement

in 1934

386 cities in 43 states were given personal service through the visits
of field workers.

116 cities were helped in conducting their recreation activities for
Negroes, 47 through field visits of the Bureau of Colored Work.

4,757 requests for advice and material on amateur drama problems
were submitted to the Drama Service.

84 cities in 21 states received service from the Katherine F. Barker
Field Secretary on Recreation for Girls and Women.

93 institutions for children and the aged in 55 cities were visited per-
sonally by the field secretary on Play in Institutions. Additional service
was given to more than 300 institutions.

21,944 boys and girls in 387 cities received badges, emblems or cer-
tificates for passing the Association's athletic and swimming badge tests.

24 states were served through the Rural Recreation Service con-
ducted in cooperation with the Extension Service of the United States De-
partment of Agriculture. 6,658 people attended the 117 institutes which
were held.

20 states received visits from the representative of the National Phy-
sical Education Service. In addition, service was given to 42 states through
correspondence, consultation and monthly News Letters.

5,922 different communities received help and advice on recreation
problems through the Correspondence and Consultation Bureau.

142 social recreation and other institutes and training courses for
local leaders were carried on with the help of Association workers.

The Music Service issued bulletins, gave correspondence and consul-
tation service, and through personal visits helped a number of cities plan
programs and train volunteers for community music activities.

Through the Publications and Bulletin Service publications were is-
sued on various recreation subjects and regular bulletin services were
maintained.

Recreation, the monthly magazine of the movement, was received
by 1,257 cities and towns.

Recreation leaders from 230 cities in 34 states exchanged experiences
and discussed vital problems at the Twentieth Recreation Congress.

114

National Recreation Association

Incorporated

FINANCIAL STATEMENT

January 1, 1934 thru December 31, 1934

General Fund Balance December 31, 1933 $ 20,697.70

Less amount borrowed from Emergency Reserve

Fund repaid 20,000.00

Income

Contributions $170,712.72

Contributions for Specific Work 7.947-37

Interest and Dividends on Endowment Funds 9.394-57

Recreation Sales, Subscription and Advertising 6,366.39

Badge Sales i,533-65

Special Publication Sales 11,407.13

Business Operations 2,244.99

Interest and Dividends — Frances Ross Foley Me-
morial Fund 255.00

Expenditures to December 31, 1934
Katherine F. Barker Memorial Field
Secretary on Athletics and Recrea-
tion for Women and Girls $ 5,989.79

Katherine F. Barker Memorial District

Field Work 3,500.00

Play in Institutions 500.00

$ 11,491-14

$ 9.989-79

$ 697.70

209,861.82

Expenditures $210,559.52

Community RecTeation Field Service $128,664.19

Field Service to Colored Communities 8,011.20

National Physical Education Service 9,685.24

Correspondence and Consultation Bureau 25,951.03

Publications and Bulletin Service 10,921.50

Recreation 13,913.61

Play in Institutions 2,541.91

Recreation Congress 4,288.09

203,976.77

General Fund Balance December 31, 1934 ■ $ 6,582.75

Katherine F. Barker Memorial

Balance December 31, 1933 $ 5,481.04

Receipts to December 31, 1934

Contribution $ 5,000.00

Contribution for Specific Work 696.15

Book Sales 3^3-95

6,010.10

$ 1,501.35
115

Massachusetts Project for Conserving
Standards of Citizenship

Balance December 31, 1933 $ 558.80

Receipts to December 31, 1934. 1,800.00

2,358-80

Expenditures to December 31, 1934 I,y2().i2, ^ 62067

Play in Institutions

Receipts to December 31, 1934

Contribution $ 5,800.00

Play in Institutions Bulletin 29.50

— $ 5,829.50

Expenditures to December 31, 1934 i, 525-27 a. ^^. „^

!p 4.304-23

Endowment and Reserve Funds .

Special Fund (Action of 1910) $ 25,000.00

Lucy Tudor Hillyer Fund 5,000.00

Emil C. Bondy Fund 1,000.00

George L. Sands Fund at December 31,

1933 $ 12,219.98

Received through Liquidation, in 1934 243.24

12,463.22

"In Memory of J. R. Lamprecht" 3,000.00

"In Memory of Barney May" 500.00

"In Memory of Waldo E. Forbes" i,403-02

Frances Ross Foley Memorial Fund (x) 6,000.00

Ellen Mills Borne Fund 3,000.00

Other Gifts 17500

C. H. T. Endowment Fund 500.00 •

Frances Mooney Fund 1,000.00

Sarah Newlin Fund 500.00

"In Memory of William Simes" 2,000.00

"In Memory of J. R. Jr." 250.00

Frances R. Morse Fund " 2,000.00

Emergency Reserve Fund $134,975.00

Amount borrowed repaid from General

Fund 20,000.00

154,975.00

Loss and Gain on Sale of Securities 3.775-94

Ella Van Peyma Fund 500.00

Nettie G. Naumburg Fund 2,000.00

"In Memory of William J. Matheson". 5,000.00

Alice B. P. Hannahs Fund 1,400.00

"In Memory of Daniel Guggenheim" 1,000.00

"In Memory of Alfred W. Heinsheimer" 5,000.00

Nellie L. Coleman Fund 100.00

Elizabeth B. Kelsey Fund 500.00.

Sarah Fuller Smith Fund 3,000.00

Annie L. Sears Fund 2,000.00

John Markle Fund 50,000.00

$293,042.18

(x) Restricted

I have audited the accounts of the National Recreation Association for the fiscal year ending December 31, 1934
and certify that in my opinion the above statement is a true and correct statement of the financial transactions of the
General, Special Study and Endowment Funds for the period.

(Signed) J. F. CALVERT, Certified Public Accountant.

116

National Recreation Association

Incorporated

formerly named Playground and Recreation Association of America
315 Fourth Avenue, New York City

OFFICERS

Joseph Lke, President

John H. Finley, First Vice-President

John G. Winant, Second Vice-President

Robert Garrett, Third Vice-President
GusTAvus T. KiRBY^ Treasurer
H. S. Braucher, Secretary

DIRECTORS

Mrs. Edward W. Biddle
Carlisle, Pennsylvania

William Butterworth
Moline, Illinois

Clarence M. Clark

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Henry L. Corbett
Portland, Oregon

Mrs. Arthur G. Cummer
Jacksonville, Florida

F. Trubee Davison

Locust Valley, New York

Mrs. Thomas A. Edison
West Orange, New Jersey

John H. Finley
New York, N. Y.

Robert Garrett
Baltimore, Maryland

Austin E. Griffiths
Seattle, Washington

Charles Hayden
New York, N. Y.

Mrs. Charles V. Hickox
Michigan City, Indiana

Mrs. Francis deLacy Hyde
Plainfield, New Jersey

Gustavus T. Kirby
New York, N. Y.

Hugh McK. Landon
Indianapolis, Indiana

Mrs. Charles D. Lanier
Greenwich, Connecticut

Robert Lassiter

Charlotte, North Carolina

Joseph Lee

Boston, Massachusetts

Edward E. Loom is
New York, N. Y.

J. H. McCurdy

Springfield, Massachusetts

Otto T. Mallery

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Walter A. May

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Carl E. Milliken
Augusta, Maine

Mrs. Ogden L. Mills
Woodbury, N. Y.

Mrs. James W. Wadsworth, Jr.
Washington, D. C.

J. C. Walsh

New York, N. Y.

Frederick M. Warburg
New York, N. Y.

John G. Winant

Concord, New Hampshire

Mrs. William H. Woodin, Jr.
Tucson, Arizona

117

HONORARY MEMBERS

Dr. Stuart W. Adler

Rock Island, Illinois
David Alexander

Akron, Ohio
Ray Stannard Baker

Amherst, Massachusetts
Mrs. George D. Barron

Rye, New York
A. T. Bell

Atlantic City, New Jersey
Mrs. Edward C. Bench

Englewood, New Jersey
Nathan D. Bill

Springfield, Massachusetts
George F. Booth

Worcester, Massachusetts
Anna H. Borden

Fall River, Massachusetts
John R. Brinley

Morristown, New Jersey
Richard E. Byrd

Boston, Massachusetts
G. Herbert Carter

Huntington, New York
Mrs. George Edwards Clement

Peterboro, New Hampshire
Mrs. Walter S. Comly

Port Chester, New York
Charles M. Cox

Boston, Massachusetts
WiNTHROP M. Crane, Jr.

Dalton, Massachusetts
Z. Marshall Crane

Dalton, Massachusetts
Julian W. Curtiss

Greenwich, Connecticut
Henry L. deForest

Plainfield, New Jersey
Mrs. John W. Donaldson

Irvington-on-Hudson, New York
Clyde Doyle

Long Beach, California
Mrs. S. S. Drury

Concord, New Hampshire
Mrs. a. Felix du Pont

Wilmington, Delaware
Mrs. Coleman du Pont

Wilmington, Delaware
Mrs. D. E. F. Easton

San Francisco, California
John Erskine

New York, New York
Mrs. Irving Fisher

New Haven, Connecticut
Mrs. Paul FitzSimons

Newport, Rhode Island
Mrs. Ralph E. Forbes

Milton, Massachusetts
Robert A. Gardner

Chicago, Illinois
Charles C. George

Omaha, Nebraska
Charles W. Gilkey

Chicago, Illinois
Thomas K. Glenn

Atlanta, Georgia
Mrs. Charles C. Glover, Jr.

Washington, D. C.
C. M. Goethe

Sacramento, California

118

Rex B. Goodcell

Los Angeles, California
Mrs. Charles A. Goodwin

Hartford, Connecticut
Charles W. Gordon

St. Paul, Minnesota
William Green

Washington, D. C.
Franklin T. Griffith

Portland, Oregon
Mrs. Norman Harrower

Fitchburg, Massachusetts
Mrs. S. H. Hartshorn

Short Hills, New Jersey
Ellen R. Hathaway

New Bedford, Massachusetts
Mrs. F. R. Hazard

Syracuse, New York
Dorothy Heroy

Stamford, Connecticut
Mrs. William G. Hibbard

Winnetka, Illinois
Mrs. Francis L. Higginson

Boston, Massachusetts
Mrs. Albert W. Holmes

New Bedford, Massachusetts
Mrs. Howard R. Ives

Portland, Maine
H. H. Jacobs

Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Mrs. Ernest Kanzler

Detroit, Michigan
Helen Keller

Forest Hills, New York
John Harvey Kellogg

Battle Creek, Michigan
Mrs. William Kent

Kentfield, California
WiLLARD V. King

New York, N. Y.
TuLLY C. Knoles

Stockton, California
A. H. Lance

Kenosha, Wisconsin
William Lawrence

Boston, Massachusetts
Philip LeBoutillier

New York, N. Y.
Alice Lee

San Diego, California
Lucius N. Littauer

New Rochelle, New York
Seth Low

New York, N. Y.
Mrs. Louis C. Madeira

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Henry L. Mayer

San Francisco, California
John W. McClure

Washington, D. C.
Mrs. F. O. McColloch

Los Angeles, California
George A. McKinney

Alton, Illinois
Sumner T. McKnight

Minneapolis, Minnesota
Charles G. Middleton

Louisville, Kentucky
John F. Moors

Boston, Massachusetts

Charles Nagel

St. Louis, Missouri
Roy B. Naylor

Wheeling, West Virginia
Charles Peebles

Hamilton, Canada
Daniel A. Poling

New York, N. Y.
Arthur Pound

New Scotland, New York
Herbert L. Pratt

New York, N. Y.
Frederick H. Rike

Dayton, Ohio
Mrs. R. Sanford Riley

Worcester, Massachusetts
Mrs. Theodore Douglas Robinson

Mohawk, New York
Mrs. Willoughby Rodman

Los Angeles, California
Franklin D. Roosevelt

Washington, D. C.
Theodore Roosevelt

Oyster Bay, New York
Mrs. Henry H. Sanger

Groose Pointe, Michigan
Mrs. Algar Shelden

Grosse Pointe Shores, Michigan
Mrs. Albert G. Simms

Washington, D. C.
Mrs. James R. Smart

Evanston, Illinois
John D. Spencer

Salt Lake City, Utah
M. Lyle Spencer

Seattle, Washington
A. A. Sprague

Chicago, Illinois
Robert Gordon Sproul

Berkeley, California
Mrs. O. a. Stallings

New Orleans, Louisiana
Florence M. Sterling

Houston, Texas
Mrs. Sigmund Stern

San Francisco, California
Mrs. S. Emlen Stokes

Moorestown, New Jersey
Harold H. Swift

Chicago, Illinois
LoRADq Taft

Chicago, Illinois
Mrs. Francis J. Torrance

Sewickley, Pennsylvania
William G. Watson

Toronto, Canada
Ridley Watts

Morristown, New Jersey
C. S. Weston

Scranton, Pennsylvania
Dwight C. Wheeler

Bridgeport, Connecticut
Harold P. Winchester

Albany, New York
Stephen S. Wise

New York, New York
Henry Young

Newark, New Jersey

World

Play

Courtesy Sun Francisco Recreation Con

A Jail Becomes A
Social Center

San Francisco's sev-
enty-five year old
Ingelside Prison,
which withstood the
shock of the 1906 earthquake without the dis-
placement of a single brick, has fallen before
the needs of the city's recreation commission,
and the thirteen acre site on which the jail is
located will be used for a new recreation center.
Prior to their removal to new quarters the
prisoners had a hand in remodeling the old
prison, working with zest to remove window
bars and cell blocks. The grounds have been
graded and landscaped, the reservoir will be
turned into a swimming pool and there will be
courts and diamonds for games of all kinds.
The floor of the jail, formerly used as a chapel,
will become a little theatre. \ French count
who spent some time in the prison made some
paintings for the walls which will be retained.
On the next floor there will be handball and
volley ball courts, a gymnasium and club
rooms. The first floor will have the kitchen and
dining room.

Thus San Francisco is demonstrating the
proof of the old saying, "playgrounds are sub-
stitutes for jails."

Marine Study
As A Hobby

The study of the
fauna and flora of
Southern California's
coast has been devel-
oped into an interesting hobby as the result of
organized groups formed by the Playground
and Recreation Department of Los Angeles.
Two natural history hobby groups are now
functioning at municipal beaches with a grow-
ing number of participants joining in the col-
lection, identification, and preservation of many
forms of marine and shore life. Shells and
crustaceans, seaweed, fish, birds, octopi and squid,
insects, and other specimens found along the sea-
shore are being secured by members of the groups
and placed on display in growing museums,
located at various beaches.

Why Not A Travel
Directory?

Dr. Henry S. Cur-
tis, director of the

FERA recreational

survey being made
in Washtenaw County, Michigan, suggests
that a directory which would be a sort of public,
Baedecker and would point out to the curious
travelers the parts of real travel interest in
every state and county would be a great asset

119

120

WORLD AT PLAY

MAKE IT YOURSELF

Shepherds Pipes Pan Pipes

Transverse Flutes

Raw Material, Tools, Specifications

Catalog on tequeit
Educational Department

WALBERG & AUGE Worcester, Mass.

to our educational system and would also be
well worth while commercially. "Probably
the people of America travel more by auto
than all the rest of the world put together, but
there is no directory to show us what is worth
seeing on the social, industrial or historical
side. It would look like a good project for the
FERA to get out such a travel guide at this
time for each state and the nation."

A Nature Guide School on Wheels.^A novel
project has been announced by Western Re-
serve University, Summer Session, in its pro-
posed three week New York to New England
educational tour to be conducted in August,
^935- Dr. William Gould Vinal will be in charge

of the 2,600 mile trip, which will be taken in a
comfortable thirty passenger bus. This means
of transportation will make it possible to stop
at important points for instructions without
loss of time or effort. The route will zigzag to
interesting nooks and corners known to' native
born New Englanders. It will include a na-
tional park, the thrill of going up more than a
mile into the air to sleep on the top of Mount
Washington, a motor tour to the scenic Atlantic
coast with its quaint towns of colonial fame,
the spectacular beauty of a region whose na-
ture education is full of romance unexcelled in
all America, and a variety of interesting na-
tural history projects. In order to make the
excursion most worth while, it will be limited
to twenty-five students, preferably those major-
ing in the field of teaching elementary science.
Further information may be secured from Dr.
Vinal at School of Education, Western Reserve
University, 2060 Stearns Road, Cleveland, Ohio.

"Ladies, Let Us Sing!" — Thus the Extension
Department of the Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Public
Schools invites women and girls to meet once a

A Recreational Leadership Curriculum

Westbrook Junior College

• A two-year curriculum that is ideal for the active girl who is
interested in outdoor life, hobbies, playground work, and girls'
organizations.

"I think we will have more need for people trained in culture
and recreation .... We need people trained to cater to culture, edu-
cation and play."

HONORABLE HENRY A. WALLACE
Secretary of Agriculture

For Catalogue address

WESTBROOK JUNIOR COLLEGE for GIRLS

Portland, Maine

Benjamin

FLOODLIGHTING

Equipment

for Sport and Other
Outdoor Recreational Areas

BENJAMIN

" PLAY-AREA"

FLOODLIGHT

Specially designed for the floodlight-
ing of outdoor recreational areas.
Combines a large porcelain enameled
steel reflector with an inner reflec-
tor of oxidized aluminum. May be
equipped with Benjamin "Saflox"
lowering attachment for safe and easy
cleaning and relamping.

WE DO OUR PAKT

Benjamin Floodlights and other lighting
fixtures are being used in every part of
the country for the effective and eco-
nomical lighting of Softball Fields, Ath-
letic Fields, Playgrounds, Football Fields,
Baseball Fields, Tennis Courts and Swim-
ming Pools, increasing attendance and
promoting faster and more satisfactory
night time playing.

Rugged and durable. Porcelain enam-
eled reflecting surfaces are easily cleaned,
will not tarnish, peel or require repaint-
ing or refinishing. All other parts are
weather resisting.

Send for this Book

"A Guide to the Effective
Night Lighting of Sports."
A 24 page bulletin outlining
the most effective means of
night lighting of sports fields.

BENJAMIN ELECTRIC MFG. CO.

DES PLAINES, ILLINOIS

NEW YORK

CHICAGO

SAN FRANCISCO

121

122

WORLV AT PLAY

ITCHELf

Playground Apparatus,
Schools — Homes — Parks

Mitchell Whirl

The Mitchell Whirl, shown above, is
just one number in the "Betterbilt'*
line. Send for free illustrated catalog
and name of your state distributor.

MITCHELL MFG. CO.

1540 Forest Home Ave. Milwaukee, Wis.

» Local, State, and National
Leaders in Public and Private
Community Recreation Agen-
cies will meet in . . .

CHICAGO, ILLINOIS

at the

Twenty-first
NATIONAL RECREATION

CONGRESS
September 30 - October 4, 1935

Headquarters - Sherman Hotel

•

PLAN NOW TO ATTEND

For further information write to Mr. T. E.

Rivers, National Recreation Association,

315 Fourth Avenue, New York City.

week for "an evening of joy at singing" at one of
the social centers. Women and girls beyond high
school age are invited to join the group. The
only requirement for membership is a love of
singing.

A First Aid Kit for Hikers. — According to
the "Minnehiker," the publication of the Min-
neapolis Municipal Hiking Club, a member of
the club has devised a first aid kit which can be
packed in a typewriter ribbon box. It contains*
iodine, i8 inches of i inch adhesive tape, 4
aspirin tablets, 36 inches 1^/2 inch sterilized
gauze, a piece of cotton the sige of the box and
yi of an inch thick, two compresses. The iodine
is packed in a small glass vial, the pills in a
small rouge box.

A Child Development and Parent Education
Conference. — On June 17th, i8th and 19th, the
ninth annual Iowa Conference on Child Devel-
opment and Parent Education will be held in
Iowa City, Iowa. The health of the young child
will be the main consideration of the lectures
and round table discussions. All sessions will
be open to anyone interested in child develop-
ment. The conference, which will be under the
direction of the Iowa Child Welfare Research
Station and the Extension Division of the State
University of Iowa, will be held in conjunction
with the eighth Health Education Conference
of the American Child Health Association to
be held June igth-June 22nd.

Summer Sessions for Men and Women at
Mills College, California. — Mills College, Cali-
fornia, has announced its summer sessions for
June 24 to August 3, 1935. They will include
art, child development, dance and sports with
Hanya Holm, Director of the New York Wig-
man School as visiting instructor in modern
dance, drama, French,' courses in the theory,
appreciation and technique of music, and crea-
tive writing.

The Chicago Recreation Commission. — Mr.

Edward L. Burchard has been appointed Ex-
ecutive Secretary of the Chicago Recreation
Commission whose headquarters are at 1634
Burnham Building, Chicago. For the past six
years Mr. Burchard has been secretary of the
Superintendent of Schools Educational Council
and Community Advisor of the Adult Educa-
tional Emergency Program. For many years

WORLD AT PLAY

123

The above illustration is the new TOEBE DOUBLE LINK

CALK SKIN BELT— so designed that even a child can

easily assemble them.

To appreciate the value of this set

for recreation center handicraft

activities, send 35c. for sample

set and further particulars.

CALF SETS .... 35c. Each .... $3.75 Per Doi.

Black, Brown, and White
Liberal Discount on 3 Doz.

Catalogue Sent Free Upon Request

CHAS. A. TOEBE LEATHER CO.

Leather Craft Supplies
149 NORTH 3rd ST. — Founded 1872 — PHILA. PA.

he was secretary-treasurer of the National
Community Center Association. At the present
time the Commission is functioning through
special committees. Dr. Arthur J. Todd of
Northwestern University is chairman of the
Chicago Recreation Survey. Dr. Ernest W.
Burgess of the University of Chicago is serving
as chairman of the committee on the Police
Institute, while Henry P. Chandler, former
President of the Union League Club, is in
charge of the committee on Immediate Pro-
jeois. Dr. Philip L. Seman is chairman of the
Commission.

Drama for Children in Berkeley. — The Re-
creation Commission of Berkeley, California,
is producing in cooperation with the local lead-
ing theatre Saturday morning plays for chil-
dren with adult actors. This experiment in
Berkeley is similar to that being conducted so
successfully in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, under
the auspices of the Extension Department of
the Public Schools.

FREE!

Rules and Court Layouts
for PADDLE TENNIS

• Everything the recreation director wants
to know — a new, illustrated folder on the fastest
growing, low-cost game for playground, school
or club — Paddle Tennis!

• Actual diagrams of playground courts
for all playing surfaces — dirt, clay, grass, cement
or wood — indoors and out. Also official layout
for the popular new wooden platform court for
all year 'round use.

• This folder contains large size illustra-
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Complete prices on all equipment — paddles,
balls, nets, tapes, posts and bases. Send for your
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124

WORLD AT PLAY

PORTABLE BLEACHERS

UNIVERSAL BLEACHERS can be moved
about easily and stored away out oi
the weather during off seasons. They can
be rearranged quickly to accommodate
crowds for Softball, football, soccer, boxing
and other sports. Universal bleachers and
grandstands are made of a higher grade
of material than can ordinarily be obtained
locally, making for complete safety and
many years of continuous service. Both
steel and wood parts are well painted. All
sizes 2 to 33 tiers high.

UNIVERSAL BLEACHER CO.

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Leisure Time Activities, Inc. — Leisure Time
Activities, Inc. of Providence, Rhode Island,
operating on a fund of about $3,500 raised by-
private subscription has carried on its program
using approximately 60 ERA workers and
from 55 to 60 volunteers. The community cen-
ters are operated one night a week in each of
two junior high schools. A ten room building
has been secured rent free in a congested
district which will be furnished by contribu-
tions of furniture, books, magazines, etc., quiet
game rooms will be established here. Social
dances and social evenings have been popular
and art is an outstanding activity. Hobby clubs
have attracted many enthusiasts. Provision
was made for 200 home and allotment gardens.

A Five Year Anniversary. — On February
15th the Westchester County, New York, Re-
creation Commission celebrated the fifth an-
niversary of the opening of the County Center

You Will Enjoy

THE CHRISTIAN COMMUNITY

A Journal of Community Religion

RICHARD E. SHIELDS, Editor

BUaDS COMMUNITY GOODWaL

Contributing Editors: Frederick B. Fisher, Burris
Jenkijis, Orvis F. Jordan, W. J. Lhamon, IJ. A. McCune,
Toseph Myers,, E. Tallmadge Root, John R. Scotford, R.
tarl StoU, Alva W. Taylor, Carl S. Wcist.
How to Unite Churches . . . The Communty Church
Movement . . . Vital News . . . Religious Digest
ILLUSTRATED

One Yeor $1.00 Three Years $2.50

Publithtd bv

THE COMMUNITY CHURCH WORKERS.U.S.A.

77 West Washington Street, Chicago

handles on the lower half. The top half may also
have a handle such as shown in the illustration,
which should be made in the same way as the
handle to the lid of the stew kettle.

These toys when coated with enamel are very
attractive. The inside should be either white or
aluminum. As the so-called "tin" from which
cans are made is nothing more than thin steel with
a thin coating of tin they will rust where the tin
is worn off or scratched, unless coated with some
material. There are, however, three or more
grades of tin, and the better cans such as are used
by one concern in putting up pop corn have a very
durable coating of tin.

Something About Marionettes
and Their History

(Continued from fage 193)
Their great vogue, together with this apparent
leniency on the part of the Church, did not at all
add to their popularity with the actors on the le-
gitimate stage, who looked down on the puppets
and called them "miseries, both dangerous and
demoralizing." The legitimate stage actors were
jealous of the puppets because they thought their
proceeds were being reduced through competition,
and their dislike finally became too strong for the
puppets to combat, clever as the puppets were at
defending themselves with biting satires at the
expense of the actors. In England the company
of Drury Lane demanded the puppet theatres be
closed, while in France the actors succeeded in
driving the puppet showmen to the markets in the
Parisian suburbs. Due to the actors, puppet show-
men were not permitted to produce plays with
dialogue ; only monologues were allowed, and
even they could not be spoken in the natural voice.

Among Our Folks

FRIENDS of Clark W. Hetherington will all re-
joice to hear that on June 8th he received the
honorary degree of Doctor of Pedagogy from the
University of Southern California.

On June loth Dorothy Enderis, Assistant to
Superintendent in Charge of Extension Depart-
ment, ^Milwaukee Public Schools, received an
honorary ALA. degree from Lawrence College,
Appleton, Wisconsin. In conferring the degree
Dr. ^^"riston said :

"Because you have brought to the increasingly
significant problem of leisure activity profound
sympathy, prophetic vision, administrative skill
and great wisdom, we are glad to recognize your
achievements, and by the authority vested in me
I confer upon you the degree of Master of Arts,
honoris causa, and adinit you to all its rights and
privileges."

In April, after twenty-five years of continuous
service in the playground movement of Hamilton,
Canada, Charles Peebles retired from active serv-
ice. Members of the Recreation Commission pre-
sented him with an illuminated address thanking
him on behalf of the mothers, fathers and chil-
dren of the City of Hamilton for work well done.
From 1911 to 1931 Mr. Peebles held office as
secretary, as treasurer, as vice-president and as
president of the Hamilton Playground Associa-
tion and from that date to 1935 as chairman of
the Playground Commission which replaced the
Playground Association. Mr. Peebles was elected
an honorary life member of the Commission.

Mrs. Chester G. Marsh, formerly director of
the Westchester County Workshop maintained by
the Westchester County Recreation Commission
in the County Building at White Plains, New
York, has resigned that position to serve as Di-
rector of Arts and Crafts for the Girl Scouts, be-
ginning June first. Mrs. Marsh was connected
with the Westchester County Recreation Com-
mission for twelve years, being its first executive.
For five years she directed the Workshop.

but had to be distorted by means of the "sifflet
pratique." This is a small, flat whistle, held be-
tween the roof of the mouth and the tongue, and
even today, some modern Punch and Judy show-
men use this method to impart the squeaky fal-
setto voice associated with Punch. There is always
the danger that this whistle may be swallowed in
the excitement of a tense moment, even by the
most proficient!

SEAMAN F. NORTHRUP

225

Seaman F. Northrup

Judge Seaman F. Northrup, who died in May,
for ten years served as a district representative
of the National Recreation Association. Cheerful
and courageous at all times, he gave himself un-
stintingly to his work. No one could persuade
him to limit his hours or conserve his strength,
and every power he had was completely dedicated
to his tasks. He cared profoundly for the national
recreation movement.

Oriental Marionettes

Oriental marionettes arc so beautiful and so
interesting that it is difficult to know iust what to
say about them. Perhaps one of the most inter-
esting groups are the marionettes of Japan. This
country had no theatre before the advent of the
marionettes, about 1660 A. D., when the first pup-
pet theatre in Japan was established. They did
have the beautiful "NO" plays, but these were
semi-historical-religious dramas, presented in the
language of the court, and far aljove the under-
standing of the common people. After the advent
of the puppet theatre, which was under the pa-
tronage of a powerful and wealthy Prince, the
legitimate theatre in Japan was developed. Na-
tionally famous poets wrote dramas for the pup-
pets, and great painters decorated the stages and
scenery. The costumes, make-up, dramatizations
and stage conventions as created then by the mari-
onettes were so perfect that they have been
handed down intact and form the basis of the
legitimate Japanese drama of today whose human
actors adopted the perfection established by the
puppets. The Japanese puppets are about one-
third life-size and each figure is worked by three
operators. The chief operator is dressed in verv
beautiful robes, and it is considered quite an honor
to become one. He works the head and the right
hand, while his two assistants, clothed in black,
with black hoods over their faces, work the left
hand and the feet. In his book, JVIiile Roue
Burns, Alexander Wolcott tells of the dexterity
of the Japanese puppet-manipulators, and in the
Christmas issue of the London Illustrated News
for 193 1, there is an interesting and profusely
illustrated article on marionettes in Japan.

NO DUST

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Boston

Chicago

Cincinnati

Indianapolis
Kansas City
Philadelphia

Cleveland

Detroit

Houston

Pittsburgh
St. Louis
Syracuse

226

MAGAZINES AND PAMPHLETS

Magazines and Pamphlets

Recently Received Containing Articles
of Interest to the Recreation Worker

MAGAZINES
The Journal of Health and Physical Education, June 1935
Progress and Problems in Health and Physical Edu-
. cation Among Colored Americans, by Edwin B.

Henderson
The Influence of School Training on Leisure-Time

Activities, by C. L. Brownell
New Features in Gymnasium Planning, George A.

Hagen
How I Instruct My Tennis Classes, by Mary K.
Browne

Packs and Recreation, June 1935

Wyoming's George Washington Memorial Parks, by

Harold L. Curtiss
The Forestry Building at Portland

Leisure, June 1935

New Hampshire Encourages Handicrafts, by Thelma

Brackett
Tips for Tennis Tyros, by Davis Humphrey
New Light on An Old Craft, by Edward W. Frentz
A Game for Children, by C. A. Byers

The National Parent-Teacher Magazine, June 1935

The President's Message — A Wise Use of Leisure,

by Mary L. Langworthy
Recreation on the Family Plan, by Marian Warren
Moore

The Parents' Magazine, June 1935

Leisure and Libraries, An Editorial by Beatrice Saw-
yer Rossell

A New Angle on Camping by R. Alice Drought,
Ph.D.

Play in Your Backyard, by Grace E. Batchelder

A Happy Vacation Spent at Home, by Florence
Smith Vincent

Let's Give a Party

American Childhood, June 1935

What Shall We Play This Summer? by Nina B.
Lamkin

The Sportswoman, May 1935

Stunt and Formation Swimming, by Gertrude Goss
Swimming and Waterfront Safety, by Marjorie
Camp

PAMPHLETS
Picnic Bulletin, Department of Public Recreation, Read-
ing, Pa.
Des Moines Playground and Recreation Commission An-
nual Report 1934
Construction and Maintenance of Baseball Fields, by Clar-
ence F. Waltz
Bulletin No. 7— The Athletic Institute, Inc., 1712
Republic Building, Chicago, 111.
Famous Places in the United States
Swimming
Natural Scenes of the United States

Obtainable from Frederic J. Haskin, Washington,
D. C. at 10 cents each
Biennial Report of the M ilwaukee County Park Commis-
sion and Milwaukee County Regional Planning Dept.
1931-32. Court House, Milwaukee. Wis.
Annual Report of the Minnesota Emergency Relief Ad-
ministration, Recreational and Leisure Time Depart-
ment, 1934-35

Leisure in Our Time — A Survey of Recreational Oppor-
tunities in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, 1934
Prepared under the joint auspices of the Delaware
County Park Board and the Delaware County
Welfare Council.

Annual Report of the Board of Park Commissioner*,
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 1934

Municipal Recreation, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1934

Educational Activities Promoting the Worthy Use of
Leisure Time.

Los Angeles City School District. Special Bulletin
No. 89

Report of the Boston Pack Department Competitive

Sports Program, 1934
Report of the Recreation Commission of Portland, Maine,

1934
First Annual Report of the Department of Public Recce-

reation of Winston-Salem, N. C, 1934-1935

The Boy Scout and His Hobbies

(Continued from page 195)

Strength of his skill, experience, study and in-
tense interest in these two subjects that he won
his chance at great adventure. Hobbies some-
times take one farther than one's dreams, pay bet-
ter than one would ever fancy they could or
would.

At the Jamboree

Next August some 30,000 or 40,000 Scouts will
assemble in an immense encampment in Washing-
ton, living in tents almost in the shadow of the
Monument. The occasion is the celebration of the
Silver Anniversary Year of Scouting, marking
the completion of twenty-five years' history in the
making in America. These Scout delegates from
all over the country will be selected for their out-
standing qualifications and records in Scout ex-
perience.

Most of them will be Life, Star or Eagle
Scouts, the higher ranks in Scouting, standing for
arduous training in advanced Merit Badge sub-
jects, hobbyists all. »

Among the more spectacular and formal phases
of the program which will be scheduled during
this gigantic Jamboree it will be safe to say that
innumerable unofficial confabs will be held. Who
knows how much stimulating hobby chat will go
on, what stimulating exchanges of views as to
whys and hows of hobbies will accompany these
tent flap conferences between individuals or
groups ? What a wealth of new ideas, healthy en-
thusiasm and fresh breath of life these representa-
tives of Scouting will have to take back to their
home Troops when it is all over ! How the more-
and-better-hobbies horse will rock!

PLAYING INDIAN WITH A PURPOSE

227

These Boy Scouts of today will be the crafts-
men and creators, the business and professional
men of tomorrow. Even if these early interests
! of theirs do not chance to lead directly to their
life work, there can be no doubt that they will
pursue their chosen careers no less ably and pro-
fitably because in their youth they listened to the
neigh of the hobby horse on the wind, and more
than likely will go on listening in their maturer
leisure hours, still follow the delightful lure of
clattering hoofs, down many an intriguing by-
path, leading to many a rich and green pasture of
practically limitless expanse.

He who has once hugged a hobby to his heart,
or better still, more than one, is never likely to
know the irk of boredom. He has always at his
command an inexhaustible source both of recrea-
ation and creation. He who learns young to pour
more of himself into life, will find that life will
reward him richly, prove a miraculous pitcher,
"chock full" of health and happiness, a well
earned increment of pleasure and profit.

Playing Indian With a Purpose

(Conthiucd from f>agc 198)

Rituals — Ceremonies — Plays — Pageants
There are endless possibilities in the program
and every opportunity to present unusual pageants
and rituals following the preliminary work. One
need mention only a display of craftsmanship,
decorated teepees, bizarre costumes, rhythmic
dances, a corn festival dance, perhaps a game of
lacrosse, a flaming arrow ceremony, a ritual when
tribal names are given, and many other ceremon-
ies. Opportunities without end are oflfered by the
program to pageant the unusual, the interesting
and the impressionable.

A Brief Bibliography

Omaha Tribal Games and Dances, Alice Fletcher
Rhythm of the Red Man, Seton
How of the Indian, Parker
Indian Book, Julian Harris Salamon
Indian Siyn Language, William Tompkins
My Life With the Indians, Schultz

Indian Bead Work, American Museum of Natural His-
tory, New York City ($.35)

Indianlofc {A pamphlet), Cheley, 600 Steele Street, Den-
ver, Colorado
Books by Dr. Charles Eastman

Books by Smithsonian Institute, Dr. Charles Eastman
(Several books and pamphlets of interest)

EverWear Offers the Safest
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Our complete new catalog is

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connplete line of the SAFEST and most DURA-
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228

"BOYS AND GIRLS TOGETHER"

That Summer Playground
Program!

• Have you secured your copy
of "Planning Summer Playground
Programs"?

Price $.25

National Recreation Association

315 Fourth Avenue

New York City

"Boys and Girls Together"

(Coiitinucii from f'ai/i' 202)
What Boys and Girls Themselves Want
All these things, of course, are but straws in
the wind, and we must make every effort to find
out what boys and girls want- themselves. They
do not really know, but they love new experiences
and they love to discuss and they are pathetically
eager to find some clues out of the maze.

The Dean of Women of Syracuse University
asked 203 freshman girls to name the problems
they faced outside the classroom, for which they
felt they had been inadequately prepared before
entering college. Their replies, briefly summar-
ized, were as follows :
Social experience Boy friends

Taste in dress Habits of neatness

How to converse Making decisions

Living away from home Use of money

Health and personal hygiene Sex knowledge

The boys and girls of a Los Angeles high
school decided that they lacked experience in
social practices and procedures. So they built a
guest house, in which they entertain each other
and their friends. Many a Girl Scout "Little
House,"' of which there are now hundreds
throughout the country, furnishes a similar in-
formal social training.

One of the things that boys and girls need

cruelly to learn is to finish what they have begun.
Too often they undertake something far beyond
their skill and capacity and leave it half done
when interest lags under unexpected difficulties.
Here is where wise older people can be of the
utmost help in tactfully supplying needed training
and thus stiffening character.

It is not easy to know what can be done for
boys and girls under the present hard and con-
fused conditions of modern life. But somehow
they must be helped toward adequate and adjusted
living, socially, economically, and emotionally.
Perhaps we shall come to what William James
urged so long ago in his Moral Equivalent of
War, a period of compulsory work service for all
young people, like — and yet how unlike — what is
now being so harshly carried on in Germany. If
we ever do, it will be not merely a period of
work but also a period of vocational direction,
further education and true recreation.

Note: As this issue of the magazine goes to press an-
nouncement is made of the formation of the National
Youth .\dministration, created by executive order of
President Roosevelt for the following purposes : to find
employment for jobless youth; to train and retrain for
industrial, technical and professional employment op-
portunities; to provide work relief on projects designe<i
to meet the needs of youth, and to provide for continu-
ing attendance at high school and college. $50,000,000 has
been allocated for the project.

Chicago Makes Her Preparations
for the Recreation Congress

(Continued from ^age 205)
a basic element in any recreation program. But
the youth of thirty years ago had not been reared
to the constant hum of the machine ; it was still
the day of hand tools. There was no call for the
exercise and development of patient application in
the arts and crafts, for which there was little time
after release, from work. School playgrounds of
that day were not the»centers of youthful indus-
try which they have since become under our
Board of Education. The instructors of that time
might well devote themselves to personal instruc-
tion of their charges individually, and give less of
thought to affording opportunity for self-leader-
ship and the organization of a functioning democ-
racy in leagues and tournaments. Recreation was
ihen a matter of relaxation after work. Now we
are thinking of it the world over as the major
business of living, when we are released from
compulsion and freed to make an art of living.

Many Demonstrations Will Be OfTered

The demonstrations planned for this year's

CHICAGO MAKES HER PREPARATIONS FOR THE CONGRESS

229

Congress will differ from those of 1907 as the
program of today varies from that of thirty
years ago. There will be demonstrations by hob-
byists of the city of the processes by which they
create their products, step by step. Boys will be
there making planes ; their mothers will be demon-
strating weaving; their grandmothers will be en-
gaged in needle point, embroidery, lace-making or
quilting. Grandfather will be there demonstrat-
ing some of his special end-plays in chess, in the
solving of puzzles in checkers. Perhaps he will
outline the basic strategy of the game of Halma,
or show how to take the defensive side of the
game of fox and geese successfully. Sister will
make a puppet, a doll or a Hallowe'en mask be-
fore the eyes of delegates, and her brother's
young bride may well be there engaged in block-
printing of drapes for her new home or in pat-
terning Batiks for some article of wearing ap-
parel or some domestic wall hanging. All of the
fundamentals of a manual craft or hobby pro-
gram will be demonstrated, not alone in produc-
tion, but also in the processes of making those
products from inexpensive material.

The National Recreation Association is plan-
ning also to intersperse with the program proper
brief, thumb-nail sketches of community music
numbers, of dramatics and presentation of the
arts as elements of the newer sort of recreation
activities.

Technically too, the plans call for consultation.
Nearby systems as well as those of Chicago will
bring to the Congress their planners, architects
and technical experts in general. If a delegate
wishes to consult with a technical man on the de-
sign, construction and filtration of a new swim-
ming pool, he can make an appointment and be-
fore him he can lay his blue prints for advice.
Field trips are planned rather than spectacular
programs, in order that the delegates in attend-
ance may see the programs going on in their com-
munity, with club groups in action. Buildings
may be inspected and studied on the ground and
plans and lay-outs examined not alone in the lay-
out of the original ground of the turn of the cen-
tury, but in the latest and most evolved develop-
ment of the city.

Chicago will eagerly await its opportunity to
display all that we have learned here in the city
and will be on the alert for the critical observa-
tions or suggestions for improvement which we
expect to receive from visitors, advising us as to
ways in which still better results may be achieved.

PUT

DIAMONDS

ON YOUR
PLAYGROUND

DIAMOND CALK HORSESHOE CO.

4610 Grand Avenue, Duluth, Minn.

How One City Acquired Play Areas

(Continued from page 208)

last two months, a large part of the next payment,
which is not due until summer.

Undoubtedly the group of men who bought the
original tract would have purchased this land, as
well, but we felt that it was far better strategy to
have the people of the neighborhood buy their
own playground than to have a few wealthy men
do it. The effect on the city fathers would be
quite different.

We hope that we can persuade the Council to
include the whole amount in the budget this
spring, but if the city does not buy the land this
year we are confident that it will in the near future.
In the meantime we shall have the use of the land
and the Association has proved to the city at large
that the people of the First Ward are solidly be-
hind the recreation program.

Note: As a happy ending to this story word reaches
us as this article goes to press, that the Council has pur-
chased the fourteen greatly desired lots.

230

THE yLACE OF DRAMA IN RECREATION

Music in a Public Recreation Department

(Continued from page 210)

The outstanding example of coordination of
these different projects is the work being carried
on at the National Catholic Community House.
Here is being conducted what amounts to a set-
tlement school of music using leaders from both
the Emergency Schools and the Emergency Re-
lief Administration. The activities include a com-
munity orchestra, piano classes for children and
adults, classes for violin and guitar, a glee club, a
minstrel group, classes in sight singing and voice
instruction. Other such centers could be organiz-
ed if the facilities were made as freely available.

The all important questions as to how effective
is the program, how far a Public Recreation Com-
mission should go in the field of music, to what
level it should confine its efforts, the writer is
constrained from answering. We will presume,
however, to say quite frankly that we have faith
in its basic soundness, while recognizing that
others might differ with us in detail or approach
to the problem.

The Place of Drama in Recreation

(Continued from page 213)
pool and probably centered around the pool.
Aside from these big productions there is always
a little play in rehearsal on every ground and
drama is a well established activity.

One of the most delightful outdoor theatres in
the east can be found in Bloomfield, New Jersey.
This theatre was built on one of the playgrounds
with relief funds and gave work to a group of
the town's unemployed. In Bloomfield, Miss Ruby
Oscarson has trained her own directors and will
conduct the fifth playground tournament this sum-
mer. Material of high quality is used and it is
not unusual to find the plays of such excellent
authors as Stuart Walker, Rachel Field and Con-
stance Mackay on the tournament programs.

In encouraging you to sponsor a drama pro-
gram I can't over emphasize the fact that there is
talent everywhere, especially among children. The
schools haven't the time to take over the task of
giving them well organized formal drama and a
great opportunity is thus left for the recreation
department. Leadership is the great need. But so
many successful programs have been developed by
training leaders within the department that I think
it is safe to say that there is no community where
it is not possible to develop leaders and that there
is no community where drama cannot be success-
fully included in the program.

Blue Mound Banishes the
Depression Blues

(Continued from page 215)

The Programs

Programs were developed through the help of
the schools and other organizations. There was an
operetta by the high school, athletic exhibitions
under the direction of the high school athletic
coach, tap dancing and music under the super-
vision of the music director of the schools, plays
by the Community Players, a full sized minstrel
show in black face with a cast of forty, every
member a farmer from the neighborhood except
the interlocutor who is a hardware merchant in
the village, a German band, an Old Fiddlers' con-
test, folk dancing by trained groups, individual
and glee club singing — all by local people. The
master of ceremonies is the manager of an oil sta-
tion. The leader of the band is a hardware
merchant and the bandsmen are business and pro-
fessional men and farmers of the community.

The social value of the project is incalculable.
In spite of the continued bad economic conditions
the habit of glooming about it has been cast off in
Blue Mound.

The whole project was born in desperation and
in the belief that the community was not serving
itself when it sat about twiddling its thumbs,
wearing sackcloth and ashes and moaning about
the economic situation. Working for entertain-
ment for each other, making one evening a week a
genuine community holiday, with the occupation
of preparing for it together, did the trick.

The community is proud of itself instead of
being sorry for itself. Members of it know each
other better than they have ever known each other
before and they have shown that good wholesome
fun, created by the community is not only good
for them but extraordinarily attractive to others
who came from all -parts of central Illinois in
thousands to attend the entertainments so freely
offered and so well done.

A Community Camp

(Continued from page 220)
for thousands of needy youngsters. It is a genu-
ine service for the business and professional men
who make up the service clubs to identify them-
selves in this constructive way with the satisfying
of a fundamental need of youth. They get a
deeper thrill than the youngsters when they go
out and see and hear groups of happy campers
rollicking through these wild acres.

New Publications in the Leisure Time Field

Finger Painting

By Ruth Faison Shaw. Little, Brown and Company,

Boston. $2.50.
rjiN'GER P.MNTiNc is the result of Miss Shaw's quest
' for improved methods of educating children at her
private school in Rome. After long experimentation she
discovered the formula of a firm, clayey paint which
when mixed with water could be easily manipulated by a
child's finger and was absolutely harmless. Finger paints
are now in use in over 125 schools. Finger painting is
a part of the curricula of summer camps. It is recog-
nized as one of the most valuable modern developments
in the training of children. The book contains some inter-
esting reproductions of paintings done by children be-
tween the ages of two and a half and thirteen years.

Tap Dances for School and Recreation

By Anne Schley Duggan. A. S. Barnes and Company,

New York. $2.50.
The use of tap dancing in the school and recreation

program is I)ecoming increasingly popular and the
routines offered in this book have been particularly de-
signed for this purpose, varying from short, simple
dances for the real beginner to full length, difficult rou-
tines for the more advanced enthusiast. The book also
includes several rhythm buck routines, a type of dancing
recently popularized. Through adaptation of the rou-
tines to well known melodies, as well as original compo-
sitions, the author has made her material doubly useful.
It should be noted that this book is a supplement to the
author's first book on the same subject.

The Curriculum in Sports (Physical
Education^

By Seward C. Staley, Ph.D. W. B. Saunders Company,

Philadelphia. $2.50.
Intended to serve two purposes — (1) for use as a text-
book in classes studying the curriculum in sports and
(2) for the use of teachers conducting sports curricula —
-this book is woven about one central idea, namely, that
the curriculum in sports should be organized and con-
ducted according to standardized educational theories
and practices. Physical educators and recreation workers
will be interested in Dr. Staley's conclusion that there is
not and cannot be a separate and distinct physical educa-
tion tliat the phase of education, now called physical
education is sports education. He further suggests that
it would be advantageous to abandon the title of physical
education and adopt that of sports education. Whatever
the title used, however, the practices and principles ad-
vanced in the book are equally applicable.

Let's Make a Book

By Harriet H. Shoen. The Macmillan Company, New

York. $.75.
QoYs AND GIRLS are introduced in this small book to the
"^ fun of book making. First there are the easy books
• — scrap books, photograph albums, baby picture books
and other ideas for rainy days at home. Then follow
clear directions for making a real book, with suggestions
for rebinding old favorite books.

Team Sports for Women

By Alice W. Frymir and Marjorie Hillas. A. S. Barnes
and Company, New York. $3.00.

Oaseball, basketball, field hockey, soccer, speedball and
volley ball are the six sports selected for a thorough
analysis of techniques and plays. Each sport is analyzed
as follows : General statement of game ; individual tech-
nique; offensive individual play; defensive individual
play ; offensive and defensive team tactics ; and players
and their positions. Sample examinations and selected
references are given for each sport, and information on
officiating and methods is included.

The Arts of Leisure

By Marjorie Barstow Greenbie. Whittlesey House, Mc-
Graw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York. $2.50.
11 ERE IS a book for vacation reading when you can
'* take time really to enjoy a delightful and stimulating
philosophizing on the many arts which go into the su-
preme art of living. You will learn something of the
charm and grace leisure hours may take on, and you will
discover how life may be made more enjoyable through
the arts of conversation, reading, loafing, going places,
letter-writing, song, decoration, making things, growing
things, and many other activities. You cannot afford
to miss this book.

On Soap Sculpture

By Lester Gaba. Henry Holt and Company, New York.
$1.00.

If your hobby is soap sculpture or if you want to learn
how to go about it, this is a book you must have ! It
will give you complete instructions on means and meth-
ods; actual patterns and diagrams of objects to be
carved; hints about subjects and how special results may
be obtained, and directions for a soap carving party.
There are photographs which range from the various
stages of the actual carving of a Scottie to the finished
groups which have been used for many national adver-
tising campaigns.

231

232

NEIV PUBLICATIONS IN THE LEISURE TIME FIELD

Social Work Year Book 1935.

Edited by Fred S. Hall. Russell Sage Foundation,

New York. $4.00.
The Social Work Year Book, published biennially, em-
braces more than social work itself. The volume is there-
fore subtitled "A Description of Organized Activities in
Social Work and in Related Fields." Activities and
agencies are regarded as related if their executives or
other staff members are significantly associated with
social workers in performing the tasks for which either
group is responsible. For information within its scope
the Year Book is a concise encyclopedia, periodically re-
vised. Nearly all articles in the present issue indicate
briefly the effect of the current economic depression, but
their chief purpose is to describe the included activities
in the form in which they were organized at the end of
1934. Part I contains a large number of articles con-
tributed by leading social workers and carefully classi-
fied. Part II is a directory of 413 national and interna-
tional agencies, public and private, 526 public state agen-
cies and 51 state-wide private agencies.

Leisure Time Directory — Chicago 1935.

Chicago Recreation Commission, 1634 Burnham

Building.
The Chicago Recreation Commission as one of its first
pieces of work has compiled a Leisure Time Directory
of Public and Semi-Public Recreation and Auxiliary
Agencies for the use of recreation and social workers,
policemen, civic groups and neighborhood leaders. The
directory first lists the city's parks and playgrounds under
the Bureau of Parks, Recreation and Aviation, the Board
of Education and the Chicago Park District. Recreational
facilities are then listed by communities and city-wide
organizations are noted. The directory is an outstanding
example of the effectiveness with which such listings and
information can be given.

Demonstration Handbook of Olympia
Through the Ages

By Harriet V. Fitchpatrick and Florence M. Chil-
son. A. S. Barnes and Company, New York. $1.50.
Everyone attending the American Physical Education
Association Convention held in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1934
was tremendously impressed by the pageant, "Olympia
Through the Ages," depicting the history of physical
education. Over 3,000 took part in what was felt to be a
genuinely educational program. This book attempts to
answer the many questions which have been asked about
the pageant. With the descriptions given and the definite
suggestions offered for costumes and music the pageant,
it is believed, can be adapted to any community.

Willingly to School.

Prepared by the staff of the Fox Meadow School,
with a foreword bv William H. Kilpatrick. Round
Table Press, New York. $3.00.

"The new typ« grade school has never had so artis-
tically beautiful and humanly interesting and engaging a
presentation as this," states the New York Times Book
Review section for January 27, 1935, in commenting on
this interesting book which is an account of what is being
done and what success is being achieved at the Fox

Meadow School in Scarsdale, New York. The presen-
tation is made largely through pictures which are un-
usually fine examples of photography by Wendell Mac-
Rae. They show the children engaged in dozens of widely
varied activities — one alone, a group of two or three or
more, or a crowd of them with the outdoor and indoor
backgrounds and environment afforded by the school and
its gardens and play yards.

Federal Transient Program.

By Ellery F. Reed. Ph.D. The Committee on Care
of Transient and Homeless. 1270 Sixth Avenue,
New York.

This evaluative survey, the result of a study made
under the auspices of the Committee on Care of Tran-
sient and Homeless for the period covering May, June
and July, 1934. contains a vast amount of information
regarding this pioneer effort of the federal government.
In addition to the findings on housing, physical and med-
ical care, provision of work, administration and person-
nel, there is a section on Religion, Recreation and Edu-
cation. "The importance of leisure time in the transient
program," the report states, "was recognized early in its
administration." The camps and shelters, the survey
showed, nearly all had recreation halls or rooms, but
these were lacking in adequate equipment, the different
centers differing greatly in the extent to which recrea-
tional activities had been developed. Some had especially
trained persons in charge of the program, and a good
deal was being done in spite of severe limitations of
funds. "It was clear that where the recreational program
was strong it made a great difference in the attitudes
and entire atmosphere of the transient bureau, and was a
constructive force in the rehabilitation of the transients."

Officers and Directors of the National
Recreation Association

OFFICERS

Joseph Lee, President
John H. Finley, First Vice-President
John G. Winant, Second Vice-President
Robert Garrett. Third Vice-President
Gl'STAVvs T. KiRBY. Treasurer
HowAKP S. Bral^ciier, Secretary

DIRECTORS

Mrs. Edward \V. Biddle, Carlisle, Pa.

William Bitterworth, Molire, III.

Clarence M. Clark, Philadelphia, Pa.

Henry L, Corbett, Portland, Ore.

Mrs. Arthur G. Cummer, Jacksonville. Fla.

F. Trl'bee Davison, Locust Valley. L. I., N. Y.

Mrs. Thomas A. Edison, West Orange, N. J.

John H. Finley, New York, N. Y.

Robert Garrett, Baltimore, Md.

Austin E. Griffiths. Seattle, Wash.

Charles Hayden, New York. N. Y.

Mrs. Charles V. Hickox, Michigan C!tv, Ind.

Mrs. Francis deLacy Hyde. Plainfield, K. J.

Gustavus T. Kirby, New York, N. Y.

H. McK. Landon, Indianapolis. Ind.

Mrs. Charles D. Lanier, Greenwich, Conn.

Robert Lassiter, Charlotte, N. C.

Joseph I,ee, Boston, Mass.

Edwaro E. Loom is. New York, N. Y.

J. H. McCurdy, Springfield, Mass.

Otto T. Mallery Philadelphia, Pa.

Walter A. May, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Carl E. Milliken, Augusta. Me.

Mrs. Ogden L. Mills, Woodbury, N. Y.

Mrs. James W. Wadsworth, Jr., Washington, D. C.

J. C. Walsh, New York, N. Y.

Frederick M. Warburg, New York, N. Y.

John G. WIinant, Co.ncord, N. H.

Mrs. William H. Woodin, Jr., Tucson, Ariz.

''Enrichment of Life"

TIME is the raw material out of which life is carved. Leisure is our own
time. We ourselves are the employers of leisure. The shape or pattern
of life often becomes largely a matter of how we use what is loosely
called "spare time."

As far as accomplishment is concerned for millions of pe'ople, the day is
done when the whistle blows. "Nothing to do until tomorrow" is the slogan.
Aimless recreation follows. Yet, most of these people have vague ambitions
of one sort or another. The time when these ambitions might be set in motion
is the leisure time. By ignoring this use of leisure the best in life is tossed
aside Hke an old newspaper. Such waste of time might be more readily justi-
fied if it led to contentment. On the contrary, no one is more bored with
himself or leads a duller existence than the person who has no program for
his after-working hours.

Most people do not use time with a purpose. They drift with it. Instead
of making Hfe, they permit it to happen. Their conversation is of yesterday
and their thoughts of tomorrow. Many of the ancients were wiser. "Carpe
diem," meaning "Seize the day," was the advice of Horace two thousand
years ago. Make the, most of today is the sense of this expression. Forget
yesterday, for yesterday is gone. Dismiss tomorrow. Tomorrow is never
here. Live today ! Grasp the fleeting moment by the forelock and use it now.
Let it slip by and it is out of your grasp forever.

Time is the element out of which life is carved. I am thinking of the
marble out of which sculptors carve their works of art. In a sense each of us
is a sculptor. Day by day we hammer away at the marble which is time.
Chip by chip it falls at our feet. The outline of a statue first appears rough,
almost formless. Indeed, it is never wholly finished. To the last hour we
apply the chisel. At length the hand relaxes and life is done. The statue is
our life's work. It is the result of what we have done with time. If we have
lived beautifully, it is beautiful. If we have lived usefully, the marble figure
has, at least, a semblance of beauty. If we have lived badly, aimlessly, care-
lessly, our handiwork reflects the misuse of the primal material given us —
Time.

James A. Moyer,

Division of University Extension
Massachusetts Department of Education.

AUGUST, I 935

233

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234

A Few

America's

Outdoor

Theaters

Courtesy Look Memorial Park Commission, Northampton

TiiERK IS NOTHING new about giving plays out-
of-doors, but the increasing emphasis on out-
door production has resulted in wide interest
in the construction of municipal and school out-
door theaters. In the past few years the allocation
of funds for ERA and PWA projects which
serve the cultural interest of the people has done
much to increase the number of outdoor theaters.
And so today from coast to coast there are to be
found theaters ranging from the "Little Lattice
Playhouse" in Oakland, a simple stage erected in
an old olive orchard and embellished with lattice
work, to the elaborate amphitheater in Oklahoma
City, where, when the project is completed, 14,000
people will be accommodated.

Between these two extremes of planned and
constructed theaters are to be found innumerable
woodland and garden theaters created by nature.
Most of these are beautifully located in county
and municipal parks. The Griffiths Theater in
Griffiths Park, Los Angeles, is recognized as one
of the finest in the public parks of the country.
Salt Lake City's theater in Nibley Park with the
stage located on an island in the lake, the audi-
torium being on the opposite shore, is an example
of an outdoor theater which is performing out-
standing service ini the musical and dramatic pro-
ductions presented there each year.

The Sylvan Theater in Washington, D. C, lo-
cated in Monument Grounds Park, is well known,
as is Salem's theater in Willows Park and many
others which might be mentioned.

A few details about some of the existing thea-
ters will be of interest.

In Northampton, Massachusetts

One of the outstandmg recreational projects de-
veloped under the Emergency Relief Administra-
tion in Massachusetts is the outdoor theatre in the
Frank Newhall Look Memorial Park at North-
ampton, a community of 25,000 people located in
a thickly populated section of New England. H.
Foss Narum, Park Manager, sends a description
of it.

In the original development plan for the park
drawn by Robert Washburn Beal of Boston, a
fan shaped area had been set aside for the future
construction of an outdoor theatre. This area,
surrounded by tall pine and elm trees, was utilized
in planning the stage and auditorium when, shortly
after the initiation of E.R.A. in Massachusetts,
the local firm of Putnum and Stuart was author-
ized by the Park Board of Trustees to draw plans
for the construction of the auditorium.

The plans as drawn were approved by the
Trustees of the park and presented to the Com-
monwealth E.R.A. for their approval. In April
1934 the approved plans were returned td E.R.A.
Administrator J. P. Boland and 50 men were as-
signed to the work. As all of the work was done
by "wheelbarrow labor" the work progressed
slowly during the following months. By Novem-
ber the project had been completed as far as was
possible by unskilled labor, and the piping for
water supply and drainage was then installed.
During the eight months in which the men worked
there were from 50 to 140 men working 18 to 24
hours a week. Over 7500 yards of material were
moved from the front of the area to the rear to
give an eight foot rise in the rear and a seven

235

236

A FEW OF AMERICA'S OUTDOOR THEATERS

foot drop at the front of the area. The E.R.A.
allotted about $18,000 for this work.

The auditorium is 233' wide at the rear, 130'
wide at the front and is 176' from the rear to the
pool in front of the stages. At the present time it
is not planned to install seats or permanent
benches. Loam and grass seed will be put on next
spring after re-leveling the area, as may be neces-
sary after settling and winter frost.

Separating the auditorium and the 46' by 100'
pageant area is a water pool 130 feet long, eight
feet wide and 24 inches deep. Piping at this pool
will be arranged so as to permit the use of a water
curtain to separate the stage from the auditorium.

The first stage level is known as the "pageant
area" and will have a floor of grass. This area will
be used as an orchestra pit as well as for pageants.

The second level is two and one-half feet higher
than the pageant area and is 45' deep by 123'
wide. This will be the main production stage for
plays and concerts. Future plans for this area
will necessitate an expenditure of about $10,000
to permit a stage of flagstone, stage lighting facili-
ties, two twelve foot square pillars at .each side
of the stage to be used as control rooms, sound
amplification, sound shell, and to provide beneath
this stage the rest rooms and dressing rooms.

A large number of cities and towns are within
a 25 mile radius of the park. Smith College in
Northampton, Amherst College in Amherst and
Mt. Holyoke College at South Hadley are all
within a short distance. The possibilities for musi-
cal and dramatic activities in this new outdoor
theatre are many.

Duluth's Outdoor Theater

In 1907 the Park Department of Duluth, Minne-
sota, wrote the first
chapter of the his-
tory of its outdoor
theater when it cul-
verted a creek used
as a 'storm sewer
and started on the
erection of an am-

The outdoor theater
in Duluth is un-
usually fortunate in
its beautiful ioca-
cation on the lake

phitheater. The towers and platforms completed
in 1928 are of native semi-face stone, having con-
siderable variation in color. The platform is of
heavy slate of variegated colors. Underneath the
platform are toilet facilities and dressing rooms.
There is a sounding board for band concerts. The
amphitheater will seat about 10,000 people with-
out too much crowding, and the audience usually
sit on the grass. The structure cost $13,600 and
the culverting, grading and seeding about $4,500.

The Outdoor Amphitheater in Oklahoma City

Picture a sloping hillside field, fringed along its
lower sides with young oaks, well located as to
elevation so that fine vistas are seen to the east
across the lake and beyond, and to the south where
the rolling country spreads away into a scene
worthy of an artist's recording.

This is the spot where Oklahoma City has lo-
cated its largest outdoor amphitheater in Lincoln
Park and an excellent choice of location it was,
giving one the feeling of peaceful satisfaction in
its natural beauty. From the illustration on page
234 it is possible to see how the stage is located in
the lower end to the south of the seats, a feature
important in this particular because wind currents
are from that direction and will carry the sound
from the stage into the audience.

Generous accommodation is provided for the
spacious seats which will accommodate 14,000
persons. Although the structure was only half
completed last year, an entertainment program
was held there which was attended by 14,000
children.

Hundreds of trees have been moved in order
to landscape the surrounding areas and preserve
(Continued on pacie 272)

New
Facilities
for
Recreation

THIS SUMMER many new recreational facilities
will be available, a large number of them
through the cooperation of PWA, city recre-
ation departments, park departments and other
municipal bodies. Private groups are also helping
in the country-wide effort which is being made to
provide projects from relief funds which will be
permanent assets to cities throughout the country.
Here are a few of the recreational facilities
which thousands of children and adults will enjoy
during the summer of IQ35.

A Museum On a Playground

Prescott, .A.rizona, has a new municipal play-
ground of n'ne acres, the result of the cooperative
efifort of the city, the schools, the public, the Un-
employment Committee of the Yavapai County
Chamber of Commerce, the Kiwanis and Rotary
Clubs, the RFC, the CWA and the ERA. The
project represents an expenditure of approxi-
mately $120,000. The development is surrounded
by rock walls made of native granite. There are
stone bleachers along the east side. Other facili-
ties include a concrete stadium, four concrete
double tennis courts, and a .separate stone build-
ing housing public toilets. A particularly interest-
ing feature of the project is the Smoki Public
Museum, erected on the playground from native
stone to house prehistoric relics.

A Swimming Pool in Goldsboro

In January 1935 the Goldsboro, North Carolina,
community building opened its indoor swimming
pool built at a cost of $17,000. Of this amount

approximately $11,200 was furnished by C.W.A.
The pool is 70 feet long, 24 feet wide, and of a
graduated depth from two feet nine inches to
e'ght feet nine inches. It has a modern filtering
system and a heating plant. Admission prices to
the pool have been set at such a reasonable figure
that no one need be excluded. Individual admis-
sion will be 10 and 20 cents; season tickets good
for four months will be $2.50 and $5.00.

A New Community House in Memphis

On the spot where the old John Gaston Home
once stood in South Memphis, Tennessee, has
arisen a new landmark, the John Gaston Com-
munity House, erected at a cost of about $125,000
with funds provided by the CWA, TERA and the
City of Memphis, with CWA labor. The build-
ing has been named for the late John B. Gaston,
a pioneer developer of the section in which the
building is located, and it is a tribute to the mem-
ory of this outstanding citizen and of his wife,
who as Mrs. S. W. Alann left not only the prop-
erty to the city but also a large fund for the
erection of a hospital in honor of her first
husband.

The e>terior of the building is a modern de-
sign of brick and stone and on the entrance front
are two stone tablets commemorating John B.
Gaston. The tablets also mention the Civil Works
Administration, city and county officials, members
of the Gaston Memorial Board and of the Park
Commission, and the architects. The building
consists of a group of social or club rooms erected
around a combination auditorium and gymnasium.
It is provided with a large lobby at the principal

237

238

NEW FACILITIES FOR RECREATION

The new community building in Memphis, Tennessee,
which has been dedicated to a richer life for all

entrance and two large
stair halls at the op-
posite end. There is direct access from these halls
and lobbies to the particular social room to be
used without going through the auditorium.

The auditorium will seat 1,500 people. The
stage is well equipped with lights, drops and
everything needed to stage professional and ama-
teur dramatic performances. There is a complete
talking and moving picture apparatus with loud
speakers for public meetings. Over the proscen-
ium arch in the gymnasium is the inscription:
"That everyone, young or old, shall have a chance
to play ; shall have an opportunity to find the best
and most satisfying use of leisure time."

The building and playground, which are under
the supervision of the Park Commission, will be
open to the public at all times. A resident mana-
ger with his staff will be in charge of activities.
']\i embers of the staff of the Recreation Depart-
ment are serving in this connection.

At the dedication on January i6th, 2,000 peo-
ple were present. This was the first of a series of
special events which continued during the week.

Memphis is proud of the progress it has made
in the recreation movement since the dedication of
Gaston Park in 1900 and the formation of the
Park Commission in that year. Today there are
1,411.62 acres in the city's 39 parks, a parkway of
II miles, a zoological department, an art gallery,
and a museum of natural history. In 1920 when

the Recreation De-
partment of the Park
Commission was organized, there were 7 play-
grounds. Today there are 25 playgrounds, seven
of which are lighted and open for night play, 39
tennis courts, 9 hard baseball diamonds, 28 soft
ball diamonds, 3 swimming pools, 3 golf courses,
1 1 football fields, and 4 indoor community cen-
ters. Recreation Department activities are carried
on after school hours in 27 public schools. Seven
institutions are reached with a regular program of
recreational activities during the year.

Other Buildings Erected

Through the generosity of Mr. C. S. Weston,
Scranton, Pennsylvania is to have a new building
at Weston Park which will include showers for
men and women, thVee club rooms, and a large
room which will serve as an auditorium or assem-
bly room. Mr. Weston is supplying the material
for the building in the construction of which
CWA labor will be used. The approximate cost
of the structure will be about $30,000.

With the assistance of the Oilman, Wisconsin,
public schools the Taylor County ERA has erected
with relief labor a Boy Scout cabin made of cob-
ble stones. The high school students use this
cabin for band practice and social meetings The
work was done under the supervision of E. A.
Rowley, Superintendent of Public Schools.

Planning the Summer Vacation

By Henry S. Curtis, Ph.D.

Ann Arbor, Michigan

THE STUDY of summer activities of children
made in Ann Arbor was not an attempt to
survey all summer activities. The four under
consideration — camps, trips, farms and play-
grounds— were selected because, looked at from
a world point of view, they are in the process of
becoming public undertakings. Camps are now
being carried on by the government in Russia and
Italy and are being organized on a wide scale in
connection with the land retirement plan in this
country. They are being maintained by many
schools in Germany and by a few schools and
some playground systems in this country. Trips
have been a part of the program of the German
schools for fifty years and have always been the
classic European way of spending a vacation. The
government of Denmark and certain provinces of
Japan have for many years promoted the journey-
ing of city children to farms during the summer.
Playgrounds are becoming a public institution
throughout the civilized world.

Ann Arbor is a city of approximately 30.000
inhabitants, having a few more than 5,000 chil-
dren, in its public and private schools. The pro-
fessors from the University of Michigan and their
families represent somewhere from a fifth to one-
fourth of the populatioft. There is also a consid-
erable group with collegians to educate and others
with large intellectual cravings who are living
here because of the university, but this class does
not furnish many of the school children. The
majority of them come from middle class Ameri-
can homes such as would be found in any north-
ern city.

Near the beginning of the school year last Sep-
tember a questionnaire was given out in all of the
schools. In the lower grades it was sent home with
a note for the parents to fill out. A regular class
period was taken for it in the upper grades.

In this article Dr. Curtis gives us a brief ac-
count of a study of the summer activities of
the children of Ann Arbor, Michigan. It was
made with FERA help under the direction of
the Department of Landscape Design of the
University of Michigan. The study is not yet
complete, and it will cover not merely the city
of Ann Arbor but the county as a whole, in-
cluding 140 rural schools and six other towns
and villages ranging from 1,000 to 10,000 in-
habitants. As far as the study has gone the
results from other towns and rural schools are
in line with the findings from Ann Arbor, but
general conclusions will be more or less un-
certain until similar studies are completed in
other parts of the county.

WASHTENAW COUNTY SURVEY

SUMMER PLAY

Name Age

Grade School

Did you go to any camp last summer ?

Name of camp

Where situated ? How far away ?

How long did you stay ?

How much did you pay per week?

Did you go on any long trip last summer ?

How far ?

Did you go by auto, train, bus or boat?

Where did you spend the night ?

Did you stay on a farm for a time last summer?

How long ?

Was it the farm of a relative ?

Where is it?

Did you go regularly to any of the playgrounds of Ann

Arbor last summer ? Which one ?

How often ? How long did you usually stay ? ._

What was your favorite game or activity ? .'

Did you go regularly to city beaches, tennis courts, and
golf courses? Underline which

(For children of the first four grades only)

Where do you play when you are at home ?

How large is your play yard ?

What do you play ? '.

Which of the following outdoor play things do you
have? (Check)

sand bin wagon bicycle bars junglegym

seesaw tricycle scooter swing automobile

Add others :

Four thousand seven hundred and eleven chil-
dren sent back the questionnaires. Of this num-
ber 651 went to camp last summer for an average
of 22.9 days, a little more than three weeks. This
accounts for 25.4 per cent of the time given to the
four activities.

239

240

PLANNING THE SUMMER VACATION

Camps

There were three types of camps represented in
the report — Scout camps, which were nearly all
patrol camps of less than 25 children, semi-public
and private camps. The Scouts either took their
food or bought it as a troop, cooked it themselves
and lived in their own tents. While they usually
reported the expenses of the two weeks at from
$1.25 to $2.50 a week, the food probably cost no
more than it would at home, and the expense was
really nothing. The Scout camp has the great ad-
vantage of being an integrated part of the year as
it is discussed long beforehand and talked over
afterwards. It is camping with friends, and is
one of the best types of camp.

The semi-public camps maintained by the Y.M.
C.A.'s and the Y.W.C.A.'s and the University
Fresh Air Camp take a certain percentage of the
children for nothing and charge the others $7.00
a week. The stay is usually for two or three
weeks. This type of camp suffers from the lack
of continuity. There is in most cases no prepara-
tion and no follow-up. The children are usually
strangers to each other in the beginning, and the
period is too short for forming friendships or for
definite training.

The private camp usually takes its groups for
eight or ten weeks. It charges from $15.00 to
$50.00 a week, and as a rule has a fairly well-
paid staff and a good program of physical activi-
ties. It is, however, essentially a class camp and
may promote snobbery.

Most of the talk that one hears and the articles
one reads about camping look at it from a nega-
tive or a physical point of view. It would thus
appear that the purpose of the camp is to get the
children out of the city and away from its temp-
tations and heat, to build them up physically and
to give them a good time and proficiency in sports.

Most camps offer swimming, canoeing, rowing,
athletics, nature study, dra-
matics and crafts. To many
this is the program, but the
fundamental thing about the
camp is that it is a demon-
stration in communal living.
The best camps make "bud-
dies" of the children. A
friendly attitude and spirit
are far more essential to its
success and popularity than
any amount of equipment or
resources. To make a friend-

Dr. Curtis points out that the reader,
in order to have a true picture of the
situation, should keep constantly In niind
the fact that Washtenaw County is a
rural county, with nnany retired farmers
living in its cities and towns. Ann Arbor,
the largest city, has only 30,000 people.
There are only two towns outside of Ann
Arbor that maintain playgrounds. Con-
ditions are entirely different from those
existing in a metropolitan district but the
findings of the study are very signifi-
cant for all interested in rural work.

ly world is the purpose of the moral law. The
camp may be an important step in that direction.
Sleeping, eating, working, singing and playing to-
gether all help. But such training requires a ses-
sion of at least six weeks.

The camp offers the great opportunity to learn
cooperation through its joint enterprises of work
and play. One must become a citizen of the camp
to enjoy it. Is not this a logical preparation for
adult citizenship with its responsibilities later?

The camp also makes it possible for the de-
pendent child to escape from the apron strings,
for the spoiled child to be unspoiled, to learn to
stand on his own feet and be responsible for his
own acts.

These are higher values than a knowledge of
arithmetic. It is the specific training in which the
state and city are most interested. This oppor-
tunity should be furnished to all children.

.Apparently we are at the beginning of an age
of unprecedented leisure. There are two universal
preparations for leisure time. They are many
friends and a love of the open. Neither of them
costs anything, but they mean far more to enjoy-
ment than wealth. One of the best opportunities
for both of these is offered through the camp.

Trips

There were reports of "long trips" from 2,238
children which account for 12.465 days of travel
at 200 miles a day. These trips thus reached 47.5
per cent of the children and they account for 21.9
per cent of the time of the four activities. A de-
tailed study of this item at one of the schools in-
dicates that this time would be doubled if short
trips of from 25 to 50 miles had been included.
One eighth grade of 125 children covered 102,597
miles, the boys averaging 1,027 miles per indi-
vidual. Something over 90 per cent of the long
trips and close to 100^ per cent of the short ones
were by auto. As the aver-
age party on these trips was
given as 6.8 for the boys and
5.9 for the girls, this un-
doubtedly represented in the
aggregate more recreation
than the other three items
combined.

The classical method of
spending a vacation in
Europe has always been tra-
vel. There is no summer of-
fering of America that seems

PLANNING THE SUMMER VACATION

241

Courtesy Girl Scouts •

The young people of America
of the youth of other countri
tion time to taking walking

to me comparable to
the walking trips of
the youth movement

of Europe. There are, according to the last figures
I have seen, 3,600,000 members in the German
Hostels Association and somewhere between five
and six million members in Europe. The hostel is
the youth hotel, the place for spending the night.
Many of them are old castles or villas of the rich,
and some are disused military camps. The regu-
lar charge for lodging is seven cents and ten to
twenty cents for meals, though all offer oppor-
tunity for the walker to cook his own supper if
he wishes. It probably costs a German youth no
more to go on a two weeks' walking trip than it
does to stay at home if he must pay for board and
room in both places. The railroads oflfer third
and fourth class fares and one-half rates to the
walkers if they need to take the trains.

Our mountain areas offer opportunity for walk-
ing, but our country highways as a whole are too
much infested with automobiles for the walker to
feel safe or to enjoy his walk. There was only
one walking trip reported from the 4,711 children.
Some five states have passed laws within the year
providing for pedestrian paths along certain high-
ways. This will help, but walking is never likely
to become popular in our agricultural communities.

There is a marvelous new possibility in the
travel field at our doors at this time due to the

may well follow the example

es in devoting more vaca- ^^^ highways that

trips in the open country. u u j i j
r r J have been developed

during the depres-
sion which now cross and recross every part of
the United States, while one to Mexico City is
promised by June and its extension to Panama
and even down the vast shore of South America
is surveyed with indications that its reality lies not
in a very distant future. Many new cruises have
been developed to the Carribbean and the Paci-
fic, while airplane flights across both oceans seem
not unlikely during the year. It seems probable
that there may soon be airplane resorts in Green-
land and along the shore of the Arctic also.

Travel may show us nearly everything we read
about in books or papers in a more vivid way, and
it brings to our doors all other forms of recrea-
tion. Many people do not learn easily from the
printed page but see and learn avidly from travel.
Travel may make us acquainted with historical
backgrounds, with economic and social conditions
throughout the United States. It should develop
a real appreciation of our great country and the
enterprises carried on by the government. It
should help one in choosing a profession and a
place of residence. It offers an almost necessary
basis for patriotism and intelligent voting. The
government should be as much interested in hav-
ing children know America as in their academic
training. It might well afford to furnish from its

242

PLANNING THE SUMMER VACATION

vast stores the oil and gas neces-
sary for such trips.

The great handicap to any in-
telHgent travel in this country is
the lack of any rational directory
to points of interest such as may
be had for a penny almost any-
where in Europe. This survey has made out such
a directory for this county which has just been
printed. We have located 58 places, some of
which are of international interest, but most of
which are unknown to the oldest inhabitants.

Farms

At first thought a farm may not appear to be
much of a pleasure resort. It has always been
thought of as a place for work rather than play,
but an investigation carried on in two junior high
schools as to preferences for farms or camps
showed that a larger proportion of the children
wished to return to the farm than to the camp.

Farm visits are apparently much the largest
item in the summer program so far as the chil-
dren are concerned, as 1,170 children went to the
farms last summer for a period of 21,353 days
with an average stay of 18.2 days per child. Ac-
cording to these figures, 24.8 per cent of the chil-
dren, approximately one quarter, spent 37.5 per
cent of the time of the four activities on the
farms. This figure is, however, probably below
the actual facts. In making up our tables, if a
child said he spent the entire summer on the farm

In this graph is shown the percentage of
time given each of the four activities

4,711 children of Ann Arbor
spend 56,970 twelve-hour days
in four activities — trips, camps,
farms and playgrounds. The ag-
gregate time per pupil in these
activities is 12.1 days.

his time was thrown out on the
supposition that he lived there
and it was not a vacation to him.
Later studies have shown that
this was seldom the case. The
child nearly always said he lived
on a farm if that was the fact.
In an intensive study of one of the junior high
schools it was found that 202 out of 326 children
had spent 1,008 longer or shorter vacations on a
farm and that practically all of them wished to go
back every summer. Only seven of these children
paid anything. Most of them stayed with grand-
parents, uncles, aunts or friends. They reported
that they helped in the house, garden and on the
farm, that they fed the pigs and chickens, gath-
ered the eggs and picked the berries, that they
went fishing, swimming and rode horseback.
Nearly as many farm children came back to visit
them in the city. One hundred and twenty-five of
the children said that they had learned much of
value on the farm and 43 said it had helped them
in their social studies, science, mathematics and in
writing themes in school.

The farm stay actually cost less than nothing
as the parents saved their board and the children
often came back with presents from relatives.
They probably earned their way, judging from
their accounts of the work they did. The city must
buy its food at retail but the farm has it at a price
that is below wholesale. Girls of even ten may
help with the baby, the dishes, the sweeping, gath-
ering the eggs and picking the berries, and there
is a yet greater variety of things for the boys to
do. The children who were most helpful were
the ones who liked the farm best. Of the 326 chil-
dren there were only ten who said they did not
wish to go to the farm; of these six had never
been there and three had merely loafed on the
farm without taking an active part in the work.

Here we see the percentage of
children participating in the
types of activities surveyed

2SL

^'^H

Tr'iiad Playp'roun^ f^irms CaiKl

PLANNING THE SUMMER VACATION

243

One hundred and eighty-six of the children said
they could go to the farm next summer if they
wished. This is more than half of the entire
number, but it is undoubtedly too small a
number, as the question was asked whether they
might visit anyone on a farm "not more than fifty
miles away." In the study of the high school it
was found that 47 out of 181 children who went
to farms went to farms in other states which were
scattered over the entire northern part of the
country.

If the conditions in this school are typical, it is
possible for the majority of the older children in
this area to visit farms without expense during
the summer. Such visits tend to hold families to-
gether and to keep country and city in sympathy.
Without such an experience it is difficult for one
to understand the conditions
through which America grew
up.

good attendance for a city of the size of Ann
Arbor.

But even a 20 per cent increase in this record
would make no difference in the conclusion that
the playgrounds, alone cannot offer a program to
the school population of a city as a whole during
the twelve hour day of the summer. Playgrounds
are very beneficial but they cannot minister to
children who do not come, or greatly help those
who only come occasionally. The influence of the
playground is not limited to the time spent there,
and perhaps its greatest service is in teaching bet-
ter games and better methods of play to be used
outside. Furthermore the child who has played
baseball or tennis for one hour and eighteen min-
utes has had exercise enough for one day.

Playgrounds

The playgrounds were re-
ported attended by 1,206 chil-
dren more or less regularly.
These represent 25.6 per
cent of the children. On the
basis of a twelve hour day
their attendance amounted to
8,662 days. Converted into
minutes and divided by 66,
the number of days the play-
grounds were open, it pro-

The Washtenaw County Directory which
Dr. Curtis mentions bears the sub-title
"Highways-Byways and Places of Inter-
est Historical-Scenic-Educational-Recre-
ational." It is most attractively printed
in colors and is profusely illustrated.
In addition to the directory listing 58
places of interest, twelve sightseeing
drives, twelve golf courses and seven
hikes, as well as bathing beaches and
canoe trips, there Is a map which motor-
ists will find of great value. Copies may
be secured at the Business Office of the
University. Any group planning to issue
a publication of this type will find the
Washtenaw County Directory helpful.

Summary of Findings
If now we add together
the number of days given to
camps, trips, farms and play-
grounds, and divide by the
number of children, 4,711, it
gives us 1 2. 1 days as the
average recreation time in
these four activities for the
children of the city. This
time varies from only a little
more than one day for the
rural children attending the
city schools to 24.6 days for
the children of the university
faculty. In different schools

vides one hour and eighteen
minutes a day for the 1,206 children who attend-
ed, or if the time is distributed over the 4,711
children who answered the questionnaire, it would
provide 20 minutes a day for all the children. In
two of the schools in the wealthier section of the
city it amounted to less than two minutes a day,
while in some it amounted to half an hour or
more.

This is no reflection on the system of Ann
Arbor. The city maintains six excellent play-
grounds, a goodly number for a city of 30,000,
and during the past summer it has had besides its
regular staff the assistance of a number of FERA'
workers. The system of Ann Arbor is above the
average. To get the attendance for the summer
we must multiply the 8,662 twelve hour days by
9.2, the number of 78 minute days there are in a
twelve hour day. This gives a total attendance of
79,790 which would be accepted anywhere as a

it varies from a little over
seven days in one school to 21 days in the uni-
versity high and junior high. For the city in gen-
eral the average of the boys is nearly 30 per cent
higher than that of the girls. The number at-
tending camps and taking trips increases with
financial status, while the playground attendance
decreases. The percentage going to the farms
varies but little in the different schools. All of
these figures are lower than they should be as
children never remember all that they have done.
Putting these facts into graphic form we get the
results shown on the accompanying graphs.

Possible Services of the School

It should be reasonably evident without com-
ment that no city can think of providing a pro-
gram for its school children through any one of
the activities mentioned. The effective day of the
child during the summer is not less than twelve

244

PLANNING THE SUMMER VACATION

hours. On that basis a summer vacation of twelve
weeks yields i,oo8 hours as contrasted with goo
hours of a 36 week school year of five day weeks
and five hour days. There are two kinds of edu-
cation, one of which consists of the storing away
of knowledge like grain in a bin. At its best it
produces a savant. There is another kind which
consists in learning to do things and to know peo-
ple. This is the type of education that makes the
skilled workman, the professional man and the
politician.

Our opportunity of training in the active and
social side of life comes in a large measure in the
summer vacation, and in this development the
four activities outlined play an important part. All
the activities are educational and in their develop-
ment the school may take a forward step.

It is possible that camps may be assigned to
school systems if desired in the new areas now
being acquired and developed by the National
Park Service. Many school systems already take
children to see points of interest that are near by
and some that are distant. Why should we not
put two weeks of travel into the program for each
year from the sixth grade on ?

Every school should own a bus. The Boy
Scouts from Ann Arbor have taken three long
trips this past summer running around 1,700 miles
each and occupying two weeks. They carried their
own tents and cooked their own meals, and it cost
them between $5.00 and $6.00 a week for all ex-
penses except the salary for the scoutmaster.
General Motors states that a bus empty will make
ten miles on a gallon of gas and loaded with 35
children it will make nine and a half, that it will
cost less than a third of a cent a mile per child for
them to see the country in this way. Now if the
high school costs $75 per child for tuition and it
costs practically about $3.00 for board and inci-
dentals of a child at home, to spend $5.00 a week
to see America would be about what it is now
costing to keep them in school.

I should like to suggest seven trips for this pro-
gram : One to historic New England with its col-
leges, mountains and return by Niagara Falls ; a
second to New York, the Atlantic shore of New
Jersey, Philadelphia, Washington, historic Vir-
ginia and a return through the Tennessee Valley ;
a third to the gulf coast; a fourth along the Mis-
sissippi Valley, possibly as far as Mexico City, to
include Santa Fe and Taos on return; a fifth to
our national parks of the West; a sixth to the
Columbia Valley, Washington and Oregon, and

the seventh to California, Arizona and the Grand
Canyon. One of my friends covered this western
trip last summer with a Chevrolet, a caravan
trailer and a party of seven. The entire cost was
a little under $10.00 per week for each.

The travel of youth has been made cheap in
Europe by the hostels. We have hundreds of
CCC camps many of which must soon be aban-
doned, and the government is now building a vast
series of camps on the land being retired from
agriculture. The government should be willing to*
promote the seeing of America by school children
in any way that is normally possible.

The choice of spending the summer on the
farm is already here for vast numbers of children,
but it may be that we need also farm boarding
houses like the dude ranches in parts of the West.
Farm people can aflFord to board children cheaper
than anyone else if they have the room.

It would seem to me also that there is a place
in America for the junior agricultural school simi-
lar to those in Denmark and in Russia, which
might be the summer session of our rural consoli-
dated schools. This would imply that the school
should have a large farm in connection and either
a dormitory or a place where the children could
camp for the summer. A program of a half day
in practical agriculture with a half day in scouting
and sports should make an excellent summer pro-
gram for city children at very slight expense.

Planning for Leisure

If the working week is to be reduced to thirty
or thirty-five hours, our children are going to have
a longer day at their studies than their parents at
their jobs, also in all probability, quite as much
anxiety. If one is to spend his work time in tend-
ing an automatic machine and putting bolts
through holes, there is not much that the school
can teach that will help. Henry Ford says there
are 40,000 men in Ms factory that gain their full
technical skill in one day. The art of living is not
so simple. To prepare for this new leisure, the
school should teach all children to swim and dance
and sing and to play tennis and volley ball and
Softball, but still more, it should teach them to
plan for their leisure time.

The schools may not be in a position to take
over the camps, travel, and other activities
enumerated, to administer, but they surely must
hold it a part of their obligation to help children
organize their summers. With this objective in
(Continued on page 272)

Chi

cago rioneers on

New Frontiers

By V. K. Brown

THE Recreation Con-
gress differs from
many of the profes-
sional conventions in that
it welcomes workers in the
field of community recre-
ation who have not yet
reached the salary brack-
ets which permit them to
disregard expenses. The
registration fee is nom-
inal, the convention does
not feature expensive ban-
quets or social affairs, and
arrangements are always
made with the host hotel
to provide rooms at mini-
mum cost. The Congress
management gives much
thought to so planning the
event that workers whose
income is limited need not
go beyond the limits of a
modest income in order to
enjoy the benefits of at-
tendance, nor feel embar-
rassed by the fact that they
must" carefully watch ex-
penses during the Con-
gress itself.

When Chicago proposed
bringing this year's Rec-
recreation Congress to the
mid-west, Robert J. Dun-
ham, President of the Chi-
cago Park District, played
an exceedingly vital part
in the financial arrange-

Robert J. Dunham, President of the Chi-
cago Park District, is a nationally known,
successful business executive now retired
and dovoting his life to public service.
Widely known also as the man who has ad-
ministered the Illinois Emergency Relief
organization for the past few years, Presi-
dent Dunham will not be an utter stranger
lo Congress delegates. Many will learn
for the first time, howevor, of his keen in-
terest in, and authoritative knowledge of,
the broad subject of recreation in modern
community life. No man knows better than
does he that pioneering now must be on
new frontiers, and that the rugged indi-
vidualist no longer can take his axe and go
beyond the last outpost to hew his cabin
out of the old-time wilderness.

ments which have made

the Congress possible. His calm and dispassion-
ate faith in recreation is the sane and observant
attitude of a man who expects progress to come
through the plodding tread of the masses march-
ing toward higher levels and not by the exertion
of any tugging efforts applied to the boot straps
of society. In all of our planning to serve the

leisure of this city in our
newly reorganized Park
District his immediate per-
ception of the goals to-
ward which we have been
striving has never failed.

New Goals

They have been new
goals. As I pointed out in
an article in the July issue
of Recreation, the' serv-
ice of our recreation de-
partment thirty years ago
was a service to the idle
hour; we direct our pre-
sent service to the idle
half day. Our thought
then was of an offset to
the tensions and the mo-
notony of hours, largely
occupied by work or busi-
ness. Now we are think-
ing of life as an aim in
itself, preparation for, and
enjoyment of it, to be pur-
sued when released from
the ordered economy of
work and sleep, with only
intervals of play, and
plunged into the economy
where we must ourselves
organize half of our lives
in leisure. Circumstances,
and the job, thirty years
ago, operated many of the
controls which governed
us; circumstances appear
now, to be no longer mak-
ing our decisions and hewing our character for
us. We dealt with youth in our park and play-
ground institutions thirty years ago; we deal with
a new and different youth today. Play had mean-
ings then ; it now has different and added mean-
ings. Sports, games, and dances, constituted then
our major relaxations ; now we have suddenly

245

246

CHICAGO PIONEERS ON NEW FRONTIERS

awakened to the thought
that while a gymnasium
class, or a swim, a game
of golf, or baseball, or
Softball, may be an ade-
quate answer to the needs
of the idle hour, they do
not constitute an answer
to the needs of a half day
of leisure. The adult gen-
eration of that time exhausted its imagination in
building the machine ; the rising generation of to-
day finds the machine already built, and ready
to hand, and its imagination starts where the older
generation's imagination is leaving of¥. My gen-
eration built the motor car. It took the mechani-
cal genius of forty years to do it. My ten year
old son, however, was cradled in the family auto-
mobile ; he went to sleep to the hum of the vacuum
sweeper, and he never saw an ice box. Appli-
ances are meeting his needs, and his adventures
differ from mine as do the devices 6f the home.
I learned to pitch- by trial and error ; he goes to
see the film "Play Ball" and the slow motion
picture analyzes every element of the game for
him. Yet he needs his personal problems with
which to wrestle, just as he must have his in-
dividual accomplishments and masteries.

Two observations have seemed to us funda-
mental in planning our new program of service
adapted to our present necessities. The first is
that we think we may expect people to use this
enlarged leisure in acquainting themselves with a
larger variety of subjects. We think that the
future will find people interested in many more
things than did the past. We expect that people
will seek variety by turning to a more varied set
of subjects for attention. Our second thought is
that finding things of especial interest, we shall
have time now to carry our inquiries deeper into
the subject of our particular attention — that we
shall do more experimenting, more studying; that
our hobbies will be carried to much greater de-
gree of specialization, and that out of this larger
devotion of time and attention there will come
more complete mastery of the subject, so that the
amateur photographer, for example, is not to be
expected to content himself merely with a large
number or variety of pictures. We think we can
confidently expect of him that there will be more
of art in his pictures, that he will go into
composition and arrangement, into values of
lights and shadows, into color photography,

In the July issue of RECREATION Mr. Brown,
who is Chief of the Recreation Division,
Chicago Park District, told of the holding of
the first Recreation Congress in Chicago in
1907, and gave us the background of the
recreation movennent in that city. In this issue
Mr. Brown outlines the new goals toward
which Chicago is working, and describes the
new techniques operating in an expanding
and changing program.

and make of his hobby
an art.

Encouraging Recrea-
tional Self-Sufficiency
Conceiving, then, that
public recreation must
cover a much wider range
of interests, and that it
must encourage and un-
derstand advanced specialization, we were im-
mediately confronted with the very practical
necessities of a retrenchment budget. Manifestly, 1
we could not multiply indefinitely our overhead
of leadership and instruction. We could not pro-
vide, in the face of universal leisure, intimate per-
sonal attendance upon every individual, at public
expense. And, if we should take advantage of the
wealth of personnel available for the moment
through Work Relief, we should only defeat our
ultimate purpose by accustoming the public to a
sort of valet service in recreation impossible of
permanent maintenance. When personally con-
ducted recreation service ends with the resump-
tion of normal conditions, we should then dis-
cover that we have not contributed to recreational
self-sufficiency in our communities, but rather to
a sort of recreational dependency, making neces-
sary a fresh start and a complete collapse of the
program to which our public have become ac-
customed.

As President of the Board of Park Commis-
sioners, Mr. Dunham has helped us in clearly see-
ing this danger, and while he supported, some-
times at sacrifice of other elements of the park
system, an adequate budget, even a generous bud-
get, for the Recreation Division, he insisted that
the new services and the expansions of program
be put on a permanent footing as to cost and per-
sonnel ; and that the methods of promotion and
organization emphasize club groups rather than
classes, co-workers and consultants rather than
individual teachers, adventure rather than instruc-
tion, and that self-help and cooperative group
action be the keynote throughout.

One of the best illustrations of this new tech-
nique is the development of our photographic
clubs. We have no paid instructor in photography.
We do have one of our workers with boys' groups
in our crafts program — a former member of a
spontaneously developed photographic club of
some years' standing in one of our parks, who has
advised community grbups interested in photog-

CHICAGO PIONEERS ON NEW FRONTIERS

247

raphy on the experience of his own former club,
and has assisted them to organize, to develop pro-
grams, to equip their own dark rooms and set up
the machinery for independent existence. With-
out any cost tq the taxpayer, a number of vigor-
ous photography clubs have come into being.
From their product in art photography a picture
is selected monthly, representative of the best
work done during the month among these various
groups. One of the most interesting is the minia-
ture camera club, developing enlargements from
thumb-nail photographs. So vigorous is the life
of these organizations and so enthusiastic their
members that we feel they are an established fea-
ture of the city, certain to continue and develop.

For purposes of distinguishing the specialties
of women and girls from those of men and boys,
we have styled our boys' constructive enterprises
"Crafts," our girls' and women's, "Art Crafts."
With a limited group of specialized and expert
co-workers, women's and girls' Art Crafts clubs
are now engaged in projects such as weaving,
pottery, fabric decoration, etc., numbering more
than sixty separate and distinct types of activity,
and the men's and boys'
Crafts groups are engag-
ed in an even larger num-
ber of distinct produc-
tive enterprises. There
are kite clubs, model air-
plane clubs, boy mechan-
ics making miniature
metal engines — accord-
ing to the last report of
which activity more than
250 lads have built small
engines since the first of
this year, every one of
which was successfully
operated as an actually
performing mechanism.

The dramatics director
has made more use of
relief personnel than any
of our other specialists.

Chicago Junior Yachtsmen
have their own shipbuild-
ing industry in the Park
District's Crafts program

setting up his scenery and costume producing
shops with work relief operators, transcribing
plays and music, developing troupes, and using
some professional talent on relief to provide high
class dramatic entertainment in the fieldhouses of
the Park System. Here, too, however, the em-
phasis has been placed on the use of community
talent and the encouragement of self-maintaining
dramatic organizations.

The Choral Directors Guild of Chicago, an or-
ganization of thousands of superior musicians of
the city, donated their services recently in produc-
ing for the first time in America Handel's great
oratorio "Theodora." It was staged on the classic
southern face of the great Field Museum struc-
ture in Grant Park, in the heart of the city, other
volunteers dramatizing the action, while selected
artists of the dance contributed their services as
a magnificent ballet. If any proof were needed
that people now having time to devote to their
special enthusiasms will actually carry their hob-
bies into such refinement as to make arts of them,
and that out of this movement toward higher
(Continued on page 2/3)

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Oklahoma City's Weekly Community Programs

EIGHTEEN schools of
dance, drama and
music and seven con-
cert bands are cooperating
with the park and play-
ground officials of Okla-
homa City, Oklahoma, in
making possible the varied
programs which from week
to week are attracting thou-
sands of people to the parks
to enjoy community nights.

In addition, hundreds of

singers, dancers and musi-
cians representing no definite organizations are
contributing their services.

The Procedure

In planning for the programs all available talent
is listed in the recreation office under the direction
of a playground program director. This dir-eetor
meets with the volunteer entertainers once a
month to arrange and schedule programs for four
weeks in advance. (These entertainers are refer-
red to as "guest talent" because they go from park
to park as guest performers. The term "local tal-
ent" includes the entertainers enlisted and trained
by the playground supervisors at each park.)

The guest talent is scheduled by the program
director for only part of each program every
week, giving plenty of opportunity for local talent.
For example, community singing will open a pro-
gram followed by alternate numbers from a con-
cert band and from dance and dramatic schools.
Local talent, consisting of short plays, dances,
songs, handcraft and first aid exhibitions, is intro-
duced into the program at appropriate times. No
program runs more than an hour. Community
singing has become so popular that special nights
have been set aside for it with the Recreation De-
partment furnishing competent accompanists and
song leaders.

Two special programs are now serving for their
second year with the .Park Department with re-
peated success. One is. the girls' drill team of the
i.) Modern Woodmen of /America which has won
state and national championships. The other is a

'248 ■■

Last year the Park and Recreation
Department of Oklahoma City con-
ducted a system of weekly commu-
nity programs which were enjoyed by
more than 300,000 people. Three
hundred programs were presented in
the parks last summer. This year's
attendance is expected to exceed
500,000. In this article Grant W.
Danielson, recreation director of the
Department, tells of some of the
methods which were found successful.

miniature circus arranged
and conducted by the city
zoo ke:per, a former circus
performer and an'mal train-
er. Known as Uncle Leo
to practically every child in
Oklahoma by virtue of his
weekly radio broadcasts for
a number of years, the zoo
keeper is one of the most
po;3ular characters in the
State. His programs invari-
ably draw overflow crowds.
Piesides downs, magicians
and acrobats. Uncle Leo brings to the park many
smaller animals such as bear and lion cubs to show
the children who have found it impossible to go
to the zoo.

The system of handling these programs from
the e.recutive standpoint has been perfected by
several years of experience. Twenty-one parks
have programs at least once a week. These enter-
tainments are scattered throughout the week, and
care is taken to see that programs falling on the
same night are distributed over the city and are
not conducted in the same neighborhood.

Seven large amphitheaters with natural rock
stages and beautiful terraced lawns which serve
for seats are used in presenting some of the pro-
grams. Ranging in seating capacity from 2,500
to 14,000, these amphitheaters are located in vari-
ous parks of the city. At other parks lighted tennis
courts are used for stages with high terraces ris-
ing from the sides of the courts to supply the
turf on which the audience sits. Still other parks
which have none of the natural advantages offered
drain their wading pools which are of variable
depth and place park benches in rows in the pools.
This gives the effect of a theater seating arrange-
ment. A movable platform is placed on the edge
of each pool in the deep end.

The Department has eliminated the responsi-
bility of "props" for guest talent by asking the
entertainers to furnish their own properties ex-
clusive of pianos, platforms and public address
systems. The platforms are of the movable type
(Coiilin ed on page 274)

Nation-Wide Recreation

To FULFILL the function as-
signed to it under the Emer-
gency Rehef Act as passed
by the Congress, it was neces-
sary for the Federal Relief Administration to con-
cern itself with the problem of recreation. Ade-
quate relief, it was quickly realized, has become
inextricably meshed in this problem. Millions of
competent and willing workers, upstanding citi-
zens, were jobless and unable to provide through
their own efforts for their families, their children.
But subsistence alone — food, clothing, shelter —
was not enough.

Importance of Recreation

The loss of gainful employment was immedi-
ately reflected in every aspect of the life of the
American worker and his dependents. No longer
the necessary provider, he ceased to be the nucleus
of family life, with the result that there was a
marked breaking-down of the sanctions and struc-
ture of the American home. These functional
changes in the orderly routine of family life, even
apart from the major one of human want and
destitution, threatened, and still threaten, pro-
found psychological and physical dislocations in
the lives of both the individual and the State.

While recreation was generally recognized as
an efficient tool to combat the demoralizing effect
of the depression, the recognition was at first
more academic than factual. The Federal Gov-
ernment, governments of the several states, local,
municipal and county governments, and school
districts throughout the coun-
try, admitted their responsi-
bility. Nevertheless, as the
need grew greater and the
numbers of unemployed in-
creased, there was a decrease
in recreational facilities of-
fered by the sectional gov-
ernments — a decrease not
only in proportion to demand,
but in the number of "plants"
actually operating. This, of
course, was the result of bud-
getary difficulties. As the de-

By Jacob Baker

Assistant Administrator
Works Progress Administration

Readers of RECREATION who scanned
even briefly the May issue of the maga-
zine containing the Year Book, must
have been impressed with the statistics
given in the section of the report deal-
ing with Emergency Relief Service, and
with statements telling of the extent of
the work being done through ERA. So
significant have these developments
been that we welcome the opportunity
to present to our readers a first-hand
report from the Government giving the
background of the project and some of
the achievements in terms of the human
values involved.

pression threw men out of em-
ployment, it cut down on the
various state and municipal bud-
gets. And often the first to go
under the cuts were the recreational programs.

Budget restrictions not only prohibited exten-
sion of recreational means demanded by the
vastly increased unemployment but it clamped
down on existing facilities. For example, in the
county of Los Angeles were 268 playgrounds,
only 64 of which were equipped and staffed to
operate. Similar conditions existed in countless
localities throughout the country.

It was not until the third year of the depression
that the Federal Emergency Relief Administra-
tion was created. It promptly realized the serious-
ness of the recreation problem and began organ-
izing measures for its relief. Demands were be-
ing made upon it from all sections of the country.
At first these demands came from thickly popu-
lated urban centers ; later, and with equal urgency,
came the volume of appeals from rural districts.
In its responses to the earlier demands there is
evidence that the Federal Government looked
upon them as a means of giving immediate work-
relief, rather than the first move toward assum-
ing its share of responsibility for a nation-wide
recreation program.

The primary purpose, therefore, of the FERA,
in stepping into local recreation, was to give em-
ployment to needy persons. Then came recogni-
tion of their right to public recreation, recogni-
tion of the fact that all the people — -not merely
the select few with means,
but all, all types and classes
— have the right to use their
leisure time advantageously
through facilities and oppor-
tunities created by public
agencies.

Many New Recreation
Facilities Provided

In its approach to recrea-
tion as a work-relief measure,
the FERA advanced on two
fronts : ( i ) the construction

249

250

NATION-WIDE RECREATION

Such swimming pools as this

of plant, and (2) the Carolina, have been built in
development of recre-
ational activities. The

need for the first was obvious; and immediately
a great number of work projects were got under
way for the building of recreation facilities.

So intensive was the program carried on that
today forty-seven states, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico,
report permanent monuments to its progress.. A
total of some twenty thousand construction pro-
jects are marked "complete" on the lists ; running
from the 131 stadiums, through the 532 new
community service centers down to the last chil-
dren's wading pool built, no facility necessary to
public recreation has been overlooked. Nor has
any section of the country been neglected. .Spot-
ting the map from coast to coast, the develop-
ment has been uniform :

St. Augustine, Florida — a nev; community ser-
vice center. Twenty-one states now report com-
munity service centers which are carrying on two
or more recreational activities.

Salem, Massachusetts — Cat Cove Beach and
swimming pool development, one of the five hun-
dred odd beaches and pools that have been made
available through work-relief projects.

New Hampshire — a series of hostels, trails.

one at Charleston, South
all parts of the country summer camp sites,

throughout the State.

Other states, stimu-
lated by the Works Progress Administration and
the new Youth Administration, are developing
this facility for vacation-recreation at a minimum
cost.

Bergen, New Jersey — a large stadium in Vet-
eran's Park, one of the two hundred stadiums to
the credit of work-relief projects.

Illinois — Pere Marquette State Park, one of the
numerous state parks extended and improved.

Siou.x City, Iowa — a beautiful Beaux-Arts prize
design orchestra shell. New orchestra and band
shells may be found from Washington, D. C. to
San Diego, California,'' but the one in Sioux City
is the masterpiece.

SaflFord, Arizona — a brand new municipal park
complete in every detail and conforming to the
latest approved ideas on park service. The tract
used for this project had been a county poor farm
— a social "wasteland" now made useful to
humanity.

San Francisco, California- — the old Ingleside
■Prison remodelled and the 13 acre site converted
into a recreation center with swimming pools, a

NATION-WIDE RECREATION

251

theater, gymnasium, club rooms, and an athletic
field.

And so on, through a great variety of projects,
each one the work of relief labor, and a perma-
nent contribution to the social well-being of the
country.

Incidental to the main objective, a side excur-
sion into public hygiene may be here noted. In
many crowded cities play streets were; cleaned up
and vacant lots and dump heaps were cleared out.
Chicago alone reports sixty vacant lots cleared of
their litter and converted into temporary play-
grounds. In each instance this served as an in-
centive to a general neighborhood clean-up.

This, of course, is by no means the end of the
story. In following the lead of its predecessor, the
WPA acknowledges that recreation plant con-
struction meets the practical principles of emer-
gency public employment stated by President
Roosevelt in his message of January 4th, 1935 to
the Congress of the United States : Recreational
work-relief projects are flexible, and can offer em-
ployment where there is the greatest need ; most
of their expenditures go directly to local unem-
ployed labor ; they do not compete with private en-
terprise, and, most important of all, they make
permanent contributions to better living condi-
tions and increased opportunities for more abund-
ant living.

In spite of the fact that the construction has
been so vast, it still must be admitted that it has
not met all needs. However, the rate of construc-
tion marks a tremendous speeding-up in this field ;
it is estimated that FERA has advanced the con-
struction of recreation facilities in this country by
at least twenty-five years.

Recreational Leadership Increased

While the construction work employed a vast
array of engineers, draftsmen, mechanics and
other labor in the building trades, it failed to pro-
vide proportional work-relief for the large army
of unemployed white-collar workers. It was to
fill in this void that the service recreation pro-
jects were developed. They were placed on equal
footing with construction, on
the ground that they were of
equal permanent social value.
Also, it was observed that rec-
reational service paid for itself
in the positive values created
for society, and in the reduc-
tion which can be reasonably

"The facilities most urgently needed
at present are those facilities which
pay for themselves, not in direct cash
return, but in recognized social and
citizenship values created, and in the
reduction of other taxation costs." —
President Roosevelt in a
to the Congress.

expected in tax costs for delinquency, ill health
and accidents.

In its scope the recreational service program of
the FERA went far beyond the construction of
projects. It was not restricted to the physical
plant. It went beyond that; it went out on the
streets, and into the homes. It touched on every
phase of human life — every age, type, and class
of people living in this country. It took up the
task of supplementing existing facilities and serv-
ices in places where they already existed; it ex-
panded old services and created new. Where there
was an established program, it diversified the ac-
tivities under it. Where there was no program, it
supplied the stimulus and the initiating force for
the inauguration of one. And it acted as a clear-
ing house for information as to technique and
methods, throughout the country.

These functions of the FERA on the recrea-
tion service side will now be taken over by the
new Works Progress Administration, which can
be expected to extend and broaden them, partly in
cooperation with the new Youth Administration,
but more intensively through its Professional and
Service Projects Division.

The value of the recreation service projects to
society in general is two- fold : it gives employ-
ment to thousands as playground directors, in-
structors in sports, leaders of groups, supervisors
of camps, specialized teachers, museum workers,
actors, musicians, and artists ; and in turn, through
their employment millions of others find occupa-
tion, education, and recreation.

Fundamental to the development of the recre-
ation programs was the need for well-trained per-
sonnel. As an Arizona report points out, "The
poorest camp from a physical standpoint, with the
'right' personnel can outdo an elaborately equip-
ped one lacking in this respect." For the problem
of leisure activities is one of human psychology,
of handling people, not machines — it is a highly
sensitive and subtle task. "Nothing is more dif-
ficult for man than to know what to do with his
leisure," wrote Goethe. And he who would teach
his fellows this difficult art must be particularly
well endowed.

It speaks volumes for the
quality of those on the relief
rolls that so little difficulty was
encountered in developing
competent leadership. With a
little schooling many high
type leaders have been de-

message

252

NATION-WIDE RECREATION

veloped. The supply, of course, is not yet stepped
up to the rapidly growing demand. But by means
of training institutions, manuals of instruction and
regional conferences, it is hoped that the defici-
ency will be shortly wiped out. In this connection
it is noteworthy that various state Emergency
Relief Administrations, in cooperation with or-
ganizations such as the National Recreation As-
sociation, have trained a fairly adequate body of
leaders.

The greatest difficulty in this field lies in de-
veloping leadership in rural areas. A few of the
states, notably North Dakota and Alabama, have
what amounts to a traveling training school for
recreation leaders ; periodically it moves from
county to county, giving
a series of short but com-
prehensive courses in
each.

The eflfect of the large
inflow of non-academic
personnel into the field
of recreation, viewing it
even from the purely pro-
fessional angle, has been
of great value. The new
leaders have been singu-
larly efifective in extend-
ing recreational activities.
They have brought vital
blood, a fresh point of
view. Coming more di-
rectly from the people, from
the relief rolls, theirs is a
first hand knowledge of the
condition of their fellows,
and of the needs of the moment. The new lead-
ers, on the whole, have been quick to devise activi-
ties to meet the changing circumstances, the im-
mediate demands.

Tied up as it is with work-relief allotments to
a given locality, the personnel of a recreation serv-
ice project in that locality is bound to be repre-
sentative. It must, at least, know its neighborhood.
Only a highly sensitive and responsive neighbor-
liness could have devised many of the noteworthy
recreation service activities.

It has been found, for example, that hobby
clubs have a social emphasis which has made
them more appealing than didactic classes. Put
on the social and play basis of a hobby pastime, a
group of people may be led to constructive and
educational use of their leisure without realizing

The very young and
a common interest
toy repair project

it. But the hobby must be devised to fit the neigh-
borhood, the specific need. A number of the most
successful handcraft developments have originat-
ed in this manner. Again, a neighborhood may
have a peculiar sectarian slant, a foreign racial
background, a limited educational standard, or a
certain skilled type of workers may predominate;
all these are factors which a competent personnel
will understand and reflect. The play guidance of
Negro youth in Mississippi varies from that of the
Negroes in New York's Harlem. A "rugger"
game organizer for Welsh tin-workers in a mill
town in northwestern Pennsylvania off^ers them
more recreation than would an expert baseball
coach. The leader who proposed the peasant

paper-cutting craft pro-
ject so successfully in a
section of Chicago had to
know something of the
aptitude of his Polish
neighbors.

Studies of Juvenile
Delinquency

Where the training
and competence of lead-
ers and play instructors
becomes of first import-
ance is in the field of ju-
venile delinquency. The
play-schooling of youth
is of vital concern in
modern life, particularly dur-
ing the present crisis. A num-
ber of states developed pro-
jects to survey the problem.
One of them. New Jersey, reported that the rec-
ords of Juvenile Courts showed that 90 percent
of the delinquents got into trouble, after 3 P. M. ;
the other ten percent were truants. A study of
733 paroled from Anoadale Reformatory revealed
that out of 136 who used their leisure time con-
structively only one failed on parole ; while of the
rest, one in five failed. An exhaustive survey in
California practically repeats these figures. But
there is noted a reduction of from 50 to 85 per
cent in delinquency cases under active playground
programs ; the range being due to variations in
competency of leadership, and cultural standards
of home life.

A few of the surveys checked on the reper-
cussion from children in directed recreation ac-
(Continued on page 275)

the very old find

n the Santa Claus

in San Francisco

A State Recreation Project

THAT RECREATION has in the last
few years become a recognized
public necessity is well shown
in the report of the National Re-
source Board to the President. That
report states, "The study of a par-
ticular problem may involve several
other problems and the development
of almost any sound project requires the study of
uses of land — for agriculture and irrigation, in-
dustry and commerce, water storage, forestry,
recreation and the conservation of wild life. The
final test of the value of a proposed plan is not
found in land, or water, or in dollars and cents
alone, but in people. Hence it is that the conmiit-
tee lists recreation, not as a luxury but as a
necessity."

To help communities provide wholesome rec-
reation for children and adults and to meet the
needs of the new day in a way which will make
for citizenship and for community morale should
be the purpose of all recreation projects.

The new day of more leisure time has seen the
birth of a desire on the part of people for more
of the good things of life, more opportunity for
self-expression and participation in community
activities which go toward making a more abun-
dant life. This desire on the part of people must
be squarely faced by government administrators
as the very principle which democracy embodies,
namely the establishment of governmental agen-
cies which will provide the organization and ad-
ministration of public necessities.

The trend toward the shorter working day and
week, as it atifects the adult, seems to be a perma-
nent one. At the same time modern life provides
infinite opportunity for choices both good and
bad on the part of the average man. Our present
government finds itself confronted with the prob-
lem of providing facilities which will enable the
masses to live good lives as well as earn good liv-
ings. Only recently have people begun to realize
that education which trains men for work and not
for play is a job only half done. Turning people
loose on the world with no skills or interest for
the occupation of leisure time is one of the most
serious problems facing civiUzation today. One

The State Recreation Project in California is
sponsored by the State Department of Education.
Raymond Hoyt, formerly of the Los Angeles Play-
ground and Recreation Department, until very re-
cently was the Supervisor of the Project.

need only to turn to our great crime problems and
to realize that the average age of our most desper-
ate criminals is twenty years.

It is plainly of immeasurable importance that
this new leisure, as it is so often called, be directed
wisely. Proper use of leisure demands proper
places and opportunities for the utilization of this
free time.

In our large metropolitan areas public recrea-
tion has been administered by governmental agen-
cies. This has been possible because of the ability
to finance a program through public taxation.
Small communities and rural areas are less fortu-
nate in that they do not have the necessary finan-
cial aid.

The ERA'S Opportunity
Through the use of Federal and State Relief
funds the establishment of community recreation
in smaller communities and rural areas has been
made possible. The purpose of this work in most
instances has been to assist communities in the
establishment and promotion of programs, the
construction of facilities and the fostering of
community culture and social life.

A most unusual opportunity for the develop-
ment of the field of recreation throughout the
country has appeared in the use of Federal Funds
under the Federal government's relief programs.
Many fine and outstanding things have been done.
Facilities such as playgrounds, community centers,
parks, golf courses, swimming pools, community
theaters, gymnasiums and camps have been con-
structed. All of these are permanent and lasting
improvements to communities and will benefit not
only those who are at present able to use them but
also those who will come later.

Another outstanding contribution to the recre-
ation movement has been the development of the

253

254

A STATE RECREATION PROJECT

leadership program for both children and adults.
A great many states have organized state-wide
emergency recreation projects which have de-
veloped in a number of different ways. In those
municipalities and communities where recreation
already exists as a public function, the program
has been expanded to meet the needs of a vast
increase in demand. In other places where no
previous recreation existed, community recreation
programs have been initiated. Such activities as
sports and athletics, community dramatics, music,
arts and crafts, have been carried on under this
work.

During the last two years communities through-
out California have benefited greatly from the use
of Federal Funds. This work has been made pos-
sible through the work of the State Emergency
Relief Administration. This work has consisted
not only of the construction of facilities but also
the use of workers who have been assigned to
recreation projects and programs.

The work is carried on by a staff of recreation
workers which consists of a state supervisor and
two assistants, one located in the north and one in
the south. When expansion is necessary area di-
rectors will be appointed who will keep the state
project in closer touch with each local community.
The administrators of the state recreation project
work in an advisory capacity to the authorized
agencies who desire to submit local recreation pro-
jects. This is for the purpose of coordinating the
local emergency educational and recreational pro-
grams, as well as advising for the wisest program.
After the project has been reviewed and is re-
commended by the state recreation project super-
visor it is submitted by the authorized public
agency to the local county Relief Administration
where the established regular procedure for pro-
jects prevails.

The Procedure

Experience has shown that the most effective
method in California of establishing emergency
recreation has proved to be the establishment of
civic commissions or recreation boards of from
five to seven members in each local community
which desires a project. This group includes rep-
resentatives from the City Council, Board of Edu-
cation and other municipal departments and civic
organizations, including both men and women.
The members of this commission are in most in-
stances outstanding citizens of the community.
The work of this group has been to outline a

program for the community, to raise funds for
equipment, to appoint a man to supervise the
project and to promote the program of facilities \
and activities. The commission is the organiza-
tion that makes application, sometimes through
the City Council, the School Department or the
County Eoard of Supervisors. This application
is made through the local County SERA director
and his staff. The project usually consists of the
appointment of people who have had some ex-
perience in recreation work to such jobs as play-
ground supervisors, games leaders, music leaders,
drama organizers and leaders, leaders in hobbies
and crafts such as leather craft and woodcraft,
boys' and girls' club leaders, camp leaders and
sports leaders. Other workers on these projects
include caretakers, maintenance men, nurses, lea-
ther repair men and others.

When these people are assigned to a project
they are given a training course, in most cases,
under the supervision of the local project super-
visor. At the conclusion of this training work they
are assigned to the jobs that best suit their capa-
bilities. Many of the larger counties have organ-
ized the recreation under a county-wide project
sponsored by the County Board of Supervisors
and supervised by a county recreation supervisor
with an assistant supervisor over each large local
program. The latter plan has proven quite suc-
cessful as it provides a closer coordination be-
tween the SERA administrators and the project
sponsors and also makes possible a more efficient
method of supervision and training.

The outlook for the expansion of this work is
very promising. It has been the purpose of those
promoting this work to build for permanency.

Testimony to the value of ERA leadership
comes from a newspaper in Ocean County, New
Jersey. "Few Ocean Countians or even local relief
people realize just \vhat this leisure time move-
ment means to many people. When men and
women are willing to take oil stoves from great
distances to heat up a hall ; when the men are will-
ing 10 cart a borrowed piano for each and every
occasion ; when men and women and boys and
girls look forward from one month to another to
these gatherings, you begin to see their true value
and real meaning. It is quite impossible to meas-
ure the length, depth and breadth of the service i
rendered by the leisure time folks who kept every |
schedule, blizzard or no blizzard, during these de-
moralizing days of enforced or partial idleness."

The Dance in the Recreation Program

By
George Syme, Jr.

"The dance is the Thythmlc
yearning of the whole body
toward aspirations we can-
not define." — Emmanuel

WHILE MUCH has been said and published
about athletics, games, music, handcraft
and similar activities, the dance as a part
of the recreation program has not in the past been
stressed as many feel its values merit. During the
past few years, however, dancing has begun to
receive an increasing amount of attention in the
fields of physical education and recreation, though
some difference of opinion has arisen regarding
the "educational and recreative values of dancing,
the desirability of certain types of dancing, and
the advisability of recreation departments assum-
ing responsibility for giving instruction in dancing.

What place, then, shall dancing take in our rec-
reation program?

Throughout the ages the dance has played an
important part in the life of man. To every man,
woman and child there comes at times an impulse
to express his emotions in rhythm. This outlet of
a man's feelings may be through one of two chan-
nels— singing or dancing. Singing is a verbal ex-
pression of these emotions. Dancing expresses
these emotions in bodily movements. Sometimes
these movements are meaningless; nevertheless
they provide a definite satisfaction to the indi-
vidual. Many dances often interpret an idea, and
when done in a way that make
them an inspiration to others,
the performer becomes an art-
ist and his work an art. "To
express the noblest and most
profound sentiments of the
human soul — this is the func-
tion of the dance," said Isa-
dora Duncan.

Dancing teachers the coun-
try over say that the majority
of people attending their

Mr. Syme, who has had experience
both as a teacher of dancing and a
director of recreation, will contribute
to RECREATION a series of articles
on dancing, hie will suggest dance
material suitable for use in the recre-
ation program and will, throughout
his articles, keep in mind the needs of
the recreation director. Mr. Syme
will be glad to answer, in the columns
of the magazine, any questions our
readers may wish to ask.

studios today have no professional aspirations but
come purely for their own personal improvement.
This may be for personal reasons alone such as
health, mental relaxation, and figure building.
Others derive a certain enjoyment from being
able to execute a few movements in rhythm.
Business and professional girls and women and
housewives are filling many of our larger studios.
They have no desire to go on the stage but are
attending solely for the recreational and healthful
exercise offered by the dance. Doctors for years
have recommended dancing for children as one of
the best and most enjoyable mediums for develop-
ing strength, health, and graceful bodies.

Outdoor Dancing
While many city recreation departments con-
duct dancing as part of their indoor community
center programs, few cities make provision for
summer out-of-door dancing. Here we have fail-
ed to utilize nature's offering — soft green grass
to replace hard wooden dance floors, and the blue
sky for a ceiling with trees and flowers as a back-
ground. In conducting classes in the open we
must forget the routine of an indoor program and
start off unfettered to make the most of our new
settings. Our dances should
be arranged in harmony with
our new environment. They
should be built around nature
themes such as water studies,
cloud dances, Indian and char-
acter dances. Folk dancing,
acrobatic and social dances
lend themselves to outdoor
programs and in many sections
of the country are extensively
(Continued on page 276)

255

A City Builds Teams from Gangs

Richard James Hurley

IN THE SECOND YEAR of our program in Little
Falls, New York, we found our staff reduced
from fifteen to seven and the play centers from
seven to five. At the same time, we had an in-
crease to 345 in the membership of the League
and a program calling for a schedule of soft ball,
volley ball, horseshoe pitching, track events.
checkers, and paddle teams. There was the usual
playground program, and there were hikes and
other projects to be conducted at the same time.

The increase in activity plus a 50 percent de-
crease in staff demanded changes in our methods
of dealing with the gangs and teams and called
for a high degree of efificiency and organization,
with greater control and more responsibility
placed upon members of the League.

In June, before the closing of school, we gath-
ered together a hundred or so team representa-
tives to discuss League changes. The main results
were a renewal of interest, a mutual spirit of
loyalty and a change in team grading from the
senior "A" and junior "B" to a four-way group-
ing of Senior, Intermediate, Junior and Midget.
Age and ability were the deciding factors and the
age limits were roughly 16-20, 14-16, 11-14 and
9-1 1. The team captains and managers met later
to decide in what divisions the various teams
would go. They did their work so well that it
was not necessary to make any changes during
the season. The Midget section developed like
Topsy — it just "growed." The big boys realized
that they could have their fun and yet give the
little chaps a chance to be League members.

Another change was in the personnel of the
League. We added six Midget teams that made
their division a success, but our Senior group
proved troublesome. Better working conditions,
summer school and the unfavorable attitude of
parents toward the playing of older boys, cut into
both membership and efficiency. We decided to
abandon the division unless it had at least the five

256

teams which we felt necessary for healthful com-
petition. The Seniors recruited and had a good
season. We plan in the future, however, to ad-
vance each division, adding a new Midget group
each year and dropping the Seniors who will be
invited to act as aides. Under the new conditions
twenty of the twenty-three teams finished their
season instead of last year's eighteen of twenty-
two, a tribute to the boys' interest under handicaps.

Our reduced personnel forced us to divide re-
sponsibility among all directors instead of follow-
ing our ideal one-man, full-time system. League
formation, scheduling, team standings and pub-
licity were main activities with one director co-
ordinating them. The results were spotty but
these we felt to be due more to individual dif-
ferences than to any fault in the idea itself We
had 300 inches for the eight weeks of play. True,
there were misspelled names, wrong scores, good
plays we had failed to note, but nothing serious
occurred. The sport notes were literally memor-
ized and corrections and comments were outstand-
ing topics. The constructive tone aided greatly in
building League morale.

Activities were both team and individual, for
we felt that certain boys were "lone wolves" in
spite of gang membership. We wished, too, to
focus attention on individual effort, for team play

A CITY BUILDS TEAMS FROM GANGS

257

covered a multitude of sins. We increased our
track meets, regulating events according to the
various divisions, Midgets competing in the 50-
and 75-yard dashes and Seniors in the icx3- and
220-yard. Paddle tennis, introduced as a play-
ground game, proved to have potentialities as a
League activity. Horseshoes is another individual
sport which has proved successful for two sea-
sons. Checkers amazed us by its popularity,
though the excellent playing of a few detracts
from its effectiveness when team standings are at
stake. Golf, adapted to restricted areas, deck ten-
nis and similar games are being considered for
next season. While we feel individual sports
should be stressed there is dispute over the credit
that should be given. Should each activity be given
a distinct evaluation?

Tug-of-war was tried and found wanting as it
was too strenuous for our growing boys. As they
said it was "all brawn and no brains." Soft ball
and volley ball proved the core of our program
with no lessening in interest. There has been much
debate over soccer for a summer activity, with no
decision as yet. In our scheduling we tried to
have the strenuous play in the cool mornings with
the quiet, less active games in the hot afternoons
and on rainy days.

In preparation for the grand Labor Day "bust-
up" we again chose an all-star team but changed
the method of play-oflf. We abandoned the choice
of players on the basis of all-season play judged
by the director, and had each boy register with his
playground director for the position for which he
wished to try out. This made it more of an indi-
vidual proposition and gave a boy, if he had suf-
fered a playing slump, another chance to shine.
We likewise omitted the emblems of sportsman-
ship and prizes because of our financial difficulties,
and found to our satisfaction that enthusiasm was
as keen as in the past.

Conduct standards were decided upon and en-
forced this season. Smoking,
crap shooting and swearing
were taboo on the main play-
ground, with similar rules on
the other centers. For a few
days we wondered what would
happen. There were misunder-
standings, but in a few days a
spirit of cooperation developed
and soon the boys became
proud of their standard. Visit-
ing teams obeyed the unwrit-

The story of Little Falls' first year's
experience in conducting playgrounds
was told in the August 1934 issue of
RECREATION. The story stressed the
organization of the Junior League for
boys. In this article Mr. Hurley gives
us the results of the second year's
program which proved to be a some-
what new experiment in forming
neighborhood gangs into playground
teams rather than merely the contin-
uation of the Junior League as origi-
nally organized.

ten code as they learned about it via the boys' own
system of grapevine news. Some boys even sug-
gested methods of enforcing the code, but we left
much of this to social pressure. A quiet talk to a
visiting boy who smoked was usually all that was
necessary. Spontaneous swearing did occur, but
none of the deliberate kind. Moreover, this sea-
son no equipment was stolen in spite of the field
house being open the full time. We required the
boys to ask permission to enter the house for any
equipment. At first this seemed strange to them,
but soon it was still stranger not to ask permis-
sion. Often we locked the field house and left
horseshoes and checkers and similar equipment in
the possession of the players with one boy respon-
sible for the "left outs." The response was 100%.
Personal conduct rules made the boy first respect
himself and then his playground.

As we reviewed the work of the two years we
came to certain conclusions which will condition
future policy.

In a League with over 300 boys, one man must
give his full, undivided attention to its direction.
Problems of team leadership, morale, team and
inter-team friction, policies and schedules, require
careful attention and must have unity of purpose
and design. Again, a real League is inter-city,
and someone must go into the byways where boy
gangs flourish. A playground director is busy
enough with his inter-playground system and does
not locate distant groups. His playground may be
dominated by certain elements that will keep de-
sirable material from coming.

Any large playground requires two directors;
one to maintain a constant schedule of activities
and the other to handle League teams on and
especially, away from the home lot. Hikes, trips
and projects that serve to enrich the program de-
mand individual attention on a full-time scale. Boys
should not come to a playground to find it closed
Each team should have its own set of schedules ;
the group should have the
means of knowing when, where
and what teams they are to
play. They may want to post
this information in their shack
or at some accessible spot.
Both director and boy feel the
strain of constant checking in
this unnecessary way.

Games should be played in
the morning during the first
(Coiitinv.ed on page 277)

Westchester County's Recreation Camp

A camp community lacking in expensive
equipment but rich in happy experiences

THE EXTENT to which a communal Hfe, built
around the complex relationship of adult to
child, can be harmonious and beneficial to all
those concerned is demonstrated in the camp com-
munity at Croton-on-Hudson, where the West-
chester County Recreation Commission has just
opened its summer camps. Forty councilors, 130
boys and 100 girls will constitute the population.
About two-thirds of the younger section changes
at intervals of two or four weeks, so that in all
about 700 children will be campers there during
the period of July ist to August 26th.

The permanent nucleus, the staff, unobstru-
sively serving the children as parents, teachers
and playmates, is the backbone of the whole pro-
ject, according to Charles B. Cranford. camp ad-
jninistrator. Inter-
,est in the Croton
camp as an example
.of the application
,of progressive edu-
cational methods,
-far removed from
the confining school
room, ha$ brought
-together an out-
standing group of
,teacherg and camp
leaders on the coun-
cilors' staff. They
work and play with
a common goal in
sight for the camp-
,ers: first, ,happi-
ness; second, gocial
adjustment; third,
physical well-being.
Unlike privately
owned summer
.camps for children,
the county .recrea-
tion camps are not
.elaborately _equip.-

Coiirtesy Westchester County Recreation Commission

ped resorts. The tuition at the county camps
amounts to scarcely more than the sum which
would be spent on a child living at home. Since
the county bears the brunt of the upkeep, the
camps are operated on a skeleton budget. The
material facilities are simple. There is an abund-
ance of fresh air and sunshine ; there are rolling
fields of grass underfoot and tall oaks and maples
shading them ; a strip of beach bordering the shin-
ing waters of the Hudson on one side and the
Croton inlet on the other. The little cabins scat-
tered over the point are clean and airy, if plain,
and the dining and recreation rooms, workshops
and crafts studios are in the same style.

This lack of show has never been considered a
limitation, Mr. Cranford points out, but has been

a constructive fac-
tor in building up
a program of ac-
tivities patterned as
nearly as possible
after conditions that
might surround any
child in his daily
living. The com-
bined energies and
talents of the coun-
cilors go into the
program ; hence
their importance in
organization, ac-
cording to Mr.
Cranford :

"Each leader has
a twofold function :
to take the part of
the child's older
brother or sister,
sharing his or her
experiences, guid-
ing him in his so-
cial attitudes. The
second duty of the

258

WESTCHESTER COUNTY'S RECREATION CAMP

' 259

^HI^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^HHL3^^j!^|iM||Br(

'^Q

^^^^HH^^. '

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H

Courtesy Westchester County Recreation Commission

When the bugle sounds the call for meals
the response is always nnost gratifying!

of whom attend this camp in preference to private
camps because of the progressive character of the
program.

A modicum of regimentation is practised in the
daily life. True, a bugle blows to rouse the camp-
ers from their cots ; there is a bedtime and a time
for meals and for "community duties" — cleaning
up for which "sanitation squads" volunteer. There
are definite swimming periods, but even they are
optional ; the child can take his swim in the morn-
ing or afternoon or not at all, if he so pleases.
But beyond this, a daily routine is non-existent.
The campers choose the activity in which lies
their greatest interest. They gather early in the
day, learn where each councilor is going to be and
what he or she plans to do.

Thus, the girls' dramatics councilor : "Mary
Ann has been working on a play for the party
next Friday. She needs a little help in the last

(Continued on page 277)

leaders is to take charge of special activities- —
nature study, art, crafts, land sports, water sports,
dramatics. Some junior men and women on the
staff are undergraduates in universities, but most
of the councilors are teachers.

"After living with boys and girls twenty- four
hours of the day for eight weeks, they return to
their teaching posts with a clearer picture of chil-
dren's needs and problems, and a practical knowl-
edge of the best means of satisfying them. On
the other hand, the campers return to their homes
imbued with the idea of regard for the other fel-
low, of alignment with others for the general
good."

A portion of the camp community is composed
of children from boarding homes maintained by
the county's Department of Child Welfare. No
differentiation exists at camp between these less
fortunate children and the sons and daughters of
Westchester citizens, moderately well-off, many

Where is the boy to be found who wouldn't
rank fishing above almost any other sport?

Courtesy Westchester County Recreation Commission

Sioux City's New Amphitheater

By
John E. Gronseth

Director of Recreation
Sioux City, Iowa

SIOUX City's music, art and drama lovers may
now enjoy these fine arts in comfort when
they attend a concert or drama in Grand-
view Park. For there in a bowl, forming a natural
amphitheater, has been erected a band shell, a
structure of beauty befitting its setting, and on
the slopes of the hills comfortable seats for
spectators.

This glen in the wooded heights of Grandview
Park is not a new meeting place for Sioux City
music and drama enthusiasts. It has long been in
use for band concerts, pageants and kindred rec-
reational activities. Some years ago there was
built there a wooden bandshell. The audience sat
on the grassy bank in lieu of benches, neither an
adequate nor comfortable arrangement. This,
however, was wholly a makeshift awaiting the
time a proper amphitheatre could be built.

This amphitheatre-to-be remained in the minds
und imaginations of interested citizens until CWA

The people of Sioux City expect
years of satisfaction fronn their
own permanent concrete amphithe-
ater in Grandview Park which was
built as a work relief project.
Other communities, in planning
their PWA project, may well keep
in mind the experience of Sioux
City in erecting a structure de-
signed to give enduring service to
its cultural interests.

work was introduced. While CWA was a project
strictly for the relief of the unemployed and did
not have as an end civil glorification, in this in-
stance both ends were achieved.

Several converging interests meeting at this
point brought reality to a dream. The location and
the desire for an amphitheatre were both present
in the community, the funds for the work might
be obtained if the plan was approved, and a de-
sign for the building, which had already drawn
favorable attention, was at hand. At an exhibi-
tion of architectural drawings, executed by Henry

. "^/^.tmitt^U^;^- -Mmeii

260

SIOUX CITY'S NEW AMPHITHEATER

261

Kamphoefner, Sioux City architect, held under
the auspices of the Sioux City Society of Fine
Arts, was shown a design for a monumental band
stand. This design had received honorable men-
tion in the first preliminary trial for the 1933
Paris Prize. It pleased the public and at the same
time it exactly fulfilled requirements for the Sioux
City project. With accommodation in the acous-
tical shell for three hundred vocalists or one hun-
dred seated musicians, it was suitable for erection
in a natural amphitheatre in which, by proper
placement and structure of the shell, listeners at a
distance would be able to hear the most delicate
note.

Undoubtedly this was what Sioux City needed
and wanted. Musical organizations, such as the
Monahan Post Band, which had a large part in
making the project a success, club women, busi-
ness men, all who were interested in promoting
better recreational facilities in their city, endorsed
the project.

The architect, in conjunction with the city
building contractor and the district engineer, pre-
pared application forms which upon recommenda-
tion of the park commissioner were signed by the
mayor and the county emergency relief commit-
tee. This application then went to the state and
federal authorities. President Roosevelt ex-
pressed himself as deeply appreciative "of the
very fine public spirit and vision manifested by
those who are creating this valuable social and
recreational asset." On February 26, 1934, the
state engineer approved the application and within
ten days the ground was broken and the dream
started to be a tangible reality.

The total estimated cost of the project was
$51,236 of. which $47,436 was to be paid from
CWA funds and the remainder $3,800 was to
come from the city. This was according to gen-
eral requirements that the city benefited pay a
certain percantage of material costs on civil works
projects. Materials were figured at slightly more
than $14,000. Labor costs were to be about
$34,500, and the costs of teams and trucks for
grading about $2,500. With continuous labor the
project would have been completed by May but
owing to lulls in relief activities the last concrete
was not poured until October 17.

The band shell is placed in a hollow deep enough
to give ample seating space for 10,000 spectators
although only 6,000 seats are at present provided.
The seats are of wood with reinforced concrete

understructure. From every seat is an adequate
view of the stage below. Drama, pageantry, music
may be enjoyed both in sight and sound by each
spectator.

Some Construction Details

The spherical ellipse of seats finds itself inter-
sected at its lowest point by a perpendicularly
erected semicircle of smooth white concrete one
foot high, actually the rim of the truncated right
circular half cone which is partially sunk into a
podium 102 feet along the front. From either
side of this podium are returned staircases that
debouch in front to either side of a pool fed from
three fountains with aluminum caps, gracing the
center of the structure. The staircases are
equipped with aluminum hand rails and are acces-
sible from the side and also from the back, so that
processions of the most elaborate nature can
reach the stage from any direction. The central
aisle of the orchestra is on the main axis of the
building and there are two secondary aisles on the
axes of two great drums which lie on pedestals
rising above the staircases and which also visibly
terminate the thrusts of the great circular arch.

The shell and its base are one monolithic con-
crete structure. It is constructed of Portland
cement, white cement and reenforcing steel bars.
The fluted bands and scultpured plaques are ap-
plied ornaments and are made of pre-cast concrete.

The plaques depict the Faun, symbolizing pas-
toral music, and the Tragic Muse, the deeper sub-
tleties of music. They are the work of Herschel
Elarth. They were designed in clay at the Public
Works Art Projects studio at Iowa City.

The lighting has been arranged to aid in dra-
matic production. Eighty-seven lights are con-
cealed in the great arch and project the three
primary colors. These may be mixed to produce
any color desired. The pool has nine lights for
coloring the jets of water.

At the back of the building are rooms : offices
for the director, space for the band library, toilets
and dressing rooms for the personnel of the band
and accommodations for guest performers. An
interior stair leads to the shell itself and from this
doorway an electrician can control the lighting
apparatus and amplify the sound if desirable for
speaking purposes.

A movable platform has been provided that can
be placed over the concrete tiers to change the
permanent seating arrangement for musicians into
(Contin: ed on page 277)

>ome

Indian G

ames

Ga - Gwe - Gee - Wass
(Wrestle). Two contestants
lie on the ground, flat on
their stomachs, facing one
another. The right elbow
rests on the ground with
the upper arm in a straight
line with the body. Con-
testants grasp right hands.
The left forearm is kept on
the ground, parallel to the
chest. The object of the
game is to make the oppon-
ent's right forearm touch the ground by horizontal
pushing.

Note : The Indians had grassy fields upon which to
play Ga-Gwe-Gee-Wass. Since playing on the gravel
playground surface will bruise the arms of the players,
newspapers should be provided to protect them. This
stunt may also be played sitting at a table.

Ab-Bo-Gee-Way-Baa (Push Over). Two contest-
ants lie on their backs side by side, with hands in
opposite directions; each contestant's head rests
at a point just opposite his opponent's buttocks.
Each contestant places his inside arm straight
down by his side with his hand on his opponent's
shoulder. Outside hands are on hips. At a signal
each contestant lifts his inside leg (knee stiff) to
a point just beyond the vertical, hooks ankles with
his opponent and attempts to roll his opponent
over backward. Either contestant rolled backward
loses the bout. Five bouts constitute a match ; best
three out of five wins the match.

Che-Che-Sock-a-Way (Hop on one leg). Two

contestants stand facing each other at a distance
of five feet. Each stands on the right foot, clasps
his left foot with left hand, and places the right
arm across the front, clasping the biceps of the left
arm. At a signal, each contestant hops forward
and attempts by bucking, side-stepping, etc., to
overthrow his opponent or compel him to release
his grasp on the upheld foot. The contestants a:re
not allowed to use their left hands against each
other. Either contestant committing any of these
acts loses the bout. If both contestants commit
any of them on the same occasion the one doing

262

THE Indian games presented here
through the courtesy of the Ex-
tension Department, Milwaukee Pub-
lic Schools, were passed on to the
boys of the Milwaukee playgrounds
by Chief Wah-be-sko-ga-nah-be
(White Feather), John Goslin, of Mil-
waukee. They are the games which he
and his playmates enjoyed in their
youth on the Hayward Reservation
and at the Carlisle Indian School.

so first loses the bout. Five
bouts constitute a match;
best three out of five wins
the match.

Ga-Gwe-Gee-Wamengei»
[Hand Wrestle). Two con-
testants stand with feet
firmly spread in the stride
position, each with his right
foot forward, touching the
outside of his opponent's
foot. They grasp right
hands. At a signal each at-
tempts by pulling, pushing, turning and twisting
of hands, to over-balance his opponent or compel
him to move either foot from its original position.
The left hand must not be used against the op-
ponent. Either contestant forced to touch the
ground with any part of his body other than his
feet, or forced to move either foot, loses the bout.
If the contestants break their grasp, they rejoin
hands at once. Five bouts constitute a match ; best
three out of five wins the match.

We-Bay-Gen (Snatch). This can be played with
from two to ten or more players.

Players are divided into two teams who face
each other, standing on a goal line about forty
feet apart. Team members stand shoulder to
shoulder. The members of each team are num-
bered consecutively, beginning with number one.
On the ground midway between the teams a fairly
good-sized piece of hide is placed. A referee calls
a number and the two players having that number
dash forward to steal the hide and carry it across
either of the goal lines without being tagged by
the opposing player. IS a player steals the hide
and crosses the goal line without being tagged, he
scores one point for his team. Should he be tagged
before crossing the goal line, the opposing team
scores a point. At the start of the game a number
of points is decided upon.

Pop-Pa-Ce-Ka-We (A modified La Crosse game).

The Pop-Pa-Ce-Ka-We consists of a leather strip
ten to twelve inches long and about two inches
wide, at each end of which a ball of soft wadded,
firmly sewed cloth is attached. A rope may be

SOME INDIAN GAMES

263

used in place of the strap. Each player is sup-
plied with a branch of a tree or shrub about
twenty inches long and not more than an inch in
diameter. The playing area is limited ; at each end
a goal line is drawn. The object of the game is
for the players to get the Pop-Pa-Ce-Ka-We on
their sticks and fling it over the opponent's goal
line; doing so scores one point. The game may
be played for time' or for a set number of points.
Play is begun and restarted after every point by
tossing the Pop-Pa-Ce-Ka-We up between two
opposing players in the center of the playing area
Players are not to run with the Pop-Pa-Ce-Ka-
We. It is not to be batted but thrown or flung.

Utmost caution should be taken to have the
players' sticks smoother from top to bottom and
to avoid any small protrusions from twigs or
branches. The end of the stick should not be
pointed ; in fact it would be well to pad it. While
the ball should be firmly sewed to keep its round
shape, it should by no means be hard. Gunny
sacks wadded into shape of a ball are very useable.

With the Indians the playing field for Pop-Pa-
Ce-Ka-We was unlimited ; often tribe played
against tribe. Pop-Pa-Ce-Ka-We should not be
played on small playing areas where there is dan-
ger_of the Pop-Pa-Ce-Ka-We flying into sandbox,
apparatus or playing groups. Since our festival
arenas are neces.sarily small, the playing of Pop-
Pa-Ce-Ka-We should be regarded more as a
demonstration of the game than an actual spirited
playing of it. The festival teams should be limited
to six or less members, according to the size of
the playing field. These teams should be carefully
coached and impressed with the fact that their
playing should not be too strenuous on the even-
ing of the festival.

Since the combative contests described are all
played by two contestants, it would add much to
the interest to have many groups of two scattered
all over the arena instead of having a limited
amount of playing done in the center of the field.
Scattered groups would bring the activity nearer
to the audience and give the playing field an in-
teresting appearance of activity.

Chief White Feather tells a most interesting
Indian legend about the origin of the relay race.
Many, many years ago the earth was inhabited by
the following classes of creatures : man, animal,
fish and bird. One day, a beautiful Princess came
to earth. She desired a mate. The rivalry among
the creatures of earth was very tense, so the Prin-
cess decided to stage a race and take its winner

as her companion. The turde wanted much to be
the one selected, but realized that he had no
chance whatever on account of his lack of en-
durance. After much brooding, he schemed the
following plan : he went to the bottom of the lake
and rounded up four turtles like himself in size.
He placed the first turtle under the leaves and
grass a certain distance from the starting line ;
farther down the line he had another turtle and
in this fashion he divided the course of the run
among the four turtles. When the race was called,
the turtle started off with the rest ; as he crawled
under the leaves concealing the first turtle, the
hidden turtle ran to release the next hidden turtle,
and so on. The legend does not tell whether or
not the turtle won the Princess, but it did give
the Indians the foundation for many interesting
relay races, one of which is the Gee-Gee-Bakkum-
Magee.

Gee-Gee-Bakkum-Magee (Going in and enrierging
from ground). Gee-Gee-Bakkum-Magee is a relay
based on the Indians' methods of transportation.
There are five members on a team, the starter be-
ing called the Geebakkum. The Geebakkum stands
on the starting line; player number two places
himself on the ground face downward, supporting
his body on his arms ready for a wheelbarrow
race. (Because of the pebbly nature of the play-
ground surface, this wheelbarrow player should
be given a block of wood for each hand on which
to "walk.") Number three stands in front of
number two in a high leap-frog position. Number
four lies flat on his stomach facing the goal line
with a stout branch six feet long lying on each
side under his arm. Number five stands in ordi-
nary position. At the signal "go," Geebakkum
(the starter) runs to Number two, grabs his an-
kles and wheelbarrows him down the course to
Number three, Number two then jumps on the
back of Number three, who carries him "Pick
Aback" down the course to Number four; here
Number three mounts the sticks lying along the
side of Number four by putting a foot and a hand
on each stick without allowing any part of his
body to touch the sticks or the ground. As soon
as Number 3 is mounted. Number four jumps up
and pulls the sticks down the course according to
the old Indian method of transportation. On
reaching player Number five, the rider jumps
from the sticks; the "horse" (player Number
four), turns them over to Number five who car-
ries them over the goal line.

(Contin.-.ed on page 278)

When Sally in Our Alley Goes to Summer Camp

No SWANKY CAMP in the North
Woods can possibly give as
much anticipated joy as does
"Camp Skullbone in the Woods," only thirty-five
miles southwest of St. Louis, a summer camp for
the underprivileged children of that city con-
ducted by the Neighborhood Association Settle-
ment House. For weeks the children talk of
nothing but the swimming pool, the farms, the
hikes at camp, and plague their teachers at Neigh-
borhood Association for a list of clothes to bring.

At Camp Skullbone, children who day after
day see only a brick wall from their bedroom win-
dows and hear only jazz from nearby dance halls,
awake to the whistling of a redbird and fall asleep
to the tune of an Italian aria sung by an opera
singer. "Children love music," said Miss Gladys
Gross, singing instructor and director of Camp
Skullbone. "and at night they beg me to sing them
such lullabies as 'Mighty Lak a Rose.' "

Organized for the benefit of children of meager
means, the camp offers a week's outing in the
country for a nominal sum. Those who cannot af-
ford more pay but twenty-five cents ; the maxi-
mum charge is $2.50. The children are for the
most part from tenement districts, but the activi-
ties of Neighborhood Association have developed
such healthy self-assurance in them that no casual
observer would suspect their
home surroundings. These
children at

By Mary E. Dolan

St. Louis, Missouri

Camp Skull-
bone receive
the advan-
tages of such
a camp as
children of
wealthy
homes en-
joy.

At differ-
ent times
certain age
groups
spend a week
at the camp,
which open-

Compact little cabins make this California
camp thoroughly cozy and comfortable

ed last season on June 25th with
eight girls of fourteen to sixteen
years enrolled. The second week
.saw an increase in enthusiasm and the number
jumped to twenty-eight of the twelve to fourteen
age group, although a few little sisters also at-
tended. From August to September the boys of
the Neighborhood Association visit the camp
under the direction of men instructors.

The natural setting of the camp is ideal. Lo-
cated on a private road, Camp Skullbone escapes
curiosity seekers and vagrants of the main high-
way as well as its noise and distraction. Cedar
trees galore form a natural parasol over the
grounds which are just rugged enough to be in-
teresting. At the foot of the hill is a stone spring
house decorated with the totem pole of the lodge.
Near by in a shaded corner stands a rustic table
and bench for picnic suppers, while at the top of
the hill is a roomy open air lodge with sleeping
quarters for children and instructors. Along the
front of the lodge is a wide porch with pine chairs
cushioned with cretonne. The living room has
stone fireplaces at each end and shiny lamps hung
from the rafters. At the rear is the kitchen with
rows of gleaming kettles suspended from the ceil-
ing and, lining the walls, shelves stocked with
bacon, ]Mneapple and other goodies. Spring water
piped to the camp and
pumped into a reservoir
tower back

of the lodge
assures a
plentiful
supply for
drinking and
bathing.

Camp
Skullbone is
organized on
a threefold
program —
recreational,
educational
or cultural,
and charac-
ter building.

264

WHEN SALLY IN OUR ALLEY GOES TO SUMMER CAMP

265

Courtesy Ctrl Scouts

The recreational facili-
ties are plentiful in this
forty acre tract where
trails invite for hikes.
There is a steep straight-
away trail to the lodge,
popular when the din-
ner gong rings, and a
round-about trail to the
lodge for more leisure-
ly walking. "We always
hike with a purpose."
Miss Gross explained,
"to visit the neiglibor-
ing farmhouse where
we get the eggs and
milk, or to a near by
store to purchase marsh-
mallows. Swimming is
by far the chief attrac-
tion of the camp. Some
of the children have
never been in the water

before, but nearly all are swimming by the
end of the week." The pool is a close approach
to the "old swimmin' hole," with a concrete dam
across Skullbone Creek forming a natural reser-
voir about three feet deep where the children
splash at will without danger. In the afternoon
they are given formal instruction in swimming.

On Thursday, which is visiting day for the
mothers, mothers both stout and thin and arrayed
in a variety of improvised suits, splash with the
children, and at the end of the week a swimming
carnival is .held. Another recreational event is the
mock track meet with all sorts of hopping, run-
ning and jumping relays. For the amusement of
the mothers the children give a tumbling exhibi-
tion, when they display the pyramid building and
handsprings the}' have learned.

Educational and Cultural Opportunities

Nor is the educational and cultural training of
the children neglected. This phase is stressed by
the teaching of table manners, personal cleanli-
ness and good fellowship. Miss Gross displayed
a large crate of books she had brought along for
the children's reading which inclU'ded nature study
volumes and stories of adventure and the out-of-
doors, such as those of Zane Grey. "I never at-
tempt to teach health rules directly," she said,
"but by asking ATiss Worley, my assistant, a ques-
tion about how she cares for her teeth I interest

With so many things to
do at camp fhe days are
never quite long enough

the children until the
first thing you know
they are asking what
tooth powder to use and
what shape tooth brush.
When Miss Worley dis-
sected a frog for them
they learned not only
the anatomy of a ba-
trachian but indirectly
the care of the eyes, the
skin, and other health
rules."

In the matter of na-
ture study the children
are taught to protect
plant and animal life.
Throughout the grounds are posted signs an-
nouncing, "We love our trees, shrubs, flowers,
rocks, streams, lodge, and wild life," and asking
all passers by to be respectful of the property.
Sometimes the instruction is more formal, when
specialists in the fields of health, social work and
citizenship talk to the children.

Camp Skullbone tends to develop character by
its emphasis on self-reliance as well as on cooper-
ation. There is much free time for pursuing the
child's own interests. By giving each child cer-
tain chores to perform, he learns the art of team
work and its value. "Of all the tasks from getting
wood for the stove, disposing of garbage, cleaning
and filling lamps, to helping prepare meals, scrub-
bing floors, dusting furniture and waiting on
tables,'' said Miss Gross, "washing dishes is the
least popular. Hut there is no such thing as a
discipline problem at Camp Skullbone. The
mothers are anxious, almost too anxious, that
their children toe the mark. There are few rules
and hence little inducement to break them."

The freedom of the place breeds a good will
between child and director. Beginning with
taps on the bugle at seven in the morning, an early
swim precedes breakfast. The free time, hike or
ball game leads to lunch hour at twelve. After an
hour's rest there are swimming lessons, games and
supper.' Then a retreat or song hour follows, with
(Continued on page 278)

266

WITH THE CI r I LI AN CONSERVATION CORPS

With the Civilian Conservation
Corps

A REPORT OUTLINING the major items of work
accomplished by the Civilian Conservation
Corps during the period from April 17, 1933,
when the first camp was established, to April i,
i935> shows all reforestation and conservation
work completed on 59 diflferent types of projects
ranging from tree planting to the construction of
truck trails through forest areas.

Chief among the items having to do with recre-
ational facilities were the improvement of 27,cxX)
acres of public camp grounds and of 1 16,000 acres
of lakes, ponds and beaches, and the construction
of 3,336 ponds for fish and birds and of 1,159
recreational dams.

The report, which was released on July 7, 1935,
states :

"The improvement of our national and state
parks, as well as the development of new recrea-
tional facilities in other timbered areas, has been
stressed. The national parks and monuments have
been given better protection from fires, diseases
and insects. Due to the stimulus of the CCC pro-
gram, the states have added more than 500,000
acres to their state parks. Thousands of acres of
park land have been cleared for public camp
grounds ; new camp buildings have been erected ;
public camp ground water systems have been in-
stalled ; simple camp grounds have been developed
in national and state forests. These have been
equipped with pure drinking water, rustic fire-
places and rest rooms.

"The development work has greatly increased
the recreational values of our public forests and
parks. The Forest Service and National Park
Service anticipate that more than 40,000,000 per-
sons will visit the national parks and forests this
year."

The report lists other principal work programs
completed which have been largely directed to-
ward the improvement and protection of our na-
tional resources, particularly forests and parks,
and the prevention of destructive soil erosion.
These items make an imposing total.

Robert Fechner, Director of the Emergency
Conservation Work, states in his report that the
Department of Agriculture, the Department of the
Interior and the Department of War estimate the
present value of the work completed by April i,

(Continued on page 278)

Youth Versus Society

ON April 30th, May ist and May 2nd, at three
sessions held under the sponsorship of the
Council of Social Agencies of the Oranges and
Maplewood, New Jersey, Youth indicted Society
for indiflferencd to and ignorance of the problems
of youth in respect to employment, marriage,
friendship, moral code, leisure and health. Hon-
orable Daniel J. Brennan of the Essex County
Court of Appeals presided. There were a defense
counsel and six members of the prosecuting staflf
who took part in the trial. Many witnesses were
called — local ministers, physicians, educators, rep-
resentatives of local organizations of many kinds,
juvenile court judges, health ofificers and other
officials. These witnesses were cross-examined
with great earnestness, and there was evidence on
the part of the young people of a very serious de-
sire to make their needs and point of view known,
to find out more about the social environment in
which they are living, and to do everything pos-
sible to bring about better conditions for them-
selves and their confreres.

After due deliberation the jury found Society
guilty as charged on the following counts :

1. Allowing employment at starvation wages

2. Inadequate instruction on the subject of choos-
ing a mate

3. Allowing conditions to exist under which
young people are unable to marry due to lack
of employment

4. Allowing the continued and flourishing exis-
tence of pitfalls for youth such as obscene
literature, saloons and gambling devices

5. Harsh attitude towards those with a criminal
or police record

6. Incomplete use of public buildings, schools,
churches, etc., for leisure time

Society was cleared on eight of the counts ob-
tained in the indictment. These were :

1. Inadequate employment service

2. Inadequate prepara^tion in schools for any form
of employment

3. Allowing racial and national prejudice to in-
terfere with employment

4. Lack of cooperation among existing young peo-
ple's organizations and agencies

5. Appalling inadequacy of facilities for youth
activities

6. Failure to attempt serious moral education in
the home, school and church

7. Failure of educational system to instruct in the
proper use of leisure time

8. Lack of facilities for the use of leisure time
The jury reported a disagreement on the ques-
tion of inadequate sex education and decided that

(Contin-.ied on page 278)

World at Play

, ^. ., , CHILDREN of

Newburgh Children m u u m^,.,

^ ," . , Newburgh, JNew

Go Into Action -ir i i j

York, revealed an

amazingly shrewd
concept of popular democratic government,
when on April 29th, 64 boys and girls from the
South End made a surprise attack on the City
Council, and with the help of two adult spokes-
men, demanded a playground in their neigh-
borhood. "This is getting a new note in coun-
cil meetings," said Mayor Brown in welcoming
the group. The children's spokesmen were
immediately given an audience and after a
hasty conference one of the councilmen moved
that the request be referred to the City Mana-
ger and that he confer with the head of the
Recreation Commission to see what could be
done. On May 6th, just seven days later, the
Council appropriated $200 to clear a vacant lot
which the Ramsdell Estate made available pro-
vided the city would take responsibility for
the project.

Summer Events at
Oglebay Park

EVERY Sunday af-
ternoon during the
summer, from 3 :30
to 5 :oo o'clock, resi-
dents of Wheeling, West Virginia, and their
friends may enjoy popular concerts at Oglebay
Park by the Garden Symphonette. Another fea-
ture of the summer season is a series of six
nationality night dinners. On June 5th there
was an English garden party with appropriate
music from England, Ireland and Scotland, and
a number of dances including the Irish jig and
Highland fling. The dinner which was served
conformed to the character of the party.

A Baseball
Benefit

~ A suggestion comes
from Philadelphia,
where John V. Smith
of the Bureau of
Tiecreation was able to persuade the manage-
ment of two professional baseball leagues — the
American and the National — to agree to put

on a benefit for the purchase of baseball equip-
ment for the Bureau's baseball tournament.
The game was run in the old-fashioned way,
the bat being tossed hand over hand for first
choice and the players being chosen indiscrim-
inately from either league. Everyone had a
most enjoyable time, and the teams have
agreed to make it an annual custom.

7~r. THE Allentown,

A City's Activities ,-, , -r, ^^

^ Pennsvlvania, Kec-

for Shut-ins ^- ' n

reation Commission

has a project for
shut-ins with some particularly interesting fea-
tures. The Commission conducts a broadcast
two nights a week. One of the broadcasts is
designed especially for the residents of three
homes for the aged and resembles the well
known "Cheerio" hour when birthdays are re-
membered and congratulations offered over the
air. In addition, the Recreation Commission
has a birthday book containing the birthday
date of every inmate of the institutions for the
aged and birthday greeting cards are sent them.
Good used and new neckties are collected and
given the men and good discarded beads are
gathered for the women so that they may at-
tend social hours "dressed up."

New York Goes
a-Dancing

IN June the pro-
gram of dancing on
Central Park's Mall
in New York City
was officially opened under the auspices of the
Park Department, James V. MulhoUand, Su-
pervisor of Recreation. Fifteen minutes after
the dancing started 1,000 couples peopled the
Mail while the throng of watchers grew rap-
idly filling the benches and overflowing to the
grassy slopes around. At a quarter to ten the
dancing couples had increased to 1,500, and the
watchers were estimated at, 10,000. The Pros-
pect Park, Brooklyn, season opened at the
same time with 500 people dancing in the pic-
nic house while 1,000 more clamored for ad-
mittance.

267

2f)8

WORLD AT PLAY

Training Leaders for Adult Recreation —

Some years ago a group of playground direc-
tors on the staff of the Berkeley, California,
Recreation Department who were interested in
social recreation, organized themselves into the
Recreational Sextette. Their purpose was to
increase their own general knowledge of social
recreation leadership and to aid leaders of pri-
vate groups interested in conducting social rec-
reation. Recently the sextette corhpleted their
second annual adult recreation institute held
for six consecutive Monday evenings with an
average attendance of ninety per evening. A
charge of lo cents an evening or 50 cents for
the entire course was made to defray expenses.
For this fee over 250 different people received
two hours of instruction and a mimeographed
bulletin presenting the evening's activities. The
subjects included progressive game parties,
hobbies and handcraft, music and dramatics,
dancing, quiet games and parties for large
groups. Copies of the bulletins outlining the
material may be secured for 50 cents a set or
10 cents a copy from the Recreational Sextette,
Recreation Department, Berkeley, California.

Recreation and Juvenile Delinquency — Some
time ago the Mayor of Wilkes Barre, Pennsyl-
vania, referred to the Playground and Recrea-
tion Association of Wyoming Valley a group
of boys from the Juvenile Court. This group,
now numbering over one hundred, has grown
into a very strong neighborhood boys' club
which under leadership has developed a strip
of coal land leased for a dollar a year. Clubs
of this character are among the most interest-
ing developments in Wilkes Barre. There are
seven of them ranging in membership from 80
to 200. The clubs are self-sustaining, and one
of them has made a club house out of an old
house. This particular group conducts many
athletic activities. They have put in teams in
vU the city leagues and have been a very salu-
tary influence in lowering delinquency among
the youth.

State Parks Open for Recreation — The State
of Michigan on May 30th opened 53 state parks
for recreational uses. Each year the popularity
of Michigan's parks, of which there are now
73, has grown to the point where the annual
attendance now exceeds 9,000,000 people. The

parks furnish an opportunity for the public to
enjoy fishing, bathing, camping, and picnick-
ing at a minimum of expense. Camping per-
mits for a week or longer in all of the parks
may be secured without charge.

A Mountain Recreation Center — The Los
Angeles, California, Playground and Recrea-
tion Department plans to reopen Camp Rad-
burn of the San Bernardino Mountains as a
recreation center for the use of organized
groups. For the past three years the camp has
been serving successively as a forest labor
camp, a CCC barracks, and transient boys' unit.
Under the new plan, the camp facilities will
become available for the use of organizations
that wish to use the entire camp for their out-
ings, with the cabins, recreation lodge, kitch-
ens, dining hall, swimming pool and other fea-
tures to be rented out at low nominal rates
varying from 50 cents per person for 50 people
or less down to 30 cents per person for groups
of 100 people or more.

Rhythm Bands in Jacksonville — In April the
Jacksonville, Florida, Department of Recrea-
tion held its second rhythm band demonstra-
tion to show in how many different ways
rhythm bands may be used. Five hundred
children from twelve grammar schools took
part in colorful attire, equipped with such in-
struments as tambourines, triangles, drums, •
jingle clogs, castanets, bells, rumba gourds, and
other percussion instruments. Each band was
directed by a six or seven year old leader. The
final feature of the program was a rendition of
Haydn's "Toy Symphony" by an especially
trained group of forty soprano voices and a
number of toy symphony instruments.

The "Old Order Changeth" — More than
1,600 women in Detroit, Michigan, demon-
strated the fact that the "old order changeth"
in a huge pageant of that title presented on
April nth at the Olympia. The presentation
brought to a close for the season the Recrea-
tion Department's work in gymnasium and
dancing classes. It showed the contrast in
recreational activities of ancient, medieval and
modern times. Miss Lottie A. McDermott of
the Recreation Department's staff was in
charge of the program.

WORLD AT PLAY

269

Des Moines' Closing Playground Festival-
Last summer the playground season in Des
Moines, Iowa, culminated in a playground fes-
tival held at Drake Stadium. The program,
which was a demonstration of the activities of
the playgrounds, opened with a half hour con-
cert by the 327 piece playground band. This
was followed by the presentation of the activi-
ties on a single playground by representatives
from each of the 21 playgrounds. These cov-
ered tennis, baseball, hand tennis, volley ball,
nature activities, story-telling and handcraft.
Community singing was part of the program.

A Religious Festival — A religious festival
held in Lansing, Michigan, May 8th and 9th,
under the sponsorship of the Recreation De-
partment of the Board of Cemetery and Public
Parks Commissioners was the outgrowth of
the drama contest previously held. The results
■were more than gratifying from a dramatic and
educational point of view, and the festival did
much to promote good fellowship among the
churches. The colored group known as the
Paul Robeson Club presented an excellent mis-
sionary play made more effective by some beau-
tiful singing; the Catholic Church presented a
play by eighth grade girls. In all eighteen
groups presented plays in the two programs.

A Song Festival for Colored Choirs — On
June 20th Council Group No. i of the Central
Avenue Community Center in Newark, New
Jersey, presented the fifth annual song festival
for choirs representing the colored churches of
Newark. Eleven church choirs took part. In
addition to the songs by individual choirs, there
was mass singing by all the choruses directed
by the Assistant Superintendent of Schools.
This festival has come to be an important event
in the program of the Newark community cen-
ters, and each year it is looked forward to with
great interest.

San Francisco Children Broadcast — On July
1 2th the Recreation Commission of San Fran-
cisco, California, embarked on an innovation
in the radio program presented by the Commis-
sion in cooperation with NBC, when an ama-
teur hour similar to the one presented every
Sunday afternoon over a national hook-up was
initiated.

SAFETY FIRST

THE very first consideration of our Engineers in the design
and construction of Louden Equipment, is SAFETY! Others
are, durability, long-life, thrilling . . healthful physical de-
velopment. Small wonder, therefore, that physical education
authorities everywhere endorse and specify Louden Equip-
ment for playgrounds, beaches, pools and gymnasiums. . .
Many items are exclusive with Louden. You, too. should
thoroughly investigate the large
and varied line of Louden Equip-
ment before you buy. AsIc about
our Junglegyms, Buddy Duplex
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LOUDEN

PLAYGROUND
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120 BROADWAY

OTTAWA. ILLINOIS

Recreation Budget Increases — The two-mill
tax in Charlotte, North Carolina, which was
reduced to one mill during the early stages of
the depression period, was restored to the Rec-
reation Board on July ist.

Gardening in Detroit — Nearly 200 boys and
girls of the Fordson High School and several
junior high schools in May began the practical
part of their course in home gardening and hor-
ticulture in a laboratory consisting of a thirteen
acre plot the use of which was given by Henry
Ford. All winter the classes studied the prin-
ciples of horticulture. Miniature gardens were
planted in the school conservatory, and each
student was taught how a garden should be
laid out, both for beautification of the home as
well as proper utilization of the ground. Each
pupil will take care of his garden through the
summer months and will receive scholastic
credits for the course.

Hamilton's Sport Week — From May i8th to
25th, Hamilton, Canada, enjoyed an intensive
week of play each day of which was filled with

270

WVRLD AT PLAY

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DIAMOND Official shoes and ac-
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because of their excellent construc-
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DIAMOND CALK HORSESHOE CO.

4610 GRAND AVE. DULUTH. MDfN.

sports and games of various kinds. On the
opening day a boys' fishing contest was held
for boys between ten and fourteen years of age.
Baseball contests, a community street dance,
soccer, lacrosse, tug of war, bowling, horse-
shoe pitching and a great variety of other activ-
ities made up the program. Bicycle races were
run for the entire week, and there was a pro-
gram of roller skating conducted in all sections
of the city.

A Recreation Department for Wauwatosa —
Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, a community of 25,000
people, recently voted 4,117 to 2,994 in favor
of a recreation department under the Wiscon-
sin law. The summer playground program
will continue as before, and the budget from
the new tax levy will be made available on
January i, 1936. By this time the two-mill tax
producing approximating $6,000 will provide
for the employment of a full time superintend-
ent of recreation.

A New Playground in New York — A play-
ground and a one story service building with

dressing rooms will be constructed on property
recently acquired by John D. Rockefeller, Jr.,
from St. Luke's Hospital. The property will be
developed in harmony with other buildings on
that block, including the Riverside Church of
which Harry Emerson Fosdick is pastor and
the adjacent edifices of the Union Theological
Seminary. The new building will be of stone
and concrete with a base 73 by 25 8/10 feet. It
will be designed by the architect planning the
new cloister museum which Mr. Rockefeller is
building in Fort Tryon Park for the Metropoli-
tan Museum of Art. The plans have been filed
by the Riverside Church as owner. The cost
of the improvement is estimated by the organi-
zation at $45,000.

Day Camps in Pittsburgh — The City Coun-
cil of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, has appropri-
ated- $10,000 for day camp activities in the city
parks for undernourished children. The camp
at Schenley Park, previously under the direc-
tion of the Federation of Social Agencies, this
3^ear will be under the jurisdiction of the Bu-
reau of Recreation.

Oakland's Recreation Week — In May, Oak-
land, California, celebrated Recreation Week —
a week of open house on the playgrounds, of
baseball, track sports, boating, golf, commu-
nity theater and many other activities. The
junior chamber of commerce, the forum, service
clubs and many other organizations gave their
support to this highly successful effort to in-
terest the public in the recreation program and
give the citizens of Oakland definite informa-
tion about the facilities available. Writing
editorially of the week, the Tribune-Sun says :
"We start tomorrow demonstrating our zeal
and enthusiasm, our equipment and program.
We show the place of clean sportsmanship in
the community life and that in supplying it for
the development of young character and for its
addition to civic health and happiness, we are
fulfilling a definite obligation."

What's Your Hobby? — Milwaukee, Wiscon-
sin, has a Hobby Clubs Council organized to
stimulate interest in wholesome recreational,
educational and handcraft hobbies. In its pub-
licity bulletin it lists seventeen groups of people
who are pursuing hobbies of various kinds, in-
cluding sketching, collecting, hiking, boat

WORLD AT PLAY

271

l^i'ilPiiil

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lutely smooth — player or ball cannot be
injured. Once installed it can remain in
place all year. Special fittings are avail-
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building, chess, and other interests. The bul-
letin gives the name of the individual in each
group to whom anyone interested may apply.

Speedway Races — The Salvation Army of
San Francisco, California, met with success in
conducting speedway races in which pushmo-
biles, scooters, coasters, skipmobiles and char-
iots were featured. Over three hundred boys
and girls participated in the event which, it is
estimated, cost only $15. The awards were
made at an evening's program at which the
band supplied musical numbers and boys and
girls who did not take part in the races put on
a special entertainment.

A Course in Nautical Affairs — A novel
course offered this spring by the Los Angeles,
California, Playground and Recreation Depart-
ment was one designed to impart nautical in-
struction to amateur skippers of sailing craft.
Beginning April 4th eight sessions were held at
the Los Angeles swimming stadium auditor-
ium. Outstanding experts, among them naval
architects, gave lectures on boat building, nom-
enclature, sailing tactics, and similar matters.

The Plight of Youth — The annual report of
the Division of Child Care of the Catholic
Charities of the New York Archdiocese esti-
mates that 7,400,000 boys and girls are growing
up in homes supported by public relief allow-
ances and that of 6,000,000 who have left
schools and colleges since 1929 less than one-
third have found employment. The report
points out that "the ruinous depression at the
outset struck at the security of our children
with bewildering force, and the numberless
forms of individual 'breakdown followed in
rapid succession." The report warns that one
of the most lasting effects of the depression
will be the adverse one of enforced idleness
upon the morale of the youth of today.

The New Haven Hobby Show — From May
13th to 19th the League of Women Voters of
New Haven, Connecticut, held a hobby show
at the Timothy Dwight House in which some
unusually interesting articles were shown un-
der the general classifications of nature craft,
music, dramatic art, science, fine arts, garden-
ing, handcraft and collecting. The schools en-
tered wholeheartedly into the project, and pre-

272

A FEW OF AMERICA'S OUTDOOR THEATERS

liminary private exhibits by the pupils were
held from which the most interesting entries
were selected to be shown at the hobby show.
Among these were a collection of 5,000 lead
soldiers from all over the world and a minia-
ture circus which a high school boy had spent
nine years in building and assembling.

In addition to the exhibits, there were daily
demonstrations of various kinds, one of the
most interesting of which was a hobby theater
where movies were shown and where each
evening a talk on a different phase of the mov-
ing picture industry was given.

Tour Conducting As a Form of Recreation
Leadership — The Chicago, Illinois, Recreation
Commission has issued for the benefit of the thou-
sands of people who are obliged to stay in town
during the summer an illustrated booklet. "Rec-
reation in Chicago," depicting an array of places to
go and things to do in the home town. To facili-
tate the use and enjoyment of Chicago's attrac-
tions, classes in tour conducting are being ar-
ranged by the Emergency Educational Program
in conjunction with the Recreation Commission.
The classes, which meet weekly, are in the art and
practice of tour conducting, and the two hour
classes in "How to Conduct Tours" will alternate
with illustrative tours under the leadership of the
teacher of the classes. Supplied with the booklets
published by the Commission, including a map
showing the places mentioned, members of the
classes will be able to take their friends and
neighbors on tours that will introduce Chicagoans
to Chicago.

A Few of America's Outdoor Theaters

(Continited from page 236)
the wooded aspect. Evei^reens and shrubs will
be added as the planting plan progresses, for a
project of this magnitude cannot be completed in
one season. Fall is eagerly awaited so that the
transplanting can be continued. Nature has done
its share in helping, and even the grass seems will-
ing to do its part in covering the raw ground with
its green velvet.

Back stage planting will provide adequate
screening of the actors and their paraphernalia.
Plenty of space for thousands of motor cars has
been provided. This part of the planning appears
to have been unusually well thought out.

There is no question as to the usefulness of the
amphitheater. It was not merely a whim con-

ceived by the energetic far-seeing park superin-
tendent, Donald Gordon, but the response to a
need for some such stadium or auditorium voiced
by school groups, churches, and especially the
Chamber of Commerce who felt such a project
to be an investment and not an expense.

Fortunately expenditures have been modest.
Within the area of Lincoln Park where the
amphitheater has been built all the native stone
needed has been quarried. Like many other com-
munities Oklahoma City has had large numbers
of men on the relief rolls. Projects such as this
have given the citizens permanent improvement
to last for years to come, and will serve as a sat-
isfactory answer to the alleged wastefulness of
depression spending.

The park system of Oklahoma City has utilized
all classes of relief labor, one service being to ac-
commodate large numbers of transients when the
city was swamped with them and the Transient
Bureau hard put to provide an outlet. The splen-
did cooperation which exists between the county,
state and federal units accounts in large measure
for the progress made.

The Board of Park Commissioners has been
alert to the opportunities and needs of the times.
Its members have been vital factors in bringing
their park system forward to an enviable position
throughout the Southwest.

Planning the Summer Vacation

(Continued from page 244)
view, the Ann Arbor schools have introduced in
the division of social studies a unit on the sum-
mer vacation. The following are some of the
methods that are being considered in order to de-
velop an intelligent interest and participation in a
wide range of summer activities :

1. Have the children write compositions on
good times in summer at camps, trips, farms and
playgrounds and have the best of them read and
discussed to bring out essential values.

2. Give out available lists of camps of all types
and expenses.

3. Have a consultation period to discuss wath
parents and children summer plans.

4. Get up and distribute a directory of points
of interest in the area suitable for trips and
outings.

5. Encourage the formation of Scout and camp
fire groups. j

6. Find out what children might spend the va- I
cation or a part of it on a farm.

CHICAGO PIONEERS ON NEW FRONTIERS

273

y. Give out a list of playgrounds and swimming
facilities.

8. Send home a mimeographed list of summer
suggestions to parents.

9. Encourage home economic girls to take
charge of the cooking at home and industrial arts
boys to fix up about the house.

10. Put on moving picture programs of an edu-
cational nature once or twice a week.

It seems not unlikely that such a program may
increase the days given to the four activities
studied from 12.1 to 15 or 20 for the summer
without its costing the city anything and that the
points of view developed may be of service all
through life.

Chicago Pioneers on New Frontiers

(Continued from page 247)
Standards and more perfect mastery of the sub-
ject there will ultimately come a great renaissance
of art, this production furnished such a proof.
In fact, it afiforded a demonstration that such an
art renaissance is actually in our midst, and un-
der way. The music of this occasion, the drama,
and the dance, were all most creditable.

Development of the music program is similarly
moving in the direction of helping people to do
things for themselves. Development of the ath-
letic program is marching in the direction of en-
listing community sponsorship through organiza-
tion of athletic associations in each of the park
centers, and out in the communities themselves
many of the events which heretofore we have our-
selves undertaken and carried through are now
being turned over to citizen groups as their own.
Last year's Hallowe'en observance was largely
sponsored by the business men's organizations in
a number of our communities where once we our-
selves put on the Hallowe'en program. This move-
ment toward community sponsorship has led us
to question whether, as part of our service to the
recreation needs of a community, we should not
actually include in our thinking provision for ser-
vice to that leisure demand that one be of service
to his fellows, afi^ording opportunity for that
spirit of service to exercise itself, just as we pro-
vide opportunity for the desire to play baseball to
exercise itself.

It has required courage to break away from
tradition and institute new patterns of community
service, just as it has required courage to appro-
priate a sufficient departmental budget. Charges
of "boondoggling" have been made, and accusa-
tions of extravagance have been voiced. Only an

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274

MAGAZINES AND PAMPHLETS

Magazines and Pamphlets

Recently Received Containing Articles
of Interest to the Recreation Worker

/MGAZINES
The Parents' Magazine, July 1935

Youth Follows New Trails, by G. G. Telfer

The National Parent-Teacher Magazine, July 1935

An Educational Use of Leisure — An Editorial, by

Daniel L. Marsh
Your Second Spring, by Anne Frances Hodgkins

Public Management, July 1935

Municipal Recreation for the New Leisure, by
Weaver W. Pangburn

■ Hygeia, July 1935

Recreation for Convalescent Children, by Sophia
Potgieter

The Farm Journal, July 1935

Make 'Em and Sell 'Em, by Charlotte Miller Temple
Pointers on 1935 Picnics, by Nellie Ryder Gates

PAMPHLETS
Annual Report of the Memorial Community Building,
Goldsboro, N. C, 1934

First Annual Report of the Department of Public Recre-
ation, Winston-Salem, N. C, 1934-1935

City of Calgary, Canada, Parks Department Annual
Report, 1933

administration firmly convinced of the need and
value of the program could have faced these
charges with serenity, and only the clarity of
business judgment and confidence of executive
control of a thoroughly businesslike administra-
tion could have dared go so far, feeling assured
that it would know where to draw the line and
go no further in public expenditure.

The Congress of this year is invited to Chicago
to inspect for itself these developments, and to
meet the business man now devoting himself ex-
clusively to public service, under whose adminis-
tration one of the largest park organizations in
America is breaking new trails and writing a new
page in the history of recreation service in Chi-
cago. It is writing that page in the light of a fine
tradition of public service over the years, because
of a plant adapted to new forms of pioneering,
because it is necessarily in a period of transition
in adapting to the recent consolidation, but also
because, sitting on the Board of Commissioners
are men who believe in service as the end and
justification of any park expenditure, and in the
executive chair as chief administrator sits George
Donoghue, the General Superintendent, sensitive

to every consideration of public use and enjoy-
ment of park properties, active of imagination in
devising better modes and forms of responding to
the human needs of the times, experienced in
years of park administration where recreation was
the underlying purpose, and himself an enthusi-
astic supporter of everything which makes for
public enjoyment — from athletics, in which he is
nationally known as President of the Central A.
A. U., to landscape, architectural and mural art,
and to engineering in its social, no less than in its
material, implications. He attacks, with the same
infectious enthusiasm, the problems of shore pro-
tection in combatting Lake Michigan's storms,
and the problems of a boys' group wrestling with
television, or with a wind tunnel for testing their
model planes.

Leadership as dynamic as is now at the helm in
the Chicago Park system makes of that system a
laboratory in which earnest thought is put to
practical test. The invitation of the city, extended
to thinkers and workers in the field of recreation,
is that they come to this year's Congress with
their problems, and their hopes, that we may avail
ourselves of criticism and suggestion, of new ideas
and late experiences throughout the nation, to
make this laboratory serve not only its local pur-
poses, but also the recreation movement as a
whole, in its evolving.

Oklahoma City's Weekly Community
Programs

(Continued from page 248)
which may be shifted from place to place as
needed. The public address systems, which are
also of the movable type, are donated by various
business firms.

Securing nine pianos for use at the major play-
grounds, which are moved to minor playgrounds
on occasion, required some diplomacy. A willing
and enthusiastic groifp of park patrons organized
under the name of Playground Recreation Coun-
cil was given $225 by the Park Department with
which to secure the pianos. At first the idea of
obtaining a piano for $25 was rather baffling but
before long the committee appointed to work on
the program had found enough piano owners who
wanted to sell for $25 to supply the need. Re-
peated hauling of the pianos from one park to
another required the building of heavy braces and
handles for the pianos. The moving is now done
so expertly that even after repeated moving the
pianos do not get out of tune.

NATION-WIDE RECREATION

275

Each week's program has a special theme which
is carried out in the playground handcraft rooms
and on the community night programs. For in-
stance, there is Sports Week when the week's ac-
tivities in handcraft are centered upon making
games and equipment for sports of various kinds.
The activities culminate in city-wide tournaments
and the community programs are filled with sport
songs and dances. Doll Week is another example.
In their handcraft groups the children make dolls
and dresses which are displayed during the com-
munity program when nursery rhymes and songs
and dances of the parade of the wooden soldier
type are featured.

Nation-Wide Recreation

(Continued from page 252)
tivities back on the parents and the home. It was
observed that there was a heightened morale in
the home, a better understanding and cooperation
between parents and children, and a marked pick-
up in the cultural interests of the parents. Obvi-
ously the constructive recreation spirit learned by
the child at play is brought back home.

These surveys, while not strictly recreation
service projects themselves, are mentioned here
to give an idea of the scope and seriousness of the
recreation problem in America as envisaged by
FERA. Also they are offered as evidence of the
Relief Administration's willingness to cooperate
with all agencies in an eflfort to set up a com-
prehensive and sound recreation program.

Art Projects

No review of recreation service projects would
be complete without mentioning those devoted to
the arts. Here it was not only a matter of giving
necessary employment to a particular class of
needy, or of providing a recreational service, but
more than that, these projects were created to
carry on the art-cultural life of this country
through a critical period. Their success is evident
on every hand. The walls of our public buildings,
schools, state institutions, are decorated or hung
with pictures that have stimulated native Ameri-
can art to new heights. With over twenty-five
hundred professional actors in their casts, the
drama projects have presented the popular and
classical stage to audiences of unemployed num-
bering hundreds of thousands. More than 9,500
musicians and music teachers made destitute, have
been put to work for the benefit of the public.
They are again teaching, or they are incorporated
in one of the 150 orchestras, ensembles, or the

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276

NATION-WIDE RECREATION

YOU NEED

THE MAGAZINE- OF A TMOUJAND DIVERT lONJ

For Inspiration and Ideas in Planning Yout
Leisure-Time Programs

CAMP, playground, and recreation directors, teach-
ers and group leaders will find LEISURE full of
helpful suggestions and practical projects.

LEISURE is the only magazine catering to the leisure
tastes of every member of the family. It is educational
without being scientific. You find new introductions to
Games — Sports, Hobbies — Collec-
tions, Books, Photogra-
phy . . . Creative Arts,
Puzzles, Dramatics,
Travel, Music, Hand
Crafts, Nature Study,
and many other activities.

INSTRUCTIVE
ENTERTAINING
STIMULATING

Read what outstanding Recreation Directors, Edu-
cators,^ and Civic Leaders say about LEISURE:

"After looking over ihe sample copy of LEISURE recently sent
this office, I wish to place our order for two annual subscrip-
tions to the maRJzine. I believe it will be 2 'gold mine' of
program mater al for use with our groups.'* R. W. Robertson.
Recreation Dcpt.. Oakland, Calif.

"Leisure is a distinct contribution to the still pioneer Ameri-
can which has come to 2 new frontier of life — Leisure Time."
Howard L. White. Director of Recreation. Heckschet Foandation
for Children.

"A magazine like yours can do much to »ave our yonng people
from finding unwholesome outlets for their torplos energies by
putting before them in attractive and authoritative form the
many fields of activities which will satisfy their cravings for ad-
venture, for creation, for co-oprration. and for leadership." Ernest
Hermann, Dean. Sargent School of Physical Education.

"We have enjoyed the magazine very much and feel that it is
of value in programs such as ours." Louise Goodyear. Girl Scoot
Peace House. Buffalo, N. Y.

"Your magazine has been recommended to me by the State De-
partment of Education. " F. A. Bell. Supt.. Amador County
Schools. Cal.

"A copy of LEISURE in every home would be a Godsend to
folks who have never before had the time for recreation, nor the
education for its use." R. A. Hoyer. Director. Dept. of Boy
Guidance. Graduate School. Notre Dame University.

Special Of!er to Readers ol Recreation

15 months only - $LOO

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NAME

ADDRESS

CITY STATE

150 bands, that have brought music free to mil-
Hons of our jobless, who could not otherwise
afford it.

This but touches on some of the high spots of
the recreation service projects. One could go on
at great length dwelling on others of equal im-
portance. It is impossible to give a complete cen-
sus of all of them. Equally impossible to give an
exact census of the workers, the participants or
the audiences. Many of the projects are seasonal ;
many change quickly to meet the changing de-
mand. A number of them shift in and out of the
various Emergency Relief Administrations, keep-
ing pace with their ability to find local or private
support. In 1934, as a result of the use of Emer-
gency funds and leaders, 1,025 communities re-
ported recreation services. This number does not
include the existing local services which are sup-
plemented by FERA funds.

Enriched Programs for the Future

When the need for the national organization
of work giving is over, it is hoped that various
state, local, and private agencies will again take
up their full responsibilities for the continuation
of an adequate recreation program. They will in-
herit from the Federal Government a vastly ex-
panded physical plant ; a wealth of certain knowl-
edge, gained through practical first-hand experi-
ence in the operation of recreation activities, and a
stalwart legion of leaders well trained in every
phase of public recreation service.

-Also, as a part of their heritage from the Fed-
eral Government, they will find an advanced, more
intelligent, appreciation of the value of construc-
tive recreation on the part of the general public.
Recreation, once thought of as idling and wasting
time, has become a social necessity. It has become
the positkr refreshment and enrichment of mind
and body. Its value in these terms cannot be over-
stated. It is not a curative for all our ills — our
crimes, our economic maladjustment, our social
problems — but it is a firm basis for social and in-
dividual reconstruction.

The Dance in the Recreation Program

(Continued from page 255)
enjoyed. Programs of this type may be sponsored
on playgrounds and at day and summer camps.

What Place Shall Dancing Have in
Our Program?
Music leaders employed by recreation depart-

A CITY BUILDS TEAMS FROM GANGS

277

ments have devoted much of their time and energy
to raising standards of instruction and instilling
an appreciation of fine music within their groups.
This has resulted in more worthwhile programs
for both instructor and participants. There are,
however, directors of recreation who feel that to
take responsibility for the promotion of dancing is
outside their field. Shall we as teachers develop
dancing to its fullest extent or shall we be con-
tent to conduct it free of technique, carrying it on
for its recreative values as we do with community
singing? Will the recreation department fail to
seize this opportunity for a program which oflfers
a fertile field of development ?

A City Builds Teams from Gangs

(Continued from page 257)
part of the season and later shifted to the after-
noon. Boys form a habit of late sleeping as vaca-
tion advances and the success of a schedule may
depend upon even such a relatively minor point.

The deus ex machina of any program is the
director — the good one who can start things by
suggestion and demonstration, guide its progress
and bring it to a successful conclusion. By ex-
ample he can create personal pride in honest
achievement and make the playground a vital
place in leisure time education. There are too
many sins, such as favoritism, poor officiating,
disinterest and bad sportsmanship.

The final test of any program is its popularity.
We checked impressions with seven of our best
team and gang leaders as a matter of mutual ad-
vantage. We uncovered minor diflferences, some
which have been mentioned already, but the unani-
mous opinion was to "retain the League by all
means." Both players and directors are planning
for that bigger and better third year of the Junior
League.

Westchester County's Recreation Camp

(Continued from page 259)
act, and then, in the cast, we need ten girls. We
have some cheese-cloth left over from the play
last week — enough for three costumes. Those of
you who want to act or help finish the last act or
make the costumes will find us under the big
maple this morning." And "under the big maple"
in a few minutes will be seen a group of perhaps
twenty girls, intently enjoying the preparations
for a theatrical production.

"Every boy and girl has the power of imagina-
tion," Mr. Cranford and his aides believe. "It
needs only to be released. Given the opportunity.

Partners in Play

• "This book is full of the most
alluring recipes for dances, par-
ties, stunts and picnics, and of
kindly, tolerant and knowing
comment," says Marjorie Bar-
stow Greenbie in her book The
Arts of Leisure.

• If you have not purchased your
copy of this booklet describing
the recreational activities which
young men and young women
can enjoy together, send for a
copy immediately.

Price $.75

National Recreation Association

315 Fourth Avenue :: New York Ci+y

the child discovers for himself his special apti-
tudes. Friendly competition between youngsters
develops self-assurance and other traits that might
remain latent in the narrow protection of the
home or the busy discipline of the school room.
The councilors, constantly on the alert to provide
their charges with the most varied kind of ex-
perience, add to their own store of experience."

Such is the good standing of the camp from
the viewpoint of the progressive educator that
Teachers College of Columbia University will
this year cooperate with the Westchester County
Recreation Commission in conducting a training
course at Croton for graduate students in camp
leadership. Twelve young men and women,
selected from more than one hundred applicants
from many states will live at the camps this sum-
mer as student councilors, and will receive eight
points of graduate credit for the course.

Sioux City's New Amphitheater

(Continued from page 261)
a level stage for drama. Footlights are also in-
cluded.

The building itself is inspirational in its beauty

278

SOME INDIAN GAMES

and blends harmoniously with the setting. With
it as an incentive the cultural tone of the city's
recreational activities should mount. Leisure time
spent there either as a spectator or a participant
should be time spent with a definite gain for the
individual citizen. Public meetings and community
projects carried out in such harmonious surround-
ings will without doubt reflect its influence.

Some Indian Games

(Continued from page 263)

Note : The player carried should weigh considerably
less than the player who must carry him.

Running the Gauntlet (A Sioux Indian Game).
The Indians form two rows of "Braves" side by
side with arms outstretched. (The outstretching of
the arms is to arrange the distance between the
men. Arms are dropped to the sides as soon
as this is completed.) The rows face each other
about four or five feet apart. This alley between
the two rows is the path to be traveled by the vic-
tim or the man who is "it."

The victim is run down through the two lines,
the braves on each side being allowed to hit the
victim with their war clubs. (Use beaters or cloth
wrapped around newspapers for war clubs.) The
victim sometimes wins the greatest respect from
the braves because of his ability to "take it" and
sometimes from his ability to swat the braves as
they go down the gauntlet. This brave victim is
sometimes made a member of their tribe. Some-
times the weaklings who could not "take it" were
burned at the stake.

Wela {A Hopi Game). The Indians made hoops
out of branches and rolled them between players
who sat facing one another. As the hoops passed
the players they shot arrows through them.
Sometimes these hoops were smaller sized rings,
from 7 to lo inches in diameter, made out of dry
corn husks tightly wrapped with cord. In place of
arrows, darts were made of corn cobs with feath-
ers stuck in the top of them. Each team has its
turn, and as the hoop passes the players they at-
tempt to throw their darts through the ring or
hoop. Each successful throw counts one point.
The team making the most number of points in
ten rolls wins the game.

Note : For playground adaptation of this game, bar-
rel hoops or rubber tires can be used.

day but not a regimented one. The desire to do
as the group does checks any tendency to clique
on national lines that might develop among the
children of German, Polish, Spanish, Italian,
French, Irish, Russian, Greek and Albanian na-
tionality that attend Camp Skullbone. An Indian
powwow circle where Indian songs and dances are
performed contributes to the Americanization
influence. The camp is unaffiliated with any or-
ganized movement and is entirely free from re-
ligious or sectarian interests. It has an appeal for
all religions and all nationalities, who can join
freely in admiration of the American Indian.

The success of Camp Skullbone, established
three years ago on a tract donated by Sam Plant,
is indicated by the fact that last summer 1.600
children enjoyed a week each at the camp. The
pleasure and education derived by these children
are unlimited, and although many of the litde tots
are glad at the end of a week to climb into Camp
Skullbone's yellow and black bus that takes them
back to "Mom" again, they all look forward to
another summer at camp.

With the Civilian Conservation Corps

(Continued from page 266)
I9v35. by CCC personnel, at approximately
$428,000,000. The records show that the Depart-
ment of Ariculture evaluates the work done under
its supervision at $350,000,000. The Department
of the Interior places a value of $71,000,000 on
the CCC work carried on under its supervision.
The value of the work completed under the direc-
tion of the War Department is estimated at
$7,000,000.

When Sally in Our Alley Goes to
Summer Camp

(Continued from page 265)
Stunts, and lights are out at ten o'clock — a busy

Youth Versus Society

(Continued from page 266)

no evidence had been produced to substantiate the
charge that futile treatment of young offenders is
frequently colored by politicd consideration.
Judge Brennan passed sentence as follows :
"I sentence Society to one year of probation
and remand it into the custody of General Proba-
tion Officer Joseph P. Murphy of Essex Coimty
for that period. And I limit the term to one year
so that Youth may obtain a speedy remedy for
the defects that it has so ably proven."

It was interesting to note that the findings of
the recreation survey made by Eugene T. Lies of
the staff of the National Recreation Association
were widely used throughout the trial.

New Publications in the Leisure Time Field

Camp Dramatics

By Nina B. Lamkin. Samuel French, New York. $.50.

THIS booklet, with its discussion of the types of dra-
matics suitable for camp use and its suggested cere-
monials, festivals and pageants, plays, Indian material,
stunts, poems and programs of various kinds, should be
exceedingly valuable to camp directors. The bibliography
and lists of source material— and there are many— are
complete and carefully selected.

Activities in Girl Scout Camps

Girls Scouts, Inc., 570 Lexington Avenue, New York.
$.50.

ONE of the most attractive camp publications we have
seen comes from Girl Scouts, Inc., where the Camp
Advisory Staff and the Program Division have collected
from individual camp reports material which they have
felt would be of interest to camp directors and other
leaders and have issued it in a mimeographed, profusely
illustrated hook which is noteworthy both from the point
of view of content and appearance. The subject matter
has to do with nature activities in camp, handicraft,
music, camp fires and dramatics. Each section is accom-
panied by a bibliography and list of source material.

Character Education in the Summer
Camp III

Association Press, 347 Madison Avenue, New York. $.75.

THE report of the sixth annual camp institute held at
George Williams College, Chicago, March 29-31, 1935,
under the auspices of the Chicago Council of Social
Agencies and George Williams College is incorporated in
this booklet. A number of leaders in camping and allied
fields have contributed to this practical booklet on setting
standards in the summer camp, which is divided into
three main parts : Setting Standards in the Summer
Camp; Community Aspects of Camp Planning; Camping
and the Camper.

Let's Go Places

Prepared and issued by New York Adult Education
Council, 366 Madison Avenue, New York City. $.10.

HERE is a list of things of varied interest to see and
to do in and around New York, grouped under three
classifications. The first is headed "Sightseeing Points in
and Near Manhattan" and includes airports and steam-
ship lines, botanical gardens, zoos, buildings, churches,
■commercial plants, museums, historic places and similar
points of interest. Ne.xt comes "Outdoor Activities" with
<:amping places, baseball games, swimming, golf, tennis,

boat trips, walks and hikes. Under "Miscellaneous" are
listed concerts, free educational motion pictures, lectures,
reading and similar interests. The bulletin should be of
keen interest to those who as Dr. John H. Finley says in
his foreword, "have chosen this as our city whether we
come from foreign lands or from other parts of our own
country."

Model Laws for Planning Cities,
Counties and States: Including
Zoning, Subdivision Reg-
ulation and Protection of
Official Map

By Edward M. Bassett, Frank B. Williams, Alfred Bett-
man and Robert Whitten. Harvard University Press,
Cambridge, Massachusetts.
This report recommends model legislation for local,
municipal, county and state planning, including control
of zoning and real estate subdivisions. Mr. Whitten, in
discussing the suggested laws, emphasizes the need for
legislation which would permit planning and develop-
ing natural neighborhoods as a unit and points out some
of the ways in which zoning might make desirable plan-
ning and development impossible later if zoning is ac-
cepted and put into practice before other planning fea-
tures. He believes that a governmental unit should be
permitted to exercise any one of the powers outlined
only if it accepts responsibility for exercising all. Of
particular interest to recreation workers is the fact that
all plans and discussions accept the need for includ-
ing recreation areas and open spaces as a fundamental
part of city planning. They all provide for giving the
community power through properly constituted authori-
ties for insisting upon the setting aside of reasonable
recreation areas in new sub-developments before such
plats should be accepted by the governmental units con-
cerned.

Boats, Airplanes and Kites

By Armand J. LaBerge. The Manual Arts Press, Peoria,
Illinois. $2.00.

rNETAiLED instructions and complete working drawings
*^ with photographs of projects in process and com-
pleted make this book of practical value to everyone in-
terested in these three handcraft projects. Part I contains
ten chapters devoted to model sailing yachts and motor
boats, ranging from a 12 inch sailboat to a 38 inch boat.
Part II covers tailless kites, French war kite, box kite,
and kite tournaments, while Part III presents model air-
planes of different types.

279

280

NEW PUBLICATIONS IN THE LEISURE TIME FIELD

The American Way.

By John W. Studebaker. McGraw-Hill Book Com-
pany, New York. $2.00.
It was two years ago that the city-wide experiment in
adult education known as the Des Moines public forums
was initiated under the supervision of Dr. Studebaker,
now United States Commissioner of Education and for-
merly Superintendent of Schools in Des Moines. The
experiment was made possible by a five year grant from
the Carnegie Corporation with the sponsorship of the
American Association for Adult Education. In this book
Dr. Studebaker has given us an account of the experi-
ment, but what is more important, he has also given an
interpretation of what that experiment means. For the
book outlines his belief that in the spread of devices
for free discussion under public auspices lies the solution
of the ever recurring chief problem of government under
a democracy — the maintenance of an enlightened and in-
terested body politic. This is, he firmly believes, "the
American way."

Spalding's Official Base Ball Guide 1935.

Edited by John B. Foster. Spalding's Athletic Li-
brary. No. lOOX. $.35.
The official base ball guide for 1935 is a comprehensive
volume full of news, records, averages and other ma-
terial of keen interest to the base ball fan. There are a
number of articles on various phases of the game. The
rules themselves, with explanatory notes compiled exclu-
sively for the guide by Mr. Foster, are in a convenient
detachable form for ready reference.

Municipal Year Book, 1935.

Edited by Clarence E. Ridley and Orin F. Nolting.

International City Managers' Association, 850 East

S8th Street. Chicago, Illinois. $4.00.
More than 100 pages of this comprehensive Year Book
for American cities are devoted to a resume of signifi-
cant events and developments in the various fields of
municipal administration in 1934, each summary prepared
by an outstanding authority. New sections added this
year include one on local government units ; data on the
96 metropolitan districts in the United States ; detailed
state by state discussion of legal classes of cities and
forms of city government which may be adopted ; activi-
ties and services of state municipal leagues, municipal
personnel and retirement data; activities of professional
organizations of public officials, and services rendered to
municipal officials by federal agencies and national organ-
izations of public officials. The Year Book contains a
great deal of important data about each of the 960 cities
with a population of more than 10,000 in the United
States. The new section on municipal personnel gives the
number of employees in each city, salary and wage ex-
penditures, and salary cuts and restorations since 1930.

What to Do in New Haven and Vicinity.

Council of Social Agencies, New Haven, Conn. $.15.

One of the most comprehensive directories of educa-
tional and recreational facilities as yet brought to our
attention is What to Do in New Haven and Vicinity — A
Guide to Leisure the publication of which was made pos-
sible through the work of a special committee. When
the Community College was organized as an FERA pro-
ject for the unoccupied youth of New Haven, a group
of FERA workers was assigned to gather information
about the adult educational and recreational facilities of

the city. The results of this study have been published
in this booklet, which is divided into three parts. Part I
lists alphabetically recreational and educational activities
with brief information as to the organizations which offer
them. Part II, also alphabetically arranged, gives fuller
information about the organizations, while Part III offers
on "special pages" more comprehensive information about
facilities and activities classified under a number of head-
ings. Dr. Henry S. Curtis of Ann Arbor, Michigan, has
frequently stated that one of the best possible SERA
projects is the compilation of a directory of this type,
possibly broadened to include county, state or even a sec-
tion of the country. New Haven has demonstrated the
practicability of such a plan.

Dennison's Handicraft Manual for
Recreational Leaders.

Central Craft Studio Educational Service. Denni-
son's, 220 Fifth Avenue, New York. $1.00.
Play leaders interested in handcraft projects in which
crepe paper is used will want to know of the new Handi-
craft Manual in which directions are given for the follow-
ing projects : Marionettes and Stages ; Crepebraid Craft ;
Clothesline Crepe Weaving; Crepeclay Modeling (Pot-
tery. Mask Moulds, Relief Mans) ; Glitter-Craft; Tooled
Paper : Pulled Crene Craft (Crepe Paper Raffia) ; Tap-
estry-Craft; Crocheting with Crepe; Mosaic Craft;
Dennv-Dogs; Tube Craft; Miscellaneous (Lampshades,
Apollo Metal. Nutsy Bird^. The book also contains
printed oamphlets on crafts, costumes, flowers and par-
ties. The service offered with the Manual includes the
sendin? of new mimeographed material on craft work as
it is published.

Officers and Directors of the National
Recreation Association

OFFICERS
.TnsEPH Lee. Prtsident
.ToHN H. FiNLEY, First Vice-President
John G. Winant, Second Vice-President
FoBERT Garrett. Third Vice-President
GusTAVus T. KiRBY, Treasurer
Howard S. Brauciier, Secretary

DIRECTORS
Mrs. Edward W. Biddle, Carlisle. Pa.
William Butterworth, Molire. 111.
Clarence M. Clark, Philadelphia, Pa.
Henry L. Corbett. Portland, Ore.
Mrs. Arthur G. Cummer. .Tacksonville. Fla.
F. Trubee Davison. Locust Valley, L. I., N. Y.
Mrs. Thomas A. Edison, West Orange, N. J.
John H. Finley, New York, N. Y.
Robert Garrett, Baltimore, Md.
Austin E. Griffiths, Seattle, Wash.
Charles Hayden, New York, N. Y.
Mrs. Charles V. HtcKox, Michigan City, Ind.
Mrs. Francis deLacy Hyde, Plainfield, N. J.
Gustavus T. Kirby, New York, N. Y.
H. McK. Landon, Indianapolis, Ind.
Mrs. Charles D. Lanier, Greenwich, Conn.
Robert Lassiter, Charlotte, N. C.
Joseph Lee, Boston, Mass.
Edward E. Loomis, New York, N. Y.
J. H. McCurdy, Springfield, Mass.
Otto T. Mallery, Philadelphia, Pa.
Walter A. May, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Carl E. Milliken, Augusta, Me.
Mrs. Ogden L. Mills, Woodbury, N. Y.
Mrs. James W. Wadsworth, Jr., Washington, D. C.
J. C. Walsh, New York, N. Y.
Frederick M. Warburg, New York, N. Y.
John G. Winant, Concord, N. H.
Mrs. William H. Woodin, Jr., Tucson, Ariz.

BEAUTY AS A WAY OUT

An Interview with Joseph Lee

SUPPOSE in the old days a tribe of Indians on Cape Cod found themselves so
effective in their fishing that they had caught all the cod they could use be-
fore the fish would spoil. Suppose they had tremendous supplies of corn
ahead. What would they do? They would not go on fishing to throw the fish back
in the sea. They would not raise corn to burn. Feasting and sleeping could not go
on forever. They would be faced with unemployment.

Then for a time they could build more canoes and paddles and more wig-
wams and more spears, but soon there would be an end for them of more things.
What next?

The Indians would begin to make their canoes, their paddles, all that be-
longed to them more beautiful. In such a world with want abolished the Indians
would devote part of their time to art. Beauty in various forms would receive in-
creasing attention — beauty of form, beauty of sound, beauty of color, beauty of
action.

In a simple organization of society with food and materials abundant a way
would be worked out so that all might do the things they really wanted to do.
There would be a chance for more abundant living, for recreation, education.

Whether the number of unemployed in the United States is nine million or
less, it is many millions too large. Work must be found. Youth in America must
not wait, as have youth in certain other countries, for ten years without ever hav-
ing had a real job. Beauty in living — cared for — given adequate attention, can
create opportunities for millions to be employed in education, recreation, art.

More employment must be found — shorten the hours of work much as you
will. May not beauty be the way out? May we not give enough hours to the beau-
tiful to create the minimum of employment needed to secure a wise distribution of
income such as will make possible a return of prosperity?

Abundant living, gracious living, creation of the beautiful assumes funda-
mental importance.

Recently a body of distinguished men met at a great university to consider
what ten men should be chosen for special honor. Not one of the men listed had
worked in fields related to the art of living. Surely right now they contribute most
who contribute to the art of living, who follow the things that happen to human
beings in relation to beauty. Discoveries for the production of more goods are not
so important as discoveries for producing more living. If we were as wise in our
generation as a tribe of Indians in theirs we would recognize that they do most
for us now who do most for the art of living.

Howard Braucher.

SEPTEMBER 1935

— ' 281

Courtesy The Parents' Magasine

Photos by Haas-Schreiner

The well-known picture at the top of the page showing four-
year-olds enthusiastically singing "America" was taken on a
San Francisco playground in 1922. Below is the same quar-
tette— all high school students now — who were recently re-
discovered and re-photographed in their original pose.

282

Ways to Musical wood Fortune

By Augustus D. Zanzig

National Recreation Association

INTEREST in music for its values in the everyday
life of people in recreation centers, adult edu-
cation centers, settlements, Young Men's and
Women's Christian and Hebrew Associations,
Scouts and other social agencies has, at least
among the ofiicials of these agencies, been in-
creasing markedly during the past few years.
The large number of unemployed musicians
who have been engaged through emergency
relief funds to lead and teach groups in singing
and playing has added still more to that inter-
est and has greatly intensified the need for
guidance in leading and teaching. In Farm
Bureaus, Homemakers' Clubs, 4-H Clubs and
other groups of rural men, women and young
people there has been, perhaps, an even larger
increase in musical interest. Home Demonstra-
tion leaders, 4-H Club leaders and other per-
sons in charge of federal and state agricultural
extension service have had much to do with
this development and are eager for guidance
in furthering it. Some of the many parent-
teacher associations, woman's clubs, and other
organizations concerned especially with home
life are evidently thinking more definitely and
urgently about the needs and opportunities for
such values as music can give to the home.

The enormous developments in the repro-
duction of music through radio, phonograph
and film, throwing many professional musi-
cians out of work while more young people
than ever are learning to play well, have
brought forth no end of fervent speeches, arti-
cles and books pointing out the need and the
great opportunity for a large development of
amateur music in America. And the present
greatly increased attention to ways of spend-
ing leisure time most
satisfyingly is probably
a strong additional
stimulus in all this
growth of interest.

Wherever such inter-
est exists there are ques-

tions as to what can be done to help people find
the satisfactions that music can give. Before we
can answer these questions with any real un-
derstanding and effectiveness we must con-
sider what satisfaction, what values, we are to
look for in music. A great deal of time, energy
and money has been wasted or only poorly
invested in musical activity whose purposes
defeat themselves or are sadly limiting to the
scope and length of life of the activity itself
or to the number of people appealed to by it.
Some values, if set up as aims, will lead us to
give all our efforts to organizing choruses,
orchestras and bands or big festivals, or to the
common variety of community singing, or to
providing more professional concerts for
people, or to all these. Other values will, with-
out necessarily turning us away from any of
these activities, influence fundamentall)'^ our
conduct of them and the relative importance
we attach to each of them, and lead us to in-
clude and, perhaps, give greater emphasis to
other activities. We do well to consider fully
what good fortune it is that we seek before
we take steps to find it.

The Good Fortune We Seek

Every fortune teller, be she palmist, astrolo-
gist or crystal gazer, will tell her patron that
he possesses good quahties and powers that he
has never fully realized or used. And in this
part of her "reading" she will always be right,
though in varying measure, and be really tell-
ing a fortune. Up to this point, and this point
only, every music leader is or should be a for-
tune teller, but one whose business it is to
help make such fortunes come true, not merely
to tell them. Zest, beauty, fellowship, fun,
freedom and strength of spirit, valor, a striving
for excellence, a deep self-respect — these are
fortunes that music can make come true.

Before we can help people find the satisfactions music
can give we must know what values to look for. Here
is an interpretation for those who would be of service
to others in their search for "musical good fortune."

- 283

284

WAYS TO MUSICAL GOOD FORTUNE

Man is a perpetual seeker
after these things, though
often a blind or misled one,
seeking them in his work, in
worship, in play, or, failing
in these, seeking them in ac-
tivities or mere entertain-
ments that are nothing but
diversions or else are posi-
tively bad. In every man, woman and child
there is or has been this urge, like an only
half-told secret deep in his memory hinting
again and again of a fuller, more vital living,
but in many people rarely, perhaps never, find-
ing any real fulfillment, and so gradually los-
ing its force. The life that it without this urge
is poor indeed, no matter how great the ma-
terial success that attends it. For it is to the
whole being what appetite is to the body. It is
the primary essential to personal growth and
also to social progress. It is the key to good
fortune, to all that is great and good and most
lovable in life.

The most striking thing about this good
fortune is that a person can gain it only by los-
ing himself. He must find some interest or
activity which he can love for its own sake or
for its value to some cause outside himself,
and for the time being give himself generously
to it. Especially fortunate is the man or woman
who has found such an interest or activity in
his work; but even he, along with the multi-
tudes whose work seems to offer no such op-
portunity, may find still freer scope or at least
new, liberating channels for his best qualities
and powers in music or in some other art or
craft. And after such an experience even the
person who has hitherto had little interest in
his work may go back to it with a new zest
and efifectiveness. This is because the deep, in-
spiriting urge toward the good fortune that
we have been describing has found its freest
and fullest expression in music and the other
arts, and they are therefore a chief means of
its survival and its nurture. "Poetry," says
the poet Yeats, "is the champion and the voice
of the inner man. Had we not this champion
to speak for us, externality would swamp the
world, and nothing would be heard but the
noise of its machinery."

To sing, play dance, draw, paint, make
handsome things of wood, clay, metal or linen,
to garden or to take part in a play or festival —

In a second article to appear !n
RECREATION in the near future
Mr. Zanzig will outline, as an aid
to music leaders, teachers, parents,
organizers and others interested,
some of the specific ways in which
the values and objectives he has
presented here may be achieved.

these are activities, though
not the only ones, that have
often revealed the other half
of that old secret and made
many a good fortune come
true. And nothing save a
lack of opportunity can keep
anyone from entering hap-
pily into one or more of
them. For the power to enter fully into such
as these and to respond appreciatively to any
of the everlastingly delightful literature, mu-
sic, drama, painting, hills, trees, stars and
other glories and simple boons in this incred-
ibly rich world, is in some measure the natural
heritage of every person. It is also — along with
our capacities for mutual helpfulness, love,
good humor and the other traits of good social
living — the ultimate wealth, the greatest unde-
veloped natural resources, of any community, "
family or other group fit to live in. And in
multitudes of people it still awaits proper and
adequate opportunity to awaken and grow to
happy fruition.

In this guide to giving such opportunity
toward musical outcomes, it is well that we
have at the outset given music its rightful place
as part of a common natural heritage, because
many people still regard it as a special talent
given only to a few for display in concert halls,
opera houses and over the radio. Though in-
dividuals differ in degree of interest in it and
responsiveness to it, as they do in other mat-
ters, music is a natural and normal as speech
or as a love of the country, and it is or should
be no more dependent on public display than
is conversation or enjoyment of a sunset. Un-
der certain conditions we do well to encourage
the giving of concerts. Every community large
enough to support a school and a church
should have also its own very good chorus or
choir, its own orchestra or smaller instru-
mental ensemble, and its own band, each giv-
ing good concerts. And it should also have
opportunities to hear directly some of the best
soloists and groups in the country. But we
should as leaders know through experience
that music is first of all, and last of all, a way
of living, not something to be "put on," as we
often say of a concert or of a musical "num-
ber," and that good uses of it in the home, the
church, the school or the club can be more
rewarding than any except the best public con-

WAYS TO MUSICAL GOOD FORTUNE

285

certs. These places can be the best of all for
artistic singing and playing of fine music, as
well as for the humblest "sing-song."

We should know also what happens when
music is fitly associated with occasions and
activities outside of itself that are or can be
of vital interest to people, such as Christmas,
the Spring, harvest time, a church service, love
of home and of country, and rhythmic work or
play: how the music deepens and brightens
the meaning of these, and is in turn made more
telling and appropriable because of them. It
is the singing of "Silent Night" and other
carols as we are gathered around the Christ-
mas tree, or of "The Messiah" or other great
Christmas music as we are gathered in a
church or auditorium, that reveals the deepest,
tenderest and otherwise inexpressible mean-
ings of that blessed season. And the same in-
tensified awareness and appreciation could at-
tend many another richly significant occasion,
activity or object which is now regarded as a
matter-of-fact aiifair or is completely over-
looked. It is as though the inertia and preoc-
cupations that dull or obstruct our vision of
things were drawn away by the music, as a
veil would be, and we really see and under-
stand. Surely a use of music that brings about
this "warm and intimate taking in of the full
scope of a situation," as John Dewey calls it,
is worth cultivating.
"The world is so full
of a number of

things "

The business of get-

The Symphony Orchestra of Bloomfleld, New Jersey,
which has a reputation for playing beautiful music.
Bloomfield also has a splendid Civic Chorus

ting on in the vvorld tends to turn everything
into a means to something else, so that nothing
is seen for what it really is. Even people are
seen only as means. We lose not only the joy
of common things and great things but also
their real significance. Too much superficial
pleasure or sheer laziness may be even more
dulling to our sensibilities. "To ignore the
romance in love, in tiistory, in games, in music,
or anywhere else, is," says Dr. Richard Cabot,
"one of the easiest things in the world. One
has only ... to refuse the task of looking be-
hind the obvious and relapse into sleepy liter-
alism. As one's eyes grow fatigued with read-
ing, the letters cease to be symbols and become
letters only. Meaning, interest and beauty
die out of the words on the page [Like-
wise] a baby is a lump of flesh, a symphony is
a long confused noise, a picture is a bit of dis-
colored canvas, a man is an ugly, featherless
biped, to any one who has not interest enough

to see more All the experiences of our

devitalized moods are flat, colorless, meaning-
less and stale, and it is as easy to let ourselves
get devitalized as it is to drop our end of the
load which we are helping to carry."

Only a generous personal response involving
imagination can reveal the full meaning of
anything. Compare, for example, a tennis ball
in a shop window with one in play in a lively

game. Indeed, even
the one in the shop
window is alive with
bright meaning to a
real player of the

286

JVAVS TO MUSICAL GOOD FORTUNE

game. He knows what a ball really means.
Or compare a tree as the commonplace, matter-
of-fact thing that it may often appear to be
with the same tree after we have seen it
through the eyes of an artist in a good draw-
ing or painting. Compare also a merely spoken
wedding performed in an office with one
pledged in a church amidst beauty of design,
color, ritual and music which bespeak the won-
der, sacredness and joy, the inner meaning, of
the event. Equally revealing is it to compare
a man seen only as an employee, selling his labor,
with that same man singing or dancing with com-
plete freedom and self-forgetfulness in a folk fes-
tival. Many a good community orchestra is com-
prised partly or entirely of amateurs representing
together almost every vocation in the city, and
sometimes at a rehearsal one will see such a trans-
formation or revelation as
we have been trying to de-
scribe. A man or woman
who, as he or she enters the
hall, appears as one beridden
and belittled by the world
outside, as one without what
is called "personality," is
later seen seated amidst the
orchestra, his violin under
his chin, playing his part in
some great symphony or in
a fine rollicking waltz or
other liberating music, and
he is changed! We now see
in him a grace, dignity, valor
and lovableness which we
had not seen before. This
change is largely due to ef-
fects of the music on the man himself. He has
been "brought out." But the change is also due to
the music enabling us to see him better, more
vividly and more understandingly. We see him
with the inner eye, not merely the physical one.

This full and disinterested perceiving and
prizing of people and of things that are good
to prize makes even a poor man rich (if he
has also the physical needs of life), and with-
out it even the rich man is poor. And the
main points to be made about it here are (i)
that it is an attitude or capacity which can be
cultivated, and (2) that music is of all the
"daughters of enthusiasm," as Emerson called
the arts, the best suited to cultivating it.

Before leaving this part of our musical good
fortune, however, let us look at another aspect

"Art not only concentrates but intensi-
fies. It is a sort of transformer for step-
ping up the emotion normal to any situ-
ation to a higher voltage. Without the
chantey the pleasure of working in uni-
son would quickly grow stale. Without
the drums and the weaving rhythms of
the dance, courage and hate would never
reach their full intensity. Without the
intricate loveliness of its ritual the
church service might inspire reverence
but seldom ecstasy. Art in these rela-
tionships is not so much a beautifier as
a natural force that has been harnessed
and put to work. For that matter it is
everywhere and always a great natural
force." — Carl Thurston in What is
Art For!'

of it which Max Eastman in his book "The
Enjoyment of Poetry," has shown very clearly.
He divides humanity into two classes which
are clearly distinguishable on any ferry-boat
crossing New York Bay from Staten Island to
New York City. If any one of the large pro-
portion of passengers who will be found on
the enclosed and visionless lower deck were
asked what he was doing on it, he would reply
at once, if at all (to so silly a question), that
he was, of course, going to the city. But on
that same boat a number of people have taken
the trouble to climb the steps to the upper
deck, from which there are fine views of the
bay, of great and smaller ships from far away,
of sea gulls and a much broader sky than city
folk usually see, and some other things, like
the Statue of Liberty and the city's amazing
sky-line, that even when
familiar are always new
because of the efifects on
them of the varying light
from day to day and hour
to hour. These upper-
deck people are taking in
the full scope of the 20-
minute ride. They are get-
ting the essence of it, en-
joying the process of it
to the full.

Learning to enjoy fully
the process of a worthwhile
activity, not only its end
results, is a large gain in
living which many people
are missing. We should
say re-learning, because
we had this attitude and power when we were
little children. If we enjoy only the end results
of our activities, our enjoyments will be few
and far between, b«t if we enjoy also, even
though in lesser measure, the activities them-
selves, enjoyment may attend our efforts all
the day, especially those efforts, be the}^ work
or play, in which we are striving for excellence
of some sort. This is true even in work that is
very difficult and sometimes painful, as any
worthwhile work is likely to be. For there can
be no full or lasting enjoyment in a life that is
without pain and striving.

Now, this enjoyment of the process of doing
things is very natural and essential to music.
Singing or playing leaves behind it nothing to
see, touch, eat or sit on, not even to hear

WAYS TO MUSICAL GOOD FORTUNE

287

enthii

i! If

except in memory. Its na-
tural and best reward is a
state of mind or a state of
being which is gained only
as a by-product of entering
fully and self-forgetfuUy
into the process of the mu-
sic itself. That, incident-
ally, is why intense pro-
fessionalism with its set-
ting up of concert-giving and public acclaim as
primary ends is essentially unmusical and
tends strongly to destroy the values which are
the natural motives and rewards for music-
making. And that is why it is worth while to
recall those values as we are doing, always
remembering that enjoyment of the music
itself is the first of them and essential to all the
others. The others come only as by-products
of that enjoyment. Real music created and
performed for the love of it, without any
thought at all of any ulterior meaning or value
that it may have, is itself the purest expression
of the disposition by which one becomes a
member of the noble and delighted company of
upper-deckers. It can, therefore, be the best
teacher of that disposition.

Preserving the Sense of Worth in Ourselves

One of the boons that we included in our "for-
tune-telling" was a deep self-respect. In these
days when many people must feel belittled by
the terribly complicated economic and social
problems confronting us as a nation, some of
them seemingly beyond the power of man to
solve, our need to preserve a sense of worth in
ourselves is unusually great. That need must
be extremely acute among the unemployed and
the multitudes of other people who are near to
economic if not social failure, especially among
the young men and women who since their
school days have never had a chance to play
any such part in life as their vision and energy
have led them to expect and crave. But even
in the best times a wholesome sense in a per-
son of qualities and powers within him that are
estimable and expansible is essential not only
to his individual happiness and accomplish-
ment but also to the comfort and often even
to the well-being of the people around him. We
have already alluded to attainment of that
sense, in speaking of the man who, though he
appeared to be a belittled sort of person, took
on a dignity, grace and lovableness when he
played fine music in the orchestra. Any degree

"Enthusiasm, that is a grand word. Do
you know what it means? It comes from
two Greek words; 'en,' meaning within,
and 'theos,' God; the God that Is with-
in you, filled full with God. Amateur

you are a

true Ic

music, the God that is within you will
make It beautiful, though you have
the voice of a bullfrog." — Henry S.
Drinker, Jr.

of skill in singing or play-
ing, especially in a group,
may save the self-respect
of a person who, for some
reason or other, has been
made to feel very inferior.
The personnel of a commu-
nity chorus or orchestra is
likely to include people of
the lowliest jobs, or no
jobs, as well as people of the most respected
vocations. And when the chorus or orchestra
achieves a fine efifect, even the least skilled per-
son in it shares fully in the thrill of it. Though
he be a very humble member it affects him as
though it were an expression of his own
powers.

But it is a common experience that even
apart from any sense of skill, music of fine,
expansive feeling and excellence, though it be
but a simple folk-tune, gives us a sense of inner
worth and well-being. We say that it is fine
and expansive, gay or serene, noble, deeply
joyous, heroic, free, romantic or aspiring, but
these feelings are in ourselves, not in the mu-
sic. Were we not ourselves endowed with
these qualities, they could not exist for us in
the music. It is thus ourselves, our own good
qualities, that we are finding in the music.
These are what the music awakens in us, re-
vealing to us what we are at our best.

This is why we often turn to music when we
want to raise the morale, as we say, of a group
or an individual. But at its best it goes much
deeper and with much greater enjoyment than
that purpose usually permits it to go. Morale-
builders have usually started with "Smiles,"
"Old McDonald," and other "pep" songs, substi-
tutes for real enthusiasm, or just plain anodynes,
and have then found it hard to build any higher or
any more enjoyably. It may do very well in war-
time when life is completely and intensively
centered on defeating a very tangible enemy,
but it is hardly worth while in peace time
when our worst enemy is lack of inspiring
purpose and of life-filling interests. If people
want to sing these songs and want also some
leadership in doing so, we should, of course,
help to have them sung with all the fun and
other satisfaction that they can give. But there
are better songs even to start with, songs in
which, and from which we can much more readily
"go places and see things." And as we go we will

288

WAYS TO MUSICAL GOOD FORTUNE

be on the lookout for the keen surprise of beauty
which may come even in simple though really
vital and substantial music that is sung or
listened to by musically untrained people.
Then we may be sure of some real morale-
building.

For beauty has a way of bringing a man to
himself, humbling him before its revelation of
a larger and greater life, but at the same time
exalting and stimulating him greatly by its
intimation of his power to enter into that larger
and greater life. Then all fears, petty schemes,
meannesses, selfish gain and self-pity or adul-
tation are seen in their littleness and the great
things of life — courage, idealism, generosity,
loyalty and real happiness — find their proper
place. Emerson must have had such an ex-
perience one day when he wrote in his Journal :
"Best of all is the admonition that comes to me
from a natural demand of beauty, so naturally
made, wheresoever her eye rests, that our ways
of life, our indolences, indulgences and want
of heroic action are shamed. Yet I love the
reproof. When that which is so fair and noble
passes, I am enlarged, my thoughts grow more
spacious, the chambers of the brain, the loves
of the heart, are bigger."

Let us remember these things as we plan
for musical developments. Let us remember
also that music flourishes best where there is
freedom of spirit and a sense of fellowship and
social security, the feeling on the part 'of every
one that he "belongs" to the group, which is
a feeling greatly needed by many people, es-
pecially among the unemployed, and more
readily aroused by music than by any other
mode of expression. Furthermore, there is a
kind of magic in group music-making by which
even the person of little skill or, in singing, of
no skill at all, can find in it some measure of
the keen delight of making beauty. It is amaz-
ing how much better an unskilled group can
sing than any person in it could do alone. Add
to this experience of heightened expression the
growth in skill and understanding that are
readily gained through alert team-play in pur-
suing some real, first-class music, however
simple it be, and you have an enterprise that is
as adventurous, dashing and enjoyable as any
in the world.

- There should be free or inexpensive oppor-
tunity for every kind and degree of musical
activity through which such good fortune as

we have described might be made to come true.
The broad field of musical enjoyment and in-
spiration is for everyone who is interested in
it, and also for everyone who might be inter-
ested in it. And it is for a lifetime, not only
for the years of full vigor ; its delights growing
richer as we grow older.

Are We Leaders or Followers?

This plea for free or inexpensive musical
opportunity may be answered in many a city
and town by the statement that there is very
little or no interest in music in that commu-
nity. The plea is even there fully justifiable.
A chief purpose of every opportunity must
then be to arouse interest in music. Leadership
in recreation, adult education, music or in any
other field of leisure-time interest does not
consist only in providing for those activities
that large numbers of people already want or
most readily flop into. That sort of leadership,
though it can present impressive reports as to
the numbers of people that have participated
in the activities, might better be called "fellow-
ship." The real leader starts with interests that
people already have, but his greatest desire and
carefully planned endeavor is to see through
how increasingly engaging and enjoyable an
area of experience the individual or group can
go in following the ready-made interest.

Almost anyone can lure large numbers of
people to a show or sharply competitive sport,
to social dancing of a common sort, to a "stunt
night" or simple game, or get a crowd to bellow
some trivial song ; but the real leader knows how,
through such an interest, an increasing number of
people can find for themselves the keener fun and
deeper satisfactions of getting into worthwhile
plays, into intrinsically satisfying sport skills of
their own, into songs and singing that can give
even the least skilled person a taste of real happi-
ness, and into other activities in which there is
room for real growth. He knows also that even
though an activity attract only a few people
and be tucked away in a small room, the enjoy-
ment of those people may be of greater worth
than all the amusement of a multitude. And
as they tell their friends about it, the group
will gradually grow.

The good fortune we all seek does not fall
into our laps as we sit idly by or as we take
in some trivial activity. Not even ordinary
(Continued on page 324)

The Recreation Renaissance

WHEN THE Civilian Conser-
vation Corps came into re-
ality in April, 1933, this
country's recreation efforts were
reenforced with man-and-
money power which, in
two years, have advanced
these efforts fifty. In the
next two of what may
well become the perma-
nent years of this unique
organization, it is natural
to conclude this advance-
ment can round out a cen-
tury.

Let those who doubt
this statement go into the back country, look at
what has been done and imagine such achieve-
ments in less than this half-century without
the force of the Corps.

This rather amazing accomplishment is the
significant result of directing a great part of
this force at the development of state and
county parks — smaller, more numerous, more
accessible recreation areas to supplement the
magnificent national parks. This plan cap-
tured the fancy of the people from the start.
It is one thing to save timber and land, but
quite another to build lakes and cabins and
trails to the peaks. Because it combined con-
servation of resources for economic security
and enjoyment of these resources in the fur-
therance of human happiness, the park phase
of the Emergency Conservation Work pro-
gram took on great popularity and scope of
project. •

The Dream of Years Becomes a Reality

When, on that April day, word that the Civil-
ian Conservation Corps would be established
reached the offices of the National Park Ser-
vice on the fourth floor of Washington's Inte-
rior building, those who had sat in offices and
studied the waste of resources, or on Sequoia
stumps had day-dreamed of the coming of such
a force, realized immediately that in this CCC,
this first of the alphabetical bodies, was pre-

By Fanning Hearon

State Park Division
National Park Service

There

is real romance in

the

story

of the history

and

de-

velopment of the great

park

movennent and the

work

now

being

done through

the emer-

gency

conservation

program

which

has increased

state

and

county

park acreage

by more 1

than h

alf a million acres of 1

and.

s e n t e d the opportunity for
which conservationists and
park planners had waited since
thoughts ran in these direc-
tions.

The Department of the
Interior, through the Na-
tional Park Service, was
ready. By virtue of the
very fact they had been
marked for salvation and
set apart from the world,
the national parks in all
their vast and everlasting
beauty were not to absorb
so much of the dynamic
rush which stirred this remarkable movement,
but the nation's need for smaller parks was
crying in a neglected wilderness.

Director Arno B. Cammerer of the National
Park Service was named a member of the
Emergency Conservation Work advisory coun-
cil to meet with Director Robert Fechner, vet-
eran labor executive, appointed head of the
program by his friend, Franklin Roosevelt. At
once Mr. Cammerer knew that here was a job
for his branches of planning and forestry. Chief
Forester John D. Coffman took over the CCC
companies assigned to the national parks and
monuments and under Assistant Director Con-
rad L. Wirth, of the branch of planning, the
Conservation Corps streamed into the state and
county parks. Herbert Evison, Executive Sec-
retary of the National Conference of State
Parks and an experienced state park authority,
was called in by Mr. Wirth and no time was
lost in setting up five district offices with an
officer and a few inspectors for each district.
Applications for projects were asked for and
received overnight. In a few weeks 105 con-
servation corps units were developing state and
local parks in 26 states.

Thus the idea of a vast park development,
first conceived in the mind of the late great
Stephen Tyng Mather, founder of the National
Park Service, became a reality. There were
to be state parks and county parks ; metropoli-

289

290

THE RECREATION RENAISSANCE

tan parks and parks along the highways ; places
for the people to go into the hills and along
the streams of rural retreat ; places for them to
go down to the good earth and be comforted
by the abundance of peace and quiet which
came out of the Beginning of All Things.

The climax had come of Stephen Mather's
years of dreaming and planning, of coming
upon places which made him say : "Certainly
there must be others who enjoy these things
as much as I," but with that peculiar tragedy
of life which so often takes men away before
their hopes find realization, did not live to see
his ship with the white sails come home.

Developments Are Rapid

When the second six-months conservation
work period began on October i, 1933, such
interest in park development had been injected
into the states that the number and worth-
whileness of the project applications on hand
demanded that 239 CCC companies be placed
on areas in 32 states. In half a year the size
of the program had more than doubled. Six
months later the project needed 268 companies
in 40 states, and when the fourth period began
in October, 1934, the state and county recrea-
tion areas were employing 346 companies in
41 states. Today, under the expansion program
doubling of the Corps to 600,000 boys between

18 and 25 and war veterans has made it pos-
sible to assign 482 units to projects in 46 states
— 100,000 men working to make places for peo-
ple to rest and play.

Meanwhile Conrad Wirth, Herbert Evison
and a handful of stenographers have become
an important organization standing on its own
strong young feet, covering three floors in
Washington's downtown Bond Building, head-
ing for some sort of permanency under the des-
ignation, "State Park Division, National Park
Service, Department of the Interior." Many
a young man has been brought in from Wash-
ington and the field to help carry on the work,
and the five little cubbyhole district offices
have given way to the increased efficiency and
formality of eight regions, with offices in
Springfield, Mass., Bronxville, N. Y., Rich-
mond, Atlanta, Indianapolis, Oklahoma City,
Omaha and San Francisco. Architects, land-
scape architects, engineers, artists, foresters,
wildlife technicians, biologists, historians, con-
servationists, professional park and recreation
planners — all with advanced educations, years
of experience and the resulting reputations —
have been brought into the picture.

Encouraging indeed is the keen apprecia-
tion of the value of the program which has de-
veloped within the states. New York, Califor-
nia, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio and a few others

like these, with park
programs under way,
took hold of this new
opportunity and were
swept along. States
with no programs sud-
denly found them-
selves face to face
with one of the im-
portant Federal a i d
projects of all time
and immediately set
about doing some-
thing about it.

In the two years
since ECW began in

The tasks 'to which
the CCC workers de-
vote themselves rep-
resent a wide range
of useful projects

Courtesy National Park Service

THE RECREATION RENAISSANCE

291

Courtesy National Park Service

Yosemite National
of being the oldest

the Recovery Ad-
ministration's en-
ergetic spring of
1933, seven states
have acquired
their first park
properties. They
are Virginia, West
Virginia, South
Carolina, Missis-
sippi, New Mexi-
co, N e V a d a and
Montana. Besides
these newcomers,
evidence of this
recreation renais-
sance is found in
the two dozen
states which have
secured new parks
or additions to
parks.

In November, 1934, when the National Re-
sources Board made its requested report to
President Roosevelt the recreation division's
figures revealed that in the then 18 months of
Emergency Conservation Work the nation's
state park acreage had increased 376,849 acres.
Obviously this addition can be attributed to
the interest created by the movement. In the
next five months the momentum the program
had gained piled 81,000 more acres on to this
total, and today, in the face of the program's
expansion, indications are that another 70,000
have been acquired for development by the
new Corps companies. This estimated 527,849
acre increase lifts the nation's state and county
park acreage to about 3,650,000, an area nearly
as large as New Jersey. Two million of these
acres are in Adirondack State Park, New
York's "daddy of them all." Almost half the
national acreage is under CCC development,
satisfactorily developed, or pending develop-
ment.

According to this National Resources Board
report, in 1933 thirty-two states acquired 65
new parks and added to 27 old areas. In 1934
the new parks totaled 51 and the additions 26.
Texas, with a 247-229 acre increase in her park
properties in 1933, supplied two-thirds of that
year's total. This tremendous acquisition was
made possible by the addition to her system of
225,000 acre Big Bend State Park in Brewster

Park has the distinction
State park in the world

County down in
the sweeping el-
bow of the Rio
Grande.

Second to Tex-
as, in 1933 came
California with
seven new state
parks and six ad-
d i t i o n s to old
parks containing
28,683 acres. Vir-
ginia was third
with 15,374 acres
in six new parks,
and Oklahoma,
with Lake Mur-
ray State Park's
13,111 acres, stood
fourth. The 1934
land acquisition
leader was West
Virginia with two new parks and one addition
totaling 12,940 acres. California again ran sec-
ond, this time with 8,003 acres in four new
parks and three additions. Mississippi, with
4,380 acres in four new parks, is third, and
Alabama stands fourth with 4,364 acres in five
new parks.

The South's awakening to the need for these
state park conservation-recreation areas is
amazing. In the two years the Southern states
acquired 48,748 acres, all but about 5,000 acres
of them in new parks in the first few months
of 1934. New England, the Northwest and the
Midwest come under the head of those sections
which were not subject to so much of the re-
cent increase. California, also in this class,
stands out for the deliberate manner in which
she goes forward with her conservation-recrea-
tion planning regardless of emergencies and
awakenings.

Park History Significant

Seventy years after it began, when Congress
gave California the Yosemite Valley in 1865 as
the war between the states came to a close, the
state park movement is living the most excit-
ing years of its existence. It had been rather
slow at first, but now its history moves swiftly.

It has been an interesting, significant his-
tory. Administration of the Yosemite Valley
as a park was delayed ten years until 1875, and

292

THE RECREATION RENAISSANCE

then Congress took it back and it became the
world-known Yosemite National Park. In an-
other ten years there was more action: New
York set aside the Adirondack State Forest,
which has come to be known as the Adiron-
dack State Park, and the Niagara State Reser-
vation; Michigan set apart for salvation his-
toric old Mackinac Island, far up in the Great
Lakes country.

In 1895 the movement repeated for the third
time its ten-year activity interval when New
York again took the lead, this time establishing
the nucleus of what was to become the great
Palisades-Interstate Park, lying along both
banks of the Hudson in New York and New
Jersey. Soon other states — Massachusetts,
New Hampshire, Ohio and Illinois — came into
the picture. In 1921 in Des Moines, Iowa, the
movement received formal recognition, when
in that Midwestern city in January there gath-
ered a group of distinguished and enthusiastic
conservationists and park planners to organize
the National Conference on State Parks. Crea-
tion of this body was largely the result of the
dreams and activities of Stephen Mather, who
conceived the idea and talked about it so much
to his friends it found its way to reality. First
chairman of the Conference was the late John
Barton Payne, also chairman of the American
Red Cross. Obviously the fundamental good
sense of this plan to make possible the more
abundant life appealed to men who mattered.

Judge Payne held this position until 1927,
when he resigned to be succeeded by Mr.
Mather. Meetings of the Conference have been
held every spring or summer since that Janu-
ary in 1921. This year's
chairman is Indiana's col-
orful grand old man of
conservation, Colonel
Richard Leiber, and this
year's meeting place, Sky-
1 a n d, Virginia, in the
Shenandoah National
Park, June 19 to 2ist.

OBJECTIVE. NATIONAL CONFERENCE
ON STATE PARKS

How the Program
Operates

Actual conduct of work
in the park emergency
conservation program fol-
lows a definite plan. The
regional officers and their

"To urge upon our governments, local,
county, state and national, the acquisi-
tion of additional land and water areas
suitable for recreation, for the study of
natural history and its scientific aspects,
and the preservation of wild life, as a form
of the conservation of our natural re-
sources, until there shall be public parks,
forests and preserves within easy access of
all the citizens of every state and territory
of the United States, and also to encourage
the interest of non-governmental agencies
and individuals in acquiring, maintaining
and dedicating for public uses similar
values and uses of recreational areas."

inspectors are personal representatives of
Washington, who direct the work in the camps
and make contacts with the park and conserva-
tion authorities in the various states. Some of
these authorities, without whose cooperation
there could be no park program, act as pro-
curement officers for the projects in their indi-
vidual states.

Over each project is a superintendent, well-
trained and experienced, representing the Na-
tional Park Service as personal supervisor of
work and directly responsible to that organiza-
tion's State Park Division. Under the superin-
tendent are eight foremen, usually older men
with sound technical knowledge and enlisted
from the local community. With their own
eyes these eight men watch the enroUees as
they work.

A foreman skilled in log-cabin construction
will be with the boys erecting the recreation
lodge ; a plumber will supervise the installa-
tion of water and waste disposal sj'stems ; the
carpenter will mount the cabin's roof to direct
the laying of hand-split "shakes." There are
206 enrollees in each regular CCC company.
For camp maintenance the stagger system is
employed in keeping 23 of these from the field.
While the men are at leisure they are under
supervision of the officers of the United States
Army assigned to the project. Officials are find-
ing much satisfaction in the splendid manner
in which the Army and the technical agencies
are cooperating in this extraordinary effort.

Many phases has this park movement. It has
come in contact with interesting individuals,
places and situations, and has become an im-
portant factor in social
and economic develop-
ment.

Palomar Mountain in
California, with an obser-
vatory on which will be
installed the 200-inch mir-
ror "which will bring the
moon so close buildings
could be seen upon it,"
lies within a state park.
The observatory will
stand on top of the moun-
tain about one mile from
the boundary of Palomar
Mountain State Park. The
whole area, as result of

THE RECREATION RENAISSANCE

293

The erection of shelter
and concession buildings
is one of the constuc-
tion projects under way

the work of the Conser-
vation Corps, will be more
accessible, and installa-
tion of the great mirror,
now cooling in Corning,
New York, will be easier.
Development of recrea-
tional facilities looms
large in the TVA picture

with the assigning of Conservation Corps com-
panies to projects in the Knoxville, Muscle
Shoals and Wheeler Dam areas. Realizing
recreation is of vital importance to their pro-
jects, TVA authorities are cooperating splen-
didly with the National Park Service in ECW
to supply the facilities. When the region is
developed and thousands of people have come
there to spend their lives, there will be avail-
able parks in which they may spend these lives
more abundantly, for that is the aim of the
movement.

In its 1934 report the Milwaukee County
(Wisconsin) Park Commission — an outstand-
ing organization of its kind — went formally on
record to this effect in its expression of appre-
ciation of Emergency Conservation Work on
its projects under supervision of the State Park
Division :.

"Of all government activities to relieve pres-
ent economic conditions — the ECW movement
has met with greatest favor — ."

And, in giving an account of the work on
famed Honey Creek Parkway:

"Work accomplished in this unit of the
Parkway is one of the finest examples of what
ECW camps, under proper direction, can per-
form—."

So interested became the Hereford, Texas,
Lions Club in Hereford State Park not far
from that town, it put in effect a regulation
assessing a fine of 50 cents on every member
who does not visit the park between club meet-
ings. The fine money — what little there is,
for most members take this weekly visit seri-

ously — goes to purchase young trees to be
planted in the park.

Erosion control work in Brand Park above
the city of Glendale, California, saved that com-
munity from a recurrence of the damaging
floods which have swept down upon it in years
past.

Ten Conservation Corps companies under
National Park Service supervision are reclaim-
ing the Midwest's famed Skokie marshes sev-
eral miles northwest of Chicago. Development
of the area's 1,200 useless, mosquito-infested
acres into a Cook County recreation area is,
in magnitude, the State Park Division's No. i
project.

A park, as it is developed, has its timoer
tracts improved and protected, its topography
saved from erosion and flood, its most adap-
table acreage cleared for camp grounds and
picnic areas.

Under the experienced park service supci-
visors and the park authorities of the states,
the Conservation Corps is constructing foot,
horse and vehicle trails and bridges; simple
shelters, picnic tables, outdoor fireplaces, log
cabin communities, recreational lodges, and
places for boating, swimming and controlled
fishing. Most state parks contain that highly
valuable resource, scenic beauty, and the de-
veloped areas are so arranged that use of the
rark will be concentrated and the majority of
its acreage left untouched so this scenic beauty
and the area's wildlife may go on unmolested.

When completed a park is left in the hands
of the state or county in which it is located, to
be maintained and administered *by whatever
(Continued on fage 324)

A Community-School Project

By Robert A. Turner

Director of Recreation
Radburn, New Jersey

The interesting experience of
a town where school and com-
munity pooled their resources

As WE GivANCE over our communities and
^ sciiools we find an increasing number pro-
viding recreational activities for all groups.
With the increase of leisure there has been
a corresponding demand for opportunities of
spending spare time in activities of this nature.
Play and the "love of doing" have begun to
permeate the school life. More and more we
find the school including recreational activities
in its regular curriculum that provides a bal-
anced program or school day. Johnny is no
longer forced to sit from nine to twelve and
from one to four o'clock doing the three R's
in drill routine. In our educational system we
find play, action, laughter and even noise.
There is work, too, but one will find it hard
to decide where work begins and play ends.
Our schools are progressing in providing for
the well-rounded development of the child.

Many communities are sponsoring efficient
recreation programs. Trained workers lead
after-school and evening groups in a variety of
activities. Gymnasiums, parks, pools and audi-
toriums represent examples of the various fa-
cilities involved in
the administration
of these commu-
n i t y recreation
programs.

While the growth
and popularity of
recreation interest
represent a com-
mendable attitude

In addition to the
playground an out-
door swinnming pool
has been provided

of mind on the part of adults in general, the
condition also creates some problems. Partic-
ularly is this true in the case of the elementary
school pupil. If the community and school
develop programs on parallel lines, there is
certain to arise duplication both of facilities
and purposes. A situation exists in many com-
munities in which the school program or the
community program is well established at the
expense of the progress of the other, and con-
sequently a wide gulf exists between the two.
A logical situation is one in which the commu-
nit}' and school coordinate their eiiforts in
providing a unified educational program. With
such organization in mind, let us visit a com-
munity where a plan is being operated along
these lines.

Where Community and School Cooperate

Radburn, located within commuting dis-
tance of New York City, and having a popula-
tion of fourteen hundred, is a comparatively
"new" town. The community was started in
1929 with the expressed purpose of providing

294

A COMMUNITY-SCHOOL PROJECT

295

for city workers the wholesome experiences of
community life. The community maintains a
year-round recreation program which includes
all of its four hundred and fifty children who
are of school age.

Two full-time workers employed by the
community conduct recreational activities for
children of first grade age and above. Two swim-
ming pools and a playground program occupy
most of the children's time during the summer
months. During the winter months after-
school groups meet for gymnasium classes,
handicraft, dramatics, outings and similar ac-
tivities.

With the opening of school in September,
1934, the elementary school, including all
grades, had an enrollment of three-hundred
and three pupils. While a majority of these
children were included in the community's
program it was strongly felt by parents and
administrators that the school curriculum
should be expanded to include the activities
offered by the community, and the eft'orts of
both organizations coordinated in a unified
working plan. Largely due to the interest and
action of the parents such a program was es-
tablished. The after-school activities conducted
by the community were scheduled as regular
classes in the school curriculum. The recrea-
tion workers, while employed by The Radburn
Association, functioned as teachers and coop-
erated with the school faculty in carrying out
the program. A resume of this project reveals
the following characteristics :

Activity classes of a play or recreational
nature are scheduled for every grade but the
first. In the lower grades, from the second to
fifth inclusive, these classes meet every day
for thirty minutes. The grade teacher cooper-
ates with the community workers in formulat-
ing and supervising the program. Early in the
fall an activity program was furnished each
teacher which they carefully follow as an in-
troduction to the types of activities included.
Upon the completion of these programs each
teacher worked out a similar one for her par-
ticular grade. After following such a proced-
ure for seven months, the grade teacher is now
responsible for programming these recreational
periods for her respective classes. Each class

meets out-of-doors, except when weather con-
ditions are unfavorable, when the group re-
mains in the class room where relays, guessing
games and similar types of adaptable play oc-
cupy the time.

In the higher grades (sixth, seventh and
eighth), forty-five minute periods are sched-
uled each day. The community workers are
directly responsible for the programming and
leadership of each grade. The woman worker
directs the activities of the girls while the man
supervises the boys' work. In the fall and
early spring, weather permitting, all classes
meet out-of-doors. During the winter months
these classes' meet in the community gymna-
sium which is a ten-minute walk from the
school. Activities of an advanced athletic type
are scheduled as far as possible and upon the
basis of the groups' interest.

The health records of the school, established
through periodical examination by the school
doctor, are carefully checked by those in
charge to insure a complete knowledge of the
physical condition of the pupils.

Community facilities utilized by the school
in carrying out this phase of the program are
the gymnasium, playground, an outdoor swim-
ming pool and community rooms. Dancing
classes for the lower grade girls meet one ses-
sion a week in the community building. At
this time the boys of the same grade meet for
tumbling and tests of skills or coordinations.

The Club Program

A club program based on the interests of
the sixth, seventh and eighth grade pupils last
year functioned successfully for an eight-week
period. A forty-five minute period was set
aside once a week for the clubs to meet. Pupils
not desiring to participate in any particular
club were allowed to remain in their home
rooms. The clubs established were the volun-
tary selection of the group. Leadership of the
twelve clubs included four teachers. The re-
maining leaders were volunteers. Each club,
with the place of meeting, is given to illustrate
the variety of interest expressed and method
of accommodation adopted to provide for the
program.

296

A COMMUNITY-SCHOOL PROJECT

Club Place of Meeting

Music Club Lunch room

Dramatic Club '. 7th Grade room

Handicraft Club (boys) . . Boiler room

Book Club Office

First Aid Club Front of grade 6th

Newspaper Club Upper hall

Service Club Foot of lower stairs

Sewing Club Leader's residence

Travel Club Foot of front stairs

Stamp Club Back of grade 6th

Current Events Club .... Teacher's room
Art Club 8th Grade room

Each club's record of progress presents an
interesting picture. However, it is impossible
to relate the account here. Sufficient to men-
tion one incident later, and state here that the
program proved successful enough to be con-
tinued now in an after-school plan. This in-
cludes fifteen clubs, each meeting once during
the week in the school and in some cases, in
the homes of the leaders. The new clubs func-
tioning under this arrangement are dramatics,
(elementary), boxing, tumbling, bicycle, dance,
sewing (elementary), girl's handicraft, and
acrobatics. The clubs that were discontinued
due to a change of interest on the part of pupils
are the boys' handicraft, first aid, service,
travel and current events.

An interesting outgrowth of the activities of
one club is worthy of note. A group of twelve
boys met under the leadership of the janitor
of the school in a handicraft club. At the inau-
guration of this group, equipment available in
the school consisted of the janitor's work bench
and several miscellaneous tools including a
hammer, saws, vise, and other tools. The
possibilities of a handicraft program were out-
lined to the local Parent-Teacher Association.
They responded by raising funds to provide
lumber for work benches and to equip with
tools a wood-working shop on a small scale.
The club members then constructed work
benches which made possible later classes in
manual training. Woodworking classes now
meet once a week for boys, in each of the sixth,
seventh and eighth grades. On these days the
girls of each group meet for a cooking class
conducted by a resident of the community,
formerly a teacher of the subject, who has vol-
unteered her services.

Results Secured Through Cooperation

Those in charge are enthusiastic at the re-
sults secured through a plan which coordin-
ates the facilities of the school and commu-
nity. Some of the results which are apparent
and others which are more intangible are:

1. The development of a cooperative rela-
tionship between the parents and the school. ^
This characteristic is shown in such activities I
as the volunteer leadership of clubs, concern

of the Parent-Teacher Association in the pro-
gram and similar situations.

2. The program contributes to a balanced
school day. Study periods are interspersed
with activity periods while the after-school
hours are the child's own for freedom of play
and expression.

3. In the lower grades there is a new
teacher-pupil relationship established. The
teacher is not a symbol of drudgery but is
associated with the children in their play and
the things they like to do. This carries over
into classroom response. The teachers agree
their position is strengthened with the class.

4. Ever}' child in the grades covered by the
program secures an opportunity to engage in
the activities. Before, while the percentage of
participation ran high in the community's
after-school program, there was not the one-
hundred percent participation which is secured
in this type of an organization.

5. There is no duplication of programming
or over-lapping of facilities use. The same
leadership influences exist and a uniform set of
standards predominates.

6. The interest of the children in the pro-
gram has never waned. With other methods,
pupils approach these* activities at the end of
the school day mentally and physically fa-
tigued. In this situation, classes are included
in the regular school day and afford children
opportunities for expression and relaxation.

7. An arrangement of this type permits en-
richment of the curriculum to include such sub-
jects as clubs, handicraft, dancing, cooking and
other creative activities.

8. Finally, the fact may become recogni-
zable that such an arrangement marks a step
in the functioning of the school and commu-
nitv as a united factor in the child's life.

Hiram College Students Go Out of Doors

By Eleanor Farnham

To ONE WHOSE distant memories of "gym" are
of dumb-bell exercises laboriously executed
indoors by girls in voluminous bloomers, the
fire that destroyed Hiram College's gymna-
sium last November w^ould not seem to be an
unmixed disaster! Loss of the gymnasium
sent Hiram students out of doors where they
have been skiing, playing soccer on icy fields,
and building their hiking mileage up to lOO
miles per man or girl. Being forced by neces-
sity to invent an outdoor program, the Physical
Education Department at Hiram has gained
some experience that promises to affect the
practise in other colleges.

By fall Hiram expects to have its gymna-
sium rebuilt. But winter sports have come to
stay at the college. After all, there is some-
thing about "coeducational tobogganing" that
is more exhilarating than Indian club drills or
setting up exercises. It is highly probable that
girls will continue coming to the Dean's teas
dressed in knickers, boots and mittens, but
glowing from soccer in the snow and raven-
ously hungry.

Immediately after the fire the men students
were told that they would be expected to en-
gage in some outdoor activity at least twice a

When fire destroyed the gymnasium at
Hiram College last winter, driving the
students out of doors for their sports,
a new era was initiated at that institu-
tion." It is our opinion," states Herbert
C. Mathews, Director of the Physical
Education Department, "that a future
program of outdoor sports can be or-
ganized which will do away with the
wholesale hibernation of students as soon
as the mercury drops a few degrees."

week. They were encouraged to exceed this
minimum. Each man was responsible for re-
cording his attendance at the temporary head-
quarters of the Physical Education Depart-
ment. An exception was made for the varsity
basketball squad for whom a practise gymna-
sium was located in the region.

Here is the list of sports a resourceful di-
rector and a vigorous body of American col-
lege boys found for diversion and exercise:

Hiking
Volley Ball
Speed Ball
Deck Tennis
Ice Skating
Horseback Riding
Roller Skating
Rope Jumping

Coasting

Calisthenics

Swimming

Boxing

Wrestling

Cycling

Soccer

Hunting

Football
Track
Hand Ball
Basketball

Billiards
Bbwling
Fencing
Skiing

Hiking leads the list of ac-
tivies in popularity with volley
ball and speed ball on outdoor
courts, hunting and skiing fol-
lowing. The basketball back-
boards were not destroyed by
the fire and they were set up
on an outdoor basketball court.
A toboggan and bob-sled were

"Coeducational toboganning" is
a great deal more fun than are
drills or setting-up exercises!

297

298

HIRAM COLLEGE STUDENTS GO OUT OF DOORS

added to the equipment of the department.
Nearby ponds provided ice skating.

Each week the staff makes a check-up of the
individual records and calls in for conference
any student who is not engaging twice a week
in some type of outdoor activity, or who is
confining his recreation to only one or two
activities. All students are encouraged to en-
gage in the scheduled outdoor group activities.
Thus far only one student has expressed the
wish to return to definite class periods.

Experience with the experimental program
showed the advisability of having regular
hours scheduled in the later afternoon at which
instruction can be given in a variety of outdoor
activities. Students are required to attend at
least one of these sessions a week. The rest
of the week he may select his activity, either
joining an organized group or adding to his
hiking mileage or his prowess on the skiis or
improving some other individual skill.

In the spring term tennis, golf, playground
baseball, track, archery and swimming will be
ofifered and the intramural sports program re-
sumed.

"We are cognizant of the fact that the wide
range of activities now on the list could not
be incorporated in a future program for any
one quarter if real instruction is to be given in
the activities," Director Matthews recently re-
ported to the faculty. "But the experiment has
shown the advisability of making the program
more elective. The plan we are considering
would let the student select his physical edu-
cation activities from a group ofifered each
quarter. By Ihe time the student had finished
the four semesters' Physical Education re-
quirement he would be 'introduced to' (and we
hope better acquainted with) at least eight
different activities. Included in the eight would
be several of high carry-over value for his after
college life. The plan of using the scheduled
class period for instruction would be adhered
to."

Miss Helen Petrosky, in charge of Physical
Educatiop for women, has found her students
cooperative and enthusiastic over the outdoor
program. Indoor space was provided so that
classes in dancing and tumbling could be car-
ried on. The organized outdoor activities were
soccer, winter sports and hiking.

Approximately a third of the women stu-
dents registered for soccer and it has been

played on the football field twice a week. "This
is a vigorous activity in which it is possible to
keep warm in all kinds of weather," according
to Miss Petrosky. The girls have dressed in
knickers, boots, sweaters, scarfs and mittens
and have shown considerable enthusiasm for
the sport. Not a scheduled period has been
cancelled and we have played at times in snow, ■■
and on a very icy field. Teams have been f
chosen and a tournament played off. Volley
ball on an outdoor court is next on the
schedule."

Girls registering for winter sports are re-
quired to hike five miles a week or coast for
two hours. Twenty girls entered a marathon
hike to continue throughout the winter. The
goal of this hike is loo miles.

Spring activities — tennis, baseball, archery
and hiking — will be organized as soon as wea-
ther permits.

A course in games suitable to children of all
age groups has a large enrollment because the
students know the knowledge will be useful
to them for elementary school teaching and for
playground or summer camp positions. A
study of the games is made with an eye lo
their relative value and their suitability to dif-
ferent ages and groups.

The Women's Athletic Association nas
grasped the opportunity to have its share in
the recreational program. With hiking recog-
nized by the Physical Education Department,
they distributed copies of a topographical map
of the region around Hiram so that the "mile-
age hounds" could keep a map record of their
tramps over the countryside. They have or-
ganized coasting parties, skating parties, stu-
dent-faculty hikes and informal game periods.
Meanwhile Miss P,etrosky and the college
nurse are keeping a careful record of colds
reported.

Loss of its gymnasium has put Hiram's
Physical Education program on a naturalistic
basis, perhaps more adaptable to after-college
I'fe than one dependent upon elaborate equip-
ment. The year's experience has enabled her
to contribute some experience to the recrea-
tional trend of physical education in America.
We prophesy that not even a new gymnasium
will tempt students from romping on Hiram's
snowy hills next winter.

Chicago on Parade!

By V. K. Brown

THE Chicago Recreation
Commission, cooperat-
ing with the National
Recreation Association,
plans to make the twenty-
first Recreation Congress a
demonstration event.

Dr. Philip Seman is Chair-
man of the Chicago Recre-
ation Commission — an ad-
visory body appointed by
Mayor Kelly to enlist the
best citizen thought of the
city in long term planning

for the leisure of Chicago's citizens. The Com-
mission is not an administrative body. It serves
rather to bring together representative citizens in-
terested in the community as a whole to consider
every aspect of recreational life in the Chicago
metropolitan district. Such citizens as Rufus
Dawes, who as President carried through the
great enterprise of the Century of Progress to a
successful conclusion ; Judge John P. McGoorty
of the Circuit Court bench; Henry P. Chandler,
an outstanding attorney and civic leader; Presi-
dent Francis B. Corcoran of De Paul University ;
Rev. Charles W. Gilkey, Dean of the University
of Chicago Chapel ; Robert B. Harshe, Director
of Chicago Art Institute ; President Robert M.
Hutchins of the University of Chicago; Peter J.
Peel, past President of the United States Football
Association and well known sportsman; Lorado
Taft, Sculptor; Arch Ward, Sports Editor of the-
Chicago Tribune; S. J. Duncan-Clark of the edi-
torial staff of the Daily News; Samuel Knox
Wilson, President of Loyola University; Walter
Dill Scott, President of Northwestern University ;
William J. Bogan, Superintendent of Schools ;
Miss Grace Abbott, former Chief of. the Chil-
dren's Bureau ; Harriet Vittum, head Resident of
Northwestern University Settlement ; Lea D.
Taylor of Chicago Commons; Mrs. M. L. Purvin,
Trustee of the Library Board; Mrs. William F.
Dummer, student and supporter of advanced edu-

Chicago has many interesting sights
to show those attending the National
Recreation Congress to be held from
September 30th to October 4th. The
demonstrations of recreation activi-
ties and inspection tours to recrea-
tion centers, playgrounds and parks
will be supplemented by trips to the
cultural, art, and educational centers
of the city, arranged by the Chicago
Recreation Commission of whose ac-
tivities Mr. Brown tells in this article.

cational methods, and other
leaders of business, educa-
tional, social, and artistic
life of the community com-
prise the distinguished list
of members of this Com-
mission.

Speaking for the Com-
mission, Dr. Seman has so-
licited representation from
all of the numerous parent-
teacher groups, women's
clubs, community improve-
ment associations and other
organizations in the Chicago community who are
interested in community life, to attend the con-
ference as delegates from the bodies which they
represent. The response of the social forces in
Chicago and of citizen organizations is such as
to assure visitors from other cities that not only
the public agencies serving the recreational needs
of the city will be acting as host, but that the en-
tire organized force of the city moving toward a
more abundant life, will be present.

Inspection Tours to Municipal Recreation
Centers

Theodore Gross, recognized as one of the senior
recreation executives of the country, has adminis-
trative responsibility for the system of munici-
pally owned and operated playgrounds under the
City Bureau of Parks, Playgrounds, and Beaches,
and has superintended the operation of the mu-
nicipal, as distinct from the park and the public
school system of playgrounds, continuously since
1907, to the writer's personal knowledge. For the
convention, Mr. Gross will serve as chairman of
the committee planning inspection tours to cover
every type of recreational service institution
which the city affords. Itineraries are to be
printed or mimeographed, and each bus will be
provided with two conductors. Private cars are
also to be made available to enable visitors to go
to institutions not on the general party route, and

299

300

CHICAGO ON PARADE!

the tours have been planned to give at least a
bird's-eye view of all of the institutions of the
various systems of recreation service in Chicago.
Representative activities of all types will be oper-
ating on normal schedules, since the committee
feels that the visiting delegates would prefer to
see normal operations, rather than special exhibi-
tions. The only special schedule to be presented
visitors on these tours will be an arrangement
whereby the normal operation of the grounds and
institutions visited will provide a demonstration
of the complete range of activities. The gymnasi-
ums visited will plan their activities on the days
when the visitors arrive, so that girls in the gym-
nasiums will not happen at the moment when the
visiting delegates are present, all to be engaged in
tap dancing, for example. Rather, by pre-arrange-
ment, some of the classes will present a normal
program of gymnastics, others of games, others
of the various types of dancing, or miscellaneous
physical activity representative of a comprehen-
sive program.

"Flash" Demonstrations

The Program Features Committee, under H. G.
Reynolds, is arranging this schedule, and is also
providing flash demonstrations to be interpolated
in the convention program proper by groups from
all of the institutions of the city promoting recre-
ational activity. No major spectacle, such as an
elaborate pageant, is planned, and no complete
drama, concert, or game, is scheduled. The at-
tendance at the convention, it is thought, will be
people with a professional interest in the full range
of modern recreation activities. A very brief view
of one figure in a dance, it is believed, will afford
such a professional audience a sufficient demon-
stration to enable them to visualize other figures
which are omitted to conserve time. Visitors will
not have time to spare for a complete puppet
show, but a three-minute demonstration by a group
of children manipulating their marionettes will
adequately portray the degree of development of
puppetr}' which has been attained by the children
involved in the demonstration. Throughout the
program such flashes of typical activities will be
presented.

Information and Consultation Service

Edward L. Burchard, Executive Secretary of
the Chicago Recreation Commission, will main-
tain among the exhibit booths a local information
service. Guests wanting to see the head of the

Jewish People's Institute's famous dramatics de-
partment, to talk with him about some dramatic
problem in their own communities, will consult
this booth to make the necessary arrangements.
Similarly, those who desire to visit, because of
special personal interest, any local institution, will
find in constant attendance at this booth people
who will serve their individual requirements.

Mr. Walter Wright, Superintendent of the City
Bureau of Parks, Recreation, and Aviation, is
planning a consultation service whereby visitors
who wish to discuss technical problems may make
arrangements to meet with experts in the subject
matter about which they wish to inquire, whether
the subject be architecture, landscaping, sanitation,
inspection and repair, or any other of the highly
technical fields involved in modern recreation
service.

Hobbies, Arts and Crafts
Herman Fischer has so long represented the
Board of Education Playgrounds at previous
Congresses that he will require no introduction to
the majority of the visitors. Scattered through the
commercial exhibits, his local committee, in thirty
special booths, will have workers present demon-
strating some of the recent developments in
special recreation activities, particular emphasis
being placed on recreational hobbies, arts and
crafts. It has been thought advisable by Mr.
Fischer's committee that these booths be in actual
operation, so that visitors may consult with the
workers themselves on any technical processes or
problems which have arisen in their own systems,
and which they wish to talk over with experienced
workers familiar with the details of the subject.

Private and Public Agencies to Welcome
Visitors

In addition to the public agencies carrying on
under municipal auspices the recreation program
of the city, Chicago is exceptionally rich in in-
stitutions widely known for their value in the
leisure life of the city. Hull House is interna-
tionally famous, and at its side stand other social
settlements of the city, each with its own fine set
of traditions — Chicago Commons, which has seen
the devoted life-time service of Graham Taylor,
and where now his daughter. Lea, is carrying on
the work of her distinguished father. Northwest-
ern University Settlement, where Harriet Vittum.
and the University of Chicago Settlement, where
Mary McDowell, have lived their lives with sin-

CHICAGO ON PARADE!

301

gleness of purpose in neighborly cooperation with
the people of their communities — to mention only
a few of the settlement institutions.

The Public Library of the city has been singu-
larly successful through its numerous branches in
making itself a great force in the thinking, as the
Art Institute has in the art, life of the people. The
Garfield Park Floral Conservatory is famous not
alone for its magnificence in presenting botanical
specimens and the landscaping eflfects of its in-
ternationally known fern room ; of recent years it
has carried on an educational lecture service of
great value and extraordinary popularity. The
Lincoln Park Zoo is a Chicago tradition, and the
new Brookfield naturalistic zoological gardens are
in the forefront of modern zoological develop-
ments. The Planetarium was the first American
institution to present artificially a breath-taking
demonstration of the workings of the universe,
where our own solar system is put through its
controlled paces, and the courses of the stars are
visibly demonstrated. The new Rosenwald Mu-
seum of Science and Industry, now enriched by
large additions following the Century of Progress,
is becoming a factor of great importance in ren-
dering understandable the complexities of mechan-
ical and scientific technology. The Chicago His-
torical Society, the Lincoln Park Academy of
Science, the local universities and the great in-
dustries and merchantile establishments, each has
a story to tell, and only recently have we gotten
around to doing something about the organizing
of local and visiting people to take them on tours
to see and to hear.

Tours of All Types

The Recreation Commission is now operating
such excursions, so that, for example, a group
may go with a personal pilot to the Field Museum
of Natural History and spend the day viewing
the products of the world's cultures there assem-
bled, or studying the flora and fauna of all of the
continents, to be followed by a later tour through
the steel mills, a vsiit behind the scenes in Mar-
shall Field's store, a bird's-eye view of Chicago's
skyline from the top of the Tribune Tower, or
a trip through the freight subway under the city's
streets. The way in which we accomplish the
world's work is no less interesting than the way
in which the Chicago Cubs play a ball game, or
the way in which the city operates street-end
beaches on Lake Michigan.

The Recreation Commission is developing this
piloted excursion service, and the response to the
announcement that this service is now available
has shown how eagerly the people living in the
city desire to know more of the place in which
they live. While Mr. Gross's committee must
limit the points visited on the excursions of the
convention delegates, his committee is at the same
time making arrangements so that delegates, as
they find opportunity, may be piloted to other in-
stitutions which for personal reasons, or because
of some special plan which they have in mind for
their own cities, they desire to see.

The local information booth, under Mr. Burch-
ard, will hold itself ready to make arrangements
for such individual and additional explorations,
because all of Chicago is constituting itself a host
to the convention, and in its welcoming hospi-
tality wants its guests to have the freedom of the
city, and to make themselves perfecdy at home
throughout their stay here.

One of the features of the Recreation Congress
will be the commercial exhibits which will be
shown. Among the exhibitors of recreation
equipment and supplies who have thus far pur-
chased space are the following :

The Everwear Manufacturing Co Springfield, Ohio

Clayton F. Summy Co Chicago, Illinois

The American Crayon Co Sandusky, Ohio

Benjamin Electric Manufacturing Co.

Des Plaines, Illinois

The Manual Arts Press Peoria, Illinois

A. G. Spalding & Bros New York City

J. E. Porter Corp Ottawa, Illinois

The P. Goldsmith Sons Co Cincinnati, Ohio

Binney & Smith Co New York City

Wilson-Western Sporting Goods Co Chicago, Illinois

Publishers who will display books include:

Harper & Bros New York City

A. S. Barnes & Co New York City

Little, Brown & Co Boston, Mass.

W. W. Norton & Co New York City

Frederick A. Stokes Co New York City

The Viking Press Inc New York City

The Womans Press New York City

E. P. Dutton & Co New York City

J. P. Lippincott Co Philadelphia, Pa.

National Council of the Y.M.C.A.'s New York City

A Husking Bee for That Autumn Party

Suggestions for a jolly party which may be
held in a basement^ attic, garage or barn

INVITATIONS. Invitations
should be scribbled in brown
crayon on yellow paper cut
in the shape of ears of corn. Guests must come in
aprons or overalls, sunbonnets or big straw hats,
or other similar country garb.

Decorations. Decorate the room with corn
stalks, pumpkins, real ears of corn, a scarecrow or
two, lanterns, hay and straw. In one corner,
among stalks, have a bushel basket of ears of
corn made of twisted paper base covered with
yellow and green crepe paper to resemble real
corn. Inside each, under its "husks," is a slip of
paper which contains the directions for a game or
the announcement of some number on the even-
ing's program.

The Preliminaries. Guests crowd around on the
floor while an orchestra of fiddlers, mouth-harp-
ists, and similar instruments, all properly garbed
in farm clothes, play old-time tunes. Each guest
is given a number, or if there are very many
players, only the boys are given them. In turn,
they draw ears of corn from the basket, husk
them, and read the directions on the slip of paper
inside. If a game is given, the group plays it ac-
cording to these directions, the person who drew
the ear leading the game. If a program number is
given, the performer the slip mentions does his
act. When a game or number is finished the next
ear is drawn, the guests seating themselves on the
fioor again. Each guest may draw any ear he
wishes, but must wait his turn to do so.

"I a husker gets a red ear, he may kiss any girl
he chooses." (Tradition.) Write several slips in
red. Those drawing the ears containing these
slips may choose their own partners for the rest
of the evening. Others will draw or match for
theirs at refreshment time.

Matching Partners. For matching partners, any
of the following methods may be used :

Small paper ears of corn are cut into two odd
shapes each. Boys and girls match halves. Pieces

By Mabelle Williams

Greeley, Colorado

of corn candy are tied on to
ends of pieces of string which
are woven about posts, furni-
ture, etc. One end of the string is colored red.
Each girl takes one of these ends. The boys take
the plain ends. They eat their candy, roll up the
string carefully as they untangle it, and finally
meet their partners.

Paper ears of corn, half made of brown paper,
half of yellow, are numbered two of each num-
ber. These are hidden. The players hunt for
them, each girl seeking a brown one, each boy a
yellow. Those having the same numbers are
partners.

To a gay old-time tune players skip around in
two circles, one inside the other. When the music
stops suddenly those opposite each other are de-
clared partners.

Games

Word-forming "from Cat and mouse

corn husking bee Hide and go seek

Corn candy hunt Red light

Old-fashioned dances Telephone

(Square, Circle, Vir- Charades

ginia Reel) Forfeits

Farmer in the dell

Fiddle solos
Mouth harp solos
Vocal numbers
Old-time solo dances

Program Numbers

Individual stunts
Accordion numbers
Banjo solos
Group singing (to fol-
low refreshments

Old-time Songs

Turkey in the Straw Old Folks At Home

Old Zip Coon
Shine On, Harvest

Moon
Seeing Nellie Home
Jingle Bells
Old Oaken Bucket
Old Kentucky Home

(Continued on page 325)

Carry Me Back to

Old Virgnia
Dixie

Mocking Bird
Bicycle Built for Two
Juanita
Dem Golden Slippers

302

Community Dances in Lancaster

By
Richard D. Altick

Lancaster, Pa.

THE COMMUNITY DANCES which for fifteen
years have proved such an outstanding suc-
cess as part of the winter program of the
Recreation and Playground Association of Lan-
caster, Pennsylvania, are the result of two press-
ing needs in the community.

The first need is a social one. In a community
of about 60,000 population the opportunities the
adolescent boy and girl have for wholesome recre-
ation are definitely limited. Their fancies are turn-
ing toward the opposite sex ; they are reaching the
"party age." Too mature to stay at home, too young
to share the diversions of young men and women
a few years older than themselves, they are faced
with a serious problem when they seek means of
diversion fitted to their new interests in life.
Movies have a certain appeal to boys and girls of
that age, but the welling animal spirits of youth
demand an outlet such as dancing provides. School
dances or private parties are not held often enough
to satisfy their need for social recreation. In the
average community there remain only public
dance halls and roadhouses.

It was to this latter type of recreational facili-
ties that a parent in Lancaster referred when he
remarked, "When I look on the amusement page
of the newspaper on Saturday night and see the
ads of all the terrible places where the boys and
girls might go, I become more and more grateful
?or the community dances that give my son and
daughter a chance to do their
dancing in the right sort of at-
mosphere."

Again, organizers have long
recognized the importance of
provision for social dancing in
any recreation program. Back
in 1 92 1, when the community
dances had barely started, Miss
Mildred E. Wiley, then the su-
perintendent of the Lancaster
recreation program, wrote, "The

"There is no art that is more pop-
ular with youth than dancing, and
there is no art that has more to
teach youth of health, strength,
beauty and wholesome joy. It is up
to the parents, teachers, ministers
and civic leaders to see that this
great art is maintained in their
community on the high level that
is its ancient heritage." — From a
statement by Lucile Marsh.

Mr. Altick, who has sent us this
account of the community dances
in Lancaster, is a student at the
local college and for a number of
seasons has been a member of the
Saturday evening dance commit-
tee. He is therefore thoroughly
familiar not only with the details
involved in the conducting of the
dances, but, as a participant him-
self, with the feeling of the young
people toward the program.

dance is unquestionably the most popular form of
entertainment for groups of young men and
women, and deservedly so, since in addition to
being splendid exercise, it has a distinct social
value, and afifords, as does perhaps no other ac-
tivity, an easy and pleasant means of promoting
sociability and acquaintance."

The community dances seem to provide an ex-
cellent solution of both these problems. They give
parents peace of mind ; they give the boys and
girls what they desire, a rendezvous where they
can spend their Saturday evenings in the manner
most agreeable to them, and they encourage social
dancing as a highly desirable recreation. Begin-
ning in 1920 as a mere experiment, they have be-
come a veritable institution in Lancaster, affec-
tionately remembered by the men and women who
attended them in their own high school days, and
extremely popular with the present sixteen-to-
twenty set.

How the Plan Operates and Why

The most striking feature about the community
dances is the fact that they are
conducted almost wholly by vol-
unteers. The Recreation and
Playground Association, the
nominal sponsor, handles the
administrative details, acts as
treasurer and publicity agent,
and provides a responsible back-
ing. Its present superintendent,
Grant D. Brandon, acts as the
advisor of the volunteer group
in charge of the parties. But

303

304

COMMUNITY DANCES IN LANCASTER

the actual running of the weekly afifairs rests en-
tirely in the hands of the capable young men and
women ranging in age from sixteen to twenty-
five who represent the various youths' organiza-
tions of the community and who serve voluntarily
and without compensation.

At the beginning of each season every school,
club, or other group cooperating in the dances
nominates two or more of the boys and girls con-
nected with it to represent it on the body whose
official title is "The Community Dance Board of
Governors." Thus, last season, there were several
representatives each from the Y.W.C.A., two col-
leges located near the city, several industrial
plants, a theological seminary, the local Boy
Scout Council, a boys' and a girls' preparatory
school, the DeMolay Chapter, Catholic clubs and
other similar organizations.

There exists in the board of
governors a strong esprit de
corps which makes it as effici-
ent a volunteer group as can be
found anywhere. The unflag-
ging enthusiasm with which its
members work to make the
dances a continued success is
due partly to their realization,
as members of the very group
the dances are designed to serve,
of the great desirability of the
institution of the community
dances, and partly to the absolute lack of compul-
sion or excessive formality which attends their
position. Every member of the board may do as
much or as little as he pleases, and he may select
the type of work connected with the dances that
he likes best to perform. It is such pleasant work,
and the members of the board are so uniformly
congenial and interested in what they are doing,
that, as one of them has said, the "management"
derives more fun from the dances than do the
"customers" themselves.

One of the most successful features of the
community dances is the "group-in-charge" idea.
Each week's dance is announced as being spon-
sored by the representatives of a different co-
operating organization, such as DeMolay, Teach-
ers' College, Y.W.C.A., etc. The decorations are
carried out in the colors of that organization, and
the feature dances are designed with especial ref-
erence to it. Its representatives on the board be-
come the hosts and hostesses of the evening, al-
though, of course, their fellow board members

A discussion of social dancing will
be found in "Partners in Play," a
booklef outlining some of the ac-
tivities of various types which older
boys and girls, young men and
young women may enjoy together.
The publication also has a chapter
entitled Dance Games and Stunts
describing ways of adding social
features and devices to the modern
social dance. "Partners in Play"
may be secured from the National
Recreation Association. Price, $.75.

are in active attendance. It has been found that
this plan adds an important touch of distinction
to each party, constantly reminding the dancers
that these parties are their very own.

The personnel of the community dances is par-
ticularly proud of the fact that they are entirely
self-supporting. Although the Recreation and
Playground Association, as the backer, stands
ready to make up an-y deficit incurred, only once
in the history of the dances has it been called
upon to do so, and then only in the worst year of
the depression. The admission charge of twenty-
five cents per person, when received from an
average crowd of 275 dancers every Saturday
evening, has proved sufficient to rent the hall,
engage a good orchestra, buy decorations and other
supplies, provide a fund for emergencies, and
even, as has been the case the
last few years, to make possible
an end-of-the-season compli-
mentary dinner and theater
party for the board members as
a recognition of their services.

Naturally, in fifteen years the
board of governors, many of
whose members have served for
several consecutive seasons, has
become quite expert in running
these weekly Saturday night
dances. The fruit of their long
experience in the practical as-
pects of conducting community dances is sum-
marized for the benefit of other groups who may
be planning similar programs.

Some Practical Details

Time: Every Saturday evening from October
to May, 8 to 1 1 :30.

Place: The gymnasium of the Lancaster
Y.W.C.A.

Planning: Each week's dance is planned in ad-
vance during an informal round-table conference
of the board held every Thursday evening. In
order that attendance at the meeting will not in-
terfere with other activities of the members, many
of whom are going to school or college, its dura-
tion is strictly limited to half an hour.

Organization: The board has the usual officers,
who serve for one year.

Decorations: To transform the somewhat dingy
gymnasium every Saturday night into something
approximating a small ballroom is an exciting

COMMUNITY DANCES IN LANCASTER

305

challenge to the ingenuity and artistry of the
, board members. Every Saturday afternoon as
many of them as are free invade the gym and,
armed vi^ith plenty of crepe paper streamers and
other materials, achieve quite attractive decora-
tive effects. Several of the young men are good
amateur electricians, and with the colored spot-
lights and mechanical devices the board has pur-
chased from its profits they create new effects
from week to week. In two hours the gym is
transformed into a softly lighted little ballroom
with a gay party atmosphere.

Chaperonage: Although as a rule nowadays
adult chaperons are regarded as being as superflu-
ous as the proverbial fifth wheel, it has been
found that their presence adds greatly to the pres-
tige of the dances and increases parental reliance
in them. Two or three couples are invited each week
by the representatives in charge that particular
week. Usually they are connected with the spon-
soring organization in some way, as teachers, ad-
visers or patrons. On evenings when there is no
special "group-in-charge," civic leaders, the par-
ents of some of the dances' most regular attend-
ants, or other interested persons are asked to be
guests.

Music: The dance tunes are supplied by the
local orchestras whose performance is the most
popular at the moment with the dancers.

"Feature" Dances: There are at least two of
these during the evening ; and, thanks again to
the ingenuity of the board members, they are of
almost infinite variety. There are elimination
dances, spot dances, dances devised in honor of
some holiday, prize waltzes and fox-trots. The
last mentioned are especially popular because they
encourage good dancing and give the chaperons
who act as judges an active part in the proceed-
ings which they enjoy. Prizes are awarded the
winners of each event.

Concessions: During intermission members of
one of the Y.W.C.A. girls' clubs serve refresh-
ments for a small charge in the adjoining cafe-
teria. The board likewise awards checking privi-
leges to responsible persons, who check patrons'
coats for five cents each.

Duties of the Board Members: As has been men-
tioned, there are few specific duties assigned to
specific individuals. But in practice each member
of the board finds something he likes particularly
to do, and he does it every Saturday evening.
Four or five, who do not care to dance, remain

at the impromptu box office to receive the money,
keep a record of the number of patrons coming
from each of the cooperating organizations, and
issue the dance programs that serve the purpose
of ticket stubs. The rest drift onto the floor,
where they mingle with the crowd, dancing with
those who show a tendency to remain along the
walls, conducting the prize events, and keeping
things in general running smoothly. Since the
board members are widely acquainted among the
boys and girls who come to the dances, they are
well equipped to make introductions and to en-
courage mixing.

Behavior: There are few problems of be-
havior, largely because the spirit of the com-
munity dances has been traditionalized by their
fifteen years of operation. The purposes of the
dances are so well known that an automatic pro-
cess of selection seems continually at work, at-
tracting the better classes and excluding the un-
desirables. During the past two seasons the system
which limited admission to those holding identi-
fication cards given them, free upon request, by
board members, has been suspended, with no notice-
able decline in the quality of the crowd attending.

Supervision is about as unobtrusive as it is
possible to make it. Although in reality the board
members are engaged in active chaperonage every
moment they are on the floor, the dancers think
of them simply as their everyday friends and as-
sociates, and not as meddling "snoopers." Yet the
board members, fully realizing their responsibility
for the success or failure of the community
dances, even while they are mingling with their
acquaintances, never forget their obligation to be
alert for instances of flagrant misconduct which
may spoil the fun of the majority. Their tactful
words of caution are usually sufficient to silence
a too boisterous youth. Ejection is rarely
necessary.

The policy of the community dances has always
been one of great toleration. The blue badges of
the board members are used as means of identi-
fication, rarely as symbols of authority. The vol-
unteers, coming as they do from the ranks of the
dancers themselves, know better than anyone else
possibly could what a great degree of freedom is
desirable in such affairs, and they strive to main-
tain it, intervening only in the case of downright
nuisances.

It is this atmosphere of freedom, of informality,
of friendly toleration which, in the last analysis,
(Continued on page 325)

Rochester's New Swimming Pools

THE SITES for the new
swimming pools in
Rochester, New York,
were carefully chosen with
their accessibility in mind.
Both can be reached by car
lines, busses or automobiles,
and parking areas are avail-
able.

The pools are 45 feet wide
and 105 feet long, with a
capacity of 185,000 gallons of filtered water, the
depth ranging from 3 feet 6 inches at the shal-
low end to 9 feet 6 inches at the diving end. Each
pool is designed for a maximum bathing load of
385 persons. They are divided into three zones.
The deep end is reserved for divers; the second
for swimmers, and the third zone, or shallow end,
for beginners or persons who do not swim. This
zone is protected with a floating life line.

The tanks are constructed of reinforced con-
crete, super-cement being used throughout. All
necessary precautions were taken to prevent
cracks forming as a result of temperature changes
and shrinkage by providing expansion joints in
walls and floor. Scum gutters of terra cotta, to-
gether with a coping of the same material, with an
unglazed non-slip surface were provided, the edge
of gutters serving as a handhold for bathers.
Sufficient opening was provided in this concealed
scum gutter so as to permit easy cleaning of gut-
ters and drains. Concrete runways, 14 feet wide,
extend entirely around the pool with a slight slope
from pool to gutters and with drainage vents to
prevent surface water gaining access to pools.

Swimming lanes, as well as distance and depth
markings, are conspicuously marked in black. Re-
cessed Aqualux flodo lights have been installed
below the water line to illuminate the bottom of
the pool and add to the safety of night bathing.
Overhead flood lights were erected on high stand-
ards to illuminate runways, springboards, etc., for
night bathing. Modern springboards, life guard
standards, ladders and all necessary modern equip-
ment are provided.

Pool Sanitation

To insure germ free, clear and pure water in

306

One of the outstanding ERA pro-
jects in Rochester was the con-
struction of two swimming pools,
one at Genesee Valley Park con-
sisting of a separate pool for
boys and girls, and the second at
Seneca Park designed for mixed
bathing. Both were completed
in time for the 1935 season.

the pools at all times, a recir-
culation and chlorination
method of swimming pool
operation was adopted. A
double suction centrifugal
pump continually draws wa-
ter from the pool through
two outlet drains, while a
hair-catcher protects the cir-
culating pumps and keeps out
of the filter hair and lint
from bathing suits and other foreign matter that
may enter the pool.

On the suction side of this pump the sterilizing
solution is fed into the line by chlorine and am-
monia control apparatus. The sterile water pass-
ing through the pump is treated with a small
amount of coagulating slum and forced through a
strainerless pressure type filter and back into the
pool through ten inlet fittings, equally spaced on
three sides of the pool. Fresh water is added only
to replace the losses from splashing into the scum
gutters. This method not only permits a large
saving in water but keeps the water in the pool
fresh for indefinite periods and free from injur-
ious bacteria, and also permits the pool to be kept
in service continuously.

This apparatus completely filters the entire con-
tents of each pool daily through pressure type
sand filters. Equipment is provided for testing
the chlorine contents of the water, and checks will
be made several times daily on samples taken
from various parts of the pool. Dust, hair and
lint too heavy to remain suspended in the water,
which are not conducted to the hair-catcher and
filter for removal, settle to the bottom of the pool.
This debris can be ren;oved without draining the
pool by the use of a cleaning tool consisting of a
brush with a nozzle similar to that used on a
vacuum cleaner. The nozzle is fitted to a hollow
handle to which is attached a hose connection and
can be connected to any one of four special under-
water fittings. These fittings are connected to the
suction inlet of the circulating pump. The dis-
charge from the pump is passed directly to the
sewer. The sides as well as the bottom of the pool
are cleaned in this manner.

(Continued on page 325)

The Club— an Effective Medium

in th(

Courtesy Extension Defartment, Milwaukee Public Schools

CLUB ACTIVITIES of both youth and adults are
becoming increasingly important as their
functions are more fully understood, and
leaders have come to feel club work is vitally im-
portant in a community center program. The club,
as a means of cooperation and understanding, has
a very real value in the life of today among per-
sons of like interests.

Man is instinctively gregarious. Thus people
live in groups in which the individual must sub-
ordinate his personal desire to those of the group.
Children are individualists, but as they become
older they tend toward group and team play which
gradually develops into some form of organiza-
tion for the carrying out of their ideas on more
serious matters. The club becomes an attractive
and logical method of training in community co-
operation. In the classroom young people work
together under teacher guidance but in the club
they have their own rules and regulations and, for
the m,ost part, the administering of their own dis-
cipline. The school, church, settlement, com-
munity center and other organi-
zations have realized the value
of this training, and they are all
actively engaged in fostering
youth and adult clubs.

One of the best barometers
or measuring rods that we as
recreation workers have in the

Mr. Christiansen, at the present
time employed as a regional rec-
reation director with the Kansas
State FERA, was formerly director
of one of the community centers
maintained by the Board of Edu-
cation of Newark, New Jersey.

Community Center

By
MiLO F. Christiansen

community center program is constructive and
worthwhile club work. At the same time it is
usually one of the most difficult tasks in our pro-
gram because of the lack of good leadership and
facilities.

Too many times have we looked for the results
of our work in recoids of participation, in the
number of activities and of contests. What tan-
gible and carry-over results have we effected?
True it is that there has been a tendency to de-
crease juvenile delinquency and fatality tables
through recreation, but it is just one of many fac-
tors. There is also a tendency to raise moral and
social standards, but it is difficult to be specific
about these results although comparisons are gen-
erally obtainable. In club work, however, it is
usually possible to point to a particular unit over
a certain period of time and show tangible results
in cooperation, discipline, self-expression, and
organization.

It would be interesting to know the number of
youth and adult clubs organized every year that
die a natural death because of the lack of leader-
ship, of purpose, aims and understanding. I can
look back on my own experience in settlements,
boys' clubs and community centers, and see why
so many of them petered out.
The youth group that organizes
spontaneously is most frequent-
ly the club that disintegrates
chiefly because of the lack of a
good leader. The older groups
as well need leadership and su-
pervision, particularly through

307

308

THE CLUB— AN EFFECTIVE MEDIUM IN THE COMMUNITY CENTER

the early periods of organization. A definite un-
derstanding of purpose and aims, membership and
program is entirely essential, because the older
groups usually like to carry on independently, for
the most part, of a leader.

Values in Club Organization

In speaking of clubs I am thinking mainly of
two different groups. First, there is the activity
club, such as dramatic or handicraft club, that is
organized on a club basis with an open member-
ship ; and secondly, there is the club that is strictly
a unit unto itself, such as the athletic or social
club in which membership is closed to those who
are not of the same neighborhood, same interests
or same purposes. There are other types or com-
binations for club organization, but these two are
the most prevalent. "It is in these clubs that the
individuals are practicing, so to speak, the quali-
ties of a good citizen with results satisfying to
themselves," to quote Elbert K.
Fretwell of Columbia University.
It is practice with satisfying re-
sults that makes for perfection.
These boys and girls, young men
and women, are citizens here in
their own clubs with rights,
duties, privileges and obligations.
The best proof that they will be
good citizens tomorrow is that they are good citi-
zens today. We must begin where they are.

What are the qualities of a good citizen? In
simple words they are initiative and desire to act
for the good of the group, ability to cooperate and
desire to do it, the ability to lead or follow a leader
of the group's own choice, and intelligent obedi-
ence to authority. Knowledge about such quali-
ties is important, but the fundamental thing is
that in the club individuals practice these quali-
ties here and now with results satisfying to them-
selves. "It is one of the mediums through which
the community center, church, school, and other
organizations may increase their effectiveness as
integral parts of society."

Creativeness and self-expression may be ex-
perienced in all types of work and should be
stimulated in every activity. Through club par-
ticipation this is made possible. The plan for self-
activity worked out by a number of youth organi-
zations has resulted in very constructive work in
actual self-expressive type of program.

Another important factor is the continuity or
carry-over value that characterizes a club from

"Clubs and club activity come
closer to representing spontan-
eous and deep-seated child in-
terests than do any other
aspects of school life." — F. C.
Bergesen in Group Interest
Activities.

one year to another. Many clubs disband or dis-
organize at different seasons of the year. Yet
when a period of time has elapsed the members
are back again to carry on from where they left
off. This carry-over value is of utmost import-
ance to the community center. It means there is
a tendency to complete certain aims and purposes
that were started the season before, or the year
before that.

Qubs provide an excellent means for maintain-
ing a community center program. They are the
mediums through which program and activity,
philosophy and purpose are transmitted to your
neighborhood, to your district, to your ward, to
your community and to your entire city. It is in-
teresting to note that many of the clubs in our
community centers took an active part in main-
taining the Recreation Department last fall when
the rumor was heard that they might be deprived
of their Community Center.

The community center coun-
cils, inter-club councils, advisory
councils, whatever the names by
which they are called, are effec-
tive bodies in maintaining and
promoting the community center
program. They, too, are trans-
mitters of the program and spirit
to the community.
In many of the clubs the activities are more
nearly child-directed and controlled than any of
their experiences in the day school. Qubs will
make your community center life more real and
lifelike. Today as never before we find groups of
people of some particular interest banding them-
selves into clubs to further common ends. We
hear educators say that education is life; if so,
then clubs become a major factor in its develop-
ment. Abilities and special interests of individuals
are taken care of, and clubs provide a variety of
the experiences which ire so essential in our dy-
namic society.

Some of the objectives that are set up for the
clubs through the community center are the dis-
covery of a worthy use of leisure, the satisfying
of spontaneous interests, the improvement of dis-
cipline and morale, and the development of citi-
zenship qualities enriching the individual's inter-
ests, of permanent life interests and of a spirit of
loyalty and of belonging to the community center.

Important Principles
There are certain principles which we can not

THE CLUB— AS EFFECTIVE MEDIUM INTHE COMMUNITY CENTER

309

overlook in die success of a dab program. It is of
llie utmost importance that eadi dnb have a leader
or spoosor who win aOow the imagination of the
dob members to function as wdl as bis own. The
leader must not dominate the dub but should act
as a counsdor or siiggtalor to aid the dnb aloi^
the path set out tqwn. There must be a definite
fwogram set t^ and it must be carried out. It has
been si^gested that jouth group clubs be allowed
to diai^ their oflkers often because of the short
and indefinite interest period. The leader must at
an times "be on his toes" for new ideas and sag-
gcstions, to see that the real interest is there and
that it shaU not be terminated. It is far better to
disband a dub when the interest terminates than
to allow it to go on and die slowlj as the dub
members get die wrong inqweasion of dub
•'->fgam?atioo.

An dubs, I bdiere, diould be required to apply
for loembersh^ in the community center. In
Newark application lorm is filed with the inter-
dub councfl or advisory coondl and dien by the
committee en dubs. If the coinminrr on dubs
and the community center director ooosider the
dnb a wonhy project, they recommend to the in-
ter-dub councfl that a charter be granted to the
dnb. Tins procedure has a tendency to increase
the fedii^of responsilMlity to the conmnniity cen-
ter and the other dubs in it, and promotes a de-
sire to oonqaie farorabiy in oipmiTation and
program with the rest of the dobsu The darter
is good as loi^ as the objectives of the dnb as
set forth in the application for cbaxter are being
fnlfiOed.

When the dub ceases to function, it either dis-
bands Tcrfuntarily and returns its charter to the
inter-dub coondl or the cinb may be asked to dis-
band. \ few dead or dying: dobs are rery detri-
mental to die program.

It should not be asaimed that we most take in
every didi and gratqi wisfaii^ to join die oom-
maaitj center. Particulariy is tlus so where our
facilities and ladeniap are madequafte. It is far
better to admit a smaller number of ddbs and do a
amstmctire piece of work with them than it is to
take in all and then give them only a smaB part of
Toor time so that soon they, too, wil oome under
the category of a dead or dyinc^ddiu (This state-
ment refers to dubs of the membcrsfaqi type.)

It has always been interestii^ to watch the in-
terest of dibs grow in other activities in the com-
munity carter. I am riiinking of didis that or^;i-
naOy were oigani/ed as athletic or social diAs. In

the course of time, through exposure to other
parts of die community center program, many of
the dub members beccmie interested in dramatics,
tap and social dancii^ instruction, fendi^, art
and music. Our actiioties of this type are open
and members of other dubs may belong. These
open activities and dubs are invaluable in brii^-
ing together many of the members of the other
dubs. Thus there is a socializing value to be de-
rived from die community- center. It is denrable
for dub members to become acquainted widi other
members of the center, so that diey wfll feel diey
are an part of die same unit.

.Affairs perudiung to the community center at
large such as parties, dances and rallies, are pbn-
ned, organized and conducted b}- the inter-dub
councfl which connsts of rqiresentatives from
every dub in the community center. The councfl
affords the dubs an opportunity to offer st^es-
tions and criticisms nguSog die program and
management. In dns way they fed that they have
a voice in the center's government and program.

**Tlie many var^-ing approaches to program
buildii^ tised by the grotqi work orgwriTations in
America today f aU under two general and bandar
mental types: (i) the prearranged program
formulated by a national headquarters, and to a
lesser degree by local city headquarters, with some
provision for adaptation to the local groups ; (2)
the program winch is an oxtgraarlh of the interest
of tht local group. Then: are two approaches to
the latter type of programming: (a) the prc^ram
evolved joindy by the leader and the group; (b}
the ^iproadi in wfaidi the leader heffns widi the
immediate interest of the group and guides the
group 00 to wider channHs of interest.

^.An adequate program presents an endless diain
of fascinatii^ and compelling activities wfaidi are
not only interesting in the doing but doBenffng
to the imagination, and which are varied enoi^
to satisfy eveir individnal in die groiqi, whatever
his fikes and interests may be. To be wordiy from
the ann^ of imaginatioo, die program nmst ooo-
tain targe elements of color, pictnrcsqoeness and
roraanoe. Further, the ade^ate program most be
of sodi a nature as to saf^iuard the bws of the
learning process. Modem dnb work is thoa^a of
as a rocreatioaal-edocational mmtatioa; it aims
beyood mere cntCTtaianient and recreation, and
sedcs giowdi and education for its members." —
From TheTheoryof Play by Bowenand Mitdidl

Buffalo Multiplies Her Play Areas

TEN YEARS AGO Buffalo
owned just 20.87 acres
devoted to playgrounds
of which there were seven-
teen. At the present time — June, 1935 — there are
twenty-three playgrounds under leadership, repre-
senting 69.46 acres, an increase of more than 230
per cent in acreage. The city still owns 77.61 acres
which have not been developed into use as play-
grounds, scattered in twenty-four different proper-
ties. It is to the task of developing and complet-
ing these areas that the City Planning Association
is now devoting its efforts.

On June 30th Buffalo dedicated with an elabor-
ate program of swimming and diving three new
swimming, wading and diving pools built by
Emergency Relief Bureau labor. The total ex-
penditure for all three pools and the locker house,
which was remodeled out of an old casino, was
$75,000. The net cost to the city was approxi-
mately $18,750. These pools represent one of the
most extensive and most enduring public improve-
ments made possible under the work relief
program.

By Marion A. Porter

Secretary
Buffalo City Planning Association, inc

The main pool is 22y' by
77' and ranges from 3!/^ feet
at the shallow end to 5J/2 feet
at the deeper end. This pool
has a lighting system which will make it usable
both by day and night, and every corner of the
pool will be visible through the use of powerful
flood lights. The diving pool measures 78' by 76'
and ranges in depth from 5 to 12 feet. It is
equipped with springboards approved for A.A.U.
competition. The wading pool for little tots at
the end of the layout is 76 feet square and ranges
in depth from i inch at the edge to 2I/2 feet at
the center. At one end of the pool is a very de-
lightful arrangement of sand boxes covered with
a rose pergola where seats have been placed for
mothers so that they may watch their children
play.

Powerful pumps have been installed in the base-
ment of the locker building to provide for con-
stant circulation of water and a chlorination sys-
tem of a most modern type has been installed.
These will insure the purity of the water for any
(Continued on *>age 326)

310

The Pennsylvania Folk Festival

THE FOLK festival
movement is grow-
ing fast in this coun-
try. A comparative new
development in the field
of public recreation, it is
an effective agency for the per-
petuation of the traditions of our
country and for providing, at the
same time, a type of entertain-
ment that is inexpensive, refresh-
ing and of universal appeal. The
college professor and the man on the street can
enjoy this program equally well even if their ap-
proaches are different. The charm of the folk
festival lies in its simplicity, in the naturalness of
those taking part and in the absence of anything
smacking of the theatrical. Held up to these
standards, it is irresistible to young and old and
to people of all classes as Allentown's experience
proved when the Recreation Commission spon-
sored the first state folk festival ever held in
Pennsylvania on Friday and Saturday, May 3rd
and 4th.

When George G. Korson, author and folklorist,
first broached the subject of a folk festival to us
we were, frankly, skeptical. It was something
vague and intangible and untried. However, the
members of the Commission, being men of vision
and broad sympathies, saw its possibilities and
voted a modest appropriation for Mr. Korson.
Wisely we gave him a free hand to develop the
festival in accordance with his own ideas as a
folklorist.

In a surprisingly short time the idea of a folk
festival somehow caught on. The local newspa-
pers became interested almost from the outset and
clamored for more and more material about this
colorful event. The interest spread to the news-
papers of the rest of the state. Then the Asso-
ciated Press and the United Press sent out several
releases from Harrisburg. The
New York Times featured our
festival in an article published
April 21. College professors
and students of folklore from
Pennsylvania and other states

An unusual festival in which citi-
zens of today reviewed some of
the recreations of their forefathers

By Irene D. Welty

Executive Director

Recreation Commission

Allentown, Pa.

"The Allentown Recreation Com-
mission," announces the program
of the festival, "believes that
not money but the life a com-
munity provides is its wealth."

began writing in for de-
tails. Columbia Uni-
versity inquired whether
we would object if they
took phonographic rec-
ords of the festival. One
of the railroads leading into Al-
lentown wanted to run an excur-
sion from New York but was
discouraged because we could not
possibly accommodate the crowds.
The two-day festival was ar-
ranged for flower-laden West Park and we were
prepared to accommodate 20,000 persons. The
rain and cold, however, drove us indoors and we
were able to take care of only 5,000 persons,
many of them coming from New York, Phila-
delphia, and other cities. A dozen colleges and
universities were represented in the audience by
members of their faculties who made notes of the
programs. On the opening night at the Lyric
Theatre, the largest in the city, we opened our
doors at 7 o'clock and in a half hour had to close
them again, turning away hundreds because we
had no room for them. On the second day we
used the high school auditorium for morning,
afternoon and evening performances.

One of the most interesting revelations was the
marvelous response from the audiences, which
apparently had no feeling they were at a perform-
ance. Some intangible, spiritual thread bound
them to the things portrayed on the stage and
they felt as if they were part of it all, as guests
at a party. This feeling of intimacy between
audience and performers was effected by the
naturalness with which the performers carried
themselves. There was no conscious striving for
effect. People in the audience hummed as the
singers sang the precious old folk songs; they
tapped their feet as the dance tunes floated out
of the fiddles, bringing back memories of boy-
hood and girlhood ; they laugh-
ed uproariously at the broad,
peasant humor. And all the time
they wanted more and more.

The naturalness of the per-
formers was due not a little to

311

312

THE PENNSYLVANIA FOLK FESTIVAL

the advance order issued by Mr. Korson to par-
ticipants that there were to be no rehearsals. He
did not care for a finished performance, he said.
He wanted them as they really were. If he had
wanted a beautifully formed rose, he said, he
would go to the florist. But what he sought was
the natural rose that blooms in the bush, un-
touched by the hand of man, which had a wild
beauty of its own. The participants caught the
picture and Mr. Korson got the kind of perform-
ance he had visioned. There were no profession-
als in the festival as a result. Those taking part
in the Pennsylvania-German program were for
the most part farmers who had barely had time
to wash up after a hard day's work in the fields;
and their womenfolk came from the farm kitch-
ens. Most of the old anthracite coal miners who
took part on Saturday night had worked in the
mines that very morning because they could not
aflford to miss even a half day's pay in these hard
times !

Folklorists making notes on the festival found
a harvest of new material. When Prof. George
W. Hibbett of Columbia University and Walter
C. Garwick his associate, came with their elabo-
rate recording machinery they intended to make
only a few records. But they were amazed at the
amount of new traditional matter that we pre-
sented and before they had left they had recorded
virtually the entire festival — a tribute to Mr. Kor-
son in assembling such interesting and significant
material.

Potentially Penn-
sylvania is one of the
richest sources of folk-
lore in the United
States. Most of the
veins found elsewhere
in the country might
be duplicated here —
sea chanteys, river
roustabout ballads,
lumberjack songs.

A group of Pennsylvania
Germans rehearsing the
folk dances they are to
present at the Festival.
A spirt of informality
and fun pervaded all of
the rehearsals as well as
+he final performance.

Negro -spirituals, mountaineer folk music and
English survivals. But there are two veins of
folklore here that are to be found nowhere else.
Those are of the Pennsylvania Germans and the
anthracite coal miners. Bearing this thought in
mind, Mr. Korson featured these types of folk-
lore, giving over the entire opening night to the
Pennsylvania Germans and devoting much of the
second night to the miners.

The Pennsylvania Germans vividly unfolded
for us a picture of their social life of fifty years
ago and beyond. Everything was in the Pennsyl-
vania German dialect, the program having been
assembled by William S. Troxell who, as "Pum-
pernickle Bill," conducts a column in the dialect
for a local newspaper. The setting was that of a
rural kitchen furnished by those quaint Pennsyl-
vania German antiques that have become so com-
mercially valuable of recent years. The partici-
pants wore the costumes of yesteryear.

It was old Squire Pumpernickle Bill's birthday
and at seven o'clock — his regular bedtime — his
neighbors drop in on him from surrounding farms
to help him celebrate. In the course of the
evening, they sing the old Pennsylvania German
folk songs ; they play the traditional party games ;
they dance the reel and the quadrille as it is
danced nowhere else in the country, and portray
superstitions. The ousider seeing this perform-
ance perceives that the Pennsylvania Germans
went in for a healthy, wholesome and robust kind
of fun in the days when there were no automo-

THE PENNSYLVANIA FOLK FESTIVAL

313

biles, radios, phonograpiis and recreation direct-
ors to help plan their leisure time.

The anthracite coal miners appeared in their
mining clothes wearing their head lamps and car-
rying their tools. They had just come up from the
mine shaft, had had their supper and were ready
for their shindig, such as was common in the old
days in the anthracite coal region of eastern
Pennsylvania. An interesting thing about the an-
thracite miners is that they are the only modern
industrial workers to have developed a folklore.
This folklore which grew during the last cen-
tury, was on the brink of oblivion when rescued
by Mr. Korson about ten years ago. Much of the
material presented by them came from his book,
"Songs and Ballads of the Anthracite Miner."
The anthracite coal miners' ballads have a kin-
ship to the cowboys' and lumberjacks' ballads, all
being native to American soil.

In keeping with their calling the anthracite
miners went in for robust entertainment. They
danced the jig, the clog and the reel to the ac-
companiment of a home-made fiddle and a banjo
and bones. Their ballads sang of the dangers and
hardships of a miner's life and of the good times
that might be expected in the coal patch when the
coal breaker has started up again after a long
idleness. The high light of their program was a
jig-dancing contest between George "Corks"
Cramer, 6i, of Ashland and Patrick J. "Giant"
O'Neill, 74, of St. Clair, to settle a dispute that
dated back to 1896. In that year these miners
danced against each other in a mining patch for
the championship of the anthracite coal region.
But the judges' decision was disputed and efforts
were made to bring them together but these
failed, and the years slipped by and they never
again appeared together on a platform until our
festival. The judges decided that their contest was
a "draw." Despite their years they were remark-
ably agile.

The Moravian Church of Emaus brought us
ancient Moravian chorales some dating back to
the 15th and i6th centuries. The trombone choir
combined with the vocal choir in this program.
The chorus of the Federated Colored Catholics,
Chapter No. i, Philadelphia, under direction of
Mrs. A. Agnese Holmes, sang Negro folk songs.

The tunes that were enjoyed on the Susque-
hanna River by the raftsmen that plied up and
down the river a half century ago were played by
Squire Samuel Gall of Quarryville, Lancaster
County. Squire Gall is a member of the famous

Slumbering Lodge of Groundhog which in top
hats and frock greets the groundhog every Febru-
ary second to learn of the state of the weather
for the ensuing six weeks.

The Butter Valley Meadow Larks, four lovely
girls from Bally, brought us a lovely Pennsylvania
Germ.an folk song that they had learned from
their grandmother. David E. Fuge, a miner min-
strel of Wilkes-Barre, a real find as a ballad
singer, who has learned over a thousand melodies
by rote, sang four anthracite coal miners' ballads.

A quaint note was sounded by the bow zither,
an ancient folk instrument of the Pennsylvania
Germans revived for our program. The bow
zithers were played by John Hirneisen, 66, and
his brother, Samuel Hirneisen, 72, both of Berks
County. Many of the performers were discovered
by recreation directors in the various Pennsyl-
vania towns, and a number of communities shared
in this unusual folk festival which reviewed the
recreation of their forefathers.

Note : Reading of this joyous folk festival
with its informality and naturalness, one is re-
minded of the definition of folk dancing given by
Elizabeth Burchenal in Folk Dancing As a Recre-
ation for Adults.

'■Real folk dancing is the simple, happy, un-
sophisticated, social (in the true sense of the
word) dancing of peasants, which has sprung just
as naturally from the hearts of the people in re-
sponse to the human need for self-expression,
play and social intercourse, as wild flowers spring
from the soil.

"In the countries from which they come, folk
dances are the traditional rural community recre-
ation of the people, and contain the very essence
of social group play. They are easy to do; being
simple and unstudied, with stimulating, happy
rhythm (they have an amusing game element),
they call for the participation of the entire crowd
— grandparents, mothers and fathers, young peo-
ple' and children — and provide happy relaxation,
pleasant physical activity, forgetfulness of self,
and sociability. The folk music of these dances is
simple, melodious and 'catchy,' and together
with the singing which often accompanies it, adds
to the warm humanizing atmosphere.

"These qualities give folk dancing a universal
appeal and make it applicable to our own every-
day life as an innocent, wholesome, happy form
of relaxation and social enjoyment."

Music and the Dance

By George Syme, Jr.

OUR SUMMER dance programs are now his-
tory. Their success or failure has depended
largely upon the leaders, the facilities and
the programs. Behind all successful dance pro-
jects have been two important factors — organiza-
tion and administration. Much thought and con-
sideration have been given to the careful selec-
tion of dances, music, methods, characteristics and
ability of the pupils.

Definite aims and objectives must be decided
upon to insure the educational and recreative
values of the dance. A plan and schedule should
be laid out for the entire year. This should in-
clude a daily, weekly, monthly and seasonal pro-
gram. This will give the director the opportunity
to recheck his work daily, making notes of inci-
dents of special interest and importance. A sys-
tem based on these factors affords an excellent
opportunity to survey the success of the year's
work and assists in making corrections and
changes for future years.

The Value of Music in Dancing

No program of dancing is complete unless some
time has been devoted to teaching the basic ele-
ments of music. Many of our present classes are
conducted with little or no musical aid, nor is
time devoted to the coordination of these two
arts. Some dances, it is true, such as folk dances
and games, require no instrumental assistance,
but nevertheless time should be devoted to teach-
ing the participants the simple folk tunes and
words so that they can ably
accompany themselves as they
dance. There are some en-
thusiasts of the dance who are
desirous of going to extremes
and eliminating all music from
dancing, thus restoring it to its
rightful place as an independ-
ent art. This type of program
has been experimented with
and while possibly suited for

Much might be written on the subject
of nrtusic and its relation to dancing,
but space permits only of brief men-
tion here. Additional information may
be secured by addressing Mr. Syme
in care of RECREATION. As was sug-
gested in the first article of this series
which appeared in the August issue,
the author will be glad to devote
some space in this page to answer-
ing questions from readers.

some stage and concert artists, teachers in the
field of recreation should use it only with dis-
cretion.

Music has nearly always been associated with
dancing, and while it is true that music came from
the dance and took the basic elements of its form
and structure, the dance has not developed as
rapidly as music, its allied art. Because of this
rapid growth we must go today to music to ex-
perience the full realization of the possibilities of
the dance.

Appreciation of Good Music

It is the opinion of many teachers that pupils
with little or no knowledge of dancing are not in-
terested in good music but prefer to listen and
dance to current jazz tunes lacking in beauty,
melody and descriptive ideas. As the pupil pro-
gresses in the art of dancing an appreciation of
better music becomes evident. This statement in
no way reflects upon the present desire for popu-
lar music, but educational authorities agree that a
proper balance should be maintained in regard to
both the old and the new types of music, with not
too much emphasis on any one type.

Rhythm and Tempo

Rhythm is present in all forms and activities of
every day life. Those who possess some knowl-
edge of it have an invaluable aid and conception
of its uses in education, art and physical life.
Rhythm, psychologists assert, aids learning and
eliminates wasteful mental and
physical energy. Some one has
aptly defined rhythm as the
"ordered movement which runs
through all beauty." Rhythm
properly instructed in dancing
aids the pupil in making read-
justments and changes to other
activities. Physical educators
believe that due to its im-

( Continued on page 326)

314

Paving the Way for Recreation

WITH THE subjects of de-
molition of unfit housing
and the new leisure gain-
ing increasing holds on the thought and effort of
all those who are interested in civic betterment,
the possibility of using the demolition program as
a wedge for providing new and worthwhile recre-
ation for the residents of the low cost residential
districts of our large cities resolves itself into a
plan which must ultimately become practicable.
However Utopian the dreams of accomplishment
I may seem at present, largely because of the lack
of the necessary funds to carry them out, efforts
to provide adequate recreational and playground
facilities for these neighborhoods will undoubt-
edly be the next big step in playground develop-
ment in this country.

As our cities have grown from the days when
the village green and the common sufficed as a
center of recreation for the town, there have
simultaneously come into existence large low cost
rental areas made up largely of dwellings aban-
doned by their original owners who have continu-
ously moved farther and farther from the city
center. These buildings are at present inhabited
largely by the foreign element in the population
or by those who must always remain in the low
cost rental class. During the days of expansion
of business and the growth of factories, owners
of such properties followed a plan of letting their
buildings become run down ; the real estate, it was
planned, would be sold for factory sites. With the
coming of the general economic depression, how-
ever, such expansion ceased, but the buildings and
the neighborhoods have con-
tinued on the downhill grade.
A part of the problem here
presents itself : These prop-
erty owners must be con-
vinced that certain neighbor-
hoods will, for a considerable
number of years at least, re-
main low cost residential
areas and that the respectable
element of this lowest strata
of the renting public should
be given recognition as a

By Dorothy M. Baker

Chicago, Illinois

"In the future the success of the public
housing movement will be measured
chiefly on the basis of its contribution
toward making human life happier and
richer. Fruitful and satisfying use of
leisure time is one of the ways to be
happy. Public housing bodies therefore
cannot fail to take this splendid oppor-
tunity to include in their plans facilities
for leisure time activltes." — Abraham
Goldfield in Toward Fuller Living
Through Public Housing and Leisure
Time Activities.

block of society that deserves
"""°'* consideration in the matter of

decent homes and environment
as much as any other part of society. The present
prevailing attitude affords nothing in the way of
respectable living and recreational facilities for
those who desire it and those who could be edu-
cated to desire it. Under present economic con-
ditions there is no place for those people to live
where they can get respectability except in these
lowest cost rental districts.

The benefits from the millions of dollars spent
in public recreation facilities have sometimes been
slow in accruing for this group. After the village
green became impractical, many years passed be-
fore parks were changed from spaces set aside
for rest and horticultural displays to places where
once again young and old might find relaxation
through active play. In fact, this change did not
come about until the twentieth century, but even
then, for by that time cities had grown to such
size that distances and transportation were a prob-
lem, these parks did not benefit the majority of
those who needed them most. Dickie, who had a
yard with grass and trees in it surrounding his
home, enjoyed the park and its playground equip-
ment, but Ikey and Sambo, who lived miles away
and had only the alley and street, to play in, were
not often allowed to spend carfare to go to and
from the park.

What Are the Conditions?

And so to make our picture chronological and
to afford a background for the argument that real
effort is needed to better
these conditions, let us look
at the type of environment in
which these children have
grown up and the kind of
recreation into which they
have necessarily drifted. That
a real argument is necessary
cannot be doubted, because
such groups as the Metro-
politan Housing Council of
Chicago, a pioneer in this
movement, depend on the en-

315

316

PAVING THE WAY FOR RECREATION

Play rooms are now popular in
houses of all kinds. These "before
and after" pictures show a cellar
in a Queens Village, Long Island,
home converted into a recreation
room for billiards, ping pong and
bridge parties. Sheet iron made
the walls shutting off the furnace
and other portions of the cellar.
Plaster board formed the doors.
The windows were hinged at the
bottom. To give a light appear-
ance glossy white paint was used
on the ceiling. The walls were
first painted light yellow then

listment of the sympathy and the effort of groups
such as women's clubs and socially inclined indi-
viduals and organizations for their continuance,
if not for their instigation. The support of work-
ers in the recreational and educational fields is no
less needed than that of women who, with their
increased leisure, are finding effort along this line
an outlet for their natural tendencies toward com-
fort making and home making.

The homes from which these children and
adults of the low cost rental areas come are, in
the first place, homes which they want to get out
of as much as possible. In their present condition
of disrepair, these homes are so sordid that any
recreation and enjoyable relaxation there is im-
possible. Investigation of a small area in Chicago
in connection with the program of demolition and
rehabilitation being carried on there showed that
of 309 apartments of from two to seven rooms,
"about 50 per cent had toilet facilities ; 1 10 were
without bath tubs. In the worst three buildings,
housing thirty-two families, there was not a sin-
gle tub. Each toilet served about ten people. One
building not only had no window in either kitchen
or toilet, but cooking water was drawn from the
toilet supply. The average house was wired, but
two-thirds of the families were using lamps, only
a third having electricity; in two houses current
was being stolen." Similar investigations of 1,799
housing units in Milwaukee disclosed the fact that
51 had no sanitary facilities whatsoever; 36 per
cent of all bedrooms in use were illegal, being less
than 80 square feet; 50 per cent of all units had
no bath tubs; 10 per cent of the families housed
in these buildings use water-closets jointly with
other families.

Overcrowding in most of these homes is another
factor rendering them unsuited to any type of ac-

tive play. At the peak of the 1932 eviction pro-
gram carried on by landlords in Chicago it was
found that a five-story building, less than one-
half block square, contained fewer than 100 apart-
ments housing 780 white and Negro tenants.
There was no central heating plant and toilet fa-
cilities consisted of two bowls on each floor. The
building had been built about 1893 and was then
in an outlying, high class residential district. At
the present time, more than 300 persons are still
living in the building.

The Results

From such homes the child goes forth to play
in narrow alleys and small courtyards where an
insufficient amount of sunlight penetrates to the
ground. The resulting health hazards and their
toll in tuberculosis alone is only one of the im-
portant public health angles of this whole problem
of the provision of adequate play space in such
neighborhoods. That the problem reaches into the
taxpayer's pocket cannot be disputed when we
consider that while millions of dollars are spent
for the upkeep of sanatoria, these disease-breeding
areas are allowed to yjtiate all effort of stamping
out disease. While the broader streets may afford
more sunlight, they do not afford opportunities
for big muscle play. The public parks and beaches,
several miles distant, are used in the summer
when walking is used as a means of getting there
or when rides can be caught.

The stealing of rides on trucks and automobiles
introduces the safety problem, which is still an-
other important argument in the cause of demo-
lition and improvement in these neighborhoods.
One of the most serious aspects of this problem
is the fact that discarded, unsafe buildings are
played in by children. What boy does not like to

PAVING THE WAY FOR RECREATION

317

given a coat of salmon. Before
the second coat was dry it was
gone over with a crumpled news-
paper applied with a swirling
movement so that the yellow
shows through. The doors were
painted yellow. Shades for the
lights were made of parchment.
The catch-all feature of the
cellar is preserved by making a
closet under the stairs. A bag
is hung under the stairs and one
of the top steps hinged so that
it can be lifted up and refuse
sent down a chute.

climb and to explore? These boys are no excep-
tion. Wherever a window has been broken to af-
ford a means of entrance, these dark firetraps
with their unhealthful character, their loose
boards and rickety stairways become playgrounds
for children eager for fun and activity, but aside
from the unhealth fulness, many are the accidents
which result.

Playing and congregating in groups in the
streets naturally leads to the rise of gangdom as
the child grows into the youth. The influence of
this type of social outlet on the mental and physi-
cal well-being of our young people has been too
well demonstrated to need discussion. The inci-
dence of mental disease, crime and juvenile delin-
quency has been shown to be greatest in the con-
gested areas of our great cities where as many as
nine persons are often herded into two rooms. In
the consideration of the recreational life afforded
young people in these communities we may also
include adults, for it is also well known that street
playgrounds cannot avoid rapidly maturing the
minds of these youths while they are still young
in years. And so from the pitiful plight of the
children we shift to the depressing situation of
the older group.

As these neighborhoods are generally solidly
built up, there are, of course, the usual run of
cheap moving picture theaters where an evening's
entertainment is an event indeed, however medi-
ocre the program. Extremely scarce and not even
scratching the surface in supplying the need are
settlement houses and social centers. There are
no lending libraries and no branches of the public
library, for books are not a favorite recreation of
these people of little education. The fees charged
by lending libraries could not be afforded and
both this type of library and the public library

would suffer considerable financial loss as the re-
sult of improper care of books loaned to such
patrons. In the consideration of providing for the
leisure time of this adult group, the problem of
the abandoned building again presents itsel f . While
it unfortunately enough affords a playground for
children, it also plays a much more sinister role in
providing seclusion for illicit practices on the part
of youths and adults. With the streets on which
their homes face often witnessing the business of
prostitution, it can hardly be surprising that a low
moral character is liable to penetrate homes and
families which would remain on a higher plane in
better environments.

Here enters one of the objects of the plan to
which the present work of demolition is but a
stepping stone. I referred in the beginning to the
new attitude which must be taken regarding the
low cost rental area. It is hoped that ultimately a
spirit of community feeling and pride may be
built up in many of these districts so that al-
though they will continue to be in the lowest
strata of rents they will, nevertheless, be respecta-
ble neighborhoods for the respectable poor. This
especially applies to the Negro population of many
of our cities. The program of demolition of
totally unfit buildings, the rehabilitation of others
that are still inhabitable and the provision of play
areas is not being carried on in a hit and miss
manner. Concentration of effort rather than the
tearing down of an isolated building here and the
improvement of another there will make it pos-
sible for the landlord to select desirable tenants
who will keep up the higher standard of the par-
ticular district, and it will also help to assure those
tenants who desire a better environment for them-
selves and for their children that the other ele-
ment will be kept out of that particular area.

318

PAVING THE WAY FOR RECREATION

How Demolition Will Help

Demolition of unfit housing points the way to
improvement of these conditions. It is paving the
way, first, by removing firetraps and hazards to
life, health and morals, and secondly, by opening
up areas in which there will be given a chance to
play. Where at present in the congested districts
of Chicago there are only isolated, small open
areas, most of them much less than a half block
in size, when some 4,000 buildings have been torn
down, it is hoped that a tenth of the space they
occupy, or approximately 24 city blocks, will be
specifically prepared for playground space. The
remainder of the ground will either be left vacant
or used for such commercial purposes as parking
lots. One owner of an industrial site in Chicago
who wants his building torn down has specifically
stated that he wishes to donate the use of the land
for a baseball diamond for the boys of the neigh-
borhood. Property owners adjacent to other such
sites have organized to promote improvements of
this type in their neighborhoods by offering to
landscape and make these playgrounds attractive.
Still other lots will be conditioned as to surface
and left with a level, smooth surface free of glass,
nails, stones and cinders so that children may
healthfully and safely enjoy their games of mar-
bles, baseball or handball. Narrow lots will be
equipped for horseshoe pitching to be enjoyed by
young and old alike. While it has been thought
that larger spaces could be economically equipped
for tennis, this is precluded in some neighbor-
hoods where, by the nature of the case, a boy who
appeared on the street with a tennis racket would
be branded a "sissy" and find the racket hanging
around his neck! Other areas that are logically
situated and adaptable to park purposes will be
landscaped and made into small public parks.

The program of demolition and rehabilitation
as carried on by the Housing Division of the Pub-
lic Works Administration in cooperation with
local groups is everywhere in the pioneer stage
and is handicapped by the general lack of money
to back it, in spite of the fact that considerable
money is now available for federal housing pro-
j.ects and that projects for a number of cities are
now under examination. Because the financial
resources of organizations to which the plan
might logically look for support are more than
absorbed by the pressing demands due to the eco-
nomic condition of the country, financial backing
of extensive playground equipment for these em-
bryonic playgrounds cannot be counted on at the

present time. The funds of private philanthrophy
are spent for rent and maintenance of families,
and federal funds available for work along this
line are absorbed by the work of demolition and
the rehabilitation of actual dwellings. The only
immediate hope for any considerable improve-
ment of these playgrounds then lies in donations
from property owners of the neighborhoods,
either individually or in groups, or in donations of
outworn playground equipment from municipal
park or education boards. Such municipal par-
ticipation might also well include the provision of
playground supervisors, for certainly no group of
children or men ever more needed direction to-
ward proper appreciation of their leisure time.
The increased leisure which is being forced on
workers everywhere, whether because of unem-
ployment or shorter working hours, is naturally
increasing the need of some direction to the pro-
per utilization of that time. The old Greek defini-
tion of leisure as not a time in which to do noth-
ing but rather a time in which to do what one
really wishes to do must be given especial recog-
nition in the case of both the young and the old
of the slum neighborhoods. Their play time will
change from drab to bright if the program of
demolition and of rehabilitation continues to show
them the joy of active play beneath the blue sky.

In the Five-Year Report issued by the Michi-
gan Boulevard Garden Apartments Building Cor-
poration of Chicago, which has promoted a low-
priced housing project for Negroes, much testi-
mony is offered regarding the value of providing
recreational facilities and activities in connection
with projects of this nature. We quote from the
report which describes in some detail the various
educational and recreational activities conducted:

"It has been the experience of the Management
of this project that a well-rounded community
program, with adequate facilities and space for
carrying out such a program, is money well spent,
and is not only consistent with but essential to
sound business management.

"Our experience confirms a conviction that
some form of tenants' organization, initiated by
the Management, should be started at the opening
of a housing project, whether it is private or gov-
ernmental. . . . Activities of creative and construc-
tive expression constitute a program which must
be provided for early in the development of a pro-
ject and continuously stimulated by the Manage-
ment."

World at Play

Detroit Has Its
Day Camp

LAST Christmas a
number of the Kiwan-
ians of Detroit, Mich-
igan, became interest-
ed in the children of one of the city's congested
districts through delivering some Christmas
baskets for the Salvation Army. They pre-
sented the case of these underprivileged chil-
dren to their fellow Kivi^anians with the happy
result that arrangements were made last sum-
mer with the Department of Street Railways
to transport 6oo children to and from Belle
Isle each week for seven weeks. Through Rec-
reation Commissioner Brewer arrangements
were made for two SERA playground direc-
tors to be in charge. Business men with or
without Kiwanian membership whose business
was in food stufifs cooperated by providing
luncheons. Community fund officials working
in conjunction with public and parochial school
ofificials in the district made the selection of the
children who attended the stay-at-home camps.

Cincinnati Reduces
Cost of Golf

BY reducing the daily
golf fee to 35 cents,
SO cents and 75 cents
and by renting golf
clubs at 15 cents, the Public Recreation Com-
mission of Cincinnati, Ohio, has brought the
cost of golf down to that of attending a movie.
During one Spring month 1,200 beginners in
golf filled all the classes oflfered.

r-u-ij . /- J • THE report of the
Children s Gardens in „ . t, ■ , -r

o J -r. -J Cedar Kapids, Iowa,
Cedar Rapids n, , '
rlayground Commis-
sion from April i,
1934, to March 31, 1935, tells of the progress of
children's gardens in that city. Fourteen hun-
dred children interested in community and
home gardens met once a week under the di-
rection of the garden director. Two acres of
ground were used and twenty-five varieties
of vegetables and twenty-seven varieties of
flowers were raised. As a new venture some
of the children planted cotton seed and al-
though it did not fully mature, they derived
much enjoyment in watching its development.
In addition to the products which the children
harvested and sold or took home, they gave
to the needy of the city six bushels of beans,
tomatoes and carrots.

The Wyoming Valley ™\^ ^ " ^,f ^ V" "

Equestrian Club 5^/,^^ ^^ "^^r"^
Valley, rennsylvama,

sponsored by the Wy-
oming Valley Playground and Recreation
Association, has a membership of 175 people
who pay dues of one dollar a year. The pro-
gram of the club includes weekly Sunday
morning breakfast rides, moonlight rides, and
a club night held every two weeks when the
members combine a business meeting with
their riding. Dances and dinner meetings also
play their part in the club's social affairs.

Scranton Dedicates Its ^ V. 1

■r^. , , ,, ton, Pennsylvania,

New Field House ... ^ , ., j- ,,

dedicated its new field

house in Weston
Park, the gift to the city of Mr. and Mrs.
Charles S. Weston in memory of his sister,
Mrs. Caroline Weston Bird, who with Mr.
Weston years ago made gifts to the city which
meant the establishment of organized recrea-
tion in Scranton.

n/r r-r. r t j WILLIAM S. Ballen-

More Gifts of Land ,

c -D ^ ger and his wife have
for Recreation ,
donated to the chil-
dren of Flint, Michi-
gan, a nine-acre tract to be developed as a mod-
ern playground. The project will eventually
include a tennis court, facilities for volley ball,
paddle tennis, croquet and baseball, play-
ground apparatus, and picnic benches and
stoves.

319

320

WORLD AT PLAY

DIAMOND

PITCHING
HORSESHOES

DIAMOND CALK HORSESHOE CO.

4610 GRAND AVE. DULUTH, MINN.

Through the generosity of the late General
Trexler, the City of AUentown, Pennsylvania,
has received by deed a park of lOO acres beau-
tifully landscaped and an endowment of a
quarter of a million dollars for its maintenance.
The County of Leigh received General Trex-
ler's i,8oo-acre game preserve, also endowed
and fully stocked with deer, elk, buffalo, quail,
pheasants and some foxes. A CCC camp is
being established on the preserve and some
picnic areas are being developed for public use.

Recreation in Grand Forks — The Board of
Park Commissioners of Grand Forks, North
Dakota, in July held a water carnival which
-was made particularly interesting and success-
ful through the cooperation of a traveling show
troupe which was spending the week in a tour-
ist camp in the park where the carnival was
held. An admission fee of 25 cents for adults
and 10 cents for children was charged, half of
the proceeds from which went to the troupe,
the balance for a fund to provide a recirculation
system for the pool.

One of the small parks of the city has been

closed for a number of years .because of the
financial situation. The Parent-Teachers Asso-
ciation in that district has taken so great an
interest, in the park that the Park Board re-
opened it, cleaned it and installed some play
apparatus taken from other playgrounds where
it was not needed. The P.T.A. worked out a
program for the summer, installing a children's
library in the shelter house and placing in
charge an FERA recreation worker with some
volunteer assistants. "I am sure," writes Mrs.
M. B. Kannowski, Superintendent of Parks,
that park boards would all appreciate this type
of volunteer cooperation instead of the insis-
tent demand that certain sports and activities
be carried on regardless of the financial condi-
tion of the board."

Regional Nature Museums in Palisades
Interstate Park — Five regional nature muse-
ums on lakes devoted to group camping in the
Harriman section of the Palisades Interestate
Park are now active centers of instruction with
material taken from the rich flora and fauna
of the region for the thousands of boys and
girls and adult campers. The museums, estab-
lished fifteen years ago in simple rock struc-
tures, are now housed in new stone buildings
erected during the past three years from labor
and material supplied by the New York State
TERA. The museums are in charge of trained
naturalists.

Flint's Recreation Council — The Recreation
Council in Flint, Michigan, according to "Nar-
ratives of Achievement in Community Plan-
ning," Bulletin No. 81 issued by the Commu-
nity Chests and Councils, Inc., of New York
City, has been an extremely active one. All
agencies within th^ city, public and private,
having an interest or a program in the broad
field of recreation are included. Since its in-
ception this council has served to a marked de-
gree to integrate the work of these formerly
unrelated institutions. In the field of athletics
programs have been developed for the less
skilled and the younger groups and coopera-
tion has been secured among the various or-
ganizations in the joint use of facilities. The
most notable undertaking was the provision of
a comprehensive summer recreation program
first attempted in the summer of 1933.

WORLD AT PLAY

321

Juvenile Delinquency Reduced in Los An-
geles— According to the records of police offi-
cials in Los Angeles, California, approximately
I,8oo children of the delinquency or predelin-
quency class are enjoying sports and recrea-
tional activies at the six municipal play-
grounds of the HoUenbeck district where they
are checking in regularly with the directors in
charge. This program, together with the co-
operative arrangement between police, parents
and civic organizations, has helped in curtail-
ing delinquency more than 50 per cent during
the past two years, according to the police offi-
cials of the district. Very few gangs of children
are now to be found on the streets in this
section.

More Night Play — The Board of Education
of Duluth, Minnesota, has authorized a bond
issue of $17,000 for the improvement of the
public schools' stadium to provide increased
seating and lighting facilities for night sports.

In Merrill, Wisconsin, a community of
8,000 people, a floodlight system for playing
night football and baseball has been purchased
by the city to be paid for over a period of sev-
eral years out of the city's income from admis-
sions.

New Legislation in Wisconsin — New legis-
lation passed in Wisconsin authorizes county
boards to appropriate money for recreational
purposes to be paid by cities, villages and
towns receiving benefits, but such expenditure
must be authorized by a city council or village
or town board.

Play Streets for London — Influenced by the
fact that large numbers of children are in-
volved in street accidents, the Minister of
Transport of London has decided to convert
a number of streets in congested areas in Lon-
don into play streets prohibiting automobile
traffic on them. It is reported that of the 3,517
pedestrians killed on British roads in 1933,
1,171 or one-third were under the age of fifteen.

Detroit Goes on Parade — More than 6,000
children took part in the annual novelty
parades held in June at 90 playgrounds main-
tained by the Department of Recreation in
Detroit, Michigan. Gay wagons and miniature
floats drawn by children dressed in colorful
costumes were features of the events.

WhytheCARROM

TOURNAMENT

PROGRAM merits
your active support

IThe Carrom Tournament idea was self-
originated among thousands of boys'
groups and clubs without suggestions or
incentives from the makers of Carrom Game
Boards.

2 The National Carrom Association was
organized to give the Tournament idea
direction and encouragement; to formu-
late rules; supply complete instructions; and
provide Carrom Club membership badges
and Championship prizes.

3 Boys and girls are being urged to join
Carrom Clubs through national adver-
tising in American Boy, Boy's Life,
Scouting, Open Road for Boys, St. Nicholas,
and Boys' and Girls' Newspapers. The larg-
est share of the organizational work is com-
pleted by club members themselves.

4Carroms is purely a game of skill — it is
one of the few games in which dice or
cards are not employed.

5 The expense of conducting a Carrom
Tournament is negligible as far as club
members and sponsors are concerned.
Individual members contribute a maximum
of 10(J each to help defray mailing costs.
When membership exceeds 10, a special club
discount of 40% is extended, making the
cost per participant only 6^.

6 A Carrom Tournament creates maxi-
mum interest with minimum organiza-
tional effort and expense. Write for full
information.

This beautiful Car-
rom Club member-
ship badge, cast in
solicl bronze, Is sent
to every Carrom
Club Tournament
applicant.

Carrom Tournament
champions are
awarded this valua-
ble medallion by the
National Carrom As-
socation.

NATIONAL CARROM
ASSOCIATION

1000 LUDINGTON AVENUE
LUDINGTON ♦ ♦ MICHIGAN

322

WORLD AT PLAY

NO DUST

to Endanger Health
or mar Pleasure

• • •

• Dust is unsanifary under any circum-
stances but is particularly objection-
able where children play. Modern
playgrounds use SOLVAY Calcium
Chloride to eliminate dust positively
and inexpensively and give children a
firm, compact playing surface.

Furthermore, SOLVAY Calcium
Chloride kills germs. Its effective
germicidal action has won the un-
qualified endorsement of physicians
and playground directors.

Solvay Calcium Chloride is positively
harmless, does not track or stain.
Easily applied. Just spread evenly
over the surface. That's all. Nature
does the rest.

100 conveniently located shipping
points assure prompt delivery and
minimum transportation charges.
Write for full information and prices.

SOLVAV

TRADE MARK REG. U. S. PAT. OFF,

Calcium Chloride

SOLVAY SALES CORPORATION

Alkalies and Chemical Products Manufactured by
The Solvay Process Company

40 RECTOR STREET NEW YORK

BRANCH OFFICES:

Boston

Chicago

Cincinnati

Indianapolis
Kansas City
Philadelphia

Cleveland

Detroit

Houston

Pittsburgh
St. Louis
Syracuse

New York to Have a High School for Art
and Music — The Nation's Schools for July
tells of the establishment by the public schools
of New York City of a music and art high
school. The institution will eventually be
housed in its own building, but when it opens
in the autumn or in January, 1935, the coedu-
cational school of music, the drama and the
dance will occupy the old building of New
York Teachers' Training College. A girls' art
high school will be quartered at Washington
Irving High School, while a boys' art high school •
will be conducted in the Franklin High School.
The school will give a regular academic course in
addition to its special cultural training. Enroll-
ment for the first year will probably be limited
to 100 pupils.

A Study of a Boys' Club— A. E. Howell,
General Supervisor, Board of Public Welfare,
Worcester, Massachusetts, calls attention to a
study of the membership of the Worcester
Boys' Club made in 193 1 of the boys who were
members of the club in the years 1915-18 in-
clusive. Of 3,533 boys, 2,421, or 71 per cent,
were located approximately fifteen years later.
Only 168, or 7 per cent of them, have been ar-
rested for delinquency or crime in the fifteen
year period. This is particularly significant in
view of the fact that members of the club come
from the poorest sections of the city out of
which come the largest number of delinquents.

A Mayor Boosts Parks — At the third annual
meeting of the park and recreation section of
the League of Wisconsin Municipalities, Mayor
George Oaks of Oshkosh, Wisconsin, stated
that he believed a park commission consisting
of citizens is the best form of park administra-
tion. He also stressed the idea of selling parks
to the public so that park budgets will not be
left as the last order of business when making
up the municipal budget.

A Traveling Library — In Monongahela
County, West Virginia, forty-seven people are
employed on the recreation project. These
workers are conducting a variety of activities.
Two of them, librarians, are taking the county
traveling library throughout the rural sections,
delivering books, magazines and phonograph
records to the communities which have no
other library facilities.

AMONG OUR FOLKS

323

Among Our Folks

ON July i, 1935, Lewis R. Barrett resigned
his position in the Housing Division of the
Federal Emergency Administration on Public
Works to become Recreation Coordinator for
the District of Columbia.

In the summer of 1934, at the request of the
National Capital Park and Planning Commis-
sion, the National Recreation Association
made a survey looking toward the unification
or coordination of recreational activities of the
District of Columbia. Following this survey,
the President appointed a committee consist-
ing of representatives from the District Com-
missioners, the Board of Education and the
National Park Service of the Department of
the Interior, with the Chairman of the Na-
tional Capital Park and Planning Commission
to secure a coordinator for the recreational ac-
tivities and facilities provided under the auspi-
ces of the first three of these organizations
who should serve as far as possible as unifying
executive for the total recreation service of the
District. It is to this position of coordinating
leadership that Mr. Barrett has been called.

From May, 1929, to September, 1934, Mr.
Barrett had served as recreation executive for
Newark, New Jersey, and from October, 1922,
to May, 1929, in Des Moines, Iowa.

Raymond Hoyt, formerly of the Los An-
geles Playground and Recreation Department,
who recently served as Supervisor of the State
Recreation Project in California sponsored by
the State Department of Education, has ac-
cepted a position with the Housing Division of
the Federal Emergency Administration on
Public Works in Washington, D. C.

Viola Armstrong, formerly on the staff of
the Recreation Department in Detroit, Mich-
igan, and for the past two years recreation
field worker for an insurance company serving
the State of Michigan extensively, recently re-
joined the Detroit Recreation Department
stafif.

A Conference of Museums — On October
20th and 2 1st the New England Conference
of Museums was held at Worcester, Massa-
chusetts. The opening address by Laurence
Vail Coleman, Director of the American Asso-
ciation of Museums, reviewed the growth of
the museum during the past twelve or thirteen
years. It told an interesting story of progress

LOUDEN

PLAYGROUND
, EQUIPMENT

ASK A LOUDEN ENGINEER

IT'S just good business when planning a new playground,
gymnasium, or swimming pool, or remodeling the old ones,
to consult with Louden engineers. Here, long experienced
highly trained specialists in Recreational devices and layout-
planning are ready to give you recommendations, specifica-
tions and cost estimates ... all without obligation. And,
Louden Equipment . . . safe, dependable, moderately priced
. . . gives one of the largest and
most varied lines of quality de-
vices, many items of exclusive
Louden design. Take advantage
of this free service. Write today
for full particulars.

J.E.PORTER CORPORATION

120 BROADWAY • OTTAWA, ILLINOIS

both as to numbers of museums — art, history,
natural science and industry — and as to their
expanding service. Throughout the conference
it was increasingly evident that museums are
primarily leisure-time institutions which are
destined to play an important part in the plan
for the use of leisure time.

Story-Telling Hours — Through the cooper-
ation of the public Hbrary of Cincinnati, Ohio,
it has been possible for assembly rooms in
some of the branch libraries to be used by the
Public Recreation Commission for story-tell-
ing. A pubhc shelter building and a community
house have also been used. Play leaders, school
teachers and others interested volunteered their
services for the story-telling sessions. A total
of over 1,100 tjpys and girls attended.

Public Dances in Buffalo — Under the ERA
the Buffalo, New York, Museum of Science was
one of the places in the city where weekly outdoor
dances were held last summer. Each Thursday
night from 8:3 to 10:30 an average attendance
of 3,000 was reported. The orchestra was an
ERA project.

324

PVAYS TO MUSICAL GOOD FORTUNE

Ways to Musical Good Fortune

(Continued from page 288)

mental and physical well-being does that. As
for every one of life's best rewards, the indi-
vidual must go half-way to meet it. And there
are always a million brains devising ways of
making it not only possible but very alluring
for people to have thrills and other semblances
of happiness without going that half-way or
any distance at all. This production of what
are calculated to be regarded as "short cuts to
happiness" is our greatest and most widely
patronized industry. No city or town or any
other agency need engage leaders for that, not
for that alone.

The Recreation Renaissance

(Continued from page 293)

agency that state or county selects. Such parks,
according to the belief of many authorities, can
be self-supporting if properly managed. Fees
for overnight and week-end use and for vaca-
tions in the cabins, for swimming, boating and

fishing, and the returns from the concessions
should help a great deal toward making this
possible. In some places an admission is
charged to the park proper, but this is debatable.

The park program combines conservation,
recreation, restoration, rehabilitation and the
protection of wildlife. Conservation is para-
mount in those areas which are not touched
beyond the construction of trails and cutting
of fire lanes. Recreation thrives in the devel-
oped tracts with the cabins and the fireplaces
and the lakes.

For the conservation of wildlife there has
been set up within the State Park Division
an organization whose only duty is to see that
all park projects are developed with the wel-
fare of every sort of wildlife always in mind.
This is done by means of a senior wildlife tech-
nician in the Washington office, working
through a field force of technicians assigned
to the various states. In the restoration pro-
gram, adobe villages with no history, and old
settlements and military sites rich with his-
tory, are being restored and rededicated to the

Z>^^i^ leacUmc Ulaie'iial lo'i ike Kecleaiion ui'iectci

The Education Division of the National Safety Council publishes a variety of
material designed to aid in the teaching of safety on the playground or in
the school. We recommend the following:

SAFETY EDUCATION MAGAZINE— A monthly publication con-
taining colored posters, graded lesson outlines, short plays
and stories, informational articles, etc.

Price $1.00 a year

THE JUNIOR SAFETY COUNCIL— A handbook of safety activi-
ties containing practical program suggestions, pfttrol organi-
zation and references.

Price $.35

PLAYGROUND PACKET— A collection of safety material for the
playground director. Contains 10 colored safety posters, a
safety play, crayon lessons and instructions for the safe use
of playground equipment.

Price $1.00

Education Division, National Safety Council

ONE PARK AVENUE NEW YORK, N. Y.

MAGAZINES AND PAMPHLETS

325

wild young days of a new country. Outstand-
ing are "Lost City," Nevada, where the Con-
servation Corps has dug a prehistoric Indian
civiUzation out of the earth to be covered by
Boulder Lake; Fort Frederick, Maryland, a
veteran of three wars ; and Fort Macon, grand
I old defender of the North Carolina capes.
In conjunction with the FERA land pro-
gram submarginal tracts are being retired to
[ conservation and recreation, and the farmers
: who scratched that rocky ground are trans-
planted in fertile bottoms or on hillsides that
have not eroded away. This phase of the work
is conducted by the land program's Recrea-
tional Demonstration Projects Division, in con-
nection with the state park program. The di-
rector is M. C. Huppuch, young one-time CCC
camp superintendent.

And thus, through all these channels, is run-
ning a pleasing blend of conservation and rec-
reation, propelled by the force of a new and
interesting movement.

A Husking Bee for That Autumn Party

(Continued from page 302)
Refreshments

These should be
from a long wooden
plates, cups, knives,
used.
Cocoa
Coffee
Milkshakes
Cider
Punch
Soda Pop
Corn Candy
Candied Apples
Pears
Apples
Nuts

served "help-yourself" style
table. Paper napkins, kitchen
, forks and spoons may be

Pumpkin Pie

Apple Tarts

Doughnuts

Sandwiches

Gingerbread

Corn Bread

Potato Salad

Cabbage- Carrot Salad

Baked Beans

Hot Soup and Crackers

Community Dances in Lancaster

(Continued from page 305)

accounts for the continued success of the com-
munity dances. Although they are so carefully
conducted that even the most particular of parents
do not hesitate to allow their young daughters to
attend them unescorted, the dances seem to run
themselves, so far in the background does the
"management" keep itself. That is why, for fif-
teen years, they have been earning the complete

Magazines and Pamphlets

Recently Received Containing Articles
of Interest to the Recreation Worker

MAGAZINES
American Forests, July 1935

Unique Nature Trails, by Mary E. Pasco
The Epworth Highroad, August 1935

"I Made It Myself I" by Lucille Lippitt
The National Parent-Teacher Magazine, August 1935

Can Character Be Taught? by Barry Chalmers

Back- Yard Picnics, by Dorothy Blake

In Our Neighborhood, conducted by Alice Sowers

Hygeia, August 1935

What Should Your Child Dance ? by Lucile Marsh

Leisure, August 1935

Sport on the Grass Rink, by Walter B. Grover
Music and Leisure, by John Winter Thompson
We Prepare for Play, by Charles E. Randall
John Huston Finley and the ala Sainte Terre Club,

by Chandler D. IngersoU
Presto! — A Playground, by John Coolidge Hurd
Our Favorite Games, by Ruth M. Luther

Public Management, July 1935

Municipal Recreation for the New Leisure, by
Weaver W. Pangburn

PAMPHLETS
Houston Recreation Department Annual Report, 1934
Facing the Future, by C. B. Whitnall

Reprinted from Parks and Recreation

Environmental Influence of City and Regional Planning,

by C. B. Whitnall

Reprinted from Parks and Recreation

approval of parents and unflagging popularity
among the boys and girls for whom they were
instituted.

Rochester's New Swimming Pools

(Continued from page 306)
Service buildings of colonial architecture are
provided in conjunction with both installations.
Exterior walls of these buildings are faced with
Belden brick laid up in Flemish bond. Interior
walls and partitions are faced with salt glazed
brick. Steel sash, kalamein doors and metal door
bucks have been used throughout. Toilet parti-
tions, key cabinets, dressing compartments and
lockers are metal. The roofs are covered with
green Ambler asbestos shingles. Great care was
exercised in the design of these buildings so as to
enforce proper routing of bathers. To prevent
ringworm infection, a shallow foot bath 3 feet 10
inches wide by 6 feet long by 6 inches deep, con-
structed of metal, has been placed adjacent to the
passage from the shower room to the pool. Elach

326

BUFFALO MULTIPLIES HER PLAY AREAS

PLAYS T°M^. MONTH

Ready September 1st
Describing

NEW PLAYS —

• Including a new high school success
by Glenn Hughes entitled "Say It
with Flowers."

READINGS —

• New material suitable for all occasions.

FEATURES —

• A New University Theatre by Prof.
Edward C. Mabie of the University
of Iowa.

OTHER PLAYS —

• For Colleges, High Schools, Ele-
mentary Schools, Little Theatres,
Churches, Clubs and Rural Groups.

Write now for your complimentary copy

FREDERICK B. INGRAM PRODUCTIONS, INC.

ROCK ISLAND, ILL.

ing use from the time of their opening proves
that they are meeting a long felt need on the part
of this large community.

bather must pass through this foot bath. A con-
tinuous flow of calcium hypochloride is main-
tained to avoid infection.

The entire swimming pool areas will be en-
closed with an artistic picket iron fence, prevent-
ing the use of the pools when not protected by life
guards.

The cost of this construction, covering labor
and material, was, in Seneca Park, approximately
$69,000; in Genesee Valley Park, approximately
$149,000.

Buffalo Multiplies Her Play Areas

(Continued from page 310)

possible load which the pool may accommodate.
The entrance to the pools is so arranged that no
one may enter without first passing through the
shower baths.

The pools are located in Cazenovia Park — a
large park in South Buffalo in the heart of a sec-
tion of the city with a population of more than
50,000 people. Their need has been felt for many
years since South Buffalo has no access to water
that is free from pollution, and their overwhelm-

Music and the Dance

(Continued from page 314)

l)ortance in all phases of every day life, every
effort should be made to develop the ability to
perceive rhythm and incorporate it in our move-
ments.

There are many cliiklren and adults who lack
any knowledge or semlilance of feeling of the dif-
ference in types or tempo of various kinds of
music. A good example of this is to be seen on
the average social ballroom floor. Many dancers
not only execute fox trot steps to waltz music
but also keep fox trot tempo and disregard any
other time.

Cooperative Programs

Music possibly more than any other art appeals
to man's emotions and interests. It portrays to
him various feelings and responses characteristic
of all human beings. This offers the dancer the
opportunity to express them in dance form. The
history and story of each piece of music should
be explained so that the class or individual may
understand the circumstances in which the piece
of music developed into its present state of har-
mony and symphony.

Departments of recreation employing both a
dance director and a music director have an ex-
cellent opportunity for cooperative programs.
Dancing instructors and music teachers should
plan programs which will benefit both groups.
Advice in selection may be obtained from the
music director in planning the dance music. All
types of music should be used in the dance reper-
toire, but a special emphasis should be placed on
good music as it offers a more fertile field for the
development and expression of the pupils. Co-
ordination is also possible in the planning of pub-
lic performances. The dance group may often
portray selections of music given by the music
group at pageants, festivals, shows and concerts.

The seasonal and holiday programs always of-
fer fine possibilities for musical and dance shows.
Plans should be well on their way for a Fall Har-
vest Moon Festival. A program of this type gives
an excellent opportunity to test out the possibili-
ties of such a plan of cooperation and decide the
feasibility of its use in future programs.

New Publications in the Leisure Time Field

Enchanted Acre

By Gove Hambidge. Whittlesey Home. McGraw-Hill
Book Company, New York. $2.50.

THIS book should make a wide appeal at just this time
when so many people are thinking of the desirability
of going back to the land. It deals with the lure of the
land and the possibilities of country living, and tells of
rich personal experiences and adventures extending over
many years, often in the face of economic hardship. Mr,
Hambidge recommends country life for the real latis-
factions it oflFers the individual, but advises against sub-
sistence farming as a general solution to the economic
problem. His advice is summed up in the following:

"I would say to any one who is fed up with his par-
ticular way of life and who longs to chuck it all and go
and live on a little place in the country: Know thyself;
search well, friend, and know whether it is farming you
want, or freedom. If it is freedom, as I suspect, this be-
ing the more universal longing of men, then watch out
that you do not merely exchange country slavery for
city slavery, one yoke for another yoke that will prove
not less galling to the neck."

A Little Handbook on Adult Education

By Frederick L, Fagley. The Pilgrim Press, Boston.

$.10.
This pamphlet represents a brief outline of the prin-
' ciples of adult education and touches upon subjects
as the principles, the group, the leader, the procedure and
the material. It gives in concise form the principles un-
derlying the aduH education movement.

Five-Year Report of the Michigan

Boulevard Garden Apartments

Building Corporation

Michigan Boulevard Garden Apartments Building Cor-

poration, Chicago, Illinois.
A LL iXTCKSTED in low priced housing and in the de-
** development of recreation facilities in connection
with such projects will Want to see the Five-Year Re-
■port of the Michigan Boulevard Garden Apartments
Building Corporation in the development of which the
late Julius Rosenwald played so important a part. The
report tells in some detail of the social and recreational
features developed and states: "A well-rounded com-
munity program of recreation and education is not only
consistent with but essential to sound business manage-
ment." Furthermore, the report states: "All activities of
<rreative and constructive expression constitute a program
which must be provided for early in the development of
a project and continuously stimulated by the manage-
ment"

Guide to Sports and Outdoor
Recreations

Compiled by Wilson M. lianck. Obtainable from The

H. W. Wilson Company, New York. $.75.
IJecRKATio.s woKKFUs will find this a very valuable bibli-
' ' ography covering a selected list of books from 1918
to December 31, 1934. Part 1 contains, in addition to a
list of general books, lx>oks on the following subjects:
Baseball, footljall, basketball, track and field athletics,
Olympic games, golf, court games, field games, swim-
ming and diving, rowing, ice sports, self-defense, and
minor sports. In Part II are to t>e found books on hunt-
ing and fishing, shooting, trai)i>ing, archery, outdoor life,
camping, canoeing, sailing, boat Iniilding, hiking, moun-
taineering, horsemanship and winter sports.

Outdoor and Community Games

By Sid (j. Hedges. J. B. Lippintott Company, PhiU-

adeli^ia. $1.25.
iA ANY NEW and diverting games, alx)ut 250 in all, de-
'"* signed for both children and grown-ups of all ages
are described in this book. There are games for ute at
the picnic, in the camp, on the lawn, by the sea, on the
playground, on the snow and ice, in the water, on a ship,
at the fete, in the woods, at the children's outing, and in
the car or motor coach. Thirty diagrams make the des-
criptions more clear.

Character Dances for School Programs

By Hilda Clute Kozman. A. .S. I'/arii'r<> and Company,
New York. $2,00,

TTo THE BECKEATioN worker, teacher or other leader who
* is called on to furnish entertaining dance programs
for meetings and special occasions of various kinds, this
book will be a help in time of need. Each of the twenty-
four dances described — and music accompanies each — is
illustrated to suggest appropriate costumes, A careful
analysis of the steps used is included.

Leisure in Our Time

Analysis and interpretation by Stewart G, Cole, Ph,D.

Delaware County Welfare Council, Court House,

Media, Pennsylvania. $1110.
rvzK siHCE its inception the Recreation Division of the
^ Delaware County, Pennsylvania, Welfare Council
has had as one of its major objectives a survey of the
recreational facilities and opporttmities of the countjr*
This objective was eventually achieved when the Dela*
ware County Park Board obtained from the CWA the
necessary fimds to engage a force of investigators and a
supervisor to make a careful study. As a result of the
sttidy, definite recommendations have (leen made involv-
ing the appointing of a recreation director for the county
and of a thoroughly representative committee of recrea-
tion adrisers.

327

328

NEW PUBLICATIONS IN THE LEISURE TIME FIELD

Treasure Chest.

Compiled by Clarence A. Westphal. Literary Ex-
plorers. G. C. Manthorne and Company, Charles
and Pinckney Streets, Boston, Massachusetts. Paper
cover, $.30.

This booklet represents a compilation of passages from
the best poetry for use by members of the Literary Ex-
plorers' Club started several years ago by a band of
young people in "Manchester, New Hampshire, who de-
cided to embark on a voyage of exploration in search of
the "buried treasure" to be found in the great storehouse
of books. When these explorers made the discovery that
the best way to keep the treasures they had found was
to commit them to memory, they decided that no one
would be admitted as a member of the club until he had
captured in his memory twenty-five of the selections from
the Treasure Chest. Any one who could pass this test
would be allowed to join the crew and wear the pilot
wheel pin of the Literary Explorers. Thus the Literary
Explorers had their beginning. Clubs have spread to a
number of other states as far west as California.

Official Lawn Tennis Guide 1935.

Edited by Irving C. Wright and Samuel Hardy.
American Sports Publishing Company, New York.
$.35.

The 1935 Lawn Tennis Guide with which is combined
the Spalding Tennis Annual, is a very complete history
of the sport for the past year. All worthwhile tourna-
ments are reported and records are given.

Alfred A. Knopf, New York.

Go and Go-Moku.

Bv Edward Lasker.
$2.50.

The ofdest game in the world is rapidly spreading in
the United States. In this book Mr. Lasker describes the
oriental board games of Go and Go-Moku and their
American versions. He explains the game simply and
completely, and gives the rules, the different moves, the
tactics, the variations, the scoring, and the way to enjoy
it to the fullest.

Firelight Entertainments.

By Margaret K. Soifer. Furrow Press, 115 Eastern
Parkway, Brooklyn, New York. $.75.

Complete descriptions and suggestions for a wide va-
riety of camp fire entertainment suitable for both young
and old are contained in this book, which gives definite
information on the organization, costumes, stories, songs
and stunts for a number of entertainments. Lists of
source material for stories and music are included.

Treatment Programs of Five State Institutions.

By Alida C. Bowler and Ruth S. Bloodgood. Chil-
dren's Bureau. Publication No. 228. U. S. Gov-
ernment Printing Office, Washington, D. C. $.25.

This, the first of the series to 'be published by the
Children's Bureau under the title Institutional Tyeaiment
of Delinquent Boys, reports the findings of a study of
five outstanding state institutions for delinquent boys in
California, Michigan, New Jersey, New York and Ohio
— all state institutions representative of treatment pro-
grams being administered in various sections of the coun-
try. The physical education, athletic and recreation pro-
grams in each institution are carefully evaluated along
with other factors. "The ideal institutional program,"
states the report in its chapter on Recapitulation and
Comments, "would probably center in some one person,
preferably a trained recreation worker, responsible for
the development of a diversified program of recreational
activity."

Annotated Bibliography on Adult Education.

Compiled by William Martin Proctor. Obtainable
from Mr. Proctor, 747 Dolorest Street, Stanford
University, California. $.25.
The preparation of this bibliography is an outgrowth
of the compiler's work during the past five years with
graduate classes in adult education at Stanford Univer-
sity. In the task he has had the assistance of members
of his classes. No effort has been made, Mr. Proctor
explains, to prepare a complete and exhaustive biblio-
graphy, but it is believed that a fairly satisfactory sam-
pling of the most important phases of the field has been
achieved. Some 839 titles have been included with a brief
resume in most instances of their contents. The method
of classification adds to the usefulness of this valuable
bibliography.

Financial Trends in Organized Social Work.

By Kate Huntley. Published for the Welfare Coun-
cil of New York City by Columbia University
Press, New York. $3.75.
In this book the author has given us an analysis of
the income and expenditures of different types of social
work in New York City designed to show the direction
in which social work has been moving as revealed in
volume of expendtiures and sources of support during
the prewar, war, depression and boom years, 1910-1929.
One entire chapter is devoted to recreation, and the state-
ment is made that the expansion of this work is reflected
in an expenditure increase of about 400 per cent during
the twenty years since 1910. Developments during war
years and the sharp upward trends in the volume of
expenditures during the last five years are reported to
account for most of this increase.

Officers and Directors of the National
Recreation Association

OFFICERS
Joseph Lee, President
John H. Finley, First Vice-President
John G. Winant, Second Vice-President
Robert Garrett, Third Vice-President
GusTAVus T. KiRBY, Treasurer
Howard S. Braucher, Secretary

DIRECTORS
Mrs. Edward W. Biddle, Carlisle, Pa.
William Butterworth, Molire, III.
Clarence M. Clark, Philadelphia, Pa.
Henry L. Corbett, Portland, Ore.
Mrs. Arthur G. Cummer, Jacksonville, Fla.
F. Trubee Davison, Locust Valley, L. I., N. Y.
Mrs. Thomas A. Edison, West Orange, N. J.
John H. Finley, New York, N. Y.
Robert Garrett, Baltimore, Md.
Austin E. Griffiths^ Seattle, Wash.
Charles Hayden, New York, N. Y.
Mrs. Charles V. Hickox, Michigan City, Ind.
Mrs. Francis deLacy Hyde, Plainfield, N. J.
Gustavus T. Kirby, New York, N. Y.
H. McK. Landon, Indianapolis, Ind.
Mrs. Charles D. Lanier, Greenwich, Conn.
Robert Lassiter, Charlotte, N. C.
Joseph Lee, Boston, Mass.
Edward E. Loomis, New York, N. Y.
J. H. McCurdy, Springfield, Mass.
Otto T. Mallery, Philadelphia, Pa.
Walter A. May, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Carl E. Milliken, Augusta, Me.
Mrs. Ogden L. Mills, Woodbury, N. Y.
Mrs. James W. Wadsworth, Jr., Washington, D. C.
J. C. Walsh, New York, N. Y.
Frederick M. Warburg, New York, N. Y.
John G. WIinant, Concord, N. H.
Mrs. Williau H. Woodin, Jr., Tucson, Ariz.

A Tribute to a Recreation Worker

HE LIVED EVERY DAY. He planned his work so that real living should be possible each
day. The spirit of living, of recreation, of joy was carried into his hourly work. Never
did he think of toil as the supreme end of life. We Americans have bowed down be-
fore work, before work for material gain, for getting on in the world as before Baal. We as a
nation have worshipped WORK and material gains as our god to whom all should be given.
We have been ready to forego living, to die even before the doctor pronounced us dead, show-
ing our supreme devotion to WORK, to getting on. A great industrialist to whom I had
looked up with great respect recently in the presence of several educators uttered this blasphemy
against the true God without rebuke: "After all WORK is the great thing in life and next
to work — is preparation for WORK."

It is after all living that justifies existence and not work. Of course work must be done.
Dishes must be washed. Houses must be built. All this, however, is not the end of man's exis-
tence. The great blasphemy against our God is to make this beautiful world here and now a
place for Work and Preparation for Work and leave all living to a Heaven that is to come
afterwards.

The man about whom I write loved his work, carried bis enjoyment of life into his
hourly work. The spirit of living was in his work all the time. Yet resolutely and of set
purpose he limited his work to regular working hours. He planned, he took time to live with
his wife and his son and his daughter, with his friends, with his neighbors. He kept himself a
part of all that was going on in the great wide world. Nothing human was foreign to him.
From his college days his life boomed. Life was not accidental for him — snatched on a few oc-
casions. He expected to live and keep on living — no matter what. For him eternal life began
early.

And now that be is gone one cannot feel sorry for him. He had placed himself in the
stream of life unafraid, he had experienced himself most of what life had to give. He had not
waited until he should retire to live — or thought of real living as something which came in
another world. He carried the spirit of the play, the recreation movement, and it was no ac-
cident that for about twenty years all his working hours had been given to it. He was one of
a small group that for a generation have carried the flag of the recreation movement. The move-
ment was his movement — - expressed the fundamental note of his life.

He knew well that just as church spires are much more than spires, so playgrounds,
parks, recreation centers are much more than spaces and buildings, they stand for concern for
living, the play of the human spirit, the invincible nature of man, the poet, the musician, the
artist, the athlete bursting with life to which he must give expression. Their essential message is
that life itself is more than meat, that man is not to be a slave — even though the slavery take
the common American form of self-imposed slavery to work and getting on.

The endowment of the recreation movement today — practically the only endowment
it has — is the group of men such as he, my friend of whom I write. He had learned how to
live every hour of all his days.

Howard Braucher.

* In memory of ROY SMITH WALLACE, a member of the staff of the National Recreation Association.

OCTOBER 1935

329

Courtesy Southern Homes and Gardens

'For generations In America the urban populations have' recognized
with all their strivings and go-gettings that parks are a necessary con-
comitant of urban living. Parks have been dedicated, often with no
higher motive than to sell a related sub-division; they have been pro-
moted; they have been acquired by direct purchase, by condemna-
tion and by gift, and they have been unloaded on to the city. No
matter 'how come,' by hook or crook. It Is enough if they are there.
When they have been once dedicated to public recreational use and
have become habitual with the people they please, they will have
given character and enhancement to that same neighborhood or com-
munity of which they have become an essential integral part."

— C. P. Keyset.

330

The Landscape — So Let It Remain!

THERE IS NO such thing
as "landscaping" the
forest. Neither the
dictionary nor R o g e t,
in his Thesaurus ox an-
alysis of ideas, recognize
a verb "to landscape."
The word is a substan-
tive only. Action in con-
nection with the idea is
expressed by the verb
phrase "landscape gar-
dening," but a forest is
no place for gardening.
Landscape gardening
is the "art of laying out
grounds and arranging
trees and shrubbery in
such a manner as to pro-
duce a picturesque ef-
fect." Landscape archi-
tects, to use a phrase
which has come into the
dictionary in the last

twenty years, are those "whose profession it is
to so arrange and modify the effects of natural
scenery as to produce the best aesthetic effect
considering the use to which the tract so
treated is to be put, as by the arrangement of
trees or shrubs, opening or closing of vistas,
and arrangement of roads or paths."

All this may seem to be a mere study of
terminology, but for those who are thinking
of the forest, the very terms are significant. It
is because in the landscape architect's work he
has sought to produce effect by the arrange-
ment of trees, with emphasis on the arrange-
ment, that his work has had so little place in
the forest. Landscape architecture has to do
first with building of gardens and the practice
of horticulture. The entire concept must be
changed in dealing with the forest, which after
all is not something to be laid out and arranged
and modified and beautified, but is, as Webster

Photo by V. S. Forest Service

says, "the general aspect
of nature." The forest
is nature itself, and the
highest, if not the only
duty to be performed by
man in connection with
the forest landscape, is to
see that it is preserved
so far as may be, consid-
ering the use to which
the particular piece of
forest is adapted.

True it is that the for-
est is not merely a place
in which trees grow, but
that those trees are
grown for lumber and
other economic products.
It is also true that the
forest has other far-
reaching economic val-
ues, such as the eifect of
forest cover on the main-
tenance of proper condi-
tions of stream flow. Fortunately, these uses
can be served and yet vast areas of forest land
retained in their natural aspect, and even where
the economic uses are dominant, due regard to
preservation of the landscape or natural condi-
tion means only temporary or partial sacrifice
of natural values to the economic need.

Recreation in the National Forest

The place that recreation has in National
Forest management is only beginning to be
recognized, but the basic fact remains that
since the beginning of civilization, and in all
countries of the globe, mankind has gone to
the timbered hills for recreation ; for hunting,
fishing, and the quiet, the peace, and the beauty
of nature. No use of the woods can be of
greater importance to mankind because this is
direct human use.

The Forester of the United States Indian

331

332

THE LANDSCAPE — SO LET IT REMAIN!

Service, Robert Marshall, in a
recent article in American For-
ests, sets forth the different uses
of the forest for recreation and
places in first priority the main-
tenance of the primitive — that
use which above all others calls
for preservation of the land-
scape, the "natural aspect." So
far as the National Forests of the United
States are concerned it is believed that the first
official recognition of this need of a definite
program for the maintenance of the wilderness
or the primitive was in the .Southwest when
the Gila Wilderness, so-called, was established
covering more than a million acres on the Gila
National Forest in New Mexico, with a view
to maintaining this area as free as possible
from human occupancy, and with only such
kind and number of roads and trails as were
necessary for the protection of the area itself
from fire and other destruction. A region whose
mountain slopes are covered with magnificent
timber, but inaccessible to market; whose can-
yons are deep and all but impassable, but
whose streams are alive with fish and broken
with waterfalls ; a region of abundant big game
and highly appropriate to the purpose for
which it was designated, where the natural
aspects have not been modified or the trees
arranged by the art of man ! Following this
came the recognition of preservation of the
primitive as a nation-wide policy, and the set-
ting up of primitive areas generally.

In the abstract, public sentiment is in favor
of t h e primitive
area. Such discus-
sion as has been
given the issue in
,the magazines
and the press has
usually been fa-
V o r a b 1 e , but it
may as well be
recognized from
the start that the
wilderness areas
contain the basis
for their own de-
struction, and
that, in the con-
crete, the time will
c o me when the

In this article M. M. Cheney of
the United States Forest Serv-
ice nnake an interesting analysis
of the recreational uses of Na-
tional Forests and asks for the
preservation and restoration or
natural beauty on the basis that
it is neither possible nor desir-
able to improve on Nature.

Courtesy Miluaukee County Regional Planning Department

lovers of landscape must fight
for their preservation. I do not
mean that the primitive areas
contain economic values when
I say that they contain where-
with to destroy themselves. It
is not a question of bottling up
mineral resources, nor water
power, since ordinarily the
primitive area can be located to avoid this con-
fiict, and it is not merely a question of commer-
cial timber values, although the time may come
when the gauge will be thrown down for spe-
cific bodies of timber, whether they are more
\aluable in place as trees or hauled into the
mill as logs and run out as boards and sawdust.
Beyond this, however, the wilderness area is
a thing of beauty, and it is the very attraction
of it, and the fact that it is a wilderness, that
brings in people over every possible road and
way-to-go, that causes people to drop down in
every little opening from the air, and brings
into the picture the demand for landing fields
:ind new roads and resorts, in order that more
people may more easily come in to enjoy the
beauty of the landscape which would by that
very incoming to a large degree destroy it.

And right here we come to the doctrine of
highest use and whether highest use neces-
sarily means use by the greatest number. It
has been said that for recreation areas on the
National Forest the highest use is for picnic
and campgrounds, since the individual area will
ser\e more people under that form of use than
any other, and this is probably true. On the

other hand, once
again referring to
Marshall's article,
he states that the
higher use is that
for the private
summer home,
since that form of
occupancy affords
the time and the
seclusion for
bringing out the
higher, more sub-
tle, more spiritual
values of the for-
est. Here again,
fortunately, the
forest is large

THE LANDSCAPE — SO LET IT REMAIN!

333

Courtesy Mil'vaukce County Regional Planning Dcf^avtmcnt

enough and varied enough to provide for both
types of use. Whichever of the two is the
higher use, it goes without saying that the two
uses must be kept separate, and that the areas
along the highway and along the streams
which are used by the larger number of people
for travel and camping and fishing and hunting
must be administered with that use in mind,
and protected against incumbrance by exclu-
sive occupancy. On the other hand, ofT the
main lines of travel and in the secluded side
draws, hidden away in the timber somewhere,
should be found places for the mountain cabin,
for the summer home of the individual who
has the time and the desire to go into the se-
cluded places and build himself a home. May
the time never come when the forest area of
America is not large enough to pro\ide for
both types of use!

To return to the primitive area, the
argument is made that it is a selfish
thing to set aside these areas and to
keep out of them the roads and other
facilities of travel by which they
might be enjoyed by the entire peo]-ile
without inconvenience. It is said that
their use is for the limited few who
enjoy the primitive conditions, who
are willing to undergo the privations
of travel with pack outfit, to sleep
under trees and the stars, and to lose
themselves for days or weeks at a
time from the electric lights, mat-
tressed beds and dinner tables of the .
commercial resort. The primitive area

will never measure its value by the
number of its visitors but rather by
its seclusion and unfrequented soli-
tude and the beauties of "the general
aspects of nature." The more difficult
the wilderness, the greater its attrac-
tion, and the fewer its users, and by
this very measure is the value of the
primitive area to be determined. It
is a case of highest use, but not use
by the greatest number.

But there is a real value, concrete
and definite, spiritual on the one hand,
but human on the other, in the very
existence of a wilderness. Is it not
• within the picture that the travelers
along a highway which at no point
enters the wilderness, and the visitors to the resort
which is located outside its area, visitors who never
for a moment consider themselves undergoing the
hardships of travel in the wilderness — is it not
easily conceivable that they will come to those re-
sorts and travel along those highways, and spend
their good money in the community because the
wilderness exists, and because of the thrill they
get from looking back into the mountains and
knowing the wilderness is there?

Road Building

But the landscape is not limited to the prim-
itive area and the work of the Forest Service
in preserving the landscape very properly ex-
tends to the entire confines of the forest, and
particularly to the regions of heaviest use. Here

Courtesy Mihvaukee County Regional Planning Department

334

THE LANDSCAPE — SO LET IT REMAIN!

it becomes necessary to build highways or
roads and to develop resorts or public camp-
grounds. When a road is built through a Na-
tional Forest it is not ordinarily a route of
through travel. The purpose is not, in the
ordinary sense of the word, to get from one
place to another, but rather to travel and en-
joy that travel. This carries with it as a very
first essential that the road shall be built for
the country's sake, rather than the country
utilized to serve the road. In building a road
through the forest, therefore, the purpose is
not to accomplish a feat of engineering, nor to
select a site which will be easiest of mainte-
nance by the road crew, but rather to build
such a road as will afiford the finest view, of
mountain or valley, the best glimpse of the
stream and as little consciousness of road as
possible. The need is not for a fast road with
sweeping curves, long tangents, big fills, high
cut banks, but such a road as fits itself to the
picture, winding and undulating, going whither
it will to see what it can see, restful and only
so wide as must be, with trees overhanging —
as little scar, as little engineering as possible.

With this in mind, road location through
the forest calls for the services not only of the
road engineer or surveyor, but of the landscape
architect. But when the road is built and road-
side beautification is in order, it is no longer
the point of view of the gardener or the archi-
tect that is needed, but that of the lover of
landscape, who sees in natural conditions the
true beauty of the forest. For the roadside
strip, roadside clean-up should be limited to
the removal of diseased and otherwise danger-
ous trees constituting an actual menace to hu-
man life and travel. Trees felled by human
hand in the construction of the road itself or
for other purposes should be removed, but the
natural fall, the down trees, the picturesque
snags have their part in the natural landscape,
and may be just as beautiful as the living trees.
There is, therefore, such a thing as going too
far in the piling and burning and the raking
and polishing within the roadside strip.

The Campgrounds

For the public campgrotmds themselves this
same principle is of first importance. It is true
that human use carries with it wear and tear
and need for sanitation, and that the service

units inevitably disturb natural conditions.
They must be so built as to serve the purposes
for which they are intended with careful plan-
ning and little changing of the natural land-
scape, and with the effort to subordinate the
improvements and make them a part of the
setting itself. Fireplaces can be built to serve
the purpose and still be kept small and in what
is known as the "rock pile design" without dis-
turbing the natural beauty. Where natural
rock is available the use of the rock itself for
tables, benches and shelters is attractive. Ser-
vice and durability are required but with no
sacrifice of natural beauty that can be avoided
Filling and grading merely disturb what nature
has provided. Planting and setting out shrubs
and "arranging trees" should not be necessary
except where natural shade is lacking. The
"aspect of nature" needs no beautification. The
public campgrounds should be carefully
planned and laid out, but not made a garden
or a park ; should be complete as to facilities,
but drives, shelters, latrines, tables, and fire-
places can be designed and located to merge
quietly into the natural setting without display
and with only such clearing as it required to
make the camp spots usable.

The principle is far-reaching — it applies to
primitive area, hunting grounds, recreation
area, and roadside strips, the high purpose of
the forester to preserve and restore natural
conditions with never a thought that it is pos-
sible or desirable to improve on Nature. Where
timber operations or other economic uses have
caused disturbance, restoration is a prime ob-
jective. Where the landscape is unmarred —
so let it remain !

"In a Nation faced with an increase in the lei-
sure time available to its citizens, and with need
for providing means of escape from the intensity
of urban life, failure fully to realize the recre-
ational potentialities of the national forests would
be a social error. In regions where other eco-
nomic activities are dwindling rapidly, failure to
develop those recreational uses would be an eco-
nomic injustice to scores of dependent communi-
ties. These circumstances create an obligation to
recognize recreational use as a major purpose and
service of the national forests and to provide
suitably for its development." — from the Report
of the Forester, 1935.

Connecticut Relives Her Past

CONNECTICUT celebrat-
ed an important an-
niversary this year
— its tercentenary — and
the entire state turned back
the pages, reminiscing and
recalling. In the larger
cities elaborate pageantry

marked the year, but perhaps there was nothing
quite so charming among Connecticut's many ob-
servances as those held in the small communities
where the green, the town hall and frequently the
original colonial buildings have preserved the at-
mosphere of early times.

The Setting
We happened to be in Canaan, a lovely old vil-
lage set in the foothills, last summer, when the
community was holding its celebration. For weeks
the townspeople had been rummaging in attics,
bringing out spinning wheels, cradles, and quilts,
taking quaint bonnets and dresses of a bygone day
out of old trunks. The older residents had pre-
pared articles for the special tercentenary edition
of the paper, giving anecdotes and historical facts
of local interest. There was an air of keen enjoy-
ment in the preparation of the program, with
nothing of the commercial to mar the dignity of a
village making a gracious bow to the past. Dis-
plays in store windows represented every phase of
early American life.
Muskets, oxen
yokes, candlesticks,
old bonnets, pewter
utensils and the
mellow glow of old
furniture made a
museum of the
main thoroughfare
where shop keep-
ers vied with one
another in their col-
lections and ar-
rangements of
treasures. Funds
were raised solely
through the sale of

An onlooker at the tercentenary
celebration in an old Connecti-
cut village tells of the charm
and witchery of the past which
were magically brought to life

■"■aiss

^^^^^^HH

W^^

t^^

w:'i-- 1

^^^H^^^^^^^^^^^n

Tyyi

tercentenary buttons ;
nothing could have pur-
chased the traditions of
locality.

The celebration was held
on a pleasant August after-
noon. At the appointed
hour we took our places on
the curb to witness the parade. Everyone who
could came in costume and it was delightful to
recognize many old friends under the sunshades
and broad Puritan hats that appeared in the
crowd. No attempt was made to keep to a par-
ticular period and the costumes representing many
decades gave the effect of bringing together the
]5eople of other times as though drawn by the
familiar words of Old Hundredth, dear to every
generation.

The Parade of Floats

The parade of floats was of special interest
since it presented an idea that many communities
might find useful. Scenes from the past repro-
duced on the floats turned the parade into a
pageant on wheels. The old hymns rang out sweet-
ly and clearly as the late afternoon sunshine fell
on a meeting house scene, the congregation rever-
ently singing the best loved hymns. A quilting
bee moved before us; a singing school, a colonial
grist mill appeared and one by one many other

scenes moved by,
charming us with
that special grace
and witchery that
belongs to the past.
The blacksmith shop
with a lighted forge
and the smith
blowing the bellows
brought back a
scene that has pass-
ed almost entirely
from American life.
After the parade
everyone gathered
on the North Ca-
naan playground to

335

336

CONNECTICUT RELIVES HER PAST

Beautiful floats made by enthusiastic
groups proud of their creations were
reviewed by an appreciative audience

chat a while with a demure Puritan, to liave a
word with a volunteer fireman of 1839, to pass
the time of day with a lady of the '6o's. At 5 :30
a program was presented. Several numbers were
furnished by two near-by camps who brought a
musical entertainment and Indian ceremonial
dances. Square dances and several old-fashioned
scenes introduced the theme of the day again.
Later supper was served and we went from booth
to booth filling our plates with a satisfying mix-
ture of periods in the traditional baked beans, the
hamburgers, and the apple pie. After supper
everyone gathered together for community sing-
ing, and even strangers felt that they "belonged"
as they joined in the words of "Auld Lang Syne."
Dancing on the tennis court brought the day to a
happy close.

This successful celebration, prepared with a
minimum of funds, might offer many useful hints
to other communities. The floats accomplished the
purpose of the historical pageant in reviewing the
past and eliminated much of the labor and time
that a pageant demands. An interesting advantage
of the floats over pageantry is the opportunity
they provide for creative work on the part of the
participants. Each duB or church in charge of a

float works enthusiastically to make its float out-
standing, and there is just enough spirit of com-
petition to bring a quick response from everyone
taking part. In the pageant individuals are more
likely to leave the bulk of the responsibility to the
director and to take less personal pride in their
own small parts.

The Order of March

The use of the campers, who were glad to have an op-
portunity to present their drills, songs and dances to
their summer neighbors, is an idea that many villages
might employ. It is interesting to note that a CCC camp
supplied a float in the parade. The order of march of the
parade might supply community leaders with general
ideas in planning their own parades.

Mounted Marshals ; Band ; Float — a Colonial Town
Meeting; Float — a Colonial House ; The Covered Wagon ;
Float — a Meeting House Scene ; Float — an Indian Vil-
lage ; Float — an Old-Fashioned Singing School ; Float —
1821-1935; Float— a Colonial Grist Mill; Float— Colonial
and Modern Girl Scouts ; Float — an Old-Time Country-
Store; Parade — a Fire Engine of 1839; An Old-Fash-
ioned Wagon; Float — Spirit of Methodism ;Float — an
Italian Vineyard ; Float — Winter Sports ; Float — an Old-
Fashioned Church Choir ; Float — a Forestry Scene ; Float
— an Old-Time Blacksmith Shop ; Float — an Old-Fash-
ioned School ; Float — an Old-Time Quilting Party ; Old
Time Transportation.

The following program, not too long and with the
burden of preparation well distributed, is also an inter-
esting model : A Musical Fairy Tale ; Indian Ceremonial
Dances; An Old-Fashioned School; A Minuet; A Camp
Meeting Hymn Sing ; Old-Fashioned Square Dances.

While charming couples in the costumes
of bygone days mingled with the crowds
greeting their more up-to-date friends

Home Room Gardeners

Karl H. Blanch

Chairman

Committee on Nature Gardens

School Garden Association of America

ONE OF THE most interesting winter nature-
garden club activities is indoor gardening.
There is much that is worthwhile in school
window-gardening. Flowers and plants in the
schoolroom help to create a home-like atmo-
sphere; they add cheerfulness. to the environ-
ment in which the pupil spends most of his
day; in interesting boys and girls in plants
growing in schoolroom windows the basis for
a fine hobby is laid. Pupils who are actively
concerned in the selection, care, propagation
and planting of a classroom garden often trans-
fer this interest to the development of home
flower and vegetable gardens.

But, you ask, what plan of organization shall
we have for these home room gardens? How
shall they be planned and just how shall they
be cared for? The answer is the Home Room
Gardener's Club.

Home Room Gardeners may be either a club
of its own or an activity group forming a part
of a larger general nature-garden club. The
essential features of organization are few in
number and are very simple. Enroll only those
pupils who are very much interested in plants
and flowers as members of the group, and be
sure that every room in the building is repre-
sented by at least one member. Several club
members in the same room
may divide their special du-
ties, and if a school building
includes very young pupils in
primary grades, older boys
and girls may be assigned to
assist in these rooms. Select
a Chief Gardener to act as
group leader, choose other

A Garden Club for Indoors

necessary officers, secure the friendly coopera-
tion of home room teachers and officers — and
your club is under way!

Home Room Gardeners is essentially a "do-
ing" group. Formal meetings will seldom be
necessary. Meetings may, however, be held
for specific purposes. The club may meet to
discuss methods of potting plants; of control-
ling insects ; for any one of a number of
worthwhile reasons. Meetings of this kind
may sometimes pave the way to projects which
will involve the whole school building. It may
be planned, for example, that tulip bulbs will
be planted and that there will be a general dis-
play of this flower throughout the school dur-
ing a certain week in early spring. A winter
flower show is another excellent all-school
project.

It is advisable that the plants for the home
room garden be discussed at a meeting of the
home room group. The Gardeners in the room
should act as advisers and "technical experts"
at this meeting. This plan is particularly val-
uable in the lower grades. In the upper grades
and high school a committee, of which the
home room's Gardeners are members, may be
given the duty of plant selection. It will often
be found that pupils will be able to bring suit-
able plants from home or may be able to con-
tribute a few cents each toward the purchase
of plants from a florist. It will sometimes hap-
pen that a local florist will become interested
in the project and donate plants to the club.

What are

In the April issue of RECREATION
there appeared an article by Mr.
Blanch which told of the organi-
zation of Nature-Garden Clubs in
the upper grades of the schools.
In this number we present a bul-
letin prepared by Mr. Blanch to
help beautify school rooms when
outdoor gardens are impossible.

Plants to Use

the best plants to choose? Here
several important factors
must be taken into considera-
tion. Plants suitable for
growing in the average living
room are not always suitable
for schoolroom gardens. In
the first place, do not choose
plants which will not take
kindly to sudden changes of

337

338

HOME ROOM GARDENERS

temperature. Fancy-leaved caladiums and the
poinsettia are members of this group. Other
plants are extremely sensitive to gas ; keep
these out of laboratories. The Jerusalem cherry
will drop its leaves if the faintest trace of
illuminating gas is in the air and the leaves of
the nasturtium will turn yellow. Finally, un-
less it is to be recognized frankly as an experi-
ment, flowers and plants requiring difficult cul-
ture have no place in the schoolroom. Choose
instead plants which require a minimum of care
and attention.

Bulbs produce the most satisfactory flower-
ing plants for the winter schoolroom. Most
bulbs require that they be placed in a cool,
dark place for from ten to twelve weeks after
they have been planted ; this permits the roots
to become well developed before top-growth
begins. The best plan to follow is to dig a
trench eighteen inches to two feet deep in the
school garden and in this trench place several
inches of ashes. Set the
pots of bulbs in the trench,
cover them with more ash-
es and then fill up the
trench with earth. The
ashes are used to prevent
earthworms from bother-
ing the rooting bulbs. An-
other method, although
perhaps not as good a one,
is to place the pots in a
dark basement or cellar, as
far as possible from a fur-
nace. When bulbs are potted for winter bloom,
just the top of the bulb should stick up out of
the soil in the pot. Use only screened soil
which has been well mixed with bone meal or
some commercial plant food, and water well
after planting. Bulbs started in a cellar or
basement will need additional water every
week or two ; those placed in an out-door
trench will require no further attention until
they are again dug up. After ten or twelve
weeks it will be found, upon examination, that
sprouts several inches long will have appeared
in the pots. At this time the bulbs may be
brought into the light and warmth of the
schoolroom. The development of the flower
may be controlled to a considerable extent by
careful regulation of the amount of heat and
light the plant receives; to retard bloom put
the pots in a cold room. Crocuses, tulips,

"Men stay young by knowing Na-
ture. There is something about
the freshness of living things that
is akin to the enthusiasm of youth.
Our advancing civilization makes
us prematurely old. Nature is the
surest route to life — long youth,
both mentally and physically, for it
is always yoxxnq."— John Harvey
Furbay in "Nature Chats."

hyacinths and narcissi are easily grown in this
manner; be sure, however, to select early
varieties.

If your school lacks facilities to permit pot-
ted plants or bulbs to spend the first period
of their growth in the cold and dark, there are
other bulbs for which this treatment is not an
absolute necessity. The paper-white narcissus,
planted in pebbles and water, will grow and
blossom if placed in the warmth and light of
a schoolroom window at once. The flowers
will appear in about eight weeks, if bulbs are
planted in October; if planted in the spring
they will blossom in less than two weeks. It
is true, however, that even the paper-white
narcissus will produce stronger plants and bet-
ter flowers if placed in the dark for ten days or
two weeks after being planted. Many other
kinds of narcissi, including the trumpet daffo-
dils, will grow and blossom in the light. The
autumn crocus and the lily of the valley will
respond nicely to the same
treatment. Other interest-
ing bulbous plants, the
roots and stems of which
develop at the same time,
thus requiring no "cold-
storage" treatment, are
freesias, ixias and the tri-
tona crocata. While not
commonly thought of as a
schoolroom plant, the free-
sia makes an interesting
and not difficult plant for
the school window garden. The amaryllis and
the cala, commonly called the cala lily, are
worth trying during the spring months. All bulbous
flowers and plants like plenty of sunlight, al-
though most of them will thrive in partial
shade; after the fifow^rs have opened they will
last much longer if kept out of the direct rays
of the sun.

Other flowering plants which, provided that
they receive the benefit of an hour or two of
sun daily, will bloom in the schoolroom, are
the geranium, the small-flowered begonias, the
primrose, and the cyclamen. Nasturtiums
grown from seed will blossom, too, if they
have plenty of sun. If you want to experiment
with vines, and have a light, sunny room, con-
sider the morning glory, particularly the new
"heavenly blue" variety. You will be agree-

HOME ROOM GARDENERS

339

ably surprised to find how easily they can be
grown indoors.

By far the most satisfactory plants for the
schoolroom garden are the foliage plants —
those which produce no flowers or whose flow-
ers are inconspicuous. These plants are orna-
mental for their leaves alone. As a rule, plants
in this group require little in the way of sun-
light, the only exception being those species
and varieties with exceptionally brilliant
leaves. The best of all foliage plants — requir-
ing the absolute minimum in the way of care
and attention — are the sansevieria, or snake
plant, and the aspidistra. There are two vari-
ties of the sansevieria — the common, mottled
kind and the less-common striped variety.
Both are natives of New Zealand. The aspi-
distra can survive almost any kind of treat-
ment although it will thrive better if it has
Ijlenty of water. The coleus with its graceful,
colorful leaves, is one of the most common of
the plants found in the schoolroom, in spite of
the fact that it is delicate and freezes easily.
Dracena, or dragon plant, the Chinese jade
plant, or crassula, the pandanus, English ivy,
the Boston fern and many kinds of cactus are
suitable for schoolroom use. Orange, lime,
lemon, and grapefruit trees, grown from seeds
planted in flower pots, are always interesting,
while potted baby-evergreens withstand ex-
treme cold and are very suitable for the rural
school with its cold nights and colder week-
ends.

After the selection of plants has been made
the question arises as to where we shall have
our schoolroom garden. By far the best plan
of all is to use metal window boxes placed in
metal pans made to fit the windows. The use
of pans under the boxes insures that no water
will leak out to mar window sills. In the bot-
tom of each plant box place a layer of pebbles
and on these set the pots of plants. By having
plants in pots instead of planted directly in the
window boxes it is possible to change them
about as desired. The window boxes should
be placed in the sunniest windows, as far as
possible from stoves and radiators.

Caring for the Plants
There are several important rules which
should be observed by Home Room Gardeners
in caring for the plants in the indoor garden.
First, there is the matter of watering. Plants
grown indoors generally receive too much

water from well-intentioned care-takers, but
this is not usually the case with classroom
plants. Unless the plant is noticeably too wet
it should be watered daily, preferably in the
morning. Much has been said against the
painting of flower pots and it is probably true
that this is an unwise practice in the case of
plants grown under ideal conditions in the
greenhouse. In the schoolroom, however, it
will be found that the slight advantage of more
air being permitted to reach the roots of plants
is overbalanced by the increase of the likelihood
of plants drying out in unpainted pots.

Plants breathe and obtain carbon-dioxide
for food-making through tiny pores in their
leaves. In normal, outdoor growth rain and
dew serve to keep these pores open and free
from dust. Indoors, and particularly in the
schoolroom, much dust gathers on the leaves
of plants and they should have a careful spong-
ing with tepid water once a week so that the
plant may breathe. Like animals, plants re-
quire food ; unlike animals, plants get most of
their food direct from the soil. A plant grown
in a pot soon exhausts the necessary food ma-
terials in the soil and unless it is fed with a
small amount of plant food will soon die of
starvation.

Insects seldom are found on clean, well-kept
schoolroom plants. If aphids appear, the af-
fected plant should be sprayed with a commer-
cial spray solution or a home-made mixture
made by combining a half tablespoon of kero-
sene with a quart of luke-warm water made
slightly soapy with white soap. Mealy bugs
should be picked off and destroyed. To keep
plants from freezing during winter nights they
should be covered with newspapers; during
extremely cold periods it is a good plan to
remove plants, boxes and all, from the win-
dows at night.

Home Room Gardeners, in addition to the
more or less routine work outlined above, may
carry out many other activities and projects.
In a large school a room should be set aside
for nature-garden club use. Here the Garden-
ers may store supplies, pot bulbs, start seed-
lings, and carry on similar work. Extra plants
for emergencies can be grown here — a plant
zvill freeze now and then! — and a flowering
plant, school-grown, sent to a pupil or teacher
absent from a school because of prolonged ill-
ness is a very welcome gift indeed.

Sioux City Plans a Hall

owe en rrogram

IN PAST YEARS the Department of Recreation of
Sioux City, Iowa, on Hallowe'en evening has
presented a movie program in the four junior
high schools and two outlying grade schools. This
plan has not been altogether satisfactory. The
movies have lasted from 7 to 9 o'clock, and as a
result of letting the children out at 9, the usual
amount of Hallowe'en damage has occurred.

This year, under the direction of John E. Gron-
seth. Superintendent of Recreation, and Miss Helen
Kamphoefner, a new plan is to be inaugurated.
A real Hallowe'en party will be conducted at the
twenty-four grade schools and two different par-
ties at each of the four junior high schools. The
Department of Recreation will plan the program
and provide the leadership. The school will fur-
nish the space and supervision, and the Parent-
Teacher Associations will provide refreshments
and such equipment as wash tubs, lamps, sheets
and other needed articles. The children's librarian
at the Public Library, will prepare a suitable Hal-
lowe'en story.

Leadership

The leaders for the various parties will be
selected from the summer playground staff. Previ-
ous to the presentation of this program at the
schools, the selected leaders will attend a two ses-
sion institute at which they will be given an op-
portunity to participate in and conduct various
activities scheduled for the party. The basement
or gymnasium of each school building will be
thrown open for the party, and six or more school
teachers will assist the Recreation Department
leader in the program. Each child is urged to
come in a costume, and a prize will be awarded
to the most novel. Each child is requested to
bring one apple.

Public and parochial school boys and girls from
the fourth to sixth grades inclusive may attend
the parties. Separate programs for boys and girls
will be conducted in the four jun-
ior high schools.

selected by a committee of school teachers, and
at the close of the party one of the five will be
chosen by popular applause for the prize winner.
Finish the grand march with the group in circle
formation.

Come Along — Players in circle extend left
hands to center. An extra player runs counter-
clockwise around the inside of the circle with his
right arm extended. As he runs he takes one of
the players by the left hand ; he in turn takes an-
other player. The line continues to grow until
the leader blows his whistle, when all scramble
back to their places. The last one to find his place
starts the next line.

Circle Tag — Count off by threes. No. I's step
back and face right. At signal, they attempt to
catch one in front. If player is caught he drops
out. Do likewise with 2's and 3's.

Hand Hold Relay — Two lines of equal length
stand facing each other. The players in each line
hold right hands with the player directly opposite
in the opposing line. A rubber ball is given the
leader in each line, and at the signal is passed
down the line from the left hand of one player
to the left hand of the next, and so on down the
line and back again to the leader. The ball may
only be passed with the left hand.

Messenger Relay — Two or more teams line up
side by side behind a given line. Another line is
marked 15 feet in front, parallel with the teams.
A messenger is appointed for each team. They take
their position on the opposite line and at the signal
"Go" each messenger walks over to his team and
brings a man back, who in turn walks over and
brings back another, etc. Each player does so
until all his team mates are on the opposite line.

Grocery Store — In groups of ten. The leader
starts, "I am going to the grocery store to buy
(Continued on page 369)

The Activities
Grand March — in parade cos-
tumes. Five of the best will be

340

In Sioux City the Department of Recreation, Board
of Education and Parent-Teacher Associations are
joining forces this year in a Hallowe'en program.

The Leisure and Esthetic Interests

of the

Rural Child

By Lee M. Brooks and William C. Smithson

WE SING of amber waves of grain and purple
mountain majesties, but are we doing as
much as we might to cultivate the fields of
childhood leisure, to make them more productive
and colorful in things of beauty? Is the problem
one of money or leadership or both? Have we
been content to give rural children "Readin', Rit-
in', and 'Rithmetic" for their mental nourish-
ment ; and "Meat, Meal, and Molasses" for their
physical diet? Have we been inclined to forget
the Platonic implications of gymnastics for the
body and music for the soul? The answers to
these questions will, of course, vary from place to
place throughout the country.

At Lowe's Grove

Lowe's Grove, North Carolina, is one of the
more progressive rural school neighborhoods in
the cotton-corn-tobacco growing part of the Pied-
mont region. The power of this crop triumvirate
was broken, however, some twenty years ago
when in this neighborhood the first rural credit
union in the South, under the leadership of John
Sprunt Hill, was organized around a Farm Life
School. This cooperative enterprise, six miles
from, Durham, continues as a farm life and gen-
eral education center for some
175 families living in the
southern portion of the coun-
ty. A few stores, one church,
eight buildings belonging to
the school, and a few homes
cluster attractively at the in-
tersection of two highways.

A small group of students
at the State University ten
miles away, decided in the
spring of 1934 to inquire into
the leisure-time interests of

The study reported here deals with a
somewhat favored rural area where
neither extreme wealth nor gross pov-
erty is found, where few children go
on to higher institutions of learning,
and where a considerable proportion
of them seem to be hungering for
something more than they are get-
ting; this in spite of the fact that the
school itself has done rather well by
its pupils, as attested by the national
recognition given their exhibit material
at the time the study was being made.

the school children, especially with regard to
music, dramatics and reading. With the full and
cordial cooperation of the principal and his teach-
ers, the children from the 7th to the nth grades
were questioned in class by means of schedules
filled in under the direction of the teachers. Some
of the homes were visited, partly as a check upon
data previously reported. The responses of the
children were found to be essentially accurate. It
happened that exactly the same number of girls
and boys participated, fifty-three of each sex. The
total 106 pupils also fell into four approximately
equal groups for each grade, the 7th, 8th, 9th,
loth, iith. In the interests of simplicity we are
omitting tables and lists of figures. The discussion
below consists of rough interpretations consonant
with this type of miniature sketch-study.

Family factors: Slightly more than half the
children come from farm homes ; about one-third
from the carpenter-painter-mechanic-railroad
group connected occupationally with Durham. A
scattering of occupations include a few merchants,
a contractor or two, and a minister. Duration of
residence averages between six and seven years.
Size of family is generally six members with an
average of just over five rooms per home. Distance
between home and school aver-
ages 3.7 miles, and between
home and church 2.4 miles
Exactly half the children indi-
cated membership in 4-H clubs
and three-quarters of them are
attached to some type of or-
ganization within a religious
denomination.

Games: The spring of the
year may have influenced the
ordering of baseball, basketball,
volleyball, and football as the

341

342

THE LEISURE AND ESTHETIC INTERESTS OF THE RURAL' CHILD

^^..

-->-■

.-^

Ai^

"Character development, the enrichment of
personality, mental poise and security, hap-
pier family experience, more satisfying com-
munity life — social control itself — the attain-
ment of all these may be more nearly ap-
proximated if leisure and esthetic interests are
encouraged and such activities y^isely guided."

favorite games both at home and at school, with
only a tenth of the children mentioning sedentary
games such as cards. They look upon their play
opportunities as "fairly good," a half dozen pupils
stating "excellent" and a dozen, "poor."

Moving pictures: Most of the children went
from one to fifteen times in the five months im-
mediately preceding the inquiry, only nine indi-
cating no attendance. Those living near Durham
city are among the more frequent movie-goers.
In expressing themselves as to what types of pic-
tures are liked, the voting power of the 7th and
8th grades gave the total preference to "West-
erns," while the 9th to nth grades put the "Ro-
mantics" into second place. The lower grades
showed no interest in the "Mysteries" which were
put into third place because of the voting weight
of the upper grades. Comedies and historic pic-
tures ranked fourth with tragedies coming next.
Militarists and pacifists may be interested to note
that war pictures got only two votes, but this
point is not of significant statistical value.

Artistic expression: On music, dancing, pageants,
and plays the children were asked a half dozen

"do-you-like" questions. In commenting upon the
results, it will be noted that we have in some in-
stances compared the answers of the girls with
those of the boys.

"How do you feel toward music?" Nearly
three-fourths of the children, more girls than
boys, respond: "like it very much." One-fourth,
largely boys, "like it fairly well." Only five, one a
girl, claim to "care very little for it." No marked
differences appear from one grade to another.

"Do you like singing?" Here ninety answered
"yes," though only sipcteen of the total group be-
longed to a choir or glee club. Over sixty chil-
dren expressed a wish to be in such a group;
thirty had no such desire, and a dozen were blank
on the point. Singing is somewhat more popular
with girls than with boys, the former favoring it
quite unanimously while only three-fourths of the
boys are interested in it.

Musical instruments are popular in this order:
guitar is clearly first, piano, violin, and banjo,
with the victrola and sundry wind instruments
last. Yet the piano and victrola are more com-
monly found in the homes than the violin, guitar

THE LEISURE AND ESTHETIC INTERESTS OF THE RURAL CHILD

343

and banjo. Slightly more than half the families
possess radios. Only half as many fathers as
mothers play a musical instrument.

Although only one child in four ( 19 girls out of
53; 10 boys out of 53) has taken music lessons,
one-half of them expressed a wish that they
might belong to a band or orchestra. One-third
had attended recitals or concerts during the eight
months school term either at Lowe's Grove, Dur-
ham or Chapel Hill.

"Do you like dancing?" Three-fourths an-
swered "yes" for dancing with a partner. Slightly
less than one-half enjoy group or folk dancing.
Of some fifty parents the same is true.

"Do you like pageants?" On this the younger
children showed greater enthusiasm, the upper
grades registering "fairly well." About one-tenth
admitted caring very little for pageants. The re-
sponses in connection with stage plays were simi-
lar to those for pageants. Four parents out of five
enjoy pageants and plays. Three children out of
four like to take part in such performances and
when they do so they are twice as much interested
in humorous as in serious types.

"Should girls pay more attention to art, music,
etc., than boys?" American agricultural areas in
general and the South in particular have allowed
boys to grow up with notions that fine arts are
"sissy." Hence this question had special interest
for the university inquirers. "Yes" said 62 chil-
dren; "No" said 32, leaving 12 not answering.
When boys and girls are separated on this ques-
tion, we find it is the younger girls and the older
boys who say "yes" (28 girls and 34 boys). The
blanks came from six girls and six boys. Most
parents look upon the violin and guitar as prefer-
able for boys and upon the piano as best for girls.
It is interesting, however, to find that almost all
cooperating parents consider music study impor-
tant for boys as well as for girls. We suspect
that it was the mothers rather than the fathers who
were responsible for this viewpoint. We have
found that big-fisted "he-men," whether farmers
or others, living off the beaten track of urbanity,
"can't git over how funny it looks to see a, man
play the pianer." Only one family in seven pro-
vides any music instruction for the child other
than the incidental emphasis given to music in
the regular school routine.

Reading: Books are scarce in the homes, some-
thing to be expected in a region slowly becoming
library-minded. Fully a third of the children
failed to respond or admitted having no books at

all. One-fourth of the homes have from i to 30
books; one-tenth, from 31 to 100 books, and one-
tenth, a group composed of two farmers, a
merchant, a minister, a painter, and a realtor,
possessed more than 100 books. Practically all the
children claim to make use of the Durham public
library or the local school library. No check was
given to this nor was inquiry made as to fre-
quency of book withdrawals. Local newspapers,
agricultural journals, women's periodicals, and
fiction magazines are commonly found. Subscrip-
tions to magazines of the higher literary types are
practically non-existent, a fact just as true of the
small industrial cities of the southern region.
Other studies of the rural South have revealed a
dearth of reading interest and materials.

Sunday pursuits: Church attendance and activi-
ties take the lead, with visiting, riding, dating,
playing games, and walking next in order.

The final query put to the pupils was as fol-
lows: "If you could have your wishes fulfilled,
what improvements or new things would you like
to see come to Lowe's Grove along lines of lei-
sure and recreation, entertainments, and social
programs?" By consolidating the many concrete
answers we find the following to be most promi-
nent: More directed recreation at school; a sum-
mer program to include swimming, and what
seems to be a desire for more unity between
church and social recreational and organizational
activities.

A Few Conclusions

In summarizing this little exploration, so
thoroughly enjoyed by the university students
sharing in it, a few observations and suggestions
are pertinent. In the first place, here is a neigh-
borhood clearly above the average for southern
rural life as a whole, situated within a triangle
of potential advantages. Twenty miles to the east
is the State Agricultural College which has al-
ready helped the Lowe's Grove farmers greatly;
seven miles to the north is the academically ex-
panding and architecturally beautiful Duke Uni-
versity, and ten miles to the west is the University
of North Carolina which for some years has been
moving toward fuller appreciation and leadership
in the field of art.

In any rural area where the habit of agricul-
tural cooperation has struck root under good lead-
ership, it would seem that the time is ripe for fur-
ther cooperation in the use of leisure for the sake
(Continued on pafic S70)

After Twenty-five Years

ON August 23, 1935, the bor-
ough of Wyomissing, located
one mile west of Reading.
Pennsylvania, with a population of about 3500,
celebrated the twenty-fifth anniversary of the
founding of its playground. Over five thousand
people thronged the Wyomissing Playground,
overflowing from the seats to stand at every point
of vantage to view the pageant depicting the
twenty-five years of development in the history
of the playground.

The founders, most of whom were in attend-
ance, were presented by the chairman of the an-
niversary committee, with Mr. H. M. Fry, the
first president of the association, responding with
a brief address. Instructors who served during
the period were present and several journeyed
over 300 miles from distant states to participate.

Following the tribute to the founders, the
pageant portrayed the history of the playground
as follows :

In the spring of 1910, a movement on the part
of a few public spirited citizens was started to
form an association to supervise and direct play-
ground activities. Eventually, the association ob-
tained a plot of ground and, with money received
from a house to house canvass, purchased some
equipment and the playground was formally
opened on the fourth of
July. The community
turned out to show its
enthusiasm in the first
Fourth of July parade.
These parades are a fea-
ture and have been held
every year since without
interruption.

The addition, from year to
year, of new facilities, and
the careful consideration
given to problems of lay-
out and planting, have re-
sulted in an unusually beau-
tiful playground which is
an object of local pride

By. F. Ahlfeld

Wyomissing, Pa.

Among the noteworthy develop-
ments during the first few years
were the wiring of the borough hall
and the purchase of a stereopticon to facilitate
lectures ; the laying out of the first tennis courts,
and the addition of a swimming pool which was
made by blocking up the Wyomissing Creek.

Bazaars, lectures, band concerts and parties
aided in the maintenance of the project, and con-
tributions became larger as the movement de-
veloped. Women volunteers began to organize
classes among the younger boys and girls. At one
time the Playground Association bought seed and
distributed it free to children who were interested
in raising gardens. At intervals, prizes were of-
fered to those attending the various classes, and
competition. was very keen. It was little wonder
because the prizes were nothing less than mem-
berships in the association.

During the war period, in the summer of 1918.
twelve companies of soldiers were bivouaked on
the playground while enroute to training camps.
They were well entertained and given the use of
all the facilities.

Trees and shrubbery in time began to receive
more attention and, little by little, the W'yomis-
sing playground became more beautiful and more
(Continued on page 370)

344

ome Play
for the
Little Tots

By Rodney Overton

Supervisor of Recreational Information
Oakland Recreation Department

THAT THE public playground has be-
come an integral part of the very
life of our modern municipalities is
beyond question. Throughout the last
twenty-five years the growth in the build-
ing of playgrounds has been phenomenal.
At first a small compact area set aside, in
a great many instances, adjacent to a
school building which was not widely ad-
vertised but heralded as a master attrac-
tion to take children ofif the busy city
streets, to prevent accidents and a place
where youngsters could work oflf their
enthusiasm without getting into mischief.
Later a place where with trained leader-
ship a program of activities could be car-
ried on with educational values second to
none even including the public school.
And recently a gathering place for all
community activities — including facilities
and program for the adult who finds more
and more leisure time on his hands.

All these things, it has been proved, the
playground does for school children and
above. But what has the modern city
done for the small child? In certain places far-
seeing experts have planned facilities for the small
child but little has been done when we consider
the great number of large cities in this country.
What to do with the child of this age, too young
to travel alone or even in groups to the public
playground, and too young for group games and

Lot 50' X 120'
Courtesy Oakland Recreation Department

activities to enjoy association with other children,
has become a problem of the home, parents and
not of the municipality which cannot, or will not
ofTer adequate aid in its solution, since it cannot
maintain playgrounds on every residential block
or provide guardians for every child to go to and
from the playground.

345

346

■ HOME PLAY FOR THE LITTLE TOTS

The City of Oakland, California, with its
seventy playgrounds, community centers, lake rec-
reation center, intown and mountain camps, swim-
mining pool and golf course, has for a number of
years attempted to meet the problem of the small
child and has experimented with a variety of types
of activities. The present plan briefly is to take
the recreation into the home where the child is
too small to go to the playground.

To do this it is necessary first to obtain the as-
sistance, enthusiasm and help of parents. This
may be done in several ways — personal contact
with people in the neighbrhoood by the play-
ground supervisor; contact with mothers' and
dads' clubs by staff members, and through news-
paper and poster publicity.

In many instances a home play campaign spon-
sored by the local paper is a great help. The latter
type of home play campaign was held recently in
Oakland. The newspaper ran articles, diagrams
of play apparatus, interviews with parents,
pictures of various backyard play areas, and
donated cups and merchandise orders to twelve
division winners.

The whole plan is simply stated and simply
executed at very small expense. It comprises
placing in the home area — not only the backyard
—a playground equipped with such apparatus as
a sandbox, swing, a basketball backstop on a reg-
ular post where the children can practice shooting
the ball, a work shed, a playhouse and even a wad-
ing pool.

The secret of the success of a home playground
is in making it attractive. Every available bit of
space may be put to use. A fine backyard play-
ground may be installed in an area 40 by 20 feet ;
if there is more space a more complete area may
be equipped.

The complete equipment for the home play-
ground may be built at very small expense. If
father has the ability to build things he can do
wonders with scrap materials. If materials must
be bought fifty dollars will cover expenses and
then some.

In cases where there are a number of small
children in homes in the neighborhood, several
families may go in together and purchase the
equipment, setting it up and allowing all their
children to use it. This means that the per capita
cost will be cut down or that a much better
equipped backyard playground can be constructed.
The latter plan also offers a more effective play-

ground, because the children are more content to
play when a number of them play together.

The Oakland Recreation Department provides
diagrams of yards, and estimates of areas which
can be devoted to this purpose in any given area.
Lists of equipment and prices are also given to
parents contemplating the establishment of a home
play area. Upon request the Department sends
out trained people from their staff to advise as
to layout and equipment. As an added service it
has distributed over 25,000 pamphlets entitled
Home Recreation which includes not only the sim-
ple equipment essential for a play area but stresses
the value of small vegetable and flower gardens
and the raising of pets as a method of arousing
the child's interest in the home.

In supporting home play, the Oakland Recrea-
tion Department feels that it is providing activity
for a group which heretofore has not come in for
much consideration. It completes the cycle of
activity and gives recreation, in the true sense of
the word, to "all."

Play is the center of a child's life, education and
growth. An adequate playground is the right of
every child. Without it the child is in danger for
five hours every day !

Giving your children an attractive and desirable
place to play gives recreation to them and to you.
It makes you their friend and companion. It cen-
ters their life and yours in the home.

Here are a few suggestions for laying out a
backyard playground :

Use your imagination. Make the most of the
opportunities at hand. Elaborate and expensive
toys are less fun than simple and cheap ones. Four
billion feet of good lumber are put into bo>ies and
crates every year, mostly wasted. Use them ! Old
rubber tires make fine swings, hoops and swim-
ming toys. Millions o^ feet of short lumber are
wasted. Why not make a play house for the chil-
dren or a dog house for their pet ?

A sand box costs only about $3. to make. It
can be done for less. A swing costs about $3.50
to build. A horizontal bar can be attached to one
upright of the swing.

Save space. Use the swing standards for tra-
peze and rings. Put up another horizontal bar op-
posite the first and place a horizontal ladder over
the two.

— From the Community Council, St. Louis.

Legislating for An Emergency

To meet a city emergency a public library
sets up a new alphabetical agency— the VRA

HEX THE Library passed,
and the Superintendent of

Schools and the Board of
Education signed, on May 4th, the
Vacation Reading Act, the Public
Library of Vincennes, Indiana, initiated one of its
most important programs, a program affecting
more than 600 boys and girls. A city emergency
caused by an eight months school period was
known to exist. To assist in the relief of this
situation the Public Library organized and pro-
moted a vacation reading project. No interest
of the juvenile population, in the sixty or more
organizations of the NRA, from AAA to VTA,
which has made America code-conscious, sur-
passed that of the VRA !

The set-up outside the Library consisted of
a huge sign '-LOCAL PROJECT, No. 1934,
V R A," placed upon the front lawn. This
confused some of the citizens to the extent
they enquiringly sought the library soliciting
work. Inside a blue eagle spread its wings
over four projects and a grandfather's clock
which said "tick-tock." Its kindly old face reg-
istered the days and
the weeks, instead of
the hours, with the

instructions, "Turn
the knob," "Open the

door," "Punch the

Clock," "Keep the

Old Clock Smiling

by Reading Many

Books." One might

have thought O 1 d

Man Depression,

glum and sorry, with

the corners of his

mouth turned down,

had arrived, but as

the books began to

circulate his smile

began to break,

stretch and spread

By Jane Kitchell

Librarian
Public Library

Vincennes, Indiana

until "Up Turned the Corners."

Rules and Regulations
Certain rules and regulations
were necessary to carry out the
purpose of the VRA which opened May 21 and
closed July 28. The Main and North Branch
Libraries were designated as the agencies to carry
out and effectuate the policies. It was compul-
sory for each applicant to appear before the Board
of Registration, composed of Junior High School
students, two days previous to sign the code and
be given a work and identification card which
definitely assigned him to work on the projects.
Each card bore the worker's signature and num-
ber, the specified time to report for work and the
VRA manager's name. It was necessary to pre-
sent these cards with each book reported upon.

The Book Code

The Book Code approved May 4th which
became effective May 21st, provided for a
period of ten weeks. It called for a six day
week, from 9 A. M. to 6 P. M., the maximum

not to exceed 54
hours. Each em-
ployee agreed to
read not less than ten
books but had the
privilege of reading
as many more as he
cared to. The Code
prohibited the defac-
ing and mutilating
of all books; the
copying of any para-
graph or extract to
be included in any
book report submit-
ted to the library. It
was compulsory to
return all books on
time in order to be
exempt from fines.

347

348

LEGISLATING FOR AN EMERGENCY

The library agreed not to employ any person be-
low school age or beyond the Junior High School.

Public Works and Construction Projects

Four projects were submitted, General Works,
History, Travel and Wonderland. The type of
book read determined to which project it should
be credited. A time card for each project was
placed within the clock. For each book reported
on the time card was punched and the child's name
and school signed to the respective project. In
this manner we were able to determine to which
project the most work was contributed and by
which school. The projects were built upon tables
in the children's room. The history display
featured a minature replica of the home of Alice
of Old Viiicennes with figureens of George Rogers
Clark, Indian braves, fur traders and frontiers-
men. Travel showed a large globe and book
trails to many lands ; General Works had a dis-
play case of coins, paper money, butterflies,
handiwork, Indian relics, model airplanes and
firearms; Wonderland, a miniature theater, a
land of make-believe enacted before their very
eyes wfth giants, fairies, dwarfs, little Red Rid-
ing Hood, the Three Bears and Little Black
Sambo. No attempt was made to have the
children read from any special lists, and much
latitude was given in book selection. With few
new books it was necessary to utilize all books
in the children's room. Due to this fact. Gen-
eral Works Project probably had the advant-
age. Sign posts and placards led the way to
the various projects.

Vacation Reading Administration

The Vacation Reading Administration set
up by the Vacation Reading Act had the fol-
lowing officers : An Administrator and Advis-
ory Board of eight members elected each Mon-
day morning to serve a term of one week. The
administrator was elected for the largest num-
ber of books read ; the Advisory Board for the
best book report and the most books read from
each group. These officers presided over the
weekly Code meeting which convened at lo :oo
A. M. It was their duty to settle all contro-
versies and deal with all violators of the code.
A secretary was appointed and a permanent
record kept. The children derived great benefit
in the training of parliamentary law. The meet-
ings were opened and closed with the official

Code song set to the music of "Who's Afraid of
the Big Bad Wolf."

Ratification

The "New Deal," ratified August i with a
twilight pageant parade, proved to be a gala
affair, only diploma winners being privileged
to participate. It was a day of great anxiety.
Throughout the ten weeks the weatherman
continued to show his disapproval by convert-
ing the project into a Reading Marathon, an
endurance test with little time out, the intense
heat being almost unbearable. When he real-
ized the workers had defied him, braving the
elements regardless, he had the last word by
throwing cold water on the New Deal from
break of dawn throughout the day. However,
just as sunset came a change of heart, and he
smiled with favor. General Donald Miller of
the North Branch Library, newly acclaimed
Administrator, led the parade mounted upon a
pony. General Works Project and the William
Henry Harrison School scored the highest hon-
ors. Some three hundred faithful supporters
representing some book or book character fol-
lowed with trumpets and drum. Scouts, public
officials and citizens turned out to lend their
influence and presence to the new administra-
tion and to view Old Man Depression led in
chains, having been captured by the Little
Lame Prince and Tom Sawyer.

The project was carried into the various
parent-teachers associations with the opening
of school. Diplomas were awarded to the chil-
dren of each building ; book reviews and story-
telling were featured by those who had done
work of merit. General Miller, all-wise and
far-sighted for his nine years, accompanied by
his Cabinet and Advisory Board, addressed
each group outlining the policies and principles
of the VRA. A code meeting was repro-
duced, all old business disposed of and new
business brought to their attention, including
the proposed schedule of library discounts
drawn up by the Code Authority of Retail
Booksellers. This proved to be a matter of
grave concern, for with the reduced library
budget it would be a serious handicap to li-
brary service — less books for the money. It
was a fine opportunity for the library to get
certain facts before adults, such as the problem g
of meeting the standard of library circulation
'Continued on page 371)

Recreation Goes to the State Fair

A Municipal Recreation Commission
and a State Fair join forces in a
mutually satisfactory experiment

Frank E. Miller

Director, New York State Fair
and

John F. Kane

Syracuse Municipal Recreation Commission

RECREATION, like any other form of human
endeavor, must have its methods, aims
and progress brought before the general
public frequently and in the most vivid fashion
possible, in order that it may grow and suc-
ceed in its particular sphere.

The opportunity to bring to the attention of
a large public the ideals and accomplishments
of recreation came recently to the Municipal
Recreation Commission of Syracuse, New
York, when it was requested by the directors
of the New York State Fair to assist in provid-
ing educational and recreational features for
the quarter of a million visitors who annually
come to the Fair. In order to give the Com-
mission every possible advantage in its pro-
gram, the State Fair authorities detailed one
of their directors to take specific charge of
these activities and designated the opening day
as "Carnival Dav" when the principal events in
cooperation with the Recreation Commission
were to take place. The State Fair director
detailed to the work outlined all events and
worked out a specific schedule in cooperation
with the personnel of the Recreation Com-
mission. This centered the authority and
avoided numerous conflicts of time and place
for scheduled events.

For several weeks previous to the openmg
of the Fair recreation leaders worked on the
details of their plans and conferred with the
director regarding their feasibility and appro-
priateness. Each recreation leader covered
thoroughly the field with which he was most
familiar and was given full charge of the activ-
ities in that field. When the opening day of the

Fair arrived, everything was in readiness so
that the planned program could go through
without difficulties. In order to give as many
children as possible a share in festivities, the
State provided all school children with free
passes and urged them to come to the Fair on
the opening day.

The day was opened with a carnival parade
through the principal streets of Syracuse. The
participants in this parade included visiting
boys' bands, Boy Scout band, fife and drum
corps, decorated floats entered by city mer-
chants, detachments of Boy Scouts, Girl
Scouts, Camp Fire Girls and costumed children
from all of the city parks and playgrounds, who
contested for the best, funniest, most unique
and most appropriate costumes. Many children
not in costume also entered the parade and
wore the vari-colored berets which indicated
the park or playground from which they had
entered. Paper hats, miniature kites and masks
given by the State Fair authorities to the parti-
cipants in the parade added greatly to the color
and gaiety.

After the city parade, the children were
transported en masse to the Fair grounds
where they were reviewed before the grand-
stand and given awards. Then they scattered
to enjoy the various exhibits or to participate
directly in other events scheduled for the day.
The majority of the day's events were
directly under the leadership of trained recrea-
tion workers from the Municipal Recreation
Commission. These events which, incidentally,
were carried out throughout the remainder of
the day and early evening without a single

349

350

RECREATION GOES TO THE STATE FAIR

major mishap, included a parks and indus-
trial horseshoe pitching championship, a kite-
flying contest which incorporated many unique
features, soft and hard baseball championship
games, a model show, a model airplane contest,
an archery championship shoot, pushmobile
races, a diving helmet exhibition, an amateur
park circus, a night "Show-Boat" vaudeville
show and many other special features.

When the events of the day had been com-
pleted and prizes provided by the State
awarded to the various winners in each event,
a tired but happy crowd of 15,000 returned by
buses to the city. Many splendid comments
were heard regarding the efforts of the Muni-
cipal Recreation Commission and the work
which they were doing. From the standpoint
of acquainting the public with recreation work
this venture proved to be the most eflfective
of the many staged during the year.

This opening day program had set the Fair
ofif to a good start; but the task of the Muni-
cipal Recreation Commission did not end there.
Throughout the remainder of the week the
Commission provided trained recreation lead-
ers to take care of the large groups of children
left at the Fair playground in their charge
while their elders visited the exhibits and
enjoyed themselves in a variety of ways. These
play leaders organized games of all kinds and
exercised general control over the youngsters
until their parents called for them.

Exhibits

In addition to all of the mentioned projects,
the Municipal Recreation Commission estab-
lished in one of the large exhibition halls an
exhibit of recreation work which was every-
where conceded to be one of the finest and
most interesting exhibits on the grounds. It
occupied a space approximately 50 feet long
and 20 feet wide, bringing vividly to the atten-
tion of the public all of the many activities and
functions of the Municipal Recreation Commis-
sion. It is estimated that during the period of
the Fair over 100,000 visitors had recreation
work brought to their special attention.

Above the exhibition space was a large
banner indicating that the display was spon-
sored by the Municipal Recreation Commis-
sion. The background of the exhibit consisted
of scenery painted especially for a Mother
Goose pageant which had been produced in one

of the parks early in the year. This made a
most effective setting for the remainder of the
exhibit. Prominently displayed was a large
scale-model of one of the best and favorite
parks and playgrounds of the city, Thornden
Park. This model showed the playground with
its swings, teeters, swimming pool, tennis
courts, baseball diamond and amphi-theater.
All of the details were faithfully worked out
with wire, clay, burlap, crepe paper, sand, etc.
This proved to be one of the exhibits which
attracted the most attention.

In one corner of the exhibit was a large
table at which various children and adults from
the parks and playgrounds actually worked at
handicraft such as wood and soap carving, clay
modelling, arrow making. This also proved to
be a popular feature of the exhibit and through
the information obtained by the many inter-
ested spectators, many persons were added to
the various classes active in this field through-
out the city.

The central portion of the exhibit space was
devoted to a showing of the products of the
various organizations working under the super-
vision of the Municipal Recreation Commis-
sion. Such things as wood and soap carving,
poster work, sewing, knitting and photography
were prominently displayed, together with
signs which gave information as to where
instructions in these various fields could be
obtained free of charge.

At the entrance to the exhibit an informa-
tion booth was maintained where all questions
asked were carefully recorded and answered.
Thus the Commission was provided with much
valuable, definite information indicating the
interests of the general public. Statistics con-
cerning the activities of the Commission, which
were prominently cjisplayed throughout the
exhibit, showed in a graphic way exactly what
recreational activities meant to the city of
Syracuse.

In addition to maintaining the exhibit and
giving information, the Commission also pro-
vided special short entertainment features in
connection with the exhibit which drew the at-
tention of the crowds to the exhibits. All talent
for these acts was drawn from classes in drama,
singing and music maintained by the Com-
mission. Many of the events were broadcast
by a special short-wave radio station estab-
(Continued on page 371)

Music

in the

Dance
Program

Courtesy Hygeia

THE COORDINATION OF
music and dancing,
as was pointed out
in the article which appeared in the September is-
sue of Recreation, should be an integral part of
the dance program. The teacher must have some
system of coordinating music and rhythm which
is practicable for use in his or her classes.

Many of the present methods now in vogue are
rich in resources from an educational and recrea-
tive viewpoint. Nevertheless, they require a great
deal of time, planning and interest on the part of
both teacher and participant. It is advisable to
use such a system with groups and classes where
this situation exists and in instances in which
pupils are capable of handling the work. In gen-
eral, the teacher in the average recreation pro-
gram should select with care the type of program
best suited to his groups. It may be advisable to
adopt a more simplified method ■ — one which
would keep the educational aspects of the plan but
not destroy its recreative values.

The following suggestions, it is hoped, will as-
sist the teacher in developing such a program.

A plan which has proven feasible in the aver-
age class is to devote the first two periods to ac-
quainting the students with the fundamentals of
music composition. This could be supplemented
later on in the season with additional sessions de-
voted to a more technical study of music. Atten-
tion should be focused, during these first two
classes, on the selection and study of music in its
arrangements, tempos and time. The basic dif-
ferences of 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 tempos, the grouping of

George Syme, Jr.

measures, and the rhythmic relation of notes
should be explained.

It is difficult sometimes for even more experi-
enced musicians to detect immediately the posi-
tion of the primary beats in classical composi-
tions, especially in the case of syncopation. As a
rule, the time in dance music is so w^ll marked
that grouping of the notes into bars of three or
four intervals is readily perceived even by the un-
trained ear.

The chief stress in all music in general falls on
the first note of the bar, but this is more especially
the case with regard to music that is arranged for
dances. The pupil should therefore accustom
himself, whenever he has an opportunity of hear-
ing dances played, to noticing when the primary
beats or ones occur. Usually the first note of each
bar is accented in the melody, but this is not
always the case.

In dancing to music the steps are not always
taken in strict coincidence with the notes of the
melody, but should agree rather with the accom-
panying bass which generally marks the rhythm
of the movement. This rule is one worth while
keeping in mind.

(Contiuued on page 371)

351

THE IDEA originated when the Worcester Girls'
Club received a collection of seventy-two
dolls from different countries of the world.
The collection had been made by the donor of the
original club house, and was given to the club
members by her daughter. A doll collection seem-
ed such an appropriate gift for a club devoted to
the interests of little girls that it was decided to
give it as much publicity as possible. Our hope
was to rhake our organization better known in the
community, so vve invited the community to take
part in a Festival of Dolls.

The Invitation

The general plan was first to make contacts
with as many social, civic, service and religious
clubs as possible and to interest them in selecting
a doll representing the spirit of their activities
which would compete for a ribbon award at the
festival. In order that our invitation might not be
thrown aside before it was thoroughly understood
the committee in charge got in touch with one
key person in each of one hundred and thirty
clubs and organizations to make sure that the plan
was at least discussed by the members. The fol-
lowing letter was mailed to the organization
presidents :

Dear

The Board of Directors of the Worcester Girls' Club
is sponsoring a Doll Festival on April 36, Zl and 28,
when we hope to have a large number of dolls on ex-
hibition at the club house. A small admission fee will be
charged and the proceeds will be used to buy equipment
for the club house and for the projected new Girls' Club
Camp in Holden, Massachusetts.

We are fortunate in having as the nucleus of our ex-
hibit a collection of seventy-two foreign and character
dolls which belonged to the late Mrs. Henry F. Harris.

Will you help make the festival a success by joining
other organizations of Worcester and entering a doll to
represent your club? Beautiful dolls, quaint dolls, old
or new dolls ! Choose any type you wish to represent you.
\i you are a man and feeling very helpless in this situa-

352

By
Dora E. Dodge

Director
Worcester Girls Club

tion may we suggest that there is undoubtedly a woman
somewhere who will be glad to help you. We especially
want dolls from the men's clubs. The doll may be given
or merely lent. Those which are given will be sold at
auction after the festival.

Enclosed is the list of classifications. We are inviting
you to enter a doll in Class I. In addition to the entry
from your organization we will welcome any doll en-
tered by an individual. Awards will be given for the
winning in each class.

Individual Classes

Beside the competition of the clubs and organi-
zations, the following classes were arranged for
individuals :

I. Clubs and organizations

Most representative of its character
II. Individuals

1. Best doll in the show

2. Best dressed doll

3. Best early American doll

4. Best character doll

5. Oldest doll

6. Best nationality doll

7. Best sport doll

8. Largest doll

9. Smallest doll

10. Best rag doll

11. Cleverest home-made doll

12. Best baby doll

13. Best boy doll

14. Best Gay-Ninety doll

III. Girls

1. Best dressed by girls from 10 to 15

years old

2. Best dressed by girls up to 10 years

IV. Best doll made by a boy

Worcester Plays Dolls

e blue ribbon collection containing
the center a marriage set from Japan

Being the story of a Doll Fes-
tival which was carried out and
enjoyed mostly by the grown-ups!

V. Collections

1. Best collections of dolls

2. Best doll family

3. Paper dolls

Collectors were approached individually as we
heard of them, and their interest became apparent
at once. In a short time we had been promised
entries of about twenty-five collections compris-
ing approximately six hundred dolls and were as-
sured of the success of the festival. The clubs
were much slower to show interest, only four or
five responding immediately. We had, however,
been forehanded enough to allow several months
for publicity. It was a new idea and must have
plenty of time to take hold. The picture of the
Rotary Club competing with the Quota Club for
first place in a Doll Show was at first ridiculous,
then amusing, and gradually shaped up in keen
competition. Responses poured in steadily. Clubs
that had thrown the original letter away asked for
another, and those left out demanded a reason and
the rules for qualifying. In the end we had eighty-
one clubs competing.

Adult Interest

While we expected some fun among the or-
ganizations, we felt that the rest of the festival
would be largely children's entries, and we ar-
ranged the classes accordingly. However, from
the beginning the whole affair was taken over by
adults. Fewer than twenty-five children brought
their dolls for entry while the interest of adults
grew daily. Dolls appeared at the tailors to have
men's suits fitted, at the hat shop to have hats
made, and at the hairdresser to have their hair
done after photographs of long ago fashions.

Calls came to the club house reserving two feet
of space, four feet of space, six square feet, etc.,
until we began to wonder if there would be room
enough for it all. The committee on arrange-
ments faced the task of planning space for whole
collections without knowing whether the dolls
were three inches or two feet in height.

The Arrangement

A neutral background was agreed upon because
the first arrivals for the show brought color
enough upon them. Long tables covered with
brown paper with uprights of unpainted plywood
running through the center formed a fitting set-
ting for our lovely guests. Our only decoration
was a group of national flags suspended from the
side walls and one larger American flag in the
back of the auditorium.

To our delight we found the largest collection
contained a marriage set from Japan. One of the
tiny pagodas with its miniature occupants is
owmed by every little Japanese girl and is played
with just once a year on Doll Festival Day. A
special little platform was built out from the stage
for this exhibit which seemed to typify the spirit
of the festival.

Our Special Guest

By this time we had inspired confidence. The
World Friendship Committee by special arrange-
ment with the Art Museum of Worcester and
Springfield sent us "Oita San" a beautiful prin-
cess and the ambassador of friendship from the
Children of Japan to the Children of Massachu-
setts. A case was immediately arranged for Oita,
but it was not enough. When she arrived we

353

354

WORCESTER PLAYS DOLLS

found she had chosen to
bring her tea set and trous-
seau, and another case had to
be found in a hurry. Clothed
in her graceful robes which
had been fashioned by the
court tailor of Japan, Oita
San smiled her friendly mes-
sage to all who visited the
four day festival.

Our readers will be interested to know
that several of the exhibitors at the fes-
tival, headed by Mrs. Lewis Wood of
Clinton, Massachusetts, have formed an
organization known as "The Doll Collec-
tors of America, Incorporated," and are
receiving applications for membership
from all parts of the United States. It
has been organized for those interested
in collecting only. Dealers will not be
admitted to membership.

Dolls and More Dolls!

Over 1500 dolls were entered, labeled, cata-
logued and arranged in classes by the commit-
tees on receiving and arrangement. For three
days we were too busy to sense just what was
happening at the Worcester Girls' Club. But
when the last doll was in place and we paused to
catch our breath, we realized the uniqueness and
and beauty of the exhibit that had grown from
our efforts. We have never ceased to marvel that
we were entrusted with such treasures as were
loaned for the display. The entries of old dolls were
worth hundreds of dollars. One group of sev-
enteen represented over three hundred dollars
cash actually paid by the collector. There were
luster crowned dolls, market
ladies, exquisite French dolls
with their wardrobes so com
plete that we knew their
little owners were sel-
dom ever allowed to
play with the treasures,
crude wooden dolls,
very old and showing
signs of having been
much pi a y e d with,
quaint rag dolls and
and finely jointed wood-
en dolls not more than
a quarter of an inch
long which must have
been guarded with care
for generations. The
nationality collections
were also valuable and
contained dolls from
every corner of the
earth. They told as
mutely the story of
queer customs and
habits which no geog-
raphy or history books

"Oita San," Ambassador of Friendship
and the guest of honor at the festival

had revealed to us.

Some of the organizations
sent whole set ups to repre-
sent their activities and inter-
ests so it was necessary to
add a class in the organiza-
tion competition for any en-
try of more than one doll.
The Worcester Polytechnic
Institute Faculty Club work-
ed for weeks dressing dozens
of tiny dolls. In the end they produced a mural
background of the hills back of the athletic field,
a miniature football game with spectators, a
hockey team in action, surveyors at work with
tiny instruments and a shop with machines and
mechanics. They carried off a blue ribbon for
the organization set-ups.

A Jewish organization came second with a
group at table ushering in the Sabbath day. The
Worcester Harvard Club captured the third
award with a Yale-Harvard boat race on the
Charles River. A local green house arranged the
setting for them and the tiny sculls and oarsmen
were perfect in every detail. The Kiwanis Club
set up a scoliosis ward with doctors and nurses in
spotless white and a patient
in a real plaster of paris cast.
The VA'orcester Woman's
Club won first prize for
single entries with a
replica of the first presi-
dent, copied in detail
from an old photo-
s^raph. The little lady
was molded in papier
mache and was perfect
in feature and in detail
of dress and position.

The Lovliest Lady

It would be impossi-
ble to describe all of the
outstanding entries but
we cannot leave out one
doll that captivated the
hearts of everyone. She
was 1 10 years old and
made of wax so beauti-
fully moulded that you
wondered how she had
survived no years of
New England weather,
(Continued on page 372)

■ A Beginning-of-School Party

F POSSIBLE, decorate your party rooms to look to the next player, who writes the second word,
like schoolrooms, with blackboards, chalk, col- This continues until each player has made two
ored cutouts on the walls, books, tablets, pen- trips and written two words, and one line has
s and maps. Instruct your guests to come in completed its sentence. If scores are kept, each
id" costume, promptly on time, and have them player in the winning line receives a score of too
ng their wraps in the "cloakroom." Give each opposite Writing on his card.
little pad or notebook and a tiny pencil. Be sure For the Geography lesson, have the pupils seat-
have the party leader dressed as an old-fash- ed. On their notebooks they are to write the state
tied "school-marm," with long skirt, shirtwaist, abbreviations which they think fit the following
asses, hair piled high, and carrying the ever- definitions, which are read by the teacher. For tal-
esent ruler. lies, score one point for each correct abbreviation.

The guests assemble in the schoolroom in or- Most religious Mass.

, I ■ ^ ^- Ml- ■ Most egotistical Me.

rly rows for registration. No whispering, gum- ^^^ j^^ ^^^ ^^^.^^ ^^^j,

.ewing, or other acts of misbehavior are allowed. Father of the states Pa.

ie pupils must conduct themselves like little Most maidenly . Miss.

' ^ Useful in having time Mo.

lies and gentlemen. Each guest makes up a Best in time of flood Ark.

imorous or sentimental name with the same ini- J*^^ decimal state Tenn.

. . .. State of exclamation O.

US as his own. rises and introduces himself. The doctor's state Md.

ihn A. Grant, for instance, becomes Joshua No such word as fail Kan.

dolphus Goldschmidt, and Gertrude May Smith Mohammed^an state' ".'.'.!!'.!!!'.!;!! !Ala.
.mes herself Gorgeous Mehitable Spencerling. Mining state Ore.

1^1 • ^ ^i.- J 1- u ''Gold-Brick state" Conn.

lie teacher prints this new name on a card which

e guest pins on and wears the rest of the even- ■^«'«''^ •S"'«<^>' 's next in order, and notebooks

g. On this card, during the party, are put vari- ^re still in use. On the blackboard are written the

IS credits or discredits, such as "tardy," "poor following flower anagrams and pupils are given a

ihavior," etc. If desired, these cards may be certain length of time to solve them. For tallies,

rger, ruled as for report cards, and used as tal- score two points apiece for each correct answer.

!S. Still better, obtain if you can the old-fash- \- °"« "^,'"^, (anemone)

' -' 2. tears (aster)

ned type of report card. 3. chant mus rhyme (chrysanthemum)

Following registration come lessons, beginning ^- ''^* came^ (clematis)

, , . 5. me in a rug (geranmm)

ith a Spelling Match. Catchy words are given, 6. one lucky she (honeysuckle)

be spelled backward. For each mistake the ' 7. thy china (hyacinth)

,, . 8. untie pa (petunia)

leller receives a-l. 9 a wee pest (sweet pea)

Next conies Writing. Guests stand in several 10. love it (violet)

les, with the same number in each. They face For Arithmetic, use relay formation again. On

ther a blackboard or a table with several sheets the teacher's desk is a large sheet of paper for

: paper on it. (The table would be, of course, each line, and on it are written simple arithmetic

e teacher's desk.) The leader of each line is problems, such as :

ven chalk or pencil. The teacher 7 8 8 9 11 271 2/404

;ads a certain sentence, one con- Por the entertaining party out- '^ ^ ^^ ^ 1^ ^^
ining twice as many words as lined here we are indebted to

lere are players in each line. Mabelle Williams, Greeley, Col- At a signal, the leaders run up,

his is to be written legibly, the orado, whose suggestions for a vvork problem number one and

ader of each file hurrying up to ^""'^'""^ ^^f ^^ a" ^"t"'"" par+y hurry back with pencils for the

, , , , ... appeared in the September is- ... _, . .,

le table or blackboard, writmg ^^g ^f RECREATION Other ^^^^ in hne. ihis goes on until

le first word only, and hastening parties will be published in later all problems on its sheet have

ick to give his chalk or pencil numbers of the magazine. been worked by one line, and the

355

6S6

A BEGINNING-OF-SCHOOL PARTY

members of that winning side each get a perfect
score. Just take it for granted that answers are
correct!

Have pupils take their chairs again for Read-
ing. On the blackboard, or on a separate sheet for
each two players, so they may work in couples,
have the following: "Authors' names are to be
given from initial letters. Score four points for
each correct answer."

1. Worth Studying (William Shakespeare)

2. England's Bright Bard (Elizabeth Barrett Browning)

3. Warbled Wildly (Walt Whitman)

4. Cherished Lunacy (Charles Lamb)

5. Eerily, Awfully, Plutonic (Edgar Allen Poe)

6. Wordy Willy (William Wordsworth)

7. Arthur's Troubadour (Alfred Tennyson)

8. Rustic Bard (Robert Burns)

9. Ranks with Elia (Ralph Waldo Emerson)

10. Just Gentle Writer (John Greenleaf Whittier)

11. Was Called Billy (William Cullen Bryant)

12. Perished by Sea (Percy Bysshe Shelley)

13. He Was Lovely (Henry Wadsworth Longfellow)

14. Funny, Bright, Humorous (Francis Bret Harte)

15. Oh! What Humor (Oliver Wendell Holmes)

16. Griselda's Chronicler (Geoffrey Chaucer)

17. Great Genius, Naughty Boy (George Gordon Noel

Byron)

18. Always Peppery (Alexander Pope)

19. Jocund Rhyming Lawyer (James Russell Lowell)

20. Rather Blind (Robert Browning)

21. Homeless (Homer)

22. Entertaining Fellow (Eugene Field)

23. Just Master (John Milton)

24. Just Won Him (Julia Ward Howe)

25. Wit Meets Tenderness (William Makepiece

Thackeray)

After so many lessons, pupils will be ready for
Recess. Since directed play is in good repute, the
teacher will lead the games. A lively one first,
called Touch. Have the players seated in several
rows. The teacher calls, "Touch — a door!" All
players rush to touch a door and then to regain
their original chairs. The line all seated first wins
and receives a point. At the beginning of the
game, name only one object, then two and three,
then colors. Finally, call the name of a player :
"Touch — John Jones!" (Consult with him first,
and have him run as soon as his name is called.)
Give ten for each point the lines have won to
each member.

A Nursery Rhyme Contest is sure to be fun.
Divide the players into two groups and have them
compete against each other to see which can sing
the most nursery rhymes. As soon as one side
finishes singing a rhyme the other must begin, and
so they go alternately. For the winning side, a
box of animal crackers makes a good prize.

For How-do-you-do, have circle formation.
One player is "it" and is blindfolded and stands
in the center. The teacher points to one in the

circle, who, in his natural voice, says, "How-do-
you-do, John," giving the name of the center
player, who now has three chances to guess who
spoke to him. If he fails, he must try again with
another speaker. If he succeeds, he changes
places with the one who addressed him.

Lunch may now be served in the school cafe-
teria where food prices are hung conspicuously.
Or, if your group is not too large, you may have
for each two guests an old-fashioned lunch pail
or box with their refreshments. There may be
cookies and sandwiches in various shapes, and
cocoa with marshmallows, or soda pop with
straws. Or, if possible, strawberry milkshakes.
Apples, bananas, oranges, and other fruits are ap-
propriate. And don't forget a candy sucker for
each pupil, so he will always remember this first
day of school !

With the beginning of the season for indoor
activities, social recreation programs become im-
portant. Game nights are now exceedingly popu-
lar in this field. The following events are sug-
gestive of what can be developed with little equip-
ment and conducted in small space. Much of the
equipment can be made and other articles pur-
chased at small cost at novelty stores or at five-
and ten-cent stores.

1. Dart ball (throwing dart into circles of different
value)

2. Bounce ball (bouncing a ball into a waste basket
from a given distance)

3. Ring games

4. Rolling ball into holes of various values

5. Tossing a ball into a mouth cut into a cardboard face

6. Dart ball with score sheet divided into different tri-
angles or a pear shaped disc

7. Spinning the bottle with various values at place of stop

8. Hoop ball (rolling the ball into a hoop. This hoop is
raised off the ground and the ball must bounce or
roll over it)

9. Tiddlewinks (attempting to place the disc onto vari-
ous squares from a starting line)

10. Ring toss (tossing rope quoits over ring)

11. Ring ball ten pins (rope secured on ceiling with ball
attached. Attempt to knock pins down by a single
forward swing)

12. Quoits (throwing quoits onto various valued circles
rather than on a pole)

13. Regular ten pins with indoor baseball

14. Circling the megaphone (attempting to toss wire
hoops around a megaphone which is standing with
speaking end on top)

15. Shuffleboard

16. Golf, using putter and hitting ball into cup

17. Tin soldiers set up against ping pong net; knock
them down

18. Small ten pins, using an egg shaped ball to roll

19. Air gun with rubber bullets

20. Ring toss with several pegs on the pole which are of
different value

When the Wood Gods Call

By
Mary Pasco

Hartford, Connecticut

"Welcome!" the wood-god murmured
through the leaves —

Emerson

SINCE OUR grammar school days we have been
answering the call of the wood-gods through
all the changing seasons. Periodically we hunt
up our tried and proven hiking companions,
and start off for the open roads and fragrant
woods. No hitch-hiking is allowed, nor any
unnecessary luggage. If we are spending the
night with the stars, of course we take our
rolled poncho packs ; otherwise nothing but
our lunch, a camera, and possibly a harmonica
are allowed to accompany us. We seldom plan
a hike far ahead of time, but suddenly on a
Saturday night the telephone wires are hum-
ming with, "We can get the first trolley out of
the city." "Well then, you bring the fruit be-
cause we have some extra cold meat," and
"Don't you dare wear any good stockings like
you did last time." That night there is a hur-
ried raid on the stores before they close, and
the following morning finds a group of eager
hikers at the end of the trolley line.

There is a cabin in North Bloomfield which
is our favorite "end of the trail." It is a three
mile hike from the trolley which means an hour
on the road each way, leaving plenty of time in
between for little woodland explorations as the
ideal hike should do. This favorite haunt has
grown so upon us that we have found our-
selves turning up there quite frequently during
the last ten or twelve years. Doubtless we
should choose more varied sites at which to
wind up, but North Bloomfield comes first
and last, though of course not always. The big

attraction is the fact that the cabin has a brook
on two sides, fields, woods, and hills on four
sides, and the main road is out of sight and
sound.

The cabin has a large fireplace which was
built with boulders from the brook. In the fall
and winter we use it in preparing our dinner,
and to warm the cabin up enough to eat in
comparative comfort. But in warmer weather
we either pull the old table out, or else sit on
the edge of the porch and use a long bench foi
a table. But summer or winter we must have
a fire in the fireplace, for a Bloomfield hike is
not complete without toasted cheese sand-
wiches flavored with fragrant wood smoke.
Indeed the preparation of the meal is always
a most festive ceremony, for someone must be
delegated wood-collector, two hikers must go
a quarter of a mile to the nearest well for a pail
of water, and anyone left is chief cook and
firemaker.

There are fields across the brook which lead
in one direction to another section of the brook,
which, incidentally, twists and turns so about
the country-side that it can be met with in
most any direction. Here along the deeply
shaded banks fringed gentians grow in a blue
riot in early summer on one side; and in the
fall the opposite bank is green and red with
partridge berries. But all year-round stands
our waiting friend, the maple tree, with an out-

357

358

WHEN THE WOOD GODS CALL

reaching arm always inviting us for a sway
among its green leaves. Its overhanging
branches shade the brook, making a cool ren-
dezvous for the bullheads, pickerel, eels and
turtles which we have watched through the
clear depths of the water without disturbing in
their submarine playground.

At the other side of the fields is a swamp at
the bottom of an incline which leads up into
a wild, dense stand of tall, sturdy hardwoods,
which I doubt has seen the woodsman's axe
since colonial days, if it did then.

It is quite a hike over to the swamp which
is alive with peepers in the spring. The walk
from there up through the tall, deep woods and
back is a good two hour's hike which we sel-
dom fail to take each time we go, for there
always seem to be new wonders to be dis-
covered.

I have never seen so many different birds at
once as there are between that swamp and the
hardwood stand. Bluebirds, chickadees, warb-
lers, downy woodpeckers, red-winged blackbirds,
orioles and oven birds are only the beginning
of a long list which we have seen there within
one hour. And the woodland scenes are enough
in themselves to entice us there, for the ash
trees, hickories, and oaks tower above us in
regal splendor. We, insignificant in compari-
on, stand on the forest floor in a purple shad-
ow. Here and there the sun slants across the
shadowed isles, painting the brown trunks
with gold.

When we finally emerge out into the border-
ing fields, the warm current of air which greets
us makes us aware of the coolness of the shad-
owy woods we have just left. The marked con-
trast has more than once made us stop to ask
each other why mankind persists in cutting
down trees and sweltering in the summer heat
when God's trees provide all the coolness His
creatures need.

On our way back we stop to pay tribute to a
massive oak standing guard in the midst of a
typical Connecticut rock-strewn field. The
broad trunk, spreading out at the base, offers
us little crevices and protuberances to cuddle
into and perch upon, and here we can spend a
few comfortable minutes getting our notes to-
gether, or indulging in reminiscing chatter.

From there we come to the pride of our
"tummies" — the blackberry patch, which is a
mighty popular place in its own special season,

and has provided the most important part of
many a home-made pie. Nor will we ever
forget the stewed blackberries, ideal for bread-
dunking, or the jars and jars of jam. Many
times have we hiked out there just to pick
blackberries, spending hours at the thorny but
purple-sweet labor.

After a short walk across a field of scrubby
sweet-fern, irregularly dotted with short cyl-
inder-like cedars, and very busy with flying
grasshoppers and little orange butterflies, we
come into a shady nook which leads us down
once more to the brook. At this part of its
course it gurgles in and out among green
mossy rocks, gathering itself into little dark
pools behind the larger boulders. Never — be-
tween jearly April and late October — have we
resisted the paddling instinct aroused by those
mysterious, inviting little black pools. The
stream is never deep enough for more exten-
sive ablutions than paddling offers, but once
one of us did don a nineteenth century bathing
suit gleaned from the cabin and managed to
get wet from head to foot.

Dramatizing seems to come second nature
to a group of young folks set free in the coun-
try. One wonders if it isn't a momentary re-
turn to childhood — to the days when we mim-
icked our elders by "playing store" and "play-
ing house." At least that is one way of ex-
plaining why, after we come back from our
field and woodland explorations, we all get the
"make-believe" urge and stage all kinds of
stunts.

Of course any talented member of the group
has no peace until she makes her little contri-
bution to the general fun. And on one memor-
able trip in the fall we had a mock wedding
which was more fun than any similar stunt
played at home with several closets to draw
inspiration from. The "minister" appeared with
a sweater on backwards, glasses at the nose
tip, and bird-guide in hand for a Bible. The
groom, being already dressed in knickers,
merely plastered his hair back with a ribbon.
The bride borrowed a skirt from the superan-
nuated clothing supply in the cabin, and car-
ried a bouquet of dried seed pods. The altar
boy carried a dead-branch candle, while the
maid of honor was gorgeously attired in a
striped blanket. The wedding procession was
an impressive sight, ending up at the old pas-
(Continued on page 373)

Recreation for Adult Physically Handicapped

A plea for the treatment of physically handi-
capped adults as human beings with all of the
desires and emotions of the physically normal.

WHEN ONE hears the term "phy
sically handicapped" an associ
ation is immediately set up
with the term "inabihty to do things." The work
being done at the Recreation Center for Adult
Physically Handicapped at 107 Washington
Street, New York City, is of a nature which
emphatically proves that the association be-
tween "physically handicapped" and "inability
to do things," is wrong.

We have begun our work by the complete
reversal of this thought. We are working on
the premise that the adult physically handi-
cai)ped have the same emotions and urges as
the physically normal adults ; that they wish
to participate in life on the same plane; that
the)- wish to enjoy themselves by doing the
same things that other people do. Emotionally
and mentally, the adult physically handicapped
is the equal of the physically normal. It is
only • in physical activity that the physically
handicapped adult has difficulty. We have
taken as our fundamental principle, therefore,
the fact that the physically handicapped adult
is limited only by the extent of his disability,
and in a number of instances we have been
able to show these people how to overcome
their disabilities to some extent.

We have left the therapeutic question in the
hands of the clinics and the physicians. This
is a field which we feel the laymen cannot
touch without doing harm.
The majority of our people
have been disabled from 20
to 30 years and during that
time have had some of the
best attention medical sci-
ence had to offer. It would
be foolhardy on our part,
therefore, to attempt to step
in and take the place of the
doctor by using therapeutic

By S. S. LiFSON

New York City

The Recreation Center for the Adult
Physically Handicapped of which Mr.
Lifson is the director, is maintained
and stafFed by the Works Progress
Administration. The building used
has been leased tor the period of a
year from the Downtown Community
Association, it is hoped that this
demonstration will lead to the es-
tablishment of a permanent center.

methods. We do, however, feel that
we are adequately equipped to
teach these people how to deport
themselves in a social way. In this large city
of ours there is not an agency today that deals
exclusively with the orthopedic physically han-
dicapped. Our recreation center is the first
one to treat this specific problem. It is the first
one to attempt to provide adequate recreation
facilities and leadership for this group.

When a child is afflicted with poliomyelitis,
its parents immediately attempt to do all that
is humanly possible to counteract the disease.
They spend what money they have and when
that is used they resort to the public hospitals
for treatment. From the day the child is
afflicted it is drilled in upon his young mind
that he cannot do things for himself. The
parents do his thinking and his acting for him.
When a child is afflicted with poliomyelitis,
put in a class in which he finds other boys and
girls similarly afflicted. He is treated as a
person who is to be kept out of activity, a person
who is to forego all the joys of childhood. He is
in a world apart from normal development. He
cannot play with his physically normal brothers
and sisters. When he graduates public school and
enters high school he begins to realize that he can-
not mingle on a social plane with the other boys
and girls ; that instead of being offered compaion-
ship and friendship, he is offered sympathy.

When he is graduated
from high school and is
ready to take a place in so-
ciety as a producing agent,
he finds that he is further
handicapped because society
is still obsessed with the idea
that the physically handi-
capped adult is a non-pro-
ducer. As a whole, society
has not come to understand

359

360

RECREATION FOR ADULT PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED

that the handicapped adult does not want sym-
pathy but wishes to secure employment solely
on his ability to do a job, and not because of
his disability. Society has not reached the
stage where it will accept physically handi-
capped adults on a social plane equal to that
of physically normal adults.

Those agencies that are organized to deal
with the adult physically handicapped are or-
ganized solely to provide vocational training
or rehabilitation. The social side or recrea-
tional side of the adult's life is overlooked. The
adult has leisure like other people. He would
like to engage in recreational activities. He
would like to have a good time. He would
like to meet new people. He would like to have
a job, marry, have children, and live a life
along the same lines as his physically normal
brothers and .=isters.

The Program of Recreation

In establishing the Recreation Center for
Adult Physically Handicapped (Orthopedic)
our main thought was to provide recreational
facilities and leadership and a place for social
contact for the physically handicapped of New
York City. Our entire program is set up along
the lines similar to a program that would meet
the needs of any adult group in society. To
date we have been open four months. In that
time, we have had 270 adults register with us.
These people come to us from all parts of
greater New York. Any one who is 18 years
of age or over and has an orthopedic handicap
is eligible for membership. Our registrants
are examined by our physician to check on the
extent of their disability, so that we might
know how much activity they can indulge in
w^ithout suffering any further disability.

During the four months just past we have
developed the following program. The crafts
have proven to be a field in which our people
are the equal of physically normal adults. Such
activities as wood work, wood chipping, fret
saw work, square knot craft, leather tooling,
metal work, knitting and crocheting are most
attractive to our people. The quality of work
is exceptionally fine and the enjoyment de-
rived from making an article is something we
as yet have not found a method of measuring.
When funds permit we hope to enlarge our
craft program and include such things as cook-
ing, sewing, puppet making, marionette mak-

ing, poster work, painting, clay modeling and
sculpture.

Music is a field in which our people take
great joy in participating. Our music school,
although but two months old, has grown to a
considerable size. Piano for beginners and ad-
vanced is taught. Choral work, theory and
harmony, orchestra and violin instruction are
provided.

Dramatics, an activity which we did not
know the possibilty of, has caught the interest
and imagination of our people. We are just
beginning to realize the tremendous possibili-
ties of this activity. The dramatics class has
met but four or five times and will start pro-
duction on a play in the very near future.

The physical education activities are the ac-
tivities which have given our people most
pleasure and enjoyment. They are the activi-
ties for which they have longed for since their
early childhood. For the first time they have
been able to engage in the activities their
brothers and sisters enjoy. Indoor baseball,
basketball, handball, volley ball, soccer, calis-
thenics, paddle tennis, tumbling, travelling
rings, ropes, flying rings, stationery rings, hor-
izontal ladder, circle games, relays, stunts and
swimming are provided. We do not have a
swimming pool but we have been fortunate
enough to secure the use of a swimming pool
uptown. Our class at this pool meets once a
Aveek for an hour and a half. We have taught
a number of adults how to swim and a larger
number have improved their swimming. This
particular activity is co-educational, and also
serves as a social function.

With regard to the social program, for the
time being we are using outside sources to pro-
vide this activity. Our objective, however, is
so to develop our people that they will become
self-sufficient with regard to this activity; that
they will provide their own social functions
such as concerts, plays and parties.

"Boys and girls who are temporarily or per-
manently handicapped very especially need the
thrill of acquiring and perfecting skill in games
suited to their particular limitations. The experi-
ence of team membership, with all the responsi-
bility and discipline in good sportsmanship that
such membership should entail, as well as the joy
of a contest finely played, should be among their
experiences." — Winifred Van Hagen.

Some Possibilities in Science

for the

By
Gladys M. Relyea

Stanford University

Leisure Time of Adults

"A DESIRABLE leisure pursuit," says George A.
/^^ Lundberg,* "must fulfill four main require-
ments: (i) It must have the capacity for
being relatively permanently interesting; (2)
It must be as different as possible from the
activities which our station in life forces upon
us; (3) It should as far as possible have both
its origin and its fulfillment in the individual
himself rather than in invidious coercions of
the social or the economic order; (4) It should
be at least compatible with, if not conducive
to, physical and mental health and personality
development."

The study of natural science fulfills each of
these requirements in the best possible manner.

Developing a Love of Nature

Mr. Lundberg goes on to say: "In addition
to the development of skill in the arts and
crafts, I believe the schools can do more than
they are now doing in the development of a
fondness for outdoor life and the enjoyment of
nature. Nature provides inexhaustible re-
sources for a satisfying use of leisure with a
minimum of equipment or other dependence
upon the industrial and economic structure."

In addition to the advantages which Mr.
Lundberg presents for the study of nature may
be added the following:

It can be entered into regardless of a per-
son's age, health, wealth, occupation or race.

It provides all year-round possibilities.

It can be carried on wherever one may be —
city, seashore, farm, parks,
etc.

There are possible agen-
cies of many types in even
very small towns — library,
church, community center,
school, etc.

It furnishes activities for
many types of persons — ar-
tistic, literary, scientific ; for

"Nature study, an understanding of
the nnysteries of birds and plants,
animals and minerals; an acceptance
of the universe and a love of out-
doors in general, releases men and
women from the slavery to inanimate
things, to office desk, workshop bench
and kitchen table that is the curse of
our modern existence." J. Otis
Swift in Hobbies for Everybody.

those who like to work alone or in groups.

It can remain a very pleasurable hobby or
it can be developed into any avocation, or even
a vocation.

Its activities and results often become so-
cially useful, as the lives of such men as Hooke
and Mendel show us.

Not only does the study of nature lead to
social usefulness, but it is valuable to the indi-
vidual by providing esthetic pleasure and the
pleasure which comes from acquaintanceship
with the natural environment and from being
well informed. It promotes health in mind
and body, gives opportunity for creative ex-
pression, offers the joy which comes from just
being out-of-doors, and provides activities to
satisfy all sides of an individual's nature.

Despite these facts, which seem so obviously
pointing to a strong program in the sciences
in any organization of adult leisure time ac-
tivities, a careful search of fourteen prominent
educational magazines from January, 1929, to
May, 1935, reveals little reference to the Sub-
ject. The years 1932 and 1933 seem richest in
this regard, with a very disappointing decrease
in the last year (1934). This seems all the more
serious when one considers the fact that refer-
ences to other forms of recreational activity
have increased in the past two years.

Believing that one reason for this condition
may be lack of practical suggestions for the
carrying out of a program of science education
for recreation, the writer presents below an out-
line, very inadequate and in-
complete, but which perhaps
will serve to stimulate
growth in the right direc-
tion. The activities included
are drawn from the articles
referred to above, from per-
s o n a 1 experience, from a

* "Tra'ning for Leisure," Teachers Col-
lege Record, Volume 34, April, 1933,
pages 569 to 579.

361

362

SOME POSSIBILITIES IN SCIENCE FOR LEISURE TIME

study of actual activities
in several communities.

Note : (Those activities marked
* require from one to ten dollars
for initial equipment ; those
marked ** require from ten dol-
lars up ; those unmarked require
no outlay.)

Outdoor Activities
Appreciation, Study, Col-
lection, Recording — in the
field

1. Animal identification
and habit study

a. Insects — butterflies, moths, beetles, galls, any
special order, ecology, economic importance, etc.

b. Birds — migration, nests, songs, of shore, of
woods, etc., %ird-banding

c. Mammals — tracks, economic importance

d. Lower vertebrates — snakes, amphibians, fish
**e. Microscopic life — fresh and salt water ; ponds,

streams, etc.
f. Shore life — tidepools, shells, sands, associations,
etc.

2. Plant identification and habit study

*a. Flowering plants — certain families, or orders ;
associations, edible plants, pollination apparatus,
other sorts of adaptations
*b. Trees and shrubs
*c. Ferns
*d. Mosses
*e. Mushrooms
*f. Seaweed
*g. Galls
**h. Fresh and salt water microscopic plants

3. Study of associations, habitats. Intensive
study of any of these plants and animals
in a small area. Study of changes due to
seasons, light, temperature. *Experimen-
tation with factors.

4. Earth study

a. Rocks and minerals — certain regions, method
of formation

b. Geologic formations

*5. Study of the heavens — possibly **)

a. Constellations, stars, sun

b. Planets, moon, and movements

c. 'Various unusual astronomical events

6. Weather study

a. Records of daily conditions (* or ♦* depending
on instruments)

b. Clouds

*7. Painting, sketching, photographing, **re-
cording experiences

8. Prose, poetry, music, inspired by experi-
ences

9. Travelling

a. Collecting experiences while driving through the
country— famous trees, virgin timberlands, sun-
sets, state fiowers, fire-towers, state forests, in-
sect control measures. Keeping records of these
in diary, photographs, sketches

"The love of beauty seems to be innate,
seems to be born in us. Certainly I have
never seen any boy or girl, man or
woman, who did not love the beautiful
in one form or another. This is doubt-
less one of the bases of our interest in
astronomy. For what could be more
beautiful than the night sky, with its
myriad of stars, the wandering planets,
the everchanging moon, and the glori-
ous Milky Way, which we are now be-
ginning to understand." — Dr. Clyde
Fisher in Hobbies for Everybody.

b. Visiting national, state,
city parks, observator-
ies, museums, nature
trails
^c. Seeking out one's own
spots of interest — inten-
sive study of a small
area, mapping out beauty
points, interesting na-
ture objects, etc., keep-
ing records.
II. Appreciation, Study, Col-
lection, Recording, Culti-
vation— at home
I. Care and breeding of
animals ■ — as pets, for

selling

'4-
**5-

**a. Dogs — various breeds according to preference,

popularity, purpose, space, etc.
**b. Chickens, pigeons, ducks, turkeys, etc.
**c. Bees
**d. Larger animals

2. Care and breeding of plants for pleasure

or for sale
**a. Flowers and shrubs — varied, or special varieties
*b. Vegetables
*c. Desert garden
*d. Rock garden
*e. Nations' gardens

f. Wild flower garden
*g. Pond flowers

3. Building of cold frame, greenhouse, ken-
nels, coQps

Building of weather study equipment
Building of telescope and observation
equipment

Bird-banding, migration study
Fish-breeding ; construction of pond

*6.

Indoor Activities

Reading (at home or at a library, for appre-
ciation, practical information, or general
information)

T. History of biology, zoology, botany, ge-
ology, etc.
2. Biographies of famous scientist
Explorations, past and present
Information on the topices of one's interest
Directions for the construction of tele-,
scope, garden, etc.
Prehistoric plants and animals
Animal biographies
Nature poetry
Current science articles, books

3-
4-

6.
7-

II Radio lectures

III Moving pictures (strictly or popularly sci-
entific

SOME POSSIBILITIES IN SCIENCE FOR LEISURE TIME

363

IV Museums

1. Reading and study in connection with
special exhibits

2. Information from docent, guide, lecturer,
study groups

V Home

1. Keeping up one's collections — ^ records,
identification, classification, special facts,
artistic arrangement

2. Diary of observations either simply or
elaborately done

3. Writing and publishing of nature articles

4. Sketching, painting, modelling from data
from the field

5. Poetry and music stimulated from nature
experiences

6. Handicraft — baskets from materials
gathered in the field, candles, nature de-
signs for cards, linens, etc.

7. Drawing the landscaping plans for one's
own garden, or friend's

8. Drawing up planting and breeding
schedules ; keeping records

*g. Developing and printing photographs
10. Planning the construction of kennels,
greenhouse, observatory, etc.
**ii. Microscope — making slides, photo-
graphs, movies, various experiments
12. Miniature gardens, unusual plant dec-
orations
*I3. Breeding birds and fish

14. Keeping and studying pond cultures
*I5. Terraria
*i6. Aquaria

17. Drawing pictorial maps of one's travels
*i8. Collecting pictorial stamps of birds,
plants

Agencies for Outdoor and Indoor Activities

I. Library

1. Reading lists on various topics

2. Study groups

3. Information printed by librarian

4. Exhibits of books, and pictures

5. Magazines of national organizations in the
more common fields of nature hobbies —
horticulture, bird study, poultry

II. Museum

1. Lectures, movies, lantern slides

2. Study groups

3. Docents

4. Field trips, bird walks, nature trails

5. Clubs affiliated with the museum

6. Special courses for teachers, counsellors,
parents, general public

7. Hobby clubs

8. Special libraries

III. Parks

1. Bird, flower, astromony, clubs — projects,
field trips, lectures

2. General field trips with guides

3. Nature trail

4. Museum and exhibits

5. Special libraries

6. Lectures on horticulture, tree culture,
other topics

IV. Botanical Gardens and Zoological Parks

1. Garden tours with guides

2. Pamphlets

3. Affiliated clubs

4. Seed exchange

5. Lectures

6. Special libraries

V. Public School System

1. Elementary, high school, junior college,
and university evening and extension
courses for adults

2. Lectures for the public

3. Parent groups

4. Agricultural extension work

5. Adult education centers

VI. Private Organizations

1. National^ American Kennel Club, Garden
Club of America, American Nature Asso-

, ciation. Wild Flower Preservation Soci-

ety and others, most of which publish
journals of their activities

2. Local — garden clubs with garden tours,
practical lectures, demonstrations, librar-
ies ; acquarium societies ; dog fanciers ;
(most of these also have publications for
members, at least)

3. Social service— Y. M. C. A., Y. W. C. A.,
Scouts

4. Community projects — public museum,
hobby shows, playground projects, com-
munity centers, beautify the city week.
small garden contests, etc.

(Continued on page 374)

Bulgaria Learns to Play

By Allen McMahon

FOLLOWING the World War and the exchange of
populations that caused migrations of liter-
ally millions of people from one Near East-
ern country to another, Bulgaria, like the other
Balkan states and the countries that fringe the far
shores of the Mediterranean Sea, received its
quota of refugees. Some 700,000 Russians, Ar-
menians and Macedonian Bulgars found a haven
there. In order to help in the adjustment of these
refugees to life in a strange country, the Ameri-
can Near East Relief, which was engaged in
refugee and orphanage work in eight countries,
shipped old clothing into Bulgaria for free distri-
bution among the most needy. L. E. Feldmahn,
himself a Russian refugee, then in charge of Red
Cross work in Bulgaria and formerly a civil aid
in Wrangel's army, was made director of this
clothing enterprise. It entailed receiving the ship-
ments from America, the employment of refugee
labor in sorting and reconditioning, and the main-
tenance of a bureau to effect the distribution.

The Playground Is Initiated

With the incorporation of the Near East Foun-
dation in 1930 to succeed the Relief Committee, it
was decided to experiment with a type of work
that would be more constructive. Mr. Feldmahn
therefore established in the poorest section of
Sofia a district known as Koniovitsa, the first
playground in Bulgaria.

The beginnings of the Koniovitsa playground
were modest. The equipment was chiefly home-
made or at least very inexpen-
sive. Some primitive home-
made shower baths were install-
ed and eventually a swimming
pool. He encountered a good
deal of suspicion of this strange
place, where children were ex-
pected only to play — to have a
good time — and the attendance
was small. But in a year's time
they came swarming. More than
2,000 children who had tasted

364

A simple attempt on the part of an
American educational organization
to introduce play to a people long
oppressed by foreign domination,
wars, poverty and the grim strug-
gle for existence, has resulted in
unforeseen success in the far dis-
tant country of Bulgaria in eastern
Europe. The story of the establish-
ment of the first playground known
in Bulgaria and of the development
of other phases of general welfare
makes a fascinating tale.

the joy of play and had begun to realize the bene-
fits claimed the place as their own. Koniovitsa
hummed with activity.

His success strengthened Mr. Feldmahn's con-
viction that through wholesome play Bulgaria
could help to counteract the effects of centuries
of hardship. He thought if he prepared a manual
of playground construction and play practices, the
day might come when there would be some use
for it. Even his faith, however, did not prepare
him for what was to come, for that manual, in a
country that had never before known a play-
ground, is now in its third printing, 800 copies of
it being already in use.

By the close of last summer fifty playgrounds
had been established and twenty-eight others were
opened this summer.

Mr. Feldmahn at Koniovitsa has trained the
leaders for these playgrounds at the request of the
Bulgarian government. When he first said he
would undertake the job he received 800 appli-
cations. To date 140 have received the training
and courses for others are being conducted this
summer. A graduate of the course has just pub-
lished a book on playgrounds from the point of
view of an ordinary playground worker.

It is proving to be quite a task to turn out
leaders fast enough to supply the demand. Last
fall the Ministry of Interior and Public Health
sent the following letter :

To Messrs. the Governors of the'Regions of the Kingdom.
To the Municipality of Sofia.

The American Near E^st Founda-
tios has developed since 1930 in Bul-
garia energetic activities for creat-
ing in the cities and villages of the
Kingdom playgrounds for children,
which are very useful for the physi-
cal and cultural development of the
growing generation. Owing to these
activities, which have found a warm
response in this country, the idea of
playgrounds for children became
popular and the initiative to organ-
ize them was taken up at full speed.
This was especially favored during
the past two years by the organization
of courses for training playground
leaders, in which the Foundation en-

BULGARIA LEARNS TO PLAY

365

Courtesy Near East Foundation

joyed the precious sup-
port of the Ministry of
Public Instruction. Grad-
uates of these courses be-
came the most fervent
propagators of the ideas
launched by the Founda-
tion.

However, the realiza-
tion of this very useful
cultural initiative requires
funds, which cannot
always come from private
sources but have to be
provided also by public
ones, respectively by the
Communities in the King-
dom. The funds necessary
for the maintenance of a
Children's Playground
are not so big as to over-
burden the budget of any
Community be it in a vil-
lage or in a city, so much
more as the Communities
spend a lot of -money for
supporting the poor, the

sick and helping charitable institutions. With a sum of
from 5,000 to 10,000 levas ($55. to $110.) in a rural
Community or from 10,000 to 20,000 levas ($110. to
$220.) in an urban one, it is possible to organize and to
maintain a playground for children. Compared with the
results which are obtained througli such playgrounds,
these sums are negligible and can be provided by the
budget of every Community in the Kingdom.

Taking into consideration that only the projects main-
tained by local means and forces can be result ful and
lasting, the Ministry recommends you to call the atten-
tion of the Communities and the Regions entrusted to
you, to give their material support to playgrounds for
children. This is so much more desirable as the solution
of this serious social question is of capital importance to
the future of the Nation.

(Signed) P. Stephanoff,

General Secretary
Chr. Milkoff,

Chief of the Department.

In innumerable ways the evidence grows that
Bulgaria is becoming "play conscious and health
wise." A recent law provided for thirty minutes
of physical education daily in every public school.
The government has started a seven months'
course in physical culture in which Mr. Feldmahn
has been invited to lecture. Students of this
course visit Koniovitsa and participate in its ac-
tivities. Requests from teachers and school in-
spectors, as well as from local institutions, for
advice in building, equipping and programizing
playgrounds and children's clubs are pouring in.
A plan is under way to organize short courses by
districts to instruct public school teachers in
sound methods. Some 2,000 teachers already have
been reached by lectures given by Mr. Feldmahn
and his Bulgarian assistant, B. Vassilief?. The
Department of Education refers all inquiries con-
cerning playgrounds to Mr. Feldmahn. Mr. Vas-
silieff has been appointed by the government to

inspect all playgrounds in the country and report
to the Department of Social Welfare.

The following letter is typical of many which
are received by Mr. Feldmahn, asking for assist-
ance in organizing a playground :

March 26, 1935.
The Municipality of Svistchoff
To the Near East Foundation, Sofia :

We intend to organize a playground for about 200-250
children from the age of 5 to 10. We dispose of a ground
of about 3,000 square metres, which is now, as shown on
the enclosed sketch, a public garden ; up to 1,800 square
metres are occupied by flower beds and shrubs. Near to
the garden there is a tap, now for general use; trees
giving shade as well as toilets are lacking. The garden
is fenced by good wire net supported by concrete posts.
The community has foreseen in its budget a sum of
30,000 levas for children's playgrounds.

Please give us your advice and instruction about the
organization of a playground, taking into consideration
the conditions described above.

(Signed) Bogdan S. Peneff, Mayor

Michael V. Dobriloff, Engineer.

A Health Center Established

In order to develop the Koniovitsa program to
eiTect an improvement in the general living level,
as is the objective in all the Near East Founda-
tion's projects in agricultural education, health,
welfare and recreation, it was decided to expand
the work to touch upon the various phases of
home and community life.

A health center was therefore established ad-
joining the playground. Here examinations are
made and records kept of all children using the
Center, and an intimate welfare service is main-
tained that reaches into the homes to assure the
continuance of improved health established at the
health center through corrective exercises, sun

366

BULGARIA LEARNS TO PLAY

baths and supplementary feeding. Classes for
mothers are held in prenatal and child care, as
well as diet and home hygiene. The services cover
i,ooo homes and 6,700 people. Soon simple im-
provements appeared in the homes, and a new and
beneficial cleanliness. This led to the institution
of "Cleanup Days," which have become an an-
nual spring event. Each year posters are printed
inviting the people to Koniovitsa to thoroughly
clean and whitewash their homes, toilets and yards
before the holidays. The posters are distributed
to the mothers visiting the Center and are fixed to
walls and posts. An appeal from the Foundation
is then read at all corners by the municipal
"drummer," who is like a Colonial American town
crier except that he carries a drum instead of a
bell. Lectures are given by the Foundation doctor
and the local health officer. As the "Cleanup
Day" approach, the houses and yards, as well as
the fruit tree trunks, become immaculately white ;
garbage and the year's accumulation of trash is
gathered in piles at the sides of the roads, then
carts from the Municipal Cleanliness Service ar-
rive, forty in number, and the rubbish is taken
away. This year the number of cartloads was less
than last year, about 450 instead of 700. The value
of this welfare work receives constant and flatter-
ing recognition from the Government.

A Club for Children

Supplementing the playground and health cen-
ter, a children's club was established, also the first
project of its kind in Bulgaria. The club has a
regular enrollment of 354, with groups from
schools averaging
twelve visits a month.
The children have les-
sons in music and hand-
crafts and study hours
for their regular school
work. Last year a sur-
vey was made of the
school success of the
club children and it was
found that those who
had attended the club
regularly had shown the
greatest improvement
in their school work. In
the primary schools the
club members had an
average rating of 5.1 as
against 4.7 for the

THE RESULTS

78 playgrounds serving more than 30,000 children,
where five years ago no playground existed.

140 play leaders trained, with more to follow. ,

Children's clubs appearing all over the country,
where two years ago there was not one.

The enactment of laws providing for the estab-
lishment of both playgrounds and clubs.

Infant mortality rate in a district showing the
worst record in the country to a point where it
showed the best.

1,000 homes showing improved hygiene, sanita-
tion, child care and general well-being.

A whole district blossoming with cleanliness.

Little gardens producing fresh green foods.

Fine poultry and eggs supplementing incomes.

Trees and bushes to give shade and beauty to an
otherwise poverty-stricken neighborhood.

whole schools; in the secondary schools, 4.0 as
against 3.7.

Last February Mr. Feldmahn was asked by the
Department of Education to lecture on play-
grounds and children's clubs in courses recently
organized to give teachers in primary schools
some elementary knowledge of physical and man-
ual education. Seven lectures were given in Sofia
and six in the provinces, with a total attendance
of 1,500.

During the winter Mr. Feldmahn was invited
to join a special commission appointed by the Min-
ister of Public Instruction to work out a project
concerning the education of pre-school and out-
of-school children. At the first meeting of the
commission a law was drafted to promote and
regulate different kinds of kindergartens and to
"realize on a large scale the demonstrations car-
ried out so successfully by the Near East Foun-
dation in Koniovitsa." Four months later the pro-
fxosals of the commission were made into a law.
The first part of the law concerns creches and
kindergartens ; the second part, children's clubs.
According to this new law :

1. Children's Clubs aim to help children of pre-school
and school age to spend their leisure time in a sound
atmosphere and to develop in them positive health,
social and moral habits.

2. Each complete Children's Club should have : A play-
ground in the open, a playroom, a study hall, a read-
ing room with a library, and some workshops.

3. Children's Qubs are being organized either at every
school or one for a group of neighboring schools in a
place which is most convenient for the purpose. Where
conditions do not favor the opening of a complete
club, the nucleus of one must be started.

4. Children's dubs, or the initial unit, are opened fol-

lowing special instruc-
tion.

5. The direction of a Chil-
dren's Club is intrusted
to the necessary number
of specially trained
teachers, one of whom
is the chief director of
the club. The work in
the club is considered as
regular school work
with regard to the pay-
ment of teachers for
class hours.

6. The teachers are being
trained for directing
Children's Clubs in
special institutions or
courses organized by the
Ministry of Public In-
struction or by the Re-
gional Inspectors.

Mr. Feldmahn feels

that the Near East

(Continued on page 374)

WORLD AT Play

A Farmers
Opera

Photo from Wide World

THE magazine Time
for July I, 1935, tells
of an all rural produc-
tion of "The Bohemi-
an Girl" in June at the
State College football
field in Ames, Iowa.
The cast of 175 sing-
ers chosen by competi-
tion represented 47
Iowa counties and the
achievement of the fif-
teen year ambition of
Josephine A. Bakke,
State 4-H club leader
who inaugurated the
local singing groups.
In the opera the hero-
ine was played by Virginia B. MuUane, a farm-
er's wife who has two children and who sings in
a church choir. Thaddeus was played by Evan
Davies who studied music in Chicago and who
now rides a tractor across the fields of Iowa. The
Gypsy Queen was a chicken authority, and Devils-
hoof a farmer in Hardin County. More than
8,000 lowans saw the performance. Great in-
genuity was shown in the making of the costumes.
"A wine colored cape had once been a feather
tick. Old lace curtains had been doctored beyond
recognition. The barefooted 'gypsies' shook pie
plate tambourines, wore chicken feed sacking
which had been dyed yellow and scarlet, and trim-
med with bits of shiny tin. Average cost per cos-
tume: 13 cents."

seen from the east
bank of the Hudson
River. Thus there will
be preserved for New
York its beautiful view
of the Palisades of
New Jersey. The Park
Commission now owns
75 per cent of the
frontage land it needs
to build a parkway.

Wabash County's
Celebration

THIS year the City
of Wabash and Wa-
bash County, Indiana,
will celebrate the
1 00th anniversary of
the founding of the
first white settlement.
An outdoor theater wilLbe constructed with relief
labor, and with a minimum amount of work and
expense seating arrangements will be made for
between ten and twenty thousand people. In addi-
tion to the pageant part of the celebration, there
will be a series of pilgrimages to historic places
with special exhibits of antiques and a mammoth
historic and industrial parade.

Congress Authorizes
National Theater

A Beauty Spot
Preserved

John D. Rockefeller,

Jr., has turned over to

the Commissioners of

Palisades Interstate

Park 700 acres along the crest between George

Washington Bridge and the state line on condition

that no buildings will be erected tall enough to be

CONGRESS has
passed the Wagner-
McLaughlin Bill in-
corporating the Ameri-
can National Theater and Academy and naming a
list of patrons of the arts as the original incor-
porators. The incorporation is set up without
federal endowment to present productions of the
highest type in the drama ; advance this interest by
the production throughout the country of the best
plays acted by the best actors at a minimum cost ;
encourage the study of the drama in schools, uni-
versities and colleges, and develop the art and
technique of the theater through a school within
the proposed national academy.

367

368

WORLD AT PLAY

Playground Equipment With a History —

The children of Somerset County, New Jersey,
have enjoyed new equpiment on their play-
grounds this past summer, and the material from
which it is made represents confiscated prop-
erty seized by the federal government from
bootleggers. Realizing that the material would
be useful in many ways, ' the suggestion was
made to the internal revenue officials that the
material be given the New Jersey State ERA,
with the result that there are now in ERA
workshops thousands of feet of first quality
spruce and fir, quantities of pipe and fittings,
and hoops from vats. The fir and spruce are
being used in making seats, tables, sand boxes
and basketball goals, while the pipes and fit-
lings are used in the swings. The hoops from
vats serve for bolts, rods and basketball goals.
Municipalities and recreation commissions are
furnishing the funds for the purchase of chains
and other equipment that cannot be made at
the shops.

Scranton's New Field House — The new field

house at Weston Park in Scranton, Pennsyl-
vania, the materials for which Mr. and Mrs.
Weston contributed $20,000, is a colonial struc-
ture with a beautiful social hall 40' by 80', a
large fireplace, lockers, seats around the entire
floor, and a rubber composition tile floor. On
the main floor there are three other small
rooms and lavatories for men and women. The
■entire house is equipped with a loud speaker
system with two large speakers in the audi-
torium, one in each of the other rooms and
one or two outside the building making it pos-
sible to give outside announcements. The
labor on the project has been furnished as a
federal project.

A Civic Theater for Charleston — The City of
Charleston, South Carolina, recently pur-
chased the property known as Planters Hotel,
probably one of the early most outstanding
botels of the country and certainly of the
South. Adjacent to this is an old theater dat-
ing back to early colonial days and one of the
iirst to be erected in America. The plan is to
remodel these buildings and to have a civic
•theater.

Home Work Eliminated— Milton C. Potter,
Superintendent of Schools of Milwaukee, Wis-
consin, has made the recommendation, which

the School Board Instruction Committee has
indorsed, that home work be completely abol-
ished in the first six grades. One hour of home
study is deemed sufflcient by the superintend-
ent for the seventh and eighth grade pupils.
Mr. Potter points out in his report that the
first six years of the elementary school consti-
tute an important growing period of a child's
life. The child needs play and physical exer-
cise in the hours out of school. It is more
important that healthy bodies be built up in
these years than that the mind be crammed
with knowledge.

Camping World — In May a new magazine
Camping World, made its bow to the public.
Announced as a national magazine for camp
directors, owners and executives, it will be
published from January to October. Articles
in the first issue include "Waterfront Protec-
tion," by Captain Scully; "What I Think of
Camping"; "Movies"; "Masks"; A Forum on
Camping Problems, and a Food Bureau. The
editorial and executive ofiices are at 11 East
44th Street, New York City.

A New Park in Pontiac — In June, Pontiac,
Michigan, dedicated its newest park — a forty-
five acre site bought in 1919. Grading and
construction on a roadway were begun in 1929.
The rest of the work was carried on little by
little as the city had funds. Four double tennis
courts and 1,000 feet of water lines have been
built with CWA help. The city has planted
2,000 shrubs and 6,000 trees. Five acres of the
park have been left in their natural wooded
state for camping.

An Institute for Bird Lovers — Sportsmen,
fanners and all interested in game birds and game
bird food were invited to attend a one day sports-
men's institute held ^n October at the W. K. Kel-
logg Bird Sanctuary at Wintergreen Lake near
Battle Creek, gections were devoted to exhibi-
tions and studies of small game especially of
native Michigan game and song birds. There were
displays of native game bird foods. A field trip
was taken through the sanctuary and the adjoin-
ing Kellogg experimental farm.

A Good Turn — The local Boy Scout Troop
of Republic, Wash., recently proved them-
selves real workers during an outing at the
Ten-Mile camp ground, Coville National For-
est. Twelve of the boys turned out at 7 :oo

WORLD AT PLAY

369

A. M. They were transported in a U. S. Forest
Service truck to the camp ground where they
worked for about four hours under the direc-
tion of Scoutmaster Lewis Stevens and Forests
Ranger Hogan. The portion of the camp
ground that has been used previously was
raked; tin cans and other debris were picked
up ; a garbage pit was dug, and approximately
a quarter of an acre of additional area was
cleared of underbrush.

An Old-Fashioned Dance Festival. — The

dances of the gay nineties and of even earlier
times have been enjoying a tremendous revival
of popularity in Los Angeles, California, with
the result that old-fashioned dancing groups
have been holding regular programs through-
out the year. The best of these dancers donned
their old time costumes and took part in a
festival held in March under the auspices of
the Playground and Recreation Department.
Stately waltzes, gay Virginia reels and intri-
cate quadrilles were danced to the music of
scraping fiddles.

Wanted — A Steel Grandstand! — Dr. Laurens
H. Seelye of St. Lawrence University, Canton,
New York, writes that he is interested in learn-
ing whether there is a recreation center or athletic
field in the process of being dismantled which
might have for sale a steel grandstand. If any of
our readers have such a grandstand to dispose of
Dr. Laurens will appreciate hearing from him
immediately.

Sioux City Plans a Hallowe'en Program

(Continued from page 340)
" The article mentioned must be some-
thing beginning with the letter "A" and found in
a grocery store, such as apples. The second player
repeats, "I am going to the grocery store to buy
apples and bananas." The third person repeats
and adds an article beginning with "C" and so on
through the alphabet. Each one must repeat what
has been said before.

Give and Take — Players are seated in circle for-
mation. A circle in the center one foot in diameter
contains the beater. The player who is "it" stands
in the center, takes the beater, hits any person in
the circle on the knee, and places the beater back
in the circle. The player hit takes the beater and

CARROMS . . a

favorite family game

since 1889 now takes
on a new community
significance

A nation-wide Carrom Tournament Program has
been completed by the recently organized Na-
tional Carrom Association and is now in process
of execution.

The purpose of the program is to direct, en-
courage and extend the Carrom Tournament idea
which originated among thousands of boys' clubs
and groups during the last few years without
suggestions or incentives on the part of the man-
ufacturers of Carrom Game Boards.
The Carrom Tournament Program as developed
by the National Carrom Association is complete
in every detail. National advertising on a com-
prehensive scale is employed to stimulate interest
among boys and girls. Every child responding
to the advertising is admitted to membership in
the Carrom Club; furnished with an official
membership badge; urged to organize a local
Carrom Club consisting of eight or more mem-
bers; supplied with complete instructions on how
to start and conduct a Carrom Tournament and
how to become a Carrom Champion.
Valuable free championship prizes are offered to
tournament winners by the Association. Maxi-
mum interest is created at minimum cost. Or-
ganizing is completed for the most part by the
Carrom Club members themselves.
We believe the Carrom Tournament Program is
worthy of your consideration. It offers a won-
derful opportunity for every one interested in
juvenile recreation to sponsor a constructive
community project, at no cost to the community,
arid with minimum organizational effort. We
invite you to write for full information.

ACTUAL SIZE

This beautiful Carrom
Club membership badge,
cast in solid bronze, is
sent to every Carrom Club
Tournament applicant.

Carrom Tournamenr cham-
pions are awarded this
valuable silver medallion
by the National Carrom
Association. Actual size,
3" X I'A".

NATIONAL CARROM
ASSOCIATION

2000 LUDINGTON AVENUE
LUDINGTON ♦ ♦ MICHIGAN

370

SIOUX CITY PLANS A HALLOWE'EN PROGRAM

tries to hit the person who was "it" before he
reaches his place. If he succeeds in hitting the
person before he reaches his place, he places his
beater in the circle and finds his place before be-
ing hit.

Electric Shock — Divide the circle into equal
groups. Players on each side join hands. At the
signal, the leader of each group squeezes the
hand of the person next to him and so on down
the line until the shock has traveled down to the
end person who raises his hand as soon as he
receives the shock.

Poorhouse — Players are seated in horseshoe
fashion with two chairs placed at the opening of
the horseshoe representing the poorhouse. Play-
ers select a partner and all join hands. Every pair
of players is numbered. The two in the poorhouse
call out two numbers, and the two couples
whose numbers are called must change places
with the people in the poorhouse, trying to get
one of the places. The couple who fails to get a
place must go to the poorhouse.

Do This — Do That — Players all stand and face
leader. The leader assumes any gymnastic posi-
tion or imitates any action, at the same time say-
ing "Do this." The others immediately imitate.
Should the leader at any time say "Do that," any
player who imitates the action must be seated.
Positions are head bendings, trunk bendings, hop-
ping, dancing steps, sawing, washing, ironing,
shoveling, etc.

Guessing Game with Matches — The leader places
five or six matches on the floor before him. His
accomplice leaves the room. The leader asks one
of the group to select a match, and when one is
decided upon the accomplice returns. The leader
asks his partner, "Is this the one?" "Is it that
one?" pointing to the various matches. The ac-
complice guesses which one. The trick is this:
The leader moves his foot ever so slightly when
he points to the match which has been selected.

Ghost Story — All lights off but one dimmed blue
light.

Duck for Apples or marshmallows on a string.
Refreshments — Pop corn and apples. Provided
by P. T. A.

Leader's Equipment — Chalk ; two beaters, knot-
ted towel ; whistle ; four rubber balls.

General Supplies — Prizes ; table lamp ; blue
paper; apples, two tubs for each school; marsh-
mallows ; string.

The Leisure and Esthetic Interests
of the Rural Child

(Continued from page 343)

of a more satisfying life. When children want to
take part in group music, both vocal and instru-
mental ; when they want to participate in drama-
tics; when parents see the values of artistic ex-
pression for boys as well as for girls, and when
the children themselves feel a lack of coordina-
tion in institutional programs, it would seem that
the doors of opportunity are invitingly open to
the forces of education and religion to step in
jointly and do something.

We need not only many a modern Moses to
lead the children of economic disadvantage into
a more abundant land of plenty, but also we need
evangelists of art — as musician Joe Maddy has
been described for his work with children in many
parts of the country — to lead our young people
into enriching fields of artistic expression. Many
are the rural communities that challenge a poten-
tial leadership able to help make happier and
more constructive use of what seems destined to
be an increasing accumulation of leisure time.

Studies such as those by Hartshorne and May
have shown clearly that where the home, the
school, and the church foster the appreciation of
the beautiful and stimulate the pursuit of the ar-
tistic, the troublesome child is not commonly
found. Those who lead the children of today into
such paths of constructive activity are real
patriots.

After Twenty-five Years

(Continued from page 344)

orderly in its appearance. Equipment became bet-
ter and more varied, and today the young people
of Wyomissing enjoy -every sort of outdoor recre-
ation during good weather and in inclement
weather there are ample provisions for other ac-
tivities. A large pavilion was recently built to
store the equipment during the winter months
and this includes instructors' offices and caretak-
ers' quarters. Besides this, weekly dances, rub-
ber quoiting, shufileboard playing, picnicking, as
well as roasting on the built-in fireplaces are made
possible by this facility.

The new tennis courts have been built to per-
mit ice skating during the winter months, and
lighting units have been installed making them

LEGISLATING FOR AN EMERGENCY

371

available after dark. The new swimming pool is
modern in every detail and, with its surrounding
wall of natural stone, adds to the attractiveness
of the playground. There is also an outdoor hand-
ball court and a baseball field, and the latest ad-
dition is a modern quoiting court.

Organized daily and evening activities under
expert supervision have furnished Wyomissing
citizens both young and old with active summer
months. Records show that the average daily at-
tendance today is 700, as compared to an average
daily attendance of 50 in the beginning. All this
makes it possible for this little borough to boast
of the finest playground of similar size in the
United States.

Legislating for an Emergency

(Continued from page 348)

per capita on 5000 books short. After much
discussion the Secretary was instructed to file
the protest of the VRA with the National
Recovery Administration, declaring the pro-
posed schedule to be unfair and unjust.

Now a feeling of sadness comes over us as
we realize how still and deserted the library
has become. Gone are the happy vacation days,
the eager little faces, the childish enthusiasm —
gone for another year.

Recreation Goes to the State Fair

(Continued from page 350)

lished at the Fair. A method of publicity which
brought numerous comments from pleased
listeners. This active demonstration of recrea-
tion work proved a potent factor in the general
success of the exhibit.

The happy combination of the New York
State Fair authorities and workers with those
of the Municipal Recreation Commission
proved such a valuable asset to both organiza-
tions that a permanent alliance has been formed
so that no future New York State Fair will be
complete without the activities and exhibits
of the work of the Municipal Recreation Com-
mission of Syracuse.

Music in the Dance Program

(Continued from page 351)

In teaching any particular dance or movement,
music should be selected that will readily accom-
modate itself to the required steps or actions, or,

DIAMOND

PITCHING
HORSESHOES

A few courts of horseshoes will add
much +0 your playground. Write for
free instruction booklets on organiz-
ing horseshoe clubs and official rules.
DIAMOND Official shoes and ac-
cessories are the choice of profes-
sionals and amateurs alike. Preferred
because of their excellent construc-
fion — their high quality materials.

DIAMOND CALK HORSESHOE CO.

4610 GRAND AVE. DULUTH, MINN.

if possible, exactly correspond with them. Later
on in the course the melody should be varied and
elaborated.

These first two periods of instruction must not
be confined to theory alone but should be made
practical by allowing each pupil to participate.
This could be arranged in the following manner.
Allow the class to listen to a selection of music
and write down the tempo and type of the piece.
In instructing it is best to use a piano for demon-
stration. This may be supplemented with a drum
to beat out the basic beats. The class could then
beat out this rhythm by clapping, or by beating
the table with their fingers. Various devices of
this type may be made use of until the pupils be-
come acquainted with the basic fundamentals un-
derlying the composition of selections of music.

The third lesson may be devoted to teaching
the fundamental dance steps, using music to sup-
plement the work. A number of simple, well
known selections should be used. The teacher then
sets a movement which is executed by the class.
This movement must be simple, preferably start-
ing with walking steps in dififerent tempos. From
this the teacher can use running, hopping and

372

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skipping movements. Starting from exercises of
this type, dancing is simplified, and the degree of
difficulty can be increased with the ability of the
pupils.

The fundamentals of various types of dancing
are next in order. If sufficient time exists, a good
policy is to allow each pupil to do a few original
movements in time to the music. Thjs should be
only a few bars in length and the movements
should be very simple. In this way the pupil is
oiifered the opportunity to experience and create.
It also gives the teacher the chance to check the
ability of the pupils.

Worcester Plays Dolls

(Continiwd from paiic 354)

especially as she had lived many years in a trunk
in an old attic before she was discovered by the
original owner's great grandchild who is now a
grandmother herself. She wore a quaint white
dress, blue sash and pantalettes, just as she was
found. Her feet were bare and each little toe was
perfect. Her dimpled arms looked as if they
might be soft to touch. Her head was slightly
turned and tipped shyly downward. Her sweet
face framed by ringlets of real hair wore a wist-
ful half -smile. No modern doll in the show could
compete with her appealing beauty, so she was
awarded the blue ribbon for being the prettiest
doll in the show. To compete for this award the
doll had to qualify as being the one which little
girls of all generations would most want to love
and cuddle.

Every precaution was taken to safeguard the
entries. Guards were on duty in every corner of
the house during the time the doors were open.
A watchman stayed in the building at night and
a special patrolman covered the grounds during
crowded hours. The collection was covered by
insurance during the entire week. Glass cases
protected the most valuable entries.

Some of the Results

The object of the festival was primarily for
publicity and the results were far beyond our ex-
pectations. A small admission fee was charged to
cover expenses which were heavy because of the
necessity of taking so many precautions for pro-
tecting the dolls. Ten cents was charged for chil-
dren and twentv-five cents for adults. When all

MAGAZINES AND PAMPHLETS

373

expenses were paid we had two hundred dollars
left for needful equipment for the clubhouse. Bu*-
the amount of money could not compare in value
to the number of new friends we made and the
interest we created for our organization in the
community.

During the week before the festival we did ex-
tensive publicity with automobile stickers, trolley
car signs, hand painted posters, radio announce-
ments and newspaper publicity. We had expected
many children, but the enthusiastic audience that
gathered was more than half adults. It was in-
teresting to see men come inside the door, rather
sheepishly at first, but gathering courage as they
saw other male visitors. In the end most of them
came back with others they had encouraged to
come. One gentleman came back four times and
sent over fifty of his friends. It took about two
hours for those really interested to inspect the
entire festival, and many came back for more.

Hundreds of people who had never heard of
the Girls' Club visited the clubhouse for the first
time. An attractive, compact report of the or-
ganization's work, aims and needs was handed to
the visitors as they were leaving, with a cordial
invitation to come again. Especially interesting to
us all were the remarks of these visitors as they
left. After enthusiastic compliments upon the fes-
tival they invariably added: "I wish I'd brought
my doll." Your own doll it seems remains quite
like your own children, and neighbors' children
can never quite compete with it.

So it seemed the spirit of the audience was
summed by one tiny visitor of about six who
spent an entire morning wandering about admir-
ing the dolls. Curiously she had viewed the dolls
of all the nations, the dolls of long ago and the
dolls of the present mode. Literally surrounded
by dolls she stood in the auditorium and clasped
her hands and looked with shining eyes about
her. "Oh," she said, "I wist I had 'a brought my
little 'ellow doll !"

When the Wood Gods Call

(Continued from page 358)
ture fence which the bride couldn't negotiate
with her new-fangled ankle-length skirt!

Most of our Bloomfield hikes have been with
small groups, as then there is less responsi-
bility and more chance for comradery. But we
have successfully attempted larger groups of
from fifteen to twenty-five hikers. The main
difficulty with the larger group is keeping

Magazines and Pamphlets

Recently Received Containing Articles
of Interest to the Recreation Worker

MAGAZINES

Leisure, September 1935

The Bounding Leather, by Walter B. Grover

Be a Champion !

Games for Your Parties, by Alice Crowell Hoffman

A Hobby Show by Parents, by Ruby Mae Jordan

Packs and Recreation, September 1935

Green Mountain Parkway, by Laurie Davidson Cox

Parks and Recreation, August 1935

The Place of Recreation in Forest Management
Proposed National Park for Isle Royale, by Guy B.

Hunner
Value of Cleveland Metropolitan Park System

PAMPHLETS

Social Work As a Profession, by Esther Lucile Brown
Russell Sage Foundation. Price $.25

Toys You Can Make, by Angeline C. Anderson

Extension Circular 5519. Agricultural College Ex-
tension Service, University of Nebraska, Lincoln,
Nebraska

Annual Report of tlie Houston, Texas, Recreation De-
partment, 1934

Annual Report of the Westchester County, Neu) York,
Recreation Commission, 1934

Recreation in the State Parks and State Forests of Penn-
sylvania, by William E. Montgomery
Department of Forests and Waters of Pennsylvania,
Harrisburg, Pa.

Preliminary Statistical Report on Foreign-Born and Crime

National Commission on the Enrichment of Adult
Life of the National Education Association,
Washington, D. C.

A Survey of the Social Work Agencies of Des Moines and
Polk County, Iowa
Directed by Community Chests and Councils, Inc.,
New York City

everyone at a safe distance from the speeding
traffic on the hike to and from our destination.
But once there we all celebrate with a hot-dog
roast, and build two or three campfires which
gives everyone a chance to roast and toast for
himself. The big advantage of larger numbers
comes at the recreation hour when we can or-
ganize baseball teams or play other games
which need many entrants.

Such clean, healthy fun is always in store
for any group we choose to take to our Bloom-
field cabin. In the course of the past few years
we have come across many girls eager to hit
the trail but not knowing where to go or what
to do when they get there. We have taken
them along with us and introduced them to

i>7A

SOME POSSIBILITIES IN SCIENCE FOR LEISURE TIME

that finest and most worth-while sport —
hiking.

We always go with some purpose — to get a
list of the latest wild-flowers, to see what birds
are back, to collect frogs eggs, to know what
winter birds are with us, to collect dried things
for bouquets, to pick partridge berries and bit-
tersweet, or just to get out and empty our
lungs of gasoline and thrill all our senses with
the smell of wood smoke from a cabin chimney.

There is hardly a lake region or range of
hills which we are not familiar with. The
wild-flowers, trees and birds in each region are
old acquaintances. Roads, shaded with close,
friendly birch, or by tall majestic elms, are the
byways we have taken to our hearts. The
Connecticut meadows and pastures marked off
with the typical stone walls of New England
have offered' us their botanical wares.

Maqy an open hilltop has become our camp-
fire altar, as well as our bedT)eneath the stars.
Often we find we must spend the night if
Mother Nature's invitation is too tempting to
refuse. At such times we sleep anywhere from
hill-tops to river banks, or even in impromptu
places such as on top of a hay wagon as we
did not many weeks ago.

Connecticut lends itself to our every vaga-
bond mood. It offers us lakes for swimming,
woods for shade, wild-flowers for color, hills
for campfires, stone-walls for climbing, birds
for music, and dew on the cedars for morning
showers. In such things are found the satis-
faction which makes hiking a sport.

Some Possibilities in Science for the
Leisure Time of Adults

(Continued from page S63)
VII. Nature Schools and Camps

1. Tours of the country in connection with
a college with classes and credits

2. Short-term or all-summer camps— various
course, field trips, etc.

3. Day camps

4. Institutes at colleges and universities

VIII. National Education Program

I. CCC camps; 2, SERA schools and teach-
ers; 3, Agriculture Extension work

IX. Churches

I. Hobby groups; 2, lectures and study
groups ; 3, free colleges ; 4, camps
X. Moving Pictures and Radio

Bulgaria Learns to Play

(Continued from page 366)

Foundation may be permitted to feel proud of
this achievement, as the idea of organizing chil-
dren's clubs in Bulgaria originated with it and the
successful demonstration inspired the passage of
the new law.

Other Projects

.The latest development in the Koniovitsa pro-
gram is the encouragement of the people of the
district to start poultry and kitchen garden pro-
jects. In this work the playground children take
an active part. Assistance is given to Mr. Feld-
mahn in this work by the Foundation's agricul-
tural staff, the director of which, Clayton E.
Whipple of Perry, N. Y., was recently appointed
adviser to the Bulgarian Ministry of Agriculture.
Last fall an exhibit of poultry was held on Konio-
vitsa playground, the children taking great pride
in showing the latest model of hencoop and the
finest breeds of fowl cared for in the family back
yard. They worked very hard to make a suitable
background for the exhibit, planting more than
5,000 bushes against the playground fence.

This is the story of a modest attempt of an
American educational agency to teach the Bul-
garians to play. The results to date are : 78 play-
grounds serving more than 30,000 children, where
five years ago not a playground existed ; 140 play-
ground leaders trained, with more to follow ; chil-
dren's clubs appearing all over the country, where
two years ago there was not one; laws enacted
providing for the establishment of both clubs and
playgrounds; infant mortality, in a district show-
ing the worst record in the country, improved to
the point where it shows by far the best; 1,000
homes showing improved hygiene, sanitation, child
care and general well-being ; a whole district blos-
soming with new cleanliness; little gardens pro-
ducing fresh green foods to supplement an inade-
quate diet; fine poultry and eggs to supplement
the family income, and trees and bushes to give
shade and beauty to an otherwise poverty-stricken
neighborhood.

The Near East Foundation's policy of economy
and integration has much to do with the success
of the work. Costs are kept sufficiently low so
that emulation of its various projects is well ^
within the means of the people, once the desira-
bility of a project is demonstrated and the tech-
nique is transmitted.

New Publications in the Leisure Time Field

Helps For Club Program Makers

By Elizabeth G. Henry. American Library Association,
Chicago, Illinois. $.75.

STUDY OUTLINES are listed under ISO subjects in this
book, together with books and pamphlets on club
organization and procedure, and magazine articles and
leaflets on the making of club programs, club publicity,
and the club paper. Address of state agencies which
give help to women's clubs are included, as well as a few
sample programs.

Ten Years of Adult Education

By Morse Adams Cartwright. The Macmillan Company,
New York. $2.00.

N THIS book Mr. Cartwright deals mainly with the
events of the last ten years in the adult education
field, the problems met, the experiments tried, the results
achieved. He tells of the informal inception of the
movement in 1924, when the Carnegie Foundation
through its president, Frederick Keppel, took the initial
steps in a program of general education quite new to
the foundation field by assembling the first conference
on adult education. From this point Mr. Cartwright
traces the progress of the movement, developing his ma-
terial under the general headings : Historical ; Qualita-
tive ; Trial and Error ; Performance ; Conclusion. Recog-
nized today as a vital force, adult education in the pres-
ent economic condition in which the world finds itself is
making an important contribution to the good life. "In-
tellectual pursuits can suffer no depression. The way is
opening to every man and woman in America to make
his intellectual future safe, enjoyable and abundant."

Cleveland Group Work Agencies

Welfare Federation of Qeveland, 1900 Euclid Avenue,
Cleveland, Ohio. $1.00.

This report of a five months' study of the Cleveland
Group Work Agencies was made under the auspices
of the Welfare Federation and under the immediate di-
rection of a committee composed largely of agency board
members who had at their service the help of a consult-
ants' committee, a practitioners' committee and a general
consultant, Eugene T. Lies of the National Recreation
Association. The study was inspired by the agencies
themselves and received their hearty cooperation through-
out. The report will be of keen interest to group work
agencies.

Enjoy Your Museum

Esto Publishing Company, P. O. Box 46, Pasadena, Cal-
ifornia.
Tach month additions are being made to these attrac-
^ tive and informative books which deal with various
phases of the arts. Among the May booklets are Illu-
minated Manuscripts, Italian Maiolica, and Hand Woven
Textiles. Set I, including the 1933-1934 publications —
13 booklets in a slip-box with index tabs — may now be
secured at the reduced price of $1.20. Set II, compris-
ing the IS booklets issued during the current year, may
be had for $1.35.

Recipes For Wanderlust

Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, New York. $.05.
I J NDER this allluring title Professor William P. Alex-
^^ ander, Assistant Curator of Education at the Buf-
falo Museum of Science, suggests in an attractively illus-
trated mimeographed statement "Forty Trips for You
and Your Car" which may be taken in the northern sec-
tion of New York State. He gives the routes to be fol-
lowed and tells enough of the natural beauty and points
of interest to be seen to make the descriptions not only
attractive but helpful in planning trips. This little pam-
phlet will be suggestive for any one planning a similar
directory.

Narratives of Achievement in
Community Planning

Bulletin No. 81. Community Chests and Councils, Inc.,

155 East 44th Street, New York. $1.00.
This bulletin contains a series of interesting narra-
tives of achievement in the fields of family welfare
and relief, child care, public health and care of the sick,
and leisure time activities, neighborhood and community
studies. In the leisure time field experiences are recorded
from Omaha, Nebraska ; Madison, Wisconsin ; Nash-
ville, Tennessee ; Flint, Michigan ; Richmond, Virginia ;
Seattle, Washington, and Stamford, Connecticut. Recre-
ation workers will be particularly interested in the ac-
count of Madison's community gardens and of the expe-
riment of the Council of Social Agencies and Community
Chest in Nashville in working out a plan for the pre-
vention of juvenile delinquency in eight areas of the
city; of the activities of the Recreation Council in Flint,
Michigan, and of the coordination of leisure time pro-
grams in Seattle.

375

376

NEIV PUBLICATIONS IN THE LEISURE TIME FIELD

Researcnes in Parent Education III.

Edited by George D. Stoddard, Ph.D. Iowa Studies
in Child Welfare. University of Iowa, Iowa City,
Iowa. Paper bound, $1.35 ; cloth, $1.70.
In this third volume of parent education researches,
Dr. Ralph H. Ojsmann and his associates have contrib-
uted not only to parent education as such but to educa-
tional psychology as a scientific branch, throwing light
on important problems of learning and teaching at almost
every age level. Part Two offers an analysis of hundreds
of generalizations in parent-child relationships and forms
a basis for a sound curriculum in parent education. Part
Three illustrates the feasibility of measuring parental at-
titudes, while in Part Six Mrs. Hedrick utilizes the new
tools in a practical teaching situation. The studies of Dr.
Ackerley and Dr. Butler show what parents and high
school pupils need in order to deepen their insight into
child development and behavior, and propose ways of
meeting this need.

The Modern Goliath.

By Milton Anderson. David Press, 1329 South Al-
varado Street, Los Angeles, California. $1.50.
Under this title Mr. Anderson presents a study of talk-
ing pictures with a treatment of non-theatrical talking
pictures, especially talking pictures for schools and
churches. There are a few chapters on character educa-
tion and values.

Model Boats for Boys.

By C. W. Horst. The Manual Arts Press, Peoria,

Illinois. $.90.
Model sailboats and four different types of power
boats are described in this book which teaches boat mak-
ing by going through the process. Special chapters cover
materials, tools, power plants for model boats, fittings,
and hardware. Of practical informational value to the
young 'boat maker are the nautical terms given at the end
of the book.

Adult Interests.

By Edward L. Thorndike. The Macmillan Company,

New York. $3.25.
This book by Dr. Thorndike and his co-workers on the
staff of the Division of Psychology of the Institute of
Educational Research of Teachers College, Columbia
University, is a sequel to the volume Adult Learning.
The book states the main results of experiments carried
out from 1931 to 1934 on changes in the intensity of in-
terests with age, on the possibility of modifying and im-
proving interests in adult years, and how to do this ef-
fectively. Facts are presented concerning individual dif-
ferences of interests among adults and differences be-
tween old and young.

The Design and Operation of Swimming Pools.

By J. H. Dorroh. University of New Mexico Press.

Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Mr. Dorroh has given us in concise form the criteria
for judging the proper construction and operation of
swimming pools, a subject which is growing in importa-
ance with the increase of swimming facilities. The pam-
phlet contains a plan showing the general features of a
small swimming pool and an appendix in which is de-
scribed the method of sterilization used for the swim-
ming pool at the University of New Mexico.

The Development of Boys' Work in the United States.

By Walter L. Stone, Ph.D. Informal Education Ser-
vice, 2111 Natchez Trace, Nashville. $2.00.
The purpose of this study is to show the origins and
development of boys' work, the purpose, organization

and programs of boys' work agencies, and to give a sta-
tistical picture of the spread of boys' work in terms of
enrollment, participation, regional concentration, activity
programs, and composition of boy population. The study
is also designed to indicate the modifications in the phi-
losophy and techniques of boys' work in response to the
results of practical experience, scientific investigation,
and changing circumstances, and to outline some of the
problems and possible developments of boys' work in the
future. A vast amount of information is given regarding
activities and agencies.

Shelter Care and the Local Homeless Man.

By Alvin Roseman of the American Public Welfare
Association. Public Administration Service, Chi-
cago, Illinois. $.50.
In this pamphlet Mr. Roseman has given us in some
detail the story of the experience of the Cook County,
Illinois, Relief Administration in caring for the homeless
men of Chicago, with brief descriptions of shelters and
their programs and methods of operation in a number of
other cities. Mr. Roseman describes in connection with
other departments the work of the Special Activities De-
partment of the Chicago Service Bureau for Men with
its provision for recreational and educational activities.
It is a very illuminating document for recreation workers
who are concerned with this problem.

The Box Book.

By Hazel F. Showalter. The Macmillan Company,

New York. $1.00.
Some ot the fascinating things which can be made from
pasteboard boxes are described in this book, one of the
Work and Play Series issued by the Alacmillan Com-
pany. The book includes the making of candy boxes,
sewing kits, lantern shades, toys, automobiles, animals,
houses and furniture. There are also directions for the
making of camp or club room furniture from berry boxes
and other wooden boxes.

Officers and Directors of the National
Recreation Association

OFFICERS
Joseph Lee, President
John H. Finley, First Vice-President
John G. Winant, Second Vice-President
Robert Garrett, Tliird Vice-President
GUSTAVUS T. KiRBY, Treasurer
Howard S. Bkaucher, Secretary

DIRECTORS

Mr.s. Edward W. Biddle, Carlisle, Pa.

William Butterwohth, Moline, 111.

Clarence M. Clark, Philadelphia, Pa.

Henry L. Corbett, Portland, Ore.

Mrs. Arthur G. Cummer, Jacksonville, Fla.

F. Trubee Davison, Locust Valley, L. I., N. Y.

Mrs. Thomas A. Edison, West Orange, N. J.

John H. Finley, New York, N. Y.

Robert Garrett, Baltimore, Md.

Austin E. Griffiths, Seattle, Wash.

Charles Hayden, New York, N. Y.

Mrs. Charles V. HicKOx, Michigan City, Ind.

Mrs. Francis deLacy Hyde, Plainlield, N. J.

Gustavus T. Kirby, New York, N. Y.

H. McK. Landon, Indianapolis, Ind.

Mrs. Charles D. Lanier, Greenwich, Conn.

Robert Lassiter, Charlotte, N. C.

Joseph Lee, Boston, Mass.

Edward E. Loomis, New York, N. Y.

J. H. McCurdy, Springfield, Mass.

Otto T. Mallery, Philadelphia, Pa.

Walter A. May, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Carl E. Milliken, .Augusta, Me.

Mrs. Ogden L. Mills, Woodbury, N. Y.

Mrs. James W. Wadsworth, Jr., Washington, D. C.

J. C. Walsh, New York, N. Y.

Frederick M. Warburg, New York, N. Y.

John G. Wiinant, Cojicord, N. H.

Mrs. William H. Woodin, Jr., Tucson, Ariz.

Do We Really Care?

Do THE MEN who enjoy music, drama, art. crafts, games — ^who enjoy life in all its forms
really desire such life for all their fellow citizens? And desire it not for any ulterior purpose,
not for safety and quiet for themselves — but that as men are men they may everywhere within
the limits of their capacities find the same springs of life as have the more privileged few? Do we
as a people really believe that men should be created with an equal opportunity for happy activity,
adventure, romance — or is this part of our own Declaration of Independence one of the myths that
we discard? ,

Do we as a people really care? Is it important to us? Does living, a degree of gracious, beau-
tiful, creative, adventurous living for everyone really matter? Here is the center of the whole problem
of democracy. Health and housing and clothing are relatively unimportant except as there be vital
life within. If I am a believer in democracy do I carry my democracy into that which matters most,
the active life within which gives meaning to health, and houses and clothing?

At last the time has come in the age of plenty when out of the great reservoir of unemployed
youth, leaders may be drawn, trained, given experience, who shall establish a democracy of living,
of recreation, that in some respects is more important than political and industrial democracy.

Under present conditions the cost of establishing opportunity for recreational living, oppor-
tunity for the pursuit of happiness for all is not prohibitive. The first essential is trained leadership,
trained "time." And "time" is just that thing of which we now have the greatest surplus.

Two million youth coming up each and every year through with school and wanting work.
Six million youth in our country alone out of school and out of work now! Many of them for years
without work!

Why not select those who have capacity for recreation leadership, for leadership in abundant
living and give them the training that would be required so that the "time" which is now in part a
desert should become about the most valuable thing in all the world. Draw off eighty thousand of
the best of the young men and young women for recreation leadership and there are just so many less
left to compete for the industrial jobs to be filled.

The greatest cost in helping to give opportunity for life to all is in leadership. Many are already
making their own musical instruments. The open air was probably the first theatre and again is
being much used for drama. Idle buildings, factories and stores can be used for the drama of the
people. School and church buildings we have hardly begun to use. For camping and tramping and
contact with nature submarginal farm land reclaimed for forests exists in abundance. Again there
can be athletic and game fields and swimming holes and streams cleared for ice skating in abundance.
Again as we can have time and opportunity to play with tools our cellars and attics take on new
value. Boys are already building gliders on the playgrounds in which they themselves fly. Arts and
crafts need not be so expensive if there be strong inner desire.

There is no question of palaces, estates, yachts. Happy human activity thrives under leader-
ship in the small cottage. The flowers in the little cottage garden are just as colorful and beautiful
as on the big estate and often are more lovingly tended. The fish bite just as well for the small bare-
foot boy as for anyone else — if we only provide enough leadership to see that our streams are not
polluted and occasionally look to the restocking of our streams.

What is indispensable to making the United States a land of abundant living, as it is already
a land of super-abundance of material goods? What is fundamental? It is this — that they who
have been given opportunity to know how abundant life can be — want, really want others to live
as they live themselves, to have just as much opportunity for happy activity as they themselves enjoy.

HOWARD BRAUCHER.

NOVEMBER 1935

377

"If one has nothing else !n life one has always beauty,
can reach out anywhere and take it. One can spend i

One
a life-
time searching it out and looking at it, in those lovely forms
of nature which are all about and are never to be seen
twice quite alike in all one's three score years and ten."

— Matjorie Barstow Greenbie.

Courtesy Dctar

I:! '/ Forests and Water, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

378

A Congress Delegate Thinks It Over

IN RETROSPECT this Twenty-first
National Recreation Congress
presents a variety of good
things.

First of all there was the pre-
siding genius of Dr. John Finley, that charming
mixture of serious challenge to our thinking and
whimsical fun with which he welcomes us to a
seemingly uninterrupted kinship of inspiration
and friendliness. It makes us feel that it was only
yesterday we were all of us old acquaintances to-
gether at the Twentieth Congress, and the day
before that at the Nineteenth, and so back along
the days, rather than years, to that First National
Recreation Congress held in the same great city
that was our host at this one.

Then those too short music hours when all the
hundreds of us sang "Ciribiribin" or "Shortnin'
Bread" with that whole-souled enthusiasm cus-
tomary at such opportunities, but also with ex-
traordinarily creditable harmonies. I still think
there is white magic in Mr. Zanzig's leadership
and justification for that lovely and novel feel-
ing that we were being really good at it !

There was the helpful arrangement of the
thirty-three sessions into discussions and sum-
maries, so that the unaccustomed delegate, con-
fronting four or five sessions in each period, need
only select what was for him the cream of the
current program, and to it consign his full mental
and physical presence, knowing that soon, when a
general session came around, he would hear at
least the best of what he had missed.

There was the never-failing joy of meeting old
friends from the country's four corners and the
happy opportunity to make new ones. Some of
these were young people who have only just be-
gun to work in recreation ; some were rather re-
markable people of mature ex-
perience, turned voluntarily or
perforce from other work to
this leisure-time problem.
There are not many happier
experiences than to compare
notes with fellow workers,
hearing intimately their tales
of past actions and future

By Sibyl Baker

Supervisor of Playgrounds
Washington, D. C.

We wanted this year to have an ap-
praisal of the Recreation Congress
from the point of view of a recrea-
tion worker qualified to speak from
long experience in attending the
Congresses. And so we called on
Miss Baker who for years has taken
an active part in the meetings.

hopes. Not to mention that at
these "bull sessions" along with the
pleasure of listening there goes the
collateral satisfaction of being
listened to !
And there was, as always, that fine stafif of the
National Recreation Association, very modestly
in the background but smoothly managing the de-
tails of that crowded and rich week. Perhaps
some of us wilted slightly; but the National Rec-
reation Association staflf flowered as freshly on
Friday as on Monday.

Chicago's Hospitality
We shall not soon forget the hospitality of Chi-
cago. Through Mayor Kelly and President Dun-
ham of the Chicago Park District, the city made
us welcome. Chairman V. K. Brown's local com-
mittee had thought of everything, and an army
of recreation leaders was constantly on hand to
advise and direct. The state of Illinois greeted
us in the person of Governor Horner. We even
felt that the neighboring states were joined in a
pact of welcome to us ; that all that great Middle
West was sharing with us its experience, making
us feel the largeness of its vision and the forward
urge of new endeavor.

The tours arranged by the Chicago committee
gave, in two afternoons and one evening, a com-
plete picture of the rich and varied recreational
opportunities of that vast city, her magnificent
parks and playgrounds. What we saw made it
easy to believe that Chicago is indeed as superla-
tive as our conductors delighted in announcing:
that she has-the "worlds' largest" recreation cen-
ters, the "worlds' longest"stretch of beach, more
tennis courts and golf links, more miles of park-
way and bridle-paths than any city in the world !
In Chicago certainly recrea-
tion has "arrived." The Chi-
cago Park District has for its
headquarters office the Ad-
ministration building of the
Century of Progress, near
Soldiers' Field, with the Adler
Planetarium and the Field
Museum flanking it, the Art

379

380

A CONGRESS DELEGATE THINKS IT OVER

Institute near at hand. This splendid, modern
building is in itself a material, tangible "New
Frontier for Recreation." In its location at the
very core of Chicago's cultural nerve centers
there is an intangible promise for the future no
recreation enthusiast can fail to feel.

The Sherman Hotel is excellently arranged for
a Recreation Congress. The generous space al-
lotted made possible the best display of exhibits
that it has been my good fortune to see. Com-
mercial displays were interesting and helpful.
Several good exhibits had been brought in from
distant cities. We had a glimpse of Berlin's pre-
paration for the Olympics in 1936 and the chance
to study a model of the Recreation Exposition of
the San Francisco World's Fair in 1938. Demon-
strations going on constantly of an endless variety
of activities gave the mezzanine floor the air of a
circus, with a wealth of side-shows, putty mould-
ing, finger-painting, masks and quilts and baskets,
a myriad of novel ideas, with generous explana-
tions about methods and materials and costs.

Meetings and More Meetings!

I think this Twenty-first was the fullest Con-
gress we have yet had. Thirty-three meetings
(count them) discussed New Frontiers for Rec-
reation; in three general sessions the summariz-
ers presented the heart of these discussions, and
on four evenings we met to hear our thinking and
our practice challenged by dynamic speakers.

Discussion meetings began even on Monday,
which has hitherto been held sacred to the execu-
tives' sessions, and we kept steadily at it until
Friday night. Summaries were thorough and,
under the stern control of Eugene Lies' pipes and
trebles, brief.

The Congress theme, "New Frontiers for Rec-
reation," permeated the program thoroughly.
Favorite topics of every Congress were polished
to a new lustre in the interchange of fresh ideas
submitted for discussion. New slants developed
in such fundamental fields as Activities for Girls
and Women ; The Possibilities of Drama in Rec-
reation; Recreation and Health; Standards of
Training for Recreation Workers; Adult Educa-
tion and Recreation; Recreation in Industrial
Plants; Nature Activities and Gardening; A
Sound Arts and Crafts Program; Boards and
Commissions.

Many forces that are moulding new concepts of
life in these shifting times have indeed establish-
ed, and are constantly establishing, new frontiers
for recreation. As the days pass we must come

more and more to appreciate the truth of David
Coyle's wise declaration to us that technical in-
vention is still merely at the beginning of its re-
lease of mankind from drudgery. Proof that the
Congress plans realized this beforehand was
found in the listing for discussion of such topics
as Problems of State Directors of Emergency
Recreation Programs; Youth on the New Recre-
ation Frontier ; Cooperative Planning for Educa-
tion-Recreation Services; What Have the Emer-
gency Agencies Contributed to the Recreation
Movement; Emergency Recreation Programs in
Small Towns and Rural Districts ; Recreation and
Housing.

I think that most of us, since we were old
enough to read Fenimore Cooper (and perhaps
on occasion, if I may whisper it "Deadeye Dick")
have envied the frontiersman. You could not come
away from this Twenty-first Congress without
feeling that there lies before us a frontier vaster
than those which Natty Bumppo or Deadeye Dick
roamed and that we face responsibilities greater
than those of Kit Carson or Daniel Boone.

Scattered through the week, dropping at any
and all times into the midst of general discussion
or social dance or evening session, there was an
amazing series of "flash demonstrations," by
which Chicago means the presentation of dance
or song or acrobatics, playlet or puppet-show or
orchestra, whatever goes into the pattern of lei-
sure-time activities. Boys and girls, men and
women, from all the recreation agencies of the
city took part in these demonstrations and gave
us not only keen enjoyment but a vivid picture of
the variety of elements that make up Chicago's
recreation program.

There were the evenings of play, the good talks
at lunch and at dinner with the friend from the
other side of the continent, movies of Milwaukee's
social centers and Germany's Youth Hostels, and
our National Parks. We remembered and missed
keenly the strong and gay spirit of Roy Smith
Wallace, his friendliness and his wisdom, but we
knew that still his soul marches on.

Each year our Congress planners give us a
theme for the week's consideration, and at each
Recreation Congress, whether intentionally or not,
somebody becomes the keynoter. This year's key-
note was struck by David Coyle on our first eve-
ning. He gave it, repeatedly, in the vernacular,
but we remember it as translated by Dr. Finley
into the quintessence of understatement : "This is
something of a country; we have not yet seen
what it will be."

What the Recreation Congress Meant to Chicago

By V. K. Brown

K^HE Recreation Congress of
I 1935 in Chicago is now his-
tory, and a Hngering mem-
ry of busy days and crowding
inspirations. Taking stock of
what it meant to our city has
proved a most interesting proc-
ess.

No single individual could
attend all of the sessions. My personal attend-
ance was limited to two or three, and not even
in those was I able to be present throughout
the entire session. Other duties made it impos-
sible for me to give the attention which I
wished to give to the program. The result has
been that when I inquire of local pepole who
were in attendance, asking them to summarize
the high lights of the gathering and what it
meant to the recreation service of our city, I
get in reply a bewildering series of individual
selections.

The graceful presiding of Dr. Finley im-
pressed some with the fact that earnest devo-
tion to a cause need not imperil it by robbing
us of a sense of humor. There seems agree-
ment that Edward Lindeman's interpretation
of the new era in recreation will remain an in-
spiration for a long time to come, and that
Mrs. Eugene Meyer's challenging address was
thought-provoking, whether one agreed with
all of her views or not. The burning eloquence
of Richard Schirrmann's address in German,
even to an audience unfamiliar with the lan-
guage in which he spoke, was interpreted by a
personality so fervent in its ideals of interna-
tional understanding that it promises to remain
an abiding influence in our attitude toward
life.

We saw new books, we talked over new
activities, or new applications of the old and
the traditional. We felt the mobilization of
community forces which is going forward
throughout the nation in national, state, county
and neighborhood life, impressing us with the
unavoidable conclusion that community, as a

We asked Mr. V. K. Brown of
the Chicago Park District, who
worked so tirelessly for the suc-
cess of the Recreation Congress,
to give us briefly some impres-
sions of the Congress from the
point of view of the city which
acted as host to the thousand
delegates in attendance.

word, is coming to have larger
meanings, and that ultimately
a world community may emerge
as an actual entity, as a result
of the broadening of life and
its sympathies reaching ulti-
mate goals.

Everyone in attendance finds
now that the sessions meant
something to him personally, but each selec-
tively picks out of the experience some partic-
ularly impressive idea or contact of special
meaning to himself.

Isn't that as it should be? We insist that
leisure pursuit of life in larger terms must be
intimately personal, as it must be free and
unregimented. Regimentation might possibly
be defined as some other person's way of in-
troducing orderly organization into life, and
we prefer to do our own organizing as part of
the adventure of life. We feel that many of
the things which must be brought into orderly
relation to life as a total unit are so intimately
personal or local that each individual of us is
the only one who can, indeed, reduce the sum
total to any sort of order which at the same
time will be free from conflict. Out of each
experience we select some distinctive bit which
appeals particularly to us at the moment and
assemble these collected bits into patterns
which are all our own. Others might conceiv-
ably pass through the same experiences, but
they are not likely to select the same salient
elements to treasure as mementos of the ex-
periences, and certainly they can never assemble
these fragments in the same ultimate pattern or
mosaic.

Getting Ready for the Congress
We advertised the Congress among all the
clubs and organizations of the city. Members
of recreation committees, of parent-teacher
associations, community women's clubs, local
community councils or improvement associa-
tions, were in attendance. Each such organiza- ,

381

382

WHAT THE RECREATION CONGRESS MEANT TO CHICAGO

tibn represented at the sessions has its own
objectives and program of community service.
The Congress presented to them, as no local
sessions could possibly do, the tremendous
range of modern recreation. The Governor of
our State, and the Mayor of our city, the Pres-
ident of our park board, officials of our system
of education, representatives of every social
agency, of the administration of public and
private service organizations, were present,
thinking in terms of their own special func-
tions in our complex way of life, no doubt, but
thinking in the same direction — toward the
enrichment of life.

What was presented in the programs was
purposely held to practical and usable think-
ing, not much of entertainment, but mostly the
every-day problems and what to do about
them. We tried to follow on our tours and in
our exhibits the same

trend manifested in
the formation of the
speaking program and
the session subject
matter, not the pre-

Delegafes to the Congress were greatly impressed
by the beautiful arts and crafts exhibits, the work of
the Chicago Park centers and other municipal groups.
At one of the evening meetings an orchestra of
boys played selections on instruments they had made

sentation of special and elaborate pageantry,
not the development of elaborate spectacles,
but rather a demonstration of everyday service,
and of devices and activities contributing to
the service.

Possibly such demonstrations might be con-
sidered of no particular benefit to the city which
presented them. But in this, as always at pro-
fessional gatherings, the hig': lights consist in
part, at least, of the making of new contacts
with other professional workers who shed ad-
ditional light on the subject in which one is
interested, or in the renewing of previously
established contacts, to get viewpoints cleared
to inquire as to what answer was found to
things discussed before, but not reduced to a
solution, and to report upon successes and
failures which have been recorded since last
the subject came up.

The Sherman Hotel
reports that the con-
vention was the hard-
est working group
they have ever enter-
fConlinucd on page 425)

Summaries of

Discussion Group Meetings at the

Recreation Congress

More popular this year than ever were the eight minute reports
of the section meetings of the Recreation Congress which were
given every morning before the entire Congress in an effort to
make available to all the information presented at each meet-
ing. The summarizers performed with great success an exceed-
ingly difficult task, and their work was greatly appreciated.

Activities for Women and Girls

By Sibyl Baker

Supervisor of Playgrounds

Washington, D. C.

TWO SESSIONS devoted to the discussion of ac-
tivities for women and girls. The first, on
"Non-Physical Activities," was under the
chairmanship of Dorothy Enderis of Milwaukee
and the United States, and I need not say we had
a lively time.

Mrs. Ruth Ehlers, field leader for adult recre-
ation in Baltimore, opened the discussion by say-
ing that the non-physical activities challenge the
creative, the imaginative, the emotional powers.
She explained Baltimore's unique system of
women's clubs, with ages ranging from 25 to 80.
Their chief interests are handcraft, music, dra-
matics and travel tours. Music appreciation
classes were developed by an emergency worker
for whom music had been prescribed as an aid to
mental stability and who, because of special fit-
ness in personality and in musical training, has
had remarkable results. The Baltimore trips are
famous. In all sorts of ways the women raise the
funds to finance these excursions, and they go
places and see things that would be impossible for
them to aflFord individually. Several hundred may
go in a party, to Niagara Falls, to Atlantic City.
One group came to the Century of Progress
Exposition.

We were much interested in the achievement
certificates awarded in these clubs for music and
for dramatics. These are graded for first, second
and third years ; a copy of the achievement tests

will be mailed on application to Playground Ath-
letic League of Baltimore.

Miss Dorothea Nelson of the Chicago Park
District told of learning from personnel directors
of firms employing women that older women and
girls in industry were asking "Where to spend a
pleasant week-end," "Where to take mother to
dinner on Sunday." The outgrowth of the sug-
gestion was the organization of "Interest Tours,"
The Chicago Park District plans itineraries and
many, supplied with this information, go on their
own. There are, however, highly successful con-
ducted tours. Here in Chicago the preschool cen-
ters help the mothers not only by taking the chil-
dren off their hands for three or four hours a
day, but also through instruction in child care and
psychology. For those who do not want to follow
through an entire hike, sketching parties are or-
ganized in conjunction with hikes. Folk dancing
conducted by skilled leaders from Polish and other
national groups proves to be a joyous game for
older women.

Most of this discussion was about women, old
and young, but Miss Josephine Blackstock of Oak
Park spoke of the girl-child, to whom the ap-
proach must be personal. She lives in a world of
fancy to which she has a right. We were urged to
remember that (i) the child does a thing for the
pleasure of the doing; (2) she has no conception
of time; (3) she needs continual muscular
activity.

A thorough discussion of charges brought out
that for children under 16 fees are rarely charged
except for tap dancing lessons ; for business girls
and older women small fees are generally charged
for s-^ecial instruction. In many places some

383

384

SUMMARIES OF DISCUSSION GROUP MEETINGS

charge is necessary to meet expense of heat, light
and janitor service when school buildings are used
at night. In Pittsburgh the Board of Education
assumes this expense, but in other cities charges
are made such as $6. a night for a gymnasium, lo
cents for an individual entering the building. In
Milwaukee the Extension Department of the Pub-
lic Schools inaugurated last year, and found satis-
factory, a membership fee of 50 cents a person,
entitling the holder to enter any and all sports
throughout the year. Minneapolis asks $12. a
year from each team, and to assist those who can-
not pay their share enlists the cooperation of
women's clubs, employers of women, the Police
Woman's Bureau, in establishing a fund to insure
that all may participate in the program of women's
activities.

When WPA workers are assigned as leaders
the activity must be open to all, but as expenses
of heat, light and janitor service must be met,
ways are found of collecting service fees.

This conference ended with a wealth of sug-
gestions for utilizing waste material in hand-
crafts. It was Miss Enderis who defined rubbish
as "matter out of place," and told of making ani-
mals out of old envelopes drawn from the waste
baskets of Milwaukee. Los Angeles has used cor-
rugated cardboard, old inner tubes, pine cones,
and has a bulletin which can be obtained on ap-
plication. Milwaukee uses chalk hat-blocks for
sculpture, old glass plates from the photographers,
scraps of paper from print shops, and works
lovely miracles with old Christmas cards. We
were urged to ask department stores to let us
have materials that would otherwise be thrown out
in cleaning up. Pittsburgh found its local clay
fields excellent for pottery, saved canteloupe seeds
for beads, used ends of orange crates. In Louis-
ville a twelve-play drama tournament was en-
tirely costumed and fitted with Indian tom-toms,
tin can jewelry and macaroni beads, with no cost
except for paints. Bamboo poles from rug com-
panies serve for jumping poles or for model air-
craft. The crown was the vase made by scraping
the marrow out of ai bone and carving and paint-
ing it with a novel design.

Our conference on "Physical Activties for
Women and Girls" was presided over by Miss
Helen Coops of the University of Cincinnati.
This was a round table discussion, free for all.
There was no set speech. A question was thrown
out to the lions who instantly proceeded to tear it
to pieces !

We began with: "How can interest be shifted
from boys' rules to girls' in basketball ?" We de- ,
cided that girls' basketball is a better and a faster
game than boys. Firm leadership, women as
coaches and approved officials, and good demon-
strations of well-played games were offered as
solutions.

What activities do diflferent age groups want?
Mrs. Dietz, of Minneapolis, urged that girls be
taught team play and trained in competitive games,
but that they also learn other games which can
be played in groups of two, three and four.
Tennis, golf, bowling, swimming, badminton, were
suggested. Billiards is growing in popularity for
women because it can be played with one, two or
three people, requires no special costume, and can
be played with men. Somebody admitted that
women like to play games with men !

Miss Jessie Garrison of Alabama emphasized
the trend toward womanly interests, and urged
that leaders be trained in biology, physiology, and
sociology. In off^ering activities to women the
leaders should first make a careful survey of each
individual's capacity, adapt the activity to the
ability and needs of the individual, and inspire
confidence in leadership.

A brave man asked if women are so diflferently
constituted that they cannot play such games as
hockey and basketball. Miss Blanche Trilling of
the University of Wisconsin here shed some light
on the subject. We are, she said, changing the
opinions we held twenty, ten, or five years ago.
A psychiatrist is needed to distinguish between
the masculine and the feminine. Both hockey and
basketball are good games ; the physical capacity
of the individual determines her fitness to play.
It is equally important, however, to test the phy-
sical capacity of boys for football or for track.

Our chairman summed up this discussion with
the statement "It is important that women be
sports-educated and that the strenuous games be
balanced with carry-over activities."

The question of women coaches and officials
roused the usual storm. Mr. R; S. Marshall of
Birmingham declared that 90% of our difficul-
ties are caused by men coaches and officials, and
earned applause. A number of suggestions were
offered to solve the problem of training enough
women as coaches and officials to serve our needs
in the rapidly increasing interest in women's
games. Senior students or members of the physi- g
cal education stafif of a local university may be
used; players from experienced teams can offici-

SUMMARIES OF DISCUSSION GROUP MEETINGS

^^g course to qualify for the national officials rat-
ing. Baltimore has two types of basketball play:
expert, when the game is played for high excel-
lence, and neighborhood or settlement games
played for the fun of it, for the social values. The
expert players coach and officiate for the neigh-
borhood groups. In Birmingham they asked the
state university to send instructors to train of-
ficials for national ratings, and now they put on
such a training course every six months.

Each city and state, Miss May Fogg of Win-
netka, Illinois, stated, should have its board of
rating officials for girls' sports. Information on
procedure for basketball ratings can be obtained
from the National Committee on Women's Bas-
ketball.

With regard to men coaches Miss Mildred
Didrikson said that men can demonstrate ; few
women can. To this Miss Trilling pointed out
that many of our greatest coaches cannot play the
game they teach.

We came to the conclusion that many of our
problems are solved by leadership. How to con-
trol spectators, how to redirect interest to dif-
ferent games, how to combat exploitation of girls
in commercial and industrial leagues — these mat-
ters can be solved by a firm leadership which ac-
cepts the definite standards set up for women's
ac.ivities and now universally recognized. If we
find standards threatened, conference with re-
sponsible individuals and the cooperation of
women's organizations and of employers of
women will clarify the situation.

The final note of this session was an appeal to
plan for the
older woman.
Baltimore's
older women's
tournaments in
clock-golf, bean
bags, shufHe-
board were
fovmd valuable
for the "ath-
letically illiter-
ate." F E R A
assistance has
made vast quan-
tities of play
equipment for
simple games.
At the close we

385

had a vision of many women pushed aside by life
into the loneliness and hard work of middle age,
now emerging into the gaiety and alertness of
games, learning to enjoy and to make music,
shedding the years, coming alive, being re-created.

Exploring the Possibilities of Drama

By Garrett H. Lbverton
Director

Northivestern University Theatre

THE SESSION in Drama made a number of
specific recommendations for the betterment
of dramatic work. These recommendations
were practical and workable rather than the vague
"palaver" that too frequently characterizes the
proceedings of a convention. The suggestions to-
ward a definite procedure in drama were prima-
rily the contribution of the chairman. Professor
Edward Mabie of the University of Iowa. Mr.
Mabie conducted the meeting not only from a
functional point of view in dramatic activity but
also from a more far-sighted objective — that of a
National Theater in which community and recre-
ation associations could be a part, either with or
without the assistance of the Federal government
in its new project designed to put professional
theater people back to work and thereby provide
legitimate theater to the whole country rather than
just to Broadway.

Briefly, Mr. Mabie's points were :

I. That any important National Theater could
never materialize by an act of Congress. It can
come only as a result of an interest and attitude
on the part of the people. This desired attitude

386

SUMMARIES OF DISCUSSION GROUP MEETINGS

must include a realization that the theater is an
art and must have trained workers. The day is
past when mere interest in the theater constitutes
sufficient training for leadership. Highly trained
leaders must be provided for this activity.

2. That a false economy in dramatic produc-
tion has been defeating the purpose of the work.
Poor plays, non-royalty plays and cut royalties all
contribute toward the destruction of the aim of
dramatic work which is to stimulate the imagina-
tion. Inferior plays offer no challenge to the
imagination in costume design, scenery design,
acting and the other phases of the theater.

3. That play selection committees are guilty of
"Yes — Yes-ing" Broadway, and only Broadway
successes are considered or wanted. Thus no en-
couragement or attention is given to the develop-
ment of local playing or to participation in ex-
perimental theater.

4. That inadequate direction produces a shoddy
performance. This gave rise to a debate as to
whether a dramatic program should be a finished
production or mass production.

Opinion was divided. The delegate from Bir-
mingham believes in the policy of "Get 'em in it."
The delegate from York, Pennsylvania, seems in-
terested in producing the best plays possible. The
delegate from Rock Island, Illinois, reported the
solving of problems incident to the judging of
dramatic contests. Such affairs are usually beset
by dissatisfaction with the decision. Rock Island's
solution lay in securing University judges who
explained not only their decision but also the dif-
ficulties involved in making such decisions.

One of the most valuable contributions was
made by the delegate from Birmingham in his
report of and recommendation of decisionless
contests. It is recommended that since a prize
usually becomes the primary objective, contests
without winners or awards be conducted and thus
keep the focus of the contest where it belongs —
on the benefits to be achieved from the work it-
self. The delegate from Birmingham also made
some other recommendations :

1. That as small a fee as possible be charged
for participation in dramatic activities of any
kind.

2. That a director be not expected to be an
artist and business man both. That a good busi-
ness manager be provided as the director's
assistant.

7. That Birmingham is favorably inclined to-
ward organization of a circuit for its plays so

that the actors may have the advantage of play-
ing in different neighborhoods and before dif-
ferent audiences.

The delegate from York, Pennsylvania, asks a
pertinent question — "Are children to go without
drama because there are not sufficiently trained
directors necessary to do a good job?" She is not
convinced that a bad production is better than
none. No decision was reached.

Finally it was pointed out that dramatics has too
long been a means to an end rather than an end
in itself; that instead of being used as a means
for raising money, as a means for promoting in-
terest in health, church. National Girl Scout Week
and National Eat An Apple Week, drama be con-
sidered as an end in itself. It was urged that this
activity be participated in for the purpose of de-
veloping appreciation of the theater; of dramatic
literature ; of the art of dramatic interpretation
and acting ; of the development of refined posture
and carriage and of the achievement of general
poise and the all too infrequent ability to speak
the native language in a cultured and refined
manner.

Music in the New Recreation Era

By A. D. Zanzig

National Recreation Association

THE PRESENT conditions for the development
of amateur musical activities are especially
challenging and promising. Interest in music
for its values in the everyday life of people in
recreation centers, adult education centers, set-
tlements and other social agencies, at least among
officials of these agencies, is greater than it has
ever been. In Farm Bureaus, Homemakers' Qubs,
4-H Qubs and other groups of rural people there
has been an even larger increase in musical
interest.

Thousands of the youth graduated from high
schools and colleges have learned in those insti-
tutions to sing or play fine music very well, and
they need adequate opportunities to continue in
this current of fine, red-blooded and self-respect-
ing life outside the schools. The enormous num-
ber of good free radio and stage concerts are a
great boon to some people, but they have hardly
commenced to be what they might be for millions
more of people, if those people could find really
effective ways of developing their innate powers
of appreciation. There is a crying need for good
leadership in appreciative listening as in all other

SUMMARIES OF DISCUSSION GROUP MEETINGS

387

phases of musical activity. The possibiHties are
unprecedently great. And just at this time the
government is ready to give us, or has already
been giving us the services of large numbers of
unemployed musicians.

It is no wonder, therefore, that our first ques-
tion had to do with what these musicians are
likely to be able to do. We learned that in a few
cities they have already been employed in leading
new adult choruses and orchestras, children's
choruses and rhythm bands, operetta groups, danc-
ing groups and in giving group instruction in
singing, in playing orchestral instruments, piano,
harmony and composition and music appreciation.
Chicago, Cincinnati, Boston, New York and Los
Angeles have made especially notable strides
through emergency em-
ployment of musicians.
These are very encourag-
ing signs.

Our next question had
to do with criteria for de-
termining the value of any
musical activity. The most
common criterion — the
size of attendance (usual-
ly the aggregate attend-
ance for a year is given)
— was belittled in favor of
persistence of attendance
and especially in favor of
the scope of experience
and enjoyment of each in-
dividual attending. The degree of happiness and
inspiration of a small home-size group singing or
playing fine music with the devotion of real play,
however simple or crude their performance, can
balance the mere pleasure of a thousand dabblers
in sweet, "pretty-pretty" or otherwise inferior
music.

Mr. Harry Glore, out of his experience in or-
ganizing and managing several choruses and or-
chestras for the Public Recreation Commission of
Cincinnati, reported that the only way to keep
such a musical activity going is through provid-
ing for a striving for excellence in them. The
universal interest in enlarging one's experience,
in "improving one's game," as golfers say, must
be appealed to in any musical activity. But there
are at least two distinctive paths of improvement
or growth in music. One can grow through get-
ting into music that reaches more deeply or widely
into life ; in other words by getting into a better.

"Let me introduce to you my adopted slogan:
'Be a performer and not merely a listener.'
This is not a protest against the radio or any
mechanical aids to musical enjoyment or music
appreciation. It is a protest against any use
of the radio or phonograph that in any way
limits or discourages Individuals from singing
or playing themselves, no matter how badly,
so long as they do not attempt to compel
others to listen to them. . . . We need a re-
turn to the ordinary singing in the home; the
ordinary playing in the small social group;
the ordinary homespun attempts at perform-
ance of music loved for Its melody and emo-
tional content." — Dr. Hamilton C. Mac-
dougall In The Diapason, May I, 1935.

more challenging and more satisfying game. And
one can grow in enjoyment and grasp of the music
by improving the quality of his performance. How
this growth can be genuinely and naturally
brought about led us to an all too brief and not
very revealing discussion of attitudes and methods
of leadership.

Mrs. Frances E. Clark's account of her pio-
neering efforts in Milwaukee many years ago to
develop music appreciation among the children
there must have stirred in all of us a new or en-
hanced vision of what might be done to make
more of the great unrealized wealth of fine,
strengthening an expanding music now easily
available to almost everyone. Every recreation
center in which music can be presented under
suitable conditions (the
new phonograph attach-
ments are inexpensive)
should have a music guide,
as every park should have
a nature guide, whose love
and understanding of
music and of people have
taught him how to guide
small exploring parties into
the happiest but often hid-
den groves, meadows, hill-
sides and mountain tops of
music. Mrs. Clark told us
also of the remarkable use
of the phonograph in
teaching songs to thou-
sands of rural children in several states. Inex-
pensive recordings are available of excellent sing-
ing of songs well suited to playground groups and
to groups of adults also. Mrs. Clark pleaded for
cooperation between school leaders and recreation
leaders.

Mr. Herman Smith, the president of the Music
Educators National Conference, presented the
great need for cooperation of recreation officials
with school music teachers in providing oppor-
tunities for graduates of high school musical
groups to sing and play such substantial music as
they have come to love in school. These young
people cannot get from mediocre music or per-
formance any more values than a good high school
swimmer can get from paddling in the old swim-
ming hole. They have attained again and again or
are on their way to attaining that most blessed of
all recreational states of being; when one is a true
amateur possessed of professional skill that is

388

SUMMARIES OF DISCUSSION GROUP MEETINGS

still growing. We have got to find adequate lead-
ership for these young people. We should look
for that leadership among the young people them-
selves as well as among adult musicians. A very
promising example of this developing of leader-
ship was described by Mr. Smith. In his home
city, Milwaukee, emergency funds have been used
to employ people to copy and mimeograph fine
non-copyright music which is especially well suit-
ed to small singing and playing groups. This
music is in circulation at the public library and is
being used by youth and adults who are them-
selves organizing and leading small groups that
carry on their music-making as a great indoor
sport.

But no way out or back into musical sports-
manship is more promising than the one present-
ed by Mr. Andrew Wendelin of Chicago, con-
ductor of the Lutheran Symphony Orchestra. Mr.
Wendelin has gathered a large library of fine or-
chestral music suited to church use, and he pro-
poses that every church be regarded as a most suit-
able place for formation of an orchestra which will
play such music and not merely »marches and
hymns on which many a Sunday School orchestra
has musically starved to death. The church has
the building, the rehearsal room, usually a mu-
sician on its staff, and many occasions for a kind
of public performance which is inspiring, and yet
has not the dangers of professionalrsm which sur-
round the regular concert giving amateur groups.
The recreation leader or the worker in some social
agency may be just the person needed to intro-
duce this idea to the clergy and church musicians
in a community.

Adulf Education and the Recreation Movement
Working Together

By Elizabeth Halsey

Dircctoi', Department of Physical Education for Women

University of Iowa

lorva City

THE DISCUSSION GROUP ou Adult Education and
Recreation was opened by the chairman, Mr.
T. H. Nelson of the Central Y.M.C.A. Col-
lege, Chicago, Illinois. Mr. Nelson brought out the
idea that the form or structure of an activity does
not determine whether it is work or play. It does
not even determine whether it is reward or pun-
ishment, nor can one find the aims and outcomes
by the mere activity.

The discussion was opened by Mr. Fred Moore,
Executive Director of Adult Education Council.
Chicago, 111. Mr. Moore's first point was that
there is no controversy between adult education
and recreation, that it is not a case of either or
but both and. Adult education workers do not
practice recreation enough, they are perhaps too
serious, and they do not get enough fun into their
programs. On the other hand, recreation special-
ists may not realize the maximum content of the
adult education program. The trend, he beheves,
is toward combining the best of both movements.

From a recent trip to Europe, Mr. Moore
brought back the observation that a larger propor-
tion of adults in most European countries than in
America have real adult education ; that is, can
share in the collective life of the community or
nation on a high level. He spoke of the German
movement of strength through joy, of the Italian
youth hostels which are visited by groups of hik-
ers and which furnish organized programs of
drama, music and discussion groups. In Den-
mark, the well-known folk high schools empha-
size pageantry and folk dancing as a dynamic part
of the adult education program.

In general, adult education must realize that
along with high intellectual endeavors there
should be given the opportunity for real recrea-
tion. It is important, on the other hand, that rec-
reation workers understand first, that adult edu-
cation is not merely for the underprivileged and
for the foreign born ; second, that the purpose of
adult education is not merely vocational educa-
tion in order to improve vocational status, and
third, that the historic importance, in fact the
critical nature of world conditions today, demand
the intelligent understanding of all people. There-
fore, it is necessary that adult education provide
some opportunity by which individuals may think
through problems of the collective life, and if the
adult education prograYn should deal merely with
such cultural activities as the fine arts and hob-
bies it would be failing seriously to awaken the
individual to his share in the problems of society.
Accordingly, not only forums and meetings are
necessary, but sustained study, such as is carried
on by the British Workers Education Movement
which holds classes for working people who de-
vote one night a week, twenty- four weeks in the
year for three years, to the study of a single topic.
The thousands of British workers who have had
this experience of intellectual growth, act as a
leaven throughout the country. Their influence

SUMMARIES OF DISCUSSION GROUP MEETINGS

389

was a large factor in placing 1 1 yi million names
on the recent peace declaration.

Mr. Moore feels that recreation leaders have an
excellent opportunity to interest large numbers of
adults in the community because of their wide
ontacts and because most people are attracted by
reation. He has been very much impressed by
the caliber of the personnel of the leaders in the
recreation movement, and he feels there is a great
need of close association between the leaders in
recreation and in adult education. He thinks that
the outcome of combined programs can be not
merely adjusted, happy individuals, but social phi-
losophers and virile thinkers who will be instru-
mental in saving the institutions and ideals which
are a part of all that America has stood for.

The next speaker, Mr. Dana Caulkins, Super-
intendent of Recreation in Westchester County,
N. Y., gave practical illustrations from the West-
chester situation, demonstrating the cooperation
of the adult education and recreation administra-
tors. He told of a worker who, in attempting to
make a clear-cut differentiation between the two
programs, suggested that everything "above the
neck" be called adult adulation, and everything
"below the neck" recreation 1 Mr. Caulkins re-
ported progress in the education of this gentle-
man ! The recreation program in Westchester
County has been called a leisure-time program.
The phrase "education for the wise use of leisure
time" also has been used. There has been, there-
fore, a good deal of demand for educational ac-
tivities which were not consciously so planned;
for instance — choral societies have progressed
from informal evenings of singing to a sustained
year's program working toward public perform-
ance at the Westchester Music Festival. Simi-
larly, dramatic clubs, beginning with small local
performances have worked toward conferences
on the drama bringing in leaders in the field of
dramatic art who have held definitely educational
programs. The Westchester workshop issues a
little folder which lists on its cover the follow-
ing activities : Crafts - Music - Literature - Drama

- Printing - Sculpture - Design. University courses

- children's classes - conversation groups. Most
of the classes are conducted very informally, but
attendance is persistent as is shown by the fact
that last year 2,300 different individuals gave a
record of 95,000 attendances. The classes have
been set up in response to the demand bf the
community and no attempt has been made to de-
limit the nature of class work.

The Recreation Commission has closely co-
operated with the State Department of Educa-
tion in its emergency program. The county repre-
sentative of the State Department had his offices
in the building of the Recreation Commission and
by tacit agreement this officer and Mr. Caulkins
have referred to each other individuals coming in
with requests for new classes, so that there has
been no conflict and no duplication.

The next speaker. Miss Dorothy Enderis of
Milwaukee, brought out very clearly that it is im-
possible to make artificial distinctions between
recreation and adult education. The proposal to
make an administrative distinction which would
give to adult education responsibility for all ac-
tivities, except those which were physical in
nature in the case of individuals over 17, and
give to the recreation department responsibility
for physical activities for adults and all activities
for persons under 17, simply would not work.
Miss Enderis illustrated its absurdity by an in-
cident from the experience of a Milwaukee com-
munity center. Four boys who were playing bil-
liards were suddenly seized with the desire for
some barber shop harmony. The billiard room
attendant encouraged them and when the super-
visor dropped in, he was told about the fine har-
mony that these boys produced. He, in turn, said,
"What about a glee club?" Naturally, the de-
velopment of a glee club came about which met
every week, and went on from singing popular
music to something more satisfying. "Suppose,"
said Miss Enderis, "that the supervisor had to say,
'now, boys, that is very fine but all music is done
by adult education people and if you want a glee
club you will have to go down to their headquar-
ters.' " Suppose the boys persisted, arrived at the
adult education headquarters and started to reg-
ister. The first three, being over 17, would be ac-
cepted, but the last boy, a 16-year-old would be
sent back to the recreation department !

Miss Enderis said that the difference between
the two programs exists in motivation. An ac-
tivity which is done for the fun of it, rather than
for a conscious ultimate end, is recreation. The
study of Shakespeare, by a group of housewives
who come together once a week, read and discuss
the plays because they want to, because they en-
joy every minute of the activity, is recreation.
The study of Shakespeare by a person working
for an advanced degree, who is intent on credits
working on papers and getting ready for examina-
tions is not recreation.

390

SUMMARIES OF DISCUSSION GROUP MEETINGS

On the other hand, recreation
is not merely giving people amuse-
ment in their leisure hours. Rec-
reation leaders are not amuse-
ment vendors. The old principle
of going from the known to un-
known must be used to widen
horizons. In the last analysis,
there is no difference in the aims of the leaders
of recreation and adult education.

The meeting was then thrown open to discus-
sion and the question was raised as to how to
reach that great mass in any community which is
not responsive to the ordinary means of getting
people interested in neighborhood centers either
in recreation or adult education programs. Most
of the group felt that it was a matter of leader-
ship, but other devices were mentioned such as
running an entertainment in a community center
at the same time night school was going on. Those
attracted by the vaudeville would find out some-
thing about the rest of the program.

The chairman concluded the session with the
statement that we were not willing to admit a
difference in aims between adult education and
recreation. Both are concerned with experiences
which lead to the abundant life of the individual.
He did, however, make this distinction. When a
person does something which is self -expressive,
and gets joy and satisfaction out of it, it is recre-
ational; when he carries that activity far enough
to improve his control, it becomes educational.

Enlarging Opportunities for Friendliness Through
Social Recreation

By Floyd V. Merriman

State Supervisor of Recreation
Emernency Relief Administration, Indianapolis, Indiana

THIS DIVISION was opened by Chairman E. O.
Harbin with the following definition: "Social
recreation is any type of recreational activity
that helps folks enjoy fellowship one with an-
other."

After it had been pointed out that all animals
travel and work in groups, the section proceeded
to discuss various activities that would aid all peo-
ple to enjoy such a variety of interests that would
cause us to more readily adjust ourselves to any
situation.

The following ideas were presented to the group
as things to do. Some of these ideas need only to

"It has been a mistake to seg-
regate the sexes in activity.
They must be brought together,
for it is a most human impulse
and a most wholesome relation-
ship. However, we must never
fail to recognize sex differ-
ences."— Dr. A. D. Browne.

be mentioned, while others may
need a word of explanation.

1. Training of leaders from
churches, societies, lodges, etc.,
being careful to give mimeo-
graphed materials to participants
at close of each session.

2. Progressive game parties —
breaking up the crowd into small units.

3. Build parties around central theme with cos-
tumes to suit occasion, thus capitalizing the spirit
of play found so abundant at Hallowe'en when
masks and costumes make all of us carefree and
in the proper mental attitude for the program.

4. Do not try to replace the social dance en-
tirely but try to introduce other activities and
prove to the high school and college age indi-
vidual, commonly known as the sophisticated of
the sophisticated, that there is real fun in many
other activities.

5. It was pointed out that since social dancing
is not social but isolated "atomic bodies in pairs,"
in is wise to parallel the dance with a game room
to which individuals may go at any time and en-
joy a variety of interests.

6. The "beerless beer" garden movement in De-
troit was described. At these gardens they have
music, dancing, floor shows. Evidently those de-
scribing the plan knew all about our modem
tavern. They have box hockey, heather ball, folk
dancing, table games, etc. At the bar they sell
sodas, ice cream, ginger ale, and all soft drinks.

7. Reading — such books as "Old Man Adam
and His Children" by Bradford, or Bellamy's
"Looking Backward" provide excellent materials
for dramatization and discussion and provide ex-
cellent vehicles for us to use to permit an un-
shackled play of our imagination.

8. It was suggested that perhaps various or-
ganizations and institutions had so regimented
our young folks that a sort of an "open house"
idea would correct this fault. Milwaukee has
successfully provided such places under the super-
vision of a steering committee, and provision is
made for all sorts of table games and varied
activities.

9. Dramatic stunts in which a group has a situ-
ation presented and appropriate dialogue is im-
provised, or set stunts in which the actors are
picked from audience with no rehearsal. A note
of warning was sounded against the "goat stunt"
unless a larger group could be made the goat.

SUMMARIES OF DISCUSSION GROUP MEETINGS

391

and even then they were not the most desirable
types of activities.

10. Another suggestion that seemed to have
the unanimous approval of the entire group — at
least by the enthusiasm with which it was receiv-
ed— was that the "staff" should occasionally take
time to play also. They were not willing, how-
ever, to place any limitations upon the staff's
activity.

11. Picnics — not anti-social sort of pairing off
affairs, but programs that bring all into the fes-
tivities of the occasion.

12. Instances were described of successful "old
time dancing" groups. As many as twenty to
twenty-five old time dances may be used in a
single group.

13. Folk dancing groups were also suggested.
This has been most successfully used in rural
groups where dancing was taboo.

14. For older groups puzzles, anagrams, card
tricks, coin stunts, string stunts, as well as mental
twisters, were suggeted.

15. Recitals were mentioned in which a group
assembles at the particular site of some historical
event and all of the literature, music or art writ-
ten concerning that particular place are used to
form the program.

16. It was suggested that a good leader would
so direct the group that while the program was
well organized it would appear as spontaneous to
the group involved.

17. Music was advocated in the form of con-
cert evenings in which no announcements were
made but with one song fading into another with
appropriate lighting and participation.-

18. One problem that concerns industrial rec-
reation was that situation which arises from try-
ing to plan an evening for the office force 75 to
80 per cent college graduates and the workers of
a much lower level educationally. After consid-
erable discussion it was decided that one solution
would be a committee composed of representa-
tives of both groups to be given the responsibility
of planning the program.

19. Annual costume musicals and more use of
dramatical and musical activities were being sug-
gested at the time the group was forced to adjourn.

Our genial chairman was very successful in his
attempt to get us to sing at the start of the pro-
gram, and his various bits of philosophy inter-
spersed as they were throughout the entire hour,
made our particular division meeting a very in-
structive and delightful affair.

Recreation and Public Housing Developments

By Coleman Woodbury

Director

National Association of Housing Officials

THE CHAIRMAN of the meeting directed dis-
cussion to three main topics : ( i ) recreational
equipment of public housing developments
already constructed or under way; (2) how to
get the most out of these recreational and com-
munity facilities; and (3) recreational and com-
munity standards for public housing develop-
ments.

A representative of the Housing Division of
PWA reported the following typical equipment
for the Division's projects:

One small play yard, say forty by sixty feet,
will be provided for each group of apartments of
from thirty to sixty families. These play yards
will be for pre-school children and will be located
so that they can be readily seen by the parents.
Equipment such as sand-boxes, low swings, and
small slides will usually be provided. These areas
may not be provided in some row housing de-
velopments, which will have play space immedi-
ately adjacent to each house.

Playgrounds for school children and young
adults will be allocated roughly in the proportion
of twenty-five square feet per tenant child. The
areas will vary from one-half to one acre. Lead-
ership will be provided these areas either through
the municipal recreation agency, by the school au-
thorities, or, if necessary, by volunteer workers
or by persons paid from the income of the project.

Basement space will be provided in each group
of apartments for quiet games and for play in in-
clement weather. Few large community buildings
will be erected at the outset. Space is being left
in most projects for such buildings if they become
feasible in the future. Rooms for small meetings
up to fifty persons will be provided in the ratio
of one meeting place per 150 apartments. The
meeting room will be approximately equal in size
to a four-room apartment, and will have facilities
for serving light refreshments. Basement space
for work shops will be provided. They will usual-
ly be left unfinished and unequipped.

All recreational activities will be under the gen-
eral supervision and guidance of a trained mana-
ger who will have knowledge of and be sympa-
thetic toward organized recreational activities.

In the use of the facilities provided it was
agreed that one of the chief problems arose from

392

SUMMARIES OF DISCUSSION GROUP MEETINGS

the fact that large numbers of famiHes would
come to the new developments at one time, and
that the recreational activities within the tenant
group itself would have to start practically from
scratch. Tenants' associations organized with the
encouragement of the management were advocated.

It was also agreed that the aim of the manage-
ment should be to discover and strengthen lead-
ership among the residents. One speaker thought
that the person in charge of community activities
at the beginning should consider himself a "recre-
ation consultant" to tenant groups, to WPA or
part-time workers, and to established recreational
agencies operating in the neighborhood. She fur-
ther recommended that in a housing development
of fourteen hundred families or so, the "recre-
ation consultant" eventually should have the full-
time assistance of a trained man and a trained
woman and the services of a nursery school expert.

The manager of a successful limited-dividend
development said that his early troubles came
from not finding the tenants' interests. The first
efiforts at encouraging informal parties were a
failure, but later attempts with meetings of par-
ents and meetings of a men's forum were very
successful. Tenant committees on athletics to stir
up rivalries and to schedule the use of larger play
spaces for high school and adult games have also
been successful.

The need for managers and assistant managers
familiar with the fundamentals and problems of
recreation was not disputed. In a large develop-
ment which might have one or more recreation
workers on its staff, this train-
ing is essential to the intelli-
gent handling of the manage-
ment stafif. It is probably even
more desirable for the mana-
ger of small projects, who will
have to rely even more upon
friendly and cooperative rela-
tions with those in charge of
publicly-supported recreation.
It was also suggested that some
of the ABC's of housing
should be included in the train-
ing of recreational workers.

"Recreational and Commu-
nity Standards for Public
Housing Developments." The
discussion of the question ran
rather more to generalizations
of policy rather than to definite

standards. It seemed unanimously agreed that the
management of public housing projects should try
to develop and supplement existing recreational
facilities rather than to provide substitutes for
them. This would avoid too strong and too nar-
row loyalties to very small groups. So strong was
the feeling in support of this generalization that no
one mentioned the miserable inadequacy of recre-
ation facilities in many of the general areas in
which future housing developments will have to
be located nor the financial and other obstacles to
improving these facilities markedly.

A warning was given against minimizing the
importance of adult recreation in the housing pro-
jects. It seemed likely that many of the first
PWA developments would have fewer children
than had often been anticipated. It was admitted
that the number of children in projects was de-
termined to a considerable extent by the rent
levels of the new housing and by the size of the
family housing units provided. As the session ad-
journed it was suggested that housing policy in
finance and design of buildings might well be
aimed at bringing as many children as possible
into the new developments.

Interpretation of the Recreation Movement —

Recent Successful Experiments in

Recreation Publicity

Dy Philip L. Seman

General Director

Jewish People's Institute

Chicago, Illinois

THAT A NEW attitude to-
ward publicity in recrea-
tion is developing was evi-
dent at this section meeting
from the accounts of the pre-
sentations from all sections of
the"* country. It is no longer
enough to sit in the office and
send out press releases on any
activities and hope that the
newspapers will print them.
The very purpose of publicity
is widening out beyond in-
creasing attendance at a par-
ticular event or series of events.
Publicity in recreation now pur-
poses to make the citizens rec-
reation-conscious ; to show
them the importance of recre-

SUMMARIES OF DISCUSSION GROUP MEETINGS

393

ation; to secure their support for recreation — in
short, to develop a sentiment in favor of rec-
reation.

To do this, we must let the people know what
our facilities are, what our recreational agencies
are doing, and what they can do for them. How
are we going to make these facts known? How
are we to develop this sentiment?

The main standby has been, and is, the news-
paper. Often it is hard to get the newspaper to
present recreation news stories, especially in cities
where there is only one paper that can afford to be
independent. Several solutions were presented in
the discussion, (i) Get the papers to sponsor
sports events, for they are naturally more inter-
ested in projects that they themselves have in-
vested money in. (2) Make personal contacts
with newspaper people, for then they will be more
willing to cooperate. (3) Use the local com-
munity papers, for they have more space that they
can offer for recreation items. By several speak-
ers the local papers were stressed as an important
agency in educating the community in what the
community recreative facilities have to offer.

The most successful means of securing news-
paper publicity is one that in itself opens up new
fields of publicity, aside from that in the news-
papers. Create nezvs is the new watchword. Cre-
ate news, and the newspapers cannot afford to
ignore it. Create news, and in the very act of
creating it you will arouse public interest and
secure public support.

Several interesting methods of creating news
have been tried and found to be successful. The
discussion brought out that Kalamazoo, Michi-
gan, conducted a survey by its Recreation Coun-
cil to inventory the recreational facilities of the
city, to show what was being done by private
agencies, by the City Recreation Bureau, the
Board of Education, the library, the Art Institute,
the Symphony Association and other groups of
like character. And then, in order to present the
results of the survey to the people, a mock jury
trial was held with a leading clergyman of the
city as judge, to present the case "Recreational
Possibilities for the Young Man and Woman of
Kalamazoo — the Young Man and Woman Against
the Citizens of Kalamazoo." The trial brought
out the history of the survey, recreation in the
centers, the cost of recreation and the possibilities
of recreation for all. The single independent news-
paper in the city recognized the news value of the
trial and publicized it. From this trial also de-

veloped another agency, important in creating
news about recreation and securing public sup-
port for it, namely, the Community Council. Dele-
gates from neighborhood councils appeared before
the Board of Education and brought about the
increase in the use of public school buildings for
recreation purposes after school hours.

In Kalamazoo also, the Community Councils
are developments of the parent-teachers groups;
the organizations doing similar work in other
cities have other origins. In Cincinnati, play-
ground mothers' clubs were organized originally
to help maintain the playgrounds ; now they con-
stitute one of the most vital forces in local com-
munity publicity. They take an active interest in
everything concerning the playground, and go
from house to house soliciting help of all kinds,
so that the community cannot help knowing what
the playgrounds are doing.

Reading, Pennsylvania, formerly discouraged
organizations of this kind, believing them to be
more of a hindrance than a help, but one and one-
half years ago the recreation department started
to encourage parent playground association. The
various playgrounds each sent two representatives
to the playground federation, which acts as a
clearing house on recreation information and as
an advisory body for playground improvements.
They help develop an understanding of recreation
in the community.

Neighborhood councils in Birmingham are en-
couraged to be as autonomous as possible. The
recreation staff members keep as much in the
background as possible, merely starting the or-
ganization by picking the key people in a com-
munity and calling the preliminary organization
meeting, which is then turned over to the group
to function independently. These neighborhood
groups are instrumental in creating news both
through their own activities and through their ac-
tive participation in demonstrations arranged by
the recreation department. Demonstrations of this
sort are considered one of the best forms of pub-
licity, by the recreation officials in Philadelphia,
who plan a play day week in their forty recrea-
tion centers, where one day is set aside at each
center for demonstration of all types of play ac-
tivities. Reading, Pennsylvania, conducted a city-
wide playground play day and parade in which the
neighborhood groups were active.

Another method of creating news that was pre-
eminently successful was recreation week of Oak-
land, California, in which all forms of publicity

394

SUMMARIES OF DISCUSSION GROUP MEETINGS

were utilized. Printed programs
of the week's events were dis-
tributed througiiout tiie city,
and for two months previous
programs for other events car-
ried a line or two about the ap-
proaching recreation week. A
sign board advertising company
donated the use of twenty-six
7' x^7' outdoor boards. City
stores cooperated by donating
the use of their windows for
display purposes. Department bulletins told all
members of the recreation staff, from the janitors
up, what they ought to be telling the public about
recreation. The radio was utilized. Announce-
ments were made on other programs and during
the week one of the events was broadcast. A
motion picture was made of the activities and pre-
sented either with or without a speaker at meet-
ings of Parent-Teacher Associations, service clubs
and luncheon clubs. An effort was made, as far
as possible, to have announcements by members
of the groups addressed. This was found more
effective than talks by members of the staff of
the recreation department who are paid to pub-
licize recreation. An evening tour was conducted
to acquaint people with the facilities offered dur-
ing the evening. Newspaper publicity was used,
but it was by no means all important. Other
methods of publicity presented were bulletins to
sports and crafts organizations designed to show
people how the recreation department work ties
up with their particular interests, and bulletins to
recreation chairmen of Parent-Teacher Associa-
tions, who presented the recreation news at their
monthly meetings. Extemporaneous talks on the
radio on recreation activities, as well as musical
and dramatic programs, and announcements on
other programs, have been utilized.

Some of the obstacles in facing recreation pub-
licity were presented by a layman of Cleveland,
reviewing the problem from the outside. He re-
minded the group that because of the puritanical
hangover people consider leisure time activities as
wicked, and contrary to the training of the child
in time-tested virtues of thrift, industry and dis-
cipline ; that leisure is considered frivolous by an-
other serious-minded reformer type group; that
people avoid supervised activities from a fear of
regimentation and standardization; that profes-
sional and technical terms are often antagonistic
to the general public, and that programs must be

"In our search for and considera-
tion of new frontiers for recrea-
tion; in our planning for the wiser
use of the new leisure, and in our
approach to and study of the
problems attendant upon our ef-
forts to create the life more abun-
dant, let us not forget that our
task will not be completed if we
fail to extend these frontiers to in-
clude to the fullest possible extent
our colored citizens."

linked up with things having a
wide-spread appeal, such as a
"safety first" program. But
more important than all this is
our own attitude toward recre-
ation ; our need to relate all pro-
grams, large and small, to the
social, as contrasted with the
anti-social, activities. This must
be not merely a slogan but an
underlined philosophy. We must
make our cities intellectual cen-
ters of civilization. We must make our play-
grounds and field houses centers of civilization.

A final speaker presented the belief and the
challenge that we must put recreation into the cur-
riculum of education in the primary grades, in
the same classification as reading, writing, ge-
ography, history and arithmetic. It is more im-
portant than these subjects. Man today would be
an entirely different animal if he knew how to
play. We need a textbook on how to play for use
in the elementary grades — a simple book, direct
and fundamental. If the fathers and mothers of
the children today would know how to play, the
children would find recreation in the home as well
as outside of the home, and it would be a con-
structive kind of play. But you cannot teach
adults to play. You must begin with the child, not
merely a given number of children, but the child
generically, and teach him recreation. The next
generation will have a different story to tell than
the past generation has told, is telling and will tell.
Our publicity problems will be solved in the
future if we teach recreation to the child.

Methods of Increasing Recreation Opportunities
for Colored Groups

By De Hart Hubb.\rd

Supervisor for Recreation for Colored

Cincinnati, Ohio

THERE c.\N be no better opening for this sum-
mary of the findings of this meeting than the
statement made by the Chairman, Mr. C. E.
Brewer, of Detroit, in his presentation of the sec-
tion topic :

"The need for this special session on opportunities or
recreation programs and facihties available to colored
groups, is not because there is any special differences in
recreational activities as between one group and the
other, either white or colored, but largely because the
problems of promoting recreation indicate distinct dif-
ferences in the attempt to apply recreation programs to
the colored communities. These problems seem to arise

SUMMARIES OF DISCUSSION GROUP MEETINGS

395

in no one section of America — but present themselves in
various communities and in various ways, within and
without the group; sometimes because of needed inter-
racial adjustments, but often due to misunderstandings in
estimating the value of the program. The recreation
movement is designed and intended to reach all citizens
and it is important therefore to have any contribution —
that will aid all of us to reach this goal."

In the light of such a statement it is extremely
interesting to note the — shall we say "admission"
• — of one of the discussion participants, a white
recreation executive from the far South, who
agreed that "In planning and promoting our gen-
eral recreation programs the needs of the colored
citizens are usually overlooked or ignored, and in
most instances the program for the colored citi-
zens is an after-thought."

The discussion by the delegates resulted in two
very definite conclusions: (i) That there is an
unquestioned need for organized public recrea-
tion programs among a group that has been forced
into a marginal position economically; (2) that
that group is willing and eager to participate in
such programs and to lend every assistance when-
ever the opportunity presents itself.

Many splendid examples of the possibilities for
development of recreation opportunities for col-
ored citizens were presented in the meeting. De-
troit operates the largest and most complete rec-
reation building in an area of Negro settlement in
the United States. This $500,000 center houses
almost every conceivable activity and has a com-
plete full time staff. During a recent visit to
Detroit Mrs. F. D. Roosevelt became so enthusi-
astic that she postponed filling another engage-
ment. It is also an interesting side light that the
newest sensation in the manly art of self de-
fense, Joe Louis, received all of his training prior
to his professional engagement in the center box-
ing classes.

Several communities reported that in the recog-
nition of needed facilities new buildings are in
prospect or have been secured : Kalamazoo, a
$54,000 center; Lexington, an additional build-
ing to their present $65,000 center, Louisville, a
remodeled Y. M. C. A. building completed at a
cost of $40,000, Detroit is planning another build-
ing that will cost $199,000. Chicago, Tampa,
Pittsburgh, Ashville, Birmingham, Houston,
Rockford, Waco and other cities also reported
eflforts to provide what might be termed ap-
proaches to adequate programs.

These reports disclosed innumerable facts con-
cerning such programs. Of special significance
was the fact that practically all were the result of

awakened interest that had been stimulated by
recreation surveys. In every case the survey dis-
closed that there were either no programs or only
the most meagre of attempts at conducting such
programs. In most cases these disclosures startl-
ed not only the city officials into action, but the
colored groups, suddenly awakened, organized
citizens' councils and began campaigns to help
themselves secure facilities and leadership to sup-
ply their recreation needs. Through these citi-
zens' committees considerable volunteer interest
and service have been secured. The activities have
been extended and the movement interpreted to
the community. Better interracial understanding
of the problems of the Negro groups, a more fav-
orable public sentiment for recreation projects
and the acquisition of facilities, have been secured
by the use of bi-racial advisory recreation boards.
Such boards have been supplemented by recrea-
tion councils of colored citizens assisting in the
promotion of activity programs. Recreation sur-
veys must be of benefit when such results are re-
ported. May I digress a moment to say that we
who are engaged in the promotion of recreation
for Negro citizens certainly appreciate the expert
services of Mr. E. T. Attwell of the National
Recreation Association, and want the Association
and Mr. Attwell to know that their eflforts are
playing an invaluable part in attaining the oppor-
tunities that are so much desired.

Leadership was an outstanding factor in the
discussion and it was agreed that there must be
both volunteer and paid leadership. Retardation
of the programs has been partly due to a lack of
interest among colored leaders. This interest must
be stimulated. Official recognition of volunteer
councils by the city governments will help create
and maintain their interest. There is need for
study of the colored community and the Negro
knows himself better than any one else can know
him so his counsel must be considered and recog-
nized in all such studies.

There is a unique problem in obtaining Negro
volunteer leadership in class activity fields. The
generally unfavorable economic status of the race
causes such leadership to be given with an idea of
qualifying for possible future employment. Col-
ored citizens do not have the economic strength
to give fully of their time without compensation
even when they are so inclined.

Perhaps the greatest need following physical
facilities is for adequately trained professional
leadership, a fact which is true not only in the

396

SUMMARIES OF DISCUSSION GROUP MEETINGS

Negro group, but also in the general program.
There is the same need for special training in the
administration and leadership of recreation.
While we have persons trained in special talents
and branches of the work, the session felt that
their abilities should be developed and coordinated
by training courses and institutes. Special com-
mendation was given the five week summer
school courses held until recently by the Na-
tional Recreation Association. The several one
week institutes held this year served as excellent
stimulants, disclosing potential leadership, but it
was felt that a renewal of the summer school is
needed to further develop the adequate leaders
for the newly enlarged programs.

Several problems were discussed but not sat-
isfactorily solved. Perhaps no one can solve them
but they demonstrate the. fact that the problems
of the work for colored citizens are similar and
parallel to those of the general program. How
can we secure emergency relief workers in fair
proportion to our needs? What can be done to
secure a better selection of qualified workers?
How can advisory boards best be selected? How
can we secure better supervisorial control of
ERA workers? How can more adequate budgets
be secured?

The Spread of Recreation Into Rural Areas

By Ruth McIntire

Extension Specialist in Recreation

State of Massachusetts

THOSE QV US who are concerned especially with
the rural and small communities were very
glad to have this special section devoted to
this topic, and to see the interest in it as evidenced
both by attendance and the ready participation in
the discussions. A hasty canvass showed that the
group represented the recreational interests of the
Agricultural Extension Service, county, state, and
local school administrators, parks, relief and in-
dustrial programs, churches, WPA, federal hous-
ing, parent-teachers associations and private in-
terests.

As chairman. Dr. David E. Lindstrom of the
University of Illinois, College of Agriculture,
opened the discussion by pointing out that mecha-
nization in agriculture had brought about a new
situation, just as in the industrial world. Not only
had it increased the leisure of rural people but
had been the means of introducing commercial or
ready-made amusements which had become their

chief form of recreation. Recently there has been
a trend toward a more creative use of this leisure.
As an indication of this trend Dr. Lindstrom cited
the 293 drama groups in 46 counties of Illinois
which participated in the state tournament spon-
sored by the Extension Service of the College. In
connection with these, training institutes were
held for leaders of already existing organizations,
thus developing the lay leadership. This year a
chorus of 800 people from nine counties pre-
sented a choral recital at the State Fair, and they
are now planning to present the oratorio Elijah
next year.

To prevent our going astray in the. maze of
fifteen questions which had been suggested for
discussion. Dr. Linstrom grouped the questions
under four main heads:

1. What is needed today in a recreation pro-
gram in rural areas?

2. What are the present programs and the ex-
isting agencies now operating?

3. What are effective types of administration
and relationships between various agencies?

4. A consideration of special problems.

Miss Ella Gardner, recreation specialist in the
U. S. Department of Agriculture, reminded us
that in determining the desirable content of our
recreation program, we must consider that it
needs to serve the individual, the family group,
and the community as a whole. Incidentally, Miss
Gardner called attention to the fact that the
family unit does still exist, at least in the rural
districts, in spite of recent statements to the
contrary.

The individual needs opportunities to discover
abilities, skills and interests within himself; op-
portunity to enjoy social relationships with others
and skills which add to this enjoyment; oppor-
tunity to enjoy creative activities — music, physi-
cal recreation, books, nature; opportunity to par-
ticipate in the social and civic alTairs of the com-
munity, to know sources of information in the
field of his interests; the opportunity to talk —
and something worth while to talk about.

The family needs recreational activities suitable
for enjoyment together in the home — skill games,
music (singing and playing together and music
appreciation) handcrafts, hobbies, and also op-
portunities to go to community and other events
as a family unit.

For the community as a whole, music, drama,
sports, social affairs and other such activities are
important for creating an awareness in the com-

SUMMARIES OF DISCUSSION GROUP MEETINGS

397

munity of its existence as an entity. This does
not imply organising the community, but rather
a realization of its existing agencies and organi-
zations.

Considerable discussion of program followed.
Mr. F. J. Lipovetz, State Director of Education
and Recreation, W.P.A., Wisconsin, pointed out
two bases for planning any program — one, the
expressional type which is built on the interests
and activities already present ; the other, the more
difficult work or correctional program, planned to
meet existing needs and problems needing cor-
rection.

Mr. C. M. Miles, State Educational Depart-
ment, New York State, started something when
he emphasized the importance of including more
games in the program and stated that it is difficult
to teach rural people to play. Oregon people seem
to take to playing very well, as evidenced by the
demands on the Extension recreation worker
there, and so do Florida folks, according to Mr.
Locke of Coral Gables, who feels that it isn't
necessary for them to realize the importance of
play provided they play, which every community
will do if given a chance. However, Mr. Jack
Knapp of the National Recreation Association,
has found some communities which don't know
how to play. Their grandmothers did, but it is a
lost art.

Mr. Richard T. Gardner, rural recreational
specialist of New Hampshire reported that they
had rather overemphasized games in getting their
program started, and are now giving more time
to dramatics, crafts, hobbies, making a broader
interpretation of the term recreation.

An Iowa representative asked whether rural
women came together for real play and outdoor
activities in addition to quilting, etc. The popu-
larity of rural women's county and state camps
sponsored by the Agricultural Extension Service
in many states indicates how much the
women enjoy playing together, and tak-
ing new ideas back for recreational ac-
tivities at home.

Mr. David D. Hicks, director of rec-
reation. West Virginia Relief Adminis-
tration, described the program of the
rural Recreation and Art League which
includes ten counties in central West
Virginia. About thirty different activi-
ties are carried on^dramatics, all types
of choral and instrumental music, folk
and social dancing, athletics and sports,

BUY

CHRISTMAS
SEALS

FIGHT

TUBERCULOSIS

informal group games, and debating. Each county
has an advisory committee and there is a central
council of representatives from each county and
the Extension Service which meets four or five
times a year. The leag^ie program is based on the
interests expressed in the local communities and
counties. Twice each year there are regional
round-ups when some 30,000 rural people flock
to Jackson's Mill, the state 4-H camp grounds, to
participate and lend moral support to groups from
the home community. Since emergency recrea-
tion leaders have been available, they have as-
sisted in these activities but work through exist-
ing organizations.

Reference was made to the experiment in rec-
reation cooperatives being carried on in connec-
tion with the cooperative movement in Indiana.
By this time we were well along in the field of
administration, so with the final thought that the
content of the program is largely dependent upon
the type of leadership available, and the plea to
protect the spirit of joy for joy's sake, rather than
for some ulterior motive, we focused attention on
the knotty problem of what is the most effective
means of adminstering the rural recreation
program.

This problem is the more complex because of
what was termed the "dangers of the newly pop-
ular recreation band wagon," on which so many
agencies are trying to climb. The more different
groups there are interested in recreation, the bet-
ter, but they do complicate the administration
problem.

H. E. Wilson, Riverside, California, came with
the definite problem, of determining the best
method for establishing a permanent recreation
program in a county with some nine smaller pop-
ulation centers, ranging in size from 600 to 6000
all of which are approached or besieged by any
number of different agencies to organize a recre-
ation program.

Some of us wished that Mr. Arthur
Lampe, County Superintendent of
Schools in St. Louis County, Minnesota,
might be borrowed long enough to go
out and preach the gospel to other school
administrators of the use of school fa-
cilities and personnel for adult educa-
tion and general community recreation
purposes. The educational program there
is one of work, study, and recreation,
planned to develop a balanced life rather
than merely the 3 R's. Buildings are

398

SUMMARIES OF DISCUSSION GROUP MEETINGS

being equipped not only for agricultural and
home-making courses but with generous facilities
for recreation both for the young people in the
schools and for the community at large. Mr.
Lampe pointed out that public schools have ne-
glected what is both an opportunity and a respon-
sibility that, as compared to the ten million dol-
lars of federal funds allotted in this country to
each of certa!in special departments and bureaus,
the educational system has a six billion dollar
plant, with an annual appropriation of two and a
half billion dollars. Proper use of this plant and
personnel for the whole community, rather than
its restriction to the children only, would tre-
mendously increase the recreational opportunities
of the people of the United States.

In a county-wide recreation program sponsored
through the department of physical education,
recreation, and community extension of the schools,
St. Louis County is divided into fourteen regions,
each having its own athletic council made up of
representatives of local leagues. There are i6o
teams in the county leagues, and twelve different
sports are carried on.

FERA and other emergency recreation and
adult educational programs have been adminis-
tered through this county department of educa-
tion which has conducted three-day training in-
stitutes at intervals of three months for the emer-
gency workers.

Mr. Wilson of Riverside believes that the Cali-
fornia situation makes the schools the logical cen-
ter through which the various recreational activi-
ties might be coordinated there, since present fa-
cilities and personnel might be well put to wider
use with very little extra expense.

Reference was made to Milwaukee's lighted
school houses as an outstanding demonstration of
full use of existing facilities.

This development, of course, presupposes not
only an open attitude on the part of school boards
and superintendents, but facilities adaptable for
recreational uses — both of which are sadly lacking
in many rural school systems. A consolidation
into units large enough to make possible the pro-
vision of needed equipment would be necessary,
and also a revamping of the teacher training
courses in our teachers' colleges so as to give
teachers the attitude and training needed in this
broader education-recreation program. Mean-
while, since only such a small percentage of rural
schools are consolidated, some other sponsorship
for the recreation program must be found. In

many places the county and state Agricultural Ex-
tension Service has taken the lead through its
community organization or recreation specialist.
Where no agencies have already been active, the
WPA or other emergency recreation workers
have set up effective community or county coun-
cils in several places.

New York State revived an old law by which a
board consisting of three representatives of voca-
tional agriculture, three from the Extension Serv-
ice, and three from the county at large, appointed
by the county commissioners, may receive a share
of state equalization funds to employ a county
supervisor. The Chautauqua County planning
board located its consolidated schools on the
county map and marked around each the area in
which it would serve the children during the day
and the adults at night.

There was general agreement that regardless of
who might administer the program, the most ef-
ficient plan is to use existing school and other
available buildings and facilities to full capacity
provided they are suitable, rather than to spend
money in duplicating these. Since local conditions
vary so greatly, naturally no one formula could
be evolved for application to all problems and
situations.

The Place of Special Boards or Commissions in the
Extension of the Recreation Movement

By Ralph H. Waterhouse

Superintendent of Schools
Akron, Ohio

THERE WERE two distinct issues raised at our
meeting : ( i ) Will the unpaid board or com-
mission of lay citizens or the departmental
head, responsible to the city's chief executive, bet-
ter conceive and better administer recreation? (2)
With commissions or^boards, what is the most de-
sirable set-up?
The advantages of the board or commission are :

1. Membership may be secured from the ranks
of genuinely interested and highly competent
citizens.

2. There is less probability of political intrigue.

3. A board better guarantees the progress of
the long-range program.

4. The program has the standing and balance
in the community of a civic function with intrin-
sic worth. The departmental head to often is per-
suaded by extrinsic interests. He is also quite

SUMMARIES OF DISCUSSION GROUP MEETINGS

399

frequently handicapped by these accusations, un-
fairly.

5. There is more feeling of security and there-
fore of responsibility on the part of members of
the staff. Competent persons therefore are more
likely to accept appointment to the staff.

6. The collective judgment of a commission is
likely to be better than that of the executive alone.

The advantages of the departmental head form
of control are :

1. The responsible head of the local govern-
ment should have the direct charge of all depart-
ments of government.

2. The logic of a commission for one aspect of
government may as well be applied to other
functions. ,

3. Proper management of fiscal matters must
take into account all budgets.

4. The inertia induced by security or position
is avoided.

The weight of opinion and ex-
perience favor the board or com-
mission.

Mr. H a r 1 a n d Bartholomew,
City Planner, St. Louis, Mo.,
said, "the abandonment of park
and recreation boards has meant
poorer results." Mrs. Anna C.
Law, President of the Board of
Playground Directors, Oakland, California, said,
"The city administration thinks more in economic
terms and the budget, and less in terms of human
values. The commission is indispensible in the
creation of just public opinion." Mr. Max Hirsch,
President of the Public Recreation Commission,
Cincinnati, Ohio, favors the independent board
for either good or poor city administrations. He
pointed out that the city of Cincinnati had such a
board and also an unusually sympathetic city
manager.

As contrary opinion, Mr. Gustavus T. Kirby
cited the excellent administration of New York
City's parks and playgrounds by Mr. Robert
Moses.

A discussion of the question "With commis-
sions or boards, what is the most desirable set-
up?" showed that the weight of opinion and ex-
perience favors a commission of a minimum of
five members appointed by the city's chief execu-
tive for staggered terms of service of at least five
years. The appointment and discharge of the
commission's chief staff officer should rest with
the commission, it would seem. The direction of

"Youth needs three things to fit
it for life. It needs discipline;
it needs friends; and it needs
recreation and interests. They
will help youth itself to master
the means of making life worth
while." The Prince of Wales
in The Coming of Leisure.

the program should likewise be solely under the
jurisdiction of the commission.

The personnel of the commission should be
representative of local and civic agencies, includ-
ing the city administration and the board of edu-
cation. It was stated by Mr. Hirsch that this
form of organization would "avoid the duplica-
tion of facilities."

Judge Fielding L. Walker, Jr., Chairman of
the Recreation Commission of Durham, N. C,
favored strongly the following type of personnel
for the commission: (i) the city manager; (2)
the superintendent of schools; (3) a member of
the city council; (4) a member of the board of
education, and (5) a citizen at large.

Mr. Harold C. Hunt, Superintendent of
Schools, Kalamazoo, Michigan, strongly urged
the inclusion of the superintendent of schools on
the commission. He stated that the modern edu-
cational program comprehends
the vital implications of recrea-
tional activities, and that there is
no clear line of separation. Mr.
Kirby also urged "the closest
kind of cooperation between the
schools, and the parks and recre-
ation boards."

* * *

The question of the place and
function of advisory boards was but briefly hinted.

Mrs. Law did not favor advisory boards. She
believes that their recommendations are not taken
seriously, that the commission is likely to be in-
different to and not to respect their views. Judge
Walker disagreed with Mrs. Law, stating that an
advisory committee representative of all social and
civic agencies will provide a "sense of security,"
and be a "life saver."

There is ample reason to believe that a large
recreation council or league would supply an ex-
cellent medium (i) for sustaining the program,
(2) for interpreting its values, and (3) for de-
veloping its use. The schools of this country by
and large are supported in a most desirable way
by the parent-teacher organizations. After all,
progressive leadership is always neutralized by
the thought and action of the unenlightened. The
council or league, with the active membership of
a large body of citizens, is the public expression
of an open mind on all questions affecting the
destiny of the program.

The objectives of the recreational program, in
my opinion, are so blended in sound, educational

400

SUMMARIES OF DISCUSSION GROUP MEETINGS

theory and practice that they cannot be considered
separately. In answer to the question, "How im-
portant is leisure-time activity?" I wish to cite
three observations.

First, it more and more monopolizes man's
time, energy and resources; whereas in frontier
days, work was master. Second, it may be worth
something to observe that when the Italian people
were using their radios to listen to Mussolini's
call to the grim business of war, the American
people were "tuned in" on a world's series base-
ball game. Third, it may be that we will yet try
to put harmony, balance and color in the drab
picture of work and pleasure, by frank recogni-
tion of the recreational possibilities in the study
of one's religion. The re-creation of the spirit
certainly has as wide implications as the re-crea-
tion of the body.

The thinking and the purposes of all groups
are converging on the single purpose of the com-
plete development of the individual. We who un-
derstand each other so well, must not let our deeds
destroy this ideal.

The Part of Recreation in Maintaining Health
Mental, Physical and Social Hygiene

By W. K. Streit

Director of Physical Education

Cincimiati Public Schools

DR. Carl A. Wilzbach of the Public Health
Federation of Cincinnati, opened the meet-
ing by referring briefly to present conditions
which are making for increased leisure and the
challenge presented to recreation. He contended
that we are entering a new era of usefulness for
recreation and that its services are manifold.
However, in our enthusiasm we must be careful
of what we say regarding its values. Too often
claims are made which are based merely on opin-
ion and have no scientific background of support-
ing data.

The questions receiving most attention during
the discussion dealt with the prevention of mental
breakdowns, the bolstering of morale and co-rec-
reational activities. Specific instances were cited
regarding the value of recreation in institutions
for defectives, delinquents and dependents and
the number of marvelous cures which have been
effected. Music, handcraft and simple games were
mentioned as having great value.

There are 300,000 children each year appearing

as juvenile delinquents in the United States and
according to the United States bi-annual survey
of education the per capita cost of these is $518
per year. There are also 389,500 patients clas-
sified as insane in state hospitals in the country at
the present time, and the per capita cost of these
is $627. per year. The solution of the problem of
delinquency and insanity lies not in cure but in
prevention. It is, therefore, a sound economic
principle to spend more money for recreational
purposes as a preventive measure. As a result we
should save not only children who would other-
wise be institutionalized at a tremendous cost, but
also vast public funds.

Recreation in its many diversified forms will con-
tribute more to the normal mental health of an in-
dividual than any other single factor. It will solve
many of the emotional conflicts arising from the
demands of society upon us. It will give the in-
ferior and inadequate personality the opportunity
to achieve recognition through proper channels in-
stead of making it necessary for him to be a
gangster later in life. It will protect the day-
dreaming individual who is trying to escape from
reality instead of making it necessary for him to
be a case of dementia praecox in order to survive
and spend the remaining days of his life in a
state hospital. It will decrease our suicide rate
which is due largely to the fact that individuals
have not learned to escape properly from their
difficulties. Recreation is an outlet for frustrated
hopes and shattered ideals. The art of keeping
young and of being successful in any prolonged
strenuous activity lies in the individual's ability to
select properly a recreational program and ad-
here to it closely throughout life.

With regard to bolstering morale, the point was
made that everyone needs to be well thought of
in the home and community and that he should be
able to do something apd to do it a litde bit better
than someone else. With unemployment comes
worry, indifference and loss of self respect. The
power of building self respect through recreation
was illustrated in the case of the cabinet maker
who had hit the depths of despair and was brought
back through the medium of building stage scen-
ery for a community center play in which his
daughter was participating.

The movement for co-recreational activities has
come about through a change of public opinion.
Many of the former restrictions and inhibitions
have been broken down and puritanical ideas plus

SUMMARIES OF DISCUSSION GROUP MEETINGS

401

blue laws no longer prevail. The demand has come
from the adolescents themselves. It is a healthy
sign, for, as one speaker reiterated, "There would
be fewer divorces in American life if more women
understood the game of baseball."

The activities which seem to have the greatest
co-recreational appeal at present are swimming,
badminton, tennis, archery, dancing, golf, hiking
and volleyball.

The 1 6 to 26 year group has been neglected in
the past because of the segregation of recreational
activities. It is now recognized that adolescence is
the time for adjustment to the opposite sex. Co-
recreational activities at this age will have a whole-
some effect on family life. In fact, it was empha-
sized that the sexes should be mixed at even an
earlier age through participation of boys and girls
in folk and social dancing. This should not be
construed to mean that boys should compete
against girls in competitive games nor does it mean
that all games can be used. There should be a
limited amount of this activity which is purely
social recreation. The boys should not give up
their own types of strenuous activity, nor should
the girls give up their womanly games. Our ob-
jectives must be kept clearly in mind. We are
now in a period of social planning, community
building, and the results will be discernable ten
years hence.

A sensible association between the sexes is im-
portant because it is essential to a normal social
life. It gives young people an opportunity to be-
come really acquainted with one another. Boys
and girls must be taught how to play together;
they must play today for tomorrow's living. There
is no better way of developing a wholesome in-
terest in those of the opposite sex than through
sports and recreational activities.

It was argued that longevity is largely a matter
of heredity but that recreation can make life more
livable. Recreation alone will not reduce the waist-
line, but most people overweight can reduce by
diet and exercise. Recreations that are most help-
ful in conditioning the body are really an indi-
vidual matter. Much depends upon a pleasurable
reaction during participation. Physical, mental
and social health cannot be separated, but can all
be reached through a well-rounded program of
recreation and leisure time activities. If recrea-
tion can be made more of a family affair, many of
our present social difficulties will vanish.

Youth on the New Recreation Frontier

By George T. Donoghue

General Superintendent ■
Chicago Park District

DR. Louis L. Mann of the Chicago Sinai Con-
gregation, in opening the discussion re-
minded us that the problem of youth was
not a new one ; that even the people in King Tut's
time thought the world would soon come to an
end because of the behavior of their youth at that
time. History is repeating itself because many of
our dispairists have long reached the same con-
clusion. Not so Dr. Mann who made the state-
ment that youth was infinitely better today than
it ever had been and necessarily had to be because
of the increased temptations that our modern civi-
lization had brought about. He stressed the eco-
nomic factors and also the factor of what motori-
zation of transportation had done to increase the
play area of our boys and girls of the present
time. He referred to youth as a "dynamo of
power" which, if handled correctly and intelli-
gently, would lead to much good. If abused, only
the worst can be expected. He brought out rather
pungently the fact that he hoped the new leisure
would open advantages for cultural pursuits which
in the past had been open to a very small minority.
As a general suggestion, Dr. Mann felt that all of
us in seeking recreation should in the final
analysis simply do the things that are different
from our ordinary occupation. For instance, the
plumber might paint and the painter might wipe
a joint.

Dr. R. E. Hieronymous, Community Advisor
Emeritus of the University of Illinois, took up
the discussion following Dr. Manjti's introduction.
He recalled the early days of what he chose to
name "Pioneer Recreation," when the pioneer
recreation of his own childhood seemed to be
limited to story-telling in front of the great fire.
Such events as the big snow, the night of the big
wind, and Indian Wars, and even the behavior of
the stars, furnished most of the material for his
early recreational activity. He stressed the passing
out in our attitude toward youth of the "Don't do
this" and "Don't do that." To many of us this
brought back not the happiest of our childhood
memories! He spoke with great feeling of the
fine work that had been done in rural communi-
ties, particularly in the formation of 4-H Clubs.
He further brought out the necessity of coordinat-

'^2

SUMMARIES OF DISCUSSION GROUP MEETINGS

ing the various agencies in any community that
were attempting a recreation program. Even the
farmer has undergone a metamorphosis in recrea-
tion and his attitude toward life, in that he no
longer feels that he must move into the city when
the children become of school age but now looks
upon the problem as his own when the children
arrive at that period. Urged on by the best of
ambitions he joins with his neighbors in provid-
ing public education and recreation facilities, keep-
ing his children at home with himself and Maria
on the farm.

Mr. Raymond W. Robertson, Superintendent
of Recreation from Oakland, California, told us
what was being done on the Coast in bringing to-
gether leaders in various forms of recreation ac-
tivities not only to cooperate but to save duplica-
tion of work. Such coordinating groups as were
formed in Oakland have done much good in com-
bating the ever-present problem of juvenile de-
linquency. Mr. Robertson felt there would be a
field even in the city for clubs of the 4-H variety.
He touched lightly on a matter of great import-
ance to park men, namely that of charges in con-
nection with recreation. Many of us wished that
he would have developed this subject a little more
at length because it is a live one in which we are
all interested. Time, however, did not permit this
to be done. Mr. Robertson strongly urged more
activity in providing camping facilities. The Coast,
too, is faced with the problem of the increased use
of their facilities and consequently have had to set
about to train in rather intensive courses addi-
tional leaders, m^iny of them of the volunteer type.

The next speaker was Mr. A. W. Thompson,
Director of Health Education and City Educa-
tion from Grand Rapids, Michigan. He felt that
the outstanding need for recreation of the youth
of today is that of self-development. Youth to-
day has a new viewpoint but not necessarily a
new content. Some of our educators may have
been somewhat shocked by his statement that edu-
cation is usually stilted and warned us that recre-
ation has frequently made the same mistake, but
not frequently. Youth in general, he felt, grop-
ing as it is, probably understands their own prob-
lems better than their elders. Many of us were in-
trigued with his plea for special recreation for
newly married couples. We have probably been

lulled by the general idea that matrimony itself
was happiness and bliss and two devoted lovers
needed nothing else, but Mr. Thompson with an
all-seeing eye into many homes, has found that a
young married couple, particularly in their period
of early adjustment of married life, need outside
contacts, and special efforts should be made to
reach this neglected group, which many of us
thought had preferred to be entirely left alone, at
least through the honeymoon and post-honeymoon
period !

The period left for discussion was all too short.
However, we did get an insight into what a pro-
gressive minister has done with his young people
ranging in general from 18 to 25 years. This en-
ergetic pastor organized an. open forum in which
his young people presided and all manner of ques-
tions were discussed. Dramatics in the church
group were organized, and dancing was even per-
mitted within the edifice. We were also told how
a prison in New York City was made into a real
community center. Athletic teams organized with-
in the prison competed with those from without
with a great deal of success. One of the prisoners
whose term was about to expire said he was very
sorry that he would soon be out from behind the
prison bars !

Just before closing someone mentioned audibly
the word "tavern." Immediately the session was
agog! Judging from the attitude of our group
they would have spent the balance of the day dis-
cussing the subject if time had permitted. Every
one seemed to recognize that the tavern was here
as an illegitimate competitor in the field of rec-
reation. Since it is here to stay for an indefinite
period we are all interested in finding how it had
been combated in two communities. Detroit's
solution of this prc^blem offers a great deal of
hope in that there have been so-called "beerless"
taverns where no alcoholic drinks are served, but
in which the setting and the things that seem to
make taverns attractive to our young people were
still offered to them. Madison, Wisconsin, had
another solution which consisted in securing a
large dance hall with a splendid orchestra and
putting on dances on a very high plane under
proper chaperonage. Both of these antidotes seem
to oflfer at least two weapons in defense of this
problem which will confront almost any metro-
politan and even suburban and rural community.

SUMMARIES OF DISCUSSION GROUP MEETINGS

403

Cooperative Planning for Education-Recreation
Services — Local and National

By David H. Holbrook

Secretary, National Social Work Council
New York City

IN THIS MEETING, presided over by Lester Scott,
Secretary, Camp Fire Girls, Inc., there was a
spirited and at times somewiiat pessimistic dis-
cussion of this rather all-embracing concept. The
desirability of ends sought was tacitly assumed by
all who spoke, though the content, processes and
limits of planning as a function were not so clear
even as a point of departure for the discussion of
divergent opinions. The time was too short.

The opening statement of Thomas W. Lantz,
Superintendent of Recreation, Reading, Pennsyl-
vania, that he "had found it a joy to cooperate in
Reading" implied much that needed to be ampli-
fied by discussion. If his clear presentation of the
community's organization set-up, consisting of a
council of forty-seven social agencies in all fields
and a leisure-time division of seventeen agencies
with its girls' work, boys' work and interracial com-
mittees, could have been followed by many ques-
tions, it would have been brought out how general
and habitual is that community's practice in co-
operative planning, and some light would have
been shed on many of the difficulties and obstacles
mentioned by others. After a week's stay in Read-
ing last year, Mr. Eugene T. Lies of the National
Recreation Association reported to the National
Education-Recreation Council how "cooperation
had been made to hum" there during the ten year
stay of Charles Alspach, the Community Chest
executive, and more important still, how the
progress in the leisure-time field could be traced
back to some very 'informal and patient coopera-
tive planning by a small group of women as early
as 1900. The story of other communities would
show that cooperative planning takes time and is
most effective when it becomes habitual and de-
velops asa habit of mind among community lead-
ers, lay and professional. The organization pat-
terns and administrative arrangements may vary
greatly but the principal of growth will always be
present. Some round table at another Congress
might well consider and better define the nature
of this principle and its successful application by
getting the experience of still other cities that have
traveled the road.

Mr. Earl W. Brandenburg-, Associate General
Secretary, National Council of Y.M.C.A.'s, Chi-

cago, sounded this note when he observed, "It
would be tinfortunate if one of the questions sug-
gested for our discussion regarding the composi-
tion and place in the community for planning
machinery were thought of as implying that there
is any one way. It depends on the experience in
any one community." He also referred with ap-
proval to a paper read at the last National Con-
ference of Social Work which expressed a pref-
erence for the term "joint planning" rather than
"coordinated planning," Mr. Brandenburg believes
that most of us are afraid really to tackle cooper-
ative planning though we talk a lot about it, "We
don't have a clear idea as to what is essential."
He listed as the essentials for planning together
the following:

1. Dealing with a real need

2. Doing something about it

3. Accepting responsibility

4. Agreeing to be accountable for carrying out
the responsibility accepted.

An inference to be drawn from Mr. Branden-
burg's remarks might fairly be that rather than
discuss a possible type of standard machinery for
planning, he would rather consider the process
and not spend too long at that. This list of es-
sentials is in reality another suggested round table
topic. If we intend to understand better this way
of working together where agencies seem to be
the integral units more than individuals, we shall
have to review these very elementary and familiar
steps in their less familiar settings. Someone also
pointed out in the informal discussion that it is
largely a question of leadership, and that brings
us back to individuals after all. Mr. Lies would
give much more attention to this whole matter in
the training of all social workers.

Mr. Alfred H. Wyman, speaking as Secretary
of the Department of Neighborhood Service and
Recreation, Community Council, St. Louis, Mis-
souri, and out of his experience in several cities,
indicated some of the factors in the situation and
their inherent difficulties. He pointed out the need
for the following:

1. A clear cut plan in which the functions of
agencies are well defined. These must be recog-
nized by all groups with no one agency obscuring
the horizon

2. The bringing together of the group in the
face of no statement of underlying principles, no
common standards of employment, and a failure
to recognize neighborhood welfare in civic groups

404

SUMMARIES OF DISCUSSION GROUP MEETINGS

3. A public understanding that is constructive
and not negative

4. Adequate financing of the work with better
and more informing budget practice greatly needed

The fundamental question, he felt, is, "where
will responsibility be placed?" St. Louis has
taken ten years to persuade the park and school
boards to sit around the same table.

This issue of responsibility was deeply buried
in many of the questions raised though not specifi-
cally discussed. Whether it is better to organize
to do it yourself or put the emphasis on getting it
done by others needs to be better understood and
the experience carefully studied. Cooperative plan-
ning has such a strong tendency always to over-
institutionalize itself and so defeat its real pur-
pose. Yet who will see that something keeps hap-
pening? And what is that something?

Mr. Lantz's list of cooperative projects and
similar lists from other cities deserve careful
analysis as to their why, when, how and who, in
each particular instance. Mr. Lantz lists coopera-
tion with :

1. City Planning Commission (for suggesting
new sites for play areas and WPA improvements)

2. Reading Music Foundation (to secure funds
for free band concerts in city parks and play-
grounds and for music for weekly folk dance fes-
tivals)

3. Council of Civic Service Clubs (for promot-
ing children's camps and preservation of aban-
doned school sites for play areas)

4. Parent Playground Associations (for in-
creasing budget, beautifying and increasing play
areas, purchasing playground equipment, and giv-
ing publicity)

5. Private Organizations (Junior League, Izaak
Walton League, Chamber of Commerce Safety
Council, Council of Religious Federations, insti-
tutions and church centers

6. School Officials

7. City Officials

In pointing out difficulties, Mr. Brandenburg
noted a conflict between local planning and the in-
fluence of national organizations. He distinguish-
ed between "some nationals that promote pro-
grams and some that exist primarily to assist lo-
cals to meet community needs." -Mr. Ray Wyland
of the National Boy Scouts agreed that there was
a conflict but stated that after all an agency has
to carry out its own function before it can go
outside.

Someone asked, "How can a municipal depart-

ment cooperate without weakening its own pro-
gram?" "What program would you recommend
for a community that has no program?" Several
raised questions showing the uncertainties of com-
munity relationships with the federal and state
activities. The State of Connecticut was men-
tioned as having a cooperative program between
the CCC, the FERA and other governmental
activities.

Mr. Arthur Williams of the staff of the Na-
tional Recreation Association sounded a positive
note in his statement regarding the National
Education-Recreation Council, a body composed
of delegates from fifteen or more national organi-
zations which operates without budget, staff or
formal program. Necessity brought these organi-
zations together in 1933, and one problem after
another — such as the CCC project, some experi-
ments in cooperative field service and more re-
cently, the National Youth Administration — ^has
focused attention on finding ways for getting
something done rather than primarily on ques-
tions of jurisdiction, procedure, publicity, finance
or coordination.

Successful Experiments in Crime Prevention
Through Recreation

By E. Dana Caulkins

Superintendent of Recreation

Westchester County, New York

WALTER L. Stone, Director of the Council of
Social Agencies, Nashville, was chairman
of this meeting. As a result of the dis-
cussion there seemed to be general agreement
on the following points : It was recognized that
recreation is a powerful tool in preventing and
correcting juvenile delinquency. It was also em-
phasized that it is only one of the tools that are
needed in the community, and that it must be
used in cooperation 'with the activity of other
agencies, such as the schools, the courts, the
police organization, housing organizations, health
organizations, and family welfare and relief agen-
cies. Most of the discussion centered on means
of creating this condition of cooperation with
other agencies through some sort of coordinating
council. In most instances the larger cities have
found it desirable not only to have a central city
coordinating council, but to establish in those
areas where combined efforts are being concen-
trated in the prevention and correction of crime
conditions, district councils composed not only of

SUMMARIES OF DISCUSSION GROUP MEETINGS

405

the official professional representatives of various
agencies, but including also householders and resi-
dents of the district who are primarily interested
in this sort of cooperation.

The second point which was emphasized sev-
eral times and on which there seemed to be gen-
eral agreement was that recreation will be most
effective in the combating and prevention of juve-
nile crime with those potential criminals, if you
call them such, who are suffering from an un-
satisfied craving for attention. That was elabo-
rated by explaining that what we mean is young-
sters who are craving acceptance, recognition, af-
fection. This represents the largest single group
in any classification of potential or actual juvenile
delinquents. It was emphasized that the recrea-
tion program may not hope to have much of an
effect on the youngsters who fall into such classes
as the neurotic, for instance, or revenge seekers.

The third point was the recognition of what we
have heard many times : That is, the club organi-
zation offering a variety of activities is the most
eflfective in the direct attack upon juvenile delin-
quency, but that club organization must be com-
bined with effective contact with parents and
others influencing the lives of the children in
these clubs.

The fourth point, about which there was very
little discussion be-
cause there was very
little that could be re-
ported, was the need
for attention to or-
ganization of recrea-
' tional activities specifi-
cally aimed to meet
the needs of girls,
groups of girls who,
while in numbers in
which they appear in
court for delinquency
do not represent so
large a problem as do
the boys, do repre-
sent a considerable
problem in various
communties.

The suggestion was
made, in view of the
fact that quotations
were given from a
considerable number
of surveys and recent

HUilOiGIE'S
SOCIAl- CEIirEIW

publications, that the delegates of the convention
be urged to report to the secretary of the conven-
tion any recent publications on this subject of
combating juvenile delinquency that are known to
be available. Mention was made of "Crime,
Character and Education" by Sidney J. Beer who
has initiated a National Crime Prevention Coun-
cil, with headquarters at 740 South Broadway
Avenue, Los Angeles, California. Further infor-
mation regarding the Council may be secured
from Miss Mary Erma Wilson at this address.

Mr. Gerald J. Linares, Supervisor of Athletics
of the Recreation Commission, San Francisco,
told of what is known as the "Director at large"
plan which resulted from a survey of juvenile de-
linquency made at the request of the chief of
police of San Francisco. A city coordinating coun-
cil was formed of which the nucleus was the four
executives of the schools, the recreation commis-
sion, the juvenile court, and the police depart-
ment. It subsequently resulted in the establish-
ment of three district councils in areas where
juvenile delinquency throve and the assignment of
a director-at-large to devote all of his time to
each of these three districts, his job being not
primarily the organization of activities but the re-
cruiting of children into already organized activi-
ties in the area. Thirty cases were referred to the

director-at-large and
twenty-eight were,
within a few weeks,
successfully absorbed
in formal activities of
the agencies of the
district.

Milwaukee's Mayor be-
lieves that the city's low
crime rate is largely at-
tributable to the pre-
ventive work of the
playgrounds, social cen-
ters and similar agen-
cies. This year an elec-
tric sign blazing from
the top of the tower of
City Hall announced
the opening of the
social centers.

406

SUMMARIES OF DISCUSSION GROUP MEETINGS

Soft Bali Problems

By A. O. Anderson

Director, Health, Physical

Education and Recreation

Public Schools

Kansas City, Mo.

OVER a hundred men
and a few women
attended this meet-
ing, presided over by Mr.
C. E. Brewer, Chairman
of the National Rules
Committee and Commis-
sioner of Recreation in
Detroit.

The general tone of this
meeting was very fine; the spirit of cooperation
prevailed and it seemed that all groups represented
there were anxious to cooperate with the national
rules committee in getting out and maintaining a
national set of rules for the guidance of this in-
creasingly popular sport. I think a great deal of
credit is due to Mr. Brewer for battling along for
the national rules against many odds when various
organizations wanted to get out their own rules.
It looks as if the battle is being won and they will
all cooperate in this one set of national rules.

The first part of the meeting was devoted to
the interpretation of rules and that was presided
over by none other than Hubert Johnson. He is
the official interpreter and I suggest that those of
you who have questions in regard to soft ball
rules and interpretations get in touch with Mr.
Johnson. He is with the Recreation Department
of Detroit. Then we had a report from Mr. John
Paling, Secretary of the American Soft Ball As-
sociation. He gave a very splendid report, and
among other things indicated that his association
had influenced over some 63,000 soft ball teams in
America. He made some suggestion in regard to
the change of rules. We also had a report from
the National Soft Ball Association, represented
by Philip Rossier. He did not give the number of
teams under his jurisdiction but he did make this
point of difiference between the American Asso-
ciation and the National. The National Associa-
tion, he said, was catering more to the more highly
skilled soft ball teams — that is, to the highest class
of soft ball teams — while the American Associa-
tion was putting their emphasis upon the mass
participation in soft ball.

Next we came to the question of changes in the

As a further guide to Mil-
waukee's lighted school-
houses a poster on the
front of each street car
carried an invitation to
attend the centers.

rules. The general feel-
ing, of course, is that we
shouldn't have very many
changes in the rules, par-
ticularly at this time. I
believe that represents the
sentiment. Mr. Brewer
sent out a questionnaire
regarding the proposed changes and made a re-
port on that. There were 104 replies. I will give
you a few of the returns.

Regarding the question of changing the rule on
stealing of bases, it was 91 to keep the rule as it is
and only six to make a change, so you see that is
rather unanimous. There is considerable agitation
about the question of the length of the bases, and
67 were in favor of the 60-foot base. Then came
24 who favored the 40-foot base. After that it
ranged all the way. from 40 to 50 and 75 feet.

Regarding the pitching distance, there is some
agitation to change that. In this questionnaire 56
seemed to favor the present length of pitching
distance, 37' 8", but there were 20 out of this
group who favored the 40-foot pitching distance.
That is increasing it a little bit.

On the use of spikes Mr. Brewer received 71
no's. They wanted to retain the rule as it is.
Twenty-three wanted permission to use golf
spikes, and only nine requested that spikes be
used. The vote on the change of pitching rules
was 75 to zero for no change whatsoever.

This information' is from the questionnaire
alone. However, the meeting brought out some
differences of opinion with this questionnaire.
There seemed, for example, to be quite a good
deal of desire for changing the pitching distance
from 37' 8" to 40'. There also seemed to be a
feeling that there should be only one standard
diamond. In the rule book there are two, the 45
and the 60. There was a rather prevalent senti-
ment that it be made 60 feet.

The. question of penalizing illegal pitching came
in for considerable discussion because some pitch-
ers are having a big advantage there. When there

SUMMARIES OF DISCUSSION GROUP MEETINGS

407

is an illegal pitch there doesn't seem to be any
real penalty, and the question of penalizing such
pitching is being agitated.

Then came up the question of using spiked
shoes and some reported that shoes with a short
spike were generally being used. In other cities
they have agreed to use no spikes at all. How-
ever, there seems to be this argument in favor of
some form of a spiked shoe. In playing at night
and where there is grass and dew and dampness,
without some type of spike or cleat there is a good
deal of slipping and consequent injuries.

The question was raised regarding the composi-
tion of the official ball. When you go to buy a
baseball from any manufacturer most of them are
marked "official," and this label means nothing.
There is some agitation here that perhaps in addi-
tion to the measurement and weight of the ball
there should also be some statement as to what
goes into the make up of the official ball, I believe
a request is to be made of manufacturers that they
get together and specify the composition of the
official ball.

On the question of the use of these rules by
girls, some who expressed themselves felt that
girls could use these rules and possibly could even
use the increased pitching distance. I don't know
what the girls want to do. However, girls in in-
dustrial leagues and similar groups seem to be
using these national rules, and of course there
should be some get-together on that problem.

Keeping Leisure Free from Regimentation

By J. M. Artman
Editor, Character ,

DR. Charlks H. Judd of the University of
Chicago, chairman of this session, opened
the meeting by stating that spontaneity is
necessary in recreation. He suggested the group
might discuss in how far recreation is being rou-
tinized to destroy this spontaneity.

Mr. Charles English of Philadelphia the first
discussion leader, stated that formerly in nearly
all of our recreation we had our programs so fixed
that when we sent our leaders out they would
say, "Open at nine o'clock ; at 9 :o5 have flag rais-
ing; at ten do something else." We are moving
very far from that- at the present time and we are
developing very much more initiative. He brought
out a point that was very important. The child
simply will not respond to this routinizing, whether

you like it or not, and therefore we needn't be
too much afraid of enforced regimentation.

Another very interesting point was brought out
— that of the self-generating group. In Philadel-
phia they offered to provide leadership for any
small, self-organized group interested in a par-
ticular activity, either from within the group or
from outside. They discovered that this self-gen-
erated group lasted longer and had a more perma-
nent interest than any which the workers orgjm-
ized. Mr. English suggested that in the question
of regimentation or non-regimentation you do,
after all, have to organize certain things, and un-
less you organize you go "willy-nilly," so it may
be well to base activities on the philosophy, not
of regimentation, but of being on the job with
organization.

On the question as to the effect emergency pro-
grams are having, Mr. English gave the sugges-
tion that the leadership picked up as it is, and
brought together as it is, requires rather strong,
aggressive programizing on the part of the leader
at the head of it all, and here, perhaps, a benevol-
ent dictatorship was rather wise.

Mr. Max Hirsch of Cincinnati also took the
theme of regimentation over against freedom of
action and defined regimentation as the machine
type of action, the forcing of yourself or any in-
dividual to do the same thing all the time with-
out shift or change. He does not feel that we are
tending toward regimentation in this country. He
used as an illustration the various types of things
offered in the parks of Chicago. It is probable,
he believes, that the very versatility of action
which _ we are making possible is itself breaking
down any possibility of regimentation. He spoke
of community singing in a rather interesting way,
however, as being one of the regimentations that
we might take a look at. In Cincinnati they are
getting away from community singing.

Mr. J. J. Syme of Canada also spoke on regi-
mentation. He said that people like to work to-
gether and we ought to have such leadership as
will reveal to them how to work and live to-
gether without taking away initiative. He pointed
out that organization is not necessarily regimen-
tation.

Then we had a discussion from the floor which
brought out three or four very interesting obser-
vations. One was to the effect that when you or-
ganize around friendship groups you have a very
much finer and more lasting organization than
when you organize around interests. This was

408

SUMMARIES OF DISCUSSION GROUP MEETINGS

confirmed by another member. Mr. Locke, from
the Park District in Chicago, pointed out that
the individuals in a certain group he knew of
seemed to have no particular interests. The
leader, however, was interested in archery and
around that person there developed a very fine
group.

Then we had the story of an experiment in
■which the children were turned loose, rather in
cafeteria style, to find what they wanted to do.
Activities consisted almost entirely of athletics,
and music and other art interests dwindled to
practically no numbers at all. So there is need for
organization that gives a balanced diet. Dr. Judd
told us about a child sent to a progressive school
who said to the teacher, "Must we do what we
want to today?"

We closed the meeting by calling on our friend
Lorado Taft who, relative to the matter of mak-
ing choices without guidance, told us a story of
sending a group of children from New York
City out into the country and the leader said to
them, "Now here you are out in the great open
spaces. Just do what you want to do." They
played craps.

Nature Activities and Gardening As New
Areas of Life Enrichment

By William G. Vinal

Specialist in Nature Activities
National Recreation Association

WHOEVER assigned this topic had a sly way of
tucking this word "new" in, and evidently
had the "low-down" on recreation directors !
Dr. Ralph A. Van Meter of Massachusetts State,
the chairman, opened the meeting by saying that
in the town of Amherst, which has six thousand
population, they have seven nature outing clubs.
In spite of the fact that the
town has two well-known col-
leges with many scientists, the
scientists found great difficulty
in making their subject intel-
ligible to the rest of the people.
The first speaker was Mrs.
Fae Huttenlocher, Secretary
of the Junior Garden Clubs of
America, and associated with
the Home and Garden maga-
zine. She said that the Junior
Garden Club made a survey of
20,000,000 public school chil-

"The more of nature recreation with-
in us the less essential are worldly
goods. All one requires is a lake, a
forest, a mountain, or perhaps a sea
beach, a dune, and a meadow. Swim-
ming, hiking and outdoor cooking are
not expensive. . . . He who neglects
training in the inexpensive way may
be storing up for an expensive future.
Grow up with the simple life and
store up riches for future happiness.
It is a kind of insurance for the emer-
gencies of the future." — William G.
Vinal in the Cosmopolitan Maga-
zine, May 1935.

dren and found that only one-tenth were having
any contact at all, through the public schools, with
nature and gardening activities. The Garden Club
has given greater opportunity to these boys and
girls and has an enrollment of half a million. They
do not recommend saying that you have to have a
garden of certain dimensions, but they let the
group start where they are interested. For in-
stance, a group of women wanted a garden club
and the first thing they asked for was a lesson in
flower arrangement. Fortunately, the leader was
not a technician or a pedagogue, or the wrong
kind, anyway, and she started from the viewpoint
of the group. Children, she said, can tell auto-
mobiles by the radiator caps from long distances ;
they enjoy that game, and they might enjoy recog-
nizing trees from a long distance. She also said
that since women have taken to smoking cigar-
ettes forest fires have increased 50 per cent.
Nature fairs have been held with garden club
women for judges, and Republicans and Demo-
crats have come together in a worthy, peace-time
pursuit !

Dr. E. A. Prichard, Supervisor of Emergency
Conservation in the northwestern territory, told
us of teaching Indians how to camp. That only
goes to show how far we have degenerated in this
nature activity ! He referred to the antagonism'
for nature study which has been built up in the
schools, and he thinks that we have the school
technocrats to thank for that. He says that the
Indians have a fine way of teaching their children.
Nature is full of symbolism and Indians know it.
Possibly this is the way to successful leadership,
taking us out of ourselves.

Mr. L. H. Weir thinks that the conditions in
schools are typical of conditions everywhere. Two
years ago he made some interesting observations
in Germany. Here they have no defacing of pub-
lic -grounds and parks, and they
don't have to pick up banana
skins the next morning. In-
quiring how that came about,
he learned that two educa-
tional movements are factors
— home culture and nature
culture. They consider the
school as a club house and the
program is developed out of
experiences. In Germany prac-
tically every persons is an em-
bryonic naturalist with a pas-
sionate love for nature. They

SUMMARIES OF DISCUSSION GROUP MEETINGS

409

have great parks, formal gardens and school bo-
tanical gardens. In the school botanical gardens
there are two sections ; one of them takes in the
plants of the world — the North American section,
for instance — which has the flowers and shrubs
and trees that the child may read about. In charge
of this botanical garden is a director who is under
the auspices of the Board of Education. They
have children's zoos, and a section of the big zoo
devoted to children, resembles an old-fashioned
barnyard. In it they have lambs, a cow with a
calf, a goat with a kid, a sow with pigs, and they
have a miniature town in which they have houses
with guinea pigs. They also have a monkey pen
and all the equipment that you would have on a
modern playground. They have a stable of ponies,
a riding ring, and then they have a food supply
where a boy can get a bottle of milk with a nip-
ple and go out and feed the animals. There is also
a section for native wild animals.

The possibilities of a children's zoo have already
been considered by West Chicago. In Rhode
Island they have an insect zoo and 40,000 people
paid ten cents to see it last year.

I am reminded of the story of the boy from the
rookeries of Manhattan who was sent to Palisade
Park. He had no sooner gotten out of the bus
for his two weeks' vacation than he looked around
and said, "This is a hell of a place, with no street
to play in." If we look at some of our city play-
grounds we are impelled to feel that the people
who were responsible for the playgrounds in the
past must have thought in a similar fashion to the
boy from Manhattan. They must have said, "This
is a hell of a playground with all these trees in
the way," and that is the reason we have so many
baldhead playgrounds now throughout America.

The closing theme of the meeting was that we
need trained leadership ; that recreation directors
are willing to put on this activity if they can only
find the leaders.

Recreation in Connection with Industrial Plants

By J. E. Wafers

Director of Personnel
Purdue Unmcr'sity

THE DISCUSSION of recreation and industry was
led by Mr. Walter W. Wood, Recreation
Director, Owen-Illinois Glass Company. It
was rather exciting at times, and during the dis-
cussion something was brought out about the

choice of diflferent activities for employees to par-
ticipate in, and I thought of a story about Lloyd
George when he was a young boy. His father
wanted to know what he should do with him, or
what he should take as his life work, so he de-
cided upon a scheme of putting in the room with
the boy some paint, a nickel, a Bible, and an apple.
He decided to go out of the room and when he
came back if the boy were painting, he would be
an artist; if he were reading the Bible, he would
be a minister; if eating the apple, an agriculturist;
and, if playing with the nickel or putting it into
his pocket, he would be a financier. He did this,
aftd when he came back, lo and behold ! young
Lloyd George was sitting on the Bible, eating the
apple, and painting the nickel ! So he decided that
his son would be a statesman.

And so it is, in the choice of recreational ac-
tivities for employees ; they are all statesmen in
recreational activities. But in this discussion there
were two phases of it: One, cooperation within
industry itself among the different departments
and diflferent plants, and the other, cooperation
between industrial concerns and municipal or
state recreation commissions. Those two types
were brought out rather distinctly, with the fun-
damental assumption something like this ; that
within the company the company wants the em-
ployee to be more efficient when he comes to
work in the morning than he was when he left
the plant the night before. Speaking even from a
"profit" viewpoint, I think that is an excellent
goal to obtain — that all employees shall be more
efficient when they come to work than when they
left it the day before. Next was pure amuse-
ment for the employee, giving him some recrea-
tive activity so that he can amuse himself and
enjoy himself more than if he did not have that
activity; and, thirdly, the broad increase of hap-
piness in the industrial world.

I think that with those three assumptions we
can consider a few of the diflferent company ac-
tivities as well as the inter-company activities.
One point was brought out by Mr. Conner of the
Goodyear Company. They maintain a two mil-
lion dollar recreation building and have some
eighteen diflferent types of activity which they
carry on. I thought his goal particularly helpful in
that he said he believed in two things — the actual
participation of every employee, and achievement
in the particular activity in which he is inter-
ested. He also emphasized that in an industrial

410

SUMMARIES OF DISCUSSION GROUP MEETINGS

concern you could not spoon-feed employees. You
have to start with what they are interested in and
then develop the activity from that interest. That
seemed to me to be a whole-hearted attitude on the
part of the company. He gave as an example the
fact that 2,100 of his employees had taken out
fishing licenses and started a fishing club. Dur-
ing the winter they practised bait casting and
trolling of flies and the 2,100 increased as time
went on. That gives you an example of the
plant activity.

The example of inter-plan cooperation, or rather
of a number of plants cooperating, was given
by Mr. Petrill of the Industrial Mutual Associa-
tion, Flint, Michigan. Ten companies, Buick,
Chevrolet and eight others cooperated in their
activities from a recreation viewpoint. They
divided their activities into four diflferent classes :
first, amusement; second, social; third, cultural,
and, fourth, athletic. They emphasized the need
of a well-rounded and broad program, not just
the athletic program as maintained in some com-
panies. In the Industrial Mutual Association in
Flint they have participating each week in some
recreational activity over 15,000 employees of the
ten different companies. That was to me a rather
staggering number.

That gives you some idea of what is being done
between industrial concerns. Something was
brought out about the workers connected with the
Industrial Mutual Association. They have six
full-time workers and 250 volunteer recreation
workers among the employees themselves. That
seemed to hit upon a trend in industrial concerns
of having the employees actively manage and run
their own recreational activities.

Then another phase of the program was the co-
operation between the industrial concerns and the
communities. A number of examples were brought
out. One in which a company financed the com-
munity recreation program, such as at Midland,
Michigan, was brought out by Mr. Shipps of the
Dow Chemical Company. A number of programs
were mentioned, defining what the city recreation
commission or the director could do in the matter
of cooperation among companies. The programs
that were described were those of Cincinnati,
Greensboro, North Carolina, Oakland and Detroit.

There seemed to be a little battle for a few
minutes about whether the city recreation director
had a broader outlook than the industrial recrea-
tion director. We had a few spats back and forth
but I think it brought out the fact that possibly

both should have their ideals more fully estab-
lished, that their objectives should be more fully
defined. In the end it was brought out that recre-
ational activity in industrial concerns had increased
even in spite of the depression and mention was
made of the National Recreation Association In-
dustrial Bulletin No. 9 which showed that there
was at least a twelve percent increase in indus-
trial recreation activities since 1929. That seemed
to emphasize the fact that industrial recreation is
on the increase, even in spite of the depression,
and if you can show me a business that thrived
during the depression, I can show you a business
that has a lasting appeal to the people by whom it
is being carried on.

It was concluded that if industrial recreation is
going to increase we must have wise leadership
such as is given by the National Recreation As-
sociation.

What Is a Sound Arts and Crafts Program

for a Recreation Department

By Frank A. Staples

Director, League of Arts and Crafts
Concord, Neiv Hampshire

THERE WERE some things outstanding in the
arts and crafts discussion group which point-
ed very directly to a tremendous increase in
the interest in the arts, a tremendous growth, a
tremendous spread, which means, whether you like
ir or not, you are going to have to think about the
arts and crafts in your own programs and your
own cities. You are going to have to do something
about it, and the question is, are you going to think
it through so that you will give something that will
be worth while to the individuals participating, or
are you going to just let it pass and do a poor job.
It is going to hit yoi\ and you have got to take it
and struggle with it, and I hope that you will
struggle and win. You will, if you think about it.
One of the most important factors in that
meeting seemed to me the general and almost 100
per cent feeling that we have got to have stand-
ards in arts and crafts. Too long have we been
aimlessly shifting about; too long have we used
it as a fill-in with no objectives, no standards,
consequently not getting anywhere. That isn't ,
universal because there are places where very fine I
programs have been established. But the feeling of
the meeting was that we have got to think of it in
terms of standards ; we have got to think of it in

SUMMARIES OF DISCUSSION GROUP MEETINGS

411

terms of the development of a sequence of prob-
lems and programs which will be of worthwhile
use to these individuals.

This means that we have to think of the prin-
ciples underlying arts and crafts, not with the
purpose of making craftsmen out of these peo-
ple, but to give them a background, a funda-
mental feeling of what should be done to fit this
program into their lives that they may be better
citizens and get more out of life. We have missed
that point quite a bit.

The general impression was that we have too
many crafts teachers who are untrained. That
means that we have got to think about that prob-
lem and see that we get some sort of adequate
training for the individuals who have to handle
this crafts problem — a very vital thing, and, of
course, the backbone of the
whole structure if we wish to
succeed.

The idea of pleasure, of
self-expression alone, was
brought out, and the question
whether that is enough. The
consensus was that it isn't
enough. Some people might
express themselves but express
themselves very badly; they
need to be directed, to be
guided, so that whatever that
expression is there will be
something sound and worth
while in it. So self-expression,
or free expression, unless guided indirectly, seems
to be, judging from the discussion a thing not to
do. Let us have our self-expression and yet see
that it is controlled and that there are some ob-
jectives and some ideas behind it. If you have a
program built around certain fundamental prin-
ciples that will come.

There was discussion also in regard to the
seeming need for the separation of this activity
for men and women, because men and woinen
were interested in diflferent things in the handi-
craft program. The people in our meeting thought
that as far as possible there should be no division.
If there are men and women and boys and girls
interested in the same type of craft, let them
work together because of their common interest.
There was one very interesting example given of
a community that had developed a program so
that whole families, the mother, the father, aqd
the children were brought into close working re-

"In the new centers for leisure-
time activities, people turn to
the manual arts now with a kind
of hunger. Balked in their ef-
fort to improve their environ-
ment through buying things,
their hands itch to make some-
thing, to grasp what they want
in life with hands of skill. For
men, especially, the various
crafts bring a great release."
— Marjotie Batstow Greenbie
in The Arts of Leisure.

lationship in a crafts program. In this case it
happened to be the making of Christmas gifts and
other gifts for a certain very definite need.

There was too much time taken on one par-
ticular subject, but it was evident that because of
all that time and interest it is worth mentioning.
That was the selling of handicraft. The group
voted lOO per cent that there should be selling of
handicraft if it fitted in with the program and
there was a reason — to help economic or family
conditions. One point, however, that was brought
out, was vital, and that was that unless you know
what you are doing there is great danger of your
recreation program becoming a commercialized
program. If you know how to handle the situa-
tion the development of sales can go on and can
fit very definitely into the needs of the recreation
program, because there is no
doubt that we have to consider
all sides of life and the bread-
and-butter side is one of them.
Supplementing incomes is very
necessary in some cases. How-
ever, instead of starting by
thinking of making things to
sell, why not start with the
point of view of rehabilitat-
ing the home? Make things
for the home, and then if those
individuals have developed
skill and want to carry this on
as a side issue to supplement
their incomes, that is per-
fectly all right; but let's not forget the danger of
commercialism and lose our point of view of real
recreation in regard to the arts and crafts be-
cause there is great temptation for the American
people to wish to make all the money they can.

Standards of Training and Experience in
Community Recreation Work

By Floyd Rowe

Dv'ector, Department of Physical Welfare
Board of Education, Cleveland, Ohio

HEARING Number i of the Committee on
Training and Experience in Community
Recreation Work was presided over by Tam
Deering, Superintendent of Recreation in Cin-
cinnati.

Mrs. Minnette Brodke Spector of Los Angeles,
representing George Hjelte, chairman of the

412

SUMMARIES OF DISCUSSION GROUP MEETINGS

original committee, expressed
the thought, in referring to the
report drawn up a number of
years ago, that while no docu-
ment five years old dealing
with standards of training, de-
finitions of positions and with
questions of salary would be
found to meet present-day sit-
uations, revision at this time
could only mean revision
downward. Such a revision,
in Mr. Hjelte's opinion, would not be for the best
interests of recreation or of people interested in
recreation. He therefore counselled going slowly.

The question was raised as to whether or not
there should be a recognition of the emergency
situation in terms of a definition of positions of
workers assigned to recreation under some of the
governmental agencies. Taking up the question of
terminology, agreement seemed fairly unanimous
that the terms "superintendent," "supervisor,"
"director" and "assistant director" were adequate
and fairly satisfactory. The next term, "play
leader," however, proved to be the end of this
unanimity, one recreation executive describing the
term as "sappy." After considerable exchange of
ideas from the floor, it became apparent that the
meeting was slowly bogged down over a matter
of minutia, as Tam Deering described it. He sum-
marized the situation by saying that our concep-
tion had enlarged over the past five years and
some changes in terminology were therefore
indicated.

During the course of the discussion a number
of representatives of educational institutions in-
terested in teacher training of physical education
majors indicated a desire for light regarding the
matter of curriculum additions which would bet-
ter equip physical educators to discharge the
duties of recreation leaders. Unfortunately time
was not available for an adequate discussion of
this topic.

V. K. Brown of the Chicago Park District ex-
panded the theory of smattering knowledge ver-
sus intensive skill and specialization on the part
of play leaders, saying that conditions have chang-
ed much more rapidly than has personnel. Charles
B. Cranford of New York University pointed out
that Mr. Brown spoke from the viewpoint of a
large city and asked for an application of the
highly specialised staff to the small community.

At this point John Fox, Jr. of Millburn, New

"Leadership which will bring creative
self-release for the followers is a pro-
found need for our day — and in the
public service peculiarly. But to cre-
ate this leadership, we shall have to
train our executives to see this role
in a fresh light. Moreover, we shall
have to modify the present structure
of organizations to nnake them more
truly democratic instruments." — Ord-
way Tead in Public Management,
September 1935.

Jersey, asked the rude if point-
ed question: "What kind of
an animal is a recreation lead-
er anyway ?" and inquired fur-
ther whether qualified workers
were being sufficiently encour-
aged to continue in the field.
K. Mark Cowen of Roanoke,
\^irginia, voiced a little of the
futility of proper training with
the positions in the recreation
field so difficult to secure. He
very definitely raised the question as to the place
in the community of the recreation workers.
Others at the meeting raised questions such as
"Why is additional training given when many
who have been trained are without acceptable as-
signment at this time?" Time did not permit of
further discussion of this topic.

Dorothy Enderis concluded the meeting with a
bit of honest philosophy growing out of the
wealth of her rich experience. She said : "Train-
ing and growth in service are desirable. Those
now in executive positions hold in their hands the
fate of thd future of the recreation movement by
the selection of those entering the servic at this
time."

How Can Adequate Standards for Recreation
Personnel Be Secured and Maintained?

By Tam Deering

Director of Recreation

Cincinnati, Ohio

JUST BEFORE our Congress this year there was
appointed a committee on Training and Ex-
perience in Community Recreation Work.
This committee was asked to take the bulletin is-
sued in 1930 by the committee previously ap-
pointed and to hear testimony from this group
here today, all those at the Congress and those
throughout the country, in an effort to determine
whether or not a new bulletin should be issued.
I hope that you will take seriously the invitation
of the National Recreation Association in asking
you to be cooperators in any changes that may be
made. The work of the committee, as I under-
stand it, will go on during the coming year.

At our discussion, which represented the sec-
ond hearing of the committee, the first speaker
was G. Lyle Relsley, the director of the Civil
Service Assembly of the United States and Can-
ada. He made the point that government is grow-
ing complex ; it is taking over functions requiring
a high degree of professional training for per-
formance of the staff; that recreation is increas-

SUMMARIES OF DISCUSSION GROUP MEETINGS

413

ingly recognized as a governmental function re-
quiring the employment of skilled field workers,
and that the objective is to obtain a better per-
sonnel and to continue this personnel in office if
it proves efiicient and displays a capacity for im-
provement, regardless of the change in political
parties in control. Formal selection of some sort
is necessary. Properly organized Civil Service
offers the best solution to date for selection, re-
tention and promotion of the best qualified
personnel.

C. E. Brewer, Commissioner of Recreation in
Detroit, listed some of the advantages of Civil
Service :

The method of induction is an advantage. The
department head is privileged to sit in during the
examination and that makes the arrangement as
good as though the department head himself con-
ducted the examination.

The comparatively high age and educational
qualifications required eliminate many applicants
whose sole qualifications seem to be, "I am deeply
interested in children" or "I need a job."

Again, Civil Service eliminates outside pressure
from political sources and "friends" who are per-
haps almost as omnipresent. (The department
head need only say, "You must apply to the Civil
Service and pass the examination.") It protects
the employee doing good work ; gives him a sense
of security which is desirable for doing good
work, and protects from the spoils system. The
Civil Service employee is free from the curse of
making contributions to any source, enforced con-
tributions, either political or otherwise, to hold his
job. An employee may be discharged for making
or taking up a political collection, or for cam-
paigning or otherwise aiding in political cam-
paigns.

The Civil Service employee feels that he has a
better chance of being promoted on his own abil^
ity ; he has the right to appeal to the Civil Service
Commissioner if he feels unjustly treated.

Mr. Brewer also listed certain disadvantages,
among them the following : The separation of the
employees is often very difficult, particularly if
the members of the commission feel that their
primary function is to protect the employee
against the department head. Civil Service rules
that all applicants must be residents for one year
prevent the department from securing the serv-
ices of efficient people outside the city. The only
time Civil Service will waive residence rule is
when the department head can convince them that

the talent cannot be secured from within the city.
That is sometimes difficult, especially in a period
of depression. The lull of security which the
Civil Service employee has sometimes results in
stagnation or dry rot of the employee, although
if this happens the division or department head
may be to blame. Refusal of Civil Service to sus-
tain the department head in cases of dismissal
makes it difficult to maintain discipline. The de-
partment head should be sustained unless it can
be proven that the employee was dismissed for
political, religious, or for reasons other than the
good of the service.

Mr. Brewer concluded that in spite of the dis-
advantages, efficient personnel can be secured
through Civil Service if the recreation executive
is willing to cooperate with the Civil Service Com-
mission and keep in close touch with them.

The next speaker was Thomas W. Lantz, Su-
perintendent of Recreation at Reading, Pennsyl-
vania, who explained the operation of their sys-
tem, which essential may be stated as being an
arrangement whereby the superintendent conducts
the examination rather than any other part of the
civil government, the additional feature being the
ability to release unsatisfactory workers without
the formality of a Civil Service hearing. How-
ever, Mr. Lantz described one~situation where he
said a single slip would have destroyed the whole
personnel structure, which raised some question
as to the permanence of the arrangement and as
to whether or not sufficient time could be given
the commissioner or director to develop the per-
sonnel technique, and so on.

F. S. Mathewson, Superintendent of Recrea-
tion, Union County Park Commission, Elizabeth,
New Jersey, made a strong plea for certification
differing from Civil Service in that it became a
state rather than a local function. It was pointed
out that the state now exercised the function of
granting certification to many groups, including
doctors, lawyers, and even barber and beauty par-
lor operators. Why not dignify the profession of
recreation director by state certification?

There was considerable discussion, and the
opinion was very strongly along the following
lines: that if "free trade" of Civil Service per-
sonnel between cities could be established; if the
present Civil Service standards could be raised
and the feature of the Reading system of the right
of dismissal of an unsatisfactory worker could be
included, then all would agree that the situation
would be greatly improved.

414

SUMMARIES OF DISCUSSION GROUP MEETINGS

What Have the Emergency Agencies Contributed
to the Progress of the Recreation Movement?

By Alfred K. Stern

Chairman
Illinois State Housing Board

THE CHAIRMAN of this scssion was Lee Han-
mer, Director of the recreation department,
Russell Sage Foundation. He outlined the
presentation by dividing the subject into three
parts : One, facilities ; two, their operation ; and,
three, the consolidating of gains already made and
looking forward to the future.

James Mulholland, Director of Recreation, De-
partment of Parks, New York, was the first
speaker. He described the very expansive con-
solidated park project in the City of New York
under the direction of Robert Moses, a tremend-
ous undertaking which they have carried on there
for a short period of time with the help of relief
funds and local funds. He mentioned the exten-
sive facilities that have been provided— 8 1 new
playgrounds in the last year and a half ; 120 plan-
ned for the coming year. Nine swimming pools
have been constructed in the City of New York
and two new golf courses for public use. He told
about the use of park areas for active rather than
passive recreation. There are nineteen play areas
for small children in Central Park, on the peri-
phery of the park. He described what they pre-
fer to call social dancing that goes on in the park.
At one of these affairs they had 4,000 people
participating. They have dramatics and festivals
which give that active rather than passive recrea-
tion benefit. He described the day camps in the
outlying sections of the city where the children
are taken free by the utility transportation in the
hours when there is a low ebb of paid customers.
He told of the kindergartens that are conducted
in the field houses. Those of you who were in
New: York City last year will appreciate what at-
tractive buildings have been put up there by work
relief labor under the supervision of this park
system. In these buildings they have places for
mothers to leave their children where they will be
given adequate care and recreation during the
period of the day when they are busy at work on
other pursuits.

Mr. Mulholland said that the public of the City
of New York is solidly behind this enlarged rec-
reation program. They plan to go forward. They
see no reason why there should be any let-up in

the financing of this from an operating point of;
view from the local public fund, I take it. At
least I hope so.

Uarda F. Newsom told of her work in Kansas
where she is Superintendent of the Leisure Time
Activities of the Kansas Emergency Relief Com-
mittee. It was a most remarkable story of the re-
sourcefulness and ingenuity of people in the face
of what would seem to be insurmountable handi-
caps. She described the arid, drought-ridden,
wind-blown Kansas stretches without trees, with-
out water, but with a lot of folks, native and for-
eign-born, who are attempting to work out a live-
lihood under tremendous handicaps. There was
an almost complete lack of facilities. The wood
supply was very scarce, and wood, as you all ap-
preciate, is important in handicraft work. They
had to make their own game materials and sport-
ing things. They used all kinds of scraps and
waste materials, substituting for wood mica from
the ground there.

They waited for a local response. Of course,
that had been cultivated, but they didn't go into
a community and superimpose something on them,
and as Miss Newsom said, they begged, borrowed,
or stole, if necessary. The horse and buggy days
have been described as what we might go back
to ; they are at the horse and buggy days as far as
recreation in concerned in Kansas. I am convinced
from what Miss Newsom told us that they have
made a tremendous jump forward. They have 73
playgrounds that have been developed in the state ;
1500 workers have been functioning in 400 com-
munities. A thousand of these workers, since the
work relief has been cut off, have continued to
function without pay, which indicates the kind of
spirit and interest they have.

The whole program expresses great possibili-
ties for a recreation program without nearly what
they have in New York City in the way of financ-
ing, organized set-up, and that, in some respects,
is a very wholesome expression both on the part
of the workers and on the_ part of those who are
participating — not to depreciate what they are do-
ing in New York. They are helping people to dis-
cover themselves.

Josephine Randall, Superintendent of the Rec-
reation Commission of San Francisco, summariz-
ed some of the things that they have done which
are very admirable. They have constructed facili-
ties and moved along recreation for a generation,
just during these past several years. Miss Randall
feels that the present status of recreation has

SUMMARIES OF DISCUSSION GROUP MEETINGS

415

made possible studies and understanding of prob-
lems that we have not had before.

In summarizing, here are a few of the contri-
butions of emergency agencies to the recreation
; movement :

1. More playgrounds, play fields, field houses,
swimming and wading pools, bathing beaches.
parks, picnic

and camping
grounds, than
we would have
secured in a
generation or
more under
normal condi-
tions.

2. Greatly in-
creased person-
nel in the ad-
ministration of
recreational ac-
tivities.

3. Extensive
training and
practical ex-
iperience for
many people
who will be in
position to help
carry on the en-
larged facilities
and programs,
either as paid
or volunteer
workers.

4. A nation
made more rec-
creation-cons-
cious as a back-
ground for
larger partici-
pation in satis-
fying free-time
activities and

provision for their support as necessary public
and private services.

5. The development of ingenious and practical
plans for carrying on activities with limited re-
sources.

6. The development of practical plans for rec-
reation programs in rural areas, and their accept-
ance by country people unaccustomed to organ-
ized recreation.

One of the recent projec+s in San Francisco is typical of the many
contributions made by relief agencies to physical facilities in the
recreation field. An old miniature golf course was turned over to
the Recreation Commission. Through the use of relief labor this
has been made into an attractive play area. The section shown in
the photograph is being equipped with horseshoe pitching courts.
The beautiful stone wall which appears in the second picture was
made from old material found on the golf course. The workers
took great pride in the transformation effected.

7. The necessity of facing the problem of fi-
nancing greatly enlarged recreation programs and
the maintenance and operation of extensive facil-
ities. (This situation is being helped by special
publicity concerning recreation opportunities and
needs, made possible by the use of writers, artists
and publicity experts whose services have been

made available
by the emergen-
cy agencies.)

8. The beau-
tification of our
play areas, pub-
lic grounds and
other common
possessions.

9. The devel-
opment of bet-
ter roads and
other means of
making the rec-
reation areas
more easily ac-
cessible.

10. The closer
integration of
recreation and
education to
the end that
education may
have a larger
part in training
for the whole-
s o m e use of
free time, and
that recreation
programs may
include a wider
range of cul-
tural values.

11. The es-
tablishment of
continuing gov-
ernmental agen-
cies that will be concerned with recreation in its
broader aspect ; such as :

a. The C.C.C. Camps.

b. The National Youth Administration.

c. The Committee on Youth problems of the
U. S. Office of Education.

d. The commission recently organized by the
American Council of Education for a five

416

SUMMARIES OF DISCUSSION GROUP MEETINGS

year study of youth problems, financed by a
foundation grant of $800,000.
e. Provision in the Federal Housing Program
for the consideration of plans for community
recreation activities.

Clubs for Girls and Women

LEA D. Taylor of the Chicago Commons pre-
sided over this meeting which considered
various types of clubs and their activities.
Mrs. Minnette B. Spector, Supervisor, Depart-
ment of Playground and Recreation, Los An-
geles, cited the many opportunities the pres-
sent-day girl has for membership in clubs pro-
moted by schools, playgrounds, recreational-
educational organizations and church groups
and spoke of their values. Confronted with the
need for a club which girls could join at little
or no expense but which would provide the
opportunity for self-expression, for acquiring
skills, for social intercourse and all-round de-
velopment ofifered by some of the National
organizations, the Los Angeles Department of
Playground and Recreation in 1929 initiated
the Lamp Club (the name being formed from
the initial letters of Los Angeles municipal
playgrounds). These clubs, intended for girls
over ten years of age, are organized by the
individual playground director in charge of
girls' and women's activities, and weekly meet-
ings are conducted by the officers elected from
the club membership. The merit system of
achievement is used in awarding honors and
ranks are divided into three groups: Key
holder, Lamplighter, and Lamp bearer. The
activities of the club program include health,
home-making, cooking, hostess duties, handi-
crafts, nature crafts, sewing, literature, citi-
zenship, first aid, musical activities, dramatics,
dancing, gardening, and volunteer leadership.
Under each activity project is a list of require-
ments in the manual with a complete biblio-
graphy for helpful procedure. Camping is one
of the activities, and each summer one of the
girls' camps maintained by the
department is given over to
Lamp Club outings for one or
two weeks. The total cost of
the outing is $3.00 per week
per girl.

The, results of the club pro-
gram measured in terms of

No formal summary of fhe meeting
on Clubs for Girls and Women was
presented, but so many requests
have been received for a resume
of the papers and discussions that
we are publishing this brief re-
port of some of the facts given.

physical, mental, social and spiritual growth to
individual members have more than justified -
the club venture.

Efforts in behalf of girls reach their highest u
peak, however, when there is a unified city- I
wide council interested in girls' welfare. Los 1
Angeles has such a council composed of rep- ^
resentatives from thirty-nine recreational-edu-
cational agencies, P. T. A.'s, libraries, settle-
ments, women's clubs and similar groups. The
council serves as a clearing house for all girls'
groups. It has made studies of activities for
girls and has disseminated information of in-
terest to all. One of the outstanding achieve-
ments has been a yearly conference on Twen-
tieth Century Girlhood designed to help create
a better understanding of the modern girl. It
also conducts an annual leadership training
course with a purpose of inspiring young wo-
men to train for leadership; to give leaders a
practical knowledge of program materials, and
to enrich the qualities of leadership. Lectures
and demonstrations make up these courses.

In Milwaukee, Margaret Sykes of the Ex-
tension Department of the Public Schools
pointed out, they have clubs which grow in-
formally from a group asking for a place to
meet, a leader and equipment. They also have
the more formal type in which a program is set
up and girls are invited to participate. The
former type is more common to settlements
than public agencies, though it has been suc-
cessfully developed in Milwaukee.

Said Mabel Madden, Supervisor, Community
Activities, Cincinnati Public Recreation Com-
mission : "Whether your club is organized by
going to some street corner where girls are
loafing and coaxing them into joining basket-
ball games in a community center or whether
it is the kind which has hand picked member-
ship of girls who come asking for facilities, a
club is an organization with great possibilities
for good. No matter what the purpose of the
club is, the girls are coming together because
of some need in their lives, real
or imagined. Leaders must find
these needs, diagnose them and
try to meet them." For younger
girls Cincinnati has a program
of girls' week, hobby shows,
games and general interest, with
(Continued on page 425)

When Christmas Comes

L\ST WINTER all over the country thousands of
people made their Christmas gifts in classes
provided by recreation departments and simi-
lar groups.

Christmas Toy Shops

"Christmas in five weeks !" was the warning
issued in Santa Barbara, California. "Make your
gifts and put something of yourself into them.
You can learn before Christmas to block or line
print your own cards ; to make a charming bag of
embroidery; to design smart, colorful dress acces-
sories ; to model Mexican pottery ; to enlarge a
' family group or snap shot ; to knit a scarf or
sweater or suit."

There were no expenses connected with the
classes except for materials.

In Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the Extension De-
partment of the Public Schools from November
5th to December 14th provided Santa Claus work-
shops at the social centers. A mimeographed sheet
was issued giving

the schedule of clas-
ses and extending an At the Christmas shops in the Chicago park centers there
invitation to attend. '"^''^ classes in clay modeling, silk dyeing, toy and doll
making, honeycomb weaving, rug making and leather tooling

"Santa Claus workshops," read the invitation,
"offer you help in filling the Christmas stockings
of your children with attractive, inexpensive toys
made from scrap material at little or no cost !

"The Milwaukee Public Schools' Extension De-
partment invites parents and older sisters and
brothers to Social Center Toy Workshops to make,
toys and games. Patterns and directions for mak-
ing the same will be available.

"Bring pasteboard boxes, crayons, pencil, scis-
sors, scraps of muslin or cotton cloth and pieces
of old knit underwear with you and the Toy
Maker will help you transform them into wonder-
ful toys."

F'rom a bulletin issued by the National Federa-
tion of Settlements comes a note regarding a
Christmas workshop held 'in a settlement. Long
work tables and chairs were set up in a large
room. At one end were two supply tables and
above these on the wall was a large chart contain-
ing the names of the articles that could be made,

materials necessary,
and the cost of the
finished articles.
Samples of com-

Courtesy Chicago Park District

417

418

WHEN CHRISTMAS COMES

pleted articles were display-
ed around the room. There
were leaders at each table to
help the girls.

And everywhere there
were shops for recondition-
ing old toys collected through
schools and other sources to
be given children whose par-
ents had little money to spend
on toys. These toys were
made as good as new by
eager volunteers — some of
them in homes for the aged, some of them fire-
men who gave freely of their leisure time. Other
volunteers were men living in transient shelters
who found joy in working for the children.

A Christmas Decoration Contest

A Christmas decoration contest has for years
been a feature of the celebration in Jacksonville,
Florida. Under the auspices of the Recreation
Department, the city each year is ablaze with lights.

The 1934 contest was open to any resident,
hotel, building, filling station, school or other in-
stitution in the city. The classes of participants
and the conditions under which they took part in
the contest were as follows :

Living Trees. Under 10 feet in height on resi-
dential property. Must have at least seven lights.
Six zones.

Living Trees. Over 10 feet in height on residen-
tial property. Must have at least fourteen lights.
Six zones.

Artificial Trees. (Outdoors.) Any height on resi-
dential property. Must have at least seven lights.
Six zones.

Homes Proper. This includes flood lighting,
lights in windows, trees in windows, outside fes-
toons, etc. Must have at least seven lights. Six
zones.

Much might be written about the Christ-
mas celebrations which were held last
year — of municipal Christmas trees
about which entire communities gather-
ed to sing well-loved carols; of elaborate
pageants given with beauty and dignity,
and of simple but effective festivals
making the spirit of Christmas a living,
vital thing. We are presenting a brief
descriptidti of Philadelphia's Christmas
Carol Festival in the hope that it will
prove suggestive to communities plan-
ning their 1935 celebrations.

Courtesy Berkeley, California, Recreation Department

Filling Stations and Pig
Stands. Decorations must in-
clude at least seven lights and
be outside of building.

Hotels and Buildings. Deco-
rations must be outside. At
least fourteen lights must be
included in scheme of deco-
ration.

Schools (or P.T.A.'s). Deco-
rations may be in windows
or a lighted tree on grounds.
Minimum of seven lights.
Small Stores (Windows and Exteriors). Con-
sisting of one room or floor. Minimum of seven
lights.

Large Stores (Windows and Exteriors). Con-
sisting of more than one room or floor. Minimum
of fourteen lights.

Letter Writing Contest. "Why Jacksonville
Should Decorate for Christmas." 200 word limit.
Must be in by December 15, 1934.

a. Junior high school students

b. Senior high school students

c. Adults

The contest is open to any resident, hotel build-
ing, filling station, school or other institution in
Jacksonville.

Entry blank must state plainly the classification
entered. If one person enters two exhibits, two
blanks must be filed. Send blanks to Department
of Public Recreation, 18 East Duval Street.

Each display must contain at least seven lights.
Other decorative material such as tinsel, reflect-
ors, streamers, wreaths, etc., may be used.

Trees decorated by school groups (P.T.A., stu-
dents, teachers or dads' club) will be judged in
one class regardless of size.

The use of material or men supplied by a de-
partment of the city is forbidden.

Philadelphia's Christmas Carol Festival

At Christmas time last year Philadelphia en-

This drawing was
used on the pro-
gram of the Berke-
ley Christmas
pageant in 1934.
It was made by
Ferdinand Kebe-
ly who was gen-
eral director of
the pageant given

WHEN CHRISTMAS COMES

419

joyed its second annual Christmas carol festival
sponsored by the Playground and Recreation As-
sociation with the cooperation of the Settlement
Music School.

The festival was characterized by one feature
particularly colorful and unique. This was the
pantomime of the carol, The Bagpipers, long used
in the Abruzzi Mountains by the shepherds of
that region, who march down in the early dawn
of Christmas with a piper and flutist, playing and
singing in the village streets, gathering crowds as
they go, until at midnight they congregate around
a mountain shrine and join in a program of many
songs and dances expressive of the joyous spirit
of the Yuletide.

The cast for the pantomime was selected from
Dixon House, a branch of University Settlement,
and practically all of the participants were de-
scendants of natives of that part of Italy, with a
piper and flutist who had often played in the fes-
tival as given there.

The stage setting was arranged with a back
drop of the mountains, the customary cairn shrine
with piles of boulders encircling it, and with an
end of a road coming from the nearby village.
The costumes were all authentic, varied and color-
ful, with just enough play of lights to add to their
effectiveness and inspire a mood of festivity with
reverence.

The curtain parted on the scene at early dawn,
with a faint rose light glimmering over the moun-
tain peaks and three children waiting to hear the
first sound of the bagpipe and flute. Suddenly it
comes, far off. The boy springs up, listens a sec-
ond, then draws his sisters up, dancing with joy
ofi^ the road to arouse the village. Soon they re-
turn, followed by detached groups — more boys
and girls, young maids and youths, older men and
women, an aged grandmother, all bowing a moment
before the shrine before passing on to meet the
musicians. Finally they return, dancing and beck-
oning, as the music grows nearer until other
groups with the performers surge on.

The light grows into the blue white of a win-
ter day, but the swirling of the pipes and the
whirling of the figures somehow give the impres-
sion of a glowing fire, sending out warmth to all
the world from some great universal hearth.

Five hundred children in the chorus seated in
the first rows of the auditorium now begin to sing
with those on the stage, first the strains of the
carol Handel wove into the Christmas music of

"The Messiah"; then "Come All Ye Children"
breathes out and twelve small boys and girls come
slowly on, bow before the shrine and group near
by, while the chorus goes on to "Angels We Have
Heard on High," with the refrain, "Gloria in
Excelsis Deo" sung far away as by an angelic
choir.

This ended the pantomime proper, but the par-
ticipants remained on the stage singing with the
chorus, and the light advanced toward evening
with a sunset glow that dimmed at the last into
moonlight.

There were five hundred children in the chorus
from twenty-four settlements, recreation centers,
day nurseries and children's homes. They were
accompanied by an orchestra from the Settlement
Music School, directed by i\Ir. Johan Grolle, di-
rector of the school, who also led the chorus.

The following carols were sung:

"Come All Ye Faithful"; "The Bagpipers";
"Come All Ye Children"; "Angels We Have
Heard on High" ; "Oh Thou Joyful Day" ;
"Christmas Song (Ideo)"; "The Christmas
Rose"; "Hush, My Dear" ; "Silent Night"; "Good
News from Heaven."

As an overture the orchestra played three Bach
chorales, and the exit of the chorus and panto-
mimists was made to the strains of the bagpipe
and flute.

Celebrations in Other Cities

The Oakland, California, Recreation Depart-
ment in 1934 again presented "The Light of the
World," a pageant made possible through the co-
operation which exists between the Board of
Education and the Recreation Department. San
Francisco last year held its seventeenth Christmas
celebration arranged by the Art Commission and
the Recreation Commission. Tableaux posed by
children of one of the playgrounds were a beau-
tiful feature of the city's celebration.

Three hundred years ago the observance of
Christmas in Boston was a violation of law. In
1912 the first municipal Christmas tree was set
up, making the city one of the pioneers in what is
now a nation-wide custom. Beginning with 1922
Boston established the custom of an official ob-
servance of the Christmas season as it is now car-
ried on annually on the Common through a pro-
gram of music and drama which attracts many
thousands of people each year.

The Inexpensive Use of Leisure

SOMEONE has cyni-
cally commented
"Save while you
are young, in order
that when you are old
you may have money to spend
on pleasures which you can
no longer enjoy."

A great deal of the misery
resulting from our present
economic stress is due to the fact that too many
people concentrated on storing up wealth, hoping
to enjoy life after a hard-earned retirement. When
their savings were swept away, they found them-
selves not only deprived of their money but ut-
terly unable to adjust themselves to a period of
leisure which was not coupled with cash.

This situation has a double-barreled lesson.
First, it teaches us in no uncertain terms that we
must carry on a leisure program along with our
struggle for existence as a parallel enterprise and
secondly, that a part of our leisure program
should be consecrated to activities which require
little or no expense.

It has been suggested by an accurate observer
that there are four main types of hobbies, those
connected with sports and games, learning some-
thing, creating something, and collecting some-
thing.

It is surprising how many of these are suscepti-
ble of enjoyment with little or no expense. It is
true that many sports and games involve expense,
but there are many examples to the contrary.
Walking is one of these activities. It may be used
for exercise alone, or it may be combined with
observation. For the fir.st time in many years,
large numbers have been con-
fronted with the necessity of
walking. Accustomed to use
their automobiles rather than
walk a hundred yards, they
now find it necessary to
tramp the inhospitable pave-
ments. Where once they had
time only to make money,
now they have merely the
time without the money.

420

An educational adviser in a C.C.C.camp
finds the least expensive forms of lei-
sure time activities the most valuable.

By Richard N. Thompson

Camp Moreno Lake
Campo, California

"Too much of our philosophy has been
to save and save, to work hard until you
have a chance to retire; then you can
have leisure — leisure on crutches. If one
is too old to work one Is also too old to
enjoy leisure. Our new philosophy must
say, "Live today!' Leisure is dated. It
cannot be saved. Use it today — or re-
linquish it." — Jay B. Nash in Leisure,
for What? in "The Journal of Health
and Physical Education," May 1935.

In the city near
which I live, many
hundreds of men are
daily engaged in an-
other outdoor activity
which necessitates little or no
outlay. This is the game of
quoits or "horseshoes." It
costs little or nothing.

In the field of learning, the
public libraries furnish an inexpensive medium.
A complete education is here available to those
with any degree of either initiative or persistency.
As an educational adviser in a Civilian Conser-
vation Corps camp which is fully three-fourths
vocational, I am faced daily with a realization that
I should have learned to do more things with my
hands. The boys at this camp out of the very
manzanita roots which they have dug out of the
soil to make way for roads and fire-breaks have
contrived interesting highly-polished art objects
and in a like manner out of cut brush-wood have
fashioned excellent canes.

As for collecting, this need not entail any great
expenditure. Costly stamj>albums can be replac-
ed with inexpensive loose-leaf note-books, saving
page after page of blank space and permitting a
higher degree of specialization — pairs, blocks of
four, special perforations can be interspersed
through the pages of each country as desired.

Collecting magazine verse need involve little
more than a loose-leaf note-book, a pair of scis-
sors, paste or mucilage and a pack of discarded
magazines. I arrange my collection alphabetically
by first lines. I have a special collection of verse
on "gardens."

The collecting of maps is
an inexpensive hobby. With
a good map and a vivid
imagination one can project
a series of tours that can be
made a profitable study by
using the nearest library for
supplementary data.

A "Know Your County"
hobby can be made a life-
(Continued on page 426)

World at Play

Some Recent Park
Developments

LANSING, Michigan,
has a new park of about
ten acres which the state
has leased to the city as
long as it is used as a
playground. It is located
in a part of town where a
park is greatly needed.
The park will include i
playground, a picnic
ground, several tennis
courts, two Softball dia-
monds, and eventually an
outdoor theater.

Four years ago Mos-
cow, Idaho, had a city
park with picnic tables
and wading pool. In the
past four years this park

has developed into a recreation park which in-
cludes baseball, softball, four tennis courts,
seven horseshoe courts, and a 50' x 120' swim-
ming pool with dressing rooms. The park has
proved tremendously popular in this commu-
nity of 6,000 people, furnishing 10,000 hours
of recreation the first three weeks it was
opened in June.

An Outdoor
Library

Courtesy Milwaukee County Regional
Planning Department

San Francisco's
Music Program

FOR the past two
years the San Fran-
c i s c o , California,
Recreation Commis-
sion has sponsored a boys' choir of over sev-
enty enthusiastic young boy sopranos. Regu-
lar rehearsals are held three times a week and
the choir has participated in many operas and
in various departmental music activities. The
city has voted to maintain its symphony or-
chestra by earmarking one-half cent per $100
valuation in the tax rate for the orchestra.

NEWYORKCITY,
through the Recreation
Division of the Park De-
partment and the Exten-
sion Division of the Pub-
lic Library, has estab-
lished an outdoor library
in Bryant Park for the
use of the unemployed
and homeless men who
constitute the park's most
constant attendants. The
books will consist of dis-
carded library books and
gifts from individuals, and
there will be several hun-
dred magazines in addi-
tion to the books. The
service will be operated
by five relief workers, two of whom will be on
duty at all times, and the library will be open
on week days from 10 :oo A.M. to 6 :oo or 7 :oo
P.M. The Park Department is providing um-
brella shaded tables for the books and librari-
ans. Additional benches, also shaded with
umbrellas, have been placed in a double row
on the terrace back of the library. At night
the books and magazines are kept in a tool
shed.

Recreation Budget
Increases

THE Berkeley, Cali-
f o r n i a. Recreation
Department, which
operates municipal
playgrounds, school playgrounds, city parks
and summer camps, has been granted increas-
es in the playground, park and school budgets
amounting to $6,818.70. Most encouraging of
all has been the restoration of all salaries to
the pre-depression level.

421

422

WORLD AT PLAY

0IVE PITCHING
HORSESHOES IN THE

A gift all sport lovers will appreciate the
year round. Packed in brightly colored boxes.
— either in pairs as illustrated or in sets of
four with stakes in sturdy wooden boxes.
However packed — Diamond Official Pitching
Ho ses':oes a e winners in t!:e preference of
both amateur and professional players.

DIAMOND

CALK HORSESHOE CO.

4610 GRAND AVENUE
DULUTH, MINN.

The Board of Park Commissioners of Min-
neapolis, Minn., has approved a budget request of
$511,600 for the operation of parks, play-
grounds, forestry and the municipal airport
during 1936. This is an increase of $93,000
over the budget allov*'ance for 1935.

A County in Which Golf Flourishes — The
August 2nd issue of Our Parks, published by
the Union County Park Commission, announc-
es that 201 season cards and 3,091 identifica-
tion cards were issued for the year 1935 (to
the date of July 31st) for golf privileges at the
Galloping Hill golf course. On the basis of
these figures and other data available, the
Commission estimates that about 4 per cent of
the county population have played on this
course since the identification system was in-
troduced in 1931.

Tours of Chicago — In the August issue of
Recreation mention was made of the tour
conducting classes carried on under the aus-
pices of the Chicago Recreation Commission
in cooperation with the Educational Emer-
gency^ Program. These tours are creating much

interest. Edward L. Burchard, Executive Sec-
retary of the Commission, reports that a group
of 350 people visited the Lorado Taft Studio.
The tour of Chinatown also brought out a
large number. Other tours scheduled from
August 19th to August 30th included Lincoln
Park, Negro life and culture, the stock yards,
and the melting pot — a number of Chicago's
settlements. During the summer period the
Chicago Park District carried on tours for
children under the direction of Miss Dorothea
Nelson. A printed schedule giving information
regarding the student tours conducted under
the auspices of the Museum of Science and
Industry was distributed to school principals
and teachers.

A County Harvest Music Festival — On

August 31st Dauphin County, Pa., held a har-
vest music festival under the auspices of the
FERA of the County and arranged by Mary
Bush Hauck, State Supervisor of Music. One
thousand people representing various commu-
nities of the county took part in the singing
accompanied by a hundred piece symphony
orchestra. Only one rehearsal of the entire
ensemble was called, this being held on the
date of the performance. Each community was
responsible for securing its own key musical
leader, free rental for rehearsal, and transpor-
tation to Hershey. The festival was held in
the Hershey Park auditorium.

A Recreation Program for Danville — By a

vote of approximately two to one, Danville,
Illinois, approved the recreational tax of one-
fifth of a mill, providing approximately $4,000
a year for a year-round recreation program.

A Winter Recreation Exhibition — Last
spring Pottsville," Pennsylvania, held its first
annual winter recreation exhibition which
proved a fitting climax to the various recrea-
tional activities held in the city and its vicinity
during the winter months. The program con-
sisted of a band concert, community singing,
gymnastics, clog, buck and wing dances, and
basketball games.

Skiing in New England — Skiing has become
one of the most popular of winter sports in
New England. New ski clubs sprang up last
winter throughout the entire section and mem-

WORLD AT PLAY

423

bership in the older clubs grew rapidly. A
number of new trails have been built by State
Conservation Departments aided in many cases
by the Federal Forest Service and by local
ski clubs. The snow train of the Boston and
Maine Railroad last winter hauled 1,200 to
2,000 skiers out of Boston every Sunday, while
week-end trains and automobiles carried many
others. It was a small group of skiers from
the Appalachian Mountain Club who first per-
suaded the Boston and Maine to start the snow
train. They guaranteed 70 member passengers
and predicted that an equal number of outside
skiers would ride. The first snow train pulled
out on January 11, 1931, carrying 197 ski fans.
On February 4, 1935, it left Boston in six sec-
tions carrying 2,900 people. The 60 snow trains
of last winter carried a total of practically
16,000 people to the snow fields.

Parks for New Castle, Pennsylvania — The

monthly bulletin published by the Pennsyl-
vania Department of Internal Affairs reports
an active park development in New Castle dur-
ing the year. Two hundred and fifty acres m
five parks have been acquired by purchase and
by a gift of a number of tracts from Matthew
Gunton.

Pontiac's Summer Playgrounds — Last sum-
mer Pontiac, Michigan, operated fifteen play-
grounds as against twelve in 1934. Attendance
at the play centers from May through August
totaled 234,265. This total fell only 759 short
of the record attendance established last year,
in spite of the fact that the bathing beach,
band concerts, street dances, and doll and pet
parade were not included in the program be-
cause of limited funds. There is a constant
demand on the Pontiac Recreation Department
to provide leadership and equipment to meet
the increasing requirements of residents for
recreation.

An Art Colony Camp — On June 24th to 29th
the art department of the Women's Club of
Wheeling, West Virginia, sponsored its sev-
enth annual art colony camp at Oglebay Park.
The resident members were accommodated at
Oglebay's institute camp at $12.00 a week.
Instruction in sketching and color media was
offered by an artist and experienced teacher.

A Nurses' Hobby Show — On November
14th and 15th the Hotel Biltmore, New York

A CARROM
TOURNAMENT

. . a constructive
answer to the problem
of creating maximum
interest with a mini-
mum of organizational
effort

If you are not as yet familiar with the Carrom
Tournament Program, by all means write for
full details.

Here is a tournament program, self-originated
by thousands of boys in hundreds of communi-
ties throughout the nation during the last few
years, and now directed and encouraged by the
National Carrom Association to maintain and
extend interest in the wholesome, fascinating
game of Carroms.

Under the tournament program of the Associa-
tion, your organizational work is cut to a scanty
minimum. The boys themselves organize their
own club, start their own tournament, and de-
pend upon you only for general supervision,
formal sponsorship, and awarding of the cham-
pionship prize.

The National Carrom Association bears most of
the expense. Club membership badges, champion-
ship prizes, instruction manual, rule book, and
miscellaneous items, are all supplied free of
charge.

The Carrom Tournament Program is being na-
tionally advertised in all leading juvenile maga-
zines, including American Boy, Boy's Life,
Scouting, Open Road for Boys, St. Nicholas,
and Young America.

Full information regarding the Carrom Tourna-
ment Program will gladly be supplied.

ACTUAL SIZE

Thij beautiful Carrom
Club membership badge,
case in solid bronze, is
sent to every Carrom Club
Tournament applicant.

Carrom Tournament cham-
pions are awarded this
valuable silver medal by
the National Carrom As-
sociation. Actual size,
3 " X 1 1/2 ".

NATIONAL CARROM
ASSOCIATION

3000 LUDiNCTON AVENUE
LUDINCTON * * MICHIGAN

424

WORLD AT PLAY

City, will be the scene of the first Nurses'
Hobby Show to be sponsored by the Com-
mittee on Eight Hours for Nurses- of which
Miss Mary K. McDermott, 1320 York Avenue,
New York City, is chairman. The show will
consist of booth exhibits and a program of
varied interest, including music and a fashion
show during the day. There will also be eve-
ning entertainment — a dramatic performance
on both evenings and a subscription dance on
the evening of November 15th. The purpose
of the show is to present the hobbies of nurses
and demonstrate the versatility of members of
the profession, to make available opportunities
and resources for hobbies in New York City
and to stimulate widespread interest among
doctors, hospital authorities and the general
public to the end that there will be more gen-
eral recognition of the fact that nurses need
leisure. There will be a general admission
charge of one dollar.

A Municipal Chorus. — i^ate m February the
Municipal Chorus of the Oakland, California,
Recreation Department, presented a Handel

Festival Concert commemorating the 25otl'
anniversary of the birth of the great composer
Selections from "Scipione," "Judas Macca^
baeus," "Joshua," "Julius Caesar," and "Sam'
son" were among the outstanding numbers or
the program. On March 28 a Bach Memoria
Concert will be presented in the Municipa
Auditorium Theater by the same group o
singers whose activities have been made pos
sible through the cooperation of the Oaklanc
Public Schools and the Emergency Educatioi
Program with the Recreation Department.

Puppets Popular — Under the auspices of thi
Playground and Recreation Association o
Wyoming Valley, Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania
a marionette and puppet club has been devel
oped which meets every Saturday afternoon
One project of the club has been the makinj
of the marionettes and a stage setting fo
"Bluebird." This will be presented at severa
evening centers.

Through the Lincoln, Nebraska Recreatioi
Board a puppet show has been set up in thi
basement of City Hall. A portable stage ha

^akeixi leacUinc Ulateiial Icl ike Kec'teaiion Uiiecici

The Education Division of the National Safety Council publishes a variety of
material designed to aid in the teaching of safety on the playground or in
the school. We recommend the following:

SAFETY EDUCATION MAGAZINE— A monthly publication con-
taining colored posters, graded lesson outlines, short plays
and stories, informational articles, etc.

Price $1.00 a yeor

THE JUNIOR SAFETY COUNCII^-A handbook of safety activi-
ties containing practical program suggestions, patrol organi-
zation and references.

Price $.35

Price $1.00

Education Division, National Safety Council

ONE PARK AVENUE NEW YORK, N. Y.

WORLD AT PLAY

425

been built which can be used at the Luncheon
Club, at childrens gatherings, and as a part of
general entertainment.

New Classes at the Westchester Workshop.
—Three new courses for adult residents of
Westchester County, New York have been
added to the curriculum of the Westchester
Workshop. These include Creative Listening
to Music, Book-Review and Literary Discus-

I'on, and Art and the Teaching of Art.
New Handcraft Activities in Los Angeles —
he Los Angeles, California, Playground and
Recreation Department added to its regular
handcraft classes last summer a number of
new instruction groups, including a five weeks'
course in beginning and advanced pottery mak-
ing which carried a fee of $1.50, classes in reed
work (free), dressmaking (25 cents for each
session), and lectures on interior decorating
(free).

What the Recreation Congress Meant
to Chicago

(Continued from page 382)
tained. Everyone was busy all of the time,
seriously working to get everything possible
out of the opportunity for professional inter-
change of experience and of ideas. Our local
people found the convention a working session.
We have profited greatly from it, each in the
particular phase in which he was most vitally
interested, and that, we feel, will make the
Congress go down in local history as an event
vitally contributing to the city which was for-
tunate enough to be the Congress host.

Clubs for Girls and Women

(Continued from page 416)

some community services such as the dressing
of dolls at Christmas. For the next age group
there are dramatics, music, handcraft, the de-
velopment of civic interest, visits to museums
and libraries, and the planning of activities
which girls may enjoy with boys. (A dancing
class is a successful activity in Cincinnati.) For
the older girls the Commission maintains a
"charm school." One of the outstanding de-
velopments is the Meet-a-Body Club organized
for the purpose of giving strangers of the city

BRING

LEISURE

TO YOUR GROUP

for less than

7^ A MONTH

Assist those under your direction to spend
their spare time to greater advantage, to get
more out of life — in health, in pleasure, in
self-improvement, in happiness. Accomplish
this by making LEISURE, the magazine of
a thousand diversions available to them.
Every month it's crammed with new and
interesting things to do. You'll find new in-
troductions to sports, games, music, travel,
handicrafts, photography, creative arts,
nature studies — a few of a variety of ac-
tivities ... to pass on to them. . . . Clip the
coupon below. It will be the first step to a
richer, fuller leisure-time program.

Cover lUrstration Courtesy Bradford Junior Collegt

SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY OFFER
To Readers of Recreation

\5 months only - $I.OO

FILL IN YOUR NAME AND ADDRESS. SEND BILL,
CHECK, STAMPS OR M. O. (Canidian or Foreign Post — 50c.
extra). R-U

LEISURE, 683 Atlantic Ave., Boston, Mass. ''^'^?'|

Please send yonr special 15 months offer — SI. 00 enclosed.

NAME ....
ADDRESS
CITY

426

MAGAZINES AND PAMPHLETS

Magazines and Pamphlets

Recently Received Containing Articles
of Interest to the Recreation Worker

MAGAZINES
The Research Qaactecly of the American Physical Educa-
tion Association, October, 1935
Achievement Scales in Athletics for College Women,
by Hazel J. Cubberley
Supplement to the Research Quarterly, October, 1935
Leisure-Time Activities

New Jersey Municipalities, October, 1935

Standards in High School Athletics, by Allen G.
Ireland, M.D.
The Journal of Health and Physical Education,
October, 1935
Physical Exercises in Cardiac and Metabolic Dis-
eases, by Peter V. Karpovich, M.D.
Soccer— A Universal Game, by Howard R. De Nike
Relay Races in Japan, by Ruth Weythman
Indoor Archery Equipment, by Natalie Reichart

Education, October, 1935

Basic Conceptions for Extra-Curricular Activities,

by Edward J. Eaton
Education Through Play, by Earl E. Lorden_
Dramatics As a Dynamic Force in Education, by

Ivard N. Strauss
Home Room Activities, by A. Rebecca Parsons
Extra-Curricular Activities in Music, by Mabel F.

Freinmer
The New Leisure Challenges the English Curricu-
lum, by Salibelle Royster
Junior-Senior High School Clearing House,
September 1935
The Recreation Center, by Claude F. Turner

Parents' Magazine, October 1935
Family Fun, by Elizabeth King
Playthings of the Month
Books for Boys and Girls, by Alice Dalgliesh

Leisure, October 1935

A Handful of Clay; by Harriet Timlin
Photography As a Hobby, by Frank R. Fraprie
What About Hallowe'en? by Mary Price Roberts,

Ph.D.
Hostel Ahoy I by G. G. Telf er
Leisure — A New Area for Development, by Walter

L. Stone
Crepe Clay Modeling

PAMPHLETS
Minimum Sanitary Requirements for Swimming Pools
and Bathing Places

Division of Sanitary Engineering, State of Illinois
Thirteenth Annual Report of the Playground Board, Vil-
lage of Oak Park, Illinois. 1934
The Widening Scope of Modern Recreation, by Josephine
Dows Randall. Reprinted from The Municipal Record
September, 1935
Educational Films

Harvard Film Service, Harvard University
1000 and One — The Blue Book of Non-Theatrical Films,
1935-36. The Educational Screen, Chicago, 111. Price
$.75
Baltimore Hobby Show

Promoted by the Kiwanis Club of Baltimore
Parent Education Opportunities, by Ellen C. Lombard
U. S. Office of Education, Bulletin 1935, No. 3. Price.
$.10

the opportunity to become acquainted. Out
of this has grown various interest groups —
music, hiking, and others.

Questions flew thick and fast in the discus-
sion. "How do you recruit girls?" (Through
announcing of activities in papers, the sending
out of cards, and getting girls to bring their gangs
along.) "How is it possible to guide the choice of
officers?" (Change them often.) The question
"What of the problem of difference of nation-
alities within a club?" was an important one.
Some, is was pointed out, cannot be combined.
It was suggested that the various nationalities
be kept in separate groups but should be en-
couraged to arrange joint affairs. "What can
be done to help prevent the conflict of girls
and their homes when clubs and community
centers are often in such marked contrast to
the girls' homes?" (Mothers' parties given by
the girls and parties for friends and parents
after athletic events help here.)

The all important subject of leadership was
much in the foreground. Following the lead-
ership training course in Los Angeles, it was
stated, those taking part indicate at the close
what type of work they would enjoy, whether
Girl Scout, Camp Fire, church, community
center, etc. A list of these volunteers is given
to the authorities in the various fields and a
recruiting process is initiated.

The Inexpensive Use of Leisure

(Continued from page 420)

time project involving all the known subdivisions
of leisure J One may walk the length and breadth
of any county, learn all about what it contains,
create an exhibit of its outstanding features and
collect materials to fill the exhibit. There is no
end to related possibilities such as "Know Your
City."

And to what end ? First, it will give you a lei-
sure program as a joyful alternative to your daily
struggle for existence. Second, the activities in-
dicated together with countless others which will
suggest themselves, involve relatively little ex-
pense. Lastly, they will help you to save some
money, and should you succeed in amassing the
sum you need for retirement, you will have ac-
quired a fund of pleasures upon which you can
squander what money you will. And if, like most
of us, you never get to the place where you can
retire you will still have pleasures you can afford
to enjoy !

New Publications in the Leisure Time Field

Tin-Craft as a Hobby

3y Enid Bell. Harper and Brothers, New York. $2.00.

To THOSE who are unfamiliar with the use of tin as a
craft material this book will come as a pleasant sur-
prise, for there are many people who have never realized
the possibilities for creating beautiful as well as useful
articles which lie in this inexpensive medium. The ob-
jects illustrated, with the exception of those designated
as Colonial or Mexican, have been designed by the author
and adapted to a great variety of furnishing schemes.
^There are many diagrams and photographs showing how
to proceed step by step in making the articles described.
Among these are trays, candle holders, mirrors, flower
holders, flowers, Christmas tree ornaments, decorative
panels, and a number of miscellaneous articles.

Soccer and Speed Ball Guide 1935-6

Spalding's Athletic Library. No. 116R. $.25.
/^NE OF the publications in the athletic activities for
^^ women and girls series, this booklet, prepared by
the Women's Rules and Editorial Committee of the Wo-
men's Athletic Section of the A.P.E.A., contains rules
for field ball as well as soccer and speed ball. A number
of articles on techniques and plays are included.

A Manual of Settlement Boys' Work

Edited by John M. Kingman and Edward Sidman. Na-
tional Federation of Settlements, 147 Avenue B, New
York. Bound $1.00; paper $.25. Plus postage.
■The National Federation of Settlements has performed
' a much needed service in preparing this rrianual which
will be of practical help not only to settlement workers
but to all leaders in boys' activities. The field covered
is wide and far reaching, including the philosophy and
principles of group work involved, mechanics of club
organization, and activities classified under games, ath-
letics, hikes, craft work, dramatics, music, storytelling,
group discussions, and a number of other activities. Bib-
liographies and source materials are listed. Recreation
workers will find here much of practical value for their
programs.

Games and Stunts for all Occasions

By William P. Young and Horace J. Gardner. J. B.

Lippincott Company, Philadelphia. $1.00.
I I ERE ARE 158 original games and adaptations of old
'' favorites which the planner of parties will find in-
valuable. They include warming up games, games with
surprises, games for the spectator, paper and pencil
games, question and answer games, games of knowledge
and team games. There is a chapter of conundrums and
a dictionary of forfeits. Suggestions for party decora-
tions and refreshments have been included.

The Book I Made Myself

Hannah Fondiller Barnes, 350 West 31st Street, New
York City. $1.50.

AN unusually interesting and artistic project for chil-
. dren from 5 to 12 years of age is embodied in this set
which consists of a spiral bound book and 91 colored
pictures in a treasure chest envelope which the child
transfers to the book in any way he wishes. He may
cut out the pictures, paste them in a book, trace or color
them or he may create. The pictures are all original
and are artistic and accurate. The project not only pro-
vides fascinating work but is highly informational, stim-
ulates self-expression and leads in easy, definite, enjoyable
steps to the pride and satisfaction of accomplishment.

Things to Make and How to Make Them

By William W. Klenke. The Manual Arts Press, Peoria,
Illinois.

There are four booklets in this practical series of publi-
cations : ( 1 ) The Home Wot'kshop, giving instructions
for the home craftsman and suggestions for equipment
(75 cents) ; (2) Things to Make for the Camp and
Game-Room (50 cents) ; (3) Things to Make for the
Lawn and Garden (SO cents) ; (4) Things to Make for
the Home (50 cents).

Hallowe'en and Thanksgiving —
The Harvest Festivals

By Nina B. Lamkin. All Through the Year Series.

Samuel French, New York. $.50.
There is a magic mystery associated with the cere-
monials and thanksgivings which occur at the time
of harvest, at Hallowe'en and Thanksgiving. In this
book will be found many of the meanings of these cere-
monials at "summer's end" and harvest time. Programs,
plays, dances, rhythmic drills, festivals and songs with
magic rites will provide much material for the harvest
days.

Selected Motion Pictures

Motion Picture Bureau, National Council Y.M.C.A., 347

Madison Avenue, New York.
The twenty-second annual edition of this catalogue
for the season 1935-1936 now available, lists a num-
ber of free silent and sound films and a larger number
of rental silent and sound films which are available
through the bureau. Exhibitors wishing to draw pro-
grams from the free film section are required to pay a
registration fee of $2.00 which will entitle them to ser-
vice through June, 1936 provided registration is made
before December 31, 1935. The cooperative services of
the bureau are for the benefit of all organizations and
institutions interested in presenting wholesome and
worthwhile pictures to their members.

427

428

NEIV PUBLICATIONS IN THE LEISURE TIME FIELD

Designs for Tooled Leather (Book II)'

By Lxiuise C. Hjoefer. 317 East Lomita Street,

Glendale, California. $1.00.
Two years ago Mrs. Hoefer published Book I of this
series which consists of 41 designs all of the modern
type and various sizes. Book II contains 18 plates of 52
conventional designs using flowers, scrolls and similar
designs, and lour pages of suggestions telling how each
design may be l>est carried out in coloring and tooling.
There are designs to fit all of the articles commonly
made of hand tooled leather, and some show the pattern
for cutting the leather. Mrs. Hoefer has also published
a 26 page took entitled Lcathcrcraft Instructions giving
concise information regarding the things an instructor
or beginner wants to know about art leather work as it
is done today. Any one of these three books will be mailed
postpaid for $1.00, or the tihree for $2.75.

Official Foot Ball Guide 1935.

Edited By W. R. Okeson. Spalding's Athletic

Library. No. 200x. $.35.
No changes of a fundamental nature have lieen made
in this edition though there are some modifications in
wording for the purpose of making clearer the meaning
and intent of certain rules. As usual, the rules are in-
cluded as a detachable section of Spalding's Official Foot
Ball Guide. Of particular interest to the student of the
game is the chapter devoted to the evaluation of foot
ball — a concise history of the sport since its origin.

Christmas Plays for Women and Girls.

Fitzgerald Publishing Corporation, New York. $.50.
This collection of comedies by a number of different
authors answers the demand for a new sort of play in
the old tradition — a play for all women casts. There is
something here for every sort of group from two up,
and the Christmas spirit pervades them all.

1000 Books for the Senior High School Library.

American Library Association, Chicago. $1.00.
This list, compiled by a joint committee of the Ameri-
can Library Association, the National Education Asso-
ciation and the National Council of Teachers of English,
will prove exceedingly valuable to the busy school librar-
ian. Included in the roster are books of social sciences,
useful arts, fine arts, literature, poetry, drama, history,
travel, biography and fiction.

Fun for All for Every Occasion.

Harry D. Edgren, George Williams College, Chi-
cago. $.70.
In this mimeographed compilation Mr. Edgren has
brought together from various sources games, stunts and
recreational activities which he has grouped around spe-
cial themes. There is a complete party plan for each
month of the year and other special programs. Many of
the ideas suggested in one program may be used equally
well in some other. There are in all 245 different games
indexed alphabetically according to type — active games
and relays, inactive, quiet games and entertainment stunts.

The Coming of Leisure — The Problem in England.

Edited by E. B. Castle, A, K. C. Ottaway, and W. T.
R. Rawson. New Education Fellowship, 29 Tavis-
tock Square, London, \y.C.l, England. $.80.
That England is recognizing, as is our own country,
the importance and significance of increasing leisure is
evidenced in the publication of this interesting pamphlet
which deals primarily with the responsibility of education
for training for the use of leisure. "If an increase in
leisure is to mean an advance in civilization, education
must become an adventure continued throughout life . . .
More than adequate efforts have been expended on the

intellectual training of the child ; the time has now come
for recognizing his need of all those activities which we
lightly place under the heading of 'leisure time occupa-
tions.' " The pamphlet tells what is being done in Eng-
land for children of the elementary schools, for the post-
school adolescent, and for adult life through clubs, physi-
cal activities, arts and crafts, music, drama, reading, and
other activities.

Report of the Program-Planning Studies 1931-1933.
Womans Press, New York. $.25.
In 1931 the National Board of Y.W.C.A.'s undertook
as one of its services to local associations surveys of
local communities from the standpoint of the needs of
young women, of local associations to determine their
problems and main needs, and of the economic situation
as a basis for determining the amount of work to be
undertaken by local associations for a three to five year
period. Curtailment of funds made it impossible to carry
on an extended program, but four projects were under-
taken : Iowa-Nebraska ; Troy, New York ; San Fran-
cisco; Kansas City, Kansas, and Kansas City, Missouri.
The outgrowths of these four studies are reported in this
statement. Community workers interested in surveys
will want to secure copies of the report.

Caddies of Erie County, N. Y.

By Roy F. Woodbury and Charlotte I. Claflin.
Juvenile Protective Department, Children's Aid So-
ciety of Buffalo and Erie County.
Possibly the first study of caddying to be made, this
report contains some very interesting facts about an oc-
cupation regarding which little has been published. As
a result of the study, definite recommendations have been
made regarding employment certificates, registration,
hours of work, recreation, caddy houses, transportation,
lunches and general environment.

Officers and Directors of the National
Recreation Association

OFFICERS

Joseph Lee. President
John H. Finley, First Vice-Presidsnt
John G. Winant, Second Vice-President
Robert Garrett, Third Vice-President
GusTAVUS T. KiREY, Treasurer
Howard S. Braucjier, Secretary

DIRECTORS

Mrs. Edward W. BidSle, Carlisle, Pa.

William Butterworth, Moline, III.

Clarence M. Clark, Philadelphia, Pa.

Henry L. Corbett^ Portland, Ore.

Mrs. Arthur G. Cummer, Jacksonville, Fla.

F. Trubee Davison, Locust Valley, L. I., N. Y.

Mrs. Thomas A. Edison, Wpst Orange, N. J.

John H. Finley, New York, N. Y.

Robert Garrett, Baltimore, Md.

Austin E. Griffiths, Seattle, Wash.

Charles Hayden^ New York. N. Y.

Mrs. Charles V. Hickox, Michigan City, Ind.

Mrs. Francis deLacy Hyde, Plainfield, N. J.

Gustavus T. Kirby, New York, N. Y.

H. McK. Landon, Indianapolis, Ind.

Mrs. Charles D. Lanier, Greenwich, Conn.

Robert Lassiter, Charlotte, N. C.

Joseph Lee, Boston, Mass.

Edward E. Loomis, New York, N. Y.

J. H. McCuRDY, Springfield, Mass.

Otto T. Mallery Philadelphia, Pa.

Walter A. May, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Carl E. Milliken, Augusta. Me.

Mrs. Ogden L. Mills, Woodbury, N. Y.

Mrs. James W. Wadsworth, Jr., Washington, D. C.

J. C. Walsh, New York, N. Y.

Frederick M. Warburg, New York, N. Y.

John G. Winant, C&ncord, N. H.

Mrs. William H, Woodin, Jr., Tucson, Ariz,

A Message
To the Recreation Congress

You KNOW how heartily I believe in the adequate provision
of opportunities for recreation, and how through the years
I have cared for the work of the National Recreation As-
sociation. I rejoice in the growing public interest in this subject
as evidenced by the fine facilities now being provided by the
government — federal, state, and local — for the enjoyment of
the people.

Of even greater importance in my opinion is the definite
recognition that the field of recreation is a fruitful one for those
desiring to render notable public service. I earnestly hope that
in each of our local communities men and women interested in
the public welfare will give increasing thought and time to this
great democratic method of providing recreation for all the peo-
ple untrammeled by any motive except that of living fully and
richly.

Please express to the recreation leaders gathered together
at Chicago and to all those serving in the recreation movement
the appreciation of the federal government for their cooperation
and loyal service in carrying forward recreation projects of the
various emergency agencies.

I believe the exchange of information and ideas among the
leaders at the National Recreation Congress will result in carry-
ing forward the recreation movement with the same high en-
thusiasm which has always characterized your group.

Franklin D. Roosevelt.

DECEMBER, 1935

429

December Has Come

University Elementary School, University of California at Los Angeles.
Used by courtesy of the Progressive Education Association,

430

Recreation and the Good Life

WHEN' I thought today of
all appropriate reasons
for holding this conference in Chicago,
many of which you have been told about by
guests, the one which kept revolving in my mind
always as the greatest, and also as representing
the greatest loss, was the thought that Jane
Addams was no longer here. That great prophetic
voice, called this country to account a quarter of a
century ago and told us precisely what was going
to happen, and warned us that if we were not
foresighted enough to see the dangers and evils
of an uncontrolled industrial system this genera-
tion of youth would pay the price. Alas, the num-
bers who heeded Jane Addams were too small,
and we are confronted with a lost generation!
The very generation which Jane Addams wrote
about a quarter of a century ago are now the
youth, many of whom, having gone through our
complete educational system, have never done a
day's work; have had no experience in labor;
have no outlook for the future, and to them the
word "recreation" itself must now sound with a
tone of bitterness. When I think of Jane Addams
my thoughts become extremely serious.

There are two tasks I would like to perform to-
night, and if there isn't time, it doesn't matter. I
will go as far as I can with each of them and drop
them when I think you have become weary. The
first has to do with the necessity for taking seri-
ously the theme of this conference — "What Are
the New Frontiers for Rec-
reation ?" I should then like
to say something about the
problem which causes my
almost grim attitude toward
our present national exist-
ence, and, finally, if there
is still time, I should like to
say a few words about the
Federal Government and
the plans which are now
under way, for the first
time in our history, for
viewing our recreational or

By Eduard C. Lindeman

Mr. Lindeman has long been known as a
teacher and lecfurer, having been asso-
ciated since 1 924 with the New York School
of Social Work. He is author of a number
of books, among them "The Meaning of
Adult Education." Through his writing and
addresses he has given impetus to the
movement for progressive education and
for the self-expression of the masses of the
people. During the war he served in War
Camp Community Service sponsored by
the National Recreation Association. At the
present time he is Director, Community
Organization for Leisure, Works Progress
Administration of the federal government.

our leisure-time problem as a
nation, as a whole.
The first task I shall perform quickly and in
outline form. It seems to me we will not get the
proper perspective upon what our next obligations
and responsibilities are to be unless we have in
mind something about the general goal which is
now agitating the peoples of the world and par-
ticularly America.

What Is the Good Life?
There is one word which we have been using
over and over during the past three or four years.
I think it was originally suggested by a paper
which Mr. Walter Lippmann read at one of the
universities in the far West. It is an old, treas-
ured word among philosophers, namely, the "good
hfe."

A new note is being struck in America at
present, and it has something to do with this
ancient concept of a good life. Everywhere peo-
ple are asking themselves, "What is the good life ?
Is it really attainable? Do we live in a universe
closed at both ends? Are we caught? In what
sense are we free? In what sense is it possible
for men living on this planet so to relate them-
selves to their environment, and then themselves
to each other, as to bring about a decent and
wholesome experience ?"

Life is not good for millions of our citizens
now. Indeed, it never has been good except for
a very few. For life is not
good unless our energies
flow freely and easily, un-
less the tasks upon which
we are engaged leave us
with a minimum of fatigue.
Not many people had a
chance to work in such
fashion in the past. Life is
not good when it is difficult
or impossible for us to see
the relationship between
what we do from day to
day and some long-term

431

432

. RECREATION AND THE GOOD LIFE

purpose or plan, and it has been a characteristic
of life in America, particularly of the working
classes, that they never could see beyond a few
days or a few weeks, or, at the most, a few
months, in their careers and the careers of their
families.

Life is not good when many of our actions,
when a majority of our actions, are impelled by
fear, worry, or hatred; and life is not good be-
cause we are frightened. Many of the things we
do these days are not done with clear foresight of
hope and promise, but are the opportunistic adap-
tations to fear. Very somberly one's thoughts
wander away from the local habitat into our world
at large and realize how much of modern ex-
istence is dominated by a rising tide of racial
hatred ; and more somberly still do we who sit so
comfortably in this hall tonight stop to realize
that many young men, the first generation who
became the objects of a national recreation pro-
gram in the first of our fascist states, are march-
ing tonight across the soil of a foreign people to
attack them in warfare. Then we know life isn't
good.

Life isn't good when our social relationships
leave us unref reshed ; when we go to committee '
meetings and conferences, and come away tried ;
when in association with each other in planning
out our common destiny we discover that the
greater our proximity the less we like each other.
Then life isn't good.

Now it is possible for us to talk across the
oceans and have our own voices heard instan-
taneously in foreign lands, so near are we brought
together by science and technology, and every step
nearer seems to push us spiritually another step
farther apart. Why?

And, finally, life is not good unless our experi-
ence is "realistic, and for us it isn't. We live in a
gigantic fantasy. The serious-minded person must
arise every morning these days and say, "Is any-
thing I am going to do today going to be real?
Is it going to have real meaning, or am I going to
go through motions of whose meaning I- have no
insight, no experience, a sort of automatic, me-
chanical motions?" Gradually we have been
building this fantasy, this scene of unreality, until
in some respects it seems to me to have become
almost the significant aspect of our present cul-
tural crisis, and the most imposing tasks seems to
be for us to discover a sense of reality.

How does one discover reality? By relating
oneself to something outside the self, by seeing

yourself as functionally necessary, not to your-
self merely, but to your time.

Victories Won

But I didn't mean to go into this analysis of
what is meant by the good life, or what philoso-
phers mean by it, except as a kind of prelude to
what I had intended to do, namely, to map out
briefly what seemed to me to be the successive
victories which culturally-minded people in
America have won, and what there then remains
as our next chance.

I am thinking now particularly of youth, of this
group of men and women who a quarter of a
century ago began making themselves heard, be-
gan saying that there is something more in life
than labor and goods, the end of the goods of life
is not in themselves. If we are to become a
wealthy nation, capable of vast economic produc-
tion, then there must be some meaning in that
production beyond commodities; there must be
some way by which we can use our wealth to
create a finer society and a finer type of person.

Coming down a little more closely to your
specialized field, it seems to me that you, as part
of this advance of American culture, have won
the following victories. First of all you had to
overcome a deep-seated New England prejudice
against fun. There was a theory that somehow
or other life was good when that which was most
spontaneous in human beings was repressed, and
if one now reads the chronicles of those early days
in New England, reads the life of Charles Francis
Adams or Henry Adams, but Charles Francis in
particular, and reads the chapter which describes
a Sunday in a New England home, one gets a
realization of how deep-seated the theory was that
somberness and gloominess made a fitting life, and
that anything that resembled spontaneity, freedom
of action on the part of the individual, was a
sign of lack of self-possession and self-restraint.
That battle was won.

Then we had to fight that weird theory in edu-
cation— the theory which seemed to hold that
only that was learning which was acquired dur-
ing the most painful circumstances, and when
anybody looked as if he were suffering and at the
same time was acquiring information, that might
be called education! That battle has been mostly
won. It is a matter of fact that the two terms are
now used almost synonymously. At least I use
them so. To me recreation is the creative aspect
of education; it is merely another way of ex-

RECREATION AND THE GOOD LIFE

433

pressing growth. But there
was a time that many of you
in the audience remember
when our chief battle was
not with parents, not with the
church, not with the somber-
minded people, but with peo-
ple who had our children in
their charge^schoolmasters.

Then we also had to mod-
ify the curious notion that play was something
which took place in a vacuum and that it bore no
relationship organically to the rest of life. We
had to keep emphasizing that play is not some-
thing you do in order to make up for life ; it is
not a compensation for life ; it is not an antidote
for something you don't like in necessary exist-
ence. Play is life; play is one of the ways in
which you express what is most free in you, what
is most human. Most of you have been instru-
mental in bringing about the newer conception.

Then we had to fight the public battle to win
support for playgrounds, for community centers,
for the use of public schools, and that was a bat-
tle to influence politicians. It is mostly won.
Recreation is popular now. It is one of the most
popular of all public services in municipal life.

Then we had a battle with ourselves. All of
those who were active in the early days of the
recreation movement became specialists in activi-
ties, and they interpreted recreation almost entirely
in terms of something to do. Slowly we have
been attempting to convince people that that is
the most superficial part of recreation, and if it
continues to be the main part then recreation as
a whole will remain a superficial part of our
culture.

, Recreation is not a set of exercises or activities ;
it is primarily an attitude towards life, a sort of
gallant attitude towards life. You can tell the
people who are constantly being re-created and
refreshed and made anew because they are the
people who are always reaching out for new ex-
perience ; they are the adventurous people, the
gallant people, and what tells in them is not some-
thing which is the consequence of exercise or
movement. It is the consequence of some grov/th
which has taken place in their total personalities.

Finally, it must be said that while this repre-
sents a kind of synoptic view of the victories we
have gained, they are not all won. In each case
there is still something to be done. But, on the
whole, it is safe, I believe, to say that there is now

"Music, folk festival and dance, pag-
eantry, games and recreational pursuits,
sculpture, painting, building, arts and
crafts — all these are creative expres-
sions closely integrated and related to
periods of national culture and growth.
As in the days of Aristotle, the arts may
again offer us the means of living the
good life in our new social order."

— Margaret C. Brown.

in this country a recreation
movement which has become
integrated in our cultural
pattern and is here to stay.
The growth in the last five
years has been greater than
in all the previous history of
the movement taken together.
And now we are in danger.
At the moment of greatest
popularity — this is true of movements as well as
of persons — comes the moment of greatest haz-
ard. If I have time a little later I should like to
point out what seems to me to be some of the
chief dangers to the recreation movement, but I
shall pass on now to what I had originally plan-
ned, namely, a brief suggestion about what the
next horizon is.

Where Are the New Frontiers in Recreation?

What do you mean by your theme, "New Fron-
tiers for Recreation?" Well, I suppose what I
say has been in the minds of most of you at one
time or another. I have tried to bring it together
in a brief statement. We have had a habit in this
country of bringing the good things, particularly
those which became public services, to those
classes of our population who are already partially
privileged. Of course, it is an anomaly in a coun-
try such as ours to have had a leisure class, but
we have had one. Next to the leisure class, the
people who had recreation in America were those
just underneath, and then the middle classes. Now
we must give our attention more directly — not as
we have so often done, by charity, jumping from
the middle class down to the most neglected to
whom the new public services were offered as
philanthropy — to that great class of working class
Americans, farmers and city dwellers, who do the
work of the world. In this group there are still
some of the great neglected areas — people who
have never been taught to play ; people who have
as yet no recognition of the meaning of organized
play ; and still within this group, other great
neglected sections of our population, only one of
which I shall mention now, namely, the Ameri-
can Negroes. They are beginning to show us
something of the fineness of their bodily rhythms
when they are given a chance to participate in
our customary forms of athletics. That is not
enough. There is something in our American
Negroes which is so playful, so fine, so inherently
esthetic that it is our great loss that in our largest

434

RECREATION AND THE GOOD LIFE

cities the Negro populations are always left to the
last in public services.

I have recently been engaged vi^ith two groups
in two of our largest American cities in working
out a twenty-five year plan for improving the con-
ditions of the Negro people in those two cities,
and this experience has brought me face to face
with some of the most incredible neglect in edu-
cation, in recreation, in all the social services,
which still goes on, and goes on in some of our
most prosperous and some of the most highly
institutionalized American cities.

This, then, is one of our first frontiers. Recre-
ation has no meaning in this country unless it be-
comes thoroughly democratized; unless it be-
comes so, its meaning is still negative; it is still
an antidote for something, not a projection but an
injection, and I know that is not what you want
it to be.

The next frontier is to make a national ap-
proach to the problem of adult recreation. I
know this has been one of the topics of discussion
in this Congress for the last ten years approxi-
mately, and yet every time I go out to the small
towns and rural communities in America, and
go to the school house and see the adult popula-
tion come marching in, I have a renewed realiza-
tion of something dead. O, what a give-away that
phrase is which we use so commonly when young
people get married ! We say they are going to
"settle down." That is precisely what they do,
too. Five years after they are "settled down" you
can just see the sagging down, and it is not only
a muscle sag but a mental sag. Sometimes I dread
to be invited to the homes of former students,
particularly if they have been out of college for
more than five years. I know what books I will
find on the library shelf ; I know how quickly the
stimulus to movement of both body and thought
stagnates in the settling down process.

Now we have a great chance; a recreation
movement and an adult education movement, par-
ticularly the parent education movement, can go
hand in hand. They can, that is, if one of the
great dangers which now confronts us can be sur-
mounted. I thought I wouldn't mention these
dangers, but one now becomes so pertinent that
it must be included — namely, that as recreation
becomes more popular it also becomes more com-
petitive. There are more and more groups that
want to carry on recreation, and more and more
groups that become envious of other groups. One
of the reasons there is no small town recreation

movement which keeps young married couples
alive, keeps the adults growing, is that the insti-
tutions which serve those smaller communities are
struggling against one another. We must not be-
come a party to this narrow, localized institu-
tional strife. It is not only in the local com-
munity, however, it is also among our national
agencies.

Third, the frontier which I foresee as being
approachable and realizable in the near future is
to bring about a recreation program of such high
standards that it will automatically become a
match for the dynamics of our civilization. I am
making now a contrast between two processes in
society: one to be called the civilization which
consists of or is derived from technolog>', in-
dustry, and is extremely dynamic; on the other
hand, culture, which is a kind of emotional or-
ganization of experiences, the tone of life which
is derived primarily from our stablized institu-
tions. The gap between culture and civilization is
v.'hat represents to me our present cultural crisis.

More Comprehensive Claims Imperative

What I have said about recreation is this : thus
far our recreation program has been too modest;
it hasn't made large enough claims, or its claims
have been falsely placed. For example, we have
often had our program accepted by the public on
the basis of claims which we couldn't justify. We
have said, "Give us playgrounds and we will
guarantee that crime will be diminished." Don't
ever allow anybody to confront you with a paral-
lel set of graphs, one showing the constant in-
crease in the number of playgrounds, and the
other the constant increase in crime. No, I don't
mean making this kind of a claim for recreation.
We have been making the wrong claims. We
must now make a comprehensive claim. On the
one hand is civilization, with all its drama. Sci-
ence is now free, "mostly ; we can make all the
machines we want, all the inventions we wish. But
on the other hand we have a sense of values
which is so far out of harmony with this driving,
dynamic civilization that the instruments of civil-
ization themselves will no longer function, and
this is the claim we must make. What people do
aside from 'their necessary, compulsory labor is
just as important as the labor itself ; recreation
must become a match for industry, for tech-
nology, for science.

This means that we ourselves must begin to
broaden our whole interpretation of the word. It

RECREATION AND THE GOOD LIFE

435

may be necessary to coin a new word since the
old one has already so many narrow connotations.
But, certainly, if we think in terms of the good
life as foreshadowed in the early part of this dis-
cussion, then some entirely new means must be
introduced. A better society, a better culture,
cannot be brought about without improved per-
sonalities. We place before the country this
charge ; we want people to have a good life. We
want them to have it in terms of the goods of
life, and for the first time in the history of the
world we now realize that is possible. Every-
body could live in a good house ; everybody could
have good food ; everybody could wear good
clothes; everybody could have good medical at-
tention, and everybody could have plenty of lei-
sure to develop all of his latent capacities, so far
as the goods of life are concerned. But the good
life in terms of a social product is dependent
upon a new type of personality, and it is at this
point that we can now begin to make new claims
and wider claims for recreation.

A New Type of Personality Necessary
What kind of a person will it take to live in the
new world, happily, fruitfully, constructively?
Well, it will take first of all a team-minded per-
son, a crew-minded person — I choose the words
from the realm of athletics. It will take people
who get fun out of doing things together. No
matter what you think

.of a society can't operate any longer on the basis
of individualism; the machinery won't run; the
goods won't get produced. In spite of the fact
that we are potentially capable of a good life in
terms of the goods of life, the goods aren't here.
The per capita wealth in the United States in
1929 was less than $2,500 per person. You can't
have a good life on the income from $2,500. But
potentially it is here. The instruments are all
here; we can't use them because we don't know
what their purpose is. If we could only make up
our minds about what the value of these instru-
ments is to be, what the end is to be, we could
use all these machines and many more machines
to produce the wealth necessary to give people a
decent life. But this, you see, brings back the
eternal relationship between the social goal and
human stuff, the personality, the human instru-
ment through which we have to operate.

So I say we can make this claim: we can say
that people who learn to play together may learn
how to do many other things together for their
mutual advantage. Not necessarily, however. You
can also use play to regiment people, to reduce
their personal equations, to make them ready
members of a mob. But what we are saying is
that we are attempting to learn how to create a
recreation movement which will spontaneously
produce people who will get fun out of doing
things together. We are saying next that we can

produce a new type of
personality in w h i c h

about collectivism it is ,,.., ,, ,. .

, , , , . , . , We are aTtempting to create a recreation move- , . , ,

already here; this kmd ^^^^ ^hich will spontaneously produce people there will be a decent

who will get fun out of doing things together."

Courtesy Syracuse, N. Y., Department of Parks

436

RECREATION AND THE GOOD LIFE

balance between freedom on the one hand and au-
thority on the other. I can't understand why so
many business men object to playing the game of
business according to common rules when those
same men, if they leave their work and go out to
play a game of golf or a game of tennis, subject
themselves immediately to the rules. A business
man who thinks it is not wrong to evade by legal-
istic means the payment of his income taxes
wouldn't dare step over the line when he is serv-
ing a ball in tennis. He would be ashamed. He
has had the wrong kind of recreation. He hasn't
been taught the relationship between play and
growth; he is the sort of a person who thinks
recreation is an antidote for work; that it is a
way in which you forget about the badness of
your other experience. So he lives one way in his
sports, according to rules, but he doesn't want
any rules in the other areas of his life.

We are going to demonstrate ultimately that
play teaches people and develops a type of per-
sonality in which the balance
between freedom and author-
ity is automatic. We know
that there are certain aspects
of our experience in which we
must give up some of our will-
fulness in order that every-
body may share; there are
other realms in which we must
demand increased freedom, and that is exactly
what you learn in play.

I hope we shall also produce personalities in
which it will become also automatic to see the re-
lationship between difference and unity. A team
makes use of differences. If everybody on the
team were the same it would not be nearly as ef-
fective as it is because everybody is different. A
football team, for example, of men all the same
height, all the same length of limb, all moving at
the same acceleration of speed, could be easily
beaten by a team of smaller men provided there
was enough difference in the other team. The es-
sence of a team is that you get unity out of dif-
ference. How our country needs that lesson now
at this moment when we tend to separate into par-
tisan cliques, when we are farther apart as a people
than we have been in years, and the whole ten-
dency is towards separatism ! How we should prize
to have now thousands and millions of people
who had learned how to play in this sense that it
is their very difference which counts towards
unity. Our differences are not absolute; the rea-

" Living itself may become the
greatest of arts once we make
room for inventiveness."

— Eduard C. Lindeman.

.son I can have fun with you in a game is prin-
cipally because you are different than I am.

I could go on indefinitely with these outline? of
types of traits which it seems to me would be the
natural outcome of a more comprehensive and
sounder conception of the role of play in modern
life, but I want to make one or two very rapid
statements about the federal program in its rela-
tion to leisure time.

The Federal Program

First, let me speak of the responsibility which
some of us have assumed in Washington under
the dispensation of that portion of the Relief Ad-
ministration called Works Progress, which aims
first of all to place in employment as quickly as
possible all of the deserving persons now on re-
lief. This includes approximately half a million
]:)ersons who have some sort of professional train-
ing. They have become the object of special at-
tention under a division of the Works Progress
Administration which is called
Professional and Service.

Within this division my re-
sponsibility is two-fold : first,
to employ those persons who
are properly trained in the
various arts, namely, painting,
sculpture, music, literature,
and the drama; second, to use
all of the remaining persons in the professional
group who either are equipped, or who can be
trained, for conducting community organizations
throughout the country on the behalf of a pro-
gram for leisure time.

That is, as briefly as I can state it, the program
of this division. You and I know all of the various
difficulties and hazards. A great government
mechanism works under tremendous handicaps;
we have been very slow getting this program un-
der way. At last, all the major barriers have been
removed and within the next few weeks it should
be possible to bring about the steps which will
bring organization to these communities. You
notice how I have stated the function. It is not
to go into communities to teach people to play;
the purpose is to go into communities to teach
them how to organize for play so that when the
depression is over, or when federal funds are
withdrawn, we will have planted some seeds in
these communities which will go on creating a
national leisure-time movement.

(Continued on page 468)

Recreation in Our Present Democracy

By Mrs. Eugene Meyer

Chairman, Recreation Commission
Westchester County, New York

A plea for mainiraining the In-
tegrity of the local recreation
body and making it a vital part
of the government of a city.

THIS IS THE most critical period in which our
national congress of recreation workers has
ever assembled, for there is all about us a
new world in the making, and in that evolution
our work has a singularly important role to play.
The whole recreation movement came into ex-
istence in response to new social conditions, and
since those conditions have only been intensified
by the sudden crisis from which we are now
gradually emerging, the need for recreational
programs has been intensified with them. Indeed,
the responsibility to meet the demands which are
suddenly being made upon us is very grave and
it depends entirely upon us how successfully we
shall understand our new role in the social struc-
ture and how creatively we shall be able to think
and act in the face of new and ever newer
situations.

When governmental problems are as vast as
they have become today, we are fortunate in be-
ing obliged to function in a limited field, since
recreation, because of its intimate human per-
sonal nature, is and ever must remain a local
activity. We are dedicated to the service of the
whole community, often a very small community.
The very success of all that we do depends upon
close contact with the people whom we serve,
upon exact knowledge of the environment both
social and natural, upon accessibility and upon an
intuitive perception of the cultural needs of our
respective communities. Such close cooperation,
such integration with the daily life of a people, is
possible only if recreation systems are broken
down into relatively small units, and I am sure
you will agree with me without further argu-
ment that the growth of large, impersonal organi-
zations is a thing to be prevented at all costs if
our work is to retain the spontaneity, variety and

vitality which alone spell success for recreational
endeavors.

Inevitably when I speak of a recreation pro-
gram I have in mind our own Westchester
County (N. Y) situation. Even in our small
county unit the activities are not imposed from
the central office but arise in the towns and vil-
lages with local aid. The County Commission
functions only for those aspects of the work in
which one village cooperates with a number of
others in collective efforts or in competitions that
are county-wide. In this way social solidarity and
county pride are built up by programs primarily
designed to improve health, to stimulate educa-
tion and to satisfy cultural needs through athletic
leagues, dramatic societies, choral groups, play-
grounds, workshops and a multitude of other
things too familiar to you to be enumerated.

I cannot imagine this closely-knit program
functioning at all as a small and remote and half-
neglected part of a national plan. How would
Washington know the problem of a boys' club in
the town of Ossining? If you tell me that the
Boy Scouts and other national organizations have
the same problem, my answer is that these or-
ganizations lean on our Commission very heavily
for all kinds of assistance which we gladly sup-
ply. But what suggestion could Washington make
that would meet this or any other problem that
confronts us? And if I hear you say, what I am
afraid many of you are already thinking, that
Washington can supply money, then my answer
to you is that Washington never sends money
without specific explanations as to how the money
will be spent. I can well appreciate that Federal
money even with many strings attached may be
welcomed by recreation workers, but remember
that it is all too evident already that Federal sup-

437

438

RECREATION IN OUR PRESENT DEMOCRACY

port is temporary and that you may easily put
yourself in the position of leading your people
to expect services that you cannot possibly con-
tinue. Permanent growth in the recreation move-
ment can never be achieved in that way, and you
may even harm the whole movement by leading
people to think of recreation as just another tem-
porary Federal project. I have said that the rec-
reation movement must meet local needs and
therefore it must rest upon local support.

By saying that our work is essentially local, I
in no wise minimize its importance. On the con-
trary, I mean thereby to
emphasize its value, for no-
body will ever be able to
distort or destroy the in-
escapable truth that in a
real democracy, and espe-
cially in a democracy as
vast as ours, local autonomy
is and will remain the par-
ticular genius, the prime
motive force and the secret
strength of our system of
government. Even this fun-
damental tenet of our demc3-
cratic faith is being chal-
lenged, and aggressively
challenged, at this moment,
but all such threats to our
sound development must
fail; for even if our theo-
retical belief in liberty is
temporarily weakened
through universal hard-
ships, the habits of freedom
which are ingrained in the
American citizen will final-
ly repel any attempt to break them down. Federal
administrations come and go, but local govern-
ment has continuity because it touches the daily
lives of the people and thereby holds their con-
tinuous interest and attention. The interference
of the central government in local matters pre-
supposes greater wisdom concerning these mat-
ters than the local authorities themselves possess,
a thing that none of you, I am ure, will be pre-
pared to admit. But even if the central govern-
ment were ten times as wise as our local adminis-
trators, its operation in the area of local problems
would still be disastrous, because our country is
much too vast and local interests much too varied

"We have no right to prate of liberty
nor to boast of our leisure, so long
as there are large numbers of child-
ren who do not know green fields."

and numerous ever to be successfully administered
from Washington. In this connection de Tocqiie-
ville makes the following prescient observation in
his book on American Democracy : "Whenever a
central administration aifects to supersede the
persons most interested, I am inclined to suppose
that it is either misled, or desirous to mislead."

In the present situation we must not only gi:ard
our own local freedom but must also help pre-
serve the local character of agencies with which
we are intimately associated. You all know how
closely our work is connected with that of the
public school system. In
fact, most of our program
for children, whether it is
an after-school activity or
a summer program entail-
ing playgrounds and camps,
must eventually be taken
over by the public schools,
since two nation-wide sys-
tems for the education of
the child would in the long
run be uneconomic. In all
of our endeavors, especial-
ly on behalf of children
and young people, we are
now in a sense an extension
of the school system, and
our own local autonomy
will soon disappear if the
independence of our educa-
tional system is under-
mined.

In this connection a frank
discussion of the adminis-
tration of the National
Youth Fund is unavoidable
since the apprehensions
which it has aroused are so widespread. Some
months ago announcement was made of the for-
mation of the National Youth Administration
with an allocation of $50,000,000. from work re-
lief funds to be spent within a calendar year in
developing a combined work, education and rec-
reation program on behalf of the unemployed
youth of the country. Such an idea on the face
of it is calculated to gladden the hardest heart,
but a high degree of skepticism was necessarily
aroused when the administration of that fund was
placed, not under the Commissioner of Educa-
tion, but under the already over-burdened Public
Works Administration. Assistant directors have

RECREATION IN OUR PRESENT DEMOCRACY

439

been appointed in every state who report to
Washington on the merits of various state plans,
thus setting up the nucleus of a national educa-
tional bureau. In fact, it is no secret at Washing-
ton that several of our ambitious brain-trusters
intend that the National Youth Administration
shall be a preliminary to a new Federal Depart-
ment of Education. That most Boards of Edu-
cation and Recreation have hesitated to ask for
funds in these circumstances is an inevitable re-
sult, for no matter how badly the money may be
needed, the Federal vassalage that its acceptance
will entail is obviously too high a price.

Not only would I like to make the point here
that education is not properly an activity of the
Federal government, but I should like to add an-
other which concerns you almost as much, namely,
that to the extent that the Federal Government
concerns itself with extra-governmental activi-
ties, to that extent the structure of our National
Government must suffer and be confused if not
broken down.

Such Federal controls, once established in the
educational field, are only too certain to be aug-
mented, and the recent decision in Washington
to make the CCC camps permanent is only one
ominous portent of what we may expect. It can-
not be stated too emphatically that educational
freedom will soon be a myth if education is al-
lowed to go on the dole. The administration's
purposes may be of the purest, but its methods in
assigning the youth funds justify us in suspect-
ing the worst.

Federal control of education and recreation is
one of the most important steps toward fascism
or communism. I know that it is being justified
over here on the basis of specious reports from
Europe. One of the hardest things we recreation
workers have to endure is the enthusiastic talk of .
returned travelers who have seen armies of young
people doing setting-up exercises in Germany,
Italy or Russia and who thereupon tell us we
ought to do "something big" for recreation over
here! These Americans know nothing, as a rule,
of the hard work that has been going on amongst
us for years to enable our citizens
to enjoy life in their own way. I
wonder whether you feel as re-
sentful as' I do when all that silly
tramp, tramp, tramp is held up
to us for emulation. In these
countries recreation is being
cleverly used to enslave the mind.

"Let's stop our apologetic, de-
fensive atitude toward our vari-
ous budget makers and demand
that recreation be given the
importance in our educational
scheme to which it has proved
itself to be entitled."

whereas in America we are trying valiantly to use
recreation to free the mind in order that our peo-
ple may find for themselves a new orientation to-
ward a new environment.

What we may very profitably learn from the
communist and fascist regimes is their emphasis
on devotion to the general welfare. From in-
fancy children are taught, in these countries to
place the ideal of community service above that
of private gain. With them, however, such loyalty
is imposed from above, and if we can only make
our own people understand that a sturdier indi-
viduality will enjerge from a voluntary interest
in the public good, our social solidarity will be
infinitely more powerful than theirs. Your un-
selfish devotion to community needs is one of the
finest examples of the modern conception of co-
operative society, and your efforts an immediate
and positive contribution to the soundest line of
our social development.

Any community which loves the free institu-
tions of this country and wishes to preserve them
should be not only willing but anxious to support
a recreation program in addition to its regular
provisions for public schools. Under present con-
ditions of enforced leisure or of hard-earned lei-
sure, all opportunities for self-development, for
health and happiness, increase the satisfaction of
our citizens in their own kind of government and
protect them in this period of stress from follow-
ing false social theories.

But aside from this, democracy must fail if it
spends all its efforts, as we are doing now, in sup-
porting the victims of a temporary depression
unless at the same time it affords additional op-
portunity for the increasing development of gen-
eral community needs. So definitely and clearly
is this true that the property owner and taxpayer
who is anxious to stave off fascism or communism
must no longer ask himself "can we afford rec-
reation?" If he has any insight whatsoever, any
interest in protecting and furthering our demo-
cratic form of government, he must say to him-
self "Can we afford not to have recreation?" In
other words, let's stop our apologetic, defensive
attitude toward our various local
budget makers and demand that
recreation be given the import-
ance in our educational scheme to
which it has proved itself to be
entitled.

But we have no right to prate of
liberty nor to boast of our leisure
(Continued on page 468)

The National Recreation Movement

dth<

Federal Government

BEFORE proceeding with the
awards I want to say just
a word about a young man
who used to sit in our Congress
about fifteen or twenty years ago. I had a mes-
sage from Washington this afternoon that he
asked me to give to this Congress. He assures us
that the same traditions, the same ideals that he
had when he sat in our group nearly twenty years
ago, the same traditions and ideals he feels are
associated with this organization, he wants, with
our help, to try to put into the National Youth
Administration in Washington. The only reason
he is not here as he had planned to be is because
of an accident which resulted in several broken
ribs, and he felt that it was not safe for him to
come.

I want to give you the message as he gave it
over the long distance telephone about four
o'clock this afternoon. "I am counting on the
municipal recreation agencies. We in the Na-
tional Youth Administration want to work through
the existing agencies. It is the President's pur-
pose and my purpose to back the kind of work
you people have been standing for through the
years. I am very sorry I am not to be with you."

You know I am referring to Aubrey Williams,
the Administrator of the National Youth Admin-
istration, who used to serve in the recreation
movement in Cincinnati years ago.

I ought perhaps to say just a word in addition.
It has always been the attitude of the National
Recreation Association to respond to govern-
mental requests — county, state or national. When
the call came during the war time, some twenty-
five hundred workers were mobilized and served
in different places near the camps.

When a call came from Dr. Studebaker, or
from anyone in the government, for conference
in order to make use of the resources of the

440

By Howard Braucher

Secretary
National Recreation Association

national recreation movement,
we have always tried to re-
spond. And so we have given
our material to the Agriculture
Department, the Labor Department, and to a
great many of the departments of the National
Government, and we have hoped that they would
use it without any recognition.

I think, moreover, I ought to say that at the
present time the Board of Directors of the Na-
tional Recreation Association believe that all the
assets that we have ought to be made available to
try to see what can be brought out of the plans
of the National Youth Administration, and Au-
brey Williams has assured me that it is his pur-
pose to try to keep political considerations out of
the Youth Administration as far as it possibly
can be done.

It is not, it seems to me, for the National Board
to go into the details of whether this place or that
place is the right location for any work of the
Government. Rather, we respond when we are
called upon. If President Hoover wished to have
a conference, we placed our resources before him ;
President Wilson called, and President Taft, and
each found the resources of the movement were
made available as fast as possible. And so we are
'happy to serve as we can in making any knowl-
edge that is within, the movement available to
Aubrey Williams, just as we would make it avail-
able to the United States Department of Agri-
culture, or any other department of the govern-
ment.

I am hoping we will find it working out better
than some of us might anticipate. I think we have
all recognized, as we have listened to addresses
. here, that in the national recreation movement it
is the purpose to have every point of view
thoroughly represented, and then we have to
choose for ourselves as to the part we will play.

Makino L

ng Leisure i ime

Time Count

By Hon. Henry Horner

Governor of Illinois

(EXTEND to you the hearty welcome of all Illi-
nois to our state. And I welcome this oppor-
tunity to thank the officers, leaders and work-
ers of your Association throughout the United
States for the magnificent work they are doing in
guiding and directing the men, women and chil-
dren of our country in the art of living that fuller
and happier existence which
builds a stronger and better
American citizenship.

What is that which we
call America? It is not
alone our mountain ranges,
our rolling prairies, our
rivers, our lakes. It is not
alone our factories, our in-
dustries, our commerce. It
is not alone our great cities
or our matchless farms. It
is not alone our schools, our
institutions of learning.

America is life at its best. It is made up of
people whose opportunity it is to live the abun-
dant life. Whether the pulse of our citizenship
shall be able to reach such a standard is dependent
upon what opportunity we give it to do so. The
happiness and ultimate success of the nation de-
pend upon whether it is an erratic or turbulent
pulse crowded with dark fears, narrowness, jeal-
ousy, or whether it is the healthy buoyant rhythm
of a well-ordered life characterized by the proper
balance of work and recreation, understanding,
resourcefulness, and culture.

Although a gainful pursuit is a necessity, man
cannot live by bread alone. What should he do in
his marginal time, the use of which veritably in-
volves his destiny— the destiny of the nation?

Depending upon the use made of it, leisure can
degrade or elevate. It can reduce working effici-
ency or increase it. It can blast careers or enhance
them. It can break down health or build it. It

"The sudden acquIslHon of leisure
would have found us unprepared for
an adequate use of it but for the
forethought of groups and organi-
zations like yours. Definite propos-
als for leisure time have been set
up; the purposes and standards are
becoming known; the organization,
equipment, and techniques are be-
coming widespread, and leadership
in the movement has become vibrant."

can impoverish life or enrich it. It can stifle tal-
ents or give them room and air for blossoming.
It can nourish selfish indulgence and lead on to
delinquency and crime, or it can stimulate neigh-
borliness and fine human service. It can cramp
the inner urges or release them for wholesome
creative expression. There probably never has
been a time when people did
not have some leisure, but
no period in the world's
history has afforded so wide
an extension of leisure as
the present age, especially
in the western world. A
number of factors have
brought this about. One is
the introduction of the ma-
chine which has increased
production and intensified
mobility, thereby extending
leisure. Shortened working
hours with a vacation period and days ofif for
holidays have become established.

Women, too, have been liberated from drudg-
ery by modern conveniences. The educational
period of childhood has been prolonged. Child
labor laws and compulsory education laws have
freed the child from injurious work.

Today's organized community recreation has
advanced by gigantic strides from the sand gar-
dens of Boston in 1885. Through successive
stages we have seen advancement and enlargement
from essentially a program for children to a
comprehensive plan aflfecting adults and the
community.

No one can justly deny that the recreation
movement has had pronounced beneficial eflfects
upon fundamental American institutions and
upon the life of the American people in general.
People in every walk of life have been affected.
Your Association has the nation's sincere appre-

441

442

MAKING LEISURE TIME COUNT

ciation for the effective service you have given
during the past few years when the unemploy-
ment problem has absorbed the serious attention
of every government official in the country.
Through occupation of idle hands and right use
of mental faculties our unemployed have not lost
spirit in these troublous times. And in the pro-
cess of becoming interested in what we call the
"art of living" they have become happier men and
women, better able to respond to the needs they
face. Your worthwhile work has helped in the
attack upon the very roots of crime by guiding
and directing our younger generation — and for
that matter, our grown population — along lines
that build fine strong characters so occupied with
happy, interesting pursuits that there is less time
for unwholesome thoughts and actions.

We can place the most expensive facilities, the
finest books, the best material in the world at the
disposal of our people, but it takes leadership to
urge them to follow a well chartered course that
has plan and an ultimate benefit for them. The
multiplication of our enjoyment in the future de-
pends upon the scope of our interest in and knowl-
edge of the things with which it will be possible
for us to improve our living.

The essential qualities
of courage, confidence, in-
itiative, self-control, en-
thusiasm, fair play, hon-
esty, loyalty, cooperation
and self-expression, which
are developed by healthful
and intelligently directed
recreation, are necessary
to good citizenship.

To all of you who. by
extending their outlook on
life, are leading the na-
tion's boys and girls, its
men and women, to new
horizons, it must be a
great personal satisfaction
to know that you have

Many sfafes are increasing,
as is Illinois, Ihe recrea-
fional services represented
in parks, bathing beaches
and similar facilities.

made their tapestries of life more colorful, more
attractive.

The cost of such a movement is much less than
the cost of neglect. What we do now in this re-
spect is aiding the preservation of American ideals
for the future. You are thus contributing to the
happiness and success of America of today and
tomorrow. Our country has prospered, and it
will prosper more, as the power of its citizens to
enjoy life is increased.

Recreational Opportunities in Illinois

Illinois is seriously concerned with the develop-
ments of its recreational opportunities. We have
approached the subject along many avenues. I
will not now discuss all the activities of our pro-
gram. We have provided many breathing spaces
and recreation areas for our citizens and visitors.
During the past two years the available acreage
of our state park system has been more than
doubled and the areas made more attractive and
serviceable to the people.

State parks offer much to all classes of citizens.
To the city dweller they bring the solace of soli-
tude. Rural people find the pleasure of crowds

(Continued on page 469)

ft ^

Courtesy Department of Forests and Waters, Commonzvcaltli of Pennsylvania

Recreation and Wholesome Living

By
Mrs. Thomas A. Edison

WHY DO we; come to you over tlie radio? Be-
cause our great desire is to have everybody
know the value of the right kind of recre-
ation, and that this National Recreation Associa-
tion is one of the great channels through which
one can find the aid one needs.

It is the subtle combination of work and play,
from the beginning of life, that means recreation.

No matter what our station in life may be, we
should give our children responsibilities in the
home and community, that they may learn so to
love work that they find it play.

If we find happiness in our work, there is a
certain kind of relaxation in it as Mr. Edison
found, for when we
would urge him to
drop work for some-
thing we thought
pleasure, he would
say, "I find pleasure
in my work!" So let
us strive to cultivate
play in, work.

Work and love —
that is the body and
soul of the human
being. Happy he
where they are one !

The secret is to find
that satisfying some-
thing. If we are weary
in mind and body,
work is a drag; so if
we turn to a hobby
for change of occupa-
tion we find rest, and
return to our work
with new zest.

Hobbies can be
found in many fields

Mrs. Edison, who is a member
of the Board of Directors of
the National Recreation Asso-
ciation, broadcast this talk over
the N. B. C. network on the
opening night of the Recrea-
tion Congress. Later she re-
peated it before an evening
meeting of the Congress.

^.tf^

ElJl

; 4

of interest, such as science, which includes so
many soul-satisfying subjects for the layman.
There we may begin with the heavens in the study
of astronomy ; through the air with the birds in
the study of ornithology; to the earth and sea
with their rocks, trees, insects, animals, fish and

the interesting but
neglected subject, on
account of fear, of
reptiles and the like.
We have, too, the ab-
sorbing occupation of
the garden with its
study of the plants,
flowers and landscap-
ing.

Then there are the
arts for self-expres-
sion— music, with its
group singing and
group playing in the
home as well as in the
community ; painting,
(Continued on paije 469)

And at every hand are
the varied activities
of the out-of-doors.

AAZ

Welcome to the Recreation Congress

By Hon. Edward J. Kelly

Mayor of Chicago

WE ARE MIGHTY happy to have you with us
here in Chicago because we need stimula-
tion. We think that we are recreation-
minded. We think that we do love the boys and
girls, but there are many things that we have to
learn and we want to get the benefit of your ex-
perience and your advice. We in the Park Dis-
trict did whatever we could toward the develop-
ment of sports and various other recreational
privileges, but we know that other cities are do-
ing just as well and some cities are doing a little
better. We do claim credit of pioneering in pub-
lic golf grounds because the Jackson Park golf
course was the first public golf course in the
United .States, and I should hate to count the
number of people who have played there ever
since it was built.

We are proud of Victor Brown because of the
development he has brought about in park district
recreation, especially in the South Park Board be-
fore it became the Chicago Park District which
is now presided over by Mr. Dunham. It is
probably one of the biggest park districts in the
world. We in Chicago have
great faith in Air. Brown.
He has been with us so
long now that we really
would be lost without him,
and I personally want to
thank him for all the good
work he has done for the
City of Chicago in the way
of developing young minds
and young muscles.

I think there is more to
do at this time than nor-
mally in the recreation pro-
gram for the youngsters of
the country. Most of them
have become discouraged
because when they go home
and listen to the conversa-

444

"In a very special sense Mayor Kelly be-
longs to our group," said Dr. Finley in
introducing hinri. "Before beconning Mayor
of Chicago he was President of the South
Park Connmission and for thirteen years
presided over that great park and recrea-
tion developnnent. Last year Mayor Kelly
attended the Recreation Congress in Wash-
ington, and one of the principal reasons
why we are meeting in this city is his
enthusiasm and his very practical help.
From the first conference with him up to
the present moment we have had the sup-
port and ready help of his whole adminis-
tration. What he and his associates have
done through the years for park and rec-
reation development has been an inspira-
tion to the whole recreation movement and
we all feel proud to count him one of the
real leaders of the movement in America."

tion of father and mother, who are out of work,
they, too, think that the world is practically com-
ing to an end ; that there is no possible chance for
work; no possible chance for prosperity. It is
bound to make the boy and girl feel discouraged.
The result is that the young boy may go out and
steal a car and after he has stolen the car he may
hold up somebody. He would probably be ar-
rested, or shot, or become a thief from then on.
I think you people in the parks and recreation
centers do much toward taking that out of his
mind by keeping him busy, by making things
pleasant for him, and that work in itself is going
to do much toward moulding and bringing into
existence in the United States really good citi-
zens. You folks in recreation bureaus and recre-
ation activities should stress even more than you
do now the fact that we have had depressions be-
fore, that we have had hard times, and most of
us didn't have everything we wanted during those
hard times; but in this great country where we
have confidence in our flag, confidence in our
country, and confidence in our God, that we are
bound to come out all right.
So I would suggest that
each one here constitute
himself a committee of one
to impress on the young-
sters that the way the tough
kid goes is the bad way ;
xthat a foundation estab-
lished now is going to last
with him forever ; that once
his finger prints are taken
over at the t e c h n i q ue
bureau, or his picture is set
up in the rogues' gallery, it
is going to be mighty dif-
ficult to offset that in his
future life, and it would be
much better for him to de-
(Contiiiiied on page 470)

Planning the National Forests

for

Greater Recreational Uses

IN SOME localities recreation
was once frowned upon as
an instrument of the devil.
In others, it was tolerated as
a luxury of the idle rich. To-
day it is universally recognized as a necessity that
contributes to the health, happiness, and welfare
of individuals, communities and nations.

Forests play a vital part in meeting today's rec-
reational needs. They provide rest and relaxation ;
return rich dividends in physical health and spirit-
ual and mental well being; so recreate body and
mind that we may tackle, with renewed vigor, our
every-day bread-and-butter tasks. And through
recreation forests make an important economic
contribution as well. For according to the best
available figures, expenditures for forest recrea-
tion in the United States now reach a total of
some $1,750,000,000 annually!

The National Forests afford an example of the
enormous growth forest recreation has made in
the last two decades. In 1917, the number of peo-
ple who visited or passed through them was three
million. This jumped, in 1934, to 38 million.
Many of these 38 million, it is true, were travelers
who made little or no stop. But more than
13,000,000 deliberately sought — and found — real
recreation. These people occupied summer homes,
hotels, dude ranches, or resorts; they stayed at
municipally operated camps or those managed by
the Y.AI.C.A., Boy Scouts, or organizations like
the Kiwanians ; they chose camp spots of their
own or stopped at one or more of the 3,000 free
camp grounds equipped with modern convenien-
ces; they lazed around, hunted, fished, botanized,
geologized, or traveled roads and trails over tim-
bered slopes to snow-clad peaks, rushing streams,
or placid mountain lakes.

New Frontiers for Recreation
Despite this remarkable increase in numbers of
visitors, the National Forests are today new fron-

By Richard H. Rutledge

Regional Forester
United States Forest Service

tiers for outdoor recreation in
America. For there are 154 of
them. They are located in 37
states, Alaska, and Puerto
Rico. Within their boundar-
ies are some 170 odd million acres of federally
owned land. They embrace parts of every moun-
tain .range and every major forest region in the
United States. They are accessible, yet include
Primitive Areas which can be explored only on
foot or with saddle and pack stock. And every
National Forest resource — recreation as well
as wood, water, forage, and wild life — is for
use ; all are administered by the Department of
Agriculture's Forest Service under a policy which
insures perpetuation of all resources and assures
the greatest good to the greatest number of people
in the long run.

Planning is necessary to accomplish this. And
all resource plans must be integrated and correlat-
ed one with another; management over broad
areas must be on a system under which the land
as a whole can support its fair share of the coun-
try's population. This means multiple-purpose
management. For living within and adjacent to
existing National Forests — and dependent for all
or a material part of their competence upon them
— are already nearly 1,000,000 people. With the
National Forest areas now being acquired in the
East, South, and Lake States, this number may
soon exceed 1,500,000. It is obviously against the
public interest to lock up — ^ under the guise of
single-purpose management — the resources from
which all these people make their living. Nor is
this necessary. For over broad areas, integration
between uses of various and varied resources has
been accomplished for more than thirty years on
mountainous National Forest lands which in the
aggregate now exceed the combined areas of Il-
linois, Indiana, Ohio, Iowa and Missouri, with
half of Kansas thrown in. And under multiple-
use management on these broad areas, the million

445

446 PLANNING NATIONAL FORESTS FOR GREATER RECREATIONAL USES

people just mentioned earn all or a part of their
subsistence by regularly harvesting resources such
as timber and forage, the while recreational use
has increased some 300% in less than twenty
years !

This multiple-use principle of land management
requires special treatment in its application to re-
stricted areas, of course. There are, for example,
many spots of rare scenic beauty in the National
Forests; places which aflford visitors all they de-
sire in the way of beauty, interest, and inspiration.
These places are not as a rule susceptible of being
combined one with another. They are, instead,
scattered but integral and inseparable parts of
much larger areas.

Recreational Values

Recreational values on the larger areas are de-
finitely secondary to values in-
herent in such resources as lim-
ber, water (for municipal and
other purposes), forage or min-
erals. But on certain smaller
areas — on shores of limpid,
tree- fringed lakes, beside beau-
tifully clear mountain streams,
in fragrant meadows from
which lofty, snow-clad peaks
are visible — recreational values
are often outstanding. On such
areas special treatment — which
approaches single-purpose man-
agement — is applied. Let me illustrate :

I have in mind a certain lake within the Karii-
ksu National Forest, in Idaho's panhandle, not far
from the Canadian border. It is accessible over
good roads. One city, with a population of some
150,000, is within two hours drive. Dozens of
towns in northern Idaho, eastern Washington,
western Montana, are slightly nearer or farther
away. Their people flock each summer to the
shores of this island-dotted, timber-fringed,
mountain-ringed lake. And a nearby transcon-
tinental highway brings others from the East, the
Prairie States, the Pacific Coast. For this lake is
a beautiful spot in a country famed for its moun-
tain scenery, its delightful summer weather, its
trout in lake and streams, its deer and other big
game in nearby virgin forests.

Here is an area of recreational value ; one which
is obviously needed to help meet local — and other
— recreational requirements. Demands were not
great, nor was this need so obvious, when the first

" 'Conservation is wise use.'
That definition, I believe,
ennbraces all of conserva-
tion, whether it be oF nat-
ural economic resources for
future production or of re-
sources for the recreational
use of the people." — Conrad
Wirth in Planning and
Civic Comment, April-
June 1935.

plan for orderly development of recreation on the
shores of this lake was drawn up by the Forest
Service. For roads were then poor and visitors
scarce. But basic principles were evolved and re-
corded then ; standards and practices, since refined
to anticipate varied conditions and needs, have
steadily been applied through the years.

All this has brought results. National Forest
lands now oflFer to the recreationist five free pub-
lic picnic and camp grounds with a combined
capacity of some 600 people ; summer homesites
which may be occupied, under permit, at nominal
annual charges; resorts which furnish inexpensive
accommodations by the day, week, or month;
country stores from which the public may pur-
chase such simple necessities as food, clothing,
gas, and oil.

Each camp and picnic ground is equipped with
modern sanitary facilities, out-
door stoves or fireplaces, rus-
tic tables and benches. Each
has its own supply of water —
ample, pure and convenient —
for domestic purposes. Within
each camp ground are individ-
ual camp "spots'' where cars
may be parked and tents or can-
vas shelters pitched. Each of
these "spots" is screened by
natural foliage from its neigh-
bors ; each camp and picnic
ground, resort, and store, is
separated and similarly screened from every other
development. And sites for more camp and pic-
nic grounds are held in reserve, undeveloped, to
meet future demands.

Each individual summer homesite is also well
screened from its neighbors on either side. Eighty-
five inexpensive but attractive summer homes
have already been built, and more sites are ready
as they may be needed. And available to all — pic-
nickers, campers, summer residents and guest
alike — an unmarred shoreline ; safe, sandy beaches
a lake some 20 miles in length with secluded bays ;
bold points and timbered slopes leading to dis-
tant, white-capped peaks.

But this lake is, after all, only a small part of
the larger forested area that surrounds it. And
other values on the larger area are greater, by far,
than are recreational values of the lakes and its
immediate environs. This situation is therefore re-
flected in all plans which are so correlated that
there shall result for the entire area — of which the

PLANNING NATIONAL FORESTS FOR GREATER RECREATIONAL USES 447

lake is a small but inseparable part — the greatest
good to the greatest number of people in the long
run.

Preserving Primitive Areas

Public opinion has long been strongly in favor
of preserving primitive conditions in representa-
tive areas which have paramount inspirational
and educational character and significance. And
rightly so, for the sturdy character of the original
American people was enhanced through their
contacts with the forest ; clear lakes and rivers
are still conducive to clear thinking and vision. In
deference to the public opinion and demand the
Forest Service initiated, years
ago, the poHcy of designating
as Primitive Areas certain
sections of some of the Na-
tional Forests.

Under that policy some 67
tracts, aggregating almost
10,000,000 acres, have already
been administratively set aside.
All these Primitive Areas are
roadless. Within them there
are no hotels or dude ranches,
no hot dog stands, drug-store
restaurants, or gasoline pumps.
And none will be permitted ;
signs of civilization will be
confined to those things neces-
sary to insure adequate fire
protection : to keep the forests
green.

Each Primitive Area has
been carefully chosen. An in-
tegral part of the National
Forest which surrounds it,
each is restricted to territory
which has inspirational and
educational values. Standards
in this respect can not be so
exacting as those which apply
to the National Parks, of
course. For they — administer-
ed by the National Park Serv-
ice of the Department of In-
terior— are confined to repre-
sentative areas which, super-
latively beautiful, are of
national and international in-
terest and charm. But Primi-
tive Area standards are such

as to delight enthusiastic explorers like the "Trail
Riders of the National Forests," sponsored by
the American Forestry Association. Each Primi-
tive Area is so managed as to conserve all its
natural values — wild-life included— through rec-
reational use. And always there is, of course,
that coordination and correlation with other uses
on broader areas which is essential to successful
management of the National Forests.

Serving Governmental Units

Camjjs developed and managed by city and
county recreation departments also offer examples
of specific, single-purpose treatment applied to

Courtesy Milwaukee County Regional Planning Department

448

PLANNING NATIONAL FORESTS FOR GREATER RECREATIONAL USES

relatively small areas. There are now many such
camps, including those on the Angeles, Cleveland,
and Stanislaus National Forest in California,
operated by the city and the county of Los An-
geles, and the city of Oakland, respectively.

And it is hoped there will be more of them, for
the Forest Service is making a conscious effort
to create and make available such recreational op-
portunities as may be needed by local govern-
mental authorities. This is not to be done by
shifting responsibility for the management of
organized recreation from city, county, or local
political subdivisions. Such an attempt might be
unwelcome ; certainly it would be unwise. So the
effort will be — as it has been — merely to make
lands already in Federal ownership available for
additional and supplemental local recreational
uses when the needs for such uses and the char-
acter of the lands make that course clearly in the
public interest. Responsibility for developing
facilities and managing organized activities will
continue to rest with the city, county, or state,
through its recreation department. Naturally so,
for in no other way could development and man-
agement successfully be correlated with local
financial policy or existing local recreational re-
sources and needs.

Areas so used do not pass out of federal own-
ership. Occupancy is under permit, instead. Full
control over the lands remains with the Forest
Service, so that recreational uses may be coor-
dinated with those of other resources over broad
areas the control of which Congress decided, in
1905, should be vested solely with the Depart-
ment of Agriculture.

As a type, recreation on the National Forests is
simple, democratic, unregimented. Public camp
and picnic grounds — and most resorts and other
facilities — are on an unostentatious, inexpensive
level. There is no National Forest entrance fee;
no charge at public camp grounds developed by
the Forest Service. And although annual rentals
for individual summer homesites, for which per-
mits are issued, are low, their number, size and
location are restricted. For recreation and recre-
ational facilities for the many take precedence
always over those for the few. Incidental uses —
by people who "drop in" to picnic, camp for a
night or two, fish, hike, botanize, or hunt with
camera or gun — are encouraged. And policing is
kept to that minimum which is necessary to assure
safety to public health and public property.

All this may help explain why people have
come to the National Forests, then returned in
ever increasing numbers each year. This type of
recreation is, in any event, the one for which the
Forest Service has provided. Probably this is be-
cause the National Forests are many rather than
few; accessible rather than inaccessible; because
they offer an opportunity to that overwhelming
majority of people which prefers — or for eco-
nomic reasons must find — inexpensive, "come-as-
you-please" recreational opportunities. And since,
though the demand is heavy, other opportunities
for simple, unregimented, out-of-door forest rec-
reation on federal reservations are relatively few,
this is the non-competitive type which the Forest
Service must care for in increasing volume on the
National Forests during the years to come.

Indeed, failure to realize the recreational po-
tentialities of the National Forests and to provide
for increasing demands in face of increasing na-
tional needs, would be a social catastrophe. And
in regions where other economic activities rapidly
are dwindling, failure to develop National Forest
recreational opportunities would be an economic
injustice to hundreds of dependent communities;
hundreds of thousands of dependent people.

These circumstances create an obligation to re-
cognize recreation as a definite purpose and serv-
ice of the National Forests. Recognizing the ne-
cessity for territorial integrity in order success-
fully to plan and administer all the many interde-
pendent National Forest resources. Congress has
placed sole responsibility for their development
and administration with the Department of Agri-
culture. Properly to redeem that responsibility
and meet the obligation and the increasing public
demands, the Forest^ Service has stepped up its
recreational activities; has engaged and is engag-
ing additional adequately trained speciaHsts; has
reviewed principles, standards, and practices; has
extended and brought up to date surveys and in-
ventories of present and future possibilities and
demands; and has revised existing plans and is
making new ones.

It is in these ways — and along lines which have
been indicated — that the Forest Service of the
Department of Agriculture is planning the Na-
tional Forests for greater recreational uses.

The Spirit of Joy

in Athletics

By
Glenn Clark

A TEACHER of Creative Writing, I coached
track athletics for twenty years and football
for seven years. Many people have won-
dered why a person who gave time to writing and
to teaching should cling to a hobby like that. Once
I resigned and the boys and the athletic director
brought such pressure upon me to continue that I
kept it up several years longer than my time al-
lowed. But let me tell you of the joy that I got
out there on the field through my very love of
poetry and all things beautiful. There is some-
thing beautiful in putting words into a sentence
in harmony, but there is something more wonder-
ful in seeing a beautiful hurdle race in which the
accent and the meter and the rhythm must all
come out perfectly. The accent must be on every
fifth step, and they can't stumble. We don't allow
any poetic license. They have got to get across
there with all that rhythm and all that power. To
me that is a poem. I could go back to a Creative
Writing class with more power after seeing that
rhythm.

You know, too, there is something marvelous in
the rhythm of the brook, the beating of the heart,
the exhalation and inspiration of the breath, the
ebb and flow of the tides, the waning and waxing
of the moon, and the coming and going of dawn.
The whole world is full of rhythm. Rhythm is
the law of life, and when we put ourselves back
in the law there is a joy in it.

You who are interested in recreational activity
know how that rhythm is released on the play-
ground more than in the work room. Somehow,
in play it is easy to release rhythm, so that is the
first element of joy on the athletic field. Another

Nowhere is rhythm
so easily released
as in play, and
with it comes the
keen joy of put-
ting one's whole
self into the game

Courtesy The Journal of Health
and Physical Education

element of joy is the opportunity to put one's
whole being, one's whole self, into what one is do-
ing. In the classroom we sit down and we rest
our bodies and exercise our minds.

A boy, from the very beginning, from his first
day in school, starts on a pilgrimage to find that
game in which he releases all of his powers. He
tires early of tops and marbles, which only exer-
cise a small part of his capacity. Rather early a
great many red-blooded boys like football. The
only thing that will stop a hole in the line is to
throw the whole being, head and shoulders, all
that you are, right into the line, and when you
tackle another player you leave the ground and
you have to nail the runner with your entire be-'
ing. There is something about the wholeness with
which one puts himself into some of those things
that explains the thrill, the joy, of football.

Then there is something that is a third element
of joy on the athletic field, and that is team work

449

450

THE SPIRIT OF JOY IN ATHLETICS

and co-ordination. That is where the team games
are ahead of just the individual games, where
folk dancing and activities of that kind in which
you all work in rhythm together are ahead of just
working things out by yourself. A track athlete
running the hurdle race or running the mile run
is something like a sonnet or a lyric poem, but a
football game is a drama. It is something in
which all are working together dramatically to-
wards a given goal. It requires a man with a syn-
thetic type of mind to build up formations on the
run, and there is something quite thrilling, in-
stead of putting words in a line, to place men in a
line where every man has to be in a certain place
and each has a certain function to perform. It
takes an analytical mind to analyze another team's
play and play a defense, weave your way through
interference and nail your man. That is an ele-
ment of joy to be found in these sports.

But I go on to still another element of joy, a
fourth element. In putting all of your being into
a game you find that you have lightened yourself
of some of that surplus ballast that many of us
carry along through life. I have found there is
something about taking off your work suit and
putting on your light track uniform that lightens
you. But there is something else. I found that
boys run better and play better, empty of old
jealousies and prejudices, and run with a certain
clearness of mind. But we need something more.
There are some things we can do, but when it
comes to a contest where you have everything
measured by the two most accurate instruments
that the human mind has devised, the stop watch
and the steel tape — things which will not tell a
falsehood— you have got to do a little better than
you ever did before. So it develops in the athlete
something that is like a religion ; he leans back on
forces that are bigger than himself. I have found
that joy in contacting these cosmic forces. I don't
think we have to be conscious about them; we
may just be out on the bare
football field or going into the
old swimming pool. There is
a joy in that release when the
something that is universal in
you goes out and contacts the
universal in nature. That con-
tact with the universal goes
back to the beginning of the
race, the cave man, but to
something deeper than the
cave man.

"In ordinary everyday life," said Otto
Mallery, chairnnan of the nneeting, in
introducing Mr. Clark, "he is teacher
of Creative Writing and professor of
English at McAllester College. But on
the side he has a number of tricks up
his sleeve and one of them is the
training of athletes. He will tell us a
few of his stories about the boys he
has trained, and will give us some-
thing of his philosophy on the power
of joy in athletics."

A boy came into my room once, a boy who had
appeared at our track, a type of boy somewhat dif-
ferent from the type of boy that I had worked
with on the track field. Having always been asso-
ciated with creative writing, I couldn't help putting
a little of that spirit into my boys. At times I oc-
casionally would overflow and tell them a little
bit, usually individually, about that certain quality
of spirit on the athletic field. This boy came to
me the second year. He didn't seem to fit. "I
don't know what is the matter with me. I thought
athletes had to be tough and I find the boys that
do the best work have something about them that
I didn't know athletes had before. There is some-
thing in me I wish I could get rid of." I said, "I
don't know what it is you want to get rid of. I
am not going to ask you to confess a lot of things.
Aftything that is bad in you is simply something
good that is in the wrong place. There was an
old lady who kept a garbage can in the kitchen.
She was afraid if she put it out the neighbors who
had pigs and chickens would make use of it. So
she kept it in the kitchen and it was soon filled.
There was nothing wrong with the garbage, but
we wouldn't want it in the kitchen. Do you see
what I am driving at?" "I guess I do." "Well,
whatever it is that you want to get rid of, sup-
pose we open that window and sweep it out."

And so without asking what it was we opened
the window and I threw it out and slammed the
window. He took my hand and held on tight. I
can always tell that something is going on in a
person when he holds on. That night I said to
my wife, "I am going up to see the basketball
game. We have a poor team and they are going
to play the champions of the state, but I should
love to watch the rhythm of it." I went up to the
game and to my surprise I saw the boy who had
been in my room that afternoon down there on
our team. Down ,the floor came the opposing
team, those wonderful all-state champions, and
this lad ran into the center, in-
terfered and dribbled down the
field with perfect rhythm and
made a basket. He made twen-
ty-three points single-handed
and the other team made
twenty-one.

That spring some of the
boys said they had never seen
anybody change in three
months as Ray had. They
elected him captain of the

THE SPIRIT OF JOY IN ATHLETICS

451.

Courtesy The Journal of Health and Physical Education

track team and he became an alf-round athlete, and
all-state football player. When he came to graduate
it was said that he was one of the toughest fellows
that ever came into the college and one of the fin-
est fellows that ever graduated ; to look him in the
face when you passed him in the hall made a
whole day go straight. When he came to gradu-
ate he came to my office and he said, "Something
was taken off me when I came into this room
some years ago. My friendships went better, my
studies went better, my athletics went better."
And he added, and I have never forgotten his
words, "But there was a big barn to clean."

I went down to the University of Wisconsin.
Coach Jones had liked the spirit of the McAlles-
ter boys down at the Drake relays and wanted
me to tell certain secrets. I opened up and told
of the joy of rhythm, lightening yourself, about
running for the joy <)f it and the love of your
fellow men. Don't run for yourself but run for
the love of your teammates and for the joy of
running. A young chap there, slightly bow-leg-
ged, grabbed me by the hand, "I want to get like
that. 1 want to get like that fellow, Ray," he said.
I went home and read in the paper a few weeks
later that the Big Ten meet was to be held and
that the championship would lie within Ohio,
Illinois, and Iowa. The next day I read that Wis-
consin had run away with the meet, led by the
little bow-legged chap. They couldn't stop him.
I have had this experience of seeing that joy
working out so marvelously in athletics and I also
feel that it applies to other fields.

I want to make this digression. My father was
in the insurance business. He was president of a
fire insurance company of Des Moines. Three
different companies that he went into doubled
their business within a year after he went into
them and his secret was getting his agents into
the spirit of a harmonious, happy family.

On one occasion our football team was going
to play a great Catholic institution with a tre-
mendous team. It was a night game and the pre-
diction was we would be defeated forty to noth-
ing. The boys came into my room that morning
and when I asked them what they came for they
said, "We are all afraid, and we would like to
have you talk to us." I went to the electric light
and pressed the button and then turned it off
again. "You see there is a connection here, but
there is a little open place and when I turn the
switch it closes that. Once the Governor of Min-
nesota was trying to get a message up to Duluth
by telephone at a certain hour and a great storm
snapped the wire. They sent out a big Swedish
lineman to fix it. The wire was too short to join.
Knowing the hour when the Governor was to
speak, he stood with one end of the wire in each
hand and closed the gap himself ; he let that mes-
sage flow through him and lived to tell the tale.
Now, fellows, every one of you press yourselves
into the gap and close that circuit. Let each fel-
low forget himself and play for the team." And
then I said, "If somebody has faith in such a
thing as another power greater than himself, per-
(Continued on page 470)

What the Schools Can Do to Prepare Children

for the

New Frontiers

By
Dr. J. W. Studebaker

U. S. Commissioner of Education

IT HAS NOT always been advisable, or even think-
able, for a school man to make public utter-
ance on the subject of recreation in connection
with education. Our public schools are, in
large part, an inheritance of our Puritan fore-
bears, and the word recreation hardly had a
place in their vocabulary. Education was a
serious business conducted m the "interest of
piety and learning," and going to school was
a strenuous undertaking. Eight years before
the Mayflower sailed, the Reverend John
Brinsley, pastor and pedagogue, had the te-
merity to suggest that children be given a
fifteen-minute recess from study in the middle
of the morning session, which session began
at six and lasted until twelve, and another
similar breathing spell in the afternoon ses-
sion which was also of five hours duration.
Brinsley's suggestion was looked upon with
favor by some of his more human and hu-
mane contemporaries, but there were others
who complained bitterly that in adopting the
recess periods "such schools do nothing but
encourage play."

Two and a half centuries later I am asked
and expected to say something from this plat-
form not merely in passive encouragement of
play but on what the schools may do actively
to prepare children for play, for play and rec-
reation are much the same thing. At any
rate, we are recreated by some form of ap-
propriate play.

Recreation

The School Recess a Peril

But is was not merely the
Puritan pedagogues of the
17th century who were op-
posed to any encouragement
of play in connection with ed-
ucation. It is only fifty years
since the school recess was in

452

Delegates at the Recreation Con-
gress at. Chicago enjoyed a glimpse
of the progress made in school
recreation from the time when a
fifteen-minute recess was looked
upon as an evil to be abolished if
schools were to do anything ex-
cept "encourage play!"

danger- of its existence. In 1883 so august a
body as the National Council of Education ap-
pointed a committee to investigate and report
to the Council on the question of whether the
recess period should or should not be abol-
ished. The report began by stating that "the
practice of dispensing with recess during the
daily sessions of school is increasing. . . . The
advocates of such abolition claim: (i) That
this will conserve the health of the pupils by
preventing exposure to weather. (2) It will
tend to refinement by removing the opportuni-
ties for rude and boisterous play. (3) It will
take away the opportunity for association with
the vicious, and consequent corruption of mo-
rals ; and (4) It will relieve teachers of a dis-
agreeable duty and lighten their labors."

Here were accusations of play which the Pil-
grim Fathers might have uttered but which,
prior to the last quarter of the 19th century,
few teachers would have considered. Before
that time the recess, or rather, what went on
during the recess, had taken care of itself. It
was managed by the pupils and managed well.
Something had occurred to upset the normal
state of school-playground society, especially
in large communities, for it was only in cities
that the recess was being
done away with. You know
what was happening. Cities
were increasing in size ; their
populations were becoming
heterogeneous ; they were
building larger schools but,
unfortunately, they were not
providing playgrounds of cor-

WHAT THE SCHOOLS CAN DO TO PREPARE FOR NEW FRONTIERS 453

responding size, for city lots were growing val-
uable and somehow space for play did not
seem worth the needed expenditure. In a word,
a horde of children of miscellaneous origin was
let loose at recess — a company which, from its
very size and consistency was no longer self-
organizing and self-regulatory in its activities
even if ample room and facilities for play had
been provided. Moreover, for various reasons
the children were fast losing the very tradi-
tions of normal play. It is Uttle wonder that
the teachers wanted to be relieved of the dis-
agreeable duty of trying to maintain order, for
they were themselves seldom interested in play
and could not appreciate a solution of the situ-
ation other than that of doing away with it.

School men of the day saw nothing in play
worth encouraging or preserving. They were,
however, attempting to preserve and promote
muscular exercise as a means of discipline and
for purposes of counteracting the physiological
effects of school room confinement. In fact,
they were substituting classroom gymnastics
for the out-of-door activities of recess. But
schoolroom gymnastics were not play nor were
they associated with the idea of play. Play in-
volves emotional activity with all the bodily
changes which emotional stimulus brings
about. The gymnastic exercises of the class-
room were doubtless of some help in altering
the circulation of the blood and for resting
overused muscles, but the nervous and emo-
tional tension of the well-disciplined class of
that day was not relieved. The entire child
needed a change— not merely his lungs or his
legs.

This was "physical training," but physical
trainers were not concerned with such common
activities as took place on the playground.
Schools were preparing for life and life was for
work. Factories blew their whistles for begin-
ning work at 7 a. m. and for quitting work at
6 p. m. ; stores opened at 7 and closed at 9.

But social change had come and this was
acutely evident on the school ground and at
recess. The recess period was troubling school
men as it never had done before, and the easy
way out of the trouble seemed to be to abolish
the recess.

A Happy Change of Attitude

You know the change of attitude of educa-
tors toward play which has come about in a

quarter of a century. The activities of the
I)layground have been included as foundation
stones in the art of physical education and they
are now recognized as important means of
training in mutual understanding and cooper-
ation.

A community has gone a long way when it
passes a law requiring or even permitting an
outlay of public funds for recreation, and yet
37 of our states now have laws requiring our
schools to provide facilities and instruction in
physical education and, as we have already
noted, physical education now includes prep-
aration for and participation in recreation. In-
deed, two of our states have published courses
of study in this field which bear the title of a
Course of Study in Recreation. But some states
have gone still farther in this field of legisla-
tion, as witness such a law as that of Michigan
which permits any school district to "operate
a system of public recreation and playgrounds ;
acquire, equip, and maintain land, buildings,
or other recreational facilities; employ a super-
intendent of recreation," etc. ; or that of Colo-
rado, which empowers any school district to
operate a system of public recreation and
playgrounds and to vote a tax to provide
funds for such operation. What would our
Puritan forebears have thought of such doings
in the way of statute making?

Not all play is truly recreative in the larger
sense. This is especially true where the ele-
ment of rivalry and competition enter in. It
is easy to be ruled by the desire of winning at
all costs rather than by the spirit of friendly
recognition of the ability of others. It is here
that the physical director rises to the occasion
and becomes a real educator. It is his high
office to make the most of the play situation
for cultivating in his pupils an appreciation of
sportsmanship with all that that word con-
notes. Games and athletics may improve char-
acter or lead to better citizenship or they may
not. It all depends-^and in public schools, it
depends very much on the teacher of physical
education and on his ideals of character and
citizenship. Fortunately we are preparing
splendid teachers of physical education in our
training schools, and our states are making
appropriate requirements for the certification
of such teachers.

454

WHAT THE SCHOOLS CAN DO TO PREPARE FOR NEW FRONTIERS

The schools are providing children with a
place to play; they are teaching them how to
play, and how to play fair, and to this end they
are furnishing that supervision of play made so
imperative by the social changes already men-
tioned. Many of our states set minimum limits
in areas of playgrounds, and opportunity for
and. guidance in play is often provided after
school and on Saturdays. Moreover, the fence
between school and community is being torn
down and the school and community play-
ground systems are being fused. The director
of physical education of the school often
becomes the director of recreation of the com-
munity. The school reaches into the out-of-
school life of the child and the school play-
ground is returning to what it was a half cen-
tury ago, a place of recreative activity, morn-
ing, noon, and night and at recess. Play has
been called "the life of the
child" and under the manage-
ment of the school we would
give each child a chance to
live his life to the full.

I have spoken of the laws
which permit this fusion of
school and community for
recreation. A very significant
straw, which shows how
strongly the wind blows, is
the appointment on the staff
of at least one of our state
departments of education of an official with the
title. Supervisor of Physical Education and Rec-
reation. That such an officer is employed, means
that physical education and recreation are one
so far as the schools of that state are concerned,
and whether the activities developed are carried
on in school hours or at other seasons. The man-
agement of after-school, or out-of-school play,
seems to be accepted in many quarters as a re-
sponsibility of the school.

Where the school authorities do not have
charge of the recreational activities of the com-
munity there should be close sympathy and
understanding between those who manage
such activities in and out of school hours.
There must be no conflict and no friction, but
mutual helpfulness, if the recreational life of
the community is to be fully served.

Physical Recreation Not Enough
So much for those activities of mind and

"Here then is the task of the new
school in the new day; provision
of a life-long program in educa-
tion through which not only boys
and girls, but men and women
have at least the opportunity, an
equitable opportunity, fully and
completely to find themselves."

— John W. Studebaker.

body which we call physical, which are so vastly
important in the life of the child and are valuable
for active or passive participation in later
years. The Oxford dictionary defines recrea-
tion as "the action of recreation, or fact of
being recreated by some pleasant occupation,
pastime or amusement," and fortunately life
yields other occupations, pastimes and amuse-
ments besides vaulting a bar or watching a ball
game. In this dictionary the first illustration
of the use of the word, "recreation," dates back to
1477 and is the admonition "for recreation, read
some good history." Now a person who finds
the reading of a history a "pleasant occupation,
pastime or amusement" has to know how to
read.

In 1477 the ability to read, whether it were
of history or of the sporting page (had there
been one to read in those days) was confined
to the few. In our public
schools we open the vast
playground of literature to
every child whether it be in
the realm of prose or po-
etry, of history or romance.
We not only give pupils
admittance to this wonder-
ful realm of recreation, but
we coach them in the pos-
sibilities of play along
these lines. We introduce
them also to the limitless
fields of science in which they may become
active performers as well as enthusiastic fans.
Who, but a very small circle, would ever have
heard of Joseph Priestly, the clergyman, but
the world knows the Priestly who played with
test tubes and chemicals ; Benjamin Franklin,
printer, was lost to memory long ago, but Ben-
jamin Franklin, kite-flyer, is not forgotten;
Lewis Carroll, teacher of mathematics, is dead
and buried, but Lewis Carroll, playing with
Alice and the other inhabitants of Wonderland,
is very much alive. The recreative activities
of Priestly, Franklin, Carroll, and many others,
have broadened life and living for all, materi-
ally and spiritually, and the play of these men
was made possible by education.

Our schools are, haltingly perhaps, but sure-
ly, opening to the child the delightful recrea-
tional fields of art and of music, whether it be
as appreciative onlooker upon the product of
professional producers, or as active partici-

WHAT THE SCHOOLS CAN DO TO PREPARE FOR NEW FRONTIERS

455

pant in the greater joys of amateur perform-
ance with brush and pigments, with violin or
with voice.

In the inertia which accompanies education
we are apt to overlook the fact that the activi-
ties we call recreational may be as important
for the child as those we consider work. The
child with abilities in art and music may have
his development curtailed by too much insis-
tence upon what we have long considered as
^'more fundamental" subjects. We should re-
member that great artists and musicians have
been highly educated persons even though they
knew little of algebra and less of Latin. The
school was not allowed to interfere with the
unfolding of their genius. It is very significant
that passive enjoyment of the better things of
art is being developed through instructional
visits to art rriuseums, while the phonograph
and radio are widely used for interesting the
child in the best products in the field of music.

It is more significant that New York City is
setting an example in the development of a
"high school of art and music" in which stu-
dents with talents along these lines may pur-
sue those studies which we like to call "regu-
lar" and at the same time have an opportunity
for education along lines in which recreation
and work are one and the same thing.

The Schools Have a Large Responsibility .

The schools have not been preparing their
pupils for new frontiers in recreation. They have
been making and broadening those frontiers. They
"have been, and are, preparing for the better use
of the leisure which we are to have in larger mea-
sure than was. formerly known.

Just at present too much leisure time has
been thrust upon our students as they leave
school, for all play and no work is a misfor-
tune, but this superabundant leisure furnishes
opportunity for development of the interests
which have been aroused and sharpened by the
public school.

We in the Office of Education have been
greatly concerned with this group of the, as
yet, unemployed, and in the possibilities of
improving their opportunities for living and
for making a living. Through a special grant
of funds from the General Education Board
we have been able to carry on a study of the
needs of unemployed youth in a representative
selection of communities along lines of occu-
pation, education and recreation. We have

been studying the various attempts which have
been made to meet the situation, with the aim
of presenting the best possible procedures. We
hope to promote the development of appropri-
ate services for youth under state and local
departments of education. There is no new
problem here except to extend activities which
have ended with graduation from high school
to those young people who are not taken care
of by industry, by colleges, by CCC camps,
and other agencies. We are dealing again not
with frontiers of recreation but with frontiers of
leisure time. >

But adults also face these frontiers of leisure
and many of them are ill prepared for it, for
their schooling dates back to an earlier and
more work-a-day world. Adult education is
far from complete if it prepares only for mak-
ing a living.

Life is rather barren without play of body
or of mind. In the motion picture and the
radio we have powerful means not only for
passing our time but for education for the
better use of that time. The leisure of the adult
cannot be better spent than in the study of, and
active participation in, the great game of pub-
lic life which is staged without gate fees be-
fore our eyes every day. In comparison, a
game of golf or of football is simple and tame
and lacking in importance.

In preparing, then, for the larger life which
growing leisure affords, our schools need to
realize the values of play. Whether we call it
physical or mental it is part of life and involves
psychic as well as physiologic processes, and
its implications may extend to social relations.
The needs of each age must be appropriately
met, for the needs of children in the first
grades diflfer from those in the grades above,
and the needs of the adult are not quite those
of youth. We talk much of carry-over values
in education but this applies only to a limited
extent. Fundamental training and memories
may be built upon, but the recreational super-
structure of later life is something different.

We need to furnish opportunity for play.
We need teachers not only of physical educa-
tion but of all education who can lead the child
to appreciate what is best and to accomplish,
according to his talents, what is best. We need
to extend these eflForts to the expansion of the
recreational horizons of youth and of adults.

The social changes which have so widened
(Continued on page 471)

Now That Winter's Come!

So MANY thousands of
people are taking up
skating for winter
recreation that many new
areas are needed for this
sport in every section.
Park recreational areas
or private enterprises that have
ponds or lakes to use for skat-
ing are in the best position for
a long season. Pond ice can be
used in the early and late winter, which in West-
ern Massachusetts starts around the middle of
December and runs until the middle of March in
normal winters. Last year in Springfield there
were 63 skating days or over two months of the
three months' season. This is a sport, therefore,
that is worth providing for. It offers more hours
of recreation in a small place for a greater num-
ber of people than any other winter sport.

On ice built up on land prepared for the pur-
pose the season cannot be as long, the reason be-
ing that four to six inches of frost in the ground
are required before starting to make ice, and this
requires several days
of freezing weather in
the early season, and
in the late season the
snow melts through
ice on land much more
quickly than it does
the thicker ice over
the water. It is pos-
sible, however, to have
45 or 50 days of skat-
ing on ice artificially
prepared where there
are no ponds available.
Facilities

For areas where
there are ponds, or in
such cases where
ponds or lakes are to
be built, it is necessary
to select a space that
will meet the follow-
ing requirements :

456

To get the maximum amount of use
and enjoyment out of your skating
season careful planning is neces-
sary. Here are some suggestions

By 4

Harold L. Davenport

Courtesy Htram College

1. House for skaters' use
and for storing equip-
ment

2. Lighting of house and
skating area

3. Banks on two sides
with a gentle slope

Water supply for flooding
the ice

House. It is essential to have
a location where a portable
house or shelter can be erected at the edge of the
pond for storing working equipment. A room
should be set aside with several benches for chang-
ing skates, with a corner screened in by wire with
shelves for checking shoes. There should also be
room for a hot dog and coffee concession and a
sizable round, heavy iron stove for heating in the
center. For the use of the skaters a runway
should be constructed from the house to the ice
surface.

Lighting. Lighting for night skating should be
planned, as this will double the number of skat-
ing hours. Skating for many people is not pos-
sible during the win-
ter daylight hours, but
with lighted areas any
night that is not stormy
is made available in
otherwise extremely
dark sections, since
ponds are often in the
gullies. Flood lights
with 1500 watt bulbs
can be set on poles on
the shore of a pond.
Each one of these will
light about 20,000
square feet of skating
surface.

Banks. Banks should
be graded so the early
winter snows can be
pushed entirely oflf the
ice, as the weight of
the snow causes water
to come up around the

NOW THAT WINTER'S COME!

457

edges, and if left on the ice it
eventually cuts down the skat-
ing area. This water will re-
main about the edges for several
days and is therefore a contin-
ual nuisance.

Where the banks around the
pond are steep, the snow must
be removed some 50 feet be-
yond the edge of the skating area planned, as the
ice within that 50 foot area will be covered with
water and will be useless. A roadway must be
planned for down to the ice surface so that trucks
may be conveniently driven onto the ice.

Water Supply. The water supply should either
be piped water that will supply a 2" hose or a
gasoline pump. A shut-off valve should be below
the frost line in boxes about 4 feet square, well
packed with manure to prevent freezing. If there
is no water supply possible, a gasoline pump that
will supply a 2" hose or fire hose will serve
equally well. If a pump of this sort is used, a 2"
bit for boring a hole in the ice can be obtained,
and the pump supply pipe put down through the
ice in such a hole drilled in any section of the
pond or in several sections, so that a shorter length
of hose may be used for flooding purposes. Pumps
of this character can be bought that will supply
from ten to twenty thousand gallons an hour.

Warning ! Do not use anything smaller than a 2"
hose; a 2jA" hose is better, with a gasoline pump,
as the resistance caused with a i" hose in a couple
of hundred feet is so great as to cut down the
flow to such an extent that a much longer time
will be required for flooding. A 2^" hose will
give practically the full capacity of the pump.
The hose must be kept in a warm place or the
water remaining in it will freeze. It must not be
laid down on the ice when the pump is not run-
ning. The pond water is very close to the freez-
ing point, and when left a minute or two will
freeze so that the hose is useless until thawed out.

Artificial Skating Areas
Skating areas may be made on reasonably level
land, tennis courts or any section that will hold
water. The land must have a clay base or gravel
over clay or a foundation that can be readily
frozen. Sand will not freeze solidly enough to
hold through the season, and should not be used
under any circumstances. A swampy section or
one where a small brook may be dammed is very
good.

Through the courtesy of Harold
M. Gore, Secretary of the West-
ern Massachusetts Winter Sports
Committee, we have been permit-
ted to reprint this article on
skating facilities and the care of
ice, which was originally issued
as Bulletin No. 63 of the Com-
mittee's series of bulletins.

In making ice on a suitable
foundation, it is necessary to
flow the water from the open
end of a hose, starting in the
section opposite the water sup-
ply and working back fast
enough so that the water will
not stand on the ground and
flow. It is well to wait until the
ground has several inches of frost, and care must
be taken that the first water put on is a very thin
sheet and freezes quickly on the surface of the
ground. Any standing water will melt the frost
and seep away, causing air holes that are difificult
to fill. A temperature of around 20° above zero
or lower is best for starting an artificial rink.

When this first flooding is entirely frozen, a
second and repeated floodings may be continued
throughout the cold spell until two to four inches
of ice are made. Six inches of ice are preferable
to hold frost enough so that the ice surface will
remain hard when the temperature goes above
freezing in the sunny part of the day.

On land that is not level, the low parts must be
carefully filled and frozen first, since the water
will run to this section and, being so much warmer
than the frost, will melt it out, and will prevent
the making of ice until it is thoroughly frozen
again.

The reason a battery of tennis courts is so often
used is that the surface has a very slight grade
and is flat so the water can be spread evenly and
quickly. Another important feature is that the
work done in building the tennis courts serves
both summer and winter use, giving at least nine
or ten months' enjoyment out of the twelve. Ten-
nis courts, moreover, are usually made with a clay
base and in some instances asphalt, both of which
are \vell suited for ice making.

Care of the Ice

For scraping snow from larger areas, a Ford
truck weighted down with a ton of sand should
be used, with a snow scraper attached to the front.
This scraper ought to be of the type with a swing-
ing center section so as to be easily drawn back
without accumulating any snow. Such a truck can
pu,sh a large amount of snow in a short time and
can be easily handled. Several such trucks can be
used at the same time. After trucks have scraped
in this manner, hand scrapers should be made
with a board about 3 feet long and 6 or 8 inches
high, with a one inch scraping blade attached to

458

NOW THAT WINTER'S COME!

the front side and an 8 foot round handle at-
tached to the back side so that the board will slant
backward when in scraping position. Several of
these scrapers should be used, with the men start-
ing at one side of a pond and going all the way
across, scraping the fine snow left by the truck
scrapers.

In large areas a truck with a rotary power
brush attached to it may be used instead of hand
scrapers. In smaller areas where there are hockey
rinks, Fordson or Worthington tractors with rub-
ber tires may be used in place of trucks, as they can
be more easily handled in small areas. They will
not, however, remove as much snow at one time
and cannot move as deep snow as the Ford trucks
loaded down with sand. The Ford trucks are also
much faster. On hockey rinks it is necessary to
handscrape the corners and shovel the snow out
unless the ends are made so that sections can be
removed and a truck driven straight through the
open section.

A heavy duty ice planer which is pulled behind
a truck is necessary so that when the ice is cut
up by skaters or is rough because of weather con-
ditions, from Ys" to '4" of the surface can be
planed off, leaving the surface smooth. On pond
ice it is often much cheaper to plane than to flood.
On the other hand, there are times when so much
planing would be necessary that flooding would
be advisable. Consequently both kinds of equip-
, ment should be at hand.

On artificial ponds it is better to flood, as thick
ice will resist the heat better. On pond ice in the
late winter there is often not enough frost in the
ice to freeze solid the water put on by flooding,
and during this late season the surface can be
smoothed much better by planing. It often hap-
pens that the ice surface melts on a hot after-
noon in late February or early March, and that
the honeycombed surface can be planed off as
soon as the sun goes down, leaving solid ice to
be used by the skaters at night.

For hockey rinks it is necessary to have a
couple of dozen of mill brooms as the players cut
up so much ice in fine chips that it must be swept
off. The scrapers will not remove it all, and the
game requires smooth ice. Before the hockey rink
is flooded it should always be swept, as the small
snow particles will freeze more quickly and leave
a very rough surface. A very light flooding is all
that is spread on the ice for hockey.

The time to work is when the weather requires
it. Due to the variable weather conditions, officials

in charge of the care of the ice have found by ex-
perience that the work must be done with the
change of weather, regardless of the time of day
or night. Those who take their own time to do
the work will cause more expense, will often find
it impossible to work for several days because the
weather has got ahead of them and, therefore, will
be responsible for losing many days of skating
that the public could enjoy.

Snozv must be removed immediately after the
storm finishes, and with the proper judgment can
be partially removed during a storm. If a storm
stops during the night the ice may be worked on
early the next morning, but if the storm ends in
the early part of the day the ice should receive
immediate attention that day. When several inches
of snow remain on the ice for more than ten or
twelve hours, the weight of the snow will cause
the ice to sink and water to come up. making it
impossible for trucks to move the snow which is
wet underneath. The pond will then have to wait
until the water saturates all of the snow which
takes many days. The worst feature of this con-
dition is that several inches of snow ice will be on
top of the hard black ice, and snow ice melts with
the least amount of heat and is a very poor sur-
face for skating. The black ice should and can be
maintained from the beginning of the season to
the end, both to make the work of cleaning as in-
expensive as possible and to offer the greatest
amount of skating time. Black ice will stand
temperatures up to 40° for some hours without
becoming soft on the surface. It is evident, there-
fore, that the snow must he kept off continually.

In any section of the ice where snow is left for
twenty-four hours, it will be wet on the bottom
and freeze to such an extent that it cannot be
completely removed. So under no circumstan-
ces should snow ever be piled in the middle or on
any part of the skating area. It should always be
pushed to one side or the other, leaving the skat-
ing area clear. It does not matter how thick the
ice may be on a pond, several inches of snow will
weight it down so that water comes up. This
makes it necessary for snow clearing organiza-
tions to prepare their work to begin the day the
storm ends or the following day at the latest.

A fall of snow up to ten inches or thereabouts
can be cleared with Ford trucks by pushing short
sections to the side at one time. Such heavy falls
do not usually come until the middle of winter,
and if it is not possible to push this snow onto the
(Continued on page 472)

The Dust Problem on the Playground

Have you succeeded in conquering that annoying
problem of dust on your playgrounds? A recre-
ation executive tells us how he has solved it.

By Louis C. Schroeder

Superintendent of Recreation
Pittsburgh, Pa.

THE NEED
for a d e-
quate play-
grounds to take
care of chil-
dren during

their play periods and for the
recreation of their elders has
been recognized and is now re-
ceiving the earnest attention of
progressive municipalities.
Grants of funds have been made by governing
bodies to this phase of community development,
and such action on their part has been matched
by liberal gifts of ground and funds by public-
spirited citizens.

Some of the Problems

.As the program for recreation has developed
many problems have arisen. Some of these have
been of the "must"
type, requiring solu-
tion in order that the

Photograph of the Horace Mann School Playground
taken six nrronths after one application of Sani-Soil-Set

program might
proceed. Others
are of the "an-
noyance" type,
more or less
severe, depend-
ing upon the weather or season,
surrounding conditions, or the
nature of the playground itself.
The tendency in the second class
of problems is to hope for the
best and permit these conditions to go on from
year to year with partial remedies to ameliorate
conditions rather than to take them in hand for
proper solution.

One problem of the second class is the dust
problem common to all but hard-surfaced
grounds. If it would be feasible to maintain grass
surfaces on playgrounds this would be an easy
solution. Experience has shown this is not pos-
sible and recreation
authorities agree that
the used surfaces of

459

460

THE DUST PROBLEM ON THE PLAYGROUND

playground should be
clear of plant life and
that the dust problem
must be solved with this
type of surface in mind.

This problem of dust
is important to everyone
interested in recreation
activities. Playgrounds
to be of most value must
be located close to the
public they serve. It is
well known that very
often a proposed play-
ground is objected to by
some adjacent neighbors
who claim that they are
a source of annoyance
and that the value of

their property would be materially reduced. Much
of this annoyance and decreased property value
can be laid directly to the dust arising from the
playground, and when one has observed the clouds
arising and drifting over adjacent areas in windy
weather, he can only agree that the objections
have real basis in fact.

.Another indictment of the dust evil is based
on health considerations, particularly from the
standpoint of those using the grounds. Are we
doing the right thing to encourage the assembling
of people for recreation purposes and then ex-
pose them to the hazards of disease from dust-
laden air ? Of interest along this same line are the
present strenuous efforts of manufacturers in cer-
tain lines, encouraged by state governments and
insurance companies, to improve dust conditions
in their plants in order to prevent disease.

Dust is destructive to clothing, not only that
worn by those on the playground but also, that of
spectators and passers-by. It is particularly dam-
aging to the Monday morning wash and the com-
plaints from this source alone form a driving in-
centive for the solution of this problem.

The dust problem in Pittsburgh and environs
is in all probability more severe on account of the
nature of the city's industries than it is in most
other communities. It is prevalent in all, how-
ever, and a satisfactory solution has been much
desired but not much has been done about it. Cal-
cium chloride has been used in many places to
allay dust. This salt possesses the property of
attracting moisture and is effective until it loses
this property, the period of its effectiveness, de-

The sprinkler truck which distributes
the preparation over the surface plays
a very important part in the process

pending upon atmospheric conditions. It has long
been known that petroleum tars and asphaltic
materials possess desirable dust arresting and
water-proofing qualities for dirt roads. Such
products, however, are obviously unsuitable for
application to playgrounds.

Advantages Noted

Early this summer the writer conceived the idea
that this field offered an opportunity for the in-
vestigation and development of a more effective
dust arresting material for playgrounds, and ap-
proached the Gulf Refining Company's research
engineers. He learned that extensive research was
being carried out in the laboratories, as well as
practical demonstration on a school playground
operated by the Board of Education. The appli-
cation of Sani-Soii-Set to this playground had
been made some two months previous. An in-
spection of the ground by the writer disclosed the
following :

1. The surface had a dark appearance with no
dust apparent. School attendant reported none
had been noticed since treatment.

2. Permanency was shown by the fact that the
appearance of the field had not changed. Ob-
servations since that time have confirmed this
evidence and have indicated that the effect of
the treatment will be cumulative ; that is, the
Ijenefit will extend to next year when a lighter
application will be effective.

(Continued on page 472)

Some Joys and
Problems

Mary Price Roberts

Grand Island, Nebraska

A municipal
tree in San

OF COURSE everyone has
enjoyed pictures of old-
time carolers, in high
stockings and puffed breeches
and pointed-toed shoes, stand-
ing beneath balcony windows
strumming guitars. Why did
they do that when the manor
house fireplace held a huge
yule log and food and good ale
were dispensed freely by the
lord of the manor? And who
decided which persons should
sit inside and look out and
which should stand outside and sing in ? I wonder
if the singers were poor artists who spread Christ-
mas cheer for the sake of coins thrown from that
balcony window. But if they were, I doubt whe-
ther their legs would be as plump and round as
the pictures pretend. Surely some would have
had knobby knees and thin, drawn faces! Some-
times I wonder if they were just people who liked
to sing and had to sing and made the best of their
chances at Christmas when competition was low
because their rivals preferred to sit inside and en-
joy the yule log, the ale, and the plum pudding!

You'd wonder about these things, too, if you'd
ever tried to carol at Christmas time. It seemed
such a beautiful old custom that our girls' clubs
thought we'd try it.

We didn't have time to learn the carols, so one
of the leaders had copies made. But alas! the
words couldn't be read in the dark, and only three
or four had flashlights. We began to understand

of Christmas
Carolers

5". Forest Service

Christmas
Francisco

Let no one think that a
Christmas Caroling pro-
gram runs itself! But
it's worth the effortl

why the old carolers sang by
a lamp post, but then we hap-
pened to think that they never
held copies of the songs. Per-
haps they stood there so people
•could see their fancy costumes.
Well, we didn't have any fancy
costumes. How can you be
picturesque when the ther-
mometer is around zero and
there's a foot of snow on the
ground ?

Anyway, we caroled. We
had a long list of shut-ins —
old people, sick people, and others. Grandma
Guest begged us to come in because she couldn't
hear well. We sang, and then she told us "long
ago'' stories. "Well, naow, you see, when I was a
gerul I ust ta go ta singin' school." There were
details about driving to the school and about the
"singin' book" with triangular notes. The old
lady enjoyed the memory of that Christmas Eve
almost a year, her last one.

We stopped at Mr. Brown's. He was a Civil
War veteran — a staunch old patriot. One verse of
"Silent Night'' brought no response, but a slight
shining under the shade indicated that he was at"
home. So we knocked. When he opened the door
we greeted him with "The Star-Spangled Ban-
ner." He stood at attention till we had finished,
then invited us in. He showed us some relics of
the war and asked us to sing "Marching Through
Georgia." We would have enjoyed staying longer,
but it was getting late. "Merry Christmas" we

461

462

SOME JOYS AND PROBLEMS OF CHRISTMAS CAROLERS

called over our shoulders. "Don't you yell that at
me!" he stormed. "There ain't anything to this
Christmas business !" "Hurrah for the Fourth of
July," cried Judy. That made us all double up
with laughter, so we didn't hear his reply, if he
made any.

We were glad we stopped at Mrs. Payne's. She
wasn't a shut-in, but she had done more than any-
one else in our town for girls' clubs. When she
heard our voices outside the window, she called
her two little girls, and they came and peered at
us with astonishment and delight. Then Mrs.
Payne turned out the lights (she told us after-
ward it was so they could see us out there), and
we could see her and the children dimly by the
light of the red and blue fire in the base burner.
It was a beautiful Christmas picture of "peace
on earth."

We should like to have let that be the climax,
but we couldn't. "We must sing to Mrs. Hos-
per," our leader said. "I doubt whether the old
lady has had a real Christmas since her only
grandchild died." We could hardly find our way
to the house, on a hillside and buried in trees and
shrubbery. Mrs. Hosper sat near the window
alone — very old, very bent, and very wrinkled.
She hitched her chair closer to the window, then
sat quietly and listened. Pretty soon we noticed
tears trickling down her cheeks. "Let's sing an-
other," one of the girls whispered. We had to go
after that. Did our "Merry Christmas, Grand-
ma !" sound strange to her ears ?

We had to rush to get ready for the Christmas
Eve programs at the churches. Some of our
families had gone on. others were nervously
waiting for us. It was

snow, they had gulped down only a few bits of
supper, they had been late to the church exercises
and upset everybody's plans. Yet they had a won-
derful experience, had new light on the meaning
of Christmas. Nobody would want to drop the
custom, least of all the girls themselves.

And Out of It Came a New Plan

Out of this experience a workable plan was
evolved, modified from year to year. The essen-
tial points were these :

1. The town was divided into districts deter-
mined by several considerations, particularly the
nimiber of shut-ins and the distance between their
houses.

2. The club girls were divided into groups ac-
cording to the districts in which they lived.

3. Each group of girls sang to the shut-ins in
its own district. This arrangement saved time
and energy since it was not necessary for the girls
to walk all over town. When the caroling was
finished, no girl found herself a mile or two from
home.

4. Each group had a leader, a member of the
patrons' council or some other responsible person
chosen by the council. In cold weather this leader
asked permission for the girls to come inside and
sing. Thus bodies and voices were protected from
the cold.

5. The club sponsors chose a convenient meet-
ing place for each group of singers. Every club
member was notified by her sponsor concerning
the group she was to be in, the leader, and the
place of meeting. Each leader had a list of the
girls in her group of carolers and a list of homes

to be visited.

an anticlimax to the
scenes at Grandma
Hosper's and Mrs.
Payne's.

After Christmas,
the club sponsors dis-
cussed the merits and
demerits of the situ-
ation. It was a beau-
tiful custom, and it
brought joy and
Christmas cheer to
lonely hearts. But
the girls were chill-
ed, they were tired
with tramping all
over town in the

Hospitably lighted doorways and windows have
a natural attraction for Christmas carolers!

Courtesy Houston, Texas, Recreation Department

6. Each club mem-
ber could invite one
other girl to carol
with her group. Some
girls who didn't be-
long to clubs wanted
to carol too, so why
shouldn't they ? It
proved a good thing,
for there was a year
or two when there
weren't enough mem-
bers, and these out-
siders helped us to
preserve the tradi-
tion.

7. Caroling start-

(Continufd on page 473)

For A Merry Christmas

■"^^HRrsTMAS Day" — a Choral
l^ Fantasy on Old Carols
by G u s t a V Hoist, for
mixed chorus, published by No-
velo (obtainable from H. W.
Gray Co., 159 East 48th St., New
York City) at 25^ a copy. A de-
lightfully spirited choral piece
arranged with originality by a
genius in choral writing.

"Childe Jesus" — cantata for
mixed chorus by Joseph W.

Clokey and Hazel Jean Kirk. For mixed or treble
voices. Traditional Christmas carols arranged in order
and skillfully linked together by solos and passages in
recitative to tell the complete Christmas story. Score,
60^. Chorus parts, 15^. C. C. Birchard and Co., 221
Columbus Avenue, Boston, Mass.

""When the Christ Child Came" — Cantata for mixed
voices with four solo voices bv J. W. Clokev and L.
S. Porter. Xot difficult. C. C' Birchard and Co., 75^.

""The Nativity." A play with music iqr children based
on old French songs by L. D'O. Warner and M. H.
Barney. E. C. Schirmer Music Co., 75^.

""Carol of the Russian Children" by Harvey D. Gaul
— ^published for both mixed and women's voices by
G. Schirmer, Inc., 3 East 43rd St., New York, 15#.

"Christmas and New Year Songs" reprinted from the
Botsford Collection by the Womans Press, 600 Lex-
ington Avenue, New York, 2S<.

^'YuLETiDE Wakes, Yuletide Breaks" by Spicer. An
informal program to be used where time, space and
funds will not permit an elaborate entertainment.
Womans Press, 50^.

■"Chri.stmas in Merrie England" by Hofer. A charm-
ing celebration with old English songs and customs
and a short masque in rhyme. From 30 to 80 may take
part. Clayton F. Summy Co., Chicago, Illinois. 25#.

"Jeannette-Isabella" by B. Elsmith and C. Rapper, C.
C. Birchard and Co. A little song-play or pageant
based upon the charming Provencal carol, "Jeannette-
Isabella." Extremely simple and suitable either for
grade children in church or school, or for treble-voice
groups of all ages. SOtf.

""The N.ativitv" by Ekman and Fyflfe. A mystery play
for voices with piano or organ. Words and music
taken from old French Noels. Oliver Ditson, 166 Ter-
race St., Boston, Mass. 7S(f.

■"Christmas in Peasant France" by Hofer. A play
introducing Noels. Chansons, and traditions of the peo-
ple with French and English words. Clavton F. Summv
Co. SO,f. " ■"

-'The Star Gleam.s" by Speare. A Christmas com-,
rnunity choral. As many people as desired may par-
ticipate. Familiar hymns and carols with tableaux.
Samuel French, 25 West 45th St., New York. 35(t.

Collections of Carols

Sheet of Christmas Carols, words only. The National
Recreation Association 80< per 100.

This list of Christmas music has
been prepared by A. D. Zanzig of
the National Recreation Associa-
tion in the hope that it will pro-
vide helpful source material for
communities and groups planning
their Christmas celebrations.

O, Come All Yq Faithful
Silent Night

Hark I The Herald Angels Sing
Here We Come A-Caroling
It Came Upon the Midnight Clear
O Little Town of Bethlehem
Deck the Hall
Good King Wenceslas
The First Nowell
God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen

Community Christmas Carols,
No. 9, words and music. The
H. W. Gray Co. 10# each. $5.00 per 100.
Adeste Fidelis
The First Nowell
Good King Wenceslas
God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen
We Three Kings of the Orient Are
The Cherry Tree Carol
What Child Is This?
Good Christian Men, Rejoice
The Holly and the Ivy
The Wassail Song
Silent Night
O Little Town of Bethlehem

Standard Christmas Carols, No. 1, words and music.
Theodore Presser Co., 1712 Chestnut St., Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania. 10^ each or $6.00 per 100.

Adeste Fidelis

Away in a Manger

The First Nowell

God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen

Good Christian Men, Rejoice

Good King Wenceslas

Hark ! The Herald Angels Sing

Joy to the World

O Little Town of Bethlehem

0 Sanctissima
Silent Night

We Three Kings of the Orient Are
While Shepherds Watched Their Flocks

1 Saw Three Ships

Standard Songs, No. 4, Christmas Carols, Ancient and
Modern. Words and music. 20^ each, $16.00 per 100.
C. C. Birchard and Co.

0 Come All Ye Faithful
Angels From the Realms of Glory
Joy to the World

Awake and Sing

Awav in the Manger

Deck the Hall

The First Nowell

Good King Wenceslas

Good Tidings

Happy Christmas Morning

Hark ! the Herald Angels Sing

The Holly and the Ivy

The Host and His Guests

In His Lowly Manger

It Came Upon the Midnight Clear

1 Saw Three Ships

O Little Town of Bethlehem
Carol of the Birds
O Star, Lovely Star

(Coittinucd on page 474)

463

World at Play

Congratulations to '' ", "^ '^^ff report

T, , , , of the Berkeley, Call-

Berkeley ! r • T1 '■ T^

forma, Recreation De-
partment is the silver
anniversary number. Twenty-five years ago
the first meeting of the Recreation Commission
was held in the office of the Mayor. The report
reminisces in a most interesting way about
early days and the acquisition of the first play-
ground, a small area adjacent to City Hall.
From this modest beginning the city has devel-
oped a modern Recreation Department with
twenty-five municipal and school playgrounds
and fourteen beautiful parks. Berkeley now
has recreation assets valued at $484,745. In
addition to the fourteen city parks, there are
forty acres of parking strips, a nursery and five
major recreation buildings.

A Junior
Gallery

THE Newark, New
Jersey, Museum has
initiated an interest-
ing project in its ju-
nior gallery which is devoted to a series of
exhibits of children's art. This is the latest
development in the museum's program of
many years of work in children's art. The
children themselves have arranged and hung
the exhibit, an important feature of which is
a large mural occupying one side of the wall
of the gallery, which the children completed
during their vacation time. The catalogue is-
sued by the museum to mark the opening of
the new gallery is also the work of the children.

The Fall Program ^ITH the aid of

in Wilkes Barre ^^^^^' ^hich has

supplied seventeen

workers for an addi-
tional six weeks, the Wyoming Valley, Penn-
sylvania, Playground and Recreation Associa-
tion is conducting the fall program. Athletics
include tennis under the leadership of the men
workers ; athletics for girls and handcraft un-
der the leadership of women workers. Several

464

streets are open for play from four o'clock
until dark each night and in four parks a sim-
ilar plan is in operation. A number of workers
are conducting activities in institutions such
as the Old Ladies' Home, the Children's Home,
and the prison.

The National Park
Trust Fund

THE first donation to
the recently created

National Park Trust

Fund has been an-
nounced by Secretary of the Interior Harold
L. Ickes. This gift is a check for $5000 from
the Metro-Goldwyn-Meyer Distributing Cor-
poration, in recognition of facilities placed at
the company's disposal in the filming of the
feature picture, "Sequoia," made in Sequoia
National Park. The National Park Trust Fund
was created last July by act of Congress for
the furtherance of national park projects, par-
ticularly those connected with the preservation
and restoration of historic cites and areas of
scientific and geologic interest. The monies or
securities comprising the fund are to be in-
vested and reinvested from time to time by
the Secretary of the Treasury in a manner to
be determined by a special board.

A Park and Playground
Advisory Commission

THE City Council
of Akron, Ohio, has

created a Park and

Playground Advis-
ory Coniniission to study the city's recreational
facilities and needs^and make recommendations
to the Council and the voters in another year.
There will be nine members on the Council.

Carrom
Tournaments

" CARROM is purely a
game of skill, popular
with both children and
adults. The recently
established National Carrom Association an-
nounces that tournaments will be played on a na-
tional scale, the association having been organized
to give direction and encouragement to the many

GULF SANI*SOIL*SET

SoLvei. J^Lauqtouna. "^uit I^'ioltLemi

Here is a public school playground which was treated with GULF SANI-SOIL-SET 6 months before the
photograph was taken. It has been used daily by school as well as neighborhood children.

'New Germicidal Compoutid is Easily
Applied, Inexpensive and hong hasting

Recreation officials now have a practical solution to the playground
dust problem!

A new product — Gulf SANI-SOIL-SET — has been developed by
the Gulf Refining Company for dust allaying purposes on earth
surface playgrounds. This material can be applied at low cost, will
not harm or stain clothes or shoes and under usual conditions of
weather and soil, one application per season will suffice.

Let a Gulf representative tell you more about GULF SANI-
SOIL-SET.

GULF REFINING COMPANY, PITTSBURGH, PA.

The dust problem was solved at this
public playground in the heart of a
major city by applying GULF SANI-
SOIL-SET.

District Sales Offices:
New Orleans

Boston
Houston

New York
Pittsburgh

Philadelphia
Louisville

Adanu
Toledo

This booklet tells the story of GULF
S.iNI-SOIL-SE r and its use. It will be
muled without cost on your request.
The coupon is for your convenience.

Makers of
That Good Gulf Gasoline
and Gulfluhe Motor Oil

GULF REFINING COMPANY
3800 Gulf Building, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Please send me without obligation, a copy of the booklet "Gulf
Sani'Soil-Set for Treating Playgrounds."

Name.

Company .
Address . .

466

WORLD AT PLAV

boys' clubs who have started tournaments on their
own initiative during the past few years. Freeman
R. Stearns, national secretary of the associa-
tion, states that the association has drawn up
an official set of tournament rules, has devel-
oped community, regional and national plans
for conducting tournaments, has prepared a
manual of instructions, has designed suitable
membership and championship badges, and is
offering an award to tournament winners. Any
boy or girl is eligible for membership in the
Carrom Club, and any group of eight or more
members obtaining an adult sponsor is author-
ized to conduct a tournament under the asso-
ciation rules. The winner is entitled to the
silver championship medallion offered by the
association to those who qualify as champions.
Community, church and school recreation di-
rectors. Scout masters and all interested in the
tournament plan may secure complete infor-
mation by writing Mr. Stearns at 200 Luding-
ton Avenue, Ludington, Michigan.

Fall and Winter Camping in California —
Opportunities for fall and winter camping at
municipal camps are offered by the Playground
and Recreation Department of Los Angeles.
Week-end outings for girls are available at the
Griffith Park Girls' Camp at the low nominal
rate of 25 cents per night per girl. These out-
ings are being conducted by such organizations
and groups as the Camp Fire Girls, Girl Scouts,
Girl Reserves, and church and school groups.
Adults and families are being accommodated
at Camp Seeley where there are housekeeping
cabins and an auto camp.

A New Activities Building in Philadelphia —

The Philadelphia Bureau of Recreation initi-
ated its winter program with the opening at
the Tustin Recreation Center of a new build-
ing, the first to be constructed since 1931. The
bufif gray one-story building with white trim
is 120 feet long and 23 feet deep. A triple ar-
cade nearly 50 feet long connects the two
wings of the unit. A combination club, class
and community room 33 feet by 20 feet occu-
pies one wing ; a comfort station, the other.
All indoor walls are finished with glazed terra-
cotta of variegated cream. Control valves for
all plumbing fixtures are enclosed in a utility
closet, the key to which is held by the worker
in charge. According to the architects, this
control system is a new development in the

construction of public rooms which will insure
perfect sanitation and cut down the expense of
maintaining the fixtures. Short flights of steps
lead to the playground from the building. The
immediate "yard," which is about 20 feet high-
er than the main athletic field, has been set
aside for activities for the smaller children.
Two leaders, a man and a woman, are con-
ducting a program of dancing, dramatics, han-
dicraft, and a variety of clubs. On the athletic
field organized sports are enjoyed by the older
children.

Hallowe'en in Los Angeles — On All Hal-
low's Eve every municipal playground and rec-
reation center in Los Angeles, California,
staged a huge community celebration provid-
ing all the traditional fun and none of the de-
structive pranks commonly associated with the
Hallowe'en celebration. Great bonfires blazed
forth their invitation to boys and girls and
older people, too, to flock to the playgrounds,
there to take part in gala carnivals, costume
parades, bobbing for apples, games, contests
and stunts, and other varieties of Hallowe'en
gaiety. In the light of the flames children
garbed as witches, goblins, spooks and gnomes
frolicked to their hearts' content, while har-
assed property owners breathed a sigh of
relief!

St. Paul Takes Stock of Its Recreation —

The Recreation Survey of St. Paul, a project
of the Minnesota ERA and sponsored by the
St. Paul City Planning Board, has made its
appearance in mimeographed form. The sur-
vey was made by George H. Herrold, Manag-
ing Director and Engineer, and was edited and
written by Katherine B. Spear. The report
gives the historical background of the develop-
ment of the recreation movement in St. Paul
and discusses facilities and activities under the
following headings : Department of Parks,
Playgrounds and Public Buildings ; Depart-
ment of Education; Semi-Public and Private
Recreation Agencies. There is a chapter on
Studies Relating to Public Recreation and also
a section on Administration and Costs of Pub-
lic Recreation.

A Recreation Center for Great Barrington —

The $80,000 barn on the estate of Major Hugh
M. Smiley at Great Barrington, Massachusetts,
is being converted into a recreation center for

WORLD AT PLAY

467

winter sports enthusiasts flocking to Great
Barrington on snow trains. The barn is being
equipped with living quarters, a kitchen, liv-
ing room, and all conveniences. The two wings
are to be used as sleeping rooms and fireplaces
will be installed on each floor. Equipment will
be provided for indoor sports. Ski runs are
numerous in this section of Massachusetts, two
of them being within an easy walk of the cen-
ter. There are a number of small ponds for
skating.

Twelfth Annual Soap Sculpture Competi-
tion—The National Soap Sculpture Committee
announces the twelfth annual competition for
small sculptures in white soap closing May I,
1936. Classifications include professional ; ad-
vanced amateur (adults twenty-one years of
age and over) ; senior (those fifteen years and
over and under twenty-one) ; and junior (those
under fifteen years of age). A special award
will be made to public, private or parochial
school or class entering the best exhibit in
which a group is participating. In addition,
two special awards are oflfered for the single
sculpture best suited to reproduction in bronze
and for one best adapted to reproduction in
pottery. Further information may be secured
from the National Soap Sculpture Committee,
80 East nth Street, New York City.

Developments in Cincinnati — The Public
Recreation Commission reduced golf fees for
1935 to one-half the 193 1 charges; taught peo-
ple to play in group lessons, and took other
steps which have made golf in Cincinnati,
Ohio, the people's game. Eighty-four hundred
different individuals played golf this year on
the municipal courses. Of these more than
2,000 had never played the game before. The
Commission also reduced tennis fees and
taught the game in group lessons free of
charge, with the result that 10,000 different
Cincinnatians played on the 85 courts. The
Commission maintained nearly 1,000 acres as
against 358 acres three years ago.

In A Rural District.— Mr. E. L. Walkup,
Director of Recreation, Cairo, Illinois, writes
that the Recreation Commission is fostering a
recreation club organized by the young people
in the neighborhood of the Roth Community
Chapel. This church is located in what is

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known as Dog Tooth Bend, a rich agricultural
district that is under water during flood
periods. The building was erected by the
people of the community and regular Sunday
services are held there, though no regular
minister is in charge of the church. The club
of young people which uses the church facili-
ties meets weekly and has produced several
plays. The interest of the entire community
has been aroused not only in the drama pro-
gram but also in the social game periods held
in connection with the meetings.

A Play Field in Huntington. — The most out-
standing recreational development in Hunting-
ton, West Virginia, is the completion by the
Park Department with ERA help of a play
field with ball diamonds, tennis courts, a wad-
ing pool, a children's playground and a park
building. This building contains showers and
toilets, a kitchen, a large room suitable for
meetings and social events, and living quarters
for the director.

New Playgrounds for Needham, Massachu-
setts— In March, 1934, at a town meeting held
in Needham, Massachusetts, it was voted to
appoint a committee of five to study the recre-
ational needs in the town of Needham, to re-
port to the next annual town meeting and to
recommmend what appropriations, if any,
should be made for the support of playgrounds
and of a bathing beach. The committee of five
appointed represented the School Committee,
the Planning Board, the Village Club, the
Board of Trade and the Rosemary Beach. As
a result of the report submitted to the town
meeting on March 19, 1935, a permanent Rec-

468

RECREATION AND THE GOOD LIFE

reation Committee was appointed and $900
appropriated for the operation of two play-
grounds during the summer.

Recreation and the Good Life

(Continued from paye 43b)

That is the precise object of this division with
which I am now concerned. I beg of you to be
patient about it. Politics interferes; routine in-
terferes; the hostility of the press to this program
interferes ; the rising tide of reaction in this coun-
try interferes; and, last of all, there is the sober-
ing realization that although all the economic in-
dices tell us that the depression is over, its con-
sequences will last for two generations. We have
on our hands millions of defeated men and women.
I have been seeing some of them during the past
fortnight. At the end of the third year of unem-
ployment and public relief the men begin to break;
at the end of the fourth and fifth year the women
begin to break, and now in America fine young
men and young women who went to college dur-
ing the boom days have been on relief for three
and five years. They are breaking by the millions.
We have a great task on our hands, and I beg of
jou to be patient with those of us who are trying
in the best way we can to solve it through the
awkward instruments of a great national political
organization. I also beg of you to help us. There
must be light for these people; there must be joy
sometime ahead ; it is incredible that Americans
should stop at this point and that we should not
all together strive to bring about in this country a
renewal of the old America dream — a good life
for everybody.

Recreation in Our Present Democracy

(Continued from paye 439)
so long as there are large numbers of children
who do not know green fields and just as many
adults whose lives are spent in the unbroken rou-
tine and daily grind of the city worker and fac-
tory laborer. Liberty for what? Leisure for
what? Chiefly to nurse a deep hatred for a
social structure that condemns them to the mean-
est and barest existence. On the average our liv-
ing standards are still vastly higher than those
of any other country, but we must see to it that
the future holds out definite hopes especially to
all under-privileged citizens of further improve-
ment not only in material ways but especially in

those amenities with which we are concerned and
which are reflected by the inner rather than the
outer life. Nor have we the excuse that it takes
huge sums of money to bring the light of joyous
activities into such communities. What it takes i
mostly is imderstanding and careful organization
and, above all these, a sense of mutual responsi-
bility and justice.

With such social problems to be solved, it seems
to me nothing short of monstrous that we are
spending huge sums on national organizations to
make us all culture conscious by giving us thea-
ters by the dozen and mural frescoes by the mile.
Such procedure is like that of a doctor who wants
to cure a gangrenous leg with a sticking plaster.
As if culture could ever be imposed in this man-
ner with a surface application 1 What is art, what
is true civilization except the reflection of the
patterns of a well-integrated social structure?
Unless we begin at the bottom to clean up, to
purify and to strengthen that social structure, the
desire for a truly cultivated existence in this
country is just so much moonshine.

And that, my friends, is the reason why your
work is now of such importance. Like no other
organization which the nation boasts, you are con-
cerned with the problem of bringing to thousands
of localities the chance to get away from the dusty
uniformity of uninspired living. Our organiza-
tions are a subtle instrument for meeting the
rapid shift of interest and desires which is now
going on in the public mind. Just because our ef-
forts represent a recent addition to education and
because our methods have not yet become fixed,
we can respond more; quickly and more satisfact-
torily to the inevitable social changes that lie be-
fore us. We can and must make ourselves an in-
tegral part of our local governments and thereby
give new meanings and a new value to what gov-
ernment should do and be.

In this way, and in this alone, through the
jealous maintenance of local independence, can the
word "liberty" in America take on a new signifi-
cance. Liberty is not a thing that was given us
for all time to have and to hold. It has never in
our history been so threatened as it is now. We
are in danger of having the liberties of the pres-
net generation used — and cleverly used — to forge
chains for our future. Security is being dangled
before us as the real goal of existence, but no true
liberal will ever be satisfied with security as the
be-all and the end-all of life. A feeling of se-
curity in the sense of confidence in the efficiency

MAKING LEISURE TIME COUNT

469

and justice of our social organization must exist
if society is to function, but security bought at
the price of liberty, as in communist and fascist
countries, is paid for too dearly. Our function is
that of helping to establish the sense of security
land well-being without invading individual free-
dom. Then recreation becomes not a soporific, as
i it is among the Russians — something to help them
I forget their chains— nor yet a sugar-coating for
military regimentation, as it is in Germany and
Italy. With us, if only we are equal to our op-
portunities, recreation will respond more and
more to the daily needs of a civilized people in a
nation that is moving bravely and intelligently
toward a liberal and a glorious destiny.

Making Leisure Time Count

(Continued from paffe 442)

and communion with strangers; the student finds
the flora and geologic structures for study; the
artist finds beauty to be transcribed by brush,
song or word ; the younger generation finds swim.-
ming, hiking, fishing and other healthful pursuits.

While the recreation areas of Illinois attract
hundreds of thousands of visitors in their leisure
hours, they are destined to serve a second im-
portant purpose — that of preserving for posterity
much of the rich historic background of the state
and its people. Illinois' acres of parks are natural
beauty spots. Canyons, gorges, caves, palisades,
Indian mounds and great forests spread the entire
length of the state. Our splendid system of high-
ways and the modern automobile put these attrac-
tions almost at the door of every citizen.

Nature lovers will revel in the spring blossom-
ing season; in the protected, shaded hollows with
their cooUng aid and moist ferns when the sum-
mer sun beats down ; in the foliage turned a flam-
ing color in the autumn, and in the glistening
snows of winter.

Every convenience for the pleasure and enjoy-
ment of visitors has been considered in develop-
ing our state parks. Trails in existence since the
time of the red man, coursing through picturesque
sections and connecting beauty spots, are marked
that hikers may wander through and commune
■with nature. Shelters are placed in restful places
along the paths and at the crest of hills and
promontories where exceptional vistas unfold. A
plentiful supply of good drinking water tested by
state health authorities is provided. If you have
time to linger in the state before departing for

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your homes, I hope you will visit our state parks,
as well as the parks of our cities, and see what
Illinois is doing in this phase of furthering an ef-
fective recreation program for its people.

Illinois is indeed fortunate in having the op-
portunity to be host to you men and women who
are aiming high and serving devotedly in mold-
ing the characters of present and future genera-
tions. I pledge you that Illinois will enthusiasti-
cally copoerate in the great purposes which the
members of the National Recreation Association
is sponsoring in the interest and welfare of all
the people.

Recreation and Wholesome Living

(Continued from page 443)

sculpture, drama, literature, interior decorating;
handcrafts of all descriptions and many activities
are included in this phase of the work.

At present children are making their own musi-
cal instruments and expressing great enthusiasm
in making toy airplanes.

And again, you know, the activities of the out-
of-doors such as the health-giving exercises of

470

WELCOME TO THE RECREATION CONGRESS

tennis, golf, hiking, boating; swimming fishing,
etc.

Many can have these privileges right at hand,
but a vast number of us need help in obtaining
them. So the National Recreation Association
stresses the training of men and women who are
taught the best way of gaining these advantages
by means of the playground and group activities
in churches, clubs, various municipal societies and
community houses.

From all these avenues oi>en to us, each can dis-
cover his niche and find in fife a new incentive.
In being happy ourselves we can brighten the lives
of others and follow Christ's teaching of brother-
hood and gracious living.

Welcome to the Recreation Congress

(Continued from page 444)
velop his muscles and develop his mind, not only
in school, but in these recreation centers, in order
that he may have a clean mind and healthy body.
I know you are doing all of that, and I want par-
ticularly to thank those in our city who are using
their energy in that direction. I know they are
really energetic and I know that they enjoy the
work. I know the boys in the South Park Dis-
trict, when I was there, had just as much fun out
of this as the little boys themselves.

We of Chicago are rather proud of our park
system, not because of its beauty, not because of
its drives, but because of the good it has done in
the various communities, teaching the boys and
girls that this is a great country in which to live.
The city government of Chicago maintains thirty-
nine supervised playgrounds. The Board of Edu-
cation operates sixty-one playgrounds. The Park
District, including all of the parks, operates in the
county ninety-eight recreation buildings as well
as one hundred twenty-eight parks. There are
sixty square miles of forest preserves in and
around Chicago.

The private agencies are also doing wonderful
work — tlie Young A'len's Christian Association,
the Catholic Youth Organization, the Young
Men's Hebrew .Association, Young Women's
Christian Association, Chicago Boys' Club, and
many other boys' and girls' clubs. Chicago is
really feeling the necessity for taking care of our
boys and girls in other ways rather than ordered
education.

It is mighty nice to seq such men as Dr. Finley
and these men on the platform here tonight in-
terested in the development of the youngsters of

the country. It is wonderful to know that we have
in this country of ours men who will give up their
time, men who take pleasure in giving up their
time, for the youngsters of the country, the future
citizens of our great land.

I want to say to you tonight that we are happy
to know that you are doing this, and we are happy
that you have come here to Chicago. We hope
that while you are here you will have a pleasant
time. I know the people connected with the Park
District of the City of Chicago will make every
effort to see that you do enjoy yourselves. I hope
that you will come back.

We want to thank you for holding this Con-
gress here because while we don't feel that the
numbers have done so much good, or so much
money may be left in town, we think that it is a
great thing for the morale of the city in building
up its youngsters, and it is a great honor for me
to have the privilege of talking to you here
tonight.

The Spirit of Joy in Athletics

(Continued from page 451)

haps he will tune in and connect up with the
power station."

\\''hen those boys went out on the field that
night to play, the coach, who was rather a hard-
headed, driving sort, said to them, "Put on your
fighting faces." Then he turned to his assistant
and said, "Those eight fellows going out there to-
gether are licked before they start. They look
just as peaceful as a bunch of cows going out to
chew the grass. I just can't get any fight into
them tonight. They are going out just as peaceful
as if all they were going to do was have some
fun." Those eight fellows played with a power
that no McAllester team had ever shown before;
they played with perfect co-ordination, each man
in his right place ;.pne threw a pass and another
seemed to catch it over his shoulder without hardly
looking back.

I believe that there is a joy, the greatest joy I
have known, in the rhythm of life, if we can only
contact it and let it speak joyously through us
like the leader of our singing tonight. All the
rhythm in our playing should be like that — almost
music. We should step out of ourselves and put
our whole beings, for once, into anything that we
are doing. Thomas A. Edison knew the secret of
putting his whole being into what he was doing
and his work' was joyous to him.

MAGAZINES AND PAMPHLETS

471

And there is a joy in team work where you are
all playing each as a part of the other ; and there
is joy in stepping outside of yourself and letting
the universal in you contact the universal out
there, and to feel Hke that Httle electric motor
that was put into a contest once with a great loco-
motive. They pressed together and the signal was
given. The wheels of the great locomotive began
to go around and smoke puffed out, but that lit-
tle bit of a motor slowly began to push it back.
The old engineer, who belonged to the old school,
hated to give in. He leaned out and said, "We
could lick you, little cuss, but we can't lick the
power up there in the hills."

We don't have to be philosophical or spiritual
about it, but the power of this rhythm and the
joy of life is the little message I would like to
bring to you. I would like to leave it with you
because each one, in his own waj-, I know can
carry out some of those things and has experi-
enced them perhaps more than I have. But when
I came to let go of athletics I didn't let go of the
things that athletics brought me, and I only wish
that we had playgrounds now for older folks to
go out and play the game.

Magazines and Pamphlets

(Recently Received Containing Articles j
of Interest to the Recreation Worker ^

What the Schools Can Do to Prepare

Children for the New Frontiers

in Recreation

(Continued from page 455)
the frontiers of leisure time have come upon
us rapidly and it is too much to expect that
schools everywhere are quite ready to rise to
the occasion. In a city recently studied by the
Office of Education, forty of its fifty elemen-
tary schools had a playground space below
the accepted minimum requirements. This city
is hardly an exception. We must bear in mind,
however, that most of these schools were built
at least a quarter or a half century ago when
interest in play as an educational asset was
correspondingly small. In many communities
the needs for play of the rank and file of pupils
are slighted for the exploitation of those of
superior athletic prowess. In too many schools
music and art are still looked upon as non-
essentials. Nevertheless, all things considered,
we are making great progress.

We may not quite measure up to our oppor-
tunities, but we are no longer afraid to en
courage play both of mind and of body. We
not only encourage it but we develop it and
direct it. Whether it be for batting a ball,

MAGAZINES

The National Parent-Teacher Magazine, Xovember 1935
A Game Room for the Family, by Florence B.
Terhune
Parents' Magazine. November 1935

What Art May Mean to a Child, by Florence Cane
Young Ideas in Toys, by M. Ellen Houseman
Family Fun. by Elizabeth King
Mind and Body. October 1935

Outdoor Hobbies, by Barbara Ellen Joy and Virginia
Anderton Lee
Junior-Senior High School Clearing House. November 1935.
An Overview of the Civilian Conservation Corps, by

John W. Studebaker
Educational Activities in the CCC Camps, by How-
ard W. Oxley
The European Work-Camp Movement, by Kenneth

Holland
Social Implications of the CCC, by Arthur J. Todd
What the CCC Might Have Been, by John M. Brewer
The Camping Magazine, November 1935

Camp Life and the Home — A Co-partnership, by

Lela Pinkham
Factors Involved in Developing an Organized Camp,

by Fay Welch
Practical Approaches to Nature Study, by Albert
Van S. Pulling ^

Games and Contests for Horseback Riding, by
Bernard S. Mason
Rural America, October 1935

Rural .Arts in the United States, by W. H. Stacy
The Bookshelf. December 1935

Caroling Christmas Plays, by Marion Peabody
Father-Mother-Daughter Christmas Partv. bv Betty
J. Lyle
The Journal of Health and Physical Education.
November 1935
The Recreational Program in a Penal Institution,

by P. S. Cleland
The Increasing Popularity of Lacrosse for Girls, by

Martha Gable
.\ Survey of the Social Dance in America, by

Lucile Marsh
Methods in Teaching Basketball Skills, by H. C.

Carlson, M.D.
Mixer Dances, by H. D. Edgren
The American City, November 1935

Contributions of the Emergencies to Recreation

Progress, by Josephine Randall
Boston Goes in for Wading Pools
"Children of the Shadows" Get Twelve .\cres of
Open Space
The Record. December 1935

Let's Make Our Games, hy Elizabeth Price

PAMPHLETS
OfHcial Rules Book — Florida ShufReboard Association
The Bnce Printing Co., Inc.. Lake Wales, Florida.
Price $.25
18th Annual Report of the Flint, Mich.. Community

Music Association. 1934-1935
1 0 th Annual Report of the Department of Recreation of

Hcmtramck. Mich., 1934-1935
Fifty-second Annual Report of the Board of Park Com-
missioners. Minneapolis, 1934

472

NOW THAT WINTER'S COME!

Aids to
Your Christmas Celebration

• If you are not familiar with
The Christmas Book, send
for a copy now. It contains

A Devonshire Christmas

(a celebration for Merrie England)
A Christmas Frolic
The Saint George Play
The Perfect Gift (a pageant)
A Christmas Carnival in Carols and

Pantomimes
Stories of the Christmas Carols

A Christmas Kaleidoscope

(introducing a large number of children
in folk dancing)

List of Christmas Plays and Pageants

List of Christmas Music

Price $.50

And order now your Christinas carol
sheets containing the words of ten
favorite carols. ($.80 per hundred)

National Recreation Association

315 Fourth Avenue . . New York City

modeling an airplane, writing a poem, painting
a picture or producing a symphony, our
schools are endeavoring to furnish opportunity
for play, to develop appreciation of play and
to encourage latent talent for play. We have
the vision and we are in a fair way to furnish
our pupils an adequate introduction to the
playing fields of the larger life made possible
by growing leisure, a leisure which the recrea-
tive activities taught in our schools have,
themselves, helped to create.

Now That Winter's Come!

(Continued from page 458)
banks it should he pushed as close to the edge as
possible so as not to cut down the skating area
too much. In light snowfalls snow can be pushed
by the trucks across the width of the skating area.
In practical tests of the strength of ice it has
been found that four inches of black ice will hold
cavalry and light guns. Five inches will hold a
Ford truck weighted with sand and will also be
safe for public skating. If there is any snow ice
mixed in, six inches in all will be sufficient to hold
a truck for cleaning purposes. On small ponds.

not so deep as to present any danger of drowning,
and where hand scrapers might be used, it will be S
safe to skate on from three to four inches of ice.
On ponds deeper than three feet, four inches will
be safe when supervised so that crowds will not
gather at any one spot.

Life saving equipment consisting of a ladder
and rope should always be at hand where there
is skating.

Where hockey rinks are to be made, the rinks
should be oblong, 200 feet long and 85 feet wide
with goal posts placed 10 feet in from the ends,
making them 180 feet from one goal to the other.
The boards around the rink should be three feet
high to confine the play within the rink and be
high enough so that players will not have a leg
broken by being pushed over them. If the boards
cannot be put in three feet high, a two inch plank
10 inches high can be used, as player can easily
jump over these boards without being hurt. Such
rinks are used in playgrounds where there are
several of them. Where only one rink is built, it
should be three feet high.

Repairing Holes and Cracks in the Ice

Small cracks in the ice can be best filled by
pouring hot water in them. The hot water will
combine with the body of the ice and freeze solid.
For wider cracks it may be necessary to put in a
mixture of snow and water, permitting this to
freeze and then putting in hot water. If hot water
is not available, cold water can be used, and it
would be best to do the work when the tempera-
ture is not far under freezing. Holes in the ice
can be patched with a mixture of snow and water.
Flooding in temperatures around zero or below is
very likely to crack the surface of the ice and
cause pieces to split out.

The Dust Prob[em on the Playground

(Continued from page 460)

3. No objectionable odor was noticed or reported.

4. The compound does not stain or cling. The
school has a white maple floor not over fifty
feet from the playground gate. No staining or
discoloring was noted on this floor.

5. When purchased in drums the cost is about the
same as calcium chloride. When purchased in
tank cars the cost is considerably less.

6. Quick absorption was shown by the fact that
the playgrounds were used the day of ap-
plication.

7. No complaints have been made of injury to
clothing or aggravation of skin abrasions.

THE DUST PROBLEM ON THE PLAYGROUND

473

The results of this investigation and the ap-
pearance of the ground were so satisfactory that
the Recreation Department decided to treat their
worst offenders from a dust standpoint, and a
total of eight playgrounds have received this
compound. The Board of Education has also
treated three additional playgrounds. The results
have been gratifying in all cases, 'but due to the
nature of the soil and to varying rates of appli-
cation per square yard, some have been more sat-
isfactory than others.

Preparation of the Ground

The preparation of the ground depends to a
considerable extent on the nature of the soil. The
first ground treated was of a clay type with a
hard crust. This ground was scarified to create a
dust or fine soil before the treatment and im-
mediately after was rolled. In subsequent treat-
ment of other grounds rolling was omitted, and
in the majority of cases the scarifying also. In
sandy soil this works fairly well but in clay soil
the ground should be scarified for immediate ab-
sorption and to prevent draining to the low spots
where it lies for a period and forms dark spots
when finally absorbed. The compound can be ap-
plied at any time when the ground is not too wet.
Best results are obtained, however, when the
ground is in a slightly damp condition, the loose
material drying rapidly when scarified. The ap-
plication of the material is simple. On small
grounds application can be made by hand sprinkl-
ing cans, while on large grounds a sprinkling
truck equipped with power pump can be used for
even and economical distribution.

Sani-Soil-Set is a compound of a special petrol-
eum base and chemicals with decided germicidal
properties. Special consideration was given the
preparation to provide an odorless and stainless
product which obviously would be required for
playgrounds. The compound has little cementive
quality and tends to prevent formation of a hard
surface. This is desirable on a playground used
for rough and tumble games. The dust allaying
effect is accomplished by the action of the com-
pound in adhering to and weighing down the dust
particles. Extremely low volatility of the com-
pound and its insolubility in water are responsible
for the lasting effect.

It is generally recognized that dust may induce
pulmonary or bronchial diseases and that it is a
germ carrying agent. Any dust allayer is there-
fore of benefit from a health standpoint. Sani-

Soil-Set, however, possesses an additional advan-
tage in that it is by its nature toxic to germs, and
this property has been enhanced by the addition
of a special material.

Research work is continuing on this subject but
the writer feels, in view of the present results,
that a vexing problem has now been solved in an
inexpensive and sanitary manner.

Some Joys and Problems of
Christmas Carolers

(Continued from page 462)

ed about five o'clock. With the early start and the
district arrangement, we were through by half
past six. This gave us plenty of time so our eve-
ning needn't be spoiled by hurry.

8. No more than two songs were sung in any
home. The local newspaper always announced
the caroling a week or so before Christmas. It
was explained that the girls had other Christmas
Eve activities and only one song could be sung
at each home except in unusual cases, and then a
second might be sung.

9. Only three different songs were sung. The
girls chose three favorites and learned them. This
removed all necessity for copies or flashlights.
The singing was more spontaneous and enjoyable,
too, when we didn't have to keep our eyes on a
copy or stand huddled so three or four could see
the same paper.

10. Treats could be accepted, but not dona-
tions of cash. The first time we divided accord-
ing to districts, one group was given a dollar.
Then the question arose whether the dollar should
go into the general club fund or be used by the
group for treats. It was used for treats because,
after all, that group had the money in its own
hands. But the sponsors foresaw that this might
lead to a selfish desire to sing at the most well-to-
do homes. Also, people would soon feel obligated
to donate, and many of them could not well do so.
This would spoil the joy we wanted to bring. So
the write-up in the local paper always included a
note to the effect that the girls did not want
money. "The community during the year has
shown its appreciation of the girls' work. This is
their Christmas gift to the community." But it
was funny to see how our pockets bulged with
candy when we were through caroling!

11. Each year people were requested to report
to one of the sponsors the names of shut-ins. This
notice was published in the local paper. Then if

474

FOR A MERRY CHRISTMAS

anyone was missed, the fault was not entirely the
club's.

12. The chairman of the sponsors' association
never went caroling. She stayed home to take
care of phone calls. There was always some one
who arrived late and found the gang gone. "What
can I do?" "Let me get the list," the chairman
would answer. "They were going to Knight's,
then to Grigsby's and then to McGee's. You'd
better go to Grigsby's and if you don't find them
there go to McGee's; I'm sure you'll catch them
before they get farther than that."

Each year a few minor changes were made in
the general scheme, but these twelve points were
followed year after year. The girls enjoyed carol-
ing, so much so that groups often visited homes
not on the lists just to add to the Christmas
spirit. The carols became part of the regular
Christmas festivities. People who were sick never
felt entirely sorry to be sick, while the aged look-
ed forward to the girls' visit as the kiddies to the
visit of Santa Claus..

A young mother told me about Christmas Eve
in her home. She was getting the children ready
for the program at the church — curling hair, shin-
ing shoes, slipping on freshly-pressed clothes, and
all the rest. Wondering how warmly they should
be dressed, she stepped outside to look at the
thermometer. Half a block away, at the home of
a sick neighbor, a carol was started. "It came
upon a midnight clear." Stepping inside, she
called the children: "Come here." She hastily
wrapped a blanket around the two and threw the
door open. It was a perfect Christmas Eve —
calm and still. The song could be heard distinctly.
" 'Peace on the earth, good will toward men'
From Heaven's all-gracious King.
The world in solemn stillness lay
To hear the angels sing."

"Mama, is it angels?" whispered little Betty.
And her mother answered, "I'll tell you about
them tomorrow. I think they're one kind of
angel."

For A Merry Christmas

(Continued from page 463)

Shepherds, Shake Off Your Drowsy Sleep

Ring On, Christmas Bells

Silent Night

Sing We Noel

Three Kings of Orient

Wassail Song

While Shepherds Watched

"Christmas C.-krols," a collection of carols compiled by
Angela Diller and Kate Stearns Page, G. Schirmer,
Inc., 75^

Five Christmas Carols from Different Lands, 12^.
G. Schirmer, Inc.

Five Carols of Old England, Octavo 145, words and
music. Carl Fischer, Inc., 56 Cooper Sq., New York,
15^.

In Bethlehem Christians Awake

Christmas Eve The Golden Carol

The Shepherds' Watch

Eight Old English Carols, 1(V. G. Schirmer, Inc.
Four Noels of Normandy, 1(V. G. Schirmer, Inc.

Six Old French Carols. In two pamphlets, each 8^.
G. Schirmer, Inc.

Five Basque Noels, Octavo 140. Arranged for four-
part chorus, 12^. Carl Fischer, Inc.

Here Comes Holly The Christmas Tree Carol

Minstrel's Carol The Shepherd's Song

The Seven Joys

Four Old French Carols, Octavo 779, words and music.
The Boston Music Co., 116 Boylston St., Boston,
Mass. 25^.

At Midnight a Summons Came
Bring a Torch, Jeannette, Isabella
Sleep, Little Dove
When at Christmas Christ Was Born

Five Old French Carols, Octavo 78, words and music.
Carl Fischer, Inc. 12^ (Arranged for four-part chorus.
Can also be used as unison or two-part.)

Shepherds and Shepherdesses
Oh, Sing Forevermore
Ho, Awake
O Holy Night
Gloria

Five Russian Carols, Octavo 93, words and music. (Ar-
ranged for four-part chorus) Carl Fischer, Inc., 12^.

Christmas Bells
In a Manger
Adoration

The Star
Glory to God

Five Bohemian Folk Song Carols, Octavo 156, words
and music. (Arranged for four-part chorus.) Carl
Fischer, Inc., 15#.

The Stars Are Shining
Shepherds Rejoice
The Angel's Message

Ring Out, Ye Bells
Glory to God

Carols from the Oxford Book of Carols- — edited by
Dearmer, Williams and Shaw. Carl Fischer, Inc. Over
150 carols from that collection can be purchased in
separate leaflets containing the words and music,
usually of two carols, at 6^ per leaflet. The following
are among the best for community singing, but there
are many others equally suitable :

{St. Stephen
Greensleeves

Wassail Song
I^God Bless the Master of This House

Boar's Head Carol
Make We Joy
A Gallery Carol

Yeoman's Carol
Coventry Carol

{

The Cradle
In Duici Jubilo

The Angel Gabriel
The H<)lly and the Ivy

Note : Additional music and drama material for the cele-
bration of the Christmas season may be found in
the Christmas Book published by the National
Recreation Association at 50^ a copy. It includes
lists of octavo music for mixed, men's and
women's voices.

New Publications in the Leisure Time Field

Tell Me a Birthday Story

By Carolvn Sherwin Bailey. Frederick A. Stokes Com-
pany, New York. $2.00.
As A BIRTHDAY GIFT to the children Miss Bailey, well
known author of a number of books on story-tell-
ing, tells the stories of the childhood days of a number
of "famous people, heroic people, historic people." "Some
of these great persons," she says, "were born on your
birthday. Many of them had the same birthday month
as yours." This fact will add to the interest of the chil-
dren as they read of the famous people who were born
on their birthday.

Official Basketball Guide for
Women and 6irls, 1935-36

Edited by Committee on Women's Basketball, Women's
Rules and Editorial Committee of the Women's Ath-
letic Section, A.P.E.A. Spalding's Athletic Library.
No. 17R. $.25.
A NEW FEATURE of the 1935-1936 official rules is a set
'* of experimental rules drawn up with the idea of pro-
viding for the highly skilled and experienced player an
opportunity to develop a little faster game by an exten-
sion of her territory and privileges. This revised edition
also contains a number of new articles which will be of
interest.

Let's Play

Gompiled by Pauline Reynolds. The Farmer's Wife, St.

Paul, Minnesota. $.25.
^ AMES FOR FAMILIES, for parties, for small groups and
^"^ and large, for playing indoors and outdoors, are all
contained in this new 64 page book which offers direc-
tions for over 150 games and activities. Special emphasis
is laid on recreation for typical farm families. Every-
thing is included from puzzles to the most hilarious
active games, and there is in addition a special section of
ten of the best known folk dances with music.

Selected Books and Pictures for
Young Children

Educational Playthings, Inc., New York. $.50.
11 ERE IS A BOOKLET for parents, teachers and others who
** are interested in books for young children. It makes
no pretense of being an inclusive list but is a selective
one presenting many of the best books of each type. As
far as possible the books are listed under broad head-
ings which have to do with children's interest. ' 'We are

beginning to realize," states the introduction, "that we
should not buy merely 'a book for a six year old child'
but a 'book that fits the child's age, experience, interests
and environment.' " An interesting section of the booklet
is that having to do with selected pictures for young
children with a valuable introductory statement under
the title "A Child's Introduction to Pictures" pointing
out bases of choice.

indoor Games and Fun

By Sid G. Hedges. J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadel-
phia. $1.25.
This book begins where an earlier publication of the
' author, Indoor and Community Games, leaves off. It
includes more than 150 fresh games, both quiet and
active, original party plans, draught and checker boards,
hints on such varied activities as billiards, tumbling, self-
defense, punch ball, and Indian club work, table tennis
and bagatelle. There are plenty of activities here for
party planners.

Friends and Fiddlers

By Catherine Drinker Bowen. Little, Brown and Com-
pany, Boston. $2.00.
^Nne need not be a musician to appreciate and enjoy
^^ this delightful, gay book describing the joy, comedy
and desperation of a musical lifel Into it enters the
human equation in music — amateur quartets, fiddlers,
wild-eyed cellists, wives who play violas and children
who bang the box. Here is a book well worth reading if
you would understand something of the "why" of musi-
cians and the power music wields in life!

Recreational Development in the
National Forests

By Kenneth O. Maughan. Technical Publication No. 45.

New York State College of Forestry, Syracuse, New

York. $.7S.
W/iTH THE GROWING interest in our national forests and
" their recreational uses, Mr. Maughan's booklet
comes as a timely contribution. He presents in it the
results of a study of the present recreational use of the
national forests and a suggested plan for future develop-
ment, together with a recreational management plan for
the Wasatch National Forest in Utah. Not the least
valuable part of the study is the bibliography. There is
also an interesting section containing comments on rec-
reation within the national forests made by the forest
supervisors.

• 475

476

NEIV PUBLICATIONS IN THE LEISURE TIME FIELD

Athletic Activities for Women and Girls

Spalding's Athletic Library. No. IISR. $.25.
This year's edition of the Athletic Handbook contains
the following sections : Athletic Games ; Archery, Golf,
Tennis ; Volley Ball ; Intramural Tournaments : Track
and Field. The unusually large number of articles on
the various sports make this edition particularly valuable.
The book should be in the hands of every recreation
worker who is planning activities for girls and women.

A Manual for Instructors in Civilian
Conservation Corps Camps

Prepared by the Vocational Division, United States
Office of Education. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D. C. $.10.
This manual has to do with the responsibilities of camp
instructors who are concerned with the educational pro-
gram of CCC camps and methods and devices for ef-
ficient teaching. Detailed suggestions are given for
teaching a lesson, for teaching learners to think, and for
planning for efficiency in teaching. The final chapter has
to do with success factors of an educational program.
The Vocational Division has prepared manuscripts for
sixteen publications which will be issued within the next
few months.

"Kit" 38.

Edited by Lynn and Katherine Rohrbough. Published
by Lynn Rohrbough, Delaware, Ohio. $.25.
In this issue of the "Kit" Mr. Rohrbough announces
that in future numbers it is desired to include permanetly
valuable ideas rather than entertainment of passing in-
terest. He invites all who have found satisfaction in the
fine arts, crafts, folk games and dances, and nature hob-
bies to share them through the "Kit." This issue has an
interesting section on "Guideposts to the Use of Leisure"
in which Katherine Rohrbough discusses values in lei-
sure activities. There are a number of international
games, some group games and stunts, and a song sheet
insert.

The Potomac Trail Book

Bv Robert Shosteck. Hiking Editor, The Washing-
ton Post, Washington, D. C. $.50.
This guide to the trails of the upper Potomac Valley
is an attempt to meet the pressing need for a guide for
hikers, naturalists, and the thousands of office-ridden
Washingtonians and visitors who enjoy tramps afield on
week-ends. Practical information is given regarding the
accessibility of the trails by street car, bus, automobile
and canoe, and a great deal of data is presented about
places of historic and scenic interest.

Art

By Elizabeth Robertson, National Chairman, Art,
National Congress of Parents and Teachers. Pub-
lished by National Congress of Parents and Teach-
ers, 1201 Sixteenth St., N.W., Washington, D. C.
$.05.
In this pamphlet Miss Robertson has given us helpful
suggestions for a number of hobbies under the classifica-
tions, "Doing Things," "Creating Things," "Collecting
Things," and "Learning Things." A bibliography is in-
cluded.

Handbook of Educational Work-and-Play Materials
For the Mothers and Teachers of Young Children

Educational Playthings, Inc., 20 East 69th Street,
New York. $.35.
Every mother or leader in activities for small children
will find this catalogue a fascinating publication. Not
only is the play material listed, but general information
on the various types of material is given and their values
are pointed out.

STATEMENT OF THE OWNERSHIP, .MAN.\GEMENT,|
CIRCULATION, ETC., REQUIRED BY THE ACT OF
CONGRESS OF MARCH 3, 1933, of Recreation, rublished
monthly at New York, N. Y., for October 1, 1935.

State of New York, \

K. ) ss.

County of New York.

Before me, a Notary Public in and for the State and countyl
aforesaid personally appeared H. S. Braucher, who, having been |
duly sworn according; to law, deposes and says that he is the <
editor of Rec'ieation, and that the following is, to the best of his
knowledge and belief, a true statement of the ownership, man-
agement (and if a daily paper, the circulation), etc., of the afore-
said publicatian for the date shown in the above caption, re-
quired by the Act of August 24, 1912, embodied in Postal Law*
and Regulations, printed on the reverse of this form, to wit:

1. That the names and addresses of the publisher, editor, man-
aging editor, and business managers are:

Publisher: National Recreation Association, 315 Fourth Ave-
nue, New York, N. Y.

Editor: H. S. Braucher, 315 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y.

Managing Editor: Abbie Condit, 315 Fourth Avenue, New
York, N. Y.

Business Manager: Arthur Williams, 315 Fourth Avenue, New
York. N. Y.

2. That the owner is: (If owned by a corporation, its name
and address must be stated and also immediately thereunder the
names and addresses of stockholders owning or holding one per
cent or more of total amount of stock. If not owned by a cor-
poration, the names and addresses of the individual owners must
be given. If owned by a firm, company, or other unincorporated
concern, its name and address, as well as those of each individual
member, must be given.)

National Recreation Association, 315 Fourth Avenue. New
York, N. Y.

Mrs. Edward W. Biddle, Carlisle. Pa.; William Butterworth,
Moline, III.; Clarence M. Clark, Philadelphia, Pa.; Henry L.
Corbett. Portland, Ore.; Mrs. Arthur G. Cummer, Jacksonville,
Fla,; F. Trubee Davison, Locust Valley, L. I., N. Y.; Mrs.
Thomas A. Edison, West Orange, N. J.; John H. Finley, New
York N. Y.; Robert Garrett, Baltimore, Md.; Austin E. Griffiths,
Seattle, Wash.; Charles Hayden. New York, N. Y.; Mrs. Charles
V. Hickox, Michigan City, Ind. ; Mrs. Francis deLacy Hyde,
Plainfield, N. J.; Gustavus T. Kirby, New York, N. Y.; H. McK.
Landon, Indianapolis, Ind.; Mrs. Charles D. Lanier, Greenwich,
Conn.; Robert Lassiter, Charlotte N. C; Joseph Lee, Boston,
Mass.; Edward E. Loomis, New York, N. Y. ; J. H. McCurdy,
Springfield, Mass.; Otto T. Mallery, Philadelphia, Pa.; Walter A.
May, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Carl E. Milliken, Augusta, Me.; Mrs.
Ogden L. Mills, Woodbury, N. Y. ; Mrs. James W. Wadsworth,
Jr., Washington, D. C; J. C. Walsh, New York, N. Y.; Fred»rick
M. Warburg, New York, N. Y. ; John G. Winant, Concord. N. H. ;
Mrs. William H. Woodin, Jr., Tucson, Ariz.

3. That the known bondholders, mortgagees, and other security
holders owning or holding 1 per cent or more of total amount of
bonds, mortgages, or other securities are: (If there are none, so
state.) None.

4. That the two paragraphs next above, giving the names of
the owners, stockholders, and security holders, if any, contain
not only the list of stockholders and security holders as they ap-
pear upon the books of the company but also, in cases where the
stockholder or security holder appears upon the books of the com-
pany as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation, the name of
the person or corporation for whom such trustee is acting, is
given; also that the said two paragraphs contain statements em-
bracing affiant's full knowledge and belief as to the circumstances
and conditions under which stockholders and security holders
who do not appear ujpon the books of the company as trustees, hold
stock and securities in a capacity other than that of a bona fide
owner; and this affiant has no reason to believe that any other
person, association, or corporation has any interest direct or in-
direct in the said stock, bonds, or other securities than as so
stated by him.

5. That the average number of copies of each issue of this pub-
lication sold or distributed, through the mails or otherwise, to
paid subscribers, during the months preceding the date shown
above is (This information is required from daily publications
only.)

H. S. ButtCHZX.

Sworn to and subscribed before me this 26th dav of Septem-
ber, 1935.

[seal.]

MiRiAU Dochtermann,

Notary Public, Nassau County.

Nassau County Clerk's No. 2065. Certificate Filed in New York
County. Clerk's No. 664. Register's No. 6D410. My commis-
sion expires March 30, 1936.

To Whom Does the River Belong?

|0 whom does the river belong?

To the boy and girl in the canoe, gliding along in the moonlight.
To whom is the bay and its islands and the rocky shore line?

To him who silently sails it.
Who has leased the ocean?

He who swims it, jumps its breakers, who knows it at midnight
and midday, who understands its many voices.
Who has most shares in the sun?

He who takes time to bathe his body in its rays.
In whose name is the deed to the woods?

In his name who tramps it, who wades its brooks, who sees its
wild flowers and reads its signs.

Who owns the mountain?

He who climbs it and lies on its summit and watches the clouds
go by.
To whom does the craft of the world belong?

To him who knows and can use the tools, who can see and
understand its beauty.
For whom are the gardens?

For those whose hands love the soil, whose eyes can watch the
growth from day to day, for those who lose themselves in
its beauty.
For whom are the books and the thoughts of all ages?

For those who can read and for those who can think.
For whom is the music, for whom is the art of the world?
For those who can hear it, for those who can see it.

JANUARY 1936

477

A New Year Is With Us

Courtesy Minnesota M !iiiici/\ilitit

Dcfcmber 1035

Ring out the old, ring in the new,
Ring, happy bells, across the snow;
The year is going, let him go;
Ring out the false, ring in the true.

— Tennyson.

478

Recreation in the Years to Come

IT IS NiccESSARY for me to say, in speaking about
the age of plenty and measures that need to be
taken to adapt ourselves to it, that I am speak-
ing only as a consulting engineer and in a private
capacity. I am not representing the government.
|My relation to the government and to my other
clients is that of a consultant, which is tlie same
Thing as a professional back seat driver. I am not
iresponsible for what my clients decide to do and
[they are not responsible for what I say.

The technological revolution has had many wild
words said about it on both sides of the argu-
ment, but the real, historical and important change
in human affairs, the most spectacular aspect of
the technological revolution is the appearance of
electric instruments. The machine age for more
than a century has been gradually changing the
productivity of man, but has been calling for an
increasing volume of capital and an increasing
volume of labor. Now comes the electric instru-
ment, such as the thermostat, which takes the
place of man as a machine tender. Now we have
come to the time when the power age calls for
decreasing quantities of labor and even decreasing
quantities of capital, as the productive power of
the race continues to increase.

In agriculture similar things are happening. The
new science of agronomy is threatening to do
things that will make your eyes pop. Apparently
within our lifetime a few of our best acres, with
a few of our best farmers, can supply all the food
we need, and even all the industrial materials that
we can make by agricultural methods.

Some people think that the way to get rid of
the surplus laborers in industry is to send them
back to the farms. Other experts think the way
to get rid of the surplus farmers is to find jobs
for them in industry. There is very Uttle to be
looked for by shifting from one to the other the
crews of two sinking ships. Still other people
think that in capital goods
we can find an opportunity
for the labor of our surplus
population. Capital goods
construction is also begin-
ning to be affected by tech-
nology. Pre- fabricating is

By David Cushman Coyle

still in its infancy but apparently has possibilities.
In manufacturing, on the farm, and in capital
goods, the opportunity for human beings to be
employed is diminishing, and so far as we are
now able to see it will diminish further and per-
manently. There is apparently no evidence of any-
thing but a further increase in the volume of
technological unemployment. If people are to be
employed at all and not simply left upon doles
they must be employed in services, the only form
of human activity that does not depend upon un-
limited quantity of raw materials and electric
power.

Problems of Over-Production

Plenty is a situation in which the characteristic
maladjustments of the social order do not center
in difficulties of production as they do in scarcity
countries like China, but center primarily in dif-
ficulty in getting rid of the products. You can
look at the United States and see what troubles
we are in. Why do we have to have the AAA?
It was the difficulty in getting rid of products.
The characteristic of the plenty stage of evolution
is that the difficulty is not in finding workers but
in finding work. That is our situation. That situ-
ation has come to nearly the whole Western world.

There are two possible ways of getting out of
the troubles we are now in. One would be to let
loose those races that are able to increase their
numbers faster than technology can catch up. If
that were to occur it might be possible to over-
run the lands with people fast enough to destroy
forever the possibility of plenty, and all the prob-
lems of plenty, in that way easing the strain on

Less "tea-room art" but more music, drama and hob-
bies; the opportunity to live dangerously; recreation activ-
ities that are red-blooded, vital and have vitamines —
all this we may expect in the years that are to come!

479

480

RECREATION IN THE YEARS TO COME

our minds at the ex])ense of letting the Malthu-
sian law loose on humanity. But the Western
world has discovered the way to plenty. We have
got our technology running ahead of our popu-
lation.

Apparently what is happening abroad at the
present time is the organization of the world to
hold in place the nations that are still in the ex-
pansive mood, until such time as all the world is
prepared to. take on technology and utilize the pos-
sibilities of plenty. If that occurs, if those nations
that are not overcrowded are able to hold tlieir
lines, then the chance of civilization occurring on
earth within the next few hundred years appears
to be excellent.

Services in a country
like the United States, a
plenty country with ade-
quate natural resources,
with adequate technology,
without too much popula-
tion — constitute the an-
swer, and the only answer,
to technological unemploy-
ment. But technology is
not a disease for which
the services are the cure.
On the contrary, the neces-
sity of working eighteen
hours a day and the pov-
erty of recreational and
cultural services that char-
acterized our pioneer per-
iod were the disease for
which technology is the cure.

At the moment we have a bad case of indiges-
tion because we had more of the cure than we
could absorb, but we must recognize that the
purpose and function of technology is to destroy
the necessity or the opportunity for great num-
bers of men to work eighteen hours a day, and
give them time for recreation. It is also its func-
tion to destroy the necessity for people to be in-
secure. We are prepared to create a sufficient sur-
plus so that we can guarantee security to all our
people regardless of their age, their health, their
skill or their adequacy. We can treat them as
members of the human family, as w'e would treat
members of our own family. Those who are capa-
ble and able to work can be given the opportunity
to work, and those who are incapable can be sup-
ported by the rest of us, and easily, so that we do
not need to be insecure.

"David Cushman Coyle," said Dr. John
H. Finley in his introduction, "is an au-
thor, lecturer and consulting engineer.
Even before the depression he was one
of those who had begun to feel that a
larger proportion of the wealth of the
nation should be invested in cultural
services. As the nunnbers of unemployed
began to increase, his voice was in-
creasingly heard urging that nnore em-
ployment opportunities be created in
parks, recreation centers, museums and
other educational, recreational and cul-
tural services. The whole recreation
movement is indebted to Mr. Coyle
for his keen analysis and for his effec-
tive championing of the importance of
the cause in which we are engaged."

The essential adaptation to high productivity is
the diversion of the surplus national income into
expenditures for the kind of work recreation lead-
ers do, and that is a purely technical matter, re-
gardless of morals, regardless of justice, or right
and wrong. In order to make the machinery run
it is essential that people who never again will
have an opportunity to be returned to the produc-
tion and distribution of goods should obtain in-
come by working in service occupations that they
may have the money to buy their share of goods.
That is the adaptation that has always occurred
wherever the human race has found itself in con-
ditions of plenty. Never before has the human
race found a plenty coun-
try on such a scale numeri-
cally as that which faces
us now, but it has hap-
pened before sporadically
and temporarily, on a
small scale, in the South
Sea Islands, occasionally
in Europe, and various
places, and in history we
see the outburst of a civi-
lization or a culture, sav-
age or civilized, according
to circumstances.

Human Nature a
Changeable Phenomenon

Human nature, under
conditions of economic
security, is quite a differ-
ent thing from the human nature that we are ac-
customed to. Culture naturally bursts forth when
people are released from danger of poverty and
starvation. It did not burst forth in the United
States only because we are so complicated, that
we are unable to understand our own system. But
where the numbers of people are not so great, as
in the South Sea Islands, when they found them-
.selves in the situation where all the material goods
they could possibly make out of their natural re-
sources took them only an hour or two a day, then
naturally, without any philosophy or anyone tell-
ing them anything, it appeared obvious to them
that there was no point in catching more fish and
then plowing them under, and no point in their
making more canoes or more fish spears than
they could use and being unemployed because^'
they didn't know what to do with them. Just as
soon as they found that they had enough to eat

RECREATION IN THE YEARS TO COME

481

and all the clothing they wanted, they occupied
the rest of the time dancing, swimming, and mak-
ing love and generally amusing themselves. That
was the natural and normal adaptation to a situa-
tion in which life was easy.

Their human nature was quite different from
our own. We have a tendency to a characteristic
meanness of thought which is a real social danger.
We are mean even in our virtues. Thrift appears
to us to be a virtue, an astonishing perversion of
normal human instincts due of course to the time
when thrift was necessary for social reasons. We
tend to bs timid ; we tend to be "yes" men ; we are
afraid if we lose our jobs we can't get others, and
we are cautious not to stick our necks out, as we
say. Caspar ^lilquetoast is the typical American.
That is why we all understand him so well and
view his exploits with so much sympathy. He is
ourselves, (jenerosity and recklessness among us
are so unusual that they excite remark. Among the
South Sea Islanders to be generous and hospitable
was so normal and instinctive that I doubt if they
had any word in their language for it. Poverty
never occurred to them. How could it ? The idea
that man was economically determined would not
be a thought that could be translated into their
language. The South Sea Islanders were always
young. They were young at all ages. Melville
describes them as always laughing, gay, reckless,
and irresponsible. They never took thought foi
the morrow. They had many of the Homeric
virtues. They were always looking for physical
danger, having no economic danger to keep their
minds occupied.

We can ex-
pect that if and
when we solve
the problem of
plenty, when we
come through
our present mal-
adjusted period
of economic in-
digestion to a
])lace where we

Sports having in
them elennents of
danger will make
a strong appeal

are able to make our high technology system run,
we shall make it run by devices of social order
that will give us economic security and our human
nature will snap into a different form. It will
snap quickly. Human nature, of course, is not
supposed to be changeable, but as a matter of fact
we know it is the most changeable phenomenon
that is known to biology. The reason i>eople are
different from animals is because the animals are
comparatively unchangeable, but human beings
change with great rapidity and in all sorts of
directions.

Historically, we remember the time of Eliza-
beth when after the persecutions and burnings at
Smithfield were over, English ships were captur-
ing gold from the Spaniards, the time came when
a single ship sailing up the Thames carried
enough treasure on board to pay off the national
debt. Those days came on suddenly, and suddenly
the whole English race snapped into an age of
cultural activity and gaiety that we now remember
as the Elizabethan period. Then it snapped back
in the period of the Stuarts. Those changes oc-
curred rapidly.

W'e can expect within our own life time, if we
get our adjustment to plenty, as there is some
chance* of our doing — we can expect to see human
beings quite different from what we have always
thought they were.

A Glimpse Into the Recreational Future

The cliaracteristic of youth lasting through life
which is so common under conditions of economic

482

RECREATION IN THE YEARS TO COME

security will naturally affect the demand for rec-
reation and for cultural activity of all kinds. You
can expect many of the things that you now
observe among the more youthful types to be
more widespread among people of all ages. Curi-
osity of the scientific type rather than of the in-
tellectual type is likely to be more widespread. In-
tellectual activity many times is apt to be the
product of social pain or fear, but the curiosity
of a boy who reads popular science is the kind we
would expect to increase. Hobbies of various
kinds will grow. Creative activity, the use of the
hands in tasks that require skill, has been sup-
pressed in the case of many people because they
had used too much of their minds worrying about
the rent. It is difficult, as you know, for anyone
whose whole mind is one vast toothache because
of the fact that he has no job and doesn't know
when he will be thrown out of the house, to get
any real joy out of using tools in the basement.
You can expect an increase of those types of
activity.

It seems likely, however, in view of our previ-
ous experience of human nature in time of plenty,
that the most important of all new characteristics
which will appear is the insistent demaiul for
physical danger. Of course you see it now in the
desire to drive automobiles and drive them fast,
and the desire to fly. That desire will probably
increase. Young people must have danger or their
minds will be warped. Young men, and probably
young women, can't live normally without the risk
of life, nnd as we continue our youth longer to-
ward old age, the age at which we must have dan-
ger will probably be continued. We have lost
many of our old opportunities for the normal
operation of the desire for dangerous activities.
War, since it has developed to the point that the
combatants can't see each other any more, has lost
the vitamines it used to liave in Homeric times
when, as Homer says, Menelaus was noted be-
cause he was good at yelling "boo." Menelaus
was close enough to the enemy so he could go
into battle with sword and shield, yelling to scare
them off. Now one nation, playing with the idea
of war, is hoping to scare all the savages by shoot-
ing off things from a long distance at them. Even
personal fighting has ceased to have the vitality
that it used to have in the days when people came
to close quarters.

The necessity for finding ways of sport in which
the danger of death is always present will be one

of the things that I think you will need to keep in
mind. No sports that are safe have the necessary
vitamines. Sports that are safe may be amusing,
but somewhere in the environment of normal peo-
ple they are going to find ways of subjecting
themselves to possible death, whether sailing a
small boat across the Atlantic, whether flying or
gliding, whatever it may be, or whether only play-
ing football, there has got to be something where
they feel justly that a certain percentage of them
will not live through.

The herd instincts, the tendency for people to
want to be in groups, to do things together, you
may also expect will increase in their appeal as
people are freed from the humiliation of unem-
ployment and of economic fear. There is a ten-
dency whicli no doubt you have noticed for people
to retire into their holes to die as despair comes on
them. When they are released from that they are
likely to come out of their holes and want com-
munity activity ; they will want to do together
things like drama and music, and those things will
need to be organized for them and facilities will
need to be provided. But I think we should keep
in mind the fact that they will need to have things
that are red-blooded, and that are vital, and that
have vitamines.

This leads me to speak of art and handicraft.
In the first place art. like religion, has been used
in times past, and particularly in the times through
which we are passing, as an anodyne for despair.
It was necessarily, in many cases, the only medi-
cine that was available to people who were hu-
miliated, who were prostrate, whose emotional
lives were warped and twisted by inability to find
a place in the world. That is the best you can do
in many cases, but we should not regard it as a
desirable thing that the arts of life should be only
a drug to keep people alive who are subjected to
despair when despair is unnecessary and when
they should be cured, when we should use our
own minds to find means to release them from
despair.

Last year at one of your meetings I was shock-
ed at what appeared to me to be a thoughtless ac-
ceptance of the fact that you can get young people
to serve as volunteers, young unemployed people,
in programs, and so save your budget. I think ,
you should curse your budget. If you can't do |
anything better, all right, get them, but don't sleep
peacefully of nights! It is an outrage that young
people should be in a position where their idealism

RECREATION IN THE YEARS TO COME

483

can be drawn upon by the
community without pay, to
be used for helping the con-
ditions of the community.
Those young people need
first of all money — money to
marry, money to buy a home,
to have babies, to buy clothes,
theater tickets. After that
call on them for idealism.
But to expect young people
to live on love and fresh air
is an outrage on humanity,

and it is an outrage to expect them, with despair
in their hearts, not knowing where they are going
to get enough to eat, not knowing how they will
find a place to live, to come out and do for noth-
ing for the community what the community
should pay for ! It is not a situation that should
be taken easily and you should not find satisfac-
tion in the fact that it saves your budget.

I think we should not expect, in the age of
plenty, that there will be a great increase in anemic
art. After many thousands of miles of automobile
travel I have been impressed with what seems to
me the fact that the world already has enough
painted china dogs and birch bark picture frames.
Those things do not represent the joy of life.
They represent, as you know, a bitter and some-
times hopeless struggle to wring a small living out
of a hostile world. I think we can expect that the
great outburst of culture which is the only possi-
ble adjustment to plenty will not take the form of
tea-room art.

On the other hand, I think you can consider
that if we are in for an age of civilization, that
civilization will run the gamut from higher art at
the top to an outburst of unplanned and uncon-
trolled vulgarity at the bottom. We are inclined
to think of the old civilizations as having been
highbrow because of the fact that only pieces of
them have come down to us. The Age of Pericles
gave us the Parthenon, and in those days the great
Greek dramas were written and played, but we
sometimes forget that .\ristophanes seems high-
brow only because he is in Greek. In those days
-Aristophanes was in the same class with Mae
West and our beloved Will Rogers, and as for the
cheaper drama of Pericles' time, it was probably,
from what little we know of it, consideral)ly lower
in the cultural scale than our cheapest vaudeville.
And you remember that in Elizabeth's time, in
Shakespeare's time, when some of our greatest

"It is easier to minFmize than to over-
estimate the significance of play in our
national life. We seem as a people to
be moving toward a more equitable dis-
tribution of income and leisure time. Both
changes are profoundly significant, the
latter no less than the former. For on
the intelligent use of our surplus time
depend the distribution of the imponder-
ables, the diffusion of education, the
sharing of the health, cultural and artis.
tic values of life." — R. Worth Frank
in Social Progress, January 1935.

dramas were written, the
common people liked their
liumor as broad as it was
long. You can count on it
that any vital age that may
come will be characterized by
the unprintable public taste
that was characteristic of all
other great cultural ages. It
will not be pretty ; it will not
be built on cute little ideas,
and it will be full of vita-
mines and red blood. One of
our greatest legal lights, one of our most learned
judges, sitting in a burlesque show, turned to a
neighbor and said, "Thank God I have vulgar
tastes."

In looking forward to the development of rec-
reation in the future it is desirable to realize the
comparatively large amount of red blood that will
be in the demands of the people as they are freed
from economic fear and as their temperament
varies more and more widely from that of Caspar
Alilquetoast. I think in educating ourselves to-
wards the future, or preparing for the time when
we will have to deal with the young people of all
ages, it would be desirable to study with dis-
crimination the history of our own wild and woolly
West. There, for a time, ia some places, a man
could always get a job. lie could go and get a
job for $30.00 a month herding cattle with noth-
ing to spend his money for until he got a chance
to go to town. Under those circumstances he was
quite different from the Americans that we are
accustomed to meet now. He had those same
characteristics of the South Sea Islander although
of a different race and under such different con-
ditions. He was reckless and irresponsible, gay
and young. He toted a gun and he was always
looking for danger, being free of economic dan-
ger, for he knew whenever he was broke he could
go and get another job. He went out looking for
chances to risk his life. The x'Vmerican j'jcople in
a comparatively short time, finding the conditions
of the West suitable for development of the
Homeric Age, developed it quickly. The person-
nel, the population, to engage in the Homeric life
of the West appeared out of the American people
without any delay, and we can expect that it will
appear again as soon as the economic conditions
make a projier place for it, and it will appear all
over the country this time. You should begin to
adjust your mind to the fact that the America of

484

RECREATION IN THE YEARS TO COME

the Age of Plenty will have in many respects more
of the characteristics of the wild and woolly West
than it will have of the bread lines of our big
cities. Under those circumstances I can see that
we are going to be required to plan and to main-
tain facilities for outdoor activity of many kinds
and on a scale that at the present time would
seem fantastic.

Ours Is a Big Country

This is a big country. 1 don't consider that I
am doing my duty to my country if I stand any
place and fail to say that this is a big country, that
"you ain't seen anything yet," you don't know
what you are looking at ! A real American ought
to have a map of the United States in his office or
in his house, and he should go with his mind
along the tremendous distances of our country.
If you can't travel yourself, go in your mind
across the plains and the mountains. Consider
how long it would take you even to fly from one
place to another in the United States. If you can
sit as I did the last twenty- four hours, when I
wasn't in bed, and see the tremendous miles of
our country even from Washington to Chicago —
and from Washington to Chicago could be put in-
side tiie st^te of Texas — you will realize that this
is a big country. Think about the map of the United
States. Walk all around it in your mind. Sup-
pose that all the people of the United States, with-
out getting tired and without stopping to rest or
do anyhing else, should start to march past the
White House to be reviewed by the President,
eight abreast, old and young, black and white,
men, women and children. If the procession
started down to Florida, across to New Orleans,
then to San Diego, up to the Canadian P>order,
back across to the coast of Maine, and down to
Baltimore, eight abreast, 12,500 miles' of them, the
President could sit there and see them go by day
and night for three months and still they would
come. This is a big country. \\'hat is a billion
dollars to us? I will tell you what a billion dol-
lars is. It is $8.00 apiece, less than what you
spend for the morning paper in a year. A billion
dollars is the pennies that you take out of your
pocket and give to the newsboy. P>ut "you ain't
seen anything yet!" What is four billion tlollars?
Four newspapers.

The United States has been losing at least forty
billion dollars a year by staying in this depres-
sion. That is what is costs us to be parsimonious ;
that is what it costs the United States not to get

out of this depression. We have lost enough by
not working and by not running our machinery
for the past five years to have bought the whole
United States, lock, stock and barrel. If we can
spend money, if we can find ways of making those
who have money spend money, that money is
added to the national income. It adds about two
and one-half times to the national income because
whoever gets it spends it and someone else gets it.
Study of the CWA indicates that for every $10.00
spent about $25.00 was added to the national in-
come. That indicates the vacuum into which you
are pouring your program of expansion, not only
of physical construction but of personnel. This is
a big country and everything that you have done
so far — what has that to do with forty billion dol-
lars a year? Begin to stretch your minds! There
is a lot ahead of us!

Out of the Caterpillar Stage

.Another thing that I wish you would consider is
the fact that this is not the culmination of our
civilization. We have not, in three hundred years,
come to the top of the history of America. Think
of this litde fact. For five hundred years there
was a colony in Greenland. It had a bishop from
Rome. The records are in the Vatican. And
Europe forgot it. For five hundred years white
men lived in America and then they disappeared
and were forgotten. Some of their descendants
are there yet and are called Eskimos. Do you
realize that we have been here only three hundred
years? We have two hundred years to go to be
as old as the Greenland colony was before it van-
ished from the face of the earth and history had
no further knowledge of it. We are only kids ;
we have just arrived. All we have done in this
country is to get control of its natural resources.
That was the caterpillar stage. We had nothing
to do but eat and grow, fat. A\'e have eaten and we
have grown fat ; even our minds are fat. And
now we have reached a stage of complete fatness
of mind and body, represented by the way we
have behaved since the war. Who but a bunch of
fatheads could behave that way?

Having reached the stage of complete fathead-
edness, we have fallen into the stage of the chry-
.salis during which the creature has neither arms
or legs and lies helpless to all the winds that blow
and gradually uses U]) its substance, while inside
of it obscure vital forces are rearranging all the
molecules in preparation for its birth. You realize
(Continued on paijc 519)

When Recreation Executives Meet

Mutual problems are discussed, warnings
are sounded and optimism is expressed !

THE FIRST SESSION of the morning meeting of
the recreation executives, presided over by
Dorothy C. Enderis of the Department of
Municipal Recreation and Adult Education, Mil-
waukee, Wisconsin, was a symposium on public
school participation in recreation with a backward
look over the progress of the past five years and
an exploratory glimpse into the coming five-year
period.

Floyd A. Rowe, Director of the Department of
Physical Welfare, Board of Education, Cleveland,
Ohio, reported that facts he had gathered from a
number of cities showed an increase in the recre-
ation facilities of boards of education for public
use through the utilization of grounds for sum-
mer playgrounds and of buildings for winter ac-
tivities. There has been a definite recognition of
responsibility for the teaching of certain skills and
subject matter to children by boards of education
to prepare them for the better use of their present
and future leisure time. This is manifest in the
recommendation of the social studies program, in
the increase of extra curricular activity — fifty-
two diflferent kinds of club activities are listed —
and in the extension of the physical activities pro-
gram by way of the intramural program which
has come into prominence in the past few years.
In Cleveland the junior high
schools have abandoned
their interschool athletics to
devote more time to intra-
mural athletics for all the
children.

The developments of the
past five years in school rec-
reation have been in the
right direction. What is go-
ing to happen in the next
five years?

In one city a committee
has been appointed to study

On September 30th, immediately preceding
the opening of the National Recreation Con-
gress at Chicago, recreation executives dis-
cussed in morning and afternoon sessions,
their mutual problems and planned together
for future developments. While only execu-
tives of city, county or state systems par-
ticipated in the discussions, many workers
from municipal systems and State Emer-
gency Recreation Programs were present
as interested listeners, and the attendance
was unusually large. A brief summary of
some of the more important points raised
in the discussions is presented here.

for a year what the schools can do and to
submit a report in November 1936. In another
the board of education has decided to open twenty
buildings as free community centers. A number
of communities indicate that the number and im-
portance of school playgrounds will increase
greatly in the next few years because of the new
emphasis being placed on education for leisure in
the public schools.

"These are typical," said Mr. Rowe, "of de-
velopments throughout the country. The outlook
is encouraging."

In the discussion which followed Mr. Rowe's
paper the opinion was expressed that the progress
made by the schools in recreation has been due to
a large degree to the impetus given by community
recreation programs. Further, it seemed the con-
sensus of opinion that intraschool athletics are
growing in favor and that they oflfer advantages
over the system of intermural competition while
retaining the desirable element of competition.

Cooperation Between Recreation and Adult
Education

In an attempt to outline a basis for cooperation
between recreation systems and adult education
programs, A. W. Thomp-
son, Director of Recreation
and Physical Education,
Grand Rapids, Michigan,
defined education as "a con-
tinuous process of receiving
experience or having ex-
periences each of which
leaves some impress upon
us as individuals. In that
case we are the sum total
of experiences which we
had in the days that have
gone before." "If educa-

485

486

WHEN RECREATION EXECUTIVES MEET

cation is that broad," said Mr. Thompson, "then
there is a question as to whether there is any such
thing as adult education or whether education
stops at the time when an individual finishes for-
mal schooling, whether it be in the high school,
the college or university or a graduate school."

Mr. Thompson raised the question as to whether
a new era is dawning for adults in which they are
to have the opportunities which formerly termi-
nated for them at the close of high school or col-
lege, or whether the present situation as it relates
to adult education is due to the stimulus of fed-
eral funds.

Some of the differences of opinion between rec-
reation and education have perhaps been grounded
in an academic difference of opinion. "Is there
any real difference between what you are trying
to do in the development of recreational oppor-
tunities and the experiences which are being set
up in the educational field? Are those of us in
education and those of us in recreation thinking
in terms of service to all people or are we think-
ing in terms of an academic question and the dif-
ferences between the two?" "To me," said Mr.
Thompson, "there is no difference between a recre-
ative experience that may be educative and an
educative experience which may be recreative."

In the discussion which followed the point was
made that the attempt to draw a hard and fast
line between adult education and recreation is
creating some problems. It is impossible to say
that music and drama are adult education while
Softball belongs to recreation. Nor is it feasible
to make age the line of demarcation. To draw
such distinctions will be particularly difficult in
rural districts. The question of the number of
hours of service given under the WPA set-up also
adds to the problem.

It was agreed that while there are undoubtedly
problems ahead, it will be a most interesting ex-
perience to find out what can be done under a
plan of cooperation.

How Far Have Recreation Departments Been Able
to Work with Police Departments and Other
Agencies Attempting to Provide Con-
structive Programs for Juvenile De-
linquents and Pre-Delinquents?

Ernest W. Johnson, Superintendent of Play-
grounds in St. Paul, Minnesota, described the plan
which St. Paul has worked out successfully of
having a Juvenile Division in the Police Depart-

ment with a lieutenant as the active head. All
juveniles in difficulties are brought before the
lieutenant. If they have committed misdemean-
ors, damaged property or are extremely mis-
chievous, they are referred to Mr. Johnson as
head of the Playground Bureau and it becomes
his task to adjust them to the playground pro-
gram. As these boys are brought to the Juvenile
Division they are kept under observation for a
considerable time in order that their interests may
be discovered. Activities are then provided
through which, in their own groups, they may
have the forms of recreation which seem to ap-
peal to them most. They are permitted to do the
things they formerly have done such as playing
cards and rolling dice, but under very different
circumstances and without the usual accompani-
ments. They are organized into football teams
consisting of their own members, with rules sim-
plified, and they are allowed to "rough-house" all
they want without being held down to routine
rules.

Boys who violate the rules of the playground
are temporarily suspended from the grounds and
are brought before Mr. Johnson. These boys are
usually anxious to return to the playground and
after a warning and a pledge of good behavior,
Mr. Johnson gives them a letter permitting them
to return. He seldom finds it necessary to send any
of these boys to the probation office and as far as
possible avoids having them recorded on the books
of the police administration.

The question was raised as to the desirability of
keeping these boys in their own groups when they
participate in recreation activities. "How will
they adjust themselves to the social order if they
are kept separate in a gang program ?" Mr. John-
son's reply was that they are not ostracized and
that the method used is simply a means of giving
them a picture of the play program and is the
medium through which they are gradually inte-
grated into community life. While the other boys
on the playground know that the newcomers rep-
resent a delinquency group because the eligibility
rules used for them are different from those of
the formal set-up and it is necessary to fit the boys
into the gang team regardless of age and size, the
fact is never emphasized and is accepted.

A number of cities gave their experiences in
juvenile delinquency prevention treatment. In
Reading, Pennsylvania, the Police Commissioner
reports all difficulties with gangs to the Recrea-
tion Department. Through the funds made avail-

iVHEN RECREATION EXECUTIVES MEET

487

able by the Emergency Edu-
cation Program in Pennsyl-
vania it has been possible to
get these boys into a school
gymnasium and to give them
all types of rough-house ac-
tivities including boxing,
wrestling and games. The
Department has been fortu-
nate in being able to secure
good leaders ; some have been
athletic stars in college and
they are able to put on box-
ing gloves with the best of
the gang.

In San Francisco the Chief of Police meets
every two weeks with the Superintendent of
Schools, the Superintendent of Recreation, the
chief probation. oiificer and the Director of Public
Health and Community Welfare to discuss prob-
lems with which all are concerned. He has or-
ganized his young officers into a Big Brother
movement. In one particularly serious instance of
a gang of older boys, a young officer has organiz-
ed the gang into recreational groups at a neigh-
borhood house in the district. This effort has met
with great success. Cooperation of agencies, Jose-
phine D. Randall, Superintendent of Recreation in
San Francisco, California, feels will go far to
solve problems of delinquency.

In Oakland, California, when a numlier of chil-
dren in any one district show signs of becoming
troublesome the Recreation Department immedi-
ately organizes through the department or some
other recreational-educational agency activities in
vv'hich it believes the children will be interested
and invites them to take part. The activities are
varied in scope and no distinction is made between
delinquent boys and girls and others.

Los Angeles, California, has a coordinating
council in a number of districts in which all rec-
reational-educational organizations, P. T. A's,
schools, churches and other neighborhood groups
have one representative. The various councils
meet weekly to discuss problems in their immedi-
ate neighborhoods and ways of solving them
through school, settlement, recreational or other
facilities available. The lieutenant of the Police
Department in charge of juvenile delinquency is
a member. \^ery often when the court has taken
action in the case of a certain gang the group has
been taken to the playground where facilities have

"Periodical reporting to the office by
the child is a superficial proceeding of
little value, and is often harmful. The
probation officer must have the interest
and the vision not only to see the child's
present viewpoint but to look with him
into the future. He must establish con-
tacts with the child and his family and
try to improve family relations. He must
be able to enlist the resources of the
community to the end that the home,
church, school, courts, recreation de-
partment and other social agencies may
work together in the child's behalf." —
John K. Donohue, Deputy Probation
Officer. St. Paul.

been assigned to them at
times when they are not be-
ing used by other groups.

Higher Standards in Public
Recreation

Arthur P. Eckley, Director
of Recreation, Two Rivers,
Wisconsin, in opening his dis-
cussion having to do with the
interpretation of the philoso-
phy underlying recreation
work and its principles and
standards, said that leader-
ship was perhaps the chief
element involved in standards. He raised the ques-
tion, "Have we been able to maintain the stand-
ards which we have built up?" In 1929 the theme
of the Recreation Congress at Louisville was
leadership. At that time institute work was well
under way ; a great many people had received rec-
reational training and budgets of recreation de-
partments were at their peak. Recreation leaders
were in a position to crystallize opinion regarding
standards of leadership in the recreation field. Im-
mediately afterward came the depression. Bud-
gets were slashed and it became impossible in
many instances to pay for the kind of leadership
desired. Too often the leaders available through
FERA programs were untrained and had to be
fitted to the position. As a result standards of
leadership, Mr. Eckley believes, have been low-
ered. He warned against the danger of accepting
unqualified people under pressure from govern-
ment ofiices with the necessity of placing people
in positions, or of yielding to the temptation of
getting something for nothing.

Another danger which Mr. Eckley believes rec-
reation leaders may be facing is a loss, through
the activities promoted, in those character values
which originally gave impetus to the recreation
movement. In too man)' cases recreation leaders
have been creating bodily values at the expense
of esthetic values. "If we are going to be just a
machine and operate only a system in which cer-
tain people are supposed to play basketball, and
we have painters and artists who are in the bas-
ketball program simply because we as recreation
workers have set that up as a standard, we are
going to lose out. We must retain those character
values and impress on the public the fact that
these are what we stand for."

488

IVHEN RECREATION EXECUTIVES MEET

This presentation led to considerable discus-
sion. Some of those present felt that when the
necessity is faced of cutting the program to a
point where the community will suffer for lack
of recreational opportunities, it is preferable to
take untrained workers and maintain standards as
far as is possible under the circumstances. Safe-
guards, a number of executives pointed out, can
be set up by placing emergency workers under the
leadership of trained supervisors. This was felt
to be most important. In San Francisco as many
as 500 emergency recreation workers a day have
been used under competent supervision of mem-
bers of the stafi'. Another safeguard lies in giving
as much training as possible to the emergency
workers through institutes, conferences, and dis-
cussion of problems. It was pointed out that in
large cities there are many people available in
emergency programs who have had training in
physical education, recreation, and the arts, and
who should be given every opportunity to take
responsibility. It is in the smaller communities
where the programs are primarily on a relief
basis that the chief danger lies.

Testimony from a number of communities
showed a very helpful expansion of the recrea-
tion program with the help of emergency recrea-
tion workers, not only in conducting activities but
in carrying on research, in delinquency preven-
tion projects, in mapping recreation areas, and
for securing general information of value — pro-
jects for many of which formal budgets do not
permit. The meeting closed on the note that rec-
reation leaders owe a responsibility to emergency
workers and that every effort should be made to
cooperate with federal agencies in the present
emergency.

John E. Gronseth, Director of Recreation,
Sioux City, Iowa, served as chairman of the sec-
ond morning session which for its first topic dis-
cussed "Training for Recreation Work — What
Should Be Included?"

H. G. Danford, Director of Recreation, Lima,
Ohio, opening the discussion, urged recreation
executives first to make a study of the job from
all angles to determine the functions that are to be
performed and the problems to be met and solved,
and with the information gained to build a train-
ing program designed to equip workers with the
skills needed and knowledge essential to the solv-
ing of the problems.

A study of the problems of recreation consider-
ed from every angle shows that they can be
grouped under eight general headings :

(i) Interpretation of recreation and problems
involved in it

(2) The objectives of recreation

(3) Social organization, which includes the
study of social movements, the social struggles,
the institutional establishment known as recreation

(4) The people themselves, their age and sex
differences, their nationalities, their traits, both
functional and structural, their characteristics,
capacities and need for recreation

(5) The program itself, which may be sub-
divided into two major headings — the educative-
recreative and the protective programs. The edu-
cative-recreative program includes all the major
activities that make up a comprehensive recrea-
tion program, the analysis and classification of the
activities and their organization into a program,
program and standards here meaning character
education. The so-called "protective" program in-
cludes health education, safety, first aid, and the
like

(6) Leadership training and methods, both
direct (personal contact leadership) and indirect
(promotion)

(7) Administration

(8) The history of administration
All the functions of the recreation worker or

recreation official, and all of the knowledge about
and skills in recreation are included under these
eight problem groups.

Quality in recreational leadership means that
the recreation director must have skills in these
eight groups. He should be familiar with the in-
terpretation of recreation as a basis for thinking
about his work problems. He should know the
objectives of recreation that he must achieve. He
should know something about the institutional
establishment called recreation, and about the
laws, customs and attitudes toward recreation. He
should know the characteristics of the people with
whom he has to deal, their age and sex differ-
ences, their likes and dislikes. He must be fa-
miliar with the program of activities he is to ad-
minister, able to organize his program in an in-
telligent manner so that it will meet certain needs,
capacities and desires of his people. He should
have skill in leadership and ability to exercise in- ^
genuity and skill in all the leadership procedures
in dealing with people. He must know enough

WHEN RECREATION EXECUTIVES MEET

489

about the general principles of recreation pro-
cedure to be able to administer his program ef-
ficiently, and finally, he should have suflficient
knowledge of the history of recreation to give
him an understanding of the social origins and the
customs, habits, attitudes and general practices in
recreation.

With this information the recreation executive
should be able to build intelligently a training pro-
gram, keeping in mind the importance of main-
taining a balance between skill and knowledge,
between the how and why of recreation, and be-
tween methods and materials.

The recreation worker who has great skill in
playing all the games in his program but who can-
not explain to an irate taxpayer why public funds
are being spent to provide these games is not a
well-trained worker. Nor ought recreation work-
ers to make the mistake of so emphasizing teach-
ing methods that their leaders will not have
enough subject matter to teach anything well.

Mr. Danford suggested a sample institute pro-
gram illustrative of the principles set forth. This
program was conducted in Lima.

"Recreation and Recent Social Changes" (in-
terpretation of recreation)

"Crime in the Leisure Time Program" (knowl-
edge of recreation objectives)

"State Legislation Pertaining to Recreation"

(social organization)

"Games for the Adolescent Boy and Girl" fage
and sex differences)

"Planning the playground Program" (the pro-
gram itself)

"First Aid on the Playground" (knowledge of
protective functions)

"The .\dministration of the Individual Play-
ground" fadministration)

"The Efi^ects of Puritanism On Recreational
Development in America" (history recreation)

This institute, and others held in Lima, were
attended by both ERA workers and regular staff
members who have an important part in helping
to train the emergency workers. The institutes
were supplemented by supervisory visits, consul-
tations, staff meetings, conferences and adminis-
tration.

C. E. Brewer, Commissioner of Recreation of
Detroit, Michigan, urged that recreation execu-
tives refu.se to be influenced by the ojiinion which
exists in some quarters that relief workers are not
good recreation workers. "A lot of them are rec-
reation workers and don't know it. It is up to the

recreation executive to make the proper selection
from these workers and then train them. The
problem is often that of educating the officials in
charge of selecting people from the relief rolls.
When these officials reach the point of realizing
which applicants from those available will make
good recreation workers, the battle is half won."

In Philadelphia the Bureau of Recreation held
an institute for emergency workers with instruc-
tion given in drama, rhythmic activities, hand-
craft, games and other activities. Five instructors
from among the workers have taken Civil Service
examinations, and much good leadership material
has been discovered.

Louis C. Schroeder, Superintendent of Recre-
ation in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, spoke of the
excellent results secured from the month's insti-
tute held in Pittsburgh by the National Recrea-
tion Association which was attended by approxi-
mately 150 people. He expressed the hope that
the Association would extend the service to a
larger number of cities.

What Are the New Demands Upon Public Recrea-
tion Systems? What Changes in Administration
Are Involved in Meeting These Demands?
What Is the Future of the Recreation
Movement in the Cities of the United
States? Elements of a Ten Year
Plan for Public Recreation

Gerald M. Phelan, Director of Public Recrea-
tion, Board of Education, Kenosha, Wisconsin,
pointed out that the demands placed on any rec-
reation department are determined largely by the
size of the town, its location, the type of its ma-
jor industries, and the character of its citizenry.
The South differs from the North, the East from
the West. The ideals, principles and goals set up
should have close similarity, but methods of ap-
proach necessarily differ.

In spite of the differences, there are demands
which concern all recreation systems and which
are universal. Among these are reduced budgets
with the accompanying attempt to carry on as
complete a program as possible ; increased leisure,
with its necessity for expanding the program — -
"to cope with the almost uncopable situation" ;
calls for help from local organizations formerly
self-contained and self-operated and supported,
and increased requests for information and help
from communities which do not have full time
recreation departments. State and national agen-

490

WHEN RECREATION EXECUTIVES MEET

cies are pressing for time and information, and
the Works Program is urging recreation officials
to submit projects which will take families from
the relief roll.

Speaking of problems involved in administra-
tion, Mr. Phclan said that in his opinion reduced
budgets and increased attendance necessitate a
l^rogram providing for greater mass participation
and eliminating high cost activities, and standards
of leadership must often be lowered.

"The future of recreation in any given com-
munity where a program has been in operation,"
said Mr. Phelan, "will depend almost entirely on
what has been done in the past. If your depart-
ment has been built up through ballyhoo and
cheap advertising; if your energies have been dis-
sipated in non-essentials: if your foundations
have been built on the shifting sands of jx)pular
appeal, you can look for decay rather than growth.
The underlying principles of recreation are as
dignified, as basically sound, and as essential to
community welfare as is education. It is our job
to see they are considered as such."

Tt will not be difficult to lay out a ten year plan
in an average city with an average director and
an average budget if we start at scratch. But we
must consider where we are at the present time
and where we wish to go, and then survey the
field between these points. Some departments
have already gone a long way : others which have
had a limited development will have a vast oppor-
tunity for growth.

The most essential features of any program
are: (i) adequate leadership; (2) the crystalliza-
tion of sentiment in favor of the department; (3)
the necessity of developing cooperation among the
various agencies.

Facilities play an important i)art in carrying out
any plan. Playgrounds and play areas must be
established. Athletic fields
and indoor facilities should
be at the disposal of leaders.
Cultural attitudes should be
promoted. Undesirable com-
mercial recreation enterprises
should as far as possible be
eliminated. We must finally
reach a point where there is
a playground within access
of every child and where
there are athletic fields so
distributed that they may be
reached with comparative

"The Government is spending millions of
dollars to develop recreation areas and
construct recreation buildings. These
facilities will naturally be turned over
to us to operate, and if we live up to
expectations our future is secure; but
if any one of you fails your failure af-
fects the rest of us, and if I fall down
on the job I do an almost irreparable
damage to you all. The depression has
given us a chance and there is no limit
to the service we can render; but it also
spells our doom if we are not large
enough to carry on the work that the
community has a right to expect of us."

ease, and every citizen will be given a chance to
take part in some whole.some, inexpensive form of
recreation.

In the discussion which followed exception was
taken by a number of the executives to the state-
ment that high cost activities, usually the cultural
ones, must suflfer a reduction. The low cost was
cited of maintaining the workshop in W^estches-
ter County, N. Y., which is operated with a di-
rector, one instructor and a half time clerical
worker. There are from twenty to twenty-five
special instructors who receive only the amounts
paid in fees from participants ranging from 25
cents to one dollar. There are ten free classes
taught by members of the regular staff. A num-
ber of the executives felt that there is now a
tendency to increase budgets and that the outlook
for the future is hopeful. One executive pointed
out that increased demands on public recreation
departments have brought an increased backing
from the public which holds promise for the
future.

Under Present Conditions What Can Be Done to

MaVe More Rapid the Establishment of

Year-Round Recreation Systems?

In presenting this subject, Clayton C. Jones,
Supervisor of Recreation and Community Activi-
ties, Connecticut State Department of Education,
cited a number of things which recreation workers
must impress upon their communities. They must
make their communities realize that recreation
workers are a legitimate profession with a place in
the total community picture ; that they have a phi-
losophy and are abreast of the times, that they un-
derstand the problems facing the community and
have a clear conception of how the recreation pro-
gram may solve some of these problems. Mr. Jones
urged the community council as one of the princi-
pal instruments to be used
in assuring the continuance
of the year-round jjrogram.
He pictured the council as
having two divisions — a pro-
fessional division similar to
a council of social agencies
through wliicli recreation ac-
tivities can be coordinated
with those of other agencies,
and a lay council — the more
im])ortant of two divisions — ■
consisting of people living in
the community or neighbor-

WHEN RECREATION EXECUTIVES MEET

491

hood in which a recreation program is operated. A
lay council is often the solution of the prohlem of
having a program dissolve into thin air. "It will
work with you all the way through, so that if there
is any danger of something you have built up being
broken down, they will rise in holy wrath because
it is theirs." A lay council must, however, function.
Too many of them do not. The community council
can assist the recreation worker in feeling the pulse
of the community and seeing to it that the recrea-
tion program is the program of the people of the
community rather than of the director.

Another consideration in program development,
especially in the emergency program, is to see
that the program does not go too far. If a very
elaborate system is set up there is a tendency to
make the community feel it is too large and can-
not be put over. Standards must be maintained.
The training of people from relief rolls must be a
definite part of the program. There are many
among them who have ability but they ought not
to be placed in positions of responsibility until
there is assurance that their work can be guided.

In regard to the personnel of the community
council Mr. Jones mentioned a number of types:
people who are interested in the community and
who are good workers ; individuals who have the
respect of the community, the type of person
usually found working on committees in the in-
terests of the community. Council members
should be chosen with great care.

The general discussion showed that a number
of cities have developed councils. Cleveland,
(^hio, has such a group made up of people repre-
sentative of various activity groups. When some-
one with skill in a new recreation activity is dis-
covered, an effort is made to have him assume
responsibility for that activity, or at least to at-
tend the meetings of that group.

There is no city-wide council for Birmingham,
Alabama, but in different sections small groups of
public-spirited citizens have been banded together
in advisory councils. When more of these small
councils have been organized — and one staff
worker devotes all her time to setting them up —
a city-wide council will be formed.

Is Permanent Federal Aid for Public
Recreation Desirable?

This debatable question was presented by C. E.
Brewer. Commissioner of Recreation of Detroit,
who prefaced his remarks by saying: "Before

anyone can answer this question the following
questions should first be answered : What is the
future of America? Is there to be a new United
Stares? Will there be conflicts between reform'
and recovery, and between the new and old con-
cepts of government? Who and what will be the
controlling element in our national thought? Will
it be the farm element so strong in the early
days of the Republic? Will it be the era of the
industrialist which lasted well into the twentieth
century, or the financial dynasty which went to
smash during the past depression? Will it be one
of social values and social security as recently an-
nounced by the President ? The road is rocky and
progress will be slow. It is yet too early to pre-
dict what the future holds."

In view of the uncertainty of the future Mr.
Brewer urged that recreation executives proceed
with caution in advocating radical changes in the
administration and financing of recreation, but be
prepared to take advantage of every opportunity
offered to strengthen the position of public rec-
reation in the public mind.

Permanent federal aid for public recreation,
Mr. Brewer pointed out, would bring many
changes in policies, activities and administration
involving both strength and weakness. He raised
six questions, stated in very positive terms, for the
purpose of pointing out their extremely contro-
versial nature, which would have to be considered
before any final decision could be reached :

( 1 ) What would be the form of administra-
tion, the strong centralized type of administration
from Washington or through the states? The dan-
gers of bureaucratic control are many ; on the
other hand, the possibilities of lax administration
in some states is no idle apprehension.

(2) What should be the amount of money ap-
jjropriated and what the source of financial sup-
]iort? From a revenue tax, tariff, sales tax, in-
come tax, per capita tax, federal fines? Could the
appropriation be stabilized or would it be con-
trolled by the whim of the political party in power ?

(3) If money were made available, on what
basis should it be allotted? According to popula-
tion? Financial condition of the community?
Social needs? Absence of recreation facilities and
efficient recreation program? Or according to
votes cast for the political party in power, or as a
pork barrel proposition?

(4) What of the personnel chosen by the fed-
eral government to administer the program?
Would they be political appointees or people

492

WHEN RECREATION EXECUTIVES MEET

selected for their ability, social viewpoint, past ex-
perience? Or would they be selected from the
federal eligibility list?

(5) Should the federal government pay all the
costs of local recreation activities or should it
subsidize only certain activities? If so, what
should these activities be? Or should there be an
outright grant of money to be used as a com-
munity deems advisable? (Obviously a grant made
on the basis of activities would precipitate many
wordy battles over boondoggling!)

(6) What would be the effect of federal grants
on the many well operated recreation systems?
Would not the local government decide to "let
Uncle Sam do it" ? Would the recreation execu-
tive have the same support from the local gov-
ernment and community groups he now receives ?

]\lr. Brewer suggested there might be a middle
road which public recreation could travel through
the maze of changes now taking place in our social
structure, but this path cannot be determined until
it is known what the re-alignments in govern-
ment are to be. There are many conflicting in-
terests between farmer and industrialist, and there
are racial apd religious differences. The re-align-
ment of political parties, if it happens, will be
along the line of conservatism on one side and
new social thought on the other. Whether there
will be permanent aid for public recreation will
depend on which party is to control. If present
government control is to continue it may be advis-
. able to advocate permanent federal aid. There
should first be set up, however, an efficient system
of administration. The plan of organization for
such a system, Mr. Brewer suggests, might in-
clude the appointment of a secretary of public
recreation in the President's cabinet who would
have supervision of all recreational uses of na-
tional forests and parks, public buildings, water-
ways, and other government property. He should
have power to organize activities in communities
without recreation activities ; to conduct research
and disseminate information ; to appoint assist-
ants and have necessary state or regional super-
visor of recreation. The secretary of public rec-
reation should be given federal funds under the
budget system (possibly $75,000,000) to supple-
ment, but not supplant, present local organizations
and employees. These funds should be expended
in communities not capable of providing adequate
recreational facilities for themselves.

Mr. Brewer expressed the belief that under
such 3. plan there will he greater need than ever

before for the services of the National Recrea-
tion Association. The Rockefeller Institute and
similar scientific bodies, he pointed out, continue
to do magnificent work though the federal gov-
ernment has provided large sums for help in sci-
entific research. Similarly, he feels, the Associa-
tion could do a larger job if the government
should grant money for public recreation.

The discussion showed a division of opinion.
A few of the executives hoped there would some
day be a department in Washington which would
concern itself with the promotion of recreation,
leaving it to the local community to conduct the
program. One executive felt there might be a de-
partment of education and recreation. On the
other hand, others felt that while the federal gov-
ernment is likely to be involved in much heavier
expenditures for recreation, it is a little dangerous
to crvstallize opinion as yet about the next step in
administrative responsibility.

Xash Higgins. Superintendent of Public Rec-
reation, Tampa, Florida, served as chairman of
tine first afternoon session which dealt with prob-
lems of the utilization by recreation departments
of federal government spending in the park and
recreation movement, the best use of ERA work-
ers in recreation systems, and the procedures to
follow in securing PWA money for the construc-
tion of recreation facihties.

Tam Deering, Director of Recreation, Cincin-
nati, Ohio, introducing the subject, characterized
it as a problem of leadership, training and super-
vision whicli will be solved when two questions
are answered : ( i ) What is the greatest need of
the local community in the field of parks and rec-
reation facilities? Have we the supervision, the
leadership, that can intelligendy construct the
facility and give guidance to the activity to meet
the need?

The first step in the construction of facilities is
the intelligent analysis of the area and facilities
needed in the community. The second is their
acquisition by purchase, transfer or gift. The
third step lies in making certain of good design.
(In doing this it is not absolutely necessary to
have a landscape architect in the department; the
services of an expert in this line may often be
borrowed from other city departments or secured
on a contingent fee basis.) The fourth step is the
proper personnel of the project and the tech-
nicians concerned.

WHEN RECREATION EXECUTIVES MEET

493

Local financing of a project may be secured if
the project is right, and it is a matter of getting the
assistance of the local subdivision or of existing
organizations or of securing a gift of money. The
working out of the problem in, any community is
a matter of cooperation with the diflferent politi-
'i cal subdivisions and of energetic efforts to secure
by gift the necessary money.

In considering the work program itself it is
especially important to take into account the nega-
tive attitudes, which include the point of view
that the project is a made work program, useless,
but the only way to provide food and shelter for
the workers, and that work for work's sake is im-
portant— the old Puritanical attitude. There is,
too, the negative attitude that idle men endanger
our institutions and that
they mean unemployment,
communism, and so on. The
fourth negative attitude is
that this is only a temporary
recourse and we shall soon
go back to the normal way
of doing things. And fifth,
there is the attitude that
this program is a bother,
displacing the regular bud-
get and employees and sub-
stituting in efficiency.

There are, on the other
hand, constructive positive
attitudes — (i) that the pre-
sent program offers an op-
portunity for the physical

and mental rehabilitation of men; (2) that there
are intrinsic values to be gotten from the program
and that it means facilities constructed and facili-
ties enlarged. There is also the attitude that the
present program affords an opportunity for dis-
covering and testing out the things we have long
wanted to do ; to do research ; to reorganize de-
l^artments ; to relate to the total picture our coun-
cils, and to do our planning for the future. Finally,
as a constructive broad attitude, may be enumer-
ated the possibilities and opportunities for the per-
manent extension of essential public services, look-
ing at it as a new development in the field of
social service that is essential to the community
rather than a temporary expedient.

"Phillips Brooks on seeing for the first time a
new born baby is said to have made the ejacula-
tion, 'What will this child see in his lifetime?' So
may we say of this, the new born conception of

"I believe that every essential facility
we can imagine can be constructed,
every essential recreation area ac-
quired, and every essential public
service in the field of leisure time can
be undertaken, if we will now make
sufRciently broad plans. The only really
dangerous elements in this works pro-
gram are our unpreparedness, our
laziness, our mental storehouse of an-
tiquated attitudes, our incapacity to
analyse the situation, to interpret the
needs, to master all the phases of the
problem and to cooperate with the
major forces involved."

our nation's responsibility for the work and se-
curity of all men. Anyway, you have got to swal-
low the stuff and it is more sensible to digest it
than it is to let it be a brown taste in your mouth."
In discussing procedures to follow in securing
the funds needed to obtain PWA money for the
development of recreation facilities, Mr. Deering
expressed the opinion that it is a matter of get-
ting ready for a program some months or even a
year hence. The first step is to visit the state or
local PWA administrator and learn how detailed
plans must be. Then comes the procedure of get-
ting landscape architects, engineers, surveyors and
estimators, making up the necessary projects and
working out all the necessary details. It is a dif-
ficult and complicated job, and a project may be
sent back several times be-
fore it is accepted, so it is
well to be making plans at
once for submission to the
PWA administrator even
though the renewal of this
program may be some
months away.

Should the Distinction Be-
tween Education and Recre-
ation Set Up by the Federal
Officials in Charge of Emer-
gency School Funds in Cer-
tain States Be Broken Down?

W. C. Averill, Jr., Rec-
reation Director, State
Emergency Welfare Relief Commission, Lansing,
Michigan, suggested two approaches to this sub-
ject. One from the standpoint of administration,
the other from the point of view of activities. In
the State Office in Michigan the Recreation Divi-
sion is theoretically a part of the Emergency Edu-
cation Department, but actually, through the vision
and understanding of the Emergency Education
Director, a separate and distinct unit with its own
funds and program. By having a distinction of
this kind in the State Office it has been possible
to avoid submerging the recreation program in the
educational program, thus decreasing its import-
ance, and the plan has permitted of a flexible pro-
gram which could be organized to meet the in-
dividual needs of each community. "A recreation
program cannot be confined," said Mr. Averill, "to
the limits of the educational set-up either in time
or season, and this in itself justifies a distinction."

494

WHEN RECREATION EXECUTIVES MEET

Mr. Averill pointed out other
reasons why he believed there
should be a distinction between
recreation and education from the
standpoint of administration. "Rec-
reation by its very nature if it is
to reach its highest form will not
permit becoming traditionalized,
standardized and stereotyped as is
the case with the educational system. Nor will it
permit being carved or squeezed to conform to
such a system.

The second approach is from the standpoint of
activity and here there are difficulties in trying to
make the distinction as to where the two func-
tions begin and end. Mr. Averill questioned
whether the federal or state government could
set up a distinction and have it work. The two
fields overlap considerably and constandy, making
it necessary for the directors of both to work in
harmony. Crafts, music and drama may be in-
cluded either as a matter of education or of
recreation.

Tf education is the primary motive, learning is
the all important factor, and pleasure and relaxa-
tion may or may not be present, but they are of
secondary importance. If recreation is the primary
motive, then the persons must find pleasurable re-
laxation, joy and re-creation of his faculties in
the activity, and while he is likely to learn some-
thing, that is of secondary importance. In the
Michigan WPA program the following distinc-
tion was made: Educational activities are those
activities in which persons engage for the purpose
of deriving some financial or personal advantage
to themselves either in promotion, making them-
selves more efficient in their work, or learning
something in order to make a living. Recrea-
tional activities are those activities in which a per-
son engages for the pleasure he gets out of them.

Miss Irma Ringe, representing the Works
Progress Administration, said she would be loath
to draw a distinction between recreation and edu-
cation because each needs the other, and she
should dislike to see recreation interpreted as a
baseball game and education as a stereotyped, for-
malized class. The difficulty in each state, as far
as confirming the items to one group or the other,
is essentially an administrative one. Recreation,
in Miss Ringe's opinion, is a function in itself —
a community function and one which the com-
munity must think through. Like education it
touches the life of everyone.

"If there is to be any distinc-
tion at all between recrea-
tion and education it must
come from the individual who
is participating in the activ-
ity, because after all he alone
can decide whether that ac-
tivity is of a recreational or
educational nature to him."

Some of the emergency educa-
tion directors. Miss Ringe pointed
out, have at the same time been the
emergency recreation directors, and
that combination of functions has
been a fortunate one. In some
places it has meant the opening of
schools never before opened to the
public at night, for both young and
old, with activities ranging from literary classes
to the arts and crafts. "There are viewpoints on
both sides of the question," said Miss Ringe, "and
it is something we are going to have to think
through from the beginning to the end because
education and recreation are bound up together
both in the activities program and in the philoso-
phy of recreation. The facilities of recreation are
bound up with our park departments, our public
housing, with every phase of life because recrea-
tion in fulfilling a leisure time need is fulfilling a
need of life. That is why a definite decision is
impossible now.

How Best May Local Communities Train SERA and
FERA Workers for Community Recreation Ser-
vice? What Is the Best Way of Presenting
Recreation Material to This Group?

Mrs. Rolla Southworth. Recreation Director,
Florida Emergency Relief Administration, Jack-
sonville, e.xplained that in working out a plan for
training the workers under her supervision she
found it necessary in the rural communities of
Florida to map out a way to train not only the
workers but the communities. The first thing it
was necessarv to agree upon was the philosophy
for recreation acceptable to all the staff. It was
decided that as a philosophy for recreation the
workers would think in terms of an abundant life
for all ; no matter how simple life might be it
could be abundant with health, education, employ-
ment, recreation, spiritual values as the things es-
sential in all lives.

One training institute for the emergency work-
ers was held last year at the Florida State College
for Women which practically financed this train-
ing. .Another will be held this year. Last sum-
mer the Physical Education Department put on
some courses in recreational leadership which had
never before been given. The other institute was
held at Bethune-Cookman College, one of the fin-

WHEN RECREATION EXECUTIVES MEET

495

est colored schools in the South. Under the WPA
camps are being planned for young people from
sixteen to twenty-five, one of which is to be held
at Bethune-Cookman College. The emphasis in
these camps will be on recreational leadership.

In addition to these state-wide institutes de-
scribed, institutes are being held each district di-
rector mapping out the program he feels needed
in that particular area. In one district, for ex-
ample, where the people are devoted church-goers
and the social life is centered largely around the
churches, the district director trained 500 young
people in social recreation including "singing
games."

In addition to the institutes, weekly staff meet-
ings are being held in practically every district.
Here again the district directors use their initia-
tive. One director had a party each month for all
her county directors, each director being held re-
sponsible for planning the activities of a particu-
lar party and the program for the next month.

-Mrs. Southworth conducts an exchange bureau
to which the different directors contribute. As
there are practically no libraries in Florida, this
is not a simple matter.

There are nine members on Airs. Southworth's
immediate staff and a county director for practi-
cally every county with workers in the individual
community. In all there are about 400 people on
the state staff. Mrs. Southworth commented on
the high caliber of many of the emergency work-
ers whom she has found. "The people who are
given us are, of course, good and bad. There are
difficulties involved when so many people are
handed us, but nowadays, with college people liv-
ing in the most remote commimities, you will find
many who have had at least a year of college
training. These people are recreation-minded, and
if you start with a group like that and then plan
wisely in your institutes and your training you
can really go places and do things. If fifteen or
twenty people were given me and three-quarters
of them were failures, I should feel that I had
had sonietiiing to do with their failure."

What Should Be the Relationship Between State

Emergency Recreation Programs and Locally

Established Recreation Programs?

Garrett G. Eppley, State Director of Recrea-
tion, Emergency Education Division, Governor's

Commission on Unemployment Relief, Indianapo-
lis, Indiana, opening the discussion of this subject,
made the following suggestions. In states where
state directors have not been established it might
well be advisable for the local recreation directors
to make contacts with the state administrator of
WPA in an effort to secure a competent state rec-
reation staff which understands the conditions ex-
isting locally in the various recreation depart-
ments. The state staff should understand the ex-
isting emergency which has resulted in reduced
personnel, reduced funds for supplies and equip-
ment, lowered receipts from activities, and less
financial assistance from other agencies — problems
which the local recreation department must con-
front in spite of increased demands upon it. If
the state staff understands these conditions, it can
the more easily meet the needs of local departments.
The emergency recreation ])rogram as outlined
by the state should supplement the program of the
local department. If supervisors are appointed
by the state they should serve as assistants to
local recreation executives.

In cities where summer programs alone are tax
supported the summer recreation director should
have as his assistant the local WPA recreation
supervisor. During the winter months a commit-
tee should function with the local summer recrea-
tion director serving in an advisory capacity or at
least as a committee memljer.

With financial assistance given the state recre-
ation department can insist on an efficient program
in the local recreation department. Such insistence
will be helpful to the local director and will often
prevent interference with his program in his own
city. The state department through WPA can
supply personnel, assist in the making of game
sutJplies and equipment, with the promotion of
training courses, and with contacts with various
state and governmental agencies.

The local recreation department can assist the
state program with advice from its experience in
the field, by volunteer work in neighboring towns,
by helping ' in training courses, and by giving
credit to the state WPA for assistance secured.

V. K. Brown, Chief, Recreation Division, Chi-
cago Park District, presided over the second half
of the afternoon session which dealt largely with
problems created by unemployment and general
ecenomic conditions.

496

WHEN RECREATION EXECUTIVES MEET

The Probable Reaction on the City Recreation De-
partments After the Federal Government With-
draws Funds for Recreation Activities. What
Can Recreation Systems Do to Plan in
Advance for the Replacing of ERA
Recreation Workers When Their
Services Are Discontinued?

Charles n. English, Executive Secretary, Play-
grounds and Recreation Association of Philadel-
phia, pointed out that the past few years have been
a period of considerable confusion. Recreation
workers have not known frequently from one
week to the next what was going to happen, and
this has militated against the sort of program they
have wanted to put on. They faced criticism from
their communities and it was exceedingly import-
ant that they have the right kind of a staflf pro-
perly trained in order that their services might be
continuous. "Ureaking faith with the groups we
were serving was one of the most damaging of
our liabilities." It was natural for recreation de-
partments with budgets reduced to accept the gifts
offered by ERA programs in the way of workers
to fill vacancies on the staff. In some instances,
under pressure from state administrations to find
outlets for large numbers of people, recreation
executives overmanned their departments when
more workers were assigned than were really
needed for the job. Another difficulty was the re-
sentment on the part of the old staff that the new
workers were in some instances receiving more
salary for the time spent than were the old workers.

The plan followed by one executive contains
suggestions for future planning. This executive
put the ERA workers added to his staff on new
projects without augmenting the old program.
Thus he avoided the conflict between new and old
staff members and laid a foundation for the
future. New avenues of expression, new types of
projects which are possible within the wide range
of the recreation field, might well be developed by
the new workers. Many difficulties have been
created by the fact that executives have tried to
carry on the same old program with the new-
workers and have not had the imagination to use
them for new fields of work. To do this, how-
ever, we must have created a desire for addi-
tional community services; must have broadened
the program so that through these new activities
we have recruited people other than the groups
ve have served in the past.

Some executives are greatly concerned lest their
communities will not support, after federal funds
have been withdrawn, the new facilities which
have been created through WPA and other gov-
ernmental programs. "Isn't this new equipment
one of the finest things which has come out of all
this effort?" Mr. English asked. "Since we have
so greatly increased our facilities do you think for
a single minute the public is going to let these
facilities deteriorate without use?" People are
complaining about taxes. It may be, Mr. English
suggested, that a system of low fees for the use
of facilities, small enough to be within the reach
of everyone, may be the next step.

Many good things have come out of this ex-
perience, among them community councils and
citizens councils, many of which have been or-
ganized during the depression. The council is one
of the best avenues for continuing services. These
groups ought to be utilized and strengthened and
the same care should be given to them as to other
parts of the program. Permanent records can
come out of this experience such as the "Leisure
Hobby Series" published by the Chicago Park
District and the bulletins which have been issued
by many state emergency relief administrations.

"We have been creating self-sufficiency, self-
dependency, through such activities as hobbies in
which people find their own leadership and main-
tain their own activities. That points to the type
of program we must consider, and it is time for
us to think about it right now and to set aside a
certain part of our schedule to think out the
problem of what to do after federal support is
gone."

Mr. Brown asked the question whether we are
absolutely correct in our assumption that a leader
is necessary for every activity. "It really isn't,"
he said. "In every community aren't there thou-
sands of successful activities going on for which
no instructor is paid? Aren't there organizations
in churches and in community groups of all kinds
in which there is no paid staff? Isn't there a pos-
sibility that our thinking of leadership has been
of the top sergeant type of leadership when We
should have been thinking in terms of general
staff leadership organized out of the group itself ?
Oughtn't we to be considering an entirely new
type of leadership which is needed — the type
which energizes and makes efficient forces within
a community ? These are some of the things we
should be thinking about so the evil day doesn't
come on us too suddenly with the cessation of

WHEN RECREATION EXECUTIVES MEET

497

the thing to
accustomed."

which the community has grown

Ought Recreation, Aduit Education and Special

Programs for Unennployed Youth Be Unified

Under One Adnninistration and If So,

How Should This Be Done?

Josephine Randal!, Superintendent, Recreation
Commission. San Francisco, opening the discussion
of this question, called attention to the fact that
since 1929 more than 12,000,000 boys and girls
have left school — a population larger than Can-
ada; larger than our eleven western states; as
large as Norway, Sweden and Denmark together.
"Add to this vast number," she said, "the unem-
ployed adult population. And add to these the
great number of leisure hours due to shorter
working days for which occupation must be found,
and you have three main phases of the problem —
education, occupation and recreation in its broad-
est interpretation. Each community
has its own special needs and there-
fore all programs should be flexi-
ble enough to change as the needs
change."

The great amount of work to be
done in every community makes it
necessary to eliminate duplications
and so to coordinate leisure time activities that
there are no gaps and weak spots in the com-
munity program as a whole.

Miss Randall pointed out that while the thing
has been slowly coming upon us, the climax came
so suddenly that it has caught us unprepared.
Communities are not ready for the overwhelming
demands made upon them and therefore it is ex-
tremely important that a determination of the
functions of all agencies working in the leisure
time field be reached and that facilities and re-
sources of all be used to capacity. Every com-
munity must understand the real meaning of the
word "recreation" in order to develop a com-
munity program of leisure time on the basis of
individual needs.

The program naturally divides itself into edu-
cation and recreation and the determination of the
functions of each. "Education," she said, "trains
for work and for play in every known field and
for every age through formal, organized class
work, while recreation offers the opportunity for
experience in all types of leisure time pursuits
and for all ages."

"Through Education the indi-
vidual is trained to use his
free time constructively, and
through Recreation he is of-
fered the opportunity to
make use of his training."

During the depression recreation departments
have been able to carry on many interesting ex-
periments. A group of women met to learn to
talk French. They didn't want to study French.
They were all busy women doing their own house-
work and they did not want to go out of their
neighborhoods, but they thought it would be fun
to learn how to pronounce certain French words.
They met regularly with an educated French
woman who came through the SERA recreation
project. The group was very informal and was
certainly recreational.

Travel groups have developed in the same way,
and with the leadership available through the
emergency program many forms of leisure time
activities have emerged which had not been previ-
ously considered as recreation activities. It seems
logical, therefore, that through a system of pub-
lic education formal teaching and training in all
subjects and for all ages may be offered as gen-
eral education and vocational training, and that
through a system of public recre-
ation avocational activities of all
types and for all ages may be of-
fered. Very close cooperation be-
tween the two departments is neces-
sary in order that the training
given for leisure time occupation
and the provisipn made for leisure
time activities be similar in scope and that the one
supplement the other. If an intelligent community
plan is worked out and the program is based on
a knowledge of facts, then the needs of both
youth and adults may be met.

Miss Randall told of a plan in successful opera-
tion in San Francisco since 1930 involving an ex-
ecutive coordinating council composed of the
superintendent of schools, superintendent of rec-
reation, past chairman, chief probation officer and
past chairman, chief of police, director of public
health, director of community welfare, director of
emergency relief, and supervisor of public dance
halls. In two districts of the city district coor-
dinating councils have been functioning for over
a year. A third council is now being organized
and in timiC there will be one district council in
each logical district of the city — probably twelve
in number. These district councils are composed
of the school principal, recreation director at
large, probation officer, police captain, visiting
nurse, and representatives from the other depart-
ments named on the executive council. The coun-
cils study the problems and needs of their own

498

WHEN RECREATION EXECUTIVES MEET

districts and formulate plans for correction, ad-
justment and betterment. This close cooperation
between neighborhood agencies has brought about
many splendid results in the neighborhood.

What Special Techniques Are Essential for Dealing
with Those Who Have Come Out of Our Schools
and Colleges During the Past Five Years and
Who Have Not Found Employment? Will
Standards of Preparation and Compensa-
tion for Recreation Workers Be Lowered
Because So Many Emergency Relief
Workers Have Taken Up Recrea-
tion Service? If So, What
Can Be Done?

A. O. Anderson, Director, Health, Physical
Education and Recreation, Public Schools, Kan-
sas City, Missouri, said that unemployed educated
youth offer a new problem with which we have
not previously had to cope. "It is a question in
my mind," he said, "just how much of new tech-
niques are needed in handling a group of this
kind. It is different from the average group of
youngsters and the average group of adults, and
some special consideration should be given them.
They are supposed to be a group of thinkers, and
that they are accepted as a general statement.
They are supposed to be leaders and I believe
they are. They have been to college and there
they have certainly built up more of the qualifica-
tions that go to make up a leader. They have
been exposed not only to education but to the
extra-curricular activities that go with education.
A great many of this group are not yet through
college, and there are others who are either
through college or who cannot get away and who
should be considered in our plans."

^Ir. Anderson suggested that when we ap-
proach this group we ought to challenge their
minds with something worth while from their
point of view. The activity type of leadership
may not get very far with this group; it takes
something of a leadership with more thinking.
They might well be used on committees, and to
help as leaders in athletics and other activities.
Members of this group are able to go ahead with
some type of education, recreation or otherwise,
because they have so recently been in contact with
educational institutions. A challenging recreation
program would enlist them. Such a program
might be tied up with the school, and the first
step should be the provision of the most intelli-

gent leadership possible, leadership as similar as
possible to that of the college professors with
whom they have been in contact. Then they
should be called on to sit in committees and help
develop their own program.

Mr. Anderson divided into two parts the ques-
tion whether the addition of a large number of
relief workers to the staff will lower standards
and salaries in the recreation field. "It may lower
standards temporarily," he said, "as it has done in
education. There are still boards of education and
of recreation who are delighted to secure work-
ers at $50 or $60 a month. After a while they
are going to realize that the well trained indi-
vidual who is well paid is the one who will get
results." Mr. Anderson's second point was that
there aren't enough workers in America, even
with all the relief workers, to do the job. He
compared the present situation to that which ex-
isted when the country needed a larger number of
common laborers. Organized labor in all proba-
bility did not resent having foreigners come in to
do the ditch digging. They were at the base of
the pyramid and as they did the unskilled work
the other workers were set up in the pyramid.
That may be the experience in the recreation
field.

"I think that these emergency relief workers
have stimulated our trained workers as nothing
has ever done. In time and in the near future,
though there will be setbacks, the communities
are going to recognize the importance of this
work and we are going to need more trained rec-
reation workers; they will be paid more and
standards will have to be high. People are not
going to stand for a let-down in this thing which
has been started ; they are going to demand more
and more of it, and it is going to take trained
leadership."

What Ways Have Been Discovered During the

Emergency Period for Increasing the Amount of

Money Available for Recreation Through

Tax Funds and Through Charges?

There are three generally accepted methods of
securing money for the operation of parks and
recreation systems, R. S. Marshall, Superintendent
of Parks and Recreation of Birmingham, Ala-
bama, stated, (i) the mill tax, which, in his
opinion, is the most satisfactory method; (2) ap-
propriations from city governments — and during
the past few years the city fathers have cut recre-

WHEN RECREATION EXECUTIVES MEET

499

ation budgets as much as half if not more, though
there is now an encouraging tendency to restore
some of the cuts; (3) the collection of fees to aid
in financing recreation activities — a method recre-
ation executives have generally felt undesirable
except in the case of such facilities as golf courses,
pools and other facilities where a specialized serv-
ice is given and it is not unjust to ask people to
pay a small fee for their operation. Mr. Marshall
suggested that with the greatly increased facilities
available through federal government expendi-
tures it may be necessary to do more charging in
the future. In Birmingham the Recreation De-
partment has recently put on a large number of
dramatic productions, baseball games and similar
activities for which a small admission fee was
charged. The plan was successful, and people
did not object to paying a 10 or 15 cent charge.
The money received in this way helped greatly in
paying the cost of the activities.

Last summer the Park and Recreation Board
was urged to put on a major dramatic production
built around a story of colored life and presented
by colored people. The Board presented a pageant
and charged a small admission fee hoping to re-
ceive $200 or $300. Appeals were made to work-
ers in colored districts and to colored leaders to
support the project. They were told that any
money left after expenses were paid would be
used to equip playgrounds and community centers
for colored citizens. Nine thousand people at-
tended the pageant paying a charge of 25 or 35
cents, and about $1,000 was cleared. No one com-
plained about the charge. Mr. Marshall suggested
that during this period of readjustment, until it is
possible to build up budgets through the influence
of community councils and other means, the fee
system may be a temporary way of helping to
carry through the recreation program.

In the discussion which followed \^ K. Brown
spoke of the importance of improving techniques
and of recording successful experiences on paper
so that they will be available for all. Chicago is
experimenting with Saturday
morning radio hours the cost
of which is practically nothing
as the radio station gives the
time. At this particular season
the managers and coaches of a
number of football teams are
giving definite instruction to
boys on the game of football.
Speaking of the new work-

"He who knows good books and reads
fhem; who has an appreciation of
what is fine in painting and music;
who finds Sod's sunlight on the
hills more alluring than the white
lights of the crowded thoroughfare,
has something which fortifies him
against the monotony of toil; he
has the key to the abundant life."
—William Mather Lewis.

ers who are entering the field through the emer-
gency agencies Mr. Brown said : "In my organiza-
tion those of us who think we really know a great
deal about our jobs are put on our toes right now
by the newcomers. As far as I am concerned, I
am worried that some young fellow who doesn't
think, as I do, that he knows all about it, will
go by me ! He has too many brain cells working
at this job, and some of the newcomers are giving
us a tremendous run for our money.

The problem of financing the new activities
made available through emergency agencies cre-
ated much discussion. Joseph F. Suttner, Director
of Recreation and Parks, Buffalo, New York,
cited Buffalo additions to facilities, including
twelve new playgrounds, with plans for thirty
more, a large stadium with a recreation field, and
seven swimming pools — "all at a tremendous cost
and for the future at a tremendous upkeep."
"Today," Mr. Suttner said, "we are getting along
but what are we going to do after federal aid is
removed? Fees would only partially support the
facilities and volunteers are not the whole answer
to the problem. How will the taxpayer feel when
he has to dig in his own pocket to pay the increas-
ed taxes?"

A number of suggestions were offered. Mr.
Marshall reported that when the question of main-
taining three new community buildings came up
in Birmingham one member of the Recreation
Board suggested that a sign might be put on the
door of each building saying, "The city commis-
sion did not give us enough money to finance this."
"If things should come to such a pass," said Mr.
Marshall, "I venture to say there would be
260,000 taxpayers talking to the city commission."
K. Mark Cowen, Director of Recreation, Ro-
anoke, Virginia, expressed it as his opinion that
under the right type of leadership facilities built
will be a real investment and suggested that money
saved from the decrease in delinquency which
would accompany the use of the facilities might
help finance them.

Alfred McDonald, Director
of Parks, Wichita, Kansas,
pointed out the possibility of
constructing new facilities in
such a way that the cost of
maintaining them will not be
so great. Many economies
may be effected. In Wichita,
for example, the Park Depart-
(Contiimed on page 520)

The Enlarged Recreation Service.

of the

National

Parks

Conrad L. Wirth

Assisfanf Director
National Park Service

Department of Forests and Waters, Commonwealth of Pennsykania

IWAXT to give you a brief picture tonight of the
past activities of the National Park Service,
its relationship to the states, what we have
been doing in the last few years and what we think
the future has for those of us who are immensely
interested in the social well-being of this country
in the form of recreation.

First, we believe strongly in conservation, con-
servation being interpreted as a wise use of our
land, our resources and our time. We believe that
we must not only plan the proper use of our lands
and put them into their best use, but that we must
also plan for their proper use after they have been
set aside in accordance with a well-worked out
plan.

With this as a background, I want to make it
clear that we do not set ourselves up as the au-
thority to do all the planning and to tell which
land should be used for this purpose and which
for that. We believe that the federal govern-

500

ment and the states have
adec|uately recognized that
and are working toward
the objective of central
planning boards which will take technical advice
from all services, such as the National Park Serv-
ice, the Forest Service, and the Bureau of Agri-
cultural Development from the national stand-
]Joint, and the various commissions and depart-
ments from the states, and will turn out a plan of
proper land use. In that plan will fit very defi-
nitely the recreation program.

What Is the National Park Service?

The National Park Service is a young bureau
of the government. It was created in 1916 for
the purpose of setting aside for the enjoyment of
the people for all time those scenic areas and his-
torical areas of the United States that should be
preserved. In setting aside these areas and in
establishing the National Park Service Congress
recognized the need of recreation. It set aside an
agency to administer and to represent the federal
government on general recreation problems of the

ENLARGED RECREATION SERVICE OE THE NATIONAL PARKS

501

nation. The national parks form only a very small
part of the recreational problem of the country.
This service looks to preservation of those na-
tionally important scenic areas which we all wish
to keep for all time.

Due to the kind of land involved, the recreation
derived from the land set aside as national parks
must necessarily be what we call extensive recre-
ation. There are far more people who use the
municipal parks and playgrounds than use the ex-
tensive type of recreation as found in the na-
tional parks.

In 1933 when we entered into an emergency
period as declared by Congress, in which money
was appropriated, the National Park Service was
called upon to administer the development of rec-
reational areas through the CCC program. Many
of the states at that time had park systems, some
of which contained only one or two areas with
nobody directly at the head. But at that time
there were about 1,500,000 acres of land devoted
to state parks or to that type of extensive recre-
ation that is contained in state parks, exclusive of
about 2,000,000 acres set aside in the Catskill and
Adirondack park. Since that time there has been
added over 600,000 acres of land to this system.

Now that amount of land is small compared
with the federal setup — I mean not only the na-
tional parks but the enormous amount of land
that remained in public domain in the forest
areas. Nevertheless, 90 per cent of all that land,
600,000 acres, was added to the park system
along a well-defined plan and was added through
donations, through people who believed in the use
of large wooded areas for extensive recreation.
The turning over of 600,000 acres in a period of
two years of the economic depression is, I think,
a remarkable accomplishment. It speaks well for
the American people as a whole that they did not
lose track of an essential, even though they might
have forgotten it for the time being. When it was
brought to their attention they responded to the
call.

But that is not nearly enough land. In our re-
port to the National Resources Board — the Na-
tional Park Service was requested to handle that
part of the National Resources Board pertaining
to recreation — a committee was set up and through
the assistance of your Association, Mr. L. H.
Weir was given to us to help with the program.
We are greatly indebted to the Association for
that service in addition to a number of others. In
our report we roughly estimated that the state

park systems should eventually be around twelve
to fifteen million acres.

The state park standards as defined by the Na-
tional Resources Committee deal with two gen-
eral types of areas : one, those scenic areas that
are set aside with a limited amount of intensive
recreation. Only that part of extensive recrea-
tion is permitted on these areas which will not
interfere with the natural settings. That should
be supplemented by those areas that can be used
for more or less extensive recreation such as
group camps, cottages for low income group peo-
ple within distance of the city. Illinois has rapidly
been pushing forward in park and recreation
work throughout the state. We have more camps
now working on recreation development in the
State of Illinois than any other state in the Union,
and I may add they would take far more if we
had more to give them.

When the land program of the FERA was set
up, the National Park Service was called upon to
aid in the study of how to acquire the so-called
submarginal land which might be used to provide
within close proximity of the larger cities recre-
ational areas for those of the low income and im-
derprivileged groups. Our thought was to secure
land within fifty miles of the largest cities with
easy access by road, railroad and street car. These
areas would contain water facilities, either arti-
ficial or natural, which could be used for recre-
ational purposes, with camps so constructed as to
house children so they would have the advantages
of open air sleeping facilities. It was necessary
to secure the cooperation of the states in this
program and to guarantee the upkeep and main-
tenance after development. We also had to make
contacts with local social and civic agencies sug-
gesting that we would buy 4,000 or 5,000 acres
for this purpose and that the money they were
spending to maintain their own small areas, which
were expensive and which they were having dif-
ficulty to maintain, be combined with the other
project to make possible the larger unit. This we
believed would be less costly and far more satis-
factory. We were able to set up about fifty-six
of these projects. They have, I am sorry to say,
been cut down to forty-five because of financial
difficulties.

This, I believe, is one of the most important
things we have to look into now. We must, too,
give very serious thought to getting our children
out into such camps as are being maintained in
the forest preserves surrounding Chicago. We

502

ENLARGED RECREATION SERVICE OF THE NATIONAL PARKS

must provide opportunity for people working in
our communities to take a vacation by going to a
cottage close to the city, but nevertheless in nat-
ural surroundings, where they may live at a very
reasonable rate. There are hundreds of people who
do not now have the opportunity to enjoy vacations.

So much for the recreation and demonstration
projects. We also have before the proper authori-
ties in Washington a request for funds for a gen-
eral recreation survey which will assist the states
and communities in studying the areas which are
available for recreational use and in discovering
means through which to secure, them.

Another thing that I think is going to have a
tremendous bearing on the future development of
our children is the Youth Hostel movement. We
have made quite an extensive study of this and
have issued a report on what we believe to be the
jjroper procedure in this country ; namely. Federal
assistance and aid in getting started but with local
administration through a central non-govern-
mental organization. By that I mean a coordina-
tion of those agencies interested in the movement
and a central organization which will control the
charter and develop a program through local
interests.

What does the future hold for us in the main-
tenance and the administration of these areas?
We do not believe that
the states as a whole fully
realize the problem that
is before them in the
maintenance and upkeep
of these areas. They are
going to realize it very
shortly, and they are go-
ing to appreciate the
benefits to be derived
from these areas through
proper administration,
upkeep, and direction.
We have been working
on that in the last few
years. We are now study-
ing the various laws of
the states from the stand-
point of administration,
the rules and regulations.
We do not propose to
say, "This is the law and
the only law, and the or-
ganization and the only
organization that will

work." We propose to point out what other
states are doing, the results they are getting from
this type of thing, and the difficulties that are in-
herent. Thus the states will make their own de-
cision as to the path they want to follow. We
feel that in following along those lines in point-
ing out the experiences of other states and acting
as a sort of central distributing center for this
information, we are performing a real service.

Now we come to the direction of the use of
these areas. We are working toward placing in
each one of our regions along with our technical
men on landscape, on engineering, on design, on
history, on wild life, on geology, or forestry, a
man well trained in recreational activities, to put
before the public the benefits of recreation and the
way in which they may get the best use out of
those facilities made available to them. We have
not perfected that. As I say, the money became
available to develop facilities, and we have been
so busy with that that we really did not have time
to sit down and think out that other problem.
However, that problem is now before us and we
will produce a well-roundeid staff and with a sys-
tem that will work.

All this work the National Park Service has
done. Some of it we feel is very good. We really
(Continued on page 521)

i%^^ K^

Ccmrtesy Def'artment of Forests and Waters, Commoii'-cealth of Pennsylvania

Nature Recreation in Chicago

By William G. Vinal

Nature Specialist
National Recreation Association

AS EARLY as 1868 the State Natural History
^ Society of Illinois assumed "the duty of
supplying Natural History materials to the
schools prepared to use them." Today in the Chi-
cago district alone there are at least thirty-five
agencies disseminating natural history in one form
or another. These various bureaus and societies,
like the Arabs, must have come silently in the
night and set up their institutions as Chicagoans
liardly know that they exist. When these facts
are marshalled into a table they present a very
potent power which contributes to the cultural
life of Chicago.

One can readily find a list of "the tallest build-
ings" and every sidewalker can point out the
world's largest hotel or largest stockyard or larg-
€st something else. Every loyal Chicagoan knows
that the Navy Pier is one mile long. Recreation
leaders can promptly say that there are 125 base-
ball diamonds in Park X, but asked for a picture
of their nature activities they are silent !

Nevertheless, Chicago has had its Babe Ruths
in Naturedom. There has been a succession of
noted trainers in nature leadership commencing
with H. H. Straight in 1883 who came to Cook
County Training School from
Oswego Normal. In 1889 Wil-
l3ur S. Jackman came from
Pittsburgh. Pioth were coach-
ed and schooled by that teacher
of teachers, Louis Agassiz, the
Great. Then came Ira B.
Meyers in about 1905 follow-
ed by Otis W. Caldwell. In
igri the dynasty of Elliot R.
Downing commenced and to-
day O. D. Franks is the chief
factum factotum. A noted
legion dating back to Agassiz,

As Dr. Vinal visits cities in connec-
tion with the institutes conducted by
the National Recreation Association,
he surveys briefly the activities of
each city along the line of nature
education and recreation. The infor-
mation he is discovering is of keen
interest to groups and individuals con-
cerned with the recreation programs
in the various cities, who have appar-
ently had little idea of the activities.

We are presenting Dr. Vinal's find-
ing in Chicago, which, as host to the
Recreation Congress, may have
special interest to our readers.

yet the whole family tree hidden under a bushel !
It has taken considerable coaxing and maneu-
vering to bring this information to light and yet it
ought to be useful not only in Chicago but to
leaders in general who are trying to organize their
own communities. It will not only provide source
material and experienced people to contact but
will indicate the trends of the time. The nature
services and opportunities of any locality do not
come about spontaneously but must be credited to
enthusiastic leaders for having been born. That
is not all : A favorable environment and nurturing
is necessary. The recreation leaders who can vis-
ualize this picture most clearly will see an oppor-
tunity that parallels the other cultures — namely,
drama, art and music. To them let it be a hint
that they hang this "Bird's-Eye View of Nature
Activities in Chicago" alongside of the old Farm-
er's Almanac and contemplate it now and then in
planning the future.

Organizations Conducting Nature Activities

Public and Semi-Civic Organizations

1. Adler Planetarium

2. Board of Education, Department of Education

3. Board of Education, Bureau of
Recreation

4. Brookfield Zoo

5. Chicago Academy of Science

6. Chicago Public Library

7. Chicago Recreation Commission

8. Field Museum

9. Morton Arboretum

10. Museum of Science and
Industry

11. Shedd Aquarium

Parks

12. Chicago Park District

13. Cook County Forest Preserves

14. Dunes Park of Indiana

15. Garfield

16. Humboldt

17. Lincoln

18. Washington

503

504

NATURE RECREATION IN CHICAGO

Schools

19. Northwestern University

20. University of Chicago

Chibs

21. Chicago Ornithological

22. Chicago Woman's Chib, Forest and Garden Class

23. Conservation Council

24. Friends of Our Native Landscape

25. The Geographic Society of Chicago

26. Illinois .'Vudubon Society

27. Izaak Walton League

28. Kennicott Club

29. Outdoor Art League

30. Prairie Club

31. Wild Flower Preservation Society

Social Organisations

32. Adult Education Council

33. Hull House

34. Outing and Recreation Bureau

3.S. South Chicago Neighborhood House
36. Y. M. C. A.

Organization

Moving Spirit

Emphasis

Remarks

Chicago Public
Library

Carl B. Rodcn
Washington and
Michigan

Educational Book
Approach

Readers Service Bureau. 21.000 slides
on Natural Science loaned free to
those holding library cards
Children's clubs : Astronomy
in winter outdoor nature clubs
in spring at Branch Libraries

Chicago Recreation
Commission
(1934)

Mayor Edward J.
Kelly

Dr. Philip L. Seman,
Chairman, 1634
Burnham Bldg.

Clearing House for
information on rec-
reation in Chicago

Gives opinions on plans making a sur-
vey, published "Leisure Time Di-
rectory" and "Recreation in Chi-
cago." 62 agencies

Adult Education
Council of Chicago

224 S. Michigan
.Avenue

Publishes "Educa-
tional Events"
in Chicago. A
Directory of educa-
tional opportunities

A source bureau for lectures, forums,
speakers and courses in Natural
Science. Sponsors Radio Program

Northwestern
University

Dr. Waterman
Botanv Department,
1400 Augusta Blvd.

Plant approach

Has been instrumental in cooperation
with Izaak Walton League in hold-
ing outdoor leadership courses in
Nature Guiding

University of
Chicago

O. D. Franks
School of Education

Teachers Training

Extension and college courses in
methods. University Elementary
School gives some emphasis to ele-
mentarv science

YMCA (1858)
and YWCA

19 S. LaSalle

Recreational

Group activities for young men and
W'omen in camping and outings

Outdoor Art League

Mrs. W. D.

Richardson
4215 Prairie Avenue,

Chicago, 111.

Conservation

Meet once a month. About 35 years
old. Roadside Planting. Distribute
seeds to school children

The Prairie Club
(1908)

Eva S. Cowan,
Chairman, Nature
Study Committee
Room 757, 38 S.
Dearborn Street

Encouragement of
love of nature
through outings

Walks, canoeing, lectures, three per-
manent camps. Junior Department.
•About 1000 members

Chicago Ornitho-
logical Club

Dr. R. M. Strong,

President
5840 Stony Island Ave.

Birds

Meets in Creror Library once a month
(3rd Tuesday). Field trips, lectures

Illinois Audulwn
Society (1894)

Dr. C. W. G. Eifrig
President, Monroe
.'\ve., River Forest

Popular Bird Study

Meets at Lincoln Park Museum of
Natural Science
Lecture meetings

Kennicott Club
(1929)

Tappan Gregory,
President
Lincoln Park

Museum

Outdoor Life
for Men

Meets at Lincoln Park Museum
Chicago Academy of Science

Izaak Walton Club

National Office
22 W. N. Bank
Drive

Conservation

General interests. Evanston Club in-
stituted first training courses in
Nature Leadership

S. Chicago
Neighborhood House

M. F. Collins
8500 S. Mackinaw

Nature Clubs for
children (1934)

Perhaps typical of what is offered by
many social agencies

The Friends of Our
Native Landscape
(1915)

Jens Jensen,
President
Ellison Bay, Wis.

Conservation

Pilgrimages, Roadside Planting,
Pamphlets, lectures, legislation,
A camp at Baileytown, Indiana

Wild Flower Preser-
vation Society,
Illinois Chapter
(1913)

C. V. Neely,
Secretary
4939 Greenwood
.\venue

Protection of Native
Wild Flowers

National publications available

NATURE RECREATION IN CHICAGO

505

Organization

Moving Spirit

Emphasis

Remarks

Hull House
(1889)

Founded by
Jane Addams
800 S. Halsted

To provide a higher
civic and social life

"Labor Museum" to show evolution of
Textile Industry. Joseph T. Bowen
County Club, a 72 acre farm with
resident gardener to preserve its
beauty

The Geographic
Society of Chicago
(1898)

Herbert E. Bradley
7 South Dearborn
Street

Geography
appreciation

Excursions, conservation, publications,
exhibits, lectures, collections.
Over 1000 members

Outing and
Recreation
Bureau

72 W. Adams St.

Issues guides descrip-
tive of hiking trails
and current recrea-
tional attractions

A free service for all.

Maintained by public utility companies

Morton Arboretum
(1921)

Joy Morton

Lisle, 111.
C. E, Godshalk,

Superintendent

An outdoor museum
of woody plants

400 acre tract 25 miles west of Chi-
cago. Emphasizes that it is "an edu-
tional institution and not a recrea-
tional center."

Conservation
Council

Catherine Mitchell,

Secretary
144 Fairbank Rd.

Riverside, 111.

A federation to guide
the conservation
movement

Delegates represent membership of
20,000. Meet once a month

Field Museum of
Natural History

Stephen C. Simms

Director
Margaret Cornell

Education Dept.

Grant Park

Natural History
Exhibit

Children admitted free. 11 acres of ex-
hibits. Free lecture tours and illus-
trated lectures

Shedd Aquarium

Walter H. Chute
Director
Grant Park

Exhibition Tanks of
aquatic life, mostly
fish

Children admitted free

Adler Planetarium

Philip Fox. Director
Grant Park

The Universe in
Miniature

Demonstration lectures at 11 A.M.
and 3 P. M. Astronomical museum.
Children admitted free mornings

Museum of Science
and Industry

O. T. Kreusser

Director
Jackson Park at 57th

Physical Sciences

Has many of World's Fair Exhibits.
An operating coal mine

Chicago Academy of
Sciences

Alfred M. Bailey

Director
2001 N. Clark

Mammals, birds, and
plants of Chicago
district

Free lectures Sunday afternoons

Lincoln Park

N. Clark and Center

Zoo, Birdhouse,
Aquarium, and
Conservatory

Facilities for fly-casting. 5 acre bird
sanctuary (1918) where mallards
breed

Washington Park

57th and Cottage
Grove

Conservatory

Domestic and exotic plants.
Formal gardens

Garfield Park

100 N. Central Park

Conservatory

Bananas and cacti

Humboldt Park

North and Humboldt

Gardens

Beautiful rose gardens and landscaping

Cook County
Forest Preserves
(1915)

Charles G. Sauers
General Supt.

Recreation

33.000 acres for play
Museum at Thatcher's Woods

Dunes Park of
Indiana

Tremont, Indiana

Reach and Dune

1500 acres, 40 miles southeast of Chi-
cago. Has resident nature guide in
summer

Brooktield Zoo
(Chicago Zoologi-
cal Society)

Brookfield

Animals cageless and
apparently in
native habitat

Children accompanied by adults free.
Like most Zoos is in the "Amuse-
ment stage" of education. Acres of
grounds

Board of Education
Bureau of Recreation

Herman J. Fischer
228 North LaSalle

Nature activities
(mostly an athletic
program)

61 playgrounds. Optional, competitive,
on [xjint basis for felt emblems.
Must have 20 children for a hike.
Points awarded on mileage basis

Chicago Park
District

V. K. Brown,
Director of Recreation

Recreational

activities

115 Parks with 201 Playgrounds

Chicago Woman's
Club — Forest and
Garden Class

Michigan Avenue
and 11th Street

Conservation
Legislation

Monthly meetings. Discussion
groups and lectures

Board of Education
Department of
Eduoatibn

William J. Bogan,
Superintendent of
Schools, 228 N.
LaSalle Street

Units of work
in grades

Supervisor of elementary science "dis-
continued for reasons of economy."
Curriculum grades 1-6. Some schools
have departmental plan, grades 7 and 8

Hartford's Racial Culture P

rogram

.5 J!it;.;p;

A Connecticut city
takes advantage of the
historical and cultural
traditions of the state
to promote citizenship

THE FIELD of recreation
is limited only by the
restrictions of intelli-
gence and ingenuity. Its
fertility and flexibility of-
fer an ever-present of)-
portunity that alert minds
can convert into inestim-
able value. It is confined
to no hard and fast rules

that dull initiative, deaden ambition and stifle en-
thusiasm. Rather, it fosters and encourages new
means and methods of furnishing education and
entertainment. The extent and nature of the
medium depends only on the enterprise and
energy of the sponsors.

The Recreation Division of the Hartford, Con-
necticut, Park Department, has proven these facts
by a series of racial culture programs that widen-
ed the recreation vista and furnished a splendid
example of the value and importance of adapt-
ing a current event to augment a carefully plan-
ned, well-balanced recreation schedule.

Connecticut, rich in history and tradition and
proud that it is one of the original thirteen states,
observetl last year the tercentenary anniversary of
its settling by hardy pioneers from the Massa-
chusetts i'ay colony way back in 1635. It was not
an ordinary two-day or a week's celebration, but
an entire year's affair that was inaugurated last
January and did not conclude until January 1936
rolled around.

506

By
John M. Hurley

Park Department
Hartford, Connecticut

Every municipality,,
from the largest city to the
tiniest hamlet, participated
with colorful exercises of
every description, but it
remained for James H.
Dillon, supervisor of Hart-
ford's recreation, to turn
the event to practical rec-
reation purposes. He did
this in a simple yel highly effective manner.

A study of census analyses revealed the na-
tionalities and races that comprised the city's
population. Representative leaders of each group
were called to a general meeting when plans were
drafted and a schedule outlined. Mr. Dillon
guaranteed the use of the municipal open air
dance pavilion in Colt Park, an ideal setting with
a large, well-equipped stage and platform, a spa-
cious, open forefront and a natural background of
gentle slopes and green trees. He also agreed to
furnish lighting, adequate policing and seating fa-
cilities and his own personnel to serve as ushers,
gate tenders and attendants.

One night was set apart for each group and
the programs spaced so that no more than three
were scheduled for one week. Mr. Dillon's staflf
took no part whatsoever in the preparation of the
programs, that task being left entirely in the
hands of the group representatives. This decision,
incidentally, proved a wise move. In the first
place, it would be practically impossible to obtain

HARTFORD'S RACIAL CULTURE PROGRAM

507

a dramatics supervisor capable of training such
cosmopolitan casts. In the second place, it added
zest to the interest of the participants to train
under the direction of a fellow national who spoke
their tongue and knew their folk lore, history,
traditions and costumes.

The first program was given August 31 by the
Germans of Hartford, and when 2,200 persons
turned out to enjoy a series of Teutonic songs and
dances the sponsors were highly elated and en-
tirely unprepared for the spontaneous popularity
of the programs that were to follow.

At intervals of a few days, the series continued.
The Danes and Norwegians, second on the list,
drew 2,500 as did the Chinese and Negroes. The
attendance kept mounting night by night as tlie
poijularity of the project spread until 4,000 were
on hand for "Armenians' Night," 5,000 for the
Ukranians, 4,500 for the French-Canadians and
6,000 to set a record when the Italian program
was presented.

The approach of the cliill nights of fall and the
impracticability of continuing outdoor programs
presented a problem until Mr. Dillon solved it by
inducing Warner Brothers to donate the use of
the darkened State Theater on one of the prin-
cipal streets in Hartford's business center. In-
doors, the programs were more popular than ever,
playing nightly to packed houses, although the
seating capacity was not equal to the outdoor
setting. However, the Swedish ])rogram at-
tracted 3,000, the Irish 3,500, the Hungarians
2,500, the Russians 4,000, the Portugese 2,000, the
second Negro program 2,500 and the Polish 3 500.

"The racial culture series proved one of the
most popular and successful recreation projects
e\ er attempted in Hartford," Mr. Dillon declares.
"The enthusiasm of the participants, young and
old, was amazing. Some of them rehearsed nightly
for weeks, and the opportunity to display in pub-
lic the dances and songs and costumes of their
native lands gave them greater enjoyment even
than the audience. And it is a significant fact that
the attendance never was confined to the nation-
ality that was ijresenting the program. For in-
.stance, the Ukranians, who comprise but a small
portion of our population, had an audience of
5,000 and the Chinese were enjoyed J)y 2,500. The
same was true of all the others."

None of the programs, of course, were alike,
and the rivalry between the groups really was so
intense they went to c.\trcmes to procure the fin-
est talent. The Danes and Xnrwcgians, for in-

stance, featured a sketch, "The Little Match Girl,"
from the Hans Christian Andersen play, which
was directed by Mrs. Dagmar Potholm Petersen,
of Portland, Maine, former student in the Copen-
hagen Royal TJieater who was summering nearby.

The Chinese engaged a professional native or-
chestra from New York to augment a local quar-
tette, and 2,oo3 year old music was played on
native instruments without the services of even a
conductor. The Community Negro Chorus, as
well as soloists, quartettes and dancers, gave a
program of Negro spirituals and folk dances, and
when the Armenians had their night they were
directed by H. Mehrab, of New York, a graduate
of the Russian Imperial Conservatory and, until
the revolution, director of the Armenian National
Chorus in the Caucasus and Armenia.

More than 300 took part in the Ukranian pro-
gram by a Ukranian Folk Ballet and two Ukran-
ian choruses in. native costumes, while colorful
music, dancing and pageantry featured the French-
Canadian night. The Italians with the names of
^'erdi, Puccini and Mascagni starring a program
of operatic numbers drew the record attendance
of 6,000, and jigs, reels and hornpipes were the
order when the Irish entertained. Gay and lusty
folk dances and examples of their persuasive and
varied songs were presented by the Swedish
people.

Fifty singers and twenty-five dancers presented
the Lithuanian program, which included a scene,
"The Birute,"' from Mikas Petrauskas' modern
opera, "Sacrifice," representing a flaming altar
where sixteen "vaidilytes," or virgin priestesses,
performed a liturgy. Although there are only
about forty Hungarian families in Hartford,
Hungarian night was attended, in spite of a severe
storm, by 2,500 persons, who enjoyed the presen-
tation of artists imported from the world famous
Hungarian Gypsy Revue of New York.

The music of old Russia, from the great ca-
thedral chants to gypsy melodies of the cross-
roads, was the high mark of the Russian program,
while the music and dances of Portugal were pre-
sented by the Portugese, and the Polish group
brought the series to a close with a splendid por-
trayal of native dancing, singing and acting.

Naturally, the .series was widely acclaimed, so
much so that it came to the official attention of
the city fathers with the result that the Board of
.Aldermen took the unusual action of requesting
the Recreation Division to continue the programs
(Continued nn page 522)

once

Through the

Louis H. Sobel

Organized Club

THE POSSIBILITIES of vocational guidance in the
junior and senior high school and college
have been recognized for many years, as they
have been in other formal educational set-ups
such as continuation and vocational schools,
social service institutions devoted to the edu-
cation and care of underprivileged youth and
in the rehabilitation of adults who have lost
their vocations through incapacitation in civil
and mihtary life. Particularly striking is the
growing use of vocational guidance in all social
work fields. Its value in the adjustment proc-
ess is becoming increasingly recognized, and
social agencies dealing with behavior problems,
emotional instability and other manifestations
of maladjustment are making better use of its
possibilities.

In view of this it is surprising to note a
failure to recognize the applicability of voca-
tional guidance in a particularly fertile field-
that of the organized club.

Throughout the country several million boys
and girls between the ages of ten and twenty
(some younger, some older,
but with the concentration
within this range), are par-
ticipating actively in club ac-
t i V i t i e s affiliated with
schools, boys' clubs, Y. M.
C. A., Y. W. C. A.,Y. M.
H. A., Y. W. H. A., Boy
Scuuts, Girl Scouts, and sim-
ilar organizations. These
clubs, properly organized
and conducted, may com-
bine the best features of pro-
gressive education and ad-
vanced social work.

508

In his discussion of vocational guid-
ance and the club, Mr. Sobel, who is
Executive Director, Jewish Community
Center, Detroit, pointed out a num-
ber of the factors entering into the
value of the club as an important field
for vocational guidance — among them
the relationship of leader to member,
of member to member, and the op-
portunity for long-term, dynamic guid-
ance. We are presenting here the
sections of Mr. Sobel's paper dealing
with the values, for vocational guid-
ance, of hobby activities and leisure
time interests.

The club has always been recognized as a
potent educational force in the life of the par-
ticipant. The voluntary membership, the inti-
mate inter-play of personality factors, the fine
relationships between club leader and club
member, the strong friendships and the power-
ful group attitudes, play a part far out of pro-
portion to the time usually allotted these activ-
ities. The very educational effectiveness of the
club and the strong hold it usually takes on the
boys and girls give it tremendous possibilities in
attempts at "life advisement" in any of its phases
— mental, social, physical, spiritual or voca-
tional.

Of fundamental importance in any guidance
program is the need for a knowledge of the
emotional, temperamental and personality
qualities of the individual seeking guidance.
Success, or vocational adequacy, is as often as
not determined by these imponderable person-
ality elements. The guidance set-ups in the
schools and social agencies can determine per-
sonality only to a limited degree, and it is in
the direction of exploring
and exploiting (for guidance
purposes) these determining
impalpable factors that the
club can make its unique
contribution to vocational
guidance. For it is in the
club that the boy or girl
gives overt expression to so-
cially significant behavior.
The ability to "rub el-
bows," the capacity for lead-
e r s h i p and organization,
traits such as reliability,
trustworthiness and the per-

VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE THROUGH THE ORGANIZED CLUB

509

sistency in the execution of club tasks, are
manifested continually. It is in the club that
activities are enjoyed requiring the use of spe-
cial skills such as arts and crafts, drawing,
music, dramatics, journalism, public speaking,
photography, and so on down the long list of
hobby activities that make up a club program.

Hobbies and Vocational Guidance

That these latter offer vocational guidance
opportunities for the alert counselor goes with-
out saying. They constitute excellent "try-out"
possibilities when utilized as such.

Altogether too little attention is paid the
possibilities for vocational guidance which lie
in the development of what are commonly
called leisure-time hobby activities, and very
often we get a complete dissociation of avoca-
tion and recreational activity from the voca-
tional concerns of the individual.

Two concrete examples point to opportuni-
ties in directing the avocational towards the
vocational with excellent results. A thirteen
year old boy in Yonkers, New York, developed
a leisure-time interest in the breeding of rare
tropical fish. Beginning with a few exchanges
and small cash transactions, he developed a
business that today (the
boy is now fifteen) re-
quires two full time em-
ployees and runs into sev-
eral thousand dollars per
year. The boy is still in
school and, as may be
guessed, pursuing his
"hobby" with increased
fervor.

Another situation. Two
boys in a New York City
Y. M. C. A. with a taste
for commercial art letter-
ing decided to put their

To many the club is the
core of their more
meaningful experiences;
it becomes a dominant
force in their lives

interest to more profitable use. They toured
their neighborhood and listed all stores and
commercial enterprises whose wares could be
made more saleable by attractive display.
They visited the proprietors and offered to
make the necessary signs on a "pay if you are
satisfied" basis. These boys secured enough
business to see them through many situations
and are now on the road to the development
of a profitable business in commercial sign
making. Incidentally both of these develop-
ments took place during the last four years —
the depression period.

Such situations are, of course, not limited to
club life, but when one thinks of the amount
of time spent by clubs on "hobby" activities
such as aeronautics, radio, music, dramatics,
arts and crafts, journalism, etc., the implica-
tions are obvious. In addition, the more gen-
eral traits of manipulative dexterity, creativity,
ingenuity, habits of industriousness and order-
liness, all manifest themselves in the specific
hobbies. Many of these resemble vocational
situations to a degree that makes vocational
prognosis feasible in many cases ; that is, as
feasible as they can be in any vocational guid-
ance program.

t'lvirlesy E.rtcnsion Department, Milwaukee Public Schoets

510

VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE THROUGH THE ORGANIZED CLUB

The most obvious fac-
tor in the two cases re-
ferred to is that of inter-
est. The boys were so
vitally interested in their
hobbies that they over-
came many obstacles.
Vocational guidance au-
thorities everywhere
agree that the most im-
portant single element
in vocational success (as-
suming that the basic
capacities are at all pres-
ent) is interest. There
is verification for this
theory in the fact that
the highest single factor
correlati\e with success

SUMMARY

The well-guided organized club offers voca-
tional guidance a valuable tool because —

a. It permits continuous study and analysis
of the imponderable subtle personality elements.

b. It offers specific pseudo-vocational "hob-
by" activity with "try-out" possibilities.

c. It offers highly necessary character and
personality training opportunities.

d. It permits of close rapport with the
home, school and other influences touching
the youth.

e. It can be effective in motivating the boy
or girl toward a vital, positive, interest in a
specific field; a sine qua non of genuine voca-
tional adequacy.

f. It can help overcome constructively the
destructive effects of the depression, and pro-
perly orient our youth in a highly changing
and confusing world.

in the few scientific stud-
ies available i.s this item of interest. Attempts
at vocational guidance that do not motivate
zestfulness and an enthusiastic reception on
the part of the boy are doomed to failure.

The development of postive, specific, driving
interests is one of the first tasks of the experi-
enced counselor. The club can be utilized tre-
mendously in this direction. One cannot but be
impressed with the absorption of boys or girls
in the activities of their clubs. To man})- the
club is the core of their more meaningful ex-
periences. It becomes a dominant force in their
lives. Whether or not it is a constructive force
depends, of course, upon the leadership. In
any event, even superficial contact with the
emotional intensity of club activity will con-
vince one of its possibilities in the attempt to
develop interests, enthusiasms and the com-
pelling, propelling "drive" that made possible
the success of the boys in the two instances
cited above.

Coordination with Home and Community

Another important factor in guidance is the
sympathetic cooperation of the parents and
older brothers and sisters of the guided. Many
guidance programs have failed for the sole
reason that they have not included coordina-
tion with the home. The club, because of the
closer personal relationships between member
and member and leader and member, makes it pos-
sible to include the home as a cooperating force
A special type of parental education may be

necessary, of course, par-
ticularly in certain racial
or sectarian groups
where rigid traditions
and social patterns make
for restricted vocational
selection.

Coordination must
take place not only with
the home but with the
other influences at work
on the boy — the church,
the school, the block or
immediate neighborhood,
the job and any other
force that has a role in
molding the character of
the youth. Here again
the club, with its un-

trammeled traditions,
general approbation in the community and
central position that it holds in the life of the
member, can play an important part. The reli-
gious leaders, teachers and employers in the
community can be called upon to give counsel,
act on advisory committees and supply infor-
mation under club auspices. Their aid and
cooperation under such circumstances have an
informality that adds to its effectiveness.

Training in Necessary Character Qualities
Ultimately vocational guidance must be a
function of personality training and growth,
and good "life advisement" will take place as
a concomitant of good character education. No
vocational guidance counselor can consider his
task complete without attention to the problem
of developing those character traits which make
for vocational success or adequacy. Habits of
industriousness, gopd workmanship, punctu-
ality, orderliness, trustworthiness and other
qualities too numerous to mention are accepted
prerequisites of success and the "satisfaction"
through achievement that make for personal
happiness.

The effective club has always been thought
of as a powerful force in the development of
these qualities. Throughout the literature on
the club there is constant reference to these
character-building objectives. Witness the
claims of the Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, Y. M.
C. A., Y. M. H. A., boys' clubs, settlement

VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE THROUGH THE ORGANIZED CLUB

511

houses, etc. The wise clinical or school coun-
selor will utilize the character-developing pos-
sibilities of the club in his vocational guidance
program.

Clubs Offset Destructive Effects of the
Depression

The most difficult problem faced by voca-
tional guidance counselors today is the devas-
tating effect of the depression on the spirit and
morale of the young men and women coming
to them for guidance.

A feeling of hopelessness, of not being want-
ed, of having no place in the world is rapidly
Resetting our adolescent youth. "What's the
good of vocational guidance?" they say. "Give
me any job." One of them actually compared
vocational guidance to the act of giving men
on the breadline a knowledge of dietetics and
nutrition laws. This spirit obtains even in the
close relationship of the interview situation.
In addressing groups of young men at the New
York State Employment Ofifice, in schools and
elsewhere, the writer has sensed it as the pre-
vailing mood in the audience. As a matter of
fact, many in these groups have expressed it
directly, even to the point of cynicism.

In an economically contracting world in
v hich there is a growing army of permanentlv
unemployed and in which technological
changes make for continual increases in our
■"unemployables," the answer to the questions
of our youth cannot be mere beatific expres-
sions of hope, or lip service to a better social
order in which such things will be impossible.
If the growing despair and demoralization of
our youth are to be properly channeled and
directed towards constructive ends, a program
for this purpose under proper guidance must
he set up lest such control fall into improper
hands. Any attempt at guidance which fails to
include these broader socio-economic consid-
erations may be compared to the practice of
medicine which neglects to consider the health
conditions of the home, neighborhood and com-
munities of the patient.

The supervised club offers an excellent me-
dium for providing the educational nnd mental
hygiene antidotes necessary to overcome the
current negative attitudes of our youth. The
group gives the boy or girl a sense of belong-
ing; of having a place in the world. The feel-
ings of satisfaction and achievement that come

with social approbation go a long way towards
counteracting disappointments in the voca-
tional world.

Even beyond this antidotal function the
club, with its relatively unhampered program,
can provide training for constructive partici-
pation in communal and civic projects aimed at
eliminating the basic socio-economic factors
behind our current ills. Youth can be intelli-
gently prepared for the new social order, or
l)etter still, can be directed towards taking a
sane, intelligent part in its construction
through positive club programs in that direc-
tion.

Practical Steps Necessary
Enough has been said here to indicate the
potentialities of the club as a guidance medium.
What are the practical steps necessary to as-
sure the effective execution of a projected pro-
gram of advisement through the organized
group? It must be apparent that the begin-
nings, at least, lie in the following:

1. Selection of adequately trained leadership,
club leaders to come on the job with a guid-
ance background if possible. If not, they must
be given such training as soon as possible.

2. A special library of guidance literature for
leaders and mernbers, including all standard
material usually provided in such a library.

3. If posssible the setting up of a testing bu-
reau or contact with adequate clinics in the
community.

4. Contact with socially-minded, "guidance-
conscious" placement ofifices, if placement is
not already a function of the organization of
which the club is a part.

5. Provision for adequate record keeping.

6. Provision of a program for training par-
ents in the meaning and spirit of vocational
guidance.

7. Analysis of all club activities from guid-
ance point of view and for purposes of indicat-
ing their vocational and "try-out" possibilities.

8. The club program itselt may consist of :

a. Informal talks on guidance and specific
occupational information for purpose of wid-
ening vocational horizon of members.

b. Trips to industries.

c. Movies, slides, readings.

(Continued on l>a'je 522)

A Hiking Club for Women

WALKING as an activity is
physically beneficial. Add
to this the social benefits
of companionship, the educa-
tional benefits of nature study
at first hand, the broadening
aspect of exploring and visiting new localities, the
joy one gets from being out in the open, and the
sum total indicates an activity of real significance.

Seattle, Washington, is favorably located with
mountains, forest and water at its very doors.
Seventy miles to the east extend the beautiful
Cascades, with five outstanding snow capped
peaks and many hundred lesser peaks. To the
west, separating the extensive inland sea of Puget
Sound from the Pacific Ocean, lies the rugged
and partially unmapped Olympic range. All of
this provides a wonderland of outdoor oppor-
tunity. Hiking and outing clubs should flourish in
such surroundings, and many such organizations
are in existence.

The Sails and Trails Club, a women's hiking
organization, is one of several in Seattle, but it is
the only one to be sponsored by the Playground
Division of the Municipal Park Department. The
club still holds its popularity through its original
objective of pleasurable and worthwhile trips at
small expense. In the fall of 1929 an overnight
party was organized through the local recreation
centers for a group of thirty-five young women
who had a most enjoyable week-end outing at the
municipally o w n e d
playground camp on
the shores of Lake
^Vashington. These
women were all work-
ing girls or young
housewives. "Why
can't we do this
again?" was the ques^
tion. Out of this week-
end outing grew the
hiking club which was
named "Sails" for
boats on which they
might travel and

"So come along and sail with us,
Hike a happy trail with us,
Breast sun and rain and gale with us,
And we'll be comrades true."

* 9AHBB^&4

"Trails" for the trails and
roads over which they might
hike. The club has grown to a
self-sustaining organization of
145 members. Hikes are plan-
ned regularly, at least once a

month, and from 15 to 80 attend, depending on

the weather and type of trip.

Some Organization Details
At the beginning one representative from each
field house was asked to serve on an executive
committee, thus providing a general representa-
tion from the different sections of the city. With
the director of girls' activities representing the
Park Department, this made eight members on
the governing board. Sub-committees were ap-
pointed for publicity, scouting, membership, mem-
ory book and photographs. The officers elected
were a president and secretary-treasurer. Trips
were planned for each month, and a calendar of
activities for six months in advance was printed.
Publicity was obtained by posters in recreation
centers and the central Y.W.C.A., and calendars
and notices were left with the personnel directors
of the downtown stores and the teachers' league
secretary.

The first general organization has proven satis-
factory and has been maintained over a period of
six years with a few minor changes. The execu-
tive board at first served one year and waS then

replaced by an entire-
ly new board elected
by the old one. A re-
volving plan has now
been worked out
whereby each board
member serves one
year and a half ; every
six months three older
members, according to
seniority, are retired
and three new girls
from the membership
at large take their
place. A balance is

512

A HIKING CLUB FOR WOMEN

513

still maintained so that each
community is represented.
Dues are one dollar a year.
To be considered eligible for
membership a girl must at-
tend two trips. General
meetings are not necessary
and therefore not held, all
planning being. done by the
committee. The important
thing is the outing 1

Where Do They Go?

There are many places of
interest. Ferries, busses and
street cars carry the hikers
to starting points for beach,
trail and mountains at a cost
within reach of the girls of
modest salaries. By chartering special busses, the
club members can have a full day's outing in Al-
pine meadows with a strenuous hike over moun-
tain trails for as little as one dollar per person,
this price including a beverage and sometimes a
hot dish. Less strenuous local trips can be had
for as little as fifteen cents round trip boat fare
across Lake Washington, or fifty cents across
Puget Sound.

The winter snow trips have proven most popu-
lar. The Seattle Park Department has recently
acquired a municipal mountain ski course at the
summit of Snoqualmie Pass in the Cascade range
— a two hour drive from the city. Volunteer ski
instructors are glad to accompany the group and
spend a part of the day giving instruction in both
beginning and advanced skiing. This has added
interest to the snow trips and has done much to
popularize this growing sport.

As a group the club has explored many miles
of countryside and visited many beautiful and in-
teresting sports. Several of the trips have become
annual. In May they cross to some point on the
opposite shores of Puget Sound where the rhodo-
dendron is to be found. It is a worthwhile sight
to see this beautiful state flower in its natural
growth and bloom. In December they go tramp-
ing for Christmas greens, and it is a colorful
sight to see the group in bright jackets and caps,
with their arms full of greens, coming down a
trail through the brown winter woods. Care has
to be taken, however, to obtain permission to cut
greens on property, either private or state, as too
much indiscriminate cutting has been stripping

At the present time the national govern-
ment is laying plans to complete a sky-
line trail 1500 miles in length running
along the Coastal Divide from Mexico to
Canada. The trail will follow the Divide,
zig-zagging from side to side of the
rugged range, seeking the most favor-
able walking grade through alpine
meadows, across glaciers and mountain
valleys, and around the more inaccessi-
ble peaks. The trail will be entirely
owned by the public. Many miles of
trails are already open and in use. The
skyline trail will connect and extend those
already built. In the East, the famous
Appalachian Trail permits the hiker to
tramp from Maine to Georgia over 1900
miles of beautiful trails. Although it is
not owned by the public, shelter cabins
have been built and the route is main-
tained by individuals and private groups.

the forests. Bird lovers some-
times accompany the hikers
and instruct them in the lives
and habits of the local birds.
Coal mines, creosote factor-
ies, brick kilns, power houses
and other such places of local
importance add interest to
the hikes. The .University of
Washington faculty may
always be called upon for
speakers on nature lore, ge-
ology, marine life and relat-
ed subjects, who present in-
formative talks on the hikes.
The club has necessarily
had to set a few definite poli-
cies. Of primary importance

is consideration of the safety
of the group. Trips are never made under the
auspices of the club in private cars but always in
chartered busses with bonded drivers, or in pub-
lic conveyances such as street cars, ferries and
busses. Activities are almost entirely one day out-
ings. Overnight trips tend to hmit the group.
However, by popular request two overnight trips
are scheduled each year. Ice skating in the civic
indoor arena is also included in the winter pro-
gram, and one social event is held at a field house
center.

What It Means

Aside from the pleasure that each individual
woman gets from the outings, many worthwhile
friendships have grown up in the club. Many of
the girls participate in the field house sport classes,
and it is felt that the club has definitely helped to
foster a friendly spirit among the girls in the
athletic leagues. Photography has proven a never
ending source of interest, and a flourishing camera
club has come into being with several recently in-
stalled basement dark rooms.

The organization in Seattle has found the en-
thusiastic support which seems to be an indication
of a general interest in hiking and mountaineering
activities. Especially is this interest going to grow
with the impetus given it by the National Forest
Service trail development and the growing inter-
est in skiing and winter activities.

"Traveling afoot! This is the best posture in
which to worship the God of the Out-o f -Doors 1"
John H. Finley in The Art of Walking.

World

Play

A Drama Tournament
Held Outdoors

IN September the
Recreation Division
of the Emergency
A d m inistration of
New Jersey conducted a drama tournament at
the outdoor theatre at Cadwalader Park,
Trenton, one of the six outdoor theatres in the
state. Groups from ten counties presented
twenty plays at this novel outdoor tournament.
Shakespeare's "Midsummer Night's Dream,"
and "Twelfth Night" were among the plays
presented.

Playground Associa-
tions in Reading, Pa.

READING, Penn-
sylvania, has a num-
ber of playground
associations c o m-
posed of the parents of the children attending
the playgrounds. Last year these groups raised
$4,000, $3,500 of which was spent on play-
ground equipment. In order to raise the money,
the associations held fifty festivals and sold
cakes, ice cream, and soft drinks.

Ford Field To Be
Given Dearborn

NEGOTIATIONS
are under vf a.y
whereby the City of
Dearborn, Michigan,
will receive from Henry Ford for use as a
park the property known as Ford Field, which
for many years has been used as a recreation
field. There are over twenty acres in the plot.

514

-^ _ . . A letter just received

New Recreation Areas ^ ^, ,, ^. ,

_ T, . • from the National

in Great Britain „, t- u a

Flaying rields Asso-
ciation of Great
Britain reports that the Crown forests, of
which the New Forest and the Forest of Dean
are the two most important areas, are already
full}- available for public access subject to
regulations and by-laws governing such mat-
ters as camping and motor car parking, as well
as the litter nuisance. The normal forestry
areas which ha\e been developed under the
direction of the Forestry Commission are not
yet available for public access. These young
forests, of course, have been planted on scien-
tific lines and almost entirely consist of coni-
fers, and it is felt that the risk of fires is ever
present when the public are allowed to stray.

Melodrama Under
the Stars!

AS a novel feature
of Dearborn Day,
the civic holiday
•• which for nine years

has brought together thousands of residents
of Dearborn, Michigan, the City Recreation
Department this year presented "Gold in the
Hills," a melodrama of the 10, 20 and 30 cent
days so dear to the hearts of theatre goers of
the gay nineties. The melodrama was one of
the closing events of a day of games and sports
designed to "ofTer an opportunity for the citi-
zens of the community to mingle in a day's
sport and to get better acquainted."

WORLD AT PLAY

515

A Tennis Center for Beverly Hills— Beverly

Hills, California, is planning for a new tennis
center to cost $29,600. This low cost is made
possible by the fact that the courts are being
built on the top of the city reservoir which was
made of concrete and was built especially to
support tennis courts. The new center will
have parking space for more than twenty-five
cars, a club house, a broad promenade 10 by
394 feet equipped with umbrellas and outdoor
settees, and a 10 foot high glass windbreak on
the coastal side. All of the courts will be
divided by four foot high walls to give an
atmosphere of privacy. It is believed that the
operating costs will be met with charges of 40
cents per hour for daytime play and 80 cents
per hour for play under lights. This will make
the cost for people taking part in doubles 10
cents per hour during the day and 20 cents
per hour at night.

With the Audubon Societies — At the annual
meeting of the National Association of Audu-
bon Societies held in New York October 28-29,
it was reported that there has been an increase
of 190 per cent in enrollment over last year
among members in Junior Audubon Clubs. If
the increase continues for the rest of the year,
it was predicted, there will be more than 350,-
ooo children actively engaged in protecting
American wild life. In many schools the bird
club is by far the most popular extra-curricular
activity.

At the Essex County Crime Conference —

Approximately 1,110 persons were registered
at the Essex County Crime Conference held in
Newark, New Jersey, on Friday, October 25th.
It brought together leaders in all fields of
social welfare in the county to hear discussed
the conference theme, "Prevention and Control
of Crime Through Community Cooperation."
The enforcement of law, treatment of offenders
and prevention of crime were topics for each
of the three sessions. Hon. Joseph Siegler,
Judge, Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court,
Essex County, suggested as correctives to
juvenile delinquency the establishment of
crime prevention units in police departments,
community councils, modification of school
curricula, establishment of recreation centers
and razing of slums.

CAMPINQ

Here is "Camping," with all its
leisure activities, available in an
uninterrupted flow ... at the turn
of a magazine page.

Camping World Magazine is . . . outstand-
inglj- different . . . authoritative . . . interesting
. . . complete . . . written and edited by men
and women whose names command respect.
Camping World is concerned with the latest
developments in every phase of "Camping"
. . . Recreation . . . Education . . . Leader-
ship . . . Management.

Camping World presents interesting ideas
and projects for . . . Arts and Crafts . . .
Outdoor Games . . . Indoor Games . . . Music
. . . Dramatics . . . Water Sports . . . Riding
. . . Dancing . . . Woodcraft . . . Story Tell-
ing . . . Land Sports, etc.

The January issue contains a full page plan
for "A Recreafional Unit for Youngsters."
The plan is divided into three recreational
units . . . An active play area ... A quiet play
area and a "Recreation Center" . . . and con-
tains many interesting groupings of various
recreational projects for children from 3 to
7 years of age. This is the first of a series of
plans with detailed building instructions for
recreational units for children and adults.

INSURE BEING UP-TO-THE-MINUTE BY
SENDING IN YOUR SUBSCRIPTION TO
CAMPING WORLD. Published from January
to August, the price is $2.00 per year (eight
issues]. One helpful article will repay the cost
of the subscription.

CLIP THE COUPON BELOW AND MAIL
WITH YOUR REMITTANCE. TODAY!

Camping World

1 1 East 44th Street, New York, N. Y.

Please enter my subscription. Enclosed find $2.00.

NAME

POSITION

ADDRESS

CITY STATE

KINDLY PRINT R-1

516

WORLD AT PLAY

Among the resolutions adopted at the clos-
ing session was one recommending a study by
state and municipal authorities of plans
worked out by the State Housing Authority
and by courts, recreation and leisure time or-
ganizations, for elimination of slums and pro-
vision for leisure time. A special committee
to give further consideration to the proposals
that were made at the conference is to be
named.

News from the Union County Park Com-
mission— In the ten year period from 1922 to
1932, 330 parcels of land were purchased by
the Union County Park Commission, 34 par-
cels of land were condemned, and donations
of 41 parcels were received making the total
number of properties acquired 405. One of the
most recent gifts is that of Mr. and Mrs.
Frederick G. Squier of Rahway who gave to
the Commission 17 acres of valuable property.

Physical Education Program Expanded —

All the students at Kenyon College, Gambler,

Ohio, are required to earn credits in physical
education before they graduate. Recently, ac-
cording to the Cincinnati Inquirer, a new plan
has been devised whereby in order to obtain
credit each student will be required to demon-
strate proficiency in five of a group of sports
including football, basketball, baseball, track,
cross country, wrestling, boxing, speed ball
and touch football. They must also participate
in six of the following : Tennis, golf, bait cast-
ing, archery. Badminton, horseshoes, swim-
ming, polo, table tennis, bowling, handball,
riding, volley ball, indoor ball, rifle shooting,
billiards, and hiking. Instead of a routine of
gymnasium classes, Kenyon students will
develop at their leisure skill in the activities in
which they are interested. To aid the students
in becoming proficient, periods of instruction
have been scheduled but attendance is not
compulsory.

Academic Credit Given for Stamp Collecting
— ^The University Extension Division of Har-
vard University has inaugurated a course in

The House of Youth

The new magazine for youth — right through the 'teens,

''The Key to The House of Youth is a Young
and Happy Heart." This is our slogan!
Having the key, will you enter?

WE WANT: Stories, poems,
pictures and suggestions from
Youth everywhere. Payment
on publication.

Hobbies, Games, Poems, Books, Music,
"How-lo-Make" Articles, Prize Contests,
Lively Stories, and Plenty of Pictures
Quarterly: 25c. a copy, $1.00 a year. Winter
issue now ready. See order form below

The House of Youth

516 Yonge Street, Toronto, Canada

For the $1.00 enclosed, please mail The House of Youth for one year to

Mabella Roen Garatt, Editor and Publisher

WORLD AT PLAY

517

stamp collecting which will be accepted for a
college grade and will count toward a degree.
As a beginning a series of eight lectures by-
specialists in their field has been arranged.

The Audubon Camps — The National Asso-
ciation of Audubon Societies will open in June
the ."Kudubon Nature Camp the purjjose of
which is "promotion of nature study enthusi-
asts armed with definite project programs for
the ensuing year." The camp will be located
at the Todd wildlife sanctuary on Hog Island
in Muscongus I'-ay, ^!aine, where there is
a wealth of wild life and tlowers. .\ stafi:' of
specialists will concentrate instruction on field
observation and on methods which they and
others have found effective in imparting in-
formation to children in a way which will
sustain their interest. The study of birds,
mammals and flowers will be stressed and that
of marine life and the stars will be treated.
The minimum period of enrollment will be two
weeks. The camp will be operated from about
the middle of June to September 11th. Further
information may be secured from the National
Association of Audubon Societies, 1775 Broad-
way, New York City.

A Park of 14,000 Acres — A park covering
•nearlv 14,000 acres of mountain country on the
Pocono plateau in eastern Pennsylvania will
be developed by the Rural Resettlement .Ad-
ministration in cooperation with the National
Park Service, according to an announcement
in the New York Times made by .Allen W.
Manchester, Regional Director of the Division
of Land Utilization. The area, which is being
acquired at a cost of about $100,000, is adjacent
to large industrial centers and a few miles from
the largest mine works in the world at Palm-
erton. It will be known as Hickory Run Park.

A Nurses' Hobby Show — A notable hobby
show was that sponsored in New York on
No\ember 14th and 15th by the Committee on
Eight Flours for Nurses of the New York
Counties Registered Nurses Association.
Known as the Nurses' Hobby Show, it was
part of an educational campaign undertaken by
a professional group seeking shorter hours of
work and longer hours of leisure, and was a
demonstration designed to advance what this
group will do with their increased leisure when
and if they get it! The handcraft projects were

Magazines and Pamphlets

] Recently Received Containing Articles j

' of Interest to the Recreation Worker [

MAGAZINES
Parks and Recceation, November 1935

Salt Lake City's New Park Development, by Jessie

Schofield
Hartford's Music Shell, by John M. Hurley
Good Planning Mav Transform Ways of Living
Chahiukapa Park 'at Wahi>eton, N. D., by J. R.
Hughes

Parents' Magazine, December 1935

Winter Sixjrts for the Whole Family, by Charles G.

Muller
Family Fun, by Elizabeth King

Leisure, December 1935

A Winter of Health, by Walter B. Grover

An Old English Christmas Party, by Sara H.

Carleton
Young America Spreads Its Wings, by Albert Lewis
Skate and Bowl, by Charles King

The National Parent -Teacher Magazine, December 1935
Planning a Permanent Program for Youth, by John
W. Studebaker

The Journal of Health and Physical Education,
December 1935

Olympic Preparations in Germany

New Frontiers for Recreation — the National Recre-
ation Congress Reviewed

A Demonstration of Co-recreational Fun, by H. D.
Edgren

Circle Pole Ball, by L. Maude Norris

Fools' Gold — a game with a medievaj plot, by
Spencer C. Woolley

Trails Magazine, Autumn 1935

Why Do We Have Winter Sports? by James K.
Reid

The Girl Scout Leader, December 1935

The Ancient Craft of the Wood Carver, by Chester
Marsh

The Jewish Center, December 1935

Dramatics for Ameteurs, by William Pinsker and

Mrs. Ruth Levin Rubin
Awards, by Leslie Flaksman

Scholastic Coach, December 1935

Lifetime Sports, by R. E. Lindwall

PAMPHLETS
Annual Report of Parks and Recreation, Commissioners
of Worcester, Mass., 1934

Newark Recreation Department

Legislation Concerning Early Childhood Education

by Ward W. Keesecker and Mary Dabney Dairs.
Pamphlet No. 62 — Office of Education, Government
Printing Office, Washington, D. C. Price $.05

Safe at Home

National Safety Council, 20 North Wacker Drive,
Chicago, 111.

An Anatomy of Leisure, by Mrs. RoUa Southworth

Florida Emergency Relief .Administration, Exchange
Building, Jacksonville, Florida

European Study Groups for Physical Education and Rec-
reation Abroad
Pocono Studv Tours, Inc., 67 Stevenson Place, New
York Citv "

518

AUTO TRIPS— AMERICA'S CHIEF FORM OF RECREATION

SCHOOL AND SOCIETY

Edited by J. McKeen Cattell
A weekly journal that aims to present the unity of
education from the nursery school and before, to
the university and after, and to keep the educa-
tional system in touch with modern democratic
civilization.
Five dollars a year Fifteen cents a copy

THE SCIENCE PRESS
Grand Central Terminal New York, N. Y.

examples of fine workmanship. They included
bookbinding and pottery, jewelry making,
knitting, crocheting, rug making, wood work
and tin craft. There were exhibits of table
setting and flower arrangement. Literature and
information telling where one could swim,
play tennis, roller skate, ski, rest and travel
were available. Hobby books were on exhibi-
tion. Each hospital displayed a scrap book
showing the social activities of nursing groups.
Thousands of people attended the exhibit and
much interest was aroused.

Recreation for Adults — The Los Angeles,
California, Playground and Recreation Depart-
ment reports a growing demand for leisure
time facilities and activities for adults, liecause
of this change in the character of playground
attendance many new developments have been
made necessary such as an increase in the
number and variety of special facilities and
equipment for adult education, many of them
segregated from the children's play areas.
These include card rooms, chess and checker
pergolas, horseshoe courts, and the like. An
extension of the activity program has become
necessary with new emphasis on old-fashioned
dancing, social gatherings, card clubs, com-
munity sings, music, and arts and crafts.

Recreational Developments in Toledo — In

Toledo, Ohio, the recreation program has been
greatly expanded through the use of WPA
workers. In November, ninety of these workers
and eight supervisors conducted varied activi-
ties in twenty-two centers — twelve in the
buildings of private organizations, five in
school buildings, and the others in city build-
ings. Gordon Jefifery, in charge of recreation,
is acting as Park Superintendent and has under
his supervision twenty-five WPA laborers
working on the liuilding of athletic fields,
tennis courts, skating rinks, the improvement
of golf courses and roads, and similar projects.

Auto Trips— America's Chief
Form of Recreation

DR. Hexrv S. Curtis of Ann Arbor, Michigan,
as the result of a study made of the vacation
activities of school children of that city, has
reached the conclusion that driving is our chief
form of recreation and its importance increases
from year to year. Of the 4711 school children
studied, 2238, 47.5 percent went on "long"
trips, averaging 550 miles per round trip. This
was a much larger number than took part in
anv other form of recreation. Of these trips
1920, 85 percent were by auto. If we include
in this count the shorter trips of from 25 to 50
miles, about 90 percent of the children come
into the count. Practically all of these short
trips were by auto, and the auto on all trips held
a fraction more than five people, so that we
must multiply this mileage by five to get its
familv' value.

"Driving is accessory to most other forms of
recreation. In this way we are able to pay visits
to near and distant relatives and friends, and
go to the mountains or seashore for week-ends
and holidays. It is our chief way of getting to
our exercise, to the golf course or beach. Even
for a walk the auto is an almost necessary
auxiliary for the city dweller, for it may be
miles from f)ur home to anywhere we would
care to walk. The auto is a family conveyance.
It costs little more to carry five or six than it
does to carry one, and driving is about the only
thing the American family does together. The
auto is well adapted for sightseeing if we do
not go too fast. In order to yield results, travel
should be leisurely. Driving is a very demo-
cratic mode of traveling. We have some 26,-
000,000 autos in America — enough to carry our
126,000,000 people. It is said that 40,000,000
people visited our national parks last summer.

"The rapid increase in the number of cara-
\ans or trailers is going on. It probably costs
no more to live in a caravan which occupies a
new site every day than it does to live at home,
and the gas for 200 miles a day probably costs
no more than the rent of a summer cottage."

Dr. Curtis pointed out the need for good
county, state, and national directories which
will locate the places of historical, educational, |
social, industrial and scenic significance.
"There are numerous educational possibilities

AMONG OUR FOLKS

519

Among Our Folks

CiiARLKs K. Brightbill, formerly a member of
the staff of the Department of PubHc Play-
grounds and Recreation, Reading, Pennsyl-
vania, has been appointed Superintendent of
Recreation in Decatur, Illinois.

Carl H. Schmitt has been appointed Super-
intendent of Recreation in Millburn, New Jer-
sey, to succeed John Fox who has resigned.

Word has been received of the death of
Hugh C. Coleman, Director of Recreation,
San Jose, California.

Sophie Fishback, who for seven years has
been Director of the Department of Public
Recreation at Lakewood, Ohio, has resigned
to become National Adviser of the Women's
Benefit Association. Commenting on the situa-
tion in Lakewood, the Lakezvood Courier for
November 14th says: "Two major catastrophes
have whirled clouds of threatening danger
over the heads of Lakewood's youth, hitting
the city Recreation Department within the last
ten days. The first was the defeat of the .15
mill levy which made possible ths department's
extensive program ; the second was the resigna-
tion of Miss Sophie Fishback as the depart-
ment's director. If Lakewood today is a city
without a crime problem, let us pin the badge
of achievement on Miss Fishback who has
kept its youth wholesome b}' her intelligent,
untiring efforts."

This is a tribute to the entire recreation pro-
fession, testifying as it does to the values of the
contribution trained leadership can make to a
community.

in automobile trips taken by children. Nearly
all children enjoy sightseeing. The desire to
travel is one of their most fundamental ambi-
tions. Surely the country should be enough
interested to get out some sort of directory of
the best sights of America so that children may
not pass them by without seeing them."

"LTncle Sam is directly interested in our driv-
ing. It is the highways that tie a country to-
gether and make us a single nation. The man
who has traveled over America is likely to be
a mf)re intelligent, loyal citizen than the man
who has always remained in one locality."

DIAMOND

PITCHING
HORSESHOES

DIAMOND CALK HORSESHOE CO.

4610 GRAND AVE. DULUTH, MINN.

Recreation in the Years to Come

(Continued from page 484)
the caterpillar hasn't been born at all. The cater-
pillar has walked around but his birth hasn't oc-
curred yet. He is an organism that is merely do-
ing a little eating in preparation for being born.
In this country our civilization has done three
hundred years of eating and growing fat in pre-
paration for birth. It ia a dangerous process ; we
may not complete it successfully. Things we do
not understand are going on. We are making what
the psychologists call random motions, kicking out
in different directions to find the boundaries of
our universe. That is what we mean by the "pin-
feather" stage of the New Deal experimentation,
trying to see what we can do and what we can't
do. We may have setbacks. We don't know. We
don't know where we are coming out but we know
the direction in which our destiny is moving. The
destiny is perfectly definite to an engineer. It is
the impact of an irresistible force on a body that
is not immovable. The irresistible force is the
knowledge that human beings have and that can-
not be put back into the bottle; the knowledge
that Aladdin's lamp has been discovered ; that the

520

RECREATION IN THE YEARS TO COME

1936 Edition
Swimming Pool Data
and Reference Annual

• Xow being prepared for
the press. Pre-publication
price $1.00. After publica-
tion, the regular price of
$2.00 per copy will be main-
tained permanentl}'.

Hoffman -Harris, Inc.

404 Fourth Avenue
New York City

power to create immense quantities of goods by
magic is in our hands. We know we can do it,
and so many of us know how to do it that the
knowledge can't be lost. •

Into the Golden Age

That is one side of the electric potential that
constitutes the force of our destinies. The other
side is the age-old desire of humanity for plenty,
for ease, for security, for comfort. For half a
million years, or whatever you want to call it, for
a large number of generations, the human race,
almost all the lives of all our forebears have been
lived in scarcity, poverty, and constant danger of
humiliation and despair. We have dreamed of the
Golden Age. We have dreamed of the time when
we could turn a button and magic things would
happen. We have come to that time. We are
turning buttons and putting raw materials in at
one end and out the other end come all kinds of
interesting things done up in cellophane.

Under those circumstances we have now come
to the beginning of civilization. What that civiliza-
tion will be we don't know. We are the primi-
tives. How should we know? We don't know
any more about what civilization will be two hun-

dred years from now than the Argonauts knew
about the Parthenon. The thing that we have done
is to find the material basis for civilization and a
few little preliminary glimpses of possible arts of
living. Among those arts are the beginnings of
the' art of recreation as Americans will do it.
What it will be we don't know. Probably it will
be something different from what we might sup-
pose, but we can at least recognize that the mak-
ings of a civilization are now in primitive form
in our hands. The makings of this civilization
involve the prospect of a long continuance of
])hysical plenty and an unruly, irresponsible,
mixed group of people who will be hard to hold,
who will refuse to obey laws, and who have the
marvelous technique for not obeying regulations
which was brought to perfection under the pro-
hibition law — people on whom you can count to
wiggle out of any sort of an attempt to regiment
them.

Having that sort of American people and the
Age of Plenty, all we need to do now is to arrange
our institutions in such a way that our people will
be able to enjoy plenty, and then watch us go.
Where ? Who cares ? That is not for us to worry
about. All we need to worry about is that we
should have freedom, opportunities, and facili-
ties and that in so far as possible we should direct
the beginnings of our civilization into ways that
have some possibility of turning out to be fruitful
and desirable.

y\mong those various things and in a situation
of that kind, where activity of all sorts is increas-
ing, where opportunities for doing the things that
people want to do are increasing, numerous lead-
ers will be/ necessary, and in a situation of that
kind you will find a growing field for your opera-
tions in the future.

Note: Mr. Coyle's address was delivered at the
Recreation Congress h^ld in Chicago September 30-
October 5.

When Recreation Executives Meet

(Continued from pane 49V j
ment has installed its own water system in three
of the ])arks thereby cutting down the water bill
l)y two-thirds. In wooded areas where there are
shrubbery groups, ])lantings and flower beds have
been rearranged so that the mowing can be done
by tractors. If a baseball field is built by relief
workers it is possible to keep it in repair through
the labor of relief workers. In Mr. McDonald's
judgment the maintenance of the facility is just

WHEN RECREATION EXECUTIVES MEET .

521

as much the obligation of the emergency agency
as the construction of the facility or the putting
on of the program for its use.

"I have been greatly discouraged about the pub-
lic works program at times; at other times I have
looked at it as the greatest thing that has ever
come to our city. So let's look at the program,
study it with respect to our needs, and instead of
saying, 'Why in the world did they do this?' or
'Why didn't they do that?' let's say, 'What is it
our system needs that this program will give us?' "

Speaking of the workers made available through
the emergency agencies. Mr. McDonald said : "In
our cities we have had splendid work from FERA
and CW A workers in the construction of the bath
houses and buildings we have put up. The cement
work, the curbs and gutters that have been con-
structed siiow just as good workmanship as that
done by contractors. When you make a mule out
of a man and put him on a wheelbarrow job you
won't have efficiency ; when you put him on a job
when he can see something definite as a result of
his work, you will get efficiency." Mr. McDonald
also commented on the value of the work done in
Kansas by the FERA recreation workers. "Those
of you who know anything about western Kansas
know that life there has been a pretty sordid thing
during the last few years. And I want to tell you
that these workers in going from town to town
and preacliing the doctrine of recreation have
done more in the year they were carrying on ac-
tivities than has ever been done before in our
state."

The Enlarged Recreation Service
of the National Parks

(Continued from page 502)
believe that we are going places and doirig things,
thanks to the fine spirit of cooperation we have
received from the states and the realization of the
part of everyone of the real necessity for proper
recreation facilities and leadership in their use.

The day is here when recreation is no longer a
luxury ; it is a necessity. It will never go back to
the luxury stage ; it is here and here to stay.

There is under consideration by the adminis-
tration a bill which will permit the National Park
Service to continue, in its cooperation with the
states and the political subdivisions in unifying
and in working out the recreation problem, in
getting Illinois and Iowa, Mississippi and Louisi-

Announcing . . .

a new and unusual book on

Tap Dancing

with a musical note
for every tap

which makes tap dancing
amazingly .simple and
easy for beginners ....
indispensable for danc-
ing instructors. A book
like no other on the market, with
steps analyzed from both a tech-
nical and musical standpoint. . . .
Each routine is set to an original
musical composition.

Maroj'f.rite .Tudd who is a graduate in phy-
sical education from Battle Creek College,
professional dancer in vaudeville and musical
comedy, director of dancing and individual
gymnastics at Central Branch, Y.W.C.A. of
the City of Xew York.

. . and . .

Howard M. Stuart wlio has divided his
career of thirteen years in the theater be-
tween dancing and music. . . . He has directed
his own orchestra, composed music, produced
dance routines for vaudeville and club work
and is a teacher of tap dancing.

Miss Judd and Mr. Stuart have
been associated professionally
as entertainers and in classes for
the past four years. . . . At
present they are both teaching
in Nexv York City.

Illustrated by

THELMA S. MENDSEN

$1.00

THE WOMANS PRESS

600 Lexington Avenue, New York, N. Y.

522

VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE THROUGH THE ORGANIZED CLUB

ana, and all the other states together in develop-
ing a recreation program that will adequately take
care of our people.

Note: Address delivered by Mr. Wirth at the Rec-
reation Congress at Chicago.

Hartford's Racial Culture Program

(Continued from pai/c 507)
as a permanent recreational project. From the
outset and all during the presentations, the divi-
sion had the hearty cooperation of Mayor Beach
^nd other city officials, particularly Alderman
Frank C. Tindale, chairman of the Mayor's Ter-
centenary Committee, whose assistance and co-
ordination with Mr. Dillon aided materially in the
promotion and presentation of the programs.

Vocational Guidance Through the
Organized Club

(Continued from l>aije 511)

d. Research activity by committees in dif-
ferent fields.

e. Talks by employed members about their
industries.

f. Program of coordination with home,
church, school and industry through invita-
tion to ministers, teachers, principals, em-
ployers, and parents to talk at meetings ; to
act on the club adult advisory committee; to
secure significant school data, and to make
available to the home and school the data
secured through the club and where possible
conference with other agencies involved to
unify the guidance program.

It is not to be assumed from the preceding
comments that the writer thinks the club the
only eflfective instrument in gaining the stated
objectives. On the contrary, it must be defin-
itely understood that the club is but a supple-
mentary and complementary agency whose
very effectiveness depends upon continuous
close relationships with all the institutions in
our highly complex modern society. The club
is simply another agency whose primary func-
tion is cooperation. The club supervisor who
fails to recognize this misses completely the
real values of the club as a help in the "life
advisement" process.

Z>^iei\j leacWmc Ulaieiial loi ilte Kec\eailou. Uilecioi

The Education Division of the National Safety Council publishes a variety of
material designed to aid in the teaching of safety on the playground or in
the school. We recommend the following:

SAFETY EDUCATION MAGAZINE— A monthly publication con-
taining colored posters, graded lesson outlines, short plays
and stories, informational articles, etc.

Price $1.00 a year

THE JUNIOR SAFETY COUNCIL— A handbook of safety activi-
ties containing practical program suggestions, patrol organi-
zation and references.

Price $.35

Price $1.00

Education Division, National Safety Council

ONE PARK AVENUE NEW YORK, N. Y.

New Publications in i-he Leisure Time Field

Active Games and Contests

By Bernard S. Mason and E. D. Mitchell. A. S. Barnes
and Company, New York. $3.00.
ERE IN one volume are over 1800 games and contests
covering the field of active play. The activities are
classified according to contests 'between individuals ; con-
tests between groups ; team games, and water, winter
and mounted activities. The book is a companion volume
to Social Games for Recreation, which was reviewed
in the June issue of Recre.xtion. Recreation workers will
find both books exceedingly helpful.

Our U.S.A. — A Gay Geography

Text by Frank J. Taylor. Maps by Ruth Taylor. Little,

Brown and Company, Boston. $3.50.
A GAV geography indeed is this volume in which our
'* American land and American life are described by
::tatcs in words and in brightly colored maps presenting
the characteristics of the life and physical features of
the various states. For readers young and old 'there is
amusement and information. Those who wish to use
the book for educational purposes will find it in line
with the latest attitude toward geography which con-
siders human beings and their activities as the center of
geographical interest.

Children of the Handcrafts

Bv Carolyn Sherwin Bailev. The X'ikiiig Press, Xew

"York. $2.00.
11 ERE ARE fascinating stories of boys and girls who
'' played a part in the development of crafts in our
country; of little Rebecca Lefferts stitching her star and
crescent quilt ; of Duncan Phyfe who came to America
as a small boy; Paul Revere, the silversmith, and of
Macock Ward, the boy apprentice to the clock-making
trade in old Connecticut. Grace PauU mjide the attractive
lithographs which illustrate the book.

Leisure Time Bibliography

By Fred J. Schmidt, Jr. Industrial Arts Department,

Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa. $1.00.
A s INTEREST in hobbies and avocations grow, it is in-
'* creasingly important to have available sources of
information in the many varied subjects in the field of
hobbies. This guide to books and magazine articles per-
taining to leisure time and to avocational interests related
to industrial arts education provides a comprehensive
bibliography on handcraft of various types and arts and
other cultural interests. There is a brief section devoted
to outstanding books on leisure in general.

Crafts for Children

By R. R. Tomlinson. The Studio Publications, Inc., New

York. Paper bound, $3.50; cloth, $4.50.
I I ERE IS A fascinating publication on crafts made doubly
attractive by the beautiful illustrations of which
there are over a hundred. The discussion deals with a
definition of crafts and how they have 'been practiced
and taught in the past, followed by chapters on Craft
Teaching Today ; Craft Teaching in Many Lands ;
Principles; Methods, and Summary and Conclusions.
"In this machine age," concludes the author, "when all
is speed and bustle, let us take care that we do not
develop in our children streamlined minds lest they be
not able to tarry by the way."

How to Ride Your Hobby

By A. Frederick Collins. D. Appleton-Century Com-
pany, New York. $2.00.
AAr. COLLINS has given us a very stimulating book on
hobbies, their values, how to safeguard them, and
how to ride them. The information — and there are a
multitude of practical suggestions — is presented in
popular readable style. The material is classified under
the following headings : Some Collecting Hobbies ; Some
Plant Hobbies ; Some Animal Hobbies ; The Manual
Arts Hobbies ; Model-Making Hobbies ; The Fine Arts
Hobbies ; The Photographic Arts Hobbies ; About
Musical Hobbies ; A Few Amusement Hobbies ; A Few
Entertainment Hobbies; Scientific Hobbies. There are
many diagrams throughout the book. We venture to
state that any hobbyist looking for information about
his pet project will not be disappointed.

Organized Camping and Progressive
Education

By Carlos Edgar Ward. Informal Education Service,
Nashville, Tennessee. $2.00.

T HE author's purpose in writing this volume has 'been
to provide a source book of helpful practices and
processes for counselors and camp directors and to bring
to parents a more understanding interest in the possibili-
ties and limitations of organized camping. It has been
written in three parts, each designed to serve a distinct
purpose : Part I, to sketch a picture of the movement in
the setting up of American civilized life; Part II, to
bring the reader a close-up of actual camping experiences ;
Part III, to evaluate the organized camp in the light of
modern social science and educational theory.

523

524

NEPV PUBLICATIONS IN THE LEISURE TIME FIELD

Home Handicraft for Boys.

Bv A. N'eelv Hall. J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia,

$2.00.

The new and enlarged edition of this popular book

contains over 400 illustrations. Any boy can follow the

clear directions given which will show him how to make

• games, airplanes, boats, furniture for his room, garden

gadgets and things for the kitchen, pantry and laundry.

It is indeed "a splendid hook for every boy from eight

to eighty."

America's Story As Told in Postage Stamps.

By Edward Monington Allen. Whittlesey House,
McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York. $2.50.
It may not be generally known that almost every im-
portant event in American history has been commemor-
ated by the government in the form of a special issue of
postage stamps. From the early, almost legendary voyages
of the Vikings to the Byrd .Antarctic Fxpedition and the
California Pacific International Exposition, the course of
American history has been rather fully illustrated in
stamps. America's Story As 'I old In Postage Statnps
charts the course of our history and ingenuiously employs
these commemorative stamps to illustrate the record.
There are special frames in which the reader may affix
real stamps to illustrate the text, and great care has been
taken to select for this purjxjse only those stamps which
may be purchased very reasonably. It is the hope of the
author that the book will help every boy and girl who
delights in collecting stamps to a better understanding of
our nation's history. .Adults as well as children will find
the book keenly interesting. And one need not be a stamp
collector to enjoy it.

How to Watch Football.

'By Lou Little. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.,
New York. $2.50.
In this book the reader watches a typical college foot-
ball game with Lou Little, head coach at Columbia
University, who explains as the game progresses the
significance of the various plays, rulings and strategems.
In addition Mr. Little includes a brief outline of his own
methods of building a team. The reader will enjoy
future games the more for having read Mr. Little's ex-
planation of technique and the fine points of the game
which the average spectator ordinarily misses.

Party Book of Songs, Stunts and Games.

Edited by Kenneth S. Clark. PauU-Pioneer Music
Corporation, New York, $.25 ; West of the Rockies,
$.30.
Mr. and Mrs. America and their family are invited to
"sing, play and be happy" with this collection of songs,
stunts and games. There are SO songs with music ar-
ranged for harmonica and guitar. For many of these
songs Mr. Clark has gone back to the days of "The
Sidewalks of New York," "Daisy Bell" and others of
this same type. The games, which cover a wide variety of
activities, are arranged under tlie following headings :
Out-You-Go Games ; Let's Get Active ; Quickies and
Tests ; Paper and Pencil Games : The Word's the Thing ;
Match and Coin Stunts ; Acting 'Em Out.

Water Sports for Women and Girls.

Spalding's Athletic Library. No. 125R. $.25.
Official rules for swimming and diving are given in
this new publication in the series of athletic activities for
women and girls. The booklet al.so contains full informa-
tion on national telegraphic meets and a number of
articles on water sports. A list of motion picture films
on swimming, diving and life saving is included and
there are a number of bibliographies.

American Planning and Civic Annual,

Edited by Harlean James. American Planning and
Civic Association, Union Trust Building, Washing-
ton, D. C. Free to members ; to non-members, $3.00.
The American Planning and Civic Association, wliich
represents the union of the American Civic Association
and the National Conference on City Planning, announces
the publication of its Annual. This consists of a record
of recent civic advance, including the proceedings of the
Conference on City, Regional, State and National Plan-
ning held at Cincinnati in May 1935, and addresses selec-
ted from the National Conference on State Parks held
at Skyland, Virginia, June 1935. Over eighty individuals
have contributed to this volume which contains a number
of photographs showing views of national and state
parks and governmental projects

Fun and Festival from Latin America.

By Helen Garvin. Friendship Press, New York. $.25.
Here are fascinating glimpses of the fun and festivals
which characterize the vast region to the south of us.
They bring us a realization of the richness of Latin
.\merica culture, its folkways and manner of life.
Patriotic and religious festivals are described, and there
is a section on music and one on drama. Information
is given on the games and sports engaged in. and we learn
of the food which is served at teas and suppers. -V
bibliography completes the booklet.

Embroidery Design.

By Mollv Booker. The Studio Publications, Inc.,

New York City. $3.50.
Good design is essential to the promotion of beautiful
work in embroidery. It is not, however, as the author
points out, as difficult a problem as it is sometimes made
to appear. The book gives definite suggestions on how
to make a design, and also discusses embroidery in
general, materials and method, and stitchery. .An analysis
of fifteen works in embroidery is presented. There are
over thirty interesting illustrations.

Officers and Directors of the National
Recreation Association

OFFICERS

TosEPif Lee. President
.toHN H. FiNLEY, First Vice-Preside.nt
.ToHN G. WiNANT, Second Vice-President
Robert Garrett. Third Vice-President
GuSTAVus T. KiRBY. Treasurer
Howard S. Brauciier, Secretary

DIRECTORS
Mrs. Edward W. Biddle, Carlisle. Pa.
William Butterworth. Moline. III.
Clarence M. Clark, Philadelphia, Pa.
Henry L. Corbett, Portland, Ore.
Mrs. Arthur G. Cummer, Jacksonville. Fla.
F. Trubee Davis6n, Locust Valley. L. I., N. Y.
John H. Finley, New York, N. Y.
Robert Garrett, Baltimore. Md.
Austin E. Griffiths, Seattle, Wash.
Charles Hayden, New York. N. Y.
Mrs. Charles V. Hickox, Michigan City. Ind.
AIrs. Edward E. Hughes. West Orange, N. J.
Mrs. Francis deLacy Hyde. Plainfield, N. J.
Gustavus T. Kirby, New York, N. Y.
H. McK. Landon, Indianapolis, Ind.
Mrs. Charles D. Lanier, Greenwich, Conn.
Robert Lassiteh, Charlotte, N. C.
Joseph Lee, Boston, Mass.
Edward E. Loomis, New York. N. Y.
J. H. McCuRDY, SprinKfield, Mass.
Otto T. Mat.lery. Philadelphia, Pa.
Walter A. May, Pittsburgh. Pa.
Carl E. Milliken, Augusta. Me.
Mrs. Ogden L. Mills. Woodbury, N. Y.
Mrs. Tames W. Wadsworth, Jr., Washington, D. C.
J. C. Walsh. New York. N. Y.
Frederick M. Warburg. New York. N. Y.
John G. Winant, Concord, N. H.
.Mrs. William H. Woodin, jr., Tucson, Ariz.

"Mak(

AKE" is as fundamental
than love.

a command for most people as eat and sleep, only less imperative

Starved, thwarted, twisted are many of the men who have no chance to make with
their hands. A single repetitive motion day after day, year after year, does not satisfy the hand that
aches to be making something that is a complete whole, that shall stand as a visible evidence of one-
self as man the creator.

Call no man dull until you have seen his hands at work. Some gifted men are morons as far
as their hands are concerned. Let hands be unused generation after generation and the fingers may
atrophy and almost disappear.

Great as has been our waste of our natural resources in land and coal and oil, such waste is
small compared to our waste of creative craft capacity in men and women for adding to the beauty
of the world.

For many, "hand" work may be in the home, in the church. No new institution, no new
building is needed. Merely leadership and not too much of that. What is needed is an atmosphere in
which men are encouraged to develop such native gifts and capacities as they possess.

Why make things with ones hands? Why try to sketch, to paint, to sculpture, to carve, to
whittle, to build, to construct — when one is not to be paid, perhaps when one has no use for the
particular article made?

The answer is simple — that is the kind of animal man is. The little child piles block on
block, covers great sheets of paper with his drawings. Primitive man, instead of sitting in idleness
when he has caught enough game and fish, carves and decorates. Perhaps some inner idea will find
outer expression. Perhaps in making with his hands he will help to discover, after all, who he is —
what is his essential nature. Perhaps his hands will help him to achieve an immortal soul.

Language is only one means of communication — sound is only one side of life.

A piece of sculpture by Einar Jonnsen in the museum in Reykjavik, Iceland, "speaks" to one
so distinctly, so irrevocably, that ever after the world is a different place. One has a new vision of
the upreach of the human soul.

One understands better Norwegian people when one has seen back in the mountains even the
outbuildings, the barns, the sheepfolds, centuries old, hand carved — labor of the long winter days
and evenings — not for utility, but evidence of the restless activity of an indomitable spirit seeking
to be born, to find itself.

Culture is not a matter of words and sounds alone. The hands may speak also — may con-
vey messages, may reveal thoughts and emotions too deep and too sacred for careless, easily uttered
words. Out of the depths of a supposedly inarticulate person may come a message, sculptured,
carved, that stuns.

Working with wood and brass and clay and marble, fashioning images of dreams and emo-
tions too real for tripping words, man becomes articulate, reveals himself even to himself, lives in
another world, understands himself better, whence he has come, whither he is moving, adds another
dimension to his world.

No recreation worker, seeking to give men and women everywhere the makings of an
abundant life, can ignore what man hath wrought with his hands, what men do now in the crafts,
what cravings lie deep inside men that will find satisfation only in activity of the hands.

Howard Braucher.

February I 936

525

Courtesy Michigan Education Journal

526

Photo by John L. J

The Community Center

By Ethel M. Bowers

as a

Neighborhood Club House

Kalherine F. Barker Memorial Field Secretary

Recreation and Athletics for Women and Girls

National Recreation Association

THK KiiAL community center meets the needs of
all people of the neighborhood, not just a few
of one age or one type. It is not merely an
athletic center attracting only the most vigorous
young people in organized leagues, although ath-
letics form a part of its program. It is not to be
thought of as a night school for the education of
ambitious intelligentsia, although many of its
classes, clubs and forums do offer exceptional
educational opportunities. Neither is it a hangout
place for the idle of the community, though every
effort of an energetic director is made to attract
the street corner loafer to its activities. Finally, it
must not be considered as just a convenient place
for neglectful parents to send their children and
young people, to be kept out of mischief, while
the parents pursue their own amusement.

What then is a real community center? It is a
school or other building located in a residential
district open mornings, afternoons and evenings,
and frequently all day Saturday, with an or-
ganized educational-recreational program which
attracts boys and girls, both aimless and ambitious
youth, busy adults and even old people with time
hanging heavy on their hands.
To meet the needs of such
varied age groups and their
many diversified interests, it
must have certain policies and
a comprehensive program.
To build the right kind of
atmosphere, neighborhood
morale, community center
consciousness, or whatever it
may be called, as well as a
varied program, requires a
director with keen under-
standing and ability to get

"Many things have been done in this city
for the benefit of its people, but it is
doubtful if any one feature of the city's
life has been productive of more good
or more happiness than the social cen-
ters . . . The social center, it may be said,
brings to its section of the big city the
small town benefits for those who make
use of it. Classes in useful things are
carried on, lessons in minor arts and
crafts are given. There is training that
makes it easier to carry on in the outside
world." Extracts from editorial in the
Milwaukee Sentinel, Sept. 21, 1933.

A community center is described and sug-
gestions are offered for organization,
leadership, facilities, and activities.

along with people. To promote a program he
must be assisted by sympathetic staff members
who are more interested in people's welfare and
happiness than they are in teaching a class or
earning a salary. All, from the janitor and door-
man up, must be selected most carefully and
trained for this work.

To get a real picture of this new social agency
we have visited not one but actually hundreds of
well-organized community centers. Let us make
a composite picture of our impressions.

A Visit to a Center

The Doorman. As we enter the community cen-
ter we are met by the doorman who greets us with
a smile and shows us where to check our wraps.
He has been instructed to be dignified, courteous
and friendly, yet stern when necessary, and to pay
special attention to strangers, the timid, old and
poorly dressed. He has a dual responsibility as a
watchman and a reception committee of one, for
it is through him we get our
first impression of the cen-
ter. Many times it is his
quick judgment and tact that
have saved an embarrassing
situation, for he must keep
out undesirables, maintain
order in the hall, escort
unruly patrons from the
building, make periodic trips
about the grounds and dis-
courage loitering and smok-
ing at the door. His job of
keeping out the inevitable

527

528

THE COMMUNITY CENTER AS A NEIGHORHOOD CLUB HOUSE

small boy when he is not

supposed to be in the

building and sending him

away from basement windows is in itself no small

task!

Hosts and Hostesses. When we enter the main
hall we may be greeted by one of several people.
In some centers a member of the stafif called the
"clerk-hostess" is seated at a desk to meet all pa-
trons, inspect their membership cards, keep rec-
ords of attendance, make out reports and direct
people to their rooms. This relieves the director
of much detailed responsibility, permitting him to
move freely about the building as he should. In
other centers the director greets the patrons in the
main hall during the early and late parts of the
evening unless he is called elsewhere by an emer-
gency. In still other cases two council members
serve as volunteer hosts or hostesses each even-
ing. This gives them an added sense of respon-
sibility in making the center a success. Doormen,
staff and volunteers should endeavor to learn and
call by name as many people as possible, making
use of any foreign languages they can if the oc-
casion warrants.

Checking. Now we give our wraps to the
checkroom boy. He is probably a college student
or part tim^e worker. He also greets us pleasantly
and learns our names if possible. There are many
reasons for requiring that coats and hats be
checked. It provides for orderly entrance and
exit, encourages longer visits and prevents un-

The "Knights of the Round Table"— a Mil-
waukee social center club of distinction!

necessary passing in and
out. It adds dignity and a
club atmosphere to the
center. In case of a discipline problem, the person
in question may be found sooner or later at the
checkroom ! Finally, the appearance of the club
rooms is greatly improved if coats and hats are
not lying about. There is no charge for checking
and no tipping.

The Director of the Center. The director is just
returning to the main hall from an inspection tour
on the opening of the center. He has a full-time
position and real responsibility. He is in charge
of the physical equipment and must do his utmost
to prevent misuse of property especially if the
program is conducted in a building controlled by
the Board of Education or some other depart-
ment. He is responsible for the efificiency of the
staff and the success of all the program, especially
all center- wide projects, community nights, par-
ties and general programs. He is the publicity
specialist for the center, host, chief disciplina-
rian, judge. In fact, he is the one who makes the
center a success or failure. Though he may work
through a council or committee, and see that they
get all the credit, it is he who must quietly see that
the council works harmoniously and in the right
direction. Tact, patience, personality, the ability
to get along with people, vision and drive are his
qualifications.

THE COMMUNITY CENTER AS A NEIGHORHOOD CLUB HOUSE

529

Non-Membership Activities

Now we are ready to visit the activities. At the
time of our visit the center is in full swing, most
of the people have arrived, all of the "kinks" have
heen ironed out, so the community center director
volunteers to be our guide, (incidentally making
another inspection tour) and tells us about the
center as we go.

"First let us visit the so-called non-membership
activities. There aie two types of people attend-
ing community centers — the joiners and the
drifters. The director and staff try to get all of
the aimless people who drift into the building to
join one or more of the teams, classes or clubs,
Ijut this is not always possible. Therefore, a num-
ber of rooms are open to anyone without the for-
mality of becoming a member or attending regu-
larly. Strangers are attracted to these rooms, also
those whose time is limited or whose working
hours are irregular, and those who do not want
the responsibility of club membership and dues.
In these rooms strangers become acquainted, and
leaders, learning of their special interests, recom-
mend organized activities for them to join. More-
over, these non-membership activities attract
members of clubs and classes at times when these
groups are not in session.

Lounge. "Xear the en-
trance of the building, su- ^ g^^^p ^^ ^.^^^ ;„ ^ 3^^;^, ^^^^^^ ^f

pervised by the clerk-hostess Milwaukee concentrate on making masks

from her desk, by the director or volunteer coun-
cil members, we find a lounge where patrons are
encouraged to meet members of their families and
friends, rather than blocking the hall and en-
trance. If this room is provided with easy chairs,
growing things, newspapers, magazines and a
radio, it can have a homelike atmosphere and be
in constant use. In one school the basement first-
aid room is nightly changed into an attractive
lounge-library by the addition of some bright
colored table runners and vases, and the opening
of a box of books and the distribution of popular
magazines.

Library and Reading Room. "A library is a great
asset to a community center. If possible, it is a
branch of the public library under a trained li-
brarian. If such a worker is not possible the co-
operation of the city librarian should be secured
and the worker should follow the same procedure
of issuing books. In any event, books and maga-
zines can be collected and kept in a box or cup-
board to be distributed by a part time worker.

Table Game Rooms. "The table game room,

equipped with many chairs and small tables, is

presided over by one of the mo.st sympathetic and

capable part-time leaders. In a cupboard are many

games from which to choose. The leader not only

issues requested games but

also suggests new ones,

teaches small groups or

530

THE COMMUNITY CENTER AS A NEIGHORHOOD CLUB HOUSE

junior leaders how to play them, arranges tourna-
ments and sees that popular games are not mo-
nopolized by one individual or one group, and
that general discipline is maintained.

"In the same room or nearby, perhaps in the
halls, if space and fire laws permit, are other
games, not exactly table games, yet not consid-
ered active games — table tennis, shuffleboard, dart
baseball, box bowling and other floor, wall or
large table games, supervised in many cases by
the same leader.

Adult Game Rooms. "If older men are to be
reached it is necessary to provide them with a
quiet room of their own for chess and checkers,
skat and other card games, permitting them to
smoke, and placing the responsibility on one of
their own number. The equipment is kept and
issued by the table games room leader and the
group supervised occasionally by the director.

• "In another room a mixed adult group may be
enjoying informal bridge, rook, rummy or what-
ever the popular game is. On certain evenings one
will find organized instruction classes in contract
bridge, skat, checkers, chess and also parties and
tournaments.

Girls' Recreation Rooms. "Frequently we find
girls who do not enjoy playing in the table games
room which is crowded with boys. Therefore we
provide a girls' recreation room with a sympa-
thetic leader and a piano. Besides table games of
all kinds there are magazines attractive to girls,
and sometimes we have instruction in simple
handcrafts, or group singing around the piano.
Girls are encouraged to bring their boy friends
here for a chat or to participate in the games or
singing. This room serves as a feeder to the
classes and clubs for girls and mixed groups.

Billiard Room. "Billiard rooms have been estab-
lished at some community centers with excellent
results. Children are not admitted to this room,
and very careful supervision is provided, remov-
ing it as far as poossible from the atmosphere of
the commercial billiard room. The leader's per-
sonality and ability to maintain discipline and or-
ganize contests are important. Such a room is
often the means of attracting members of a street
gang to the center, and a stepping stone to other
organized activities. The leader sees that a sys-
tem is established to insure equal distribution of
the playing time. For those who are waiting their
turn, checkers and magazines suited to young men
are provided.

Active Game Room. "A bare basement rouin
has been equipped for active play by screening thr
windows and lights. Here the boy whose idea if
a good time is strenuous physical activity can Ijc
satisfied. In fact, the boys' favorite name for this
room is 'the rough house room.' In it active games
are played under the leadership of an ingen-
ious person who can adapt games to the limited
space and keep up interest through leagues and
tournaments.

Showers. "If facilities or funds are available,
shower rooms add much to the efficiency of the
athletic programs and contribute to individual and
community health.

Classes

"Now let us visit the class activities in the com-
munity center. There are five types of workers.
The central office usually provides a skeleton staff
of workers for each center, composed of the di-
rector and a corps of recreation leaders. A num-
ber of workers are employed by the department on
part time for special classes, depending upon the
activities desired by the patrons of the center and
available finances. Then there are the instructors
paid by special fees collected from class members.
A fourth group of leaders are provided by other
agencies such as the American Red Cross, and the
fifth are volunteers.

"All workers must have certain characteristics
in common if they are to succeed as recreation
leaders. We look to them for sympathetic under-
standing, vision, adaptability, courteousness, firm-
ness and energy. One who is bound by tradition
or who considers subject matter more important
than people will fail in this work. The true recre-
ation leader sees that the group has a wholesome
good time, with sociability held much more im-
portant than technical progress, although some-
thing new should be learned at every meeting.
One cannot always conduct a recreation class int
the manner of formal day school instruction; thatj
is, keep the class together on the same project, or J
set a definite goal to be reached at a specified time.
One must start with the interests and abilities of
the individual members, progress as fast as they
are capable in the general direction desired, but
willing to change the plans to include worthwhile
side interests at almost any provocation. More-
over, each leader must be versatile in his own field.

Staff and Part Time Leaders. "In the gymnasiuni||
the leaders must be able to handle large groups of '"

THE COMMUNITY CENTER AS A NEIGHORHOOD CLUB HOUSE

531

younger children in games, classes and athletics
for young men and for business girls; older men's
volleyball ; women's gymnasium classes ; tap and
social dancing for mixed groups. Teams must be
organized, intramural leagues and tournaments
conducted without friction, demonstrations and
specialty immbers coached, play days and gym
parties planned. It is an unusual physical edu-
cator who can accomplish all of these things suc-
cessfully. Care must be taken that informal
neighborhood use of the gymnasium is not crowd-
ed out through a monopoly of formal league
games.

"The music department, too, needs several fine
leaders. We like to see harmonica and ukulele
clubs, choruses
for men's, wom-
en's and mixed
groups, bands, a
popular orches-
tra of many in-
struments from
guitars to saxa-
phones and a
symphonic type
of orchestra. Our
musician should
be able to secure
cooperation and
contributions of
instruments, mu-
sic and money ;
organize festi-
vals or contests;
sponsor holiday

programs and, with the dramatics, handcraft and
physical education leaders, produce minstrels,
musical comedies and operettas and pageants. Re-
hearsals should be enjoyable, parties and socials
frequent, group attendance at worthwhile con-
certs encouraged, and above all the organization
should be given every opportunity to perform not
only in its own center but before outside audiences.

"The dramatic leader has an equally busy time
with story-telling, stunts, skits, playlets, puppets
or marionettes, one-act plays and possibly an ad-
vanced dramatic club producing three-act plavs.
This worker must secure the cooperation of other
members of the staff or volunteers in constructing
scenery and making programs and posters, orga-
nizing committees to sell tickets, and enlisting
mothers' clubs or handcraft classes to make cos-
tumes and collect properties. Visits to theaters

and to other dramatic clubs should be arranged
and lecturers invited to the club meetings. As
with music groups, the dramatic organizations
should be invited to give performances for various
audiences.

"Usually many handcraft workers must be em-
ployed, each for his or her own special ability to
lead a single session or two. Sometimes, but not
often, a very versatile worker can be found to
conduct model airplane classes, clubs and con-
tests, teach metal and leather craft and wood-
working, make scenery and properties for major
productions, and be an artist, painter, and sculp-
tor besides. Usually talented married women are
used to teach sewing, knitting, millinery and

In a number of cities chess is a very
popular social center activity for men

needlecraft classes on a part time basis. Such
women must not only be clever craftsmen but ac-
complished hostesses as well, if the women's
groups are to be successful, for sociability is as
important in these recreation groups as painting
a plaque or remaking a dress. All crafts workers
should cooperate with the music, dramatic and
physical education leaders in the production of the
all-center demonstrations, holiday parties and
shows of all kinds. The handcraft and fashion
shows are planned and conducted by the hand-
craft leaders and their groups.

Leaders Paid by Special Fees. "It used to be that
in some systems classes in any subject requested
by fifteen or more people would be organized.
However, this is no longer possible, so we some-

532

THE COMMUNITY CENTER AS A NEIGHORHOOD CLUB HOUSE

times hnd the self-supporting
class conducted in the com-
munity center under the gen-
eral leadership of the director.
For example, if a group of
people in a center desire ex-
pert instruction in golf which
the recreation department
cannot provide in its budget,
they may club together, pay
a special fee, and receive in-
struction from a professional.
In such cases the fees are
paid to the director of the
center who in turn pays the instructor.

Leaders Loaned by Other Agencies. "Lately we
have had still another type of program sponsored
in community centers, usually at the request of
the director after he has ascertained the needs of
the community. This is the class taught by a
leader who is paid by some other fund. The Fed-
eral Government has provided many such leaders.
Occasionally the Board of Education may be per-
suaded to send teachers to the center for desired
night school subjects, or the American Red Cross
may find a leader for a first aid class, a child wel-
fare organization for child care and training
course, civic music associations or other organi-
zations for cultural and home-making subjects.
The possibilities are endless.

Volunteers. "We sometimes find an enthusiastic
volunteer who will lead groups in a favorite hobby
as regularly as a paid worker, especially in such
subjects as photography, astronomy and stamp
collecting. It is the director's duty to search out
these people and persuade them to give their
services.

Clubs. "In addition to the game rooms and
classes conducted by the regular staff we usually
find club groups in the community center which
are supervised by these same workers, especially
clubs of men, women, young men (who formerly
may have been members of gangs) business girls,
children, mixed young people's social clubs, bridge
or other card clubs, social dancing clubs of young
people or married couples, old time dancing clubs,
chess, checkers, horseshoes and many other clubs.
It is not usually necessary for a stafif member to
be with these groups all the time, but he or she
should supervise them, advise and help the club
officers in every possible way. However, newly
organized groups, unaccustomed to working to-

"The school that serves parents as well
as children will provide the adult with
abundant opportunity to cultivate his
intellectual powers, his esthetic abilities,
tastes and capacities for appreciation.
Thus may the increased power which in-
dustrialism has placed in the hands of
man be made the instrument for the
creation of a better and more beautiful
America, the education of a generation
not only capable of wise enjoyment of
their heritage but of enriching it, a gen-
eration in which the individual will more
nearly come into his own." — Jesse H.
Newlon in Our Schools.

gether, should have the clos-
est guidance and leadership
during the entire session."

Nationality Activities

As we go about the com-
nmnity center we learn that
since it is located in a neigh-
borhood composed of various
nationalities, many interest-
ing programs are sponsored
by the stafif working with the
national groups and their
leaders. For instance there is
the "Theater of the Nations," where weekly, dur-
ing a long winter season, a different national group
presents a play in its own language, with an
English synopsis provided for the spectators. At
other times there is a series of pageants, each de-
picting the music, songs and dances of a different
nation. An International Ball is a colorful thing,
with each person dressed in the costume of his
homeland, and alternating between the usual
social dances is an exhibition dance by each na-
tional group in turn, often accompanied by its own
musicians and singers. An annual Folk Art ex-
hibit entices many a treasured heirloom out of
dusty trunks for the delight of thousands of spec-
tators. The director continues : "It is very im-
portant that the thoughtless American born and
educated sons and daughters of our immigrants
learn to appreciate the culture that their parents
have brought from the old country. We can honor
the old people and change the attitude of their
children best by these neighborhood folk festi-
vals. Also we can learn much from them if we
ask a different foreign leader each week to teach
vis one favorite dance of his nation, or song, or
how to make one delicious dish in the cooking
class or some form of handcraft. In one mothers'
club coffee is invariably served, accompanied each
week by a cake or cookies of a different nation,
brought by members of the club. Afterwards,
those who wish the recipe secure it from the
proud housewife who baked it.

Self-Directed Groups

"And finally we have the self-directed group
which applies for permission to use the building,
such as the Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, Camp Fire
Girls or Girl Reserves, Parent-Teachers Associa-
tion, American Legion, civic associations, forums.

THE COMMUNITY CENTER AS A NEIGHORHOOD CLUB HOUSE

533

literary clubs and many others. One person,
usually the leader or president, is held responsi-
ble for the conduct of the group, and the director
1)1 the center keeps a watchful eye over the meet-
ing in his regular tours of inspection."

It is very desirable and helpful for the com-
munity center director to be active on boards or
committees of community service agencies, child
welfare groups and delinquency committees. ]\Iost
important of all, through working with them, he
secures the cooperation of these neighborhood or-
ganizations to expand his contacts, provide vol-
unteer leaders, raise money and collect supplies
for use in the center when the budget is not
adequate.

Organizing the Community Center
How are such community centers brought into
being? We asked this and many other questions
during the course of our visit. We found that
usually a central office such as the municipal rec-
reation department organizes and conducts the
playground and community center activities of the
entire city. Public tax funds provide for leader-
ship, supplies and equipment, and sometimes build-
ings and upkeep. More frequently, the municipal
recreation director arranges with other agencies,
especially the Board of Education, for use of their
facilities after hours, the recreation department
sometimes paying for light, heat, and janitor ser-
vice and, of course, supplying the director and
staff for each center. If the center is open five or
six days a week the one in charge has a full time
job. The staff members, specialists in
music, dramatics, handcraft and games,
may be part time workers in this center
only or on full time, serving in several
different centers in the course of a week.

Adaptation of Old Buildings
We usually find that community cen-
ters are most needed in the crowded,
older sections of the city, where there are
the oldest school buildings, least adapted
to recreation. However, wonders have
been accomplished in making these old
buildings meet the needs of community

A few samples of the work done by women
of a handcraft class in a social center

use. With a little imagination and careful plan-
ning, handy men, under wise guidance, have
adapted school buildings with a comparatively
small expenditure of money.

There should, of course, be an office for the
recreation director where he may keep his papers
and do his desk work. This need not be elaborate.
Often a part of a cloakroom or closet can pro-
vide desk and file space.

There should be a capacious supply room some-
where in the building. In addition, store rooms,
closets and cupboards are of infinite importance
and cannot be supplied too abundantly on each
floor. Day school supplies and equipment should
be kept entirely separate from those used by eve-
ning recreation groups.

In many old school buildings, attractive game
and club rooms have been constructed in the base-
ments by the addition of board partitions between
supporting pillars and whitewash or paint. Base-
ment recreation rooms have the advantage be-
cause their equipment does not have to be put out
of the way during the day time.

Rooms which can be attractively furnished as
club rooms are especially valuable. The planning
and making of the furniture and equipping the
rooms provides splendid community and club pro-
jects. Especially desirable for the club rooms are
gas and water connections, making the serving of
food possible.

Upstairs, the school class rooms can be remod-
eled at little expense for use of recreation groups '
without destroying their original effectiveness

534

THE COMMUNITY CENTER AS A NEIGHORHOOD CLUB HOUSE

The kindergarten and other rooms without desks
fastened down, need only a supply closet in the
cloakroom from which folding chairs and card
tables or long wooden tables on horses are brought
out nightly. Other class rooms, especially those
of the lower grades, are adapted by screwing the
desks in groups of two's on wide boards instead
of to the floor. Such an arrangement makes it
possible to remove the desks after school hours,
leaving the floor clear for dancing classes, club
meetings or craft groups. In the latter two cases
chairs, table tops and sewing machines are brought
in. This, of course, implies that there are ar-
rangements for storing this equipment on the floor
during the daytime.

All available special equipment in the school
such as rooms for sewing, cooking, woodwork-
ing, the gymnasium, auditorium, stage, library,
music room, teacher's rest room and cafeteria are
used by recreation leaders without change, ex-
cept perhaps for the addition of storage closets.
One class room was miraculously transformed
for use of the teaching of beauty culture by fas-
tening drop-leaf shelves under the chalk troughs
of the blackboards and installing under them elec-
tric light sockets. In the evening the shelves are
raised, portable mirrors are set up and curling
irons and other appliances attached. This room
was fortunate in having a washbowl to which a
shampoo hose and shower nozzle were attached.

Planning New Schools for Community
Center Use

When a new school building is proposed the
municipal recreation director should make every
effort to have the architects plan it for community
use. A main door of one wing should open into a
foyer where there is a desk commanding a view
of all hallways and stairs, with a director's office,
supply room and check room adjacent. Facilities
usable for the recreation of adults as well as chil-
dren should be grouped in this wing. These in-
clude gymnasium, showers and lockers, audi-
torium, cooking, sewing, woodworking, metal
craft and music rooms, cafeteria, library and
teachers' room. Basement game rooms should be
so constructed that a glass enclosed leader's desk
and supply cupboard overlooks two or three
rooms. One room should be planned as a "com-
munity room" for Parent-Teacher meetings, clubs,
parties, small dramatics or recitals and programs.
A small kitchen and pantry should adjoin this
room. The entire wing should be cut oflf from the

main building by locked doors and should be on
separate heating and lighting circuits. Plenty of
storage space and closets should be included in
this plan.

Publicity

No community center can serve the people
without adequate publicity. The municipal recre-
ation department should provide attractive fold-
ers showing the entire community center program,
for distribution at libraries, factories, stores, clubs
and welfare agencies and to be taken home by
school children and patrons of the center. News
releases should be prepared and given to the press
and every effort made to get editorials or feature
articles in leading newspapers. Addresses should
be made before civic organizations, labor groups
and religious bodies and over the radio. A week
previous to the opening of the social centers, the
Milwaukee Department secured the cooperation of
the Electric Transit Company in placing large
placards on the front of street cars, and a huge
electric sign on the facade of the city hall, reading
"Visit Social Centers."

Each center director must be a capable public-
ity man, getting news items in neighborhood
papers, mimeographing hand bills for the children
to carry home, making attractive posters for the
entrance hall, and contacting neighborhood civic,
religious, fraternal and nationality groups.

The Community Center Council

One of the best methods of publicizing the
community center is by word of mouth. Each
director needs the active assistance of leading
citizens in talking for the center, explaining it to
the uninitiated, and promoting its regular pro-
grams and special events by word and deed. •,
Therefore, in most community centers, we find \
some kind of council of laymen working to assist
the director and staff in neighborhood contacts
and in the conduct of special programs and social
dances. The composition of these councils vary
in different cities. The center director may form
an advisory council of influential people of the
neighborhood, older men and women who may
not care to participate in the activities of the cen-
ter but who can be of great help in interpreting
the work of the recreation department to the citi-
zens and "feeling the pulse" of the community for
the benefit of the staff. Such people as presidents
of the American Legion, Parent-Teacher Associ-
ation, Women's Clubs, fraternal orders and civic

THE COMMUNITY CENTER AS A NEIGHORHOOD CLUB HOUSE

535

clubs; ministers, school principals and other com-
munity and national group leaders, should be
asked to serve on this advisory council.

Sometimes we find the council formed by elec-
tion several months after the center opens. During
a certain week every club, class, team or group
using the building elects one or two representa-
tives to the community center council. These peo-
ple work with the director and staff in sponsor-
ing community nights, holiday programs, demon-
strations, closing banquets or parties and social
dances. Other center directors prefer to have
standing or temporary committees instead of a
permanently organized council. In any event, there
are many advantages in using laymen to develop a
center and promote its program. Councils and
committees often assist in conducting holiday
celebrations, provide funds for activities which the
center cannot provide, plan outings for children,
give awards for local contests,
act as judges for competitions,
interpret the needs of the com-
munity, make costumes and
provide properties and hand-
craft supplies, help break
down social and racial cleav-
ages, cooperate in solving
problems such as delinquency,
unemployment, civic improve-
ments and are available for
emergency calls of almost any
kind.

Policies

Another necessity to the success of all of the
centers is the establishment of basic policies by
the municipal recreation director and the center
directors. These have to do with minimum hours
the centers are open, what age groups are to be
admitted, procedure regarding discipline, smok-
ing and drinking, conduct of social dances and
the organization and work of community center
councils.

The well-organized centers are open morning,
afternoon and evening. If the center is open in
the morning and early afternoon, activities for
women and for those who are irregularly em-
ployed are usually conducted. More frequently
we find that centers are open from the close of
school, about 3:30, until 9:30 or 10:00 P.M.,
with an hour's closing for the evening meal. On
community nights or special programs the closing
hour may be extended until 11:00 P. M. Satur-
day, hours vary with the neighborhood, being

"Throughout the country every pub-
lic school house should be opened
at least once a week for the people
of the neighborhood, for the men and
women — teachers, laboring people,
physicians, bankers, a cross section
of the community — to meet to-
gether to discuss the great problems
which confront us." — Dr. William
Mather Lewis, President of Lafay-
ette College.

from 9 :oo A. M. until 6 :oo P. M. or from i :oo
P. M. until late at night.

The problem of children attending the center is
always a matter of discussion. In most neighbor-
hoods school children are admitted only in the
afternoons and during the day on Saturday. In
the evening they may attend when accompanied
by their parents, if they cannot be left at home.
Those no longer attending school, if over sixteen
years, are permitted to attend in the evening.
However, in certain sections of our large cities,
where the homes are overcrowded and poorly
heated, and the children are on the streets until
all hours, some directors find it necessary to admit
children in the evenings for certain activities. This
is inadvisable for it invariably tends to discourage
the attendance of adults and even youth, who do
not want to go where there are huge crowds of
noisy youngsters. Moreover, the administration is
liable to be criticized by the
school authorities who may
claim that the recreation de-
partment is attracting the chil-
dren away from homework
and early bed time.

One problem that is fre-
quently faced by center direc-
tors is the wandering gang of
boys whose sole delight is dis-
turbing any organized pro-
gram. If the gang originates
in the neighborhood, the di-
rector should be personally responsible for get-
ting the boys into teams, clubs or other activities
which will use up their excess energies and tend
to make good citizens of them. If the program is
disturbed by gangs from other neighborhoods, it
may be necessary to have a registration of all
community center members and issue cards of a
certain color to them, admitting to that center only
those holding the proper colored cards.

Usually smoking is not permitted in social cen-
ters. This rule is sometimes waived for certain
groups of older men meeting in rooms which are
so located and ventilated that they may enjoy their
pipe or cigar with their chess, checkers and cards.
If doorman or staff discover anyone whom they
suspect of drinking, that person is asked to spend
the evening elsewhere. This often requires all the
tact that the staff member has.

A Varied Weekly Program
Let us read quickly a folder showing what the

536

THE COMMUNITY CENTER AS A NEIGHORHOOD CLUB HOUSE

seventeen social centers and seven gymnasium and
auditorium centers of Milwaukee offer the
citizens.

Arts and Crafts

Applied Arts

Crocheting

Flower Making

Garment Remodeling

Knitting

Lamp Shades

Leather Tooling

Metal Work

Needle Craft

Painting

Patch Work Quilts

Pottery and Clay Modeling
Preparation and Serving

of Food
Rugs

Sculpturing

Sewing and Dressmaking
Toys
Weaving
Wood Carving and

Whittling
Woodwork

Home Care of the Sick

Beauty Culture and Personal Care

Athletics and Sports

Team Games
Gymnasium Classes
Low Organized Games

Dancing

Creative Dancing
Dances of Foreign Lands
Married People's Dance

Clubs
Old Time Dance Clubs ,

Games

Table Games

Billiards

Checkers

Literary Organizations

Debating Clubs

English for Foreign-born

Parliamentary Law Classes

Boxing
Table Tennis

Saturday Evening

Informals
Social Dancing
Tap Dancing

Chess

Contract Bridge

Public Speaking
Reading Groups
English Study Classes

Citizen Training for Foreign-horn

Classes in Beginners' English

Classes in Advanced English

Citizenship Classes for preparation for Naturalization

American Literature and History Classes for New

Americans
Free help in filling out first and second papers

Dramatics

Social Center Drama Clubs
Play Reading Groups

Music

Bands

Glee Clubs — Men and

Women
Mandolin and String

"Ensembles
Minstrel Troups

Milwaukee Social Center

Drama Guild
Milwaukee Players

Mixed Choruses

Novelty Bands

Opera Clubs

Orchestras

Ukulele Clubs

Vocal Training Classes

Camera Clubs and Photographic Clinic

Beginners' Course
Advanced Course
Photograph Clinic

Aeronautics and Model Planes

Radio

Short Wave Radio

Civic and Social Organizations

Civic Associations
Community Clubs
Guardian Clubs
Boy Scouts
Girl Scouts
Junior Optimist Clubs

Social, Study, and Hobby Clubs for All Ages
Parent-Teachers' Associations
Parent Training Classes
Married People's Social Clubs
Neighborhood Card Parties
■ Mothers' Clubs

Community Features

Weekly Entertainments

Motion pictures, recitals, concerts, lectures, plays, etc.
Saturday .Afternoon Children's Entertainments
Saturday Night Informals

Dancing and for those who do not care to dance —
table tennis, cards, social games, and visiting

Theatre Pre-Viczvs

Pre-views of dramatic and musical events
Discussion of plays or programs, authors or compos-
ers, and artists

Children's Theatre
Plays, concerts, puppets, magicians

Reading Rooms

Afternoon Children's Activities

Games, Gymnastics, tumbling, dancing, hiking, story-
telling, drama, and clubs for boys and girls of ele-
mentary school age

Children's Room

Evenings, for children brought by parents who cannot
leave them at home.

Special Events

In addition to these regularly organized activi-
ties there is a special event almost every week,
such as the opening night, Hallowe'en party,
Thanksgiving program, Christmas pageant and
party, gym demonstr^ion, music festival or con-
test, folk festivals, dramatics programs of all
kinds, handcraft and hobby show, fashion shows
in various seasons, athletic contests and play days
and parties and banquets.

Cooperation

Not only the director and staff, but the council
members, club officers, committees of all kinds,
national leaders, civic organizations, all work to
make these regular and special programs a suc-
cess. No wonder the director is proud of his staff
(Continued on page 564)

Recreation Experiments

Jessie Louise Beattie

Rural Communities

FOR MANY YEARS the countfy has been sacri-
ficed to the building of cities. When a
farmer raised his family to an age where
they began to think ambitiously of achievement
and progression, whether commercial or cultural,
they at once started their trek away from the land.
Indeed, if a country boy or girl did not show some
desire early in life to "go out into the world," he
was considered to be without "push," as country
people say. Even today it is seldom that the boy
who chooses to stay on the farm, the girl who re-
mains at home to help in the house, is pointed to
with pride by the neighborhood. But if William
goes to town and sells socks for a living, he re-
turns to his community a step high in the social
scale-— a step higher than his brother who grows
the finest wheat in the county and lives close to
the beautiful heart of the great outdoors.

Such a condition of aflfairs has gone on too
long. What brought it about, in the first place,
and why has it continued?

Not so many years ago our forefathers came to
this wilderness continent from homes of refine-
ment and culture. Whether accustomed to the
task or not. they bent their backs to the breaking
of the land and the building of homes. How they
must have missed the comforts they had known,
and, more than the comforts, the luxuries of life
— contact with books and other people, with a
civilization rich in all the finer developments of
the mind! And when their chil-
dren were born, these hard-
working parents were acutely
aware of the restricted oppor-
tunities which they could have
educationally and socially, but
they had high hopes of what
would be accomplished by an-
other century. There would be
leisure then for the pursuance
of the arts and their children's
children would be in possession

Miss Beattie, who is Director of
Recreation of the Community Wel-
fare Council, Ontario, Canada,
tells of some of her interesting ex-
periences in helping rural com-
munities develop a recreational
and cultural life. "One might talk
forever," she says, "on the sub-
ject of recreation and its im-
portance for country people. We
record our small achievements
that others may find better ways
and greater things to do."

of what they had lost. Such a faith made sacri-
fice as naught.

During the past year it has been my privilege
to visit country communities and to discover
whether the faith of the sturdy and brave has
been kept. What I have seen has frequently sad-
dened and distressed me. In some places the coun-
try lacks cultural privileges today quite as much
as it did a century ago, and the young men and
women of farming districts must look to the
cities for whatever of social life and amusement
and entertainment it is their fortune to purchase.
As long as this is the case we cannot make a well-
balanced race of agriculturalists ; we cannot make
of country life a life worth living.

Enough cannot be said for organizations which
have been seeking to improve conditions — The
Women's Institutes and the Farmer's Organiza-
tions, but they need every bit of help we can give
them to widen their range and to extend their
service.

Discovering Their Desires

In the Province of Ontario an organization
called the Community Welfare Council of On-
tario became interested about two years ago in
discovering whether country people wished to re-
ceive assistance in the development of cultural en-
tertainment. Questionnaires were sent to the pub-
lic school teachers in rural districts with queries
such as these: "What facilities
for recreation have you in your
community? Are these satis-
factory? Have you an interest-
ing social life? Are your young
people employing their leisure-
time for the right purposes?
Would you like assistance in
improving your community life
culturally?" The answers prov-
ed without a doubt that help
was needed and wanted.

537

538

RECREATION EXPERIMENTS IN RURAL COMMUNITIES

It was decided to open a booth at the Canadian
National Exhibition in Toronto during the fall of
1934 and, through the press, to invite people from
rural districts to consult us there on community
problems. As Director of Recreation for the
Council I was given charge of the venture. In the
cosy corner which was fitted up as an inviting
room a collection of good books on hobbies was
arranged, there was a shelf of suitable plays for
amateurs performances, a model miniature thea-
ter with lighting equipment and sets, a typical
traveling library, and a small hand-loom. With a
projecting lantern slides were shown of plays
written and produced within a farming community.

During the twelve days of the exhibition more
than seventy communities were represented by the
visitors who came in to inquire and often to con-
sult about their problems. Hundreds asked ques-
tions and were given literature explaining our
purpose and dealing with the importance of cul-
tural recreation and the right use of leisure. We
offered not only assistance by correspondence but
the services of a worker to go into the field to
study the problems of each community desiring
help and to give that help or direct toward it,
whenever it was possible to do so.

We Visit the Communities

By the beginning of October arrangements had
been completed for a number of visits ranging
from one to five days, and we soon saw that the
demand was to be far beyond the supply. It was
my opportunity to be the pioneer worker and the
happenings of the first ten months seem to me in-
teresting beyond measure. I am glad to record
them for others who are concerned in this great
field where the earth is rich with promise but so
greatly in need of the plough-share of service.

An attempt was made to work through the
medium of the village and to draw to it the young
people of. nearby farms. This gave us a meeting
place, either in a little country schoolhouse, a
community hall, or in the basement of a tiny
church where the furnace smoked and our heads
almost touched the ceiling. Usually three meet-
ings at least were held and sometimes afternoon
meetings as well in a three-day visit. The first
consisted of a frank discussion of the problems of
rural people at this time and the desire of the
Council to help them to help themselves improve
the mental life of their communities through plan-
ned recreation. Folk games and folk singing added
a touch of informality and gave an opportunity

at the end of the meeting for person to person
contacts. On the second evening a talk was given
on some form of recreation, the drama, reading
with a purpose, handicrafts, literary society pro-
grams, or some other related subject. The third
evening was similar to the second but usually end-
ed, if some organization for the furtherance of
the plan was not already in existence. Women's
Institute, a Farmers' Club, or a Literary and Dra-
matic Club with the appointing of a nominating
committee to suggest names for officers of a club
or society to develop cultural life.

One of the most encouraging features of this
work from the very beginning was the way the
numbers increased each evening of the visit, and
the eagerness with which plans were accepted for
improving community life. In one community
where dancing was the only recreation, and rid-
den hard, there was an attendance of only four-
teen souls on the first evening, while more than
one hundred tripped to the strains bf Nellie Gray
a stone's throw away. So, after a talk had been
given and the purpose of our work explained, we
went to the dance. The next evening our attend-
ance was seventy-five and today in that district a
progressive community club is flourishing which
brings to it an outside speaker each month as well
as talent developed within the community itself.

A Few of the Activities

Sometimes the activity took the form of a lead-
ership school. This was possible only when the
person with whom contact was made before the
visit was capable of preparatory organization for
this purpose. In a certain village of only four
hundred people, it was an enterprising school
teacher. The school lasted for five evenings. Its
purpose was to give training in recreation leader-
ship to attendants from small country communi-
ties and to stimulate^ all to group activity. Mem- '
bership tickets for the week were sold at twenty- f
five cents each to cover the odd expense, such as
printing of programs, rental of hall, and the rail-
way fare of the visiting lecturer. The sessions
began with a short devotional period led by a dif-
ferent churchman each evening. Then followed
the hour's lecture and an hour of group games,
folk dancing, and folk singing.

The lectures in this particular instance covered
a short course in amateur dramatics, which was
my contribution to the school. The course began
with a simple history of the drama and ended with
two one-act plays given as a demonstration per-

RECREATION EXPERIMENTS IN RURAL COMMUNITIES

539

formance. Most of the cast
worked during the day and at-
tended the school at night, so
time for rehearsals was hard to
find, but there was a way. One
of the plays was produced by
the high school group and the
other by older attendants of the
school. One of the latter was a
young barber who could not
leave his shop morning, noon or night, so we held
our rehearsals in the barber shop. I, as director,
occupied the barber chair and we set up our stage
in the back of the shop. Every property was
represented but not every property was there. For
instance, we used an arm chair with a board
across it for a piano. But everything was in its
place so that there would be no confusion later.
When a customer appeared the rehearsal stopped
and the director gave her place to the customer.
When he was properly "shaven and shorn," he
returned the chair! The cast had a keen sense of
humor and our difificulties added to our pleasure.

The success of the school was unquestionable,
and when the week ended the 3^oung people of the
village put the lessons they had learned to good
account by beginning work on a sacred drama
which they produced at Easter with much praise
from the press. Those from outside communities
went back to carry their inspiration to their
neighbors. And when summer came the entire
membership reorganized and went off to the lake-
side to hold a rural leadership camp for five days.
This venture proved a great success and all are
determined to repeat the program next year.

A Winter Chautauqua

A slightly different plan was put into operation
in a village of two thousand. Here assistance was
invited by a young woman who had done some
community work along drama lines and wished to
unite the forces there for community service. It
was decided to hold a winter Chautauqua com-
posed of local talent with the addition of a course
of lectures which I was requested to give. The
cooperation of every educational, religious and
social organization was secured. The program
for each evening consisted of a lecture as the main
feature with lighter entertainment before and
after. The first evening this consisted of musical
numbers and readings by villagers ; on the second
evening a local dancing and singing teacher con-
tributed a recital by her pupils and a resident

"Every hour of human life freed
from enforced foil by the machine
is a potential treasure to the race.
To seize upon these new oppor-
tunities and convert them into the
creative joys of the mind, body
and spirit they might be! What
else can we learn that is half so
vital to ourselves, to society?"
— Dorothy CanHeld Fisher.

actor presented two well-prepar-
ed skits from musical comedy.
An evening enjoyed particu-
larly was one devoted to coun-
try children, brought by their
teachers to entertain us with
drills, choruses and quaint little
plays and songs. On our final
evening we presented the Trial
Scene from the "Merchant of
Venice," the cast being high school students, and
the "Bishop's Candlesticks," given by older mem-
bers of the executive committee. Membership for
the week was set at fifty cents, and on no evening
did the attendance fall below 250. After general
expenses were paid — and they were high due to a
heavy rental for the hall a collection of books on
the drama bought for the village library, and the
railway fare of the lecturer, the executive had
enough money in the treasury to begin again next
year. Moreover, the village had had interesting
entertainment, had encouraged local talent, and had
studied the fundamentals of one of the oldest arts
in the world — that of play-making.

In a Small Farming Community
But it was in a small farming community with-
out the sign of a village belonging to it that our
most interesting experiment occurred. A resident
of foreign birth but interested in improving the
life of his small part of an adopted country, wrote
to us to see if we could spare time to pay it a
visit. We were glad to go, and after a long ride
by bus and another by private motor, we found
ourselves in v/hat, sarcastically perhaps, had been
called "Happy Valley." We found the only pos-
sible place in which to hold a public meeting to
be a miniature schoolhouse set down on the cor-
ner of a farm some two miles from the place
where most of the settlers lived. We were told
that there was little cultural life and almost as
little social life for young people there. It was
for both that the residents were bidding.

The season was midwinter and the drifted side
roads were impassible, but undaunted, the young
people came over the snowy hills on foot, while
the stars shone beneficently upon them. As I went
down the snowy roadway to the tune of happy
young voices echoing through the night air, I ex-
perienced a feeling of deep humility. These young
men and women were coming, not to be enter-
tained, but to learn what they could do to improve
(Continued on page 564)

Wading Pool

for

Boston

Cowtesy The American City

site of the Hydo Park Wading Pool

AN EXPERIMENTAL effort,
^ Boston's new wading
pool was planned to
give maximum safety, health
values and recreation at the
lowest possible construction
and maintenance costs. As
there were no wading pools
in this region, the pool was
largely designed from origi-
nal ideas, and details developed as the plans and
construction progressed. So successful has the
venture proved that plans
are under way for simi-
lar pools in other parts of
the city.

The primary consider-
ation in the construction
of the pool was to insure
health and safety. Smal-
ler than those planned for
more populous districts,
it is 30 by 50 feet, with
the bottom sloping
gently to a maximum
depth of 21 inches at the
center. Fresh water runs
continuously through a
sprinkler fountain-head
and a sub-surface inlet, at

The popularity of the pool
is scarcely to be doubted!

mo lesv 1 h

One of Boston's most popular
FERA projects has been the trans-
formation oF a neglected vacant
lot into a wading pool. S. S. Shep-
pard, Assistant Secretary, Boston
Municipal Research Bureau, de-
scribes the project in the Novem-
ber issue of The American City.

the rate of from 4,000 to
5,000 gallons per hour, as
compared to the pool capacity
of 1 3,000 gallons. The Health
Department of the city has
made several tests since the
pool has been in operation
and has found the bacteria
count in the water satis-
factory.
A drinking fountain, shaded benches and toilet
facilities have been provided nearby. In its first
(Continued on fage 565)

540

Adventuring Along

the
Long Brown Path

Ovi;r Tiik LKXc.Tii and breadth of our country
youngsters and oldsters are joining hands in
a comradeship that bids fair to be one of the
redeeming features of the recent depression. In
an era when lack of spending money is a national
inconvenience, the value of outdoor activity is in-
estimable since it entails the smallest monetary
outlay per Iiour of happiness that can be found.

The formation of hiking clubs, with emphasis
on outdoor activity of many forms, cannot help
but ]3roduce results which will be of lasting bene-
fit to the physical and mental well being of
America. With a swimming suit and an avail-
a1jle swimming pool, whether it be canal, river,
lake or creek, the individual can indulge in hours
of enjoyment and terminate the adventure with a
sun-browned and stronger body, and a store of
satisfying memories. He who lives in an area
blessed with snow may spend hours of perfect
enjoyment to the music of swishing snow be-
neath flying skis.

The most vmiversal and available of all outdoor
activities, however, is that of hiking. It may be
done alone but is most enjoyable in the ct)m)jany
of kindred spirits. In the well-balanced program
of an organized group all phases of outdoor
activity come in for their share of participation.

During January I92<) the ^lohawk Valley Hik-
ing Club was formed by a small group of enthusi-
astic "outdoorians" while gathered about the leap-
ing flames of a campfire in the seclusion of a
wooded ravine on old Yantaputchaberg. Since
that time the club has enjoyed an interesting and
fascinating existence, marked at times with good-
natured argument and conflict of personalities and
ideals, but emerging each time from such symp-
toms of growing pains with a stronger and better
structure. In the past six years the club has often

Al\..i

Courtesy Trails Magazine and
D. Walter Mosauer

By Vincent J. Schaefer

departed in its jjolicies and prcjgrams from those
of most hiking clubs, so that at the present time
its activities are widespread and varied.

The Educational Assembly

Shortly after the club was formed informal
talks on various subjects were given at the close
of the regular monthly business meetings. These
talks covered a wide variety of subjects, ranging
all the way from photography and campcraft to
tree identification and canoe trips. A logical de-
velopment of these programs was a series of
planned talks on special .subjects of interest to
the members. Considerable numbers of non-
members were soon asking for permission to at-
tend the talks, and as a result it was found neces-
sary to set aside special nights for the lectures.
The subsequent development was the Educational
Assembly, a series of weekly meetings on wide
ranges of subjects conducted throughout the win-
ter months. Attendance varied from small groups
of about thirty to large ones of three or four
hundred.

The main object of the Assembly is to provide
informative illustrated talks on subjects not cov-
ered by any other program in the vicinity of
Schenectady. Moving pictures, lantern slides,
special exhibits are used to visualize the subjects
of the various programs. The series given last
year covered subjects such as Local History,

541

542

ADVENTURING ALONG THE LONG BROWN PATH

Entomology, Geology, Archeology, Astronomy,
and Botany. In selecting speakers care is taken
that their story should be suited for a general
audience and yet technically and scientifically cor-
rect and accurate in all details.

All meetings are provided without charge al-
though at times when moving pictures are rented
the audience is informed of the fact and those
who care to contribute a small amount do so as
they leave at the close of a program. The As-
sembly is held in the auditorium or study hall of
one of the local high schools which are available
without charge during the school year for pro-
grams of the type given at the Assemblies.

To augment some of the lecture
series such as Geolog}', field trips
are held to provide those interested
with actual experience in studying
the rock formations and fossil beds
discussed during the lectures.
While most of the field trips are to
places out of doors, others are to
special exhibits in museums and
similar places for a more general-
ized study than is possible in any
given locality.

Within walking distance of
Schenectady the Bozen Kill has
carved a way through layers of
shale rock as it winds its way to-
ward the base of the Helderbergs.
On its upper reaches, at a place
known as Williams Hollow, lives
a dirt farmer known as the "Poet
of the Helderhills." The rushing,
tumbling waters of the stream bisect his rock-
strewn farm. The love of Nature established a
bond between the hikers and this hard working,
self-taught man, his wife and large family, that
members of the club were extended an invitation
to camp along the picturesque stream. As the
friendship continued the hikers purchased trees
and annually planted several thousand on the poor
soil bordering the stream to augment other plant-
ings put in by the old poet as an annual custom.

Four years ago the farm, consisting of over a
hundred acres, was set aside as a wild life sanctu-
ary with appropriate ceremony and a bronze
tablet unveiled by the hiking club. Subsequent
years have brought continued plantings to in-
crease the beauty of the sanctuary. A fernery con-
taining over thirty species including most of the
ferns indigenous to the state has been established

Courtesy Trails Magazine

The Mohawk Valley Hikers
to readers of Recreation:
"We hope as time goes on
to meet more and more
of you along
brown path
wherever we

in a rocky glen. A nature and geology trail is
located in the interesting parts of the woodland.

The Christman homestead is fast becoming a
Nature shrine visited annually by thousands. Con-
tinued reforestation by the club has covered all
of the poor land on the farm leaving the more
fertile land for more intensive cultivation.

A Definite Interest Vital

While the act of hiking is in itself a worth-
while occupation for spending leisure time, the
participant misses most of the real enjoyment
available unless he returns from his outing richer
in mind and body as a result of his hours in the
open. To achieve the maximum
enjoyment the hiker should have
some definite interest, whether it
be in historic areas, places of nat-
ural beauty, geological formations,
varieties of trees, numbers of bird
species encountered, kinds of wild
flowers seen, species of insects ob-
served— in fact — any one or more
of the numerous branches of nat-
ural science to be found every-
where in the country side.

In an effort to combine as large
a variety as possible of these de-
liglnful subjects the Long Path of
New York was proposed by the
Mohawk Valley Hikers. It is now
fully scouted and will soon be
marked so that the outdoorian will
be able to enjoy the hinterland that
it discloses. It is offered as a
branch of the great Appalachian Trail stretching
for over a thousand miles along the high ridges
of that eastern mountain range. While the main
trail crosses only the extreme southeastern part
of New York State, our Long Path enables a
traveler to head across the Catskills and into the
-Adirondacks.

-\s laid out, the route of the Long Path mean-
ders through fascinating countryside, past pic-
turesque water falls, unusual fossil beds, historic
shrines, ancient Indian village sites, old mills, for-
gotten villages or magnificent panoramas. The
route has been plotted so that the entire way is
one of delight to him who loves Nature.

Eventually we plan to record in some way the
significance of each point of interest along the
way. The trail has been routed as far as possible
along existing ways. Thus most of it is already

'that long

that leads

hi II
oose.

ADVENTURING ALONG THE LONG BROWN PATH

543

passable, following as it does old carriage roads,
military routes, Indian trails, fishermen's trails,
even cowpaths and deer runways. It is available
at many points to boat, train, trolley and bus lines
so that a trip of a few hours or several months
may be planned with real convenience. Coopera-
tion with other hiking clubs and scout troops is
being secured for maintaining the wooded trails
and establishing markers and trail guides.

Winter Activities

A well organized outing club is in a position to
do a great deal toward organizing public opinion
in order to stimulate activity in special fields.

Feeling the need of increased and better or-
ganized activity in the field of winter sports which
had been sadly neglected in the Mohawk Valley
region, the hiking club sponsored a winter sports
committee designed to crystallize sentiment to-
ward a more active participation in that field, par-
ticularly in the division of skiing. As a result of
this effort snow trains were planned for trans-
porting large groups of people to distant snow-
fields when local conditions were not good. The
committee selected by the hiking club formed the
nucleus of a winter sports club which was formed
and soon grew into a large and very active or-
ganization. Snow trains carrying from four to
eight hundred enthusiasts now run throughout the
winter on a scheduled basis; about ten miles of
ski trails near Schenectady have been constructed
and are used by large numbers of people during
the season. In-
struction and
help in c o n -
structing c o m-
plete ski equip-
ment are avail-
able to those in-
terested ; ski
schools are held
on the local slopes
every week end ;
trail maps are is-
sued and weekly
columns on win-
ter sports are
carriefl by the
local newspapers
edited by mem-
bers of the club.

One of the
many interesting Co^mcsy Trails Magazine

outgrowths of these activities, may be mentioned
because it illustrates . the vast influence a small
group of enthusiasts may have if they work along
fundamental ideas. The destination selected by
the club for its snow trains was a little mountain
village at the end of the trails. After the last
hunter has left in the middle of November the
village folk would figuratively hibernate, to stay
in that state until the opening of trout season in
the spring when they would start looking forward
to the coming tourist season of the summer. From
this former state of lethargy one could hardly
recognize the transformation effected as a result
of the activity caused by the winter sports en-
thusiasts. Following close behind the enthusiasm
of the city folks the mountaineers of all ages are
developing into exceptionally fine skiers. The de-
mand for food, lodging and transportation has
converted the winter season into one of more ac-
tivity than in the summer and the throngs of
youngsters swarming over the hills and mountains
during every available minute throughout the win-
ter is a most promising sign for the future of
those mountains, because of the mental and phy-
sical stimulus which such activity engenders.

Making Equipment

Interest in the more strenuous forms of out-
door recreation is followed by a desire to secure
the best types of equipment that the individual
can obtain. By far the most economical and at
the same time the most satisfying source for get-

544

ADVENTURING ALONG THE LONG BROWN PATH

ting equipment such as tents, sleeping bags,
parkas, socks, is to make them.

Much thought, experimentation and time have
been expended by the Mohawk \^alley Hikers in
developing some unusually fine articles of equip-
ment. Since a number of the items are original
developments, patterns and instructions have been
prepared which are available to those interested.
Thus, articles which, if they had to be purchased,
would be available to only a few because of their
high price, are within the reach of every one be-
cause of the small cost of the materials. An in- ,
teresting by-product of this activity has been the
experience the individuals have gained in plan-
ning, cutting and sewing the articles. For some of
the girls and most of the boys it has been their
first sewing lesson.

Having discovered a source of spinning wheel
yarn in the mountains north of Schenectady, a
number of the girls in the clubs are making
woolen socks and mittens of unexcelled quality.
Because of the large demand for raw material oc-
casioned by this activity in making equipment the
club makes it a practice to keep on hand a supply
of the material which is not available in the local
stores. This is passed on to individuals as they
need it at cost.

Considerable time and experimentation has been
devoted to the development of light weight equip-
ment and compact and well-balanced grub lists.
As a result of this effort complete equipment for
a comfortable sojourn of seven days in the wil-
derness weighs but thirty pounds. This equip-
ment includes every item for comfort and is all
contained in a ruck sack of the type equipped
with a carrying frame. Bulletins carrying this in-
formation are issued from time to time by the
hiking committee.

Preserving Natural Beauty

One of the natural interests closely associated
with the love of the out-of-doors is an active de-
sire to preserve the areas in which the greatest
enjoyment is obtained. In most instances the
closer the territory resembles the primitive wil-
derness the more perfect is the pleasure experi-
enced by the true hiker.

In our country there is a constant encroachment
of commercial interests into the few remaining
areas of natural unspoiled woodlands. Commer-
cial enterprise, road builders and other groups
whici'i combine to "tame" or destroy the forests
must be held in check if the natural beauty and

its accompanying quiet and restfulness is to be
retained.

One of the most active committees in the hik-
ing club is that one dealing with conservation. Since
its formation five years ago its various members
have been exceptionally active in the field, and
with the facts uncovered by this actual research
their work has been very effective. It has been
said with pardonable pride that there is a field
crew of Mohawk Valley Hikers doing some form
of conservation research every week end through-
out the year.

During several election campaigns when com-
mercial interests threatened to overthrow safe-
guards in the State Constitution which protect
the state forest preserve, flying squadrons of hik-
ers, equipped with pamphlets explaining the true
facts of the situation and moving pictures, lan-
tern slides, photographs and other paraphernalia,
made fast trips throughout the state explaining
the actual conditions of the controversial matter,
backing up their contentions with the facts and
the knowledge they had acquired by actual con-
tact with the issues in the field. As a result of
these actions and the contacts made among mili-
tant conservationists, the local group has had the
satisfaction of knowing that their arguments were
potent by seeing their antagonists lose their issues
before the electorate of the state.

The experience gained in the fields of photog-
raphy forestry, the working out of scenarios in
producing coherent movies of their subjects and
the invaluable training in public speaking which
result from this form of activity are of immea-
surable value.

Many of our well-known writers have urged
the importance of conservation. Here are two in-
teresting quotations :

"God has lent us the earth for our life. It is a
great entail. It belongs as much to those who are
to come after us and we have no right, by any-
thing we do or neglect, to involve them in any
unnecessary penalties, or to deprive them of the
benefit which was in our power to bequeath."—
Riisk'm.

"All nature cries out that life must exist upon
life, that one tree must grow upon the mould of
another, that for each green blade of graJs an-
other blade must die. It is not against a wise and
necessary destruction that the God of all nature
cries out. The crime — greater than all other li
crimes — is destruction without cause." — Joiiic.s
Oliver Cnnvood.

Marionettes for Blind Children

By Elizabeth Haines

s THK HOLIDAY seasoii approaches there is one
engagement to which we look forward with
particular pleasure, and that is our show at
the Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruction
of the Blind, or as it is more usually known, the
Overbrook School for the Blind, Philadelphia.

It all started several years ago when we be-
came interested in the work of the school through
a friend and felt we wanted to do something for
the children there. At that time we were giving
public performances of our marionettes in our
studio in Philadelphia, so we decided to invite a
group of children from the Overbrook School in
for a special show, reserving the studio just for
them. As transportation was a problem there
were never more than fifteen or twenty in the
first groups, and the children were chiefly from
the kindergarten, first and second grades. We in-
vited these young children for two reasons — partly
because we had specialized in a group of shows
created especially for young children from three
to eight years and which had been very well re-
ceived, and partly because the older children at
the school had concerts, lectures and plays they
could enjoy, but there seemed to be nothing very
exciting for the little ones.

That First Performance !

The day of the show arrived. Everything was
ready. The whole idea was an experiment for us.
and we learned afterwards that the teachers from
the school shared our hope that the children
would enjoy the show, and our fears that it might
lie a failure. But we were all willing to try! I
think we'll never forget that first performance!

We had selected for our program part of the
circus (such acts as the children could "hear" as
well as "see") and a play, "The Gingerbread
Boy." Two o'clock came, and with it the children.
They filed in quietly and settled
themselves. The house lights went
out, and the footlights came on.
Overture ! Curtain ! And Toto, the

marionette clown, was putting his dog, Tony,
through all sorts of ridiculous tricks. At first
everything was quiet, but as the strangeness wore
off and the children began to understand what
was happening, their excitement grew and grew,
until by the end of the show they were laughing
and applauding just as though they had really
"seen" it. They loved it : We had made them
happy, and when we realized it we were both very
near tears. I'll never forget how they crowded
around and as with one voice cried, "Oh thank
you — thank you."

The Play Must Go On

Their pleasure was so evident that we then and
there decided our special shows for them would
be continued. Throughout that season we had
them in for several other performances at which
they saw "The Three Little Pigs," "Peter Rab-
bit," "The Gingham Dog and the Calico Cat," and
again "The Gingerbread Boy" for another group.
.After the first few performances we learned that
attendance at the shows was partly determined on
a "reward" basis — improvement in lessons or
behavior.

Later we moved to the country and discon-
tinued entirely all studio performances. But we
felt that our shows for the blind children must go
on, so we suggested that since they couldn't come
to us, we'd take our show to them. The first year
we performed at the school we set up the stage in
the kindergarten class rooms, and gave "Hansel
and Gretel," with music from the opera. All the
children in the kindergarten, as well as those up
to and including the fourth grade (and as many
more as could crowd in) saw this show. After the
performance we permitted some of the children
to handle the figures, and it was touching to hear
them say, "Look at her apron," or "See Hansel's
wooden shoes."

Do blind children really enjoy performances they
cannot see? Read this story and learn the answer.

545

546

MARIONETTES FOR BLIND CHILDREN

It was at this show, too, that a very amusing
thing happened. While we were busy showing the
figures to a group of children back stage, an
equally interested group was examining the pro-
perties on the stage itself, .which was still set
from 'the last scene. All went well while they ex-
amined the candy cage, the gingerbread house,
and the flowers and windows of candy and sugar.
But when they came to the magic oven, indignant
voices were raised in protest. When we went to
see what was wrong, the situation was almost out
of hand, for the children in all good faith were
.saying "Magic door, open. Open magic door,"
just as they'd heard the witch say, and they were
in a perfect fury of indignation because the oven
door refused to respond to the magic formula!
Peace was restored when we hurriedly explained
that the magic door had refused to obey because
it was confused by too many commands, but if
they would come up quietly, one by one, and give
the command, it would open. So for about ten
minutes, while they filed past, we pulled the hid-
den string which opens the magic door, and they
firmly believed it was through their power, and
their's alone, that this miracle was wrought!

The next year the performance was held in the
school's large auditorium, and everyone came
from the kindergartners to the advanced students.
Our program consisted of three short numbers —
"Alice and the Caterpillar," "The Gingham Dog
and the Calico Cat," "Madame Cow, Magician"
(an educational skit on the health values of milk)
and a play — "Little Black Sambo." Of course,
with such a large audience, groups backstage
after the show were out of the question, but we
did go over to the kindergarten class rooms after-
ward. There the children all sat around on the
floor in a circle,
while Mr. Haines and
I sat on the outer
edge. Then, one by
one, they took turns
asking questions.
Here are some of the
things they wanted
to know :

Hansel, Gretel and the
Witch were given an
enthusiastic reception

"HowoldisToto?"

"Did the dog and cat really eat each other up?"
"Were they real tigers? They sounded real."
"Where are all the marionettes now?"
"I was frightened about the tigers, but I knew
you wouldn't let them bite me."

"What made the bumping noise in the milk
show?"

"I like it when the tigers fight."
When we answer their questions — ■ some of
them posers for we try to keep the illusion that
the marionettes are real, that they're really alive.
For instance, when one little boy suggested that
perhaps the Gingham Dog and Calico Cat might
have run away, we agreed that it was possible,
and when he offered to look for them we told
him if he saw them anywhere around the school
grounds we'd certainly like to know about it, and
this he just as solemnly agreed to do.

After the questions were over, and we were
saying goodbye — surprise ! They presented us
with some gifts they'd made — a calendar from
the first grade for Mr. Haines, and one from the
second grade for me. A few days later we had
the biggest surprise of all when we received a
note from the school's superintendent saying he
was forwarding some letters from the children,
some of which would be in Braille. We looked at
each other, wondering how we were going to read
Braille, but when the letters arrived we found
that the teachers had very carefully written under
each Braille sign just what it meant; and what we
liked especially was that they'd included mistakes,
too. These Braille "thank you" letters were writ-
ten by the younger children; the older children
sent us typewritten ones. The thought behind
(Continued on page 566)

Recreation at the Elmira Reformatory

SINCE THE origin of our
penal system in this coun-
try in 1789, raany attempts
have been made by educators
and penologists to devise meth-
ods for the rehabilitation of the
delinquent youth. Never, how-
ever, has emphasis been adequately placed upon
recreation as an important phase of penal treat-
ment.

One of the recent innovations at the Elmira
Reformatory has been a recreation program
which is not only extensive in its scope but which
parallels the academic and vocational projects in
importance.

The keynote to recreation at Elmira is diversi-
fied activity. This is so arranged, organized and
supervised as to satisfy the individual's interest,
needs and ambitions. The program begins immedi-
ately after breakfast and continues until 10:30
P.M. The inmate is not only permitted and en-
couraged to participate but must take an active
part in some phase of the program during the
periods alloted to him each week. In the fall,
winter and spring the activities are held in the
gymnasium and consist of basketball, volley ball,
handball, tennis, quoits, shuffleboard, boxing,
wrestling, track, and swimming, and as stated, the
individual may choose his own activities. Com-
petition is keen in these sports and intramural
contests are frequently held to stimulate interest
and to develop fair play on the part of the indi-
vidual and the group.

When the weather is moderate, groups of in-
mates are taken to the large, institutional armory
where two regulation softball diamonds permit
forty inmates to engage in this game. Additional
facilities enable as many more boys to play volley
ball and handball. In the summer, all athletic ac-
tivities are transferred from the gymnasium and
armory to the athletic field outside the walls. The
facilities here are three softball diamonds and one
baseball diamond, one basketball court, two horse-
shoe and five handball courts, shower baths and
a large swimming pool. Twenty-eight inmates
have received instruction in life saving. They have

By Joseph F. Riley, Jr

Director of Recreation
and

T. J. Hanlon

Assistant Superintendent

passed an examination given by
a qualified Red Cross examiner
and have been awarded certifi-
cates as life guards. During the
extremely warm days in the
summer, the entire inmate group
is sent into this athletic field and

allowed to participate in' the activities and to take

shower baths and swims.

Special Evening Recreation

In the fall, winter and early spring, honor in-
mates and those who are occupied during the day
by activities on the farm, garden, greenhouse, and
in construction and office work, are afforded the
privilege of enjoying a social hour in a room
which is designed for such games as chess, bridge
and checkers. The activities of this group are not
confined to social recreation. They are also per-
mitted to go to the gymnasium to take part in
their favorite athletic sports, and in the summer,
they enjoy outdoor sports. The individuals com-
posing this class, over two hundred in number,
are permitted to go to the athletic field each Sun-
day morning after church services to engage in
games under leadership.

The benefits derived by the individual and the
group from such athletic games are many.
Through such activities they are given an oppor-
tunity for self-expression as well as an outlet for
their pent-up energies. The games also strengthen
the individual physically, mentally and morally.
Athletics, shower baths and swimming on the ex-
tremely hot summer days relieve the tension so
common in penal institutions at this time of the
year and create a general feeling of cooperation
and respect on the part of the inmates toward the
personnel of the institution.

Varsity Sports

Inmates who show exceptional ability in the in-
tramural contests are placed on the varsity basket-
ball and baseball teams. These teams compete
with the outstanding high school, church and in-
dustrial teams of the community. The varsity
games are held on Saturday afternoons and holi-

547

548

RECREATION AT THE ELM IRA REEORMATORY

days. The entire population is allowed to attend.
Competitive sports of this sort furnish good en-
tertainment for the population, bring the players
in close contact with normal boys and encourage
good sportsmanship.

During the winter season, in conjunction with
the basketball games, boxing bouts, which are
broadcast over radio Station WESG, are staged
in the gymnasium before the inmate population.
The participants are required to pass a rigid phy-
sical examination before being allowed to train.
In matching the boys for these contests, their
weights, physique and ability are taken into
consideration.

Field Meets

On Decoration Day, Fourth of July, Labor
Day and on similar occasions, competitive drills
and games are conducted on the athletic field.
These contests consist of dashes, relay races,
jumping, throwing, military drills, and many other
stunts. Practically every inmate participates in
one of these activities. The outstanding benefits
derived from such projects are group participa-
tion and cooperation which are so essential to
resocialization.

Each day the results of all major seasonal
sports, such as boxing, basketball and baseball are
posted on a bulletin board which is conspicuously
located in the institution so as to give the inmates
an opportunity to keep in touch with their favor-
ite fighters and teams, as well as to acquire en-
thusiasm and interest in major sports in general.

The Libraries

The Reformatory has three libraries : the voca-
tional, the school, and the institutional libraries,
all of which are centrally located and to which all
boys have access. Through
this medium they explore far
oflf couiTitries, read about the
lives of great men, and in-
crease their knowledge of a
multitude of subjects. Popu-
lar magazines supply them
with fiction. Daily newspa-
pers are also at their disposal.
The librarian guides and
counsels the boys in the selec-
tion of the proper kind of
reading matter. Books may
be read in the library during
the recreation period or may

"The environment of the penal institu-
tion is abnornnal at best; over sixty per
cent of the inmates committed to the
Elmira Reformatory are, physically, men-
tally and socially below normal; many
of these boys have never participated
in recreation programs in their local
communities. Recreation, through a
variety of wholesome situations, re-
freshes the body and mind, develops a
socially cooperative attitude on the part
of the individual and the group. These
characteristics are essential if the other
phases of the correctional program are
to be effective."— Dr. Ftank C. Chtis-
tian, Superintendent, Elmira Reformatory.

be taken to the room to be read at night. Instruc-
tors in the various trades recommend the use of
certain books pertaining to the subject matter in
the trade schools. These books of technical in-
formation may be read during the shop period (ir
in the room.

Dramatics

Dramatics play an important part in the life of
an inmate in developing self-expression and mod-
ulation of voice and poise. All boys showing an
interest in dramatics and having ability are given
special training under a competent director. Sev-
eral times during the year the dramatic club pro-
duces plays which are staged for the entertain-
ment of the inmates and the invited public. Clubs
and entertainers from civil life are also brought
to the institution as often as is practicable to en-
tertain the boys. During the past few months the
boys have enjoyed the following: the Grotto Min-
.strels of Watkins Glen ; "Whitdin'." a three-act
comedy by a local dramatic club; "Creaking
Floors," a drama produced by a church of Elmira
Heights, and three one-act comedy hits by the
Electra Players of Elmira.

In addition to the special dramatic presentations
by local groups, on alternate Fridays entertain-
ment is furnished by the Emergency Relief
liureau of the City of New York. The amuse-
ment furnished by this Bureau has consisted of
vaudeville, comedies and dramas. These produc-
tions were of a high type and were well received
by the inmate population.

Radio Broadcasts

Approximately twenty-four inmates take ])art
in each radio broadcast over Radio Station WESCi
of Elmira during two one-half hour periods each
week. These radio programs
have created an interest on
the part of the individual in-
mates and have acted as an
incentive for them to develop
their special talent in singing,
dramatics and music, in order
that they may take part in '
these programs. Our "fan"
mail in response to these
broadcasts has been surpris-
ing both as to numbers and
the area covered.

In so far as activities are
concerned in the rooms, in-

RECREATION AT THE ELMIRA REFORMATORY

549

mates are encouraged to relax, to read and to
listen to the radio programs. Boys confined in the
Reformatory are of a type that cannot endure
continuous mental strain. Study and mental ef-
fort are not required of them during periods when
they should rest.

Hobbies

Everyone should have a hobby, something in
which he takes keen delight in doing and in
which he can excel. Within the limitations of the
institution's resources and facilities hobbies are
approved and encouraged. Some of the most
popular hobbies of the boys at this institution are :
reading, handicraft, drawing, boxing, music,
cards, dramatics, singing, chess, checkers, tennis,
painting and stamp collecting. Reformatory of-
ficials have found that these hobbies provide an
ideal form of relaxation for the boys during their
leisure time.

During the National Hob-
by Week of the Rotary
Clubs of America, the boys
exhibited a display of their
work at the local Rotary
Club's Hobby Fair and re-
ceived twenty-seven first
prizes, thirteen second
prizes, ten third prizes and
six honorable mention.
Lectures

From time to time, as a
part of the recreation program, prominent men
and women are brought to the Reformatory to
address the group on sports, current events, travel
talks and national and international questions. It
has been found that these talks develop real in-
terest in civic enterprises and in the activities of
society in general.

Music

Music appreciation is taught in the school to
those boys who have special talent or have out-
standing ability and interest in the fundamentals
of music. Boys who display a special aptitude in
vocal music are placed in one of the glee clubs.
Here they are trained under a competent leader.
Others who show. skill in instrumental music are
assigned to the band and the orchestra. Boys in-
terested in other types of music are placed in the
harmonica band and "hill-billy" orchestra.

On dark dreary days in the summer and win-
ter, the boys frequently go into the auditorium

That the "Federal and State Govern-
ments eliminate youthful delinquency
by ■facilitating educational, voca-
tional and recreational opportuni-
ties," was the third point of the
eight-point program urged to wipe
out crime by the Attorney General's
Conference on Crime held at Wash-
ington, D. C, in December 1934.

where they are allowed to participate in a period
of community singing. These songs cheer up the
group and encourage them to forget their troubles.

Motion Pictures
During the vacation period of the School of
I^etters, sound motion pictures, both educational
and industrial, are exhibited in the new audi-
torium. Through the medium of these pictures
many journeys are taken by land and sea to the
far corners of the earth. Some of the most popu-
lar pictures which have already been enjoyed by
the Reformatory population are : "The World's
Fair," giving a vivid impression of the great ex-
position at Chicago, a complete tour of the spa-
cious fair grounds by land and air ; "The Im-
perial Cities," a descriptive picture showing many
scenes in the imperial cities of the Orient ; "Yel-
lowstone Park On Parade," a trip to and through
the Yellowstone National
Park ; "The Longest Gang-
plank," a trip to Europe on
a large liner and pictorial
visits to the large European
cities. These travel pictures
were f9und to be interest-
ing, entertaining and edu-
cational. Industrial films
have been used showing the
manufacturing procedure of
many great plants.

The influence of the mov-
ies as a form of recreation and education is ap-
preciated by educators and penologists. Selected
pictures are shown each Sunday afternoon for
the entertainment of the inmate population. Every
effort is made to obtain pictures which stimulate
normal mental reactions and urge a desire for the
better things in life. Such well-known produc-
tions as "Judge Priest," "The House of Roths-
child," "Litde Women," "The Barretts of Wim-
pole Street," and "Flirtation Walk," have been
shown at the Reformatory.

Summary

In the measurement of results, recreation has
been found to be one of the important and most
essential phases of the Reformatory program of
treatment. Recreation, through its many diversi-
fied activities, has contributed to the gratification
of the individual's desires, the development of
group consciousness and the gaining of proficiency.
(Continued nn page 567)

Cubbing for the Younger Boy

FOR OVER twenty-five years the pub-
lic has been more or less familiar
with Scouting and its sane, healthy, happy out-
door program of recreation and interesting pro-
ject activity combined with community service and
character values. Perhaps many people are less
aware that side by side with this great game for
boys from twelve years up another leisure time
program has been steadily and constructively de-
veloping for the younger boy who, no less than his
older brother, needs a little direction and inspira-
tion as well as occupation for his out of school
hours. This is the Cub Program.

There have been Wolf Cub organizations in
other countries almost as long as Scouting itself
has been in progress, but here in America the Boy
Scout authorities have proceeded slowly along this
line, desiring to be absolutely sure they had the
right sort of program suited not only to the needs
and tastes of the nine to twelve year old boy but
also to the needs of American family life. To a
greater degree than is the case in Cub movements
elsewhere. Cubbing centers in the home and func-
tions largely in its own neighborhood, utilizing
natural play groups and small comradeships
already established.

The Cub plan as now functioning and amazing-
ly successful both so far as the small boy and his
parents are concerned, is the result of years of

550

By R. A. Barry

careful study and thought and long
experimentation in selected groups in
various parts of the country. It was not until
1933 that the program was made available to the
whole field, and since then has become so widely
popular and caught on so fast that there seems no
doubt that it is fulfilling a real service in the life
of the younger boy. According to latest figures
available there are nearly 10,000 Cub Leaders in the
country today, and 53, 570 Cubs, organized into
2,297 Packs, and still growing and going ahead.

When Cubbing was first started some doubt
was felt as to the effect on Scouting, some leaders
feeling that a younger boy movement might con-
ceivably take the edge oflf the youngster's appe-
tite for Scouting by the time he was of Tender-
foot age. The contrary has been proven to be the
case. The Den Chief, an outstanding Scout lent
from a Troop to help the Den Mother and Den
Dad make the Cub Den a success, is an authentic
hero to the Cubs, keeps alive their eager enthusi-
asm to be Scouts themselves when the time comes. 1]
The program itself, though equally active and out-
doorsy, equally based on learning by doing, played
like Scouting as a great game and not a dull edu-
cational task, is sufficiently diflferent so that it
does not overlap in any way with Scout delights,
adventures and projects, to be looked forward to
and later claimed to the full.

CUBBING FOR THE YOUNGER BOY

551

Cubbing makes allowance for immature bodies
and minds, does not expect the strenuous activi-
ties or steady concentrations or judgment which
the Scout age boy is able to cope with and de-
velop. It is sheer fun and is so regarded by the
Cubs themselves. It interests them in all sorts of
hobbies, stamp collecting, nature collection, leather
work, secret code making, simple dabbing in wood,
paint and clay, but it does not insist on sticking
hard and fast to any of these activities, and gives
plenty of chance for physical recreation and re-
laxation. "The Cub can do stunts" is a part of
the program, "stunts" varying at will from somer-
saulting, leap frog, ball playing, running broad
jump and the like to archery, simple and safe
guarded swimming and rowing. The Cub wres-
tles with boys of his own age, plays games — even
noisy games, when the need to blow off steam is
on him. He does his camping in back yards and
vacant lots, but it is just as thrilling and romantic
to him as wilderness camping and overnight hikes
are to the Scout. Me gives "shows" to which the
neighborhood are invited, goes on picnics with
Den Dads and Mothers and other Dads and Moth-
ers of the vicinity. The whole thing is normal,
jolly, and an amazing preventive of lawless mis-
chief such as Satan is so proverbially ready to
provide for idle hands and active brains.

In Cubbing there is always something to do.
The Cub puts as much of himself and his small
<:rude skill into whittling
Tvhistles, making rough
but sailable boats, pro-
•ducing perhaps rather
lopsided pieces of clay
pottery, or pasting up a
weirdly illustrated scrap-
book, as the Scout does
in turning out model air-
planes, reproducing ani-
mal tracks or building
and setting up bird
houses. The whole pro-
gram is linked and pro-
gressive, paves the way
from good Cubbing to
equally good Scouting.

The Scout habit of
friendliness, serviceabil-
ity and good sportsman-
-ship is also incipient in
the Cub's training. He
has no elaborate code of

conduct enjoined upon him. He is simply ex-
pected to "Be Square," play the game, to "Do His
Best," to be cheerful and helpful and loyal and
obedient, at home, in school, in Pack or Den meet-
ing, wherever he is. Above all he is expected to
"Give Good Will," which is about all any one can
ask of a youngster under twelve.

As in Scouting recreation goes hand in hand
with health. The ideal set before the Cub is a
clean, healthy strong body, a body fit to carry him
wherever he wants to go, literally and figura-
tively. Too much activity is avoided as well as too
little. Health checks at frequent intervals are en-
couraged ; remedial defects are reported to parents
which otherwise might have easily gone neglected ;
health habits are also inculcated — the care of teeth,
nails, eyes, ears — all of it. Somehow the smart
little Cub uniform seems to contribute to this,
makes something to live up to.

How does Cubbing start in a community?
Often these days from parents themselves who
are interested in it as an answer to some of their
own problems with their small sons. Some mother
of the neighborhood, who has the time and the
gifts required, serves as Den Mother, the Den be-
ing the small group which, united, goes to make
up the larger unit, the Pack, under the leadership
of the Cubmaster and the Cub Committee. There
is also a Den Dad, some father of the neighbor-

(Continucd on page 567)

At the 0arfield Park Recreation Center

THE FALL and winter activities at the Garfield
Park recreation center in Chicago, Ilhnois,
are many and varied. In planning the pro-
gram, individuals of all ages are taken into con-
sideration and any group desiring to form a club

is given assistance by the staff of the center of
which P. H. Leiderman is director.

Indoor Activities

The following schedule of activities shows the
use of the center from 3 .oo p. m. to 9 :30 p. m. :

Time: 3:00 p. m. to 4:30 p. m.
Place: The Refectory

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Girls
10-12 years
Handcraft

Boys

10-12 years

Table Games

Girls - Boys

Teenie-
Weenie Age

Girls

10-12 years

Table Games

Boys
10-12 years
Handcraft

Teenie-
Weenie Age
Circle Games

Time: 4:30 p. m. to 6 p. m.

Girls
12-15 years
Handcraft

Girls
15-18 years
Handcraft

Boys
12-15 years
Indian Lx)re

Girls

12-15 years

Table Games

Girls
15-18 years
Handcraft

Girls - Boys

Scouts

1 p. M. to 3 p. M.

Above activities are at the Refectory — Washington

Boulevard

Time: 7 P.M. TO 9:30 P.M.
Place: Administration Building

Women
Handcraft
Room 8 B

Senior

Boys - Girls

Room 8B

Club

Senior
Boys - Girls
Table Games

Women
Handcraft
Room 8 B

Senior

Social

Refectory

Amateur Program

3 p. M. to 6 p. M.

Refectory

Sewing
3 P. M. to 10 P. M.

Masks and

Marionettes

1 p. M. to 10 P. M.

Sewing
3 p. M. to 10 p. M.

Masks and

Marionettes

10 A. M. to 6 p. M.

Art Department. .\ large number of subjects
are offered through the art department, including
classes in pencil, charcoal, pen and ink drawing,
water color and oil painting, poster lettering, com-
mercial advertising, figure construction, costume
design, cartooning, portrait, landscape and mural
painting. Classes are held three times a week.

Dramatic Department. The dramatic depart-
ment conducts classes one evening a week from
7:00 to 10:00 p. M.

Crafts Department. The crafts department holds
classes three times a week from 3 :oo to 10:00
p. M. to give instruction in wood, tin and linoleum
projects and in making model airplanes.

Art Galleries. The rotunda and second floor are
open daily from i :oo p. m. to 5 :oo p. m. and on
Wednesday and Sunday evenings from 7:00 p. m.
to 9:00 p. M. Lectures are given.

All of the classes enumerated are free.

552

Outdoor Activities

The center ])romotes such sports as casting, ten-
nis. Softball, horseshoes, roque, football, soccer
football, rugby, and volley ball.

Skating and tobogganing are enjoyed when the-
wheather permits. On January 17th at Garfield
Park lagoon an ice carnival and Mardi Gras was
scheduled with the following program :

(1) 100 yard dash with home-made skis made-
of barrel staves (boys and girls)

(2) 220 yard dash ski race regulation type (men
and women)

(3) Snow shoe race — 100 yard or 220 yard dash
(men and women)

(4) Hand sail race — 100 yard race (boys and
girls)

(5) Demonstration of curling, an acient Scotch
game

(Continued on page 568)

Make Your Recreation Creative

SPEAKING of creative recreation,
look in on one of our student
parties some Friday evening. A hundred or
more young people in the student parlors of the
community church getting acquainted with one
another by guessing what notorious character of
Hollywood, Washington, or gangster-land each
is impersonating. ' The laughter, free and spon-
taneous, puts everyone at ease.

Now, in small groups, they prepare impromptu
dramatics, each huddle buzzing with plans like a
hornet's nest. Who is to play the heroine, the
college boy, the villain ? The cai)tain of each group
has a slip on which is written in terse phrases
some dramatic situation, and the rules say that
this must be the climax to a five minute two-act
play. Every person must participate — and beyond
that, the sky's the limit. In come marching
soldiers in hats made out of newspapers found in
the hall. The heroine looks stunning in that lamp
shade for a bonnet, and the villain stalks about
with a bread knife procured in the kitchen. Be
])rcpared ; the results are comedy in the extreme,
and you may literally laugh your sides sore !
Notice that that boy who is usually so timid in his
classes has forgotten himself entirely in the play.
And that girl who yesterday seemed so self-con-
scious steps across the stage with a confidence that
would do well on Broadway.

Then all are down in the social hall for a half
hour of folk dancing, with energy happily ex-
pended to the tune of "Way Down Yonder in the
Paw Paw Patch." Now with the group relaxed
in comfortable chairs around the fireplace for
frappe and wafers, the dancing of flames the only
light, the evening comes to a mellow climax with
an old-fashioned sing of new-
fashioned songs.

Young people leave such a
party refreshed and filled with
that happy sense of well-being
which comes from having ex-
pended one's energies in self-
forgetting fun. This is what
recreation should be, we will
agree. Should be, yes, but usu-

By RoLLO R. May

Mr. May, who is Director of Men
Students at the People's Church
in East Lansing, Michigan, has
demonstrated that it is possible
for young people to make their
own good times more successfully
than they can buy them. He has
also proved that church parties
need not be the "dead" affairs

they so often are!

ally is not ; for our church and

school recreational functions have

earned the reputation among many groups of

young people of being boring, dull, empty of

vitality.

Why Are There "Dead" Parties?

Why are our parties so often "dead" ? There
must be some form of attractive entertainment,
we adults say to ourselves, besides dancing and
the movies. But when we make attempts at put-
ting on such parties in the home, in the church,
and in the school, some how things don't "click."
Our young people too often come to tolerate, re-
main to endure, and leave the party with a breath
of relief and a resolve to stick to their dances and
shows.

A little imagination will show us, however, that
it is no wonder that young people do not enjoy
the parties put on for them. Youth is too alive to
sit still while someone in the center of the circle
attempts to drum up interest in a guessing game
that is as dry as the printer's ink on the page of
the book from wliich it was gotten! So many
church or school non-dancing parties lack vitality,
and normal youth instinctively shuns that which
is deadening. I have attended parties put on in
churches for young people that were so insipid
that I have thanked heaven for every boy or girl
who clamps his jaw and says, "Nix ! You don't
get me to another aiifair like that."

Yet we cannot remain placid while our young-
people run of? to beer gardens, frequent the pub-
lic dance halls, and plank down their quarters at a
mediocre movie out of sheer lack of any better
way to spend a Friday evening. This problem of
providing wholesome entertain-
ment for our young people is a
very important one, as every
alert adult well realizes.

And the importance of this
matter is further brought home
when we realize the relation be-
tween the moral life of our
young people and the places of
entertainment they frequent. If

553

554

MAKE YOUR RECREATION CREATIVE

all your son or daughter can find for amusement
is dancing in beer gardens or absorbing a steady
diet of sex-stimulating movies, then all the preach-
ing or moral counsel in the world won't do much
good. We can be sure of this, I am confident ;
that promiscuous petting is a result often of the
fact that our young people have nothing more in-
teresting to do. The necking party is much more
likely to follow a flat, empty evening than a happy,
really recreative one. It is a truism to say that
giving young people opportunity for wholesome
yet interesting recreation in which their social
spheres are enlarged and their social courage de-
veloped, is the best single aid we adults can fur-
nish to their developing the good and desirable
type of personality.

And this kind of recrea-
tion, I firmly believe, is not
so difficult of attainment as
is often assumed. Our experi-
ment in creative recreation at
Michigan State College we
proflfer as a suggestion along
this line.

Where Recreation
Is Creative

At Michigan State we
found our student program
saddled with the conventional
type of church recreation — a
weekly party of pointless
games put on in a stilted
atmosphere which left everyone at the end of the
evening disgusted with himself for having come.
The parties persisted as long as there were stu-
dents left who had not found other places to go.
It was a "survival of the most unfit." And regu-
larly along in the spring, the social program sim-
ply lay down and expired.

Ijut the need on the campus for inexpensive,
wholesome recreation not of the movie and dance
type was great. What to do !

A group of students, organizing itself into a
"Social Cabinet," and working with me, wrestled
determinedly with the problem for several weeks.
Out of our eflforts was born the "Student Club,"
an organization, to quote from its present pur-
pose, "of students interested in creative, varied,
democratic, and inexpensive social activities."
The principles upon which the Club was based
seemed to be answers to urgent needs, for our
brain-child grew like a bean-stalk, until now, less

"As for the good life, the gay and
gracious life, the fun, the glamour
and the admiration, they will come
just as surely from social activities
that need take no large amount of
cash, from forms of self-enhance-
ment which make one admirable
and good company, independent
of what must be done for a living.
Where there is surplus money for
these things it is best spent first
not in the goods that perish, but
on that inner wealth which lasts as
long as life." — Marjorie Barstow
Greenbie in The Atts of Leisure.

than a year after its birth, its membership of over
four hundred makes it the largest organization on
the college campus.

These four principles on which the club is
founded will bear elaboration : That recreation
should be :

First, creative — and here, of course, we are at
the heart of the matter. Every social program
must have its creative function, be it folk dancing
or the learning of a new step in ballroom dancing,
or impromptu dramatics, or stunts around a camp-
fire on a hike. For we have learned that creativ-
ity, and nothing else, causes people to forget
themselves. This is the "sine qua non" of any
successful party.

Second, varied — in the re-
spect that all imaginable sorts
of entertainment are put on
at the parties every Friday
night : folk dancing, treasure
hunts, skating or swimming
parties, scavenger hunts,
hikes and steak roasts.

Third, democratic — the aim
being that every person be-
come acquainted with as
many others as possible dur-
ing the evening. Students
may come with or without
"dates," but the exclusively
two-by-two stuff is taboo.

Finally, the fourth princi-
ple : inexpensiveness. The
customary financial outlay per person attending
the party is ten cents, to cover refreshments and
incidentals. A hayride or party in which an or-
chestra must be hired costs more, of course, but
the Student Club never goes into entertainment
where the expense would prohibit anyone's at-
tending. The cooperative, non-profit plan pre-
vails. After all, why* does one have to put out a
few dollar bills in order to have a good time?
Make your good time, we say, instead of trying
to buy it.

Now a certain feeling of belonging is necessary
in a social group, which serves, among other
things, to stimulate the cooperative spirit in each
individual member. So we have a membership in
our Club, but the fees are purely nominal —
twenty-five cents a term or fifty cents a year.

Fortunately the student rooms in the church
where the Club had its birth furnish adequate
(Continued on page 568)

"ToT

ranscen

d Himself"

I ooKiNG OVER some notes made
^^ several years ago at a Na-
tional Recreation Confer-
ence, I ran across this portion
of a sentence from an ad-
dress given by Rabbi Silver,
"an unsuppressable yearning
to transcend himself ^ — that's
divinity."

This yearning has lifted
man throughout the ages to
heights greater than his
dreams. He has transcended
himself and will continue to
do so. .This thought should

give added incentive to those of us who are work-
ing with character building organizations. We
should make our programs so rich in content, so
broad in concept and so discriminating in stand-
ards that they always ofifer opportunity for man
to "transcend himself." This can be accomplished
only by accepting a few honest "rules of the
game," a few sure standards and by "hewing to
the line."

No "Dead-End" Approach to Sports

In athletics, starting with standards of fair play,
good sportsmanship, adherence to rules, by mak-
ing no concessions, accepting no deviations, we
can progress to unknown accomplishments. This
we accept without question. There is no dead end
approach to swimming, to baseball or to any of
our accepted sports. There is only one way to
play baseball and that is the right way. The sand
lot pitcher of today is learning the game with the
same rules, the same techniques that he will use
as the hero of the big league of tomorrow. In
other words, the sand lot baseball team offers the
young player an opportunity to "transcend him-
self."

This should carry through all our work and
particularly should it apply to the arts and crafts.
In some instances it does, as in the folk schools of
the Southern Highlands, some of the Settlements,
the State Program of New Hampshire, the West-
chester County Workshop and others which might

By Chester G. Marsh

Director of Arts and Crafts
Girl Scouts, Inc.

For a nunnber of years Mrs. Marsh
was director of the Westchester
County Recreation Comnfiission and
later became director of the West-
chester County Workshop which
has beconne so widely known. She
is thoroughly familiar with the prob-
lem of the arts and crafts in the
■field of municipal recreation.

be mentioned. In general, how-
ever, there is a tendency on the
part of leaders to use craft pro-
grams as entertainment, time
killers, and requests for pat-
terns, instruction sheets, and
designs of "things to make
quickly, easily, and cheaply"
have been the order of the
day. The jazz spirit of end-
less motion and sensation has
crept into the quiet cathedral
of beauty. We are missing
the many opportunities for
growth, for abundant living,
for deep appreciative joy that are possible
through contact with the permanent, the endur-
ing, the forever beautiful principles of true art.

A barrier of fear has separated us from the
fundamental arts and we have said to ourselves,
"painting, modeling, weaving, wood carving are
too difficult. We have no special talent, we must
do something easy."

Why Not "Play the Game" in the
Arts and Crafts?

Why can't we apply the same method to this
problem that we do to baseball — not substitute
."something easy'' — but start in a simple way and
grow as we work? We should plan a program
that will include only those arts and crafts that
have evolved from the needs and aspirations of a
race and that hold unlimited possibilities for ex-
ploration, adventure, and accomplishment. We
can measure the worthwhileness of each craft by
these questions — "What is its history?" "What
is its future?" "What is the next step?" If it is
a craft that ends with the completion of the arti-
cle, we find ourselves in a cul-de-sac and must
either stop or retrace our steps.

If we take any one of the basic crafts and fol-
low its development back through the ages, we
stir many interests and awaken a new sense of
appreciation. We see primitive man struggling to
make the business of living less difficult. He makes
pots of clay, baskets, and mats of rushes, garments

555

556

'TO TRANSCEND HIMSELF"

of skin and woven fibres, shelters of wood and
weapons of bronze.

Through the ages, like a rainbow thread, we see
the yearning to transcend himself, refining, polish-
ing, decorating and beautifying each article. At
first we see a vague, groping eiTort to reproduce
the lilt of the bird song, the rhythm of the waves,
the contrast of sunlight and shadow in the form,
design, and color of the things he creates. Gradu-
ally he becomes more proficient, more resource-
ful, and the blue bird's song reaches us through
the rich blue glaze of a poreclain vase, the waves
ebb and flow in the purples and blues of an Ori-
ental rug, and sunlight and shadow flicker in the
pattern of a woven basket or rush mat.

Crafts Offer Rich Opportunities

Three rules governing bur selection of craft ac-
tivities would give the maximum opportunity for
growth and development ; they are :

1. No copying — that is, no tracing of design,
copying of pictures or models. All work must be
honestly original.

2. No assembling — no putting together of cut-
out pieces of material.

3. No imitation. This

means the honest use of materials without at-
tempting to make paper look like wood or cloth
to look like leather.

Let us look at our craft program as a rich op-
portunity for the acquirement of new interests,
new skills, new horizons, rather than from the
standpoint of making quickly, small inexpensive
articles to "take home to mother."

The Girl Scout program incorporates a close
tie-up of the crafts with nature study. Dr. Bertha
Chapman Cady has said many times that it is im-
polite to lean against a tree in the woods unless
we have been properly introduced to the tree. This
thought may be applied to the crafts. Is it de-
sirable for us to weave with cotton, linen, or wool
without being properly introduced to the materi-
als? A field trip with craft materials in
mind is full of new adventure. To search
for the types of wood in the vicinity, study the
grains, coloring and adaptability for carving stirs
a keen enthusiasm for further research. Does the
wood from a selected tree take a finish, and if so,
what finish is best? If shellac, of what is shellac
made? Where found? The surprise that comes
when the nature director
(Contimicd on page 570)

In their mutual interest in crafts young and
old discover a common meeting ground

■I. i

Why Have a Hobby Show?

HOBBY SHOWS have been at-
tempted by various or-
ganizations and institu-
tions during the past quarter
century with varying success
and with spasmodic interest, the stunt element as
a general rule being uppermost. Experience and
changing emphases have recently led to a more
i practical and helpful type of hobby show in many
i localities.

People out of employment who have taken to a
, hobby or craft as an avocation during their leisure
I hours are deriving much satisfaction from ex-
I changing experiences with others. This situation
has made it easier to interest people in displaying
their hobbies in adult hobby shows and is in itself
sufficient reason for having such shows. The will-
ingness of adults to show their hobbies should be
used as a means of bringing before the com-
munity the results of the study and pursuits of
the local hobbyists. An adult should feel as free
to talk about his stamp collection, the antique
pieces of furniture he has discovered, the doll
houses which he has made, the toy trains with
which he plays, bows and arrows he creates, and
a hundred other things as he is to converse about
his bridge or golf game.

Madison's Hobby Show

It is impossible to express into words the real
fun and recreation which the exhibitors experi-
enced as participants in a recent hobby show in
Madison, Wisconsin. Many of these individuals
were on hand at the display rooms every evening
the show was in progress, talking with other ex-
hibitors or with someone who showed special in-
terest in their exhibits, comparing their work with
that of others, and trading something of their
own for something of another exhibitor.

Not only the exhibitors but hundreds of other
people were reached by the show, to a lesser de- .
gree, to be sure, but nevertheless positively. Mem-
bers of the family of an exhibitor feel themselves
a part of the enterprise and are ever ready with
suggestions concerning ways to arrange the ex-
hibit in question. This close and intimate interest

By Donald P. Newton

Hobbies Director, Y.M.C.A.
Madison, Wisconsin

makes participants of the entire
family, and there are unlimited
possibilities for parents to in-
terest their children in the pur-
suit of a hobby. A hobby show
serves to intensify this interest and the desire to
do what dad or mother does, or in the case of a
junior show, increases the interest of parents in
what their children are doing. Many people visit-
ing the exhibits are stimulated to action as a re-
sult of seeing a finished product, a hobby in pro-
gress or a demonstration of the way in which a
particular hobby is carried on.

One ten year old girl was so interested in a
glass garden which was on display at the Madi-
son hobby show that she immediately began to
make her own garden. She secured the help of
her father in making the glass container and
cover. She made the decorations for the interior,
built the terraces, placed little figures about in the
garden, and planted the seeds. Two months after
the adult show this little garden was placed on
display at the junior hobby show.

During the progress of the same adult hobby
show a demonstration of marionettes was given
by one of the members of the adult marionette
club known as "The String Puller's Play House."
Among the individuals who went to the platform
to view the dolls and ask questions after the dem-
onstration was a young man who had recently
heard of a group of young people who, like him-
self, were interested in making puppets. He be-
gan carving and making a marionette. In a few
weeks he had completed a find doll for a contem-
plated production. Pie was instrumental in spur-
ring the interest of the other members of the
group, and in a little more than two months after
seeing the demonstration he and his group pro-
duced "The Wizard of Oz" before an audience of
about 200 people, making enough money to cover
the expenses of the show and to purchase sup-
plies for the next production.

The enthusiasm created by the Madison adult
hobby show resulted in a discussion of ways for
improving children's leisure time and methods of
stimulating and conducting hobby clubs and hob-

557

558

JVHV HAVE A HOBBY SHOW?

bies for individual children. As a definite out-
growth, a woman's club took the initiative in pro-
viding leadership in hobby activities in one of the
schools which had asked for such help. These
women had formerly hesitated to mention any
hobby they might have for fear of being accused
of wasting time they should be spending on their
work and their children. But through the hobby
show they came to realize that the best way to
spend their time with their children was in fol-
lowing hobbies with them.

And After the Show

Hobby and craft groups sprang into being after
both the hobby shows held in Madison in the past
two years. It seemed to be the natural thing to do
after the exhibitors had become acquainted to get
together again. Each meeting called for another.
Many people joined the groups as a result of the
stimulation of the shows. A coin club and home
workshop club were formed following the first
show in 1933. A collectors' club and an aquarium
society were organized the following year. All of
these groups are live organizations. The fifty or
more members are happier and more contented
than they could be without their groups. Even the
collectors' club, none of whose members collect
the same things, find many interests in common
though the respective members collect practically
everything from pills and drugs to circuses.

More recently a hobbies council has been form-
ed coordinating the educational features, joint en-
terprises and publicity activities of several of the
local hobby groups. It is composed of a member
from each of the following groups — two garden
clubs, a marionette club, a coin club, a stamp club,
workshop club, collectors' club, aquarium society,
entomolog}' club, mushroom club, and circus fans'
association.

As accompanying values,
perhaps just as important as
the two main reasons for
having a show, might be
mentioned many things
which are important. First
among these are the educa-
tional values. Imagine your-
self standing before a case
containing several fine vio-
lins. This in itself is satis-
fying, but in addition in an
adjacent case you will find
the parts of an unassembled

"Whereas a few years ago hobbles were
considered by people in general to be
something to be kept under cover, they
are now a subject of confimon discussion
among friends and acquaintances, are
recommended by psychiatrists and social
workers, group leaders and educators, are
widely written about in newspapers and
magazines, are used as a publicity medium
and are broadcast over the radio. As a
result, many men and women busy in
society or in business life, and heretofore
unwilling to say much about their hobbies,
are bringing them out into the open, and
are making known the ways in which they
spend their hours of leisure."

instrument and pieces of wood in the rough ready
to be shaped into the various parts of a violin.
Accompanying this display is a description telling
how a violin is made from the carving to the test-
ing. If you are a violin enthusiast, you will find
yourself fascinated by this display and by the ex-
hibit of inlay work close at hand showing how the
pieces are matched, cut, glued and used in a
design.

Possibly you are more interested in studying
the history of the United States from its coins
which were minted from 1793 up to the present
time. You may study changes in design and
methods of engraving along with the visualization
of the historic pieces on exhibit. Medals com-
memorating the great events of our country's
progress are almost sure to be found with a coin
exhibit and are of great interest in tracing the
changes through which our country has passed.

At an announcement by the director of the pro-
gram, you may find yourself one of a group of
people making their way to the gj'mnasium where
there is to be a demonstration of a model powei
boat equipped with a one-fourth horse power
brass and steel engine run by steam which has
been so carefully made that it can be run at the
rate of 1,000 R.P.M. Here, too, is a demonstra-
tion, accompanied by an explanation, of a little
model plane fifteen inches across the wings which
weighs only one-fortieth of an ounce.

Such demonstrations and talks telling how to
go about carrying on various hobbies make it pos-
sible to stage an exhibit of educational value, to
say nothing of the myraid of finished exhibits by
hundreds of interested hobbyists. The suggestions
made by the judges also have educational value.

Other values are inherent in hobby shows. The
pleasant contact of riders of similar and different
hobbies is most interesting.
The exchange of ideas, the
swapping of information
and materials are important
phases of the hobby show
to the exhibitors.

The values of a hobby
show in terms of relaxation
for the visitor or the ob-
server are of considerable
importance. As an indi-
vidual looks at objects which
please or which stir his
imagination, his brain is
(Continued on page 570)

A Famous Lovers* Party

A merry party planned for Valentine's
Day when "Pan hides behind each gay
trifle and Juno smiles on the party.

Invitations

WRITE INVITATIONS OH hcart-shaped cards or
paper or draw a picture of a heart on a
correspondence card around the following
or similar invitation :

Have you ever met Miss Juliet,

Or the charming Romeo?
Do you know Rowena,

Or the brave knight Ivanhoe ? _
Then come to Smith's on Friday night

To our Famous Lovers' Party ;
You'll meet them every one all right,
And receive a welcome hearty.

Decorations

\lmost any type of Valentine decorations may
lie used depending on whether the party is to be
lield in a large auditorium or in a private home.

Ice Breakers

^s each guest arrives he or she is given ten
tinv red candy hearts in a paper bag, also a slip of
paper with the Lover's Vocabulary arranged as
indicated below. In addition the boys are given
a piece of a large puzzle which they will later fit
into the puzzle making a large red heart, ihe
girls receive a piece of the same type puzzle which
is white. Each guest is instructed to write op-
posite each word on his or her list the correct
word, while the rest of the guests are arriving.
The following is the list :

1. Teeth ears w— Sweetheart

2. Yenho— Honey

3. Reda— Dear

4. Ringlad— Darling

5. Voel— Love

6. Guh— Hug

7. Skis— Kiss

8. Missrope— Promises

9. Palsrospo— Proposals

10 Widnged Singr— Wedding Rings

IL Korenb Ratshe— Broken Hearts

12 Elvo L street— Love LeUers

13 Gag men neet Ginrs— Engagement Kings

14. Ageirram Ratla— Marriage Altar

15. NoonmoyeVi— Honeymoon

16. Direb— Bride

17 Gorean Mossobls— Orange Blossoms

18 Rovesl Squarrel— Lovers' Quarrels

Note: The persons getting all eighteen correct will
be awarded five more candy hearts to add to their co -

lection as there will be a prize ^^^/''ti *° Jl'.t
having the largest number at the end of the party.

Mixers
The Heart Hunt — A large number of candy
hearts have been hidden around the room before "
the party starts. At the signal of the leader girls
and boys hunt for them. The leader, before giving
the signal, appoints a captain of each group and
instructs them that when any person other than
the captain finds some hearts, he or she may not
pick them up, but must sing a certain love song
to attract the attention of his or her captain who
will in turn come and get the hearts which have
been discovered. The boys may be instructed to
sing some tune like, "I Can't Give You Anything
But Love, Baby," and the girls, "Fit As a Fid-
dle " etc The leader will call time when he thinks
most of the hearts have been found and each cap-
tain will then make a count. The group finding
the largest number will receive one heart each from
the captain of the losing team who will divide the
remaining hearts between his team members. The
captain of the winning team must divide as
equally as possible with his or her cohorts.

Heart Mending-The leader instructs the group
that each person has in his or her Possession a
piece of a broken heart and that in order that this
party mav be truthfully called a Lovers Party
these hear'ts must first be mended ; so at the signal
of the leader the boys will gather in one corner
and mend their heart and the girls in the other.
The group completing their heart first will receive
an additional heart for each lover.

Hearts For Sale — The group is told that at a
..iven signal the market of courtship will throw
Vn its doors to every lover and that the profit

559

sa)

A FAMOUS LOVERS' PARTY

derived therefrom will depend only on the skill
and cunning of each lover. Each boy is to try to
buy as many hearts from the girls as possible, and
the girls from the boys. At the close of the mar-
ket the boy and girl having received by barter the
largest number of hearts will receive an additional
award of five.

Proposal Relay — The boys line up on mie side
of the room and the girls on the other, facing a
blackboard. The first person in each group is
given a piece of chalk. He or she must go to the
blackboard and write the first word of a pro-
posal, after which he returns to give the chalk to
the second person who goes to the board and adds
another word, and so on until the proposal is com-
plete in one sentence with the last person in each
line adding the last word and the punctuation.
The group having a sentence which is grammati-
cally correct and containing a complete proposal of
marriage will receive one heart as an award to
each lover in the group.

Cupid's Art — Each girl in the group is given a
square of red paper four or five inches on a side
and each boy a piece of white paper just half the
size of the square, i.e., two by four inches. The
girls are instructed that they are to tear this
square into the shape of a heart while holding it
behind their backs and the boys will tear theirs
into the shape of an arrow. They must not take
their hands from behind their backs until the
leader gives them permission. The boy and girl
who in the judgment of the leader makes the best
figure is awarded one heart each. The girls should
be instructed that in order that they may hold
their lovers when they find them they should make
two slits in the hearts for Cupid's arrow.

Who's Your Lover? — Each girl is then given the
the anagram of a famous woman lover as listed
below. Each girl in turn writes the anagram on
the blackboard while the boys all try to discover
who her lover is. The first to recognize him is
to be her lover for the remainder of the party.
As each finds her lover the boy writes the name
of the famous lover he represents on his arrow
and the girl writes hers on her heart. Then the
arrow is given to the girl who fits it into the slits
of her heart for safe-keeping. The following are
suggested names of famous lovers :

1. Ninmei semou, Y kic me Ousem — Mickey Mouse,

Minnie Mouse.

2. Beg Liar, Even I angel — ^Gabriel, Evangeline.

3. Ozba, Hurt— Boaz, Ruth.

4. Natyonh, Airtapocle — Anthony, Cleopatra.

5. Onapenol, Pejiheson — Napoleon, Josephine.

6. Ernoro, Letuij — Roemo, Juliet.

7. Nojh Endla, Caplsrill — John Alden, Pricilla.

8. Nlatode, Aeienl — Lancelot, Elaine.

9. Iprsa, Nlehe — Paris, Helen.

10. Lhatme, Lohiepa — Hamlet. Ophelia.

11. Tenda, Tribecea — Dante, Beatrice.

12. Cjka, Llij— Jack, Jill.

13. Whiataha, Nahminahe — Hiawatha, Minnehaha.

14. Cunhp, Yudj — Punch, Judy.

Note : The leader should watch this very closely to
keep this from dragging. If necessary give hints. He
should be the judge as to who answers first. Keep a key
so that there will be no mistakes. liach boy, instead of
calling out loud, may go to the girl and whisper his
answer, so that the rest may not know who they are,

Pantomimes

When each person has found his lover, each
couple will be given an opportunity to represent
them in pantomime. At least two minutes should
be allowed them to work out their scene. A judge
will select the best and the worst and perhaps the
funniest, etc. Do not judge too strictly, so as to
cause as little embarrassment as possible.

Properties

Two pounds of tiny red candy hearts

A large number of pencils

A sufficient number of small paper bags for the
group

Two large hearts, one white, one red, cut into
smaller pieces as much like hearts as possible

Invitations

Newspapers, pins, paper clips

A copy of the Lovers' Vocabulary for each
guest

Slips with anagrams of lady lovers

Squares of red paper for Cupid's art, also half
size pieces of white for boys

A list of the answers to the vocabulary and the
lovers' anagrams for the leader's reference

Decorations

Bibliography

The Cokcshitry Pcn-ly Book. Arthur M. Depew— 52
Planned Parties with 600 games and stunts. The Cokes-
bury Press, Nashville, Tennessee.

Recreation.

N. R.A. IhtUctins.

Parties — a magazine published by the Dennison Mfg.
Company.

Games and Game Leadership, Charles F. Smith. Pub-
lished by Dodd, Mead & Co., New York City.

Note: For adults interested in giving the dramatic
touch to their Valentine celebration we suggest the fol-
lowing plays :

A Masque of Old Loves, a whimsy by Faith Van Val-
kenburg Vilas. N. R. A. $.10.

Gijts of the Gods, a charming fantasy by Olive M.
Price. Walter Baker & Co., Boston. $.30.

Valentines, by Alice C. D. Riley. (For sophisticated
adult groups). Samuel French. $.50.

WORLD AT Play

^ ^ OUR school in Peru,

Rag Bags Supply Nebraska, was ma-

Robes for Cinderella tgrially assisted by the

Parents' Club in ac-

quiring costumes for plays and pageants. In
the local newspapers was inserted an ad ask-
ing for old garments that might be altered or
dyed In response many old fancy dress cos-
tumes and cheesecloth robes were given the
school. These, stored in an empty closet of a
sewing room until a school program or carni-
val was planned, proved veritable riches, with
which manv a Queen Elizabeth or a Pop-Eye
strutted forth in a glamorous and devastating
grandeur.

■ EVANSVILLE, In-
Winter Activities in

Evansville

diana, is enjoying a
splendid winter pro-

— ' gram. Chief among

the new facilities is the indoor center secured
through WPA from the county which will
provide heat and light and will rebate taxes.
The center was formerly an old furniture
factory and there are 190,000 square feet ot
space. All except a few small rooms will be
under the jurisdiction of the Recreation De-
partment. The basement will have a rifle and
pistol range; the first floor will house game
rooms for boys and girls ; another room will
be equipped with twelve ping pong tables.
There is a very large room with a stage having
a seating capacity of 600 which will serve for
dramatic and musical entertainments. On an-
other floor there will be horseshoe courts and a
roller skating rink, and on the top floor there
is to be an immense workshop with machinery
and other facilities.

Roanoke Receives
Gift of Land

IN November, the
Department of Rec-
reation of Roanoke,
Virginia, received
from Mr. J. B. Fishburn and his son, J. P. Fish-
burn, twenty-five acres of level land adjacent
to South Roanoke to be dedicated to park and

plavground purposes. This is the second dona-
tion Mr. Fishburn has made within the past two
vears in addition to the great Fairy Stone Park
of 4 500 acres which he recently gave the State
of Virginia. The City Council has agreed to
begin improvements immediately. Mr. K.
Mark Cowen, Director of Recreation in Ro-
anoke, writes that in the past six years park
acreage has increased 70 per cent without a
cent of cost to the city government.

A unique feature of
the work of the Pub-
lic Recreation Com-
' mission of Cincin-
nati, Ohio, was the program of recreational
and social activities carried on last year in co-
operation with the Community Gardens Com-
mittee. Eight hundred and thirty-five garden-
ers were enrolled as active participants at the
fifteen different welfare garden centers located
in different parts of the city. The activities in-
cluded horseshoe pitching, softball, croquet,
dramatics, dances, checkers and chess. Play-
ground equipment was provided for a number
of the children of the gardeners.

At the Communty
Gardens

Boys' Club in Moores-
town, N. J.

AT the community
house at Moorestown
boys' clubs are an out-

■ standing feature of

the program. There is a 9-14 year old group con-
sisting of four clubs in four different neighbor-
hoods, with an average enrollment of 23. The
14-17 year group consists of three clubs in as
many neighborhoods including one colored
group of ten boys, the other two clubs have a
total of 33 between them. The club for the age
group from 18-25, known as The Bears, covers
the entire township and is bringing together all
the other groups with a total of 117 members.
A new club for small boys from 6-9 has re-
cently been organized under the name. The
Cherokee Tribe. The programs vary accord-
ing to age needs, and the senior club has a wide
influence on the social conduct of a larger

561

562

WORLD AT PLAY

group than their own. Their major activities
are sports, dramatics, and weekly social dances.
In addition, an afternoon period in the gym-
nasium is devoted to the needs of unemployed
boys and young men, while on two nights a
•week there are volleyball, basketball and other
acti\ities for young men.

Recreation Leaders in State Parks — An in-
teresting contribution of Pennsylvania to the range
of activities conducted with emergency educa-
tion funds was the development of a program
for training and installing recreation leaders in
state parks. Following a special ten day train-
ing institute at State College early in July 1935,
twenty men were stationed in fifteen state
parks where they led hikes, camp fire programs
and nature study trips, and conducted educa-
tional and recreational programs as far as
available facilities permitted. The program met
with an enthusiastic response.

At the International City Managers Asso-
ciation— On October 21st to 23rd the twenty-
second annual conference of the International
City Managers Association was held in Knox-
ville, Tennessee. Less attention was focused
this year on emergency problems than on the
importance for improving administrative tech-
niques and developing long term constructive
programs. An onlooker at the conference could
not fail to be impressed by the fact that the
city managers are doing splendid work for
good government and the enrichment of hu-
man life.

Conserving Our Rivers for Recreational Pur-
poses— A recent letter from Dr. Henry S. Cur-
tis reports that the Huron River for about ten
miles above Ann Arbor, Michigan has seven
bathing beaches, two parks and seven picnic
grounds and camp sites, is a natural haven for
all sorts of wild life. Below Ann Arbor the
Huron River is scarcely used because of city
sewage. Boating is greatly handicapped by
two low bridges which require portages and by
three dams. Dr. Curtis urges that the rivers of
the country are natural playgrounds for boat-
ing, swimming, fishing, skating, picnicking,
camping and the study of wild life; that they
may be made beautiful and accessible and that
they should be managed for recreational needs.
There are twelve rivers in Michigan which are

natural playgrounds about two hundred miles
in length. Not one of them, reports Dr. Curtis,
carries any commerce except perhaps a little right
at the mouth. All existing laws and rules in regard
to navigable streams in Michigan are now being
codified.

A Drama Tournament in Phoenixville, Pa. —
As a result of the drama tournament held last
year in Phoenixville, Pa., at which the drama
critics of a number of Phoenixville newspapers
served as judges, the Drama League fostered
by the Recreation Department is holding a radio
drama tournament over Station WIP. A dif-
ferent group presents a play each week, and the
judges who served last year are again giving
their services.

A Survey of Educational Films — The

American Council on Education, 744 Jackson
Place, Washington, D. C, has sponsored the
establishment of the American Film Institute
whose main function will be to advance educa-
tion by developing the use of motion pictures
and other allied visual-auditory aids in all fields
of learning. A number of projects are now
under way, one of them the preparation of a
complete catalogue of educational films in the
United States which is being carried on jointly
with the United States Office of Education.
The American Council on Education requests-
that any individuals or organizations that have
produced, own or have the exclusive distribu-
tion rights to any motion picture which should'
be included in this list write to the Council re-
questing the film catalogue cards which are-
being used in connection with the study.

Young Men's Clubs in Niles — Niles, Michi-
gan, has two young men's clubs operated by
volunteer commi^ttees. One club uses a build-
ing on a piece of school property; the other is
on property recently acquired by the city. Out
of frame buildings formerly used as temporary
schools the young men have made club rooms
suitable for dancing, cards, reading, and other
group activities.

A South American City Creates a Depart-
ment of Playgrounds — The municipality of Sao-
Paulo, Brazil, South America, has passed an
ordinance establishing a Department of Play- ;
grounds and creating the position of Superin-
tendent of Playground Service.

WORLD AT PLAY

563

Nursery Schools - Three hundred college
eachers, directors, specialists, and instructors
n nursery schools attended the sixth biennial
-onference of the National Association for
STursery Education held in St. Louis, Missouri,
October 31st-November 2nd. Luncheon discus-
sion groups and general meetings characterized
the conference. More than f^fty exhibits were
arranged to show the development of phases of
nur.erv school activities. Simplicity and umty
were the kevnote of the toys, games and hand-
craft shown. Toys for a child, it was stated,
should be detachable as children naturally
want to take things apart. In the field of chil-
dren's books the current trend is toward sim-
phcity and unity of purpose. The illustrations
are large and their subjects simple. Photo-
graphic books showing children of other lands
are good, as are fairy tales. Since its inception
in October 1933, the Emergency Nursery
Schools conducted by the Education Division
of the WPA have enrolled 140,897 children in
more than 2,000 centers located in 47 states,
the District of Columbia and Porto Rico. The
average per capita cost per year for nursery
school children was $63.74, exclusive of play
materials much of which has been donated.

A Minister Serves His Community— "Some-
times thev say a minister is lazy," writes Rev-
erend Lane C. Findley of Bayfield, Colorado,
in telUng of his community activities. Mr.
Findlev is an approved basketball referee, the
only one at the present time in San Juan Basin
a region al)0ut 200 miles in length and from 75
to 100 miles in width. He is coaching a group
of junior high schol boys in the game. Five full
teams practice every afternoon from the high
school. Mr. Findley is also directing com-
munity night programs at two church centers
at which people assemble for an evening's
program of games and entertainment. A re-
gional library has been installed and from 500
to 600 books, including fiction and religious
books, are being loaned to schools all over
the county. In addition, Mr. Findley preaches
in three widely separated towns.

Winter Sport Facilities in a National Park-
Throughout the past summer and fall CCC
crews under the direction of forest service of-
ficers have built several new ski trails and
jumps in the Wasatch National Forest, Utah.

^The La-tes* Books

Healtli^SlppHi^tion

fSend For New Catalogue J—

I A. S BARNES £- COMPANV

^•*' PubTlWh" since 1838

67 Wes* ^-^ th Sf N*'^ York,

] 'reparations are being made for a large out-
doer skating rink. A semi-circular dam of snow
will be constructed forming a reservoir which
will be slowly filled and frozen around the
edges thus making a firm dam. It will then be
filled with water. The rink will be made pri-
marily as an experiment and to furnish a means
of recreation for the CCC camp located there.
It is expected that many townfolk will also
use it.

A Welfare Council Promotes Recreation—
The Delaware County, Pennsylvania, Welfare
Council has among its divisions one on recrea-
tion. The chairman, vice-chairman and secre-
tary are elected by the division at the annual
meeting in May, and the chairman serves on
the executive committee of the council. The
division is composed of the executive of each
recreation agency of the council and an elected
lay delegate. All voluntary recreation associa-
tions are represented by one lay delegate. The
executive committee of twenty-four is respon-
sible for the major projects of the division and
a youth committee of five appointed from the
executive committee by the chair works closely
with the county committee for youth adminis-
tration projects. The program of the division
this year is designed to interpret the need of
communities by making contacts with women's
clubs, PTA groups, service organizations, clubs
and local governing bodies, to stimulate and
help them in assuming planned responsibility
for recreational activities, to cooperate with
adult education and the youth administration
program of the county, especially in relation
to the permanency of recreational activities set
up in it, and to stimulate interest in a county-
wide demand for a recreation board and a pro-
perly qualified director.

Junior Olympics in Cleveland Heights —

Each Saturday morning about 150 boys and

564

WORLD AT PLAY

girls of Cleveland Heights, Ohio, congregate
at the high school gymnasium for a program
of physical education activities which is purely
voluntary. More than this, the children pay a
small fee to help defray expenses. A staff of
nine people teach the boys fencing, wrestling,
basketball, boxing, swimming and tumbling,
while the girls are given exercises designed to
maintain proper posture or to correct faults.

Promptly at 9 130 the juniors are lined up
for mass calisthenics, are given a fifteen min-
ute work out and are then sent to various
rooms for instruction. Instructors are so as-
signed that each group or squad has a leader.
Three extra teachers, called free lances, teach
fencing, wrestling and boxing in rotation to
the squads. A plunge in the pool ends the
morning's program.

What One Juvenile Officer Is Doing — Carl
Cook, probation officer of Klamath Falls, Ore-
gon, has taken an active part in helping to
provide a program of activities for the boys of
the city. He has helped organize the boys from
the various schools into platoons and started
a program of drills to be followed by training
in firearms and camping. With the assistance
of boys he has constructed ski slides and tobog-
gan slides and has assigned certain streets for
toboggan use and had them policed by boys.

A Study Tour — Jay B. Nash of New York
University reports that he is planning several
combination trips to study physical education
and recreation in Europe during the summer
of 1936, one starting on March 31st, another
June 25th. The groups are being organized on
a non-profit basis.

The Ninth Annual Folk Dance Festival —
On May 4th the New York Branch of the Eng-
lish Folk Dance Society of America presented
its Ninth Annual Folk Dance Festival. Over
450 dancers took part from clubs, schools and
organizations of various kinds. From the Pine
Mountain Settlement School of Kentucky came
the senior class to present the Running Set
which is still enjoyed as a social dance in the
mountains of Kentucky. The group also took
part in the English dances which have been
an important part of the community's social life
ever since Cecil Sharp visited Pine Mountain in
1917. The festival was a beautiful and colorful
affair, and we owe much to the English Folk

Dance Society for making it possible for people
today to enjoy the English dances and songs
Avhile helping to preserve traditional standards.

A New Shelter House at Millburn — Mill-
burn, New Jersey, has a new shelter house
constructed through CWA labor of old field
stone and used bricks contributed by an in-
terested citizen. The building contains show-
ers, locker rooms, dressing rooms for swim-
ming and athletics, a large room for crafts and
a still larger room paneled in knotted white
pine with a beautiful fireplace for club activi-
ties.

The Community Center
as a Neighborhood Club House

(Continued from paf/e 5J!6)
and the hundreds of volunteers who are maki:
the center a real neighborhood club house! Tin
get out of it what they put into it — sincerity, jo]
energy. It is their club because they are buildin!
the program and bringing happiness to others.

We have visited a well-organized community
center from basement to attic. We have asked
innumerable questions and have looked over at-
tractive publicity material.

We thank the director and tell him "good
night" just in time, for the groups are disbanding
and he wants to be at the door to bid farewell to
each participant as he leaves.

As we receive our wraps from the friendly
checkroom attendant and nod in response to the
doorman's pleasant "come again" we think, "With
the director, staff and laymen all working for the
good of the people, such a community center may
well be called the Neighborhood Club House."

For further suggestions the following publica-
tions of the National Recreation Association are
suggested :

Recreation- Magazine — 12 issues a year... $2.00

"The Conduct of Community Centers" 25

"Recreation for Girls and Women" 3.00

"Partners in Play" 75

Recreation Experiments in Rural
Communities

(Continued from page 539)
their community life. I felt keenly my responsi-
bility as their leader. There were fifty present the
first night and seventy-five the second. The wood
to heat the building was carried to the school from
■family woodpiles; the light was supplied by lan-
terns from neighboring barns. There had been no

MAGAZINES AND PAMPHLETS

565

nusical instrument so an organ was brought for
he two evenings of my visit. We talked of what
ife together in small places should mean to one
and so to all ; we sang old folk songs, and we
plaved singing games and group games as best
we' could between the immovable seats. There
were a number of Europeans in the settlement con-
squently, the Secretary of the School Board came
to sit behind the stove the first evening, his face
stern and forbidding. The name "Community"
suggested the dread word "Communism" and he
intended to discover whether or not I had such
leanings ! I received, later, the ofifer of. his whole-
hearted support in whatever I might undertake.

Before I left a nominating committee was
named to take the initial step in developing a
Literary Society. I went back to that community
two months later and discovered that the society
was in existence and was meeting every two weeks
instead of (jnce a. month because of the great en-
thusiasm of the members— and they numbered
sixty. A second-hand piano had been bought for
the use of school and club and that very evening
a program was given of music, recitations and a
one-act play. Since then, through the kindly in-
terest of a Woman's Club, fifty books have been
given to start a community library. Who shall
say that there was not fertility in that little valley
which few people know exists ?

A Wading Pool for Boston

(Continued from page 540)
two months the pool has frequently accommodated
as many as 200 children averaging about eight
vears in age.

First of its kind in Boston, the project origi-
nated under the direction of Major Roswell G.
Hall, Superintendent of Public Buildings, whose
engineers prepared the plans and supervised the
construction in consultation with Willard D.
Woodbury, Technical Adviser to the Department.
Major Hall, Bcston ERA Administrator at the
time the project was carried out, is particularly
enthusiastic about the advantages children derive
from this form of recreation.

The total cost to the city of Boston was only
$3,500, the federal government providing the
labor ; the estimated cost of replacement without
federal aid is $22,500. Utilization of janitorial
forces in the adjacent municipal building and the
provision of simple but sturdy equipment should
result in almost negligible operation and main-
tenance costs.

Magazines and Pamphlets

) Recently Received Containing Articles |
' of Interest to the Recreation Worker

MAGAZINES
The Research Quarterly of the Awerkan Physical Educa-
tion Associatiorj, December 1935
\ Guide to the Literature of Physical Education, In-
cluding Certain Aspects of Health Education and
Recreation, by Alice Allene Sefton
A Bibliography of Skiing in the English Language,

by Arthur E. Larkin
Bibliography for 1934, by G. B. Affleck

The Survey Midmonthly, December 193S

Project 1-^E4— 15, Los Angeles, by Katherme
Glover

The National Parent-Teacher Magazine, January 1936
Youth and the Modern World, An Editorial by

Aubrey Williams , t • t, c

Home Play and Recreation, by Lewis R. Barrett

Hygeia, January 1936

Toys and Games That Teach and Train, by BiUie
feel Mettel
The Journal of the National Education Association,

Deccmlxr 1935 ^ ^ ,, „

Education for Leisure, by Otto T. Mallery

The Record (The Girls' Friendly Society) January 1936
Mexican Games

Parents' Magazine, January 1936

Family Fun. by Elizabeth King

Family Movie Guide

The Journal of the National Education Association,

January 1936
Today's Youth Problems

Progressive Education, December 1935

Youth and the Government, by Aubrey Williams
Youth Speaks for Itself, by William W. Hinckley

PAMPHLETS

Report of the Chief of the Forest Service, 1935

U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.
Price $.05
A Statement to the Citizens of Millburn Township, N. J.

A Report for 1935
First Annual Report — Chicago Recreation Commission,

1935
Planning Your Community — A Manual of First Steps
Mayor's Committee on City Planning of the City of
New York

Municipal Finance Legislation 1935, by Irving Tenner
Municipal Finance Officers' Association, Chicago.
Price $.60
Annual Report of the Milwaukee Municipal Athletic As-
sociation, 1935

Snow Sports and Activities

Bulletin No. 21 — Western Massachusetts Winter
Sports Council

566

WILLIAM LI. BURDICK, M.D.

William H. Burdick, M.D.

IN THE DEATH of Dr. William H. Burdick the
United States has lost one of its ablest recrea-
tion leaders who combined a deep and funda-
mental philosophy with unusual capacity as an ad-
ministrator and a practical man of affairs. He
saw clearly far beyond the present and worked
for long-time needs but at the same time he did
not neglect the things that needed to be done to-
day and tomorrow.

He was possessed of rare courage and was
ready to stand up and be counted for his convic-
tions. He stood always, for high standards in the
recreation movement. He saw clearly that the
recreation movement must be a truly national
movement.

The positions held by Dr. William H. Burdick
give no indication of the extent of his influence
or the depth of his power. However, in addition
to his work as Director of the Baltimore Play-
ground Athletic League and as State Director of
Physical and Health Education of Maryland, he
was an active leader in the American Physical
Education Association and in the National Edu-
cation Association and in the Society of State
Directors of Physical and Health Education. Dr.
Burdick was a natural leader of men, ready to pay
the price which leadership involves. His leader-
ship never depended upon the positions which he
held. Because of all that he was and because of
his special capacities men naturally turned to him
for advice and for guidance.

Dr. Burdick had dedicated himself to his pro-
fession. He had opportunities to increase his
financial income, but questions of money did not
particularly interest him. Above all he was con-
cerned to do a good job in his chosen profession.
Because of the integrity of his own character, the
way in which he had integrated his own life, he
gave a greater faith in mankind to all those who
worked with him.

From the beginning Dr. Burdick was associated
with the staff of the National Recreation School
and had a large part in the training of younger
workers. His wise counsel helped in the meetings
of recreation executives and at the Recreation
Congresses.

When a man like Dr. Burdick goes a successor
may be chosen, but there is never any thought of
filling his position for this of course cannot be
done because he had built a very special position
for himself. — Howard Braucher.

Marionettes for Blind Children

(Contittiicd from page 546) I

these expressions of good will and apprciationl
was so lovely to us, it is easy to understand that
we considered those letters our nicest Christmas
present. You may be sure they were all answerec

Making Necessary Adaptations

And now to the technical side of the question
"How can blind children possibly enjoy a mari
onette show ?" you ask. And the reply is, "yoi
enjoy a drama on the radio, don't you?"

Of course, in presenting these shows, we do usi
a different technique than usual. First and mos
important, we select plays with action, whose dia-
logue carries the plot. Short skits, such as some "
of our specialty numbers and acts from the cir-
cus, which depend on sight alone, are never
presented.

Second, we take the silencer off the stage floor
so the children can hear the figures moving about.
This helps them locate the characters on the stage.

Third, we have our clown, Toto, who acts as
master of ceremonies, tell them about the play.
He gives a brief description of the setting, and
also the costumes. This is done in a very gay,
"high" fashion, just as though we always did it
at every show. Throughout the entire presenta-
tion we want the children to feel that they are ex-
periencing something other children do, and that
there is nothing done in the performance which
is at all different from shows given for people
with normal vision.

Fourth, the children that have partial vision and
light perception are seated as close to '.he stage as
possible. The teachers tell us that many times,
after the show, those who have sat in front tell
the totally blind children any fine point they think
they might have missed.

After Toto's introduction, he bids them good-
bye, the overture plays, and then the fun begins.

In manipulating the figures and delivering the
lines we make the voice an integral part of the
action, so by following its sound the children can
get a good idea of the physical action of the
figures. Usually about a week before we are to
be at the school, the teachers familiarize the chil-
dren with the story on our program, if they don't
already know it. This helps to freshen their
memory and enables them to have the plot more
clearly in mind.

last year we were a little worried when we

CUBBING FOR THE YOUNGER BOY

567

realized that as our "Little Black Sambo" pup-
pets have black velvet "skins" they wouldn't make
any noise in walking, so we had Toto explain that
"This is 'way over in India, in the jungle, where
everybody walks around in their bare feet, so they
won't make any noise," and this explanation seem-
ed very satisfactory !

Apart from the pleasure the children derive
from the shows, there is a very practical angle
which surprised us when we learned of it. Miss
Margaret Phillips, head of the elementary depart-
ment at the school, can tell you about it much bet-
ter than I. She says, "In our school dramatiza-
tion is an important part of the work in the pri-
mary grades. After the children heard the show,
interest in dramatizing increased tremendously.
Class room work became noticeably better and I
am certain it was due to the marionettes. Chil-
dren are, of course, clever imitators, and having
caught the feeling Mr. and Mrs. Haines put into
their plays, they tried to imitate it."

Miss Phillips also told us that this interest
proved to be in no way transitory. Throughout
the year the work was consistently better. One of
the other teachers told us it was as though a sense
of dramatic values had suddenly been made clear
to the children, and that often, after our shows,
they would act out parts of the program they
especially liked.

The children are so responsive and enthusiastic
that we consider them one of our best audiences.
They are so appreciative and inspiring that mari-
onette groups, amateur or professional, in other
cities, will find their efforts well repaid should
they care to give performances for similar
schools.

Re reation at the Elmlra Reformatory

(Continued from page 549)
Recreation has greatly improved the morale of the
entire inmate body, has reduced disciplinary prob-
lems, developed a more responsive and coopera-
tive relationship with the officials and personnel
and created an environment in conjunction with
the academic, vocational, and religious projects
which is more conducive to final rehabilitation.

Cubbing for the Younger Boy

(Continued from page 551)
hood group who is willing to give up his golf on
Saturday afternoons, to take a Den on a small,
but exciting hike, culminating in nutting or swim-

DIAMOND

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HORSESHOES

A few courts of horseshoes will add
much to your playground. Write for
ifree instruction booklets on organiz-
ing horseshoe clubs and official rules.
DIAMOND Official shoes and ac-
cessories are the choice of profes-
sionals and amateurs alike. Preferred
because of their excellent construc-
tion—their high quality materials.

DIAMOND CALK HORSESHOE CO.

4610 GRAND AVE. DULUTH, MINN.

ming, or to help in rope spinning, bird study, or
in wielding a hammer and saw in backyard car-
pentry or shack building.

It is all kept as simple, as recreational, as whole-
some as possible. At all times the Cub Program
is under the auspices of the local Scout Council
of a given community. In many places, owing to
the growing demand on the part of parents, Den
Mothers' Training Courses are being conducted
which give helpful guidance not only in the prac-
tical aspects of Cubbing but also in its psycho-
logical values. The Den Mother is vital to the
success of Cubbing. Without her Cubbing would
be a very dififerent and perhaps less happy thing.
The Scout craves a man's world increasingly. The
Cub age boy is still close enough to his mother to
delight in her comradeship, and he does not object
to her wise, friendly indirect direction of his
activities.

For the Cub it is all simply heaps of fun, the
best game he has ever played. Cut behind the fun
is a real growing process, the planting of the seeds
of a real ideal, an incentive even at nine or ten
years old to do one's best, to be a socially minded
and handed individual.

568

AT THE GARFIELD PARK RECREATION CENTER

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At the Garfield Park Recreation Center

(Continued from page 552)

(6) Parade of decorated sleds by boys and girls
under twelve years of age

(7) Programs by various schools and groups for
trophy

(8) Mass drill and parade of lanterns

(9) Demonstration of hockey given by pro-
fessionals

(10) Figure skating (men and women)

(11) Couple skating race — 220 yard dash

(12) Dog sled race (boys and girls under twelve
years of age)

(13) Costume parade

(14) Cheer leaders' contest — high schools

(15) Tug-of-war with six men teams

(16) Parade of floats on skis

(17) Ice carnival queen and her maids (will be
chosen)

(18) Parade of schools and groups in costume
for trophy

Make Your Recreation Creative

(Continued from page 554)

space for ping pong, reading material, lounging
around the radio, and other club room pleasures.

The leadership in this recreational program is
largely gotten from the group itself, the members
checking their abilities on joining, and then taking
their turns at leading games or serving on the re-
freshments committee. This training in leadership
is no negligible matter, but one of the real bene-
fits to be obtained from such recreation. The pro-
gram becomes self-regenerative, and functions
with something like perpetual motion.

This social program, born and housed in a
church, illustrates what can be done in spite of
institutional limitations. The Student Club activi-
ties are featured in the college paper, its functions
are subjects for conversation over college board-
ing tables, and it has often been spoken of as "the
most useful organization on the campus."

Applying the Creative Criterion to Dancing

A final word about what part dancing should
play in such a social program. Here is where the
creative criterion again comes into its own — make
dancing creative, we say, and you not only find
yourself with a fine form of wholesome recrea-;
tion, but you do an inestimable service to the
whole social program in the community.

MAKE YOUR RECREATION CREATIVE

569

Swimming Pool Data and
Reference Annual

(1936 Edition Vol IV)
$2.00 A COPY

« An annual volume devoted to design,
construction, sanitation, management, costs,
physical therapy, swimming, diving, etc.
Contains, also, a complete Guide to Equip-
ment and Supplies.

Make all checks, money
orders, etc., payable to

EARL K. COLLINS

Suite 1007-08

404 Fourth Avenue, New York City

If more convenient, you can pay ^i* unused
U. S. postage. Stamps accepted at full lace
value. Certified statement of payment ren-
dered free when requested. However when a
notarized document is requested, add 25 cents
to purchase price.

The Social Cabinet encountered considerable
prejudice in our church when it was proposed that
monthly dancing parties be included as an in-
tegral part of our social whole. And ingenuity in
plenty was required to circumvent the adverse
votes of eyery governing body which took the
matter up! Where words could not convince,
however, demonstration did. And when the
church officers and college deans looked in on the
dancing parties, and observed the three hundred
students learning new steps under a competent in-
structor, the wholesome type of dancing and the
healthy absence of wall-flowers, they were not
long in changing their minds. Thereafter, every
vote by a governing body was for the social
program !

Let us digress a moment to remark on this pre-
judice against dancing. It has been— and is— one
of the high forms of art. Yes, you say, but that is
aesthetic dancing. Well, why not make all dancing
aesthetic? Show young people through folk dances
how the dance can express a people's sentiments
like literature; then teach them new ballroom
steps and promote by suggestion and example a
type of dancing which shall be an artistic expres-
sion of each individual person. There are great

Announcing . . .

a new and unusual book on

Tap Dancing

with a musical note
for every tap

which makes tap dancing
amazingly simple and
easy for beginners ....
indispensable for danc-
ing instructors. A book
like no other on the market, with
steps analyzed from both a tech-
nical and musical standpoint. . . .
Each routine is set to an original
musical composition.

MARGUERITE JUDD who is a graduate in
physical education from Battle Creek College,
professional dancer in vaudeville and musical
comedy, director of dancing and individual
gymnastics at Central Branch, Y.W.C.A. of
the City of New York.

. . and t •

HOWARD M. STUART who has divided his
career of thirteen years in the theater be-
tween dancing and music. ... He has directed
his own orchestra, composed music, produced
dance routines for vaudeville and club work
and is a teacher of tap dancing.

Miss Judd and Mr. Stuart have
been associated professionally
as entertainers and in classes for
the past four years. . . . At
present they are both teaching
in New York City.

Illustrated by

THELMA S. MENDSEN

$1.00

THE WOMANS PRESS

600 Lexington Avenue, New York. N. Y.

570

'TO TRANSCEND HIMSELF''

LEISURE

THE MAGAZINE

OF A

THOUSAND

DIVERSIONS

IS JUST WHAT ITS NAME IMPLIES complete

coverage in 1 2 issues of unusual, as well as
popular, worthwhile free-time diversions. No
longer can recreation mean only playground ac-
tivities for children or vigorous physical exercise
for a chosen few. Spectatoritis is on the wane.

Individuals want to participate and achieve.

Broaden your projects to include every age, a
variety of tastes, and every degree of proficiency.
Today genuine re-creation means a diversified
leisure-time program for all — some healthful and
pleasureable interest for each and every member
of the family.

new approach to;
and countless other
fascinating activities

ALL ARTICLES

PROFUSELY ILLUS-
TRATED.

Leisure will give you a

[L0[ME[1

SPORTS

MUSIC

GAMES

PUZZLES
HANDICRAFTS
PHOTOGRAPHY
CREATIVE ARTS
NATURE STUDY

SPECIAL OFFER to Readers of RECREATION
Expires March First

15 months only - $I.OO

FILL IN YOUR NAME AND ADDRESS, SEND BILL.
CHECK, STAMPS OR M. O. in U. S. or CANADA. (Foreign
Pose — 50c. extra.) R-2

LEISURE, 683 Atlantic Ave., Boston, Mass. ^^l^^l

Please send your special 15 months offer — $1.00 enclosed.

NAME -

ADDRESS - -

CITY - ~ STATE .

If you are a leisure-leader, you arc entitled to a free
copy of our booklet "How to Run a Hobby Show."

possibilities in dancing approached creatively.

We "good" people should suffer sharp com-
punctions of conscience during any nights when
we may lie awake wondering what our young
people are doing, because we have left dancing so
much to the public halls and roadhouses. Youn.f,^
people will dance whether we wish it or not, as
they have for some thousands of years. Let us
make dancing, a high, instead of a cheap, form
of entertainment.

This description of our experiment in a social
program at People's Church at Michigan State
College has suggested to you, we hope, new ways
of organizing programs of recreation in home,
school, and church which are wholesome and
creative and at the same time vital and attractive
to young people. To those engaged in such pro-
jects we wish all success. The cause is a worth-
while one, for, may I reiterate, there is scarcely
a greater service that we adults can perform for
young people than that of helping them to make
their recreation creative.

"To Transcend Himself"

(Continued from page 556)
tells us that shellac is made from little bugs. What
plant of the flax family can be found nearby?
Natural dyes, metal and semi-precious stones — a
whole world of thrilling interests, particularly
when we also consider the adaptation of design
from nature to the crafts.

Some one has said "America is a good country,
not because it invented electric lighting, but be-
cause it has not forgotten candle lighting." We
can learn much from the craftsmen of yesteryear.

Crafts should always present opportunity for
growth. Let us set our standards high and choose
to do only those things that are real and that
stimulate a desire for greater effort.

Why Have a Hobby Show?

(Continued from page 558)

being rested and relieved of every day worries
and fatiguing thoughts.

A hobby exhibit helps parents and children to
see how they may use their leisure time. By ex-
ample they see what they can do and are helped
in reaching a decision about the hobbies they wish
to follow. A show is more effective than the
printed or spoken word. It is alive, graphic, real.
Every community will profit in arranging such
an exhibit.

New Publications in the Leisure Time Field

Hobbies— A Bibliography

ffice of Education, U. S. Department of the Interior,
Washington, D. C.

Phe Vocatiokai. Division of the Office of Education
' has made a vahiable contribution in this carefully pre-
ared bibliography giving a list of hobbies and leisure
me activities, publications and articles in the field, na-
onal organizations sponsoring or interested in hobby
rograms, and- a brief descripton of some of the hobby
nd leisure time activities carried on in various local
ommunities.

Historic Costume for the Stage

5y Lucy Barton. Walter H. Baker Company, Boston.
$5.00.

ylow THAT Miss Barton's book has appeared, it is dif-
^ ficult to see how little theatres, colleges, stage di-
•ectors and costume makers have been able to carry on

Iheir activities without it ! In itself a "very distinguished
)iec€ of writing," as one critic has said of it, the volume
:ontains a wealth of practical material representing
.horoughgoing research in books, art galleries and many
jther sources of information, and the result of the author's
jwn wide experience in costuming plays and pageants
and in teaching the history of costumes. It has the great
advantage of combining in one book, information previ-
ously available in scattered volumes, as well as much new
material. There are twenty chapters in nineteen^ of
which the heritage of European and European-American
dress is traced from Egypt, through the lands mentioned
in the Bible, to Greece, Rome, Byzantium, to Europe
proper, and finally to its oflfshoots in the New World.
The twentieth chapter is devoted to the problem of the
workshop. Each of the nineteen historical chapters is
illustrated by from twenty to twenty-five pen and ink
drawings, the majority of them full length figures.

Tin-Can-Craft

Bv Edwin T. Hamilton. Dodd, Mead & Company, New
York. $3.^0.

THE HUMBLE tin can assumes a position of high im-
portance in this book in which Mr. Hamilton shows
how all the types of articles made from more expensive
metals may be duplicated in tin. And as a budget aid
the work is done with the most simple of tools, many of
them homemade. We not only learn how hundreds of
articles such as book ends, ash trays, desk sets and can-
dlesticks are made — and numberless illustrations and dia-
grams accompany the directions — ^but we also glean much
interesting and little known information about the his-
tory of tin cans and how they are made. Mr. Hamilton's
book is the result of two years of exhaustive research
in which metal from bottle caps to five gallon drums has
been used. It is an encyclopedia of information on the
newest of crafts.

Swimming, Diving and Watersports

By Frances A. Greenwood. Obtainable through Miss
Greenwood, Univeristy of Alabama, University, Ala-
bama. $.50.
THE Swimming Section of the Southern Division of
the A.P.E.A. through Miss Greenwood has made an
important contribution in this bibliography and guide to
equipment and supplies. The bibliography has been care-
fully classified and references are made to unpublished
articles and theses. Of special interest to recreation
workers is the listing of source materials under "Water
Games, Sports, Meets, and General Recreational Swim-
ming" and under "Pageants and Entertainments." The
list of manufacturers of equipment and supplies has also
been classified with regard to its usefulness for those re-
ferring to it.

Rushworlc

Bv A. H. Crampton. The Studio Publications, Inc., 381
Fourth Avenue, New/ York. $.35.

ANOTHER OF THE attractive "Hours of Leisure" series,
this booklet deals with basketry and weaving in
which rushes are used in making useful articles and a
number of such articles are described, including dinner
mats, floor mats and baskets to serve a wide variety of
purposes. Information is also given on how to make
rush chair seats. Photographs and illustrations accom-
pany the instructions.

Friends

3y A. J. Pellettieri. Informal Education Service, Nash-
ville, Tennessee. $1.00.

MR. Pellettieri gives us here a study of the factors
involved in friendship-making among adolescent
boys based upon information secured from 449 boys from
all economic levels. The study will be helpful to work-
ers with youth and recreation leaders concerned with the
organization of clubs and groups. The failure of many
boys' clubs to function is explained by the study which
offers facts that will help prevent those using informal
educational methods from making the mistakes which so
often hold back the development of programs.

Games I Like to Play

By Neysa McMein. McCall's Magazine, New York. $.20.

IN THIS ATTRACTIVE pamphlet Miss McMein describes in
a delightfully informal manner thirteen games and ac-
tivities with which she has entertained her guests and
suggests supper menus for each party. Her introduction
into the discussion of activities of literary and stage per-
sonalities who are among her guests takes the pamphlet
out of the realm of the purely game book.

571

:>/c

NEIV PUBLICATIONS IN THE LEISURE TIME FIELD

The Delinquent Boy and the Correctional School.

By Xonnan Fenton. With the collaboration of Jessie
C. Fenton, Margaret E. Murray and Dorothy K.
Tyson. Garemont Colleges Guidance Center, Clare-
mont. California. Paper bound, $1.50: cloth, $2.00.
One of the most comprehensive studies made of cor-
rectional institutions, this volume presents a basis for
evaluating the possibilities of the present day correctional
school program. Everj- influence brought to bear on the
playground is searchingly analyzed, and all factors in the
life of the institution are considered in their bearing on
the bcry's development. The recreation program at the
school is described in detail. Speaking of the relation-
ship between jin-enile delinquency and recreation, Mr.
Fenton says : "Many of the boys who enter correctional
schools have been limited in their leisure time exoerience
to associations with questionable companions. Some of
these boys might never have been sent to WTiittier had
the local community supported an adequate program of
snper\-ised recreation. Such a program would moreover
be of inestimable value in facilitating the rehabilitation
of boys released from state sdiools."

How to Run a Hobby Show.

Reader's Service Bureau. Leisure, Boston, Massa-
chusetts. Free.
With literature on hobbies multiplying rapidly and
hobby shows increasing, this attractive pamphlet sug-
gesting in detail how to conduct a hobby show^ should
find man}- readers. It is helpful and practical giving a
step by step procedure.

The School in the Camps.

Frank Ernest Hill. American Association for AduK

Education, Xew York. Free.
Those who believe that in the CCC an important step
has been taken in the solution of one of America's
greatest problems will find this booklet telling of the
educational program of the CCC a significant document.
There is human interest in the booklet, not merely sta-
tistics and facts. There are "closeups" of the men and
of the instructors which make us feel as though we had
met them personally. There are vi\-id word pictures of
the games and camp life which bring us very close to this
vital experiment. There is an honest anal}-sis of failures
to attain the standards set, but there is also a s>Tnpathctic
and enthusiastic appreciation of the many successes. Mr.
Hill's stud>" has an important ccmtribution to our under-
standing of the CCC project.

Let's Look at the Stars.

By Edwin Brant Frost. Houghton Mifilin Company,
Boston. $2.00.

Here is another book on science expressed in such
simple, vivid language that the wonders of the sky may
become the intimate possession of boys and girls. The
author, a famous astronomer, tells about the sun, the
moon, eclipses, planets, comets, meteors and constella-
tions. The book is full of fascinating information on ob-
servatories, telescopes and methods of studying the skies,
and is lavishly illustrated.

The Out-of-Door Book

Riverside Bookshelf. Houghton Mifflin Company,

Boston. $2.00.
Stories about birds and beasts, sport, travel and thril-
ling adventure, all by famous writers, make this a
delightful book for all boys and girls. Some of the
authors represented include John Burroughs, Victor
Hugo, Henry D. Thoreau, Thomas Bailey Aldrich, and
John Ruskin.

Handbook of the Heavens.

Edited bv Hubert J. Bemhard, Dorothy A.
and Hugh S. Rice. McGraw-Hill Book Co. $1.00.
With the sciences forging to the front as leisure
hobbies and with groups at the recreation centers
izing to study the stars, this book will meet a grow
need. Written for amateurs l^ members of the Juni
.•\stronomy Qub of the Xew York Museum of Nature
History-, it is recommended by many well known scient-
ists and writers on astronomy. Handbook of the Heavens
is a practical manual and ready reference volume for
amateur observers.

Ship Model Making — The Brig

By Frank H. Mason. The Studio PuMicaticms, Inc.

381 Fourth Avenue, Xew York. $.35.
The Geordit Collier Brig which sailed the seas about a
hundred years ago is offered as the model in this bo-ok-
let, one of the "Hours of Leisure" series. A piece of
wood, a chisel, a half round wood rasp, a good pocket
penknife, sandpaper, a small file and a hammer of some
sort are all it is necessarj- for you to have if you decide
to model this quaint boat. Full directions and many
diagrams and illustrations are given.

Organizations for Youth

Leisure Time and Character Building Procedures.
By Elizabeth R. Pendry and Hugh Hartshome. Mc-
Graw-Hill Book Company, Inc., Xew York. $275.
The history, scope, organization, methods and under-
lying philosophy of forty leistu-e time agencies which
have character building either as a conscious objective or
as a presumed by-product, are given in this book. In
their treatment the authors have attempted to do full
justice to the point of view of each plan and have made
their subject matter descriptive rather than critica!.
Much of the information which the book containi u
made available for the first time.

Officers and Directors of the National
Recreation Association

OFFICERS

Joseph Lee, President
JOHX H. FiXLET, First Viee-President
JOHS G. WixAXT, Set»nd Vice-President
RoBEiT Gajiett, Third Vice-President
GcsTATtrs T. KiKBT, Treasurer
HowAiD S. BiAUCHEi, Secretary

DIRECTORS
M«s. Edwaxd W. Biddle, Carlisle, Pa.
William BcrrEiworrH, Molice. III.
Clakekce JI. Clabk, Philadelphia, Pa.
Hexit L. Coibett, Portland, Ore.
M«s. .AiTHCit G. CfrvxEE, JadconTille. Fla.
F. TaCBEE Davisos, Locust Vaaey. L. L, N. Y.
JoHx H. FixLET, New York, X. Y.
RoBEBT Gabbett, Baltimore, Md.
Adstix E- GiirriTHS, Seattle, Wash.
Chables Hatdex, New York. X. Y.
Mas. Chables V. Hiceox, Michigan Citj, Ind.
Mas. Edwabd E. Hcghes, West Orange, N. J.
Mas. Fbaxcis deLact Hyde, Piainfield, X. J.
Gcstattjs T. Kibbt, Xew York, X. Y.
H. McK. Laicbox, Indianapolis, Ind.
Mas. Chables D. Lasieb, Greenwich, Conn.
RoBEBT Lassitez, Charlotte, X. C
JosEFH Lee, Boston, Mass.
Edwabd E. Looms. New York, N. Y.
J. H. McCiTBOT, Springfield, 3Cass.
Orro T. Mallebt PhiUdelphia, Pa.
Waltib a. Mat, Pittsbnrgh, Pa.
Cabl E. Milukex, Aisgnsta. Me.
Mas. OcDEX L. Mills, Woodbnry, X. Y.
Mas. Jakes W. Wadswobth, Jb., WashingtoiL D. C.
J. C. Walsh, Xew York, X. Y".
Fbedebick M. Wabbcbc, Xew York, X. Y'.
JOHX G. WiSAST, Concord, X. H.
Mbs. Wiluah H. Woodis, Jb.. Tucscd, Aria.

--"•*e L^^^

Eswald Pettet

A Pioneer Adventure

FOR NEARLY twenty years Eswald Pettet dreamed and worked and lived for the national
recreation movement — not for an organization or an institution, not for a group of men
with whom he was associated, but to help to build a way of life, channels of growth for
the American people. He wanted opportunities for recreation under our American municipali-
ties as free and open for all as opportunities for education.

He was paid in part for his service as a district field man for the National Recreation
Association, but only in part. He gave a service that was beyond any pay. His work had a
priceless quality. If his salary had been reduced or taken away, he would have tried to find a
means of continuing his service. In point of fact, one of his dearest dreams was that the oil
well he was drilling on his farm should help finance the movement in which he worked. His
work was a family work. As he traveled from city to city, the recreation bishop of the South-
west, his wife traveled with him and his dreams were her dreams. Even his daughter, as a girl
of perhaps ten years, confided to me that when she grew up she would like to secure a million
dollar gift for the movement so the money-raising problem would not be so hard.

As villages grew into towns, and towns into cities in the great Southwest, Ted Pettet
wanted their charters in the beginning to provide for fun in living. He wanted them to be good
places in which to bring up children, good places to live and die in. He wanted a world of
happy people.

It is out of the stuff of such men as Eswald Pettet. such adventurers, pioneers, that the
foundations of our country, our citizenship, have been built. Eswald Pettet and his wife prac-
tically had no home of their own, but the whole Southwest was their home and everywhere
they were welcome because it was evident they sought nothing for themselves, that they sought
only one thing — to help build that section of the country to which they had dedicated
themselves.

For the makings of abundant life Ted Pettet had the courage to ask any man for any-
thing because all that he had and was, he himself had given.

Quietly and prosaically, year in and year out, without fuss or feathers, without any
religious label, but from the deepest of religious motives. Eswald Pettet worked in just the same
spirit as the prophets of old and the great heroes of the Christian faith. I become silent and
bow my head in reverence as I think of the spirit in which he served the Southwest for these
nearly twenty years. The word of Ted and Grace Pettet has been an inspiration to their col-
leagues. The meaning of Ted Pettet's life is a rich legacy to us all.

Howard Braucher.

MARCH, 1936

573

574

Ways to Musical Good rortu

"Providing for Participation" is the sub-
ject of this article, the second of the
series on Ways to Musical Good Fortune

TiiK KIKST article uiKlcr this
title, appearing in the Sep-
tftnljcr issue of Kkckka-
Tio.N, presented ideas as to tlie kinds of good for-
tune that are to be found in music, not alone
by specially trained people performing in spe-
cial places, hut also, in varying measure, by all
sorts of (jther ];eoi)le in their homes, cliurches,
schools, recreation centers and in the commu-
nity. While recognizing the higii development
of music as an art, and the inestimable value
of its liest artists, that article reaffirmed the
lielief that all real music, no matter how ad-
\ance(i, is rooted in impulses that are with
some degree of force astir in every person : imr
pulses to exjiress one's feelings, to enjoy cer-
tain Uinds of sounds and rhythms, find or cre-
ate beauty, live more fully, more intensely, feci
'lualities and powers in oneself that are esti-
mable and exi)ansible, to have fun, and to at-
tain a full sense of fellowshi]) with peoi)le
around one or with distant or imagined people.
Such impulses are the essential stufT of music,
though not of music alone. They are the in-
ward grace of whicli the music is an outward
sign giving lovable form, fulfdlment and nur-
ture to what might otherwise be inarticulate
and never fully realized. It is in that inward
grace that our good fortune lies.

This fortune is a by-product of whole-heart-
ed singing, playing, dancing or listening to its
music, as music ; not something to be sought
for directly. But it is easily losfunder the ex-
ternal pressures and the artifices of the usual
preparing to "put on" a concert or of acquiring
a technique, or under the mainly muscular ac-
tivity of much of what is called community
singing.

The good music leader wants his .singers or
players to ])erform better and better. He
knows that the better the performance is, the
more satisfying and enriching to the perform-
ers is the whole experience likely to be. Rut

By Augustus D. Zanzig

National Recreation Association

he also knows that this
will be true only if the
jjcrformance is better in
the judgment of the performers themselves,
and continues to be a free and genuine expres-
sion, but more adecjuate one, of their own in-
ner selves, a genuine outward sign of an in-
ward grace. He knows that in the scale of
human values, and even in that of purely artis-
tic values, the (juality of that grace, that inner
vitality, and the degree to wiiich it pervades
the life of the individual are of far greater im-
|)ortance than the (juality, judged I)y technical
standards, of its outward sign.

These ideas may seem too obviously true to
be worth mentif)ning. I'.ut one has only to ob-
serve, on the one hand, the ordinary choral or
orchestral conductor "putting on" <m a concert
(how a|)i)ropriate is the phrase, "putting on"!)
and, on the other hand, the ordinary song lead-
er "|)epping up" .some community singing, to
feel impelled to mention those ideas as a basis
for determining what might be done to provide
for really worthwhile musical develoi)ments in
a community, a smaller group or in an indi-
vidual. Accepting them, then, and having in
mind a whole community, we will determine
upon three general purposes and then consider
the ways in which each might be fulfilled. The
purjjoses are:

1. To provide good, graspable opportunities
for participation in music by people not now
engaging in any musical activity.

2. To provide oj)])ortunities for people who
are singing or playing to find larger, more dis-
cerning and more enjoyable experience of
music.

3. To i^rovide opportunities for people to lis-
ten to music more intelligently and cnjoyably.

Who Will Respond?
In this article we shall discuss only the first

575

576

WAYS TO MUSICAL GOOD^ FORTUNE

of these purposes, leaving the other two for
later issues of this magazine.

Among the people who might respond to op-
portunities for participation in music there
may be young men and women who have sung
or played valiantly and with much enjoyment
in good high school or college choruses, or-
chestras or bands, but who upon graduation
found no suitable opportunity, if any at all, to
continue such activity. Many of these, and
other young people now musically mute or
nearly so, have had special training in conser-
vatories of music and in private studios. Here
is a wealth of skill being wasted that could lead
to spirit — strengthening experiences that for
many a person are greatly needed. There are
older men and women also who have at some
time acquired musical skills which are now be-
ing neglected ; women now past the fullest de-
mands of child-nurturing that interrupted the
singing or playing of their young womanhood,
and men for whom getting on in the world is
no longer the life-filling business that crowded
out the cultural interests of youth. Provision
for colored young or older people is likely to
bring especially rich results.

Wherever there are people whose childhood
and youth, at least, were spent in a European
country, there are likely to be some who have
enjoyed folk singing and dancing and perhaps
playing on a native string instrument like the
balalaika, the tamburica or the guitar. The re-
luctance of some foreign-born, and especially
of their children, to continue in this country a
musical practice which in the native country
of the former was a vital and most liberating
expression is usually due to their strong desire
not to be thought foreign. Therefore, if only
to dispel or prevent the feeling of inferiority
which causes this reluctance, a feeling which
has often been a cause of painful maladjust-
ments, and to enrich the idea of what it is to be
American, we do especially well when we bring
about suitable opportunities for the revival and
continued practice of the folk arts. In doing
this we should, of course, be helping toward a
closer integration of these people in the life
of the community by giving full opportunity
for some of their songs and dances to be
learned by other people in the community, and
for other good songs, dances and diflferent
forms of recreation regarded as American to be

tuUy participated in by the foreign-born and
their children.

In addition to all the people we have men-
tioned, who have had some special practice in
music but are no longer enjo3"ing group
music-making, there are a countless number
who have never had a good taste of the mu-
sical enjoyment and inspiration of which
they are capable. Young men hanging
around at street corners and elsewhere, young
women equally aimless, old men and women
for whom the fire and play of life seem done
but in whom there is still a power of happiness,
perhaps richer than youth's, in singing or play-
ing that is for the love of it, not for display.
.\nd between these two age groups are all
sorts, ages and conditions of other people.
They have never responded to any opportunity
to join a chorus or a course in music, except
that which they had to enter when they were
children in school. Many have been deterred
l)y the idea, often false, that they are not musi-
cal ; others by a feeling of social distinction
between themselves and the people of better
neighborhoods who go in for cultural activi-
ties. If we can open really engaging entrances
to music, many of these people may find their
way to experiences more vitally enjoyable than
any the}' have e\er had. For when we reall\
enter music we enter not only music, which is
richly worthwhile in itself, but we enter also a
realm of human nature in which arise all the
qualities — of generous, self-forgetful response,
freedom and grace of spirit and body, a love of
excellence — that give any work or play the sig
nificance and lovableness of art.

To save space we will not give special attention
to adequate provision for children and high school
boys and girls, which is fundamental to music
in a community and should include good op-
portunity in .their recreation centers, play-
grounds, clubs, Sunday schools and homes as
well as in the public schools. Opportunities
outside the schools are needed if only to inte-
grate the school music in life, to give it full
reality. High school graduates are less likely
to continue singing or playing if heretofore all
their music-making was confined to the
schools. The provision for adults is also impor-
tant in this regard, for it is necessary if only
in order to make the community fit for the sur-
vival of the musical interests and skills ac-
quired in the schools.

WAYS TO MUSICAL GOOD FORTUNE

577

Opportunities in Already Existing Groups
Now for practice. For those who have al-
ready had special musical experience let us first
find out what non-profiting choruses, orches-
tras, bands and other musical groups already
exist that might welcome them to member-
ship. It is not necessary to make an exhaus-
tive survey of these. Find out the best of them,
when and where each one meets, whether it is
for men or women or both, the number and
age range of its members, its purposes and ac-
tivities and what one must do to be a member
of it. With the willing permission of the group,
help in good ways to bring this information to
the attention of people likely to be interested.
An "information service" for this purpose
might be established at the office of the recre-
ation department, and attractive posters or bul-
letins inviting people to make music, and an-
nouncing this information service, might be
placed in recreation centers, schools, public li-
braries, other social agencies, and in industrial
and large commercial establishments. Some
posters might be contributed by a high school
art class. The newspapers might carry a good
feature story telling of musical opportunities
in the city, and what they can mean.

Some choruses have gained members
through having one or

more open "rehears-
als" or informal musi-
cal e\enings in which
there is general sing-

ing open to all, a few brief performances by a
small vocal or instrumental group, the acting
out of some ballads, or other musical entertain-
ment, and perhaps some simple refreshments,
louring the evening someone tells informally
such informatifm about the chorus as any pros-
pective member would like to have. The
"neighborhood nights," of which we shall
speak later, are similar in character but take
the chorus to where the people are, not the
people to where the chorus is. Organization
for a festival to bring together a number of
choruses in performance of a fine big work like
"The Messiah," or of a vitally interesting mis-
cellaneous program, might attract to the cho-
ruses people who are moved by the civic nature
of the enterprise, the glow given it by the
newspapers, and by the prospect of taking part
in one big concert with only two or three
months of rehearsals, not a series of concerts
entailing eight or nine months of rehearsals.
A single chorus might plan such an event for
itself alone. The event might be the perform-
ance of a good light opera.

A meeting of church choir directors to dis-
cuss how their choirs might provide attractive
opportunities for more people to sing in them
could be very eflfective. In most cities there

are organizations of

A group of boys and young men in the anthracite
coal district of Pennsylvania who found their way
to musical good fortune through a harmonica band

organists and choir
directors which meet
every now and then.
Since manv of the

578

WAYS TO MUSICAL GOOD FORTUNE

members are eager to form volunteer choirs or
to enlarge existing ones, they should be inter-
ested in such a discussion suggested perhaps
to their president by a recreation executive or
some other person or group concerned with
finding opportunities for people to sing. A
choir festival might be very effective in this
regard, as was said above about a festival of
secular choruses. Suggestions for planning
and organizing such a festival, which might in-
clude secular choruses, and for planning and
organizing other singing festivals are given in
a bulletin entitled Festivals for Music Week
and Other IVeeks* But there are other ways
of arousing greater interest in joining a choir,
the best being those that make the members
themselves enthusiastic about the music and
their singing of it. These ways will be pre-
sented in our next article, on how to provide
for greater enjoyment by singers and players.

If there are no other orchestras suited to
high school graduates or others who play, a
high school orchestra might have one of its
weekly rehearsals on an evening, when outside
players could join it. Or a well-balanced small-
er number of high school players might meet
on that e\'ening to serve as a nucleus for a
community orchestra. If this seems a disad-
vantage for the high school students or their
conductor, let them regard it as a contribution
to the life of the community, a demonstration
of good civics as well as of music. They might
agree to continue to make this contribution
only as long as the outside players do not of
themselves constitute a well-balanced orches-
tra. Individuals of them could withdraw when
outside players are secured to take their places.
Incidentally, the evening rehearsal, coming as
it does in that part of the day which is the leisure
time, could, as a sup])lement to the davtime
ones, make the orchestra's ]:>laying more effec-
tive as a "training for leisure." Given the so-
cial character that it should have, less formal
than the typical school rehearsal, and the musi-
cal comradeship of the students with people
outside of school, it will probably be much en-
joyed by the students, and make them wish all
the more to continue playing in such a com-
pany when they are outside of school.

There may be other groups in the reader's
community to which might be applied such
suggestions as we have made. I'or example,

* National Recreation Association. $.15

there may be women's choruses, men's glee
clubs, bands, fretted instrument groups, folk
singing or dancing groups. Advantages of en
deavoring in this way to provide attractive oji-
portunities for non music-makers, who have
some musical skill, to revive their singing or
playing are that there is already a leader for
them, an established group, a rehearsal place
and perhaps music enough to be shared by
them, saving much concern, time, energy and
money. A disadvantage may be that the group
is already a socially complete unit, making it
hard for the newcomer to finTl a congenial part
in its life, or it may be uncongenial to him
because of its musical standards or of the age--
or customs of its members. For this or other
reasons new choruses, orchestras and other
musical groups may also be needed.

Starting New Groups
If this be true, as is \ery likely, our first con-
sideration with regard to it may well be tin-
starting of such groups in the Y.M.C.A.. tlic
V.W.C.A. and other social agencies or clubs
where people already have a feeling of fellow-
ship toward one another that readily finds its
way into musical expression. Moreover, once
started, such groups may derive enough of the
incentive and satisfaction of performing in
public from singing or playing for ready-made
audienc.es in the social agency or club itself,
and thus not have the recurring danger of dis-
couragement in trying to attract adecpiate au
diences in the community. We do well also
to try out the idea of starting musical groups
among the alumni of the high schools, provid-
ing thus especially for young men and women
of whom many are without any such dignify-
ing, socializing and very enjoyable outlet for
their energies. Some high schools keep in-
formed as to the whereabouts of their gradu-
ates, making it easy to reach them with an-
nouncements.

Last year a moxement which the Associated
Glee Clubs of America had started for the for
mation of junior glee clubs was given new life
by a decision of the national organization of
Kiwanis Clubs and of the Music Educators
.National Conference (of school music teach-
ers) to join in it. The National Recreation
.Association, asked to help, is also very much
interested. The proposal is to have men's glee
clubs throughout the country invite young men

WAYS TO MUSICAL GOOD FORTUNE

579

of from eighteen to twen-
ty-five years of age to form
junior clubs in association
with them. The senior club
may help by assigning some
of its members to the work
of interesting the young
men and assisting them in
organizing a club, by lend-
ing its music, by sharing a
concert with them, by hav-
ing some of its mernbers

act as ushers at a concert by the junior club
and, in cooperation with the Kiwanis Club,
perhaps engaging a conductor for it. The
School Board is to provide a room for rehear-
sals, and the director of school music is to pro-
vide a list of graduates of high school choral
groups. Like the Junior Amphion Society of
Seattle, the first of such junior clubs, estab-
lished in 1922, each of these is likely, by the
natural trend of young manhood, to become
more and more independent, finally paying its
way entirely. But the friendly association of
the younger with the older men will continue
to be a ])leasure and stimulus to both. .-Vt the
age of twenty-fi\e the members of the junior
club will graduate and be cordially invited into
the senior club. The good recreation leader
will gladly give this movement his support
which, through his contact with young men,
may be of the greatest value.

Many a woman has re^'ived her musical in-
terest and skill in a parent-teacher association
group of Mothersingers. All too rarely a group
of Fathersingers has been formed in such an
association. Music chairmen or other oiificers
of these associations might be interested in
taking as a i)roject for the year the formation
of such groups to sing at meetings and perhaps
at a city gathering at which the groups would
combine. We have all heard o\er the radio
the chorus of General Motors employees in De-
troit and should know that in many another
industrial or commercial establishment one or
more groups of employees, given encourage-
ment, a rehearsal place and, in some cases, mu-
sic and a conductor by their employers, have
gained a new sense of fellowship for them-
sehes. lovaltv toward the establishment, and
dignity and significance for their labor, besides
the fun of it all, through singing or playing
together. In rural places it will be the grange.

"Valuable as instrumental skill is to one
who can get it and keep it, the difficul-
ties in the way of becoming a skilful
performer have too often been allowed
to block the whole impulse to make
music and to share in it. One must not
forget the many simpler ways of dedi-
cating one's limbs and one's ears and
one's heart, if not one's fingers and one's
breath, to this most appealing of the
muses, music." — Matjorie Batstow
Greenbie in The Arts of Leisure.

the farm bureau and home
bureau, as well as the
church, in which musical
groups can most likely be
formed.

An orchestra formed in
a church could win an ac-
tixe and inspiring part in
the life of that institution,
rehearsing there and giv-
ing a concert of appropri-
ate music there now and
then on a Sunday afternoon or evening or
week-day evening. The wonderfully beautiful
extended chorale, "Sleepers, W^ake !", from the
Bach cantata of that name, published for or-
chestra by the Oxford University Press (Carl
Fischer, Inc., New York), is but one token of
the rich field of noble and varied music for or-
chestra that is especially appropriate for use in
the church. The Oxford University Press has
])ublished orchestral portions of several other
Bach cantatas. M. Witmark and Sons have
jniblished the stunning but difficult choral pre-
lude, "A Mighty Fortress Is Our God," by
Bach, transcribed for orchestra by Walter
Damrosch ; and also, for string orchestra, a
few other Bach v\-orks, including the great G.
minor Fugue, and easier compositions by Pur-
cell, Handel, Mendelssohn and Schumann that
are well suited to a church concert. From the
Oliver Ditson Company has come a volume of
"Twenty Bach Chorales, a Chorale Prelude
and a Fugue" arranged for any combination of
instruments. Haydn's "Weinacht" (Christmas)
Symphony, No. 26, Mendelssohn's Reforma-
tion Symphony, No. 5 and a fine Weinacht
Pastorale by J. D. Heinichen are published
by Breitkojjf and TTartel. But any fine music,
including the most joyous, is essentially in
kee'Mng with the life in a church. The choir
might join the orchestra now and then in a
concert or in a church ser\ice. In this way
services on the great days, Christmas or Eas-
ter, could be made especially festive. The pos-
sibilities are so fine it is astonishing that more
organists, competent or making themselves so,
have not started a church orchestra. Hun-
dreds of idle graduates from good high school
orchestras might thus be provided for.

Not only choruses, orchestras and bands,
but also vocal and instrumental quartets, trios
and other small groups are possible and very

580

WAYS TO MUSICAL GOOD FORTUNE

desirable. These have the great advantages
of needing no conductor, no large rehearsal
place, and probably little expense. They are
also likely to be less dependent than large
groups are, for incentive and continuance, on
public performances well attended. The "bar-
ber shop quartet," which used to flourish in
larger number than it does now, is a token of
a natural liking by older boys and many men
to "gang up" in fours for some "close har-
mony." Let there be a knowing pianist in a
fairly quiet place where older boys or men con-
gregate, and copies of suitable music, and
there will probably be quartets or octets
before long. If a collection like the Twice 55
Community Songs Blue Book * for men's voices
is well used they will soon be going in it and
from it to less heart-rending and more soul-
satisfying music. The E. C. Schirmer Music
Co. of Boston has published the largest
amount of first-class music for men's groups,
much of it simple. Interest in being in such a
group may be aroused through
general informal singing. At
the close of a not too long pe-
riod of the latter, let announce-
ment be made that anyone
wishing to stay a while for
some part-singing is invited to
do so. Girls' and mixed groups
as well as boys' or men's
groups may thus find themselves, or they may
prefer being all together, a single group, sing-
ing and learning fine music for the love of it,
without thinking of giving a public perform-
ance. One or more such after-meetings might
result in plans for a "music club" attracting,
if desired, additional members who are known
to be capable and congenial, and meeting, say,
once every two weeks for an evening of music
and sociability: of singing by all and perhaps
also of singing and playing by small groups
who have practiced between times, and surely
some simple refreshments. The evening might
close with some dancing, if more activity is
desired. Such a club's interests could expand
to include helping to develop the musical pos-
sibilities of the center in which it meets, or of
the neighborhood ; and attending a concert to-
gether or an especiall}' interesting broadcast,
perhaps exploring at a previous meeting or
directly before the concert some of the music

"Music is the sea upon
which all the argosies of
our hopes sail safely into
port." — W. B. Harte.

♦ C r Rirrhard -TllH Tn.. Rnstnn

which is to be listened to. The same knowing
pianist and a phonograph, or both, could make
this exploring possible. Informal studies in
music appreciation might take some of the time
of every meeting. But the singing or playing,
leading as it may into some of the most en-
joyable music in the world could well take
up all the time. One or more "madrigal"
groups might develop, patterned after but per-
haps larger than the English Singers, and sing-
ing only the simpler music, at least to begin
with. Nothing in music or in any other sort
of activity, unless it be playing in a string
quartet or the like, is a more dashing and
everlasting delightful sport than singing in
such a group.

A music club or chamber music society
might be formed especially for small instru-
mental groups. Given a good room and suit-
able music, of which the well-known publish-
ers have recently issued a great deal for e\ery
grade of skill, an instrumentalist experienced
in playing in chamber music

and enthusiastic about it could

very likely attract the players.
One of the many unemployed
musicians, though incapable of
succeeding as a conductor or a
soloist, might be entirely ca-
pable as a coach to chamber
music "teams."
In planning to start any sort of musical or-
ganization we should remember the force of
having a definite purpose for it that is to be
realized soon, of having in mind some special
occasion for which such a group is needed. .\
Christmas, Spring or other holiday or seasonal
celebration may be the occasion for forming
several groups, including folk singing and
dancing ones. The giving of a play may call
for an orchestra or a singing group to perform
between the acts. Various good groups may
be needed to sing, play or dance at "neighbor-
hood nights," of which we shall speak later.
In several cities choruses have been started in'
order to carr}^ out the plan of the conductor
of a local symphony orchestra to perform some
great choral work. A band may be needed
for an outdoor celebration or for park con-
certs ; if necessary, some high school players
may be a nucleus for it. In what seems a spread
of interest in grand opera, a number of travel-
ling companies have been formed of soloists,

IV AYS TO MUSICAL GOOD FORTUNE

581

Courtesy Chicago Park District

conductor and stage manager to perform oper-
as with local choruses and orchestras which,
in some cities, have been formed especially
for the purpose. Need for a group of dancers
in an opera, light opera, a play, pageant or
simple festival may be the ' very incentive
needed to bring a restrained but talented per-
son into the liberation and joy of a fine, free
sort of dancing.

Distribute the Opportunities

Unfortunately there is a strong tendency to
enlist always the same people for the occasions
and needs we have mentioned. That is the easy
way, and the way of persons who think only
of getting the music performed and not of
what the music could do for people who might
be attracted to perform it. We should distri-
bute the opportunities to sing, play or dance for
such occasions as far as we can without risk-
ing too much the quaUty of the performance.
Other ways of arousing interest in starting and
developing a choral or instrumental group will
appear later in this article.

The Uninitiated Respond Also
Thus far we have spoken only of providing

for people who are accustomed to singing or
playing. We will now consider again the large
number who might find much enjoyment and
inspiration in making music, but who have
never responded to, or never been given, ade-
quate opportunity to do so. Wherever people
gather for recreation or for a meeting of a club
or association of some kind, there are likely to
be times when a good opportunity for informal
singing will be welcomed. With a better con-
ception of "community singing" than often
ruled at war-time gatherings, many officials of
recreation centers, settlements, the "Y's" pa-
rent-teacher associations. Farm and Home Bu-
reaus and like organizations are eager for such
an opportunity for their groups. The great
need is for really musical but not necessarily
highly skilled leaders who know and love
many good suitable songs, and know also the
fun and sociability, and not only these but also
the fuller zest and beauty that may arise in the
singing. The possible scope of such singing
and the great variety of fine, simple songs suit-
ed to it seem to have been hardly dreamt of
by most leaders. Probably many a musical
person, including some among the unemployed
musicians, could be interested in it and readily

582

WAYS TO MUSICAL GOOD FORTUNE

pre])are himself or herself to succeed in it, at
least as a part-time occupation, if he could
know its best possibilities and values. In the
brief space of this article we must refer, for
a full account of those possibilities and of how
to achieve them, to a' small book, Community
and Assembly Singing.*

Neighborhood Nights
Many recreation centers and like places
have had occasional "neighborhood nights"
during which some performances by local
groups have punctuated brief periods of gen-
eral singing. For these performances we may
have good amateur choral or instrumental
groups, including family ones, costumed folk
singers or players, children's and high school
groups, folk dancing or other good dancing,
the acting out of a well-chosen ballad sung by
the entire assemblage or by a smaller group or
by soloists, a short play, charades or a brief
illustrated travelogue. Any of these imbued
with real enthusiasm and good quality of per-
formance can awaken the live inward grace
out of which general singing arises naturally.
P>y nine-thirty the last song is sung by all and
announcement is made that anyone wishing to
sing some more is invited to stay a while,
joined perhaps by a chorus that sang earlier
in the evening. A new chorus, as was pointed
out above, may grow out of this after-singing.
Those wishing to dance are invited to another
room, or a gymnasium where a group of tolk
dancers whom they have just watched may
teach them the easier of their dances ; or other
dances may be enjoyed. Or the entire assem-
blage may be invited to stay for such dances
and games as have come to be known as "so-
cial recreation." Inciden-
tally, additional groups
may thus be found or
started toward formation
for future "neighborhood
nights." The impulse to-
ward expression, aroused
and strengthened by the
general singing, is given
further incentive by the
welcome need for more
groups to perform in the
friendly atmosphere of
those nights.

'National Recreation Association. $.60.
tNational Recreation Association. $.15.
JBoosey & Co., New York. $.50.

"A musical leisure program of community
scope should cover all the phases of ama-
teur occupation with music that the indi-
vidual music lovers are interested in and
capable of, and that the community can
develop and carry on from the point of
view of organization. It should be kept in
mind here that such a program, in order
to reach the most intensive result, should
stress the development of music as an
activity, rather than as a means of passive
entertainment. Furthermore, it should pro-
mote the practice of music as an individual
hobby, as a family undertaking, and as a
group and community undertaking."

— Willem van de Wall.

Simple Festivals

Now and then these evenings of home-made
enjoyment will blossom into a festival, still
simple and spontaneous but irradiated by as-
sociation with the Harvest, Christmas, the
Spring or some other red-letter time or idea.
"Heigh-ho for a Merry Spring!" t describes in
detail the program and organization of such
a festival. An important feature of it is the
general singing made possible by the easy
learning of songs at previous gatherings such
as "neighborhood nights" and at meetings (it
clubs, and also by including in the mimeo-
graphed program the words of all the songs.
An especially delightful setting for a festival
which can be held at any time of the year is
that of a country fair with its booths or tables
bearing exhibits of hand-made textiles, pot-
tery and other crafts ; cakes, preserves and
other products of the often undervalued skills
of the housewife; flowers and other products
of the garden; and perhaps other delightful
things — a sort of hobby show. Also, in addi-
tion to the booth tenders, a gypsy fortune tell-
er, balloon man, flower girl, photographer,
lemonade or popcorn man, and a number of
craftsmen actually engaged in weaving, pot-
tery, wood-carving or the like — colorful scene,
full of joy of life, confronting the audience
from the moment they arrive. Come to the Fair %
might be sung as an "overture" and then
would come in a contrasting succession of per-
formances such welcome folk as dancers, sing-
ers, a company of actors, characters from songs
or ballads to be sung, jugglers or acrobats, a
strolling band of musicians, and perhaps chil-
dren in dances, singing games or other games,
most or all of these people
remaining to enjoy the
fair, if there is room for
them all. The audience,
being enabled to do so,
are invited to sing most
or all of the songs, sup-
ported by a self-elected
group among them who
have had some extra prac-
tice of the songs. Through
"neighborhood nights"
and such aflfairs as these,
and what may grow out
of them, a community
center might become in-

IV AYS TO MUSICAL GOOD FORTUNE

583

deed a place where all sorts of people find good
fortune, find what life for each one can be at
its fullest and best.

In the Home

Anyone who knows what informal singing
or playing in a home can be must wish to share
his love of it with others and be ready to de-
scribe and help to demonstrate the possibilities
to i)arent-teacher associations, women's clubs
and other interested groups. The leaflet, Singing
and Playing in the Home, suggests ways of pro-
ceeding in this. He will also wish to see an
ample supply of music for the home available
in the circulating library, and adequate public
notice of that supply. Demonstrations of home-
like music-making at the library itself, using
music of which there are copies on its own
shelves, might be arranged.

In the Church
That in the churches at eleven on Sunday
mornings there are more people gathered, pre-
sumably, for communal singing than at any
other time, and with superbly recreative tunes
to choose, as well as feeble ones to regret, must
make the recreation leader as well as the mu-
sic-lover and church musician wonder what
can be done to make more of this great re-
source than has been made of it in some
churches. Church Music and the Nezv Leisure *
gives several suggestions based on actual prac-
tices which an interested clergyman or church
musician may wish to consider at a meeting of
the Ministerial Union or the Church Organists'
Guild.

Introductory Playing
Persons of any age who have never played
an instrument may find pleasant introduction
to that road to musical enjoj'ment through
playing in a rhythm band using fine, simple
music and well-chosen instruments, through
playing a shepherd's pipe or other simple in-
strument made by himself, or a harmonica, or,
skipping these more elementary and limited
instruments, through having good class in-
struction in playing the piano or an orchestral
or band instrument. More and more teachers
of instrument-playing are equipping them-
selves for class teaching, and the music pub-

* National Recreation Association. $.10.
t n. Schirmer. Inc., New Yorl<. $.10.

{Edward Schuberth and Co., 11 East 22nd Street, New York.
$1.00.

lishers are providing them with abundant ma-
terial. How to Teach the Rhythm Band t though
it neglects the capacity of the players to work
out original instrumentations for the music, is
excellent in every other respect. The Pipers'
Guild Handbook % tells fascinatingly of the de-
velopment of pipers' bands and and other for-
tunate groups of home-made instrument play-
ers in England, and gives very clear directions
for making the pipes, flutes and viols of various
sizes which they are enjoying and for certain
of which distinguished composers have made
s])ecial music to add to the great supply al-
ready at hand in song books and in collections
of music for the conventional instruments. M.
Hohner and Co., 351 Fourth Avenue, New
York, issue free for every purchaser of a
Hohner harmonica an unfailing method in
How to Play the Harmonica.

Introductory Dancing

Dancing can be an especially fortunate way
of getting into music. Most modern teachers
of the art of dancing emphasize the naturalness
of it, making it attractive and easy to enter.
People generally should see much more of this
free, whole-bodied and fine spirited sort of
dancing than they do. Folk dancing and the
best ball-room dancing can let one into many
a good tune. The social recreation to which we
have already referred is the most ready way for
the ordinary person to expand his interest in
dancing. In gymnasium classes there are great
opportunities to experience fine, big music,
which is to experience fineness and bigness in
oneself, if only the teachers and pianists would
choose such music suited to the activities.

Where Are the Leaders?

O, for good leaders ! That is the cry almost
everywhere. Many of the endeavors we sug-
gested require no new leaders. They involve
mainly an expansion of already led activities.
For the rest, almost every community has mu-
sic teachers, school music supervisors, church
organists and choirmasters, professional play-
ers, good amateur musicians and perhaps mu-
sic students who are mature enough to lead.
But none of these persons may have the insight
to deal effectively with people in such endeav-
ors as we have suggested, or they may be too
busy (not the many unemployed musicians),
or simply not interested. Moreover, many of
(Continued on page 609)

A Letter from the Orient

By
Erna Bunke Carson

I AM SITTING on the shores of the Yel-
low Sea, approximately ii,ooo miles
from the office of the National Rec-
reation Association. The city is Dairen
and such a beautiful spot! Mountains,
everywhere ; lavender mists ; fishing
sampans ; lovely kimonos, and picturesque
junks with high, white sails.

There are nearly half a million people
here — Japanese, Chinese, Korean, Rus-
sian, Scandinavian, German, British,
American — but although each group retains
its national customs to some extent, the city is
Japanese owned and Japanese in plan, char-
acter, legend. Because of its great natural
beauty and its carefully created beauty, it
seems to epitomize one question Vi^hich the
Japanese are continually taught to ask them-
selves—"What is beautiful in life?"

Parks With Distinctive Features

Dairen ofifers much to her people recreation-
ally. As in many American cities, this is
largely under the municipality, although the
schools are doing an excellent piece of work
and most of the leadership comes from them.
A third group is working on this problem^ — the
South Manchuria Railway, and it deserves a
word of high praise. In addition to developing
for its employees numerous sport, music, folk-
lore, drama organizations, bringing to them
musicians and lecturers from Europe and
America, and offering them an internationally
famous library, it has built many parks, play-
grounds, athletic fields, skating areas, recrea-
tion buildings and beaches for the use of the
public — an unique but a very desirable thing
for a railroad to do !

I have never seen a city where each park
offered such different and distinctive features.

584

One is best adapted for children. It has a
lovely green playground on a sloping hill ; a
small, but good, library for children and their
mothers ; a flower and zoological garden ; and,
of course, there is the usual playground equip-
ment, which incidentally, is all home-made and
quite colorful. The basket swings for the very
young are painted a sunshiny yellow ; the see-
saws have two or four individual seats ; the
many sandboxes are under shady trees and
large enough only for three or four children.

Another park, in the heart of the city, has
bridle paths and a road which leads to a high
mountain summit. At the very top there is a
tea-house where, after a climb, one may drink
tea and eat cakes under pine and wistaria,
while the red-roofed city lies below.

A third park is on the sea, and here there is
blue water and a long curving beach where
people go for swims, clam digging, all day
picnics, sampan fishing or junk sailing. Across
the road is one of the most beautiful golf
courses I have ever seen, with its hills and
valleys and with the ocean in sight most of the
time. At the second hole the nearby islands
may be seen, the old Russian church cross, and
Chinese women washing in winding streams.
And there isn't a golfer who doesn't stop here
for long moments!

A LETTER FROM THE ORIENT

585

The largest park in the city
is designed for athletics. It
has two swimming pools,
baseball diamonds, tennis
courts and many other sport
areas.

For those who like large
group participation, there is
a modern stadium ; for those
who prefer boating, there are
two fresh water lakes, lying
cool and dark between moun-
tains, with rowboats costing
only ten Sen (about three cents gold) an hour.

Dairen is the hiker's Utopia. Nearly every
city street leads to some trail. Many of the
mountains are low and eas)' to climb and there
are trails at the very top leading from one
mountain to another. Partly because privately
owned automobiles are rare, and partly be-
cause of their inherent love of the out of doors,
the Japanese do much- hiking. Over week-
ends the trails are dotted with Japanese fami-
lies, many of them wearing their kimonos and
sandals. Not only over week-
ends do they hike, however,
but every morning, very ear-
ly. One American family who
li\es at the foot of a moun-
tain reports that there is no
sleep after five-thirty A. M.
for at that time young men
run and older men walk by
the dozens past the door and
up the trails. At six A. M.
the radio loud speaker starts
in the temple compound
across the street, and the
hikers quickly gather there
for fifteen minutes of setting-
up exercise.

The Sports Program

As the East and the West
reach a deeper and more sym-
pathetic understanding, sport
will undoubtedly be an im-
portant factor. The modern
Japanese go in wholehearted-
ly and very creditably for for-
eign games, and on the ath-
letic field kimono and sandals
are discarded for modern ath-

We are sharing with our readers
a letter from Erna Bunke Carson,
who, prior to her marriage in Sep-
tember, 1934, served for a num-
ber of years as Field Secretary,
Play in Institutions, for the Na-
tional Recreation Association, a
position in which she did pioneer
work. Since her marriage Mrs.
Carson has lived in China, at times
in Japanese controlled territory,
and she has traveled extensively
through the country.

letic clothes. Baseball is tre-
mendously popular. It is said
that when four Chinese meet
they form a mahjong club,
and when nine Japanese get
together they organize a base-
ball team. Rugby is also
played, and tennis, golf, bas-
ketball and volley ball. Arch-
ery is growing in popularity ;
kendo, Japanese fencing, is
nationally approved ; judo,
the gentle art of self defense,
is taught for its physical values, and sumo,
Japanese wrestling, is considered excellent for
both physical and mental training. However,
since sports like kendo, judo, sumo, archery,
require great skill and technique, the number
of participants is comparatively small. In
striking contrast are the numbers who come
daily for swimming, tennis, baseball, volley
ball, skating, sponge ball. At almost any hour
of the day, there are young men, dressed in
shorts, running through the streets of Dairen
in training for the citizens'
athletic meet, or the Cross
Country Marathon race, both
annual events.

Spectators play an impor-
tant role in the sports pro-
gram here. Swimming pools
are built with attached seats
and at public swimming
meets there is always a large
gallery. No American audi-
ence ever shouted more en-
thusiastically or more loudly
than do the thousands of Jap-
anese who over-flow the sta-
diums at all baseball games.
During important contest.?
many people send telegrams
of encouragement or congrat-
idations to known or vin-
known participants.

Social Recreation

1 )airen, like Japan proper,
is a mixture of the old and
tlie new. The dignified bow-
ing, the lunch of raw fish and
seaweed, the pretty kimono
and the samisen music are

586

A LETTER FROM THE ORIENT

competing with foreign clothes, permanent waves,
jazz and the equivalent of an American ice cream
parlor. Foreign dancing is extremely popular, but
as a rule Japanese girls do not go out danc-
ing with their young men. The six dance halls
have paid dancing partners, Japanese, Chinese,
Russian girls, who are under strict police su-
pervision, and here the Japanese rnen go for
an evening of dancing. Dinner parties in res-
taurants form another type of popular recrea-
tion, but again it is the men who spend an
evening eating their favorite foods and play-
ing numerous games with child-like enthusi-
asm. Jon kin po (stone, scissors, paper) ; hunt-
er, gun, fox ; going to Jerusalem (using cush-
ions in place of chairs) ; egg blowing races,
are all well liked. One race always creates
loud laughter. This is played with five Go
men (small, slippery discs, similar to those
used in Tiddly-Winks). The participants must
pick up the Go men with chop sticks and
place them, one by one, in a rice bowl. Since
speed is the main factor this is more difficult
than it sounds. At many of these parties
geisha girls sing, play their samisens and
dance slow, graceful folk dances. Sometimes
the gramaphone is brought in for a bit of for-
eign dancing.

The daily life of the Japanese seems to be
closely connected with nature. There are a
great many Japanese gardens in the city. The
poorest people, if they have any land at all, will
raise flowers. If they have no land, they raise
potted flowers. Because of this national love
of flowers the art of flower arrangement forms
an important part in the cultural education of
Japanese women. This is taught to girls in the
pubhc schools, but many follow with years of
private lessons. There are dififerent schools of
flower arrangement, but in all schools the ar-
rangement must have three sprays of dififerent
height, the tallest representing heaven, the
shortest, earth, and the middle one, man.

There is art also in the graceful tea cere-
■ mony. This consists simply of serving tea to
a guest, but the ceremony is conducted with
an elaborate code of rules and is supposed to
bring poise, grace, and mental composure to
both guest and hostess.

Often, at full moon, there are moon viewing
trips. Large numbers of people go to some
beautiful spot to look at the moon, and ama-
teur i)hotographers compete for honors in tak-

ing moon pictures. And when the cherry blos-
soms come out the whole city goes to see
them ! There is something particularly fasci-
nating to the Japanese about cherry blossoms,
which are regarded as symbols of spring and
the blessings of nature. Suddenly rows of
pink blossoms appear everywhere — in private
gardens, temple compounds, public parks,
along city streets, and then men take their
families and their neighbors' families, their lunch
and their musical instruments, and spend a very
gay day out of doors under sakura blooms.

Where Festivals Abound

The Japanese have many festivals. In addi-
tion to twelve national celebrations there are
a number of local interest. Some, with their re-
ligious or historical pageants are very spectac-
ular. The most popular one is probably the
Boys' Festival which comes in March. With
all the secret thrills of Christmas, mothers buy
gay and festive figures and statues to delight
the hearts of their young sons — wooden effi-
gies of famous generals, statesmen, scholars ;
swords, guns, planes, flags. The exhibit is
martial and warlike, but it is intended to in-
spire the boys with the virtues of modesty,
bravery and obedience, rather than to instil
warlike tendencies. On this day, high over
the roofs fly silk or paper carps to indicate
the number and size of the boys in each family.

The Doll Festival is equally popular for the
girls. And then there are such alluring cele-
brations as the Festival for Enjoying Coolness,
the Coming of Autumn, the Star Festival in
honor of the happy meeting of two star lovers.
At New Year's time the city is full of colorful
gayety. Boys fly kites ; girls play battledore
and shuttlecock ; new clothes are worn ; streets
and houses are decorated with pine and bam-
boo, and there are many presents, much call-
ing, much smiling.

This is a superficial picture of recreation in
Dairen, but somehow, when I see a little black-
haired girl in a pink kimono on a playground
swing, or watch two hundred men participat-
ing in an athletic meet, the 11,000 miles from
here to the office of the National Recreation
Association do not seem so long, for the creeds
and philosophies preached and practised there
are winning increasing recognition over here.
Play should do much to bring the nations of
the world together.

Croquet at Eighty -two

By Walter R

Director of
Louisville,

ONE OF THE big prob-
lems of a public rec-
reation department is
t(j furnish outdoor activities

for men past fifty years of age. We have found
in croquet the solution to the problem.

Croquet requires just enough exertion to be
Stimulating, and the stooping and bending neces-
sary in using the short handle mallet exercise the
muscles and organs not ordinarily used by the
oldest age group. The result of a game of croquet
is an exhilaration that is not experienced in any
other game we have played.

We were troubled by the many different ideas
of how the game should be played, and upon in-
vestigation found that there are no standard rules
of play. A meeting was called by the Recrea-
tion Division of all those in the city interested in
playing croquet and in establishing a standard set
of rules. Sixty men attended this meeting, and
after much discussion tentative rules of play were
agreed upon, to be used for a period of one month.
At the end of the month another meeting was held,
and with changes and additions
final rules were adopted.

A croquet court 50' x 100' was
made in Central Park, by cutting
the grass closely and establishing

the boundaries by laying tennis

c o u r t marking tape, properly

wired, to the ground. This grass

turf, when closely clipped, makes

a splendid cushion and the men

prefer it to a skinned court. The

cost of the court was less than

three dollars.

The game, with the new courts

and standardization of rules, has

aroused so much interest that it

has been im]iossible in the short

time we have been promoting the

"Never too old to play!" The
youngest member of this quar-
tet is 69 years of age; the
oldest, 82. They show remark-
able skill in their playing.

. H. Sherman

Recreation
Kentucky

game, to satisfy the demand.
We held our first tourna-
ment in September. The aver-
age age of four contestants
was 72 years, the oldest being 82, the youngest 69
years of age. There were fifty-nine men entered,
ranging in age from 28 years to the oldest, 82
vears. The average number of spectators was 230
per match with more than 425 watching the finals.
These players have developed a skill in the play-
ing of the game that is almost unbelievable, play-
ing balls for position with cuts and "English," as
in the game of billiards.

When not playing, the men are busy in our
handicraft shops, turning out mallets on small
lathes, constantly striving for perfection in their
equipment and skill in the game. Some of the
men have made croquet balls of walnut and hg-
num-vitae, although the majority prefer to play
with a solid hard rubber ball furnished by the
Division of Recreation. The.se balls are t,}^
inches in diameter and weigh between fourteen
and sixteen ounces. The mallet made by these

588

CROQUET AT EIGHTY-TWO

men usually weighs
about two pounds, is
constructed of various
woods, with brass or
iron ferrules at the
ends of the mallet
head, and the heads
are faced with hard
rubber or fiber. The
weight of the mallet,
the size of the handle,
as well as the finish,
are in accordance with
the ideas of the indi-
vidual, and keen rival-
ry exists in the mak-
ing of the various
types of mallets.

CROQUET RULES

Mallefs^ — Description

Rule 1: There shall be
no restrictions as to size,
weight or kind of mallet used.

In, holding mallet for stroke, the hand shall not touch
the head of mallet.

Breaking of Mallei or Ball

Rule 2: Should a mallet or ball be broken in play, they
must be replaced, and the stroke made over.

Balls — Order of Colors in Play

Rule 3: The order of colors in play should be Red,
White, Blue and Black ; but the game may be opened by
playing any color first, partners always being red and
blue, white and black.

The ball played with shall not weigh more than 16
ounces.

Opening of Game

Rule 4: All games shall l>e opened by scoring from an
imaginary straight line running directly across the court
through the middle of the center arches, each player
shooting a ball toward the boundary line at the head of
the court. The balls should be shot simultaneously on
separate sides of an imaginary line running from stake
to stake. A score fails if the ball hits another ball, an
arch, the stake, or the lx)rder. If Ixith scores fail, an-
other trial must be made. The player, the center of
whose ball rests nearer the boundary line shall have the
choice of play and balls.

The starting ball shall then be plac-
ed on the starting spot and shall be
stroked through the first wicket. If
the ball fails to make the first wicket
the ball is in play and alive on all
other balls. Every ball starting shall
have a clear shot through the first
wicket and in the event another ball

They make their own equipment, taking the
greatest possible pride in the workmanship

blocks the first wicket,
the starter shall have the
privilege of shooting off
'.he ball as though already
in full play. Two points
shall be allowed for the
first two wickets only. A
ball making two wickets
(other than the first two
wickets), points made
shall be counted but only
one stroke allowed.

Points — How Made —

Their Numbers

How the Next Point is

Made After Passing

Arch No. 7

Rule 5: A point is made
whenever a ball, as a re-
sult of a fair play by a
player, his partner, or his
opponent, makes an arch
or hits a stake in proper
sequence. Every point
thus made must be counted. Each ball has sixteen points
to make, the basket counting as one point. Making a
point for an opjxjnent, or for a partner ball does not
cause the playing ball to become alive on any dead ball.

Markers — Their Purpose and Use

Rule 6: There shall be four colored markers Red,
White, Blue, Black), with face side easily distinguish-
able, and so used to properly indicate the progress of the
ball. The marker is placed on the top of the arch next
to be made, with face toward the position side. The
n:arker for the stake is placed on the top of the arch. If
the marker must be so placed as not to interfere with a
hall rolling on the ground. Upon making a point, the
player may remove his marker and carry it with him
until he finishes his turn.

Interference with the Gama

Rule 7: When a player is making a stroke, no one
should seek to speak to him or attract his attention.
Should an opponent do so. or stay on the bed of the
court, the player may replace all balls moved and repeat
the stroke.

Stroke — Delivery Of

Rule S: A stroke is made if a ball moves when a
player attempts to strike it.

So many requests have been
made for the rules of croquet
as it is played by the older
nen in Louisville, that we are
producing them here, together
with a diagram of the court used.

Premature Stroke

Rtilc 9: If a player strikes his play-
ing ball before his opponent has fin-
ished his turn, all balls moved by such
a stroke shall be replaced and the shot
n'.ade over. A player has not finished
his turn until he has left the court.

CROQUET AT EIGHTY -TWO

589

If he steps off from the bed of the court, with both feet,
he shall be considered to have left the court.

Balls — Counting Upon

Rule 10: A playing ball "counts upon" a live ball on
the court when it ccmes in contact with it by a fair
stroke from the face of the player's mallet.

Ball — Stopped After Counting on Another Ball

Rule 11: A player may stop his playing ball after it
counts upon a ball if it is clearly apparent that it will
not again come in contact with another ball, and it is not
a foul if under those circumstances it should strike his
foot, person, mallet, or clothing.

Bali — Taking Play From When Counted Upon

Rule 12: (a) When the playing ball counts upon an-
other ball, play must be taken from it, causing the object
ball to move away from the playing ball.

(h) When taking play from a ball, the player must not
strike his ball twice, nor give it a second impetus.

(c) Should a player move a ball when placing his ball
against it to take play from it, it shall be returned to its
former place by the umpire or opponent before the play
can proceed.

(d) If in making a split shot the playing ball hits a
dead ball, or if an object ball hits a live or a dead ball,
not lying out of bounds, it is not a foul ; therefore play
continues as^though the said ball had not been hit. The
live or dead ball so struck is to be replaced.

(c-) If in making a shot, any ball, lying in contact, or
nearly in contact with an arch, should be moved by any
ball hitting said arch, it is not a foul, and said ball shall
not be replaced.

(f) No player shall ixjund the object ball into the
ground, thus making a depression, and thus making it
possible to set his playing ball against the object ball,
except when pla>-ing grass, turf court.

Balls — Hitting Two or More

Rule jf.?: If a player by direct shot hits two or more
balls that arc on the court, play must be taken from the
first hall hit, provided it was a live ball. In case of a split
shot, play must l>e taken from the first live ball hit. If
two live balls are hit simultaneously, the player has his
choice of either, to play from, and the other of the two
is 'till a live ball.

Balls— Alive On All After Each Point Made

Rule 14: A player in each turn of play is at liberty to
count upon each of the other balls once only before mak-
ing a point. After each point made for his playing ball,
he is again alive on all the balls.

Point — Making and Hitting a Ball At Same Stroke

Rule 15: If a player makes a point for his own play-
ing ball, and afterward with the same stroke hits a ball
on the court, he must take the point and use the ball.

Point — Making After Counting On a Ball

Rule 16: If a ball counts upon another ball, and after-
ward at tlie same stroke makes a point, for the playing

ball, the player must take play from the ball and reject
the point. If the point were for a partner ball, or for an
opponent's ball, it shall count.

Points — Making Two or More At the Same Stroke

Rule 17: If a playing ball makes two or more points
for itself at the same stroke, the points all count, but the
player has only the same privilege of stroke as if it made
but one, except for first two wickets.

Rule IS: A player continues to play so long as his ball
makes a point for the playing ball, or counts upon an-
other ball.

Boundary

Rule I'): Boundary lines dividing the court into three
sections shall be considered, as shown in the diagram in
the following page.

Ball Shot Over the Boundary

Rule 20: (a) A ball shall be considered out of bounds
when it has passed over the white line and is not touch-
ing the line.

(b) A ball going out of bounds, shall be returned and
placed on spot on boundary, in the section of court in
which it passed out of Ixiunds.

(c) An object ball kited out of bounds by a direct shot
or a roqued shot, shall be returned and placed on the
toimdary spot and play ceases. Player is not dead on a
ball kited out of bounds, but is dead on a ball roqued out
of bounds.

(d) A playing ball going out of bounds and returned
to boundary spot, cannot continue play until the next
regular turn.

(c) A ball on the boundary spot cannot shoot at any
ether ball in that section, if placed on spot by the player
or partner.

f^f) The partner of a ball on the boundary spot, cannot
shoot at the ball on the boundary spot, if in the same
section of court, and if placed on spot by partner.

(g) In playing single matches, if a player shoots the
dummy ball (usually the red) out of bounds, the ball is
placed on the spot and the player cannot shoot at the
ball on the spot until he has made his next wicket, after
which time he can resume play on the dummy ball.

(Ii) When playing on a ball which has been placed on
the boundary or boundary spot; if the balls go out of
bounds they are returned to the boundary and play
continued.

(;■; If playing bail leaves court after striking a live
ball, play continues, provided object ball stays in the
court.

(j) If playing l)all leaves court by striking a dead ball
upon a direct shot, the playing ball shall be placed on the
boundary spot and dead ball is replaced.

Bails — ^Two or More Shot Over the Boundary

Rule 21: When two or more balls go out of bounds,
on a play, the playing ball, is placed on the boundary
spot and the other ball returned to the boundary line at
point it went out.

590

CROQUET AT EIGHTY -TWO

Place on Boundary Occupied By Other Ball

Rule 22: When a ball goes out of bounds and the
boundary spot is occupied by another ball, the last ball
out of bounds will take the spot on the opposite side of
the court in the same section. If both spots in the same
section are occupied, the last ball will wait until a spotted
ball has shot.

Ball — Making Position From Wrong Direction

Rule 2?.- If a ball is played or driven under an arch
from the wrong direction, and
rests so that a straight edge
laid against the arch on the
side from which it came, fails
to touch it, it is in position —
to run that arch in the right
direction.

Ball— Taking Play Under
Its Arch

Rule 24: If any part of a
ball has been placed under any
portion of an arch, in order to
take play from another ball,
it is not in position to run that
arch, unless after taking play,
it rests in position as deter-
mined by rule 24.

Ball — When Through
An Arch

Rule 25: A ball, running its
arch in the right direction, is
through when a straight edge
laid across the arch on the
side from which the ball came
does not touch the ball.

Ball — Rolling Back Through
Or Under An Arch

Rule 26: (a) If a ball, in
making an arch, does not hit a
ball, the stake or the border,
and rolls back, through or un-
der the arch, so that a straight
edge applied touches it, the
point is not made, but the ball
is in position to run the arch.

(b) Should the ball hit the
stake, roll back through or
under the arch, the point is
made, and the player continues his play.

(e) Should the ball hit a ball and roll back through or
under the arch, the point is not, made. If the ball hit was
a live ball, he takes play from it ; if a dead ball, his play
ceases and all balls shall be replaced, and stroke is lost.

Ball — Stopped By Opponent

Rule 27 : If a ball is stopped or diverted from its course
by an opponent, the player may repeat the shot. If stop-
ped by a partner player, it shall constitute a foul on the
player who made the shot.

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Ball — Stopped By An Object On the Court

Rule 28: (a) If a ball is stopped, or diverted from its
course by any person or object on the court not pertain-
ing to the game, the shot may be repeated.

(b) If a player is attempting to make a point, or a shot,
and the playing ball, or the ball he is playing upon or
from, hits his foot, person, mallet or clothing, play ceases
and all balls shall be replaced.

Repairing Damage to Ground or Arches

Rule 29: A player before or
during his play may require
that any damage to, or bad
condition of balls, the ground,
or the arches shall be repair-
ed, or rectified, but no court
shall be redressed during a
game, without the consent of
both players.

No player shall mark the
border or the surface of the
court, during the game, in
order to apparently aid him in
directing his shot.

Rover Ball— Right of Play

Rule 30: A rover has the
right to play upon each of the
other balls once only during
each turn of play, and may be
played upon as any other ball.

Completing the Game —
(Staking Out)

Rule 31: When partner balls
are rovers, the playing ball
finally completes the game by
taking play from its partner
ball, driving it and the play-
ing ball against the stake by
a single split shot, or ball
against the stake by a single
split shot, or by a split shot
and a direct shot in succes-
sion, all four balls being on
the court. If in the split shot
only the partner ball hits the
stake, it is still in play, and
it must be properly on the
court when the playing ball completes the game. If a
player fails in an attempt to stake out, he may with his
last shot, play on any live ball or balls, playing the same
as in any other turn of play, except that he cannot stake
out, at that turn of play. Unless both balls hit the stake
in successive shots in one turn, or in one shot, neither
shall be considered "staked out," but both must hit the
stake again.

Penalty for a Foul Stroke

Rule 32: (a) All balls moved hy a stroke which vio-
lates, or results in the violation of a rule, must be re-
(Continued on page 610)

Recreation and the Transient Program

RECREATION has just begun to
come into its own as an in-
tegral part of the federal transient program.
Faced with the more immediate problems of fur-
nishing food and shelter to the great number of
migratory individuals and families for whom the
Government assumed responsibility in 1933, and
often underestimating the vital importance of
constructive leisure time programs, transient ad-
ministrators have in the main teen unable to place
upon recreation the emphasis it deserves as a part
of all such projects. Not until this past year had
there been evidence of a growing general recog-
nition by transient units of the value of planned
recreation activities. The period of uncertainty
last fall concerning the future of the transient
program as a whole tended to bring to a stand-
still what advances had been achieved, but with
the taking over of most transient set-ups as work
projects by the Works Progress .Administration,
this feeling has been dissipated and great emphasis
is again being laid upon recreation and other
similar problems.

Recreation activities in transient camps and
shelters have been, and in too many cases unfor-
tunately still are, characterized by overemphasis
in one or two directions and by the failure so to
plan activities that all participate. The develop-
ment of the programs has resembled Topsy's
growth. Lacking both adequate leadership and
equipment, activities have tended to center around
the abilities and interests of a few transients in
each unit. Many camps and shelters availed them-
selves of the opportunity of .securing semi-skilled
leadership from the emergency education project
of the FER.A, and many more are using this same
type of leadership from similar WPA projects.
These two sources have resulted
somewhat in the expansion of
activities along more varied
lines.

Despite the paucity of leader-
ship and facilities the accom-
plishments are indeed surpris-
ing. In most cases provided
with but one or two rooms and

By Lewis Rohrbaugh

Mr. Rohrbaugh, Supervisor, Adult
Education and Recreation, Federal
Works Progress Administration for
the Comnnonweaith of Pennsyl-
vania, tells of the changing empha-
ses in recreation in the transient
program, and traces the develop-
ments which have taken place.

practically no equipment, transi-
ent units have successfully tapped
many sympathetic .sources. And one of the most
remarkable achievements has been the success ex-
perienced in making use of community resources.
Social and other agencies have donated physical
facilities, equipment of all kinds has been loaned
or given by varying types of public and private
agencies, local and state libraries have furnished
collections of books, and the resultant programs
are in direct contrast to the meagre facilities at
first available.

The Activities

As would be expected, althletics occupy the
position of chief importance in the majority of
transient recreation programs. Practically all units
had mushball or baseball teams during the past
season ; many branch out into other forms of
sport. Libraries fairly well stocked with books
and magazines are to be found in most centers.
]\lost centers also have what might be termed
game rooms, but in too many cases these are
rooms for which no other use could be found,
small ill-lighted and poorly ventilated lounging
places equipped with limited and well-worn sup-
plies of table games, checkers, dominoes, a few
packs of dog-eared cards and the like. Too often
these three general types of activties, plus an oc-
casional minstrel show or other entertainment,
make up the whole of the program. This is
especially true of the more isolated camps.

A number of centers have developed craft
groups, and a few have gone unusually far in this
respect. Differing from the more standardized
forms taken by these craft groups in the average
recreation program, the transient projects vary
from one extreme to the other.
Transients in Fargo, North Da-
kota, have taken up sketching,
while those in Savannah, Geor-
gia, make iron furniture. Men
in the camp at Fort Eustis, Vir-
ginia, turn out very wearable
lounging slippers and transients
in liellevue, N^ebraska, learn the

591

592

RECREATION AND THE TRANSIENT PROGRAM

art of book binding. In some instances craft
groups have;so developed that their products are
of unusual sighlticance. In Florida, for example,
the men at Camp Foster have made playthings
during the past year for that state's FERA
nursery schools ; transient women in Greenville,
South Carolina, have made clothing for the clients
of the center there; sign painting groups in Phila-
delphia have composed and painted signs for the
units and for local social agencies.

The possibilities in music and dramatics are
largely unexplored, chiefly because of the difficulty
of securing equipment and leadership. Most
transient units have radios and pianos, the latter
employed in rather spasmodic group singing.
Comparatively few units have been able to under-
take much in the field of instrumental music. One
of Philadelphia's centers had, during the early
part of last year, a group of "hill billies" who did
considerable broadcasting. The camp at Algiers
Naval Station in New Orleans has an orchestra,
as do several other centers. Minstrel and other
amateur shows compose most of the dramatic ac-
tivities, the former being particularly popular. In
a few instances some emphasis is placed upon the
staging of plays by the wanderers. During the
past summer transients in Philadelphia con-
structed their own stage — complete with foot-
lights— from materials donated by interested or-
ganizations, painted the scenery, and presented
short plays, well-adapted to the audiences and
original more often than not, under the direction
of a famous oldtime actor who
was employed by the FERA edu-
cation project.

One of the most interesting
features of the recreation pro-
grams has been the development
of the papers and magazines is-
sued by the transients themselves.
Usually mimeographed, these
publications furnish an outlet for
expression and are the source of
much rivalry between the various
camps and shelters. Varying from
the sharply critical to the "up-
lift" type, many of the papers
have so developed in appearance
and content that they put to
shame the house organs of most
industrial firms. Not at all con-
fined to comments upon events in
the centers whence they originate.

the majority devote space to reports of and com-
ments on current national and internafional hap-
penings. A number carry articles treating the
transient situation. The titles carried by the
papers often refer to the locality or to the cir-
cumstances out of which the paper arose. Typical
among them are Tlic Nomad, The Waysider,
The Four-Eleven, The Sooner Trail. The Neza
Deal and The Panhandle.

Most gratifying has been the spirit exhibited by
outside organizations in lending a hand towards
the development of diversional activities. Schools
and other similar organizations have furnished
free tickets to sports events; musical and dra-
matic societies have presented a variety of enter-
tainments, and so on down the list. So, too, with
equipment and physical facilities. City units are
using athletic fields and gymnasiums through the
cooperation of bureaus of recreation ; interested
and far-sighted firms and individuals have donated
books, craft materials and a hundred and one
other types of equipment.

Progress Is Being Made

These facts bear testimony to the praiseworthy
strides taken by transient units in the development
of recreation programs, despite tremendous handi-
caps present since the outset. Although programs
in the majority of the centers are far from bal-
anced and do not make for participation by all,
increasing attention is being paid to this aspect of
(Continued on page 611)

Courtesy Xntional Parks of Canada, Dcl>artmciit of llie Interior

Nature Education

By
William Gould Vinal

National Recreation Association

Social and Recreational

CAN THE Avi-RAGp; College student pick up the
loose ends of his experiences in comparative
anatomy, in histology, in bacteriology, and
perhaps in physiological chemistry, and utilize
them in the solution of present day problems ? Can
he take his present knowledge of trees, birds and
flowers and put it to work on the TVA or juve-
nile delinquency, or on city parks, or CCC or
WPA recreation programs? One definition of
education is "To prevent a man from being hum-
bugged by the newspapers." After weighing evi-
dence in the science "lab" can the student weigh
political propaganda poured upon his eyes and ears
relative to conservation and hunting? Is he aware
that clean streams, game fish, fur bearers, song
birds, vistas, the wilderness itself, like timber, are
forest products and hence public utilities? What
is his attitude toward and appreciation of city
parks, public camping grounds for autoists, out-
door stoves, nature trails, or wilderness area for
hikers? Does the city with 30 foot lots as com-
pared with 60 foot lots, one acre subsistence areas,
fenceless gardens, biology laboratories lighted at
night (as well as gyms and music rooms) and
auto caravan trips have any implications to him ?

What does it avail to know more about Cuvier
and Majjhigi than about juvenile delinquency in
the adjoining city block ; to sketch parasites on a
fish if nearby streams are contaminated and fish-
less; to become skilled in identifying bacteria
when Shanty Town is polluting the only stream in
the neighborhood ; to memorize formulae for
amino acids when the nitrogen waste in the sewer
is being locked up forever in the sea? Of what
good is it to be supreme in laboratory technique if
the human race within view of the conning tower
of the biological table is 100 years belated ? Why
repeat classical experiments when new experi-
ments are needed for social welfare?

To learn that scientific experiments need plan-
ning and then to right about face and adopt a
laissez faire policy with humans is inconsistent.

How to help people utilize for
the benefit of the connmunity
the scientific knowledge they
have acquired; how to trans-
fornn the "cloistered biologist"
into a recreation worker — this,
in a word is the theme Dr. Vinal
discusses as he presents sonne of
the problems involved in train-
ing leaders in nature education.

What the masses need is applied biology in the
laundry, in the backyard, in camp, and in the
metropolitan parks where life is lived. They need
to know the window box, the playground, and the
forests as points of refuge in times of poverty
and unemployment. They must be taught how
streams and soil can be made productive and
pleasureable. They must be given that biological
philosophy that enables them to visualize things,
time, space and progress in the large.

The Law of Change

To change is a natural law. It applies to every-
thing. We are continually obtaining new hair, fin-
gernails, skin, and cells. If gravity should be-
come a few pounds less (or we went to live on the
moon) we would need to enlarge our baseball
diamonds and to change the accompanying rules.
The heights of trees, the speed of winds, rivers,
and autos, blood pressure and stooped shoulders,
are subject to the control of gravity. Depressions,
governments, hobbies, wars, mailed fists, utiliza-
tion of wastes, and education are also subject to
change. With a changed world there must come a
change in biological education.

The lazu of adaptation is the price of change.
The mastodon didn't adapt himself to a change
and he exists only in museums. Let the ther-
mometer change ten degrees and there will be
those who cannot survive. Bring on a new kind of
depression (according to natural law it would
have to be new) and a certain number of people
would be physically or professionally extermi-

593

594

NATURE EDUCATION SOCIAL AND RECREATIONAL

nated. Abandon the subject-centered curriculum
and many leaders could not adapt themselves.
They might just as well be placed along side of
the mastodon. How can such a person step out-
side of himself and view the situation ?

One way to test the new is to think it through
with some familiar object. The automobile is no
longer new. Every year it changes and with the
changes come new responsibilities. It is not now
so important that we be able to put patches on
tires, or that we be technicians in regulating the
timing, or that we blow a horn at every cross
street. Road side courtesy, attitude in regard to
.safety, and skill in judging are becoming increas-
ingly important. What is true of autos is also true
of biology. We do not all need to trace the nerves
of a cat, to diagnose diphtheria, or to give the
sugar test. The subject-centered biology, the
technical Ijiology is giving away to the social-rec-
reational biology. Everyday biology must con-
tribute to the health, home, citizenship, charac-
ter building, and leisure time of the every day
person.

A Few Examples

Social-recreational biology is already coming
into its own. In Cincinnati there is a blighted dis-
trict that has i/40th of the popu-
lation. But it has i/20th of the
crime and i/20th of the deaths
from social diseases and tubercu-
losis. Recently there has been a
slum clearance project which has
opened up a 12 acre plat — an area
larger than all of the rest of Cin-
cinnati's playgrounds combined.
The cellar holes have been filled
and top soil brought in. The di-
rector of recreation combed the
country to obtain a leader capa-
ble of using the twelve acres to
wipe out crime and disease. Such
a potential leader was discovered
on the Pacific coast. She has
started to whip the problem ■ —

If only the biologist will take
advantage of their interest in
the "Little Red Hen" and other
living things, and interpret Na-
ture in terms they understand]

what William James might call the "moral equi-
valent of war" — by having the folks of the dis-
trict grow flowers.

Social re-creation through nature applies equally
well to the rural areas. Fifty miles out of De-
troit, in what is known as the Hartland Areas, a
business man has fifty projects underway for re-
storing the morale of folks who were sitting on
the verandas waiting for something to happen
which never hapjjened. It is his contribution to
his birthplace. On the farm are raised pure bred
Shropshire sheep. These are given to country
boys and girls who in turn give back a part of the
offspring that more boys and girls may have a
similar opportunity. Is this recreation or educa-
tion? Is it play or is it work? Is it social science
or biological science ? The important thing is that
it is a situation out of which come experiencing
and enjoying rather than memorizing and reciting.

Take another example. In the same village is
a craft shop where are made looms. These are
loaned to families who are taught to weave. They
may al.so learn to raise the requisite flax and to
spin the thread. If they become sufficiendy inter-
ested they can purchase the loom and pay for it
witli homespun linen. Whether a family chooses
to raise sheep or flax or some other of the rich

NATURE EDUCATION SOCIAL AND RECREATIONAL

595

offerings the program is a means of raising the
level of subsistence. It is a mental challenge. It
is a provision for a rainy day — for the time when
the farm is not panning gold. It is not a plan for
giving nine loaves of bread today and nine loaves
again tomorrow. It is a plan that enables the
family to retain its self respect. It restores to the
home that which the machine took away.

How would you apply your biology education
to the following case? Two hundred and eighty
families, fifteen miles from a civic center are liv-
ing in shell-like structures of summer cottages on
the shores of one of the Great Lakes. Eighty five
per cent were on relief until the WPA set them
to work. One hundred and twenty-five children
with no yards for play. The school building is
reached by bus and is not available for com-
nninity gatherings. The only building is a public
dance hall with no windows, shutters down for
the winter, still well ventilated, and one stove with
no fuel. The only open area is a cattail marsh
which must be frozen to use and then you cannot
wander far lest the oil companies object. Oflf
shore are three barren islands put up by a gov-
ernment dredging project. Sweep across this
scene the bitter lake winds and then try to picture
play clays ! Trying to carry on in the "cold as a
barn" dance hall is a handcraft leader who is busy
most of the time crumpling newspaper for the
stove or rubbing the numbed hands of runny-
nosed youngsters. The game leader is having bet-
ter success with her circle game as the older
youngsters are running by two's. Picture your
nature leader alongside of the other staff. Is he
going to take children on a field trip with their
toes peeking out of their shoes? He cannot col-
lect cattails for handcraft as that should have
been done last summer. There is a goodly growth
of yellow willow along the banks of the marsh
but they do not furnish whips for weaving willow
baskets. Stand your leadership training program
in nature education alongside of such conditions
and select from it the activities that will meet the
situation and if the program does not offer ideas
it needs revamping.

Nature Hobbies

Perhaps the best guide to a nature recreation
program is the nature hobby. Nature hobbies are
present in every community. Most of us do not
recognize them as nature recreation. A motor-
man raises canaries, but not for sale. A physician
grows alpine flowers in his backyard. A nurse

escapes the sordid side of life by raising tropical
fish. Three business men on our street have rock
gardens. The PTA is having a series of lectures
and demonstrations on flower arrangement.
Japanese dish gardens are "all the go" in the de-
partment stores. Among my friends are iris
growers, pigeon fanciers, dyed-in-the-wool fish-
erman, "glad" specialists, and backyard bee keep-
ers. Everyone of these nature hobbyists stand the
test of the objectives of education. They are car-
rying on in spite of teachers and recreation lead-
ers. What would have happened if such channels
of interest could have been opened up to the hun-
dreds of others with nothing to do ?

If nature hobbies were to be eliminated from
any big city there would be suffering. It would
make a difference to that city. At the Toledo
Boys' Club I recently saw a handcraft person who
had a roomful of newsboys doing twelve different
projects. What is needed is leaders who can pre-
sent a three-ring offering of nature hobbies. The
work of making aquaria out of junk-yard auto-
windshields and of raising tropical fish may make
a happy, self-respecting naturalist out of a dis-
carded steel worker. Reconditioned steel-workers
go out into the world again just as do resuscitated
goldfish or impoverished seedlings with sunshine
turned on them. The potential re-creation value of
nature as demonstrated by nature hobbyists in
every community and its reclamation value for
folks discarded by the depression is too great to
be overlooked by nature educators in these trying
times. People are starving for nature. If we have
the vision for training leaders we can yet reclaim
many of the down-and-outs and what is perhaps
more significant we can guarantee that no more
shall folks sit and wait for something to happen.

A walking biological dictionary who is lOO per
cent efficient in transmitting the factotems of
pedagogs is surprisingly limited when cut loose
from the apronstringing professor. If the child
of laboratory-luxury cannot put "it" in a test tube
or preserve "it" in formaldehyde or quote bio-
logical ritual he is stumped. There is no carry
over from the analysis of a rock to the analysis of
social problems. Should not schools of education
for training teachers for the future spend less
time in administering technical biology and at-
tempt to teach these students some of the present
biological handy-knacks of everydayness ?

And, let it be said that the technical biologist
need not look upon recreational nature activities
(Continued on page 612)

Winter Day Camps in New York City

THE SLOGAN, "A Camp for Every Child,"' heard
ten or twelve years ago, was probably consid-
ered the absmxl dream of camp enthusiasts,
but today it seems not so absurd nor unconsidered.
It is actually a possibility that in the not-too-far
future there really may be a camp for every child.
Not so many years before that, possibly thirty, the
word camp began to be applied to the vacations
that were organized by a small group of educators
for boys and girls who could afford to pay well
for this kind of experience, under careful guid-
ance. The directors of these private camps be-
lieved there was great value in the opportunity to
live a rugged existence in remote and beautiful
environment away from the exacting demands of
the school and high tension of city-life during the
winter. It was a plan to compensate for the lacks
in city living and a plan to reopen the way to self
discovery. Even in those early days these direct-
ors, who were educators in all cases, realized that
children were losing the splen-
did character-building influences
of the old rural life with its
chores to develop responsibility
and where the play activities
had fields and woods to explore,
and trees to climb, where flow-
ers and vegetables were grow-
ing and there were animals both
wild and domestic and living
conditions that oflfered a chal-
lenge to initiative and stamina.
The school class room and the
city home had not found any
training method that could in-
ject the .same sturdiness of
moral fibre.

The directors also saw that
camping restored a richness of
living that could not be found
in class room training nor in
city homes. Here were color,
romance and the traditions of
the American pioneer. From
the experiments developed in
the privately owned camps was
.S96

By Maude L. Dryden

Senior Project Supervisor
-Day Outing Camps

created the philosophy of present day camping
techniques. Certain of its fundamental principles
are applicable to the wide variety of camping or-
ganizations now operating.

The fact New York City is finding that camp-
ing should be included in the plans for all chil-
dren, is striking evidence of the progress being
made toward the goal of a camp for every child.
It is true that many other cities have established
camps for their public school children. There are
a number of California cities with such canips
that have operated for several years. Chicago,
Dearborn, Detroit, and other cities have estab-
lished camps. New York City probably needs

WINTER DAY CAMPS IX NEW YORK CITY

597

these camps more than any other com-
munity hut its problems of achninistra-
tion are tremendous.

The day camp plan seemed to offer
the best solution and they have operat-
ed for two years with both a summer
and a winter schedule.

Winter camping immediately sug-
gests the unusual, because camping in
the very nature of things is allied to
summer time activities ; that is, the kind
of camping boys and girls talk about in the cities.
and all boys and girls do talk about camping in
this day and age. There is the lure of the un-
known woodlands with its hills and streams, and
the appeal of adventure in the very word. Camp-
ing is so thoroughly American, and tradition is so
clo.'^e to us that it almost seems we are still a part
of it.

"Camping and education" is a combination of
words that has become familiar to most people in-
terested in the development of boys and girls of
America. If there is educational value in camp-
ing experience in the summer, unquefstionably
there must be value in a year round plan, so the
Board of Ediication of New York City is experi-
menting on that theory.

"Camp is no longer a substitute for primitive living;
it is increasingly a positive factor in the education
of children. Conditions are favorable for children
to learn rather than be taught, and since they can
base new learning only on some knowledge already
acquired, the environment offers that incentive."

The children of New York City may seem fur-
ther removed from the frontier days than the
children of other cities, but they have one thing
in common with those children, and that is the
natural instinctive desire for the freedom of ex-
panses and instinctive delight in growing live
things.

Cooperating Organizations

The summer day camp program proved success-
ful enough that an extension into a winter sched-
ule has been in process for two years. There are
three agencies cooperating in the plan. The Park
Department designated certain parks that would
offer as much wilderness atmosphere as possible ;
the Board of Education sends the children from
schools near enough to these
parks so that they are able to
walk, except in one park where
the city's subway line perniits
free transjjortation. The Works
IVogress Administration fur-
nishes teachers and recreation
leaders. The teachers continue
the training in the subject mat-
ter of the classroom so that the
school schedules may not be
hampered, and the recreation
leaders carry on a camping
l^rogram.

In the fall of 1934 one of the
four camps used in the summer
was selected as being best on
account of the subway trans-
l^ortation facilities. In the fall
of 1935 three other parks were
added — and those where chil-
dren came from schools near
enough that they could walk to
the camp sites.

For the winter schedule prin-
cipals of the schools were inter-

598

WINTER DAY CAMPS IN NEW YORK CITY

viewed. The result was that
many saw the plan had merit
and they sent classes about
every three weeks; that is,
classes were scheduled for
each day but rotated so that
the individual class made a
visit once every three weeks.
The cold weather calls for
a very stirring kind of ac-
tivities and in consequence
the games played and all the
other activities, too, were of

a more strenuous selection for the whole day than
would be true for a summer program.

Creating Indian Villages

The winter camp schedule includes some very
romantic features. Its camp craft is carried
through by means of Indian villages and pioneer
stockade setdements. Here is an opportunity to
experience the living conditions our forefathers
knew in the early days of the country's founding.
These villages have bark tepees, log lean-to shel-
ters, the well-known tepee type of shelter, bark
hogans, log stockades and shelters, slab shelters,
mud-chinked slab shelters and some weather shel-
ters made of twigs and branches, two native
.\merican Indian leaders make these activities
quite real.

There is a wide variety of fires set up for ob-
servation. The fires are of such kind as are used
for the various woods conditions and uses. There
are back log, reflector, hunter's stone and hunter's
log, dingle stick, cranepot holder Indian star, In-
dian stone stove and bean hole fires in these
demonstration yards. As time goes on new ones
are added as suggestions arise concerning new
uses.

Because the children's visits to the camps are
spaced rather widely apart, they do not bring food
to cook on the fires as they some times do in the
summer, but opportunities are found when groups
can participate in the ever fascinating joy of build-
ing a fire and using it. A daily activity report
turned in by one of the women recreation leaders
tells of one such occasion :

"The first group laid the fire, gathering bark
and twigs to light it. The second group shelled
the corn from the cob (pop corn) and lit the fires.
We popped the corn and made syrup for it." (She
fails to include the fact that the corn popper was

"We are coming to look upon the camp
more as a social Institution than a
physical education opportunity. It is,
primarily, a chance at communal living.
Its most important opportunity is a
training in friendship, cooperation and
independence. . . . The really vital thing
in a camp is not its equipment but its
personnel and attitude, and its ability to
make 'buddies' out of the children. Any
camp will be enjoyed more that does
this, if it is no more than a lean-
to in the woods." — Henry S. Curtis.

fashioned from a tin can in-
geniously behandled with a
wooden stick.)

The camp craft period is
used to create such things as
toasters made of green twigs,
drums of short logs burned
hollow, reed pipes or flutes,
hammers of rocks fastened
to forked sticks and other
equally primitive articles that
might be used in relation to
the primitive setting of the
villages described.

These villages are not free from molestation by
week-end visitors to the camp sites but that is not
a cause for worry or annoyance any longer as it
simply gives more children more opportunities to
build and share in the joy of construction. They
also get the feeling of consideration for others
and learn through first hand experience of a very
personal nature the unhappiness caused by van-
dals. Conservation is constantly stressed and oc-
casions arise often to prove its advi.sabilitv. The
logs, bark, etc., used always come from the trees
that have died and been cut down.

Trail Making

Added to this are trail making with the use of
the compass and all the kinds of blazes, and some
signalling. The trails may not cover great dis-
tances but they do cover as much variety of ter-
rain as possible. In one camp a trail would be
sure to lead to the water's edge where shells and
rocks covered with barnacles are found. The in-
stinct for collecting is given every chance for sat-
isfaction on such explorations, and their cojlec-
tions of whatever sort are given genuine respect.

Appreciation of the beauty of these woods
trails is one other definite aim. Leaders who are
themselves lovers of the woods with its plant and
animal life are sure to pass on some of this ap-
preciation by their own very real enthusiasm.
The process is one of absorbing from contact and
experience, a process of living with this particu-
lar environment. The social sciences of the school
room do become more vital through these experi-
ences. Geography and history and literature be-
come alive and a culture of the senses will result.

Some of the Activities

During the games period an effort is made to
encourage the ones with the greatest element of

WINTER DAY CAMPS IN NEW YORK CITY

599

(tun and that can be learned quickly and played
by any number of players at any time. Games
with elaborate rules are avoided as it is felt that
a knowledge of a variety is important so that
whatever the situation these boys and girls will
; not be at a loss for a happy solution for play time.
The timid child is the special case to recreation
leaders always and a typical case will illustrate.
This is taken from the daily report of one leader.

"One Chinese boy refused to play, no iratter how he was
persuaded. He just held up his hand and shook his head
negatively. Of course the fact that he six>ke no English
had something to do with it but it was interesting to see
the paternal attitude of some of the older Ixjys, each tried
patiently even using 'pidgin' English but it was no use.
At last he did take my ex-
tended hand and walked with
me to watch another game
and I believe he was begin-
ning to forget himself and
enjoyed watching the game.
Perhaps if we had more time
we could have got him to
join a tree tag game or some
such. When he comes to
camp again, I'll lead him on
a little further."

This letter, written in
camp by one of the girls
to a friend, carries some-
thing of the spirit which
is being developed in the
campers.
De.\r Frances,

We went to Pelham Bay
Park today. We had a lot
of fun. At first we went for
a walk and we learned all
about the birds. Then we

came back and made a project of the things we learned.
Then we had lunch. After lunch we had recreation

again. We had a teacher named Miss She

was a lot of fun. We had Indian games and we tortured
the captives by making them dance and sing. We made
one girl take a limb that had fallen from a tree and made
her fan us. Altogether I think Pelham Bay Park is a
szwll place.

Your friend,

Eunice

Of course when there is snow every possible
traditional winter game is played. Hilarity reigns
on these days because the children love snow ball
throwing for accuracy, snow ball rolling contests,
building snow forts and snow men. They tnake
slides, and barrel staves often serve as toboggans
and they play Fox and Geese in the snow and
even do a little snow picture making.

At Christmas time the children selected a lovely
evergreen tree growing outside the camp building
for their Christmas tree. Each class as they came
to camp contributed to the decorations and these
were strings of cranberries, pop-corn and of bits
of suet, apples, pieces of cocoanuts and other nuts.
Not only was the tree very attractive to look at
but the birds loved it and to show their apprecia-
tion they ate every bit of the decorations. When
the holidays were over and the children returned
to camp they promjjtly started replacing the orna-
ments. The birds have become daily visitors and
are as much at home as are the children them-
selves. During lunch time it is no uncommon oc-

Department of Public Information, IVPA, New York

There are real Indians to help the children
build fires and make shelters of many kinds

currence to see the birds at their lunch outside in
the snow covered "lunch tree." What is more the
children added decorations to several trees.

Singing is the accomi)animent to the folk danc-
ing or is a game in itself. The American folk
songs are added to the always loved folk songs of
other lands. Cowboy songs and the like have
special appeal because of relation to their pioneer
activities. Singing is always fun, however, and
fun is most important.

Here is one of the songs. It is in the form of a
riddle and there is great excitement guessing the
answer and it was a gleeful child who guessed
correctly the

(Continued on page 612)

From Market

to
Art Center

The story of a deserted
building which has been
converted into a beehive
of activity and service.

WiTHTX the space of three months, the Mu-
nicipal ]\Tarket Building of Birrainghani,
Alabama, has been transformed from a va-
cant, cobwebbed structure into a center of much
activity in the field of creative art. Through the
efforts of Miss Agnes Coughlin of the Birming-
ham Park and Recreation Board, and with the
cooperation of federal agencies, windows which
once were deserted are artistically decorated and
facilities have been installed for the development
of various creative arts. While one of the ob-
jectives of the art center has been to give employ-
ment to WPA workers in connection with the
federal rehabilitation program, its most important
purpose has been to encourage the artistic ambi-
tions of Birmingham people.

The program carried on within the art center is
manifold. One department is devoted to scene
painting, another to scene building, and others to
poster painting, costume making, furniture mak-
ing and to the production of various other prop-
erties essential to plays on the playgrounds, com-
munity centers and pre-school play centers.

Scenery and other stage equipment constructed
by the art center are given to the Park and Rec-
reation Board to aid in the extensive program of

dramatics sponsored by the city board in the vari-
ous community centers.

Art classes are oflfered twice a week -free to the
public, and a daily toy-making class is also avail-
able to the public. These classes are sponsored by
the women's department.

In a toy-making undertaking last year, more
than 2,000 toys were made in the Park Board's
toy shop and donated to the Community Christ-
mas Committee to be given to the city's under-
privileged children. Christmas toys, Christmas
cards and other objects were made this year at the
art center and more toys than ever were distrib-
uted.

From the downtown center instructors go to
the various suburban communities to conduct
classes once or twice a week. Centers visited
by these instructors include Harrison Park,
Avondale, Woodlawn, Ensley, Pratt City and
North Birmingham.

City Commissioner Lewey Robinson whose de-
partment has charge of public buildings gave the
Park Board permission to use the building as an
arts and crafts center, thus turning it into useful
channels after it had remained closed more than
four years except for a period last year when it '
was used as a relief cannery.

600

The Garden Center Institute of Buffalo

By
Mrs. Lloyd W. Josselyn

THE Garden Center Institute of Buffalo
was incorporated by the Board of Regents
of the University of the State of New York
to give instruction in gardening and allied sub-
jects. Gardening, whether it be a vocation or
an avocation, a sport or an art, has a very
vital place in human existence. With the dis-
covery of agriculture came civilization, and
with civilization through the centuries has de-
veloped the art f)f gardening.

It is with gardening as an avocation we deal
principally at the Garden Center Institute, in-
structing the beginner, helping the experienced
gardener with those problems which continu-
ally arise in any undertaking, keeping abreast
of the times in regard to advances in horticul-
ture and the new things which science is con-
tinually presenting for our vise.

Classes, lectures, radio talks, newspaper ar-
ticles, exhibits and shows are some of the
means by which we give instruction. To these
is added the personal attention to problems the
individual brings to us. The classes are taught
in some cases by trained experts, in others by
amateurs who through the personal experience
and study of many years have become profi-
cient in gardening and are glad to pass on to
others the knowledge which these years have
brought. In every community there are sure
to be gardeners who have made a speciality of
one certain flower until they have learned so
much concerning the cultivation of their spe-
cialty under the local conditions that their in-
formal talks are very valuable contributions to
the study of gardening. The Garden Center
Institute has the cooperation of a number of
such entluisiasts and we profit greatly by the
lectures which they are willing to give to anv
interested amateurs.

Our class for the beginning gardeners was
one of the most popular and worthwhile of the

There is an old Chinese proverb
which says — "Habits and cus-
toms differ, but all people have
the love of flowers in connmon."

groups we have had and there is no doubt that
those beginning will want to continue to re-
ceive instruction and help, so that we plan to
develop this course. It seems advisable, also,
to repeat this course for others who have either
just discovered the center or else their own
interest in gardening, and are looking forward
to such a class this spring. A class in land-
scaping, in which each student will use his
own home grounds for his project, is to be one
of the new developments of our work along
these lines this season.

At least once a month and sometimes often-
er a formal lecture on some horticultural sub-
ject is held. These talks are given by trained
horticulturists and are of interest to the ad-
vanced gardener as well as to those who con-
sider themselves just beginners.

The study of botany and birds, while not
directly a branch of horticulture, has a very
definite place in our work, for we know that
the gardener with even a very superficial
knowledge of these subjects is able to get
much more enjoyment out of gardening and
the hours spent out-of-doors, and profits' by
the new fields which this study opens for him.
.Accordingly, we have weekly classes in both
these subjects which are becoming better at-
tended as they are being brought to the atten-
tion of an increasingly larger number of in-
terested persons.

Publicity

The matter of publicity has been a difficulty
for even though the field, we felt, has been
well covered, there are sure to be some inter-
ested persons who have learned too late of a
lecture or class that they would like to have

601

602

THE GARDEN CENTER INSTITUTE OF BUFFALO

attended. No doubt as the work grows we
shall be more successful in reaching the people
whom we seek to help. It has seemed to us
that those who find our service good and tell
others are really our best publicity agents.

By means of weekly articles in the Buflfalo
Evening News throughout the year and a weekly
radio talk over W B E N during the eight
months which are most truly the gardening
time of year, we are able to reach many gar-
deners who because of distance and other reasons
are unable to come to the center. Some of the ma-
terial in these articles is suggested by the
questions which come to the center and, there-
fore, they represent the current gardening in-
terests.

Cooperation

Although the Garden Center Institute is an
incorporate institution with its own Board of
Directors, membership and dues, the latter in
the form of gifts rather than the payment of
any set amount, we are affiliated with the Fed-
erated Garden Clubs of New York State, Inc.
We are constantly seeking to be of service to
these clubs and others who have not joined the
Federation. The meeting of the presidents of
all the garden clubs of this, the eighth district
of the Federation, is held at the center every
month. Thus the center is truly acting as a
centralization of the interests of the clubs and
as a means of exchange of ideas which is a
great help in the ever present question of suit-
able programs. Our work in this case is sim-
plified in that the director of the district is also
tbe director of the center, and as the represen-
tative of the Federation comes in contact with
the various clubs of this
area. That our work is not
wholly with garden club
members, federated or un-
federated, should not be
lost sight of, for we are in-
terested chiefly in spread-
ing abroad the gospel of
gardening.

We expect to make the
flower show held last sum-
mer at the center a yearly
aiTair. Previously this had
been held in another build-
ing although it was staged
and directed by the garden

"High on the list of activities which may
be pursued as private hobbies but which
shower their benefits on the public is the
ancient art of gardening. Like Portia's
fannous quality of mercy, it blesses both
gardener and beholder. A love of gar-
dens and a bit of ground upon which to
lavish that affection are a fortunate
equipment. For not only is gardening full
of rewards and surprises for the gar-
dener, but, since a community is only a
number of plots, each under the control
of a different individual, the collective
result of numerous gardens is a beauti-
ful community and ultimately a beautiful
country." — Earnest Elmo Calkins in
The Lost Art of Play, Atlantic Monthly.

clubs of the District, as was the one held this
year. A flower show is always an excellent
means of promoting and stimulating interest
in gardening, and the people who attend do so
because of their love for flowers and their de-
sire to learn more concerning varieties and
methods of cultivation.

Through the center a new use of leisure is
introduced to many and an outlet for energy is
ofi"ered which is both healthful and useful.
While we deal primarily with the flower gar-
den, the questions we receive often carry us
into the wider field of agriculture, and we al-
\\ays give what help we can as well as suggest
channels where more extensive aid may be
found.

.\n economic aspect to the programs at the
center is introduced by the fact that the land-
scaping of the grounds around the house adds
to the commercial value of the property. While
we do not stress this fact in our teaching, it
becomes apparent to the house owner as the
work on the home grounds progresses.

Housing the Institute

The rooms in which the Garden Center In-
stitute is located are in the Club House in
Grover Cleveland Park. These quarters are
pro\ided for our use by the Park Department
of the City of Buffalo through the cooperation
of the Hon. Frank A. Coon, Commissioner.
For any work of this kind a place from which
to operate is the first requisite.

Although a garden center may spread its ac-
tivities over a good sized community, it must
have headquarters as a base of operations.
Here should be assembled the tools with which
the work is done: books
and magazines on garden-
ing, and catalogues of the
\"ari()us seedsmen and nur-
serymen both in this coun-
try and abroad. These cat-
alogues are valuable addi-
tions to the equipment and
they should be kept from
year to year because of
their value as sources of
information concerning the
dates of introduction of the
\arious varieties of plants.
Duplicate catalogs may be
(Cnntiiiucd on page 613)

A Sport for Every Girl

6irls know what they want today. It
is the community's responsibility to
help them get it by aiding them to
secure facilities and plan activities

... By Edith M. Gates

f^ADMiNTON, tennis, swimming,
n horseback riding, deck ten-
nis, shuffleboard, golf, volley ball— how many
of these sports do you know well enough to enjoy
in your leisure time? In this modern world there
is no limit to the variety of recreational sports that
a girl or woman can enjoy. There used to be re-
strictions, such as time and money, which meant
that some of us could not possibly enter into cer-
tain activities. Today public recreation facilities
are removing or reducing the expense, and shorter
working hours give us more time. With this va-
riety of choice, it must be up to the individual to
learn the games, to develop the skills, for truly
"there is a sport for every girl."

In addressing a group of citizens who are in-
terested in "Better Homes in America" I know I
am speaking to those interested in better com-
munities. If the test of a community life is how
it spends its leisure time, do you know what hap-
pens in your city? Men and boys need good sports
and these are more often provided for them. Let
us cons-der now only girls and women. What do
the young women want to do today? In your
town what facilities are open to girls? How are
programs planned and directed; are they in the
hands of well trained leaders? As a responsible
citizen in your community.

where and what would you
want your girls to play ?

Men will often answer this
question with — "Oh, let's or-
ganize a basketball team for
our girls too." Yes, because
boys are keenly interested in
highly organized team sports
like baseball, football and bas-
ketball, do you think girls
always are? iSarnard College

We present extracts from a radio ad-
dress from Little House of America,
delivered over the Columbia network
on March 5th by Edith M. Sates,
Director of Health Education, Na-
tional Board, Y.W.C.A., and Chair-
man of the Executive Committee,
Women's Division, N.A.A.F. Further
information regarding the activities
of the Division may be secured from
the Women's Division, N.A.A.F., 303
West 42nd Street, New York City.

asked its students what sports
they wanted and the first two on
their list were not these— they were swimming
and tennis. The National Y.W.C.A. made a study
of what business girls do or want to do in their
leisure time and the first sports they mentioned
were swimming, hiking and tennis. In the high
school programs reported to us recently from
Reno, Nevada, for instance, or Aberdeen, South
Dakota, we find ten sports offered in the year's
program and in both lists are horseshoe pitching
and bicycling— certainly not team sports. Girls
are interested today in the more informal "indi-
vidual and dual sports," the games one can play
any time alone or with a friend. Or they like
w'nat we call "group sports" in contrast to "team
sports," those sports like swimming and hiking
where large numbers participate together in a
sociable group.

An athletic program needs to be made attractive
to girls. Girls themselves do not take the initia-
tive as boys do; they do not play just anywhere
in the vacant lots without leadership. It was
shown in the study of business girls made by the
^'.W.C.A. that 77 per cent wanted to swim, but
or.lv 33 i:er cent actually did ; 70 per cent wanted
to hike, but only 20 per cent actually did. These
girls are not going to get what
they want and need unless
someone takes steps to secure
facilities and plan activities for
them.

For twelve years the Wom-
en's Division of the National
.\mateur Athletic Federation
has been working to establish
certain fundamental conditions
under which girls' athletics will
(Cont'.nucd on l>agc 613)

603.

The Westchester Little Opera Company

An experiment in developing a "People's
Opera" which will give young people the
opportunity often so difficult to secure

IX THE organization of th(;
Westchester Little Opera
Company of Wliite Plains,
New York, a movement has
been initiated which may well
have nation-wide significance.
The company was organized
in a very modest manner, on
June 1st, 1934, by Eugene
Haesner, of White Plains,
New York, a well known
teacher of singing, primarily
to furnish an opportunity for

young singers to acquire experience and training
in operatic work.

The first season was opened with a double bill,
a presentation of "Cavalleria Rusticana" and "The
Secret of Susanne." This was followed by
""Shanewis," then "Martha" and the season closed
with "Traviata." Immediately after the season
was closed rehearsals for the next season began.
"Faust" was chosen to open the season and two
performances were given, October 5 and 8, IQ35.
"Carmen" was given on November 29 and 30, fol-
lowed by "La Traviata," "The Barber of Seville"
and a double bill, "Cavalleria Rusticana" and "I
Pagliacci."

The faithfulness and loyalty of the chorus may
be judged by the fact that although the rehearsals
were carried on through the entire summer, the
attendance was never less than 85 per cent of the
full strength of the company, which numbers 82
including principals.

During the first season the performances, which
were given in the Westchester County Center, ac-
companiments were provided on a piano and the
organ at the Center. This year fourteen strings
were added to the organ and piano, the strings
consisting of si.x first violins, four second violins,
two violas and two 'cellos. The scenery was built
and painted by some of the principals and mem-
bers of the chorus.

€04

The complaint is very often made
that singers who want to follow an
operatic career are compelled to
go to Europe for their training and
experience. The Little Opera Com-
pany of Westchester County, New
York, hopes to do something to
meet this situation through the
experiment it is carrying on.

.\11 the operas are sung in
English, the idea being to
make it truly American
Opera. The principals are
chosen on a basis of merit.
Any member of the companj-
may aspire to singing a prin-
cipal role, and if in the judg-
ment of the musical director
he or she is competent, the
coveted prize is awarded.

The Westchester Counts-
Recreation Commission fos-
tered the development of the Little Opera Com-
pany during its first season and continues a co-
o])erative relationship to the extent of furnishing
quarters for rehearsal facilities and clerical
work, etc.

Although the company has no direct financial
backing and charges the very moderate admission
fee of 50 and /^ cents, the company is self-sup-
porting. This entails a great deal of self sacrifice
and work on the part of the members of the com-
pany. The costumes are for the most part made
by members of the company, even the soldiers'
uniforms being made and painted with gilt paint
to resemble armor. There are no fees or dues but
the members of the company buy their own
music.

Tiie stafi^ of the company consists of : Eugene
Haesner, Conductor and General Director ; John
Connet, Assistant Conductor; George Kruger,
.Assistant Director of Orchestra; Miss Elizabeth
P>arlow, Pianist and Coach; W. Raymond Ran-
dall, Organist; Miss Matilda Mark, Ballet Mis-
tress, and A. D. Shaw, Stage Manager.

The members of the chorus conie from all parts
of Westchester County and some even from Long
Island. Among them are business men and house-
wives, salesmen and saleswomen, secretaries and
college students. It is truly a "People's Opera."

World at Play

; AN increasing num-

Cincinnati Citizens , , , ,^ „„

„ . ber of players are en-

Take to Tennis . . ^^ . . ^.

joying tennis in Cin-
cinnati, Ohio. Twen-
ty-eight hard surfaced courts with wire tennis
nets are being kept open ready for play at all
times free of charge. At Price Hill, where there
are more municipal tennis courts and more
players proportionately to the population than
in any other section of the city, a drive is being
made to collect usable rackets being discarded
by more expert players with the object of put-
ting them in condition and having them avail-
able next year for the free use of beginners
among the junior players. This will make it
possible for boys and girls who cannot aflford
to purchase rackets to play the game. It is
hoped to have a sufficient supply of cast-ofT
rackets to take care of the 120 municipal courts
which will be in play next year.

Drama Popular
in Sheboygan

THE drama pro-
gram promoted by
the Department of
Public Recreation,
Board of Education, in Sheboygan, Wisconsin,
is unusually extensive. Seven hundred people
are enrolled as members paying one dollar a
year fee. A recent performance of "The Late
Christopher Bean" was witnessed by 1,500
people. In addition to the regular perform-
ances, there are children's programs, play dis-
cussion groups held every week, and once a
month plays are presented and discussed by
\arious groups. Each Tuesday evening a radio
sketch is given, a different group being in
charge each month. In one of the schools there
are a large workroom and storeroom for the
drama materials, a manual training room with
tools and a drama scenery room in which mem-
bers of the group make their own drops, win-
dows, doors, as well as the piping for the
hangings.

~~ ~ ~, THE Playground

Municipal Chorus , „ . . .

i,, and Kecreation As-

for Women . ^. , ,,r

sociation of Wyo-

ming \'alley, Wilkes-
Barre, Pennsylvania, is sponsoring the Wo-
man's Municipal Chorus, a self-supporting
group made up of 65 members with fairly well
trained \-oices who regard their membership
in the organization as a means of further train-
ing. A well trained and experienced director
is in charge. On December 29th the chorus
presented a Christmas concert before 1,500"
people.

Irvington's
Centennial

FROM June 23 to-
November 19, 1935,
Irvington, New Jer-
se}-, celebrated its
one hundredth anniversary. There were civic
programs, parades, operettas, nationality
nights, a flower show, and a Columbus Day
program. A number of weeks were celebrated
during the period, including retail sales week,
education week, and municipal progress week.
The celebration closed with a reception. Philip
LeBoutillier, Superintendent of Recreation,
served as chairman of the executive committee
and the Department of Public Recreation had
a large part in planning and carrying out the
details of the celebration. The estimated at-
tendance during the five month period was
80,740 people.

. „ , _ , THE City Council

A Recently Created r ^ i i i /- ir

_ . . of Oakland, Calif or-

Recreation Area • i j ^ .

nia, has donated

$15,000 to secure
land for a splendid East Oakland recreation
area. The property to be secured, consisting
of an old nursery with thousands of shrubs and
plants, covers eighteen acres, six and a half
acres of which were purchased outright and
six more leased ; an option is held on the bal-
ance. A WPA allotment of $60,000 for the de-
velopment of the project has been approved.

605

606

WORLD AT PLAY

DIAMOND

PITCHING
HORSESHOES

DIAMOND CALK HORSESHOE CO.

4610 GRAND AVE. DULUTH. MINN.

Los Angeles Launches City-Wide Delin-
quency Prevention Program — In a city-wide
plan to reduce juvenile delinquency by absorb-
ing thousands of young people in constructive
recreational activities, a new cooperative pro-
gram affecting all sections of Los Angeles,
California, is to be launched by the Crime
Pre\ention Bureau of the Police Department,
the County Probation l^epartment and the
City Playground and Recreation Department.
l)Oys who come to the attention of the police
as requiring sjiecial treatment or special atten-
tion will be referred to field workers who will
investigate conditions, make contacts with the
boys' parents and school principals and, wher-
ever possible, will introduce the boys to the
recreational activities of municipal play-
grounds and other recreation centers. To carry
out the program thirty police officers, two from
each of the fifteen police divisions of the city,
have been specially trained. They will be aided
by thirty field men assigned by WPA to make
contacts with the boys and their parents and
to invite them to take part in recreational ac-
tivities. Additional WPA workers assigned to

the playgrounds will assist the regular direc-
tors in placing the youths in activities.

Playground Attendance in Reading, Pa. —

This year's attendance at Reading's twenty-
five playgrounds exceeded that of last year's
twenty-six grounds by 138,768. The traveling
theater and motion pictures operated with fed-
eral leadership had an attendance of 16,300 and
5,950 respectively. Band concerts on twelve
playgrounds reached 21,000 people.

Union, South Carolina, to Have a Recreation
Area — The city of Union, South Carolina, has
been presented with 78 acres for a general rec-
reation ground. A project amounting to
$52,000, one of the largest in the State, has
been seecured from WPA, and 250 men are
now busy building a lake, a golf course, tennis
courts, a club house and other facilities. The
lake will be stocked with native fish and a
beach will be built for swimming. A three
room log cabin will be built for a caretaker.
There is a rock quarry on the land which will
]jro\ide the rocks for the club house. The
land is heavily wooded and from the trees,
which are being removed where the golf
course is to be, lumber is being sawed. It is
hoped that the project will be completed by
July 1st. The park is to be known as Foster
Park in honor of the parents of the citizens
who gave the land.

Millions Use National Forests for Recrea-
tion— More persons than ever before in the
history of the Forest Service made use of the
national forest recreational opportunities in
1935, according to the Forest Service of the
L'nited States Department of .\griculture. The
estimate of visitor*, including transient motor-
ists who availed themselves of forest high-
ways, reached the peak figure of 58,548,000.
Located as they are, in almost three-fourths of
all the states and embracing a total land area
of more than 163,000,000 acres, the national
forests are within convenient motor travel
range of the greater part of the population.
Recreation is given equal status with, and in
certain areas precedence over, other forest re-
sources in national forest administration. In
all activities conducted recreational use has
been difinitely organized. Many new camp
grounds were created and existing facilities

GULF SANI'SOIL'SET

Here is a public school playRround which was treated with GULF SANI-SOIL-SET 6 months before the
photograph was taken. It has been used daily by school as well as neighborhood children.

'Hew Germicidal Compound is Easily
Applied, Inexpensive and Long Lasting

Recreation officials now have a practical solution to the playground
dust problem!

Let a Gulf representative tell you more about GULF SANI-
SOIL-SET.

GULF REFINING COMPANY, PITTSBURGH, PA.

The dust problem was solved at this
public playground in the heart of a '
major city by applying GULF SANI-
SOIL-SET.

District Sales Offices:
New Orleans

Boston
Houston

New York
Pittsburgh

Philadelphia Atlanta

Louisville Toledo

This booklet tells the story of GULF
SANI-SOIL-SET and its use. It will be
mailed without cost on your request.
The coupon is for your convenience.

Makers of
That Good Gulf Gasoline
and Gulfluhe Motor Oil

GULF REFINING COMPANY
3800 Gulf Building, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Please send me without obligation, a copy of the booklet "Gulf
Sani-Soil-Set for Treating Playgrounds."

Name.

Company.
Address . .

608

WORLD AT PLAY

augmented and improved. The total number
of improved camp grounds in the national for-
ests now exceeds 3,000.

School in India Produces Play on Recrea-
tion— Word has been received from N. Krish-
na Rao, headmaster. Board High School, Bha-
drachalam. South India, that a play called
"Recreation" which he wrote was produced
very successfully by children of the school
during the local Health Week observance. The
school is a subscriber to Rkcreation.

Agricultural Sports — The Montreal Star
points out that certain distinctive sports in the
farming regions of Canada attract quite as
much public interest as prominent events in
the field of professional and intercollegiate
sports that are supported chiefly by urban en-
thusiasts. The Star cites as an example the
fact that in Caledonia, Ontario, 30,000 people
turned out to watch 172 contestants carry on
a plowing match. The event was staged with-
out a cent of expenditure by the sponsors for
bleachers or ballj'hoo. This figure of attend-
ance compares very favorably with that for
many an outstanding American football game
and is higher than for the average baseball
game.

There is no lack of similar rural events in
the United States. Plow matches are by no
means rare and championship contests in corn
husking are fairly common, while many other
competitions distinctive of farm life might be
mentioned.

The American Guide — The chief undertak-
ing before the Writers' Division, Professional
and Service Projects Section of the WPA, is
the preparation of an encyclopedic publication
entitled "The American Guide," which will be
published in five volumes of 600 pages each.
All sections of the country will be represented
and many subjects will be studied, such as
flora and fauna, historical settings and back-
grounds, parks — national, city and state — ar-
cheological remains, libraries and museums,
folk customs and folk lore, products, natural
resources and other subjects. In addition to
])reparing articles for "The American Guide,"
original reports, maps and illustrations will be
left with each city, county and state for use
in preparing local guides. Such local guides
will supply a need that has not been ade-

cjuately met by existing compilations even in
the older communities where much has been
done to interest outsiders in scenic wonders
and historic sights. It is estimated that about
4,300 writers will be taken from relief rolls
through this project.

Free Tennis Instruction in Wilkes-Barre —

Last summer free tennis instruction was of-
fered from 9:00 A.M. until 1:00 P.M. on all
public courts maintained by the Playground
and Recreation Association of Wyoming Val-
ley, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. FER.\ work-
ers were the instructors. The Playground As-
sociation furnished four rackets and some balls
but on the whole the children provided their
own equipment. Each child was allowed not
more than four lessons and only one hour on
the court each morning.

A. P. E. A. to Hold Forty-First Annual
Convention — The American Physical Educa-
tion Association will hold its forty-first annual
convention in St. Louis Missouri, April 15th to
i8th, in conjunction with the Central District Phy-
sical Education .Association. The convention theme
will be "Pliysical Education and the Enrichment
of Living," and there will be sections on the fol-
lowing subjects : Camping, women's athletics,
research and teacher-training, recreation, dance,
therapeutics, administrative directors, men's ath-
letics, health education, public schools, and college
men's physical education.

Further information may be secured from
Philip J- Hickey. Secretary, Board of Education.
St. Louis, Missouri.

Provincial Recreation Centers — In Novem-
ber 1934, tlie Minister of Education for Britisli
Cohmibia, Canada, established the Department of
Recreational and Physical Education for the pur-
pose of providing free op])ortunities along these
lines to young adults. Twenty of these Provincial
recreation centers have now been established in
ten difi^erent cities and districts and the niemljer-
ship. wliich is growing rapidly, totals 3,345. The
program consists of gymnastics, folk, tap and
natural dancing, volley ball, paddle tennis, bas-
ketball, handball and similar games, fencing,
weight lifting, boxing, wrestling, swimming and
diving, pyramid building, tumbling and other ac-
tivities. A stafl: of twenty-seven workers is in
charge. Many requests for new centers have been
received and the movement will be extended.

CHORAL MUSIC FOR EASTER

609

A New Equipment Company — The Hill-
Staudard Company, one of the oldest manu-
facturers in the field of equipment for play-
grounds, heaches and pools, has been purchased
and reorganized under the name of General Play-
ground Equipment, Inc., with headquarters at
Kokonio, Indiana. The new company has taken
over all the products and will continue to manu-
facture them at the large plant formerly main-
tained in Kokomo by Hill-Standard.

A Wild Life Conference — Approximately
2,000 leaders in the movement to conserve wild
life met at Washington February 3-7 in a confer-
ence called by President Roosevelt. As a result of
the conference the General Wild Life Federation
has been created w ith the following objectives :
"To organize all agencies, societies, clubs and in-
dividuals which are or should be interested in the
restoration and conservation of wild life into a
permanent unified agency for the purpose of
securing adequate recognition of the needs and
values of wild life resources; to develop a com-
prehensive program for the advancement, restora-
tion and conservation of wild life; to present to
the public such pertinent facts, discoveries and in-
formation as may contribute to the solution of the
problems involved in the restoration and conser-
vation of wild life." J. N. Darling, well known
cartoonist, who until recently served as chief of
the federal government's biological survey, was
made president of the organization.

New Parks in Sumter — Sumter, South Caro-
lina, is to have two new parks. Last spring the
city expended $5,000 for 50 acres of land in a
beautiful woodland tract which will be used ex-
clusively for recreational activities for the indus-
trial population of the city. The land for the sec-
ond park was donated. Both are being developed
with WPA assistance.

Ways to Musical Good Fortune

(Continued from page 583)

them have no conception of the best possibili-
ties in the recreation field when it is well-ad-
ministered. Let there be an "institute" for
discussion and demonstration of the possibili-
ties, and let such good opportunities for lead-
ership as we have described be well arranged.
There may be in the community excellent tal-
•ent for leadership hidden away even from its

Choral Music for Easter

For Unisot\ Singing

Easter Caro/.c— ^available from National Recreation Associ-
ation at 80(? per 100. Music for these may be found in
"Hymns and Carols"_ published by C. C. Birchard and
Co., 221 Columbus Avenue, Boston, Mass., 15^.

Selected Hymns — $2.10 per 100 from National Recreation
Association.

The H. W. Gray Co,, 159 East 48th St., New York City,
issue 10<f pamphlets of Easter carols containing words
and music.

Alleluia — in "Ten Folk Songs and Ballads," E. C. Schir-
mer Music Co., 221 Columbus Avenue, Boston, Mass.,
Ut

For Mixed Chorus

Bach — O Saviour Sweet — H. W. Gray and Co., N. Y.
Bach — Jesu, Priceless Treasure — Novello (H. W. Gray

and Co., N. Y.)
Bach — Lord, Our Redeemer (St. John Passion), E. C.

Schirmer Music Co., Boston
Bach^Up, Up ! My Heart with Gladness, E. C. Schir-
mer Music Co., Boston
Bach — Awake, Thou Wintry Earth, E. C. Schirmer

Music Co., Boston
Cain — Fairest Lord Jesus, Hall and McCreary, Chicago, 111.
Dickinson — ^Now Christ Is Risen, H.W. Gray and Co., N.Y.
Dickinson — Rejoice, the Lord, H. W. Gray and Co., N. Y.
Dickinson — In Joseph's Lovely Garden, H. W. Gray and

Co., N. Y.
Franck— O Praise Ye the Lord (Psalm 1,50), C. C.

Birchard and Co., Boston
Gibbons — Hosanna to the Son of David, Oxford Uni-
versity Press (Carl Fischer, N. Y.)
GretchaninofF — Cherubic Hymn, H.W.Gray and Co., N.Y.
Handel — Hallelujah, Amen (Judas Maccabaeus), E. C.

Schirmer Music Co., Boston
Ippolitof-Ivanof — Bless the Lord, Boston Music Co.,

Boston, Mass.
Lutkin— O Brightness, H. W. Gray, N. Y.
Palestrina — Tenebrae Factae Sunt — G. Schirmer, 3 Eist

43rd St., New York
Palestrina — O Bone Jesu, Oliver Ditson Co., Boston
Parry — There is an Old Belief, H. F. W. Deane Co.,

% C. C. Birchard and Co., Boston
Rachmaninoff — Glory Be to God (short form), H. W.

Gray and Co., N. Y.
Rachmaninoff^Laud Ye the Name of the Lord, H. W.

Gray and Co., N. Y.
Smolensky — Easter Verses, J. Fischer & Bros., 119 West

40th St., N. Y.
Tschaikowsky — Cherubim Song No. 3, G. Schirmer, Inc.,

N. Y.
Tschaikowsky — How Blest Are They, E. C. Schirmer

Music Co., Boston
Vittoria — O Magnum Mysterium, G. Schirmer, Inc., N. Y.
Vulpius— An Easter Hallelujah, H. W. Gray and Co., N. Y.

Victory — Alsatian — Gaul, Oliver Ditson Co.,

Boston

The Lord Is Arisen — Bohemian, H. W. Gray

and Co., N. Y.

Now Christ Is Risen — English, H. W. Gray

and Co., N. Y.

At Dawn When They Sought — 16th century,

Boston Music Co., Boston

Rejoice, Ye Sons of Men — 16th century, G.

Schirmer, Inc., N. Y.

; Now Christ the Lord is Risen — 16th century,

G. Schirmer, Inc., N. Y.

Four Ancient Easter Chorales, Boston Music

Co., Boston, Mass.

This Glad Easter Day — Norwegian — Dickinson,

H. W. Gray and Co., N. Y.
When the Dawn Was Breaking — Polish — Dick-
inson, H. W. Gray and Co., N. Y.

610

JV.-iVS TO MUSICAL GOOD FORTUNE

possessors because of lack of good opportunity
to use it. Let us make the community fit for
good leadership.

Organization

A capable community music director, super-
visor or adviser is needed, and also a devoted
music committee representative of the schools,
churches, homes (through parent-teacher asso-
ciations or women's clubs), recreation centers,
settlements, Y's and like organizations, and of
the leading civic-minded citizens. Professicnal
musicians may be left out of the committee with
the idea that its function is to be of service to all
of them in their civic interests and tliat it will
gladly receive suggestions from them. The
music director may well be connected with the
public recreation department or commission,
through whose staflf he could be kept closely
in touch with outstanding leisure-time needs
and possibilities in the community, and
through whose office force he could maintain
well the business side of his work. A Music
Leaders' Club of all those who are leading in
such activities as have been suggested could

through discussions and sociability k e e ])
strongly and elTectively before their minds the
growing good fortune awaiting their jjeople,
and ways leading to it.

Croquet at Eighty-two

(Continued jrom page 590)
placed, the play shall cease, and any point or points made
for the offending player or his partner, by such foul
stroke shall not l)e allowed. If a point is thus made for
the offending player's opponent, such point shall he
allowed.

(b) The umpire shall decide as to the fairness of a
stroke after it is made.

List of Foul Plays

Rule .?.?: The following are foul plays, subject to the
penalty :

(a) Hitting a dead ball by direct stroke.

(h) Taking play from a ball that has not been counted
upon.

(c) Hitting or causing a ball to hit any ball that was
in motion or off the court when the stroke was made. h\
either a direct shot or a split shot.

(d) Playing or taking play from a ball when off the
court, except when the playing ball has been placed in
contact with a ball on the court for the purpose of tak-
ing play therefrom.

(e) Taking play from a ball and failing to move it.

^a^etxj ieack'mj Ulaielial loi ike Kecteaiion Diiectol

The Education Division of the National Safety Council publishes a variety of
material designed to aid in the teaching of safety on the playground or in
the school. We recommend the following:

SAFETY EDUCATION MAGAZINE— A monthly publication con-
taining colored posters, graded lesson outlines, short plays
and stories, informational articles, etc.

Price $1.00 a year

THE JUNIOR SAFETY COUNCIL— A handbook of safety activi-
ties containing practical program suggestions, patrol organi-
zation and references.

Price $.35

Price $1.00

Education Division, National Safety Council

ONE PARK AVENUE NEW YORK, N. Y.

MAGAZINES AND PAMPHLETS

611

(j) When, in delivering a stroke, the player's mallet
makes a second contact with the playing ball, or gives it
a second imix;tus.

(g) When in delivering a stroke, the player pulls,
pushes or jams the playing ball with the mallet.

(h) When by a downward stroke, the player purposely
cai'.ses his ball to jump over an intervening object.

(i) When, in delivering a stroke, the player's mallet
hits an arch, and thus causes a ball to move which was
close to, or in contact with the arch.

(j) Playing a ball in the wrong sequence.

Note : The next ball in right sequence follows. For
example, if white or blue is played after black, it is a
foul, because red was the right ball in sequence. There-
fore, the next ball to play is white. The opponent shall
have the option of replacing any balls moved by a play
in wrong sequence.

(k) When a player touches, moves, causes to be moved,
stops or diverts the movement of any ball, except as pro-
vided in these rules. For example, a player may put a
ball on the court, may place his ball for taking a split
shot, may tap a ball to remove the sand, etc., but he must
not pick up the wrong ball' after making a hit; he must
not move any ball with his mallet, person or clothing ; he
must not stop any ball, except as provided in rule 11, etc.

(I) Violation of a rule constitutes a foul.

(m) Moving or carrying a ball that rests over the
boundary, except to bring it directly onto the court, as
provided in these rules.

(n) No player shall tap an arch wherein, or near which
a ball rests. Neither shall a player lean upon or touch
an arch wherein, or near which a ball rests. As a penalty
the opponent may claim forfeiture of the turn. All tests
(measurements) are by umpire or by opponent's consent.

(o) Should a player stand or sit in line of an oppon-
ent's shot, after being asked to move away, the playing
ball may repeat the shot, once or more, so long as the
opponent continues to stand or sit in line.

(p) Hitting a ball with anything but the face (either
end) of the mallet.

(q) A player shall not touch or move any ball during
opponent's turn of play. The penalty shall be that the
opponent may replace any ball so moved.

(r) It is not a foul if a player, preparatory to playing
a ball not in close position, accidentally touches the ball
with his mallet before he makes the stroke, but the ball
must be replaced.

Recreation and the Transient Program

(Continued from page 592)
the transient's life. The concentration of transient
care in units located in rural areas has not lessen-
ed the handicaps which are met in the attempt to
develop recreation activities, but this added dif-
ficulty has been more than compensated for by the
fact that the transient units have been continued
under the Works Progress -Administration, thus
eliminating a fear for the future. As the possi-

Magazines and Pamphlets

Recently Received Containing Articles
of Interest to the Recreation Worker

MAGAZINES
Leisure, January 1Q36

The Comradeship of the Trail, by Howard S. Cady
Fun With a Lathe, by Marie Cooney and Naomi

Irvin
Curling — The Quaintest of Sports, lay David

Goodman
.\ Place to Play — at Home, by Walter B. Grover
The Country Dance Goes to the City, by H. S. Card
The Paradoxes of Modern Leisure, An editorial by

Eduard C. Lindeman
Have a Miniature Glass Garden, by Robert M. Hyatt
Our Own Little Theater, by Karen Monrad Jones
A Progressive Game Party, by Harry D. Edgren

The Camping Magazine, January 1936

Uncle Sam's New Camping Grounds, by Fanning

Hearon

The History of Organized Camping, by H. W.

Gibson
Views Afoot, by Henry S. Curtis, Ph. D.

The Journal of Health and Physical Education ,

January 1936

Folk Dance in the Rhythms Program, by Eleonore

(jroff Adams
Marchirig and Pyramids, by M. A. Clevett
A Gymnasium Games Project, by Aldona R.

Narmonta
A Method for Drawing Homc-and-Home Schedules

for Round Robin Tournaments, by John A. Tor-

ney, Jr. and Leonard W. Stevens
Baseball for Playgrounds, Sandlots and Parks for

Boys of All Ages, by Edward Higginbotham

Education, January 1936

Physical Education's Greatest Need, by William R.
La Porte

Physical Education in Elementary Schools, by Helen
M. Cooper

Sensible Motives for Physical Fitness, by Robert E,
Laveaga

Physical Education to Meet the Needs of the Indi-
vidual, by James A. Wylie

Walking, January 1936

"What to See" Walks in Winter, by Montgomery

Mulford
Selecting Skis and Equipment, by Jules Andre
Out With the Walking Clubs

Parents' Magazine. February 1936

Parties for Children of 2 to 12, by Margaret Mochrie
Our Best Cellar Theater, by Regina Woody
Family Fun, by Elizateth King

Hygeia — The Health Magazine, February 1936

Tovs and Games That Teach and Train, by Billie
feel Mettel

PAMPHLETS

Thirteenth Annual Report. City Recreation Department,
Pontiac, Michigan, 193 5

French's Successful Plays (Especially Recommended for

High Schools. Churches and Other Amateur Groups).
Samual French, 25 West 45th Street, New York

Eighth Annual Report of the Park Association of New
York City

(Continued on page 612)

610

JVAVS TO MUSICAL GOOD FORTUNE

possessors because of lack of good opportunity
to use it. Let us make the community fit for
good leadership.

Organization

A capable community music director, super-
visor or adviser is needed, and also a devoted
music committee representative of the schools,
churches, homes (through parent-teacher asso-
ciations or women's clubs), recreation centers,
settlements, Y's and like organizations, and of
the leading civic-minded citizens. Professional
musicians may be left out of the committee with
the idea that its function is to be of service to all
of them in their civic interests and that it will
gladly recei\e suggestions from them. The
music director may well be connected with the
public recreation department or commission,
through whose staflf he could be kept closely
in touch with outstanding leisure-time needs
and possibilities in the community, and
through whose office force he could maintain
well the business side of his work. A Music
Leaders' Club of all those who are leading in
such activities as have been suggested could

through discussions and sociability k e e ])
strongly and efifectively before their minds the
growing good fortune awaiting their people,
and ways leading to it.

Croquet at Eighty-two

(Continued from page 590)
placed, the play shall cease, and any point or points made
for the offending player or his partner, by such foul
stroke shall not be allowed. If a point is thus made for
the offending player's opponent, such point shall be
allowed.

(h) The umpire shall decide as to the fairness of a
stroke after it is made.

List of Foul Plays

Rule .?.'; The following are foul plays, subject to the
penalty :

(a) Hitting a dead ball by direct stroke.

(!>) Taking play from a ball that has not been counted
upon.

(c) Hitting or causing a ball to hit any ball that was
in motion or off the court when the stroke was made. 1)\
either a direct shot or a split shot.

(d) Playing or taking play from a ball when off the
court, except when the playing ball has been placed in
contact with a ball on the court for the purpose of tak-
ing play therefrom.

(e) Taking play from a ball and failing to move it.

^aleiu leacli'mc TlZaieiial loi ike Kecieation Ui'iectcl

The Education Division of the National Safety Council publishes a variety of
material designed to aid in the teaching of safety on the playground or in
the school. We recommend the following:

SAFETY EDUCATION MAGAZINE— A monthly publication con-
taining colored posters, graded lesson outlines, short plays
and stories, informational articles, etc.

Price $1.00 a year

THE JUNIOR SAFETY COUNCIL— A handbook of safety activi-
ties containing practical program suggestions, patrol organi-
zation and references.

Price $.35

Price $1.00

Education Division, National Safety Council

ONE PARK AVENUE NEW YORK, N. Y.

MAGAZINES AND PAMPHLETS

611

(j) When, in delivering a stroke, the player's mallet
makes a second contact with the playing ball, or gives it
a second impetus.

(g) When in delivering a stroke, the player pulls,
pushes or jams the playing ball with the mallet.

(h) When by a downward stroke, the player purposely
causes his ball to jump over an intervening object.

(i) When, in delivering a stroke, the player's mallet
hits an arch, and thus causes a ball to move which was
close to, or in contact' with the arch.

(j) Playing a ball in the wrong sequence.

(k) When a player touches, moves, causes to be moved,
stops or diverts the movement of any ball, except as pro-
vided in these rules. For example, a player may put a
ball on the court, may place his ball for taking a split
shot, may tap a ball to remove the sand, etc., but he must
not pick up the wrong ball after making a hit ; he must
not move any ball with his mallet, person or clothing ; he
must not stop any ball, except as provided in rule 11, etc.

(I) Violation of a rule constitutes a foul.

(m) Moving or carrying a ball that rests over the
boundary, except to bring it directly onto the court, as
provided in these rules.

(n) No player shall tap an arch wherein, or near which
a ball rests. Neither shall a player lean uixin or touch
an arch wherein, or near which a ball rests. As a penalty
the opponent may claim forfeiture of the turn. All tests
(measurements) are by umpire or by opponent's consent.

(o) Should a player stand or sit in line of an oppon-
ent's shot, after being asked to move away, the playing
ball may repeat the shot, once or more, so long as the
opixjnent continues to stand or sit in line.

(p) Hitting a ball with anything but the face (either
end) of the mallet.

(q) A player shall not touch or move any ball during
opponent's turn of play. The penalty shall be that the
opponent may replace any ball so moved.

(r) It is not a foul if a player, preparatory to playing
a ball not in close position, accidentally touches the ball
with his mallet before he makes the stroke, but the ball
must be replaced.

Recreation and the Transient Program

(Continued from page 592)
the transient's life. The concentration of transient
care in units located in rural areas has not lessen-
ed the handicaps which are met in the attempt to
develop recreation activities, but this added dif-
ficulty has been more than compensated for by the
fact that the transient units have been continued
under the Works Progress Administration, thus
eliminating a fear for the future. As the possi-

Magazines and Pamphlets

Recently Received Containing Articles
of Interest to the Recreation Worker

MAGAZINES
Leisure, January l'),36

The Comradeship of the Trail, by Howard S. Cady
Fun With a Lathe, by Marie Cooney and Naomi

Irvin
Curling — The Quaintest of Sports, 'oy David

Goodman
A Place to Play — at Home, by Walter B. Grover
The Country Dance Goes to the City, by H. S. Card
The Paradoxes of Modern Leisure, An editorial by

Eduard C. Lindeman
Have a Miniature Glass Garden, by Robert M. Hyatt
Our Own Little Theater, by Karen Monrad Jones
A Progressive Game Party, by Harry D. Edgren

The Camping Magazine, January 1936

Uncle Sam's New Camping Grounds, by Fanning

Hearon

The History of Organized Camping, by H. W.

Gibson
Views Afoot, by Henry S. Curtis, Ph. D.

The Journal of Health and Physical Education,

Januarv 1936

Folk Dance in the Rhythms Program, by Eleonore

Groff Adams
Marching and Pyramids, by M. A. Clevett
A Gymnasium Games Project, by Aldona R.

Narmonta
A Method for Drawing Home-and-Home Schedules

for Round Robin Tournaments, by John A. Tor-

nev, Jr. and Leonard W. Stevens
Baseball for Playgrounds, Sandlots and Parks for

Boys of All Ages, by Edward Higginbotham

Education, January 1936

Physical Education's Greatest Need, by William R.
La Porte

Physical Education in Elementary Schools, by Helen
M. Cooper

Sensible Motives for Physical Fitness, by Robert E.
Laveaga

Physical Education to Meet the Needs of the Indi-
vidual, by James A. Wylie

Walking, January 1936

"What to See" Walks in Winter, by Montgomery

Mulford
Selecting Skis and Equipment, by Jules Andre
Out With the Walking Clubs

Patents' Magazine. February 1936

Parties for Children of 2 to 12, by Margaret Mochrie
Our Best Cellar Theater, by Regina Woody
Family Fun, by Elizal)eth King

Hygeia — The Health Magazine, February 1936

Tovs and Games That Teach and Train, by Billie
feel Mettel

PAMPHLETS

Thirteenth Annual Report. City Recreation Department,
Pontiac, Michigan, 193 5

French's Successful Plays (Especially Recommended for
High Schools. Churches and Other Amateur Groups).
Samual French, 25 West 4Sth Street, New York

Eighth Annual Report of the Park Association of New
York City

(Continued on page 612)

612

WINTER DAY CAMPS IN NEW YORK CITY

Parks and Recreation, January 1936

The Boston Prado, by Arthur A. Shurcliff

Some Observations on Turf Surfaces, by Richard

Wilder
Depression Aids Davenixjrt Park Devclopir.ent
An Ice Carnival

Incisure, February 1936

A Club for Craftsmen, by H. S. Card

Youth Demands Adventure, by Raymond A. Hoyer

Winter Wonderland, by John S. Gallagher

Kick and Keep Well, by Bill Bradford

Gallops on the Hobby Horse, by Win Everett,

Jockey
A City-Wide Hobby Show, by Donald P. Newton

The Junior-Senior High School Charing House,
February 1936

Play As a Way of Life, by Forrest E. Long

The Spirit of Play in Education, by Ellsworth

Collings
Play's the Thing, by Alice V. Keliher
Hobby Clubs in the South Pasadena Junior High

School, by G. Deswood Baker
Recreation and Youth, by Arthur Henry Moehlman
Directing Play As a Civic Function, by Weaver W.

Pangburn
Hobby Booklist, by Thelma Eaton

bilities of intelligently guided programs become
more and more apparent, as evidenced by the
■definite achievements of those centers which have
given more attention to this type of rehabilitation,
administrations are making decided efforts to pro-
vide qualified leadership and adequate equipment.
They are realizing the therapeutic and stabilizing
results to be derived from well rounded recrea-
tion programs. It will be most interesting to watch
the role played by recreation in the future df.-
A^elopment of transient care.

Nature Education Social and
Recreational

(Continiu'd from page 595)
with either alarm or disdain. Even the running of
science sketches in the motion pictures may have a
place and there are those who may be won to the
interest of science or in science from the amuse-
ment plane. We can bring possibilities upon the
stage but the individual must make his own hobby
choice in terms of what give him a real thrill and
enjoyment, whether it be the kinds of bait or the
conservation of fish. Leisure-time pursuits may
■extend beyond the level with which the interest
started. The laboratory is not as important as the
subject; the subject is not as important as the
leader, and the leader is not as important as citi-
zens and the public mind. Science is a legitimate
free-time activity and has a place in social changes
;and adjustments which in the end widens appreci-
ations, attitudes and knowledge.

Winter Day Camps in New York City

(Continued from page 599)

"Wee man all alone in the deep dark woods

He wears upon his head such a queer broad hood ;

Tell me quickly if you can

What to call this little man

Who's standing all alone in the deep dark wood"
was none but their old friend Jack-in-the-pulpit.
Through the use of rhythm and enjoyment, self-
confidence is bred. There are the cowboy soul;-
and square dances, and with two real Indians in
the camps the boys, especially, enjoy Indian danc-
ing during campfires.

The story-telling period follows lunch and al-
lows for some folk stories such as Uncle Remus
tales, camping stories and historical romances and
American hero type of story. There is often some
dramatization and pantomime. At this time, too,
the children may try out some of the stunts such
as camel-waddle, snake walk, feather roll, kan-
garoo leap, stiff leg bend and scores of more of
such stunts.

Camping Is a Vital Factor in Education

Always an effort is made to lead subtly from
the present day living conditions to the pioneer or
early American stage of development, for while
the camp is planned to compensate for the lacks of
city living, the way is open for adventure. The
camp has access to materials and methods beyond
the reach of the school room. Along with the
process of personality unfolding is consciously
woven glamour of America's background and a
paving of the way to honesty, loyalty and pa- ,
triotism or pride in our country. I

"Since play life is reality to children," a promi-
nent educator has said, "through play ways means
suggest themselves for guidance away from
habits of a negative pattern." By substituting tall
growing trees, rocky slopes, kettle hole valleys for
narrow crowded st"i-eets, empty deserted buildings
and the docks and wharves surely a more whole-
some constructive use will be made of the leisure
time that is forced upon everyone. In New York
City particularly are children's activities apt to as-
sume questionable tendencies, because of the con-
ditions under which they are obliged to find play
interest.

Camping has proven a most effective means of
developing the whole child, in fact. President
Eliot of Harvard has said, "Camping is the most ""i!
important contribution to education that America
has given the world."

THE GARDEN CENTER INSTITUTE OF BUFFALO

613

The Garden Center Institute of Buffalo

(Continued from page 602)

cut for the picture collection if they are illus-
trated. Such a picture collection is very use-
ful in that it may serve both the purpose of
decoration as vi^ell as of information.

A file of pamphlet material and horticultural
articles cut from magazines helps greatly in
answering questions and providing data for
programs, lectures or written articles. While
much of this material is ephemeral it is ex-
tremely useful, for it is often much more up to
date than are books. It should be carefully
filed under subject headings, and although it
should be gone through periodically and some
•of it discarded, much of it will be of use for a
long period of time. At the Garden Center
Institute we have worked out our own sub-
ject headings. This procedure would be neces-
sary in every case, for the amount and type of
material available would influence to a great
extent the subject headings to be used.

Our exhibits are often furnished by commer-
cial houses but they are products whose use
we can recommend yet which may be unfa-
miliar to many gardeners. Such exhibits should
be changed quite often and be seasonable in
character.

Perhaps most important of all is the worker
at any garden center. She must be able to meet
all kinds of gardeners, sympathize with their
garden ailments and suggest cures, and rejoice
with them over each new achievement. Al-
though she may not know the answers to all
the questions which may come to her desk,
she must know how and where to find the an-
swers. Sometimes it is necessary to know the
cjuestion as well as the answer, for the puzzled
-amateur is often at a loss to know how to state
his troubles ! While the director may give few
talks, she must know the best lecturers on each
subject as well as the chief interests of her
patrons.

As an educational project the teaching of
gardening is new, yet old, for we have received
much instruction over the garden gate. Now,
by our Garden Center Institute, we seek to
place this information where it is available to
all who wish to learn this oldest, yet always
nev\est hobby of all.

1936 Edition
Swimming Pool Data
and Reference Annual

• Now being prepared for
the press. Pre-publication
price $1.00. After publica-
tion, the regular price of
$2.00 per copy will be main-
tained permanently.

Hoffman -Harris, Inc.

404 Fourth Avenue
New York City

A Sport for Every Girl

(Continued from page 603)

be successful. It is concerned with organizing
girls' sports according to the girls' own desires.
One of the newer types of competition which the
Women's Division promotes is play days.

Play days are a way for groups to play together
and build a spirit of cooperation, versus the old
way of deadly contests for championships and
costly prizes. Girls love a play day or a Sports
Day because large numbers of girls from a school
or organization take part in many different games.
For example, in Rock Hill, South Carolina, two
schools had a play day in which a hundred girls
joined in seven different activities. In the old
interscholastic plan only fifteen girls could have
played. In Trenton, New Jersey, eight schools
came together for a whole morning of play. In
Vermillion, South Dakota, 120 girls from six
schools held a play day. And in the Y.W.C.A. in
Orange, New Jersey, business girls had a play
night. It is to the credit of the high school in
Bound Brook, New Jersey, that 80 per cent of its
girls played in some intramural sports rather than

614

./ SPORT FOR EVERY GIRL

CAMPING
WORLD

THE NATIONAL MAGAZINE
OF CAMPING

Camping World Magazine is . . . outstand-
ingly different . . . authoritative . . . interesting
. . . complete . . . written and edited by men
and M'omen whose names command respect.
Camping World is concerned with the latest
developments in every phase of "Camping"
. . . Recreation . . . Education . . . Leader-
ship . . . Management.

FEATURE ARTICLES FOR MARCH

• PHILOSOPHY AT WORK IN CAMPING

• PLANS FOR A CAMP BUNGALOW

• VITAMINS, HOW TO USE THEM

• WHAT PARENTS EXPECTOFCAMP

• HOW TO MAKE A CAMP PROGRAM

•

Insure being up-to-the-minute by sending in
your subscription to Camping World. One
helpful article will repay the cost of the sub-
scription. The price is $2.00 per year (eight
issues), or $3.00 for two years (16 issues).

CLIP THE COUPON BELOW AND MAIL
WITH YOUR REMITTANCE, TODAY!

Camping World

II East 44th Street, New York. N. Y.

Please enter my subscription. Enclosed find $

NAME

POSITION

ADDRESS

CITY STATE

KINDLY PRINT R-3

reporting that one varsity team of six girls beat
the neighboring city. After all, sports are for the
girls, for their recreation, and are not meant to
exploit the girl for commercial or publicity pur-
poses. We hope not only to prove that there is a
sport for every girl, but also to see that every girl
gets into an athletic activity adapted to her needs
and her own desires. ■

With the alluring list of activities available to- '
day and the knowledge that girls — just the every-
day girls in every age and group — want some kind
of recreational sport, why is there so small a pro-
portion who actually participate? And wliat is the
problem we as citizens face?

First, there is the fact that while the standards
permitted by the Women's Division and similar
groups have been endorsed nationally by leaders
in many spheres, lay men and women do not un-
derstand the need for such standards or do not
know problems exist in promoting sports for girls.
Progress has been made in promoting play days
or informal sports in schools, but progress in the
communities has been slow for adults, for the busi-
ness and industrial girls and for married women.

It is important then that business men and club
women recognize the values in a varied, recrea-
tional program of sports for girls and women ',
that they urge that in recreation centers, churches
and industries games like badminton, deck tennis
and shuffleboard be offered and not just a single
sport, like a cliampionship basketball league. There
is need for an enlightened press tliat will help to
popularize sports through stories of large group
activities, like a splash party in the Y.W.C.A. pool
for 125 girls rather than feature an individual girl
champion. If community leaders will support a
play program meeting the needs of all girls, we
will not be shocked by news of girls playing foot-
ball, or of grammar sQhool girls playing boys' bas-
ketball rules on a man's court.

Leaders are the key to success in this program,
we need professionally trained women and proba-
bly we ought to 'begin in the schools and colleges
to train leaders among the girls themselves who
liave experienced the sheer fun in recreational
sports, and who will then demand women leaders
and the standards of the N.y\.A.F.

In this day of increasing leisure time and the
emphasis on recreation programs, the opportunity
is ours to create a new attitude toward sports for
women and to provide a more attractive and ex-
tensive program.

New Publications in the Leisure Time Field

Play: Recreation in a Balanced Life

By Austen Fox Riggs, M.D. Doubleday, Doran and

Company, New York. $2.50.
A BALANCE between work and play is quite as essential
'* to a happy life as balances of proteins, carbohydrates
and fats are to physical health. This is Dr. Riggs' thesis
in his wise and stimulating book, and how to maintain
that balance is its theme. "It is an all important prob-
lem, for upon its happy solution depends the quality of
life necessary for the development of a personality capa-
ble of serving, cooperating with and contributing to hu-
manity, and finally of enjoying the happiness which is the
fruit of living wisely."

No one can afford to miss this sane and helpful book.

World Beneath the Microscope

By W. Watson- Baker. The Studio Publications, Inc.,

381 Fourth Avenue, New York. $2.50.
This volume is one of "The New Vision" series de-
" voted to "the forms of today, and the fresh outlook
with which, aided by the camera, we survey machines,
the work of man, and nature." About a hundred illus-
trations in photogravure have been selected and arranged
with a view to vivid presentation. Tiny plants, shells,
animals and inorganic matter are enlarged so as to be
visible to the naked eye. Individuals whose hobby is
science — and their number is rapidly increasing — will
find this book a fascinating addition to their libraries.

How to Judge Motion Pictures

By Sarah McLean Mullen. Published by Scholastic, New

York. $.25.
This p.^mphlet. which also contains a section on How
' to Orfianizc a Photoplay Club, is designed for the use
of high school students. It is based on the assumption
that if our millions of high school students learn good
standards for judging the photoplays which they will in-
evitably see, there is likely to be at least a slight advance
along the entire front of human thought. "The moving
picture appreciation movement," Mr. William Lewin
points out in his foreword for teachers, "combines very
well with two new educational trends — the teaching of
the proper use of leisure time and the new emphasis on
social attitudes in the teaching of literature."

Official Basketball Guide 1935-36

Edited bv Oswald Tower. Spalding's Athletic Library

No. 700R. $.25.
■yiiE NEW Basketball Guide notes a number of
changes in the rules for this season, several of which
will be of special interest to players of the game. The
booklet also gives a general review of basketl>all through-
out the country.

Boy Days and Boy Ways

Bv Frank H. Cheley. The Judson Press, Philadelphia.
$1.00.

A REAL BOY.s' BOOK for real boys — one which preaches
'* some fine sermons in camp life through stories with-
out a tings of sermonizing. It speaks in the language of
the teen age boy, and adults reading it will learn of some
of the mistakes they may be making in their approach to
boys.

Plays for Club, School and Camp

By M. Jagendorf. Samuel French.. New York. $1.50.
"TThe xeeds of boys and girls from eight to fourteen
years of age have been taken into account in the com-
pilation of these seven plays which are designed to serve
a variety of purposes. They contain sufficient action to
suit the liveliest child and have literary merit. The plots
have been taken from the literature of great authors and
often contain their very phrases and terms of expression.
This volume will help fill a need for plays, especially
those suited for the use of canii)s and clubs.

Officers and Directors of the National
Recreation Association

OFFICERS

Joseph Lee, President
John H. Finley, First Vice-Preside.nt
John G. Winant, Second Vice-President
Robert Garrett. Third Vice-President
GusTAVUs T. KiRBY, Tre'asurer
Howard S. Braucher, Secretary

DIRECTORS

Mrs. Edward' W. Biddle, Carlisle, Pa.
William Butterworth^ Moline, 111.
Clarence M. Clark, Philadelphia, Pa.
Henry L. Corbett, Portland, Ore.
Mrs. Arthur G. Cummer, Jacksonville. Fla.
F. Trubee Davison, Locust Valley, L. I., N. Y.
John H. Finley, New York, X. Y.
Robert Garrett, Baltimore, ^Id.
AtjsTiN E. Gkiffitms, Seattle, Wash.
Charles Hayden, New York, N. '^'.
Mrs. Charles V. Hickox. Michigan City, Ind.
Mrs. Edward E. Hughes, West Orange, N. J.
-Mrs. l-'PANCis deLacy Hyde, P^ainlield. N. J.
(iusTAvus T. KiRBV, .\ew York. N. Y.
H. McK. Landon, Indianapolis. Ind.
Mrs. Charles D. Lanifr, Greenwich. Conn.
RdBERT Lassiter, Charlotte, N. C.
Joseph Lee, Boston, Mass.
Edward E. Loom is. New York, X. Y.
J. H. McCuRDY, Springfield, Mass.
Otto T. Mallery, Philadelphia. Pa.
Walter .\. May, Pittsburgh. Pa.
Carl E. Milliken, .\ugusta. Me.
Mrs. Ogden L. Mills. Woodhury, X. Y.
Mr.>. James W. Wadswortii, Jr., Washington. D. C
. J. C. Walsh, New York, X. Y.

Frederick M. Warburg, Xew York, N. Y.

John G. Winant, Concord, X. H.

Mrs. William H. Woodin, jr., Tucson, Ariz.

615

Recreation

Index to Volume XXIX

April 1935— March 1936

Appreciations

^Tontk Year Page

C. T. Atkinson June 1935 175

William H. Burdick, M.D February 1936 566

Seaman F. Northrup July 1935 225

Eswald T. Pettet March 1936 573

Rov Smith Wallace October 1935 329

Nat M. Washer April 1935 42

Arts and Crafts

From Market to Art Center March 1936 600

Plaving Indian with a Purpose,

John H. Krchcr July 1935 196

"To Transcend Himself," Chester

G. Marsh February 1936 555

When You're Making Tin Can

Toys, Charles M. Graves July 1935 190

Book Reviews

Active Games and Contests,
Bernard S. ^{ason and E. D.
Mitchell January 1936 523

Activities in Girl Scout Camps,.

Girl Scouts, Iiic August 1935 279

Adult Interests, Edzvard L. Thorn-
dike Octol)er 1935 i76

American Planning and Civic An-
nual, Edited by Harlean James January 1936 524

American School Board Journal,

The, January 1935 April 1935 48

America's Story As Told in Post-
age Stamps, Edzcard M. Allen. January 1936 524

American Way, The, John W.
Studebakcr August 1935 280

Annotated Bibliography on Adult
Education, Compiled by Wil-
liam Martin Proctor . . .' September 1935 328

Art, Elizabeth Robertson Decemljer 1935 476

Arts of Leisure, The, Marjorie B.
Grecnbie July 19,35 231

Athletic Activities for Women and
Girls, Spalding's Athletic Li-
brary Decemlx^r 1935 476

Behavior of the Preschool Child,
Lois M. Jack. Ph.D Jiine 1935 184

Bibliography of School Buildings,
Grounds, and Fquipment — Part
IV, Henry L. Smith and For-
est Ruby N off singer June 1935 184

Boats, Airplanes and Kites, Ar-
mand J. LaRerge August 1935 279

Book I Made Myself, The, Han-
nah F. Barnes November 1935 427

Box Book, The, Hasel F.
Shozvalter October 1935 376

Boy Days and Boy Ways, Frank
H. Chelcy March 1936 -615

Branch Library Book News, New

York Public Library April 1935 48

616

Month Year Page

Caddies of Erie County, N. Y.,
Roy F. Woodbury and Charlotte
I. Clafiin .' November 1935 428

Camp Dramatics, Nina B. Lamkin. August 1935 27''

Character Dances for School Pro-
grams, Hilda Clute Kozman . . . September 1935 327

Character Education in the Sum-
mer Camp III, Association
Press August 1935 279

Children of the Handcrafts, Caro-
lyn S. Bailey January 1936 523

Christmas Plays for Women and
Girls ■ November 1935 428

Cleveland Group Work Agencies,
Weljare Federation of Cleve-
land October 1935 2'':'

Clubs in Action, Greater Boston
Federation of Neighborhood
Houses ' May 1935 136

Coming of Leisure, The — The
Problem in England, Edited hv

E. B. Castle. A. K. C. Ottatmy

and W. T. R. Raivson ". November 1935 428

Community Programs for Sum-
mer Plav Schools, I^eRoy E.
Bowman ! June 1935 184

Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia,

F. W. Comt>ton and Company. April 1935 47
Crafts for Children, R. R.

Tomlinson January 1936 523

Curriculum in Snorts (Physical

Education), The, 5". C. Staley,

Ph.D ;. July 1935 231

Dance Stens 1935, Agnc.v and

Lucile Marsh . . . .' May 1935 136

Delinquent Bov and the Correc-
tional School, The, Norman

Fcnton February 1936 572

Demonstration Handbook of

Olympia Through the Ages.

Harriet V. Fitchpatriek and

Florence M. Chilson July 1935 232

Dennison's Handicraft Manual for

Recreational Leaders, Central

Craft Studio -^ August 1935 280

Design and Oneratioii of Swim-
ming Pools, The. J. H. Dorroh October 1935 376
Designs for Tooled Leather (Book

in. iMuise C. Hocfer Noveml>er 19.35 428

Development of Bovs' Work in

the United States." The. Walter

L. Stone. Ph.D October 1935 376

Easter and the Spring. Nina B.

Lamkin April 1935 47

Embroidery Design. Molly Booker January 1936 524
Enchanted Acre, Gove Hambidae September 1935 327
Enjoy Your Museum. Estn Pub-
lishing Company October 1935 375

Evervbodv's Song Book,

Frederic J. Haskin June 1935 183

Federal Transient Program,

Ellcry F. Reed, Ph.D July 1935 2.32

INDEX TO VOLUME XXIX

Month Year Page

Financial Trends in Organized

Social Work, A'n/c //h)i//c.v---- September 1935 328
Finger Painting. /\;m//i F. ^/mtc. . July 1935 231

Firelight Entertainments,

Margaret K. Soifcr September 1935 328

Five- Year Report of the Michi-
gan Boulevard Garden Apart-
ments Building Corporation. .. . September 1935 327

Friends. A. J. Pdlcttieri February 1936 571

Friends and Fiddlers, Catherine

D. Boiven December 1935 475

Fun and Festival from Latin

America. Helen Garvin January 1936 524

Fun for All for Every Occasion,

Harry D. Edgren November 1935 428

Games and Stunts for All Occa-
sins, William P. Young and

Horace J. Gardner November 1935 427

Games I Like to Play, Neysa

McMein February 1936 571

Go and Go-Moku, Edward Lasker September 1935 328
Great Patriots' Days, Nina B.

Lamkin June 1935 183

Group Activities for Mentally
Retarded Children — A Sympo-
sium, Compiled by Elise H.

Martens '. June 1935 184

Guide to Sports and Outdoor
Recreations. Compiled by Wil-
son M. Ranch' .' September 1935 327

Hallowe'en and Thanksgiving —
The Harvest Festivals, Nina B.

Lamkin November 1935 427

Handbook of the Heavens, Edited
by Hubert J. Bernhard, Doro-
thy A. Bennett and Hugh S.

Rice February . 1936 572

Handbook for Camp Counselors.
Edited by Rosalind Cassidy and

Homer Bemiss May 1935 136

Handlxiok of Educational Work-
and-Play Materials for the
Mothers and Teachers of
Young Children, Educational

Playthings, Ine December 1935 476

Handlxwk of Fist Puppets, A,

Bessie A. Ficklen May 1935 136

Health- Physical Education-Recre-
ation Bulletin, A, Womans

Press June 1935 184

Helps for Club Program Makers,

Elicabcth G. Henry October 1935 375

Historic Costume for the Stage,

Lucy Barton February 1936 571

Hobbies — ^A Bibliography, U. S.

Department of the Interior.... February 1936 571
Home Handicraft for Boys, A.

Neely Hall January 1936 524

Hours of Leisure, The Studio

Limited June 1935 183

How to Judge Motion Pictures,

Sarah McLean Mullen March 1936 615

How to Ride Your Hobby, A.

Frederick Collins January 1936 523

How to Run a Hobby Show,

Leisure Magazine February 1936 572

How to Watch Football, Lou

Little January 1936 524

Indoor Games and Fun, Sid G.

Hedges December 1935 475

It's About Time, Gerald Lynton

Kaufman April 1935 47

"Kit" 38, Edited by Lynn and

Katherine Rohrbough June 1935 184

Leisure in Our Time, Stewart G.
Cole. Ph.D September 1935 327

Month
Leisure Time Bibliography, Fred

J. Schmidt, Jr January

Leisure Time Directory — Chicago
1935. Chicago Recreation Com-
mission July

Let's Go Places. Nezv York Adult

Education Council August

Let's Look at the Stars. Edwin

Brant Frost February

Let's Make a Book. Harriet H.

Shoen July

Let's Play! Compiled by Pauline

Reynolds December

Little HandlKiok on .Adult Edu-
cation. A. Frederick L. Faqley. September
Manual of Settlement Boys' Work,
A, Edited by John M. Kingman

and Edward Sidman November

Manual for Instructors in Civil-
ian Conservation Corps Camps,
A. Vocational Division, U. S.

Office of Education December

Masks and Costumes. F. W. Bos-

.^ennan April

Model Boats for Boys,

C. W. Horst October

Morlel Laws for Planning Cities.
Counties and States. Edward
M. Bassett. Frank B. Williams.
Alfred Bettman and Robert

Whitten August

Modern Basketball for Girls.
Wilhelmine E. Meissner and

Elizabeth Y. Meyers June

Modern Goliath, The.

Milton Anderson October

Municipal Year Book, 1935, Edit-
ed bv Clarence E. Ridley and

Orin F. Nolting August

Narratives of Achievement in
Community Planning, Commun-
ity Chests and Councils. Inc.. October
Nature Education : A Selected
Bibliography. William Gould

Final April

Official Basketball Guide, 1935-36,

Osivald Tower March

Official Basketball Guide for
Women and Girls. 1935-36,
Spaldina's Athletic Library . . . December
Official Football Guide 1935,
Edited by W. R. Okeson,
Spalding's Athletic Library . . . November
Official Lawn Tennis Guide 1935,
Edited by Irving C. Wright

and Samuel Hardy September

101 Best Songs, Cable Company June
On Soap Sculpture. Lester Gaba July
1000 Books for the Senior High
School Library, American Li-
brary Association November

Organized Camping and Progres-
sive Education, Carlos E. Ward January
Our Public Schools, National
Congress of Parents and Teach-
ers April

Our U.S.A. — A Gay Geography,
Text by Frank J. Taylor. Maps

by Ruth Taylor January

Outdoor and Community Games,

Sid G. Hedges September

Outline of Town and City Plan-
ning, Thomas Adams May

Organizations for Youth, Elisa-
beth R. Pendry and Hugh
Hartshorne February

617

Year Page

1936 523

1935 232

1935 279

1936 572
1935 231
1935 475
1935 327

1935 427

1935 476

1935 48

1935 376

1935 279

1935 183

1935 376

1935 280

1935 375

1935 48

1936 615

1935 475

1935 428

1935 328
1935 183
1935 231

1935 428

1936 523

1935 48

1936 523
1935 327

1935 136

1936 572

618

INDEX TO VOLUME XXIX

Month Year Page

Oiit-of-Door Book. The, River-
side Bookshelf February 1936 572

Party Book of Songs, Stunts and
Games, Edited bv Kenneth S.
Clark January 1936 524

Plav : Recreation in a Balanced
Life, Austen Fox Riggs. M.D. March 1936 615

Plavs for Club, School and Camp,
M. Jagendorf March 1936 615

Popular Crafts for Boys, Edwin
T. Hamilton April 1935 47

Potomac Trail Book, The, Robert
Shosteck December 1935 476

Recipes for Wanderlust, Buffalo
Museum of Science October 1935 375

Recreational Development in the
Xational Forests, Kenneth O.
Maughan December 1935 475

Report of the Program-Planning
Studies 1931 - 1933, Womans
Press Xovember 1935 428

Researches in Parent Education
III, Edited bv George D. Stod-
dard, Ph. D October 1935 376

Rushwork, A. H. Crampton February 1936 571

School in the Camns. The,
■Frank Ernest Hill February 1936 572

Selected Books and Pictures for
Young Children, Educational
Playthings. Inc December 1935 475

Selected Motion Pictures, Motion
Picture Bureau, Xational Coun-
cil V.M.C.A November 1935 427

Shelter Care and the Local Home-
less Man, Alvin Roseman October 1935 376

Ship Model Making — The Brig,
Frank H. Mason February 1936 572

Soccer and Speed Ball Guide,
Spalding's Athletic Library November 1935 427

Social Games for Recreation.
Bernard S. Mason, Ph.D. and
Elmer n. Mitchell, A.M June 1935 183

Social Studies — An Orientation
Handbook for High School
Pupils, /^i'(?/>arc(/ under the guid-
ance of IVilliam McAndrew. . . April 1935 48

Social Work Year Book 1935,
Edited by Fred S. Hall July 1935 232

Spalding's Official Baseball Guide

\9iS. Spaldincfs Athletic Library August 1935 280

Softball Rules 1935, Spalding's
Athletic Library May 1935 136

Swimming, Compiled by Frederic
J. Haskin ". April 1935 47

Swimming Analyzed, Gertrude
Goss June 1935 183

Swimming, Diving and Water-
sports, Frances A. Greenwood . February 1936 571

Swimming Pool Data and Refer-
ence Annual, Hoffman-Harris,
Inc June 1935 184

Tap Dances for School and Rec-
reation, Anne Schley Duggan.. July 1935 231

Team Sports for Women, Alice

W. Fr\mir and Marjorie Hillas July 1935 231

Tell Me "a Birthday Story, Caro-
lyn Shei-win Bailey December 1935 475

Ten Years of Adult Education,
Morse A. Cartwright October 1935 375

Tennis for Teachers, Helen I.
Driver April 1935 47

Things to Make and How to

Make Them, William W. Klenke November 1935 427

Tin-Can-Craft, Edivin T.
Hamilton February 1936 571

Tin-Craft as a Hobby, Enid Bell November 1935 427

Month Year Page

Treasure Chest. Compiled by

Clarence A. Westphal September 1935 328

Treatment Programs of Five State

Institutions. Alida C. Bowler

and Ruth S. Bloodgood September 1935 328

Water Sjxirts for Women and

Girls, Spalding's Athletic Lib-

brary January 1936 524

We Can Take it, Ray Hoyt June 1935 183

What to Do in New Haven and

Vicinity, Council of Social

Agencies, Xnv Haven August 1935 280

Willingly to School, Prepared by

the staff of tlu: Fo.v Meadow

School July 1935 232

Work Night Program, Church

Handcraft Service June 1935 184

World Beneath the Microscope,

W. H'alson-Baker March 1936 615

Camping and Hiking

Adventuring Along the Long

Bro^nVaih. I'inccnt J. Schaefer February 19,% 541
Community Camp. A, ./. M. Groves July 1935 219

Farm as a Camp Background,

The, Frank and Theresa Kaplan June 1935 167

Good Times at a Girls' Camp,

Ge}w Grtibb July 1935 216

Hiking Club for Women. A January 1936 512

Philadelphia's Adventure in Con-
ducting a Day Campi Elizabeth

Hines Hanley June 1935 143

Seeing the Northern Rockies on

Foot, Carroll Lane Teuton. .. . April , 1935 ii
Westchester County's Recreation

Camp August 1935 258

When Sally in Our Alley Goes to

Summer Camp, Mary E. Dolan August 1935 264

When the Wood Gods Call, Mary

Pasco October 1935 357

Winter Day Camps in New York

City, Maude L. Drydcn March 1936 596

Clubs

Club, The — ^An Eflfective Medium

in the Communty Center, Milo

F. Christiansen September 1935 307

Vocational Guidance Through the

Organized Club. Louis H. Sobel January 1936 508
Worcester Plays Dolls, Dora E.

Dodge October 1935 352

Community Centers and Recreation Buildings

At the Garfield Park Recreation
Center February 1936 552

Community Center as » Neigh-
borhood Club House, The.
Ethel M. Bowers February 1936 527

Co- recreational Activities

"Boys and Girls Together."
Elisabeth Kemper Adams July 1935 199

Dancing

Communitv Dances in Lancaster,

Richard' D. Altick September 1935 303

Dance in the Recreation Program,

The, George Syme, Jr August 1935 255

Music and the Dance, George

Syme, Jr September 1935 314

INDEX TO VOLUME XXIX

619

Drama, Festivals and Pageants

J\Ionth
Connecticut Relives Her Past.... October
Costume Balls in the Black Hills,

Margan-t S. Bridge June

Heigh-ho for a Merry Spring!

Augustus D. Zandg April

Pennsylvania Folk Festival, The,

Irene 1). Wclty September

Place of Drama in Recreation,

The. Mabel Foote Hobbs July

Somethinif About Marionettes and

Their Y{\itQvy, Elizabeth Haines July
Start Your Planning Now for the

Summer Closing Festival June

Games and Athletics

Citv Builds Teams from Gangs.

A. Richard James Hurley August

Croquet at Eighty-two, Walter

R. H. Sherman :Nrarch

Hiram College Students Go Out

of Doors, Eleanor Farnham. . . . Septenilx:r
Jaoanese National Game : Go,

K The, /. P. Boides April

^L_King of Games Conquers the

^^k Playground, The June

^^teome Indian Games August

^^ Spirit of Joy in Athletics, The,

Glenn Clark December

Sport for Every Girl, A, Edith
M. Gales March

Year Page

1935 335

1935 159

1935 10

1935 311

1935 211

1935 192

1935 ISO

1935 256

1936 587

1935 297

1935 5

1935 157

1935 262

1935 449

1936 603

Hobbies

Bov Scout and His Hobbies, The,

k. A. Barry July 1935 194

Some Possibilities in Science for

the Leisure Time of Adults.

Gladys if. Relyea October 1935 361

Why Have a Hobby Show?

Donald P. Netvton February 1936 557

Holidays and Special Days

Famous Lovers' Party, A February 1936 559

For A Merry Christmas December 1935 463

Sioux City Plans a Hallowe'en

Program October 1935 340

When Christmas Comes November 193S 417

Layout, Equipment and Facilities

Buffalo Multiplies Her Play
.\re3ii. Marion A. Porter September 1935 310

Dust Problem on the Playground,
The, Louis C. Schroeder December 1935 459

Few of America's Outdoor Thea-
ters, A August 1935 235

How One City Acquired Play
Areas, Ruth Sherburne July 1935 207

New Facilities for Recreation.... August 1935 237

Playground Planning and Layout,

Gilbert Clegg June 1935 151

Rochester's New Swimming Pools September 1935 306

Sioux City's New Amphithea-
ter, John S. Gronseth August 1935 260

Swimming Pool on the Play-
ground, The, Herbert G. All-
phin June 1935 156

"Wading Pool for Boston, A February 1936 540

Leisure — (Philosophy of)

Month
Inexpensive Use of Leisure, The,

Richard K. Thompson November

New Leisure. The, Paul L.

Benjamin July

Planning for Recreation, Isaac

M. Altaras, Ph. D April

Recreation and the Good Life,

Eduard C. Lindeman December

Recreation in the Years to Come,

David Cushman Coyle fanuary

Miscellaneous

After Twentv-five Years.

F. Ahlfcid October

Auto Trips — America's Chief

Form of Recreation, Henry S.

Curtis, Ph.D January

Bulgaria Learns to Play, Allen

McMahon October

Character Training for Youth,

John Dezvey. Ph.D., LL.D June

Community-School Project, A,

Robert A. Turnei^ Sept°ml)er

Home Play for the Little Tots,

Rodney Oi'crton Octol)er

Legislating for an Emergency,

Jane Kitclu^ll Octoter

Letter from the Orient, A, Erna

Bunke Carson March

On the Grandstand, Charles J.

.Storey April

Paving the Way for Recreation,

Dorothy M. Baker Septeml)er

Planning the Summer Vacation,

Henry .S'. Curtis. Ph. D August

Recreation and the Transient

Program, Leteis Rohrbaugh. . . March
Recreation for Adult Physically

Handicapped, S. S. Lifson . . . October
Recreation Goes to the State Fair,

Frank E. Miller and John F.

Kane October

Successful Bird Club, A,

/. W. Handlan April

Thirty-four Years of Service.... April
Youth Versus Society August

Music

Choral Music for Easter March

Florentine Musical May, The,
Marinobel Smith April

For A Merry Christmas December

Music in a Public Recreation De-
partment, Harry F. Glare July

Music in the Dance Program,

George Syme, Jr October

SoiTie Joys and Problems of
Christmas Carolers, Mary Price
Roberts December

Ways to Musical Good Fortune,

Augustus D. Zansig September

March

Westchester Little Opera Com-
pany, The March

Nature Activities

Civic-Minded Garden Club, A... June
Garden Center Institute of Buf-
falo, The, Mrs. Lloyd W.
Josseivn March

Year

Page

1935

420

1935

187

1935

431

1936

479

1935 344

1936 518
1935 364
1935 139
1935 294
1935 345

1935 347

1936 584
1935 3
1935 315

1935 239

1936 591
1935 359

1935 349

1935 29

1935 43

1935 266

1936 609

1935 15

1935 463

1935 209

1935 351

1935 461

1935 283

1936 575

1936 604

1935 166

1936 601

}

620

INDEX TO VOLUME XXIX

Month Year Page

Nature Education Social and Rec-
reational, William Gould Vinal March 1936 593

On the Wild Flower Trail, Sara
H.Carleton April 1935 25

Home Room Gardeners — A Gar-
den Club for Indoors, Karl H.
Blanch October 1935 337

Nature Recreation in Chicago,

William G. Vinal January 1936 503

Successful Nature-Garden Club,
The, Karl H. Blanch April 1935 20

Parks and Forests

Enlarged Recreation Service of

the National Parks, The, Con-
rad L. IVirth January 1936 500

Landscape, The — So Let It Re-

mam\ M. M. Cheney October 1935 331

Planning the National Forests for

Greater Recreational Uses,

Richard H. Rutlcdgc Dccenilier 1935 445

Recreation Renaissance, The,

Fanning Hcaron September 1935 289

Schlegel Park— A Gift to Reading July 1935 206

With the Civilian Conservation

Corps \ugust 1935 266

Programs

Adventures Over the Radio,

Nathan L. Mallison April 1935 36

Blue Mound Banishes the Depres-
sion Blues, C/mrW /?rarf/fy. .. . July 1935 214

Cubbing for the Younger Boy,
R. A. Barry February 1936 550

Hartford's Racial Culture Pro-
gram, John M . Hurley January 1936 506

Nation-Widc Recreation, Jacob
Baker August 1935 249

Now That Winter's Come !
Harold L. Davenport Decemlier 1935 456

Oklahoma City's Weekly Com-
munity Programs, Grant W.
Danielson August 1935 248

On the Summer Playgrounds of

1934 June 1935 147

Special Activities in Glens Falls,
New York, Ruth Sherburne... April 1935 17

State Recreation Project, A August 1935 253

When the Neighborhood Play-
ground Ends Its Season, Dora
M. Einert June 1935 163

Recreation Congress Proceedings

Chicago Makes Her Prepara-
tions for the Recreation Con-
gress, V. K. Broivn July 1935 203

Chicago on Parade ! V. K. Broxiiv September 1935 299

Chicago Pioneers on New Fron-
tiers, ]'. K. Broivn August 1935 245

Congress Delegate Thinks It
Over, A, Sibyl Baker. November 1935 379

Enlarged Recreation Service of
the National Parks, The, Con-
rad L. Wirth January 1936 500

Making Leisure Time Count,
Hon. Henry Horner December 1935 441

National Recreation Movement
and the Federal Government,
The, Howard Braucher December 1935 440

Month

Year Page

Planning the National Forests for
Greater Recreational Uses,
Riehiird H. Rutledge December 1935 445

Recreation and the Good Life,
Eduard C. Lindeman December 1935 431

Recreation and Wholesome Liv-
ing, Mrs. Thomas A. Edison.. December 1935 443

Recreation in Our Present De-
mocracy, Mrs. Eugene Meyer. . December 1935 437

Recreation in the Years to Come,

David Cushman Coyle January 1936 479

Spirit of Jov in Athletics, The,
Glenn Clark December 1935 449

Summaries of Discussion Group
Meetings at the Recreation
Congress November 1935 .^83

Welcome to the Recreation Con-
gress, lion. Edward J. Kelly. . Decemlier 1935 444

^^"hat the Recreation Congress "^

Meant to Chicago, V. K. Brmvn Noveinber 19,V5 ,W1

What theAfhools Can Do to Pre-
pare CKildren for the New
Frontiers in Recreation, Dr. J.
W. Studebaker December 1935 452

When Recreation Executives

Meet January 1936 485

Recreation in Institutions

Marionettes for Blind Children,
Elizabeth Haines February 1936 545

Recreation at the Elmira Re-
formatory, Joseph F. Riley, Jr.
and T. J. Hanlon Felvruary 1936 547

Rural Recreation

Leisure and Esthetic Interests of
the Rural Child, The, Lee M.
Brooks and William C. Smith-
son October 1935 341

Recreation Experiments in Rural
Communities, Jessie Louise
Bcattie February 19,% 537

State Experiment in Rural Rec-
reation, A April 1935 30

Social Recreation

April Showers April 1935 24

Beginning-of- School Partv, A,

Mabelle Williams October 1935 .355

Famous Lovers' Party, A February 1936 559

Husking Bee for That Autumn

Party,- A. .l/<(M/c H'i7/mi«.s... September 19.35 302
Make Your Recreation Creative,

Rollo R. May February 19.36 55.3

-Year Book

Community Recreation Leader-
ship, Facilities and Activities
in 1934 May 19.35 .52

Recreation Service of Park, Rec-
reation and School Departments
in 1934 May 19.35 65

Tables of Playground and Com-
munity Recreation Statistics for
1934 in Cities Conducting Reg-
ular Service May 1935 65

Emergency Recreation Service in

1934 May 19.35 9S

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