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PROFESSOR GEORGE P. FISHER'S WORK&
dIfeA"lBI n>t fittf I Ml lUaftt ij ItU apfMitnlL . , . Ill Uinr 4a^ of ("rltQllna^
■K«l1>iw^ *iiilc4imkiuiHlu)UnhJr>Mkl*UBln( k u HrtTDCAtilBfM Uf tulldtlr *t ^
UtUar) Bf Ok* Ci'Mlan C>luIt^ Rm, urilh Ml|M, •
Suparnttuial Offfln ol ChrMUi^fy- N*w Cdllloip C>o«™ 9f«,
OrMndi »• TlwlMc ik4 ChiMlw B*N«. Cwo" (>«. •
rwlti >ii<l RttloiHllain. Nta EdWon, linn, . . .
TKs ChFlWin R<l1(i«n, N<a Edldan, iCm*.
I.W
iM
.1*
.W
.71
THE
REFORMATION
BT
GEORGE P. FISHER, D.D.
FR07UBOB or ECCLBSlABTICn UIBTORT IX TALS COLI.KOB
NEW YORK
CHAELES SCEIBNER'S SONS
1889
n,o
-.lA
Copjrigbt, 1ST8,
Bl SCRIDNER, ARUSTBONO, AHD COHPAHZ
MTIH'Tnl. CJIVIUMIT
U 0. IIOUadTOH JbM> CDHPAMT
to
THEODORE DWIGHT W00L8ET,
i nms isD BuxpLi or all oood LiuHn%
SHU WOKS IB IKBOEIBSD,
U k TOKBT or RDFIOI AND AmCIIOl
BX TBE dUTSOM.
NOTE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
Im two or three plucks only, in this Tolome, the t*nn
** oonsubetiuitiatjon " ia applied to the LuthvRui ductrinfl
of the Euclmriitt ; but tliu term b iklincd (p. 148) aa
the co-preecnce of two suLstanccs, — a Benso in n-hicli it
is allowed by the beat Liithomn theologians. The atten-
Uve reiulep of Uie last cliaj)ter will obst^rve that the
ofTecta whi<:h aru llierc ascriWd to the RefomuLtion, are
not creditfld to Uie do^iatic aystcra of Prot^staittisni ex*
cltuiTi.<ly, btit to the l*n>ti*st.int religion, tukcn cotnpre*
boiisiruly. It is the gcniiis and Kpirit of Protostantismi
as seen in the long processes of hiaton.*, which aro tliero
rcftirrcd to. 'llio place iin<! Uie importauce of tJie Ile-
nniwaco ire UltLstrated in various parts of the Tolumei
eepedally in the thii-d chapter. The influence of the
Renaiaaance on modem culture ia not uiKlcrnited in this
work ; nur U the Rem^mnco confouii<!ud with the rclig-
looa Reform. There is one other point which may deserve
a word of rcniaik. The Church of tli« Middle Ages 1 do
cot considi-r " a mitigated I'vil," but an incalculable bene-
fit to eocietyl Wliat is said of the Papacy sliould not be
undorstood of the Church, — the organized, collective in-
ilnence of Christianity. But ev<-n the Papacy, ns it
ohowD, was, in the mediaeval period, in many respeota, a
Utnefli'cnt inKtitution.
PREFACE.
rhia trortc has grown out of ft coarM of .estnres whioh
K ^a giron nt the Lowell Institate in Ikiston early in tlw
spting of ISTl. I may be permitted to say that Mrhea 1
eogngod to prepare tliese lectures, the Rabj«ct \raa not
new to me ; and that the interval since they were de-
livered has been deroted to studies in tiio satno field, the
reeolts (^ which are incorporated in this Tolnme. It has
appeared to me pmoticable to present to intelligent iind
edocated resden, within the compsias of a volume like the
preecot, tlie means of acquainting themselves with the
origin and natoro, the principal facta ard characten of the
Reformation j while, at the samo time, throngh notes and
references, the historical student hIiquUI be guided to fur-
ther researches on the various topics which are bronght
under his notice. Iliere are two features in tlie plan of
the present work to which it may not be improper to call
attention. With the religious and theological side of the
History of the period, I have endeavor«<l to inbenrenve and
to set in theb true relation the political, secular or more
general elements, which had so powerful an influence in
determining tho counc of event*. The attempt has also
been made to elucidate briefly, bot sof&dently, points
PREFACK.
pertaining to tho history of Uieologictl doctriM', an ander<
Btandlng of which is pocoU&rl; essential in the study of
tliis period of history.
Tho iLUthorities on which I have chiefly depended, ure
indicated in tlio inarginiil reforcnco«. The highest place
bcIongH to the writings, and especially the correspondence
of tlie Reformers tlieuucWes. Tlie letters of Lutlier, Mo-
lanctlion, Zwiiiglp, Cnh-in ; the correspondence of the
Elngltsli witli Uie Hclvotio Reformers during the rcigna ol
Honry VIII., Edward VI., and EUziibetli ; the correDpon-
deuce of Iteforment in the l-'rencli-speaking knds, in the
collection of M. Uerminjiird, nfTord the most vivid as well
as correet impres^on of the transacdons ui whidi their
antliors boro it leading part. Works liJce the " Correspon-
dancflof Philip II.,'" which M. Gacbard — among his other
valudhle contributions — has published from tlie ardiives
of Simwios, have cafit much now light on another side of
the history of tliis era. Of the more recent hiatoriana,
there are two of whom I am bound to make spcciul mention
in this pluoe. The llrst is Ranke, whose admirable series
of works on tlie uxteentli and strvenUienlli centuries have
been constantly in my hands. Tho mingling of geiicnd
ficws witli ajipcisite and characteristic facts, lends to the
historical productions of this tndy illustrious wTiter a
peculiar oJiiirni. The other historian is Gieseler, who pos-
sessed in an eminent dogree the genius for accunioy,
which Gibbon ascribed to Tillomont, and whose invcsti-
gatioiiB, tliough extensive and profound upon every period
of Church History, are nowhere more instructive than
u[Kin Uie jH^riod of the Refomiation. It must be a matter
of sbcera regret to all scbohirB that Neonder did not Ut*
PBEPACe.
yS
to cury fctrwunl Lis great work, Uic oountvrpart of Gicsa-
ler, into tbU period. Uia poetliumooa Ili&tory of Doctrine
is quiUi brief tii its IreaUneiit of Uic Protcstnnt movciniaiti
but U Dot wanting in etrikiag euggcstiooK. Perhaps I
sliauld fulii to tliiH aliort oatnlogiie, tlie "Histoiro de
Frncco" af Hunri Murttn, wliich iippoars to nm to be tlio
most aatjsfactorj* of the comprehpnaive works on the history
of tliat country.
Tliorc iis one vxplanntion further vhich I am anxious
to make respecting the design of tliis book. It ia intended
ill no 0c»»c tw ft polemical work. It bas not entered iato
my thoughts to iucolcate tho creed of Protestantism, or to
pnipagate any type of Christian doctrine ; mucii loss to
kindle animosity against the Churdi of Rome. Very
aorioas as the points of difference are whidt separate tlie
body of Protestants from tlie body of Roman Catliolicw,
tlio points on which thi>y agree outweigh in importance tha i
points on which they differ. Wlioever supposes that thd '
Reformers were exempt from grove faults and inlirntitioK,
most either be ignorant of their history, or have studied
{t under tlie influoiine of a partisan bias. Impartiality,
howorer, ia not itidiHerence; and a frigid and carping
spirit, that cliilla the natural outflow of a just admiratJon,
may, equally wiUi tJie spirit of hero-worehip, hinder one
from arriving at the nul truth, as well as tlie best Il^bous
9t history.
Shonld this volume be used in the class-room, it may
be aoggested to teachers that frequent reference should
bo made to Uic Chionological Table in the appendix,
where contemporaneous events in the different countrii^
■re grouped together. Dates are pretty thickly strowa
^fiu
fKffAA.
tiinUlgb the text, hut Are given mora folly in the Tnble
oi Oontenta. In the List of Works, which follows the
Ohrooologicftl Table, I have briefly chanct«rizod aoma of
'the books to which the more advanoed stadent would iMt
orally raort.
Kn IUT*»,JmL, U, UTS.
CONTENTS.
CHAITEU L
DnRODCCTtox ; tat oexekal charaotu or tsi txroKMtf
TIOX.
Four priacipal ct«i"ji ot modern hutorj ..... X
LoDg hUWrical preparation of these anaU .... 1
Agi-DOjr of indiTidaih cot to he undGrraliud .... I
Thcorin ta rfipcrt to llio It«foniUilioil 9
Ao ftJtr«ilo|{ic3l hypotlietu I
TiiRory ibnt it wu n quam] of monattlc ordfn ... 9
Tliiil it wiu an acndi'mical dispnte . . . . . .4
Tbnt it WM A n^iT pli.-iMi of tbo otd Mmllict ot Popes nnd Empeinn 4
That ilmuan iniunvcHon t^ainitnaUiority : (ndvnnccd bj-tini-
xot) 4
That it vu a tranntioonl Hep towRrd* Itntionalliin . . C
Thu KrformnUon prlivnril}' a rellgluus event .... 8
Judaizinit chBTuciiT of niudiBTal CfarutUiut}' : coovtant reaction
of tfan uplrllunl clcmr^nt 8
Prolvsliuititm poiitirc m mil oa nCfpitive ■ . . . f
It hn« an otijcctUo Victor t
It practicaUy asserted tlio right of prirato jndgmcnt . . 10
It was a put of tlie g^aeml progreu of sovluty . . . .10
General efaaracbcrutic* of the entire period .... 10
Twofold a»peot of the Befomiklloa — rvlij^oiu, and political or
aecalor )1
Chf«no!agtcnI limits of tha en 11
CHAPTEB n.
nix lUBK or Tmc fafal mranAiccTtT axd its pkclixk
TUnOtlOH TttK CKXTUALIEATIOM Or KATIORL
holMtaiitUai n^ectcd priMlIf autiiorltf U
The reUtioD of aaeen'otnJ autboritj' to Pap*, miptemacr ■ 14
K cmrmns.
TIw D«w ]H*ponfatlon spiritual, In contriurt villi tba old . . M
Abfcnco of k mcdUtoruJ prienhood 14
Oflloen of tho primilin Cbiiroh IS
Pnnctioiu of n priesthoo'l gnuliinlly UMcUtoiI with tliu miiiiitrjr IS
GniirUi of » hivrardi}' If
Irvmnux nnil TortuIIIttti ni»bo iIm Cliurcl) tlio iloor of Mxicn to
Chrift (drctt SOD) . . . • . . . .11
CftUMU of ihe pm)oe<i«nc(s of tlio Soo of Rome ... IT
Aeknovrtodgcd in llie Kttti, bocMHO Rome u Uic capital ; cluincil
Id tbe Wen on accoiiot of Bel«r 10
Accivaion oC Con^Uiitlne (31 1) ; CLurcli not mofgcd in tlio Sutc,
iLDil nliy H
Power of tlio Ernperurt orer (lie Cllurcli 91
Declioc of ilic Kmjura iiioroa^cj tho *uchcricf of tlio Etonuui
biabop SI
Leo, tho Grrnt (140-101) . . . ... 21
Jbi> Pspftcj" (■xnlied, jet cndaiisertjil, by the fiJI of ihe Wettorn
Empire (4;t>) 21
SpTeailof AriiLuiitn nod MuliAmmvdiinisia H
Fortnnftto Alliance of tlie Papa^ iritli tho Frulca (TSO) . !t
RocuQ of tho Papncy bjr Pepin and Charlomagno . . .S3
Si^lllciiiico of tlia voroiiAtloii of Cli.irlciiingno (SOO) . . 33
Kfleot of the fall of liii £inpin! on ibc. Papacy . . > . S4
Tho Fnudo-Iutlorinn Dwreulu (uircii 6S0) . . . . M
I-:nforced by XidiolxM 1.(830-907) S«
Anarchy in Itnly : the ptrio"! of pornowncy: intnmintion of
Henry III. (10*0) M
flitdobrand (1071-108}) and hii reforming plan; theory of tlie
Pajmcy and th« Kcnpiro : their Inevtuble conllicC • . 36
Adtantasot of tho pApiuiy in flii* conflict .... 37
Viclorvof tlii-Popi-j; UcarylV., Chu Worm* Concordat (1123);
Aloxj)ad(TnL(1177) 3S
Culmination of Papal power ; Innocent III. ^1198-1310) . 39
Hui theory of tlic Papal oflico 39
lUw of ihn iplrit of Dntionaliiim ; its various nmnifestations . 31
BcnuGia of the Papacy in the Middle Agea approach of another
era . . 32
National toogiugu and Uteratnrca 33
Aiiti-hicrarohiaal q>irit of the Tcmacalar writcn . ■ . Sf
Iho tame t^ilrit b the Legists Sfl
Betietion aKninrt the rnpncy; Ilonil^C* Irlll. (ISM-1803) . . 3(
CoDlUctof Bonlfaoo with lliilip the Fab- .... 37
(IS03-13T:) n
OmroMfT n{ Hit Papxcf at Avignon ; Potnrcli'ii teilluionjr . 39
OppMitiOD fruni GiTiiiaiiy and KogUnd $9
'i'liR AlonanblaU ngainat lliu I'apitt« 4C
Atiacka upoa l*n{iMl tinurpationi hj wriion ; MAniliu* of Pndiut
nnd WilUnm of OccRm i\
TUf Galtkui or coostitulional tlioarjr; tlie [{«ranning CounciU
(H0'J-IJ4:i) 43
IncrvaBiiii; iwtty ol Datiunnl >nd veculiir, in Ibc room of ccelu«iw>
tlcol finllngf, in tlio Cilevnih oenlnry 44
Coiuoliilition of nonnrcliici: linslnnd. France, Spain . . 44
Secular ami worlill^ cluiraclvr of iUe Fopo« . . , .44
Sikt<ulV.(l4n-JM); lnnoci:atTTII.(U»l-03){ Alexnoder VL
(14S2-IS»3>: Jaliosn. (1503-U) 4S
Cliftnwtcrnf I'TJ) X. (laiS-Sl); judgment of Saq>I, PalUiicloi,
Munlori, Goivciunlini 4<
Tlio liiiporUitcc of thit I'opo*, cliiHIf political ... 48
TIi>.- Ronc«tdon« to ihum from Princi^x more appuroot tkm real . 48
An lllattrstlon in llier«|)cal iif the PrngouiUc Suction (1016) 48
Domiaiitiati of tuculnr anil poUiiaul intcrcatf, MCn in tfau coatcata
o( Cliarica V. uiul PmiiuU T. 49
TIm dorrlopnwnt of nationalism anil tlio nccutarizing of tbe Pa-
poc}', at tbu begioniog ot tbo tdx(c4.'nili uenturj' . . ,50
CHAPTKR m.
arSCIAL CACSKS AN]> OUUm or ax RCCI.KMtAKTICAt. TIRVOtO'
nOS I^IOB TO TUB BtXTKESTn CKNTCRY.
HedlBval Cbriftlaoitf cliaracUiriieil hy Icgalifm . . . B3
Ponna of rcaelioB ngunKt it : ili«iait fixnn dogmas ; attacks on
Uia onupatlotis and abu«e> of tbo clorgj' ; oppofltlon to tbo
ffiCMMlTO cileen of ceremoniG) and anat«ritica • . ■ S3
ConiKqiiencea ol a ponlbb Inenan of Intelligeooo ... 03
Two daawa of ftuwunaora of llio RclbrmatioD . . . . h3
A&'J-caoenlolal Mcia 64
Tbe Catharirta (AlblgoaaM) 65
Tb« WalikiiMUt tliciTori]tin<IKO) M
Tbe Fraocbcan Sp!rltuBl« ; tbo FmtricoIU 67
Tbo BegnioM anil Bcghardi ...••• i1
Whu I* <iidicat«d hj Iw r!ao o( tbcfc Mcla . . U
yii oo!rrEST8.
ne obWNmfiTC or Galliean Itcfbnom ftt
BikI!ca1 Befornien; John WicklUTe <t3M~l$84) utd kb opla-
Ion* SI
Tluir bo wu pTotCcleil • ■•■••• .59
ThoLolbnfa CO
JdiO Hon (13T3-U15) ; Us pr«(l«C«WMn; MmUiIu oT Janoir fll
Tlie (linrnRt^r kiiiI pHnripWof iluu QS
Jliits iiDil Wio'ktiitt: on the RuUioritr of pn-Iiitc« lud magUtrstM ti
John Wc«nl (HSO-49); I.iUli«f'a opinion of him . . .OS
S*vouu-ola (ilSi'SS) M
'riie Mj-Hipj ; ch»riM!lcr cJ M,v«tlcl«in GB
Mjraikitm among tbu Schoolmen ; Bomofd, BoiuiTCntiint • 85
JoboTauler (lS90-lsei); iho <■ G«iniiu) Theology " . . . <>6
The " Imiution of Chrlut " <T
T)ic Burinil of LooFnios; begins in It&tjr, Danle (lSes-1311);
Petnrch (1304-14); Boccnedo (1313-TA) . . .87
6pra»d of the Iju-raiy tplrit ; coaNquracea to the Church . 68
fiencfiU nnd fault* of ijcholattici-^ni ; cnuiw* of it« iloimbll . ti
lehftdluiit* vlt.i1<t/i i>(r«ct of NomLaaliBm .... 70
Utnewuil »tu<ly of tlie Fiktlior* luid of tl« Scriplarcj . . .71
Sceptical spirit of nuniaahni b lialj ; Uifluence of the ohutia
ncbool on the Church of Icolj* 7)
8«inl-]iagMi tone of ])olltieanntlelhic«; Macc)il&voI1l(I469-lS27) 78
Bcligioiu loQO of Ilnmaaitm in Gerniainy ; U^ruchltn (1453-1S33) 74
Qia victor}- over the Monk* 75
lIiLRiMlfiin nnd the Uuivenitlog; Wltt«nl>or» (1502) . • 78
IIumaniEin in Kngltind ; CoT<!t, Rasmus, Iklon: . . . .78
The " ICutopin " ; it* liberal idtuta on Itelijioo . . • . 78
Erasmus (1467-1&3S) The leader of IlumaaUui . . * .77
Hit fmnc nud ncijiiiKTDunU 78
Hl« " Pnite of foil/ " ... 79
lUi chiutlMmcnt of GCcleriMticnl foilicj nnil nbaic* . . 81
III* editicna of the Fnthen nn<l of the Ketr Testniuent . . 81
Dlffivton of hi* writing* 81
WIiM mtj be infbred from ihuir obu-ucter nnJ jiopul&ritr , . BS
Becapttulation ; RjmptoiDi of the tito ofn newonl«rof ttung* . 81
CONTENTS.
ifil
CHAPTEK IV.
LtmUl AXD TUX OKKUAM KSroBltATlOM TO TSX DlIT Of
Atrossuito, IMO.
PmtMtanllMi oonf^uilal ta the Giirmiui mind ... U
LuUicr th« luro of the Ucfonn.'kiioit .... .87
Uia birth (IMS) ud puvnUige ST
Studie* at Erfurt (ISOI-A) ; eolcra & convent (1905) . . BS
3I:uIe * TrofeiMr at WUtcaberg (1S08) 99
Ui9 Utenuy and thoologlcftl attaliuii««it« 8»
Ula leli^otu cxpeiienco 89
Sow that JiutiOculion U hy iaiih 91
Origin of iudulgoaccj ; tho SchoUctlo doctrioe . . . .S3
Lntberoppowt thcBoIoafiailutgcogcii by Tetzel (IMS) . . 93
Lailier po(t« hit tuaeiy&ya Ihaana <1S1T) : tli«ir comtcoU . . 93
■nirir effect in Gcniinny 9S
Attack* tud Kpiic*', ]i0Bi«ct» Cnjelan at Augibmrs (ISIS) ■ ^
Aoc«tlM to the iruce offered b;- Biiltiti (ISlS). ... 97
'He Lclp«R Diiputation (iai9); fhilipMclMctbon . . .97
MuluiicthoQ** chuncicr; Lutfaer'* i^otnlit}- and bumor . . 98
Hd lawrt* tliat tbo prIiuHc/ ortlio Pope itjurt Auuiniiu . . 09
Mae* of the Lvipiio DiipataCion ujioa liii itudic* and opinion* 99
UeoppMlatotlMloit/: Addi«MtotlieMobliM(lS30) . . lOO
^^'r>t«« "tba Oabrloaion CaptMt/ of th« Cimitb " (IS'iO) . 109
Wriiua on tha " FMedon of a Chtirtian AIuu " (1630) . . 101
lacscomuinnlcalcd; bunu thoPajwlbnll (iftSO) . . .101
CoiBmotion praduced inGcrauinjr; be find) politivol, rcUglouf,
aad Uternrjr alliei • . lOS
inridiron Huttca(U8S-lSS3) 101
^litical eonditioD of Ucmuof ; ireakneta of tbe cmtrat govcro-
tneDl 108
Abortive eSbirta ondcr Mmimiliaa (U03-1M9) to organlM tbo
Empira 104
Diicoau-.at and dUorder ; complaints by ttie knigbta, (he cities,
tlu! pemntiy 104
Tbc election of CbarlM V. (1SI9): oooKqii^nt alara In En-
rope 101
Binlakip of Charlea T. aDtl Fnnci* I. (ISI^IMT); ita
{TOUDdi^tha tirength of thm riridj rcipcotivcly , , (01
Chancier <ilCWI«t V.: hii »aduut le die aiI'iIi' of the Befor-
matioD .• 14T
idf O0HTENT8.
LitUwv sLUdmoned to th« Diet of Womu (tSSi) ; bu jooreej IM
Appcnn bofbra tbo Diet ; rofiMct to rocvil . . .114
P]«c«d unili-rtliebiinartbe Kmpiro Ill
Alllaaco of tliif ninjwrar w{ih Loo X. ; th« termt of It . .111
Lutbcmt tlio Wanburg (ISSl-Sl) IIS
Bli occupatbiu ; Inbun on the traualntloii of tfae Ncir T«ita-
mpnt I IS
Siiillca] niov«]ui.-at of Cftrlttadt: LuUier retuns lo WUtvnbecs
(1352) IIS
HermUimonluri )uH TUt labon 114
Tlic Council of Rfgrnc/ decline* to (upprct« LutlicniRlrai . 1 U
TbD oluiractcr uf l>o|w AJrian VI, (15S2-33) nod I'opo Clement
VII. (isja-«) . . lis
Tile Diet at Nuremberg (1S34) ; remind* ilie imbject of ibo
Worm) dvcTOO to the >evenl pHncM . .113
Union ofCntliollo princos tnil Iwtbop*; diviMOn of the Nation . IIG
IViimtant Ijoague of Torgiiu (15S6) 116
Butttcot'ltivin (I53S); confeUerncragiunrt CIiarl<i> . . , IIO
TIio IKot of Spiroi (ISIS) retuMf to enforce tlui Wonn* Kitict IIS
SMkof iton>« and triumpkof tho Kmperor (101!) , . 117
BepraKlTe action of Uie Dietof Siilrvi (1S20); Uie Proteat . II T
Oppmition of I^utbcr to nrniBcl reiiiUincu 118
Tliu Dktof Aitg«biirs(l&30); ■iliuUoa ami aptrit of Cliorle* 118
TIm Augsburg Confowioa and Apotogif 119
DecTM advene lo llie Frotectaata 119
The couraKL' und lidetit J of llio Elector Julin . . , .ISO
Liitbernt Cobiirg (1630); lu< eorr«*pondeaea . • > 1S4
UiH marring witli Calluiriii* von Bora (I5}G) .... 123
Ilii motive* ; cITcct at kii example . • . . . 1 13
Bi« eontravvrsy witb Kin-^ Henry VIII. (1SS2) . . . . IM
Hie inIi-in])crnncR of LiiUicr's tiini;itii;:;i>, how explained . . 12ft
llu ni>olosi'lic letter lo Hwiry VIII. (IS.'J) . . . .128
Tlie jmfiitiaii of Kriuinu* in relation to tbo Lutheran moTO-
nient .127
Hi* gradual wtraiigviii«nt IVom I.uthnr and Iiia eauic . . 129
ftforiU of llieaontrorerr)' 131
Inability of IIuuiaal«iu toefTocI a Kt^fonn 191
Tbo ponmnti' war (iVid) ; buir fur owing to ^ote«laDti«m . 133
LntbcT Ripports Hie priocea 1S4
oosnKxrs.
CHAPXEB V.
tBS aiSMjUl XKPOttUATIOK TO TDK fEAOS OV JieOBBVSa
IWIXOLI AMD TDK SWIM (OUUAti) BKFOUtAllOX.
TIw duunctcT of ihe Swim ; Uip}- tcrvt n* mcrccoBrie* la the
Htm'ieii ol Fniuce auil of itiu Pupe I3fl
UinliofZwingto (1481); hb noilva character ;hiic4iiciition . 1*7
At Glarua (iSOS-tG) hu oppotut tbu *}'(tum of pviuiou uid of
bbvdtcnkaviiJcTlbaFrMicb IM
At Eifltdetlebi (1SI6-IB) preocbo* nlration hy tha gnco of
auttt)t]oD« 1»
Adopu the prinefploof iLeexoUuiTBautlionljrof tli«niblit . 13S
PrtaichHkgabstindd^DOMl llMUbtishcd M Zurloli (1519) . 139
Bb qmliiioi tu a mnn and a proRcher ..... 140
PaUic dUpuUliua (tSSS); lli« coiiaoU c/tlie dtj- RiuUini liim Ul
ffi«iloeErincDi BKcond dUputalion Ml
Zvrii'h UKoniVRaMipimiaPnitiMiUtil Cburcb(tS$i) . . 141
Z>iDgk'* '• ConnmenUryon True mid Falw lUllgiim " (isas) 141
Hi* *i«» Kipectiiig tlie Kdration nf the henlli<:n . . .143
Hio H«faniiatloo b BmcI (1S!9) ; Uorn(> (1030) ; Sl G>U (I92S) ;
Scbairiuuiwii (1519) 149
Theccdniuik-al raraluUoii b&Imapollilualotio . , . 14S
Conlnn of Lutlwr and Zninj^e; llicir mligioiii uxpcricnco . 144
(^MPparallva oooHrraUftai of Lulhcr 144
UiaglioEofpatriotina undrvUj^ua in ZiHokIu • . . 14$
LutliM led ibe rwlsUnco to ihe Churclt of Romo . . . 140
Tlio Eouhamiie eoaUvfeny bocwocii Uio Lutlionn* and (lie
8»lw 14T
IliMarr of tlto doctrine ofiho EncliarUt . , . . I4T
Rum apinioDi ; LqIIict, Zirria;tltv Cktvin U8
Cnofid of Lutlicr'o vnliouwnce Against the Zmngllnn doctrine 149
Tlie Coafurence at Marburg (1&19) 151
Hie retult; cnbM^u^nt revival of ihu cootnncrvj (IMS) . 159
Catiislropbi: of thu Svini IMormation ; war butwoun tlie Catlt-
ollc and PmlMtAnt Cantoiis 194
DtoUi of Zwingk (ISSl) lU
no TVcatf of Pence ; ProCcatantiiiin clieckod . . . .IBS
Fannatknof tlic Loa;|!nnorSmalcaId(153l) . . . . IS8
rba Emperor diutbted ibr ten je»n (IA3d>4S) (rom canylng
out the AngibiRg Dtcno ....... lU
OuhoUo LMgue (16SB) HI
KTl OOHTENTS.
Coiif«f«noei of tht oppoalDg p&rUea (lM7-tI) ; Coatorini . , 101
Hu Logua of Smalrulrl, bow woak«a«d ■ . . . 1S8
Uanrioe of fiuony joins tlio Kinpcror (IMS) . . ,16)
t-njl ilnys of LmLcr 159
llm n^IatJoDi of I.uIbl^r and Mcliuicilion to onch otfaor . > 16C
Mi'lauulLuii'ti fununl tuJdrens on Luther (IMfl) . . . 1<S
LuUict'» povi'r KDil InQaenco ; roaurkaoTDolUiigcP • . . MS
Tliii Smolcildie wiLrClJilC-tl) ; ilvTuait of tbe IVvtcstanU utMulil-
betB(151T) IM
Tbu Aagabar> InWrini (1A4S) ; Chnrlu*'* plfto of pacificfttioD . Itl
HebiliMppointed; ootioaoi UioCoanoilof Tt«nl . . IH
OiJoii of r*u1 m. Mid FniDDla L against bin (I HI) . . 1 GS
Ba*Ulanm to the Aug;>biirg Interim in North GcrntM/ ; the
I/uipsio Iut«rim (IHS) 19S
Botler proFpv^cIa of I'rotciilaiitun) ISS
Mkurice tunw agaiiut Chorloi; drive* him oat of loiupnMlc
<ICS<) 1(T
TiMtroffMuu(l<U3} . . . . . . lor
ftaco of Angnbori; (l&a&) ; tho jut rt/ormMili : tho Ecclcaiutl-
cal Rt'Wrvatlon 16ft
Abdication of CbarlG<(lAS«) 169
CnAPTKR VL
TBX BKrOBUATtOM tK TUX BCASOUAVIAH KntaOOHS, Ot TBI
SLAVONIC XATtOND, AKI> IN JtONaAIIT.
Sptvod of tbo lUformatloo ; agency of Gonnant; infliuace of
WittRnbcrf- .... .... ITO
The S<.-iuidinuvi:Lu kla^jdouu; tho Union ot Calcaar (1397) . 170
Cltrialina II. of Denmark (I&13-33) &TOn Protennutimi, tbaa
dniwi bock 170
Bt la d(i]>oiicd And (ucocodod by Frederic I. (19SS-S3) . . Ill
flpRod ^ Lulihcraniffli In Denraiirk In hli rcl^ . , > 1 79
Dnder ChristlAn ill. tb<i RoCommtion i* IcgAliKod . . . ITfl
Conitituilon of tlii> Diuiidi Prol«Uftat Chiirch , , , . 1 73
IMnoL'miic moTcmrnt* in Lfibwk and other cities. In conoei'lion
wllh the [tcl'urmatiou ITS
Exablihhtiipot of rrotMtiiQtUm in Norway (tS37) . , .175
OUT and Lannnco RMenen piench Protcatnntiim in Swod«n
(1SI9) 17«
QartanuVaM (1323-60) favonU til
oommirs. znl
It li •depttfd at tb« Di«t of Woitent (15ST) .... ITT
VThni waadcoM^diacclotUttlolpKipan^ • • .117
FaiJure of nbMiiaeBt effort* tontun Catholidmi ITT
Effect of tbo cxocuiiooornuu in Bobcuia (1411) . , . ITT
QuMite BOTeinent trat boili r«tigio(u and utioaal . • 1 78
Hm dHDftnd ot ih» cap (or tbo Uitf ; liiitor^- of the {iractioo of
wiUioUingit . ITS
Tlio Prague Unlnntly du-UrM for die Utra(|nittt . . ITS
DiTiikmoniic tltnujuiaU] tlieTaboriie* 119
iZIika(13C0~U3J}UiieIrlcwlcr 180
TUo ArtictMofFragiu, tha]>l«UbriiiofUi«Utraqiiut*<Mll) . ISO
TliTve CtumuIm foil to *uMue tbem 181
They »re heard UlliB Council of BmcI (U33) . . . .181
The CompoeUIa -183
Conlliol of CklixiioM luid T&boritct 183
j^H 11iorlMoftli« Brethren in Unity (niivA HAO) . . . 183
^BPtvonble reception of Lulhennisia by lh& Uuuitea . .183
^V The Otmiuistt rcfuM to Join Fcnliiiiind in Uic SninlcAldic trttr 183
^P Subw^iueDt pcni;cutioD of BoliuiuUn rr<it(»(ant* . • 185
Ball^oui oondiiion of Fobnd U Cio tlmoof iho lU4bnn*tioD . 18S
^^ How rratutiuitism mj introduced 183
^B The >pnad of tlie oew doctrine In Polish Prustln and Id Livonia
H (1334) 183
■ Bigbnaod II. (IS(8-TS) hrorftblo to It 186
^^ RcligioDii diucnilon unong Frotcitanta : vpraul of UoitaiianiMa 186
John k Laaco (1490-1560) IBT
^^ Union of Lotlieran^ Calviniit*, and Brvtbrun, ia Hut Sjnod of
H Sendonir <1570) 18T
Equality of rights gmcted to nil the Cliurcli«* . . . .188
Tlio Itdformklioa inlrodticud iutu Iliingkr}' . ... 188
Efl«t't ofthecit-llwitr (lOSC) upon itaprogKM . , .189
IBtrift between lliu Calriniiti xad Lutlu-noa . . . IM
CHAPTER Vn.
jonx CAtvnt An thk osksvak itRPOituATiox.
Calvin belong* to ihc tecond gonomtlon of Refomwr* . 183
Hi* birth (1509), fnniily, and cducnlion IM
BtsdiM at Paris ; studiM iawivt Orleans and llo<ir)(i.'* . . 193
Hla mental pov«r and htibiti of itudy ..... 193
hbUibe* Sencn'* trcaliM ou « Clumeacr " (1333)1 Id* aoDthra 191
*
KvUi OOHTKNTS.
Bl« oonveraloa (IS33) IH
Hi* TCntnrc and lore of n-Urement IM
OUisvtl U (ly Tram PaH* (ia33)i at Al^;oaUmot at S«txm\
rclurna to I'lui* IH
Obligttl ugoin to djr, on acMimt af plncnnli againrt ilia maia
(is:i&) 1^6
His first Uitolugioal wurk ; ihu " PnydioiKinayidiiii " (1534) . 107
At B:i(M<l (l.^a^); niiilieR llebiTw; wriUn ilia "InitiUUu" • IBI
tl'u mcilivi! Iti oiufiosiiis tliU work ..,.•> 19T
His di^uiiclvrislioii u a writvr uiJ * man 198
ntj Mloptlon of tho JJible lu the mtUi ■taniLuil of doctriao • 199
IIu conceiiliua of Uiu (^hiirvh nnd rareKHCO fer It . ■ • SOO
Ub ductriuo o[' pretlcjiUnation 309
!■ aUaclwd to Uic doctrioQ on jiraoUcal (^niuls . . p 101
Hli o;doim compared vitb tlml of Augoatlao . • > 903
DU ubilitjr u a comuii-ntator S03
Kot no L'Strcmirt in nuprct to fornii and r[(«a . . > S03
He aeerblljr or lii* teuipur 9M
Hl« pi«ty tingrJ viih tlio Old Tutamont apirit . . . SOA
IJi> humH^ 10 taw and miiim oTdie csnlution of God . . 20it
LcM brond in liii tj-mpatlilcf tlian Lutlior . . , . 900
His pvftlncsii ormbd and of clurncicr SOS
ViMti tliocounof lljeDucbei»of Fvrrara (1&3G) . . . 907
Stop* at Geneva on fail return (l£3(!) 307
Geneva tubjeL't to Savoy ; adiiurei iu independence (1S33) , 308
Proteslaol iutlncDc^* from Berae 308
Espiilrionof tbc Bitliop (romGciieTn and vitablu^mcnt of Prot*
Mlanllsm (ISSIi) 909
Faml (I46D-1M5); bia history and characiicr; bit proaching at
Geneva S09
DiKOntent tbcrc with tbo new occlcnutical eysteta . , 310
BUt« cf monis 910
Fsrel moTM Calvin to r«niain and nsiist liim (1S36) . . SI 1
Scriet residntioDs of Cbun-h diKipUoe 919
Oppoillton to Ibem 219
11m praachera refuM) to administer the Sacrament . • ■ 119
They anbuiiabed by thecilizi'n«(l533) . . , . 913
Cnlrin fmUm al Strubvrg ; nttnoda lite German reJgiona Con-
foreaco(l339-]5Jl) lit
Hi* opinion uf LutJier ; his lelntloni to Holanctlioa • • 9t4
[III mnrria^ 919
b recalled to Genera (IHl), and vlij !tl
COMTE^TTS. zU
ffii letter to Sadotet lit
din relociaim to relura . tlT
Tli« GciMvaa civil anl eoclwlaallcal gjrvtem . • • • SIT
The LUlIc Coancil ; tlia CooMnUny SlS
Vigilant ui[wr*uu:in of tk: people bj prcachcn tod clilen SIS
llic Vrn<mblo Coiiiptuij' tIS
Calvin uko* pul iu GramiDg tlie citil Um . • • . SIS
ilnw tbo proaohcre were cltOHon SIS
IHufroclion atitfu; the I.ibcrtioM S!0
ConiUDatton of dtlTerBat cliUKt of Catvtn'* oppoountf . • !S.
Savfrrit/ of lliQ GonovAD hits SSI
Rclijpon* inlolcMDcn ; its liictor^ 93S
Prx^tJCcO in tliu Midillu Ai;vi SS*
The Keiiraion di'] not Ndvocnle tolcntlon . . , . iU
CbnfiicU of Cnlrio niul vflorU to intimidftUi liim . . . SS3
BoliM buuxhcd (IKI) for usoilins the iloclrine of praOeetlna-
lioo 2U
Eipalrionof Caitdlio(t344} SSC
Kllefaael S<>nrTiiis; lila lilKWy nii'l I'hnracter .... SSfl
llin («olt on tlic ■■ Krrorii of lUe Trinity " (1531) . . .32?
lib joconil book — ihu " Kestorntion of Clirittioniljr ■• . . S!S
Trii'il for lirrvny bcTorc n Romiin Cftttiollc Court at Vlanao . S38
I'roof fumislic!i| from Gcnova ....>• SIS
lie (4cap«8 And cornea to G«iicvft (1253) 139
U arrcsti'd luid tried S3S
Is couvic-icil and burnud at tlio alako £30
Agency of Calvin In tbo trunxacUon ; Tcrdict of Guizot . S31
The cxccodon of ticrvotui general!/ approved .... SSS
Farther efforts of tliu I.ibortiim; tbelr Haul owrlLrov (ISM) SU
OalriD** niulilpllcil l.tborx and rait tollneiica . . SM
HI* h«t )-e>n ; tlie variety of lu« cmplojmenta ; hit laGrmitloi of
body SSfl
III* hut UtnCf* (ia<>4) I hit interview with tlio Council . . 336
lli> inicrrivw with the prcaobcn . , , . . , 'iiJ
Eitbnate of lila cliarsctor SS9
Calvinixm lay* t-mpliiixis on llio MT«rei^t]r ol God . . ■ S39
^Tlijr ravomblo to civil Ubcrt}' S89
lidoot not mrrcndor ilio guvernmiuit of tlie Cliurdb to the cIvU
BMlioritj' 939
Itf eliUTvh organlmlon it rrpubUcaa . . • • . S40
It dwnrfa nnrthly tOTrrn-ign^ \)f esa.tln$ tbo dlvIlM . . . UO
Coapnrcd witli Itomnnimi In Il« Tiewof tbo ciril aollioritj . 3*1
00NTEKT8.
CHAPTSB Tin.
TBK BKTOKKATIOX HI VSlJtCS.
The Sorboano tad rarlimncDt oppooo tlwilriiul Innovatloai . Ml
Bffoci of tlie repeal of tlic I^j^utic Sanction (I51G) 943
Rcfbrm «ni:uulOi from HumuiUm Ml
Fninobl. (l&i:>-l~); tho pktroDof Icarninganditft ■ . 943
Leftvre (USI^1536), th« P&tber ot Uie KuformMion [ tuf (tndi<«
udvritlngi Sll
[lU myilicnJ Uirn ; lu* pupil, Bri^ioiiiict .... t*i
UoaUUtf of ttiu SarboniM &ad of ParliameDt to Leftvre and bii
•dioal 344
BcJWjr luppruMid in Mc»nx (13!S) 348
Uargarut, Quwoof Xarnm (149S-1540); bet tjmptithy with
tlio MfstiiMl Hcliocil 340
IIcT writing*! hIiu fnrara iJiu Protvatant* without J^^ning them 346
Fraaob I. oppoaw Um Sorboono ; puiipuru hia aUtcr . . .3(1
Chftugci hb coimo ; engages in pcmccation .... S4S
Doubtful podtion of Frttaco n»p«ctiD); tlie Rdbrmntioo . . 348
Boric, Rooolasiuicc, Oio ItvfbrmAtion ; tlie tlinM ri*^ . . 949
'Why Cnlvinimi wn* diilikod SAO
Spirit of Loyola ami the CatlioUo R«actIoa . . . . aSO
IUb<iIiib(H83-IOfi3) £50
VaHUiti™ of Fnncii I> tuid itn conM^unocc^ • • 9&1
lift poTMouhM the ProtuBtAoU (1^34) ; court« the aJIiance of the
Lutheran plucet . . ■ 353
Spnwd of Pratettantim in FVaooe in hia ralgn ■ . • 3U
Iiillucnco ot Genara and of Caiiia 363
ll«nr7 n. (IIMT-39); hiahMtilitylolheBcfiinnalion . . 3U
ItcprapMI 3G4
IbeCalvlnlitalioIiIai'cncnJSynod (lue) . . . . 3CS
Ptrwcntioa after the treat}- of Cetcan-Cnmbreria ; death of
Heiur7'n.(I6G9) Hi
HerobiQ of tlio tuSaret* SSe
How the HuguenoU became a p^litirnl party .... 336
CUhwine de Uedlcl ; her rolatloni to Ilenry and bb tnlatreM;
aad bor chAnel«r S9t
Frtncl> II. (liiU-<0) U controlled by tlw Galaea ; their hlatory
nail chamcter IS'
IHaooiiUat of (ho Boarbooi and Chntillona . . . . SS4
CiMMetioa of the great iwhke with the CalTblMa . . .311
COHT£XTS. XB
LaItId pccaclws U> tt>(>u lulitnlnira ; Uielr paLieace . . . 960
Tb«ooiH[rim-7ol AmbcMMi (lASO) .... ttO
ItaeoDaeqoeBoea: the£dlot of RomoruiUa (1500) . . , Wl
CoUgnjr nipporw th* petition of llio PiotoslkaU for tilwrljr of
worriup iOa
Tbo SUOM QMiaral nllod (ogotlutr M Orleaot (ISSO) . . asi
AircK of Condtf ; KaTam |>kccd aDi)*r vunruillaiieo • . 103
Plot Sir the exiirpfttloD of FroiesUDiiniii SAl
Fnulnled br tbo death of FrRnrii H. (1:^60) . . . SU
Cntliorbe de Uedict ; her virlual giardiiinthip oT Cliaiiei IX.
(Ili«<l-T4), Midrcsfincr !U
Influence of L'Hotpitol . ....... liU
Slrvogtli of tLa ProtuttaaU S64
GiuK^ MonCmorenci, and Si. Aodr< form the THainTinte . 164
TheCoIUiDj-at Poi^x (1301): I3uxii 36A
Tkc Elliot of tit, G«nuala (lASS) gtanta a measure of tolera-
lioa 166
llie MaMaore of Ytay (ISCS) bogina the civU wan . . . 967
Tbe Ilu^enota Ibnght tn teU^derenae 368
Siep of Romni; buttle of Utcux (IS69)| KfaMiitDatJoii of
GuUe(l»63) 96ff
Tlie Ktlict of Araliobe (ISGa) ; the chnrnoteT of tl . . 96»
'I'be Huj^i-noto Uke up ann« ; Fuace of Loagjuiueau (I36S) . 970
Confureiice at Ba;'oiiuD (IGOnj S?0
Uenewa) of tbo war uador SpnaUh iediicnce; battlea of Jnronc
aad MoDcoiilour (1&C3) 171
Ticaij- of St. (turmaln (ISTO) ; leuona that iaHu^nn^d lliu Court
to make pnce; (orlifiud (owaii plxved in tlie Ivunda of thu
IlDgacoots 3T9
Political critb In Europe ; will Franco moke oar on Spain ? . 279
Proposal that Uear/ of Navarre shall ruarrjr Alar^arut oi Val-
ola >7S
Coligit; cornea to Court: hU chanettr )IS
The arista of the SUiaAcre of St. Baitholnmcw (1&71) . . 'j:s
Il»4 It been planned varlierV S7ft
Jo}^ at Jlodrid aoil at Romo 377
PjiVct of tho majmcie on the aurriTiDK Uu^ucnot) . . . 977
The part; of the Pi^tlqoM or Liberal CalhoIlM li formed . 977
Orsaaliatloa of (he I.ca];ue 97^
PoHtioa of Ilenrr UI. (1&74-A9) . . . . 170
ExuumniiinScatloa of Navarre and Condi b; 8latu> V. (I6BS) . 37>
War wf iLu-'Llirce Uunrba''(tes6> S7»
OOKTEKTS.
AMMiinatJoa of the Gtiiw* hy onlcr of tUoTj III. (lUS) , S»
Be joiu* tho nriny of llvnry ot Uarattv • . . . tT9
Heory lit. la a^unjiliiiuo) <I48&) ft8C
Hunij-lV.; hii wnr with the LMgue; thu bniUe or Ivryfl&OO) 3S:
Blaooolcst with AloxftuJarof Taraiu (159!) . . . 3SC
Abjuration of Ilunrf IV.; iumotirvf (1393); iUcfluc* • • SS)
Clarnetor of tliU aci 18!
Otliar nilsfortiinci of the Haguenol* 133
Tbe adiniDiilnitioa of Uenij IV. ; the Edict o( Xante* (IA98) KSS
ClIAPTEK I.\.
Tax narORUAiiox ix tub kxtueklaxd9.
ProffNfriiy and Intc^llgcucR of tho p«op1o of the Nollierlanda . S89
BeluUon of iliu Kotliv-rlaiiilB to the Gunmn Hini>ir« . . . tSS
IsltooncM r*ivornblo U> IVito)Uali«iB 986
Pcneeuliii;! ocliutj of CLm-Ic* V. (1311 ki].) . . , , S87
HAI^rrdoiua al RruMeb (1A93) ; LiitliL-r'a hyaa , , . 287
CoTitiniied [imrcutbn by Chnrim V. ; natnbnr of mArtjra . SS8
Atvlir^iliun u[ Cliarloa V. (1555) 289
Fanntlcinl miil <l«>palic charnolcr of Philip H. (IS&fi-OS) . . 989
IlLi UApopiilnritj' in the Nctburlnnilg . . • . . 280
Tbegraat nobI«a: Oritugo. Eguioat UO
Uargarot of rarnut it made Kogent (1358) ; hu character . !81
GnnwUui hiadianotor 289
Conilort of (he gonmmeiit b pbced In Ut baadi . . . :93
Philip livi'p> tn the Neihcrlanda StumUi raglmcnt* ■ . .199
Be«rcat«aiiewblthoprlc( 98!
Dcrign ot theK moosUTet 299
Chancier of tho nobIc« ; William of Orange . . . 903
FhUlp renew* Uio pcraociiiIn;{ Bdicla 994
The iDquiiitioii aai] tta crueltlM .984
Onu^(c and Kgnioni complain of (jranvelle to tie King , 193
How far GrtuiTulle wat rc^wuTble .... 28A
H«)i>aT«* theconntiy (l&U) 296
Bpeeeh of William of Omnge against the pollc; of the govern-
meat 196
BgmoDt tpMi le Spain to onligblf n thu King .... 291
Be b dnped by tbo aMiuanoM ot FUllp . . • .29*
Effect of tho continued crucltiei 901
I
«
A
ooirrKKTS.
xxfii
Tfco"Coiiipromi»c"(l5CS) !9T
The RcKcnt ullons ProLmlaot pn-nclung outiiilG of Ui« citiM 294
Pbiltp pratnisM to mlU^t* 1tl« policy ; tlie proof of liit p«t^
Gdy S9S
leanoolosm (ISSfl) SB9
Tho RcgMit oiakcs b truce iriib tbo ConfoilorMjr of NoIiIm . MO
OnMi];e Icatim Uie country . ■ 900
Veii-eaaoe of PhlUp ; inMon of tho Duko of Mn (ISST) . 301
lie nrrcat* G([moDt noil Horn ; llie " Council of Blood " . SOS
AlvM AefyaXa Louli of Numu ; Bgfaont hoiI Hon mc bdieoded
{1368) SOS
AlrnViiMLa oT UucUion (l&flO) SOS
Tbo Fpirit of iwUUDcA Ea nwakcnci) S04
The •■ Se»-begjian ; " tlicj' capture Drkt (liT!) ... SOI
BoIlMid MiA Zealand wloi>t a frvc coDotiiiillun; Orange m&de
6lMltlio1ilcr(lS7S) 804
Alva dct<:»(«d by iliu pooptc ; he it recalled (I5TS) . . SOS
RMiDMOni cucccoda lilm (1S73) SOS
Growth of a ProtatoDt «tat« nnd<:r Orani^ .... SOS
Plandenand Brabant iuvuke his htlp; liiu Pituificatlao of Ghent
(15TG) SOS
Don JohiTAOcccetb Re<]ueiiena (ISTG) *Ofl
Dltlilon b(-tv<v'ii tlie Soullii^rn and Korikom ProvInoM . . 906
Aloxao'liT of I'anna *ai:c4M!d> Don John (liTS) . . . SOU
Tb« Clrecbt Untua furinud in tliB North (IST9} . . . S07
Outlawry of William of OnuLge (1380) ; kin " Apology " , SOT
lib cliarnetvT .... * 309
RLi aaiaaibiailon (ISIM) SOS
Hm Catholic Prorincc* (ubmit to {"anna SOO
Ffilllp'ilntendon ton)B]0T«lilm; ileaib of Pnnna (IftSI) . StO
Ititc of the Dutch B«publici diMateni of lliilip and of Spain .311
The jUubapti«ta 811
Imviilonceot CalTlnlam SU
Tbn Cnlviniat* do not adopt the principle of toleration . . SIS
IMffi^rvnce between IVoteitaDti and CathoUoi In reipect to In-
loternnce SIS
WillUia of Orange advocatce rellejoos IflMnj • SIS
OoDtroreniy on tha nlatlon of th« Cborch to tbo dril an-
tbority 314
Q«raifof the Annlnlan oonirovcriy • • • • SIS
uW
coyrENTS.
CHAPTElt X.
tag RKFORMATtOK tS KxaLAXO AlfD BCOTtAVD.
l^llnrJ* numcmai at Uic br^nning of lUo lixtccnth ccnMrjr , Sll
loOueiiue of fho R«iirai tir learuing 811
Cnnliaal WolMjr « tViend of learning > . . , . SIS
'J'jniiato (tL 1S3G) nnd FriOi (iL 1633) SIT
Tli« poculiuitf of iho EngtUb IteformnUoB . . . ■ S17
No jToniiaeDt leader* MonUieCoaiiounl .... 318
ilenry Mni. toeki a dlTorcs from Clcmont VII. (tdST) . . 318
lUsaty reduce* the pownr of tbo FbiM anil tlio ckncr in Kd^
Ibiu) 319
Bavlm Ilia itatuto of "iimmuntiw' (1S91) . . . . 3S0
Adilro«*cd hjr the clur^' m Ucw) uf the EnslUk Cliurch . 310
IidiroKiid and mMTiei Anna Boloyn (1533) .... 320
Tkooct of Suprenaejr (1A34) 3S1
Atraliidiiiis of Uie noouterlee (1536) 811
A Cathotic aiid a ProUi«UinE party la tlia Coaocil and tu tbo
ChanOi 331
CnuuKir loudi tht: Prok'Stant parly ; liU cliomctor . . . 3S1
Thom&i Cromwell ; GardiiWT 333
"ITic Kngliih RiUlc Iwiicd by tlio King"* aiilliarily . . .383
TlwTen ArtltiM (1536) 323
TlieRobelliouor 1S3C 323
Tfac Cailiollc party In tliu ascBiidency | Uia Six Axtlelo* (1S39) 8»
'rfau FatlorCruuxrcll (ISiO) 8M
Antngonliini of the two putlc* after Ilcnry'i dcatli (Ilil7) . 3!i
n«t<sUntiBiii j>r«vaila iiiidiT Edward VI tii
CranniiT ririnforccd by thcologianj froni the Continent . . 330
TLu Book of ConiiuoD Pr«yer (IMS, 1S53) ; the Articles of Rc-
li};iuii (I^SJ) Sia
The proirivsi too rapid for Iho popular feeling • • • ■ SIS
Pall of ihe Protector SuniarMl(l5at) SIS
Revival of the ccctcMMtit^nl sTalutci 31T
Beactioaary uiowiuvnt uiidur Maiy (1553-^8) • . . 3!T
BMtoration of Ibo Catholic (yitcm ; h«r marriage ttitb Fliillp
XL (IM*) 83-
Maityrdom of Cnuimcr, Ridlsy, and Latlm«r (1G0&-~86) . 331
Tbe cliariKtcr of CranniiT 88f
Unpopiilnrily of iltry and IM cntiies 831
Extreuiodeiuandiiof Pope Paul IV 838
1
O0KTEOT3. XXf
Acccidon of Elinbctb (ISSS) ; faer coDwrvnliT« Pratcxtuit-
inn SSt
Bentionaf (be Aitwlc* (lACS) Ml
Act of Supremacy unil Acta of Umformil}' (lUB)i Court of
H!-;li Cotntuifiaion (l&SS) SSI
IkeMtment of the Catbulioi 391
DlMlnctlon lict«v«n tfa« Ao;;licaa Cburch &ncl Uie ProtusUol
CtiurcUe« on the Continent Ml
LIule coDtiovvrsy DD EpiKopaicy In tlie finl ago of Uia ReSbf
nMtion 131
Rratcrnil rrlAiion of ibe Kngllnh tuii] tho CoDtlneoUl Churcli«a 33S
CnjamcT auNrits iJiu pnrity of tliu ck-rgy .... 934
Toctlnrany of l^inl Dacon ; po»ltJon of Itookor (1M3-IC00) . 334
Agreement of tbe AnjtUciin Mid Contincatal GiurcbM on pr«-
ilMtlatttioD Sii
Ttia Au^ftinUn and CHlviniotle doctrine compared . . . S37
Iiiflueace of Calrio and of lii* irritings in England . . S98
AngUcKB dlvinca not ri-^id pradnnlnariani .... 338
An{[Iican doctrine Calvinbtio on tiio Bucbamt . . . 340
TLIh (1octriu« MtjiKMcd In tliu Articlus 341
The Turitiui objection* to the votmcnt* .... 343
Viem of Jewel and other KlUabethon Inahopa . . . . 94J
Tbo Quoen'a oppoiiition to chongu In tfaa ritoal ... 344
Her enforcetneat of unifuniut]r 345
Garlwright nusilvocaieof rn.'«b}-(«rUnlfin (IGTS) . . 34£
The beAiing of hia prinFijiU-i on iba Qui>en'« SupremaOf . . 343
Bite of the Ini!cpviiitont« ; tliclr principle .... 34T
Uookcr on Churcli gorcmment and on the rela^on of Char^
oadSUte 34 T
Merits ot tho conlroTcniy of the Anglican* and Purltaoa . 343
Load Bocon'i review of it . • > 34*
No leonoolaani In England S&O
Conncclion of ihn Sroltiih ItAfarmatton with Eluab«lh . . 351
Character of lliu Scuititb nubility ; of the common* . . 353
Tbo clergy i<;n<)rant and rlcioua; tholr w«allli .... aS3
Treatment of Pn>le«tnutum under the Regent Moir (1654-30) 893
B«lur» of Knox from the Continent (1569) .... 353
Tbe education of Knos ; begin* to preadi ; a oaptire in Prance
(1541) 3S4
He reatde* at (luncra (lSSS-59) ; hi* *■ Monitron* Ueglmen of
Women " 355
The CoTcnaat of lh« I.«rdi of the CongrcgatloD (1557) . . 351
xxn
Th« proftcUsg ot Kaox ; icMiodann . t . • • IN
Ktuabuib aondB tnxipa to lud tlio lunb (1580) ... IM
lteaUioftlKQa«ei>-Reg(Mit(15C0); Insal ciwbHihowal of Pro«-
MUonim (IHO) ast
Jit oocImIuiIcaI property, how UMd . , , . UT
Butuni of M.-uy, Qugvn of ScoU, from Fnnca (IfiSl); W
dMntctcr Ml
81m doei' not nuUl PiotutMituni ; gronad* of hor policy . . 839
Ksox'ai^poiilioa U> the uiouiu horClia.pvl(l«ll) . . 30*
CM&rance of Knox nn<l ihc Queen SCO
lliuir ilolinU on ibu " rcgiiucn ol' vomira " . . . . 861
Ob tLo ri^lit of *u1jj<.'cI» to rcu«I llitur sorenujpi . , . Sfi!
Kium'* opinion o( Mnry 3G3
Uk prvanhiii n|[UB«t tho danclnB at Ilolyroodi aaoifaor conlieif
vnco wiib Morjr S04
Thn y«n.ple. fiip|)r«H tho mui la iho «c«tcm dlitrict* (IMS) . 364
KuoK lie&ujji tlieir conduct in a caarvriuttKin with thu Quucn . 3G4
KaiH oiTtLigDod for conTenliig Iwr Uogei .... 36C
Ha d««eiibM lu« exAininAtlon bcbre bur Mid tlio Privy Council . 367
Eaox'i public prn/«r for Uie Qumd and Uie realm . , 867
Be condduT* toleration of CntboUo wainhlp n ida . . . 368
^JAtt/ainMTbeaiiltliDinlqy (156S) 369
It dlfplasMt ElUabodi ] Mujr'a bopc< cwtro Id Spain and Hie
Ciubu 369
Uunlui' of Rliito by Damloy and tbo Jealoui noblea (1566) > S70
llar/'s Tvpugn^nco to Damlcy and :illJiclini«nC to Uotliwell . S73
Ciiriimiitajice* precodiD|[ tliu inunler of DbtdIo/ . . . 319
Abiliietiun of tho Queon by Itotlmdl (lOOT) . . . .374
Uo u diiorcvd from hla wlfv jiiid murrk-ti M»ry (I J6T) . . S7A
8bo Fumtndera to tba lord* at Corbcrrj Uill (1S6:) . . , d7£
Ibe problem of tliA " oaaket l«ilvr« " 373
Mary abdlcaloa ia Ibvor of ber toa; mnku* Uumiyrcgont (tS67) S78
Cocftitution of the Kitk; ibe Second Book of DisdpUao
(1577-81) 8T8
Fall Mtabliibmunt of the Prubyteriu) tyttcin (1502) . . 830
Maiy BMapec fV«m Looblevea (l&es) ; U deCt&led at Langdde
(18M) ; a prlMncr la England . . . . • . 3S0
HortiU^ of Ibo Catliolio Rooviion to Elizabeth ... 381
She «end> belp to tbo Nothorlnndt (i:>S5) 8S3
RxRBlion of Mary (1587) S8>
Jefeat of tbo Spanuh Armada (1988) . . , « .861
I
C0STB8T8.
zxrfl
ProtcttantUo) in IrcUtid
EITi-ct of the ClthoLio ReoolJon on the Irish
Lord Bjicoa go ikc wnr U> Uvat Irclnad
m
m
S84
CHAPTER XI.
TUK Set-OKUATIOX tK ITALY A!ll> STAtX j TUB CO UKTZK'UBtf*
OltMATIOX tK TIIF: KOMAX CATnOt.lO CHUXCn.
RcniMnee to Hrotcnaatiiin orsniizcil in lialy Mid Spaia • . 38A
Poliilcal (wntlitlon of IiAtjr In lu Wnrlug on IVoCMImnt]«in . i%$
'Die uomiplioD of tlw Clitirvli undorttood by Ilalinai . . SBS
Arnoldof BrawUfd. 1195) 8S£
I)iuilo(l'JS5-1331)iubickiitlMteniiMnJ power, but mat ifae Cath-
olic (lognua . . ■ 39 T
Uii iikal of the Nstored Etnplro SBS
IIow Boccaoclo (iniS~'i>) tmnu tho Church and th« dcrgy . 888
Tho fpijil of tfau HcniUMMtco i Laurcnthia VaUs (d. 14GS) . 889
The >crvi«e of IliunanUm Aod It* Umlu ; the ao»d«iiilM • • 890
DlfTiision of I.iitbcna writiag* iit Italy 890
I'ridctiliDtUiD in Italy » tiling of degtCM 89t
Th« Ontary ot Dulua L.«vc ; ContArinl .... 898
Tb« reformed opjoioos io FerrAra; the DucheH Bmde (I9Z7) . 89S
Protcitantiira io otlii-r dttoa 898
IiiNa|>!ci); Jiiiui Vidilei (cirait tSSO) 894
Odtino utd Fietor Martyr ....... 894
fftlenrio'i IreatiM un the " BooeSu of dtrltt" . . . .896
The SMTvmontArien duput« ....... 8M
PtLiil in. (1381-49) fttTorti the Cuholto nkndos party (ifiST)' 8H
CoBUrin)iiCltiiliiibon(134l) 3»B
CarkSa leads the rigldijr orlhodospArt/ol rafbrm . .886
.Vewotderti lho1lMatliM(l&!4) 897
Igoaliu* Lofola (U9I-I5S6) tbuadi tho order of (he J««iita
<1S40) 898
Ul* book of " SpiritunI ExL'rclaes" 388
The conitJtttllon of iho Jcnnit order 400
Tho Council of Trent (1545-1363) ..... 400
Iia defialtlon« nm MilUPpotcatant • 401
la practical work in the wuj- of rdumt MS
The Couacll *vrve» to contoJldate the Catholic Cliiu«b . . 40t
nwt Inquiulion | lu history ; tho Spoalob Inquiiiiian . . 408
riu loqultltlon in lUlj (1S43), Uoir organUod . . . .404
nigbl of Ochiao (t34S), futi-r Martyr (1843), Voifurio (1M8) 404
PbrtecutloD of PntMUDU • . «M
Suppraanon of II<x>k> ; the IrAux PntklbKorius <)UT) . 4M
^Hu IikIox Ex|)ur^Htorlii« 401
K-rwci^lion of EvBtigellcal CallioUca 40<
Exiirjmtiun of ProtvitAnlura in Ituljr 40G
Introilucli&n of rrotMUolbni iolo Spain • . . • Mt
CoRTUrti Ui ProtcBbutiim at Seville uu) VidUOolUI . . . 401.-
Rccaptlon of ihe doctriiw of JiMliQcation by Faltb . 40il
lAiilotda/S(lMB-eO) 4Im'
lof tLo Inqnlallloo 4W
"PonoiMittonnf llienvmiigclicnlCaUialics; C*mn»(1558-l&7e) 409
Allitutlu of tlio Po(joB to i«*poot to ibv CAtholic Ruaccion ; Paul
IV. (lA0ft-6D) ; Hui IV. (IS69-6fl) ; Tiiw V. (l,VGC-72) . 411
Sixtua V. excoDununicalM Hcnrjr IV. (ifiSS), and fupports tLe
League ill
CliaD{[e in tbo iiitoU«clii»l Bptrit of lul/; Taaao (1044-99) ; Uw
new iclioolsof pointing 41)
Cartu IknrDtaco'i private rirtues aitd ChrisUsB irodc (1SW-S4) 413
Tli« Jesiiiti H* oi]ar«tori 41)
llwy cxlcnd their influence in Enrapo 414
Countrlpfl rccoTon^il to tbo Cburcb of Romo . . . • 414
CaaKS of ttiu check of Proicitnntimi ; MncAulny*! itiscuuion • i 15
I crjrslalJiiing of paniue 410
otttlcal an«&g«meDM 41)
be removal of abuiM in the Chnrdi of Rome 417
ProteibmU wMie tbelr itrangth In cootMU with one another . 41f
Tbn better orpuiiiaUon of tbo Boinui Cntbalici • ■ > 417
They um the varletlci of taloni* and cbarncior .... 418
Mure rooted atiacbmeat in Soutliera Europe to Uie Cbunb of
llome 41S
Uiuonl ariMM in tlie Ronun Catholic Party; Itieffcct . . 419
CHAPTEB XU.
TBB BTHDaOI.m OT l-UUTUTAXTIBU IX TUB SKVBJITEIUCrB
OXilTDBT.
BtrerMi experienced by the Catholic RcocUoo , . .491
Kndpal (ojuci to be considered 4X1
hlliire of Cbarlea V. to fnbjagaln the Protc^tMta . . 491
KAeet of the Peace of AuKsburR (1555) ; Philip IL not «ui>-
poTted by Ferdinand I. and MaxImSlian II. ... 43'
Their eiicceiBara under the tway of the Jcniita nnd the Catholic
Beoctlon 4tl
OOKTENTS,
Origliiot dMlhiTt}- Year* Wiu-<IC1ft'iejS) . . . .411
XIm Enn^lcal UiiIod (nos); Uie Catliulie League le<l by
HjuiiBUtanoriIit*nria(IGOa) 4X1'
Tita Bobemlsiu kvoIi agaiott ForOinand 11; give tlieir erown
to FkcIctk W tli« Klcctor raUlmu (l«I9) , , . 4H
ilgOUy ot Pcnlinnnil 11., and of tlie El«uU>r . . . 429
]W«3t of [be DobDmiaiu ; com^oMt of tlin rnlnUnatD (10S3) . 42S
TVi])lo allianoe fur lli« reMorallon of tiut Ek'ctor (16S9) . 435
pRUaraoT the Uaniih inteFvi^ntlon (lGtS-lGS9) . . 416
Vkllenatvin itvlirun F«nluiuiil tram subjoction to the L«*g^ 4M
Hi* con»lllii(!i>ii nf tli« annlca; tba ntoalu of die war . 426
VMtoriei of WnI1iMit4«in aad of TiMy (l«S«-a9) . .427
Tlie EiUcl of Restitution ()G!9) ; the removal of Wallonstvtn
(IC30) 427
Inierveation of Gegtavuj Adolplia* (lG30)i his dianoter and
motlvM 438
Tletoriet of Guftavua ; WallonMdn r«appoln(«(l (1632) ; the
banloof LuUen (ItiSV) 429
InJIiieiice oT Itivbeliuu (1634-1648] j {rouiid of Preach iithv>
voation 429
Tbediiuaior Wallciuti-in(1034) 420
mdonloiuicv of Rlcholiou Id ihd conduct of tlio war (1G34) . 4SI
The (trugglo jirolnictoi), nod Why 491
Tbe F«>oe of W«itplu>lla (ie4S) 433
I^ition of Englnad ander ibo iitaartj .... 433
Wid«ii)iiK Rulf between Anglican* and Puritan* . . . 433
DoMllUy of Jnincii I. (IG03-3i) to tbo Puritan) ; the ILunpton
Court Conference (1604) -434
Charlet T. (IGS.V-ia) ; bin arbitral^ nyglcrn of goTernmmt . 436
ArebUdiop I.nud (IG33) 49*
The l.ea-^e and CoTcnant of th« Scot* (1638) . . ,4)7
The wnrbclwecu Kinjivnd Purliament (1G42) . . . 4ST
The WcMniituter AMOmbly ; partlf4ln It (1G43) . . . 4ST
RdUbliiJiinent of PrMbytorianum ; how Umilvd ... 49S
Cromwell (1G33-98) and ihalndepMdeDls , . . .499
The Killer* of New England (16») 444
Tlieir vccleuHBtical tifstoui 440
Distinction between llu; AIiuincbiiMitt* an<I Plrmouth wettler* 440
InWMlanliBm in Kurope protected bjr Cromwell . . • 441
Reiteration of Charles IL (1660) ; hnw efToct«d . . 441
no I^o«b/teri*n« ar« deonvod bj tlw King .... 442
The Savoy Confcrenea (1601) 442
BJMtioo 1^ the Puritan mlni*t«rt (1G6S) . . i 442
XXX COKT^TS.
DenwralUUlan of Ibe Englbli Coun 443
AUionco of Cboriea IL and LouSi XIV. (ISIO) . . U»
RcrI dpsigiii of Chnrl«« batrnjod 444
J«mi.-ii II. (tOW-«S) ; the Court of Sii;b CommisuoB (1(S6) 444
liu cniivATora lu win tbe Bopport of the I*urltAns (1687) . 444
'till.- ICrTolution of 1G83 444
Tliu Act of Toluraliou 44£
FoJlnre o( iho ComprclicnaJon Bill 44A
PeraiMcnt i-subtisbmuiit of P^l■^b}'te^iunlKlll in SculUud (IB90) 446
FBrneciMioD of iho CortnuiiQr* binder Jamca II. . . . 44T
EfTvctof Hvonr IV. '» death (1660) on tlie Fnnch polio}- . .447
K«volt of llie ]Iugu«not« (1631) { iu caukciii and eRuot . . 447
Ivouia Xllf. (lfilO-1643) ; Iho Mins of ItichcUeu (l«U-49> . 448
III* dt^imesiio policy ; hU dMCrutrtlon of the IIu^u«iiot power
(l«a«) 448
LoiiU XIV. (l€£i-)715) i kis iliMignt Id rc«poct to France ftnil
ta (ontign powM« 490
Tbe AaKinbl}' of IGBS ; tbe Four Fropodtlon* of Giilllcaii
liberty 4M
AdjuMmcul with Inaoccat XIL (IGOl-lTOO) ; Uio work of Bon*
«iieC 4SI
JjitDL'Diini 401
declining rcpulAiion of tbo Jc»uit4 ; Puoat (16t3-C2) . . 45S
SappMnion of Port LtoyAl 1710; pcricciitlon of the JAnteniiU 429
P«rw(-iition of the IIii);ucnot* ; Revocation of tbo Edict of
Xaiitee (UHi) 4d3
III eSec4 on Franco 454
Vftn kindled by iho embltlon of LouU XIT. . . .450
Wltllain of Orange (1<SIK170>), hU imusoBiiL . . .468
'niorctult 436
Prottmlon of ihe Cuiliolla Bewtloa 45fl
fWbknvM of ibo Fapncy 45T
BSwl o( tbe peTMcution of tbe JaoKniite on tbo Catholic
diorch 4ST
J^prouh of tbo era of revolutione ..... 46S
CH.'.PTER XIIL
TIIK l-nOTKSTA.YT TIIKOLOOY.
Two fun<laiuenla1 prluuipluii of PruiUKlAolitni . . .
No conlroverxy between tlic two pHrllM wi ibc THnity »od
AloDviuout
Tli«ir iliCFi-rcDcc on the dooUioo of (in ■ . . • . 4M
Tlio Proltulant doctrine of Joatlfiutlon .... 4M
The ralntion of ctlik* to rcl^i^ii 481
Frvttatant ilovtrioe of liii.^ cicliislre auilioTity uf (be Scrlptarot iti
AgTCOiuent of tbc froU^IaiiC Churcttct on ihLt point . . i6%
Tlio liro I'rateiiiaDt priiiotplcs uuiie In om .... 4M
Bomoa Catholic doctrinn of junttficntioa .... 4U
Tlio ProtMUoldocirioB ruKjivcting tlio Church ■ . . . 4M
Tbc Koimn Cjitholic doctrinQ rcrpocUng tho Church . . 446
BMpectuis tnuliliOD 4U
Bc^ctiag tho iMTitnicDU 4H
S«aM of tho pliTMo, ox opvtii opcralo 491
Hodl&ntlon* of ihe Bomnn Cntliallc viow .... iSJ
Botnon Cathullo doolriiiu oT tho priusthood .... 468
Fnui«liuita inalntaln a anlTcrttil prlo*thood of bcUovcn 448
Fnt«jtaDt riew of the number luut design of tho tacramonta . 4S*
£ffoct of tbo ProlMUuit Tiew of juitUioatlon upoa various dog.
mu and {mvtices 470
FiraUwtant controYortioioa predMlitiatloQ 41%
Armiainni^ia aad iiii IcitJora (1010) 47t
Polillcal illTitiun lelwuoii AnniDiau* anU CalviniiCa in Holland 4TS
Tbc Synod of Dnrt (lfil4i} 474
Ariuiniun vlow uf uriginol lio and of iho atonenMot . . 474
Ocmral character of tbo Araunlan tboologlam .... 4Tft
The Analiaptiiu 4T5
Uto Amllrinitvians of tho ago of the Kofomuition . . 477
RiM of Unitariauiniu iu Italy 4T7
FaiutiuSoviaua(U»9-1«0t) .... . . 47«
Tbe docinUn thcolosy > , 479
EJIorte to tmil« LuthoraoB and Ca-vlnlita . • . . 481
EBotti to unite ProtcitanU and Ibimnn Catholic* . 481
TU endeairon of Grotlus (1643J ... . . 483
Hi* cloctrinal po*itlon . > • ■ • 481
Lalbnlii and BoMoct . . • • 4M
End of tho efiorts a( mnlom ■ «N
KXXH
OOmZKTS.
CHAPTER XIV.
rax ooNen-nrrio)' or tiik i-aoresTAXT csCRcnea xw tbiu
RRLATtOX TO TIIK CI TIL AVmOllITT.
Or^uiizalioD of PraUutaBtuin notaoiform in tlie dlffuruit coiio-
trica Ail
PpotCBlautj iii)I(«il in oppoiiox Church {;:OTvrnment hf a prioal-
bood 4S8
Tbe principtea of LuUier rupooiing diureli itolily . ■ . 489
Hot mUzod ikD<l Tmhy 4Sa
Latber and McUnclboii on (Iw sntlicri^ of riril ruler* in Um
Churcli 4S»
Two cliAraclrTUtIc featurM o( tho Lathcrnn poli^ . . 491
Oriiln or c<inii<turics 401
Tho Sy&o'l flf Itunibore in lluiw 4l>S
Uvtiuu'* vpiukiti (it* lu ]>likD of Church goTcrament > . . 491
Keelati— ticnl Kovenunost by princet b Lutberau aUtet . . 494
namk* on •rliich ft «u foundod 494
('liurcli i;iircrnm(TDl in tho Refurmod CkurcliM • . > 49i
Z'lnf^la'i (i;»t«in 4Sd
Calvin'* lli«orj uf Church goTOrnmciit . ■ . . . 49T
I'bo olvll BUthirrlC)' Iwnnil U rappraM error .... 497
Tbo PrMbylariau constitution in Fisnoe and in Scotlnnil • 493
IIm AnjUcnu MUblUhuont 499
Vivlou* llieorio* i RrMtiuDlflTi; IIooW .... AOO
WarburUin'i thcoTjr; Cdc.riilicu'* tlicoiy GDI
OUiUlone; Chalinon : Mamiitn}- AOl
ConvocalMO in llio Kngliak Clitirch S04
Bdlarmliio on Uio indirect nutliority of tbo Fbpe ia nJation to
tlie lomponl poiror Jtoi
Tbo Jcnlta ndvocato popular toven-ignty 309
ProtctUiita m^ntj^ tho dlrine right of kinj;t . . .SOS
Tho lyflom of tliL> Nvw Eoifland colunisls . . . , MS
DMhtotion bvtwuvn ri/inouth anil MiuxachuMtU . . ■ fit*
Thx Kflir Kngluntl Kccleaiaatieal Sj'cIcbi 509
Ko([(.'r Williaini advooatoi religious Utwnjr (circa lfl3&) . . SOI
The Bonun Oalholio Church in the United State* ... Mt
O0NTEST8.
yxjjn
CHAPTER XV.
ran BKt.ATiox or piiotutaktiam to ccLivat axd oivjus..*
TIOM.
Nooe>«u]r to cooililer IWu In oonoecUoo with prlootplM t SU
Genwnl eomporitoii of Callioljc uul I*rotvfltuit aatioM . 9t*
PMMgS Grom Macaulaj- S14
Pua^[a from Carlyle All
feAueaiM of ProWttanti^m apon Ubertjr , , . sis
l*oUiical effect! of Uic Itcformation 511
WL&I ProiMUuiUin <li<l Tor liborl/ In Europo . . > 51b
In tba Ud1i4.i1 Sutci 515
ProteBtanlD liuvu been guilljr of perwotilion .... 91<
Tkit adiitlttoil to bo Inconiiitcot with their principlM . . 51T
Koiniui CatlloJict^ how Gir reiponisiblu now for perMcution . 51S
In<liicncs of Ihe Kcfonnoition on litcnturo and Kiencc . . 519
Ttw iMMiiplunIa of Enumus 519
EIToctof tha «3itInclioa of Prot«itiuiti(m In Spain . , . 590
Lou of inlellMlual freedom and nctivilf .... 531
BITeot of lh« Mttlnotion of rrou«Untlsn in luljr , . . 513
Decline of liicratum and art 5S1
Perwuutlon of GuUloo 523
'ilio groundB of hii condi-mnntioa 534
UleratuM in Franco 5ia
Tha nvliibitor)- nnd KxpurRntory Induxca ■ • . ■ 588
EfFpct of die censoDiliip of books, on Icnlj 5Sf
Crnkonilup of book* tn pTOlcitant countric* .... 5S7
The proM in iho Puritan porioil ; MiJion 9M
Thajtrcttfaner th« Rutoratlon 638
ESdneatMit }ty the Jmiits and their fchulnnhip .... 519
Tho raadiag of lh« ttiblo ; policy of tbo Church of Romo . 5M
VThy ibu litity fint ncttleoted tho Itilile 531
lattjlectual (direet of the rvoding of iIm Bible In Prol«ttaiit «m»-
triM on
Influence ot die IWommtlnn on Kngllah Llienliire . . OSI
Ball^om tonn of Eliinlietliaii writer* MS
Effect of iIm ItefomiUion on the Gtvman InioUoot • ■ • 6H
lu intvllrciiul cITrct in ilnlloxid nod Scotland • ■ • 515
Inflnence of ihu Rtforuiaiiun un Philosophj • . • . 53C
Hw Rcformcn* opinion of Arixtoilo 538
ItenovnCion of philoMphy by Bacon and Dca Cartca . . 5IT
Itaoon'* inndoncj" congpnlnl wiili PrvioBtAntlfrn . . . 5S7
XXxIt CftXTENTS.
Tlie CdJlcilan nictliod in cootrMt wiili Uio Tklodinral SM
BerMnal hialory kivl relatlOM afDw Cules (I60G-166O) S39
Hit tytttm condcDiluid b^ Uio 8orbotinn &S9
Induoncv of iho Iti-for>Da.tJoa on olbor icienoot . • ■ MO
rraU<i)Ut>i]*m and ihc Fioo Am MC
CompikriMn of Uiu Girnuiu and Uie Lntia oatiooa • > > MO
An in Oia NotltM-Uiida Ml
SSoct of thn Kefornution on Rvligion 64 1
IteligioD cd'ential 10 civSIUAtJon . . . . . .Ml
Oripn of ialiJcUty in Eurapo M!
ftaMUaat dogmatiaai prordcee & nvolt MS
Tbi* li carriod to an cUmiM 54S
RiM *ad ipTvnd of DuUm ...•.*. M3
TnnrilloD to P&DthclnD A44
BcepddMn Lo Boman Calholia aoantriaa M4
Ocnnaa lUtioaallmi Ila twofonni M5
Bin of Uie OrillMt Sdiout MS
Delstic and Paathoiirtlc lUtionnlUm MG
Bcbleicrmacher MO
Meander oa the ortgb and tyfat oT Batiomalifa* ... MO
Unllipljrliig of ProtoaUnt wcU 548
lu «ffMls M8
SouToe of thcM divUlooi ...••■•. M
Tcndencj to onit^ .......•• £50
Rindplo of progittM tn Praifittaatlim ..... ftSO
hotcataat and CatkoUo Miaaoa* 6M
ChrialJ&nit}' not lioatDe to etduir» UI
TRnof of the Middlo Agea ....... SSS
ProtcttnniUm aroldi It . OU
APFKNDIA.
I. A ClIROXOIXKilCAI. TaDI-K . . . .
II. A List or Booxa on tub RBTOsifATiOir
WDEX
&S5
Ml
THE REFORMATION.
CHAPTER L
mBODUOnOK : THS GKKEBAL OHAUAGTEB OV THX
BETORMATION.
Toe four most prominent vvents of modora history ftn
tho invnaion of tlim Imvburiaiiii, which hleiid<!(l Uie Ger-
miui and Roman elements of ciTitixatJon, and subjected
tint ntiiiT nntions to tho inSucncc of Christianity-, tho
crusades, which broke up the stagnation of Earopean
soeMty, mhI by inflicting a blow upon tho feudal systism
opened a path for the cenbroliz-atioii of the nations and
gOTammenta of Europe; tho Roforniution, in wliicli ro-
ligion was puriBed and tbe human mind emancipated
from sacerdotal authority ; und the Frunch Rovohition, a
ti«n)«ndouH stnij^te for politioU equaUty. 'llie Refor-
mation, like these other great social convulsions, tras long
in prcjMinttion. Of tho Fr«)ich RcToluUon, tho last upon
tJiB liiit of historical epochs of capital importance, De
Tocqacvillu ob«orvcs: "It was loast of all a fortuitous
event. It is truu that it took tlie world by auqirine ; and
fet it was only tho completion of travail most prolongod,
lb« sudden and \-inIe.nt tcmuiiaUoa of a work on whicn
ten gvnora^ons had been laboring."' The method of
IProridcnco in history is iievi^ir mngiea). In proportion to
the magnitude of the catastrophe are the length of time
and tlio varit'ty of agencifJi which ar« employed in pro*
I ^iKHii Ktgimi <t In RtmliUicK |Ttb td., IBM), ^ SI.
I
2 TRE REKBHATtON.
dnoii^f it, Eventa, because they are anexpected and
' Btartling, arc not to bo oscribi^^ niorcly to somo proxi*
mitccedent. The I'roU^stant movemciit is often
lecd ii]>on us hardly less pn'krmitural and astotiisliing
than vould be tlie rifting of the sun At midnight. But
th« more it is i>xumin»l. tlie lees does it wear ibis mar-
Teloua napoct. In truth, never was ft blstoricjj crisis
I mora elaborately prepared, and tbis through a train of
' cauaea whioli vvrox-h buck into the remoto past. Nor is it
' tlio fact tJiat such events are wholly out of tiie reach of
liumiui fi>reKtg)it ; tbuy cost tliuir ^ludowH before ; tbey
are tlie object of presentiments more or less distinot,
•omctimcM of duflnitc prediction.'
But in avoiding one extreme we are not to fall into the
Ute. Wo must tako into account the jicraonml qual-
I aod the plastic agency of individuals not letu than
the 0])i'nition of general causc-s. Especially if a revolu-
tion in Imig I'Ktabli.thod opinions and hnbtta of f<t«liug i«
to take place, there must be indi^-iduala to rally upon ;
OMD of power who arc able to create and sustain in
others a new moral life which they have first realized in
tliemsclves.
Notwithstanding tliat tlirev ccnturic» have since elapicd,
the real origin and eigni(ic:inoe of the Reformation remain
R fiubjoct of eontroveray. The rapid spread of Lutliur'a
opinions was attributed by at least one of his contem-
pornrieR " to a certain uncommon and malignant poi<ition
uf tho stars, %vhicli scattered the spirit of giddineaa and
■ Tvcfilir yrm Man the accfuion of Loiiia XVI.. Lord ChuIirllEM trroM!
"laahon, all the ij^mptonu wbich I hire *ver met wiUt in hidlorj-, prtTlaiu to
gnucibaagei and nroluliana in |:ovemini!n(, nnirtxiK and dillj liumwo la
Fr«s«*." I'ht«l«rl1»l<l'> Lillm (Dvo. M, ITtlt) ; i)Tint«a br Carl<rle, Aitfary iff
ll« ntiidt Rtti'ltiliim, ch. ii. In Uic fiflpvntli ctntuiyi then nun able mcii
wlw ladud tonranl loan Mrktlulical rrtnliiliun. Canlinsl JulUa Ca'MrinI,
who M papal Ipcato pn«iil«d at Ilit Ciuncil of llulir, in a lrll«r (O Pop* Eugtm
IV., In IUI,[iT«dirt«d a icnat ujirlaint-ut Ills laJi^ tor iho omlhrDirtl a car
nipt rlttiC7. and a lifnajr man lonnidahla than llial at Uio Bahimiani. f'/nit
I, Julian, C»rd,, In lliv tf/ttra jKmei* Syln'i, p. 00. ll I> Kivrn in pari bj
KajmaTiIut. 14J1, Ko. 39 : rstnda in OioMlar, I^«d. ni. t. c I, { IM, n. 9.
TRBORIF^ BF-SPKCTIKO THK BEFORUATION.
I
mnoTftHon orer the vorld." * Althoagh the astrological
solution liuH no tulvocutvs left, it whs not wholly implau-
siblo in that ago when Uie ancient art of foretelling tlie
future by an in«pectio» of the stars connt«d among ita
boU«v«re 80 acoomptishecl a scholar as MfilaitctJion, a
stntcanuui as na^^acioiiS' as Burleigh, and a far^Kghted
eccleBiaatic like I'ope I'aul III., '* who appointed no im*
portant fitting of tho conuatory, undertook no journey,
without ol»s«*rving the o^nstellation* and chootung Uio day
whioh ftpp«Lrud to him recommended by their aspect," '
But oUier vxplutuitions of the Prot^'stiuit movement,
which are hardly less imaginary and inadequate, Iiave
been gravely Biiggt-sU'd. When tho reigning Pope, Loo
X., heard of the onmmntion that had aiisen in Saxony, he
pronuniiccd it a EKjuabble of monks. This judgment,
whioh, coniuilering the time and tlie aourco from whioli it
came, may not occasion mudi euqiriae, ia reechoed by
writers ao antJigimiHtii; to one anotlier in their spirit m
BoaauQt and Voltaire: one the cliampion of the anti-
> JdTJUK, //uIvrM.Lul.UU.p. ISIiqnoMbir RoUrlmn, IfUlory o/Chartu
v., iNok li. ,
■ fiukf, HuOiry 0/ Ut Popa (Mn. Au-Iiii'n (niuil.l. i- il». 303. Oil 1^
ind«*ii(a ot vtniloi-r in llnlir, tram Ui« lliincenlb ccDlurr, icc llmcktucdl,
tfU CiiI'Mr il. Ri n.ii'uinri in llalUn, p. (IS Mq. In t*Id ni II allackol \if
r*lr*nli. *n<], in cninmon wilh ulrhmn/, danounud by lonu of III* popaik
M*Uiic<linn pm[«i«M hit ftiili I11 ulrulO|;<r- Corput R^omaUmm. lil. bIS.
Ibit lh<lr>«^-l1l>llkilll;PI>|"|''>1l*>'Ii| x"! iliv nUlirattd pabllebtBorlln, tliund In
Itwi (ndiility. ESkk l^^i-ky, IliMarg b/ Itulonntitn in Otngn. I. 384.) CWll
contullnl MlnvloKT n*[H<i'liiiK Quetn KUtabcib'* inarriagc. In lli« (IxtMQtb
tMlBfj, tba tmnuui utnlDebl, Kwln<tainu*, Ku pnlraniuil by Utnuy ||.
■BtlC'baria IX., and wuviiitod lnbl)rcimiiit SilonbjrpinODROf itiiiMi;hMl
4UlWilun. Hvtn iIm gnmt uttonomtn, Tycbo Unbo and Kfplir, .lid net
sire U|> Ibo Ulb la nrtrolosj. Tli* laltrr, (mm a ■dulr nf lh> «gn»l«)laliiini
unilcr vlUcb Wallenfldn wai born, dcHribcil hi» rbarartvr (Ranks, CmcAMM
ir*l)riii((>'>H. p. \ t. Wal!m«1cin't own ilcvollon In utnilUKj i> itiaila (•iiiiliiii
by Iht itiamai ul Scblllfr, Lord Da«nn, Bllhniij;1i In prunouncta tkilralofi^
"aftfutl •<( >o|>!rilillnii llmt tairt anrlhinir aound ran b« illaconrtd la It,"
*OuU Mill " rullicr litTC It piirifleil ihan ati"t;ii(livr njHrlid." and adiutti lau>
'Sum .VftrxIoE?'/' prr'ticiian* <it iv1il'<in>. Kbiimi, and " all commollnniol
Kteatar revolrilium i.[ lliinj.-*, nnluml a. w«ll a* clvO." />« Aai/. AoVal., lit.
It. tl Hiinly a> a l-rnntb of ptiriin and oa Ihc baiiaol induction, bo«*v»,
be (lloKt any plot) (vi ulnlog]'.
4 TUB Rtfl^KHA-nOll.
prutcBtant th«olagy, and ttie other the leader of the jinrty
of [ix-e-tliiiikur8 in thu liwt cviiturj'.' Evqu a Uvijig Ger-
man liistoriaii, a learned a« well aa brilliant writer, biiciiIu
of tbo Reformation as an academical quarrel that s>>rved
na n ittioleua for nit the disconteut of a turUuIont :i(p'.'
It is true that an Augustinian monk began tlie conflict by
: asMiiling wrtain practices of a Dominican, thut tiicli
foun<l intioh mip)X)rt in lila ovrit ordcTi and that the rival
univi-raities of NVittenberg and Leipsio enlisted on oppo-
s'te sides iu the strife. But tbvHu are men incidents. To
bring tlieni forwiinl as principal eatiaea of a miglity his-
toric L-liange, is little short of trifling.' A clam of pcmnns
1 dispose of the whole question in a summary manner by
calling the lleformation a ncvr phase of tliD old conflict
whidi the Popes hud wagnl mth the Hohenstaufen Km*
perors ; of tlte struggle between civil and ecclesiastical
. Btithority. But the Reforination was not confined to
Germany : it was a European movement that involved a
religious revolution in the Teutonic nations, and power-
fully affected the character itnd destiny of the KoniAiiio
peoples among which it fiviled to triumph. Moreover,
while the political side of the Reformation is of great
importance;, both in the invcsligation of tlie causcfl and
effects of Protestantism, this is fur from buiiig the exclu-
dve or even predominant element in the problem. PoUt*
■ iol agencies were rather an QtEcient auxiliary than a
direct and principal cause.
Gulitot has prenented his riows respecting the nature
t Tolulrc, fMaiiar Itt Mmri, rh. I3T, Dii:l. PKtt. (ArL CUmut\ ; Komdii,
Vntinliutt dti Prnl. ; (f'lirrrt, t. t3l. The Mtna thing i> tald by Ituiiu.
"Kutin LDlh«r, ■» AiiKlIn fri*r, prcfmor in (lif Unirfnltir of WIltcnbeiK,
nwaCing Ihf dffmiil i>ii( wpna hi* ordor," tic. Ituttiry of Koflaiul, ih. xxix.
* htit, Uniurttljfi'^hithlt, Hi. r. 3.
■ Than it nnt di' •lij;litn-t t^iiin<1 fnr Ih« notloo tliit LDlIi«r WM aftuled bj
icwntiiipnl ■< ■■li]:Iil uiwci hit nrilvr. Ai it the itliiwul of in-lut|fTn<:n wm iw
biraor tlial lir renliul ! But il in not tmo that Ihiii bunlnm lixl bwn niually
Kn to Ilin AoKmliTiinim. fii^e Pallnriiini, lib. I. r. .1, i 7 i Wsiidlnt;Ua
tryaf Ikt lltfortn<tlim, F. ISl. Til* ofiipii of Ihi* Imjinliil on ctit^louij
■ Uaml by tlixtclur, ChtiriA tliilory, I.-. 1. 1 f I, ii. 17.
I
I
THEORIES RESPECTtKO TDE RE(-0RUAT10K. A
the KcfDmiAtion, in r lecture dovotod to Uiui topic*
The Keformation, in bis judgmeut, was an effort to deliver
hoDiiui mason from thu boiida of uiitliority ; " it wiui un
inMUTOction oC tbn human miiid against tlie absolute
power of the epiritual order." It nas not an accident,
the ntiilt of suin« casual circuin«tanc« ; it wns not nniply
an effort to purify the Church. The oonipreheiiaive and
ntoHt powerful cause was thu dcrsiro of thu huinun mind
for frotKlom. Free tliouglit «nd inquiry are tlie iegitj-
innte product, the real intent of the moTement. Such is
Guizot's inbvrprctiition. But hv in citrcful to add tlutt hia
de&nitioii doeti not deacribe the conscious purpose of tlic
acton who achieved tho revolution. TIiu RcformutioB,
bo Bays, "in t)iii« n-.Kpix't p<^rfi>rnied more than it under*
took, — more, jinibably, tluin it desired." " In point of
/iurf, it produced the prevalence of free inquiry ; in point
of princififf, it b(-lit'Vi-(l Uiat it was substituting a legiti-
mate (or an illegitiuiato power." The disUnction between
tho oonflcious aimK of tlie k^ndcra in a rerolntion, and the
teal drift and ultimate efft-et of tlicir work ; betireen tlio
direct end which tbey endeavor to secure, and the deeper,
bid<]cn im|Mi!.ti!, the umlercurrvnt by which they «re
really impellcil, is one that is proper to be made. It
would npjK-iir evident, also, that tliu overtlirow of the
autbority of the Cliurch muat affect tlie prindplo of ao-
ibority in general ; so far, at least, as eveiitmiUy to lead
to a scrutiny of tlu'^ fuuiubitions of authority whorurer it
iaOBBunted to exist. Yet we venture to oonuder tlie in>
10q)ri;tatJon of Guizot defuctivu as confining the import
and effect of the Heforniation within too narrow limits.
The Ri-Iommtion claimed to be a reform of religion ; it
was certainly a religioiiA n^vnhitioii ; and rebgion is so
great a coiiceni of man and so deep and perraaive in ita
influence, that (his distinctive feiiton; of thu Ruformntion
auut bo held to bcloi^ to ita easentiftl cJnuaeter. Is
1 &«c<WjVi>idryyCMlUraihSlir9«l tKl.all.
0 THE BEFORMATIOW.
other words, the altimate uotivo and final effect is not lib-
erty aloiio, bat the improvement of nili^on likewise.'
There i.s n cliun of wrttfra who would iiuike the Kcfor-
■nation a transitional era. paving tho way for £re«think-
Ing orunhiilief. We might sny that Uiere are two olanea
who advocate thia view. On the one hand Roman
Catholic writt-rs have fr«[ii«ntly declarwi ProtCBtaiitiKm
tlio natural parent of KatiniialiHm ; and on the otlier
]iand, Rationalista thcmsolvnt, who ii-ject ChriHtlunity a*
a HujK^riinLiinil and autlioritativo «ystoin, have upplatidod
the Reformation as a step tovrard their position. Both
clafiSL's of critics proceed on thu assumption, tliat tho
ChrtHtinn religion is 8o far coincident with the mediaeval
system, th:it the fall of thu latter logically cjirrii^ with it
the abulitjon of the former. Time was required for tlieso
latent tendenoice of Protestantism to develop tbemselvee ;
they were bidden from tlic iiycs of the Reformdre them-
sulvos ; but, it U alleged, they have since become appar-
ent. This diameter was imputed to I'rotest^intism, on
it« first appoiLnuicc, by its enemies, uid is often charged
upon it by its theological adversaries at the present day.*
Thus, Balmes, the author of un extensive work on the
oomparative effects of Cntbolieism and Prolxvitimtiiun
upon civilization, maintains that the'^^tem which he
opp'iiicsU'atla toatheiHm.* Another recent Catholic writer
affirms, that "the pnnciplc of Riitionaliitm is inherent
in tlie very natnre of Protestantbm." * For tlie opinions
> ElMiTlMn GdImC hliDHlf M<ra that lb« Reformatioa wai afcntiklly hoA
iMBi 1b« -nrf flnt ■ rIIkIoiui ntarm ; and thtx, u to potlilci, " thrir mn Iti
MMMuy DLMiu bai not In tlilgf aim. " — jtr. Lfmit nml Cnlri*, p. IM.
* IIodIbI^v itaie* thai liSi Itibei bptpui to iDilrart bli (iiinitir In nklnnl
IbwIoR?. on Ibc flnt Mpprnniiirc of PrDlMtantuin, fTom ihs beUct Ibsl it wocM
ImiI id iibiliin. — £<»>». II. xll.
JVtiI(>rii*(i>in niul CntKnUatni rumporfJ in liilr F^tttt on >t« Cirilimtion
^Smvp* (EngUsb truululion. Bolliuuirc, ISJII, p. OU, and tbo nolc. p. 428.
* J. B. BcbnlMn, B»i., in l]i« Life of Dr. J. A. Mutilcr, prTnIt^l to the V-og.
BA tmulation of Hohlor'a fynhnlitm. p. xxxill. tliit^ti'lilrr birnxrtf ipprtn
U dlnCBl Irani Ibe lunuJ Caltiotlc npntralalinn nn Ihit iraint, anil U> rvf-wj
■Mimalinn u llw oppotlW of primitiro I*ro(e(laali«ro. Vtrl n. % IJv. !•
REUTION 0» I'SOTESTANTISII TO KATIONAUSU.
7
N
at thfi free-tliinkiiig soliool un UiU p(M»t, we may refer
to tbu eerii^ft of historical works by M. Lauroat, wluvli
ooDtain nitidt viUmtblc iiifonnatiuii, v-.i{ii'oiiilly upon Ute
Middle Agea.^ Tbia writt^r holds that Clirislianity it»elf
M to givu place to a religiou of tlt<! future, the prodw
cLaracter of which he does not pratend to deecribe. lie
docliirM thai ruvtralwl religion stuuds or laUa witlt Iho
Papacy, and that Prot«.itiLnU»m "leads to the deiital of
tlio fundatnontal dogmas of historical Christianity." *
Be bails tbo U(^ornu\tioii an an intermediate stage in the
progress of mankind to that higher pUuie whero Cbii»-
tianity is to be gupirswlf.l, 'Wiii.-tlior Pratcstutitism fo»-
(uTS infidelity or not iaaqui iihl M-hieb can be more intel-
ligently considtirud hereafter. It nuiy bo obaorrMl Iitfro,
however, thnt the K<:-fi>rnaors thcmselTei considered tliat
their work arreeti'd tbo pTOgressof unbelief and saved the
religion of Europe. Luther nays that midt were the
e(M.>leBi:istic:i1 abuses in Germany that frightful diaoi-ders
would iiil'uUibly huvv uHni-ii, tlml ittl religion would luivo
perished, an<l ClirUtians have become Epicureans.' The
iofidolil^ that bod tnkeii rout luid sprung tip tn tlieHtroiig-
holds of Uio Cliurcli, in conuei:tioii tvith the revival of
clnsstcfd k-arniiig, throjiti»ti.Hl to sprcod over Europe.
Melanctboii, !ii ii fiiniilinr hitter to a, friend, nflirm.i that
fur more si-riouB di£turbAne«s — longe graviorus tumultus
— would bavo brok«n out, if Lutlmr had not appeared
and turned the studies of men in anotbor direction.* Th«
Reforiiuition brought u revival of rt^ligious fooling, and
r«aalt«.-d, by a reactionary inHuence, in a great quick-
•nMlnr piMti boirtrtr, ha floda in panllicifin ■ laKLcal mull a( riiili«tiiil
vtaw» dl prtdiMtntticn. f "•,
■ Th« title «t Uio Rrin U £iihI<4 nr PHlMiiirt Jt FHiimatuU, par V. Ian-
RM, ProtMMur > I'UnSitniid d« 3miI.
*" tiB proMnlniitiim* confult k U n^KitJon dot ituKOim tunJaiiiDUUiu da
IeluWlaniiniii lil>(uii<|ur." — /« PapauU ti FEmfirt it'itb, ISOOJ, p. 41.
• Ua W<IU, Lalhtr; Brit/i, \L. 4SD.
*Al C-inrrarHiN (ISSl), C»rrmB^.,\. lOSl. SMIhoKBuriu OtHoutiMr
B THE HEPORMATIO!).
Miing of ruLigioui ukU witliin Uic Catliolio body. Laurei
biinBeLf elaenrhere aiErms tbat id Uie stxteentli century,
roligiuQ vnia in a statu of ilocudcnco and tlireatened with
ruin ; * tliat Litth<;r vfTvctMl n religious revolatjoii in th«
mind of aii ngt! tliat waa inolined to inlideli^ and nior>
ing toward it at a rapid pae« ; * tbat ho was a reformer
Ua CMJtolidsm o» xr^M as for Protestantiitin ; tliat th«
Reformation nas the foe of infidelity and saved tbe
C'lirittian world from it. Hut wt ratnnot puniuo tlio tupic
in tliii) place. Let it suflice here to inter^Kiite a wanting
against incautioiu giincniliuitiuD.
ITio Hefornuition, whatever may have been its latent
t«iideficica and ult«rior constMiucncc*, was an went within
tlio domain of r<rIigton. From this point of view it most
fint, and prior to all H]>vcalatj<):i upon its indirect and re
mote rcsulta, Iw oonteinplitted.
What was tbu ftinditincntjd chiiractoristic of this revo-
lution? Before, a vast imlittition bad been intt^rpoetKl
botwoen the indindual and tJie objects of religiotm faitli
and hope. The Ki-fonniitiuu changed all tbta ; it opunud
to the individitid a direct accesa to tlio heavenly goinl of-
fered him in the Gospel.
The German nations whirli vHtiiblisln^ theinsclvcji on
the ruins of the Roman Empire, rocdived Christianity
with docility. But it wjus a (Jhriatiaiiity, which, tliotqjh
it retained vital elements of tlio primicive doctrine, had
bvcomo transformed into an external theocracy with itt
priesthood and oerumonice, It was under this mixva
system, this combination of the Gospel with cliaracter-
Lstic features of the Judaic dispenwition, Umt the now
uatiooe were tniincd. Such a typo of Christianity had
certain advantaged in rt>l:ition t^» their unciviliitod condition.
Its externahty, its legal character, as well as its gorgeous
ritual, gave it a peeuliur jtower over them. But ati
through tlic Middle Ages, uhiUt the outwanl, theoccitic
> U lltfiir»€. p. 4a. t IVJ., ,,. 4M.
ntOTESTAXTtSU ItAS A fOSlTH-E SIDE.
9
^
alement tJtnt hml been gruft«<l oil Oliristiiuiity dtiTnloped
ttseif more iind more in the polity and worship of th«
CliUTcli, ill© ri>ju;ti»ri;iry C^mlion of tim primitiw, Bpir-
ituul idea of the Jdiigdom c^ God wiu likewise more and
mora miuiifest. Witliin the stately and imposing fabric
of the ecoleeiasljoal system, there was a force, as it irire,
iinprimmed, strnggUng for freedom, and gradually acqoir-
ing strength sufficient to break down the wall that oon-
liiiixl it. '*'l1ie Rvforniation, viewed in its most general
ofaaracter, was tlie R-iictiun o( OiiriatiHUtty u Qospel
■gaiiMt CIiiiHtionity aa law." ' It must also be remem-
ht'ii'il tlutt with thu trR<Iitional fonn of Clii-!i«l4iLnity
" thi-i-e WHS banded down, in the aacred text itaeU, a
KNiroe of diviiH> knowledge not vxposcd in like manner
til c-orniplion, fniin wbicli th» Church might learn how to
distiiiguieh priinitivu Christt;uiity from all subs<3^ii(^nt ad-
ditionth and so carry forwnrd the work of purifying the
Christian ix>ii9cioitsneBS to ita entire couiplotiou."*
Prutistatittvm, thcrcbre, bad a positivu as %toU as a ntsg-
lUive ude. It had something to assert as well aa sonid-
thin^; to deny. If it discarded one int«rprctntiun of
(/hi'icitiiinity, it <'n])oiiii>^ anoUier. Old beliefs were sitb-
Tufted, not aa an eifeot of a mere pasftion for revolt, but
tiiniugh litis (^!:tpii!t>ivc power of deeiK^ nouvictiotis, a
purer apprulicuiiiiiti of truth. The liberty which the
Kufuniium prizwd (irat and cliicfly vas not the ab^tnict
right Ui chotiMi <>n<;'H cretnl williout confltmijit, but a lib-
erty that llows front tht; uiiforL'«d appropriation by tho
soul, of trutli in liamiony witli its inmnst nature and tta
■.tritwriuita iiocessitjes.
It is ovi<lcRt, also, from the foregoing HtnteiniMit, that in
Protestantism there was nn objective as well aa a subjoo-
tWs (acti>r. 'i"ho new type of w-ligion, diH-pIy rootnd
< tIBmMi, ff^unBiafoNH fnr Jrr J'r/'-rmillm, i. |i. xili.
* H«inl«r, Ctnt '•>! tlitl-if <•/ U« Clriilim KiUi/iim iiiut Clunk iTtimy'i
BmiI-), iii. I Ml, Tlia vJKW Uk<*n in Uia piincnqih tbort tobaluUalhr ■»
■wh olUk lli«l ut N««n<Ur in Uii p*i*^n Ttfantd la>
10
TUK SErORUATION.
tlioiigl) it was in tubjccUvo impulses and oonvivtioDb,
Dwoil its bt'iiig to tlie diivct contact of tlie mind with the
Scri[>tun.-«. In them it fouiul uliko it« wniroo nod its
KgulutivQ norm. This distinguislKia FrotestAntiini, hit-
toriadly considered, from nil morementfl on the plane of
nittunil rvligiuii, niid etampa upou it a distinctively Chri*-
tiiui cliitnicter. Tliv ntiw spintiial lifo had consciously iCa
f(>ui)tikin-li<-it(i in thn writiugti of Iho I'l-ophots and Apo«-
Ue9. Tlicri! was no prvtciisv of doviitiiig a new nrligioD,
but only uf nifonning tite old, acoordiug to its own au-
tlioritative standards.
Yut tbo ProtrstJint Refumicra, in transfeiring their al-
Ir^iauoe fi-oin tlie Cluir<:li to ttw Word of God, praoticiilly
iiMortod A riglit of privabu judgment'. Tltetr proceeding
wiia foundwl on a Bubjoctive, personal oouriction. Deny
to the individual this ultimata prvi-ogutive of deciding
whurc uutliority in matters of religion is rightfully placed,
and then wluit the acknowledged rule of faitli means, luid
tlivir whole movement bt-oi)nii« indvfcnsibk', irrational.
Hence intoUix-tual liberty, freedom of thought tuid in-
ijiiiry, vraa a consiMjuenee of the Refurmation, that could
not fail to be erentually re:Uixed.
lint whilu the Rvfurniation in its distinctive cliamutiT
w a religious event, it is not tut isolated phenomenon.
It is a part luid friiit of that general progress of society
which marks tlie fifteenth century and thu opening of tlie
stxtvttiith OS the period of tran^itjon from Uiu Middle
AguH tij modem civilization.' This was the period of
iuTuntions and discoveries ; when tlie magnetic compiua
mming into general use enabled adventurous mariners
to sti-or their voMcls into rcmotu ee!U(;when gunpowder
revolutionized the art of war by lifting the pea^smt to Uio
level of tJm knight : when printing by movEiblo typei
I Wabtr, Willf*teUtAU, Ix. )r)T. Purur, //iM, Jtt Ttmpt Sftiltmt (ll»
ITMI, p. 1 •"■ J. 1. Itaiir, A'JrfAnvtNAiotri, p. lU t«|. UuDboUl, £o»
ma* tlMui'* vd.), IL Ml, tT3, (Ma.
THE BEFOKMAHOX SOT AN ISOLATED EVEST.
11
fomuliud u now Hint marvolouii lUbuna of Jiffiuuig kuowt
edge. It waa the era of gn«t nntiticitl discovcriuit ; wbea
Columbtu acMvd unot<b<T betuisptiere to the world aa
known Ui Kun>[K.wtti, und Vaitc'O du Gunui, luiliiig to Iil-
dia round ilm Cape of G4od Hope, opened a new highway
(or commerce. It wiut likuxnit*; the «ra wh«n tbu hvavciu
wre explored, aud Co]>ei'iiicus disooreri^d Uie true s^'stcin
at tliu iinivvno. Then, also, the masterpieces of auciuit
soulptui-e iuid UiD litJimry tceamn» of antiquity wuro
briiiigiit furtli from th<;ir tombs. It was the period of a
new lifu in art, th<.- ngu uf Raphael and MEohavl Angulo,
of Leonanio da Vinci and Albert Durer. The revived
■tudy of (ireiik and Latin lit^^'mture was directing intcl-
leotual activity into new diannolM. Equally niomvntouB
was the change in the political life of Euiwpe, Monarchy
having gained tiiv victory ovur fi-udulism, the principal
kingdoms, especially France, Sjwin, nn<l KngliUtdi wers
becoming consolidated. Tbo in\-iifi!ou of Italy by Charles
VIII., in 14114, eonimciicMd Uic wars of which Italy wiw at
oucQ tho theatre and tbo prixe, and the conflicts of the
EurojMiftn Stat<-s for tin; itcquiKition of twrrltoiy or of iis-
ceudciicy over one another. To the iutercourso of nations
by racaiw of coinnierci.-, which hud spruad from Venice,
Genoa, and tlie lowiu of tlii! HiuiM-iitic Lt^gne, llirougli
Ui« n-st of Western Eurojie, wiia added Uie inteixM)ur3is of
diplomacy. A »t«tu4}'«t«in was growing up, in which
tbv si'voral pcopK-R wvit! mopft clnwly connected by political
n'Litions. In the varimw i-liunjjcs by which tlie transi-
tiuunl ura is cUanicterixed, the ItDmiUiic peojilcs on the
wbolv t«f)k thi> h'ad. But th(.' I{o(oriaati<m in reli{poa
was not lh<'ir work.
As rrotcstantisin in its origin was not an isolated event,
•o it drt'w aft<-r it political and eoraal diangcs of the high-
est Diomi-nL Hence it pn-wnts a twofold aspect On
Uie one hand, it is a tranaforuuition in the Church, io
which arc involved contests of theolugiana, modifloatioai
12
THE BZrOSUATTOK.
ot cracd and ritiuil, new sjstema oE polity, an altered
typo of CLriBltnii lifv. On the other band, it in a groat
tnuuiurttcio, in which sovereigns and nations bear a part ;
Uw oocaaion of vnirs and trmtics ; Uio close of an oM and
Uto introduction of a new period in the history of ciiltare
lutd oivilization.
Hiu vra of tlie Reformation, if we give to the term
tliis uoiniimh).-ii*iTu muamng, embraces tho intvrval bo-
tWRon the posting of Luther's Theses, in 1517, and the
oooclusion of the Peace of Weatphalia in 1648.
CIIAl'TEU IL
IDE RISB OP TIte PAPAL IIIKRAKCnV AXD ITS DECLdE
niUaUCII 11IE CKNTUALIZATIUH OF KATIOMS.
OxE ossontial pnrt of ['rutratunUsm v,-as ttic abolilion
ct tliv nutlicrity of the Iilerarcliical order. ItoAsiict liiia
romu-kiHl thiit if it ia only nbuscs in tliu Churcli tbat
•cpurato ['roti-Niuntit from CiitholicA, tliftMi nbusea cnu be
remedied, aitd lima tite ground of the cxiHtcnoe of the
schism is bihun ftvmy.' IJut to say that the Rvforum-
tion began in u protvat iigiuiiHt Abuses of admiiilstratinn
b simply to aiy that ProttstanlJam was not fidl-gi-onii
at the start. In its mature form, as all tliu world knowa,
the Rvformation wiia a rejiic-tion of papal and priestly
autliority. In studying tho movumcnti this is one of tbo
main points t» which utteutiun miieit iHt dinwti'd. In
iiujuirin;; into Urn e.iusc-s of the Reformation, therefore,
via shiill first niviow tlm risu luid progress of thu hiur-
ardiica) syKti-in, und iihoiv how it had been wcjikenod in
the period immediately anteeedcnt to tiie sixteenth con-
tary. Wo bIimII tlien I'oiitemphite a varit^ty of UkU
which betokened a religious revolution and contriburnl
In produce it.
I IIm extnrtar iLu* iboMt b*tore Urn Ibrormilton buIiiiEtttdby th> lilKbMt
CMbolio KulhoridM. Beltmsin* nji : "Annit aliquot, aaioiimni IrfillxrtiiB
K 0*l*initlJca himils orirtlur, mills ffrmo «nil, ul \\ (fiUnt^r, i|<ii «tia<h
one Tlral«ii(, Dults (inintm) fmpe (nt in judlcllt vixl<°aBH(icu MivriUa. nulli
m ■Mlibut db«!f>l>na, nulla in urrit lilvrii (KKlili". niitt.i in nl-ut ititiiiit
fwdfEiliii. nulU tiroiH'inivplimi jtrn fntt r«li|Eiii^" Op'"^, ti- £K); ut i^^M^uf
ffid, />i*v. rf noruir'. r. 2S. t\)p« AdHat VI. runfiUiMil lu llir Illuluf Xii-
bImtk <■■ 1''^ Ihnt Ills i1n'|i^>( inmi|il.iin liail tiilKtril Ilia llolv So luiil
I till nni IfaraiiKli llii liiwr'ntnk- < I l)i<' 'Idikv. l:ayllll!llll^ AiituiUt,%nn
, NaWIi iir Sli-idan. I.i*. Hvr, aU-, Uo»iwl, Vnrialvmt Jn Pnit.,liYt.{.
ti\nrtt^ V. Mtit- flic Iftilvrt ul t ^vw 4 abvun^ 'v mmhQntlit UaliimpAltc
14 RISE AND OECUXE Or 1BE i-APAL lUEBARair.
The i<lwi of the nuUiority of the saccrdota] onler ia
•epamblc from tliv iilvu of |m|ml suprciiuicy witliiii it.
Yet, as a uiattL-i' of fact, inimy of the cauaes that t^tiJed
to die uvLTllintw of futtli in tho Inttcr doctrine, opL-nittsi
likevriiie U> iiii<terintiie thu former. The keystone of tlie
arch could not be loosened iritliout affectiug the Btabilitj
of ttio wliolf structure. In th<t {>n.'SL-nt vliapt^-r, tlic rise
and (tecliiie uf tlie papal dointnion will bo thi< nnin sub-
ject of attention ; and in trnitini; of the second bruiwrli of
the topic, Uto <l<Mlii]u of the Paiiacy, we Hiudl <lii-cet iittt'.n
tion ill piuiicnlnr to tiui infliieiiL-e of i\. cause which may
be denuiniiialeil tlie spirit of uatiomdisiii.
The n-ligioti of the ultl (IiHpt:nsation is declared in the
Old Tefttiuiient itaeU, by the prviphcts, to be nidtmental
Slid iutroductory to a more apii-ittial iij'atein. Tliis cliar-
acter of inwardness belongs to the religion of Christ,
vrbich, fur this reaiion, a Gttod to bo univcratd. Worship
U set free from legal restrictions, and from the external
and sensuous cbaiucteristicH of the Juwisli rituul. In one
gnuid feature, especially, is the relij^on of the New Te»-
twnent distingiiislicd from the preparatory system — tlie
■bsouoe of a mediatorial priesthood. The disciplca were to
form Hcommunity of brethren, who sJiould bu awuciati^
on n footing of ecjnality, all of them being illuminated
and dlrcctctl, ns well na united, by the one Spirit. The
penhrvtriug ulTorts of the judaiung party to prewrvo tlio
distinctive feature* of the Jewish ayslwm and foist them
Hpoii till! Cliurcli, failvid. The true, catholic interpreta-
tion of the Ooe])el, as giving liberty to the soul iind direct
access t» (iod tliron^h the one bi^;!) priest who 8iipei«
BOtlvA nil otJier priestly mediation — tli.it intcrpretatioa
to which nil of the Apostles assented in principle, but of
Fhich I'luil wftfisoclear and >tliMilfit.it an expounder — pnv
vitihtd in tlie Christian Bociotit-s tluit were early scsittered
over the Roman Empire. Their organization vras sim^a
The idea of a body iu wlueli, while all Uie int^inbci^ verve
KRiMmrE cmntcQ obganization.
IS
I
!T, tlify iu« still lulnpted to different ftiRctians,
I tlioy are Beverallv tle>ugnati:*<1 by tliv ruling
priiidplo — ivliich, in tha cjiao of the Chnrch, is tlic Di-
rinv S[(irit — Iny nt tlie Tcntl, As wm natuml, all of the
Cbristiniia in n town were nnito'1 in one society, or i-ccU'sia,
tliQ old Greek tei'tn for an iisseinbly lognlly callm] nnd
•iiRimnn<!<]. In vtn-h ntKi^ty llicr<? w«s ii boiird of [Kistors,
called indifferently elders, preabyto-a — a naini- talcrn
fniin tli« spiagof^iv) — or bislinps, ovt-woors, n name gireo
by tlie Greeka to persons cliargod with n gniding nvcT-
si^it in civil adiuiniBtnition, In the election of thi*in,
tlic body of ili:<ci{)tri« luul u controlling Toicc, iilcli'>ugh, as
long aa tliu Api>atli>s lived, tli«ir Huggeationa or Appoint-
ments would natiimlly bo accepted. TIil-a; officers did
not givo up, nt first, their ftcculnr oo«npatio»8 ; they wore
not even, nt the outnet, intrusted aa a peculiar fitiii^tion
with the businem of toiiclitng, which was free to all and
H]>ei-iiiUy tieYolvcd on a rliuw of jicraons wlin rcchk^! do*-
igiiittcd by their gifts for this work. Tlio elders, ivitli
tlio deaoona whose busin^ws it was to look after the poor
and to ])orforni kindred duties, were the offK-ors. to whom
eadi little commimily cnniinitled the lend in the innnngc-
mentoE its affairs. Tlie change that took phice, either
during or soon aft<.>r tlic ag<> of the Apostles, by whiL<li
precedence was gi\-cn in carh board uf paftton to on<! of
their number to whom the title of bishop was eschiaively
Appropriated, did not of ilifaOf involve any fnnd.vufntal
.ilt«mtion in the spirit or polity of the churdies.' Hut
> Th* polltjr of lb* Oiorch In tli* AfUMMa tg» \i aJmlniMy ilatcrlhiul bj
■mIio, /ha Aufdaftd. drUlt. KlrvAi ¥. iKrtr %'<:r/amt<ty I1S3T1, nlDioimh
E«ti»'i parlkultr ti7|iNli*id) ra>pc<;t)ii|i llic arljt'a ■>( ll>' K|ilit«pitle him fi>uart
DUla, if any (itor. TIk Kuinan ('ullinlk' aii-l Anglican vlrw, lh*t llii- K{>iii*-
fU», *• ■ ihi<!n(Tt olfit*. wu onlaliiM by ilie Atio<II» tnt Ihe whri1-< rliiircli. ii
MtlMalnad kj Waller, Kirr*riirfXi | ISili I'l., IMl I. Tbt coantrrian, nn Iho
fmlertuil li'lN <J W»l!fr'iwwki. lhjilo(Ri:lil«r, A'.rf*4iiP»<l(("lh»(l,,lir»).
Ikire b «n >l>lc hW"rii?«l PlftonnlJon nn Itie "l'hrl<ti>n MinWry " I>y IVrnf.
L%tili«ol, St. famft KfiUth H> litr /■;t(I<>p>'.iiu (U o<l>, )»■»). Tbt mom m<imI
Hkw of l*rvlf*i»iri> U adriKaloJ liy X*»oil« biuI Glnilrr in thiir Ctiimli hi.(i>-
iIm. Stc, ■'•o. JiLH-t.. nt f^fft. Pttiis «/ Itr .Vt» TtJfamnt (1STt>. 1^
iritilal Ilttriiuiv sn the labjNl U faansh lo tarn > llbrart.
16
BISR kiSV DROUKB OP TI[E PAPAL inKRABCUT.
w WO ftpprouch Uiu oloM of the second cvntiiry wo find
iniirla-<I rhiinpN, sotiitt of lli«m of :i \mrU'ntou» diameter
micti as indicate thitt the process of extpnmlixing tlie
Cliristiiui religion ami the idvii of tliu CliiircJ>, Iiiis fiiirly
in:t in. Tbo onUi'gement of the jtirisdiction of bi8]io)i3
)ty nxbvnding it over dependent dinrulira in tlie nciglilior-
)uyA of tlio towns, iiiid tlie iniiltlplyiii}; of chiircli offio'A,
iru diftngos of Icsa moment. But tJie ofEcers of tlie Church ^
ara msro and more assuming tlu' pojution of a distinct
uidor, which 10 placed n.1>oru the liiity and iii lite ap>
pointed iiUHlium of convoying to thorn grnco. The oon-
cption of a priesthood, after tho Old Ttaitiunent aystcm,
is attadiin'' itself to tho Chriattan ministry. Along with
tliia gradual change there is an imperceptible yet grow-
ing departure from tho fundamental doctnne of salva-
tion, as it had Itoon set forth by I'nul, and an iidnplion
of a more legal view, in which failli isidentilicd with doc-
*rinal belief, and hence ia coupled wilh workw, insU-iul of
being tLoir fmitfiil houiix-. This doctrinal cliangu and
Hum Bttributing of a priestly function and prerogative to
tho clcrgj', were not in any considerable degree the ro-
Hilt of eftorta on cite part of Jewish Christians and of
jndaiziog parties, which bad been early overcome and
cost as heretical sects l>eyon<i the pale of tho Church,
Tlioy were rather tho i)roduct of tendencies in huinaa
nature, which are liable to manifest themselves at any time,
and which serve to account in great part for tlie t'inuoioas
adherence of the Jewish sectaries to their ritual. Hut
tliCM tendencies were materially aiiled by the peculiar
.;lri:uraatancv8 in which the early Church was placed, of
which tlie abuse of iho Pjmline (li>ctrino by Gnostic and
b; Antinomian speculatioiia was doubtlcHs one. Then
were cnus>.-H whiiOi gave rise at onee to tho hier.irchiea)
i(]:-a or doctrine and tlit- liieriiri-hii-al [lolity. The penio-
cutions to whttjt Iho Church was subject at the hands of
ttic Roman goverun-i^nt, and atill moi'e tho great confli^l
OBOWni OP A mFKOCHT.
IT
tritii a awarm of hcrcticiU teudicn who sought to unol-
gamab} Cliristiauity witk various fomia of Greek and
Oriimlal [jliilosophv, suggv-stctl Uiu nuod of u more com-
pact orgu iiiy.it ion. Tiie polity of the Churdi iwtumlly
took a form correspouding to political models then exist-
ing. CoiifetlvmU-il goveriimciit wm something fiiiiiiliiir
to the Greek mind. The Church in the capit.il of a prov-
ince, with itti hialiop, easily ucquiixid a prvci-deDce oyer the
other churches and bitiliopei in tJie sanie district, and tluw
liie melroiwlitan i;yat«ra grew up. A higher grade of
enunfinou wan iKOnrrU-d to the hiithops and uliiii-clics of
the principal cities, such as Rome, Alexandria, nnd Epli&-
bus; and tlius vn have tlio g(.Tiiii« of a muru txt^-ndod
hierarcliical suray.
Even as early as tlie latter part of the second centur^r,
tboCliiirdi hiut pussi-d into tlie condition of a visible or*
ganized common wealtli. We find Irenajua uttering tiio
famous dictum that where the Ciiurch is — meaning the
visible body with it^t vler^^y and sacramenU — thonj is
'he S[Hrit of God, and where the Spirit of God is, there ia
tlie Churoli.' To be cut off from tliv Cluirch is to bo svp-
arated from CiirisL The Churcli ia the door of aoceos to
Ilim. We can ako readily aocoiiut f«r the importance
that began to be attiidied to tradition ; for the defenders
of Chri&tiauity against Gnostical corruptions naturally
fell back on the historical «videnoo afforded by tho pras-
laioo and testimony of Uie leading churclics which the
Apostles themselves had phmted. IrenfcuH and Tcrtul-
lian direct (he imiuircr to go to Corintli, Kphesiu, Roin«,
to the \>\acea where the Apostles had taught, and ascer-
tain whether tho novel spoculutions of the time could
JTistly claim tbt; s'-mctioii of the tlrat disciples of Christ,
I or had licen transmitttKl from tlicm.' It is tlie pre-
1 Ai!r. IT/rrtt., iii. Sil. f 1. Irvnsui wu Klxhnp of I.jmnt Imo ITT lo m.
■ tniiruii, Air. i/vr.rii. Hi. TfrtulUan, Dt Prainift. i/artl., c xxx*L
rotullttii, ■ rrmliytur >l ditllmK*, d »1 botiiMn 2i0 kii>l i40.
a
18
KISE A»D DEOUXe OF THE FATAL BUIRAKCSY.
i?iniiitn«o of Rome, as tfao custocliun of traditions, tbat
Iroii;i>iiH iiu-<tii3 to fisscrt in n not«(I possn^ in whivb be
exiilts that Church.' But tbia sort of i>m-tnin«noi> might
contribute to prepare the m»y lor another and a far dif-
ferent conception, whidi woald eonnect itxetf with it.
The unity of ttie Church, this great risible socittty of
ChriGtians, waa realized in llie unity of the Bacerdotal
body. It was iiiitunil to seek and to find a lii-ad (or this
body. And where .ihould it he sought except at Itome,
Uie enpitil of the ivorld, tlie s«at of the principal Church,
where, as it was generally and porhapii truly bolieved,
Peter u woll 08 Paul had perished aa martyrs? After
Peter came to be considered tho chid of the Apostlee,
and whon, near the dose of the second century, tlie idua
was sn^o-itt^d and becnine current that Pet*r had been
tnaliop of tho Homan Cliurcb, a strong foundiitiuu was
laid in the minds of men for tlie recognition of the pri-
macy of that Church and of its chief pastor.' Tlie habit
of thus regarding the see of Itoiiie, ho far gains ground
that in tuo middle of the third century we find a Oyprinn
whose zeal for episcopal independence would not tolerate
the subjection of one bishop to Anotlier, still spcu)(ing of
tliat see »i the source of sacerdotal unity." Tlie iitflu-
enoea that gradually built up the primacy of tho Itotnnn
hSshop, and Juid a spiHiial force of operation in th.) Westurn
Church, were multiforra. Rome had a preeminence and
a grandeur in the estimation of men, such as no mudum
cities, howeror splendid, liave ever rivaled. To that oap-
itel tlie nations had been accustomed to look with awe.
Something of this reverence was easily transft-rrt-d to th(j
Church which had its seat in the Ktcmal City. The ci»-
torn of regarding Uie Roman Empire as a divinely consti-
tuted theatre for tho Christian religion, which God had
1 Ub. III. Hi. 9.
■ His flnl mention of IVtcr u fUitiop nl Itonui is in Lh> Clrmtmtiin 0««iJ[«^
•llch vers comiMHil In the ialler ftrt of tin ni-and ci:alui]r.
1 El.. Ir -4 C^rml.
I
»
fiiT.cr.Dr:sar. or thb roman atuBCB. 19
ildwl for llii-t «i«l l>y ii Irtiig provideiitinl liistnrv, led
to consider the wipiwl of the Empire the predestiDMl
tnutrop:>lis of Chmtiuiiity. In timvs of pcrsocutinn, (iMt
first itittflligi^tioe of tlic gathering storm vfi\a oft»>n w>m-
ii)utiic3t«>d from the Romun Clnircli, \7ho»Q l>i«)iopii wore
likoly to Im the enrlioat victims. TIk* Itniiinii C'hiirch
waa reverwl as thw only apoetoUc seo in tiio W«t. Many
of Uie diiirdiex of Uio \Vt»t wore pUntnd l>y its ngency ;
many received from it pecuniary aid. There were (cvrer
eitiMthau intlm Eiutt,niid hrtnco fi?wor compotiton todu>
pate the pretensions of the Itoman bishop, and less room
for tlio drrelopmuiit of thu metropolitan sy8t«m, ii'liich tn
tlio Kaat operateil tn a Rifrtjiin extent as a dieck upon
the ambition of any single prelate. Prom the beginning,
tho I^tin Chiiroh partook of the pmrtic»1 npirit of the
race among 'nrhom it was planted; it kept on its pAth
more Btcuidily. whllii tlto Kast, swayod by the Kpocututire
Hpirit of Uie (n-cek, wiw oonvnlscd by the grrat contra
versios in theology, winch mark eBpedaUy the fourth and
fifth ocntari4>!t. 'Dirougli all the period of the Arian nnd
Nestorian oonBicts, the Roman bishop stood sudicii/ntly
ip«rt from tliti contending jtartiea to acquire great import-
ance in their eyes and to mnJce his 8up]>ort covetwi by
of thttni. Hi- wna ihu powi-rfiil neutral whom it was
the interest of all factions to conciliate. The desire to
gain Uie strength whidi the adhesion of so itifluentinl a
prelate roust give, would induce partjsans to resort to him
BB ait umpirf, utiJ to exalt his prerogative in flattering lan-
guage, such as under different eircuinsbanoes tliey wmdil
neviT haw (.'mplnywl. At critical moments the Roman
biihop actiiitlly iniori>o<u>(l witit doctrinal formulas \vhit>h
mel' with general acoeptimce ; the most meinnrablo in-
^taIn•e being thiit of tho (E^'umi'iiii-al Coumil of Oiah-o-
don (461). when the statement of the crcml respecting the
person of Christ wiis suhstantially drawn from the letti'r
of Leo I. Rut how far tJie Eastei-n prelates were from
L ^_a
so
KtSK AK'D DECUKE OP THE I'APAL ItlCRASCirT.
aoknowledging the pretensiona of tbo Komim liabop
was indicated ut tiiis very coundl, wbero a titulai and
honorary precedoncc was granttxl liim, at the same time
thnt penality in otJier respects ^vaa claims for IIip
BiBlioj) of CoiistAnttnDpl«, on aivount of liis beinj; bishop
of " New Komc." Ja'o wax cut to tlie ^uiok by this pro>
ceoding of tJie council, which placed hia nntliority on bo
precarious a foundation by niakiii}^ it dependent solely on
the polit4caI importanott of the city whore it was exerted.
Ue repeU the declaratjon of the conncil with great
WATDitli, and asserts that the authority of Epiritiml Roino
la founded on Uio fact UinL it ia the see of Peter. But
Leo does not renounce tho »d\'nntH[^.-8 to Itc derivod from
the fiommiuiding political position of Rome, bnt skillfully
interwoavcB this with tLo moro vital conaidcnitJon just
num«d. Hu cliiiinK tliat the Roman Empire traft built up
with reference to Christianity, luid that Rome, for this
rtason, was chosen for the bishopric of tlic chief of tim
Apostles. 'Iliis idea as to the design of iJie Roman
Empire passed down to later times. It is implied in the
lines of Dante, where, speaking of Rome and the Empire,
h« says : —
" Fur >talnlUi ]ttr Id loco mhm
tj' •Icdail succvwor dul mt^gini! I'Icni." >
If WW watch th« cioiirso of history for several ccntnrie*
after the second, wo observe that tlio attempts of tlie
Rjmun bishops to exerciso judicial or legislative functions
in relation to the rejit of the Church, now sneered and
ag;un are repulsed ; but on the whole, under all these
riiiehiationii, ihetr power isincnvising.
The accesiiion of Conslantine (^11) found the Chnrdi
■0 firmly oi^nixed midor its liiorarchy that it could not
be al»Mh)ti^1y merged in tJje stwle, ns might hnvu been
Uio result hnd its constitution been ililTereut. Hut un^
I ' Wen tatuliliilicd m itio holy plirc, whcnia
8IU Ui* taccHoar of lh« ktmImI f r<«r."
llt/trHi; ii. 13^34
ACGMKNIIU) l-OWEB OK ROMAK BISIIOI'S.
SI
him and lua succeesora, Uie supreniaoy of Uie state and
n largu measure of coiibx>l over ecclesiastical sIT^ni were
iniiintaiiied Iiy ihe eiiiperora. QentMiil cuimciU, for ex-
ftiii[>lc, were convoked by diem and presided over by
tlii'jr rupres^iitaUvcft, nnd ooncilinr dvcrcra ))iiltli)iliwl nt
1j\wa nt the Empire. I1ie Roman bishops felt it to be an
honor to be judged only by the emperor.^ In the
cloning period of imperial tiistory, tlio emperors favored
(he ecclesiastical primacy of the Roman see, as a bond
of unity in tho Empire. Foliticul disonlvrs tendi^l to
elevate tlie position of the Roman bialiop, especially
wlien he was a person of remarkable tulents and energy.
In ttiii-h a rase tho ofGce tonk on now prerogatives. Leo
tlie Oreat (440-461), the firet, perhapR, who la entitled
to be style 1 Tope, with the more modem assoclutioos of
t1i« titk-, proved himself a pillar of ^trengtJi in the midst
of tumult and anarchy. His conspicuous serxioea, as id
shieldin;; Rome from the barbaniuis luul proLectinf^ ita
inlmbilHiitH, facilitjited llio exercise of a spirituiiJ jurisdic-
tion that stretched not only over Itidy, but ns fnr as
Gsul and Afriou. To him wns given by Valontinian HI.
('14''>) an imperial declaration which made him supreme
over the Western Church,
Tlie full of the Western Empire (476) in one impor-
timt ]i«rticular was of signal advantage to the popes: it
libenited them from subjection to tlio civil power. The
fiiU- of (lie I-Iaalem Cbnrcli and of the see of Constantino-
|)le might have been the fittu of the Westorn Church and
iif Rome, hat! its ]>oliticnl wUiation been equally tmpro-
pitiotw. The slavisli condition to which tlio Roman
bis]ii>)is weiv rcihiced in the hriff period of thn full
firork nile in Italy, after the conqneet of Justinian
(689-568), proves htiw elosclv tho vigor and growth o(
4l0 papftl inHtitulion were dependent on favor, ng political
oircnmstanoee. Proni tliis ignoblu servitude it wna lib
) OiNdiT. n. LS. f M.
2S
B15B AKD DECLIXR OX IHK PAPAL lUERABCnT.
enitod by the I<om1)ard invasion, whicli brok« down Uu
Greek jiunrr iii Uiv ficiiinMiIft.
Out thu (lired oonseqiiencM of the tall of tlra Ruinaa
dominion itt tho West bad bouii <lisu«tmu« tn the Cliurcb
and to UiR I'npnoy.* Cbriatiaii Itrttain liacl been con-
qui>rvd bv the livatlivn Saxutis from the continent. Ari*
anistii hiid Hprt-itd fur iinil wide among tlie Germania ^
triboa. Tiie Greek Cburcli, wlitdi became more and moT« '
district fruni th« Latin, in liuignagc, creml, and ritual,
attach<>d ilaelE with increasing loyalty to the Patriarch
of ConHtiintinopltf. As AriauiHrn wiw, Btvp by sixp, di»-
placed by ortliodoxy through the conquests of tlie Franks,
tbo authority of the Papiuiy \nis not proportionately nd-
vaucod. ICvon tht! power of metro[x>litaii» in tlitt differ-
ent ooantrieB sank, and thp govumment of the Chnn;h
ro8t«d in the bands of tbo kings aiwl of tho ariKlocnu-y o(
noblce and bishops. Tho bishops under Uie Merovii^an
kings uiuuiwcd wojdtb, but li^d unbuly livoM, with littl«
oonceni for the inleresta of rehgion. The disorder in the
Frank Ciiurch rwiohed its height nmlcr CtiArk-A Martvl.
At tJiU time tite iK^retical Lombards Imd founded their
kingdom in the heart of Italy; and tbe Arabs, Imving
carrioil thi-ir doininioii ov<t Africa and l^pain, were nd>
vancing apparently to the conquest of Europe.
Tbo fortunatft alliitnt^o of thti Pnpacy with the Franks
was the event on wliich its whole medieval history turned. '
Tli«y oountMl at tbi.>ir conwwion, in Ibo fifth ccntiu-y, only
aboot five thousand warriora. Thoy gained the aacen-
doncy over the Ilui^imdianN and Gutbs, and thus secured
the %'ictory of tbo Catliolic fiuth ovor the Arum typo ol
Christianity. 'I'liia uU>»o waa an i-vent of signal moment|
in its oltimato boating on tho pjipal dominion. Then
ondur Cbiirlw Martc!, at Poiticra (732), tiioy defeated tho
Moslems wlio, in tlieir victorions progreas, wen- ■•noircling
Clirimondoni and threatening not only to cnisJi the Pa-
) Girwbncliti Dit DruUeht KnittmU, I, 93.
I
TBG PAPACY ANH THK FKANRS. S8
pftcy but even to oxtirpiite Cliristiaiiity itself. Under the
shiold of tlic Fntiilcfl, lloiiifncu vriMit furlli to iiocompliKh
tba oonveriuoD nf Uie O^trnuinH : himself an Anglo-Saxon,
of the natioa whteL luul boon vton from beiitbeiUHtii by
ntUKOiiiifWA »ont directly from Uiat jtoiitiif whoso r>ri|;n
separate the ancient or daamcal from the medisvnl vra
of tlw! Cliiircli, Gr^^ory tlic Great, Th« iwurpatloii o(
Pepin, tlie founder of the Carlorii^iiui line, was liallowiMi
in tliu oyes of his subjcctti by the wviiction obtained from
Pope D^aclmriu (7.00). The political ri'novation of tho
'Etai>ki^inmiard)y\msatt:i.'Ddu(l by an extension of the in-
fliicncK! of the papal sen. Tim Fmnkigh Church vrtis brun^bt
into oto»er connection with Rome. The primacy of I'etor
was universally recognii».-d ; it even acquiivd, tlirough tlie
labors of Boiiifaco, a far higlmr Rigniricunoc thiin it had
ever before possessed.' After tho lionibards had wrested
from the Gi-('«kH their proviticM in Itidy, and wore
threatening Rome, at a time, ton, when, by tlie contro*
reny about tlm worship of imngp«, the Western Church
wMaepftiAtod from tlio Kivst and tliu Roman biflhop wa*
left to protect hiinH(-lf, he turned to the Kranka for nssiat-
aneo agninst his hcnliad i\nd aggrciuive neighbors. 'Hw
deliveraiKe acbicv«*tl fii-at by I'epin (7o4-5o). and tlien by
CharleraapM?, resulted in tho coronation of tliL- latter, on
Chri»ttiuu> day, 800, in tliu liuailica of St. l'«t4.T by the
hancte of tlie l*ope. '11iuh Charles became in form «h.it Ite
hud made himself in fact, tho Emperor of the West^ The
idea of tho perpetuity of the Roman Empire was neviT
lost from the minds of men. In the coronation of Charira,
tlu) Pope rirtnnliy proceeded in the charaeter (rf a repri-JM-n-
tative of the Roman people, and his ant signilied the re-
vival of the Rmiuin Empire^ Oiarloiiuigne, while be
reco^ii'/isl till' i'upe an tho spiritu;d head of the Chnrclt,
demeaned himself :is a masU-r in ri-furenc-u to him, as in
relation to his own bishops. Rut whilu the fouiidaUoo
1 aimbracht, t. B7.
t*
RISE AND DECLISK OP TlIE PAPAL DIKBABCHT.
wn« liiiO fur tliv \npt%\ kin^Iotn in Ihily by tiiv grants ut
Pepiu and Cliarlemagne, a plausible groiiml was tilao fur-
uiHliod for tiio subsequent (-laim tlmt tlie Pope, by hia
own itutlinrity, tiftd tnin»fnrrt>[l the I-*inpitv from tJio Bast
to the West, and solcctod tlio individual to fill tUe
itirono.' In liit«r time* tlio coronation of Chnrlta Iisnt
color to tliti pretended right of the pontiffs to exert a
giiwrning iniluonco in vivil not IcM tlitui in ccclcsiiutical
alTaim.
A» tlie divisions und conflicts of Charlemagne's em-
pire ftft<!r liis death ttndetl to exalt the bishops who
were called in to act as umpires among rival nspirants or
courtwl for tJio r«ligioiis winction wliicli iJicy could givo
in siie(-<.-a»ful ambition, bo did tbia em of disorder tend to
magnify tbc pow4.-r of fcho rccognizod lii.-ud of the n-holo
ejusoopat^. In Uiia period appeared the KaUoor I'm-udo-
Isidorian Dccretsils, which formulJzod, to bo sure, ten-
deudea nlrouly rife, but still imparted to tlio»i) t<-ndfnci(w
an authoritative bnaia and an augmented strength. 'Jlia
False Decretals brought forward priociplcs of occlcaiastioal
law which niadii the Chiirdi independent of the State
and elevated the Roman Soo to a position tmknowD to
prcc^'ding iigva. Tlie immunity and high prerogutivet
of bishops, the exaltation of primates, as the direct inatni-
montx of the pojws, above metropolitans who weru closely
dependent on tlie secular rnleis, and the ascription of the
highest legislative and judicial ftuKlions to the Itomiin
Pontiff, were among tlio leading features of tliis spurlou<
mllection, which found its way into the codes of canon
law und radically modified the ancient eccIeaiaHtical sys-
cem.' There was only needed a pope of sufiident talents
and energy to give practical effect to these new pi-incl-
l For lh» liwKiry o( til* pap»l klnjtdotn Id Italy, we llif Tork of Siigcnhciin
Otmhlfhtr drr KHliltJiamg u. jtiu&tUuit^ dtt Kirelmil''iilrr {l^lpilR, ISi*'
Um, • ibtIow oI Uili wofk In (ho A'(if E'iglmJ4r, vol. xxrt. (Jon, ISllTl.
* Oo III* djtU nt the I'Mudo-Iild. Dmwu1«, ins Kinliier, Kirtkiagri^Mrila
% 996. Thry flnt nfvptiartiil abflul th* niiiMIn nftho nialh ccntuTjr.
4
THE I-APACT AND THE EUPISB.
96
plea; and anch n penion appeared in Niciiolaa I. (85^
867). Aviiiliiig bintseU of a favorable juncture, he exer-
the discipline of the Church upon fjOtluiir II., *lis
of Lorraiae. whom he forced to suhmit to tha
(il judgment in » matrimonial miisu, while he de-
posed the archbishopa who had endeavored tn liaHle his
purpose. At Uie siuno time, NivhulaM humhk-d Hincmiir,
the powerful Archbishop of Kheiins. who b»d difiregnrded
tho appval which one of his bishops, Kottiad of Soissona,
had made t4> llonie. Such exertions of {-iwcr, for whicb
tlie False Decretals furnished a warrant, seem to antici
pate the Hildchnindinn ago.
Anxious to deliver theuiBolvea from tlie control which
Charlem^r^e had established over themi tho popes evea
fomcntitd the discord among the Frankiiih prince:! ; buttJio
anarchical condition into ■whicli the Eni]>ire ultimately fell,
left tJio Pujmcy, for a century and a half, tho proy of
Italian factions, by the agency of which the papal office
was reduced to n lower point of moral degradation tlian
it erer reached bolore or since.* Tliiaem — ■during a con-
siderable portion of which harlots disposed of the papal
oflicc, and tlicir paramours wore the tiara — wiw inUr-
rupted by the intervejition of the Gorman sovereigns
Otlio I. and Otho III. ; with tlie first of whom tho Holy
Itotnan Empire, in ttio sense in whieh tlic niimc is used
in subsequent ages, the secular counterpart of the Pa-
pacy, takcH it* origin.' Tii« pontiffs pr(rferred tho «way
of the emperors to that of the lawless It;iItaR barons.*
This dark p«riod was tt-rininnted by Henry III., who
appeared in Italy at the head of an army, and, in 1046,
%t tho Synod of Sutri, which he hod convokcrd, dethroned
> Tlu itgraAi.t\an of Ui« rapary la 'lUa pa»d b deploiwl Id Hm ilarkM
wlon b}- Ilio Uonian Catliollc DnnalUt, Btroniiu. iiHuil44. x. thO uq. lis em
Inttn ■ ippclil dtvlni prcBcrriitJon of ths Chnrcb rdiI ot Ui« Holy Sc*.
* l\rya. n-ily /ivnun /^m/iin, p. 80. tlut adminbla tmk dwtma U b*
tMd bf crtrr rtmlinl of hiitorjr.
■ Vin Raiimor. OMnlMf* Jtr Hoktiataitftm, \. 90.
96 RISK AND H:cI.INC of TIK PAI'AL UlKXARCUr.
Ihrw* rival popos, ami mispd to tlic vncaot officn one c4
his owii Viishmw.
'like imp4>rial otnco had passed mlo tlie Imnds of the
Gcrmnn kingH, and tlioy. like tlifir Carlnvingiitn pn^lv
eeMORi, n!iiou»l tlie l*iipni.'y from destructiou. We have
nacfaod tbo period xrhen Hildcbruiid (1073-1085) ap-
peared n'ifh \m vast rofonning plan. Wliilo lie aimm) at
a thorough reformation of iiiomU and u rMitoratioii of
MelfMiuticnl onk-r iiml disiMplino, he eoiiplud witli this
laodmble project the fixed desi^rn to stibordinntc the Stat«
to the Clnirchi iind to snb]t.-ct thi? Clmidi to thu »b(K>liite
ftiithonty of Ihft I'ope.' 'I'lie proaenution of thia enter-
ftrise, in which good nnd vvil were almost insopnriibly
bli^nded, by Hilihdtrmid himself, iitid by n witjos of able
and aapiriug pontilla who trod in his footstejis, nccimioned
tfao conflict between the Pitpitcy iind the Empire.
Thiit conflict, with whifih nM^liitival hUtory for several
oontiirint n-soundii, vras an in(<TitaU« consequence of the
feudal Byitem. Tim dc]ii-iKli-n»i ot ccelcsiARtical princes
upon their flovereign, and hence his right to invest them
with t)ie badges of their olTiw. nitist be Tnaintninixl ; otlicr-
wito tlie kii)g<)oni wotdd be divided agninat itself. On
ttie contrary, bucIi a relation on the part ot bishops, in-
dependi'ntly of simoiiy an<1 kindroil corrtiptions which were
conncct*-d with the control of secakir rulers over the ap-
pointment of ecclomiwtdcs, was niitiiralW deemed fatal to
the unity of tlie Bawrdotal body. To fix the bnim<l!i o(
authority betwoi-n th« two powent, the i'ii])iwy Kn<I the
ERipii«, to whom tlie goreminent of the world was sup-
posed to bo eoinmitted by the ordinance of hcATen, was
impmcticabie without a contest. Tliat the Emperor was
obmmiB«(»ied to preside orer the temporal afTaira of men,
irfiilo the Pt'[H^ wu» to g lidc nnd govern tln-m in thingR
tpiritua), was too vague a criterion for defluing the limits
* Gngmj't tfileai it well il»«frit»il hy Vnij[t, najtltntti nb /^lfrN Ortga
•imitr-^'ttttt; a. nui Ztiltllrr (W«ini>r, ISIB), p. 171 Mq
sntuGQLR wrra the EUriRE.
37
junediciion. Tlie cooiidinatJon, the equilibrium of tba
two |K)wors, vmit a rolAtioii witli wliicli, on tho Kiippotution
that it were pntcticable, neither piirty would be content.
It wiis fi Htniggl« on botL Kidt-is for iiniv<.'rst)1 moniirdiy,
Cons^quenUy our aympathitts ean lie given without re>
Borvo to neither (wi'ty, or mlJier llioy miiBt bo piven to
watIi m f-AT at oiirb Inlxm-il t'l cnvh ilw- <-iii'n>iiobuii>ntti mid
fraveut the nntluc predominance of the otlier. Neither
iiimi-d ut the dostruction, but <>ach at the subjuf^tion, of
(he otlier. It waa a battle where society would have
lly sulTcrod from the L'ompletc and permanent triumph
^of eitlier contestiitit.
The Papacy Iiad great advnntjigpa for prosecuting the
WTirfnro ogkinst th« Etnpirt>, cTi>n apart frfirn the form of
tho religiona anitiments which the head of tJie Church
could more easily invoko in his favor. There wiis an in-
eoi^niity between the station attributA<l to the l-)niperor
and the fact that liis actual dominion wna far fi-om being
coexti-nsive with Chri»t«iiih)m, Ho could twscrt nothing
more than a shadowy, theoretical snpremacy OTer the
gtiieT kingdoms of Western Europe. 'Dm I'ope. on the
ntrnry, vnta evetywhere the aoknoivledged head of Latin
Christianity. If » jealousy for tlioir own riglils might
ttnupt other kings to mnku common cause with tlie Em>
fUrOT against papal aggresuons, this feeling wnuh) lie
neutralized by the danger to oilier sowretgns that would
follow from the triumph and undisputed exaltation of tlie
Empire. Few kings were poracwed of tho magnanimil^
of St. I.ouiH of France, who exerted all tlie jMwera oi
peaceful remonstrance to protect Frederic II. from tlw
iraplaeablc vindictiveness of (iwgory IX. Moreover, tlia
rolalion of tlie German emperors to tlio hierarchy of
their kingdom whs t\n\ba different (roni ihnt hiild by
Charlomngne. who acted tho part of an ecdeeiastical aa
irell aa a civil rulor. An indi3[x-uwible and rITL'Otivo sup-
port tile popw found in the Gi^rnnin p^in<^t'3 thein*ulvi.'«,
£8
BIfiS AKD DCOLDtB 01' tllK PAPAL OtERABOHT.
th« gTvut rnesolH of tlio Empire, and in thdr <ltsp(«iti(»i
to put diecks upon the power of their sorer«igna. Th«
eame cauae which iinpe«ted the emperon in acting upon
Itiity, nided the popes in aotiog upon Gornionj. Tli<!
Btrength of the popes Uy in the intestine divisions which
they eouM crcflt« there. Tlio iiltL-mpt of Gregory VII,
to dethrone Henry IV, would hiive been utterly hopeless
but for the disaftection which the arbitrary conduct of
Hviiry Iiiid ]irovok«d among hi» own Htibjccts. On tliu
rontinry, the muni«ipal spirit of liberty in tlie Ibtlian
cities, and their determined struggle (or indopeudonce,
provided the pojiMwith potent nllicEi ugiunst tJtc imperial
»uthorily. The pontiffB were able to present themselves
in the attractive light of champions of jtopular freedom
in its buttle with despotism. The orti«<idcs gave the
popes the opportunity to come forward as the leaders of
Christendom, and turn to their own account the religious
. enttin-siitHin which Bprt-,iil lui a fire over I-'iirope. The im-
mediate iiithteiice of this great movement was seen in the
augmented power of the pontiQs. and tlic diminished
strength of the iin|»'rial causw.'
The Papacy was victorious in the protracted stru^lo
with the Empire. Tlie humiliation of Henry IV., whom
Hild<^bi~.ind kept waiting for thi-oe winter days, in the
garb of a penitent, in the yard of the castle at Canossn,
whatever might bo tbe disgrace wliich it inflicted upon
the imperial cause, was but the politic act of a pissionat«
young ruler, who saw no other way of regaining tlio alle-
giance of his subjects (1077). When tlie lifting of the
excommunication was foond not to include the full resto-
ration of his rit;hts as a sovereign, ho totik up arms with
an energy' and snocess tliat showed how little his spirit
WHS broken by tho imligMiticH to which he had submitted.
The Worms Concordat which Calixttis II. cunohidcd with
Henry V, in 1122, and which provided both for a secnlu
■8MGi<atl>r, la. lil. l,t4S.
I
HEIGBr OP PATAL POWIB.
and a spiritual mvcslihirc, -vaa a iiuirkrd, Uioiigli uot a
tally <Ii»^sive, triumph of Uie Pa})«cy. It was a great
Bt«)> toiiTards complete emaiicipntion from ir/iporial awAy.'
liul tliv ii'^nowlcilgmviit wliich Prodvric Burliiuroatsti matle
iif luH sin ami error to AlexaDcler III. at Venice, in 1177,
after a contest for imi>ciial prerogatives wliich that mou-
iirch liud kt:]>t up f»r nriirly a gone-ration, was on iinprW'
flive indication of the side on which the rictory was to
rest. The trinrnph of the Papacy appeared complete
wlieji Gregory X. (1271-1270) directed the electoral
princes to choose an emperor within a given interval,
IhrcffltcitGd. in case tlicy refused to comply with Uid
ate, to appoint, in conjunction witJi his cardinals,
an emperor for them ; and when Rudolph of Hapshurg,
wliom they proo«ciled to cliooso, acknowledged in the
most unrewrred and Ruhmisiiive manner the Pope's su-
prenuu^.
It Tras during the progress of tlie struggle witli the
Empire, that the i>np:il [>ow«r may he aai<l to Itave ciil-
minut«d. In the eighteen years (1198-1216) in which
Innoct^nt III. reigned, the pitpal institution shone forth
in full splendor." The enforcement of cclibnoy had
placed tlio entire body of tlio cler^ in a closer nOntion to
the sovereign pontiff. Tlie Vicar of Peter had become
the Vicar of GihI and of Christ. The idea of a theocracy
on (wth, in which the Pope s])ould rule in thU ch.-iract«r,
tiilty poasn5s>-il the mind of Innocent, who united to the
flnurage. pertinacity, and lofty conceptions of Gregory
VII., a bra-id(-r ninge if statesmanlike capacity. In hit
^il;w the two swurds uf t«mpoml and ecclcsiastictil power
had Itotii lii-on given tn Pirter mul to his suceettiiarH, so
that the earthly sovereign derived hi« prerogative from
the heml of the CInirch. The king was to the Pope as
the moon to the sun — a lower lun.inary sliining with
1 Otm(tincht,l.DIT.
80 BDiK AND DRCUXK OF TUB PAPAL niKSAKCKT.
bormwed light. Actil:^> on tbia Uieury, he assumed tba
pent of arbiti.v in the mntvntioiifl ot imtiorui, and chiim«d
llio right to delLrone kings at his pleasure. Thus he
inU-Tpufifd to dvc-idG tho diMput«d imperial election iti Gctr-
many ; und when OUiu IV., tlie emperor whom he luid
placed in povrer, proved fulse to hia pledgm rmpectiiig thn
)iiip3il . M>e, hft excummunii.'ati^d nnd deponed liitn, iiiul
hroughl frrward Frederic II. in hia atead. In hiacoullict
with J >iia, ICing of Englsind, Iimoc-cnt laid hia kingdom
under ad interdict excommunicated him, and finally gave
hia doininions to the sovereign of France ; and John,
after the most abject humiliation, rocoivc-d them buck in
fee from the Pope. In the Church he aasiimed the i'li:ir-
aot«r oi univeraal bialiop, under the tboory that all epie-
eopal po<viT was originally dopositwl in I'uXvr wul his
Baceewors, and communicated tJirough tliis source to
bishops, who were tJius only tlitf vicare of the Poj)e, and
migliC be dopoacd at will. To him bi-limgeil all li-gin-
lative nntliority, councila having ineiv-ly a deliberative
power, whilo tlie right to c»iivokti them und to ratify or
lUinul their prcrci^dit^^ belonged exolusively to him. He
alone weis not bound by the laws, smd might dispetiao
with tlicm in tbe cuss of others. Kven the dix^trine of
pnpal infaUibility began to sprea<l, and seems iiiiptied, if
Dot explicitly avowed, in the teaching uf the moat eminent
tlieolo^an of the age, Thomas Aquinas. The eeelejiiaH-
ti«d revolution by which the powers that of old h:id been
dintrihiited through the Chui-ch were now abniuhed ami
sonoentrated in the Pope, waa aniilogoua to tlio |)nlitie>il
shango in which the feudal system gradually gaw plnoe
to mnnarehr. The right to confirm the ap|>ointment ot
all bishops, the right oven to nominate bishops and tn
dispose of all bent-ficen, tlm eotclusive right of iiliaolution,
canoniuition, and dispensation, the right to tux the
cliurchcs — such were some of the enoniiniis prerogiv
tircB, for the enforcement of which papal legates, clothed
DKVixoi'utivr or ihk i.at spirit.
n
iriUj ftitijile )>(>iv(>n, were neiit into all th« ouuntnes oi
Bnro|)i-, to ovi'rridu Uiu niithority of liUltoiw luid of locnl
»<s:loti)iiHti«il trilxiiiiUa. 'I'liv f^^tiildiiluueiit ol Uiu fiuiioiu
metidiatiit oriiera ot St. FnuioU and St. Doiuiiuc riused
up n swiiirni of rUnonuit pn-iiolivni wlio w«tc •'Iwidy
attaeh«<l to (tie Pope, anil ready to defend papal pre-
ni);'itiv(w uiid pupal oxbortioiiti Hfruiiist wliitUivvr opposi-
tion might unsti from the secular ciorgy. Oitiiiiii^ a foot-
bold iu tbo uiiivcroitieB, thoy deBiiLs] uiid deft^iided in
lecturos nnd Milioliuitiu «y»t«iiu that c»iic«;ption of t\w \m-
pid itistitntion in which alt these iisurpatioas luid abused
wvnj containixl.
iUit At thti same time tliat tlie ['uimoy was ikcliieving
its viutory over tJie Eiiipirc, a powm- \tm ut work in the
bonooi ot society, whicli vna dvsUiaul tu render llint vic-
tory a barren one, aiid to wrest the sceptre from the hand
of iha couquuTor. Thia power may be duiieribod aa
DktiMiuliiim, or the tcndent^y to cuiiLralixation, whieli in-
Tolved an oxpAnsion of intelligence and an end of the
excJuDivo tluminatiott of ri;lijrioii)t ami occIcMinatical in-
terests.' 'Ilie secnlariiuug and ceiitraliung tundeni^,
a necessary stop in the pro^reiM of civllixaliuiii vn» n
force advento to the jKipal (loniinion. The enfiimcbiae-
ment uf tJie towns, u-hich dates from thv (.-Jeveulh ouu-
tiu7, and the growth of their powur; tlic rise of cotn-
raerce ; the cruaadea, which in various ways lent a power-
ful impulse to Uiu new crystallization of Eiii-opean
•ociety; Uie conception of niotiarohy in tta Kiiropt-jut
form, whiuh entcrul tliii nunds of men as early as tho
twelfth (-I'ntury — tJicao are some of tlie prin;;ipal Mgna of
tJie advent of a new order of things. Before the ntid of
I "Tbt erailii*! lul ttov naclion dI Ihe nklional ftrllnt; Uff* tt'iilif^cii
■I, In itinenl. (he ini»t wtl^lr rlpinciil !n Uie lilitarir oF |1|< ^ti'l>l1i' Ac« : It
t$f)nn III trtrj ptrioil unilcr llltcnni rormi Bnil iumm, parll>^<il*'Ii' in tbo
MTUKK-* •koiiiiiirHlilu'n lii'l lbs conflict i( Ih< tlohrittlaufrii. it c«nIiDU*il t*
<lw Kc'orrnitii'ii. in lliv Kmicli Itci-nliilian. init j> still liiible la tbt niiol n-
Mnl 4'*wxrt>l«ta kn-l In ili' iiiii nsoniimi of our own tiinn." — Gn^pruviiw, 0»
33
BISn AKll DKCLrMF. JP THK PAPAI- HJKRABCUT.
the tliirteentb century, tbu Inst Synan town in tbe handi
of tbe Cbristiuns vni« yiutJi.tl to tliu Saracens, and the
pocnUftir vittliiiMiiiun wbicb IduI drtvttn iniiltttudefl by ar.
irreaistible force 1/> tlie conquest of Che holy pUoee luul
Taniabed. Tbu 9truggl« of tlio Pupacy with tbu Einpirc
biiil Ix^n n-nlly itaelf a contest between (he eccIei^!iiHlir:i '
mid tbo Liy elements of eodety. The triumph of the I'^i-
pncy bud been owing to tlio peculiiur constitution And in-
(riiiKir; wi^kiii-HH of the Germnn monarchy. It h:ul bceu
effi'cted by the aid of tho German princes ; but they, in
tboir turn, M-eru foiin<l ifuuly to rvsist pa()Al encroach*
Rteiita. From the time of tbe barbarian invasions,
Europe had forincd, 80 to spunk, oim fnmily, united by
tliu bond of religion, under the tutelage of the Papacy.
All other inlluencea tended to division and isolation.
The empire of Cliarlcmiignc formed but a tt-mporary
brealcwnter in oppoaition to these tendendea. Tbe Ger-
man spirit of independence wag nnfavcwable to political
unity. Tliv feu<lul nyitteni was an atomic eondition oi
polilicnt society. In tliis state of things, the Charcb,
through its hterarcUical organization under ono chief, did
a beneficent work for civihzittion by fusing tbe peoph-s,
M far lis its influence went, into a single community, and
subjecting them to a uniform tminlng. Tho mediieval
Piipaey, whiitever eriU may have been connectctl with it,
saved Europe from anarchy and lawlesancas. " I'rnvi-
dciice might have otherwise ordained, but it is imjKnsible
for man to imagine by wlmt other orgsiniKing nr ccnsolt-
dating force, the commonwealth of tbo Western nations
e-jiihl Iiavt! gniwn up to a discordant, indeetl. and con-
flicting league, but still to a lengue, with tbiil unity and
ooofortuity of manners, usages, biws, religion, wbtdi luive
innde their rivulries, oji]iiigiianeii-i«, and even their long,
oCMelem wuri«, on tbe whole to isnue in tbe noblest,
highest, most intellectual form of civiliaition known t«
num.' " But tbe time must come for the diversifying of
' ttilato. ffiHorg p/ loll* Ckfi*lia»tlg, it, U. Se« *1id ill, »tO.
THE ^'EBNACULAR LrTERATURE.
ss
iiity, for tho devclopraent of the nations in theii
separate individnality. Ttiis waa n change equally indU*
peiiwibli'.
Tlic development of tlio national languages whicli fol-
lows the chaotic period of tlie nintli and tenth centuries,
is nil inti-rcsting sign of that new stage in the ndvnno&-
nieut of civilization, upon whicli Euro[>c vtm pivparitig to
enter. It is vorthy of notice ttmt tlie enrlii.'st v«nia('uUr
litt■^tttlr<^ in Italy, Germany, France, and Engliuid in-
volved to so grwit an extent satires luid iiivcetivt-a ugainst
eoclcsiasdcfl. Many of the writers In tlie living toagues
wen) laymen. A ctasa of lay readers sprang up, so tImC
it wiw no longer th« csise'tliat " clerk " was n synonym for
one who is able to read and write. " The greater part
of litcntturo in tlie Middle Ages," says H.itlam, " at least
from lli« twelfth century, nmy be considered as urtillenr
leveled againflt the clei^."' In Spain, the contest with
the Moors infused into the earliest literary productions
the mingled sentimL-nt-s of loyalty and rehgion.' But in
Germany the minncsingoni abound in hostile allusions to
the wealth and tyranny of ecclesiastics, Walter von der
Vogelweidc, the greatest of tlio lyric poets of his time,
a warm champion of the imperial side against the popes,
denounces freely tlie riches and usurpiitions of the
Church.' It is true that the brute epic, of which Rey-
nanl the Fox may be considered the blossom, which
figures largely in the early litoraturo of Germany and
ihe neighboring countries, was not didactic or satirical
in its design.* But it was later converti'd into this tue
and tiirm«l iiit/> a vhielrt for ch:»stising the faults of
pneata und inoiiks.^ The Provencal bards wore bold and
< Mmrvrt of Kumpf, i- 150.
' Tfoknor, Ititi^f^ vf fiftrinith /.iVtmiyrf, i 103.
* Eurti, OwhifXlt dtr diltitn Ultratur, I. U (tq., when |u»lcN
■« K>vta.
* VilniAr, Ok^. <t. Jtmliek. IM., r. «M Mq
* BMCtniniM, Qui. J. dtoi^n r.li. i. HI.
a
BDC AND DBCUXK Of TIIE I'AfAL UIERARCUY.
utispamig ill their tn.'atDiuiit of tlio luorurcby luitil tbo;
wcr« lalciicevl by llic Alblgetioiiin crusade. lo luly
Doiito aad l't!H-;ircli sigiiiilizcd the begin&iDg of a
luitionu! liU-ntturi! by tlicir doiiuitoJutiuii of llie viciM itiiJ
usurpations of the Papacy ; ivliile in the proae of
Butxiitcio tbo popuI;ir ruligious tvacliom are a mark for
uiibixiuiivil liiliijulv. KngH»li poetry bvgiiu witit oaii-
tvitiptuous and iadiguiutt cuiisuro of tlie monks und
bigiit-r cli;rgy, with the boldi.«t iniuiifkvitjitiolu of thi;
anti-hiei'archical tendency. " Teutoaism," wiya Milnmii,
*' is DOW holding its fii-st initiator}- Btrugglv with Liitin
Cliristiiinity." ' " Tho Vision of l*icrs' Ploughiiwn," by
NVllUam LangUad, vrliich hvsas tbo tbito of 1202, la
from the pen of lui «<«rn);»l; r^-formur who viiUics ivoHun
and couHcieiice as the guides of the soul, nnd atti-ibiitoa
the iKirruwii and calumiticn of tlto world to ttie Wi-ultli
and worldly t«niper of the clergy, and especially of tliu
mendicuut ordfus." The poem ends with iin iiss^rtioii of
tlie small valuu of pope,-*' jttkrdotu and tlic tiiiperionty of
a lighteous life over trust in indulgences. *' fierce Uie
Ploughman's Credvi" vs a jtoem frum another Imiid, and
•upposed to have been written in \A'M. The {>oet intro-
duces a phtiu man who is acquainted with tliu rudi-
ments of Chri«liim knowledge itiul wiuits to K-iirn iua
creed. He appUes suceesaiyely to the four oi-dera of
niendii'»nt friarx, who give hiiti no sittiKfat-'tion, but rail at
eacli otiier, and are abt»orbed in ricbes and eonsuiLl Indal-
^'uco. Liiiving tbein, he Tuids an hone«t ploughman, who
inveighs iigainst the inouastie orders and gives him tb«
instruction wluch ho desires.^ The author is an avowed
I ffklerg of luiin CAn'ih'nmVir. viii, 378. In thli ttii in iho tlinc pmcd.
Idi; chii>lm. Milmtii nirti an inlgrr'tiui; <lvHTi|illun ut thf Fiilir vmiiculv
UUni1ur«. la tb ir. hi- ipcnkx iil the (aliiical l.aiin )ioBnit thai tpraii|>u]i
tmanK Did tlrrgy anil williin ihp ■all> u( caiivnnls
' the potm i> BOWiiK tlir pulilli'aijnnf nfiJie /■-•irly Ktij/tiih Tt*l Sirrittif. I|
1* anal"»«l in thf prtdwn of ("ail I. Tt»l A. S"" alw, Wartuii, Uiilury «f
Kttgtuh Pffttry, nui'l- liii- (vul- IL 44).
* Th( pooin it |>ul>litlicil 1/ llw Aur/i Kmgllfk TrtI Sufitlg llBOT}. Waitva
■et. ix ih.b::.
Tll£ VEfiMACDLAB UTltATtnX.
86
Wickliffit*. Chaucer, in tlio picture of aocial life wlucb
he lias drawn in ilio " Cimtfrbury Tales," shows litmxclf
in full accord witli Wickliffo in the hostility to the men-
dieiitit friun. Clmucur i-i.-sc!rv(»( bis lubuir.ition for tint
Bimple and failliful pariah [iriest, " rich in holjf thought
and work : " tho higher clci-gj- ho handles iu a gvnuinc
»uti-«uocrdotul spirit. In Uib " Punloiier," ladeu with
his relics, and witJi his wallet
" Urimful nl (lajilonii, com* (ratn Gome kll but,"
he deptcta a character who even then excited acorn aad
reprul>iition.
It is curioiia to observe in many of the early writers
who have been referred to, how reverence for reUgion and
for tho Church in blended witli bitter cen»uro of th« ar-
rogaiKe and wealth of eoclesiaatica ; bow tlie spiritual
offico of tho Fopo is dtstingutsfaed from his tenipoi-nl
power. In the one character ho is leverod, in the other
be is denounced. The fiction of Constantine'a donatjon
of Iiis wcfttem dominions to Pope Silvester, which was
current in the Middle A^ch, accounted for all the evila of
tliu Church, in tho judgment of the enemies of tho tem-
poral power. There was the noiirco of tlie pride and
wealth of the popes. Dante a<lverta to it in the linos :
"Ab| Coimtuilinc, et bnw uueli III ira> laolhor,
Kal Uijr cunvrniou, l>ut Ibal inarriaKv-Junor,
Whlcb tho lint irtallliy fnlh« look Irum llwc." '
And in anutluT place, he refers to ConstautitiU, who
" Btcaoii) ■ dnik hj ceding to Ui« Pwtor,"
ukI Kiya of him in Panullso,
' Kd« knoirciUi ba lioir all Iho III 4edi»ed
I'ruiii Ilia gvoA *Gti>D li nol hanntui lo liim,
AUhoogb IliD wurlJ tluivbj may \t •luirojvd." <
1 hff.ilx.Mi. "AM, CuKUnllu. dt quanUi nial fn matn,
ttoa la lua cunrrninn, nia iiustla daU
CSiidatt |ic*» II |iriino rictn patnt"
■ ftrs^ KK. W ' On tonoK* coma null, dud ulto
Dal (uo btiic uiK -ar. tinr rI* b norlm,
AviKfiDa ilji tia ' ywiidii indl dutnilto."
80
J
RISE AXD DGCLINP. Of IRE I'ArAL niRrURCBY.
We find A like liimpiit raspecling the fiiUl gift to Sil-
vester, in (ho WalJcnaian poom, " The Noble Lesson. '
Walter von der Vogelw«itle niHl«^ tlio iingvU, when Con-
stantine endowed Silvester with worldly power, ory out
with grii^f ; ftitd justly, lie adds, hiucc thu popes were to
use thnt [wtt'er to ruin the emperors and to atir up thn
princes agniiist tltcm.* Tlicso bitter Iiinicntjitions con*
tinue to bo lieard from advocates of reform, until the talit
of the alleged donation was discovered to bo destituto of
truth."
The outi-hierarchical spirit was powerfully rcintoroed
by the legiiit^. From the middle of tlic tliirtccnth evi\-
tury tlio Univi^rflity of Bologitii rose in importance as the
great scEtt of the revived study of Komiiii jnrisprudenoc.
As I'aris war tlie sominary of tlieology, Itnlogna was the
nursery of biw. Law was cultivated, however, ut other
universities.' That a oLaas of laymen tOiould arise who
were devotod to the study aiid exposition of the ancient
law wa» in itself a significant event. Tiie legists wcr«
the natural defenders of the state, the powerful aiucilia-
nea of the kings.* Tlioir iitfluence was in opposition to
f^odaliflm and on the side of monarchy, and placed bul-
warks round the civil auUioritj* in its contest against the
encroachments of the Church. The hierarchy wore con-
fronted by a body of learned men, the guardians of a
venerable code, who ehiinic^l for the kings tlic rights of
OfMOr, and oouhl bring forwanl in iippo(iitii>» to the can-
ons of th« Cliui-ch eaii'>n.i of an eiirlicr diitc."
The elTectual reaction against tlie Pitpacy dates from
the reign of Boniface VIII., who cherished to tlio full
' Kuril, OKk.d. •iii-rk. t.U.,\- W. Tli* Kxiiiel — " Dor TUITen w^hl" —
kicivrn liy Kuili, p. hi.
* Till iir>(|<ulillt mill t4niial«x|w>ur«dlhii OitiaD wm mail* bf lAurcnUu
TftlU in iliii liflfrnlh I'lMilur/.
* RkvlKUV. 'iacliiflilf -Iti rv«. SU'kl., lii. IUmi)
* UunDT, fMaHU <t F^nlltt, p. AJOl
* HUnuui, vl. Ml.
ooKFticT OP miur VI. axd aokvacb vui.
«r
(Stent tlic tliiMrioH of IlildL-briind und Iiuiocotit Ill-i but
'' was dcstitnte of their sagucity aiij procticiil wLtUom.'
The resistance tliat be provoked spraDg trutn the spirit
wliiirh vre hnvc tei-inod nationalism. Thv oonU'Hl in
wbiuh the IIohenHtmifon hud perislicd, was taken up by
thft King of KrnnoiN the country which throughout tlie
Middle Ag(.-s bad been the mo&t faithful protector of the
l'n)iiicy, und wbuso royal bonse had been eetublishcd by
tht! popes on sin Italian throne na iv bulwnvk iigniuKt th«
Empire. It was ordained that their protect ore sliould be-
come their coiuiuurors.' Tlio cwnflict of Boiiifuoo with
Philip the Fair ta of remarkable intut-udt for niany rea*
sons. One Bourcu of Bonifaoe'a auger was the levying
by Philip of extiwirdinnry tax(w on tli« i;l»;rg>- and bin
prohibiting of the exportation of gold and silver from
his kingiloni. Another point, in the higlimt dc-greu to-
tereeting, is the manner in wbidi tlie rights of the hiity
in relation to the clergy eonio up for discussion. One de-
fining chamctcriHtic of Uie Protectant Iti;form:itioD was
the release of the laity from subaervienoy to clerical con-
trol. Tlien: is somelhing ominous in tlio opening wonls
whicli give its title to one of tlie famous bulls of thia
pontilT : CUrieu laioB. It begius with reminding riiiHp
tlmt long tnulition exhibits htyiuon us hostile nnd n)is>
chievous to clergymen. Not less significaiit, in tlio light
of ftubsoqiiimt bistory. is one of the responses of Philip
to the Poi>o's indignant conipliiinis, in which tlio king
afllnn:s that " Holy Mutbt^r Church, tho Spoiuie of Chrisii
is compOBCHl not only of clprg^'men, lint ahio of laymen ; "
tliat clergymen are guilty of an abuse when thuy try to
■ppropriatn exclusively to thenitH^^lves the ceclesinstica)
> I>niiiunil, Giti. Oatl/iititd Jt* AAltit lilUA} An ntxiloi^tlla hiograplitr
)1 Unnifiv* it T«cti, Si-ri-t Ji Saal/ifio VIII. e dt'mti limfi! (ISli)). la
!ha Miiuii v«i* ii tilt nrlicli ot Wiu^mnti (fii rtiivw al 8iiroandl)i Suagt oa
t'aWuu Xnt.J'i'i.. 111. lUl Hi|. Scl>«dl>. Ui llw (IkiDUD Ckthollc) OMrMt
idiri/1 iisio. Nv. 1 ^, n^ttnldBr* Ui4t 1 •(! uid WiMnuin ftH andulf bIjUDd Is
hviir of IkiOitwt. Il'> I«<|^ <•■• Ihun liUM lu 13IU.
' (ir>i;i>ivi l<i>. linritiVAff J. StiutI Ai-a in MiluMltr, V MXK
88
RISE AXD DECLINE OF THE PATAL UIEBAJtCUY.
liberty with whi(;h ibo gnioo of Clirut has made as free
tliat ChrUt Itimadf commanded to rvndor to Caesar tlit
things that are Ocsar's. Mora remarkable still is the
fact th»t I'kilip twioo suiiiuioiK^d to liis Bui>port tli« vs-
tatee of hiB realm, and tJiat Uie nation stood firmly bj it*
cxoominunicat«d sov>.^rui^i. 'Die pontJiiail usscrtions in
r«!gard to tlie two swords, the supremacy of tbe ecclesias-
Ui'al oTor the tcmpoml power, and tJiu eubjoctiou of
every er«ature to the Pope, who judges all and is judged
by none, were mot by a dol<irinined resistance on tha
part of the Frpn<:h nutiou. Whon Bonifiicfi suiainonud
tlie French clergy to Rome to sit in judgment on the
king, tbe act iiroused a tompcHt ul indigiuttion. The
I'npal Bull, snatched from the band of the Legate, was
pnblicly burned tn Notre Damv, on Uie llUi of Fcbniary,
1802. Tbe clergy of tVance addressed to tbe iiiceiucd
pontiff a deiual of his proposition that in secular matters
tliv Poim Htutida above the King, b'^nally all Fnuico
united in an appeal to a gencml council. It was by two
Uymon, William of Ni^irct, kvcpur of Uiu king's sunt,
and Sciarm Colonitu, Umt the personal attack wa^ made
on Boniface at Anogni, which ru8ult«d shortly afterwards
uibi«do»lh<130S).
We have now mchcd tlic point when the prestige of
tJie I'npacy began to wane as riipidly as, in tbe prcc«<ltng
ocnturii's, it had grown, lliis fall was due to the
nxpitn.iioii of intvUigeitoe, to tho gcncTftl change in society
to which reference has been made. But it was acceler-
ated by influences which were subject, to a considerable
extent, to the control of the popes themselves. It is tlie
period of the Babylonian captivity, or the long rosi-
dcnco of the popes at Arignon, and of tbe great sohisiu.
During a greiit part of ibia period the Papacy was
enslaved to Franco, and adtiiinistiTi-d in the interest of
tbe French court, 'lliia futuation itiipi-lled tbe popes to
anjuHt and iiggn-osive measures toward Gcnnany, Eug
toss OF PSESTim.
8»'
land, and other Catliolio countries, measures wluch ooiild .
not fail to provoke cm-nc^t rceontmcnt. Fr»iic« vu wiU-
)ii|>, OS long AS the I'apocv remained hor tool, to indulge
tlia popca in cxtrarugant assertions of authority, which
ooiild only liiiTe Ute elTect to .iggravatu the oppoution on
the part of other nationa. The revenues of the court
Kt Avignon wtte supplied by m<-aiis of extortions imd
DHurpationa whicli had been hitherto witljont example.
'Ilio luulliplictl retervationt of occlcsiustical offices, ei6D
of bbhoprics and parisJies, which vere bestowed by Ute.
popes upon unworthy ]>crsone, or given in comntenHan
to persons already paaaesaed of lucrative pUces; the
claim of the first fruits or annatei—a tribute from
nrw hnltteni of benefioea^ and tlie levying of burdensouM
taxes upon all ranks of tho clergy, especially thoso of tho
lower grades, were among the metliods resorted to for
rcplL-nishiog the papal treasury. Tlie effect of these
Timous fonns of eccle^itsticnl o]ipr(^«io» npon publio
opinion was the greater, when it was known tliat tlio
wcaltli t])tut gained vrvtit to tiupj)i>rt nt Avignon an ex-
tremely luxtirions and profligate court, the boundlt^ss im-
morality of which has boon vividly <lcpictod by Petrarcli,
MO eye-witness.
The attempt of John XXII. to maintain the abeoliite
BspremAcy of the Pope over the Eminre and to deprive
Louis of Davaria of his crown, that he might place it on
tho livad of tlic King of FrcUioo. had an eSect in Ger-
many analogous to that prodnood in France by tiie con-
flift of Boniface and PhiUp. Tho imperial rights found
tho bol<I<.«t (lefvndcrs. At length, in 1338, the electoral
prinees solemnly declared that the Roman king reotuvcs
his appointment and autliority solely from the eleot'ind
collie.
In England, from the Constitutions of Clarendon tmdei
Hiniry II„ in ]!'>'), tlii^re b.til been inanifest a disposition
to limit the jurisdiction and sot bounds to tho eacroacb*
40
BiSE AXD DECLtSK OP THE PAPAL HIKRAROHY,
raents of tho Chiircli, imcl especmlly to onrtail fcFreign
ec«tesia>tical int«rferenoe in the affairs of th« kingdom.'
Now that thfl Papacy luid becmne th« instrument of
Ftanco, tbU spirit of resistance woa naturally quickened.
Two important statutes of Edward III. wt-re tLo con-
Boquonco : tlic Etatutv of proviaora, whidi devolved on
the King the right to fill the Church offices that had
been rcsprvod to tlio Pope ; and tlic ftt.itwto of pnemu-
oire, which forbade mibjcctfl U> bring, by direct prosecu-
tion or appeal, before any foreign tribunal, a cause that
foil iindi-r the King's junitdiction.
In this contest of the fourteenth century, " monarchy *'
was the watehnord oE the adversaries of the Papacy, tho
^rmbol of the ni?w g*nenition who were breaking loose
&om the dominant ideaa of the iMiddle Ages. " The mon-
arcliista rose against tho papista."" In Franco it wiui the
rights of the tlirone and its indfippiKlonw of the Clmrch
which wore inuintained by the jurists, and by tho school-
men, as John of Paris and Occiun, who came to thw* '
help. In Germany it was the old imperial rights aa de-
fined ic Uio civil law, and as preceding even the exist-
ence of tho Church, that were defended. In opposition
to tite political ideas of bis master in theolog}', Tliomat
Aqninas, Dante wrote his noted treatise on monarchy,
in advocacy of Olubelltne principles, againut tlie claims
lol the popes to temporal power. Apart from the gre«t
inflsenoe of this book, and outside of Italy, the question
of the origin of tbe Empire and the nature of monarchy
in gt^'neral, knl to earnest invest^titHi. In Germany
especially, legists and tiieologians immencd themselves
in historical and critical inquiries upon the foundation
of dvil authority, luul the ground on which papal inter-
ferences with secular government profiMwcd to repose
t Tht Oanitlluiloni «! ClanDdoa *t« tult^ doMribed by Iteiii«r, thtiikkt
Alnnmltrt H. DrilHn u. <l. Kir<ki wVacr Z*U., 1 volt. (1800.)
* GrnscnvliM, vU Ui.
4
I
4
4
4
THE MCiyABCHISTS AM) THK I'APISTS.
-II
These writen did nnt stop with confuting the notion
that th<3 Emjiirc was traimfL-rrcd by pajml authority from
the East to the West, llio celchrat<-d work of Mun^iliui
of Padua, the " Defensor Pacb," wont beyond the ideas of
tho ago, and ftasiiiled oron the spiritual Authority of tlie
Roman biHlkop, It denied tliitt Peter was supremo over
the otlier Apostles, and even dented that he can be proved
U> hnvo over visitvd Rome. This work mtuntaincd Uie
supreme antliority of a general coancil. The Minorites,
or BchJsmatJcul Franciscans, who insisted on the nilo of
poverty us binding on the cliirgy, uiid nccuHod John
XXIf. of heresy for rejecting their principle, contended
on thu same side. William of Occam seconded MarsiUua
in a treatise entitJud, " Eight Questions on Uic Power of
the Pope." Occam, like Dante, rested hLs denial of the
validity of the alleged donation of Conatantine on the
ground ttuit tui emperor luul no right to renounce tlie iti-
alienablo righta of the Empire. lie placed the Emperor
and the General Council above thu Po])e, us his judges.
Coronation, he aaid, wn-s n. human ceremony, which any
bishop could perform. " These bold niitings attacki'd the
collective hierarchy in all its funilnmental principles ; they
inqaired, with a sharpness of criticism before tinknovrn,
into the nnturo of the priestly oQice; they restricted
tha notion of hcraty, to which the Chureli had given so
wide an extension ; they appealed, finally, to the Holy
Scripture, as thu only valid authority in matters of faith.
As fervent monarchists, these theolo^ana subjected tJie
Church to tile State. Their heretical tendencies an-
noiuiced a new ]>ro(.v«s in the min<ls of men, in which
the nnity of the Catholic Church went down." It is to be
ob«er%'vd that among the pnndpal litrmry ehainpions of
Louis of Ikivaria tltere was found a representative of
roeh of tlie cultivated nations of the West.'
* GRgvi«r)nt. \-l. 13$, IM. Coploiu titncii from (he D^intiv /^Kw,
khlfh wu Uie Joist prodaclion at Mumliiitat l^ilua and Joha dI Janduiv
Ih« Raptmr Loob'i lAjrilcian, mn Klrtn hj GitteUt, in. It. «. t, f H, d. 19.
12
RISK AXD DECLIXE OF TBE PAPAL aiKRARCnT.
Bming the schism wliicli ensued upon tli« election of
IJrlKU) VI. in IStS, tlicro waa prcecnt^jd before Christen-
dom the apectaclo of rivnl popes iinpruciiting cuntea
npcm eai^ otlier ; each with his court to be maintained
by taxes and contributions, which hiul to be krgeljr in-
oreaeed on account of the divi^on. When men wore com*
polled to oliooso bdtw'vcn rind chiimants of the ofGce, it
was inevitable that tliere should arise a still deeper inves-
tigation into the origin and grounds of papal sutliority.
Inquirers reverted to tJio earlier agt-s of tlio Church, in
order to find both the canoes and the care of the drvadful
cvila under which Christian aoriety waa suffering. More
tluui one jurist and theologian called attention to the am-
bition of tho popes for secular rule and to their opprossivo
domination over the Church, as tlio prime fountain of
thia frightful disorder.
"We have now to glanco at tho vigorons and prolonged
endeavors, which proved for tho rnont part abortive, to
reform the Church " in head and members." Prinoea
intervened to malce peace between popes, as popes had
before intervened to make peace bctwuuu princes.' It is
the era of the Reforming CotmoiU of Pisn, ( 'oiiatance, and
Basel, when, largely under the loud of tho Paris theolo-
gians, a reformation in the morals and admiuistnition of
the Church waa aonglit tlirough the agency of these
great aa-tembliea.' The theory on which D'Ailly, Ger-
BOQ, and the other leadura who cooperated with them,
proceeded, was that of episoopol, as contrasted with pa-
pal, supremacy. The Pope was primate of tlie CliurcU,
but bidiopa derived their authority and grace for the dis-
chArge of tlieir oQicc, not from him, but from the same
■ouroe aa tliat froni which he derived his powers. ITie
Church, when gathered together by ib reprcscntativca in
« general ooiincll, ia tho aiipreme tribunal, to which the
Pope himself ia subordinate and amenable. Their aim
I Laonnt, to R'/irme, p, IS. * (1400-11*3.)
TFIB REFOBWKO CODXCTLS.
48
I
wna
H tlio
WM to nvliiro him to tlic mule of n amHtitittinruit inittead
oC an absolute monarch, llie Gallican tlieologians held
to an inluliibilitv n.'siding flonicwLoro in tlie Chjrch ;
moot nf them, and ulliiitatdy all of Uiem, plncirg this
infallibility in cecumenical councils. The flattcriiig liopes
nnder wliick tlic Council of Pisa ofK^niL-d its procuu<Iiiig»,
vf-re doomed to disapjmintment, in t'oniiequcncfl of the
relactanoe of the reforiDcra to puah Ihrougb their meas-
m9» without u popu, and tl>« failure of AlcxAnder V. to
redeem (he pledges irhidi lie had made thoni prior to
liis ulection. Mcnvover, tbe scliism continued, with three
pope» in the room of two. Tim Council of Coiistanco
began nnder the fairest Ruspices. The resolve to vote by
Dft^ORS was a Btgiiificant sipn of a new order of tilings,
and CTiisliftd the (Ie«i(;ii of the fln^tious Pope John
XXin. to ooutrot the asaembly by the prupflndemnoe
of Italian votett. Solemn declarations of the supremacy
and Htitliority of the Council vrere adopted, and were
carried out In the actual depnsition of the infainoiis Pope.
But th« plans of reform wore mostly wrecked on thu same
rock on which Uioy liad broken at Pisa. A pope must be
elected ; and Martin V. . once chosen, by Willful lonnage-
mcnt and hy Mjutratc arranBcmcnta with different prince*,
wns at>l« to undo, to a great extent, tlie salutary woric of
the Council, and even before its adjournment to reassert
tha Tftry doctrine of papid superiority which the Council
repudiated. The substantial failure of this Council,
the most august ecdoaiastical nssemblage of thu ^fiddle
Ages, to Aehieve reform.i which tlioiightfnl and good men
(trerywherv deemed Indispensable, was a proof that some
more nulical means of reformation would luive to b«
Adopted. But another grand effort in the same direction
WM put forth ; luid the Council of Basel, notwithiituiKling
that it adopted iinuierous measures of a benolicent charac-
ter, wliicli wore acceptable to the Catii"iic nationa, bad nt
last no better issue ; for most of the ath-ontages tliat wer*
14
KtSE AXD DECL1KK 07 THK PAPAt. HIEKARCHT.
^Dlcd to tlium aixt (lie oouocsaiuiu ttuil vrei-u mnde b;
the popes, ospGcisUj to Gcnnnny, tlicy coiibived Htter-
vrnrd, by a<lroit diploinnoy, to rocall.
If we look at the condition of Europe in the fifteccth
cwntury, after ttut tiuio of thu scliism iin^ tbo informing
councilH, we observe UiaL polilionl coDHiilvratioaa hiivo
Bwny, in the room of distinctively ecclesiastical motives
and fvc'liiigs.' National rivalries and tlic ambition of
princes are ever^i'nhere prominent. 'I1i« sovereigns of
Guropo aro endravoring to anginent thojr power at Uw
expt.'nso of the 01iiiri;Ii, cai^cially by takiii);; into lUeir
handa ecclesiastical appointiuenta. It was during tite
liftJMinth century tliat t)iv European monarchies wore ao>
quiring a firm organization. In England the wars of the
Ros«s ended with the accession of Henry Vll., and in liia
Hon and succt-Jtsor the rights of both lines were united.
hi France the century of sb^fo with England had beeu
followed by the rvdiictiun of tlic gn-.it feiidatorios to snh-
JQOtion to the crown. In Spain, Caj^tJle and Ari^n were
united by the marriage of their soTeruigns, and their
kingdom was conaoUdated by the coiiqui.-st of Gruniula.
At tim critical vpoch, when it would have been in the
highest degree diUicult for pontiPU devoted to the inter-
feita of rL-ligion to hvoiist th<^ domiiiiml spirit of nationuU
ianit it appeared (o be the solo ambition of a series of
popoi to aggiiuidizc their fumilius or to strengthen the
■totM ol Uie Church. No longer absorbed in any griuid
|>nblic object, like the crusades, they plotted and fought
to build up principalities in Italy for their reIittivo». To
'ho furUieriince of such worldly schemes, they often appUed
llio trciiAunvt whidi tliey procured by taxing the Clinrch
iind tiom the sale of churcJi ofRcai. Tito vicious cliaraeter
at Beveral of them augmented the scandal which tliis coiv
1 Tito rnntmv«n^, ilurinft tU* (Mriml, betveui Iho •dvocalu ol Uiv &riiil4>-
Kadi or GaUioii inil at tlm pi|iai ijirttnw, b dtwribtd. wlib foplimi cltaiiMu
faMD tha pokmlcal wrl!i>r> wliv |inniclp«t«d In ll, \y QicMler, Chunk nittmy
m. T. r. { 1M.
MORAL FALL 09 TBK TAPACT.
Sixtil
46
rnpt jmlicy ci-i^tvd. Sixtiu IV.,iiiiniiig to found a prin-
cijiatity fur his tioplii.>M- — or, according to Machinvolli,
bia illvgitlinnt*) »oii Gii-ubirno Riurio — favored the oon
ipinicyugainst the lives of Julian and Lorenao do Me<lici,
wliicli rettiilted in tlut nHMiutainatioi) of the former on tliA
etops of tiio alUir, during tlie celebration of liigli ninHit.
Ilu tlicn joined Nu]>U-ii in making wur on Florence. In
order to gmii Ferrara for hiii nepliow, lie first inciti^l
Venice to war : but when his nephew went over to the
ude of Niiplea, the Pope forsook his Venetian lillies and
excorainnnicated them. Little rogard wan pitid to tliia
act, and his conseqnuut chagrin hastened his death. In-
nocent VIII., besides advancing tlie fortunc^s of seven
illegitimate children, and waging two wara with Naples,
received an annuid tribute fruto the Sultan for detaiuisg
hia brother and rival in prison, inaUiad of sending him to
lead a force agiunst the Turks, the enemies of Christen-
dom. Alexandvr VI., who^e widiudncss brings to mind
the dark days of the Papacy in the tcntli century, occu-
pied himsoU in building up ii principality for his favorite
son, that nioiuter of depr.ivity, Cajaar Borgia, and in
unassing treasures, by base and cruel means, for tho sup-
port of tlie licvnliouH Roman Court. Ho is said to have
died of tttb poison which he tiad caused to be prepared
tor a rich cardinal, who bribed the head cook to sot it be-
fore tho I'opis Iitmsclf. If -lulius II. satisfied tho nmhi-
tion of his family in a more peaceable way, he still found
his enjoyment in war and conquefti, and made it his sole
lAsk to extend the States of the Church. He orgiiniiied
alliances and defeat«?d one enemy after another, forcing
Venice to succumb, tuul not hesitating, old nuin as he was,
to (.»lte the field himself, in winter. Having brought in,
the French, and joined tho league of Carnhray for chcsab*
of su1>duing ^''enias ho called to his side the Venetians
tor the expulsion of the French (1510).'
> Otnutay etobolJei] Iti couipUlnti ■tcaiait ^ nrruiil luJ ixEoitloMtt sd
w
BISE AKD DECUSK OP THE PAPAL IIILRARCHT.
Tbia nbagrption of tlio popea !ii Belfbh aiid seculai
Bcbemes was uot in an age of ignontaoe, but jost at the
period whuTi Iviiniitig Iiod rvvivtxl and when Europe hod
entered upon nn era of inventions and discoveriM vbich
vrero dfuttincd to put a new fiico upon civilixiition. 'I'ho
demoralixed condition of the Church was a fact that
conld not ful to draw to itself gviicml attention.
Leo X., made a cardinal at the age of tliirteeu and
pope at tliirty-eeven, whoee pontificat« was to be «gnal-
ized by tile bi^ginniiig of Uie Ui-fonnatioii, was free from
the revolting vioea which had degimled several of hts
noAT predecessors, and from tho vioU-nt tutd hulligi^rent
temper of Juliua II., who immetliaU-ly preceded hiia}
Tflt the influence of his character and polioy was c<dcu-
hted to strengthen the disaffection toward the Papacy.
Suipi, in his "History of the Coundl of Trent," aft«r prais^^
ir^ the learning, taste, and liberality of Leo, remarks with
fine wit, that " he would have been a perfect Pope, if be
hod oomlnned with these qualities sonic knowledge of tho
aflUra of reli^on and a greater inclination to piety, for
neither of which he manifested much concern." ' Even
Palhiviuni, the oppouL'^nt of Sarpi, lament's Unit Leo called
about him those who were rather familiar with the fables
of Greece niid tlte deligtita of Uie pmrt^ thim with the
history of the Church and the doclrino of the fathers.
Ho dej)lorei» tho devotion of Leo to profane Htiidies, to
hunting, jesting, and ]>ageants ; to employments ill siiitiHl
to hb exalted oQicc. If he had been surrounded by theo-
miniMmlOD oJ Jalliu, w nlsl«d lo Out coua(rj,tu Graramina. A rt-ralt tjriin't
MelMUiticn, or • gnal datectioa tram Ui« Uoniaii Cbuicb, lika tliut ut Uia Uo-
li«ni*a*, vere doclaml.to be Immlneal, 1( Uieaa orllt were uut camcted.
— Oi«»r1*r. iir- ▼■ I, i 134, n. Ii.
' Tlicr* i* no KTUund (oi btllaTiog (ha KWidaloiu chiirg*) of Immorallt/ irkich
hsra bMD Duda agaiiul him. The;r at* broaglit IcgtUler Inm Ihe ori^oil
taarcan ia Bij'la'* Dlctionu^.
■ "EMrtblMaUtoiuiptrfaltDPonUfW, kcod •guoitoaTiuioconglunliMiiuilch*
MttDlilm)* ddl* MM dalla i«li|puiii>, ad aUf|iuuilo plu d'lncUnulone atU piat^
Ml* una 0 dall' ■llni dalla quiJI Don moalnT* anrKniD cutl" Jttortt M Ctm
CHARACTER UF LEO X.
Al
loguiM, PallttTinui Uitnka thnt ho would have buen more
cautiouB in distributing indulgences and that tlie herarie
of LutJicr tniglit, perhaps, have bucn (juickly su])proa»od1
bv th« writings of learned men.* Tlie Italian hietor
Munitori and Gtiicdardini, in connection witli their praise
of Leo, state the misgivings Uiat were felt by mse roen
at the costly pomp which he displayed at his coronation,
and comuro his laxity in tho atlniinistnition of his office.*
The chief pastor of the Chun^b was aeen to ^vo himaelf
up to the fiucinationa of literature, art., and music. In his
gay and luxurious court, religion wna a matter uf subord-
inate concern. Vast Bums of money which woro gathered
from Christian people were lavished upon his relatives.*
Leo'a influence fostered what Ranke has well called " a
•ort of intellectual sensuality."
It is true that octnsionally the interests of sovcrclgni*'
moved them tacitly to admit pretenMons on the siile of
tho popt-a, that were fast becoming obsolete. In 1453,
Nicholas V. granted to Alphonso, King of Portugnl, tho
privilege of subduing and reducing to perpetual servitude,
Saracens, I'ftgiuis, and otJierinfideUand enemies of Christ,
and of appropriating to himself all of tbeir Jdngdoroa,
territories, and property of whatever sort, public and pri-
vate ; and two years aft^rwiirds, by the same " apostolio
autliority," he bestowed on him tho new discoveries on
tlic wcat'^m coast of Africa. Alexander VI,, in virtue ot ■
rights derived from Peter to the Apostolic See, iissnmed
tBio Trld., lib. i. (lom- 1. S). Not tsit lUffvmil i> the eilrmats of ■ aiodfrn
Catliollc vrllct t " E> bsus hcrrliclii! Eii:(Tiuvhiift(n d't GrintM iin<l ilmMW
•tin Mac Blldune. KMintnla oad Li«t>* tnt Kuiut unr) IViiMnH'liutt ; iIht
Hrtbuo FspH war *r tIcI >a r«r^UgnnKni«htJg, venchwcoderiub und landn^
■Mdg." J. t. Itilter, KifkmguehlcM4, K. la.
> iMaria rfi C"K>ti'o itC Trtulo, tnm. I. lib. 1. r. if.
•MDnloH, Anti-tU lefl-tEa, lom xir. lU. OnicDiirdini, ftlaria ttltaUtf]
lam. ri. p. CI. Sec, tUa, lom. vii. ^p. lOt, IOt>.
■ Itank*, Diutiflu f7nrhiclitt, i. 3fiS. RoMO* \lA/tef Lto X., W. <h. xx!t.(
ithnd) him aKMiut Ui« iiiiptilnlinn of iiDCliMtllj. but doc* nol conceal tht
plMfun h( iMk In bnffiMnrir, ami inilal>- ngnU hi* doiiblo-doaling in hi* Is.
UfroarM wilb »orrt*i|[n*.
48
USB AND DKCLINE OF TIIE PAPAL UlCr.lKOIY.
to give aw&y, *' of Lta iiwtv libomlity," to l-VixliiiitnJ and
Isabella, all tbe newly ilisooverccl rcgiouit of America,
from a lino stretching one hiuidrod leagues westward ol
the Azores, and exU-n<Iiiig " Irom tlio arctic to tlu; aiit>
arctic pole." Afterwards Ferdinand allowed to tbe Kit
of l^ortugiil tliat UiiH line shotdd mn thruu IinndrL-d nitdl
seventy, instead of one hundred leagues to tlio west of tbo
Azores. But tbe importance of thu popes in tliLs jM;r!(xl
vas chiefly dependent on their teniponil power in Itiily,
mud on the puhticut comhinntioiis whicli they were able
to organize. The ooncciuions whioli they obtained from
princes were often of more apparent than real conse-
quence, 'llm fact is illuslrat^-d in the siirn-iKkT of tlio
Pragmatic Sanction by Pmncis I. to Loo X. (1516).
In 1438, nftvr the Council of Basi-1 had passed its ro-J
forming measures, Charles VII. assembled the clergy of
France in a gixiat Synod at Bourges. Nearly two cen-
turieii before, tlint devoted son of the Chiircli, Louis IX.,
— St. Louis of France — had issued Uie famous l*rag«
malic Sanction, the charter of GallicJin hbcrtic's, by which
interference witli free eleotjoiis to benelicea in France, and
exactiona and assessments of money on the part of the
p<^>eB, except on urgi-nt occasions, and with the king's
coDwnt, were forbidden. With this example before tbeiD,
the Synod of Bourgus nssc-rtixl thu rights of national
churcli«!<, not only above the Popo, but also above tlie
Council, a part but not all of whoso reformatory decrees
it adopted. It declared tlm Pope mibjccl to a generiil
ooundl. and bound to convoke a council every ten yeaw.
Tlio right of nomination to benefices was denied to tlio
Pdp«, cxcc])t in n few instances specially reserved, and.
appeals to him were restricted to the gravest eases.'
Among the provisions of the Bourgea Sanction was the
denunciation of annates and lirst^fmits as simony. Th«,
plforts of Pius II. and Paul II. to procure the repeal ol '
the Pragmatic Sanction were stojidily resisted by thv
SECl'LAIl SPIRIT OF THE PAl'ACT.
40
Parliaiiii'iildf I'uv'm, W\ieii, Uierefore, Leo X. suocooded
In obtaining from Fmncis I., ahvr lits vi«.-torions campugn
ill Itjily, llu- »liiiii<JO)imi;iit of tlie Sanction, it Beamed to
be a great a<tviuice on the side of thu Papacy. IniwJIty,
bowi^vcr, althougli thu Gnllican Cluirc-li wna robbed of ita
liberties, tho Pope gained only the annates, wUilti tho
power of nominating to tho grvat benviicuii fell to Ute
king. Moreover, the ooerdon tliat was required to bring
the Parliament to re^ster tlto new Concordat, and tli«
indignaUon wlildi it nwak«nc(1 throughout France, proved
that it resulted from no change in the setiUments of tho
nation.
The long atrugglo of Prancia I. and Charles V,, and
the way in which it affected tlie fortunes of Proteatantiam,
afford a constant illustjutioa of th« prt'doiuiuauct; which
had been gained by secular an<) political, over purely
eccloaiastial interests. Tliere were critical moments when ^
not only the king and the omporor, but tho Popo aim,
were led from motives of poUcy to become the virtoal
allit^ of tho Protestant cause.
It is a striking incident, and yi-t illuHtnitive of tho
spirit of the age, that tlie Emperor Maxiinili.in sent word
to this ElL'ctor Frederic of Saxony to take good care of Lu-
ther— " wu niiglit, pcrliaptt, havu need of him some time
or other." * For fear that Cluirleia V. would be too much
BtringtlieiR'd by tho destruction of tho Protestant League ,
of SiHiUcald, Pope Paul III. recalled tlie troops trhUJi h» '
bad tent to tho Emperor, and encouraged Francis I. to
prosecute his design of aiding tho Protestants. Tho Pop«
sent a message to the French king, *> to help those who I
wcta not yet beaten." At tho moment when tho Protos- i
^ant cause might sra^m to he on tlic verge of extinction,
tlio Popa Jind the King of Franco appear as its defcndors.
tVancis even sottglit to make tlie Turks his allies in his
ttzugglo agiunst tho Emperor. What a changu was this
> Itu^t, DtittA. CmL. 1. 1» I ffuforv ^ lAt P^f. I M.
4
60
RtSK AXD DEOLnn! OP THE PAPAL mERARaiT.
from tlie days when tl>e princM aiid nations of Eiiropa
were btindcd tOR*tIicr, at the call <if the Churefa, to wrwrt
the holy places from the infidols I '
Thus, at the he^nmng of the sixteenth century, th«ro
an! tvro fiujto which iirnitt nttcntion : —
Uttt, the development and consolidation of the nations,
in thdr Mparate individoality, «ach with its own Ian*
guage, culture, laws, and indlitiitiona, and animated by a
nutional spirit that chafed under foivignocclesia»tical con*
trol.
Secondly, the aeeularizing of the Papaey. The popea |
hiui virtually renounced the lofty positiun which they itill
BBBiimfd tn hold, and which, to a oertiun extent, they had
once reiilly held, of moral an<l religlotis giiardliins of so-
ciety. As tJ.*mporal ndors, (h^y were inimt-raeil in politic
cal contests and sohemea of ambition. To further these,
thoy prostituted the opportunitios alTorded by their Rpir-
itual function, and by the trnditional reverence of men,
which, though weakened, was still powerful, for their
cpiHcopal authority, ft vvaa unavoidublft th.it they and
their ottice with them, ghould sink in public esteem.
" Dnring the Middlu Age*," says Coleridgv, the PajJiicy
WW nnotJier name " for a confederation of learned men
in the west of Europe iii^aSiist tlie Imrbarism and igno-
ranee of tlie timea. The Pope was the chief of this oon-
federacy ; nnd, so long ak hi> retained that chAroctor, his
power was jiist and irresistible. It wsa the pnnnipal
means of preserving for us and for all posterity all that
■m now have of tlio illumination of past age«. But tia
toon as the Pope made a separation between his c1iar;Lut4>r
Bfl premier clerk in Chrisbondom and as a secular prince —
M coon lu lie began to Rquabhlo for towns nnd caotlen —
then he at once broke the charm, and gave birth to a
revolntion.'' " Ev«rywh<trc, but espceiiiUy throughout
tbe North of Europe, the breach of feeling and sympathy
> Iboks, DtmUd,. GmA., I. SI.
SECULAR STISIT OF TItE PAPACT. 61
went on widening ; bo (liiit all Germany, England, Scot-
land, nnd olJiiT count ri(a, atitrted, lilto giants out of thwi\
sloef , at the Grat blaat of Lutlior'a tmrapet." '
■ TaUi Tna (JalySi, 1830). AlmoMtliv umt lUtfiriBiil u U Iha motd
hll of Ilie r^jiac;- li made hf ■ ralr-mlndod Calhollo lilitoriaa. lit tnwtii iU i
dtcUni' Inin Ihn Dslijrlonlnn nipllvily, thniitKh II" period of tha Utfonnlnf 1
Ceuacili. knd the itign n( J'l'i'ii II, vi>l (ho pnpra of the heDM ot Ucdid.
" Bit dnhln hittiD die l^pde dun-h ihr Vtrmiidi^rBmt ulwrden FDnWa bo*
landoDi jclit alwr nlrlll*!) >k alch d«imllK>n Rlslrli und crwecktea, durcU till*
Liliidvr- unil Knrjnl"*'. N«1il uml tt*M Breta ijvb. Bo war dia i-natc latnl-
Wbe Knfl, wodnrcb Itnia iril via Jahrhiiadtrtvn die Wiilt bctisrrKlil hatlai
imlerKdlK'ii, nod « bedllrfte our Hnos krifliKrn Stoitn, um il* Ub« das
HanloD m mifui." I. I. Kltin, XirAe%st4tAiM; S. IM.
CHAPTER lit
fl?KCIAL OACSES AMD 0MEN3 OF AN ECCLESU8TUTA1
BKVOLDTIOS PBIOB TO THE StXTEEMTH CKNTOBY.
Thr iiicduvral type ot religion, in contrast with prim
Itive Clinstianit)', a pervaded by a certain legulism.
Everything is prescribed, reduced to rule, siibjuclcd to
Milhiirity. Mediasval Catliolicism may be contemplated
imdtT tha three de|>iirtiiiftiita of dogma, of polity, imd
of Christian life, under which modea of wornliip nro
inchidfd.^ Under this last oomprohcnsivo rubric, mou-
ascivl.ttn, for example, vhich springs out of a certiun con-
ception of the Christian lifd, belongs. The dogmatic sys-
tem, m chiboriite<l by the Bclioohnen from Uie niiit'eriAla
furuislied by tiudition and sanctioned by the Chunji,
constituted a v&Ht body of doctrine, which every Chris-
tiiui was bound to accept in all its pnrticul:t». 'Hie
polity of the Church lodged all guvcmnicnt in the liands
of a superior class, the priesthood, who were the com*
missioniHl, iudigpcitsuble almoners of divine grace. 'Hie
worship centered in the sacrifioe of the mass, a cotistiintly
repeated miracle wrought by the hands of the prieftU
In Uie idea of the Christian life, the visible act wus made
to count for bo much, ceremonies were so multiplie<i and
BO highly valued, tliat a character of extomali^ wbb
stamped upon the method of siilvatirin. Siilvntifm, in-
stead of being a purely gratuitous act, flowing from tlia
mercy of Ood, was connected with human merit. The
^UHiitibitivr, ns opposed to thu qualitativo stan<]ard of
1 utlmtaa, Rt/etiHalimn nn- Jtr Rt/amuiiion, I. p. 13 m^.
ji smnrcAL bractiok.
S8
exodlenoe, Uie dispo^don to luy atr««8 on iKrformuncoi
and abstinences, instead of thfi spirit or pnnciplu at tlio
fouudution of tlic wliolu lift', lay ut the root of celibacy
and tlio monastic inKtitiition. Tli« miissuti, pilgritnages,
laBtings, flagcllAtioms pmycrs to Haints, homage to theiz
r^ics nnd images, and aimilnr features so proinini^nt in
mediieTal piety, illustrate its essential characlei-. t'tiri*-
tiauity WAS cottvcrted into »n extturnal ordinance, into &
roand of obaervanoea.'
Tliu Koction which manifested itself from time to time
witliin the Church, anterior to Uic lUtformation, might
hare a special relation to either of tlic ooustiluc-nt
elements of the mediicTiU system, or it might be directed
iigiunst them all togetlier. It might appear in tlio form
of dissent from Uie prerailing dogmas, espeeially from
tiiu doctrine of human merit in salvation ; it might be
leveled agmust the priesthood as usurping a function not
giwn them in tho Guspol. and as departing in various
ways from the primitive tdtn of the Ciiristian ministry;
it might take the form of an explicit or indirect rttaist-
nnoe to tlie ex.'kggtT,ibcd otteem of rites and oeromonies
and austerities. In either of these directions tho spirit-
ual element of Cliristinnity, which liad Ix-como overlaid
and cramped by traililiona, might appear tut an untago-
nistic or silently renovating foree. A general progri»s of
intcUigcuco, especially if it should lead to tho study of
nrly Cliristianity, would tend to the same result.
The forcruiiuent of tho Reformation have been prop-
erly divided into two classes." Tbe first of tliem wm-
Btsts of the men who, in the quiet path of tlieolc^ioil
research and teaching, or by practical exertions in beball
of a contemplative, spiritual tone of piety, were under-
mining tbe tnkditional system. The second embrace* the
1 lldi bit in well pnMnUd tj Ullauft. B^f«n»atirt» nr Jir S^'irmalSr*,
b p. tuli. toq., i>- B Mr|.
> UEouinn, I. p. IB Mf.
&4 SPECIAL OACSES Km 0UEN3 OF THE R>:fOIUrAT10X.
naui«s l( mnn who nrv better known, (or tlio rcomn OtKt
tliey attempted to carry out their ideaa practioally in the
wny "f oiTi-vting vccU-Miistiukl diungos. Tbu first cliuw
are more obscare, but were not leas influential in prepar-
ing tlic ground for tliu Reformation. ProtostnntiHin vaa
a n.-tiini to the Ri'-riptitrvji an the authentic! Hource of
Christian knowledge and to tlia prindplo tliat salration,
tlmt iiiwiini iMMwe, i« not from the Cliiiroh or from c tmim
work.i ethical or ceremonial, but through Chriat alone,
receiv(>d by tlie soul in an act of trust. Wlioerer,
wliellii^r in tlit> nhiilr of tlieology, in the pulpit, througli
the devotional treatise, or by foetoring tho study of lan-
guages und of historj-, or in perilous combat with eccl«ai-
ftstiwil aliHsefl, drew the minds of men to the Scripturee
and to a more spiritnal conception of religion, was, in a
great«r or lest measure, a reformer before tlie Iteforiitft<
tion.
In the preceding chapter we have roviowc'd the rise of
tho hierarchical order, and have noticed one of tlie main
caoMS, the tendency to centralization, the spirit of na-
tionalism, which had weakened tho authority of tho
clergy, and espocially, at the be^nning of the luxteenth
century, had materially reduced tbo pow«r of the
Papacy.
We have now to direct attention to various spetnal
causi^s luxl otiii^ns of an approfiching revolution, which
would alTect not only the polity but the iiutire religlooa
system of the mcdintml Church.
I. Among these phenomena is to be mentioned the ria*
of anti-siiccrdotftl sixits which sprang up as early as tho
eleventh century, but flourished chiefly in the tweUUi and
tliirteentJi. Tliese indicated a wide-spread diesatisfactioD
wth the worldlinejs of the clergy, and with prcUtioaf
govoniment in the Church. Tliere were individuals, like
Peter of Bruys, himself a priest, and Henry the Deacon,
ft monk of Clugiiy, who, in tlie earlier part of the tweUtk
AXTI-SAaJtDOTAL SECTS.
&6
eentury, m»d« a gri>at dUturbance in Soutibcni France by
vehi'mimt invoctivcH npiinat thv irainumliLiusof the priust-
bood am) th<^ir usurped dominion. Tlie simultaneous ap-
pcaraDcu of persons of tJi!« ckanicter, whosu impiuuioncd
hnTAii)^u<:a woti for tlium numerous ndlierents, 8bo\rs Uiat
th« popular reTeronoo for the clergy was Bhakcn. Con*
spi<»)uiu among the Mwtarios of this pciiod are Ih*
Catharists, n'ho were found in sereral countries, but
were most nuincruiui in ibo oitit-suf North Italy uiidttf Uia
■outh of France. Tlie dualism of tb« ancient Manicbeans
and of the later Paulicinns — the bhoory that thu empiro
of the world is dividt^d between two antsgonisUo princi-
ples— t«^tber with tlie aacetidsm that grows out of it,
resppcars in a groii]i of s«<'t3, wliicli wwir dilTuront names
in the vitrious regions where they are found.' They are
diaracterizcd in common by a renunciation of tbu au-
thority of the priestbood. In Soutliem Fmnce, wbert)
they acquired the namo of Albigenses, they were woU
organized, and wvro protvctud by powerful laymen. The
]io<^'ina of the troubadours show to what extent the tiergf
bad fallen into disrvputv in tins wealthy and llourisliing
distriot" In the extensive, opulent, and most civiUzcd
portion of Prances whidi formed the dominion of the
Count of Toulou»e, the old niligitm was virtiinily »u[>-
plaiit«d by thenewsect. Tlie Albigensianpreaclters, who
minyled with tlu-ir ln'tt'r<nl<»x t4;iiets a slncorc zeal for
purity of life, were lienrd witli favor by all eliutscft. 'I'h©
extirpation of tliis numerous and formidable sect was ac-
> Upon fbc ortffln «nd miiliuJ rrlalion nf thtwt wMt, Ihcir Icncli, Dad Iheli
reUtlon to Out carlirr Llu&liiiic bemlv*. Ke K»ndtr, CinrrM IfJIfry, Iv aM,
*eq.t OlOflcr, AVrrArnjionliV^lr, m. ui. T, f STl Uilmui. IKitiri iff Lati»
Ckritti-mUy. V. IIUI fi: Itaiir, KlnktitfeteliieliU, iii. UO Mq-i Sohmldl,
ffttf. (f /tm<lr>'a« Jf tu tcnv </(• CUJt-inwO'Brit, lUU), and utlcl* " KuhArar "
■II llvnwe't Rial-r.nrfri.'pMit I lUhn, '7H«l«Al«tf. Kttt4f at UUUialUr. \. t
Maltlsnil, facU mti DorMmimtt Oliutnitin o/ Iht lliiltry. tit., of |A« Allli-
irMuaihf (Jl* WaUtmt* (tSSllj •l-O. /'•»! /;«>iy*iI«M.L 1M3). Srbinidl
WI*i»pl4ln>li-[in>T<iilia liiMoric Bannaclinn at Iha CalkHiM* Hilb Itm PuiUciini
■• «»t1 a> nidi Ilia llMJchtBM.
* Uiluuu, Lalm ChriMUHtlj. v. ISl Sniim9- In.
56 SrECIAL CAUSES AND OUEttS OF tOE KU-OUUAItOS.
coinpliitlied oiily tlirongh a bloocly cniB.'u]«, ttmt vrtia out
cm foot iindcr Uid auspioes of Inuowiit III., and was fot-
(iiwcd l)y Uic efTiirts of tlic Inqtiialtioii, which han luul ita
beginning.* The Albigenst's. in their oppoffition to llio
nuUtority of eccUwMitticiil tntdition and of tJio Iiicnirdiy,
and in their rejection of pilgrimnges and of certain prae-
ticis, liko thu worship of saints and image's, autiuipatud
tbb Protestant doctrine ; although in other respectii their
croed is cveu moro at rarianoo vrith tlio spirit of Protcs-
bintJ&ni tlian is that of tlieir opponents. It ts intAreating
to observe that at tho moment when tho Pajwicy appeared
to be at tlie zenith of its power, a rebellion broke out,
which oould only be put down by a groat oxortion of
military foreo, and by brutalitiis whidi have li^ft on ui-
deiible st.-\in upon those who instigated thorn.*
TtiL' \S'itl<Ieni<'.«, H party not tainted \rilli Manichwu)
doctrine, and distinct from tlie Cntharista, arose in 1170,
under the l»«d of Peter Waldo, of LyoDS. Finding them-
aclvti* forbidden to prcarh in n simpio manner, after tho
example of the Apostles, tlic " Poor Kfcn of Lyons," aa
they were styled, mitdo a stand against tlio vxelusivc right
of thi! clci|^ to t«.'3ch tlio (ioBpr!. AlUuMigh tlid W;ddiinae«
are not of so high antiquity as was often supposed, sines
thf^y do not n^ch fiH'tlutr btiok tlinn Wnhlo, anil :iltlioiigh
they were far loss onlightvned as to doctrinu tli.tn tliey bo-
KuiTio after tliey It.id l)eon hmiight in eontuct with Prot<-j^
tantiam, yot their attachuiunt to the Seriptnrea, and their
npposutioii to clerical iiHurpatiun mid jirolligiiej-, entitio
them to a place among the precuraoia of tlio Kvfonnatton.'
■ "It wu » WBT," nji Guiiot, "baliTMn (sodal Pranc« uid municipal
fraiu'c" Uutpry nX CiiiBmttivn, Int. X.
1 Tbt dutinjrnitlii<il CathotJc tliwInKian. tltfrle, in tha KirrAm- 1,'gHcm,
•n, "AEblj^nna," milvKveralu h-Mvn tlm rfrHimllnlllj'af Uis Popv and tli*«i>
(dtuullc^ uitharitit* (or the AltiiKcmiin nuMMFM. But this ii pogaibtt oolj
to a vny limiud txlDnl. It woi nnt until filicbtlut atrnuIliM had b««i oom-
miltnt, llint nn nUnniil wiw iii«l« l« rurb lti« forocilr which had liMn ittlMd
tiy tUc iiiuitt urcriil ujiioala.
■ VtiB priacipul worlti whIi'U hanj kcvrI to witic dl>|MiU*l twlat* mpodii^
A(iTI-*.VCE8D0TAL SBCTS.
67
Wh«reT«r they went, thej- kiudled among tlie people tho
deuie to rvn^ th4 Bible. Tito principal thcutre <^ their
labore waa Milan, anil othoi- ptiicea in tlio nortli of Italy
ati<) tlie KOtitJi of Fiiinco, wberc the liierarcliy had a
weaker hnld on tlio people, and where many who wtire
ili^i«t«il with the pricsUiood were likewise rpi>elle(t \>y
tho obnoxionsi Uicology of tlio Cntharisbi.
Tbo departure of the Fmncisc-ana from tlie rule ol
poTi^rty led tho stricter party in tJiiit order to break off ;
and nil elTortii to licnl tlie AchiDin proved ineffectual. The
Spirittials, aa the stricter sect wore called, in their zeal
agiUDat c>cck')tiii8ticiU eomiption did not spare the Roman
C^nrdi ; and they, e^ccially the lay brethn^n i;iti<)n(;
tiR'ni, tho f rutricoHi, wero dttlivored over to tlie Inqaiai-
Uon.
At the end of the twelfth centurj' there were funned
in tlm Nothcrlan<l9 soctctit's of praying women, calling
theniselvcn Bef^inoR, who led a life of iIv«-otion without
monastic TOWS. Similar societies of men, who were called
Bejjlianb. were aft".*rwapd8 formed. Many of both clasBtiB,
for tho sake of protection, connected themselves with tho
TerUaric* of tho monastic ordrra. Many, following the
rule ot poverty, became mendicants ali-ng the Rhine and,
porluips, throuj^h tlio inniicneo of the Bcct of tho Free
Spirit — n I'anlheistio RoiH — adopted heretical opininns ;
90 that tho names Bt'^iim and Bi-f*1iard, outsido of the
Kethei'hmdH, Iwcame aynrmyinona with heretic. A swiiriii
of enthiisiusta and fanatics, knoivu by theso appetlationa,
vlH-ri^hi'il a xiiiccn! hostility to tlie wrnipt lul ministration
of the Church.
Ika Waldinica «• DiMklioff, Kt WaUrturrim MiiltS-ttUr (1tal}l UtrHff
Oil mnniMwAfa WaUmttr [IBM). Itennic hu IirouirKl fimmnt d>« infor-
mation in hia Biticlo on tho W&Mmiiim in bia tCMl-E^rj/fti-pAli*, Tbo laltljr
diaioV*i«;l maiiiiHTiiit nt tlie .ViAh /.ijristn miflcn it liie'ilj |in'l)ilt>l« tli>|
Ou9 porm w <rim)Kwil 'n Ihc firEcmiTfi (tnlanr On (li>> iL-itf of Ihij otbct
Waldnmiin viiliiiK*, anil lliu inlrn>"<ali""* wliirli itinj haTd iiiflirrd. M* Itit
u|i'( aii'dv. Tlial lliu Walilvii'" liuvs iio rxlkliun fii.ir lu Waldu ■*(«•
, mAkI *t imuiil by vaintirtrtil Kholan.
5S Sl-ECtAL CAUSES A.\U OUKNS OF 1I1E ££rOUIATION.
Tlie lixistCQOC Aiwl the number of this specie* of se«t»
riee, whom the Inquisition could nut extirpate, and who,
it ttliould be ubKcr%\H], wt'ru moHtly \>Wia mid uiili'oirnvd
people, prove that a profound disaatisfactioQ with the
exiHting order of tliingft, and a dwji criiving, mingled
though it wua with ignorance and superstitioii, for tho
ivet'Oratioit of a more tiimplu luid uposbolic typg of Cliri^
tiaiiilyi bad {tenvtrated the lower nrden of society. For>
merlj they who wcru oilundud by the wwUUi and worldly
temper of tlie clergy, Imd found relief by retniatiiig to
the austerities of monastic life witliin tlie Church. But
the monastic soctctios, muili in its tuni, u» they grew
oldvr, iv\l into the luxurious ways from wbicb th«ir foun-
ders had been anxioos to eecape. Mow, as we approach
Uic epoch of th« Kt^fommtion, we observe the teadency
of this sort of di«af[ection to embody itself in sects which
sssumo a quL-Mioiiiible or opinily ioiniical attitudo towards
the ChiU'di. Yet it is well tliat tlie eoclealaaticol revolu-
tion was not K-f t for them to luicomplish, but was reserved
for viiliglitoned tuid aobcr-uiinded men, who would know
how to build up as well as to destroy.
n. The Consttrvative Gufonncnj, the champions of tho
liberal, epi»ca|ial, or (ilallican, an coutntRtod with tlto
papal conception of Uic hterarcliy ; the leaders in the
reforming councils, both by what tlieise eminent men
achieved and by wliitt they failed to nehieve, prepared
ihe way for the great change from which they tbeniselve*
would have recoiled in 4^smay. In carrying forward theii
buttle lliey were led to expose mth unsparing Bcvority
the errors and crimca, as wcU ae the enormous usiu-pationa
cd authority, with whicli the popes were clIa^geHbl(^ This
could not but esaentially lower the respect of men for the
papal ofHco itself. At the same time tlie diiwomiiture of
tiicise reforment, oh far aa tlieir principal attempt is con-
cerned, to reform the Church " in head and members," ■
discomfiture elTyct«d by the pcniistency and dexterity ol
RADICAL RKfORMKRS.
fi»
the {lopes nnd tlieir a<llien>iits, ooulil not fail to leure tlia
imprvsKioit on many minds ttiiit u moro stringent remedy
would liiive U> bu Nought for llii- iiiilx-itrnblu griovn»L.'C9
under wliich the Church labored. It must not be for-
gotton, Ikovcver, Unit Gi^rsoii, D'Ailly, nnd chcir Lx^inpoura,
were aa (Irmly wedded lo tUo. ilrxtriiie of a prieiithood in
tli« Cburub, and to the traditionsil dogmatic systvin, iis
wuro tbvir opponents. At Con-stann*, the Pnrij tbeo>
lugians alroost outstripped tJieir papni antagoiiista in the
viok-iil trnttmi-nt of lluss (hiring the st-ssionfl of tb« Coun-
cil, and in the Alacrity with which they cnndomuod hira
wid Jerome of Prague to the stake. It was a reformn-
tiou of montU, n<it of doulrinti, tit which thoy ninx'nl ; thu
difitribution, but not tlie destmction of priestly authority.
HI. But tlicro wiTu iiKlividuala before, nnd loni^ before
the time of Lulher, who nie ftppropruitcly cadh-il rinlioal
ruformera ; men who, in essential points, anticijKtti-d the
Protwtaiit niovutaent. Hiero wro conspieuotis elTorts
which, if they proved to a conatdenible oxl^iit iilH^rtiv«
nt thu monionti left sued to ripen sifterwards, and were
Uio ttarbinger of more efTectiiul mewuru*. f)f all tblit
class of reformets before the Refomtatloii, John >Vti'Jc-
lifTe i« tliu moflt remark ublu.' LiTin;; in thu midst nf
tlie fourCMiith century, nearly iv hundn*d and lifty y«>Mt
before Luthor ; not an obseuro or illiterate man, but a
tndnod tlieologinn, a Professor at Oxford ; not hidirj;
bis opinions, but proclaiming them %Titb botdiicaa; In-,
nevfrthehtw, took the position not only of ii l*rot*.-«taiit,
but, in many important particulars, of a f'nritan. In \m
priniripal work he atiirms th.tt no writing, not i-vm a
pnpal dwrw, hiLS any validity further than it is found>-d
oil thu Holy Scriptiu-cs; h« di-nicfl tmni«ul>«ttuitinUoii, and
WtMif, br ClinHoi Webb U Ilw <ISHIt Jtl>» *i WfMf^ • Momvfrtfk.
br RobHt VauKhnn, 1>. I>. (UmluD, IBUt; tVrlnr, Gneiith(4 Jir ubiliiJic
A—Kiicktn ■. Stefta >«• Gran-Orin-'-itn, I. Rl M^,[ Ilardwick, Uilvj^
AtClr^iriaanii'xA; 1IMI1« Atfc, p. l(ii*M|.
60 SPECIAI. CAU&>:S AKU OlIKKS Ul' llIK Kld-'ORUATIOM.
kttributM tlio origin of tbu dogma to tho BubsUtntJon ol
R boUcI in papal d«claRidons for belief in the Bible ;
bo MBcrts tbiit in Ihv primitive Cburch t]i<?ru wt-rc but
tvro Borta of c!ei^ ; doubts the Scriptural warinnt for tlie
tUm ol confiniiution und <-xtn^nio unction ; would linro
all interfentiice with <;ivil iifTnii^ iind tomponil authority
inUirdictfd to the clergy ; ejn-aks Against tJio neccwity of
auricular confession ; avvrs that Uio cxen;i»c of tlie power
to bijid and loose Is of no effect, save when it is coiiforrat^d
to tilt- judgment of Ciirist ; is opposed to the mnltiplied
raaka of the clergy, pt^ieo, cuxlitiaU, pntrinrchs, monks,
cuKnu, and tbe rest; nipndiatcs tbe doctritu^ of iiidid-
genoes and supercrogHtoi'y merits, the doctrine of the
excellence of poverty, as that was held antl as it lay at
tbo fmiiidiitjiin of the nicndi<5inl oiilcra ; itiid h« si-ta him-
self against firtiGcial church music, pictures in worship,
eoosocntion with tlie use of oil and s:tl(, Cfmonization,
pilgrimages, cbnrdi aayluma for criminals, celibacy of the
clergy.' Almost evcrj- diatingnisliing fcntnre of the
mediaeval and papal chu-ch, as ccmtraated with the Prot-
estant, is directly disowned and combated by Wickliffe.
How wivs it possible tli:it Im could do this so long, in timt
9go, with coiuparatire impunity, and die at last in hia
bed. when so many whom b« imniiiifimixhly outNtrip)H!d
in hia reformatory ideas piud for their dissent witli their
lires? Tho reason is found partly in tlie fact that he
identified himself with tbe University of Oxford, iind
with the Bfcnlar or piirisli clergy in their struggio against
the nitpiring men<lioitnt orders, and still more in lite fact
that he stood forth in tho cliuract«r of a cjiampion of cW,\
and kingly autliority.agaiimt ecclesiastical encroachments.
He was protected by Edtvard Itl., whose cause agaiiut
papal tyranny he had snpjiorted; and after Eflward'i
doatli, by powerful nobles, tie ^vas strong enough to
' [fm extncU Irom Ih* Tri»tiigm m in GioMlir, hl iv. 9. 1 12^, n. t ,
Vnnljiia o( It I* tpmi in Turner, llitttry a/ li»j/tMnl, t.
Ai
RADICAL REFOIIMERS.
ei
•
witliiitanJ Ui« oppciition tn liiit work of Imuslutittg th«
Bible, and publicly to defuml llie right of the peoplo to
havu ihu Srripturvs in tlK'ir own tunguc. Not until tb«
reign of Ilenrv V„ whon the illation ot tlie kiiigii to lli«
d-n-Sj' wiM) cliangud, wiis the persccutiun of tlio Wick-
liltilfji, or LolbinK as they w<tru calli*d, vigmvmrdy untlcr-
takoi . Tliey vruro not oxtflrminat«d i but tlio principlea
of WicklilTo poutiniiwl to havo mlhi-riTiit.t in thr ]ioor mid
obficm-e clasaos in England, down to the outbreaking of
tlio I'rotvMtant movt'm«nt. It is rcmiirknbtu that \Vi«k-
Ijffe pvodicted that among the monk^ tti<?in8clvoa thero
woiihl orinu ponions who wouI<l abimdon tlicir false iiiter-
pi-etntiona of Christianity, and, returning to the origiiinl
rL'li^ion of Ciirist, would build up Uiti Ckurdi in the
Hpiril of i'nul.'
In the same rank with Wickliffe stands the name of
John Hujw.' B<-foi-c him in Ilohi-mia tlii>re had nppnmM
Militi! and Conrad of Waldliauoen, preachers nninuitod
with the fiery zoal of prophets, and lifting up tlieir
voicfti, in the fiine of ])er8ec«tio», ngainst the comiptinn
of religion.* Still more wvm Hubs iiuk-btod to Mutthiaa
of Juno\T, wh<Kt<o i<hvi3 respecting the Churcli nn<l tlto
relations of clergy to hiity involved tho gornis of ohaiigea
more radicsil than ho Iiiinself perpt-ived. Hiiss wa«
strongly influenced, likewise, by the writings of Wick-
• Tlis (oUunlnfi pungQ b tmrn the Trinloyuti "9u|ipoiio autfni q^ud alliiiu
lnln>. <|iuu I>cui dotcR diKiiitiir. id ntlKioaem primitTiiin Cliibtl dcTotlua
VBvtrbuiiir, t( »llcU ma pcrflilid, (ri'd nbUnMdrs pctitn Anticbriiri liceoUif
(•■l^biiiil hbin Dd nlipMicin (.lirioti piimiPTjai, ct tunc ipdidcaliuul ccclcriu
litat I'niitut." Sec KMnilor, v. 173.
> llitlaria %t itmamrr^la Jn. lUi it //I'rrDA. Prttsrntit (ITU); Pllackr.
l}ortin4nlit ttafUlri J. Ilui, uti lltn Gftchiclit* ItiHrntni by Ilia um*
tutliot; Kfan^R', Clivrfh f/utnry, r. £li u«\.: GJIIclli t.l/i •"•■I TliKtt t/f
/njtn ttiia (l)~l!i *'"' ""'k' nf V*ii ilrt lliinit nri'l lAHltM upnu iho Cuun-
dll of <'on>UnrDi I- Kruininr , CiK^t'iu J. ffi^mJid, Ri/vrmnt. {nt XV.
Jaiif\. 11306); WtMntwrg, l>i< fnum Kinkr^rtrfnmhumgtn df4 XV.
%. XVI. J'\kr%. \mL U. lH(i;i Ctcnrnilii, ChA rffr Etamy. KlrAt te
AMhiM, Si-oIl l.«lp(te, 1SI19-TI).
• KtauiliT, T. ITI Hq.i Jm tw. t «ti(^tr Ja ,7waV«NaaiH k. BAmtt
Ulfaig, lM«k.
02 BTECIAl. CAU&KS AKD OUESS OF TBK BUX>KUATIO>r,
lUFe, and waa active in diBBeminatiiig them. 'Hie H»
hcmian rvfunnci* litui less tlm)lu^(»l ucumen than the
EngliHh, witli whom lie agit-«cl in his advocucy of plitio*
sophical realism ami predestination ; nor did be go ao far
on till.' roiid of doi^tritial innovutioti ; since Hiiss, to the
last, was a boUercr in tmnsubstumiatiou. Ilut in his
conception of the functioiui and duti<.'4 of tliu ck-rgy, in
his zoot [or practical huUneae, and in hia exultation of
the Scriptures iibovu tJic dogmiM and ordtnoia'os of the
Cliurch, in niorul excellence and heroism of diameter,
Huaa vroB outdono by none of the rvfonnera before of
siiitx'. Liithcr, n-hi;n he tvus u monk, iiccidenUlly fuU
upon a volume of the sormonB of IIusa, in the convent
library of Erfurt, and wna Htruck with woiidur that
tlie author of atich sentimenta aa they contained aliuuld
huvu bi.-un put to dtiuth for hen^sy. In the attitude
which Hu^ Assumed before the Council of Oon.ttuncu,
there was involved tlio assertion of one of the distinctive
priiivipk-s of Prott'Jttaiilism — tluit of thn right of ])rivate
judgment. He was conimandt^ to retract Ida nvowuI» at
opinion, and tliia ha refused to do until be could bo con-
vinced by lu-gumi'iit and by citations from Scripture Uiat
hia opiniona were erroneous. That la, he went behind
thu unthority of thu Council. This itself, in their vy&t,
amounted to Qagmnt heresy, and was suflicient to con-
di^tnii lihii. It wua a n-pudlsition, on hia aide, of the
principle of Church authority, which waa n vital part ol
the i«;cli«iiiatical ej-stein. 'Hie cruel execution of Hum
(1415) luiii iif J>T(inn', (Specially as the former had
rested on the Emperor's safe-conduct, excited a storm of
wrath iimong their coiintryim-n and adherents.' liohe*
I Thu Iherc WW no vIoIiUiid of the ulo«on<liicl Sa tuiuinvrl iy P»\aAf
Ctii. Bikintn/, unJ k iiialnlklntal by llcTcli, Co*i-!litnjiitcliirlilf, iriL For *
igiktf u( ITFtutcuDil ■ illicwaloaot lliii iwiut, icc .Vfu t:»sitnittr, April, ItTb
l^t el Ihc prlncipnl oltcnini ot tluw. In tlic tiro ut l!>n Coonril nii'l «f muajr
wnl.-n ilnrt, wni Ilic ilottrinc, liiipuHil M hiiu, Uuc prulati^ii ilihI niii|*intr>l(a
Hpsrulol Iruui tlu-id liy iiiorUl tin, Kalljr ctau tu Ik UhciIihI riiIi lb«t
RADtCAI. BEPORirCBS.
mis was long (he tbeatre of violent agitation an<) of oiviJ
tnr. Rt^p^-jitfxl cruMdes w>-i-c iindt^aktin iigaiiiHt. tlm
Qusaiti^s, but resulted in tlie defeat nf liie aaaailnnis.
M'tre pacific Tiii.>asiiri.% rouplvd with internal conflicts
in their otm body, finally reduced tlicir fltrength and
left tlioni a prey to tliclr purscciitora ; but thi! 13olio-
inian brethren, an offshoot from the inoro nulical of tb«
HuN-'itu ]iui'tic8, continued to pxiat in aoparation from
the Church ; and in their confexsions, drawn up at (lie
beginning of tlie stxtcvnth cvntnr^', they reject transub-
Btantiation, purgatory, and the wonhip of .<aint.s.
Other names exist, lees renownt^d tJian tlioae of Wick-
lifTc and Hiiss, but equally deserving to bo iiwcribcd
among the hemhln of the Reformation. Among thorn ia
John Wessel, wlio wa* coin icc tod at different tJmes with
the Univcrsitit^ of Cologne, Louvain. Purift, and Heidel-
berg, ae a teacher of theology, and died in 1489.' He
set forth in explicit and emphatic language tlic doctrine
of jtiBtifiention by faith alone. Against tJie alleged in>
fallibility of bluhops nnd iiontifTit, ho avers that many of
the greatest popes have fallen into pestilent errors both
of doctrine and practice; giving im cxnnipU-s, Benedict
Xin., lk>niface IX., John XXIII., Pius II.. and Sixttia
TV. It has been said that tlioro ts Hcarccly a funda-
mental tenet of the rcformen which Wessel ditl not avoT.
Lutlier, in his preface to a collection of several of Wea-
\et: Tliii vM tliouj^I to tUlkt at tlic raundMloDi at all ciril luid iu!lul-
jn] nulbiirily. Hut lluai explajned to Ihc Ceundl lliul, In hli vkw. *ucb
Jwrwnt ftfB *[ill to be rccAi^iltDd y^otJ oJfici»m, fhmji;b not <ptoad merllnut^
fhl^ art dcdliulo ol ib> cthlcul Flinmclcr Ibnl (omu Ihc monl CBcnc* of the
efficf. Iliout;)! iiIU dcrelilng It* lanotkiBi. .Sec. on (hit Inprirtanl <iH«lian,
IVIukr, lit. I.3S3: Kniinmr-I.p. (tOi WMKnhurj:. il. ITl; aim, IM«1«, Om-
riStitffthityu, VII. 1. liI3. To nrirklifftf ittn iintNitfd iiiniiliiT npEnlsni.
Onlf ihow la a ntMo ot icrara. ho hclil, tan po«MM proptrly! "Oio" mar
aenpj bill not ton .— Glra«I«r, i3., 'r e. vtil. f IBS, n. IS: Sclir.«kb,
^irrkint^vyirhU , xixiv. 536-
■ Till- (arrvt nf W(»«.'l anil hit prinripla m taWy dMcrilicd liy UUmBin,
lol, iT. pv- *5T-'14J. Tut Iho rrfonnMory opinkmi of John i-f Goch laA
John (it WmiI, fan Ullmran, aod (liiwlfr, lu. v. f, t IB*.
84 SPKaXL CAUSES ANH OUeyS OP TTIK REh-ORMATIOK.
Mtl'a trcaliseji, declares him to iiATe been a roan of admi-
rablu gfoiuii, a ruru and f^tvat soul, aiij su fur in uccunl
witli liiut aa to doclriuc, Uuit if lits had wad Hooner tim
works of Weasel, it might have been plaosibly said by hia
cnemie)! that ho had butrowoil vvvi^-tliiii{; fixtia thuin.
A man whose doctrinal position waa far less divcrae
from thfi cnrtvnt system, but wbo inu&t bv riinkvd among
Hie noted prvounora of tho KeforniKtion, Ls Savoniirulit.'
From 1489 to hia death in 1498, be lived at Florence,
and for a while, by the force of hi« inti.tUcctunI and
moral character, and by his commanding eloquence, ex-
erted ft ruling influence in the ftfToini of tJie city. Ho
was litrf^ly inKtrumuntal in the oxpulaion of the liouae
of Medici from Floronoe. Against their tj-ranny and
the iinnioniliticts vrhich tliuy foMtured ho directed from
the pulpit his sharp invectives. On the inviiaion of
ilie FVencli under Charles VIIT., which Savonarok had
predicted, he was able, through tlio iwrsonal rvxjtect,
amounting to awe, with which he inspired the king, to
render important Berviccs to Florence. His position
there resembled tliat which Calvin long maititained at
> The two prlnolpal Oermaa blognplilM al S«T«aiirDla an \)f RiulatbMh
(Banbuc^. 1S3&), toi Mcltr (Boriln, IBMll. lh« formir of whlcb truu prin-
dptllx of S«TOD*rDl>'* iloitriiw, Uii iBllir of lbf> crviiti of his tancr. I'mm
Iha Fraocb «« lian 7A-Dmc JSnUDWirrili, M fir, tu PrMMtiviu, m KrnU.pnr
F. T. Ferrtmt (Pirii, lBt3). An cxUciiicly valiwble lifo ut Snvounmlii ii tbat
hf VilUrl ~ La StoHa it Qimlamo Sar-manta ( dt' mtoi Um/ii, niirmJu <M
Poj^iiU I'illai-I con fniitM iK morl doeumtnli IFlrcnit, ISS9). VifUri, la
hi« Pff/iuioiu, eAUciten Ibe imvloiu blotrnphpn, loclkullug llio Kilj(li>h work
bjrlladiUa. U* conildan that liuilolbncli uuj oUicn Iiaro tXtggiatU-l Ui«
Frelmiaiit luidcadai of iliu ([nutl Domioluai tbu haulli«rt>l (ubeUrliilljr
lo tba doipoklii; •yMenv of lbs Cbuith, thoagb hOfUlii Co pajuil tbioktiBia.
VHUri vindJcoUx him ajcaiail (ho camaua iapuUtioo at a dvimKnipol Uru-
jMf an.) ublliiln bhn u a lliArau|tb palrlol. H« alM tbtwa Ibal SamniTDla'f
radlllaliun under turlun win onty iu rattraiin ts Oit tourot ot hit prophiclu,
trtifUicr nalunl or aupinialural; a |iniiit on which lioliml rhrriibnl iin iiniform
MDirliilien. An liwtnicliTo anil brillinni artirlo by Mlliiian (writtvn pnorla
Iba publicalioii of Vlllnrl'i Life) appvnmd Sn tbo Umirirrly lltririe (IS^9). Il
lalound In Ullinaii't /.'onjii (Ijxidun, ISTO). JiimiU. bv (tniirKo lOiot (Ura.
Lmtm), oac of the moit nunnrkabln nuvvli uf Dm jirnual dav, pniaCDta a
■Blkmc Dictum of .^ai-oniroli tad of tlortuiina lit* lii hit ciina.
•1
THi wsncs.
«6
Geneva. A Commicnn, atiinulated to shicter uscsttcuoi
by till) (lutiiunilixuJ condition of Ui« Churcli uikI »f mx
cwty, ho [KMin>d out his rebukes without stint, until the
poUtiv'u] and religioua tilvmeuts thut vrvre combined
against hi in, elT«ct«d his dcstTiictioit.' He had pro-
oonncwd thi^ excommunication, which viis tsHaod ugainst
him by thu Hagilioua Aloxnnditr VI., void, liad declared
Uiat it \va8 from the devil, and he had contuiund to
|ii-<tiuOi iigninH thi^t [ki|>(vI jirohibition. In prinoti lie «»m<
posed ft tra<?t upon the fifty-first paalm, in which he
iiiimes M nciir the I'rati-stMUt viewii of jiwtificatiou, tJiat
l.ulhi-r published it with a huidatory preface. Savonsr
rula did not diwpHir of the cniim for which lio laid down
luM lifu, bnt priv)ict4-d a coming lleformation.
IV. We turn now to another claas of men who powor-
fiilly, ihougli indiivctly, pavwl tJie way for Uie Prot«9-
Ijiitt Uovolution— tba Mystics.'
Mystictdiu had ditvclopcd itself all Ihrutigh the scholaA-
tio period, in individuals of pn>fnuD<l religious feuling, to
whom the exduitivtily dialectical tendency was repugnant-
Such mi^n were St. Bernard, lloiiaventura, and the school
of St. Victor. AnseUn KiniBclf, tho father of tho echool-
men, mingled with his logii^jtl habit a niystlca] vein, and
this combination was in fact characteristic of th© best <rf
fcb« scholastic theologians. But with tho decline of
Bcholasticiam, partly as a cause and partly as an ofFeot,
mysticism assumed a moro distinct shape. Tho cIiarB;<^
teriatie of tho mystics is the life of feeling ; tlie prefer-
ence of intuition to logic, tha quest for knowledge
tltrough light inipartod to feeling rather than by pro.
I Kor an exwiifila at bn dcnunclMloa of (ho veuUl^ and oUur (loi ot tha
4()i!r, (H VDIarl, ILWi " V*nilciD I bcncllil, nndnno 1 •unmcat!, ran.
dsim If intweikl gulrimonll, vcniluno osni tuu," •Ic.
3 L~p«n Ibc llfMlc*. bntdct t'llminn'* work, fUi K^«rmatorrn iirttrr At.
far—ntiim, anil KMniltr, r. 3SD iMt-, mr C. Hi-hmnll, F.twUi nrU Jtj/itiatmi
MtmamdoH XSV. •OfltnMIUHoXtlrinn. lIltfirM. MyUit (19^: Nwk
e»A.d. iffHtimay. it. a. Vauict>a3, //ntnnVAtA* MytiiatliMV
B6 sr>:ciAi. causes anp omess or the HEroijiATioir.
sessea of Uio int«ll<.%t ; tlic indwuUing of God in th«
Mill, ulorutvd U) a holy ciiliu by tlie ixMiftcitHLtiiess of Ilia
prcflence ; itbeolutu iH:lf-runuticiaUon and tho absorption
of the fauman will iuto tlio divine; the ecstatic mood.
Tl\*s theory of th« mystic miiy easily slide into panth»
lEiD, where the union of tlin huniiui fljiirit with tlie divine
ia resolved into tho identification of the two,' Tliia ten-
dency ia pcrwjitiblu in onu ubua of tliu iitito-i'rDt^'Stunt
tnyetics, of which Master Eckiu-t U a prominent repre-
sentative, lie vvas Provincial of thu Dominicans for
[iSaxony j the scene of his laborn was in the iieigltborhood
of the Ithtiie, nnd he died about 1329. Affiliated so*
oietiM calling thumsclvea the Friendx of God, nlthougli
they fonned no sect, grew up in the south and west of
Germany and in tJie Netliorlundit. They made relig;ion
centre in a calm devoutness, in disinterested love to God
lOnd in laburs of iMUievolonec. It wiis in Cologne, Straa-
burg, and in oUier plaoes in the neighborhood of the
Ithtne, that thu preucbors of this class chiefly flourished.
Of tJiem the most eminent is John Taiiler (1 21)0-1 .Hftl),
Doctor Bubtimia et illuminatna, a& he was styled, a
pupil of Eckart, but an opposer of pantheism and u
preacher of evangelical fervor.^ To him Luther errone-
ously nscribed the little book which emanikt<i-d from 8oine
raerober of this mystical school, cuUod "The German
Theology," a book whii-ii Luther published iuiew in 151B,
iind from which he said that, next to the Biblo nn<l St.
Augustine, he had learnc<l more than from any oUier
.book of what God, Cliriat. man, and ull things are. The
myettcs were eagerly lit'iird by thousands wbo yearned
I On llio naluro at iiir*lkl>iu. hi Rlllci, CmI. J. dtruO. nOetaphle, W. AW
Ma|. KUitr ucplalna ii*j>eCM]y (he Idou o( Uonon. S«B alio, H«h, Huiitnu
RtdMnu.
» ir. Sttimidl, ./BlfliMK TanUrron S^^'Uiurg riSH); I,i/* tf Taitltr, willi
TVvHiy./M o/ jtj« Scrmmt, ironaUtod (foin the Girniui Lj* Siuanna Wisk
WMtb, lu nliich iro adJod ■ pnf»ea bf Rot. C. Kineiloy, »bA ta introdiirllot
tV Rfv. B. U. Iliuhrock, D. D. (Kaw Y«rk, ItK).
TOE REVirAL OF UABKIXG
AT
for « nioiv vitiil kind of religion tltftn tlio CImivli lind
ftfiwdwi tliom. The " Imitation of Christ," by Thomas
h Koinpiit, n work whiuh Las probubly hud a lar^gi-r circu>
liition tlian any otli«r except tito Bible, id n Hue example
of the charact«riBtic spirit of the mystical school.' The
tefonnaUffv clTuct of Uic mvBUo* was twofold: thev
wiuikened the influence of the scltohistia system and
called men nwuy from a dogmatic religion to something
more inward anil apintiuil ; and tlieir Ubom, Ukewise*
tcuded to brcuk up the exceseiTe ofiteom of outward
eaoraments iui<l cjM>(!tnoniett. Standing widiin the Church
and making no fjuarrel with it, they were thus preparing
tlie ground, i-»i)ei;ially in GcnnAoy, tlmmgli Uift whole of
the fonrteenth century, for the Protestant reform. With
these pioneers of reform, and not with mvn like Hiisa and
Wickliffe, the n.'.U}jious tmining of I.ntlicr and his great
movement have a direct hifitorical connection,
V. An event of «gnal iniportimce, as itn indisipenaahle
prerequisite and meana of a reformation in religion, waa
the revival of learning. Tliis groat intellectual ctiango
eroaiLated from Italy a.i ita fountain. During the Middle
Ages, in the midst of prevailing darkness and disorder,
Italy never wholly lost the trucks of ancient civilization.
** The night which descended upon her was the night of
an Arctic snminer. The dawn began to re-appe«ur before
the last reflection of the preceding sunset had faded from
the horizon."' The three great tvriters, Dante, Pe*
tmrcli, nud Koc«Ac«io, introduced a new era of culture.
To the iooQ neglect which the classic authors had
■nlTered, Dante refers, when he says of Virgil ttiat he
"Seroicrl (men lonjf Mirioupilsilwicshatnu."*
The mind of Italy more and more turned bock upon Itl
) Vfoa Iha aulhvTvhi). nt ilib wutk. u* Cloulor, IE r. i. ) UO; T
< TU -n-i Scbml>lt in IloreoR'* jtia{-£«yfl.
■ KacaUay, tUti-f o* .V-trtiumlll. Kltaf, I. (Kew Turk, 1W11.
■ i^f^ 1. U. " Cbi ytt \anffi ailcnila parca Omo."
68 BTKaAL CAD8EB AXD OUKNS OT THE BCPORUATIOS.
Aivciunt history iiii<l lileriituro. TIh.^ Httuly »f tliu Komno
i-Jassics bfscaine a, pjLt^ioii. No piitns iuid no expense were
HiMkrwl in recovering niauoscripto and in oollwitiDg libra*
ries. Prinoc» became tlia personal culti\'nLor3 and pro
fiue patrons of learning. The same xual extended itoeU
to Qftvii liUirotiin;. Tlio philosophers nud poita of un<
tiquity were once more read with delight iu their own
longiiui. Th(! uipturo of Con»tunt4noplo by the Turks,
in 146^, brought a. tlirong of Greek scholars, with their
invahiatilo literary treasorca, to Italy, and gave a (roah
iiiipuUc: to the new studies. Froui Italy, tlm same
literary spirit spread over the other countiiea of Europe.
The liumanitaM — grammar, rlictoric, poetry, eioqiienci',
the classical authors — attntcted the attention of the
studious everywhere,
"Olhtr (uluniiliTllis iroFld't s^ctt tiMtt,
Bmopo li com* lo her majorily,
AnJ enl*rt OQ the tmI lohcrllanco
Won troat Urn Iambi of mlglilf anmlot*,
Dm fMdi, the eoW, Ihe genu, Ilic illciit harp*
ThU hf dMp burled vllti Uie memorlci ol tXi nnow*.'*
" Far now tbii old epic i^r»> ring asain.
And rlbiMe wllb IIm IimI uid atelodr.
Stirred t7 the wumtb of old Ionian dajn.
TtUDUrtfTcd IDRC.lhf iitlcorttM,
ImmnUbly Innroiktr, like ibe pid<,
In *)drilual bodiM, wiii|[«<l wnnjn,
Holding 1 uulwrw iiiii:iit|rBbto,
Find ■ new aiuUenot." >
llii) niovemnnt brought witli it momentous oonM>'
qaences in the field of religion. It maikod the advent of
a new stage of culture, when the Church was no longer
to he the sole inatnictor ; when a wider horizon was to
ho ©iwiicil to the human intellect — an effect analogoiu
to that soon to be produced hy the grand geographical
discovery of a new hemisphere. Christianity wiw to corns
into contact with tin? pi-odiicts of the Intellect of the an
' Oeorics Eliat't B/>nniih Gspty, pf t,t.
nnt DOVNKALL Of SCIIOLASnclSU.
69
dent natioiiH, and to iisi^imitate whatever might not be
ulii-ii to its o\yn ualuiv,
Kor several huiKln'tl ywii's Uie Scliolnatic philosopliy and
tli(MjIo);r bad reigned with an almost undisputed sway.
Wln<ii tin; S<!ii(x>lmcn ivrosii witli tliuir lUf^rlhiHlH of Icgiail
analysis and disputation, the old coinpUations or booka of
uxcurpta from the Fnllivni, out of wliicli tbuulog}', f»t u
iiuntbor of centuries, tiad been studied, quickly became
obsolete, and tlie adherents of tbo former metltod were
utb^'ly vcliiMitl by the attnictiveness of tho now scieiWQ.
Young men by thoujviiid-i tloekod after the new teachers.
From about tlie middle of the elevontli century Scliolosti-
clam bud bc!on dominnnt. Norwoa lbi.'« i-nx witlmut fruit.
U a discipline for the intellect of Benii-civilized peoples ;
I a oounterpoiHo to the tvndeiicics to oiiUiuiti)t8in and
^ipcRttition wbiuh were rife in the Middle Ageci; as a
means of ri-'ducing to a regular and bingible form tbo
creed of the Church, so Uiat it could bo vxainined An<I
judged, the soholastie training and the intellectual prod-
uct)) of it were of hi;*!! vului-.' Ilut Uic narrowiR'Jw and
other gra-e defects of the scholastio culture were laid
bare by the incoming of the new stud it'*. The barlRvrous
fttyle and the whole method of the Sohoc4inen became
obnoxious and ridiculous in the eyes of tho devotoM of
cbuMJcul li'jirning. Tho extraragnnt liAir-apIittJng of
Scotus ami Durnnduii. when compared with the nobler
metliod of the philoeopbors of antiquity, excited dixdnin.
11)0 works of Arifltotlot which were now poaneaaed in
their own langonge, exposed blunders in tho tnutshitiuii
Mid interpretation of him, whidi brought disgrace npon
the Sclioolmen, Their ignorance of history, their uncriti-
VU liabit, tlieii- oveniniwn subtlety and ciidlca.-i wruig-
>.ng. made them objects of derision ; and as the Si-hoo^
men had once supplanted tbo Compik-r«, so now the raoe
of syllogistic nnaoners were, in their turn, taughod oS tiin
■tago by tbo new gonenitioD (A chi«aicnl scholars.
TO SraCUL CAW8KS AND OltESS Or THE BEFOItJIATlOll.
But tlio full of Sdtoliwticiitm dii] not tulto jiluoi: until U
Lad run iU c»tirBe aiid lost iU vitality. The esoeDtial
principle of tbo Sclioolini!Ji wok the corrcnpondonco of
faiUt Kn<] rra«on ; the characteristic aim was the viiuliea*
lioD of the content* of fuith, tlie articlos of Uie creed,
on ground* of reason. This continued to bo tho chanuv
ter of St^holaeticism, nlUiough tlio Bucoceeors of Anaelm
did not, like him, impiru to e«tahlti>h the positive truths of
Christianity hy argmnents independent o( revelation.
" Fidee quasrit intellectiim " was ever the motto. There
were iudividunU, fts Abelard in Uic twelfth century, and
Roger Bncou in tho thirteenth, who Bconi restive under
the yoko of authority, but who really dilTor from tlieir
contemporaries rather in tlie tone of their mind than in
their tfat.-oIogiciil tenets. Scliohwtieisni, when it gave up
the attempt to verify to tlie intelligence wlint foitli re*
oeived on tho authority of Uio Church, confessed its own
failure. This transition was made by Duns Scolus. It
was Occam, the pupil of Scotun, by whom the change was
consummated. Ue was the leading agent in reviving
Nominaliain. Altliougli both WicklifTe and Hum were
Realists, it was Nominnlism that brought Sdiolastidsm to
an ood. In giving only a snbjective validity to general
aotdons and to i-eaaoninga founded on them, in secJcing to
bhow that no settled conclusions can bo reached on the
path of rational inqniry and argument, and in leaving no
other warrant for Churdi dogmas except that of authority,
a foundation was Uiid for ecepticiimi. Tlio way was paved
for the principle which fotmd a difltinct espresHion tn Uiu
fiftoeutli century, that a thing may be true in theology
•Jld false in philowipliy. Ocoiim was a sturdy opponent
of (llfi temporal power of the popes, a defender of the in*
depbndenco of tho civil authority as I'clatcd to them,
\V'h<'n he suggests propositions at variance with ortho-
doxy and argues for thom, he saves himself from th«
imptitation of heresy by professing an absolute Bubmiasioio
THE MCtTTrUCATIOS OF BOOKS.
71
BtJiority : but it ia diffirult to bflicve tlioao profeo*
I porfwJtly ftini-crn, Notiiiiiali.im neci!*«irilv tended to
enoonnige, also, an empirical method, an attention to the
£aot8 of nature nud of inner experienc<^ in tli« room of tho
logical fabric which had been Bubverted. The sclioliutio
philo»oplty, when it cninc to affirm the dissonance of <
reason and the creed, dug its o\m grave.' It may be
mentioned liero Uiat Lutlicr in \m youth waa a diligent
student of Occam. From Occam h« derived dcfenae«, u
to another Nominiiiist, D'Ailly, be owed the su^estion,
of his doctriiifi of thu Loi-d'a Supptrr.'
But other effects of a more positive character tlum tlie
downfall of Scholastidsm flowed from tho renovation of
learning. The Fathers were hruuglit out of their nb-
Hourity, and their teadiinga might be compared with the
dogmatic system whidi profewcd to bo founded upon
tliem, but %Thich had really, in ite imssnge through tho
mediieval period, taken on features wholly unlcnown to
the patristic age. More than thin, the Scriptures of the
Old and Now Testament, tho primitire documents of the
Christian religion, were bronght forward in the original
tongnes, to sorro as a touchstone by wliich the prevailing
doctrinal and occlcmnatical system munt l>e tested, llie
newly invented art of printing, an art which almost im*
mediately ntUiincd a high degrco of perfection, in connec-
tiou with th[? hiinlly less important manufacture of [taper
from linen, atamulated, at the same time that it fed, tiio
appetite for liti-nitore. It i* evidont tJiat the fnwhiy
awakened thirat for knowledge, with tlie ahiindiint mcjuu
for gratifying it, must produce n wide-spread ferment. A
■ On Oc«MD, *M lUur, I)Di^tnji*!iieM4, ii. 319 iiq.; Dnnwr, ^nfnrt*-
hmf3mi.TtmJtrrirti>mCiriili,im'>»^.i Kttn, Ottk-d. eliruit />jbtl.. It.
Kl wc|, ; lUunsu, J>t Iv fill. Sth'Jailijv, L. U. j lleiMg, lUai-Kitc. rf. TktoL
Ht. '■ CWam " and " Scfanl. Phil."
* KaltlirrK, Orenm «-<i Luthtr SluJIenu. iTrili'Jtni, ISai, 1. Domar, iLMT'
"Dia mnhnni'iiii 1^( >rri|>ia (Vvtui- lliiju* acuado »iiI([«rDl»l Thonui ri
IImio." M«1ine(lioii. I'llu iMiiiri, v.
72 SPSCIAL CAL*SES AND 01IKN9 OP THR RKFOItMATlOir.
luovetnent bad begun, in the piV!»euof of wliii,:b IjaUk
Christiuiity, that vast fabric ol piety aiid j-upi^rstittDQ, o(
naaon nnd inisginatioii, would not bti left iindiiiturbud.
From the beginnin){ of tbu humanistic i-cirival, it a:-
samed, north of lliw Aljw, eopwiallv in (J.Tniiimy, diurut.'
tvristlcs different from those wliich pertained to it in Itol^ .
Ill It.ily Uic IIuniuiiit)t)» were so smitten witJi antitpiily.
80 captivated with ancient thought, aa to look with iiidif-
(vrcnoo luid, very frequently, with a sucrct scepticism,
apon Cbristiiuiity mid Uio ('hiireh.' Even an Kpiouroau
infidelity as to the foundations of religion, which xraa
caught from Lucretius and from the dinlognc* o( Cicoro,
infected a ttide circle of literary men. Preadiers, in a
aUuiii of florid rhotoric would asBociato the names of
Greek and Itoman heroai with those of apoatles and sainta,
and with the nunie of tho Saviour himself. If an example
of <Ustingiusliod piety was i-e(|uirtHl, rcieif-n^Mi would be
imidu to Numa Pompilius. So prevalent was disbelief
veopectuig the fundumeutal truUiK of n.atural religion Uiat
tile Council of the Lateran, under Leo X., felt called upon
to al&rm tho inimortulity and individuality of tho soul.
'I1ie ntvival of litcmture in Italy vna thuit, to a consider-
able degree, the reviviil of pagnnlHm. When we look at
the poct« and rhetoricians, wo should Htipjioiie th»t tlio
goda of the old mylhologj' had risen from tho dead, while
in tJic minds of tliiukin;; men Pinto and PlotinuA h:ul hu|k
pUnted Paul and Isaiuli. If in the Flurcntiim school of
PInUmiets, under the Ivwi of Mar^liits FiciuuN, n morn
Wlieving temper prevailed, yet these mingled freely with
Christian tenets fancies borrowed from the fuvoritu phi-
losophy. It is not meant tliat religion wait driven out by
humanism. The spirit of religion luid vanished to a great
extent before, and Humanism took possesHion of raoant
ground. Under the iniluence of the classic school, sayi
Ouizot, the Church in Italy " gavo herself up to all tb«
> Tolgl, Bit WinltridttuQg d. ctoMucAm AlltrlAtmi, ^ m Mq.
n
TitE utkhah of TDK nrrKK>rrii ckktubt.
78
ree of no Uidolcot^ elegant, lioentioua aviUzaticoi ;
to a taste for kitUtiv, Utu urte, mid social and phyviool
iXDJoyinents. Look at the way in which the mea who
pUiyvd tlio groatwt political und liteniry parts at that
peiiod passed tlieir lives — Cardinal Iteiiibo, for example,
— and you wiU bo surpiTsod by tljo mixtnn) which it ox-
hibitH of luxiirlgiiM cffcmintic^y aiid iut^illi^ctiULl ciiltiii-e,
of enervated maimers and mental vigor. In survej-ing
tbia porioil, indeed, when we look at tliu xUte of opinions
and of aodal relaUons, we might imngine ourselves living
among tlic Frvuclt of the eighteenth century. There wiut
the same desure for the progress of intelligence, and for
Uio ocquiruiaent of uow ideas ; tliu Haino tn»to for an
ngrcceibUt and vnAy lift--, the srune luxury, the same lieen-
tiousneas ; tJiere vaa the same want of political energy
luid of moral principles, combined witli singular u'necrity
nii<i activity of mind. The literati of tlie fifteenth een*
turj- stood in the sumo relation to the prelates of the
Church 118 the men of letters and jf^ilosophers of Uie
eighteenth did to the nobility. They had the same
opinions and mannere', lived agreeably tiigetlicr, luid gavo
themselvea no uneaaineas about the storms that were
browing itmnd them. The prehilos <>i tlio Hflccnth cen-
tury. Mid Cardiiiiit Hembo among the reat, no more fore,
saw Lather and Calvui than tho courtiers of Louis XIV.
foremw the French Kuvolutloa. Tlic analogy between
tlio two cases is sUiking and instructivo." '
I'hu semi'piigan spirit wiui not cuntlned to oli^unt Itt-
eratnre. It entered tlie sphere of politics and practicsU
momla. Mid in this dopartuK-nt found a systematic ex-
pntMtion in "The Prince "of Macoliiavelli. This work,
which was intended neither as a satire, nor as sn expo-
Boru of king'Cnift for the wuniitig of Uic pi<ople, but as a
■orious code of political inaxitiu, 8<^ta at de&tnoo the prin*
ciples of Christian morahty. Tho only apology that can
> OulioL Bill, rf CMboJioo, Uct. tL
T4 SPECIAL CAUSES AND OMKSS OP THE HKKORMATIOir.
be made for it is tluit it umply reflects tli« actual prao>
tjce of that age, the habitual condtict of rulers, in which
tnxaohery and diKstmultitioii wuru nc<^otint>-(l a iitcrit.'
Miic«liiave!li vas il patriot, lie was at heart a repabhcan,
but he s<>eins to have concluded that Italy hnd no hojjc
m\o ill a dt^ftimt, and tliat nil means are jiutiliable which
are reqmsite or advantageous (or securing an end. Yet
li« was »upi)ort«<l and held in i;»tftein by Loo X. and
Clement VII., and inscribed his flagitioas treatise to
young Lorenzo dfi Medici. Tho political condition of Italy
favorcf) tliir growth of a public opinion, in which the vioea
recommendi'd in " The Prince " were looked upon not only
vitboiit disapprobation, but as commendable qualiUes in
» iitatciinan.^
In Qermany, on the contrary, from the outset, the now
Iflarning was cultivated iu a rcligtojis spirit. It kindled
&e desire to exmminc the writings of the Fathers and to
Btody earnestly the Scriptures. Rcuclilin, tho rccogniiied
loader of the German Humanists, considered that his
greatest work, his most durable monument, vnta bin
Hebrew Grammar. His buttle with the monks is a de-
cisive event in tlie combat of the new era with the oM.
Reuclilin had Hludied Greek at Paris and Basel ; he had
Ifctured in various schools and univcraitifs ; had been em-
ployed in im|>ortant otilces by princes ; had visited Rome
on olTiml business; at Florence had minf^led witli I'oli*
tian, Pico de Alirandola, Marsilius t'icinua; had devoted
himhclf onthuslustically to the study of Ilebrew, not only
as tJie language of the Scriptures, but also because he
Bupposed himself to find in the Kabbala conxtboration and
iltiutration of Christian doctrines. He was evvrywhore
famous oi a scholar. The Dominicans of Cologne, with
Hoogstraten, an ignorant prior, at their head, vexed at
■ Sm (ha Rinktki ot Whcaton, KUimiu ^ iKltrmntnnal Law, L {^ U, It
■ 8w lUoulajr'* limy, UneAimtU.
«
THE inrUANISTS.
76
Renctiltn's n^rnsal to rapport tbetn tn tlicir project for
(teetmying •ImlaiHin by burning lU! tlii- Ilt^brew literature
except tlio Old Testament — a project to which Uicy hu<]
Imcii incited by Pfefferkorn, a converted Jew — pot forth
It rvsolute nnd malignant effort to get him oonA-ict^d of
heresy or foroo hini to retract Iiia publialied opinions.
I mling that soft words uttd rcnsonablv con«i.<!Mions went
nnavailiiig, he took up tlic contest in right earnest, and,
being suppoi-ted by the whole Unmaiilst party, which
rtllied in defcnKO of Ihi^r diicf, he at length snceeeiled,
though not without passing through much anxiety and
p<'ril, in ndiicrtng a victory. By it the scah; was turnod
against the adversaries of literature. The ecbolara van-
qiiish(-d thd monks. In this conflict Rcuclilin was efii*
mently aided by Fi-ands of .Sit-kingon and IJlricli von
llutten, both of them quitv disposmt, if it was neoeaaary,
to make use of ctuiutl woajions against the h<^le ecclesi-
asUcs. It was the alliance of tho kntglils witli tliu pio-
neers of Ifitmitig. Tlu- Kpi»ti}lm tf&fDUftfrum rir«rM»i,
eompoeed by Ilutten and others, are a scornful satire upon
tlic ignorance, bigotry, and intolerance oF Hor^tratcn ami
the monks.' The applause that greet4.od tho np])<-anmoe
of tliem letteni, in which the monks are hekl up to roerci-
teas ridicule, was a eignifieant sign of tho prf^ress of in-
Udligcncc (l.'JlfJ).
The Humanifita were slow in gaining a foothold in the
iniirersiticH. Tlnw ctttabliKlimenta in Germany lift<i been
founded on the model of Paris. Theology had the iipiK-r-
niont WMt, and Ww Scholastic philosophy was enthroned In
tlie chain of instruction. In particular, Paris and Col<^e
wore tlie Blrongholdi uf the tmdilionnl tJieology, The
Humanists at length gained adniiMion for their studiiv at
Heidellwrg, Tiibiugcn, ,ind some other places. In 1502,
tlie Elector Frederic of Saxony orguniiK-d n umvennty at
I On ihu irark (u Uaiir, KiftkHtjiK>>iotU, it. IT, taL Sir WllUun WnmW
ua, /XkhWmu, Me. <ltSS).
76 W^^CIAL OAUSRS AMD OMKXS Or TI[E KErORUATIOH.
Wittenberg. This new institution, whicli declarwl An-
giiittiim to bu its i>»ti'cin suiiit, vna from tUu lin>t fwvoiiiUc
to Biblical atudiea, and gave a hospitable tvcejitiou tn tli«
tcnckon of cUssical luarning.' Hvtv wns to bu tlie liuti'tb-
fttone of tlie Refornulion.
In oUipr couQtrii« the cnuso of learning was advaaciog.
UC btoujjhL with it increaaetl liberality, and tettdeiideii
to reform in religion. In 14i>8, Colet, the »on of a
wealthy London niercliaiit wlto hud bM*.! l^urd Mayor of
tlie oity, lind returned frutu liia studies in Italy, and waa
expounding tlie Greek epistloB of I'aul at Oxford, to ths
delight of all who ii»itiri-d after the " new learning," and
the disgust and alarm of tlio devotees of the Scholastic
tlieology. iiv wiw joined by KnuimuK, then thirty years
of age, of the same age as Cnlet, and not yet risen to fame,
Imt full of lurdor in tlu- jutntuit of Icnowlodgo, atx] gUd to
enter into the closost bonds of friendship and fellowship
with tiic more devout, if less brilliant and versatile, Bug-
lish scholar. To tliera waa united a young nian, Thomas
More, who was d<.-stiii(^d to the law, but whose love of
Vnowledge and sytnpatliy with the advancing spirit of the
hge, brought him into intimate relations with tlio two
•chdus just itamcd.^ Colct, More, and Eraamua oontln-
aed to be ftiends and fellow-laborers in a common cause
to the end. Colet beKinm Dwui of St. Paul's, founded St.
Paul's school at his own expense, and boldly, yet with
gentleness, exerted bis influence, not only in favor of chk>-
sica and Biblical study, but also, not witliout peril to
biniBoifi against siiiierstition and in betuilf of eulightenud
views in religion. More followed the same path, and in
his " Utopia " ho has n chapter on the religions of that
bnaginary commonwealth, In wliich ho represi'tiita that the
I Von lUumer, GtteUektt Jir Pailoyejit, W, M.
• At Orfonl, M ■! I'kriiand «lici(hpM, ths adreiuftM of tbi "afw^fm^^
iltg" unllrd la ■ hoililitj to ihi >(iir[y ut Grwk. II nmiixli nne of Ili> fin
tIpMbji Co Uii> ume ttiiiljr aliioh fxiilod iiiiiqui' Ibc cunHrrUivc lEomkiii whi'l
Clcera n* * j-outh. I'linjih, I.I/4 {jfCietrv, i. SO.
COUCr, UORE, AKD ERASML'8.
Tf
people were debating among thutnaolvos ^irlictlier oo«
tint wore ch-MMtii Ly Hivm tn In- a ])ripal, wouM not be
thereby qualified U) do all tlie things tbnt belong to tliat
cliaracUir, even tbongli hv bfid no uuUiority dcrivod from
Uie Pope." It wna one of tlie ancient laws of the Utopi«ii8
Uuit no one eliould bi.- punt&liud for bis rvbglon, but cuii-
Terts vrere to be made to any tiuth only "byjLimcubli! unJ
modest ways, witliout Un! iiiw of n-proaobefi or violen<»."
They made confession, not to prii-sts, but to the bi>ads o(
fninilieti. Tlicir wowliip was in temple*, in wbK^h were
no iroagea, and wljere the fonns of devotion were care-
fully (nunod in sucli a wny a« not to ofT<-nd tlic feelitigx
of any class of »ncere worshippers. In tliis work, as in
the sermons of Colet, even hueli as were pn-stched before
Hi»nry VIII., there was n plmn exposure of tJie barbari-
ties and impolioy of war. In reference to what we tenn
political and social soiunce, lliere appear in the teachings
of Colet and More, and of their still more famous asm-
ciute, a humane spirit and a hostility to t%Tanny and to
all oppri'daive legislation, which are not leas consonant
with t)io spirit of <liu Gospul, tliaii tlicy were in lulviinue
of the pnictioo of the times.'
The foremost reproseutatiro of Hamnnism, the incar-
nation, as it were, of its genins, was Eraainua.' TIis
preeminence which he attained as a literary man is what
lie other scholar has uppronchvd, unless it be Voltaire,
,vhom he resembled in the deference paid to him by the
> Hw Nlallona of Cold, More, uid Erumiu. and lb« clunwWrlttlc wnrk «t
*Mh, iro Ibuly doKrlbod In Itu Iti>l;r liiloratlDg irotk oC Seobahm, Th* Or/tai
■ Optm, li. veil., totio »*. (Cl«ricii»] 1703, Tlicn «™ IItc* o( Enumiu by
UCIerc, Buyle, Kulgbt, Riirlpi}- |1V(>. ITd), Jonln [lT5S-«0|,IIaa|Zirf4ch,
IT80). Adolt Uillkr (l»Ml, by F.rlianl la £ndt,irur C'e^>^'< ^Vji/opM.
kXXTlOi ud bjr oUicni liikclcb It Nlunlln his £l*rfrjnr ti /iTruutM/v.
nieaa btagnphJci ■ra erltklanl bir XlTiiian In h<> lnlMr*lintC uniult «ii Br*>'
mui, QuiTrV, ff<p., Kb. tfxl, rvptUilpit in h'n Kaoyt. XnlwllbilJixlIng (bf
anfavonblc jud^^tnt nf ■ ihnHin, Jonin'i IJCiii utjiliinit IbI > "dull book."
For ■ Kliotnr, aotir)th<anilInit lit wnil of plas inf o( »if«im»Wy, Et i> ou «l
Ikt UMl dolisbUul of biofniibiH.
T8 SPECIAL CA0SS8 AMD (HfEKB OT THE RRFOniATKni.
great in n-orldly raiilc. Each was a wit and an ioonoclast
in litit uwn way, bitt tlicir cliaTact«» in iitb«r rcAjwctfl
wero quite unlike.' The fame of Krnsuins was rendered
pOHsibli;, in put, by tliu uiijvcnuil uso of Tjutin, as tLu
common languiige of educated men ; a Htate of things of
vliicli liiH want of fumiliiirity n-ith Itnlian and Ei^lish,
BithoHgb he 'bad flojonmed in lUiIy and lirod long in
England, ia a cariottB sign. By tlie irresistible bent of
hia mind, iis wi-ll us by luc-tiduous culturi>, Bnvsmus was
a, man Of letters. He must be that, whatever else lie
failed to bo. His knowk-dgo of Greek was infurior to
tliat of hift oontaniporary and rival, Htidxus ; be took no
pains to give his style a classical finish, and liiiiglicd at
the pedantic Ciceroninns, who' avoided all phraseology not
Kuii'tioiK-d by the best ancient authority, and somwtiin^B
all words not fount! in th(rir f;ivi>rit« author,* He wrot«
hastily: "I precipitate," he says, "rather than ooin-
pow?."* y«t the wit and wisiUim mid variwj <-ntditlon
which be poured forth from hia full mind, made him
jnHtly tbti most popular of writent. He sat on lii)> throne,
an nbji'ot of admiration and nf envy. By hia multifarious
publications and his wide correspoudenci' with eminent
jKinnns, cock-si asticH, statotmeii, and iwholani, his influence
was diffused over nil Kurwpe. In all tJio earlier part of
hi«c:mt.T Erasmus strugskd with indigence. Hia health
was not strongand bn thought tlmt he could not live upon
ft littlo. Flis dependence upon patronage and ]>c-niiionH
placed fetten* upon him, to •orac extent, to the end of hia
iif« ; yet h« loved independence, frequently chose to re.
ceive tlie attfintion!? of the great at a distance from them,
and selected for his place of abode the dty of Bam^l,
ivtiere he was frc« alike from secular and occleuastical
tyranny. Rmtimus, bj his writings and bis entire per*
■ OAltridstbueampaM uid conlniil«d Uicm, Tit Fri<»d, FliMl.Mdin|
* Jortin, U. Ti. • /Ur., i, 1S9. </Mt.,l. IM.
i
i
DbUWIB.
TS
■ooal influence, was tba foe of superstitiou. Iq lil» Liirly
days lie Itiul tasti.^l, by coiiMtrivint, Hoiiii^tliiiig of iiioiikiak
life, anil his natural aLihorrence of it was made tnoru ia<
Usoao hy tliis bitter rocoUdction und by Llic trouble it coat
bitn, after he had beociTiio foinous, to release himself from
tlio thralduiii to which Lis funn«r tuu!ociate« vrcrfi iii^iiiiwd
to call him back. In trutli, he coi)du<;bed a life-long war*
hre uguinst the monks nod Iheiridfas iind [>nic'tici-s. Uii
" Praiao of Folly " and, in piuiicuUir, th« " Ooll'Kiuies,"
in which the idleness, illiteracy, BeU-indulgence, and arti-
ficial and imelejM nustvritic-» of " tli» relifpous," wt-ro
handled in the most diverting stjle. were read with iu-
finito amtificmvnt by uU wlio sYm[)iitlii».-d with thu ntiw
sttidiea, and by thouKniKbt who did not calculate theelfeot
ot this telling satire in abating populaV ruvvrence (or the
Churdi. Till! " Praise of Folly " was written in 1510
or 1511, in More's house, for the ainuaemenC of bis boat
and a few otb<.rt' friviul^. Folly is (ic-nionifiod, und rcpro-
Bonted as dtscoorsing to her followers on tlte affairs of
mankind. All classes cumo in for tliuir shni'e of ndicale.
Grammarians an<l pedagogues, in the fiietid atmosphere
of tli«ir schoolrooms, bawling at tlicir boy» and beating
tlii>m ; scholasUo tlicoloipanit, wrangling upon frivolous
aii<l in.Hohiblu questions, and prating of thu pbysical con-
stitution of the worhi mt if they had come down from a
council of the gods — » with whom and whoso conjecture!
natare ia mightily anuinod ;" monkft, "tJie race of now
Jews," who are surprised at hist to find themselyea among
the goata, on tlio left hand of the Judgv, faring worse
than common siulors and wagoners; kings who forget
tlieir responmbilitien, rob their mibjeds. an<l think only of
tbeir own pleasures, as htmting and the keeping of {ln«
horses J popt^-i who. though inArm old mrn, take tbe
•worI into tlu'ir hands, and " tnm law. religion, peace,
and all human alT;urt upside down " — such arc sr>mu ol
iiw divUions ^f mankind who arc held up to ridicule.
60 SPECIAL CAtSI» AND 0UEX8 Of TIIR RKt'ORUATlOM.
At litis time Joliua II. filled the papal clwir, iukI nil
rv-adfrs of Knisinus miwt linru rt-cogiiixwi liiu jKirtniit
wliicb lie drew uf ttio mirlikc old pontiff. Emsmus did
not tpon Um l«goiidB of tliH EetiiiU. which fiiniK-il m> fiiir n
mnrii for llm ntiuft-t of wit; iind l>y lii>> nlKri'viilinns on
tlw titi(^nhi of St. Francis, oflfendml tlie onK-i* of
which he xraa the ulm<wt ndon-d founder. When re*
citM'stwl by II cardinal to <l»iw up Uio Vixct, of tli« Snints,
ho begged to be exciiaetl ; tliey were too fidl of f>il>le».'
Iliit coinmvDte on niisgovt-rninL-nt in the Church, on the
extortions imd vice* of the rlcrjiy, fn)ni th« IVpc down
wards, weiv not tlit! h-iiii blUug iiiit) eSoctzve, for the hu-
morous form in which they weru (^ncriilly uut. Indi-od,
as Coloridgo hiLi Kiid, it ih iv merit of tlie jcsta of Kntsiitus
that tlicy c»n all do lnui»httcd into argiinioiits. TJR-re
wns what he callitd a " I'hitriwiic kingdom," and ho wutihl
uvvcr write uiiythini^. hi- Kiid. tii^t would giro aid iind
comfort to llni (Icfcnd^Ts of it.* In his own mind, Iiw
distingaisbed bt>twecn Um Church and the ** Pojjish scot,"
Mft tio d«8i;^>utc(1, 4>vcn in a lutler to Alebtncthon, tho BUp-
portert of <;<K-]i'!9i.-iHtii--id iibuiR-s nml tyiinniy,* Tl»cr«
were, in his judgment, two evils that must bo cut n;> by
lhi< r>M>t« ln-foi-c tho Church cihiM hnw piiioo. Tlir on«
wna batrLiI for Uie (.•■iiu-t of Rome, occasioned by her iii-
liiluralilo avitrico and eruelty ; thu other was the yoke of
huiium <'<Miiilitulio)iit, i-obliin^ tliP pooplw of thi>ir roligioiu
lilierty. Hu would iuive uiaile (lie evvoil a very short
liH', liinitiHt to a fow " plain tniths contained in Scrijv
;ui'e," and Iwiving all th^i-est to the individual Judgnifnt,
Me thought tliat many tJiings should be referred, not ac-
cording to the popular cry, to *' the next general ooundl,"
but to tliG time when we see God faco to face.* Partly
faoni thii natuntl kindri<uw of \\in Ihuiiht, piirlly from hii
lilwral culture, and atill more, perhaps, fi-om a pursonai
appreoiatiuii ol (he difliculti<w and unoirrtiuntiea of i-eligioiu
I Jonin, L 8M, TJ. M. * lUH., i. SM- > IM., i. .11). < lUiL, I. 9»b.
THE VfRllDiGS oy EBASJIUS.
SI
lifl wciit beyond nlmost uvvrry atli«r entin«iit man
of hie age in IiU liking (or religious liberty. He vnts ««i-
•ciuiu ttuit witliottt tliii priicticv of a pretty wtdo toltinitku
on the foi-t of rulers in Church and State, he <n-otild him-
miU fiiru ill. He vra», iii fitot, obligt-d to be coiutjinLly on
Ills defeua/e ngidust chiirges o( heresy. He had said thtnga
without number wliicb could easily be turned into grotuidt'
of acciiSHlion. Hin inii^niiis were nuinerouH and vindif^tive.
wul although, in the litvmry combut> he waa more tUnn a
miitch for nil of tlietii, hts was seiisitiTu to th«ir attacks,
He coniplulns that tlie Spaniard, Sttmiai, li^d pri'sciit^l
to lilt) X. a litxd agwnst him, containing nixty tlmu^iuid
bensivB extnu!tvd from his writings.* Notwitluitanding
■11 his dciiinls and profoiniMita, tht^ro Inrkod in tlii^ niiitdj
of the ardent adlierents of the mediRrTal syatein, an in-
itiuctivv fueling that ho \va« r daiigeronii (.•nemy, and that
his influence, so tar as it prevailed, coidd only condnct? to
their overtJiifiw. In tlii* foeling, wliatovvr may liiivo Ik-cw
true of tlieir speciflo charges, they were fully ju.stin<Hl.
Yet it in doubtftd wlietlier tho condvinnation of his " Col-
tupiii'M " by the Univei-sity of Paris, and other jtroceed-
ings of a like nature, wliicli cioanatud from tho monkish
|karty, ili«l ntit "[x-nite to give to his idt-ja a widt^r citm'ncy.
Uut tbeio \v:ifi a positive work which Erusniiuf did, the
•olidity »n<I vuliii; <>( wliioli it is diilhnilt to ov<>n*«tinuit4>.
liy his editions of Cypnon and Jemino, ftiid his trunnla'
tioiw (i-oni Origeii, AlhiiiuitciuM, anil Clny«ii»toni, Im opened
up tlie kr.'>wledgo of Christian nntiquity, imd g»ve hi*
«i>ntonipoiiirie« access to a purer and more Biblicnl the-
ology. His edition of the New Testament, hia paniphnues
of tho New Ti^stiirnent, which wora at one time appointed
bo bo read in Uie cburches of Kngland, his commentarioft,
bia treatiso on ]ireacluug, and rariouH other work^ pro-
init<?d <Jbi-iHUiin knnwledgo in a most remarkable degrw.
tu his writings of tliis sort, along with entiglitenod viewi
■ JpTtln, I. HO.
88 tTKCIAI. OAUSIS AND OUEXS Of TIE UVOBMATION.
of (loctriiH) iind «( tlic nature of lh« Christaaa life, were
■BroMl oomplniiite iigiunst the nitiltittidt^ nf <-hinv)i onliii-
■ncta oontrivfil for tli« opprL-ssiun ot tlio poor and the
eutichiwjj of tbo dcrgy. Ho wmilJ hiive th« Inity in-
•triictrul ; 111- wbhi'il lliiit the liumb)i>et woman might ruad
Utu 0(M|iiiU. 'I1n! ju(liii):i>ig ciiHtuniit unil rittii with which
llluChtirch wu bunloned, are pointe<l out in his coinmeut*
tm H<;riptimi, In thcw; ])tiblic»tiona, vhicb the art of
|iriittiii({ iicttU<tr<.'<l in multiplied ncUtiORS over Europu, tlio
Knmt lif^itii of thn putriHtic age, and the Apostles thcm-
iW'lvtM, nuipiKwrud to breuk op tbo rcij^n of Kiipftretition.
Nuviir vriia nn ttlliance between author and printer more
luippy for bolt) piirticK, or mom fniitful of j^ood to tJie pal>-
li<i, thuii wiut thnt butweim Erasmua iuid Frob»n of Rasel.
Ill vinw (i( iln> whole carver and varioiiH productioiia of the
Chivf of tliii lliiniiu)t«t«,it is not exaggerated pnusctoiuiy
(hilt h« whk "lliii living embiKliim-nt of almost all tlisit
whii'h, in roiwKjin-ncu of the rv-viviil of th« Btndy of tliu
liiM-'ii'iitM, till) mind of tlie Weat^^m nations for more tbnn n
hnudn-d ji-ara bad wrought out and attained. It was not
t>n\y u knowlnlgtt nf lajiguagi-ii, not only eultJvatiou of
Htyle, of tasUi ; but tla-rvwith tlie whole mental ca.st liail
rt^H'ivi-d u freur turn, a fin«r touch. In thi» coinprcbcn-
iiire NUito, one may wty that Erasnius was the most cul-
tivated man of \m tiinm." '
Of the relations of Erasmus to Luther and the Prot-
estant cau)c, tliere will ho an occasion to speak here^ftor.
His writings and the receptiaa accorded to them show
that the European mind had outgrown the vxisting ec-
clesiastical system, and was ready to break loose ii-om its
COQtJOh
Some of the principal pi Ints in the view which baa been
preRctuted in this and in the preceding lecture, reK]H>cting
the ctitiiHW tliiU paved tlie way of tlio Iteformatioi:, maj
bu briefly set furtb i\A follows : —
> Hlrauw, CIrU* rut fruUtn, p. Ml.
BECAPTTULATION.
8S'
Among the aalient foattir«« ctuunictcristic of tli6 Middle
Ages trcrv : the subordination of dril to eccleeiaatical so>
dety, o( Uie Stnt>! to ttio rust thuocraticnl community
liaving ita centre at Rome ; the govenimont of the Clitirch
by tlio cliM'gy ; tbo union of peoples uiicl<;r a oommoo eiy
tlcsiiifilioal law aiid a uniform Liiliii ritual ; an intolloetuol
tioti%'ity sitikpod by the clergy and subservient to tJie pre-
vailing n-ligiotta mid bccl(»iustic»,l system.
Among the symptoms of the rifto of a new ordi>r cl
tl^iiigM Wtrrc: —
1. 'Iho laicnl spirit; becoming alivo to the rights and
interests of civil society ; developing in Uie towns a Ixxly
of citi/i-nit bold to confront clerical uuthoritj'. and ^vitb
their practical understanding Bharpcued and invigoriktcd
by divcnified industry and by commerce ; a laical spirit
which maniff.<(ti:d itself, alno, in tlii.! Iuwerclas»i-s, insatirva
aimed at the vices of the dei^gy ; which, likewise, gave
rise to a more tntcuitc feeling of patriotism, a new senae of
the national bond, a new rigor In natiomil dttirchcA.'
S. A conscious or unconadous religious opposition to
the established system ; an opposition whicli apjicared in
sects like the Waldensea, wlio brought forward tlje Bible
as a niMins of correcting tbc teaching, rebuking the offi-
cers, or i-eforniing the oi^uiimtion of tlie CImrch ; or in
niysticH who regarded religion as an inward life, an im-
me<tint4! relation of tlic individual to God, and prettched
fervently to the people in tlioir own tongue.
■{. A litL-rary and sciimtific morcment, following and
d'ApIacing the method of culture that was peculiar to tho
mrHliKViil age ; a mowincut which enlarged the area and
multiplied tlie subjects of thought and inreatigntJon ; whidi
drew inspimtion and nutriment from the maslcq)ieoe8 of
ancient wiadora, olo<)ueni3o, and art.
■ tit* llaga, IhuUeiliiurt KlimnwAa ■. rtSgiitt VtrtiSltiiiin hi R^ormtt'
Hammiitattir.lAJS. Itut lls,(*i> (p- ISlM|Anu<ib< "Mtyriieh roIkanJlwiin "
■lipMickui, 4B k ili>tiiicl li(ia<l, in (ha tiMm ol Out mon |*ngml nibtio abovk
lie (tow uni omit to ovUvv, liumrtr, Itw oUur tlwMnu iom lind ia Um U*
Si SriXHAL CAUSES AXI) OUKKS OF TBT. REKOlOtATlOK.
Th(!se three Intent or open species of autugoiiUni to the
niuUffivuI spirit wcr« often mingled with one anotlier.
The Mystic and the (Iiiiiianist might hv uoitcd in tho
taxao person. The lucalepirit in its higher types of tuani-
Ceatstion wiu reinforced by the new culture. Sutiricul
uttacka upon absurd ceremonies, upon the follies and sina \
of insnkH and priests, had n keener edge, as well as a
more serious effect, when they emanated from student!
hmiiiKr with PlautuB and Juvenal.
CHAl'TEU IV.
lER ASD THE GKBMAN BEI'OltMATIOir, TO TRB
DIET OF AnOSBCTtO, 1530.
Qerhant, including tliu Netheriands ntid Smtzorkiul,
was Uia centro, the prmcipiil tJiotttre, o£ tlm lleformation.
It i» iiut witliout trutli Uiat tlie Ucrmanii claiin, n» ilio
native cliaRicterktic of Uieir race, a certajn iuwnnlneiiB,
or spirittinlity in tbo Inrgc Hcnso of the term. This goea
Inr U> oxplaiii the hospitable rcwption which the Gerniiiniu
tribe* gave to CbriBtinniti,', and tbo docility wiUt whidi
tbcy I'^mbriMiiid it.' llicy fwind in the Christian religion
a oongf^niat spirit. Tbe (icrmiin spirit of ind<^pi-nd(.-iicf,
kir love of pononnl hbcrty, is a branch of thia general
hiibit of mind. Germany began ita existence as a illHtinct
imtiun in a succt^ssful rL-sisliinc<^ to tho utti-inpt of tbo
clergy to dispose of thts inberitiince of Cbarleiiiiiyni!.' It
was tbo Gvromnswbo pnownti^l his mouuivhy from being
I'onverted into an ce(-Iesi:isticul Stiite. On tbo liebl of
Kontenay the forces of tlio Franks were Be|MUTited int<»
two hostile diviuoiLi, tlie one composed pruduininuntly of
> " Ci wir iluChrialenUiuni alcliu wai dim DouUebaa tnmd um] HMvni^
tig gaweMU vHrt, vUlnmbr Iwkam Stt dDuUdin Cbanikltr dunli ilu Oiriaun*
thiun nuf <li« VatlonduDg wlnar HlbM i erfnnil aivh ludcr Kinlm riiritii trtliiu
aur ^liuben, TtrtdSrt Und gtlielllgc." Vllmar, OuMAlt dtr dcatteXtm Lit-
traitr, p. T. Tnrlliu ttyt of Die Bnclrnl Oa^BUIi^ tbst tltoj- conodvod It uu-
•rnnby of llni;oda fn bveonflnnJ wllKIt wbIIi, or to be repmcnleil hy Iniajjn;
•nd llut the hiid ots fainily cxcciiril n iirlnily lunrllnn. (iVrmnMn, w. bt.,
X. lirimni Onils in tlio dtwriplKiDt dI TbcIiui iIic r-iiiipli'ls icvnii i-l I'l-Dlralnn.
liini — " dm ™ll«ii kfiin Am I*ivtn[*iili>n>u*-'' Diiuntr Myihul-yit, p. xlili.
Vt't lika liiw* Irrriu 4 Pniicli wrilcr, r^ 'ruiru-. .Ir( >■ iSt XilAtriiitAt, |<|>. Jj,
13, 41. 'rtii.' ^uioui lubicd till u»,ol, Umhiik it km laKed oa UMa hj a
' kUi.hc, DtiKln GucliieiU, i. 10 mq-
api
I Goanr- A Gennm pfailaKipber has dwvlt
Ud gWK oat to AsMsiis, l» tiM IncUea, in qooat of richca
■wl to ^TBiri uj («rtUf empire eocudiag the globe, oa
wUtk the euB WmoIiI iwver wt, a ample moiik, tuniiiif;
■«■* bwn the tfaii^ u( MSMe ud emp^ fonns, was fiud<
Ibc I£m whom the disdples bad oDOe songtit for in a
iMNiIcbiv of stone. Hi^l attributes the itMeptioa luid
mupem ft th« Rvfonnation to this " ancicot and constantly
Mill 1 1 fl tntnmlness of tlw Gunuaii people," iu conw
MSDM ot wbii-fi tlivv iirv UL>t <.<ontent to npproiwb God by
pnucv. or nut tlit'ir ic%io» out&idu of tbcm, in soenunento
tad rt-ivmuniwi. iu wnuuous, iinix»ing speclacles.' A Ger-
gigU) histiiniiii lu.« iu»(K' siibstantinlly the Mine asM-rtiou
itMici.'tiiit; the gi-iiiuin'f the German people: "One pe-
nilisr uliarnotrrifltic fur vrluch the Gctruiau mou baa erer
^^pa AMxivguiiihril is tlioir iinifouiiJ Beiiso of th*^ rvli^luiis
iJeniiMit, iM-aUxi in tJio iiimost lU-ptba of tbe sool; their
»Mli>i4<Mi U bi> i»i|M'lK<d by the disoerdant strifes of tbe
Mtt'nial w>rl<l iiii<l uiirniitrul liiimim onlimmccs, to seek
Utd find f"'*' '" ''"■ '''""'I' '■'''■■<'»-''«"» ">f thi'ir own hwirte, iind
bi i^xiM'rirnoo u biddt-ii life in God s|>riiigiiig forth in op>
i)t«[tl«ll t» iMlwit i'<>iK>']ition8 of tJie iilMtr)u*t int<?Ueot
■Iwtl, nil. 'itr at*Mt*t4i H*ir*», ix. tW Mq.
i,trn)i':ii thi: iikbo of tkk keforuation.
87
that leave the h«art coM and dead, n medianism tbat •xm*
vvTts religion into u round of outward iwivinonio*." '
Unquestionably the hero of the Refomiation waa I.u-
titer. Without Iiim an<l liis jiowortul iuflucncA, other
rrrfnnmittiry inoventent.t, evcii 8uoh aa tuid an indepeudent
beginning, like that of Zwingle, might have ^iled of euc-
oww. As far ns w« «in judgi-.thcy would have pniduowl
iio wide-spread commotion and led to no enduring results.
It has bct-n Kiid, witli truth, of Lutlier, (Iiat "his whole
Uf« ami diar.ipter, his heart and soul and mind, are iden-
tified and one with liix groat work, in a maimer rcry dif*
f<T-Hl from wlmt wfi noe in otlier men. Melancthon, for
tnstaitee. may easily be conceived apart from tlio Itvforina-
tiom, lui lilt eminent divine, livii^ In otlier ages of th«
Oiurch, aa the friend of AugastinD or the companion of
F^ncloD. Even Calrin may be separated in thought
fmm the age of tJie Ileforraation, and may be set among
tbe Schoolmen, or in the coundl diamber of Hildobrund
or of Innoci-nt, or iit the Synod of Dort, or among Crom-
well's cliaplains." " Bnt Luther apart from tlic Refor-
mation would ccaite to lie Lutlier." '
He was bom in 1483, at the very time when Colum*
bits waa Birtiggling to obtain the meana of prosecuting
that voyage which reaulted in the discovery of a new
world.* It is a marked Iiistorlcal <.'oiucidence, wliicli hiu
more tlinn onc« been pointed out, that the reform of tlio
Christian religion should be simultaneous witli the open-
ing of now n-girtii.t of the globe, into whicli Christianity
waa to be carried.' Luther's family, before bis blrtJi,
' SMiiilfr, T. 81.
■ ArrtiiiriKDn lUrt, rin«(«>i(i'oii c/ IMhtr at/aiml kit PMiM EmglM At-
wUinM, p. a.
* Hglnncllina f>u.(M ihal I.uthuf't mnihtr oflao Mill llut wUla (tie rtmaii-
Wre.? wilb ccrlsl'itir Die A*j u:d liou.*, iilu uiulil not rDmeintrar (be jvti tt bl*
Unb: but Ilia lirulher, .TtiDciian bantil and upright nun, Mtd IbM It wM
1U3. I'lVii M. I.ul\eri, M, 14anie *.-* ot cplnlon, In new of ncanllf lUnor-
md •vlilcnte, tlial !l wu 1484. S« StuJU-t w. KMin lOcU IITI).
* The toiaMente of th« crcM gWiCnphical dlMoreriei wllh Ifag tmmt D
88 LUTBFJI AND TDK C.OUIAN Iu:»-OBMATI(Kf.
had rcniOTed to Eisleben from Mobra, a village in tb«
Thurin^na Kdriint, near tin' «ii«)t wlnTit Konifaco, tlio
apostle of Gertmmy, had first prea«Jie<l the Gospel.'
"I am a po»«uit*8 son," ho says ; " my father, my
giundfather, my great graiulfatJifir were tJioroiigli [)CU8>
untfi (I'cclibe Biiuem)." Ilifl domestic trainiiig was well
rarant, but roiigli un<l austere. He was itttvcruly punished
Ebi- slight offenses, both at home nntl by his teachers.
At Rokool be vra» chmtised fift^ren liincs, iq otto foremwoi
for tnrial or imaginary infractions of law. Uaving
vpeat a year at sdiool at Magdubnrg, ho was sent to tiie
Franeiscun scliool iit KiKcnacli, whcro lie sung nt the
doors of the principal citizens, after the old German cus-
tom^ for the moans of Hupiiort. Destinccl for the legal
profession, he puraued, at the University of Ivrfurt, tho
Nominalist logic and tho ola^fflca, and made a beginuiog
in the study of Aristotle. He was twenty years old and
li;id Uikcn llio Bachelor's degree when it happi^nod tliat,
while be was looking one day at the books in the Erfurt
libraty, ho ciuaftlly took uj> a copy of tho lyatiu Bible.
It was tjia first time in his life that lie had ever tjiken
tlie sacred volume in his liands.' Struck with surprise at
tho ricbiiws of iw oontcnta, compared with the extracts
which he bad been wont to hear in the Church services.
lie read it with eagerness and intense delight. This hour
was an epoch in bis existence. DfCp ruligioiis iinxletiea
that had haunted him from childhood, moved him, two
years later, against tlio will of his father, to forsake the
Ugal profea»on and enter the Augustinian convent, where
■■ght mporlinff Uw Qcapcl uid with Ihg nrivil o( karQlng, Ii noClcail tiy tlu
IWnch EErfunan, I.rftTn, CorrupomloHtt ilet lU/arnmtiun daiu l<t Faj/i
4t 111 /.OJigHt Fnrnfitlii, jiBT .K. L. OcnainjiLnl (ISnn) I. S4.
I A I'niiiiJOiwrilcr upon (La curllM portion of !ho Il(e o! Luilior ii JlirRfni,
ImiKtr ran Minir Grtait iU lan Abtnf-ttrtitr.HHUlill, 3to1».(ISM),
' MathoBlui, HiHorieHrm H. EhrvirJlgra U. LulAer, pu S (c4. 15901, Thii
banul chniiidrF ihawi hov grouly dcCcctlvg iru ttM rsllgloiu liulrucUoi
|lTta 10 jroulh bjr rnfercnce to hit aim cue. Tbs |iWHgv dikv tx nod ll
WnbeliMdu, GarllcMi <l. ictttAttt A^/iininrtaa, I. fl.
tCmEU AT WlTnTXBEU.
8»
m ft monk And a priest. It U worthy of remark
Vhitl the only two Ixjoks tliitt ho ciirriiHl into titu oonvt-nt
wvm hU FlatitiiK iiiid Virgil. Hi-rii he rt>iaaine<l until ho
was called to the newly founded Univeiwty of Witten-
Iwqj. Tilt! Elector of Siixony hud <TSt«hli»hcd this uiiivrr-
Bity, giving to the profesaors chai^ over Uie principal
Chnrch and th« oijoymunt of it« incomes; his idea h^i^j
not :>nly to organize a place of instruction, but to oolleot a i
loanicd body, to whicli, in difficult luid doubtful questional
he might, nccording to tiie prevsuling custom, rcftort for
counseh Here, to quote another's words, we find th<»
poor miner'* hoy who, having " booomo a young Doctor,
fervent and rejoicing in tho Scriptures, well verecd in his
Augustine, Aquinas, Occam, luid Gen»on, familiar with all
the subtle thonlogtoal and philoaophical controrcraies of
the day, was already spoken of honorably in wider
cirelis*, as a good, clever tliinker, iw a victorious assailer
of tliG supremacy of Aristotle ; took a lively uiterest in
the stniggles of ttie (luinanistx against thu ancient bar-
barism ; was esteemed by the most celebrated chatnpion.i
of Uie freedom of science ', was exalted by tlio approba-
tion of liiH colleagues, of the students that flocketl to his
lucturcs — in a word, i,Tas advancing witli rapid stops to
tho h!ghc»t liononi of literary renown." * Tliis was tli«
Bitnation of Luther when the event occun-ed that gave
elianict4>r to tlio remainder of his career.
Here we must pause to oon.<uder the religious «xp(y-
riiMice of Luther ; for whoever would explore the causes
of history must look beneath tho surface of events at tho
spiritual life of men. His earlier conception of Chris-
tianity is conden»(>d in otie expres-tion, that ho had looked
upon Clirist as a lawpver, a second Moses, only that the
fonni*r was a legislator of mon; awful rigor. " Wo were
■ niiiwl««hBi»D. IttT ifniUfAr rrolBlitnliim<u, p. 13. <<)uM«d fa;- !!■■«, ^
■ IHm>1.>. An id<««f I.alhvr'a hllunirti, MWfUuat hit mulli[d!(ul coilor*
■tntii nwj Im gitlund tram ono ol Ii1« *arly ktlvra, D« WatU, i. 41
M
LITTBKB AND TU£ aEBUAK BBFOBUATIOll.
kU taught," be Bays in bis " Tuble-tolk," " Uuit we mmt
makii Kiti«fuctioa for 04ir ain», iumI Uwt Cbrist at the laat
.,da; would demand how we had atoned for our guilt, and
how many good works w« had done." Melaactb<m nyi
that the motive whiob ted him to adopt the monastic liffl
.wu this : " Often whon ho thought on the sugar of God
.or of the woitdcrful inatancefi of dirine punishment, lie
. VM scizi-d with a tom>r so violent that ho was wi-IUm^
borvft of life." ' WIk-u he held his first mass, and caine
to recite the words, " I bring tliis offoring to tbcc, tlw
eternal, living Qod," bo was with dilBculty rcstnunwl
from nufaiiig away from the altar in fear and dismay.
** I had," he confesses, " a broken spirit, and was over in
Burrow." " I vote ont my body with vigib aud fastings,
and lioped thus to }utti.tfy Uic law and deliver my oon-
Bcienoe from the sting of guilt." " Had I not been rc-
di^mod by the comfort of the Gospel, I could not have
lived two years longer." This comfort be bogaii to ob-
tain Utrougtt an old monk who pointed bim to the sen-
tence in ^o Apostles' Creed, " I believe in tho forpve-
^nots of sins," and to a passage in St. Bernard wliure
refercnee is miulu to Paul's doctiiiio that " man is jtisti-
6ud by faith." Still more was he aided by tlie judicioua
^Qoiuucls of John Stanpitz, the Icamed and pious Vioar-
. general of bit order, whose words, Luthor afterwards
■aid, pierced him ** like the sharp arrow of a strong man."
Hs studied Auguatine imd 1 aulcr, and caught glimpsos
of evangelical doctrine in them.^ Especially hu devoted
himself to tbfl study of the prophets and apostles. He
had bai-dly U^mi to expound to bis pupils the Epistle to
the Romans, when his oyc fastened upon the citation
from a prophet, " tho just shall live by faith." Thcso
words never ceased to sound in bia ear. Going to Roma
1 Vili il. LuH.,v.
» lla ™winiinmJi Tuitcr to liia Iiicnd SpaUtin (Due. 14, tilt): "Ktqui
■nim ript vfl In Ijuluo. TOl iu noMni linpui, thRiloGtam vidi nlulnioitn *r
turn (vansvliosoouiuntioniu." tit Wouc, I. W.
LVTHFJt'S RKLIOIOUS EXPERIEXCS.
«I
on a mission for liia order (1510), Iio ran about full of
litn-otimu'il iinlor, rmtii clnirdi tu ckiircli. Itiit tlime wonis
t)f tba Apoatle Paul, " the jiwt sliiill live by faatb," more.
and tiKire impressed tliemselTos upon liis tboiigbtt). Dur-
ing liis alow joiimey Iioniewarda he poadored these wonls.
At length tbeir full meiiniiig burst upon bim. " Tlirough
Uie Ocspel that rig}]U-ousni'M is revealed which avails Uv
fori- Ood — by which I If, out of grace and more compaa-
■toti, justificB ns tlir-iugh faith." " Here I fvlt at oiicc,"
lia says, " tbut I was vholly born again and that I had
mtered throngh open doors into Paradise it»«If. Tliiit
ptutsage of Pan! was truly to me Uie gate of Paradise."'
He saw tliat Christ is not oome as a lawgiver, but as a Sav-
iour ; tbut love, not wrath or justice, is the motive in his
mission and work ; that the forgi\-eness of sins through
Him is A frc« pft ; that the relationship of the sonl to
Him, and through Him to the Fnthor. which is cxprt-xsi-d
by the t«nn faith, the responsivo net of tho soul to the
divine mercy, is nJl that is rotiuircd. This method of
reconciliation is witliont tlie works of the law. Good
woriis are the fruit of faith, a spontaneous and neceaB,-iry
product. Now be had found a clue to the understanding
of the Bible. If John vr:iB his Favorite Evangelist, he
found in them all one doctrine. But in the writings of
I'aul, whose religious development ao closely resembled
his own, he found a protest against judming theoUgy
and an as.tertion of salvation by faith, in opposition t" a
legal ^stem. which gave him intense satisfiiction. The
Upirtles to the Romnns aud tialatiuns wero his familiar
nompanioDs ; the latter he styled, in his humorous way,
bis wife, his Catltarino von Bora.
The logical consequences of his new position, in reU-
lion to the onlinnnocs nnd ceremonies of the Church, and
the principle of Chuxch authority, Itad not occurred to thfl
tliougbts of Luther It ivas only providential events, and
92
UrniER AKP tin; OEiniAN HEroKUATIOH.
the rejection wlticli Uioy iixluccd, thai broiiglit Uie Utettl
contents of bis principk' t« i]istini:t cousciouancsa. The
first of UiL-sv events vas Uiu oppciinmoo of Tutze), a
hawker of intlutginici'ii, in the neigliborbood of Witteii-
beig. The mischief reEulting from this trafRc was foronl
OD the attention of Luthvr by faots Umt were tlisdoiiLd tc
bim in tlie confessional. He vraa iiioTcd to pi-each ugiuniit
it, to wi'it« to Iiisiiopi in opposition to it, iind fiiutlly to
I post his five and ninoty theses on the door of the Church
at All Stunts at WitWnborg (1517).
Indiilgcnoes, in thu earlier ages of the Churoli, liAd
boon a relaxntion of penance, or of the discipline im]H»ed
by tbu Cburcli on puiiit<-iits who hud been guilty of murtiil
un. 'Jlie doctrine of penance required tliat for such sin
•satistiaction should be Hn|K!rad<Ie<! to contrition and con-
' fesBion. Tlien cune the custom of commuting tlifiso
appointed tcmpond penalties. When Christianity spread
among tlie northern nations, the canonical pcmmccs wcrti
frequently foiuid to bo inapplicable to their condition. The
practice of ncccpting olTcrings of money in ttio room of
the ordinary forms of penance, Iiarmontxed witli the penal
codes in Toguo among the burbariun peoples. At first the
priest had only cxercitiod the oHice of »n intercessor.
Gradually the simple function of declaidnft the divine
forgirtmess to tlto {}onitent transformed itself into that of
A judgt;. By Aquintut, the priest is made the instrument
of conveying the divine pardon, the vehicle through
vliich the grace of God passes to Uie penitent. With
the jnbiUcs, or pilgrinuiges to Itome, ordained by the
. popeSi came the plenary indulgences, or the complete ro-
' tnisuon of uU tvni])onil peiialtii-ii — that is, the jHtnallies
■till obligatory on tlic penitent — on the fulfillment of
prescribed conditions. These penalties might extend into
purgatory, but tlie indulgence obUtemted Uiem nil. In
tile thirt^entli century, Alexander of Ilales and Tlioinai
Aquinas set forth the theory of supei-erogivtory merits, or
lutbkr's TinsES. 98
' of merit be.itowed upon tlie CImreli Uimugb
! laai tim Miiints, on wluch tlic nilors of the Clim^b
iniglit draw for the bpiiefit of the lesa wnrthy and mure
ncody. This was euincthing (listmct from tlie power of
the keys, the powttr to grant abaolution, whicli iitb«Te«l
ill ilto priesthood alono. The eternal piin'shment of mor-
tal Bin being rc^mitted or comniiiteil by thi^ nb»ulut40it of
tlio priest, it was opuo to tho Pope or his ageut«, by the
grant of indulgenoeji, to remit tlie temporal or torminablc
penalties that still rested on tho head of the traneigreasoi ■
Thus souls might be delivered forthwith from pargntimal
fire. Popo Sixtws IV., m 1477, liad offidally declared
tliLit tuiuls iilreiuly in purgatory are euuuicipatocl per
modum tuffratfit; that is, the work done in behalf of
thom operates to effect their release in a way analogous
to the efBoaoy uf pi-ayer. Nevi-rtlieless, Uio power that
vas claimed over the dead, \vaa not praeticnlly diminislied
by this restriction. Tlie business of suUing indulgences
had grown by the profitableness of it. " Kverywhcre,"
Bays Erasmus, " the rumiasion of purgatorial torment is
sold ; nor is it Rold only, hut forced upon tlioso vrlio re*
fuse it." ' As managed by Tetzo! and the other enm-
saries sent out to collect money for tho building of St.
Pi'ti-r's Clmrcli, the indulgence was a umple bargain, no-
rording to which, on the payment of a stipulated sum,
tlie indiviihml n^ceivcnl a full discliarge from the penalties
of eui or procured the release of a soul from the fhimes of
purgatory. The forgivcncsa of aina was offeii-fl in tlie
niaricet for money. Agtunst this lucrative tr;ido Luther
lifted up an eiunest remonstrance. Tli<- I iirim' of his
UiMCS was tliat the Pojw ean absolve only from the pun-
Uhmcnts which he himself imjios«(; that Ihr.ie do not
rcAch beyou<l ilcalh; moreover, tliat the right to absolve
pei-tains to bishops and pastors, not less than to tlie Pojio i
1 Pi-*/. I. KfHtl. CoriHlk. Oi»r.t, rli. Ul. Tbo Rmpntor Ukxlmlliia haf
Inl rtiii*t>4 md llisn |iarn>iii»il Itiv lnil!i<
N
LUTHER AHD TUR GUOIAN RErOSUATIOM.
that tlie foundatdon of indulgencea ia i» tlie powtti* ol iht
keys ; tliat :il)ttr>Iutioii b«tIuRgs t<> iitl penitenlM, but id not
uidiaponHiblo, and is uf leas acoount thnii works of piety
and mercy. If Uie t'o[)o con frcu houU from pur^ory,
why uot delircr them sU at ouce? The treasury of
merits is iiot deiiiot], but Um Pope ca»iu>t dispoosc it fur-
ther than ho liolds in hie haod the iiitercessioiis of tlie
Clitirdi. 'Hie real and inns trvasuru of the Cliurcli is
luraurtcd to bo the gospel of giKoe. If the Pope kaavr
what extortion in jiruciicctt by the proacbeis of indtU-
gence», he would rather, it is said, ace St. P«tcr'« Clitiroh
rodnced to ashes tlmn built up out of the bonee and fleali
of the latnU of his i\iKk. Tlie Uiimim wore nii uttitd; on
the Tlioniiat tlioory of iudulgeuces ; but in spirit, though
uiicoiuciously to tliw tiutlior, timy struck iniicli dcopor.'
No oau can rKisonably doubt that Lutlier's cousoietico
was in tlte work oti nliicb ho had cntcrml. If ever a man
WM iLCtuati^d by simple, profound convictions of <hity, it
was he.* The abusers aguinst wliidi ho cried out were so
iniquitous and inisoliiovous in liis eyes tlt:it lie ooiild not
keep ailL<Dt>. He had no ambition to gratify. As far iia
his i-arthly prospect* wore concerned he had nothing to
gain, but appai-cotly, in cose lie per«cvcT«d, CTcrytliing to
lose, lie had no thought of tlirowing off hia allegiauoe
to Uie Koniati Churuli. At a later lime he said of tlii^
theses : " I allow those proprMutioiu to stand, tliat by them
it may appear how weak I was, and in how fluctuating n
atuto of mind I was when I b<-gtin this buitincs*. I waa
then n monk, and a mad papist ; ready to miirder any
person who denied obcdioncu to tlie Pupe."^ He bad
> Fur a llUut oap7 tit lJi« tti«M«, Ma Uukp, ri. M; liaohvr, Kr/irntaliani,
io(f«, (. 438. TIhijt ir* ninm in Qcrmiii liy Miunr, l,<tlk<r't /.*Am, p. TS.
■ Lutlivi iptukii uf hii> mnlTrr* in ■ lirllBr to thv lli-hnp ol M'rtiiburi; (I^rli. (,
lUO): Ut Weltr, J. 102. llii MUnf, h« mj*, vroiilil lx> tint nf a nidilmiii il
ho mvrv U'tualuil by worlJIy iiiulirt*. Set alio, 1>f Wetig, iil. 2li (t.t(l«r I*
Uflai.ctlion) ; " (llaria inga mi hm- iini. i|UDil vvrlium IJ«i pur* irailidi, em
lidullerail ullo atuilio Kl<irl» aul iiiHiIonlin."
• Pntf, Optr. (tSM) Ilia tutlnwins }-ear (May 30, l&U], in JiLa laUai W
(
LUTHER 3 THESES.
8£
embracetl witli bis whole eoiil a truth wLich lie knew to
be m the Scriptures, bnt v/hart) it woulil li^iid him ho
ooutd nut unticipato. llo w»8 etiU lui ubodient son of the
Church. Histhoaes irere prn))o<iItioii!i for dispute ; Uioy
ooucludutl n'itli tlio tuncuro aii<l solemn d^Jaration that he
affinued nothing, but loft cvci^thing to thv ju<lgmcnt of
tbo Church. What he would do in case the Churdi
should decLirt! agiunA him, and forbitl bitu to toacb what
.ho laiBtr to be tlie Gospel ; what course he would tulce
when tim alternative should bo presented of ^ving up a
trutli which stood in letteni of light on the pii^ of Scrip-
tun and had imprinted itself on lib soul, or of renouncing
an allegliuice in which h« \im\ grown up, the obligation to
which he had never found occasion to doubt— this \m
II ipicjition wluiji did not ocuur to biin. Tills portion
the career of Luther is intelligible: only when we rc-
Bcmber tliat the incomiiatiblencss of the traditional view
of CInirch authority with hiH interpretation of Uio Gospel
was something that ho discovered by degrcct, and thut
wiiM forced upon htm by the actual treatment which his
doctrine received from the eodesiasticAl nilera. Notlung
bat Uis intense, living belief reepeoting tlie nature of the
Oo«]>«l could have sulTiond to n«utnihze and at last over-
oome his established deference for Church suptirion.
" 0 1 " ho exclaima, " with what anxiety and labor, with
wluit scvirohingof the Scriptuix-s, Imvu I jiistiliod myself
in ooiiscience, in standing up alone against the Pope I "
The theses were designed to subserve an immediate,
toco) end, but they kindktl a commotion over all Ger-
many. Both the religions and political opponents of Uto
tnule in iiKhilgencet greeted so nble and gallant a spokes-
man.' " Ku one," says Lutlier, " would bi^ll Uie cats ;
LmoI., MTarioe tha IU*»t»lhmit of ih« tIl«K^ h« Mf^ in <«nnwli(ia vhh
¥htt vxpntAmi at spiritual ntlvniuiK; "Voceiii law:, voe«m CbdiU, Id t*
pnnUtBIittt loqiunlli nKniwsin." Uc WiUb, t. Itl.
' "V.l t«TilMl CM olcaini|uo lura iiu inpularli, qaod Invim jiiii <uci)I uid>
l!1iii> nnM «t Kiiioaiiillnnu illr, quibm Ulmn (»b«m liuplcvcranl ft fitigmr-
•hL" /'iw/ f},.'fm tlSISl.
96 ttmrrR Ann ntK orrman ntiroRMATioK.
for tlie hereaj-mnstepa o( the Preaching Onlrr hnd driven
■til the worlil til U-rrur hy tJmir fmis."* "Thunks bo to
God," exdaimed Reuchlin, " tlie monks hnvn now found
a miin who will piro thuni such fnll pinphiymcnt that
tliey will hu gliirl to leave my oM nge lo [mss nway in
peace." * Moxiiniliun was not sorry to boo the theses ftp-
pear. Enumii!* was ut hcnrt gind 1 lint n m^w and rigoroui
antagonistof superstition had stepped into the arena. But
opponcnta quickly npjJKircd ; Sylvc-stt-r Pricrias, Master
of tlie Pataec at Rome, ofTended that hia Dominican
order should meet with a rebuff from so insignificant a
quarter ; Tctzcl himself, whose counter-theses gained for
hjra at once a doctorate ; Dr. John Eck, an expert, well-
nwl, atiibitioos th^ogicol dUputimt, who welcomed ao
fair an occasion to st^^nalize himself.* Luther left none
of thoin unniiswered. 'Ilicir nppeals to Immun authority
led him to plant himself more distinctly on the Scrip-
tures ; and the dcfvnHO of the detestable practicos witich
Ite had assailed, tnflamtxl Im indignation iitill more ngninst
them. Tli«n follows his summons to Rome, which is
modifi<5d, at the ri-tuK-st of las noble-hciirUtd protector,
Prttih'ric the Wise, whom I^o X., for iwlitical reasons,
was anxious at that moment to concihatA, into a summons
to AiigsilMirg to moot the legate, Cajetan (1518). Lutlier
found him supercilious, '* a complete Italian and Thontist."
wlio would have no disous»on, and wlioae requirement
tJiat Lutlier should rctnict Ills opinions, wns mot with a
ciril hut decided refusal. " I will not," wrote Luther to
Carlstadti "become a heretic by denying the truth by
wliicli I became a ('hristion : sooner will I die, be burnt,
be banished, be anathematized." * lie left the cardinal, to
whom his dark, glistening eyes were nowise agrerablo
and appealed from the Pope ill-informed to the samo 'jet-
■ GirMlor, IV. i. I.f 1. n, lU.
* WaJitinglon. Hitli-ry b/iUi RtfvrtmitUm, \. SS.
* Tbctf doQll^ll^n1a t-n in Iri^nchur, Utfornnliinuatit*, IL
* UllcrToCaHiliulKOcU 14, 1519), !)t WMlc, i. Wl.
THB LEIPSfO DlSPtTTA-nON.
n
ter-inforniod.' When a bull wn* issued from Rome, nii«
htrtiiig Lilt! (loctrliifl as to inilulgtinceK, wliioli Luther bad
impugned, he published his iippcal from the Pope to a
geiuinti council. Still lio lo<iki.!d for a recognition of tho
truth from the authorities of the Churcli. Millitz, tho
w^-jind Hicuuvugcr fn^m tin! [inpiil court, a Siixoii by b!i'th,
conciliatory in manner, and professing a sympathy with
Liitbur in his hatred of tJic worst ubusui of tliu vvndun
of indulgences, actually persuaded bim to abstain from
(urtJicr conibat on the subject. pro\'ided his opponents
would aUo remiiin silent.^ But tliis truce was quickly
broken by tlie chaUenge of Eck to a public disputation on
free-will ami grace, topica on which he had before debated
with Carlstadt, one of the theological professors at Wit-
tvnburg ; and by the prognimme which Eck put forth,
much to the surprise of Luther, in which hb opinions
wore directly ii^iiilcd. In tho open wagon which con-
Teycd Lutlier to l^ipsic to nttend tlie disputation, there
sat by his side Philip ilcliiucthoii, a young man of twen- <
ty-two, of pri:coeii>uH tali!ut.>< and ripe scholondiip, whom
hifl grand-uncle, Reuchlin, had tecomraonded to the Elec-
tor as ProfcMor of Greek, and sent to WittenlK-rg with »
glowing prophecy of the eminence tliat awiiitod him.'
At the iig» of twenty ]\h powcnt and liis schohir«hip wer«
alike mature. Unlike Luther in his temperament, they
I LtllcT lo CijcUii (OcL 18. ISU). IV WfCtf, 1. tei.
' Lullicr did noT twilevo In Uia ilnivrll; ol UDltlx'* wann i1e>nan*tr>tidiu.
Il( ipcnki of hli " [uIilIm bikI •Imulilloni " — " lulltala el ilmiiliitinnM."
IjilCir lo StBiipiti (t'cl,, 20, UIB}, Da WclW, i. aSl. Sk bIw tlie Uller U
^;nni» (Feb. % IMO). Pt W'iMa, 1. SIG.
* lUiicUlin to MFlincllion, Co'V'u R*/-, <■ )3- Ittuclilin ipplls* la bim Um
prMiUc lo AbnhBin (G*n. xii.]: "Ila mihl pneuigit ■nimnt. Iia ipfro (utii<
tnn ila tp, mi Piil^t, mcuin npui tCmeam mlaUum." Mcluicltinn'fari^iial
■Mint »u Scbwjntml, nliicli, scflirdiaK to tho jiravailina cutloiii. I>* nnilnvd ,
,nlri <ire«k. Til iv»al..r pTn|>rr namra into Graok Or I.atin irnR uaual wUb
tcholirn. Iliui lliuuvliuiii lH<riiiM fEcolaanpailiu*; ScbaniilK — i. *.. Kara*
Nhnflilctr ~ Hiu iraiiifnniii'il Inio Atpled*. JohBUDM Ktaeli«int><irc«' wrata
'a Iti'iiclilln la luraiab him with a Ormk cqulralont (or b!* nol wrj cuphoniou
iiinc. Von Ksamfr, Qi*e)tithU •itr Prnda^tj/lk, i. ItlS.
7
«8
LUniCR AND TDE QCBUAK RFrORMATION.
were Uio counterparts of 4>aeh otli«r. Mt^lnneUion [amid
iMt KDd i(Upp<irt in tho robust natttfe, the iutropid spirit
of LutJier; Lather admirwl, in tiirn, the fine butrautiotu
inlclWt. nnd tlie sxnct and lunplc learning of Helanctlion.
I-^K^li lent to ttic otber the most cffoctjvi; iiSAistAncc. So
intimate is their (ri(ind»hip th»t Ltither dares to get bold
of the manuscript com men tones of his young U8oeiat«,
wbon modesty kvpt tJtem from the preaa, mid to scmt)
thfm, without the autiior'a knowledge, to tho printer.'
" This Utile Greek," said Luthor, " siirpnmoit m« in tho
ologj't too." By his commentiry on the Epistle to thaJ
RomiUM, MeLancthon laid the foundation of th« Pn>t««-<
tiuit exegeoB ; nnd liis dootrimd tmrntiw, the " IjOci Cum-
munt-is" Tvon for him a like distinction in this department
of theologj'.
The disputjition at I^ipsie went on for a vtxk between
Citrlstadt nnd Eck, on tho inliicato tli(>mc8 of fn:«-will andj
gmce, ill which tho fonni-r dffendeil tho Aiijcnstinian *nd
t]ie latter the Bomi-Pelagian side, and in whidi the fluency
Mnd udroitneu of £ek shone to lulvantngu in comparison
with his lew facile twlverswy. Then Lutliej- a.<ioended the
platform. He was in the prime of life, in his tlur^-eixdl
Ajrear, of middling hdg>it, itt thnt time thin in pcr«an, nnd
Eivritli a clear, melodious Toioo. It is a tact not vritbout
interest tluit ho cnrricd in his hand a nosegny of flowera,'
He took delight in nature — in the sky, tlto btoeaoins,
Mid birds. In the midst of his great conflict lie would
torn for recreation to his garden, and correspond with liia
hfriends about tho seeds and utensibi that he wanted to
procure for it.' At homo and with his friends he was full
1 UMbt M HduicUian, Ve VTutl*, ii. SSS, See •]»> U. 301.
* PoTkn Intvmlinu dptcripilnn of Liilh«r, it hA ippond In Ihit I
Imn the pea o( P*trn> M<iii?1l4niiK. kc Wnddlneton. L ISO- Sta slw Badh
Dtaitfi Otfi., i.Wl. IilHiaiirniii JumST, toJiilj- In, ItlQ.
' •■ WTiiUi Sitin Willi i"i* iiiriiilKT. 11 n/siiig, I will i»iicli it liim and will at
land to mj |;ardn». thai i>, lh<: liluitne* ol tb* Cnralor, and lajoy Ibpm
•M^iIniC hliD." Lstlar lo Wtnc link. <D»c IBS), tX Wtlts, ill, bt. Sac, alN
ii. ira.
THK HUrSIC DIBI'UTATIOS.
09
of humor, vraa «nthiisiaeticaUy fond of muuic, and pkyed
with ekill on tlio luto mid Ihu lliitir ; in liia luttunil con-
stitution the very opposite of iui ascetic' His powerful
mind — for lie was, proliably, the iil>U-sl man of his tima
— wu» coiinccU-d with a vtiild-liko fn.'sluteu of feclinff.
And a large, gniierous synipathy with liuman natnre in aU
its inuoccitt iminitiwtations.
Standing bo-fore Duke Qeoi^, wlio proved to Iw a d<v
ddod enemy of the Reformation, and before tlie auditory
who sat with him, Liithor dittcuxsud with his oppomint the
primncy of the t'opo. In tha cotirso of tlie voUoqtiy he d&
olar«d that the headship of the Pope is not indiepensable ;
tliat the Oriental Church i« ii true Church, without the
I'ope ; tliiit the pi-iniaoy is of linman and not of divine ap-
pointmcnt. Startling as those propoeitioiiB were, they wore
less so than was his arowul. in response to an inquiry,
tliitt lunong thfi nitii'lo^ for which John HtiHs had been
condemned at the Coaiicil of Constance, there were soma
Uiat were thnroiighly ChnittiiMt and oriuigQlicAl. A feci*
ing of amarjement ran through the assembly, and an
audible oxpresuon of iiarpriao and anger broko from the
Itps of tJie Ouke.*
The Disputation at Leipsic, by stimulating Luther to
further ntudii-jt into the urigin of the Pap«tcy and into tlio
diameter of Husg and of his opinions, brought his mind
to a more decided renunciivtion of liuiniiit anthonty, and
bo a growing auspioion that tlie pa|)al rule n'as a usurpa*
tion in the Churcli and a hat«:ful tyranny.' Up to this
time hiM iittompt hnd been to infliionco the eocl««iiiutti<«l
iders ; now he turned to the people. His " Addreas to
1 Dal h« wu abnomladi la fwiit and drinki "ralda noditl ribl ct pato^"
«f • Urtuioilion, Olini for manjr tr^iiDcatlc't dBj'i ha would lak« antjr a Itttla
ivuut ftnd rltli. I'l'tn Lulhtri, v.
3 Ranke, I. ra Hr).
• Bftara lli« Dinputaiioa at l.»iptl<^ ha wrote tn SpAlitin iMatrb It, tMB}i
T«H *t dKnta I'onllflciiun, jiro mn ditpuUtlonr, rt linauirm Ithl laqoorj
L tdoan ripn >lt Anikhrixiit ipm ti>I afiMtDlu**Jua: tulon Tiili><n cnrrnin[ritvr
M«nRill^tarCbr)<liu:idtUvvritai)«baoindMraIli." Ua WMCa,L M.
100 tUTHEB AJfO -rHE OEBUAK EEFORUATIOX.
the Cbnstmn Nobles of thu German Nation " was a nn^
iiig itppt'iil Ui the (icnnaii tatty to Uike this vork of n^for*
matian into th^r own bands, to protect the German
puople against tbo Ararioc nnd tyrannical intcrmoddlii^
of ihft Roman ecdeBiiUtica, to doprive the Pnpe of his rul6
in 8c-cular afTnira, to abolish contpii1»ory celibacy, to reform
the coiivfiiits and restrain the mendicant ordeiu, to oome to
a reconciliation vnlh tlic Bohemians, to foster education.
In this haningiH! Liitii(ii- strikes n blow nt the dirtinction
between Ui)inan and prieat, on which the hiernrcbieal
system n»t«d. '* Wc have one baptism and one faitb,"
he says, " and it is that wlilcli constitutes a B[>iritiial per-
BOO." Ho compares tlie Church to ten sons of a king
irho, hmviiig oqiial rights, choose one of their number to
he the " minister of their common power." A company
of piotis litymen in a desert, having no ordained pnest
among them, would have the right to confer that office on
one of Uiomsolves, whether he were ntarried or not ; and
" the man so chosen would he aa truly & priest as if all
the bishops in tJie world had eonseeratcd him." The
priestly character of u layman and the importance of edu-
cation are tlie leading topics in this stirring tipjK-iU. Hia
treatise on the Babylonian Captivity of the Clmrch fol-
lowed, in whieJi he hiuidled tlic subject of the saeranicnts,
attacked tnutsubstantiation, -tnd the statutes that vioUted
Chriiftiiin liVierty, swdi as those which prescribed pilgrim-
ages, fastings, and monnsticUm. He had discovered tlio
close connection between the doctrinal and practical abuses
of the Church.' At this time (1520) ho sent to l.eo X. n
letter containing expressions of personal respect, but com-
paring him to n lamb in tlie midst of wolves nnd to
Daniel among the lions, and invoking him to set about a
work of rtiformatinn in his corrupt court antl in the
Church.' With it he seut his Discourse de tibertate
Chrigtiana,
I Wvldlnj^triD, i. Hn.
■ Valiitr tttm* to litva «nurUki«il. up to ih» llmi', ■ pcnantj' rrayrl au
1^
THB BDIX OP EXCOMMUNICATIOS.
101
In this aermoQ on " 'Ilm Fr«iMlom of a ChrLttian
Mun," Luthor stt forth in a noble and tluvuted titraiu
the inwiirtincfts of true religion, Uie niitrringv of th« soul
to Clmat through fciith in the Word, and the rifal coiinto-
tioii of faitJi »n<) vorks. Iti thLs trt>.itiiie lio rific» nbove
Uio iitmosphere of controversy, and unfolds liia idea of
Cliri»tiniiity in the gcninl tone of duTont futtliog.
His course during the period between the posting ol
Uiu thitics and the final breach vrith Rome, can be jndged
correctly only wlii^n it is remembered Umt his mind was
ID a tmnstl^on state. He waa working his way by dft-
grecs to tlic light. Thin explains the seeming tnconais-
tendes in his expressions rolativo to the Pope and Um
Clnin.'li. which ocaisionally appear in Iiis tetters and pub-
licntiiiiu during tliis intrrvul. " I am ono of those," he
said, " among whom Augustine has classed himsoU — of
those who liavu gradually advanced by writing and
teaching ; not of those who at u jiiigle bound spring to
perfection out of nothing." '
TJiy Bull which r.iindcmniii forty'One propositions of
ither, and cxcoromunicatcd him if he should not recant
Ithin sixty days, after whidi ev^ry Christian magistrate
^aa to be required to an-est him and deliver him iit
Rome, was iasued on the 16th of June, 1620. Luther put
forth a pamphlet in response to tiiis execrable bull of
Antichriflt, as he called it ; and on the lOtli of Deoemlxr,
in the publie ]>taoe at Wittenberg, in the prmence of an
aasembly of doctora of tlte university, Btud^ntx, and
pcopitt, h« threw it. together with the book of canon law,
and a few other equally obnoxious writings, into the
flames. By tills act he completed his rupture with tlie
twpMI iit J,to, but lb« inUnnincling of porxinal complimcnu irllh dmun-
tiBUon* of bj) pnurt and of tb« Koman Chared (which » ilj^led " a llMutlaiu
l«n of iDliben") ww il\-ail»ytd In roncilut* (ho INrat'ifaior.
■ Praf. Opirums "Qui il« nihllc np«.t'i Dual tumini, cum oibil uBlriMqM
ifattU, Mipt unuti, ncqut vxpfrti."
t03
LUTIDiX AMD THK OFJEUAM BKl'OfUIATIOJr.
Papal He«. 'Iliere vms no longrr room for retreal. He
biul bitrned his siufs b(.-liii)il liim.'
'll)u tUwUirc Htep iltvw Uio ntteutioD of the wliolo Qer*
man tuition to Lather's cause, and tended to concentrate?
nil Ili« viirioiis ulumentg of opposition to tho Pwiwcy.'
LaUier found political BOppoTt iu the friendly diapoeitjon
uf the Elector, iukI from tlio juriHts vritb whom th« con*
fliot of Uie ftpintual witli tlie civil coarts waa a standing
grieTaiicc. Tho Papid Bull wils cxtcnnToly rvgiunli-d »»
m rmv infringement of tho rights of the ciril pover.
The religious opposition to tho Papacy, which luid been
quickened by l.uthvr'8 Uicolo^ml writinga, and whidi
foniid an inspiring ground of union in hia a[^>eal to tba
Divuie Word and in his arniij^imcnt of thu Pope aa an
oppo«er of it, engagt^d the iiyinpathy of a latgi; jwrtion of
tlie inferior clei^y and of the roonnfitio orders. Luther
also found zoaloiis altiot in tho lit4.>rary class. The
HiunnniRts xrei'A eiUier quiot, laborionii achoUuH, who ap-
plied their researches in philosophy and classical litemtnre
to tbc illustratioD of the Scriptures and tho dcfcnso of
Scri[>tural truth ngainttt huniau li-oditions, of whom
Itleknctlion was a type ; or they were poets, filled with
u national spirit, cugur to avenge the indignities »aU
(end by 0(-nnany under Italian and Papal rule, and
ready not only to viiidicntc tJieir cause with inroetivcs
and satiroa, hut alao with their swords. Tlieao were tho
Gomhatanta for Rouchlin against tlie Dominican peraccn-
tion ; tlie authoraof Uic " Kpistohw Oh»curonim Virorum:."
Lather, with his deeply religious feeling, had not liked
the tone of these productions. Ulrich von Hutten, one
of (h« writers, the nimt prominent repreaentatire of the
yoothful literati, to whom we have just referred, had not
bocn intcit'sti'd at first, in tint affair of Lutlier, whiclt ho
regarded as a monkish and theolo^eal dispute. Uut hn
aooii di^'incd its ivuc cliitmctcr and wldc-n-adiiitg smpo
' lUnuia, Ulrith torn tliaitm, p, 89T. • Sm lUdkt, I. SOT ««.
I
rouTicAL coNDniox or ositiiAxr.
108
^
and became one of the Reformer's most ardent support-
en. llu Mooiidi-d Liitlier's roUgious appeals by scuttvr-
LDg bronUcast hU own «itu«Uo philippics uiid satlrca, in
which the Pope iu>d his agents and abettots in Gemuuiy
lathed with uuhrtdlud severity. Ahandi^iiing thi<
itin, the pR^>or tongue of thti Hunuuiists, he begiut
to write in the romacular. Hntten enlisted his friend
t'mncis von SickJjig«n, another patriotic knight, imd thv
moet noted of the class wbo offered Uteinselres to redreiis
wixiiigs hy exploits and incanioiui undortuken by their
own atitliorlty, often to the terror of tlioae who woru thiu
ussailixl. Sickiug«n sent to Luther an inTitatiou, in case
he oi>«ded u pliicu of refu^, to come to liis siruug uutlu
of Ebemburg.'
Wu must pause here to look for a moment at the polit-
ical (xmditjoii of Gemuuiy. In the fifteunth vi.>ntury the
central gBveruiwenl had become so weakened, that the
Eiupiru cxist4;d luoru tu niiiuu than in reality. Germany
w»s an aggi'egate of nuinerous omall states, each of
which vnta, to a great extent, itid<.-pcndent within its own
lH>und». Thu Gvniiun king having held the imperial
olli(» for so many ct-nturies, tlie two stations were practi-
cally ri'gardi^xl as in^fpanible ; but iicitliur a» king of Gtir>
many nur :i.t thu Lend of thu Holy Uomaii Empire, had he
Bufficicat power to preserve order lunoiig tliu atatva or to
combine tlieiu in common i^nlvq^ritva of di-ffii8e or of
aggreaoion. Uy the golden bull of Charles IV., in 1350,
tlu electoral constitution was dclinud and settled, by
which the predominance of power was left in tlie handa
of thi: suTon lending princes to whom tim choice of tlia
Emperor was <Himmitted. No measures alTeeting the
common welfam coidd bo adopted except by the consent
of till! Dirt, a liody cuiiiposrd of tlio clwrtors, the princes,
mad the cities. I'rivate wan were of frequent oecurrcnca
< Set Ih* T«iy InliinilJnii biojcnphr bj D. I 9liauM, Ctrie^ wn UaUim
rtM«i,tnl).
104 LUTUEK AKD TlIE GBBUAN KEPOBItATIOX.
bclwoiMi Uti; comjKinvnt jiarts of tho oouittry. TIk;
might etiU^r scpamtcly into foreign alliAnoee. During
Uiv rvigti ot MaxiiDilion grvai t^orlji wcro tniulo to cetab<
liali a better coiiiititution, but they mostly fi'.ll to tlio
ground in cousequeaco of the mutual UQwiUingDees of
the states »iiil the Kmperor tliat cither party alioald «x-
erdaa power. The Public Peace and the Imperial Cham-
ber were consttt4iti'<l, tliu foritivr for tho prevention vt
intestine war, and the latter a supreme judicial tribuoat ;
but ni-ith<.-r of tlRrse metuiiriii was mora than partially
Hucccssful. I1ic failure to creAt« ii l>ett«r oi^tniuitiun
for tlie Empire increased the ferment, for whieh there
were abuuikut uuiaes prior to tbcso kbortiru aUompts
'I'liu efforts of the pi-iucoa to increase their power wiUtin
thoir Bev(;rul principalitivs brou{<;ht on qiuirrols with
biabops and knighls, whose traditional privikgcs were
curtailed. Qspcciaily amoug the knights a matdnous
(•.-vting was everywhere rifv, which often broko forth tn
deeds of violence and even in open ivarfare. The cities
complained of tliu oppnsssion wliich they had to endure
from the im]>erial gOToniinent and of the wrongs inflictod
U{Hiu tliem by the princes and by the knights. Thriving
communities of tradesmen and urticans iuviUid hostility
from every quarter. The heavy bunleiis of taxation, the
insecurity of travel and of commerce, were for tJieni an
tntolemblu grievance. At the same time, all over Ger-
many, the rustic population, on account of tltv hardnliip
of their situation, were iu a state of disaffection which
might at any moment burst forth in » (onnidablo n-b<;l-
lion. In addition to all these troubles and grievancca,
tlw extortiona of Rome had titirrod up a gi;n<^ntl feeling
of iod^ation.' Vast sums of money, the fi'uit of taxa-
tion or the price of the virtual snJo of CImrch ofI]ci.>a,
were carried out of the country to replenish tlic coflen
jf UiePope.
■ Hank*, i. tSI •*).
OUBLCft V. KLBUTEa CUPEROR.
106
On Uiti JcaUi of MaximiluLn (Juiuary 12, 1519), th«
prindpal itsjiirotiU for tlii! smvi'Miuii, wcro Cliiirlcin, tlie
youthful King of SpiLin, and I-Vancia I., the King of
Franctf. Cliurlea, who was the gmnditoii of MaxiiniliiUi,
and the son o( Philip and of Joanna, the daughter of Ker-
(liiuind and Isiilx^lhi, inherited Austria utid thu Low Coiui-
triea, the crowns of Castile and Aragon, of NaN'arre, of
Naplta und Sicily, togcthur witli the vast territorios ot
Spain in tlie Uttvr World. The Elinors oili-.rud lliu iin>
poriat office to Frederic of Saxony, a prince held in
universal utt^ifmi for hia wisdom and high chiuavtvr ; hat
he judged that tlie resources at his command were not
HufUcient to vniihib him to govern ths Empiro \nth uffi-
cieiicy, and cast his inBuenoe witli decisive elTect in faror
of CbarlcK. TIk- despotism of the French King was
feared, and Charles was preferred, p^tly hocauso, from
the situation of his hereditary dominions tti Gt^rniittiy
and from tho extent of Lis power, it was thought that
be would prove the hest defender of the Empire against
tlio Turku, But tho princes took care, in the ** capitu-
lation" wtiich iiocntniKiuied the cli-ctioii of Cliartos, to
intarpoaa safc^ttards against encroachments on tlte part
of the new EnipVDjr. Ho promised not U> make war or
poaoe, or to put any state under the ban of the Empire
without th« assent of the Diet ; that hu would give thu
publio offices into tiio hiuidd of Germans, fix liis re«-
deooe in Germany, ami not bring foreign troops into tiie
oDuntry.
The concentration of so much power in a ^nglo indi-
vidunl excited gcuumi alarm. Such an approach to a
universal inomkrchy liad not b<!ensoen in Europe ainue the
days of Charlemagne. Tho independence of all other \dng-
doiiidi would Mfi'in tip bt! put in piTil. It was r>-4L«iiiaWy
tuikn-d tliat Charles woull avail himself of his vast strength
to n^lore the Kinpiru to it» ancient limits, and to revive
•ts clauu to aupruuuuy. This apprehuusiuu, of itiKslf,
106
LCrmX ASB THE GESUAN BZFORMATIOII.
; voaU account for tiro ho«lility of Francis, apart from Idl
diaapptuntment at tliii rojtult of Ui^ imperiii]
Bnt thfxv n-erw particular cauwa of dlagrM*
; betvwn l]i« rival monarclis vliieli oottltl not fail to
I an open rupture. In behalf of tbe Empire, Charl«s
Lotahardy nud tvpLociuily Milan, togftUior with
'■m partkn of Southern Frauce — the old kir^doni of Buiv
I guady or Arlia. A» tliv liL-Ir of tho dukes of l)iu]guody,
I Iwolainied the parta of tlio old dukwi^un which had bMB
; iooorpocated in FraiKe. aftor the death of Cbarlea tho
|BaU. It bad been tho ambition of Franov, sinco (he
' KKpeJitiop of Charlai VIII., to est&l4iah i(a ponrer in
Itaijr. Fmncts, b-^idcs his di-torniination to cling to tho
eoaqnetU whicit ho had lUn-jiily made, vlaiinrd NiipK-a in
Ttitoe of the tights of the bouse of Adjoq, which hud
rwTertwl to itui FntiK'h crnmi ; htf ctaimMl aUo SpiU)i)ih
NaTatre, whicU had been aciuHl by Ferdinand, and the
■B—tainty of FlandctB und Artds. Tb« scene, as well
ea the main prize of t)i» conflict, \ra» to bo in KortlKm
Italy. The prepondemii«« of strength was not bo do-
cidudly on the side of Cluirks as niiglit at liret appoar.
11i<; Turks ]M'r[WrlH:ilty iiii-iiiwed the eaateni frontiera of
hia heredilitry German dominions, which were given over
to Ferdinand his brotlicr. Hi« territories were widely
••■paRtted from one another, not only in spooe, butaUoin
ljiiigti.-i'*is local inxtituti'tus, and cuKtoms. Sevctal of the
Diontries over which he reigned weiu in a atnte of internal
confusion. This was true of Spain, as well aa of Oor-
many.
For months after the death of Maximilian, the Empire
witB without a head. Frederic of Saxony, wlio was dis-
poaed to protect nitht^r than rejireiaa tlie movement of
Lather, was regent in Northern Germany. Had he been
in middle life and bc«n cnduwl willi ;u» (-iMTgy equal to
his aagnnty ami cjcwjlence, he might hare complii-d with
tho prvfcncncQ ot the clcctont and Umw phwm] himself at
CHARACTEB 01' cnAIiLES V.
107
I
I
the UkiA o( thfi Gcrintiii nation, n-Iiicli was now conseioua
of III!) (wlitig of natiumility, and full of asjiimtions after
unity aitfl rvrnrm.*
Clifu-loe V. vfoB not the man to assume aach n position.
Hi,* ili;vi!l()jii><l a ti-natrity of puqjosi', il rt'8tl(«* activity,
and a f:ir-aigiiteil aik'ulation, wliicli irori; fi\r in lulvancu of
tiu.' i>x]ii.>cbitionH i-iitL'i'taincd respecting Iiim in b\a earty
youtli. Itiit Iiin wlicili^ liiMiinp- !«li<i\rs tliiit h(^ Lad no sdu-
qitate appreciation of tile moral force of Prot^tstaiiUiiin,
Mis i>craonal Rymi>atbio-9i were n'itli the old system in
wbioli lie had been educated, and thiftiras more and inoru
the- CHHU in tlic htttcr part of his career. But apart from
his own opiniitiia nnd pn.tlilc^^tions, his poaidon an rul«r
of Spain, where the moat bigoted ty[»« of CaitioliciHm
pr(?vaih-d, wwtdd have Ihu effect to prevent bim from
Mvcring Ilia connection with tlic K(»nmn Church. Afore*
oror, the wholo idea of tho Empire, as it lay in hia mind
and ns it wiut involved in nil hi» iimbitiotis schftmes, pru-
suppnaed the unit}' of the Charch and union witli the
l*np!»cy. Thi! sncriMl chanictcr, tho peculiar BiipnMnacy
of the Knipire, rt-atod upon the conception tliat it was
more than tho kingdom of Germany, more tlum a German
empire, tJiat it wn» tliu ally and protector of the entire
Catholic Church. Germany was regarded by C^liarles V.
M only one of the countries over which ho ruled. The
peculiar interests of Germany wtfi-e HubonIiii.iti.t, in hiti
tlioughte. to the more comprehensive edieines of politi<.vd
AggrandiM*ment to which liiii life was devot«d. He actt<d
in the affaur of the Reformation from political mottvtN.
Tht'sw. Ht lenst, wctc nppi'rmotit , and accordingly his «m-
iluct varied to conform to the interest of the hour. He
might deplore the nue and progress of I.nthenmism, hut
ho di-iiin^d stitl Ii-hs iJie sui'cifis of Pmiicis 1. in the Itnliao
pi>ninsulii. MuraOTor, in carrying out his plans for him*
lelf, and fvi- the nnliziition of tlie idea of the Empir«, h«
106 L0T]ii:s A^iD thf: gkruan kuoruatioh.
might lull into oonfljct with thu tii>ad of the Clitircli. Tlia
old oonti«t of pope and cinporut- might l>u ruviv«d. TiuB
wm t)i« innm liable to occur in a |>eriod when thu pU[MM
vriiru Htixiotuly labortng for llioir own tvnipoml power,
■nd for till) lulvanwiiicnt of tlioir rdativw, in ItJily. A
conibinittioii of all tlio forces opposed to tJie new dootrite
might mitliw to crutJi it. Hut would this combination bo
tilTcKitvd '' III idditjon to tlic jenlouaiea tiiat existed be-
twoen Xbn principal |v>t4-ntjttv8. thu Enipi>ror, the Pope, and
tliri ICing »f Fnin(N>,div!)iioiiHt»i(;hte,i.iily aris« nniungtho
CittliMlii: prini^cn in (Mrmuuiy, from the fear, for example,
et tiiM iiicmuiiig i)owur of thu house of Atistriii. In nddi-
Uon to tliu oonlliKtin<; intonsiits out of which tho I.uthi-ran
iDovoininil loiglit find it« proiit. Gorinany and tliu &horos
of Um Mudit4«rrunonn were incoHiuiiitly tlireatcn^id by tlio
Turks. It might be itn)»racticable to pei-sccute tJie dis-
ciples of the new doctrine, uiid at tlto sumo limo sccura
tlivir hplp ngain&t the common enemy of Christendom.
Wlicn Charlee V. flt*t iirrived in Genminy, I10 bad
reasons for coijpcrnting tvitli tlie Pope, nm! when Hiis waft
the case his own p^.■{c^cn(^e8 seconded tho motive of pol-
icy. Vet Lutln-r itiul the Liitlit-rau cause had attnuited n
r«ligiouR and iiiiUonal sympathy that was too strong to
permit him to bo eondcrauL-d by tJio Em|)uror witliuut a
hearinj;. A leas summary coui'^e mti»t be taken Uian
tliat which tho papal party urged uj)on him.' Honcc the
ftumnioiu which Luther ruvoivod to a]>pear and auawer
for himself at tho Diet of Wonus, In this summons be
rccognii-A-d a call of God to |^vc testimony to the trutli.
As he mnde his journey in the farmer's wa^n — when
he iver.t to Augsburg to muct Cajctan, h>: hail worn a
borrowed coat — h<; was an olij>-ct of univci<al itit«reBt
and attention. At Erfurt, thu Univorsity wont out in a
01 Xta IHD uuurioi wlio ml* ttM to Uw iaipcrkl coiut. Cunirlall anil
Dilvr, Um latter uni UiibI itlitiitguithnl. fit Itpind in Ihv niot ol
nu. 0( Uliu l^tl>«r hii giT«n ■ UNulic ilnoriplloii, which u qunled hj
1, lib. 1., x.tt. U, i U.
raS DIET or WOBUS.
10»
procussioD to moot Iiim, somo on liorsoback, with a gn»t
throng ott foot, aud welcoiiK^l him with ii spi'MJi from
the rector. He persevered in hia jminiey, ]n)tvvitliatnniJ-
in^ iUnuiui by tliu way liiiil many voioos u( (Itscuurii^
ineiit — mingliM], to be sure, with others mora cheoring
— nliii ii mot him lit ovory st^p.* Wlioii h>^ ix-iieliod tU«
liuc stntion ho waa advised by a couaciltor of Frodorio
not to gu on ; tiie fiitu of IIiiss, it wua said, mi|;lit befiUl
luin. To wliich he replied: "Husb has been bunK-d,
bnt not the tnith with him. I will gu in, Uiuugh lu imiiiy
JoviU were aiming at me aa there are tiles on tiie roof."'
Hu rode into the town at midday, through stnicta
crowded with people who hiul gathered to see hun. Od
tln! following diiy. at four o'clock in the afternoon, hav-
ing lirateolomnly eoinmcndod himitolf to God iu prayer,
he ;va8 escorted by the iiniwrial master of tlio horee,
Ulrich of Pappimhcim, to the hall of uitdicnco. He waa-,
conductetl by i^ private and ciivuitous way in order
avoid the pifs» of the multitude ; yet the window.t and
roofn that ovurlooked tho route which he took, wcr
tlironged with spuctatoni. As he entered the auguMt a^\
lu'nibly lie bKhelJ the youthful Kmperor on his throne,
witti hia brother, the ArcJiduko Fi.>rdinaiHl, at hia aido,
iukI u brilliimt retintie of prina^^ luiil nobles, Uiy and
««'Iwtiiisti<!al. among whom were his own Bovevoign, Fred-
vric the WisL*, and tliu Landgrave, Philip of tk-sse. who
WiiH tli{!ii but aeventmiii yetu-s of age, together %vitii tlte
di-putitn of thu impcriiU utic*, foreign ambaasadora, and
a numerous array of dignitaries of every rank. It w«a
Htiiuatod tlittt not leas tluin fivo tliousand persons wcro I
1 HonM iuUnMinf dMail* >» ghetn by Myconiu*, BUl. Rtformal., p. St (to
Cyprian'* UthtoJtit).
■ OuncMniiis Ihe prtrii* f'lnii nt thg cxprfuinn, h« Kinkt^li SM, aod hli
ttlcrtiK* to lie Wciw, Li. 139 Hut M|>alniin (liiif Ihc •xpT*Mlan !□ ihi mora
uul fomt in iiUch It !■ ^uotali "Ikuacr inlr Spolidoo aui (>pp«nli«l]n
^B Wunnlia, ubrteba: 'Er wolllo r~a Wunnbt, veunctfich so vit4 Tantel
iBriDncn waNa,*]* immet X<lg«l <U wHrtn.' "Jitkt^. iva 4. Rrf. LMk. (IMU
t- M (In CjrirrUa'* (TnlaWtHj. llu atiivfd <( \iM\tir. Ar'il 10. II^I-
m
Umm AXD THE GEULUC JXTfyBMMJOtl.
vMtKtoi in uid aroond tins IiaI]. For » moim-nt ha
■eemsd to tw lomenrluit iLuzM by the impoBuig clutiao*
ter of the aswmbly. lie spoko in a low roico, and many
Uiouglit tliut lie ITU ftfrnid. In r^ly to the qaeatiMi
wltetlier ho rctrncted whitt hu liad written in his books,
tlio littuA of whidi wnrv rend, \if anktil for time to fnuno
BU luiawer tttutable to ao grave a question.' Time wni
given him, iind on tiv: following evening, at ui IioorBO
lain timt bunju wu« lig)it«d, he was onoe moie ustieKd
into the anembly. He exhibited no nign of ttinban-gkaa*
ment, but in a calm, debonnincd itmnni-r, in strong and
nanly tom.ii of roioo, declined to revoke hia opinioiit) or
ooodeion his writingB, until th«y should bo disprorcn) by
■ome otiicr anthority than po[)o or council, ev«n by clear
btetiiaoniea of Scripturo or conclusive argnmunbi from
noaon. A council could err, be mid ; and he deolaied
hinuelf ready to prove it. When a Bnal. dciinitu aitswer
to the quotioii wh^'tbor he wmihl r<.-«uit, wtut di^niiinded,
be replieil that his conscience would not pennit him:
" Hvi-e I stand ; I cannot do otherwitKi. God help me.
Atncn." Tltt^re wen; uutny iKnid^s tlic Snxmi Eleotor,
whoso Oerninii hosvrts were tbriUod by tlie noble de-
miMinor of LuIIkt on tliut momentous day.' Tolcciui of
ndminition luul syntpatliy wore ttot wanting. Had
violonoo Iwcn alti'mptol, there wcro too many young
knights, armeil to the teeth and resolved to protect him,
to giro to snoh an xtti'tnpt an nsBuronco of sucoees. Oni
1 Hat !.iilh«r ukvd lar<l*layt:i> liiin mmlt ■ emunil of npi««ch by al-
VtrwtiM. Sm ti» uunrrr lo Utinibmirx, in SHtMinlorf, ITIi. I. nfl. M. f 9t.
UhM mtuiauti pEr|il(UilLy lu Vmutltiit viittn. So* Widdlnirtnn, 1. 918.1
fiU lh« expbuialloa i> l)i«l Iwbail. in tS] iitobaliillty, uol npeclvd a ptnoip* J
tarr d*iund <>( Uiii diuuh, mil wUhari i«r iIiiNWfnmc in snnn*' — wp
dally in rlsw ot tlic Inn ilial lili wrilinK* tsntalncil, ■nions Mb*r thing
nuof (nnonaliilw- 'Ilia n<|uMt (a> pmtfan«iu>iii itu Joubilna in arrard-l
iiira «ilb tWadrke of JininiO Scbarfl, bU Ireat viiiluil. its lliii Mpici
lonnlir, IV. 1. 1.f I, n. Tl>. Buks ob»rrti>: "Aavli cr naliia di* FSrinUcbi
Lviioii d-n lki<ili» hir nloli in .lii»|>iui'1i." iVufvli. tiitli., i. JM-
« S**p(rtlnK (b« liii)inuiun made tif Liillitr on varriaut (vnau, (H llaqlM
I »• Mil.
■
THK PIKT OP WORMS. ttl
who waa present teatillea timt Lutlicr retiirnuti ta h'la
liidf^ings. full of courage aud clieerfulnees, and di>clHn>d
llmt luiil he a Utousnnd UnuU lie would havo tliem all
■truck off before lio would make a reUaclion.' Sonio
ftilvUod Charles to disregard Ins safe-conduct, but he r^J
nx'inbered the blush of ^jigi!(Iltund, whun Husb lookud
him in tlio face at Constance, and refused. Even Duke
Gi^orgn of Saxony crivd out ngitinst an act so derogatory ,
to German honor. It is worthy of iiotw, that thu Etu- '
p«ror, in his hist days, nt the ConTent of Yuste, when
siiiwretitioii h»d ninio nway ov<'r him, n^grctted his own
fidelity to duty and honor at the time when he hud
LuthcT in his power.^ Wlicn a part of the assembly had
gone home, Uw <Iw:ii5(! w;w proclainiMl that placed Lnthor
ander tJie ban of the Empire. Bearing the same date as
the auitcncu of outlawry against Lim was a treaty be-
tween Loo X. and Cliarlfs for the roooiK|ue«t of MUoD
by the hitter.' Thu Pope was also to abstain from com-
plying witli Uie winh of tJie Spanish Gstntca that hu would
wifteu the rigoi-a of (hu Iiii]uisition in Spain, a ncocssary
JnKtnum-iit ot ChailiVi* tyranny.*
Lroo X. had opposed tlie election' of Charles, an<I ha<l
autde greitt uxLTtionH to »Ls.iiro tliu elevation of Francia
to tliu inipcriivl .itation. The Pope wns resolvetl to pr«v
vent, if he could, the sovereignty of Naples and the iro<
penal oflice from being i» Uie name hands. He tlreaded
tJie coiutiupienoes to his own states and the effect upon
Italy generally that would result from such an uccomnla-
tion of power. iJut after Charles had been chosen, botJi
tbe£mpi-]t)r and Leo saw the advantages tlmt would at-
tend ujmn their anion, and the damage that each could
indict upon tlie other in case tlt^ porscTOred in tlieiv
boatiUty. Accordingly tli'^y cuttuludwl an nlhanoo, a
t SpakltD, p. 4S.
* BolicrtMn, HiMtary of ChaAa >'., PrtMotC* Apptndbt (ill. iM),
* Buka, tttUvtjaftht I'-imi, i. IB.
* Bank*, ntMtl.* GttriileUt, I. S».
us
tmVJM AXI> T1IE GEKH.Uj BEFOIHATUK.
main proviaion of vhidi vnui tint tbo pnrtiM were to
divide bctw<-«n iIm-iii Ibe pUoes to be conqaered by tha
' Emperor in Lombordy.
I'^tiN Luthvr WW pliMied tinder the ban of the Empire
and of the Church. "Die two great insUtuttonft, iho two
l]Mt«at«t4>«, in n-huin it hntl b4wn imagined tlmt nil an-
fthority oo earth b embodied, pnxKnuKod agiuost him.
Tbo moTomi'ut Uutt Itad enlist«d in ita support to so grvAt
Uk extent the literary and politiaal, as well as the dis-
tbkOtiTely roligiouB, elements of oppoation to Rome, waa
rModauuud by Church and StAte. It remained to be aeen
rbetber tlio d«erv« of tbo Diet could bo carriod into exe-
cution.
Now we find Luthor in the War^org, the place of
^'Tefnge tJioeon fur hitn by tbo firm bat discrMt Elector.
It is a very flue romiulc of Mr-binctbon respectii^ the
EUietor to whose honrat piety and discenting spirit the
Reformation owoa so niu<^ : " Ho was not ono of Uiom
who would stifle cliaiigea in their Tory birth. He was
Nibjcct to tlio will of God. Hu read the writings that
tirere put forth, and would not permit any power to cntsh
what he thought true." Here, though enduring much
phyneal pain oon8equi>nt upon neglect of exercLte,' Lutlior
IB inoeamntly at work, sending forth cf^troTersial pnm-
. phlets, writing letters of counsel and onoouragcmi^nt to
\iu» friends, and laboring on his transhition of tlte New
a'Teatament, the firat portion of tliat vcniou of the entiro
Scriptoice, which is one of bis nioet valuable gifts to tlie
Gemtan people.' Idiomatic, vital in cwiy part, clothed
In the racy language of common life, it created, apart
I bom its religious influence, an epoch in the literary dt>-
ont of Uic Uernian nation.* Troubles at Wittun*
tUhidnrtilohliiibTdcililiMrdsn, D* WMte, iL pf. 1 IT, V. U. M ■*>
■0»llMp»Tlra*lnMliliOTif «lth«B)Ueinlo Ui^ ud !/>« Genua, Md
M ibitr vmII riKulalion, Mpfd*!!/ ■raonir lh« bitj, m* llanutr*! JU«t£*«va.,
mU " ttM#(h* IKlalUfcanftuiN^ML'*
* Oa dw laralnUbb •ivanliKV of Ijillm** IBIil* u tuRiiiliin); ■ "pMpla*
Wtfe " — t" iHnilaiDmMl work fiir tli* iantnutioa at Ui« pMpI* " — ibM* m%
f»l rmartii tir ll*K>). na. rfir attrilthlt t Wtitt, ii. tea, SM.
»
lOTHEE AND THE lOOSCCLASTS.
113
ctiUiyS him forili from hh retreat. An iconoclwitio
movement had br'>kon miL iinilor tho lead of Carlstadt,
for tbe ptirpoBQ of BViroe{)iQg hsvny in nn abrupt luid vio-
lent lUADoer rites Umt vror« dmrncd iDoongruous witb tlie
new doctriue. There waa n oertain consistency in this
nulioul niOYCiii«nt, niid ihimiv of tliu I'lKuigos Unit w«rc nt-
teniple<l, Latlier and hta followers tliorasetTea effected
niterwanis. But thvru wus a epirit of cnthtuiaAin aiid
vioWnw, of which Luthtii- miw the danger ; and tlie inno-
vators were a^sociadug with themselves pretended prophets
from Znickau, who c-hiiin«<l a miraculuiis inspirntion and
wen; the a^io»tle«i of a. social revolution. Luther corapre-
bended ut a glanco the full import of the cri^d. Should
his movement issu« in u sober aitd »aliitary refonn, or run
out into a wild, fanatical sect ? It is a mark of tlie sound
Gonsurvadsm of Luther, or rather of his profound Chri^
tioti wUdom, that lie deured no changca thiit did not
result spontineously from an insight into the truo princi-
ples of Uiv GoR[)oI. B(;tt<'!r, he thought, to let obnoxiouH
rite* and ceremonies remain, unless they hil away from
their perceived inconsistency with the Guspol, as the
natuial result of incoming light am) tbe edncation of con-
science. " If we," he said, " .ire to Iw iconocUsts bcciiiim
tile Jews were, tlien liku them we must kill all the un-
believers." * He was unwilling to have the attention of
men drawn away from the ccntml questions by an excit»-
mont about pointHof Kulxmlinato moment ; and Iik counted
no changes to be of any value, however reasonable in
tliemselvos, which were brought to pi\a» by the dictation
of leaden or by any form of external pressure. Seeing
tlie full extent of the danger, he resolved, whatever might
iK-fidl himseU, to return to hia flock. Luther never ap-
pears more grand than at this moment. To the pmdent
Elector who wann'tl him against leaving his retreat, and
told him that he could not protect him i^inst tbe oon-
I V* Weiu, it ML
114
I.I;T1KK AMI) HIE CRRUAIJ BEKHIIIATIOR.
I
HMliK-noc* of the edict of Worms, be vrtobo in n loft^
ntniiii of DtMirugti iiik] faith. Mo n-uiit forLli, lio luuil, un*
ilor for Iiiglior proUiction tliiui Uuit oi lli« Elector. Tbii
wua a cauM not Ui bo nid^ or directed by tliu Hword. Ha
wbu liM mont fnitb will bu of moat uae. *^ Since I now
]uiri>-ivn," bo wrote, " tliat your Electoral Grace is BtU)
vi-ry wivik in fitith, 1 oun by no means regard your Eleo
U>ral HighnLiM as tlio iiuin wbo ia able to sbidd or Bavsl
tno." * If iiu li-iil na pressing businees »t Lei{>sic. be said,
an be hod at Wittonborg, liu would ride iu Uioru if it
minod Duko CiivirffOt nine days '. ' Arriving at Witteo*
hvrg, lia eiit^mril llio pulpit on tb« fullowing Sunday, luid
by a MritM of oight diiicouniua put an end to tliu formi-
dable dixiJirbanci) (l/>22).
Itcatorttd t" Wittcniioi'g, I.utlicr i\>utinaed Ids bcica-
b«n labon as u prcacli&r, teaobvr, and aiitlior. Coinmcn-
titrica, txaota, lotten npoo all tliQ various themes omwhieh
|i« waH daily consulted or on wliidi hu fvlt hnpolled to
•)x!uk, continually (lowed from hLs pen. In a aingh year
hn put forth not less than one linndred and eighty-three
pnblications.'
Jkfeautitno the Council of Regency, who manitgcd tlio
goTOrnmont in the abeenco of tlte Emperor, steadily de~
rlim<d to adopt meMuroe for tlie cxtir^vition of the Lu-
Llicriuia. The ground was taken tliat the religtoiiit wove*
niont was too much a matter of conscienoo ; it had token
root in the minds of too great a number to nilow of its
BiipprtittioD by force. Ao atteni])t to do bo would breed
diaturbauocfl of a <huigeroii3 charaoier, Tim drift of fool-
ing through the nation was onmistakably iu the dirmtion
t 1J« WalU. II. IBS.
>D*W*(li.U. 110,
* B4 My*! "Sam oerU T«lad* taendi ol prouUt inMnorin a qua niilii Bull,
(|nun pri)inaliir,<tui(4aldMffb«.'* LMUrloSpalatin (Kth. 3, 1fi90): DtWMi^]
1. 4M. NmAjraanlatarba irrilM! " Sle obnior quotidia litrrln. ul uionM. WWB'
at, trnlirtla, imljiiui. (eiiHtnr, ana, Mttant, el <iuinia plena JBi'iaiic liurla
^■■•iJanlbu, (ltt*ralU, ^lEtioRlbiu, ale. In ma rail M» molo) cci.-lHiEa>lI('a t
VilUlM,"«te. Ult*rtoWaM.Iiak.(JanaM,Isn)): Da WaUa, UL 471.
MVlSIOt: OP GEtUlANT.
UK
of rofortu. Ailrian VI., wlio was a iiuid ut strict tnunJit,
tli« suocoMor uf Leo. X., found Iniiiwlf ttiuibl« to remedy
the abuses to wbicli bo attributed the Lutheran uwve-
mcnt. Tlie deniaiid whidi be luade by his lei^t^ at the
Diet oi Nurombi-rg, in 1522, that tha decree againut
Lutlivr should bo cnfoi-ced, wiia loiit by Ui« pnseiitatioii
of a list of a hundred grievances of which the Diet liadto
vuiapliuii to thu Roman suu. H is su<x;i'ssor, Clement YIL,
in whom tJic old epiric of worldliiieaa, after the brief in-
terval of Adrian's vwga, was reinstated in tbo papal
chair, fared little bett«r at the Uiel of Niu-i^mWrg, in
1224, when, tbrougli bis legate Campeggio, he demundud
the unoonditiuiial Mupprunion of tlie Luth«nui tioreHy.
The Pn]ie and the Emperor conld obtain no mora tbao an
iiidefinitu vngiigumetit to obser\'u the Worms docree, "aa
foraa powublc." Tliis action was equivalent to remand-
ing the subject to the sevenil priucoa within thetr n?spec-
tivo territories. It was cotipl«.-d with a rc-fcnoncc of dis-
puted matters to a general council, and with a resolution
to take up the hundred complaiutx at the next diet. A
majority oould not be obtained against ttie Lutlieians and
in favOT of the coercive me^urcs demaudod by tliu Pope
and liy CharU-s. And tJie movenient of refunn was
•ipivading in evei-j- part of Germany.
This aspect of affairs moved the papal party to tlio
adoption uf active inoarares to turn tlie scale on the other
ride — mi'Jtaun.-s which began the division of Germ.-uiy.
Up to this i>oint no divbion bad oecttrrcd. The nation
uid moved as one body ; it bad refusud to suppress tlm
new opiiiioitM. Now strenuous i^fTorls wvr<: put forth to
oombine the Catholics into a compact party for mutual
, lUd and defense. At Uatiiibon an uUiiuiee nf this cliamo-
. ter was .fm-med by tJie (^thoUc princes and bidiope o(
I South Germany, by th« t^rms of which the Witb^nbeig
neresy was to be cxchided from their dominions, and they
won to help oacJi other in thuir ooiuinou dangci». Al
116
LUTHER AXD TIIE <]F:BUAN RUFOKUATIOH.
tlio Diet of Nurutnlwrg H Imd 1>«m'Ii determined to Lnld
imn asBembly shortly after at Spires for tlic roguljition o(
■ crclcsiiLStiuil nITiiint. T\w iirinwis wore to procure befor&-
hand from their couucillors and echolara a statomcnt of
tlic i>oiiits in diopntk.-. TIiu grinvaiioii* <)f tJic nation wi're
to be sot fortli, aivl remedies were to be sought for tbem.
Tbe nation was to duliberate and net on tho great matt<-r
rcii(jii>iis rt'form. Tht; proapi-til wiis that the evangel-
tical party would be iu tJie majority. The papal conrt
pMir iiiv dangi'r that was inrolwd in tm assembly gnthnrod
for such a purpofte, niui determined to prevent llie meet^
ing. At this moment war was breaking oat between
ChurlcM ami Franoiji. (.'Imrlfj* liad no inclination ti> offend
the l*ope. He forbade the assembly at Spiroa and, by
letters ud<ln.-**ed to tlic i>rin(H« individiinlly, cnclravorod
to drive them into the execution of the edict of Worms.
In eonsequcnco of these threatening movoments, the
Elector of S-ixony and the l^ntlgruvc of Heme enterwl
into the defensive lengue of Torgan, in which they were
joined by sevorul Protestant comnttmitiex. The bdttlo
of I'avin and the rupture of Pranris I. were events Uiat
appeared to be fraught with peril to the Prot««taut cause.
In tlie Peace of Madrid {January 14,1526) both sovorci^jiis
.avowed the delermiiiatjon to suppress heresy. But the
rdangerrwis preponderance obtained by llie EniiH-ror crcnt<>d
nn alarm throughont Europe; and the release of Franets
was followed by the oiganization of a confcdenicy against
CliBries, of wliich Clement was the leading promoter.
This changed the imjterial policy in reference to the
Lutherans. Tlio Diet of Spires in lo2G unanimously re-
Bolve.1 tliat, until th« meeting of o. general council, every
L'Btate should act in regard to the edict of Worms iw it
might answer to God imd his imjieriiJ mnjiifty. Once
more Germany refused to stifle the Reformation, and
adcf ted the principle that each of the mnipiincnt part:* of
f'he Empire should be left frw- tt> act according to it»0WB
THE I'HorKST AT STIHES.
117
will. It vroB a uwmixv of lliu higUoat importjuiw to tlw
Htiiso uf ProU'stiuitMiit. It is H griMt liiiuliiiiirk in the
liislory of tlie (Jemmn Itpformntion. 'l"he war of tiie
Empuroritnd UiuPopc InvulvcJ tliu iivco^euty of tolcmttii^
UiH Lii(Ji(!rait3.
In 1527, an iuiporial iirniy, composed largt'lj of La-
Uienui infantry, cnpttnvd ami Racknl th« city of Rome.
For seveial months the I'opa wns Iteltl a i)riaonor. For
a immliiT of yifirs llio position of Ciuidii* with rcHpect to
France and the Pope, and the fear of Turkish iuvaaioii,
had openkbod to cmbotdi-n and grciitly KtruiigtlM^n the
caiuc of Lutlior. But now that the Emperor had gained
a complete victory in Italy, thu Catholic partj* ronved ita
|»olicy of rcpriaaion; imd Rt tlic IKftt of Spircit, in 1529,
a majority \raa obtained tor an edict virtually forbidding
thu pragross of tliu Reformation in thu states whicli hud
mit accepted it, at tJie same time that liberty wa.4 givttn
to the adiierents of the old confesMoii in the refonned
state* to «el<?hruto their rites witli freedom. It is impos-
Bible to describe here the methods by wldch a reversal of
tho national jiolicy was tbu« procured. The decisive cir-
euuwtnnce was tluit (.'Ijarlea V., in consequenco of hia sjin-
patby vrith the spirit of Spanish Catholicism, inatviid of
putting liimtelf at Uic hend of the great religious and
national movement in Germany, chow to nmiutaiti the
ancient union of thu Empiro vrith tlic Pnpitey. 'Die pin-
t«*t against the proceeding of the Diet, which gave the
name of I'rotvstanttt to thu rofonuing party, and the ap-
poal to the Kmpeiiir, to a general or a German council, ami
to all impartial Christian judges, was signed by Jolm, the
Elector of Saxony, tho Miirgi-avu «if Brandenburg, the
Duke of Brunswiek-Liineburg, tho Landgravu of Hoese,
tho Prineo of Anludt ; to whom were unitj'd fourteen
citica, among which were Nuremberg, Strasburg, and Con
itance.
Tho iKirty of reform did not consider itself bound bir
UB
LTTTIIKR AKD TtIK ar.RMAK K^JWRUA TIOtT.
tlie uUon of Uie Diet, not only because ita edict looked
to oompalBioii iu a, maUvr tluit itliould he Ml U> Uw
oonseionoc, but alto Itecatiae it ovcrtlirew a policy whicb
had been solpinnly establiBbod ; a policy on tbu butb
ot wliicb till) [ii-incos imil citi«s Unit WL-ro favoniblo to
th« omnguliciil muse bad proceeded in shaping tbcir r^
ligious polity and worship. Hie cfforta iniidu, «^>cittl!y
by the Loiid^niTO of He«»c, to ooinbiiin tiie aiipportera ol
the Reformation in a defensive league, were chilled by tbe
nppoflitton of Luther to mcastirvs that looked lo a war
with tlie Kiii|H.Tor, and RtiU more prevented from being
(lucccfuful by his determined unwillingni^ss to unito with
the Swiss, on account of what ho connidvrcd tlicir horeticad
doctrine of the wicriiment. Lnther and liis affioclates
were imbtit-d with a HL-nso of the obligation of the subject
to the powers that be and with tlto sacrudness of Uio ICm*
jure. The courao for the Christian to take, in their
judgment, watt tiiat of piwsivu obcdiuiuu. They hke-
I wise doomed it an unlawful thing to join witli eirorists
— with men who rejected material pai-ta of Christian
truth. However open to critici.im the position of tlio
Saxon reformers was on both of these points, it should
not be forgotten that tlii-ir general motive was the sub-
lime disregard of mere expnllenuy, whieli had ohamctcr-
ir.ed, and, wc may add, had ennobled their movement at
every step.
In this state ol tilings, the Emperor, flushed with biu>
Kwi, met the repic'SiMitatives of tliu Empire in 1530, ut
the mcrnurablo Diet of Augsburg. The inconvenience
iind daiiger uf ki-i-piiig the Popo in captivity had caused
Cliarles to wish for iin aoGommodation witJi him. The
d^ire of Clement VII,, a solf-sceking politician, to have
Florvnc-e i-otttore^l to his family, in connection with othM
less luHuential considerations, inspired him witli a like
ftwling ; so that amity was reestablished. At tlio same
lime the Peace of Ounbray terminated for a time th«
TIB DIKr Ot AUaSRDSO.
119
conflict witii France. The Emporor was freed from the
einbuiTaMiiii(.-iiU ^vhil-Jl li:ui lundvred liiia from putting
forth <li-toi'iiiiii<?(l rnili^vora to restore the uiiiiy of tlie
Clmrvk. He had been cmvraed at Bologna, and -waa
filled with li ivrnc of liiii rraponsibilil^ as the head of tUu
Holy Koinan Em{ui«, tlie guardian of Chrbtianity and of
the Charcli. Ho waa surroundud by the Spanish nobility
M well AB by the princes ivnd rcprMuiiitiitir'Ni of the Em-
pire. The deflign was to pontuade, and, if Uiis should
prove impracticablo, to ovcrawo and coerce tho Protea-
tnntfl into lui abandoiimoiit uf their caiutc. A faith and
berotsm lees steadfast would have yielded to the tremen-
dous presunre that was hron^ht to bear apon tliem. It
waa not fonsidored wim or safe for Lutlior to j*o t4>
Augsburg. He was left behind in the castle of Coburg,
within the limits of tim Elector's dominion, hut ho hold
frequent commonication with the Saxon thciologians who
attondcd tJie Elector. Tho coIobrat4.>d Coofession, drawn
up by Melftnctlion, in a contiUtntory spirit, hut clearly
defining the essential tenets of Protestantism — a creed
whidi has obtained more cnrrc-ncy and reMpcot thaji any
other Protealant symbol — was read to tlie Assembly. 'Ilw
reply, composed by Eck and other Catholic tJieologianat
was also pi-enented. Thf^n followed eEforta at coniprotnise,
in whieh Melancthon bore a prominent part, and showed
a williii};t».'«s to concede everything but that which waa
deemed moiit vital. These i^fTorta fell to the ground.
They could invent no formulsis on whieli tliey could agree,
*pon the merit of works, piimiice, and the inrocation of
saints. The elaborate and able Apology by Itlelancthon,
in defense of the (^nfe«»ion. vnu not hcanl, but vna
publiahed by the author. The majority of tJ)e Diet en-
Jouioi) the rofltomtion of tlio old occleslnstical invtitiitions,
a31owtii^ till! Pnittt-Htaiils time for reJlection until the lOth
of November of the following ywir; afl«r which, it was
:mpli<Hl, coercion would be adopted. Notliii^ in the hi»
ISO
LUnrKii AM) Tiii: ckruan RGKomiAnoR.
tary of tliu Itvfomiation is more {Wtliotic tbin tliu cotidud
of the Kloctor John »t Augsbui^, who, ia Uie full ))r(i»-
pM.'t of tile ruiu of evei^- earthly interaBt, and not nitlioot
tlio d«o|M'Ht Mtnilnlity from hia attoobmaat to the Em-
peror lud to the pence of the Empire, ne^'«^tJleleea reflolvtnl
to atntld Ijy **ttiu imiK-risliuHv Word of God." The
Rnfornicm went witling to release him from hU obligutiuo
to ]iD>u.'ct ihcin, to take whatuver lot I'rovidonce might
itciul ui>on tlicni ; but tltiit truir-hcjLrtvd priwHi rufuscd to
compromiBe in Uie least hia eacred convictions.*
ITio letters writt*«n by Luther daring the eeeeioiis of
'tlM Diol oxliibit in bnld n^Iiof the itohWt u»d most at-
tractive sirles of his character. Hie fine mingling of jest
uid earnest', t}ie gruiid ck-vation of his fnitli. his serene,
danntleaa courage, and his broad aaf[licity, are never more
Btriking. lie takvtt time to vrrite a charming letter to hia
little son. ' To his friends at Au^burg ho KportJTcly vriloa
that in the flock of crows and rooks hnrrj-ing to and fro,
l.iuid ncrcaining in n thiclivt before hin window, ho finds
another Diet, with il» dukat and lords, which quite re-
icmbles the impenal aBsonibly, " They euro not for large
fanllH and ['aliiccs, for tlit-ir hall is roofed by llie bcantiful,
widiwipiviwliiig sky, iu floor is tlie simple turf, its tnbloa
nn^ pretty grovn hruiichett, and ito vmlls are as wtdv as
tlio world's end." ■ He will build there, in his seclusion,
three lAbeninclcs, one for tliu ])rophet», one for the Psal-
ter, and another for ^-aop ; for not only will he ox[>ouiid
tlie Scriptures, ho will trunshito ^sop, too, [or the in-
Btruclion of his Germans.* Why had Mnster Joucliim
twife written to him in Greek? llo would reply it,
Turkish, 80 that Master Joiidiim might alto rojidwliat h«
> John ihe CnnatanC ■uccerdvil hii bniilii<r, Fmlorio th* Mfim, in ItU.
■ n< Wrila, iv. 41.
• De U'etU, iv. t. 8, 11- Tlio lt<tt«r in dalml fram "Ihe Dirt of Gr«b<
IVkfrt," April 3t, 15:iO. Wriliiii; to Spoliliii k few ^t*yt nflar in (lie Muni
RniD, ha add*: " T(t il !> in *erioii>imt mm) liy rniRpiilalun Ihtt I jnt, Uul
migi repd the nflectlaii* vliich ruili in u;>i"i '«•<, it imlioil t may n<p«l htm.'
*>• Wettc, Iv. II. • Va Wcltc. iv.S.
LLTtlO'S FMItt AND COUBAQE.
131
not uiitkTstund.' lie sets n li-ap to decoy n fastidi-
oua musical cvhk: Into tin (([iprovcil of a ]iicc« which LaUier
luul himself jMirtly compoaed, but wliicli lie contriTes to
have paahed nfF itit n pcrformuncu nt Aiigshnrgt to cele-
brate the entrance of Cbarlt-a jiiid Kerdinaiid.^ KiifFiTing
himaelf fmni pixKttrution of strength nnd from a tluiudoi-
ing in tlie head, which forced him to lity down his booki
for dny», lie unjoins Melanctboa to obeerre the rules for
the care of hia " lilll« body," ' H« i^xhorts the anxious
Philip to the excrdae of greater faith. If Moses bad i-o-
BoLvcd to know just bow liu wii» to Dscftiw fnim the army
of Pbantoh, Israel would have been in Kgypt to-day.*
Lei Philip ceoso to he rector munJi and let tJio Lonl
im.*^ In Ik^jiriti;^ privatif griefs antl aflltcti»n», Philip
the stronger, but the opposite is lru«. said Lutlior,
tlioMt wbiub are of a public nnture." If we fall, lis
ytys, Christ falls, and 1 prefer to fall with Christ Uiiui
id with C.'i'«»r.^ He rejoices to hare lived to huvo tlie
Confession road before tbe Empire.^ He bids Melancthon,
if tbe cause is unjust, to abandon it ; but if It be just, to
cast away \m fears. He is full of that sublimo conQ-
dvnco which rang out in thu nvwl popular of hi* liymnt,
" the MtiTiviiHiufle of the Reformation" —
•■ Kill (n.l»v( lliirs bl unier GoU" —
Three hours in the day he spent in prayer." He imtea
to the Elector's anxious Ciianofllor ; " I have lately swn
I D* Wmm, ir. IS. t Ibid. * IliiJ^ p. 36. * Ibid., {>. til.
* I1ii.l^ p. 5t. ■ Ibid., p. BI. > Ibid., p. 03. * lUd., p. Tl.
> Vtl( DlBlrkrh, yho wa* wllh him, wivu to tltUacthsDl " I cvinut ■nffi-
timtlj wonder >l llili nmn'i idruiiuMe •Icudfailnou, chftrful caungt, tillh, uid
twpe, In w iliikful n llim. lie nouttiliu iIipm l«n|wn, lioirei'Dr, by ituilloui,
snln^trrutdcd mtJiiailou ol Gwi't Word. Xot n day pa>H< «-b<ii be d'ct not
<Iicad Ihrn lioun, and tbnie b»t niilcd tvt sludc, In priyn. Once I bad ihe
ftod (oRiido la bcai bun fiay. GihhI (End, what > tailb apptarvd in hil mrdil
Be pnyvd wiUi tnrh ivvcrrnca llml i>no 'a' h« w lalkiiiji wilh tiod, and yrl
villi «uch faitb and hnpa tbst it nDriiinl ai it ho nia latkiiig with a (albfr anil
a frirnil, *I know,' hi uid, 'Ibat Tbou ait our llud and >'«lbi:r. Kii I am
tvrlaiii TbdD wilt bHiis lo tbaiu* Ibo penccu^on ot Tby cUldrcu. I( Tfaou
toMI il not, tbe baxard ii 'niino aa w«il aa onn. la Irnth, Uia irhd« nuRer ia
122
Ltrma and trb qkruak krforuatiok.
two wonden, — first, as 1 looked out of thi- vrindov, I
mw tlis stAK ill Utc liuavotM and the fiitiro baantifal
vnult which God hia raised j jRt the ht:av»iis fell not^
uod the vuuU stiU stands firm. Now soma woakl hv ghid
to find thu iiilljii-H tlmt nistoin it, and gnisp and fnel
tlum," " 'I1ie utiier was : I saw great thick clontls hang-
ing abova i» with such weight, thjkt they might bt com*
piired to % grait b<uv : ntid yet I hhw no ground on which
tbwy rusted and no vessel wherein they were oontaincd j
yot thny did n^it full upon us, but mlutvi:) us uHlh a banb
holt iiik) (Ifil iiwny. Aa th«y ]»a*w »way, a niinbow shinea
fortli on thfl gTMind and oii our roof." ' *' All things,"
bo writes in another plium, "aru in tho hands of God,
who MM covar the sicy with cloiidd imd brigliten it ngata
fa) a moment." * It is painful to him that God's Word
muAt he m iiilent at Augsbui^ ; for tho Pnitt-artant* werft
not allowed to prOACh.' lie liad a settled distruat of
Caii]]>i-ggio aud Uio othur Italiaus : " wheru an Italian ia
good, ho ia mo«t good," but to find sufh an oi>i> h na
iianl as to find a blaok swan. He w«'iit along with
Mul:(n<:t}H>n in a willingness lo mako concessions, pn>-
vidod thi' I'Vitii^i'lii-al doclriiirt and freedom in ]tn>jiching
it wen- nut K^unitio'^d. Ho had no BUfpidon of I'hilip, aa
some luid. Tiiei-a w«T« many ccrcmonicft, which wcra
iriili--M — Ifvlcula — not worlli disputing about. Yet it
did not bclmg to thu m^tgistrate to dictate to the Cliurclt
in these points.* He would go ao far, though not without
rclucUmce, lut to allow bishops to continue, but would
IKuinit no subjection U> Uw Pupticy. But Luther li.id no
belief in the possibility of a compromise or reconciliation.
TfiiMnwn; ire liave bten only campollcd (a Uy hmdt on il; Tlian niartl U)M
pwrd." *«. Coryui B'/.. II. 16S.
) It* Wrilr, iv> Its. At an culler Uiv, on Uifl iicraiiaa a( )ii* inltnii-w irllt
C4|(t«ii, ill n\t\y CO ()>' quntlon where lit irouM ntund if lli* Ktarlar iliuuld Vt
M^ipnt tiln, lie niumRsil, " Vatvt dun mlun Illiiimel 1 "
■ D* Woiw, !v, lo(L
* Di W<!U^ Iv. 310, 101
* tbid., p. ITL
LCTRKB'S UAtlBtAGF^
128
I
I
Utere ttbs a Tadi(?a) aatagDnism that could not be bridged
OTcr. TluTii could bo no agriwiiiciit in iliKtrhiu ; )>oliLi*
cal poiu^o nlone was Ut im nimed at and Iio])ed (or.* Ilcnoe
be ntjoiood when iJiu jicrilous ncgutintioiis bvtweon tbe
oiijMJsiiig committees of theologians were biv>iight to ao
end.
Til*™ are several occurreii<:09 not yet noticed, which
took place in the interval between the Dieta of Worms
nnd of Aii^bui-g, nnd whicli are of marked importiknoo
botli in tli(-ir bearing on tlie Reformation, and aa illita-
trating the personal chanteter of LutJicr.
One of tiiet*o oventa wna kia marriage, in 1525, to
Catliarine von Bora. lie n>solveil upon this measure, m
we loam from IiimKclf, partly hccuune he expected that
bia lifi: would not flontinue long, and be was determined
to leave, in tlie most imprt^'ssivu form, hia testimony
■gain»t the Itominh law of celtlmcy. Another motive
was a yeanling for the happiiieas of domestic life, which
his parcntK, who ha<l einbniocd tlio now fuitli, ^■ncotintgt'd.
llie acaitdal that liia maiTiage caused, fint among his own
friends and then tUv world over, hanlly fell short of tliat
occasioned by tlie pristing of his thi?«cs. llu' i-xtimplo
of Luther was followed hy many of liia associates, whtoti
gavo rise to the olianicleristic jest of Erasmus, that wbat
had liet^n mlled a tnigedy seemed to bu a cinn«<ly, iw it
came out in h marriagi;. Tliv marrbge of »n upoatnte
dionk mtb A runaway nun betokened, in tho view of
the superstitious, tliu coming of Antiuhrtat as th*^ fruit
of the uiitiallowed union. Uut it wus one of those bold
steps, diaracteristic of Ltithur, which, in the long run,
proved of adviuitnge to his cause. It garo liim the solooo
of home, in the intunse oxeitdmcr.t and pradigioos labors
ID whtdi bo WAS immorsed for the rest of his days.
There, with music, and song and frolics with his cbiU
dren, in the arcle of hist fricntbi. he poured out his hornet
' Vt VtlU. Ik uo.
134
Lirmtl A!(D THE GI3UIAM lU^fOflHATlON.
and kindly (ccHng \t-tthout Btiiit. His divi'rting Ifitten to
his wifo — his " MiHtresA Kato," " Doctorees Lutber," aa
he styled her — and the tender uxproutoos of hu grict
tttfaedcnthof his diildrvii <s>idd ill be spared from tlio
ntconlii of this deep-hrarted man.'
Among thv«o (.-vt-nto nru his coiitrovcrwus witli King
Henry VIII. luid >riLh Emsmun. From the outset It
was evident tliat Luthur must vltliur givo iip his cauM
or contend for it agaiiiat countless adver!iarii.>fl. His
polemical writings are thereforo quite utinieroua. and it
■llovra the amjtlitiidn of his mind timt )m did not allow
himself to Lc so far absorbed in this sort of work as to
neglect more positive hibon, tliruiiglt his Bible, cate-
chisin.-*, siTiiifin.s Inw^ts, for the building up of the
Church. Ill] hnd to light his own friunds wbon t)iey
gwervtnl from the truth, as did Citrlatadt, and idao
Agricohi, who 8t;t up ii furni of Antinominnism. Bat
his principiU litoniry battlc.s wvre with Henry VHI. luid
with Erasmus. The iutemjwi'anoe of Luther's language
has been siucL', as it was tli<.-ii, n stibjoct of frequent oin-
sure. It must ho i-t!ineiul>ei'ed, however, wlmt a tt^mpest
of denunciation fell upon liim ; how ho stood for nil bis
lifi( n mark for the pitiless hostility of a gi-cat part of tlw
world. It most be remembered, too, that for a time be
stood idoii«, and cTerylliin^ de]>ended on his constan^,
determination, and dauntless zeal in tJie maintenaneo of
bis civiisc*. Had lie wiivored, everything would havu huoo
lost. And mildness of language, he sai<l. was not Ids
gift ; he could not trend bo softly and lightly as Melanv-
thon,' His convictions wore too intense to admit of nn
1 Bm, for«ximp1«^Uie letUr (to Nir. HaunnwiD], Anciut S, ISSt, ifWrUw
4Mlb et hit daugliler. Vt W*l(t, iJi. 304. K mmrilcts wvaunt of Lallitr'*
doBMMic chftnder aDil nlntlann It iti'vrn liy P. G. Ilntmsn, JTuHarvH fBH
Sara, tidtr Or. ilartSn LitUr nb (•ultn unit Valtr (t.r1[iric. ISIS). Thm i>
noch of InlePHi on Itw ura< (ubjiKI, iii ■ qiiaiiit lilll* txKik, D. .Vartim Lm
tkit'i /Tf ffnrt a f »■•)«■, Ton M. Julianu Kii»Ijiui Aiilou (l^eipiij', IRM).
■ Ltttet to the lOoclat Jolin, Dc Walts, Iv. IT.
vrnniENCE ok lutheb.
135
wprcannn of thera in auy but the atrongVBt langange ; in
words thut w«ro blotvs. ^t<>roovor, liv bt-liovcd it to bo a
Bound mul wise policy m IVing avtiy reaerv» and to speak
out, in tbe moet tmspuring nuimier, the sentiuents of his
Bo«l. It WM not a dt-traiw! to be cured by n ptdliativo.'
Tho formidable enemy against which he waa wa^iig war,
WBfl rendered more nnni^aitt and exacting by every act of
deference aliown him, and by every conoeaaion. There
was no middta coiirst^i to be pursued.^ Tlioro must be
•nrrondcr, or open, uneompromising war. lleKidiis, in hia
jftudyof the Biblu, ho conceived himself to find a wax^
ifcnt for iill his liard language, in tlie cotirfln taken by Uio
piophetfl, by Christ, and by Paul.* He felt that ho waa
in conflict with the Mime Fhuriituioiil thonlogy and othtca,
whieh Gidlcd forth tho ten'ibln denunciations recordi.'d in
tJie New Testament. If it was proper to call things by
their rrjjht natnes then, it was proper now. He had
been ham|)ered at the bogiiming, ho came to think, by
a bbe humility, by a lingering reverence for an autlior-
ity tliat deserved no reverence. He regretted that at
Worms he had not taken a dilTerent tone ; ttint he had
said anything abi>iit retracting in case he could be con*
vinced of his error. lie would cast atl sudi qualifications
and cowardly i^i-rnph-A to thn winds; he would «tn»d by
wliat he knew to be tnith, without any timid respect for
'to advciwtiri^'Jt.* Thfsc citifiidenttioni} arc not without
1 " Aut cren ilrrpunnilitiil Cnl it iter cl Ininiulllltilc huJDi nJ, nut t-irbum
Mcuidum luL" t^llf r tu SlHilnlin IFvbniar)-. lAMl, D« WeUr, U tti.
* "Uviii llaiiiK'l l-I tiiclit tia Mittdlimiilel, ilit ctwu weichin ndu' lucb*
|t«b(n, udvr thih uiiiirtnuvii toll, «i» irh Xrirr biihtr mthin h»hr." D* WMU,
U- 911.
■ IIt Rlvts tiatuiit lur liin vtli«iu«ice in a Utlur tu \Vdiic«>I>u> Link (Aiigiut
\9, ISao). iJc WiOl-, 1. 4T9. Amoni; other Mnxt lie uv->^ " Viieo tn\ta •«,
)U> fiovtro Air^iilii tDKlAutuf. max nd«r« In obllvl^ncin, Dcniln« ** cumxtc."
Ilri nj I nli^iiiliiiri dial lova and •srcrlly ara Mim|iBtililr. I^ij VVtllo, ii. St9.
Bm alM, pp. a», a».
< n«n*m teniom I.uthct tin ''bellniriiij: in W1 Ijtiii." Ihi[ It wai a Ci*
•llh whicit all Rump« rene " frvm tliU to >Mo." It4>l be heon a mta a( ttM
■MnpanmcDt of tlsilam, wlivrr wuiitit tiav* bui lh« Itcf uffiiatloD ? Tti* Kn*
I can raldnm (['[iraciala, much Imlaok with mmpliicency npcn LotilMr.
126
VUTBSR AND Tn>; OEBIdAK RCrORUAnON.
weight. A tnan \t1i09o natural wenpon ia a bnttle-tun
moat Dot 1m n-bukod fur nut bundling a mpier. Therv is
somfitinira work to lie done wliidi tlie ligliter oud luuni
gta(wftil weapon could nuver accorDpltsh. At tJie same
tim«, wit!) lUl Lulhor'it londvniuu of fvulin;;, vvitli liia
fitiQ iLud even poetic eensibility, there was a vein of
crairHcniw, ii plvhuiun vuhvim^nce, which, whtm hu wm
gvidttl by opposition, engendered scurrility.
Thti book of flotnry VIII. wus diroctod a^tnst Lii-
J]or'a work on the »toranienU, " 'Yliv liiibyloniiui Cap*
tivity." ' It is marked by oxtrome haughtiness toward
Lnthor, ftnd U hardly Iom vitupemUvo tlmn tho Kefottner's
famous reply. Luther waa the hound who had brought
u|) hcn-sius unrw out of hell ; prinvM would combine to
burn Iiini and his hooks together. It was throughout an
ti.p[iwtl to authority ; LuthtT h:id ntidaciuusly pnwtinc^l
to net hiniRclf agninat popei and doi^torit wiUinut number.
The impression of Henry's book itself wholly depended
oo the faet Uiat it« nutJior was on« of th« ru1«is of tlie
earth. Lather probably meant to neutnlizo this imprt-s-
rion by hominug tlie purple of tliis rugal disputant who
ha<l i«t«ppcd forth, with bi.<i cronni on his head, into th«
arena of tlicological debate, to win from tho I'opo, xvhoni
lio ob«x]uiouHly flattered, the title of Defender of tho
Faith. Subsequently, when Hunry was reputed to be
litvomblc to the I'retestont eautic, at the earnest solicita-
tion of King Christian II. of Denmark and of other
friciid», LuthiT wroto to the King a bumble apology for
the violence of his language — making no wtthdiawal,
however, of any portion of his doctrine. In composing
UiiB upologotio letter ho was carried away, he aays, by tho
pioinptinga of others, to do what of himsiOf he would never
bavo done. Yet, ni>twilhiitiimliiig the ungenerous reception
tad n«o of Uw letter by Henry, Luther did sot regret
> A(htrllo Stplin Snrrnvituttrtim ajftrpu .V-irtlmmm LulhrruM fllM)
(llt|nLbll>hello aCcrman mnilalion In Wdcti't litl. ul I.ullmi't Wrltingt.
LtmiER AND CKASUIW.
137
tfwi ho luirX nnttcn it. as li« did n<>t rogi-cL the »i;iidmg
of a similar ojiiatlo to Duke George. As fnr aa his own
pc-rsoii waK cuiitx-rnvJ, hu suu\, hi; wiut willing t« luimblo
bioiself to a diild ; his iloctrliie he would not compronrite.
But such expetiences established hitn in tiie feeling,
which hv had viittTtHinod boforv, tliut hiiiiiility waa
throwii away ; tliitt Ii«re was a mortal oonlliot, in whicli
(pmtlii worda were misinterpreted, and therefore, wasted,
and itito which it was worsu than folly to i^iitur witli his
hands tied. Under sacli oircumstancea, a man must
noitlicT Uiiuk of rL'trcitt nor of thu possibility of placat-
ing th« ton. It \riL4 mituntl that liift oxpericiiocs of con-
troversy, in tlieir action on a temper naturally combative,
should c»ntributo to ciirry Luthc-r fur beyond tlio bounds
of chnrity, as \v«]l as of civility, in hia treattncnt of the
SaciBmeularinns, the adherents of Zwiugle. Of this
matter, where \m intemponiiicu was moru mischiovonx,
we shall speak in another place.
As to Erasmus and the Sa-Tun Reformers, tliere was an
eounciit wish on both side-t tltiit Im should not take part
against them. Lutlier, and Mekncthon etitl more, re-
NjMRted him un the piitriarcli uf letten, the ri-»toi'vr of the
langungeii, ami ttti^ ellttotive iiutiigonist of funaticiam and
BupOTsiition. When Luther published liis work on the
Gulationa, he re^-itttt'd thitt. Eritsmus had not put forth a
book on the same subjer-t, which wotdd tiavo rendered hia
own unnecessary.' Enismus, in turn, could not but ap-
plaud the fii-st movement of l^ithcr. His love of litent-
ture. not less timn bis religiotio predilections, would in-
cline him ntrpn^ly to the LnUieriui wde. 'Die Witten-
berg theoh)giaii8 wei-e earnest champions of the cause of
leaniiiig. [tut thu eaiition of Entsmus was inanifiMt from
the brginnuig. Ho avoi<1ed the neeil of committing bim-
Bi-lf by professing to his various corrMpoudrnts that he
bod not rciiil tlie books of Luther. lie told the Electo*
1 l>i Walts i.U».
LUTHtni AND TUE GEUt.Ut RCFOKUATIUX.
of Siucoiiy, in ai] inU>rview at Cologne, shortly before tbt
Diet of WorniH, Uiut the two groat offcnoei of Lutlwr
WKro tliat ho faml tourJieU the crown of the Pope and the
ht'-llics of tlie monks. The vxprossions of sympathy w-ith
tJie Wittoubi.-rg iiiuvi-ini<iit thiit v:icii[>^(l him, notwith-
&1uj)ding liiD prudence, or which reached the ear of tho
public tJtrough tho uniuitUoriiM'd publication of his h'ltcn,
k«pt him busy in ulliiyin^ tliv su»tKcions nntl nnxietica ol
C-nthohc friviids iiiid pntn)»». Uut Lnther and Kni»iniui
vivm utterly diversu from ono iinothcr in diitmotor ; and
•> such nnlikee," as Cok>ri<lgo hns wiid, ** cud in disUkce."
Erasmtis, it hwt U-on remtirkcd with truth, lackoii dfpLli
and fvrvor of rx'iigious coiivictionii. Ho wm a typicnl
hititiiiliiuitiiLU, ill tlio t'liHt of Ills luind.* His ab«orlHnt>
|»uiaion was for literaluru. IIo could Dot cmiceiTe how
any man <•( tiist« couhl pw'fcr Augiistiiie to Jerome,
wiiile Luther cciukl uotSM how any man that lov«d thij
GuHpcI could fail to Mt Auj^iistiuti, with hut Utile Grci-k
itmt IcsH liubn-w, infinitely above Jerome' As the con-
flict wliJL-h f.ittliiT luid oxL-ttvd gi-uw wnrni, atloution
WHA inevitably <lrawn away from tiio pursuit of letters
and absiiibisl in tlK'olu};ic3d iiitjuiry and controveray ; and
tbit* i^haii^e Knt.iuiu.t dt-plon-d. The heat which Luther
manifested was repii<^innt to his taste. The Kefonnur's
vuhcuh'iicu and roughnvsa bwjune nioro and moru ofTt-ii-
sivo to hini.^ Enuiniua hatcil i\ commotion, and said him-
self tliat huwDuhl Nivrificc a part of the truth forthuMiku
of peaoe, imd tliiit bo was not of tJte KttifT wliich innrtyia
are mwle of. I lo could bo an Arian or a Pelagian, he said,
if tho Chtircii had so mode its creed ; and yet, in his in*
' It i, til* " mnilvriitioii " oI Erasniut that Icadi GIblion (rli. lir. n. 38) n
1^: "linwiniiii mnj- be niuldcivd th« Ulbcr of rBtroool thniloQr. A(t«r k
llwinlivr ol ail liim^lml ytan. It vat rvvivvd \>y the ArminluiB of Itutluiil,
OrDliui, I.lml»>ri.'li. atid I« Clrrci ill Ent-lHnt) liy <.'liit1lnK>n>rlh. the tdlilu'lina-
tUiu o4 ('-mnbrl'lso lltumst. Ilift. <(f Miokk Tmitt, vol. L [{, iai-leS,iMa«t
<dlljni0, TillM>wI>, Clutkf, lloa'llry," «l«.
> I)t Welti. I. ft
1 SInxM, eirlt* nm IMUa, p. *m.
LiniU:R ANU ERASUL'S.
129
k
Iiciu't, (Mid apart frum tbu feeling tluiC liu must bo
fuichui-i^l it<>iii(!wli(tru, Uiu nutliorit^- vi Urn CLutob ouuiit'^
for little. ]}eing by t4.>inperaincut, by bta personal rela-
tions, und by lliu ofTi.vt of yiuira, iiiid, wo iiiiglit add, on
principle, a tim<vs(;rvt;r, he found biiiieitilf, bciiig nbu tlio
most prominent man of tbe ugc, in iiii embamissing situ-
lition. lie niiist sUy in tbu Cliurcb, yet, if |*omibI«,
offend iieitlier party.' Lubber saw through bim, and in n
]ett4!r tlint was moint to be frirndly, be irritated the gr«ttt
adiolnr by inviting him to be a tipet^ljttiii' uf the magnlB-
cent trafjL'dy in wbicb hu was not fitted to bu an actor.*
'Ilic rttfusal nf Knisniiu to see Ulridi von Hiittvn wlittQ
lie visited Itciael, and the fmious conti-overey that ensued
botwoun tlicni — Tor Erasmus was pruvukud into tbu nso
of & style wliirb bn very much depIon.<d in Lutlau', nn
inoonaistcncy which Luther did not fail to pitjnt out —
WHS tbu finit ducidi-4 sic]) in the alienation of tbu grvnt
•diolar from the evangeliuil party. 'J'htin KntMiiuH nt
length yielded to tlie pcrsua&ions that had long been ad-
diviued to him fn^m the papal Hide, and t^tok tbu tivld
agstinst Luther, in a treatise on froo-will ; in whicli tbe
Uefonner was asGntdted un a subjwit wIuti? bin fxtniva-
gitnt laitgniigu exposed him to an easy attack, itnd on
wliicli Eraaiuus could vrrite with 8om« wanntb of oonrio-
lion. He and bin ajwucint^-H prt'd-rrcd tlw Cuvcli llu-ology
to that of Atig(ii<tine, on tliiit siibjt'ut of the will. More
onoe coniptainod lliat LntJter " clung by tooth and nail
to tho doctrine of Angnstinc." Tlieologiiina who cxphiin
ditlii-nlties by referring to '" original sin," Erasnuis had
onee likened to astrologeni wbo fctll back on the stum.
Thn inodi-niti'>n of tJie penional refercnci^s tn Lntber in
tlie book of Knisiilua did not restrain the former (mni tlie
DM of tliu aevervKt ktylo in bin reply. Erasmus, ba
tbouglit, bad taken bis place under tJie banner of tba
t Lulhtr riDllcpK (he '' tloxlttilv " at En* ■, Dr Vr'ttiB, I. 394.
■ Utter to »un>ii) (April, IMl}, D« W«tl*, ii. tot.
LUTHES
Popo ; be Uiul comii oot on tbe semi-Pelagian aide, Erooi
wliidi Uie whole ayBtom of salvation by merit wns tnaop-
amblv ; niut tJi« higher hin itiioding tlio moru uRii{>aring
must be the attack upoii tuni. The rejoiudor of Eruriui
— the "HygtcnufpiflUx," thofiret peut of which iipjHunsl
ill l-)2o, aiid theseooad Ui IfiiTT — catnplutcd, if niiv tiling
wu wantrJ to complete, thi-ir mntual ostningemtiiiL^I
FVotn that time Liithur linbitiiAlly HjMtkit of him m a dis*^^
uililoof Ludiui.a disci])lo of Epicurus, an enemy of iiiln-
ligiona, eBi>ccuLlIy the ('hmtinii, und fluitg at liim nth
upfKillMtioiu, which, if literally uujuat, »oraetimt« hiul
trtiUi of li eiirti'tilure. Filially, u long lett«r of Lather
to Ilia friend Nlotioliui von Araaalorf, in wliich the autlior
iindurt<}uk to inuiiitiiin a chai-gu of ecepttcisni, as well aa
of frivoluuH lovity, itguiiist ICt»hiiiu!i, by reforeaoo to hlfl
cotuinents on Scripturo, drew oiit u nipty wliidi is
mnrknl by all tliu rvfinvniunt, ingenuity, and wit fur
wkidi Enuiniu wait dtw.TV(.-iUy funioiu. From this time,
Inn animosity agninat the I'rot^fltuiit cause went on
iTrfosing, Lutlier more tbuii once complains that E
niu* i-iiidd make the »!»» aitd distrvM of Um Cliurdi
Ihciiiii f(»r jt<*ting.* Ill the epistle tu Aiiudorf, he cliiuf^
liiiii with infusing into the young u spirit at war withi
n'liglous vmmestnviw.''
> Us Walt*, I. TO. U« tail lautt vilb VJtMnvi. " Maes et ttaMlgRui,"
irnliii^ucnd Iliiauilua Joting wajr, )D a period " uiigOlIoiUiI mo Ft IslnrioM."
Ilwl., [v. iM: UtIcKoMk. Aaudcrf. Luther, It will be rc[Dciiilii.'rcil, l>i
■kI lliovght vill ot thK Kplttei* Ohtnmmm V\
* IbkL, ir. am. Tb< letlcni oT 1^Ui«t Mt lortb tfcs riM and pri'srcu at hi)
•^MnKWuful from ICramiu). In * IvlUr to SpaUtta lOrtabcr I'J. IMI)
rxfiOMM UU (tiiHilE [Rini llici iLlea of BfUniii* tlul, by "wurkii nf I
law," I'tul Tiwaiii c«r*Rio»Tii1 work* alonr, R'tm lii« non rltw <il juiliAo*']
lion, autl vritliH SjiaUllii <u l>j- tu slier tb« v nirt ul Kniaiiiiit nii Ihii trtfalt,]
11* oriu* I" IdiiK" {Manli I, 1BIT), Ihal » nad> Knunmit — " D(Mlnia|
Kfwmuin," be Blyl't liim — liul Ibal bii *M«oiii fur lilui ,liiniiii>JiM AUIj^
Ihal Etumiui Miwi'i ■ell llio [gu«miict at primtn ami nionkn, but ila» i
dogll ■otBcIantly oa ChtM unit tbo gnte ul Cicul; '■ biimaiia pwnUnt in i
flnt •|uwu ttlvlnn." lie c<iini>* In 1lil< a>ii<Iu>lon rrluclAiiilj'.aBd Ueanjul I
U dlttloM tl, ju onUr nut lu k'io al-l lu tt<a viiMuio* sail rli'sli of I'j'iiuiua
SiMbw'i Miivm ti 'be Levity o( Ijaimut iii rahmiu.'* to tbe talaiiilUta ol lb*
into,
LtrritRK AKP PJtASllUS.
181
k
If we look belov tho acciJttiits of tb« contix)verey, and
out asido particulars in wliich Lutlivr wiut ofu-ii iiiuuircct,
u lie tvnit II ncliari tabic in lits gciiernl eatimnte of liis an-
tagonist, vro must conclude tliat LuUicr was still in the
fight in his juJgitifiit mApecting tJie reform of the
(Iliurrli i- trvquiintljr npnuni'l- KiviiKii (A|iril 14, IBID) wtdU to i)ia Y.hnvif
IptUr, ill <rl^!l^l> !iv ci>ni|ilimcii(wl l.iiilicr, 111 writing In Spalalln (>Li}' 2t,
}, l.u>li*r ripnuvn liin {ntilleAtiuii. Ou the 2Slli of the pravlaiu Marvh,
<r liail •rHilcii * r<--i|itctful ti'ttiir (o Knumui lUinirll, In wUcb Ut ulcuu
MTrk'M an fully upgincittiiil ; li> wlildi Enumiu Mplicd, In M*J, 111 gn-
(inui but MulSuiw tarnt. RveiTtUing ilion lint l^rumoi wu riianble lo
Liillifr, liiil dill not (Uam It mIo to liciniy the uilciit of b» a^^mpatliy. Ult
pwllioii l.ullisr f lUljr uiidcntooJ. •> U ihown in nuny pii«viK« ol kit Iplltra,
Ilia tttlor to Spcnglcr (XoTcmlMr IT, 131^1 Luthammirkt lh«l hr liu pnvala
4i<pi>lsi with Mdanclhun on the quctlion hotr far from lb« riitlil vaf Kramin
ii — JUIaacttioii, ol count, being mvic Inmiiblc to iha grmt liiimaaiit. In ni-
mac* lo tbe vlvico of t'nuinui iliai Luthn *ouIJ bt mora mirdtrsto, bo nniu
(lo Spatatln, Septaaibcr9, tS9l)lhat Krannu* looki ''dOD ad cniMtn.tcd ad pft-
cun"i"incm!iilDu, dual Iii pncfnilonc >ii& In Nnvoni TteUincotutn denifM
dkenl! 'glorlam (atilo coDlcmDil L'hrixlanui ' — lu tonlo inoii coglUiaa : 'O
Kranne, fiiDcrli. timto. Miintii r» ret j^oriam conlcmnerv.' " To Spulafin ( Mty
in, 1S22I, kcchnrst* r.r»niii> irllb Inlniyins, "In sU4 Kpliiolaritiufamij^iii-,"
hli Mcrtc bottility ii> Mm unl liii 'luctrino, and dcdana dial be pnfen ui opca
for lik« Eck toi ti''irivi n-.njliiu tu'r>'iii, nowlViviiillrand now lioslile. To Cruf«t
timer (May St, 1143), h* wti'/tt that hv b mirtn lli>( F.ni>niii« iti->'inl> frnm
biin on predoilinaljoii, but lliul lir liaii no frai of ICrunut'* *Idi|<ii<ii<'t : " jMUa-
l^ur (hC vrrlt4* cpiaiii i:lLhi|uvutiiL, jHiiior apiriluh qottn in^Mitiin, tua'yir [id««
i;ii*iD rruditlo.*' Til (f>r,lBiii|i3ititi> rliritr 3C, Itt3), be apisiki <if die rovtrt
iMAtiUty i>f KruiuuH tL> [h<i Luibcntii ili-clrliiv, and chantcurtEo* bini Ihu*:
■^Djn''^)i tnLTTHlu-xJr, at a nniliBgit ■[(itlji» rovwaxit. h'drlit I'l lli-j tnm Mn«
Iii Ctmpcttfibibi ^luuh jiii^it*.'tur : Eiain d<l HiflJurEt "tMLliB{i|ijc]4l nil ]tk'l.itf ni pi-rti-
n«t)t»" piOTabil." In April. IC34, l.iillirf nmu * Irtirro Kni-inio, in "bich
ha>makeaaa olTor ut fmicv, but in a ntanimr mi cumlvKviulint; and nilJi tmh
plain obHrrAlioiiA itpan lUo Uniilftliiint o( l^ru'iiiUH at Ut i-niimpi And di^vni'
menl, tliat lio voutd Dot fail to be irrilotid by it. In tliii filiKiilati'piilti', wl>i<>li
WM wall munt but ir*ry ill ^altuIatBd in pnHliu'n amity, I Jitlirr fxiiravet the
Willi lliathii frionda would dcibl from aiuiting Kraimun; ■• lliey would di>, it
b added, '' ittbey c-xiiblertd your ii,.1iscility and waisbtd Itw cnalnen ul til*
(amr, wbkh lu* Ims *'"'* excccdfil IIiv mcMun of your powow." It* ri>n>
Mm with hi* corroipDndi'Ql In tIsw at lb* sruil auiuuni of sniuity wbich Km*-
mu* litd exclltil i^niDit bimxlf, *' tlnce mtre tiun.ui tlnuc lueb ■* youn ii
llMaBcient tor tueli butdeni." The l*ply of Rrafliius, llioitcli d1|^Iilul in Ion*,
(bow* liow dotply be waa offended. In SepHmbcr ol the tame year be gav*
way to thii iin|>urtiiniii» (>( llic op|>oneflIa ot Lnlhcr and wmle lil> book ill
Ulem Aitilrio, iihiiih wu fulli<iTsd lir an ucriininiioUK coutroreny. From
Ma llm* lAlhei <I«inunm blni Hltboul rr->trve. lle<iLtli Eravniiulhat "viHl
rain uima)" (tlu Wdle, til. n8|. prtdicli Ibal hd <r!i "[all bdwecs w«
rniA- iJM.. tVii uid cbaruUrim him lii Ibe maunei iiakd abort.
188 LtrntCS AXD the SERMAX RCfVRUATlOlt.
ChuTtth. It c»al4l not ci>nic fruin liti^raturo. Krnxinua
could assail Uie outworks, sticti ua the follies of ttionki-r)',
but tlic principlus out of which tlicsd ubuoxiuiis pi-acticca
tmd grown, lie would toudi only m> far nit it could be
dona without danger to hiinaelf mid n-ilhout disturbiuioo.
lAiUii;r Irnd bocu himself Ji monk, iiol like Erasmus fur a
brief time aitd tbrough compulHion, but of ci)oic4>, witli tk
Iinifoiinil inward consccrutioti. IIoLud personally tested,
with all sincerity and earncstnv.s.1, tin; pn^vuiling systiMn
of roligioii, uiitii bo disoi-rned tlie wrung foundations on
wtiich it nwtwl. He saw tlmt llio treo must Iw madof^od
buforo the character of the fruit could be ch:ing>.>d. And
them wtu still II vitjility in the old system with wbicli the
venpons of Kmsnius wore quite iiiHuflicient to copo. It
ia hnmiliatinf; to see him r<«orting to the Pope's legate,
and then to the Pope hinuelf, for leave to rend tlie
writings of Luther. It is aofe to a^irm that tlie Era»>
mtan »cho»l would vvcntuitUy have been driven to the
ToU by tlie monaatio party, whicli sooner or Uter would
bavo conihuied its energies ; and that without the stonier
battle waged by l.ntluT, the literary reformers, with tlieir
lukewarm, equivocal {>osition in relation to fundamentAl
principles v.-uuld hiive sueenmbed to the terrors of the
In([uinilioi). Then.) was certjiin to be an unnuii^l, iui-
plttcablo eamwtncn on the papnl side ; u like spirit waa
reqnirtsl in the cause of reform. At the witne time, jdB*
aix to Erasmus requires tliat ho should be judged rathet
by his relation to the preceding age, tliiui by cnmpari-
toa with Luther.i The forerunner is not to be weighed
by the sUmdanU of the er.i which he hiu huj^e;! to in-
troduce.
Aa we havo touched on the personal traits of Luther aa
a evntroventinlist, it is well to a<ld here tliat of all men
he may most easily be misrepresented. A man of imagi'
nation and feeling, with intetiso cnnvictiona that bumetf
> ainoH, OlrilA tern i/slMo, ^ 4U.
THE I'F^&Airrs' WAK.
188
for utterance, he never took paina to m«a»iiru Us Un*
g(uig«. Hu put fortli liis (loclrino in ittartliiijj, [laraJox*
ical forma, out of which a colil-bluoiU'd critk', or iirtful
polemic could cwily niiiku coalriulictit»iiM aiitl ulisuidltua.
In this respect, he was as artless and careless as th«
writ«r» uf ilm Biblu. Like l^util, and o>i tlio whm
grouuiU, lie Iiha been ctuii^ed with faroriii^ an aiiti-
noii]iuii laxness and pontive immorality. It is a iJiarge
which vituuiatet from tgiioraiic« or malice. It is fre-i
qiieutly made by plodders who are iiiaipablt; of intei^
prcting tlic fwrvid utti-raiian, of eiitm-iiig into the pro-
found coni'optious of it man of genius, but aw simply
sh(><:kuil by them.'
(hiii oLlier ev<:iit o[ whioJi we have to apeak is the
Pi*.iiHiint8' War. The ]iri-iicli!iig of Luther luid Itis iuho*
ci^iCi'K produced ineTitably a ferment, in which tendencies
to souiftl dijsurtlcr might easily acquire odditioual furcL-.
The discontent of tlin nobU^s or knightit with the priuc^J
sought to ally itself with the new zeal in behalf of a
pure Gospel ; but this revolt was brought to wii «^iid by
tlie defeat and death of Fraucis of Sickingen. The di»-
iiffoction of the peitsiints, on account of tlio opprea.iioQ
under irhich they suffered, had long existed. It hud iud
in auvcml iiii«tuuces to open insurreetton. Long before
tile Reformation llniro had be«it mingled with thesa^
{Mililtcal tundcnciea n reli^oos element.^ But their dis-'
content was fomented by the Hpriftd uinoug them of the
I.utherui doctrine of Christian liberty, from which thoy j
drew uifen^-noiM in accord with their own lupinitions,
and by the popular excitement which tJie Reformation
kindled. There was a secular and religious side to Uie
rerolt. Heavier burdens had been laid upon the laboring
class by their lay and ecctc«iagtical mustere. Tlie forcible
* The eriUcl-itm n( lliMmn iipoa Lothrr, l<<i;rih(ir >[lh tha amntaui Mal*>
BMU at Sir Willtum Hnuiiliun, art UnmiglLT umruvd b]r ftirhitrrnn Qm%
VUiiotlkm e/Liti\tr, Vic. (U «d., \U*).
* liMk*. I. HIT.
1^4
LUniEl AND TBK QUttUMi BKFftRUATIOX.
prarion of tbo orat^Iicol doctrioQ wm an addod grie
Their mil of coniplnitiU c«rrk« va fiirWiirJ to the
of the Freuch Revolution ; nor can it be qu<.<etioited
th«t many of thorn <»llc<l loudly for redress.' Ltither
bad much sympathy with tln-Tn ; he. ndviowl mutual con-
oveeiotu ; but ho vcua inflexibly and on principlv opposed
to a resort to arm». H« had cminschtd Sickingen and
Huttijn agaioBt it.* In gen<>ral he act hiii tacc aguinst
ev«ry attempt to romovu tho cnum of reform from the
areua of dtaciiHsion to the fivUX of battle. What would
fbocome of schools, of teachii^, of prcAcliinL;, hu Kiid,
'when ODCO the sword wiu druirn ? It wn-i a part of his
deliberate resolution to keep the minds of m«n upon the
main qui^'Stions in controversy, that thurc might ha an in-
Lvlligont, enhghtened, free adoption of the truth. The
I peasantn, he hold, had no right to make an insiirroction.
Like tite early Christtanif, he felt that it vras a spirit-
oal agency and not force that could gire to the truth a
real %-ictory. He wanted to keep tho can«o of God dear
of the entanglements of worldly prudence and worldly
power. Hence, when their great roholHon broke out, in
1524 and 1525, ho exhorted the princes to put it down
with a strong hand. He saw, in tlie event of the success
of it, nothing hut the destruction of ciril order and a
wild reign of fanaticism.' The abolition of all existing
Buthoritj- in Clum^Ii and state, equality in rank luid in
property, wni-e a part of the peasants' creed. If the fact
of the revolt, cvidwitly occasioned as it wan, to some ex-
tent, by the Reformation, produced a t«in]>t>ntry reaction
t Hteaw. Cm*. 4. XfiMt <t ft./., p. 103 k(\. : Rinkr. AnuarAa (•VV 1. 184.
* UtMT U Sp&litia (January IS. I&3I ). I>i> Wrtie, i. &U.
■ V^akr, HtvUdii Gtc}i.,i. 140. WaddlitKloii lil. Ifit H»i.),an<l oilier wrlun,
ictmn I.ulh«r wllb mutfa wurerilf t«r hli donimclntlon of tho poauniL Del
LuUinr cDiMldtNil that then wa* a fearful cruli, in Htiicli l\xe tnnnd*UnM«l
<aci*l]r vin In p«ril. Tba inmuTMUuii wan nrf larmlilablc in nomtian aaS
THE PEASANTS WAB.
185
ftgtunst it, tliis effect wns <liniiiuflhed by the oatApokcn,
8tn>nnous oppcMitioii wliicli Lntlior irnA mrulu to the: ill-
tatfA ciiUirpriM'.. I'tii' Rcformntion U not leapDiisil^le for
the Peasants' War. It would liuvo tnJcen pisoe if tlie
Protestant tloctriiK^H liail not bet-n pre-ached; and it woa
cnusetl l)y inveterate abuses for which the ecclesiastical
priaccs in Germany, by tbeir extortions and tyniuj,
were chiefly accoontatiLo.
CIlArTEB V
THE GEBMAN BEFOBMATtOX TO THS PBACB OF AUOB<
BCKO, 1555: ZWINOI.B AND THE SWISS (OKltMAK)
R8P0KMAT1ON.
At the time when LntJior wms beginning to attract the
Btt«nti»u ol Kurope, nnotJier reformatorr movement, of a
type Bomowhflt pcctiliiir, wuit springing up on ii more oon-
tnoted theatre. In the llft«enth century, the Snriss,
whoso military strt.^ngtli liad boon developiMl in their long
nntl victorious struggle for indcperidoneo, and who bad
done mudi to revolutionize the art of war by ehowing
tbttt inftintry might be more than a match for cavnlry,
were employed in largo numbera, as meroeiiary soldiera,
in Italy. The Pope and thu French King wi-rc the chief
competitors in efforts to secure these valuable Auxiliaries.
The moans by which this was accomplished wore dft.
moralizing in tbeir influence upon the country. Tbe
foreign potentates purcbasod, by bribes and pensions,
the cooperation of influenlial persona among the Swiss,
and thus corrupted the spirit of patriotism. The patron-
age of tbe Church was used in an unprincipled manner,
for the furthenince of tliis worldly interest of the Pope.
Ecolesiastical discipline wa.s sftcrifleed, profcnni-nls and
indalgences lavishly bestowed, in order tljat tlie hardy
peasantry might Iw i-iiticod from their homes to fight hi«
battles in the Italian peninsula, lliese brought home
from their campaigns vicious and lawless habits. At the
■ame time, in consequence of what tliey witnessed in
XWINGLE'S EDCOA-nOK.
18T
Italy, much of tlioir rcvcKncc for ttio rulers of Uio Church
was dispelled. 'Vbe corrupt adiiiuiU>Lmtioii of the Church
bnd u like efTt-ct on their countrymen who ii'inuincd at
homo. Thus there n'as a combinntion of iigcmcioa wliich
operated to d<!ba.se the morals of the Swiss people, at th& .
ttame time that tlioir snpcrttitious uw« for ecck-sia&tical I
BUpenora was vaiiiahing. The influence of ttie literary
I'liUiiro of the ngi_% niso, mndo itself felt in Switzerland.,
High BcliooU had sprung np in various eitlttH. A circle of'
men who were intere«ted ia classical literature and were
gnnhmlly aoqtiiriiig moro enUghtenod idens in religion
liitd their centre in Basel, whero Eraamus took up hif
ahode in 151G and became tliuir acknowkMlgcd ht-ad.'
Ulricli Zwingle, the founder of ProtestantL-im in Swit-
zerland, was horn on the Ist of January, 1484, in Wild-
hauH. nn obscure town sittuitttd high on the inountaina
whirli overlook the valley of Toggouburg. He was only
n fow wt.'fks younger than Luther. The father of
Zwingle was the principal magistrate of tlic town.'
Young Zwuigle spont liis boyhood at home, until he waaj
iM^nt to school flntt at Basel, and then at Berne. ltnght>T
tnindcd and eager for knowU-dge, he was also early dis-
tinguished for his love of trutli, which never cciuted t*) l»o
one of the marked virtues of his character. Like Luther,
ho had an extraordinary talent for music. Ho h-nmcd
afterwards to play on various instrumentti. Among hia
tSBOciates at the University of Vienna, whore he was first j
placed, was the famous Kck ; an<l at Itiutcl. to whicbj
place be was transferred, Capito and Loo Juda, who wer
to bo his confederates in the work of reform, were amon]}
htft fellow-students. Here his principal teacher waa
Thomas Wyttonhacli, a iiuin of libenil tundcncicH, as well
M of devout character, who predicted the downfall of
> Th«n vu ■ lIKrMj pubtl:. Set U»nk^ DtnUdi. fffcA., U. 4D, 41.
* Bm tb* arntunc n! r.mmgia'* (amllr In ths ticrllonl I>1fi)^(Aj tt 3,0
THE XWtNGUAK KKFOSMATION.
the Bcliotastic theology, and imparted impulace to lin
pupils wliii:Ii oruiitiuilly i.-arriwl tlicm U-yond liis t«rn
podtion. Zwingle waa a zoaloug aUideiit of the LjitiD
claKsics, und iiftur becoming a putor »t Glnru», lie pr
nit«d the reading of the Roinan niitliorii. pnrtly for tlwl
tnith wliich he loved to sank ht them, and partly to ma
himself an orator. Ht) e»t«red, aUio, with diligeiioe upon
thi; study of Greek. lie uirofully copied with his own
hand the epintles of Paul in th(i Mrigitial, tliut he might
have them in a portable volume and commit them to
mi-mory. More mid more he devot<>d liiinwlf to tho
exainiiuktioR of the Dible and deferred to its authority.
He read the Fnthera, sa eonnselors, not as authorita-
tive giiiden. He was obliged to leave Gtarua, on aecoiint
of hia bold opposition to the ^tem of ponsiona and uf
mercenary (•ervice under the French. Zwlitgle was a
thorough putriot from his early boyhootl. He listened by
tile lieiutli^tnno ti.) talcs of gallant work done by his rein
tives and townsmen in the recent war against Clinrlcs
Burgundy. As he grvw older ho witnessed the delete ^
rious effect of (ho French influence, to whicli we h«v6
adrerttid. Ue saw, moreover, the low conditi<Hi of morals
■imong the clergy, and became more alive to the dcplor>
able state of things from tho bitter compunction which
kbia own compltanco with temptation in a single instanoo,
'post htm.' At flrat he did not look upon military service
which was rendered at the ciU of the I'ope, the Head of
the Chnrch, witli tlie same disjipprobation which he felt
in regard to tho French. He even accompanied his
parLihinners to war, and was prt-sttnt on the field of
Marignano. He, moreover, thought it no wrong to re-
ceive a pension from the Fope, which was lirat given him
for the purchase of books. But hia pubhc opposition at
> Liirn wid A»tfcviiilt4 St\r^tn J. VOer a. Btgrimdtr d. R</. KiiA* '
Chtu«^«1, BMrttA JSittagh, Uitm «. Jw^wOUm ^dkrf^m, LU
dtrnt X^tinglU, viB-M HO-
ZWIKOLK On>OS£S TDK SALE OF INDCLGCXCES.
189
GlaruB to tlie French piirty, wliich was Ktrong Uiere,
obliged hint tu 1eKV« and to tak« tip liia abode at a
■mailer place, Ein&iedeln, where he took the oSicu u(
pastor and pn-achcr in thu Church of thu Virgo Eremi-
taiin — Virgin of the Honuitage. This was in 1616,
Here vas a cloister as well ua a cliurdi, witli a Htora of
Ic^gends. It was tho chief rcsoi't of pilgrims from all tlte
odjaceat region. Indulgpnces were Ubontlly beittowod,
and au image of Mnr>', of peculiar aanctity, attmcted
crowds of deroteea. Zwingle, witliouc dlivctly assailing
tlie worship of thu Virgin, preached to tlie throiig d
Ttsiton the docCruie of salvation by Christ, and of hii
mercy and sufficiency as a Saviour, which Iiad beeu mote <
and mori! imprtwcd on lila mind by the inveatigation at-*
the Scriptures. Ihe people felt that they were bettring '
tMiw truth, aiul a striking effect waa produced on many.
He had now fully made up bis mind to go to the Word
of Ood a« the ulUmato authority, in pn-furencu to tho
dt^mas of men. To individuala, to hia friend Capito and
to Cardina] Sitteo, he stated lltiit li<: found in tlie Serip-
tims no foundation for the rule of the Papacy.' He
even said to Capito, in 1517, that he Oiought tlio
Papacy most bill. In liJ18, he jireached against one
Sanuon, who, like Tetzel, was a peddler of indulgences,
so that the tnifBc was stopped in tint Canton of Scliwoitz,
and SamsoD obliged to decamp. In ITilO, owing very
miich to tho iuflucnee of leading opponents of the French
party, Zwinglo was traiuft^'n-od to tlie Cathedral Church
of Zurich, tlien a city of about seven thousand tDhabit-
anta. Here bo curried out his piirjiosCi whiob ho an-
nounced at the outset, of expounding the Uible to hia
h«ai«r», and of inculcating the truth which ho found tlicnx
To this way, in sermons which were heard by a innltituda
with eager inter«;st, he went through the Oo»iiel of Mat-
thew. He explained, also, th(< epistles of Paul ; anti for
I ciui*toat^i.M.
140
TIIE ZWISGLIAN BEI'OnilATION.
tt>tir tliat some voald Iulvo Ion reciXKit for Paul, lu hu
not OIK! of UiQ twelve, he showed Uic identity of Fetef^i
doctrine by aii exposition of his epistles. Ho had great
power a» a prc-ndior : one of his hearers said that it
seemed to him Uiat Zwingto Iteld him by the hair of his
head. When Samson appeared witti hi» indtilgeuot'it (in
1519), he ng^n denounced him nnd his trade, and was
supported in lits oppCNutiuii by the Bishop of Constani^e,
to whom Samnon liod neglected to exhibit Iiia credentials ;
so that the friar was domed ponnisnon to vend his -vramB
in Znrieh. Zwingle was a man of rohtist licaltli, cheer-
fnl wtititonanoe and kindly manners, affable with all
classes ; a man of indvfutigiible indiisti'v, yet enjoying
dom«>t(tiu life to the fuU — lie was married in 1524 — ai>d
fond of spending an evening at the inn, in familiar con-
versation witli magistrates or leading citlxens, or with
strSDgvni who happened to be present,' Upright, hmo-
bln before God, but fearless bufnro mi-n, devoted to the
work of 11 preacher and pastor, but talcing an active |iart
in whatever concerned the well-being of his country,
Zwingle acquired by dcgrvcs, tliotigh not without oppo-
ntaon and ocoa-tiotml exposure to extreme danger, a OOD-
trolling iuiluonce in Zurich. A turning point in bis
career was tlio public disputation, whicli was held at his
own requt.-8t, undi-r the auspices of the government of
Zurich, on the 'iOtli of January, 1523, in the grpat
Council Hall, where he had proposed to defend himself
ligaimt all who clioso to bring against him chai-ges of
heresy. He had really won the buttle beforehand, in
penunding the Council to take the part of judges, and to
have all qu^-ations decided by n-fei-cnce to the Scriptures
alone. In an open space, in the midst of an asaembly of
more tlian i°ix hundred men, he sat by a table, on which he
t"SFrlliv( jwcii iniwnil vl \iiAat: nam inRi'iiIo Bmocnut, cl ere JatnuuhM
ni|nm(iiiam diH pcvuit, tral. D«in mi»)M« mnnii e«irri* inMTt.x«DCa ptrdl-
<)dl ciexiRuH, nim nitj ii[ inntnia Mrii* illh il^faliRaloct ncrHri etad ••
auallari>din poiMi." Myooniiu, rilii ItM. Zwinglii, iii.
I
■
I
3!W1XCI.F,*S THEOLOGlCAt. PBISCirLKS.
141
had placed th« Helti^iw and C5 rtx'k Sn-ijrturvs wid ib« Latis
»ion. HiH triiiinpliaiit maintenance of liiH opinioita
linst liLi fl^ftIll(,' ;i!WuiL-iiits. rosultod in an injunction from
tL« Cuuncil to persevei'e in ]>rcacliiiig from tin; Scriptiir«a
alone, nnc] u liko command to all the clergy to t«ach
nothing which Um Soriptnrt-s do not warniiit. In this
corifvrciic« bo defended sixty-seven propositions which
were leveled agiiinst the sy»t«in of the Roman Catholic
Chiirdi. The authority of the Gospel is aiibatittitvd for
the authority of the Church ; the Church is declared to
be the communion of the faithful, who Iiave no head but
Christ; snlvutioii is through faith in Him as the only
priest and intercessor ; the I'apftcy and tlie maso, invoca-
tion of saints, justification by works, fasts, festivals, pil-
griinagm, monastic orders and the priesthood, auricular
confession, abaolutjon, indulgences, penances, purgatory,
imd indeed all tbo characteristic pecub'fiiities of tim Ito-
man C»thiilic crimed and cultns arn n'jo<rti'.d. Jurisdic-
tion over tJie authorities of the Church is claimed for the
civil miiRistnitcs.' A<;tiin, i;i another disputation, bcfoni a
much more numerous audience, on the 26th of Ot't<)lHfr
foIlowiiij», he oht:iiiH>d a decrrco of tlio Council against
tlie UM! of iIn[^Tcs and the sacrilico of the mass. After a
severe contest, lie «stabliHhod tlie prindple tliat the fasts
of tins Church are optional, not obligatory. In all tlu>
changes of tJiis Kort, radical us thoy wcr«, extending even
to the disuse of the organ in the minster, Zwinglu pro
ceeded t«mpcrutely, with the same regard to weak con-
tciences which LuUior had shown, and taking care that
everything alionld be done in m oi-derly mnntier, and by
public authority. Like liUther, he hud a conti^t to sus-
tain witli Anabaptist enthuBiasts. Zurich, w^pnratod
from the jurimUclion of the lli«liop of Consl.-tnce, bt>oam«
s Church, at the head of which wcru ttin magistrates,
who were propk'r representatives, in Zwinglc's view, of
the body of the congTcgntion (l**-"^)*
• Xirliut1t,4)»M>i,vli. lUnus. /iMl-/.'>><^<:l.iin>";!<rliit;ti." svilLTia
143
YIK ZWDtOLUS BSrOBJUTIUI.
I
I
In 1525 Zwingle publuli«d bit prinea^ work, Ikt^
" Cnmniiiotwy cin True luwl FiUae Religion," wliicU
ik<lii»t«d to Francis I.; aai, about the aiDn time,
ln!ati«« on nnginul md. In th<«o and otfa«r wrilinga h*
*nt fortli ilia tlii-oliigiojil ij'&tuni. In most points h^- coin-
<M<Ira witb tilt! UHiuii ProUatunt doctrinu. But, tu will
bu vxplainMl, (i« depurtcd hrtbcr from tbe old Bjratea ittj
Ilia ooooe^ition of the sacnunenta ; hu ascribwl to thMa a'
Iwu iRi|>ortiint ruiictioQ; and be conodered original «n
m rllM>r(J(-r rather than a state inrolving guiU.' It la :
iitiirkiibln lliat iCwinglL-in bis philosophywai a
nnrittn of im BXtnme type, and anticipated Calrintsat io
aroivinK tli« tuprabipsuniui tuuet; in this particolu gou
iMiyiiiid AiiKiiAlIiii'. litil btf held that Christ haftrcdeotac
thn L-ntln' noc, which liu b«oa lost in Adam ; and tbafc
irifatiU, not only Hiicb lu are unbaptized in Christian
toiwUi but Iht* olTii]>riii|j of the hcutben, nUo, are vM
Mived. Monwver, hu (ltd not accept the prevailing belief
in tlia itnivpnuil cnndcinnation of the heathen. Tbojfat-
luifjcn of .S<;ripturu wliich M;cin to iwsert this ho n^pirded
lis inlvndnd to apply only to snch as hear tbe Gospel and
triUfully rojiiot it. 'Die divine election and the illumina-
tioD of the Spirit am not confined, he thought, wiihin the
t^rele of revoaled religion, or to those who receive the
Word nitd Hoanuiiunt). The virtues of heathen tage* oiid
huroen are due to divine grace. By grace they were led
to iffioruM faitli ill Qud, A Soc-ratca. he says, waa more
ptuna and hnly tlum all I>omintc:ui.i aitil Fnuiviwwis, On
Uio cntologue of aiiinte with the patriaivhs and propheta
fH th4) Old TonUintont he associateB, beaidis Sovrutea, the
naniiii of tlin Sdpios, CaniiUus, Ine Catos, Kuma, Arista-
df, 8<'»i>4-a, I'ijidar, uvvin Thtwus and Hoivulus.* The
> IIU (flnlnm nn Itili luVlMt TUiad raninrlial >l dillcniiE llnas. 8m ZiMtr,
D»t iknJ. Sf$l. Xvimi/Ut d»fs<tUai (Alxtnich «hi Jahru. ISM, TSmI. JoMh
■ nM KtrpaM*. Optra, iv. St. *■ Kon tuit vir boDiu, Don ttit nvnt
«tm lld*11t iiilnM, lb i[nq muiiitl uunlio luqui ul (Ju* MnaimnnA^iicsi, ■
M* il* Mhla lAUd Itto lUrwm."
^
THE REFORUATIOK SPREADS FHOll ZL'BICH. 148
lli8«MK« of Zwingle's liomaiustio cnlture U obvious in
diis portion of Ma teaching. ** Hu hud busied biiuseU,"
says Ncaiulcr, " with tbe study of nntiquity, for whicL h«
had a predilection, and bad not tbe right ciiterioa for
dlstingu lulling the vUiical stnudii^-point uf Ciimtiitnity
&rom that of the ancients." '
Fnm Zurich Uw ]t«fonnation siiread. lu Tiusol it had
for A leader (Eoolampadiua, who had belonged to the
adiool of Eni8mu«, voa an crudito schokr of mild tempOTi
and in biii general tone resenibled Melanctlion. In tliat
ci^ it gained the upper hand in 1«'29. In Borne it ^vas
eetublii^ii^d after a great public disputation, at which
Zwijigte waA present, in 1628. Tbe same change toob
place in St. Gall and SchailhiiuKuu.
TbtB ecole«iastical revolution waa at th« same time a
political one. There was a contest between the republi-
cun and ntfuruting piirty on tbo onu hand, who were beat
on purifying the country from tlie affects of foreign Ldp
fluonce, from the corruption of moraU and of i)atriotisni
which had resulted Itota tliat uiurcc, and an obgiLrcby,
on the other, who clung to their pcnsioos, ajid to the sys-
tem of mercenary service with which their power was
oooneoted. The party of Zwinglu went contending for
a locial and national reform, on a religious foundation.
They aimed to make tbe Ooapel not only a source of
hgbt and life to tlie individual, but a renovating power in
the body politic, for effecting tlic reform of tbo social lif«
and of die civil oi^nization of the country.
We Imvo now to coiiiudur the rebition of the Lutbcrao
and Zwingban movements to one another. There were
* Oefme»jrti-h'fhIt, IL SU. On thli Inpic NNnilor h*« uritlcn ui abl* di^
MMinn: Bttr Jai VirS-llnUr J- htBrmtelmi EAit otr ClrulHtitn i WitMo.
chatlt. Abbuidliingen, p. 1(0. Il bid Dot been unmmmon rnrUiv •Iricl^tl linmM
CWhoba la bcllem In ihv td milon of Ariatatli. Ot Zntinclu, lltiiri iiUnia
ujnUtUoirt dt Fntuft, viil. 1M|! "On poul raiuid'rnr IVutto >le Zuinjfli
wnme le pUu pDlauii rftorl ((ui tU Ut pour unctlller i> K*aaiuaiic* it I'qqIi
ab 8«Ionne tn Jteii CIiiuL"
144
TUB ZWWGLLUt RKFOllMATIM.
grctit (lilTiirvnovs bvtwvcn Ute tvo leadon. Lutlier luul,
•o to flpestk, liret) inU) the system of the Latin Chuivli to
» ilfgrv^ that vnM not trui* in the uum of Zwii^c, Out
of profound ftgitatinn, through long mental etrugglds, in
wliich lie roceived little aid or dirvction from abrtMid,
I,utii<^r hiul como out of tiie old nyatem. It n-as n prooea
of personal experience with which his int«lIoct«al i-nlight-
cnuiiMit k<>pt i>:icn. One truth, tJiat of luilvatiou by ^ith,
ta contrast \rith aalvation by the merit of works, stood
prominently bufore tlie «yos of Lnthw. The method o(
forgiveiieaa. of reconciliation mth God, had been with
him, from his early youth, the onu engroaring prtibleni.
Tln^ H'lation of th« individual to Qod had absorbed his
tlioughlu and moved his nensihilitios to tbfi lowest deptlin.
Tim riinuudatiou of tht^ authority of th4« Cliiin-li was an
act to whidi nothing would have driven him but the force
of hill convictions respncting tho ccntml truth oi jiitttjflcn'
tion by fciith alone. The course of Zwingle's personal
development had bc«n different. Of cheerful temper and
foml of his classics, he had felt no inclination to tlie mo-
nastic life. He came out of tlio Erasmian school. The
authority of tlio Church never had a very strong hold
npon him, even before he erplicltly qne«tion«l the validity
of it. As ho i*ti)(livd the Soriptiuva ajid felt th*'ir power.
he «i«ly gave to them the allegiance of his mini] and
hcnri.. It cost him little inward effort to cast oS what-
ever in the doctrinal or eccleaiaiiticnl system of the Latin
Church appeared to him at variance with the Bible or
with oommoD sense. In his mind there n-ni« iii> hiird con-
flict vith on eetablishod prejudice. It wauUl be very
unjiMt to deny to Zwingle religious cHnicstiiem ; but the
coarse of his inward life waa snch that, although he
heartily accepted the priiicijdo of justification by faith,
be had not the same vivid idea of its tmnsccndent impor>
tanee which Lutlicr liiid. Zwinglr, a bold and independ
tot student, took the Uible for liiit diiirt, nnd wax di>
LOTHKR XHl> 7.WlN()t^ OOUPARED.
14A
tarred by no scniplea of latent i-wrcrence from abruptly
discarding uitnf^vi* wliii-h tint liil>l<> <li<l not. ftanction. Whilo
Lutlier was disposed to leave iintoi]p|i(.-d what tlie Uible
(lid not pmliibit, Zwiiigb; \viis more imHincd to reject
what the Bible did not nnjoin. Closely related to this
diffoivnco in jxTsonal cbnnict«>r, is tlio very iiii[K>i-t»nt di-
veraity in the nJnis of the two reforrnerx. Luther \raa
practical, in om; eonso of the term ; he sympathized with
tlic hoini^ly foolitigA, tut Itc \vn.i inniiUtr of Llu; homely Iftn-
goage of the people. No man knew better how to reach
their hearts. He wii» n German who was inspired with
a national sentiment, and tndigniuitly resented tJie ^vronga
inflicted upon his country. But his aim was throughout
n distinctly rftligioua on<t. He di-ew a sharp lino between
the function wliich he conceived to lielong to him, aa a
preacher and thL^olof;iiin, und the sphere of political ac-
tion. Alwrirbi'd in tin; truth which he considered the life
and soul of the Goapel. iind intent Upon propagating it,
ho had no speciiil aptitude, for the organization of the
ChureJi ; much leas did he meddle witJi the affairs of civil
govcniinent, except in the character of a minister, to on-
)oin obedienoo to established authority. Zwingle's aim
and work were so diverse, bis turn of mind and his cir-
cumstnnc<^« being so diffenjiit, thjtl Ltitlior and tlie other
Saxon tlieologiana were slow in understanding him and in
doing justice to liim.' Zwingle was n jiatriot and a sociiil
reformer. The salvation of his country from misgovern-
ment and immontlity was an end, insoparabl?, in his
mint), from the effort to bring individuals to tlie pmcticol
acei-ptanco of the Gospel.' Tlie Swiss people must bo
lifteil up from their degeneracy ; and the instrument of
1 Tbar* It In txcdlcnl uiaf liy 0nnJ«hae*n, JTh* Ck-tratitriilit UlrUk
^Vfaplfi •- xinn Itr/amntitnut('ir4 mnlir rcy'riViiiay mil iMlher Dad
(Mm. Bladte» n. KrUiita. ma. 4
S 0( bU aluck upon tti> lyrUni of r«iiiont, hit trirad Mjrcoaini tt^:
'* Hdoc vidabat CuDc dcniiiin ilwTriiiai coflwti iDciim fu'ruum, ub! roiumalania
^Mt •xluuilui Ddinlani."— Vila JTinnjlB, ir.
10
rOB ZAINGLIAN RCPOilUATION.
lo!tig UiU VIM the tnitb of tlic Biblo, to bo iippliciJ
only to the individual iu Lib penonnl relalimu to God, '
j^ut also to corri->ct abuiies in tliu social uad civil lifu of ihu
Theec grew out ot »«iljQalutew, au<] tb«n) was ao
' wiri! for that sate in the Word of God, Mter Z^viii^le
reuouuced tli« Popu'ti pension, und docllnod his iliittvrii^
oSjot to mak*> it Urger, aud took his aiUuad iigaiuai foreign
liulluouoe, come from what quarter it might, which at-
' teiood its ends ut tlie vost of natiotud corniptiou, ho n>-
MMnblud in hi» position, in his miitgled patriotittm and
piety, tJie old Hebrew prophets. " The Cardinal of Sit-
teii," he said, " with ri^ht wuArs a red liat and oluuk ;
you Imvo only to wring them and you will behold the
bl(;od I'f your nearest UuHinen dripping from thcro!"
Ilo would luivv the Swi« abttnin fi-oin all tlieso dbhooo^
able, pemioioua alliances.
The qtuftUon of priority as to time, bcbweon Lntlicr'a
moTttiiiont and that of Zwingle., Itiut oIt«iu been discuMud.
Zwingle asserted with truth that faia opinions concerning
the authority of tlic ScripturcH and thu method of salva-
tion, wen; formed iudupeiideutly of the induonoe of Luther.
It is teas tluit, independently of Luther, Zwingle, as
early as 1618, pruached against tho Mtlu of indulgenoos.
But tlio exprcssiona of Zwingle on these topics were mob
as might bo hioird ebiuwliore from other good men. b
lis mAtter he had the aiti>port of tho Bishop of Con*
9, and did not incur the displeasure of Leo X., who
hiul, perhaps, learned moderation from the occurrcnciM in
Saxony. The great point in Latlior's case wiis his cnlUs*
ion with tho ituUiority ot the Church. It is justly claimed
for Luther that he broke tJte jiath in this mouuuitoua and
puriloWF c'Oiillivt. When Luther was put under Uio ban
of the Churdi, Zwingle wax still the rpcipimit ot a im.-ii-
5on from the Pope, When Luther at Woniis, in the
'1UD6 of the Gi?rmiui Emjtirt-. rcfu»L-d to euhmit to th«
Hith<mty of Pope or Council, Zwmgle had not yet beet
THB EUCUAIUSTIC COKTKO^'EICST.
147
I
■erioiuly attuckcd. As Uitc aa 1523 he recwvctl a com-
pluiientary letter fixim Fopt- AtlHaii V'l. Zwingle friim
the begbning was tn-ated with tho utmost forbearance,
front Uie concern of the p»pul court for it» political and
selfish interests. These circumstances involve nothing
ducrvditnhlc to Swingle, when tliu wtiuli; history ot his
relations to the Papacy is understotKl. But tUcy ilcnion-
Btratv that thu distinction of sounding the trumpet of
revolt aguinat U>e Itoinan see belongs to tlio Snxon ro-
fonnct, Luther's voice, which was heard in every country
of Kuropc, rtuKihcd the vullvys of Switxerhmd. It Avas then
that Zwingle was chained bj his enemies with Ixiln^ n
foUower of Luther. This he denied, at the same time
that he avowwi his ngrei>ment with I'UtJiur in the great
points of doctrine, and courageously spoke of him in
terms of warm priu«c. But it waa tho noise of tlie battlo
whidi Lutlier was wnging that opuiiod the uyus of men
to the real di-ift of Zwingle's teaching.
All unhii])py i>vnnt for Uio cuuso of the Reformation
was the outbreaking of the great contrDveray hctwfun the
Lutherans and the Swiss, upon iIr^ Eucharist. In 1<'>24,
nt tlie very time when tlie division of (leiinany into two
hostile parties, Protestant and Catholic, was taking place,
tha evnngvliciil furccs were weakened by this intes^n«
conflict.' The doctrine of transuhstantiation is not a dotv
trine of tlie ancient Clnirch. Tlie view of Augustine,
which was tliat a spiritual power is imparted to thu brc»d
and wine, luinlc^ua to the virtue supposed to inhere in
he hapti»mu1 wiit«r, long prevailed in the Latin Church,
even after the more extreme opinion had been broachixl
by John of Diunasciis and thu Greek theologians. This
b evident from tlie effect that was produced when literal
transubstuutiationi or tlio con\x-niion of tho bread and
wine into the body and blooil of Christ, was adroattad
in the ninth century by Riidburt, tho Abbot of Corv*jr.
> Eukc, Dttutk. Ok*, ii. U.
118
THL ZWIMOLIAM KlirOKUAriOM.
Hiia theory was opposed W hU oontemporarics, Rabanni
Mminu and by Kutruiiiniis, who ndherMl to Uie views of
Atigiiatine, The bread and wino nourish tlio body, bat
thv spiritual pover itnpurtod to tlieni — the sjiiritual
body of Cliri»i, of whidi tliey are the sigD — is received
by fnith nnd nourishes the Boul to un immortAt life. In
the cicTuntli ootitiiry, the view of Radbcrt hitd so fur
giuncd the ascendency that Berengar, who di'lendud tlie
more micient thvory, was condcmnod, iLlthoiigh it waa
ciaimed Uiat lib opinion vas favored by Ilildebnmd.
Trutiflubstaiitintion. the chango of snbstnnce, was defended
by tilt' Icaidin^ Mcliooliucn of the tliirtocnth century, and
vras niade an article of faith by the fourth Lateran Coiin-
dl, in 121>'>, under Innocent HI.
Tlio Itoformera, with one accord, denied this dogma,
together vritli Uiu )t.-tMi)i:iiit^-d doctrine of the socrifitnal
character of t]ie Eucharist. Hut in other respeeta they
wurc not agreed among thuiusolTeB. Luthor afTmncd tlie
actual, objecti^'e presence of the glorlfii^d bo<:ly and htood
of Christ, in connection with the bread and wine, so that
the body and blood, in sonn- mysterious way, arerwjeivcd
by the commuiiie.-iitt whether ho be a believpr or not. It
is tho doctrine of two substancM in tho sacrament, or con-
substnntintion. His <loctrine included a h^■\\^•f in the
tibiqutty of tlio human nnture of the ascended Christ.
Zwingle, on tlie contrary, luid coino to consider tli« Lonl'n
Suppt-r us having principally a nniemonio significance ;
as a symbol of Uio atoning death of Clirist and a token or
pledge — as a ring would be a piedg»> — of its continual
efficacy.' A middle ^•icw, which waa that of Calvin, though
BDggested by others before him, wuh that of a rt-Jtl but
spiritual reception of Christ, by the believer alone, whero-
\iy there is imp!antt>d in the houI Uic gcrin of a glorified
body or form of being like tliat of Christ. In tliis view
the dcm<uit« are the symbol, tJio ]ite<lge, or nuthentic&-
> Thlt Idea of k Ulua er plnilc*, howervr. 1i« nran drappRL Uuribobr, L'. Ill*
LUTBKR R BOSTIUTY TO THE SACRAUESTARIAKS. 149
don of UiP grace of God tlin-mgli tlm ilvaUi of Citrist]
ftnd at tlic Eumn time to tlie believei-, tlimifjh to no otliei",
dirist iif luiiLSeU mysteriously und spirituallj imparted,
M tlic povrVT of R imw life — the power of resiirn^ticD.
From the hitman naturii of Christ, which h now exiilttd
to beaven, or fruin Ilia fleah, there entcra into thu Houl of
the buliuver a liff-^ving iiifluvncc, bo that ho a amted in
the most iiittinato union to tho Siiviotir.'
The vehemence of Luther's hostility to the Zmnglian
doctrine is manifest in his curnjapondencw for ii considur-
obli- pi'riotl nftcr tlie ri-ne of the controversy. There were
no terms of opprobrium too violent for hiiii to apply to
the t^inct and tlie persons of tho Stteram<.'nturiaua. There
vrepf tildes when for apedal reasons — cliie8y fi-om the
hope that they were coming over to liis opinion — his
boetility viis Heri.tihly abated. But hit abhom^ncu of tlic
Zwiiigliiin doctrine never left him. The rejisons Uiat
misled hiJn into an intolerant and uncharitable conrae
> Lnlhn ii4 not bold Ibat (b* hUT«nlj- boUy a( ChrlBI, whicb it offeni >Dd
rtcvivDl In tlio ucrumcnl, ocvuirin )p«M>. Yvt it i> ncoir«il bjrall nlm panake
of lb« bread intl wliie — doI a porlion afUia baiy. but iIip rnlin Cliciil bv vacb
flMiiiuiiniciinL [I It raciiimti in Minv pni[><tt »«ii<i<, irilli Uir tnnuih. tjotnelimu
hdiMUi-nu fxprtuloiu on tbi* poinL Svv, (or iixmnplv, Uie in>lrucli»ni l«
llaUiisllloa tor thecMifenam wtib BiuriratUMwl: "Unrl int tiimnui diuunnt
HvInuiiK, dan walirhaMs lo ^'"^ <»<( d*in Iln>d dor LfSb Cbritti gtnca witd,
alM <la» alio, ni da> Ilrod wirkcl und 1«idvl, di!r LaibCbriui wiilt« and bide,
da» sr aiugDlbcltl, ^ucn, und uiil dun Kubiicn lubiioen mrds.'' De Wttle, Iv.
Sn. Ho aacrU [hat Iho bodfot Cbri't i> nAsMnli'iIilrT but not toaililer — ai
•ilisdwl MQCCUpylof; >t>BDs — pnivnt. n« W«(U, iv. ST J. Zwlngl«,aii ili«
ccotnuy, doulcd (hat Ihi' body of Cbiial i> pKMDl, in anjr tease, in the ui-is-
tociil. 'Itiu9 bs itrita to Liilbcr liImwK (April, lUtT: j^ritig. Ojitf.i, rlU.
Vt)l "HuaqOBm DOimnliuilobtiiirbii, qumn (luod Chriill Corpui tiiium In cu'iia
ipnoB b) mcntlboa pit^iim nnii •llii-r lii. riiiam mla conlempliiJoiie." Zwlugl*
ud hi* followcn were mnn and mom di«pD4tid In allavh impOTIaim U a t/ttrll.
mal ftttBMH ol Cbriit in Iha pwnmrnt. Thit Calrin Finiihatli*d and added
(he {lOtiUte aMtrtinn ot n dir*rl inlliii-irre iip^ii Ihn beliavini; comiDiuiloanI,
which Qaira (ram Cbriil Ibmieli ilir mi'iliuoi or intlrvuncntatiljr of hia Imnui
aatun. Kit fi**h and blonl, lliinigU Inm'l.v FrparaUd, aro rMillir imparled to
tbn *oal uf Ihf- btliiiTrr, M an alF«ct of h!i (ailh, by " ihi< H'crol poini u( <h«
Boly St^Til." liutiMri, iv. xtH. 0, in, 9(!. Au ablo birtorlcal dlwiu>[«d by
•■do* ItllUor, rnMfA,VirgMeMinigJtrt,t\rtn t.<tlXtn un-f C-iMiu tttrdai
A. Ai*vlmiM li in llilUtr'* Dogm^litch< ^Uiii.fluayta, pp. 4IU-4CT.
160
THE ZWniOUAK BEfOUL^TlOS.
vt eonditct it u not iinpoauble to <]ijtcori.ir. The obnox-
ious Uivory WW first proposed by Carlstadt, an tuttbn-
Biast Mid faoatJc who bad givun Lutlivr tnfiaiU; troublv.
■od it wus do(ciid<Hl by him tlirmtgh a wi>^ derice ol
exc^esuk It was associated in Lutber's mind with Uio
extreme spirittuilisDi, or tb» subjective tcndviioy, which
undcrvuluud luid tended to sweep away the objcctin
means of grac«, the Word as wc-Il as thu S3cnuncnt», uod
to substitute for Uieiii u »pt.'cinl illuntiiiation or inSfiimtion
from the Spirit.' The Word and Uie Sacraments Luther
had made the criteria of thu Churcli. On upholding thorn
in ttii-ir just place, everything that diHtiiiguished his re-
form from enthusiasm or rationalism depended. He had
never thought of forsaking the dogmatic systutD ol Latin
Oiriatiiutity in its earlier and purer days, and he looked
with alarm on what struck him as a rationalistic innoTm-
tion. Bttsido!*, over niid above all tbvsc considcrtUoos, th«
real objective presence of Christ in his human nature,
was a belief that Imd taken a deep hold of his imagina-
tion and feelings. lie had been tempted to givii to the
text — "this is my body" — a looser, more figumtive
moaning ; but tliu text, he declared, was too strong for
him. Ho must take it just as it reatli. 'Hie trutli is
that hia religious feelings were intertwined witli tlic httirul
interpretation. Being immovably and on sncb grounds
establiahed in his opinion, be would have no fellowship
with such us rojcctod it. They denied, aa he considered,
1 Lnlbw «■• in tbs habit ot wlsmaliilng ibo Zwiagliiuia m " KliirbmM'."
m* MHtia at flnl inappoiicc, even u ■ tcnn of opprolirlum. Bui t.ui]i«r irauM
Villi tail lo tb* e^f*'''^ Won] and Iho djiclltt ucntnicnU. At (hn tnilh «■*
In thii Wc.-d «h«a It onlvnd Iha nr area of Iho BnbcUovn; H it iru ttin Wai4
l( God, hnnertr il niiiflil l>« rercimd i in «u Chrial in Dio farrnmiinlal *l*>
iiWDt«, vliattMrvr lli»b«litf« or fcliiiKK ol thi r«lplrnl might b*. Tim iufninidat
*■> cninplpte, itiilniwiidciillf ol lli« (lianctcr of thi mlplent, not 1v» llmu iJ
■fca rfiaruUr of llir miniiUr. It ow«il Hi coTnplrtfimi to thodlviiin inalitulion:
(OK ■* Iht rajra ol Ilia tun an (ha nmr, irhctlicr they f^lt upon Uio tvn ihu
:an hs or iipciii llm lilinil. In a wonl, Litbrr fill ilroDglr ihal the Ziirlii|;IUni
■lirlhulfd loD murh In Ibe >nb)MtlT« fatror, to f^ltli, iind Ihin ncrillfKl tbi
l^and objocllvt ciltracirr of tba maaiiaotinwf — doing Ivthc MCtanoau vh«|
A* tnthuflaiu did b7 Iha Scriptun*.
TBE EL-cnAwsnc CO>mtO\'EnST.
161
article uf tlw Clmstian faith, a precious tact c( Cbrift-
tian experience. Tliu union of the believer ^vith Christ
'^the tini'o mffttica — is a thctno ou which hu hM vrit-
ten nrnrt' iiiipi\'».'«vely, perhaps, thiin upon any othei topic
of Christian (loctrino,* Philosophical ohjeotions conntcd
for noUiing with him Uf^ust tho intuitions of tlie ethic*]
or religious nature. He waa profoundly sensible that the
truths of religion transcend tlie liniita of the understand-
ing. Difficulties raised by the mere understanding, in
however plausibh^ form tlu-y might he presenter], he con-
sidered to be really superficial. Yet, in defending his
ovn view he sometimes condescended to flglit witli wnap-
ona of philosophy which he had drawn in mrlier days
from the tomc« of Occam.
Of coarse the most urgent exertions would be nrmde to
heal a schism that threatened to breed great disasters to
tlie I'rotestant cause. Not only was it a scandal of which
tlte Roman Catholie party would only he too happy to
make an abundant use, but it distracted tlio counsels and
tended to paralyKc tho physical strength of the Frotj.«tiint
intvrirst. The theologian who wax most industrious in llio
work of bringing about a union, was Martin llnwr, who
from hia p<»ition at Strasburg was well situated with refei^
ence to both of the contt-nding parties, nnd who wiw un-
commonly ingenious at frnming compromises, or at deviaing
fonnulas suflieiently ambiguous to cover (liiaonant opiniona.
Rnde and violent though Luther sometimes was, he was
alwnys attcrly lion&st and outspokc-n, and for this reason
proved on some oecaaions uninan-igeahle ; and Zwinglo,
iwneiit as wn« his de»ire for pence, was too sincere and
self-respecting to hiile his opinion under if^uivooal phmse-
ology. At h-a.';t, when it xvns openly attacked, he would
as openly stand for its defense. Of tlie princes who were
active in efforts to pacify the opposing schools and bring
> !*»•*(•* (ram I.iillivroii thin Kubjn:! may bo nvt in IXitimr. *"-fin»fii^
|M*. d- LtSrt r. J. I'lrtat C%rid., i>. MO Mc
163
THE Zn'KGUAN BEfOSUATIOiJI
them upon some comtnon groimd, PhUipt tbo I.ani^nva
ot H<«iH.>, wiut most oouspiciuMu. The mott mcmorabls
attempt of tliis sort wis the Cooferenoe at HJu^org io
1529, nlii-ra tlw Sviis thaulugiaus mot Liither aod He-
liftrth"p 'Ilie former accommodated tliemaelves to tiie
views of tliu Lutiicnuis on tlM3 Mibji-ct of original aa, and
i« 9nra« otlu^ puiiita nwpectiiig wtticli tlieir orthixloxy liul
been qn<.-ictiotMxi. Tb« only point of flifferuDoe waa tiio
EuiriuirUt ; but bvre tbe difTerenoe proved irrccoocilablo,
Tbe Laiidgrare arranged that private conferences aliodd
first Iw buld bctWLicu QScoUunpuditu imd Lutlii-r. :tod be-
tm>t;u Meliuiottiun aud Zwiugie ; Zwinglc aiid Ltttliur
being thus kept apart, and mch pot by the &de of £
ttipolopiin of mild and conciliatory temper. But Uiu
experiment was fruitloes. No more could an agreoment
be readied wbvn all were assembled witli the Landgntv*
and a select company of spcctatore. The tlieologiaiu sat
by II table, tliu 8:kxuu8 uti ono side and llic Swiss oppusile
tbem. Luther uTote upon the table with chalk Iiis text,
— "hoc est mvum corpus" — and refused to budge an
iota front tlic titvnil sviise. Bat lus oi>ponRnts would not
ftduiit the actual presence of the body of Christ in tlie
Ku-raitictit, or tluit hut Ixjily is receiveil by uiiV- lie vera.
I'iiiuUy, vrliun it w.-ut vvidi.;iit Uiat no common ground
Dould be reached, Zwir>gle, with teai« in bis eyes, offered
till) liitiid (if fnitei-iml ffllon'ship to Luther. But tills
LulJicr ixtfused tu take, not wiltiii)^, says Rouke, to reo-
ogitize tlK'Ut as of tlte same coinmiiiituu. But inoie was
mi^mt by Uits refusal ; LiitlitTr wouM regard the Swiss aa
frii.-iidii, but such wiis the influence of his dogiiiutiv sys-
tem over bis feelings, that be could not bring himself to
regard lliittn us Christian brethren. Luther and Melano-
tbon at Miis time apjWKr to ban* suppoecd that an ngree>
ro«nt in every article of belief is the neoi»8aiy condition
of Olimtiait fi'llowHhip. BoUi jinrties engiij^Hl to be
(ri';iMlty to oiw aiiotlirr, nml tu itlutain from irritating
I
TBE EUaiARtSTIC COKTBOVERSY
1&3
P
I
I
I
*
I
lai^iage. They signed in coninioii fotirt«en nrliclcji of
butli n-Iitttiig to Uiu grtiit points of ChrisUmi doc'triim,
and prfliiiiaicd to t-xcrcise towiird one imoUier all the
cluLfity which ia consistent \ritb a good conscience, lliere
\raa a considemhlu timu during which Hw acntiincnts mid
Umguage of Luther in relation to the SacrainciitariiUiB,
wcru gri.':ttly eoftt-ncd. In piirtiiuliir was this tlio com
while ho vraa »t CViburg, during itie so»<ion!i of the Diet
of Aiigshurg. Tile imiH-riul cities of Southern Germany,
by tlie agi iicy of tlic indefutij^ihlc Iluocr, uUhoitgh tlicy
aympathi»xl with tlio Zwinglian doctrine, werw admitted
to the Ifiigtio of Sinulcjild. In 15'% the »io»t distin*
guiidii^l theolc^ans of Upper Germany joined Luther and
his followers in subscribing to tliu Wittenberg Concord,
which exprKsaed, xvitlk slight ii^crvatious, tlic Lttthenui
view. But the Swiss adlioi-cnts of Zwingle refuaetl to
aunction this creed.' In 134-3, the pubhaition of Zwiuglu'H
writings by his aon-in-law, Giialtcr, with an apologetic
eeeay from his pen, once mure roused tliu iro of Lutheri
nnd ho began itgain to denounce the Zwingliuns and Uieir
doctrine in the former x-ituperatire strain.*
l|t i*au«rtt<l ItuUtho faodf tuiil Moid of Chriil &nlru1irpmr.|it. iiirl alltni
la th« ncnmcni, •nil ■« ttctlTed tiro by Uw "umrorllij'." lluwr diitia.
(uUhsdlfciwctn Ills ■'uuiT«nlijr"*i»l "eadloB." On thi> isncmoiit hv tb«
■tide " VTIItenbtTi^r Conconlk," In Ilcnog'a JI(Dt/><yr;I., iiiiil Gii>iJ«r, lU.
lT.l,|T.
* Tha Uery (hat Liiihrr, ihortly bctora bl) diutli, ictuuiHlcituT'] lo Up1ui«-
lliaii thai bo hud gone too tni ia Ihc ucFUntcnUl conrrnvcn^. ii pvoi. for ex-
unlit*, by Ckilsl«fl«l> 1. 331. It Us flclioa; h« G«Ile, VrinwA rlitr Chiintrlrr.
IttSt JfefrnMlont alt Tlitcliigin, etr., p fSS. Liillior an'l MelAncthnn ilcp«n<lvd
rtry mucb for their In tonmf inn on Swiwnllairtiii-Anlnnllvnaiiil iludditt, ud
had an ImpcrlNt conrcplivn ot lli* nul (lixnii'Iur at ZwInKlii'i MrrloM 10
nktm. K*lther of lli* iliitpiilanu at Matburi: (iJlr HTwpiul iha oj-inion of
■he Dlhcr. Tb« /.•f'uic^inn' I'flrn iimlDnlucid l-nllifir In linld (» a Jwnl prui-
Hict, whMT** Ilia T.iiili<rmn 'Inclriiis reiU upon llio Idrn et n iplrlluallilng
«f lh( human aalun nf ('liriil, of nti dicci wrouulil ujioii It tjy It) rvtatlon te
Dklnicy, u that il nn lungir Ulla •jucd or <i fttlcni) bf ipalial rrlaClnns.
ThB (tiic of I.ulhir't hialib, and Uii parUcular clnumttanca nnilcir which b*
■tiile. ailfclnl lit* toM mpMing ZirlnRlp. Thnt wm a Mifain hlunliw-* in
Zarinc'ir Hkli'li *at oltantin to l.uUlcr, and vai .iilrqinlnl bv lilm » fiiincinal
Utiwpcd. 7.<r<nicl«*a Irtlar lo IjiUuf April, IMT; /•'■'"(- Ofira, viii, SHk
154
TBE ZTUflUAX BXTtHDIATlOll.
We htm jcnr to the cslaatrapbti of the Swiw Unfi>
Moo. Then iru a gnnring hostility between the fiti^
tnoaitlmiD auitotu that remnned Oatliolic nnd Uic dU«a
in which Proti^stantkai lud bAen cetabli^eiL The
Catholic eantotts entered into a leacne with Fonlinniul iJ
Anatria. ProtAtant prcadhen who fell iuto the hiui>l#
d{ tbe Oatlwtics wens pat to death. Ttic nitw doctritw
was rappnased witliio thw- limita. Tbo districtit thatj
btlonged in oomiiMm to the aevctal oantoM farnished tha '
mwaBion for bitter coBtrovfjay. At lengtli Zurich took
ap annK, and withoat bloodshed foroed the 6ve cantona
to tcmr up the compatit with Austria, to oanosdii that «uh
goventment should bo (nM to decide for iteelf upon tlw
r«l^ous qaestion, and to pay the coeta of ttii.- projccU^
war. The behavior of the five amtom, how>vnr, was
not improved. Their threatening attitnde led !!urich to
form n]liaitn>s with tho city ol Stnuilmrg nnil the Land-
grave of Heaae. Tite force of tbe Protestatita, apart
from fon*!^ help, was gn-atcr than tliat of tlu'ir admr-
aariet. Zwingle recommended bold measures. Ha
tbouf^it that ths comtitutton of tlie Swim Confederacy
should be diiingeJ, so that the prep^ndentaoo mi|^it be
given to the citiM whvrv it justly bulonged, and tnken
from the nioantain districts which had ao Bhamefully mis-
ii*-d tlwir i>")«tr. Tl!^' chief demnnds tluU ware really
tde, were thitt tJio Proteatant doctriue, which was pto-
•r*r tlB«rUnUui rtvnkKi,irmai»fU4 to Irrtuic Ike Stxoa nhmaw.
4Uttisg I- li, iMhtr tpmktat the "lldmln ftnd>"«( bU «f>|waHat (U
S|«UllB, Hay II, lUT; D« WtiM, JD. laiv In *■ Mttr lo Bidlh«v (iUj II,
UMi Di Wmb, t. 3), b* ipMks kiodlr d Zvi^l*! " Llbtn tniin dk4a:
ZatacUaa, foMqaiB Hupnrfi nihi vWoiM ayditui wt, *inua npdaiuni aa*
|MU<»*f|i'n>*><KnlanpidiiuD,"Mc H« ifata of tht ffwl Iw h«a txptti-
MndMXvlBcfo'idMllk BM«b«BUidli(lMNMMirwncil*l, ha<in««alB>
Mcmt (fiik. S««, Im WMKpIt, a ktUrMWiM. Idik IJ«w>ur ), uat. Do
W*a*,W.UI). B«Zwiaale<)all>* fUft AMi*-l^ tntd whioli Im pro-
MMod •( Aoxihws— lM<t dMfribod LuLbfr'a oplnloa •* Ikt tawt ol th«M " «b«
bal hack lu Uiv <f>h-vnc* a< Kicrr(: "Qui adollai ITgjrpllail m|iiji laiil "
aa MionHH aa unjoti u u *mt irriUiinK lAat. fU., 9). Lotbrr'a laMI
abalHiiaw. *waali»»rt V f>> li>i<IIi|[nK« tbal Ibr Sraa win dtamxinc hte
'«taatMMMJa«.l'nkat<J*nu>r7i;. IbMi U« W«ua,T.TTTK
DhATn or zwntaur.
156
lnmeA io (lie lowor cantons, hIiouU] be tulviiilfii] in Uio
npper, ami tint (lersectiHon should ceaae tlium. Ilut tbti
question wiw wli'^tln-i- cvtin tln-wu duitiaiHts would U.- ca-
forowi. Zwingle wiis in fnvor of over|>oworiiig llw unt'ttiy
b^ II direct Attitck, and uf uxturtiiig fruni tliuni just uod-
e(4M[4>i)ii. Hilt litf ViTiK overruled, and lialf measiii'ca wcro
resortt^l U>. 'I'lie att«iii[)t wits iniide to coerce tht; Calliulio
ointuiis by iioii-intorcoursc, by Uiiis catting off tJieir sup-
plies. The I'lTcct, was tlint tli« Cfitliolics wi>ro ctiablud lo
oollrct tlieir strength, whilo thtj Protestftnt citit^s won; di-
vided by jciitoaricB and by diKigrocraent as to wliat might
bv tho best j)i)!i«j' to adoiit. Zurich vriui left without
help, tn confn'nt, ivith hasty and inadequate pr«i>ar:itiont
Ctiu combined strength of thu Catholic party. Tbe
Zitrir-li force was defealvd at Ciippol, on llic 11th of
Octohur, 1531, and Zwingle, who lutd goiii; f<jrth lu n
c]i»pluin with hi« p60[du to battle, full. H» had nntici-
yaU^d defi'iit from tlic time wln'ii liIs i:inuw('l» wort- disrc-
giirdvd, and he had fonnd it impossiLla to bring the
niagiHtnitoa of Bcnm to a resolution to net wllli dM.-tsioii.
Ill tli<> thick of the light, he raised his voice lo imocmnge
bis companions, bnt niado no iisu I'f Ms weiipons.' Aa he
received bis mortal wound, b« uxclatmnd : " What evil is
tliis ? tliey Kin kill the body, hut not the soul I "■■' Ah be
by, mill breathing, on tliu fiL-ld, with his haiiiU folded
attd bia eyes directed to Iieaveii. one or tnom britfad itol*
dierB askod him to confess to a pritist, or to cjill on M.iry
and tlie taints. Ho abook bis head in token of refusal.
'("hey knew not to whom they were speaking, but only
that lie wiu( a li^rolic, and with a singl<! sword-tlinist put
an end to Ilia life.' Notmthatanding this deft;ut, tlie
party of tho rofonnod might bavo ivlricvtHl thoir cuum*.
Bnt thtiy Inckod nnion and energy. Zuridi ord htrat
■ Harikrftr. K. 417. * Itroniiiui, ilL
I Tile iIcbIIi <'( /winsia ii ■Uxri.wl wii1i laurhinic liinf (icily by Ut
M Zurwh, IIuIliiiKPi. K'/'-rm^li.iugtKhirliU [X irich «... ISM}, lit. IM.
156
TIIK zmSGLUS lfK>-0BJtATr0S.
concluded n luimiliutiiig pi.-MX, thu cftuct of whicli wna to
Inflict a sprioua check apo» the Protestant interest aiu] to
enable tiw Cntholics to rcpoisMuu ttaMiisolves of portduna
nf the ground which they Uwi Inat.
The ineiince nddreased by the CnUioIic majority at Hits
Diet of Augsburg to ttio Proteebints, led to the forniii-
tion of tJic l*i-ot<»tikRt I>cri;iisivu League of SniiilaUd, to
wbicJi the four imperial cities of South Germany tJiat held
tliu Zwingliun opinioiLs, but wem now diHivimcctvd from
tlie eon ft>di> racy of their SwIkh brethren, were ndniilted
in 1.1:51. Tlie Imperial CLimWT had bi;on puiged by
the oxchuion ()f nil who wen- fluppoHed to ayinpntbizo with
tile new opinions. This tribuiini was to bo made tho in-
HtniiiK-nt of « legal pciik'fution. Tlw; Kinpi-ror pmciiri'd
the election of his brother as Uomau King, in a inannei
vrhicli involved a violation nf tho rights of tho Eluc-tors,
and was adapted to excite the apprehensions of the I'riit
CBtnnts.' Th« Wittenberg thL-oiogians waivud their op-
podtion to the project of witltatandlng the KinpiTor.
Luther took the ground lliat, while as Christians, they
ought not to resort to force, yet the rightH and duties nf
the princcR in raferenco to the Euipemr were a jwhtitul
quVBtion for jurists to d<;tvrniin<-, and that ChristiMus, us
TaembeKi of the state, were bound to take up arms in
dtift-'iiic of thoir priDoes, whi^n tlieeo uru unhiwfiiUy lu*-
naiilted. The [KiUtical ciiliiation for ti^u years after tlio
Dift of Augsburg waa such as not only to disable Charles
Iroiii tJke forcible execution of its decree, but ul&o sudi an
to fi«vot the progress of the Reformation. The League
of Snuilcnld, stTt.-tigth<.-nc<l by u temporary alliance wit!:
the Dukes of Bavaria and by treaties with Fi-anco and
Denmark, waa tuo furmidabte to be attacked. Tho irrup-
> lUnlie. 111. £M H>i. Tbt ■< King at Ihi Koniaiu " wu lh« tjilv nt llu *ac-
(«nnr o( tlig Emprrvt iai\og Um ll(«iJnie ot Uie lilHr, wnl nl llit Uilar prioi
Is bi* eOTDnaliiHi ■( Bom*- 8«c Srycc. ffofy SBmon Umpirt, p. 104.
nKyrESTANT ASD CiTCJLlC LeAGfES.
IW
tion o£ tlui Turlcs under Solimaii was anotber tusu]jL'niU«
otniaclc in llic way of tliu repraastvo polioy. Hoik^o, in
l.'i82, "tlie peace of Nuremberg" pporided tliat religiona
affitira Hlionid Imi kft iinotum^^ed, until they mu\d hi iid*
juiitod by :i n«vr Diet, or by a new Council. Such a Coun-
cil tlo I'roivsfcintH liiid deinandi-'d at Aiigsbui;g tiud
i:iinrlm had pronii)>od t» prucurv. Notwithstanding the
dialiirbiince produced by the Annbapllat communists al
MiiuHtor, tliu Rufortnatiou advanced with rutpid ittridfa.
11)0 Protwtnnt Duke of WUrteinbui^ wils I'l^established
in Ilia possessions by the Landgravt^ of IIvssu, in 153'j.
Bntndciibiirg and duail Siixony, by Uie dctittli of the
Elector and of the Duke, became Protestant. Cutholio
riuci-s wt'ro beginning to grant religious liberty to their
ibjtK'tfl. Tht> war with Friuice, which broke out in 1580,
rendered it impossiblo for the Emperor to hinder tliia
pixigrtiss. Tho Smuiudd Ltjagua was uxtisndtid hy tJie
accession of more princea and dtiea. The Protestants
rvfusL-d to comply with tUo summons to a Council, in
whidi, by th« t<Tins of tho iitvitntiou, their condemnation
v/tia a foregone conclusion. Alarmed at tho gi-owing
ilrength of I'nttestuntian], tbo leading Catholio vNtatoa
united in a Holy Lengu« at Nurv^ntberg, in l.'iSH, which,
lika tlio Leaguo of Smalcald, was ostensibly for defense. ^
'n»i) n«xt tlirco years are marked by efforts to secure
[M-aee, of wliidi tb« Conferi^noi luid Di«t of KatLiboti, in
I Tbt cku*4 e( Ih* Itrtonnatioa «u irukcaihl by tlio dixsird ot I'ralauuit
|fia\>(, i>p«>-iiUI<r ut Ihn D«turgr]il I><iko Mnurlcf. It salTcnd lUII mors la
■jHUAl iiolim u( the " (Ilipgniilion " which lather and Mclwiclliaa^OIoil tit*
I'lHlcriv* of lf«m, Klikli nlhnml liiin \o codIiicI k fccoad nuniR^e irkhout
being ilirorfcd (roni hu nifu, iika hstl lifconw repuicninl to Mm on u roiim of
ber Wtll;' ■llxinlfrt uul prnonal hibiu. Tlii* "ilnoliln iiiarTlnico " bruughl
Rproacli upuii IliD TstormBt* and otrrirdwilh It piililirnl vun>crjueni:vi (bat won
liuiirouL Sc( K*iik*, iv. lU wq. Ciif i<<i rnli'ii cluiri;i'i iKaliiit l.iiiLiDr In con*
ae<tlan wlllx iliJt uiibap|iy (VDOl, hy IVilratuiil »- wi'U m Cnlliollo nirllen —
tn cxxuplc, IliBt be wu aclualed l>y ■ Hin>h rr^anl (orthe InlcrvsiB of ll]«
?V>l'--*Un< party : \hU he vat In tiror d( pvlyeamy, elc— ani cipgicl by
llwc. Vivilailioa tj'l.u'itr, He, p. lj£ k>i. TIic iinri'^ftii^n ii (ully ncmtlal
by 8Mk«idorf, iiL mtt. 21 i Isxlx Set tlto. Ileniinel, rtiUif V. GntmnUv*,
t 436, Ii, 409.
168
THB OKRUAK nKKOBUATIOX.
t&41. in tb« mont nnnKrknble. On this ocooaion the Pope
w»s repicsciited by his Legate, Coatarini, who held a
▼iotf of jiisUfkation not diiwimtliir to liint of tho Prot-
eebanta. and was ready to meet Melanctlion lialf-way on
the patli of Gouccfssion. In thc»c iiugotinttona nn actual
Bgre«ineiit vm attiuiwd in tlie »tHt4>ine)it of fntir doc-
trinal poiatSt which embraced tho subjects of thu natuiu
of man, ori^n»t iiiti, mdoniiitioii, :mcl jii^lifioittou ; but
upon the Church, eRcrampntB, luid kindivd topics, it van
foimd that no concord was iitldiniibii;. '£Uv King of
Frnnce, front th« selfiah puqxne to thwart tlie effort for
union, \ntb others on thu Catliulic side who wen) noto*
nted by dilTensnt motivtoi, complained of tlie ooooeasiona
that had been made by the Catholic party ; and Con-
tttrini wa8 chvcltod by oitli>r9 frcwri the Pope. Th<i
Elector of Sasony was equally diaaatiaGed witli tlie pro-
ueedings of Mehmcthon, and togetlicr with Luther, who
reg;trdc<i the hope of a oompi'imiw- :ia wholly futile, mid
OS inspired by Satan, vraa grittilted when tlio abortive
ennferviica vox brought to an end. The necessity of
getting help at once i^ninat the Tiirk» oompcllml Charles
once more to sanction the peace of Nurembct^ mtli ad-
■Jitionnl provi«ioiiH to the advuiita({<! of tlie ProU-^laiit.i.
His unsuccessful expedition against Algiers, in I>'>41. and
thtf ii'iinwed war with Fran<;i-, t'iyi?lht*r with the Tui'lciNh
war in which his brot)ii<r Ferdinand vrn* involved, ohli^l
tlie hitter, at a Diet nt Spinui in lo4'2, to grant a con-
tinuance of the religious pence. The iinporiul declaration
tit Katisboii wan rutilied by the Diet of Sinrss, held in
.1544. The prospects of tlie Protestant cause liad been
bright. For u time it »ccincd probiiblu that all Geriniiny
would adopt the new faith. But the League of Sniah-:idd
was grievously weakened by iiit^Ttial dissension. The
cities Goinphuned of arbitrary procueding^ of thu Klector
of Suiony and ihe Landgi'uve of Ifosso ; for example, in
the expiilRion of the Duke of Bnmswiuk from hi» laiid^ 4
LAST DATS OF I.UTRra.
169
meunre tltat bxought thvni into conflict with the imperial
oouit. Bnt thd Saial event was tlie liostility of ^taiirioi,
Duko of Siuciiny, to tlic Elector, wlikU rested ou varimij
grounds, and wliich tmd once httioTv brought them to the
verge of vrar; imd the fthandoanient o£ Uie League b;
Maurice, iu 1542. 'Ilie Klector of limndouburg )i:id not
joiiied tiie League, and wns followed in tJiit coumc by
the old Elector Palatine, ytho ndopted the Reforniatian
in 164o. The Emperor fora'd Fnutce to conclude the
peace of Creapy, in 15-14. At tlio Diet of Woniis iu
March, 1&A5, the ProtcstautA rcfiiflei] to tnke piirt in th«
Council of Treut. The hostility of Uio Elector to
Mikorioo prcivent^-d the [urinatioti of n c1»m> Klliiiitco be*
fenreen tlie two Siucooiea 'and Hcsae. Maurice, sin adroit
aod utDbitious politician, loving power more thiui he
loved liiH fiiith, at length niade hia bargain with Charles,
nod engaged to unite n-ith him in making wnr upon the
£hwtor, whose tenritoriea Ataurioe ooToted, and upon tlWj
Landgrave, the two princes whom the Emperor profeasadj
to uttaek, not on religious grountU, but as oITenders ngulnsfi]
tlie laws and peace of the Empire. While the Emperocj
W118 dullying with the I'lotustiuiU that he might prej
to strike a more effective blow, Luther died at Eisletrao,
Uie place of his birth, on tlie 18th of Fehntiti-}-, 15-16.
Ills hut (luyA were not his best. Ilia health was under-
mined, and he suffered grievously from various disorders,
especially from severe, continuous headache. He waa op*
pressed with a great variety of little employments relat-
ing lo public and private Affair^ so that going one day
from his writing<table to tlie window ho funci«<l that he .
Luw Satan mocking him for having to eonsiime hix tima
in UDcles!) buuneas.' His iutellet^lual powers were not
enfeebled. His religious trust continual iirni us a rook.
> ' llcN lo-di^ huTE I bten pwlami •tilh (li* knmtric* •nil lint of ■ bakvi)
toSBSbl befon ma tor uanc (iIh mii^U; Ikuue't fuch muiert couMn Ik*
■■gbtnjo imihcr ibsn Uu diviuf. ftt. If no una fvit lo cli«,k ilx tbilu al
IbcM b>lt«n, «v iliould bava ■ An* iUu of tbintc*." — TUeknJai,
160
THB OKRMAN RKFOnMATIOH.
Hia courage tand iiia aiutirAiioe of the lUtimnte victory
of the truti) never faltci-^. But ho lost tlt<.' chourful
tpirits, th« joyous tone, Ihat liad l)efore characteriwd
him. Ho took dark views of the wickednMe of the
timvs and of Hoci«ty about him. H» vni» weary of the
world, weary of life, wid loiigoil to l>e released from it«
Inirduna. He n-aa old, be said, useless, a cumbur«r of tlio
ground, and Iitf wanted to go. His disaffection with
Wittenberg, on account of what he considered the lluUHCt
of family govemnient and reprehonsiblu fashionii In y^
speot to di'i-wi, woa Huch that he determined to quit the
place, and he waa dissnaded only hy tho u»itt.^d int«roe»-
Bions of tJio Elodor, and of the authorities of the Univer-
sity and of the town. He fell into a conflict with the
jaristo on account of their declai-ation that the consent of
porenfca is not abaolately indiaponsahle to the validity of
a marriage engagement, and he attacked them puliliely
from the pulpit,' Tho friendship of I.Hther and Melanc-
thon was not broken, but partially chilled in conseqnonce
of theological differences. There were two points on
which Melancthon swerved from his earlier views. From
the timo of the controversy of Luther and Era«niii!«,
Melancthou had begun to modify his ideas of predestina-
taoiit and to incUno to the ^-ie^r that wn» afterwunls called
Synergiiim, which gives to the will an active, tliough a
Bubordinnte, recoptiTe agency in convention. On this snb-
ieot, however, the practical, if not the theoretical views ol
Lather were also modified, as is evident from the letters
vliich he wrote in reply to peqilexod persons who ap-
plied to him for counsel. The difference on this subiGcf
between him and Melanctlion, if one existed, oiwasioncd
no breach. It was not until after LuUier's deatli that
\i\» foUowciK made this a ground of attack on Molano-
> GaKt, t 119, LHtfacr wrllct to S|ulailn that In lili wliolg hie tai in A
UiUbonfo. lhsGo>[iel, ha hwlncT«rh>d mare ntixlotjr than during UutjraH
EUM). Dv WetM. V. eat.
LAST DAYS OP tunm.
161
tbon and tho subject of a Oieological coutest. But, on
tliv I.^ril'8 Siipp<-r, llie iiutt<T on which Ltitber trait most
Bensitire, Mttl;iiicthon, from altout the time of tho Diet
of Augsburg, began to doviatu from his formor opinion.
The spell which I.iithi^r hiiil cnat over him in Im yout
wiis Inukoii ; and, influouwd by the arguments of (Eoo
tiuni)H<)iii8 and by his own imicpcndcnt study of tltn
Fathers, he really embracod, in liU own mind, the CiJvin*
iatic doctrinL-, which vr.ts, In eubetaiiL-c, the opinion advo-
Mtcd by CK<;oIampa(lius and Bucer. MeL-uicUioii still
rejected the Jiwinglian theory which made Christ in the
■lummcnt m-nvly the objuct of tlm contemplative act ol
&uUi ; but ttiii other hypothesix of a raal but spiritmit ro*
OOption of Him. in connection with the bread and wine,
•otisAed him. Alclancthoii's reserve and luixiety to keep
tliv pe»cc eoald not wlxdiy ooncoal tins change of opin-
ion; and persona were not wanting, of whom Nicholiu
Amfitlorf WHS the chief, to excite as far as they could, the
jealousy and hostility of I.utliur. 'llio result \vm that
tlio confidential intimacy of tho two men was interrupted.
Kor wvend years Mehincthon lived in di^trau and in
daily expectation of being driven from his pkce.'
" Often," he says, writing in Greek as ho froipu-ntly did,
when h» wantLil to l!xpr^!Sil something which he w««
itfraid to divulge — " Often Itave I said that f di-ended the
old fl{[e of a nature so pasMonatc, like tliat of Her-
Mles, or Philoctctes, or tho Roman QeneraJ, Moritu-''^
In remarks of this sort he referred, as ho explained later,
to the Tehomonce common to men of a heroic make.' Yet,
I Or^mi Sf/., V. 471. Gallr, p. 112. A lulUr of UcJanillion to CarloviU,
be Councilor of Piiko Maiiritn iC'iiyiki /i^, ri. STS), wriui-a jiul ktlnr Iha
itwc ol llic Smklmldic War, in wbiili bt >|>««k< ot ilia f^i—nim ol I.ullMr,
■ITard* imiuf of (■» uncanifnrulil* rrUlion* iii wliiili lie liail iIimhI nilb III*
(tibtir Ladirraa Coun ot llic KIcclur. Tlii« lii((ar, wUkli «■■ tiriilcii, M^i
miifcc,alut UDjpiar^dl motiiriiL ifftvo, under tha cifriim»LAh;^i^iiu*1 i^Hdnn
lOlhoM who charuhiil il>« moinorj vt LuUisr. Soa ^]l« raiiiaiki of lUnko, t
U.
■ Okjm Jtf/;, r. 810. a>ll», p. IH.
u
* OalU, p. I«
168
THE CKRUAX KF.FOBMATIOX.
Id pntvtoiis yeun), iionv had bvoii iiioru just ainl forbi'aring
ill refcrenoo tc^ Hn) undue U.-iitIi-]i>^y Ui oiiwtMtoii iukI miD'
prutuiso <Mi Uie piirt of MelHUctUon, tluui Lutlicr. For
tho dloi^ in bheir rclntiomt. tbo fear mid t-onaequcmt nn-
aerre and ahjuees o£ Uie one were nut loss respouaiblR
tlina tliu impuriouH dispoaiUon of thu iAIkt. It would t>i>ii
mistake to suppose that Luther lost hla confidence and love
tuwardit bis younger >u»ociiit« ; fur cxpiusaions of LuIIilt,
in hia very laftt dnys, prove tlie contrary. It would bo aa
error, likewise, to suppow that Melanctlion over came bo
rvgitrd him as ntht;r than one ol thv fi)i-emi»l of ink-it, u
hero, endowed with noble and atlmimble qualities of
bvart as well as mind. But the originul cuntraricl^ in
tho temperament of the two men, joined to th« infinn*
ities of cbaiactcr in Lutlier, which were aggravated by
long ycara of Btrenuoua combat and htbor, luid by disi^utic,
bad tie effect to cloud (or a wbile their mutual sympathy
ttnd corxUality of inLorcounc. But tJie gruiit soul of Lu-
ther shines out in tlio last lett«rs he wrote — several of
them affectionate opistlca to Melanctlion — and in the
last wrmons be prctiichcd at EiMlcbun ; where, within a low
rods of the house in which lie was born, full of faith and
of peace, ho breathed his last " Ho is gone," said Mc-
iniicthon to liin stndonba, " t]ie chariot of Israel luid tho
horsemen thoruof, who ruled tlio Church in tlicee Inst
troubled times." fu the course of tlie funeral addresn
whicli Mulancthon pronounced over tlie grave bcneatli
thtt pulpit where the voioe of Luther had so long boon
heard, be referred to the complaint mado against Luther's
excestiTO vclicmonco, and quoted tho fr(!<iueiit remark of
Erasmus, tliat '* God has given to this last time, on account
of tlie grcatnesH of it« disiyuR's, a sharp pliyHician." With
grief ami tt-Qm, he said, that choked his utterance, he ant
forth the grand labors of Luther, tho kindness, gcriiiality,
and dignity of Iuh character, his fn!c<loni from puraonnl
Bmbitioi), tlie wisdom and sobriety that were mingled
VOWKH or LlTTHUt. 10^
witli Ilia irreuflltble eiiergy aa a reformer. If even in thia
addniss, and titill moto in subseijucnt IctUm of Muluno
tli'tu, truiiiut of II partiitl voti-iiiigoiiiciit may bo detected
in bis ton«, the effect is only a discrimiimting in«t«iul of a
blind ndiuiriiliQii ot onu wiUi wlium he was connected by
ail iudissoluble bond of love.'
Lutbvr, wluitvvur deduction from bin invrit nutj 1m
Buule on iJie score of faults and iofimutieOi waa ooe of
ihose uxiTdurdinary mvu of whont it muy bo said, in uo
Kpirit of bero-wunbip, but in aobex truth, tJu^ ihax
power, aa mauifeatad in history, can only bo compared to
that oi the great permujient forws of tutture. " llti i«
uoe of those groat biatorioal figures in wUidi whole
nations recognize their own type."* A Ufc-Iong oppo-
nont of rroteHtuiitism, one of the Tint CuUioUc schoUia
of the age, aaya of him : " It was Luther's overpowenng
greatooas of miud and murvisluuD inauy-tudcdnvsK vrbicb
mode bim l,u be the man of hiii tiniM and of hia people ;
and it is correct to say that there never has been a Gar-
utaii who liao so iiituitivuly underatood hia {K.-nplc, nud in
Uit'ii hiid been by tlie nation so perfectly coniprehoiided,
I might say, absorbed by it, as this Augustiuian monk at
Witt4:-nl}crg. Hi>art and mind of the Germans were in
Iiio hand like the lyre in tlie haiuj of the mueidan.
Moreover, he lias givun to his pooplu moro Uian any
other man in Cliristian ages liaa ever given to a people :
Uuguage, manual for popular instruction, Bible, hyniua
iji worship ; and vverytliing which hia oppooeuta in
thi-ir turn liad bo offer or to place in comparison wiUi
these, showod it«cl£ tamo and pow<.-rl<>si( and colorless by
U»e aide <)f his sweejuni; «lo<iu<'Jic«. They sUunmered ;
he Bpoke with the tongue of an orator; it is ho <*ttly
who luM Ht-atnpod the iuiiwrialiablo ftcal of hia own aoid,
aUke upon tJie German language and upon tlic Germai
> (MU, pp. M, U6.
164
THE GEBHAN nEFORUATtON.
uiiul ; luid CTi^D Ukmo Gcnniuis wlio nbliorred him as tbi
powui-ful heretic and seducer of thu natioQ, cnunot csitipe
Uioy miut discouiM with Iiik wunU, th«y must think
with his tlioughta." *
The Smalcaldic war began in 1546. Notwitliwland-
ing t!i« diftadvuiitflgiMus situation of Dii; I'rntcstautfl, had
fhu mtlitai)- roanagement been gootl. Uiey might hart
achieved success. But a Epint of indecision and inac-
tivity prevailed. 'V\\a Kli-ctor, John Frederic, drove from
his territory the forces of Maurice, but was surprised, do-
fcnted, and captured by Charlus at Miililborgi on th« S4
of April, ]5'17; and .loon after the Landgrave surrendered'
hima'lf aud Bubmitt«d to the Emperor. The victory of|
Cliurlit) Hppcjuf.d to be ubuost couipletc. His plan was
bring the Protestants once more under the CatlioUc hierar-
cliy, and to mako thcin content by the removal of exter-
nal abuses. His estimate of tho true cburactvr and moral
Btrongtli of Proteetautism was always superticial. Hence
lie put forth a provisional formula — called, after tho
sanction of it by tlio Diet, tbo Augsburg Interim — at
the same time tliat a scheme for reformation was by
hi« authority laid before the German bishops, in which
oliai)gfS were proposed in pointti <if external order. 'I'ho
work which he had thus ooinmciioed he hoped that tha
C'oinicil of 'IVent would complete. But llijs plan, how-
ever promising it seemed to the Bmperor, had to contend
not only with the opposition of earnc-it Prutestautif, but
also with the diKooi'dant ideas and projects of the Pope.
Charles had counted npon suppressing Pi-olcstautUm by
the joint influence of his ovrn power and of the CoimciL
Buttlie Council had begun its work, not with n.casurM
Io;)kiiig to a reformation, but wiUi the condemnation o(
tlie Protwtant doctrinos. Moreover, Pope Paul HI., al-
though hi! hoped tJiat benefit woidd result to llifi Cburob
> DnlliD(-tf. CwiMjf, rtt, tMnnlcli, WW). Sn, tlw, hit Mrll*r ojtfc
tlnU H. KlftXia (ISCI ), p. tM.
THE DfTERIU. 16fi
Inio Um> Snulcoldic vitr, (Iraudvd a too nbBolute success
on tlie part of Clinrles, wliich would ix-iidi-r liiin diuigi<r-
Otis ill Ilu]y. Hence he wished that Uie £leotor might
hold out againHt thfi Kinjicror, and «oiit a mossiigu to
Fruncis I. to aid the former. lie n-itlidrftw tlie ill-dift-
cij>lin(;d troojts with which he hiid funiishod Charles, and
excited the Emperor's intense diaplcaaure by removing
tiie Coundl to llolo^ui. 'Die I'opc and Francis vrnre
once more closely allied, and at work ou the Protoatant
tide for the purposo of diiiiinishin}^ thu power of Charles.
The iinpcriitl bishops refused to leave 'IVcnt, lUid thei
Council was rendered powerless. Hio measures under-
Inkcn by Cliarlcs were, besJdM, considered by the Pope
and by zealous Catholics to be an encroacbinont upon his
spiritual authority', a usurpation of powers not belonging j
to a 8ccwhu- ruler. In Southern Germany the axMioplnucaj
of Uie Interim was forced upon the Protestant stiites and '
cities. In Northern Germany it was gcnemlly rcsiMtud,
The city of Miigdebui^ especially signalized itself by its
jiencvering refusal to submit to the new Eirrangcments.
I)iik» Maurice modilied the Interim, retaining the eonen-
tial features of the Luthenui doctrine, but allowing Catli-
olic rites and institutions, and tlius framed the Letpsia'
Interim. This proceeding, which was accomplished by
the aid of ^Iclancthon imd the other Wittenberg tht^<ilo>
glim!4, led to a bitter controversy in the Lutheran Church
on the same i]nestioii which came up ulsewhore in conneo- 1
tifin with Puritiuiism, whctiier these obnoxious rites aiid
U9.iges might be adopted by the Chureli aa things morally
indifferent — ndiaphom — when the mogistmte enjoins it,
Melimctlion incurred tlie fierce hostibty of the stricter
Lutherans, and tlie controversy was of long continu-
ance.'
■ That Mcludlion mot to« fwb till i (innmliiiil III till pill i1 if Di* l>iUr> n,
U tllowril by Jadlcloui MeaAi of Iho KtbRditlea. 8m ftankfi, v. U k^. tl
•hould hr rcincmbcnit. bamrvT. ill jiUIJM 'Jt bim, thu m t>l|cniii|[ lh» fiinalMld
ion
THK craUAfl BEPOUUTIOS.
'riia Council liiul In»u roAe«.-iii\*l»l nt Ti-ftnt by Pope
Juliiii III.) u'lto wiiH wlidU^v fuvorulili! to Uie Ktnj>ijrur>
PratctUuit iitaU'* hod vntomd into tK^tUitions witJt it,
anit it U'iinii)d pivbkblu tluit Gt^^^luny muMt liow to itfl
autlioriiy, wlit<n lliv whole »tuatioii was turned by tJia
bi4(l looveniunt of Duko Ikluurioo for the rescuu of tin
mmu which iiu liatl boon chiefly instrumental in cmahing.
NoiwUhBluiiilin^ Unit Ocnimny xna in uppeuraiioe \v«l)-
ni|th (ulbjiignUxl to tttv I-'niixror, thvro wcro powurful
nU'iiiiiiitu t>t 4>|>)>iwilion. Thfi Turlcs luid captured 'l>ip<4i
tnm\ tli<< KiiJ){liU of St. John, nud kiudlud auevr tbe
lUniiM uf ViiKT ill lliiDgiiry. Ht>iiry VlJl., tliu King ol
Kii|;liiMd, hiiil diitd, and been BUcceeded by Edward VI.,
by wh>-iii I'd'tiviUtiitism wss ntablislied in tlmt coub-
iry. Il4<liry II. u( Fnuioe waa uniting with the «'ncmi««''j
itf Ilia Kni)iuror in Italy, and in Septeinb<;r, 1561, ho»«l
Utlliw Diic<o more oommouccd bvtwuen the two rival'
iiowvri. 'II10 lioroic rcaiataiioe of Mngdi-burg had Mtimu-
litti'd tliv unUniBiaam of the Protestanta of Nortli Ger-
iiiiiiiy. The projijct of Churlca V. to inako liis son,
rhili]' of 8|>!iin, hia Hucoasaor to the Empire, tuid evon
lJinat4)Uod foi a time to produce un cfltnuigemeiit be-
IWMMi the Emperar and Furdinand. Tlie Qcrman prinous
WHO! offundwl at tlie prcfcrttncc pvcu to Spanish advixieri
Mid at jieinowd slight* whiub tliey liad suffered.' 'llw con-
lii)ii4>il preaenoe of foreign troopit in violation of the Em-
jM'i-or'ii promiite at his vl<-ctiun was offensive to Uio nation.
Maurice had become an object of gviu-riil hatred among
UioM whom he had botrayod. Curaea, loud «a well lu
t\wp, were freely utteix-d against him. The smfforings of
Urn good Elector, whom no Uin.'jits and no bribr* would
indiioo to eoinpromiiN) his religions faith, and tlie ccn-
Artkl<«. i» hirl B[>p«n>l<<J Ihi qntHdMlion thai (or hlmwlf he wu vilirnK, ttl
tb< Mk* tS uiill}', to Kimit * jiirt Immaiu mfmiotltr ol tlie rnpo ornrMba
Ualu>|M. Sn 111* Itarned wild* "lUUiicllwn," bj tMienr, in lUnw*
RtnU'Kyd., is.
TBEATV OF PASSAU.
1«7
tinuod impriaoninent nf the I^andgrare, against the sjiirit
of tile stijtulations given on the occamon of hU sitmnAar,
for Uii; fulfillment of whidi Maurioo wits Iiald to bo iu)>
mremble, were not only personally di^leanng to biro,
bat tbey brought upon him increasing unpopulurity. Him
appticnUmu to the Kiiiperi:>r for tlic roleoae of the Laml-
gvave, Maurice's father-in-law, bad proved ineffeotusL
The SpttnliirdJi were threatening Unit the Gurnun prinon
aliould be put down, nnd intimations that Ifaurine him-
BuU might have to be deult Tvitli as the Elector had
b»oii, were occasionally thrown out. The Mega of Mag-
deburg whidi Maurice, who had luidertaken to execute
tJio impurinl 1;»in iigauiHt that city, wa» liinguiilly prose*
euting, w-.rved as a cover for military preparations. Hav-
ing secured the oooperatiou of several Protestant princea
on whom ho could rely ; having convinced with difficulty
tlie familica of tlie captive princes that he might ba
trusted ; having, also, negotiated an alliance witli Henry
II., who WAS to inake it divcrnon against Charles, in th«
Netherlands; having come to an utiderstandiug witJi
Ibfagdebtirg, which wan to nerve na a n^fugc in caai of
defeat ; having made these and all other needful prepara-
tions with profound secrecy, he Kuddenly took tlic field,
and mnix'hing at tlie liend of on army which increjuied at
I every atep of his lulvance, he crossed the Alps, and f<m^
tbe Emperor, who whs suffering from an atUick of the
gont, to fly from lunHpruck.' Thijt triumph was followed
by the treaty of Paaaau. Cliartes left hia brotlier Ferdi-
nand to negotiate with the princes. TIic demand of
Mniirine and of his associates was that tlie Protestants
should have an assumnce of toleration and of nn equality
of rights with the Cutholtca, whether the efforts to secure
religious uininiinity in the nation should succeed «r not.
To this Ferdiniuiil gave his itssont; but the Emperor,
' Uauriof illil nol opWra (^bifloii "DefaiidnocKgc," heuid, '
\hirrf" CliirlMllnil frsni InnfprncV.Mij IB ItU:
(or M tugo
168
mP. GERUAS UEFORUATinM.
impeltnrl nlikc by conecisncD iind by pridu, notwitbstand-
ingbin humiliating (lo.fcjtt, co>iM not bi: Itrou^bl tooon«ut
in Uiix stipiibilioii. Tbu Prutt^wtants obtained the pl«l(;e
of amnesty, of peace, and equal rights, until tlio religious
differences should be settled by a national assembly or «
getteml council. Tlie captivv princM were ec^t iit liberty.
Charles was obliged to see his long-clierliihed plan for tJie
deatruction of ProtOHtuntism tcnnituite in a mortifying
fulore. At the Diet of Augsburg in 16^o, the celebrated
Religious Pesico was concluded. Every prince was to be
allowed to choose butweicii ttie Catholic religion and the
Augsburg Confosaion, and the religion of tlio prince wna
to bo tliat of the land over whiclt he roigni.>d. The
Catholics wanted to except eceleuastical princes from tlie
first article ; the Protestants objected to the second. Fi-
nally the ccclesia«ticn] ruscr^'ation vtm adopted into tlio
treaty, according to which every prehito on becoming
Protiwtaiit shonld resign lits bonulice ; and by an accotn-
panying declaration of Ferdinand, the subjccta of ecol<»-
aiastical princes were to enjoy religious liberty. The
Imperial Chamber, which had been » priitci[WLl instru-
ment of oppression in the tiandii of the Cntliolics, was
reoonBtitnted in such a way that tlie rights of llio Prot-
estants were protected. Chixrhw took no part itersonally
in the proceedings which led to the religioiui jwaco. It
inToIvcd a concoBsion to Uio adherents of the Augsbui'g
Confession ~- the liberty to practioe llieir religion with-
ont ino1est<itiou or loss of civil privilcgi>s, whether a
council aliould or should not succeed in uniting thi; oppos-
ing parties — aconceauon wliiob he had intended never
to grant. But the progress of thought and the strength
of religious convictions wore too mighty to bo oveicomo
by fcwoe. Modircval imperialism was obliged to give way
befi>i-e tJie forcta arrayed against it. The abdication of
Charles, who felt himself physically unequal to tlie cares
nf his office, followed, and tlie imperial station devolved
m his brother (15AG).
PEACE OF ADOSSDBO.
169
Tiaa Protestantism obtained a legal recognition. Dur-
ing the nest few years, the Protestant faith rapidly spread
even in Bavaria and Austria. Had it not been for the
Ecclenaatical Reservation, saye Gieseler, all Gormanf
would have aoon become Protestant. ^
^ OicMlar, iv. L 1 S 11.
CHAPTER VI.
THE RCFORMATIOS IN THE SCANDINAVIAN KINGDOJU
at TUB SLAVONIC NATIONS, AND IN mjNOAIlY.
When we inquire into the in«ina by whidi Uio Ger-
man Reformation extended itself into the adjacent coun-
tries, th« agency of the Germans who were settled in
these Linda constantly appears. One h reminded of tha
diHuMOti of the ancient Uehrows, and of the pnrt taken
by them in opening away for Chriiitittmty beyond the
bounds of Palestine. Anotlior very conspicuous instru-
ment in the Hprend of tlie Lntheriin doctrine was Witten-
berg, the renowned school to which yonng men were
attracted out of all tlio neighboring lands. The use of
l^atia as a vehicle of teaching and tut the common lan-
guage of e<Iucate<i persona of whatever nationaUty, ten-
dtriKl this practicable. But tbe Soandinaviniis were them-
selves a bntnch of tlie great Teutonic family, near Idnsmeo*
of tile Gi-ntians, and CDniieclotl with them, besidea, by th«
bonds of commercial intercourse.
In ISOT, the tlirce Scandinavian kingdoms, Denmark, ;
Norway, and Sweden, were united by the Union of Cal-
mar, in which it was provided that each nation should
preserve it« l»w« and institutiona, and aliare in the eleo*
tiou of the common sovereign. The result, however, was
t long stnt^le for Danish supremacy over Swollen. WHien
the Reformation in (leiinauy l>egnn. Christian II. of Den-
mark was engaged in a contest for the Swedish throne,
tu all tbcso countries the prelates were possesaed of great
THE BEF0MIAT10N IK DEKUABK.
in
wealth, aiirl v^ry mud) ixwtrick-d ttit; authority of tbfl
aorereigii -.m wi-tl tin ihti powi^r uf tka nt^mlur iiobli»i.'
Christian 11. \t;w »uri-oun<lod, in Dcniuavk, by a body
of advisers who sytiipikthixed with tho LuUierim uovo
oiuiit ia SiLXony. IIu was hlntsuU disposed todt'preas Uie
jKivrer o( tU(^ t-ccli^ftiiuitioid nnd luy iLnKtouracy, und, for
tbie eixl, tliuugb Dot without tlie admixture of other tuid
Ixittttr niutivui, set to work to uiiliglituD luid eldvate the
lower olaeaes. The encoumgeiueiit of PrDteataiitisni nc-
oordcd with his goneml poU«y. In 1520, lie scut for a
Saxon preikclivr to uv^rve as chaplain at hla court nnd aa
a religious instructor of tlio pooplo, und subsequently in-
vitwl I.uthcr hiniiw-lf inloliJa kingdom. At U>c luuuo tiinu
that Chnstiiin availed hiinaelf of the papal ban as a wai^
rant for his tyranny and cmulty in Sweden, lift continued
in Deiinint'k to prunioto the e»tal>lislimi^nt of rrotctitnnt-
ism. In 1 ')'2\ he put fortli a book of laws, which contained
enactments of n Protestant tuuduncy ; among ihum on«
to tnouurage tJw iDarriage (^ all prelates and priests, und
another for diRpensing witli all appoals to Jtuiuv.' After
his gaiiguiiiaiy procoodings against Sweden, finding that
hi« ciy»vu was in danger, he retmctcd his reformatory
measures, at the instigation of n papal legate. Hut he
w»sdopo»ed by tlie prelates and nobles of Denmark, and
liitt unelft, Fredeiic 1., Duke of Schluawig and HoIsti.>iD,
was made king, in 15^.
Fruilvrio at liis aooeaaion, though personally inclined to
Pi-oteatantiam, was obliged to plcdgo himsi-lf u> the Dan*
bh magnatw to resist its introduction, nnd to grant it no
tolcraUon. The exiled Cltristian iduntificd himitelf wiUi
the Protestant catiso, Uiough not witli constano}' ; for if
tbv chargu liu^ks proof tJiat, at Augsburg, in l')'H>, iu
1 MUattr, JCi«i(ojrf*Jlfc*H v. DOotnirk a. Xonetft*. Til. I!l. ; Oiaolif , i».
k C. S, t ITi ('rfijtf, Uiiterji vf tit Sieidii; Metros. JUtJ-l'iryl., uIlclM
"Sctiindva," " niimiDult."
1 HUabr, p. H M4.
173
BETORMA-nOli M 0ISMABR.
order to get the Ii«lp of the Emperor, ha fomuilly ab.
jiirwl tlio evangelical fnith, it iH tnie that in 1581 Im
proiiiiscd to uphold tlie Catliolic Church in Norway. He
rfiKli-rt'd a good scrric* by cititstng tlio Nuw Tt'stainmt
tn l)R trRiifllftl«d into Danish, which vraa done by two ot
))'t6 nohlefl. The immcdiiito occasion of tho successftil in-
troduction of I,uthi'i'»mHrn into Denmark was tlic active
propagation of it in the Duchies of Sdileswig and IIol-
st4-iii, wliL^re, in 1524, Frivlcrio iin[>ostfd mutual loli<ration
on botli jiartivd. In Donmark it^f tlie study of tlie
Bible was encouraged, a Biblical tlieology waa inculcated,
Mid eeclosiASticid abuses ccii-^urrvl by a number of camost
preaohen, among whom was Paul Eliii, of Heyngiir, Pro*
vinoal of tlio Cariiiolitfs, who worked with much effect
in this dirootion, although at last, like Erosinuti, he clioso
to abide in the old Church, and oven turned his weapons,
with a bitter antipathy, itgaiiist the Rt^formors. In 1526,
tho King dedaivd Iiininelf in favor of tho ReforniatioOf J
tlie doctrine of which was diasemiaated rapidly in thoj
oitJM. The most ntalons ndvocato of tlm new doctrine]
win John Tniuiaen, ttnuieliim-s railed the Danitth Luther,
who studied at Witteiibi-rg, iiitd aftiir 1:j24, in di-liance
of the 0]iiio»ition of thn bishops, prcachvd Lntheranismj
with marked cITect.* Tlic Danish nobility were fnvorahla]
to th(t Kiiif^V Kide, from jealousy of the power of tha
prelates, and tho desire to powdss themttclvM of ecclesias-
ticjil property. At the Diet of Odcnso, in 1527, it was
orriiiin<.'d tlmt marriage should ho nllnwed to the clergy,
that J..utheraniam should be tolerated, and that bishops
should thenceforward abstain from getting (he piillium
from Rome, but, when chosen by tho chapter, should
look to thft King ajonv for the ratification of thdr eleo-]
lion. Converts to Lutheranisin were made in great nam-
bors. Wiborg in Jutland, and Iklalniii in Schoiion, were
Uie principal centres, whence the reformed faith wa* dif
> roDloppiJsi, AmiuJe* Eid. Dam., U. TTl.
CniHffrUS m. AXD BtlOENItAGEN,
178
foMd ov<ti tin; kingdom. Books and tracts in ux{
uid defi'DBe of it, as well as tlie Bible in tite remnculftf^
tongiic, VK-rc urcrywliorfi circulated. Tlio Liitlicraiia
who, in li>30, prctcntod their ConfenHioii of Kaith in
(ortj-tbroe Articles, acquired tbo propundcranco in tbaj
laiuj ; but iu <!ona«qiieiu» of tlie pledges of t'n>d«iriv
his accesuon, the bishops were not dcpHvfd of tbeir
power. His doatli, iii liiSS, lud to a coinbiiiod cilortoaj
their part to abrogate tlie recent eccleaiastical oha
and restore the exclusive domination of the old rc-ligiou.
^li«y accordingly refiwed to sanction the election of
in., Frederic's eldest son, who had bcwi active
In ctrtAblishing I'rot«Ktantixm in the Dudiins; until Ihoir
consent \f»a compelled by the attempt of the C-ount of
Oldenburg, a Protestant, to restore the deposed diristtan
II., wbnin tli(!y Mill more fe.trcd and hate<]. By Chris*
ttan III., wlioso admimtton for Lutlier had been first
kindled at the Diet of Worms, wlioro this prince waa
preaeiit. the authority of the prelates was abolixlied, at •«
Diet at Copenhagen, in 153t>, and tlic Ucfurmation uai- '
venally li^alizcd. Hie bishops were forced to ronotinoo
their dignities. A constitution for the Danish Cliureh
wa-s framed, and submitted to Liilhor for his »imction.
Bugenhagen, a prominent &iend of the Sa:(on Reformer,
came into the kingdom, on the King's invitation, and, lu
1637, crowned him and his CJuei-n, and perfeotoJ the new
ecclcttosticnl arrangements. Bishops, or superintendenta, 1
were appointed for the dioceses, and formally conseonitcd
to tlH^r offices by BtigetdiAgen himself, ■' ut venia episco-
pus," as Luther expre^ed it. Tlic University of Copcn-
h:Lgi'n W!i8 i-eorganizod, and other schools of learning
istabltahed in the viiriniut cities.
This final triumph of Protestantism in Denmark wai
eniinected with events of peeiiliar intcnwl in the history
of the Hefurmation.' The Luthei-an doctrine had quiclclj
> 8m RjuLt, AtHbdk. Gi*^ tli. SIO Mq., tOt Mq.
1T4
REF0RMAT1QH IM DSHUASK.
I
p«iH>tntt<!<t into every plncc where the Gumum loBgna
was spoken. The dtim at Korlhem Gfinnaoy, the mdin-
bcrs of th>^ 'iM Hitn»'-ntic Ivingiie, gnvv it it hospit4kbk9 rv
oeption. 'Hio strong burgher class in these towns lent
a willing cnr to tito prcMchum from Wittenberg. The
Hansa, tit Iho lu^rioil of its gi-oat«et prosperity, in thad
fbnrtvunth century, compnBed in its confederacy all
maritime towns of Ocrmwiy, together witli MsgHiJii]
fimnswick. and other intermodiato pkoca ; and oxertod n
controlling influence in the Scandinavian kiii^loni.-). It
WAS wciikcncd by thA Boparation of tlie Nethertanda,
sfter 142". The great value of the tmdu of tliu iiurth-
em iung<luuts, of llio prodiictei of their iiiiiics and littli-
eries, made it of the highest importance to Liibeck, tlie
loading city of the (lansa, to keep it» coniriK-rcial and
political Ruprema^. ChristiaD II., the broliier-tn-law of
Charles V., was withstood in his attempt to sulMlne the
northern nations by the Lu1>eck«>rii, by \vhoni Gustav
Vasa was assisted in gaining the throne of Sweden. The^
oitie* whieh, like Hamburg and Magdeburg, had a mn^^
tntoy that waa favorable to Hje Protestant doctrine, re-
ceived the new eystc-in without luiy serious jxjlitical dis-
turbance. Bat in some other towns, as Bremen and
Liibeck, the aceeptance of LutheninJsm was attended by
i;liiiiigt-» in the government, which were effected by th»'
burghers, and were democratic in their character. The
new BurgomnstiT, at LUbeck, WuUejiwcber, whom thA.J
revelation harl raised to power, negotiate a treaty of 'i
alliance with the English King, Henry VIII. The greai
object of LiiK'ck wiw to keep the trade hptwe<-Ji tJie Bnl-
tic an<l the Norlh St^a in it« own hands. But the situ-
ation in Denmark, after the death of Fredcrio I., wm
Veil timt I.ubc-ck reveriK-d ila altitude and espoused the
uiiwe of thii exited King, Christian 11. The Liibedcm
found tliat they could not longer count npnn tlie ooopera>
Uon of Drninark in their ccmmerdal policy, find thai
DKMOCRATIC MOVrJiKXTS.
ITS
CSimlian 1 n., nf Holstein, oould not be onlbted in iKippart
oi tiunr hcatile unck-rtnkiRgB ngajiist HolLiad, Ili'iiw,
tbvy put for\vrircl th« (!inii)t of Oldenburg an a dmmpioii
of the banishod soveraign. Malmo, Copenhagen, and
otliw cilica of Dwrnnark, m woll as Strnlswnd, Koatonk,
and other old cities of the llausa, at oitce transformed
their former niimicipiil system, or giiv« to It « dcmoomtie
cost, and joined handa nil)) I^illwcU in bebilf of Cbriatian
II., \v1loeo measures, when hi- was on tlio throne, had
looked to an increase of the power of the burgher clnM.
Hio confederate cities Mtablish»l their alhancu with
Bnglnnd, and gaininl Ut their fli<]e, a Qe.rniiui prln<<e,
Duko vUbert of Mecklenburg. This combination had to
b<! ov.>rcomft by Christian III., before he eonld reign over
Dumuark, HU energetic offorta were aucceasful; and
with the defeat of Liibock. the democratic or rorotataon-
nry movement, the Kkdionl (>li>ment. which thivtatencd to
identify itself witli the Iteformntion, waa subdued. Swe-
den contnl«it(il its hcJp to the attainment of tliiH residt.
Wnilenweber himself waa brought to the scaffold. The
prinni)!i! of l-nthtT and his lutiKKrinti-it, that the caiixe of
religion must be kept Bo[>:ir.vto from schemes of political
or social rDVoliitiun, wns pnieticully vJndioiitc-d. In Mtin-
utor, this princi[)I« had to be maintained against a Hocinl-
ist movement in whii?li the clergy were the leaders.' In
Liilx^-ek, it vnu politieiil and eommerctial ambition that
songttt to identify \vith its own aspiraliona the Protestant
reform. Chritttaati III. wan a'Protvstant ; his triumph,
and that of bis allies, did not weaken the Protestant
interest, although tt subverted a new political fabric
whieh had liecn si-t up in connection with it.
The reception of Protcstautism in N>rway was a con-
sequence of (he i-ec1eaiiisttcHl revolution in Denmark.
Christian III. was at first oppimed in Hint ^'ountry; bnt,
in 1.W7, the Ari'hbishop of iJronlheim th>d, with tlw
treasures of hts Cathedral, t«i tliu Nuthurlands, and Hot-
176
BF.t'-UBHATIOK IK SWKUBl.
mj iraa reduced to tbe rank of a province at Denmark
III Ictibintl, Pn-tu»tnntistn gaiiicd a lodgim-nl Uiroog^
aiiiiilar a^^ncit», ulUiotigh Uio liUhop of SkuUic4t, vrhc
bful tH.i-n u etudi-nt ut Wittunljor^, wns un active mod in-
Suontiiil teadicr of lliu new doctrine.
A» varly as 1519, two etudcuta wlio Imd sat nt tho fwt
of I^ither in Wittenberg, Oliif and I^wivnce Petersen,
begiui to prea<:1) tlie ovangelicnl dwtriuo in SwmIuu. The
Kufoniuition pi-vvnilixl, hovrwvcr, llirout^h tliu pulitiad ruv*
olution wliich raised Giistavua Vasa to the lliroiio. Cliria-
tian II. of DoDinark was Htipj>urtud in his I'^iulcavors to
conquer Swcdttn, by jiapnl ciliots, and by tlie coi>|H)r,itit;n
of the arclibisbop, Giistaviis Trolls. Tho SwediAli prel-
ates vivTv fiivnrable to tliu Daiiisli intcrtutt. Gnittavus Vwm,
a nobtomiui who was rekted to tho family of Sturfi, vkick
had furnished sereml adininistntturs or n.-(;vots to Swmleu
prior to its conquest by Christian II., undertook to Ub-
traU'. bin cuuntty from tho Dani&b yoke, and euccvodud in
hi» |iiitri()ttc eiiti-i'prise. Ho vnts faTorublu to Uiu Lu-
theiuii doctrine, and was the more inclined to secure for
it tbe atuH-iidoncVt as ho cuvctcd for liis inipovorisliod
tip.'miiry the VMt wenltb viUivU luid b<.-i>n aocuinulutvd by
the ecclesiastics. He appointed Lawrence Andereen, a
convert to l.tilheraniom, bin cliiuici^llur ; Olaf I*uter)k;u ho
lUMlft apreakclicriii Stockbobu, and I^wrence Petersen a
theological prnfesttor at Upiuihi. lMoI.t nf tbe bisltops 'm
behalf of Cliristiaa II. naturally stimulated the pivdileo-
tioQ of Ouslavus for the I'nitcgtant syMh^m. A publio
disptitation was held in 1524, by the appointment of the
king, at Upsala, in wbicb Olaf Peborsen inaintuincd th«
Lutheran opinions. Tlie pu'cuuiary biinh-ns wbicb Gus-
taruB laid upon tlie clurgy existed dia.-iiIection auiung thum.
Finally, at tlie Diet of WeaUiriis, in 1527, tlio controvcny
n-HN br>mt;lit to a crisis. Gnstavus threatened toal>dicat«
his tlirone if hia dvnumds ncrv not complied with. Tba
ESTABLISHMENT OF PBOTHsrASTlSU.
177
result vas tlmt libc-rty watt gnuitod " for Uto prcachcn to
proclaim tlio pure W'onl of God," a l*rotfstant ilpfiaitioa
being coupk-d willi this ptinisu ; and tlio property of the
Cliurvli, wiUi thu uutluirity to ragiibte ecclvHlastidil af-
fairs, WM delivered into tlie hand of the King. Xfao
cliur«:Le3 wliicli L-tnbniccd the Protosttuit faiUi picwrved
Uieir revenuca. llie eccleiuafiticul property fuU for tho
moat pai-t to tlia possossion of the iiobii?a. TLe conjmon
piioplo, not iiistrucl^'d in Uiti iivw d(ii.-trini>, wvm gcuerally
attached to tho old reli^oiia aystem. Gustavus propoaeil
to introduce clinngM gnidtiully, and to provide for t)M
iii»t mot i<}ii of lilt: peiuiiLntry. He hiid to put down a dan-
gerous iuBurreclJon which was excilud Ju part by priuita I
wlio vrvia Ixwtilo to the religioua inuovationa. Ity <le-
gre«B die Swedish nntiou acquired a limi attachutent to
thu i'rotvstiuit dootrinu and worship. Gustaviu wiu suo* I
oeutled by Hrio XIV., whoae partiality to Colviniiiiii iiia<)a
no inipres&ion on his subjects. Then followed John III.
(l^GS-liiOS), who married a CatlioUu princvss of Poland,
an^I who made a prolonged, and what at tiuios seemod
liki'ly to provu a sncccasful elTort, \vit)i Uta aid of luttiita
Jc^tnta, to ititroduoo a nioilerato typo of Catholicism, and
to reconcile the nation to its adoption. Popular fix-liug
was agiunitt liiin ; uml after hU death the liturgy wlitch '
he had eBtabli»hed and obstinately niiiinlaiii«d, was abol-
ished by a Coiuicil at Upsala in 1i(^!t, nn<l the Augttbiirg
Conf^.-^ktioii nctrcptiMl ax tli<- cnwd of thu National Clmrclt.
Sigismiuid III. of Poland, on ac<wuDt of bis CathuUcistn,
wii» pruTL-jitod fri>ni n.'ignii^; aJid the crown of Sweden
waa given tn Giistavus Vaaa's ;oungeat eon, Charles IX ,
who became king in 1604.
The dfstructiun of Ifuss by thu Council of ConstanM
in 141J>, follxwed in tlie next year by tho execution c{
Jermre of Pmguo, s?nt a thrill of indignation through tbc
u
1TB
SEroBUATrotr di bohemia.
greater portion of tlic Boliemian peoplo.' Hie Boh0>
miana were ooarerted from heathonism by two OreA
monks, M<>tli<K{itis mul Cyril ; but tlic powtT of tbo Gop-
tnuis, coupled witU the influence of tli« Hoinnn ace, hiv
ctirv^ tbuir itdhcsiou to tli» Latin Cburch. tn the Middle
Ages, however, a fltnif^jln t'Mik pliiw butwt-i-n th« ror-
nncular und the Lutin ritual. An application for leave
bo M»« thi) f<)riii"r WM deniiKl in a puremptory innniier by
Gregory VII. Underlying the ntOTement of wbicb HnsB
wiis tbi.^ pnnd[>at niithor, wiu a nntionnl nnd a religions
feeling. Hie fnvorere of the Hoaeite reform were of the
Slavic popnlation ; its opponents wcro the Gormiins. Tlio
eont«8t of tlie two pnrtlea in t]te University of Prague led to
an academical revolntion, a change in tbo constitution of
the Univei-sily, wbtoh gave tlje preponderance of powvr
in the condtK-t of iU) affairs to the niitirm. Hcnoc, lite
Oermitti Htudi^iiU Krft in a body ; and out of this great
exodus arose the Univei-aity of l^ijisio. The effect of
this academical (|Uuit«1 whh Id eAtnbliKli the us<r<>ndcnoy
of Hunnand his followers. While the Council of Con-
Btiinco WHS in session, Jacolvcllus, priest of tlic Church of
St. Micbiii^l tit I'mgMC, iH-gan to iidniintster the cup to
the liuty ; and the practice obtained tbo sanction of Huss
himself. Tilt! cup Inul been originiitly withdmwn from
Inymen, not with Llie design to confer a new distinction
npon tho priestly order, but simply from reverence for
the sacramental wine, which was often spilled in lh«
dlHlribtition of it through an assembly.' The custom,
once Bstabhalied, became n 6xed rule in tho Church, and
contributed to cnbajico stilt further tlic dignity of the
sacerdotal class. 'Iliomaa Aquinas aided in eonfirmti^
the innovalloti by inctdcating the doctrine of concomitance,
the doctrino that the whole C^hrist is in cnch of tlie ete-
■ For wotkt rflalini; In Itnlii'iiiiiii I<i:c1'?ii>li>it hiirtorjr, M>*ii|>rii, ('■HI; lUt
Lanfuit, Hill. Jt la Gurrtx J. Uauilittl Jm OitKih it SWt; l^hrch. 0*
NftUtt* J. anjfurt/rtmiil. m IMniiit (IWl).
) Oloakr, DogmmgrtAiihii . \i. !iVL
THE UTRAQUISra.
17*1
otentB, and is rec&Tod, tliereforu, by him who patlaliuv of
tho breud alunu. llw Utiaquubt of Bohvniiii clitimod
Chti citp. They w«iit beyond the pueition of IIuss, and its-
tertwl that the ruix^tion of both cliMneiibi in vaual'utl lo
tlin riiiiihly of t)i« sacramenL Henl^^ful■^ral'd t)iedein»nd
for tbv clutioe became tlie most difitinguinhitig badge of
tlw lliLNsiust, the subject of a loi^ »ii<l U-rriblu oontost.
lie Cotinoit at Coiistanoe protiouiici^l the Uli'iu)ui8t oj^
tmt» of the Cliutvh dix'trittu hurutics.
Fifty-four lli>lii^niiiiti and MonivJaii noblm aent from
^nigiie a letter to the Coumril i» which they n<puUud tba
^•caiKiitionit of heix'jiy whie)i h»d bc>en mndu againxt tlteir
eouiitryinen, and denounced in tlte strongest hiiiguage tJia
cruel treatment of Hii:^s. Tliis was before the burning
of Jerome, nn event th^t i';uni^) the nturm of indignatiuii
in Bohemia to a greater height. The Prague University
tduclanil fur the Utruqiiists, and their doctrine apeedilj
Fguined Uie asstent of the majnr part of tlie tuition.
The Council, and Martin V., resolved upon forcibla
tnn* for the ti-|>re<t»i»n of the Kohi^miiui ermriat*.
{iBoliemia ivas a constituent part of the German Empire,
Liid tlu^ ■■\*'ciition of th«80 meiwurcs fell to the lot of Sig>
isiiituuU its heatl, who was an object of special hatred ti
Bohemia on account of bis agency in the death of Hiia;*
Hiere noon nruso in Bohemia n powerful party whicli
went fLir beyond the Ucraquists in their doctrinal innoviW|
,t)ons, nn<I in lio8tilIty to the Romisli Church. Ilio Tn
orites, as they were atyled, gathered in vast multitud
h<'ar pivnphiiig, and to cement their union with on©
aotber.' Their creed, whioli took on new plimtoa fi^oin
to time, Mabmced the leading points of what, a
■ry later, was included in I'Toloatantism; idtbmtglii
tenets vrero not deduced from simple and fnnd»>
ucntal princ>plefl, nor bound together in a logically cobe-
rant system. Unlike tbo ordinary Utra(|uistH, tbey t»
>CMi«Mks.LUr.
180
RErORUATIOK IN BOIIEMU.
jected tiTiimibjiUuitiatton. TItey, also, Appcnli.<d to tha
Bibli>, as alone authoritative, and refused to submit to tbe
decisions o£ tbo popus, to th« couneiU. or to tliu futliuis.
For a wliilc, chiliastlo and a]>oca1yptic tJieoriea prevailed
among tlium. Discordant puliticnl t^'ndL-mnus Mpftnttod
the UtrnqtuHtM (torn tlie 'J'alinril^-fl — the hitter clieridh>
ing democratic ideaa respecting government and BOt^e^.
Thu oppusittou whicli tlioy «xpftrionc«d wmvtrted their
eatliuaiasm into fanaljcisiu ; and. moved by a furious
ioonodastic spirit, tliey assaulted cImrchLis and convents,
and destruyt'd t]io t4%a!tun>8 which hiul been gathered by
the priesthood, and the "implements of idolatry." In
Ziska, tho most noted of tlieir lojulen, they had a gnnond
of Rarae and stubborn bravery ; and under his guidance
thu force of the Htitwltcs bcc-Amo well-nigh irresistible.
tn 1421, the nioderato Utnir|uL<ita, or Oittixtines, em-
bodiod their belief in four artictos. the Articles of Praguo,
which became a inttmomhlo doetiment in the hiatory of
the Hussite controvorsiea.' They required that the Word
of Goil shonld bu preticheil freely and without hindrance,
by Chriatiuii pricsta, throughout the kingdom of Bohe-
mia ; that tlie siicmineut sliould bo adminisU'rcd, in botJi
forms, to all Chrixtiaua, not excluded by mortal sin from
the reception of it ; tlint priests and monks sluiuld be di-
vcsbod of their control over worldly goods ; that mortal
sins, vspeciiiUy all public tnutsgressions of God's law,
whether by priiwti or laymen, should be iiubjwct to a reg-
ular and strict discipline ; and that an end should be put
bo nil shindcrous accusations ngaumt tlio Bohemian peo[de.
On the relations of the IJtraqnists to the Taborites,
the moderate to the radlcfd Hussites, thu history of Ku-
bemia for a ceutury intimately depends. Tlie two partiee
might unilo in a crisis involving danger to both ; but
they were often at war witJi one unotliiu- ; ftnd their com-
mon em-my knew how to turn to tlie best account their
ICMrwwka, I. 146; QltHltr, nt. *-.»,( 161, n. IS.
TRB COUItaL OP BASEL.
181
nmtiiAl cIifTomn^^t^a. Thu ntotit coiiftpicuDua feature that
bdonj^ixl to them, in roinmon, was tbu clciimtnl tliiil lliu
cttp should bo «dtniniHt«re<] to th« lotty.
Three crusadeei, undertaken by the authority, and at
tlio coinnmiid of tJn; Olitii-cli, iiltcd IJohcniiiv n-iih tho
bormts of war ; but tlicy wholly failed to siibduo the
hc<nttia!i who wore uiiitvd to resist tltcni. Vast ni-iuti-H
■were heateu and driven out of the country. On the other
hand, the Bohemians repaid thi; iittacka madu upon tlu^ni,
bj' df viwtating iurursions into the neighboring Geminn
ti-nilory, rulod by their enomieB,
Conrinced, at la«t, of tlu; futility of this ftlTort to coii-
qwei- the Hussites, their opponents consented to treat with
tlitfin. By Uio lulvico of Cardinal Jidian Cosarini. who
had accorapanied the last cniaading army against them,
and shan^d in ita disastrous overthrow, tlio <E(.-uri)(iniad
CouuHl of Bnael decided to enter into negntialiniLi with
them. Having fintt carefully obtained abun<lant guanm-
tie« for thi'ir [wraonal .safnty, and snWmn plinlgi-!* that
they ftliotdd have a free and fidl hearing, thu Utra^uist
dclegnteii — rc'prtjN'-iitativea of botli tho IriMling partim,
tlto Calixtines and Taborites — presented themselves at
Basel. At thoir huad wns Rol£y<;nua, who Iwlonged to
Uifl moderate party, but was held in imi\ersal esteem for
Ills talents, learning, niid moral execllonee. Tho fliUisitu
tJ»'iiIogiiin« iiKird their frn;doni to the full extvnt. Tlwy
hanmgued the Council for days in defense of the pn»-
Bcribed doctrines, in vindicfition of tho nieniory of Huwi,
and on Uio ecclcwasticnl abnaes to which tliev had endcav-
died to apply a remedy. Tho diflforence hel.\recn tho two
Boh«nu&n parties \Tas brought out in the spouchcs of
their respective representatives, and w».t skillfully used by
C^raarini and tho Coimi'il, in order tn widen tho 9>'p»i*-
tiou between tliem. After long negotiations, and the
M-iidiuf; of an emhiissy from the Coimeil to Bohomia, tho
Uuwiteti obttiined ocrtiitn conoessions whi4:h were set furlli
us
BKrOUlAT10:« IX BOREHU.
lo 8 document tenacd tlti> Conijiactnta. Tlie eomiauiuou
niiglit bo giruo ui both kmtltt to nil udults, w1k> hIiuiiIcI
desire it ; but it rnuat, at the name dine, be taught that
Uia whulu Christ is n)<xiiv<.-(l luider caah of tho clumonts
Tlie inilictloit of pcitidties on persons guilty of mortal sin,
oil which thu Utriiqiiists iimistMl, must ho loft with prMSt*
in tho case of clerical i>eraous, mid with mngistnttos in
the case of laynuii. 'I'ho Article in regard to tbe free
preaching of the Word wiis qualified by eoiifinitig tin- Hlx
erty to preach, to persooe tvgulariy called, and authorized
by bishopa. A» to the control of projwrty, tlit* was to be
allowed to w-cular priests only, and by Uiem to bo uwr-
cjeed according to tUo pri-scribod rule*. The Compactata
mm the charter, tii defense of which tlie Utntquisbs
waged many » hard contest; unco it ynm a constant
efTort of tho ]>opo8 to annul tlio eoooofluons which it con-
tained, and to reduce aven the moat moderate of tho
Hussito sects to an (.'xact conformity to Um Roman ritual,
and to the mandates of the Roman See. Tliis agreement
operated also to divide the CaUxtines and Taboritea
into mutiudly hostile cainpd. An armed conlliut ensued,
in which ttie Tal>oritea were thoroughly vauquisliod.
Thenctvforwnrd the power rvinainod in Uie hnndji of llie
Utr^uists who were desirous of approacliiiig as noarly lo
tliu doetriuen and riti.« of the Catholic Church in other
countries as their convictions would fUlow. It waa Eur
froin bring truo tluit pesicu resulted from the downfall of
the 'i'iibijvites, and the conciliivtory proceedings o{ the Ca-
iixtincK. ITic history of Bohemia, through tlie lifti^^nth
century, is a I'lng record of bitter and bloody oonflicta,
having for their end the restoratiou of uniforinily in ru-
Ugion. * About tlte middle of tho contwy, a new parly,
the Drelhren in Unity, who inherit^xl many of the doc-
trinal ideas of tliu Titboritos, but witli a more coiuerra*
tare t«n«t relalive to the sacrament, and a more gentk
and peaceful t«mpar, separated entirely fiom the Churoh
THK COMrACTATjl.
188
l%8]r, in their turn, were tlio objects of pcrsocution at the
hao^ of tlie innre orthodox Utraqtibts. UHimati<ly tlio
Brettmn were joiiiud by eotnt; nobles, and acquired a
greater degree of iwcurity. Tliey were coniMWtetl with
cerbun Waldensian Cliriatians, and, to some extent, in*
BuBQCVfl by tlitm.
Thua Bohemia for several generations had really bnon
cngn{;;i^l in ii stnij^le to build up a nittional chtireli in ojj-
poaition to the duminating and unifying spirit uf Roiiin.
When Lutlicr'8 doctrine becsmo known, it waa favorably
received by tlio Bretlircn, and tJiey desired to connMt
thumsflvcs with thL- Siixon roform. At ftrKt Luther vraii
not satiiUcd with their opinionn, <!Bpccially on tlte mora-
ni»nt ; but, after eonf^-rpncea with them, he concluded Ihiit
llwir fniiltH wi^ro chiirfly in expression and wore owing to
a want of theological culture. After the example of llio
Liithemns at Augsbui^, the BTangeltcal Brethren, ili|
irill."), presented to King Ferdinand their Confession.
The ('■alixtincs ircro divided on the question of pualiing
f(irw;ud the HtiHsite reform in tlip direction indirnti'd by
Lulhei. A majority of the estates was at Grst obtained
in favor of dcclnnttionn virtually Lntlieran, But the
more eonaervativo IJtraquiats, who planted themselves on
the Compactata, soon nillifd and gained the upper hand.'
However, tlie Lutheran doctrine continneil bo spread and
to multiply its adherents among the Calixtines Bs well as
tho Brethron. The two pnrtji.'^, on embracing Protntant-
ism, differed from one another chiefly on points of dis-
cipline. When the Smnlcahtio war broke out, the Utnt-
tpists refused to furnish troops to Ferdinand, in aid
tim nttftmpt of Chnnes V. to cnish the Protcstanta, but
j(Hned the Elector of Saxocy. The Bohemians shared ii| ,
full mcasuiY' the disn«t«rs which fell upon the Pnt
party after their defeat at Miihlberg. Ferdinand inflicted
upon tliem severe penalties. Toleration was now denied
to all except the onti-Lntheran Hussites ; and this drove
184
Rr.l'OIUIATtON CI POLAXD.
raiuiy of the Brethren into Pnliuid and Pnusia. Froni
the jKor l/>52, tli6 J<:aiiiU who thuti <uimc Intu tho (.-otmtry,
ontkatvored to persecute nil whose diBsent from the Romisli
Chord) went beyond tho standArd of the Oonipadata
In 1675. Uie Kvongeiical Oalixtinos »nd Kmthren iinit^d
in presenting a confession of f^iith to Maxiiniliun II. Aa
lliL- power of tho Jesuits iiicrenswj, tli<?re wan no safety
for the adherents of the Lutheran or the Swiss reform.
Id 1609, to such m received tlie confession of 1075 tliera
was granted a letter patent — or " letter of majesty " —
wideh placed them on a footing of K-gal oqiialit^- wiUi the
Oatliulios.
When the German Reformation hcgaii, Poland wna
riung to that portion wliich rendered it, a generation
later, tho moat powerful kingdom Jn Eastern Europe.
The Slavonic population of Poland had never manifested
any peculiar devotion to the Roman see. Conflicta be-
tween nobkis and bishops, in which carnal weapons on
one aide were often oppaied to the excoiiununication and
the interdict on the other, and contests between princee
and tho popes on questions of prerogative, luul been abun-
dant in Pfllisli history for several centuries.* At the
Conncil of Constance, Poles were active in the party o(
reform. Wvlt-fnunded disaffection at the immoral ch»N
noter of the clei^ had widely prevailed. Hence the
anti-saoerdotAl sccta, as tlie Wcildcnacs and the Beghards,
won many followers, lUid were not exterminnted by the
Inquisition, by which, about the middle of the fourteenth
ocntury, tlieir open manifestation was suppressed. Fu
more influential were tho Hussites, who did much to pre-
pare tlie ground for Proteatantisni. Bohemian Brctliiws,
driTen from their own land, naturally took refuge in Po-
land. These circumstances, and other agencies, such tu
tho nisidoncc of Polisli students at Wittenberg and th«
> Htraag. Rtol-Ktufd., itn. " Polao."
RE^'OTUrATION IN I'BCSSIA.
186
«inplo}'moi]t of Lutheran teachers nnd preacheis In the
£iimiliiut of nobltiH, ugK'nix) the tluor for Uio iiigriws of tha
Protcsbuit tlitctnite. It eoi'ly gtihied disciples, espeobilly
In kbo German citii.'s uf Polish Prussia. In Diuttng, ihe
priDcipat city of tiiii* provini.%, it ninile sitdi progress that
fD 1524 five cliurcJics woru given up t« it« adherents.' But
b«.*n a turlitilcnt piirty nriHic who, not Mtisfiod with tol
oration, insisted upon driving out the Catholie wordiip, ■
and succeeded by violent muusurcu in displacing the exis^^
ing niagistrntra, nnd in supplying their places with oflleurs
from their own nuniher. llio interforenco of the King.
Sigismund I., waa invokfcl, who n^toi-cd the old order of
things. Tlje progress of the Lutheran cause, howoTer,,]
wus not stoppod, »nd Dnnlxig itt tlio next ruigii Wnma
predominantly Proti^atiint. Tlio council and the burghcra
of Elbing accepted the Reformation in 1523. Thorn abpj
bivAniu ProU;st:int.. Thu iidviuico of the Itefonnutioa inl
the nnighbaring communities made it impossible to oxcludd I
it from Polimd, where numerous burghers and powerful
nobles regiirdoil it with favor. By the treaty of Thorn
in 14C6, the old Teutonic order of crusading kn!gIltl^
■whicli bud long governed Prussia, suiTenderod West i*rui^ i
sia nnd Krmeland to Poland, and retmn<3d East Prus»a aa
a fief of the Polish crown. At iho request of Albert of
Brandenburg, tho Grand Master, two preachers were sent '
by Liith<:-r to KSnigsbei^, in 1523. Tlio ReformatioQ
swiftly spread ; and when Albort, after having been de-
feated by Poland, »ccul.irii:cd his duchy, in 1525, the
prvTalunco of tho Protestant doctrine was secured. In
1544, he founded tJie Univer^ty of Kiinigsberg for the
education of prcacliers and tho extension of tlio new faith.
In Livonia, wliicli, aftt-r 1521, was independejit of the
Teutonic Order, the Reformation likewise foimd a willing
> Kiuiniikl, lUKgitmt Jltiloiy n/ ^^t Btittonit SMient, p. llAj Hit^my *J
At* Kf/ttrmallim In Pelond, I. 11-2 m; tUt Bdtiilmli J. P^Uclnn VmUm
t— {lUwbuix, ITU), I. in.
U6
BEFOMIATIOK tH POLAND.
•oceptance. As «arly as 1524, Lutiier addraawd «
prii)t«d leltcr to the ptofwHore of tb« ovanguliml doctrJoe
in fiigsi Revel, and Dorpat. Citinti in Uio vuriotis pHrts
at Pobmd und familius of tlistinction embraced tho xmvi
&ith. lu 1^8 a muitttudDof Huhviiiuui Umthrmi, exiles
from tlieir country, cnme iu to slrengtheii tlio I'rcit««tu»t
inlCKKt. In this yc-ar Sigisinuiid I. died, aiid was sou-
oeeded by hia son, Sigiaiitund II., or Sigismund Augnft-
tns, who was friendly t^i tbe evAngitUcnl iloctrinv. Cal*
yin dedicated to him hia Commentary on the Kpiatle to
the Ilebrowa, and gnbsequently correeponded with hiui.
Iu the Diet of l£u2, strong indigiuitiou vma muialtsted
sgniiiHt tti« clergy on noconnt of the proceedings of an
eocleBJaatical tribuniil agiiiiist Studnicki.an eminent noble-
ntan. Ttie clurgy wero furUiddvn to inflict imy temporal
punialim(!nt on tboHc whom they miglit pronounce liet«n>>
dox.* At a Diet at Piotrkow in 1555, a national council
for tlic settlement of religious diderenevs wa« duniandod,
and was prevented from aaeembling only by the streniioui
exeitions of thu Pope. Religious freedom was granted
fay tho king to th« cities of Dantzic, Thorn, luid Elbing ;
and also to Lirouia in the treaty of 1561, by whicli it
was annexed to Poland. Disst^'a-uoii among Protestanta
tlramsclres vras the cluvf lilndrance iu the way of tlio
eomplete diiluition of the Protestant faith, which at thia
time had penetrated all nmk!i of tOMet^. The Calvinuits
were numerals ; they organized themselves according to
the Preahyberion form, and a union between thorn and the
Brethren, in rcspct to doctrine, was cemented at a ayiK
in 1655. Opposed to these were the Lutherans, who^
mse moetly Germans, and who took little painit to prop-
agate th«r system through the instrumentality of an;
otlier language than their own. The Unitarians formed
a third party, which found a leader in the erudite Italian,
> Knwintkf, RtSf. Hitt. rf Ikt SliKonie Kationt, pp. 133, 133, Iti^MiTal
I, flul. Ertti: fihtfutimrum (ISM), p. 300.
JOmi A LASCO.
18T
fWustuH Sociniu, !iti<] Ixicnnic Rtnin^, in particniftr amonf
Uio higlior oUiAses. Tlio intoetini! diTisions uniong tin
FniMobmlit tifTunliv) in viirioiM «-u>rii » gn'vtt n<1imnti\^
U> tli«ir iiiilHgonista. An able, aoGomplished, and intlc-
[atignl>le ilc-foiidor nf Catholicism waa found in Huaiuit,
Bixhop of Culm, and, tiftvr 1551, of Ivrm«land. On the
Protectant ftido, conH])ictiou» for his cIToriA in betinlf nt
nnkm, as well as for bis genemJ character and divereified ,
utbon, wiu John % Lancu. Born of a wealthy and ani
tocntjo family in Poland, he waa destined for thu prirat-
faood, and after coinpli>43iig his studies in bia nativn
eountiy, he rcHOrtpJ to foreign tinirersities, ecpodally I^n>
Tftiniind Basel. At Basel ho waa intimate mth Erasmus,
ftnd for a time on inmate of his liouHC. For vlcvfiti yimni,
trttm the year 1520, he labored to eatabtiah in Poland n
mlomuition af U*r th« Enismian type. Finding lua exertions
fruitless, he left his countr}', took u more diMndi>(l positior
on tlw Protestant side, and for a number of years superin-
tended the or^iiiii'xiition of the Pi-otiistant Cluiri-h in East
Fii«6]and. After the Smalcaldio war and the passage of
tlie Interim, he went to England, wliero he waa brought
into a cioao relation with Craumor, and took t-harge o(
the church o( foreign ri-Jsidentx, first in I^ndon and theai,
from 1558 to 1556, in Frankfort. After the Polish Diet
in 155G bad granted a free exercise of the Prottwtant r©^
li|*ion in the houses of individual noblemen, I.n»co
called back to hia country by King Sigismund. Here he
labored to promote unit}' between the Cftlvinistfl and
LutJicrans. and for the apread (4 the Protestant faith.
He <iied in l.'iCO. Ten years after, tho Lutlicrona, ir-
fluenced by coiuisol from Wittenberg, where Uie sebool of
Mehinotlion then liad away, joined with tlie Swiaa and
thfl DretJiran, at the Synod of Sendomir, in the adoption
of a common creed, litis Confcwion is oonsonnnt with
the Calvitiitttic view of the sacrament, but it carefully
avoids Uinguage that might g>\*e off«itM> to Lnthentm-
188
BKfOniTATJON IS HUHHABT.
and it includes nn explicit sanction of the Siucon Confea*
«ioD, wliidi hiid been prepared to be sent to tlie Council
of Tntut.' After tlio diiiUi of SigiHinnml ia 167*2, the
ci-oivu became elective, and the eovereigns were obliged to
tuiocnt to Uiu "Piuc Di»stdi-ntiiini," vrliich guarnntMcl
ei]iudiQ' of rights to all cliurvKes in tbe kingdom. Under
Uiu term " Disitidonts " were tncliidod tlio Catholics M
well IIS tb« oUier religious bodicA. The Duke of Aiijoti,
aftorwarda Henry III. of France, on being elected King of
Poliuid, in 15 1 U, found it impossible to escape from diking
solemn oatlui to |)rot«ct the Protestant religion agwngt
pereecuUon and aggression. But t\w royul power vras so
much wmkeiwd that, iJtlioii^ Uiu iitonurclid might uSn-t
much by Uie bestowal of bonora and oSioes. the fate of
PiatusUuitism di.rpL-iidod mainly on tJio dtspotution of tlus
nobles. To detach (heae hom the Protc9t.int side and to
gain them over to the Catholic Cfaurch, through institu-
tiona of education and by other influences, foriiinl one
prime object of the Jesuits ; to whom, in connection wiUi
tile fatal divigious and qnarrvls of ProUrstantji, tlic Qtth-
olic reaction was to be indebted for its great success in
Pohmd.
Nomeroua Germans were settled in Hungary, by whom
the doctrinos and the writings of Luther won) brought into
that country. Uohemian Brethren, and Waldcnses yet
moru, contributed to the favorable reception of i*n>t(«-
lAntisin by tJio pco]>Io among whom they dwelt. Hun*
garian students not only resorted to tlie unirersities of
Poland, but went to Wittenberg also, and rvtunu'td to
diiiseminate the principles vrhicJi tJiey had learned from
Lutlter HuJ Xclanctlion. It n-as in vain that the new fhith
was forbidden. A savage law agniatt Lutherans, which
was passed at the Diet of Ofen, in 1523, did not stop tfa«
> Hw Ohihihvi f\Jamm or Stt^amirnuu li in Kiwntjm, Cellttlif OtV***
f, us. Kniioiki, aim. of A* Ktf. in Poibwl, t. c U.
dVn. WASS IN DDKOART.
189
[HxigivBs of the Protcstniit movomciit. It. t'lniitutUril from
Uio iHtiijili!, imd nlvntly sproad witli great rapidity. In
1623, the Prot«8t«nt8 were llic prevailing port)- in ilcr-
RUUtnstadt, and two years after, tlie five toyal free cities
in Upper Hungary adopted thu Rcfonniition.' The acw
vicH-s \Tere t-mbraced aJso by powerfiU nobles. At the
beg^ning of ttie .lixtc^eiitli ct^ttury, princus u( thu Sluvank
House of Jagellon reigned in tJie three kingdoms of Po-
Und, Hoheiniu, luid Hungary. But they found it for their
btore&t to connect tlicmsclvcK, by nmtrimonial ollianoes,
with the ruling family in Austrui.* ].rf>ui» II., in 15*2G,
attempted to stem the great invasion of the Turka, under
Solimnn, with an Sui^utrincnt force, and pcrialicd iifUT liia
grcjit defeiit at Moliacs. Ferdinand of Austria claimed
thi; throiiu! of Bohemia and Hun{;ary, whit^ the dwth
of Louis left vacant. By prudent imini^nient, lie aui>K]
wcded in procuring Iub election as King of DohemiOif
ngfumt hia ambilioiia compi;titor, the Duke of Bavaria.
In Hungary h« entered into war with a rival aspirant to
th« crown, one of Ukj grwit niagnntta, John of ZApolyii,
voivode of Transylvania. liotli Ferdinand and Zdiwlya
found it expedient to dtuiouneu Uie I'roteatants, in order to
MCure Uio support of the bishops. But neilhor found It
poamble, in the circunurtuncfis in which tliey were plaoed^J
to cngago in pcrsnculion. During this domestic conflict^*
the Keformation advanced in the portions of iiungury
not occupied by tlio Turks. By the peace of 153S, Ferdi-
nand gtuned the tlirone. John was to retain Transylva-
nia, and a part of Upper Hungary, during his life. After
his dcatli, his Qucon, Isabella, clung to his posscss'ons,
uid this was the occasion of n continuance of war. The
whole Saxon popuUition of Tnuisylvania adopted tlw
Augsburg Confession ; the Sj-uod of ErdiJd, in Hungary,
bsued a like decliiviition. Even tiw widow uf Lotus
favored the Lntlieran doctrine. Queen Isabella, in 1557,
I (iiftUT. IV. i. t, { !<- * "■'•<'•. Oulttk. OttcXitiU, U. 3M wq.
IM
TBI BEFOniLMIOX IK UUNCART.
gtmated to tbe adberants of tJbe Augsborg Confceeitm
eqoal political xif^hUs with tlm Catliolis. Hinigiiry, liln
Polaml, waa n severe sufferer through the strife of
Protestants among tlwrnselTts. Tk« Svim doctriiin d
tfaa Encharut found favor, espedally among the native
Hangariaas. It derived increusi-d popakrity nfter the
■doplion of it bj- Matlhvw I>omy, n^io wu the nic«t
eminent of the Protastaot leaden.' After studying at
Ctaoow, ho rended for a tiniu At WttbeiiWrf;, in tlie loin-
ilj of LotJier ; and, after bin return to his wuiitry, became
a rery sooceasfnl preacher of the Latfaeran doctrines. He
me mo(« than onoe impriaonod, but did not ooase, by
prmching and by his publicationA, to promote tlie Prot-
eetant cause. In 1533, bo published a Magj-ar tranela^
tii» of the Kpistles of .St. Paul, nnd thrw yt^rs after-
wards, a version of the (Jroapels. Devay had been inti-
matewitb Melancthon, wbo pn-avlu-d in Latin tn bim and
toother stadi.-nt.t who <lii) not iiiidcrHtaiul Gi'-rnian ; and be
wae well acquainted with Grymeus nnd other Swiai Re-
looners. About tbc ywir 1540. Dcvay bt^n to promnl-
gato tlie ColvintHtie view of tlie Saciameiit, to the amnsc^
ment and disgust of Luther, who expressed his snrpi-ise in
lettecR to Uungoriaiu. In 1>>.^7, or 15Si^ a Cnlvinis
oreed vne adopted by a Synod at Ozenger.* The Cnlvin^l
istie doctrine ultimately prevailed and vetablisbed itself
among the Magyar Protestants. In 'I>An»y]vw)ia,
Unitarians were numerous, and tliey were granted tole
tkm in 1571 ; bo that four legahzed forms of rcli^
exiBted there. Notwithstanding tbe unhappy oontest of '
Lntherans and Calvinists, Protestantism continued to .
gain ground in Htingiuy, tJirough the reigns of Ferdinar
I. and Maximilian TL, and for a long timit under Rudol[
< Utrrcg^ Jti(«A/><yrt, vol. xls. Lunpo, IfiiL F,ttL lb/, (m /Tonffmrtit rfi)
IVn^bMb <179S), p. 72.
• emraA Offri*', b NbMTTr, p. Ml. !■ UM d W Um Ili^Hia
Cdtfaitek ehunbn lubnincd to th* Cdh/ok) ttttntiet.
rilKVALENCK O*" MOTESrASTlSM.
191
H. Only tliree magiintcs ivmniiiMl in the old Church.
But Huiig-<iry -mia to [lu'iiiK.!) n livid «n wliiclt Uiu CutlioUc
Reaction, under the management of the Jeeoits, would
exert its povrur with uuirkcd succLtiS.'
I At »a Mrly dalt. llicr* wen numcrDui tollumn (it Latbar In lli« N4lt»r-
Undni but It will bo morn conwaiaiit to uutiU Uic prtiertM o( ProUiUntiia
h «tb*r counlrlea, ■JtEi ducriblag Uw riw q( CAtrlalini
CHAPTER Vn.
JOHN OALVIN AKD THZ OEKBVAN BKFOBUATIOII.
The Reformation wa« firmly (■«tiiV>lm1ic(l in Germany
before it li:i<l taken root or bad found an acknowlodgod^
leader among the Romanic nations. Sncb a leader
Ii>nKtli appeared in tbo iwnton nf John Ciilvin. wboM in- '
fluence vras d<!atined to extend much bt-yond tJie bounds
of tlio ]^tin nations, and wIiohc name was to go dovn to
posterity in frequent association witJi Uiat of Lutlmr.*
Calvin nils born at Koyon. in I'lcardy, on the lOtb of
July, 1509. Ho was only eight year* old wlien Lntbur
pc^stod his tliesea. He belongs to the second genenitiooJ
of rffonnci-s, and tins ciri'umstanoo is important lui affec^i
ing both his own personal history and the character of hit
work. When lie furived at manhood, tbo open war upon
the old Church had already been wiiyKd for ii score of
years. Th« family of Calvin had been of humble rank,
but it was advanced by lus father, who held TuxiontJ
offices, including that of notary in the ecclesiastical court'
at Noyon, and fiocrotary to tlie bishopric The physical
constitution of Calvin was nut strong, but IiIh uncommoO'J
inti'Uectual power waa early manifest. Attracting the ro<1
1 Tilt lifi ^ Collin, bf Tbcodare D«m. ti Ui« worlc of i coBlcmponFT- mat
(rl»ntl; ihu Liitu JcAam CiMMf. nn Paul llcnrv (Ilimbar^, ISISt. R
Ihuraimh, bill itiSuirly irritUn blognptay; JiJimwi C>>'na, tmt KinXt «. i
ShiM in UtM/, na V. W. R«mpidiilllc, Enirr Bunil It^Jpilf, tSCg). Kuof
•cliultn i> * Koiiuui C«llialic, thoraogh In hii mcAKbn and <I[tpan)nnat«, but'
Dul frii'iiilly 10 Oilvln. IIciut' and Kainp«bults taay b> pnllliibt.r rexl
logoUiri. J-h-ituir4 Cilri", f.titn ■. mitgcieiilU 8ehri/ltn, rod i>r. I. SlSbolio
lElliFrfclit, 11103). Till! I> the b»l of lb« Gorman livra of Ui* rntoiiMr. i
rtlMbb, Itnptrtlal l^t </ CaMn U thai of D^rcr (Landon, ItU)-
THE EpaCATIOK or OALVIM.
198
gard of tlie uoble family of Mommor, residing at Noyon,
be vas tak(;t) tmUer tbi^ir i>utroii(igu uiid instructwl with
their «liildren. He had no experience of the rough con-
Bict with penury which many of thi; Gvmuui and Swuis
reformvn weix' obligtHl in their youth to undergo. W'hoii
only twelve years old, he was made the redpient of the
inocou of a ch>pbkiacy, to which, a few years «f tern-arda,
&8 income ot another beuefice was added. At the outaet
his father intended that ho ulioiild be a priest. Tnui»-
feiied to Paris, be was firat in the College de la Marche,
where he was taught Latin by a cultjvat<.-d Humanist,
Matiirin Ct>rclier, better known under the name of Cor>
dcriu», for whom he cherialied a life-loug attaclmunil, and
whom he succeeded in placing in charge of his school at
Genera. He al»o studied in tJio College Kfoiitaigit, where
he wa-t train«Kl in sclioUtstio logic under a leanii.-«i Span-
iard, wlio afterwards, in the same school, guided the
Btndica of Igiuttius Ivt>yobi.' Tlioro Calrin oiu-pafscd bi«
oorapaiiions in assiduity and aptitude to learn ; but he
8]H;nt uuich of the time by hintM^lf, and fniin bis s>;rioiu,
and, perhaps, severe turn of mind, (vas nicknamed " The
Accusative Cnsc." ' Ho had reached his eightocutli yt.-ar,
had received the tonsure, and even preached oocastonally,
hot had not taken orders, when hifl father, from ambitious
motives, changed his plan and condudod to <)U»Iify hia
BOO for the |irofoa^on of a jurist.* He accordingly prose-
cuted his legal studies under colcbratud tcaclivm at Or-
leans and Bourges. As a Htudi^nt of biw he. ntt.tiu<t1 the
h^lieat profldeiicy an<l distinction. Ho undermined bis
health by studying late into the night, in order to
arrangfi and digest the contents of tJio loctures which lie
bad heard during tlie day.* Garly in the nioniing he
t Kwnl»rliDlIc, 1. 3JS. ■ Guitot, St. lituii and Cilei; p. lU.
* Oilrin ujraef blifalboi: " Qnum Tldctrt tgum idfOCluo powim vigtt*
«#■ (utiuns opfliiu, (pu Qli rvpcnM Mun hnpuUt ad muUudDm conilllDm."
— rr^f.Ki to lit Pwlmf.
* Beu, I'abi/ul'nsu CWrfiti, ii, " Somir p'lii! nnlliut," wij^ Beu Id hli
tlodng rtniaika upon Cilinn, xszL
13
IM JOnU CALVIS AXD TUB CESCVAS BKFOBUATIOK.
wotUd uwake to rupout to lumsolf what li« bitd tbiw n-
diuMxl to ordoi". He never required but a tf.w Iioura for
■loop, aiid. as vtka also lk« case witli MvInDctlion, his tif
tcauo ini-ntal activitj- frequently kept him awoku throagb
Ui« oiglit. S<> liighjy was he eate^Ded by Iiia instrticion
tbiit often when tliey were tcrapomiily abeont bo took
tbeii- plum. At the same time h« indulged lilt taste for
Ul<*Tivturt>, an<I l«-ariiixl Grt-uk from the German ProfeoBUV
of Uuit liiii{juage, Melchior Wolmiir, who hud adoptnd
Protestant upinions and whose inflaenoe would naturally
tond to remove prejudiws of his pupil against thtt new
dootnne. Before thia time, nt the iir^jjcnt ix'qunst of a
Probntant rolatave, Peter Olivetan, afterwarda the first
Proteatiuit translntor of the Btblo into Fmnch, ho had
directed hia attention to the study of the Sciipttiroi. In
1580, having completed his law studies, bo returned to
Paria, ami ^vl• h»vo little knowlodgo of him up to 1532,
tlic date of tiis Uret publication, an annotated edition ol
SoQMti's triMilnse on ** Clemency." It baa been orroneously
snppoM^l Lliat hi' liop<.-<l by this work to move KnuicU I.
bo adopt a mildtr policy towards the persecutod Prot^
ostants. No such dcuiigii np])cnm in the book.* On tlie
contrary, at Uun liinc, Calvin had no other plui than that
of pursuing tbe oareei' of a Hunuinist, and aiini.'ot U* bring
himself into notice as a sclinlar and autlior. It is prob-
able that hia notions of reform were in synipiitliy with
tboM of Rouehlin and Ernsniii». He writes to hia friends
t Th>l Uw cemmtnUry oa SfncG* vru dedfni'il to ailcct 111* Pmich Kinx in
Ihtii *nT, and «» oaiupoird. Ilierttorc, sfict Calrln'a <aaTVnioo, {> uauimil b*
uiuir, aiHunit wliua Dm Ilcnf7i I. M, and llcnoj: in tliii art. *' Catrm" in tin
Rrat. f^tfyeL iL Tlltol,, edited by Iiinuclf : alio by GolioC, Si. L<vii imJ Cnltit,
p. Hi. t'nr Ilia sviilcnci to Iho conlraiy, iie StnbolLD, I. 14. Tbc d«dk>Cinn
(U ttw AlibM et Si. Eloyj b iatxi April i. 1331 Sthhelin n^tw ISJ3 ■* l&«
daUof hi* eoavcninn. licit wt harr a Icltcr ol CalrtntoBunr, clulfd SrjitUBb*!
I, tan. Calvin aaya IPr^aa to Ik4 Pmlmt) that in It** thaa ■ ft^i aftw hl>
WDT«nIoD Cho ]>ralMlBDti WBN lotUog I* bin lor inilTuetian. Tbit nli|[lniu
cbuc* niuil bar* bMn tborlly *ntr lbs publlnlitm of Ssntra'i Irvatit*. Tliii
npip**l(iDn htm accordi with Bna'a (Uumcnt. Vita Calnfi, iU
THE COSVEItSIOS OP CALVM.
195
to aid in eircuUtiiig bia book and in mllinf; ntu-iittun to
it, II jHirt of liU iiiotiTe being, however, to reimburse biin-
kU for tiio cost uf the pubticatJOD.' UlS notes on Senccn
diow liis wide acquaintance witli the dauics, hia <]iv^ni>
inatjon and hia powor of tucid etatcment. It vnta abonly
after tho issno of this work, that hw " tiudden convcraton,"
to UKC bin i>wn »9ti)i'i»sioii. took pUico. Hi' writ«« : " Aft«T
tay heart had long been prepared for the most earoeat
i^-examination, on a Budduii tliv full kiiowlcdgv of the
truth, hkc ti brifi^ht light, discloaed to mo the abyM ol
errura in which I waa woltering, the sin and shame M'itb
which I was dt-filud, A horror neiMd on my soiil, wln-n
I bct-jtmi; <Mn.-s(-iouft of niy wretdiedness and of tlie more
terrible, misery that was buforw m«. And whiit wiu» k-ft,
O Lord, for m«. iiiistindile and abject, Imt, with U'orn and
cries of supphcation to abjure tho old life which Thou
oondemiied, and to iloo into Tliy p^th ? " lie di-scriboH
himself lis having Htri^'cn in vain to attain inward pciioo
by the methoda aet forth in the teaching of tlie Church.
Unt the mora he hiu! diracUnl his eye invratd, or upwiird
to God, tlie more did bia oonadetMe torment turn. " Only
une haven of salvatioii ia thoru for otir souls," lie sayi,
"and Uint is tho compassion of (<od, whicli ia ofFered to
us in CbriBt " : " We are saved by grace, not by oar
merits, not by our works. Sinou wo ombmco Christ by
faith, imd, iLi'it went, cnt«r into his fellowsliip, wfl
call this, in the language of Scripture, ' juatillcation
by CaitJj.'" Althongb wo know less of Calvin's in-
ward experience, yot its essential identity with tltnt
of Luther, is obvious, Calvin had hesitatotl about be-
ooming a Protuttunt, out of reverence for tito Churdi,
But he 80 moiliried his conception of the Church as to
perceive that the change did not involve a rvnunciiition
of U>' Mumbcnihi)> in tho true Church whs oonsiatcnt
1 B(niiwl,£«n*fW«rCH'nit,l.7.S.
» l^iM. ad BmltUl. lV«n<*l. K«UM«»l.l,v«l-T.18»Mq.
1% JOHK CALVIK AXD THE GRKCVAK BEFORMATIOR.
with nutnuncing tbe rale of the Roman Catholic pruljicy
lot the Churclt, in ita osaciicu iuvUibk-, csittU in ii tnie
frtnn whi'TOvcr th« (uwpcJ is fciithfwlly preached aiid the
Biicrami^utii a^miniatered confoi-nubly to the directiona ol
Chriiit. Ciilvin was niitunilly rvscrvfid and even biuhfiil ;
he nspirpd ii(tcr nothing higher, cither after or before hiB ,
conversion, than tlie opportunity to piirsuo his utudioa ;
ntironicnt. Ho had an inirtjiictivo rt-pugnaoce to pub-
licity and conflict. His former studies, to be sure, had
now a secondary phico ; his wholo bouI vrss iihsorbnl in
the cxHDitimtion of t)ie Itiblo iumI in thi> inresCigAtion of
religious trnlli.' But Htill he craved secUisicm and qoieb.
He found, however, that, iiotwitlifitanding his youUi, in
tbe company of the i)er»e«uU>d Protoatants at Paris he
■vna quickly regarded as n leader, and his coonsel was
sought by all who tiad nwA of religions inutruction. But
this sort of Lihor wiut of xliort continniui(!o. Hn wrot« for
liis fnend, Nicholas Cop, who had been made Rector of
the Univcisity, an opening address, in which were intro-
duced llie idww of the Rcfonnntinn ; mid the excitcto*
Umt was produced by the delivery of it obliged both
them to fly in order to escape um«t. Calrin first wont to
AngoolJine, where he enjoyed tlie «ociety of his friend
LoiiiB do Tillet and tbe use of a good Ubniry, which he
tarn<^ to tlic best acvount. I1te» li« viKtlcd B^^am,
and at the court of Margaret, the Queen of Kavarre, sister
of FranoiH I., he met liio aged Lefdvre, the father of the
Reformation in Franco. He went to Noyon, where he
parted with the benefices, tlie income of which he could
not conscientiou»1y retain, and then rctumod to Paris,
Tbe imprudent zeal of tlie Protestants, in postirg plncardi
against the mils'?, stirred up the anger of the court, and
Calvin was iigiiin obliged to fly. Not witb:)ut an inward
) "Allqnn rtne pkuii* fpiiia Imbuliii, UdU proflclvodl itudta oxanl, n'
nliqoa iloilii iiuamria atm abjiccnm, fiigidiu tanita laolutr." — Pr^. Ic lAi
THE " ISSTITUTES.
lOT
straggle and tears he bade farewell to Ills country.' About
tliis tiuK.1. hi; jnit forth hU first Un-ulojjicivl piiblicalbn, :li«
" I'wycliDimiiiiyeliia," n polemical book agniiist the doii-
trino which was professed by Aiiabuptislit, that the soul
slcc]H bctwowi ib-atli iuhI the tv^iiri-cotiini. At Sttaa-
burg he was waniily received by Bm;er, and wt Baeol by
Gryiiiuiis uiid Ca])ito. At Basul he Wgiui to iicquiie *be
Hebrew language, and was able to gi-atify his strong ill*
cliuution for nsdmmcut tiod study. It was h«re that he
wrot« his " Inst4tut«8." The &rat edition was only the
germ of the work, which grew in succuMiro issikm to its
present »ix«.^ ^Vhat moved liini to the compoAition of it
wiift the cruel persecution to which his brothron were sub-
JMt in France. He wished to TL-niovu the impression tlint
tluty were funatJoil Anabaptiittfl, seeking the overthrow
of eiTil order, which their oppresBors, in order to pacify
the dispU'Usnrii of German I.uthcnins, industriously prop-
ugated.' Hi! was desirous of bringing Fnuiciit I. into
sympathy with the new doctrine. For this last end, the
dotlti'nttoii to tlm Wmg, which luis boon genv^niUy iidinir(fd
for its literary merit, and as a condensed and powerful
vindication of the Protestant cause, wis coniposod. This
eloqueut appeal to the justice of the king concludes thus:
' B»t if your oiini aru so prooccupiod with the whispers of
'Jie malevolent as to leave no opjjortunity for tJio aeciuod j
to speak for themselves, and if ihoan outrageous furiosi
with yoor connix'ancf, contiuuu to persecute with impris-
onments, scout^'A, tortures, coiifiscations, and flumes, w«
shall indood, like Bbc«p deetinod to the slaughter, be ra>
1 Hntiry, i. int.
' Tim IntrniliiiK lUtnry igugilioD ii to Itia bnpiipi In vtiich it Ant >)»
pttnd. *hvlli«r l-atin or Frtncli, iivay . pi*rhii|n, W rTi;anlrd u kI|J«iI- It wu ,
flnl loinlfd io I.dllni tad ib« «»ih»r'F nnme Huttilnohvd to It. S«« ihaProlDg-l
•nun* tD Ih* new •diiinn of Cilvin'* <cn[[ni:i>, 4ilit«d hj Ilium, CuqIu, nni'
BwiBi and SlOicliD, i. ill. Cuitoi, Liw«tft, (till holiti thai \h» Snl »ditiaa
m* in Fnnch- ^'- l-o<tii and fnlnn, p, ITS. It niiiiMml ia lUO,
* llili be HTi naj h'u wIb niolivc; " ^«l)n• ia A lun l!a«n," tie. Pti/. K
A« Pulm*.
196 JOnK CALVIN AKti TIIF. GCSeVAK KErOKUATlOK.
doocd to tbfl greatest extremities. Yet shall we in pn-
iientK j>o«»oi» our boiiIh, ntid wnit for thv mi^ily Itiuid of
t>i« Lord, which undoubtedly ivill in time appenr, and
bIiow it*(?lf ariniMl for flic dulivomnoe ot tho poor fmin
their afQictJon, and for the punishment of th«ir dMpiaers,
who now vxult in audi porfijct secuiity. May t]i« Lord,
tlie King of KingH, oatAhHsh yin:i- throne with rit;IiU'iiu»-
n«s8, and youi kingdom vith equity." Altliougli tiiis
famous mnnual vnw much ainpliliL-d from tiiiK^ to time,
nntil it appeared with the nutlior's hileat eliangcii ni'>d
additions in 1669, yet tlie doctrine of it underwent no
altenktion, and tlic identity of the work was always jire-
flerved.' We may notice in this place some of Calvhia
ehaniet4>riMtir» o» » writer and a mini. Hit diroct in-
fluence was predominantly and almost exclusively u|Hin
tlitt liigtier diiMM of Docietj-. He and liia system acted
powerfully upon the peojile, but indirectly tlirongli (h«
Agency of otlitrs. He was a patrician in liia tempera-
ment. By his early aaNociatioiis, and as an elTect of hit)
culture, he iioquired a certain reBnement and decided af-
finitaee for the cinas olevatwl by birtli or education. This
«M one of his point.-t of diKumiiarity to Luther: he was
not fitted, like Uie German reformer, to come home to
"tJie liiisincss and lio«H>tim"of common men. He had
not the popular eloquence of Luther, nor bad he the genius
ttiat Ii;ft itH impress on tlm words and works of th« Saxon
reformer; but ho mis a more exact and finished scholar
tliau Latlicr. Tlie Latin style of Calvin has been uni-
Tonnlly praised for it* cla«ucal purity. He was a terse
vritar, hating diffiiseness. He was master of a logical
metliod, a great lover of neatness and order. In all bis
wor<li tJiere glows the fire of an intense conviction. The
*' Institutva " are iu truUi a continuous oration, in wLncI;
the stream of ditouwon rolls onward witli an impetuoui
> A Ubniar Tivw of th« ctuuieM In the (ucMnIre cdtUoiu it t '
!•■ •dlHon of Cftlvln'i wrillusf (Bciu* ct *].), vol- 1.
mtti In Ihi
THE "1SST1TUTE&.
19i)
ean«Rt, yet always keeps within iU dduiecl ohaoiiel. Tlie>
work, ill its wliolu ttno, \» wuunad tts fitr us [lusMiblv irtym
tJii- dry tniiitiacs of scholastic theology, with which it lioa
uftcn been classutl. In [urmiiig an i-slimato at Calvin, ua a
Uiinkvr, Uic lirst thing to oUervo i» that h« vnis a KniK-h-
Hiiin and a lan'yei'. Ilia nature and hia tnuning oonspitvd
to innko hiin cminviitly logical and systematic. Tiuit
tuliuil for organ! tation wlucii is ascribed to liis ootmtryroen
DS u nutionul trait, iKtUnigud to him in an vminvnt degree.
It was nianifcetcd in the products of hiit inU^Um't, not
less thitn in liiit practiuil activity. lie cam« forward at a
tixriiiunt wlien tlie id<-a.H of tlie Kt-foruiation vroi'ci widely
diUused, but ^vheii no adequ»to reductiou of tlicin to a
sj'Htvmutlc form had b^ri^n achieved. Tho dogmatiu trva-
tiai: of Mtilanctliun, meritorious tlioitgh it bn, van of ooin-
purativvly Uuiited scope. The field wna for tlie inost
part oj>en ; and wlivn Calvin uppcurud upon it, liu was
at OOice recognixed as f\dly competent for his task, an<l
greeted by Molancthou himself aa " tho tiiwjlogian."
By tlic enoniiea of I*iotestanti&m hia work was stj'h'd
" the Komn uf thu he^<^tic8." Of the clwmicn, cober^ice,
luid symnK-trj- of all its diHoussions, th«re is no need to
speak. It is remarkable that the thvologtcal opinions n(
Calvin remained unelinngud from tlic tinio of his iimvvr-
sion to his d>iitb.' This, it is well known, ixns far from
bluing true of LutJier,orof Melanetlioii.orewnef 2wiiigU>.
Oiiu prime chiimcteristic of lus sj'>;t«^'m is tlw steiulfiut,
coiiHlrjteut luloption of tlio Itible as the sole standard of
dootriue. He soouts tlie doi^trine that tlio trath of the
Bible rests on tlio authority of the Clnirch. 'llie Dirine
rulliority of Utu Uible can be proved by muson ; BMtiirod
ooDTictionof the trntliof theOoapcl andaspiiitual iusigbt
■ Bh> hu Mticail Mt fMt — VU* CWMW, uxl. hnky ( ll'-Mtj >/' ib.
liwaBwi, i. I|3) uj'*> •poikiaiiat lb* •iwharidif (onltvtan<r: "Calrio on r
nrtred it hia final titm iflTC ■ long nrit* i* mtitUllQiii.'' Tliit a quit* cm-
B«U9 i lhL>rc U nn rauna for thmkinf Ikat Calvin ant h&it but mw ^pinioi <m
thit HibJHi, afl»r hiaMonnion.
£00 JOitK CU.VIN JiSO THE GGXEVAX KEFOBUATIOM
uxi iinpoi-Uxl by tliu Holy GhosU What onnuot vvrify
iUtcIf by tiio exjilicit atitliority of Scriptnra counts fot
noUiing. TUat inbred ivriii-uuoe t>n Uiu uiicicnt Chureb
iitwl tliivt LiifluciiM of Ohriatiim aiiti<iiuty, whidi are m-vn
ill Luther, were entirely foreign to Calvin. Ho hoMs
thu Fathvn^ eepeciully Augustine, in twtisiiu ; but lie
:imkw no apotogicis (or aliiirply contnuUcting them all, in
COM h« deems them nt vartAnce vitli Holy Writ. For
tlio PapAcy, and for th« tenets ttnd rites which ho con*
tidcn the "impiouj) inrcntioHS ol men," wltJioiit \ifarr.int
froHi tho \Vord of God, he feels an intense hatrwJ, not
unmingled with scorn. Yet, probably, none of thu R«*
fonneni E{ieidc ho often and nnth so much deference of tlifl
Church. Rut by th<: Church Un mt-aiu Humotbing diffvr-
ent from the flacordotal or;giinization of the Krimiui Catholia
body. Itc holdi) to thi^ Ohuruh invisiblo, compoRedof true
bidierers ; and to the Cluirch \'iaibh', the criteria of which
an the right adininiHtmtion of the Sacraments, and the
teadiing of the Word. For the Ttsiblu Chun.'li, :i8 thus con-
Btitnted, lie feels the doopeet nsvenmoe, and liold^ Utat out
of it there is noaalTBlion. The schismatic cnts himself
iilT from Christ. For the Churcli, as establis]ii-d afu.-r thu
ino-iut of the Now Teatament, ho demands a subiniw<i'>n
little short of t)mt which the Konian Cat^ioHc pays to the
autliortiWHl .•xpowudcrs of his faith.' Bat the strikii^,^
the peculiar feature of Calvin's system, is the doctrinfl
of Prcdi.'slination. Thi* doctrine, at tlic outset, indi-ed,
was common to all of the Reformers. Prodeatina^on igj
Msertcd by I.uther, in his book on tho " Servitude if th<
Will," even in n-lnlion to wickedness, in t*!nn? more
emphatic tluin the uioat extn^me statements of C*lvin.
MeliuKthon, for a considerable period, wrote in tho \ua*
strain, iiwingh-, in hiit mn tiiphysic.il theory, did not >ttf-
far from bia brother Rrftinm^rs. 'nmy were imitod in
I Sm, t«r vxamptt, Wt Atta S$mili riWiMiiM tarn JmUelo (IMT' •
BMir7, U. IIS.
THE BOcritKE OP PSEDKSTISATTOII.
201
I
rvviving tliu Augti«tinian Uicology, in oppuaition to tiia
Pelagiua doctrine, wlticli nfFected in a greater or lets de-
gTUe nil tho schooLt of CnthoUo Uicolugy. It U wry im-
portnnt to understand tlic. inotiv<!S of tlie Itofonnera iu tliia
proceeding. Calvin was not a speculative phllosoiihor
who tbouglit out a ncoussiCariuii tlicury itnd defended it
for the reason that he conudered it ca|)abte of being
It^tcully cittublixlied. It is tnin Unit Uic koy>iiot<; in tiis
ayiitem was a profound Bentte of the exaltation of Go(\
Nothing cuuld be udinittvi tliut scumed to clash in tho
least with His universal control, or to cast a shade upon Ilia
omniscionco and onmijwtcncc. But tho direct grotnid* oti
sources of his duutriiic were pi-iicticnl. i*re<lestin:ttion to-
him is the correlate of human dependence ; the count«r-
part of tho doctrine of gtacv; the iintitlx^iia toBnlvatiouv
by iniirit ; tho implied cons^uence of man's completa
bondage to sin. In electiou, it is involved thnt lusn'i
Stilviitiou is not his own work, but, wholly, the work of
the grace of God ; and m election, also, there is laid a sure
fotindution for tlio believer's wcutity under all the «»•
aiiults of temptation. It is pnictiesd interests which Cal-
vin in sedulous to guard; lie clings to the doctrine for
what ho coiuiideis its religious value , and it is no more
than justice to tiim to n'menibttr timt he habttuiiily stylesJ
Uio tenet, which proved to be sfi obno.\iou.i, iin imf»tlioni-1
iible mystery, an abyw into which no mortal mind caa
descend. And, whellier consistently or not, there is tli«
mo«t eonu'ftt ansertion of tli<^ moral iind rvsponsible iiaturu
of man. Augustine had held tliat in the fall of Adam
the entire race were involved in a common net und a
common catasti-ophe. The will is not destroyed j it is
Btill free to sin, hut is ntlerly disabled na regnrds hoU>
neiw. Out of tlio mass of mankind, all of whom ar©
alike guilty, Goil chocws a pint U» be tlie ru(:i|iii'iits of
his mercy, whom He puriHes br an irresietiblc inilueucie,
but lenvea the rust to suiVer the |K-nulty which thoy have
SOS JOHM CALVtX AND THE QEXEVAK BETOSMAnOH.
jiuU; brouglit upou t]icmi««Iv«ii. In the " Institiitua,' OtiA
▼in iloGB what Lutl)«r tiiul done in bia bo»k against £»•■
mas ; he makes th« FkU itseU, tbo primal tnuiKgnuukni.
the obji>ct of ui efficifiit <lcicrvu. In tliis {Kirtlculiir bo
goes beyond Augustine, and apparently affords » eancUoti
to tlw extzvino, vr Nii|irii-lii{Miiri*n type of tttooJogy, which
Kftervrords found imineroiu defenden — wluoh traces am
to tlto dirwt agency of God, niid even fotiuds tlic distia^
tioii of right nnd nix>iig ultiiiiiittily on biH oiiini|)ol«iit wilL'
But whan Citlvin was inllud upon to define bin docCriiM
uioru ojin-fully, tm in tlie Contunsu* OetuveHnU, be oonfinea
himaelf to tbe assertion of apemussivo decreo — avoUtiTO
pennission — in tbu cvaa of tbo lir»t mil In othia' worda,
be does not overstep the Augu&tinian position. lie ex-
plicitly uwn thiit (ivt-ry d«cn-e of ttio Almighty oprini?*
from reasons wliicb, tJiough bidden from uBi are good find
utifficicQt; that is to siiy, )iv founds ^vill upon riglit, uimI
not right upon wiW* He differs, however, both from A«-
i;iistiiiu and LutbiT, in aJhrming that none who are onoe
converted fall from a »tii,tu of gmcot the nuinbvr of be-
lievers being ooexteiLiive with tlio nunilwr of the electa
Thv miua peculiarity of Calvin's treatment of this Bob-
jwti us ixMiipiirvd m\h tbu iwuroe pursuud by tbo other
Reformers, la tlie greater prominence wlueb he gives to
Pi-itlrAtiuution. It staiida in the foreground ; it is never
left out of eiglit. Luther's pnii:^ca] handling of tliis
dogma was c^uite different. Under his influfiii-o it re-
treated more and more into the backgroiuid, until not
only in SJelancthon's syrtcm, but also in tlie later Ln-
tberun theology, imconditional Predestination disappeared
altngi-tber.
A^ a commentator, the ability of Calvin is very great.
Tbp first of his series of works in this department — hii
■ /■■(. at. xillL t ttf.
* Optra (Aintt. ti.), Ioiq- rni. SIS. "Clsi* ■JDma nihil dc«m(n ila
«plin» (Biuai (|ii* •! hoille oaliU IucukhIo M, ul'lmo 'Ut t«iei><i-"
OALVDt AS A COMUENTATOB.
303
work on the EpUtlu tu Uio Roinnnfl — was liHufid wliile
be wiia at Stnisburg, after IiU expulsion from Gciicvii.
Tlio pn-pitrdtioii of his couiitteutariea xna nlwnya tJia
most ooDgeiiial of bis occupatioiiB. If \m renders, liu onvu
Mid, gnthvrcd as much prolit fi-inn the perusitl, as hn did
frnm tli« compositiou of them, lie eliould have no reason
to regret the labor wbich ibey had cost. He was pos-
Kssed of «n exegetical tact which few have eqiiided. He
has the true spirit of n, scholar. He duteets irrelevmit
tiillf upou It jxissaige, but unfolds its mciuiing in coiioiiw
ftiid pointed tomui. Ho ts manly, norur evades difBctd-
tittt, but nlwtvy.t grapples with thcnt; iuid he Li ciuidid.
He iiiakes, on i>ointa of dogma, qualiiicationa and own-
uuiiid c-onee:>«tous which niv gencridly left out of hi« poIeiii>
iuit l[\-ati»i^, but wliii'b are indtspeusable to a eorrcc-t
appreciation of his opiniona. It ho created an cpwb iu
ductrinul theology, it is equally true that he did much to
found a new era, for which, however, Meliuiclhoii and
others had pavwl Uic w;ty, in tin; t-xvgoitis of tlie Scri[>-
tures. Lather eeited on tlio main idea of a passage, bnt
irns len precise as a philological critic. Ttii; paltn be-
longs to Luther, as a tnuisUtor; to Calvin, as uii inter-
preter of tlie Word.
Xotwitfafttttitding tlie radical principles of Culvin, it de-
serves to be remarked that as a pmclicd Rcfunner, he
was, ip some marked j>articulars, not the extremist w1ii<>h
be ia commonly sappoeod to have bc«n. Ho did not f;tvor
Uie ioouooloiStie mcasuroa of men Itku Knox. He was not
even hostile to bishops as a jure humane arrangement.'
He would not havw eared to aV^lish thu four Chrisliiin
festivals, which the Genevan Church, without his agency,
early discarded. In his epistles to Sonieimit, the Protoo-
tor in the time of Edward VI., and to tJie English Re-
(onners, ho criticizes fix-<'ty the Anglicau Churdi. Too
viiidi, he Kaidi vraa conceded to weak brethren, to Im»t
I Hvitrf , u. us, m.
204 JOHN CALVIH AKD TUK QKXEVAN' BKrORlUTKHf.
with the weak does not ni«ui Uiat "vre are to hunuit
blookboAds who wish for tills or (luit) witlioiit knowing
why." Ilu tlioiight it n bcuiiiIhI, ho \vrot« to Crannier
that 6U uixuy pnpal cuiruptionii reuuun j for example,
that " idle glultutu :ir« suppoi-U-tl to duuit vespun in *n
Ilnkno^vll tongue." lliit lie was iudiffereot respiting
variotis cusLotnn and curunioiiicii, ^vhicJi a. iiioro rigid Purip
tanism mado it a point of oonsdence to iibjure.
Tliiirc are marked pfrsonal traits of Cidvin, which cz-
hibit theiiuelvi^H in \m \tflU\rs hikI oilier writingn, and
which wo shall lind ilhiatrated in the course of liis life.
Instcnid of tlit^ j^^jiiulity, wliii-h in one of tlio native quuli-
tics of Luther, we find an aceiltity, which is felt more
easily than di^oeribe-d, uud which, mor« Uuui anything
else, hfis inspired raultjtudcs with aversion to him.
Beia, his disciple, friond, and hiogniphvr, utak's that in
bis boyhood be was the censor of the faults of hia mates.'
Throngh life, he had a torn:, in itimindtng men of their
real or supposed deliiK]ueticios, which provoked ruscnt-
moDt. To thoso much older than himself, to men like
Cnuimer and Melanctlion, lie wrote in this iint-onscioasly
cutting style. Tliero \ras iniidi in the ti'utlifuluess, fidel-
ity, and coiuitgv, which he manifcHta even in his rvpruo&,
to ooniniiind respect Yet, there Wiis n tart quaUty which,
ooupU-d with bis unyielding tuiiiicity of opinion, wiw
adapttfd to pix>voke disesteem. Wo leani from Citlvia
himself, thiit Melancthoii, mild as ho was naturally, wm
•o olTendi-d at tlii> style of one of his admonitory opiatke,
that lie tore it in pieces. The wi-etched health of Cnlrtn,
nith till! (-normouH burdens of labor Uiat rested upon him
for years, had an unfavoi-ablc eflect u]>i>ri a temper nat-
urally irritable. Ha vm occwionally so ciuried away by
gusta (if passion, tliat he lost all self-control.^ He ao-
' II *** > lunvat iiImM M GcnovB i " lleucr lolt Dcs* in dcT llillfi ■)• Mil
C*I>iii tin Kimiiid," lUiirf, 1, 171.
* St l>i> Leiitt la FakI (April. lUD). llaaiy, i. tM. Sec ■!», p. 43B t^.
B.4a. "Tlio mui i-l liliixcupul<ilu,"C«lt1iiwr», "hadcenllnpMl lilin inM
nhabU liftlill." llmry. i. 4Ct.
CALVra'S PKRSONAI. CtlAttACTESISTICS.
206
kaowledgra this fault with the utmcet fronkiivsa ; li« had
fariNl b vain, be says, bo tnine " the wild bi»ut of bis aa-
f^r ; " nii(t on biH death-bod be taked pardon of tb« Sfln-
ute of Gonuvii fur outbuntbi cif pwuion, wbilu at tlw wtrae
eii)ie lie thanked them for tbeir forbearance. The biter bt-
i>;'ni[ihcr8 of Calvui, vvl-u each mi iitUnin; Iiini niost, liave
ii'miirkiid tliat hU piety wns unduly tingt^d with the Old
TustMUwut ftpint. It U tugnificaiit tlutt the gn.-at miijority
fif tliu lexta of his boniilios luid aermnnfl, iih far lut ttiey have
Ik-vu |jn»»rrud, nrv from the aociont Scriptuii.-it. Iloinago
lo law ia a part of bis beii^. To bring Uiougbt, feeling,
and will. t4> bring his o^m life, and tbe Utus of utboni. to
bring Churi.-h nnd St^ito into subjection to law, is his
pnncipal aim. lie ia overoome with awe at the inoon-
odvabltt pt»wer and holiiiCM of God. T1it« ttiou^bt ia
oppermoBt in his mind. Of his oonversii>n, he uTttes :
** God suddejily ]>roduced it ; he middonly subduod my
heart to the obedience of Hia will." To oln^y th« will of
UihI was bis supremo purpose in life, nnd in tliie piirpoM
hifl soul was undivided ; no mutinoiu feelitig was sufTered
to iiitarrjHKW a mtimciitary resistanoe. But the t<-iid<.'r,
lilial temper often seenis lost in tJie feeling of the siibjtvrt
tuwnrd liis biwful Ruler. A acnse of the exaltation of
God not only takes away all fear of men, but seems to be
attended with eoinu toss of Hensibility with ivgurd to
lluHr lot. To promote tlio honor of God, and to Mci)r«
that end at ull hazards, is the cluef object in riew.
Wh»tt;vcr, in hia judgment, brings diidiunor upon the
Almighty, as. for example, attacks made upon tbe tratb,
moves bis indignation, and he ftH'ls twund, in coiuici^noA,
to confront such attacks with a pitiless hostility. He con-
siders it an imperative duty, na he fxprcaaly d«d«rea, to
hate the onemiwi of God. lu reference to them, be euys :
" I would rather be crazed, than not Iw nngry." ' Hfi)c«>,
though not consciously viniictive, and thou)jlt really
> Vmty. i. Mi.
806 J01IK CALVm JkSD Tm CDIKVA5 KETORMATION.
pbcabto ill Tuioiu iiutnncfs wheru b*> was puisonaUjr
wiODged, he VM on fire tliu uuniuMit Uiat lie oonocirod
tha hofwr of Go«l to bo aasulod. Ilun- difficult it iivuuld
be for saoti u mau to discriiniiuiUi iHanw^n [Htntotud twl-
ing Mwl nnl for a otose vritl) which he ftU liimself to bo
tlionxighly iduntiflMl, it in uisy to n»U4T6t»iu). Calria
did nut toudi hiunau life, at w nuiiiy imiiite, as did Luther ;
and hnviugaloM bratdeyiiiiuthy hiiiist^'lf.ltohiuiatttiicU-d
Imb syinjmtlty from otlio-ra. Tli« poetic iuspiratioii that
gav. Inrth to tho etirrlug hymua uf thu GiTinuii Ki^-fonnor,
was not nmuitg lu« giftit. He wrotv a poem in I^iLiii hcx"
antetdTB, on tJio triumpli of Cbiist, which vra» composed
at Worina duiiitg the Coiiftjn'iK'i) tliero — in whioh h«
doBoribcA Eok, CochL'cus, and other Catholic comlutanta,
as dng^ped after th« cluiriot of Uio victorioiu lU-doenicr.
A tavr hymns, mostly rei'moita of Paalms, haTe lately bwii
traced to his pen.' It haii been nuticetl that although hu
spent thu most uf hia Vita on tho borders of tiia I^e of
Geneva, tiu nowliure alhidea to tho beautiful scenery about
bim. Yet, th«rt! is something improssivo, though it bo «
di'fi*ct, in this exclusive abtiorptioii of his tuiikd tti thin^
inviHibli'. When vn: look nt his extraordinary intellect,
at his oulttin; — which oppouents. liku lioestivt, liave bmn
forcc<l to iwmmend — iit tJie invincible energy which m.-wlu
him viidun! with more than Htoical fortitude infirniitiea of
body under which most mun would bavo Bunk, and to
iwrfonii, in the midst «l ih.-m, an incri.iUblo amount of
tnontal tabor; whon wc sco him. a sclioUtr naturally fond
of seclusion, physically timid, and recoiling from uotori-
uty and Btrifc, abjtu'ing the career tlint was moxt to his
taste, and plui^ng with u single-hearted, dbuiterested zeal, ,
and an indomitable will, into a hard, protmctud contort
and when we follow his steps, and see what things lia
> Sm Ciilrint Optm, IBcuW st al.) vol. vt Otu of ihae byTom. tniuiMtt
bj 1D>- H. U. SmiUi, ii ia Sebatt'i callMCioi ot Tellgleua fotitf, CkrU is Stmg
UN).
OALMK ARSIVGfl AT OENEVA.
£07
effected, vre cannot deny him the attribates oi gnatuete.
Tho SviiuU.- <A Gvnovo, uftvr his dcuUi, qwke of " Uiv
mnjesty " of Ills character.
Calrin puhluthcd the lint odition of the InsUtates, iritli-
ont the knowledge of any one, at RobcI, so aTcrae itm he
to notoriety. Apart from thu ropute of thia work, bis
fainu iiA an acute, promUing Uwologian vnt» extondin^.
)la%'tng visited Italy, and remained for a wiiile at Ferrara,
at the court of ttw acoompILsIied l>uoliei<», thi; ilatigliU-r of
Louis XII., and tJie protector of the Protestants, with
whom he k<-pt up n corrc.tpondencc afterwanls, he n>
turned to Itiiscl. and tUcnc« made a secret visit to France,
and to bin nativii piaoc. On nccoimt of the ohstmction
of tlifi route through Lorraine, by the array of Charles V.,
he set oat to return by the way of Genera. There lie
arrived on tlic 5tli of Aiigiuit, 1.530, wiUi the design of
tarrying but a single night ; after which he expected to
porsue lits journey to Basel. Ilerv oocurrod tho event
tluit sluipcil tlie future course of liis hfe.
Tho war of Cnppel, in which Zwinglu had fallen, had
left the preponderance in tlie Swiss Confederacy in tlie
hands of tliu Cntliolio«. They ti.^c<l tht-ir power to
bumilintc tii«ir a^lvcrsaries in various ways, and to re-
estabtiali tJie old i-ellgiou ui some districts from which it
had been cxpellwl or in which the people were divided.
The Iwuling cities of Zurich, Berne, and Basel, howerer,
remained faithful to the Reformation. A mixtnre of
poIiticjLl oirctini.itanoi^ and religious influences nt length
created a new seat for Protestantism at Genvra.
Geneva, lutuated on the bonhtr of Lake Ionian, waa a
bngment of tho old Kingdom of Burgundy, and waa
govcnieil for many oentuiiea by tlie lusliop, who waa
clKOon by the canons of tho Cnthedmt. Tho bisliop, by
an arrangement witJi tlie neighboring Counts of <irncva,
dad committed to them lua civil jurisdiction ; but on
weeding to offivc, he always swore to maintain tho (ran-
208 tOBS OALVni AND THX OEXKV.VX SKt'OttUATtON.
ehiacH And customs of Uie citixeDK. The counts liuld t]i«
GMtle on the Isle of the Rlione. Towanl tJio end of the
tbirteentli century, this office of Vklanie or Vioe-regent,
tn» ttanafenvd from them to the Dukea of Savov. lliu
city for the moat port rulctl itsulf nfter a republtcwi fonn,
and the Emporoira Fmdei-ic Uarbaroasa, Charles IV.,
eno Sigismund, as a menns of protcctmg it ftgiiinsl «»•
ORHuhmenbi on thu purt of Suvoy mid of Uic <-o(mta of
Qaoeva, recognized the plnce as a city of tbo Empin.\
Tirioe a year the four syndics who pmoticnlly muta^^t tlio
govrrnmeiit were chosen liy the iisiHMiibly of cititens. At
the beginning of the sixteenth <»>nt4iry, the ninlnttous
projects of tbo Vidftro<a led Uio Genevaws to look for ttelp
and support to the Swiaacnnbons. Charles III., who became
Duke of SnToy in l&O't, entered into a stnigglc, for the
siibjugntian of Geneva, which continued twenty yeanB.
Finding it imposrible to Mcuro bis end by artful negolia-
tion with tli« citizens, he, with the lusistancc of Pope
Len X., forced upon them, in 151;), John, the Bastard of
Savoy, who became bishop under the stipuhition thiit he
would give the control ot the city, as far as civil iiffniri
wcn> concunied, into the hands of the Duke. The citizens,
nnder the lead of Bonivard. Berthelicr, and otlivr patriota,
made a Iwftve resistance.-. Tho Duke acquired the roastery,
and Berthelier was put to di'atli. Tlie revolution which
flberati.'id the dty from the tyranny of Savoy and restond
its freedom, was nchivvcd by the aid of Borne and Pret-
borg. Tlio Genevans were divided into two pi.\rtios, the
Confodetntcn ( Kidg^'nussen), who were for striking haiida
with tho Swiss, and the Mnmolnkos, or adherents of the
Dnko. The former were successful, llio oll'uv^ of Vi-
dame vrna abolished, and civil and military power passed
from the bisliop into the hands of tlio people (!■'>^!■'l).
The civil was followed by an eccleuasticol rerolutioo.
Bemn bi^came Hroti-«tn«t ; Freiburg remained Catliotio
From Berne a Protestant influence was exerted tn Geo
PKOTESTAXTISU ESTACUSllKD DI QKKEVA.
SOS
na. Tito young people intulv um of their liberty ta dis-
regard tile prcscrijjtious of the Charch in respect to ab-
itinonco from oicat on fast diiys, nnd disputoa oroBe
bctwiwn tbo citizens and Uic in^ek'siiistics. Some effort
was made to correct the dissolute babits of the prieets, of
whuiii tliuro word throe Imndrv-d in OoiiOTa, in ordi;r to
tako IV [Kitt'iit M-eapmi out of the handa of the reformers.
But PrutfistanCism, by tliu offorts of Farel and otliur
preacbeni, gained ground, until at length, iti loS5, wiLti
the aid of Borne, a svcoud revulutiun took ploco, in which
tlie bUhop WHS expclli'd, and FrotestJintisin was o»tab>
lisb«d. In connection with this change, tbe adjacent ter-
ritory was tionquL-ri'il, fuid witli it tbu cnat1c« wbich bad
Berved a» strongholds of the Dulcc, and as convenient
ptaoes of shelter for fngitivcs, and for tbe organization of
attacks u])on tlio city. Geneva weis reformed, and at tlie
B»ine tinip gained it« independence.'
The princii>al agent in planting the new doctrino in
Gunevtt had l)oen Wiltiain Farul, born in 1489, of a. noblt
family in Gap, in Dauphin^ ; a convert to Protestantism,
driven out of France by pcmocution, and woIeoiiiu<] to
Switzerland as one able to preach to tlio Frcncb popnla-
tion in their own language. Hontist and fearless, but in>
tempemte in langoage and conduct, he fulminated against
tbe tenets and practices uf Home, in city and country, iu
tdie cburche* or by tlie wayside, wherever he could find
an andience. Wherever he preached his stentorian voice
rose above tbu loudest tumnlt that was raiM.-d to drown
it. On one occaiuan he seized the relics from tbe hand of
a priest iu a procession, nnd flung them into an adjacent
river. He wiui frequently beaten and his life put in immi-
■ Tliv rvTOlulinn* in Gtntra Md Iha i>tl«ductian «f ttu Vitlvnntikn m« d»-
'.ritHnl br Riirhni, llitlmrt •!* la Jttf-yrmatiui </« b SitiiH, neuvuno (A,. T toIk.
Sj(>n,IKIfr-IKM: »lrt>ityKampviniiU,JiihamiGtlfttt.ttt.,viH. I.: sail bgxM
iMaUbr llM<«t>'AnUtn«, tridaqf it/lMtnifii-maliai •■ Knrcpt l» lAi Tim if/
OiMn. St*, al», HIj^M'* E*mj <a Oilrtaluv in Ocasvi; Ximiirt /liM.
M*d., ParI>,lSU].
U
210 JOHN CAU'IX AXD THS OEKKVAK REKORUAnOX.
cent peril. He waa Kiitl U> tuivo denounced Eraamua it
Baxvl U6 anothtT Baluum, and Eroeinus ivpnid thu compU*
inuiit by du$<Tibing Iiiin, in a letter, n» t\u: mmt iirrogitnt,
abuaive, and gbainelesa man he li:id ever met witlt.' Tet
Furul did not limit Liinsulf to dcnuiiciittion. Ho nnder-
slood well, and knew how to inculcate eloquently, tlie dis-
tinctive doctrines of the Protestant faJtli. IIIb i.'»-lii!st at>
Lfinpt in Uvnera was in 15S2, iuimcdiat«Iy aCtur tJic fint
Tevolution. He was then driven from th^ cit}', and owed
Iiis IHv to Um bnnttiug of a gim tliiit was aiuiod at lunt.'
TIio wtoond time lie u'aa more anccctuifut. The nuw doe-,
trine was eagerly heard and won numerous diaciplee. .
At tJio political revolution, whicli c-xpellMl tlio bishop, ,
the Prutvstant fiuth was adopted by the solemn act of th«
citizens. The general council, or the aaecrobly of citizens,
li'galiKcil the new order of divine Bcrvicc, which included
the adminiBtration of tho Supper thrice in the year;
abolishixl all Uio foativab excejit Sunday, and prohibited
worldly sports, such as dances and masquerades. Th«;
citizens took tux oatli to cost off tho Romish doctrine and
to live according to the rule of the Gospel. Bnt signs of
diaaffeotion soon appeared. A lai^ portion of the !»•
bubitants of this prosperous, luxurious, and pleasure-
bving city, soon grew impatient of the new restraints
which they had accepted in tho moment of exhilaration
over tlieir newly giuned political indeitcndenov. Tlioy
cried out openly agfunst the preachers and demanded
ireodoim.
'lliere is no reason to doubt that t]ie morals of Giin«vm
were in a ]ow state. Tho Savoyards had sought to secure
the adherence of tlw yoang men by means of dancca and
oonvivial entertainments ; and Berthelier endeavored to
bafllo this purpose by joining with tliem himself in their
vcttsy bamjui'ls and licentious animn-ments. The pricstc
uid monks, according to trustworthy contemponiry ao-
> <^«ra,IB.U3. Klnlihortr, iW £«((■ IT. furrib, c iv.
PAKKI, S CALL TO OALTDI.
Sll
eouBto. vrtsTG uxoeptionally profligate.* Tlio prratitut«a,
OT«r vrlioin there waa placml n qu4-c-ii who \raa regiilirly
BWorn to the fiilGllmcnt of prcBcribetl funotionif. wore fur
Irom Ix-iiig oontined to the qiuilvr of tho city which vaa
Bjiecinlly assigned to tliem. Gambling-hoiiscs and wiiu>*
simps wiTii w;itt<>ifil over tlie town. Tiii> ^^lrilHl» tnotives
of opposition to tho now systom were sufRcicnt to de*
Tt'Iop ft ponwrfiil party thnt dcinnndivl thv old customs
and tho formor liberty. They clamoped for deliverance
from the yoki- of th« ptviichen.
Geneva vma in tim factions, confused state when Cut-
vin HirivM then-, and took liis lodgings at wi iiui, with
the intention «f remaining only for the ntght. In his
Preface to tho Commentary on the Psahna, which oon-
tiiins the most ititt-n'-tting pa88i^;c« of autobio^iphy that
we poaeeas from his |)en, he gives an account of his inter-
view wilJi Fnrtfl, to whom his lurival had been reported by
hb frii*nd, Dii Tillet. Farrl 1>osoiight him to remain and
assist him in his work. Cnlvin declined, pleading his un-
wiltiiigneas to hind himself to any one phioe, and hifldmiro
to prosocutv his HtiidivK. Seeing that his pcrsuauons wero .
rniittras, Fare] told bun that he might put forward hi* '
studies as a pmt4-xt, btit Uiat Hit cuntc of God wonld Uglit
on him if hi> refuited to etigii^ in His work. Oalvin often
refers to this declaration, uttered with the ferror of «'
ptophct. Ho Miys that ho vnrn stmok with terror, und
fi.<lt as if tlie hand of the Almighty had Iteen Htn!t<-li4Hl
lut fmm hvnvi-n nn4l hiid upon him. Ho gave ap his op-
position. " Fare]/' it has been said, " garo Genera to
tlie Reformation, and Calvin to Geneva." Ho at onea
Ifegiin his work, not taking the jxwt of a preacher nt Bntt,
hut giving theological lectures of nn exegetieal sort In the
Church of St, Peter. Ho eomposed hitstily a cateehimn
for the inHtnictionof thv youn^, which bo deemed » thing
essential in the guidance of a church. A confe.'wion of
Eaith, drawn up by Farel, vw presented to all the people,
> KiD)wbulU, L M M4.
112 JOHN CALVIN /lSD TflE aBNKVAN KEFORUATIOK.
and hy tJieni formally adapted. A body of regitli
relating to diitrch SLi'viocw aiid discipline, rontJiiiiiog strin*
gviit jimvinidits, wait liketnae r.ititled and put in nj)CTtt>
tiou. Op]>o«it>on to tbe doctrines and deviation from Ihe
prnctiom thus aanotioni^d, went jx-nul (ilTrnses. A liaii
dreaaer, for example, for arranging a bride's liair in wlmt'
ms deemed un iinsmmly mannc-r, was imprisonod for tiro
dftyo ; niid Die motlier, with two female fri<-iid», who had
aided in tlio prucfisit, sulTt-rcd the snrao penalty. Dancing
•ltd card-playing wcro also pumidied by tlw tniigiittnibi!.
Tbey were not wrong in thoniBolres, Calvin siud, but
they bad bnm bo abiwcd Uiut Uiuru wa« no other count ,
but to prohibit tbem Altogether. He who ao dreaded
tumnlt, not. only had to vnconntur Aniibitptist fanatic
who appeared in Genera, but aoon found liiniHolf, witb'
hta aB0o<antast in conflict ^vith th» government, and with
tho majority of the dozens who n'lHtllwl agninitt the strict-
new of tho now n^imo.' At the head of tlie party of op-
poution, or of tiie LibortincR, m they vnin staled by tlin
Mpportera of Calvin, were Amy Porrin, Vmuh'!, luid Jtsui
PhiUppu. who hud bccu among tht- first advocates of the
Ref'innation. In tlieir nuika were many of thu Confed*
eratca, or Eidgettotten, wlio had foiight for the indepen-
dence.of tli» city, j^t G(■Jluvl^ Uie lmpti«mid font, tho
four festivak of Cliri&troas, New Year's Day, the Annun-
nialaon, and the Ascension, vav\ the ms« of niilcjivon<^l
bread in the Sacrament, all of which were retained in
Berne, hwl been discarded. TIio opponenti of tite new
system called for the restoration of the Bi'riiese cer
monies. Finding them»elvc« thwarted by the autliorittesl
ia the enforcement of ohurcli discipline, on Eaxter Snn*
day (1588), tlio ministers, Cal%'in, Farel, and Virot,
* lit wu niiiiiH'Iktl, much la lili mdnlflcklioa. to triMuland an Ulack of ■
{UfbrtBl kiiul f iKOi aiiollio iguiricr. lltowchkrevl wllh AtianlunuidSiiM-
ILuiiun. S«* Uenrf, I. lit Hi|. Cali-ln ku {■iilloiu u [o tha icnn* wbiA;
h* UMd oil llio •ubjn.-l of Ibc Trlnily, &nil ilid not jnilit on Uie iroMl ,
See tuMmItt, h. L Ktli. A, V'nr till opinion of th> At'wnuian ctshI,
SwnpMfcolI*. i. 3»T,
B&NISItUENT OP TRG PBKACHEBft.
218
preaclu3(l in spitu of ih« proliibition of tlio flyndiui, iuid
ftlso U)ok tlifl bold atep of rofunng to administer th« mcni-
mont, Tliercupon. Iiy ii vutv of tlic Council, which vrtm
continiK^ ihe next diiy by the general aasembly of the
citizens, tliey were bftnisliL-d from tbu city. Failing in
tlinirclTortA to Ko^-iire the iiitt-rvi-uttoti of Berne, an<l in
other n^gotiationa having tL-forence to thoir restoration.
tLi.-y ptirtod from one aiiuther, Farel went to Nwifchfilel,
and Calvin found a cordial reception in Stroabnrg. It
■wna a gcnoral fvding. in wliich Calvin liimst-H nhnrod,
that the preachers bad gone im]>rudGntIy far in their re-
quiromonbs. But the joy ot Cidvin at being di;!ivcrM
from the aiisielieii wtkieli be bud atiffered, and in finding
himself at liberty to derote hiuuoU to bis booki), was
grt-ntcT, he xiiyM, than under the drcumstancea was be-
coming. But soon he was solicited by Bocer to take
cliurgu of the church of French refugees who were nt
Stranbui^. Once more he wm intiinidated by Buirc-r's
uirncst !kpj}calt who reminded liim of tbo example of the
furtive prophet Jonah. 'I'liouglt bts )>eciiniar)' support
was small, eo that lie \ra» comjiellcd to tuku lodgers and
even to sell bis books to get the means of living, ba
was satisfied and happy. While at Strasburg, bo was
brought into intercourse with tlie Saxon theologians at
the religious conferencue hold between the years 1539
and 1&41, at Frankfort, at Worms, and at Hiig«nnu, and
in connection with the Diet at Itatisbon, where Contnrini
o])peared as the representative of the Pope. Like Luther,
Cidvin bml no faitJi in the practicnbleness of a compromise
with the Ciitholics, and tbe negotiations became more ai>d
more irksome to bin]. His ignorance of the German lan-
guage occasioned bim some embarrassment. His talents
and learning were fully recognized by the Oennan theo-
logians, and witli MeUmctbon he formed a fiiendship
which continued with « temjiorary, partial interruption,
until they were separated by dcaMi. To the compromiwi
S14 JOHN CALVm AXD TITR GKXEVAX RT^tlSUATIOX.
of tlio Lcipsic Intt^riiu, Cnlrtn wan inflexibly opposed.
On tho gr»at controverted point of tbc EucbririEt, L« and
Meluni:thi>a wore iigruiHl, iiiid tlifi liittw I'oiifijwi to liim
tbc nnxietJGfl nhicb weighed heavily npon him on account
of the jealousy on the LutJicriui mXv, whicJi was awitkened
bj \m change of opinion. With LuUier, Calviu nerer
came into pfnoiial coutiict ; but ho wiu delight^xl to hear
that Uie Snxon loa<ler had read Home of kin books with
'* singuliir satisfaction," bud betrayed no irritation at his
dllluTvnce on tlie question of the Supi>cr, and had ex-
pvennved a high degree of confidence in his ability to be ub6-
ful to the Cliiircb. Ho thought Luther a miicli grcabir man
than Zwiiiglc, but that botli were one^oided and too much
under tlie sway of prejudice in tboir combat npon the
Eucharist. He vxcluinui Ituit lie nhould never cntso to
revere Lather, if Lutbi-r were to call him a devil.' When
called upon at a later day, after tlie dcAth of Melancthon,
to tike the field against bigoted Lutherans, he brenka
oat with tho exclamation : " O PhiUp Melancthon, I dt-
rwt my words to thee who now livest bofore Go<l with
Jesus Christ, and there art \vaiting for iia till we are
gathorvd with tlioe to that blc!tti-d tvstl A hundred
tiiiuia hiist tlioa said, when, wearied with labor and op-
proBSu-d with anxii^tios, thou hast hiid thy head affection-
ately upon my bosom : * O that, O that I mi^it die upon
this boeom ! ' " But itotwitlistanding their friendship,
Mehincthon could not be prevailed on to exim"** himself
in favor of Calvin's doctruie of predestination, though the
lattvr dedicated to him, in flattering terms, a treatise on
the subject, and by letters sought to enlist hi^ support.
Calvin was bringing in, Melancthon wrote to a friend,
till' 8toiu doL'trine of fate.^ When RoUi^o wait taken into
custody for vehemently attackmg this doctrine in public,
BifelaQothon wrote to Cainorarius that tJicy had ptit a
CALVIX AT STRASBUTtO.
tu
man in priaon at Geneva for not agreeing with Zeno.*
The rcUitionii of Culvin to the friondu of Zwingic and to
the churches which had been established under his ana-
picvft, wore far n wliilu uiuettlod. Ciilvin's Bucharistio
doctrine differed from that of the Zurioh reformer, aiid
he was suspcctoti of iin itiU-ntion to introduce thi- Luthoraa
theory. He succeeded in convincing them that lht8 sus>
picion was gTOundIl^sR, und in bringing about a union
through the acceptance of common formularies. The 6u:t
lliiit /wingh; luid rather profoMcd tim doctrine of predes-
tination as a philosophical theorem, than brought it for-
ward in popular tcadiiiig, rcqtiircd special exertions on tlio
part of Calviu to quiet the nusgivinga of the Swiss respeot-
ing tliis point also.' In this olTort he was likewise suf^esa-
ful. Yet Heme, partly from the diHfavor which it felt
towards minor peculiarities of tJie Genevan cultiis, but
obicfly owing to the disappointment of political Bchomea,
never treated Calvin with entire confidence and friendli-
nen.
While at Strashiu^, Calvin was married to the widow of
fU) Anabaptist pn^acher whom be bad converted. Sereral
previous attempts to negotiate a marriage, in which be
bad proceeded in a quite basuie«»-liko npirit, with no out-
lay of sentiment, bad from various causes proved abortive.
The lady whom he married aiq>ear8 to have been a person
of rare worth, his life with her was one of unintemipt»d
harmony ; and when, nine years after tlielr manioge, alio
died, his deep grief proved tlio tenderness of his attocb-
t Hglancltion HJil that Ihty tuul nrlred Uia (aUlIitlo docUiot ol I^unatlnl
Tail*. Thii, ■!«, wtM on* of Ihg moat oOnuIvs iMUMtfont o( DoIh<o.
1 Olrin crilirlua Ztriti^f'f Irtamtnt of (hit doclriaa, jn > li^llrr In fliilSn.
);vilB«nn«t.rclxxxix.l. Tlir hik*nnnQmo( tb* Strim (hitirliiv in the nH
of IIoImt wu irrjr ttxalioat (o Olrin, ■* IhiB and olhn iMun thtxf. 71w
Mm>p<)nil*nM on Uiii ru* Sii>lnicllT*l}> •xhroll* Iho unnritliniciieM et (ha
Zwtnliliin churHwt (o ptoa Ui* docMiw el pmlntlnallDa, an CaJvhi w^uU
Willi. Thriir njiif iuin ut •yiiipiUhy ntn 'try qualUt«d and conmraltwd-
Iliil'luK''r lixik <|uito anoUier loni lu rrFonrntc la ScrrtliU, when Ih« iloctriaa U
(hi TTini(y wiu uuitud.
MM JOBK CALVI.N AXU 1'IIK OtUiKVAH RKroRjIA'nO!).
nwnt. Ilift only ctiUd, a son, lived but a short time. It
may b« iwiuBrkcil Ii.'-re tlint CiUviii »-iig fur from bi'-iug un-
uuAovptibli' to Iriendfibip. Witli Farel and Viret he vna
uuiteil ill llie clmeat bond* of intJiuiicy. Tltough scboolod
to submission, when be hears of t)te death of one after
another of lu» friends, lie gives expression to his sorrovr,
BonietJioee in pathetic hinguage. Bexa loved hira oh i
intiwr.
Three years after hia expulsion he was recalled to
Gcatova by the united voiol-b of the goremment nud
people. 'Hie distracted coixiitioti of the city oaused nil
eyes to turn to him as the only hope. Disorder and vice
hod boen on the iiK-re<u»e:. Scenes of liccntimisncss and
▼iolenee were witnessed by day and by night in the streets.
1^ Catiiolicft were hoping to see tliv old ri'ligion ru<
stored. There w.-u a proe|)ect that Itenie would find its
profit in'tht! aniirdiicnl situation of its neighbor, and v*-
taltlisli itA control in Genera. Of the four Syndics who
had been active in the banishment of the preachers, one
had broken bin m^k by n fall from a win<ll>^v, aiiolluT
had been executed for murder, and the i-eniaining two
had been biiiiishcd on suspicion of ticason. Tim eon*
e«ieiico>t of nuiiiy wer« alarmed at tlteae owiirriTiicoa.
Meantime Cardinal Sadolct. Bisliop of Curpciitr:ia, ad-
drcsw^l to the Senate a very peiwiasivo letter, free from
all acrimony, imd couched in a flattering style, for the
purpoHe of bringing tlwi city back to the told of the
CatJiotic Church. To this documer.t CaJvin published
a ma»terly rc]ily, in wliieli be expressed his undying
interest in the welfare of the Genevan Church, and re-
viewed the Protectant controversy with singular (oree
iind cletixnem. *' Here is a work," said Lutlier, on read-
ing it. " that lias hands and feet." The personal n-min-
iaeonoes relating to his conversion, which are interwoven,
make it, as a contribution to his biogrnpliy. only si'cond
In importance to the Pn-faoe to the Panlms. It made
CALVIN'S Rcnmn ro aexBvA.
2r
ft. moet favorable impression at Qen«va, and au edl-
tion of it was publishMl by thti autliuritiue. Tbv city,
tom b; Action, vritli a guvonitiuiut too w(-ak to uxfireiae
effective control, turucd to the baiusheii preacher, who
had n«vcr been without a body ot wurin lulhurviit*, liow-
aver orerbome in the excitement that attended hia expul-
uon. Hore wiis aiiuUi<.r JiiHttUKW in nbich Providane«
Boemed to intcrpoee to baffle his cherished plans, and to
uan him for a purpoae not his own. H« could nut tliiiik
of going back, without a sliuddor. The recollection of
his conjlicts there, iui<l of thu troublt's of coiiiu.<ionco ho
had Buffered, vaa dreadful to him.* I)ut be oould iwt
lotjg vitlisUind tbo iinfinimouH opinion of his frionds and
tiw earttedt imjiortunitii'-a of the (Jcncviui Scniiti.t and
pooj-lo. To the eoUdtjttioos of the deputies who followed
him from Stninbiirg to Wonns, ha answered moro with
tears than words. His consent wan at longtli obtained,
tmd once inoru lio t'wk vt]} his abode in Genera, there to
live for the reniaiiido.r of his days.
Of the syHtunt of cculcHastioul and ctvil order which
was formed under bis inflneiice, only the onlUnes can hero
bo given. His idea whh tliat thu Church idiould bo dis-
tinct from the State, but that botli should be intimately
connoctod and mutually coiipenitivo for a commort end —
the rcAlixation of tlic kingdom of God in tlic lives of the
people. The Church was to infuse a religious spirit into
Uiu State ; the State was to uphold and (oeter the inter-
ests of llie Church. For tlie inftlructtoii of tlio pectin,
pCMt^ers, wIioM qualiBcations have been put to a thorough
test, mu&t be appointed, and R!S[>i>c-t for them and atten-
tion to tlieir niinistmtioiis niuat be enforced by law. So
the training of the cbildr<.-n in Uk' ciiLuchiKin i» indis-
pensable, and this muiit likewise be secured, if necessary,
by the intervention of tbo luagistriitf^'. The Tln-eoOouii-
oUb, or Senator, the Little Council, or Council of Twenty-
> Sm hi* Utlon, BcncM 1. 143, irt, 907, S44.
218 JOIDi CALVIS AND THE GKSKVAS ItEFOMLltlON.
five. th« Council of Sixty, and Uio Council of Two Hon*
dn-d. which hml cxislvd before, were not Ebolishec), but
their functions and relative prerogatives w ore nmteri&Uy
changed. Thv drift of nil tliv political clmnges was to
concentrate power in the bands of the I^ittle Council, und
to udce it away bom tlic other hodivA, iind iwpecially from
the General Council, or popular assembly of the citizens.
Eookaiastical discipline wus in tlio hnnds of the COH-
8UT0BY, a body composed of the preachers, who at 6r»t
were six in iiuniVH.T,und of Iwiou lis ntiuiy If)yin<;ii ; thu Itty-
men being nomtimtod by the preachers and dioson an-
nually by tlie Little Council, but the Genenil Council
having ft veto upon their ii p point men t. Calvin thus n>-
rived, under a peculiar form, tlie Eldership in the Chwrch.
It had existed, to bo snro, in some of the ilwinglinn
Cburelies, but not as an effective organization. The
prx^iicliorfl were cliosen by tlie ministers nirendy in oflico ;
they gave proof of their qualifications by publicly prea«li-
iiig H Mormon, at which two members of tbo Little Cotincil '
were present. If the ininittters approved of the learningof
the candidate, they presented him to the Council, and his
election Iniving been 6»nclioned by that body, eight days
were given to tlie |>eople, in which they might bring fo^
ward oltjcclioiw if they had any, to bis appointment. The
(^onaifilory hml jurindiction in matrimonial aiuses. To
this bcdy was committed a moral cmsoi'sltip that ex-
hmdeil ove-T the entire life of every inhabitant. It wna
a court before which any one might be summoned, and
whicli could not be trcntcd with contumacy or disro-
sppot without bringing upon the offender c^vil penal-
ties. The power of excommunication was in its hands ;
iuid oxenmmunication, if it continued beyond a cer>
tain time, was likenrise followed by penal eonsequenecs,
'JTioiigh ostensibly purely H{)iritunl in its function, the
Conastory might hand over to the magistrate traos-
gressom whose otTenscs irere deemed to bo grave, or vihc
TlIE GEKEVAK LAWS
219
nluMd tu Bubmit to correction. Tko city was divided
into districU, and in each of theni a preoclter siud cider
had super! ntundonoo, thu ordiiiitnco being tluit nt leust
once in a yenr every ^mily must be x-iaited, and receive
ftucb admonitioQ, counsel, or comfort, a» its condition
miglit cilU for. Kv«ry sick person was required to send
(or Ibe minister. From this \-igiIiuit, stringout, univer-
sal .(upcrvisinn Uiere was no eicnpo. Tliore was iio
reapect for persons ; the high and the low, the rich and
tlie poor, were alike subjected to one inilexiblu rul«. In
the Consistory, by tacit consent, Calvin took the post of
Ttcdident. 'llio nuaistora — tho Vknebarlr Company,
as they were styled — met together onoo a month for
mutual fraternal censure. CandidatoM for the mlni&try
were examined luul ordained by tliem. 'I'hi^y w<;re to bo
kept up to a high standard of professional qu-tlitications
antt of conduct. Calvin, it may be obsur\'cd, fi-lt the im-
portance of an effective delivery : he speaks against the
reading of sermons.'
In the fnuniug of the civil laws, Calvin hod a control!-
ii^ tnflucnco. Mis K-gid t^duattion qualified him for such
a work, and so gi'cat was the respect entertained for him
that he wne made, not by any effort of his own, the vir-
tual l<>gi«hitor of the city. The minutest affairs ei^aged
his attention. Recitations for the watching of tlte gates,
and for Uie suppression of fires, nro found in his hand-
writing. An examiiiKtion of t]>e Ciciicvon code shows tliu
strong influence of the Mosaic legislation on Calvin's con-
ception of a wt'Il-(>«lorc<) community-. BoUi tlie spcci:d
statutes and the general theocratjo cliaracter of the lie-
brew commonwealth wcru never out of lughU' In all
points Calvm did not find it practicable to coulunu to
bis own tlioorii.li. One of his canlinid principles is Uiat
to Uto oongrt^tion belongs *he obwce of its religiona
teadiers ; but it was provided at Gcm^va that the Col-
> 0007, d. Ub. * KmiMballa. L *1T.
tons OALNIU AND TIUI OKNRVAX KKFOKilATIOM.
Wgiam, or Society of Preadien, should select persona to
fill vacandes, and to the congregation waa loft only a
veto, which wu rogurck-d mon; m u iuim\nn\ tliitii a niii
prorogatiTe. Whalevsr may have been the iiiflLicitcu of
CnlvinUm on society, Calvin Iiimaelf vrus unfavorable to
domoorjcy.* It is reinarkstble tliat almost at the beghl-
ning of his earliest writiiig, the Comuiontary on Seoeca,
tliore its nu vxprvs^oit of contempt for Uu! populnco. Ilia
experit-nocs at Geneva, and especi&lly the diitigors to
which his dvil as w«ll its eccksStMical ayst«tii would b6
liablv if it were at tlic diRposal of s popular aaaembly,
oonfirmed his inclination to an aristocratic or oligarchic
oonstitution.
Cnlviii luul iK^giin, after h:a return, with moderation,
with no miiDtfvstution of vindictlvcness, and without nn-
d«rtjtkitig to 1-emovc the other prenchcnt who hud been ap-
pointed by the opposite party in Itis abaenoe. But symp-
toma of disaffcetion went not long in appearing. The
mon the new system was dev«loi>i:!d in its diaraoteristic
futtures, tlte more loud grew the opposition. Let us
glance At the ]>artioj< in this long continued oonfliot.
Against Calvin were the I.il>erlinra, as they were styled.
They oonsisted of two different classes. There were tlio
fanaticnl Antinoiniaiis, iin ofltdioot from the sect of tlio
I'rce Spirit, who combined pantheistic theology with a
kx morality, in which the marriagu rolation was pnieti*
oally sabvortod and a theory allied to the modern '* free
love" was more or Ins openly avowed and pnuiticwl.
Their number was sufficient to form n diingi-rous faction,
and it appears to bo proved that among them were per-
sons in affluent circumstances and pOMCncd of much in-
fluence. United with the " Spirituels," as this class of
Libertines was tinned, ^verc tlie I'litrints, as they Rt>'led
tbetnsolvt.'S ; those who were for maintaining the demo-
<mio oonstitution, and jealouH of tlio Fronchinen and
> Fm hi< npinion at ■'tbaii<m[il«." •» KiiiiiT>eliiilt«, L US.
PAKTIES IN GENEVA.
221
other toniptitn wlio had migrntod in Ivgo nambcn to
QenevA, and to whom tho aupporten of Cnlnn were foi
girti^ the rights of oitjzena. Tlie licentious free-thinkvra,
Um njitivo Ocnevmo of democratic |>rocIt\'it4e8 and «]>-
pnaed to the grantiiig of potittciU power to the tmmigrjuits,
and thv multitude who chafed iiuder the nov rfstriUDta
put upon Uieni, gnidmdly oombinwl itgninnt the new ay*-
t«m and the man who wa« its principal author. On tho
other ndo were tlHUHt who preferred tho order, indepon-
d«nco, moralitj, and temporal prosperity which werv tho
fruit of the new order of tilings, nnd, in tlio exi&tjng dr-
ciimstances, were inseparable from it. and especially ull
who tlioroughly accuptctl thfr Protestant syatem of doc-
trine as expounded by CalTin. Id the ranks of this party,
which maintained its ascendency, Uiongh not wiliiout
perilous struggles, were tlie numurous forcipncm, who had
been, for the most part, driven from th<jr homes by persa-
cuCiun, and had been drawn to Geneva by the presence of
Gftlvin and by tho reli^ouR wfstem catabltHht^d tlierc. On
a sini^W oouuion not k-ea than Ihreo hnndrcd of these wore
natuiaUzed. That wide-spread dimlfcctiou dliould exist,
was inevitable. Tlie attempt wns mode to extend orur a
city of tNventy tJioisand tnlutbitant^, wonted to freedom
and little fond of restraint, the strict discipline of a Cal-
rinistic diurch. Not only protnnuness imd dninkcnncfls,
biit ix'crriitioitji which hud boon eonndared innocent, and
diveigent tbeolc^cal doctrines, if the effort was made to
diueminiitii th(rm, went severely puniBhcd. In 156S,
aodur the atom code whidi was eatubltHbni tuider the
mispioes of Calvin, a child was bohoadud for striking its
father and mother. A child sixteen years old for attempU
intj to strike its mother, wiui santaDoed to death, but, on
aaconnt of its youth, the senteaoR was ooinmuted, and
baring boon publicly whipiM«d, with a coni nbont its neck,
U was banisbed from the city. In l.Vt.5 a woman was
duutisud with rods for finging secular Bongs to Uto melody
222 JOHN CAI-VIS AJTD THE CENEVAS BCTO»[ATION.
of tlio Pealms. In 1579 a cultivated gnntleman vae im-
pi'intiiHsl for twc lit)'- four hours becauso he was found rtr.id
iiiff Poggio, anil having been compell<^ to bum tli<t book
he WHS ux|)cUed from the city. Dancing, and the man- 1
nfiicture or titto of conb, tmd of iitne-pina, brought dowai
upon die delinffuent the rengeanoe of the laws. Eron
tho«e who looked tipon a thinoo were not exempt from
pnnishment. The prevalence of gambling and the in-
(leoeot oceumnccs at bulls fumtshcd tho ground for these
Btringent enactinenta. To give the nikntM of Catholiol
Mints to children was a penal offense. In criminal pro-|
oeases, torture was fn^ely used. According to tJie custoiai
of tiie times, to elicit testimony and confession ; and doAtli j
by fire was the penalty of hcrtisy. It la no tvonder thatij
the prisons became filled and the executioner was kept
busv.'
The RupprcAAion of outspoken religious dissent by force
was an ineintabie result of the principles on which the
Genevan stato was established. Tliu Rcforinors can never
be fiurly judgexl unli^ss it is kept in mind that they were
strangers to tJie limited idea of the proper function of the
sl^ito, whicti has come into vogne in mort^ recent times.
The ancient religions wore all slate reli^ona. It was
a universal conception that a nation, like a family, must
profi^js but one faith, and practice the same religious
rites. The toleration of the ancients, which Itas been
lauilod by modem sceptical writers, was only such as
polythiiism ri'rquiros. The wonthip of a nation ^vas sa-
cred williin its territory, and among its own people. halbA
to introduce foreign rites, or make proselytes of Roman
citizens, wiM contrary to Rom-in law, and was scTorely
punished. Tliia policy was conformed to the general
feelin<; of antt<iuity. 'llic early ChriHtliui fathers, as
Tertullian and Cyprian, spoak against coercion in lantleTS
of religion.^ After the downfall of hcatlionism, the au>
I XunpHlialm II. m, 4t«j kIvu (UliilN*.
* Tti« pUBi}^ art gLTcn in I jmbordi, ItiUmit /ujmMlUmt, u IL
BCLIGtUUS PEBSEaiTKM.
228
Wpoip of Coii8tanuno enforced conformity to the religion
of thi; Eiupiro ; und CoiwtAnttn« l)ini»:lf did tlLo eiintu
vritbin the pale of the Christian Church, as is sevii in titu
Arian controvtrsy. Tht^'O was persecution both oii tJia
orthodoxiiiuloit the Arian »de. Serere Uwh wt^rrt unnotitd
against the Manichsuis and Doniitists. Augustine, who
in his ««rlior vrritinga had opposed iha \uni of foivu for thu
spread of trutii, or Uio extirpatitm of wror, altered hia
vicw.i in Uut DoiiatiHt conlroversy. He would not liava
capitul piini«htiivnt intlictetl, butwoutd uonfiiio the penal-
tiea of Itt-TVHy to i iii prison men t or banishment, tlie oouliA-
catiun of goods and civil disabilities. ThvoLlosius has Iho
uiwnvinblo distinction of tncoqwrnting the tliuory of per-
aecution in an elaborate code, wliich threatened death to
hcri^tics ; and in his reign tltu tvrm InquUitor* of tbo
faitli first appears.' The fet'ling of the necoaaity of uni-
formity in rehgiotis boUcf and worslup, and of the obligii-
tion of rulera to puninh and to oxt«riuiiuit« iotidelity and
heresy witliin their dominions, was universal in tlie Mid-
dle Ages. Imiuccnt III. ooforc^d this obligation ti[ion
princL-s under thr threat of cxcoinmtinicsition, and of tho
forfeiture of their crowns and dominions. In 120(1 ho
established thu Inquisition. It is trtiu that tho Cborcli
kept up the custom of asking the magistrate to spare the
life of the condemuud heretjc ; but it was un pmpty [or-
mality. 1l\k Church inculcntcd the bixrluUtcM of the
BSTerest pmiialim<!nt8 in auoh cases. Leo X., in his Hull
iiguinst LtiUicr, in 16S0, oxplicltly condemns the propoeu-
tioa : " Haxeticoa comburere cat contra voluiitatem Spiri-
tos." No historical ntudent n«eds to be told wluit an in-
calculable amount of evil lias been xvrought by Catholioa
and by Protestants, from n mislnkcn belief in IhrpiTpotual
validity of tliw Mosaic civil K-gislatton, and from a oon-
> Btr Ibthutoiy a(pcna:uii«ii.K« Umb^rdi, t. lili GIbbvn, «b. XKrtl.i 1h«
Ml. " B>rMia " in llanai;, Bnt-Stfif. J- TAmI. ; httky, ItiUmry rf ttaiimml
faM ii Eunft, th. It. (U.).
S24 JOHN CALVIN AMD TUB GRdnrAH KEFOIUtATIOK.
lutinding of tb« spint ot Uio old dispensatjon with tliat oi
thu iititv — ail overlooking of th« progrufttirc dnuuoter of
Divine It«veUtion, The Re{onn«ra beM that offotueai
agiuiittt Uiu first table of the liitv, nut luw thiui tho seocmd,
fall under the jurisdiction of the magistrate. To protect
anil fijelcr pure rt-ligion, and to put down fulau reU^oa,j
vaa that [ii^ii't ol his otUce to wbich lie was moat aociedlj
buitnd. Uc'.':Mton;d uttorunctt, it ia tni«, which aeem]
liiirhingi^i'h uf a bt-ttor dity, full from tJie lips of Prot
«etju)t li'iidcrs. Zwiiiglo was not disposed to perseoution
LutlMir uaid, in rt^rvruiKHi to Uio prohibition of liis rvrsiv
of tho New Toatanieiit : " Over the eouU of men, Gc
can and will have no one rule, save Iliuuulf alone j " audi
in bin buok iig.uiu(t the Anabaptiats, be saya: "It is not
right that tliey sliould bo shockingly murder, burn, andj
cru<;lly slay nucli wretched people ; tliey ahouKl let eve
one believe what he will ; with the Sdipture and Qod'l
Word, tliey should vheck and withatoud them ; wiUi Are
tliuy will accomplish little. The exeontioners on this
plan woaUl be tlio most Ivnrnvd doctors."* But the
noblu words mther exprctfi tliQ diotate« ot Luther's hu-
mane impulflBS than definite principle)) by nhit^h he would
comixlently abide. It is often charged upon ttie Protes-
tants tlieuiKclvtw ns a flngnint inconsistency tliitt whilst
tlii^>y wt-ie pci^ccuUid th<.-Tii»<.-lvi'«, they wore willing, and
Bumctiintst eager, to persecute otJiera. So far is Culrtn
from bemg impraised witii this incunj^-iiity. that ho writee:
" Seeing that tbe defenders of the Papacy are so Imtter
and bold in behalf of thvir superstitions, that in thetr
tttrocaons fury they sliud tlie blood ol the innocvnt, it
dioald aliame Chrisdiin magistrates that in the protection
of otrtein truth, thvy nn; entinrly d<-stitnte of spirit."*
The repressive mensures of Catholi« rulen trern an exam-
ple for Protestant rulers to cinulivto ! There were voices
Docauonally riused in fav>r of toleration. The case o*
1 Walcb, X. (HI, :<TI. ' Boiuiet, letLcrMMXT.
cojrrMis or calvik.
SS6
Serretua, prolmbly, Icitdcti more Umn any singls cveot to
produce wiser and more charitable vievs on this subject.
Free-thi likely, who Jifttl no cuiiviutious for which tb«j
would die themselves — the apostles of indifferenon —
mtn uittumlly eariy in the field in fuvor erf the righta of
opinion. Bat religious toIeraUon could never ohtiiiu n
gununtl sn'j»y, until the limitatioQs of human responsi-
bility, and the limited function to which the State ia
[>n>pcrly rc^triottKl, wcru butter understood. A more en-
lightened charity, which makes larger allowatioc for diver-
sitios of intvllvctu;U view, is doubtless » powerful auxil-
iary in effecting tliis salutary chsingi>.'
The conQicts through which Ctdvin bad to pass in up-
holding and firmly establtsbing the Gcnurwi Uieocncj,
would have broken down any other than a miui of iron.
I'lTSonuI indignitii-s wcru hctpod upon him. The dogs
in the street were nanuHl after bitn. Every ilevico was
undcrtakon in order to intimidate him. As he sat fit his
study tabic liitir ut night, n gun would he dutohni^'d under
his window. In ono night fifty shots were lii-ed before
his houae. On one occasion he walke<l into tlte midst o(
an oxcitvd mob and olTvrcd his breast to th«ir tlAggers.
The case of Iloboc, who was arrested and Ixkuijilicd foi'
violently attacking the preachers on tlie subject of pro-
dcstimitiou, fans alriwly been rvf'irrcd to. Another in-
I Lk^T, in cDiBinnn with other wrilan al llui prcMnl i»y, mikr* |i«rttoiilinB
Aa MOM**}' tnull of unilaubllntt toBvldioni <ai ih* >ubjecl (d f«li|tiMl, «onpM
wilt ■ btlM tbal luonl aliliquily b invotvnl In hulding oppotlU vfl«s. TbcM
irrlwn would nuke tccpilcliin hmdiUI la ib« rxtrclM of tolrrsllon. 8*a
LKk^'a (inataUaa (n>iu C. J. fcs (i-ot lip, ;»). But it lhi> b« ln>«, bow diatl
W9 trtouM for the oppositlaa to Ilia ipirit ol penrcu;(lon, sliich tk«(c vct^ wr((-
«n altrlbut* to tbs foiinJenot ChriitianilJ — toCliritt ui<l IhoAposiin? Mixfa
Uul l> awriboH to (h« inlliivno* o( " Batianiliini *' <■ k.iD v due lo Urn Incrau-
iiiR (Hnrrr nf ChridiaDltir, anil la Ilia loilKr unil<'r>landint; ol iln gmctpts, and
ji the llinlla «( llw nxpiMultiillly of aacitly tor ths tTiinioni and clianrtn' vl lli
nHnbcrt. Thtr* an two anlidoto M nDtbarltablanea Mid namiwDBO. Tlia
MM ii lilttal culluro; Iba olber la itiat AijiA rf«ytTt at religion — of charllf —
wblch It duliueattd by St. I'aul lo I Corinlbiuu xili. Rithcrat thew nmadlot
^IMn>i intoluaotc la cmatsIcDt wUb a liiuiK, eamal taiU.
U
!I26 JOns CA1.VIK and the ORKEVAS BCrOIUATK«.
■tance somewliat uniilar waa tbe controrersy with Cm*
tdlio. CtuU-llio was a liigltly ctiUivated vcholar wlioir
Calvin bad brought front Stniaburg to take chaigo ot the
Gfiicva school, llu was dc^iroiiA of bocomiDg a iniiiiutor,
bdt Calriii objficteil oti account of IiIa views on the Soiig
of SotomoD, which hv thought slioitld be struck from thv
ciLnoi), and his oppoaitiuii to the [Husa^u of tli« creed n^
Bpecttng tho deecont of Cbriat into hell. Tbe result vnu
that Costellio nt length mndu a jiubliu ntUick upon Uie
preooben, charging them with intolerance, and less justlyi
witJi oUier grave faults. He accused Cidvin of a love o(
jwwer. WhwtliiT the charge were tnie, Calvin wrote to
Farel, he was willing to leave it to God to judge. The
rcgult was ttiat Civitulliu, who bad many points of oxoel-
leQc«, wiia expelled from Gejieva, an<l afterwarda proBu-
cuttid in print a heated controversy with Calvin and Bcwt.'
Hut Uiesc and all other in-ntuiu'cs of alleged pentecution are
ovcroliadowtMl by tbe more notorious case of Servehis.
AIi<.-hiu'l Servettia was bom at Villwioiive, lu Spain, in
1509, and vma therefore of the same age as Oalrin. Ac-
cording to his own stat^-'nient, ho was nttiichud, (or a
while, when a youth, to the mirvictfot QuintiUia, Ihediap-
lain of Charlee V., and witncflsed the stately ccromonie*
nt tho coronation of the Emperor at Bologtm. I^Io vtm
suDt by bis father to Toulonsu to etndy law ; but his mind
turned to theological specuhition, and, in connectioti with
other schobini of his iu:i|uuitit.-inoe, be read tbe Scripttiren
iind ttie Fathen*. espw'iiiliy tho writers of tho ante-Niceno
period, lie also delved in jadicial astrology, in which
ho was a boUovcr. Of an original, inqiilsitive mind, ad-
rcRturous and indeiwiidcnt in hla thiuUing, ho convinced
' Wlwn Cklvin *n> ixcilnl, lie mti ■ match for haittrr In the uw ot vltajiW'
■tlT* eplltwU- Tho opfirabrioui nunc* wliich he npplici lo Culrltla (he liilifit
OoIImU ia a lenji lixt. The orlein of Cnlvln't il^iiUos nllh Oulclllo — Calrio'i
di— liiif»rtioa with bis Uuululnii of the New Tentkincnl — 1* Kivon In the leiu*
i» VInl, BannH, L 3M. St*. *lto. I IIS, STB. SDS. A fur t^ouM «i Ilia csu
THE CARBm OF SBSVETVS.
227
binaelf of t!io groundli-SMiv^s of tlio cLiitua of tlio Roiiuu)
CatlioUc Churcli ; but lie waa not Ratis6«d mtii the Prot-
■•ntaiit lliooloj^y, cspc-ciutly nii tlio Biil)je<:t of tiic Triuity.
Goii^ to Ua^el lift formed aii acquiiintniioe %ritli (Kcolaiit-
padios, who uxpn^mcU » einrng dialike of bta notiotu.
Zwingle, whona <£coliiiii[)i»(liiui (^ol)NllIt>-<l, wiid tliut mw\
notioiM would subTOrt the Christian religion, but aeeniB to
hare (Uscuuntenanoed a nsort to forco foi th« tHipprciwinn
of thorn.* The book of Servetua on the " Errors of Ihe
Trinity," nppcim.'d in 1531. In it Uo defended a view
closely allied to the SabelUan theory, nod an idea of the
incurnatiou in which tho common belief of two nattirt'R in
Christ had no pluce. Hm i-n<lejivored to draw Calvin into
n coiTespoodenco, but became angry at tlie manner in
n'liieh Calvin trual«d him and his speculations. Ue rrrote
Calvin a number of IctU-i-s wdl stored with invectives
against the pi-ovalent coneoptionH of Clmatian dot-trim^
an wvU as ngninst Calvin persotudly. At length he re-
turned to I'aria, where he had pntviou^ly ftlitdicd at thu
snme time that Calvin wna tliere, and under the aaanraed
nani4^ of ViUanoviia, derived friini the vilhigti wliens ho
was bom, bu prusccutod his stiulit^'H in untuml science and
mi?dicine, for wlucli he Inul u ivmiirkablc ajititudu. He
divined the true method of the circulatioTi of tln> blood,
almost anticipating thu later discover)- of llarvcy.' As
a imiotitioncr of niodicinu l)c stooi,! in hif^i r«p»t49. After
lepeatedly changing hU name and n-flidenoe, he finally
took up his abodo in Vienne, in tliu south of FWiw,
where ho was hospitably r«^ved by the Ardibishop, and
long lived in tho lucrative practice of his profession. Dur-
ing all tliis time, in tho aj^jn-gnto nion; thim twvnty
years, he conformed outwardly to iho C^itholic Churcti,
attended mass, and w:ut not suMpicletl of heresy. Here
h'l Hnished a book, not Imis obnoxinus lliiui i\w first, <m
I Hnlwiin, C'WbiHb- arrrOt, p. IT.
* U«iirr. JUInt CWniu. lii, Ocil. Hk
828 JORS cAt.mi and the o)l\rvam sefouiatiox.
titled '* Tbe Itotitoration of ChnHtiiLDity " — ChnstJKn*
ismi Rc^stitiitio — niid not K'iug able to get it printed in
Kiisol, he bribed tbt> Arclibiitboji'H own iirintcr and two oil
liis afisiiitiitits, to [>riiit it for him eeoretly. Hk j^itucrin-^
t«ndi;(] tliv prcita, auul wnt co|iii.>ii of tho anonymous book
to rarious places for sale, not fot^ettiiig to di^MjuitiJi ono
or moru copti-s as pivscnta to tbu (junt^viui tlioologians. In
thin work his conception of the jwreon of Christ \a Hom^
wluit modified ; its doctrino uiiiki.>a a ncnret a{)proAch to
pMiititi-ii<lic thL«>ri<^' TIio two grand biudninoi.-s iu tho
way of Uie ^read of Christianity were declared to be the
doctrine; of tliu Trinity luid tluit of Infant Baptism. The
iiLaiitiHcript of th(! Jlntt dnift of iJie work luu) bi'itn sunt to
Calvin at an oarlier day. A French refugee residing ut
Qftiiovn, by thu name of (iuillaunm Trie, in n letter to An-j
toine Anipys, a Itomau Catholic relative at Lyons, ini
ruferencu to Scn'ctus lut thu author of this pestiferou
book, and a*, nevertbfiless, enjoying immunity in a
Church tliat pretended to be xcalotis for the extirpiati[>ii
of hcriMy. Arneys airriod thu infonnation to th« Atcb-
bishop of l^yom. Svrvetus wns amated ; and h» «ccIc«-
astical court was constituted for his trLil. ^(fine [nages of
an annotated copy of tliu " Institutes," wliicii ho liiul long
bvforv Mt-nl to Oih'in, and a parcel of hie letlera vrfrt
tr.ioanuttod fi-om Gcn«\ii by Trit-, for tlio purpoeu of cs-
tabliKhiiig the charge which he had indirectly caustH] to
bo made. Trie prevailed on Calvin to grant him this
additional evidence. Ser\-otus, luid the printcra with him^
luid »wom that tJiey knew nothing of the b<Mtk which I
tboy had published. Servetua also swore tliat he was
not the jK-rson who luul written the book on tliu " Erron
of the Trinity." Ktit when the Genevan documenta ar-
■ ■■ Hi clbl k>nin «ln aDdcm System. <!u lO Hfar«ic<latS«n'«t*a1i«iD p*ntb»
litktua buHkhoKi ui v«rdon renlicnt In <lcm ic**<~>hstld) mil diHun WaiM
nrbnndcBon Sinn." — Bur. Dit driilL U)>rt t. d. Dniii'^tk, au-, tU.Lt
ft.K
SERVXTUS AT CRNKVA.
239
rivvd, lt(! Mw that coitvictiou w»a iiteritablo, iiru) contrived
to escape from IiU jailer. The Vionne couit IiW to con-
toot itsvlf with seizing Iiis properly uiiil buniing liia
efllgy. \V« knnw Citlviira <)iR}>ositioii towiirdii him; for
ill A letter to Farel lie Imtl oiK-e said tJiat if liig aatitority
wiut of uny ii%iiil, in uiev SirvKtUH wero to oome to
(■cTi(>Ta, 1)6 aliould not go away alive.'
ServetiiSt having cscapml from Vivnn«, aft<.-r u tov
nuinthfl notualiy npjie-ared in Goiiovii nii'l took lodgings in
an inn near one of ttie gat«B. He liad be<m tht-fe for a
montli without being rccognJzod.wh^'i) Cnlrin wm inforrnnd
of hiii presence, and procured hia arrost. A scribe of Caf-
Tin made the aceuaation. Ultimately, Calvin und all thj
other pri>nch«is were bronglit face to face with the prw-
oner, before the Senate which waa to ait in jitdgiiient upon
biro. In th« subec^ncnt proceedings he defended Ids
tltoologiml opiniona with much ncuteni.'sa, but witli n
strange onCpoiU'ing of violent denniidalioii.' His propo-
iitt<>n» relative' to the {Kirticipation of nil things in thi?
Ddty, and the identity of tlie world with God, alttiough
litt made thw einbodimi'iit of tlio primordial (■dscin-e in
tliB world to spring from a volition, w«rn couchi-'I in
pliraseology which made tliem si'em to Ida accuaera in the
his?Iii-Kt di-gnn- diiMgenmfi and n-pnUivi-.' He cariratiin-d
the (liiiin-Ii ili*trine of the 'I'rinity by the moat offenaive
comparisons. His idcns were out of relation to tho exist-
ing philottopliy and theology, and wi-ro an lUitieijwiHon of
phfisi-s of speculation of a much later date. Hia physical
> Ffbniaiy 33, 1U«. Uooiri, 0. )D,
I I'yci, a RTilec DDl *1 all diipowd In «xvuM Calvin, MVi <p. 3)7J «( tb* ^
dDndiiMilt made by ShtcIui hi the lUC ot t!iiriy-v!g1>t htrvUval prapMJIIi M
wtilcfa CuIvJD luil Mtmclcd frain hli writtne* i "llu RpUu of Strrclui lo
Uiii ilociinitnt tn vrtv inrnlrnt, and turn almpil like •he pnidurlion* lA ■ iiiail-
nan." Thna nplJM majr be read In lli* new edilkn oT CaWfai'i UTorte, vlH,
l»*M].
■ " Kan kiDD ileb dabrr nltfcc wundarn, dan aiit>li il'n Gvnn- aa dlann «
iSui tor AuRDD li*i;HiileD ChantUr Jc* Syil^ lau gtiMtM AsalM oat
MB-" — Baur. ;«U., p. lot.
S80 JOBS CALMN AND TttE GEXEVAK Brj'MMATimi.
tlioorin were iDtvnrovoii ivilh his thoology. IIU maxim,
Uial "»D force aviA (!XC(-|)t by contact," was liiiuipcUkI
M'i()i Ilia ductritw of Uiu subsUintial communicnUoti of the
IXnty to all lliiiigit; awl Iio told Calvin conteniptlioiiBty
Unit if lie only undeFStood natural scicnoo, he cotdd com-
pnTliviid Uii)i subject. Wbilu lu> wa» undt>i]going liio
trial, n inessengei- arrived from Uie tiibuual at Vienne to
di-iuund tlicir escaped prisoner. Itivru was no safi-ty for
bUii witli I'i4pi.tt or I'rut<.-tttHiit ! H<! clicoe to remain and
talco his chance wliei-o he was. It is not improbable
his butdnuw and vvliemvtico w«ru iiuptred by siiggvettc
from Uiu Libertint! party, and tliat be felt that tliuy i
lit liis back.' Calvin wuti far front bdng oiniii|>utt>nt in
<Ji'n(;vu i\t Uiia time, lie wno, in fact, in the very eriua
(>( Wts cutiflict with bin advorHarios, It was on tiie STtli
wf .'Viigust, 15->:J, lliftl be denoinu-ud ServittUH fn>m lli«
pulpit; be bad be^>n arrested on Uio 13Ut of tliu same
month. On the 3d of Septi-niWr, Cnlviii rofusud Uie
Lord's Supper to the younger Ik-rtlielicj-, a leodvr of tfaa
Libertines. So strong wa* (Lis parly, that had tbe i
of Scrvetus been carrli-d, iiM wna iittcmptod, to tho Cottudl
if One Ilniidrcd, Si-rvetiia would have escaped. He
\nu uxtranu-ly bold, and ilviiiaiidcd that Calvin should bej
banisli»<l for brining a inalicioua accusation, and that bii
property slioidd bo bunded over to him. Contrary to bis
expectatiun, hi; wis condemned. He ealloil Calvin to hia
priaoM, and asked ]K»nion for his personal treatment of
bim ; but all utt^-inpls to extort from him a rotrsctioE
"f liiM doctrines, wlnaber niadw by Calvin or by Kiuel '
before th« execution of the sentence, were ineffectnaL
Ho adhered to bin opinions with heroic constaitcy, and
was burned nt tliu stake on Uic morning of Uie 27tb uf
October, 15iJ8.
< (iuliioi pxpmm Uit dcfidnl opinion tliM StrvMiii nnl U dctwra tilflwl
m Iha UWrtlLB*, uiJ iliai |li«^ ex|McM (uppM fnnn hte. Bl. UaU »S*
Ctirm, ^ *is Hui iu„„ \t p„ g,„j ertdeac* at tny pnriout Hodenlaoiltaf
bMWHO hUB Mill llMIU.
CALVIK AMD SEKVETtlB.
281
On tho Olio hand, it is not true that Calvin armnged
that tlie mode of liis dMitJi should be n«<Hllt;«8ly painful.
Ho made the atteinjit to have it niitig;at4>d ; piohabiy
tliftt thu sword might In- used Instead of tliu fagot. And
notwithstanding the previoiia tJireat, to which refi>reiic«
b»» }x«n iitndv, it is likely that he expected, and he Inid
n>aaon to expect, that Servetus would rocnnt. On tlii>
otlier hand, it cannot ho denied that he yielded to the
solicitation of Trit^, Hn<l HiippIitHl the documentary evi-
dence wliich wont from Geneva to the court at Vienne.
H« caused tho arrest of Scrvctui nt Gcocvn, and it is u
violation of historical truth to say that he did not desire
his cjcocution.i Tim inQiction c^ cttpitiil punisliment on
one whom ho conadercd n bhisph«iner, aa well as an a»-
Boilant of the fundamental truths of Christianity, was in
his judgment right. In the defense of the <Ioctrino of
tli« Trinity against Scn'«tus, whidt Calvin published in
1554, he enters into a femuil argument in favor of the
capital puni»hincnt of couttimacious licrctics by the civil
authority. He tJiinks that if Roman Catholic rulers slay
tlio innocent, this is no renson why bettor and more ou-
light<-ned inagisti-atea should spare the guilty. The whole
discufision proves that the arguments for toleration, both
(pom Scripture and reason, were not unknown to liiin, for
he tries to answer them. He makes his appeal, in groat
part, to the Old Testament. GuiiKit thns prunount-«s uixin
die case of Servctus and Calvin : " It was their tragical
Jeatiny to enter into mortal combat as the champions of
two great causes. It is my profound conviction that
Calvin's cause was the good one ; that it was the cause
of morality, of social order, of civilization, Servetua
> Wc bin (Irudy dud Ui l«tte> to Fartl, of Fclinwrr U, 1S4A. AtUr tha w
■Ml of Scntiui, LVtvln wraic to FanI (Auenil SO, ISAfl], uj'iiigi "I liopt
{fpM«)ll>c H-ni«nnwm ai Itail bcapHalibnldwurvih* unx]ji)r<rflbat">ii>*ti-
nMBllube tbitciL" lie withnl faim lu lir p'Jl to i1a*tb, but not hy drt. Calvin
pdbUtbBl an (labont? mrk in ddeiue ot tha pncNding. Iltnij bai m»
Mnilal«it Uic aboTt pauigti at* Dr*T. Lyi nf Cnlrte, p. 339.
232 JOaX CAI.VIN AND nrE GEHKVAN BKPOItUATIOH.
waa the repi-eeentatiTe ot n syBtcm fal«s in itself, Hupc^
ficiiil under the prot«ivfc of sciuiiCM!, luu) destniclive aUike
of sociui dignity in the individual, and of moral order in
bunian society. In tlicir disastrous citcouiitvr, Calvin
ms conscientiously faithful to what h« l>cli<,!V«d to be
truth nnd duty ; but he wan hard, much more influenced
by riolent animosity thiin hu imagined, and dvvuid nliku
of sympftthy and generosity. Scrvvtu.1 wm sincere iind
resolute in his coniHction, but he was & fnvolinis, pre-
Kunptuons, Tsin, and envious man, capable, in time of
need, o( resorting to nrtificu and untruth. Sorvetus ob-
tatnod tho honor of boin;; one of the few nmrtyn to in-
telloctiinl lilx^rty ; whilst Calvin, who wns undoubtedly
ooe of tliose who did most toward the eetabliahment of
religious liberty, had the misfortune to ignore his advcr-
Miry's right to liberty of belief."' 'Ilie forbearance of
Calvin toward L«lius Socinus has been sometimes con-
flidcred a proof that, ho wns actuated by poisonal vindic-
dvenens in relation tn Serretus. Rut Calvin, widely m
he might differ from Socinus, recognized in him a sobriety,
A moral reepoctabitity, which he wholly missed in the
resUcAS, visionary, paaaiounte physician of Villcncuvc.
It waa tho diversity of ohnracter in the two men, and tlie
different methods which they adopted to spread their
.toctrioes, much more than any resentment which CtWin
might feel in consequence of the attacks of Sorvetus —
whom he looked 4lo\rn upon as a wild, misohicvons
dreamer — that made him ao courteous and lenient to
Socinus.
The execution of S<frvetii», with n few notable excep-
tions, was ajiprovod by the Christian M-orld, Bullingcr,
tho friend and succecsor of Zwingle, justified it. Even
Melancthon gave it his sanction. 'Hie rise of infidel and
fanatical sect* in the path of Uio Reformation, aa an inci-
dental consequence of tlie movement, and the disposition
1 Bl. Loait and OaM^ o. xix. p-W.
ooxFLicrs or calvih,
of opponents to identify it \rtth these manifestations,
Bttdv tliu ProtvittiuiU tlic i»ui'u MilicitAUs to d«i»un«tT»ta
their boMtlity to tJuiin, mnl their fiiMity to the |)nnd{«al
artioles of the Cliristian fuitli. In rejecting iofaat luip-
tisRi, and in tJie t«rms of \m piiii>(>nili»n n'Spocting the
idtatity of the world witli (iod, Servetus was at one with
tlio Liburtinv frcv-thinkcra. " Uu hvld with tlm Anii-
bi^tiAt»," mid the Oenevxn Senate, iuk) inn»t mtlTcr ; * sJ-
tliDUgli Scrvoltis asM-rtcd that ho h»d nlwaj's condetnntHi
the oppoeiitiim niiidu by tlie Anabiipttsts to the d\-il
niAtpatrute.
'J'h« fonflict with the I.ibortine fnction did not i-nd ^vith
tlie tailzie m nation of triervetus. The oonrAge arid deterini-
nati&D of a Hildi>bmnd were rc<)tiired to atom the oppoai-
lion which Cidvin had to moot. A» attempt to oTt>iihrnw
the power of tfao Consistory, by interpoaing the aulhorit}^
o( tiie Senate, was only baiBod by his i-esolute refusal
to adntic to th« nncnuiK'Tit persons judged to be unworthy,
finally, tJie efforts of the Liborciite party culminated
in 15&5, in an umK-d conspiracy under tjie l«ad of Perrin,
who had held the highest ofGces in tb<: oity ; and the
oomplcto overthrow of this in»urrcctiDn w»s tlio death-
blow of the party. In the preface to iiie Psahiiji. Calvin
nuikos a pathetic reference to tho stormy scieiics n-hioh he
— by nature " unwarlike and timorous " — had bc<m
compelled to pom through ; to tlie sorrow whirJi lie felt
in lh<? dustruction of tlioso whom he would have pre-
ferred to save ; and to the multiplied calumnios that his
Bnemies persistently heaped upon him.' " To my power,"
> V\rin tb* UU and nplnionr of Stnvliu, Aid llw tirtuauUntf of bi> trial
MdOuth, iM UwJioim, KttfrsadlitiU. H.dTM,. *ad A'mm ^.ic&riiAfni <■■
rfm ttrdtaff* y>iiL Arttt, if. Srrrtlo (ITAO)i Tnrliwl, Bit Amii-irimilaritr,
tai UL *^t«rr*t" lalhrmtt"* Ki»l-Kiu.{ Dyvt, IJ/r a/CtMit.rli'.it.miiK.i
Utary, Lfi<mCtinm,ni.\.; bar, DitiiriML ttltrtnmii. I>r<ititlftiil,rti.,
kULp-UMq.; Vomt, Knl«ltU<m^i, J. Ltir* rtm J. /'rrmmChriiti, a. 0*3
M^ "nxlMtnot (kntlDK to Oalvin, loitBltTr iriib di* UiaM**e( UtIVial
M Gansra, an (iian )n )Ii< now olttion of Itw fVerkii of Cotvin <by Itaum,
Cinbt, and K«iui>, vol. riii. (1870).
■ Kaiiip>cliiilu>lalMtti*t«lioDllMpn£l«)K«iv*'*< fljntvaln 1Mt,CUTli
234 JOatt CALVIX iXD THE CENKVAN REroUlATIOM.
he says, " which Uioy oiivy — O tliat tb«y wciv tliu bhc-
cvanunl" ''If ] miiDut jmrsutule thttiii while I am
alive that I am not a%'miciouB, my death, at least, will
CODvinco thcua o( it." His viitiro pmperly after his death
lunouiited to leas tlitvit two ImiidrtMt dollui-s 1
At the same time that he was wuging this domostio
contest, \u) was exerting n vast iiiflucnoc as a religinui
teacher witliin tlie citf and over all Enrope. BesidM
preaching every day cf ottcli alCcrnatu weok, hu gnvo
weekly thme tlieologicat lectures. His memory was ^o
extensive that if lio had once seen a jiurson. he rccogniwd
him itntnutliatvly yean nftiT\v:in1», imJ if interniptcd
while dictuting, he ccmld resume hi^ task, after an inter-
val of hours, at thv point where he had left it, willioiit
(tid from liia atiiiuiuc-iisia. Hence, he was able to dis-
ooarse, even upon the prophets, where numerous histori-
cd i-tifurcnccs wcj* involved, without the aid of a scnip of
paper, and with nothing before him but the text. Hiding
troubled with asthma, ho spoke slowly, so that his le
tuna, as well aa many of his aernionx, wore tnken down,^
word for word, as they were delivered. Hiindivdn of
auditoiB from tlie various countries of Europe flocked to
Gi^'neva to lijiten to his instructiona. Protcstiint cxiUw in
gi*at numbers, many of whom were men of influence, at
whom Kdox was one, found a refuge there, luul wrnt back
to their hoine^ bearing the impress which lie had stamped
upon thuui. Under Calvin's influence, Geneva became to
the Romanic, what Wittenberg wan to the Lullieian
nations. The school of which Oastellio was the head did
not ilotiriid) after he left it ; but, in 1^5S, a gymnasium
vras established, and in the following year the Academy
ItctiiKil, livji tttt. w go lo tbo peil-hoiuc lo mluutn lo Uio tick and djinf
IJnlfrMt CdJn'n, 1. 4Si.) But I!cu, (lian whoin thorc la no teller wllnou, dau*
Ihnl ''alr!n ollorvl bimtclt lor tbli acrvlc*, bat tlio Sentte WuM iinl t"!""
'::ri If uiiil*rUh« It; I'Jfii Calrtnl, Ix. For ulhci i!Ontaniporu}r (iraof. t« Bon>
Ht, LtUirt ■/ CWiM, I. 8U, n. 3. See alw UcCit-, II. U. Rut K>Tnp>r1i'r1li
btniMlf qnott* Ihfl acl o! Ihe Council, vUhbDldlng Cilvin from thfa wntic^
wblck InvolTed ■IroofI coruln ilcnih (p. 480, n. 3).
LAST DAYS OV CALVTS.
235
ei Tlieolflgy vsa founded, and JierA placed over it. TIiq
writiu)j8 of Culvin were cirvulatvd in ovury couulrv of
Buropo. By hia correspondonce, moreover, hia powi-rfiil
tnflaenoe wtis brought to be»r directly npou tliu lenders of
thu rafonository tnovettient everyvhtfe. In En^tnd uiid
France, in Scotland nud Poland and Italy, on the rcU of
bis corrctpondents vicra princes ancl nobles, as woll ae
ttieolo^ana. Uis oounsuU were called for and prized in
nuittont of critjcnl iroporliuiw. IIo wribea to Edward VI.
and KHzabeth, to Somerset and Oranmer. Hut cspocially
in tlie affaini of tho Reformation in Frldco his a^ncy
va» prcilomiiuint. Geneva vnt» Uic Iiejirthston« of French
Protestantiam. tt was tlioi'e tliat ita preacben trere
trainod. Th« principal men in the Ilnguunot party
looked up to Calvin as to an ornolo. Utit be vrrnt
strongly averse to a resort to arms and to a dependence
on political Ag«»CT«ii and expedk^t«. Hit instincts woro,
in this respect, in full accord with tliosu of Lutlier. It
would bo impott-tihti: to describe his connection witli tho
Hnguenot struggle, without narrating the entire history of
the French Itcfurimition.
In the conchidiiig yeara of Calvin's life, h« had the
satisfaction of seeing Geneva delivered from hotion, and
the institutionR of education, which he had planted, in a
flouritihing condition. The grievous miilitdifs that uflliete<l
him did not move him to diminish the prodigious labors
whtcb, to other men in like circtimslnnces, would have been
uneu<lurable. It had been his habit when tho day bad
been consumed in giving sermons and lectures ; in the ses-
sions of the consistory over which he presided : in attend-
ing upon the Senate, at their retjucst, to take p«rt in their
debbi^rationa ; in receiving and answering lettvrs that
»urod in upon him from every quarter ; in conferring witli
the numerous viiiiton who wnghl his advicooreame to
liim from different oountriea — it had been his Itiibit,
when ni9;bt came, to duvoto liimsitif, with a sense of relief,
236 ionn cal\ts axd thk ceskvan kkfobmatios.
to tliK 8tU(]iRR which were ever roost aoconbint with bu
toBte, and to th« conipoHitiuii ol hia books. For ii lung
timo, in tliv oWliig jx^vioil o( hiH lid;, lie took but on«
meal iii a day, and t]ii§ was oft«n omitted. He studied
for hours in the morning, preach«<l and thvii Itx'tarod, be-
fom titking a morsel of food. Too w«ak to sit up, he die '
tatod to an ainaniii.-n«ii from \m ht-d, or tntnsactci biui'
ncw( \ntU those who came to conatitt him. When his
body waa utterly fcublo, wlii>n ho was reduced to a shad-
uw, his mind lo«t none of its oli!«m«s9 or energy. No
complaint in reference to his physioal sufferings waa beard
from him. His lofty and intrupid spirit triumphed ovar
nil phy!ti<-At initrmity. From his sick-bed, he roguhited
the affairs of the French Iteformation. When he conid
no iong>.>r stuiul upon hi-i foot, ho ww carried to church to
pfirtake of the Lord's Supper, and to a MMMi of the
Senate. Seeing that his end was near, he defflred to meet
this body for the hist time. A cclcbmtcd artist lias d«*
picted the interview upon the canvas. Tlie oouncilon
gatherod about bis bod, and ho nddrossed them. Ho
tlianked them for tlie tokens of honor wliieli they lutd
granted to liim, and cniv«d their forgix-oneas for outbreak-
ings of anger which tJicy had tn^kl^-d with so much for-
bearance. He could say with truth, that whatever might
be his faults, ho had served their rc])ublic witli lus whohj
soul. He had taught, he said, with no feeUng of uncer-
tainty respecting Itis doctrine, but einocrely and honestly,
aoeot'ding to the Word of God. "Were it not so," h«
vdded, " I well know that the wratli of God would im-
ipend over my head." Courteously and solentnly, in a
piit«rnnl tone, he warned th^^ni of tlie nee<l of himiility
and of faitliful vigilance to keep off the dangers that
might tJirL^iten tlic Slate. " I know," he said, "tlie mind
Bud walk of eacli one of you, and know tJiat ye have at)
need of admonition. Much is wanting even tn the best
of you." He cot-eluded wjlh a fervent prayer, and took
LAST PATS or CAI.VIN.
23T
mJi mtu \-y the liiincl. as willi tears they parted from liim.
Two days aftcrwai-ds, h'-- nn:t tlie clergy of tlio city and of
tlic iivitjliburUujd. Ilu siit iij) in liia U-d and, having
offered prayer, spoke to tliein. He begun by saying tliat
it might Ixi Utotifrht thiit im vms not in so bad a cam na
he euppoat-d. " But 1 naanrti you." he added, "ia all my
former iUneeaes and siiSoriiigs, I huvu acxov felt mynclf
•0 weak and unking iih mow. When they hiy me down
upon tbe bed, my senses fnil and I become faint." He
referrtnl to hia past cni-eor in Uenevn. When he cume to
this Church there vaa pi'eaching, and lliat was all. They
bunted up the images iind burnt them, but of ii lU-'forma-
tion tlieru wiu nothing ; all waa iinuiborclination and di»-
order. lie bad been obliged to go through tremendous
conlltcta. Soiaetiinea in the nigiii, lie ^Kiid, to t'^rrify him,
fif^ or sixty sliots liad been tired before bia duor.
" Think," he said, " what an impression that must mnk«
open ft poor scbolur, «hy and timid as I Uu-n isu*, and ut
tlie bottom have ahvays been." Thb last atsteraent re-
specting his n:itniid dia{KMiti(in, he repeated two or three
times with ompliasis. He adverted to bis baniabuiont
and stay in Strasbui^, but on hi^ return the diffa-ulties
weri"! not diminished. They had set their dogs on him,
with tliu cry : " Suixu him ! seize him I " and his clothes
and his fleidi hiul Ixicn torn by tliem. " Altho*^ [ am
nothing," he proceeded to say. " I know that I biwo ]>n>-
vented more than three hundred riotii which would biivK
dosohited (ienevii." He asked their p*rdon for his niuny
faults; in particular for his quickness, vehemenci\ ami
readiness to be angry. In regitrd to hi* teaching and his
writings, he could ny that Go<l had given him tlto grace
to go to work eumeetly and «ystemntiadly, bo that he had
not knowingly perverted or erroneously interpivtnd «
single passage of the Scriptures, fie had written for no
perso till end, but only to promote tl>e honor of God. Hu
gave Uieni Tarions exhortalims relating to the obliga
IZft JOBK CALVm AMD TOE GENE\'AM BCrOKUATIOX.
tions of thuir office ; tbvii took tiium «ach l>y the Iinod
auid " we imirt^d from him," sAyn Hem, " w^itb our eye*
buthed in teftrs, and our hi^arts fall of unspcukublo grief."
Ho died on tli« 27Ui of M»y, 1564. Ilia pivri-^ing ayt
rftained ita brillianoy to the ta«t. Apart from this, Im
faoe hud loii^ worn tho look of do:ith, und its iippcamuou,
na we an^ iiifomied by lleza, was not perceptibly changed
uft«r the spirit h&d loft the body. Ilia last tlays wctc of
u pioot! with his life. Hia whole omirsc hns bceii com-
pared by Viuet to the growth of one rind of ft tree from
■mother, or to a chain of logical eeqnc-ncos. lie avhh en-
dued with a marvcloiin power of und«nt«Dding, altltoitgh
the inuigiiiation and sentiments were lees roundly de-
veloped. His systviiuitic spirit fitt«d him to bo tlio
founder of an enduring sdiool of tliought. In tJiis char-
nctoriatic ho inuy bo compared with Aquiiius. Ho has
been appropriately styled the Aristotle of the Keforma-
ttoo. He was a perfectly boneat man. He subjected his
will to the eternal nilo of right, us far as he coiild dis-
cover it. His motives were pure. He folt that God was
near him, and sacrificed everything to obey the direction
:>f Providence. Tlie fear of God ruk'd in his soul ; not
ft slavish fear, bat a principle sucli its animated the
prophets of the Old Covenant. The combination of his
quolttice was such, that he could not fail to attract pro-
'oand admiration and revcronoo from one class of minds,
und vxcibc intonae antipathy in another. Tlteru is no
one of the Reformers who is spoken of, ut this late day,
with so much personal feeling, either of regard or aver-
sion. Bat whoever studios his life and writings, espeaally
^le few passage in which he lela tiii into his confidence
an<l appears to invit«> our sjnnpathy, \vill acquire a grow-
ing sense of his intellectual and moml greatness, ami a
tender consideration for his errors.
In Calviniiim, considered ag » theolr^cal system, and
contraated with other types of Protestant theology, thwt
OALVtKISM ASD OrVtt UBESTT
289
b WW el)arn«t«ri8tic, pcrviuUng priiiciple. It t» that of
the sovereignty of God ; not only hia unlimited control,
within the sjihc-re of mind, on woU aa of mntti'r, but tho
determination of His will, ob the ultimate cause of the
Balvation of somo, and of the abandonment of others to
perdition.
In the constitution which CaU-in created at Geneva, aa
tt is Been in the light which the lapso of three centuries
oaata npon it, were two capital errors. Firat, the juri»-
divUon of the Church, its discipline over its members, waa
carried into th» dt-taiU of conduct, oxt«ndi>d over porsoniil
ind domestic hfe, to such a degree aa unwarrantably to
curtail individual liberty. Secondly, the power of coer-
cion that was given to the civil autliority subverted
fn-edom in n.^ligiou5 opiuiou and worehip.
How in it^ then, that Calviniain is acknowledged, even
by its foes, to have promoted powerfully the cause of
civil liberty ? One rciUKitt lies in the boundary line which
*t drew between Church and State. CalviniAm would
lot surrendt-r the peculiar functions of the Church to the
civil anthority.' Whether Uie Churdi, or tlic Govern-
ment, sliould ri^lato the adininistnition of the Sacra-
ment, and admit or reject communicants, wa.i the ([wm-
tion which Ciilvin fought out with th« uuthoriUea at Gen-
eva. In this feature, CulviniMn differed from the rela-
tion of the ciipnl rulers to the Cbnrcli, as established
under the auspices of Zwingle, as well aa of Lutlier, and
from tJie Anglican sj-stom whicli originated under Henry
Vlll. In its theory of the respective powers of the
Church, and of the Magijitrate, Calvinism approximated
to the traditional view of tlie Catholic Church. In
Fmnoe, in lliilliujd, in Sirotland. in England, wherever
Calviuiiim was planted, it had no scruples about resisting
the tyranny of civil rulors. This principle, in the loi^
• (UtId Fon'tfwn, llcnty V1t|. lot MfllDg hlmiclf tba twail or thf AnKlirig
'Jhanb. KamiMchutM, 1. S7I.
240 JOUX CALVIN AMI) TlIK GILVKVAM IU:»'(liUIAT10M
nm, would inevitably conduce to Uio prof^sB of civil
^eodom. It it ccrtaui Unit tho distiiiotiou bctwoen
Cliurcb and State, which was recognized from the con-
version of C»nst<intin«, iiotwith»t:Lii(liiig tiw long ugcs uf
intolerance and persecution tliat were to follow, was the
flnt step, tku iic<H>witry condition, in thi^ devulopinont ol
religious liberty. First, it must bo settled that the Sinttt
ihidl not Htrct«h its power over the Chnrcli. within iU
proper spliere ; next, that the State shall not tend it«
power to tiiu Church, ux an executioner of cccleeiaetical
laws.
A s(!cond reason why Calvinism has been favorable to
civil liberty, is found in the rci>uhtic»n chnmcter of its
clinrch oi^niyjitioii. [jnyinen shared power wiUi niin-
ieters. The people, tho body of the congpcgntion, took
on active ami responsible part in th« dioioo of theclorgy,
and of alt otlier officers. At Geneva, the alliance of the
Cliurdi mth tliu civil authority, and th« circiinistancivt
in which Calvin ^vas placed, reduced to a oonwderablo
extent tho m^il power of thu people in clinnJi affairs.
Calvin did not realinu his own tlicory. Itiit elsewhero,
especially in countries where Calvinism had to encounter
the hostility of the State, the dciuocnitte tuidonoics of
tlio system had full room for development. Men who
were accustomed to rule themselves in tho Churdi, ivould
jhiiin the same privilege in tho commonwealth.
Another soui'ce of the tnQuenoe of Calviniain, in ad-
vancing the cause of civil liberty, has been derived from
its thoology. Tho sciiso of tho exaltation of the Al-
mighty Ruler, and of his intimate connection ^vith the
minutest incidents and obligations of human lifo, which
is fosti'i-i'd by tills tlieolt^y, dwarfs all eartlily potentates.
An intense spirituality, a consciousiioss tliiit this life is
hut an in&nitcsimal fraction of humiut existence, dissipates
Uie feeUng of personal homago (or men, however high
their station, ami dulls the lustre of all ivirllily grandeur
CALVralSM AXD CIVIL UBEBTT.
Ul
ColTiniam and Romanism are tbo antipodes of each
other. Yvt, it is curious to obst-rvi; tbat tltc effv«t of
tlieae opposite 8yst«iiui upon the attitude of ineu towards
the civil autbority, bos oftvo boon not dissimilar. But
the Calriniat, unlike tlie KoinaiiiHt, dispenses with a bu-
itum prieetbood, which Iiaa not only often proved n power-
ful direct auxiliary to temporal rulers, but haa educated
the sentiments to a habit of subjection, vUcb renders
Hiibiuit)»ion to euob rulers more tuilei tiid le« euy to
■hake off.
Ott,lPTER Vllt
■118 EEFORSIATION IS FKANOB.
I'SB long contest for Gallicau rigliU had lowered tbt
prcBtige of the popes in France, but it had not woakooed
the Catholic Churcli, whicli wiia oldor tlian Uic niotiurcliy
itself, and, in the fecUng of tlie people, vras indiesolubly
uaoctaU'<l with it.' The CoUc^ of tli« Sorbonnc, or tho
riieolngical Faculty at Paris, and the Parliament, which
hiul togvthur maintained GalHcan liberty, wore united in
stem hostility toall doctrimd innovations. The Concordat
coucludud botwecMt Friinuis 1. and Leo X., after Uio battle
of iMiirignano, gave to the King the right of prceeutation
to vacant benefices; to the Pope, tlie first-fruits. It ex-
cittiil profound diseoiituit, and was only ivgistered by
Parliiiinetit after prolonged rcraatonce <um1 under a pro-
test, It abolished tho Pragmatic Sanction, whicli bad
been dwmcd tho charter of <j!nllican iiidop<.'ndenc«; but
it weakened the Catholic Chuiv:h, only as it led to the
introduction of iiicompctunt, unworthy pcntons, favorites of
the court, into ecclesiastical otlices, and thus increased tlic
neccHsity for reform." In So'.ithem Franco a remnant of
the Waldenacs bad iturvivnd, and the recollection of tho
Calharists Vfoa still preserved in popular songs and leg*
en(U. IJut the fir^t movements towardx reform emanated
Emm Uie Humanist culture.
A literary nnd scientific spirit was awakened in Franco
> Rulus frawMtcAt Ottckickl* ttmtimtidt tm la. u. IT. Ja/iriumtrl. i. 110.
* On ilir cnii»i>iiun canu'tusiit upou tli« CuaconUl, ms IUiiIm. /VuHUabal*
JACOltES tXFkVBS.
248
tbrougli thit lively intcrcourM witli Italy, wliicb subsisted
tind«r Louis XII. and Praiicis I. ])y Frnitm cspcclAlly,
Itnlian scholiLn nnd lu-Lists vn-.re induced in large num-
bers to take up their abode in Franco. Krencbmen like-
wiso visited It.-\ly and brought homo tbo classical culture
which they actiiiired tJiere. Among tbo scltolars who
cuUivKtod Urifk was Budanis, th«; foremost of tbetn,
whom Krasmua styled the "wonder of Franco." After
tbu " l*«io« of the Damta " waa concluded at Canibray,
in i^'I'J, when Francis Hurrendered Italy to Cburlvs V.,
a tluvng of patriotic Italinns who feared or bated thu
Spanisli rulo, strtiamed over tlie Aljw and gave n iww
impulse to literature and art. Poets, artists, and scliolars
found in tbo king a libcntl and cntiitisiastJc patron. The
now studi««, (-s|HH:ially Hebrew and Greek, were oppowd
by all tJie might of Uie Sorboone, the leader of which waa
the Syndic, Itcda, JUo and his associates were on the
wiitch fur heresy, and every author who was suspucted of
overstepping tlie bounds of ortbodoxy, was immediately
accused M.nd subjected to persecution. Thus two jiartiva
were formed, the one favonvble to tliu new learning, and
the otiicr iniiuicjil to it and rigidly wedded to the tra<U-
tional tJieology.'
The Fatbvr of tbo French Reformation, or tlio one
morti ontitU<d to this distinction tlian any other, is
Ja«:ques Let^vre, wlio was bom at Ltaples, a little vil-
lage of Picanly, about the year 1405, proa(.'cut>.H] bis
studies at the University of Paris, and having become a
mn&ttrr of arts and a pncst. spent some time tn It^dy,
After Ilia return he taught mathematics and philosophy
lit Paris, was nctivu in publishing and commenting on the
works of Ariiitotle, which ho bad studied in the original
in Italy, as \fell as in printing books of nntnent tnaUiema-
UctaiiA, writings of tlie Fathers, and mystical productions
1 VcW. Cuch^Uieht DarHtllunf d. CoiriwMHu &■ rirhOUmM am
ftaal, p. U Mq.
S44
TQ£ RKFORMATtOM IK nUNCE.
ot the Middle Ages. Le(d\Te was honored nntong tbe
Huniimists ns tho ratonr of pliiluso])!)]; uiid Kienuo in
the Uuivei-aty. Deeply imbued with a religions spirit,
in 150D liv put forth u commuiituiy ou tlic Fsoliiut, aiiil
In ir>12 a conintetitnry on the Epbtles of I'noL As early
na about 1612. he said to his pupil Karvl: "God will
renovnU; Uie world, and you will bo a witnoss of it;"
nnd in the la&t named work, he says that the sigus of Hin
tiinc-s holokcn that » rvjiovntton of 1li'> Chtiruh is uojir at
hand, lie teaches tlie doctrine of gratuitous justificntion,
luid dirftls with tlio Scriptures as the iuipren>s ttiid sufli-
nient nutliorily. Itut u m^tttioiil, nilher than a polemical
vein i:luiraotcriz«.-8 Iiim ; and while this pr^veiitvd hlra
from bnniking with Uie Chnrcli, it alao blunl«d the aliarp-
mesa of tlie opposition which his opinions w(.tc ndaptod
to produce. One of his pupils vmh Bri^oinwt, liishop of
Meaux, who held the sitmo view of justification with Le<
fdrre. and fostered the ernngelic.tl doctrine in his diocCM, .
The i?nniity of the Sorbonuo to Lefcvre and his iichool '
took a more ag^ctsive fonn when tlie writings of Lnthec
lK<gnn to bo rend in the Univvi'sity and olsewherv. Tha
tlicold^riuiis of the Sorboime si-t tLcir taCMa against every
deviation from tiio dogmatic system of Ar|iunas. Ueuch-
lin, having been a student at I'liris h.td hoped for »np*
|K)rt then; in liiii oonllictwith the Dominiams of Cologne;
but the I'lins facolty declared ugainflt him. In 1621 thoy
«nt in judgment on Luther and condemned him as a her-
tic and blasphemer.' Heresy wm treated by them as an
orTunso iif^iiut the State ; and tlic Parliament, tho higliesk
judici:d tribunal, allowed itself prompt to ean-y out their
decrees by the inftietion of the usual |K'nnltivii. Tho
Sorhonne fonnally condemned a dissertation of l.effivra
on a point of tJie evangelicnl higtory, in whii-h he had
contrnvert<*d the traditional opinion. 1 le, %rith Karel, Ge-
rard Itoussel, and othei prencliers, found an asylum witlt
> Mcluicttwi nplird. SiKkdidarf, I. Uh
HABOABET Or HAVARKE.
Hih
Bri{onii«t.. I^d'ivi-o traimLiUd tlm Now TcfttiWUMit tiom
til© Vulgate, and, in a commontary on tlic GosixsU, explic-
itly pronuuiK-uil the Bible Uiu sulo rule of faith, which the
individual might interpret for biinseU, and duchirvd jitsti-
fKation to bo through faitli slono, witliutit huiiuui worlu
or merit. It seiimeil lu if Mi-nux aspired to become an-
other \Vitt«nbeig.' At lengtli a cmmiiiianon of I*iirl><i-
meiit wait iippoiiitvd to take cogiiimiiw of htiretics iu that
district. Bri^onuet, either intimidated, aa Ucza assorts,
or rvctuiiinf^at the sight of an actual sc>»»9iuii fivm Uie
Church, joiucd in the condemnation of Luther and of bia
opinions, and even acquiesced iu tbo persecution wbicli
(ell upon Protest^mtism vrithin bis diocese.* Leftivra
(led to Stnwhurg, vriis aftvrwards vwyiUftd by Fnuicia I.,
but uUiraately took up hia abode in the court of the
King's sistt>T, Maigaret, tbe Queen of Navnrre.*
>Iaignr«t, from tlie Qrst, was favomlily inclined to tbo
new docti-ines. There were two poi'tiea at tlie court
The moUier of Uio King, LouiHn of Savoy, aiul the Cliim-
coUor l>uprst, were aUiea of the Sorbontie. They were
ii( tbo cbiw of pt^rsims, nuinorous in that ngr, who en-
deavor to Atona for private vices by bigotry, and by tlie
persecution of heterodox opinions. Maiigarot, on tlie
contrary, a venatilo and accomplish'-d prinocM, clieriBhed
a mystical devotion which carried her beyond Bri^onnet
in her aec«ptAnoe of the teaching of the Reformers. But
tiiis very spirit of mysticism, or quietism, produced in her
mind an indiilerence as to external lites and fonua of
■ Ilmri HtntD, IliUvin lU /V«ae<, riiL lit.
* Bn*. tliiimn JCaL J. iflmt R^. an JSgyniuM Jt Ftaft. Ilvn I. (lUD).
rii* law biwlu ot llii* urork *r< hy nn&lhtT hud, buC writEim unil«r ch« )*«r.
light uf ttitA, H*n)iK, Rtal-KtiiyiL *rt. '* Ilna,"
■ Tlw iniildl* ]uUi vlili-li liiiuuul anil olhvn, wlio BCKpttd Hit dodriu* ot
JustiAcBliiiil bj- fblh, but rf-inilntfil in tlifl Kucnan CaEliutk Oburch, CDdwrOc^
O tikp, it (xliibllAl by iH'hmidI in lii* nutk, tiirwrd AuiuK^ /iFUStaliitr Jl
U AiiiM MariflHriii Jt Karurtt IISU), aud iu Ihi articlu, by llw Min«>ul!iur,
ta lUnog't RtatJCMytt., " UHtouV.," " Qiivi KoumL" luiil " Uir),ir>Ui«
•WO OriiMll« "
S16
THE ttEPORUATIOK M FKAKCK.
ecelcciiwllcnl order ; bo tLut while she roccivod the Pio(>
estant idea of salvation by faitli, and of tliu <liroi:t pet-
Boiial communion of the soul with Christ, she was not
moTed to withdraw frum the maiu, or Bcpurato formally
from tile old Church. There was a warm friendUneaa for
the l{>-forinitig proachura, a disposition to protect th«m
DgaiitBt their enemies, a type of piety Uint no longer rel-
'lihcil tlie invocation of WLinte, and of the Virgin, and vari-
ous otiier ptH-iiliaritics of Ui« Catholic Ritual, yut left tlia
Bacmments and the polity of the Church unass^led. The
possioiiiitc attuolimcnt uf Mnrgarc-t to her brother, of
which so mtich has been said, illusti'atcs her nature, in
which «cnHibility had so Urge a place' The autkorBSs of
a religious po<>in, the " Mirror of tlic Sinful Soul," which
was BO Protestant in its tone as to exdte the wrath of
tlie Sorboniie, and of inany devotional hymns; she alM
compoeed, when in middle life, the " Hfpl;uneron," a
•(^ri(-» nf (aled iit the tttyle of Boccaccio, in which the
moral rcHectiona and wamingn arc n weak antidote to
the natural influence of tlie narratives themselves.' lie-
fore the death of her first husband, the Duke of Alen^on,
and while she was n widow, she exert^nl her inllu(>nce to
the full extent in behalf of the persecuted Protestants,
and in opj^osition to Uie Sorbonne. Aft«r her inarriago
to Hnnry d'Albret, the King of Navarre, she continued,
in hvr own littlv court and prin<upality, to favor the ro-
foruK^ doctrine, and itA professiHS. Occasionally her
peculiar temperament led her to enlortiun hospitably
> !;«« (bo Juillcioiii nmflrJu uf Ucnri M>nb, rtjl. S3, d. 4. M. (icnln, In Ui
Stf^imiitt i la itolift iw JTorjnitrAe J' AtigouUm, wbldi tomi IJia pretw to
OM IfatrtBtt Irtlrti de li BiUt <f( la tt'nntrrf, hu ffiTca ao Improbable nr-
•Ion of tliU*'(rl>wnrfiJtT," which uirtliuUia culpable Inlcotion tothodiltr.
Kn jfijiuiU tIcW I« preMulod by Mil■b^lcl. J-a iU/ortai, p. ITS.
> Sot (b* brict bill adnilnble nniarki of Vrattwar Keilry, in lib iat^mt-
Wf biofn^y •>( CttmcDl Maml (Undon. IgTI), i, an. It li n curieiu illiu-
IrUlon of Ibc miuinrn of (he TRUch nobUlIf it Ihji timr, tbnl Marciri'l ihouln
b« Ibn vriirr i.f iIich dorlsi. anil Ibil licr ila<ichli>r, tht virtciDii* iiiit nnbU
iMRiir il/llmrl, <li(iulil luirc piibllihol llimi in Ihn (inl rnmNl oiliUoii. K«t
Harl< ■i^^ 'gnr^, ll'uto<y v/ Ikt K'/vrm-iliim in iLt Timt o/Caltin, ii. ITO.
ft£UG10L'3 -itIIiDOCIKS 01'' t'RAKCtS I.
247
aotbuuaBts who ooitcvaled an antinoiniaa license uudor a
DyttJcol tlteury of goqwl lib<;i-tj-. Ciilviii nrutu tu Iiur
OD the subject, in oonsetjuouce of her complaint respecting
tim langiiiigv of his book iigniiist tluH suet.' IIo MOtnu-
where speaks of her attuclimout, itnd that of her friends,
to tho Gmtp^-l, U.H II phiUniio lovo. Yut< thu drift uf hvr
influcuco sppeani iu the chaiucter of lier diiugUU^r, lUo
licroiu Jmiiiik! d'Albrct, tho mother of llvurj IV., and in
the residinras of tho people, ovtr wboiu Mitrguret iiniim>
dtiitvly rulixl, U> ri'oeivu tho ProtvKtaiit fititJi. [ler mar-
ringo to tile King of Navarre, and retirement from thu
Fn-iirli roiirt w<-re proc<Hl<'d liy lit*; mturu to Eiigluiid uf
one uf tbe young ladies in Iter service, Anne Itoleyn,
whose tnigicat history is so intimately cuuiiectvd with tho
introduction of ProtL-»tuiiti»iti into I^ngland.'
Francis I., whose generotts patronage of artists luitl
men of Icttun^ gavo bim tins title of " Futhcr of Soi-
ence," lind no love for (lie fSoibonne, for the I'urliameuti
or for tho niookfi. Uo entcrtiiioud thu plim of bringing
Erasmus to t'aris, and placing him at the liead of an in-
stitutiuii of K^^u-iiing. Ho rood Uiu Bible with his mother
and sister, and felt no superstitious averaioii to tlio load-
om of rcfonn. IIw tistubbsbed tho college of " the three
lauguiig<!»," in definnco of tlio Sorboimo. Hie Fiiculty of
Hieology, and tlie Fariiament, found in tlio King and
court a hiodrunco to thoir persecuting policy. It was in
the fiiai of hiH opjKwitioa timt the Sorbonnc put the trea-
tise of Lefilvro on their list of prohibited hooka. It wm
not t]iTOUgh luiy ngimcy of tho King that tbv company
of reforming pi-eaebers in Mi>jmx was dispiu'iteiL The
revolt of (he Constable Ituurbou made it nen-ssury for
> Tb* tiwtb*, CpMt* ti StM ftrntnf!^* tt f^ritmt <Ut Libtrtmn jai m
Aim SpMlutU (IM4). Calvia'i Lclltr ix in BnnnM. >. 4».
* Tfi* 1^1*1* al Maripinl hnia bixn jiuliIinhMl b/ II. Ci^niii, Lcllrtt Ja itar-
Tn the llrnl of llirxi calli'irintKi l> prrflicil A full bia|nv|'bii-iil tiiinHliiclJoD
Her elianctfr *i>d otttet u« dctcilUvil hy \ut I'oUui, Gnk.iL t'ramiitiMli
l*rvf.. I. m Wf.
248
TUG ItEroiEMATIOX IK FSAHCE.
Fraiicia to ooncUiato the clergy ; and Ute LuUlu of Patu
follo^wJ by the captivity of the King, and the regency ol
hia mother, gave a free roin to the pcnujuton. An in-
qiiisitoi-LiI court, compos^Hl ])artly of Inyinvii, wus ordained
by Parliament. Heretics were burned at Paris, aod in
tht.- pruviiiovR. Lutiis dc lti.-n]tiin, who combined a cul-
tiin^ whicli yvtm tlie iidininUion of Krasinus, with tho
ruligious enmestnetis of Luther, was tlirawn into prison.
T]i>- Kiii^, liowi-viT, on \m rt-tiini from S[)«iii, At tlia
eiu'iH-Ht iiitei-cesaion of Margaret, set Iiim free. The fail-
oro of Frauds, in litu ruKwcd struggle in Itdy, enibold
KhvA the ])i'r!te«nting party. I{eii|uin, ^vho liad com-
nu-noed a prosecutioa against Ik^drt, llic Iwider of the
hen-ity-huutiiig ooniiniiMioiieni appointed by the ^orbonito,
was agnin taken into custody, and this time pcirisbed,
before the King wmi-i interpoAO to save him. The tlieo-
logical antagonists of Reform went so far as to endeavor
to put rratrictionK upon tha profciaBors in the college for
the aneient langnag«s, and even to lampoon, in a adiolas*
tic comedy, tlie King's sister, against whom they threw
nut chaq^ of hen-«y, hi-Jtides condemniDg licr book, tliu
" Mirror of the Sinful Soul." Francis was, at tliis time,
holding a eonf<.-rL-ncc witli Cluniviit VII., in ProvencCi and
on hia n>tnrii was extremely imUgiiant at tlie treatment
vf bis sister, lie HitUicirix«d G^-runl Uoussel to pnxtch
fn.t'ly iu Paria ; nud when lleiLt raised au outcry against
Uis sermons, Fnmc-is causnl lioda to be banished and
ptOMoutud for sedition. He died in prinon, in ].!>87.
At tliis moment it seemed doubtful what course France
would take in the groat religious conflict of tho period.
Li 1531, llciiry Vni.separatcil Knglimd from tliePajwcy,
and made himself the liead of the Englisli Church. This
event made a profound inipn^wtioit throii!;h')Ut OiinAten-
doin. Since Uio Diet of ^VorI^8, the Papacy hud lost
tiio hnlf of Germany ami of Swit7.erhin4), then DeunLarii
(in 1526), tlicn Sweden (in 1.527), and now England
BOUe, TUK KOAISSANCR, THK BKrOBUATtON.
^9
Tbe NetlicrlaiidB were deeply sgitnted, and tliH ctiifln-
gtaUon whicli Lutlicr hail kinilk-<l wsk ^roiuling into
Italy and Spain. The leiitoiiic portion of CIiviKtomlom
was lust to Itomui what would bo tho decision of tlio
Romanic nati(»M? It was inevitable thiit all vycs should
be tiirnod to France, and to itft Kiog.' Early iu lolt-t,
the Landgrave of Heeee came to negotiate in ixifitoii with
t'raucis. Margarvt oorrcspondod with Melancthoit, whotb
die was deBurons of bringing to Fninco. 'II10 1<andgni7o
rmtiwed tlie Duku of Wiirtcmborg to his poBwesioiis, iuid
iu "tt'urtemberg the two forms of wonOiip, I.uthunin and
Catholic, were made free. Fmncia I. had appmiohoil
nmror to tint I'rutcstaiiti) ; mid Uio di-nth of Cluuipot
VII., in September of this year (15M), had relwiM-d
Francis from his political ties with Ute Medici and the
Papacy. The violent »pii-it of the diatnpiom of tlio
Papacy in i'aris, the offensive proceedings of monks in
Orleans and elscwhorv, luid produced » reaction unfavor-
able to their cause.
An eminent modern historian of Franco luis depicted
the three rival systems, Rome, the Kenaiasiuice, and the
Ucfonnalion, which were pmciited tu the clioiou of
Fmttce, nnd were represented in three individiuds. wlio
ha[q>ened to ho togeUier fora moment in Paris — Calvin,
Rabelais, Loyola.^ Thts inlt^n-sting pawage of Martin
Mggeats a few observations whicli, however, are not
wliully in riorord with his own. Calvinism was S product
of tin; Froiidi mind. In its sharp imd logical structure
it eonx-spondwl to the peculiarities of tho French intcl-
h'ct. In it^ nuiral earnestuess, in its demuud for Ihn
reform of ecck-siasticid abases, it found a response in
tbe oonscienow of ^od men. But Calvinism vns the
rtidinil ty|>e of l^rotestantism ; it broke nliruptly and
abeoKitcly with the jiiist. and must for tJiis rejLton «n>
ootmter a vast might of opposition fi-om traditioml feel*
> Bwri Utnim. riii. ISO. > lbi<L. IM.
250
THE BEFOBMATIOS DJ FHANCE.
ingn, from sucrvd or sujicntitious nmocLatiou». Tbe
dc^im of predestination, which Calvinism put in th«
ton-front of ito thvuloi^', would stir up thu liostility o(
iiK'u in whom Uie spirit of the ItenaisEauoe waa prcdutn-
iitiinl, not to Hpoak of other cliuwcs. It vrtus, inoreori,>r, ii
di-fi'ct, that C'ldvtiiisin did nut rise to-tJie lev«^l of religious
tuK-nition. In thu midst of tlieirowo stifTcrittg)!, tliu ChI-
vini.tlic ]iri,-iic-lifr» of Kraiico invulfed tJie tirni of tlie magi^
trnte to l^upp^l■8a luid punish vVnutrnptists, Serrottanaf
und the likt-, not u-t diKUirbt-nt of civil order, bud u
heretiea. Itut atrniiger Uiiin any otlier obstacle in the
way of tiie Calvinistic Refonii wa« the auieiidnicnt ol
Itfu which it rciiiiirvd. It wns too st«ni, uuit^h-uting a
foe of son&uality to make itself tolL>nihIu to a raultitudo
of men and women, in the court atid out of it, wlio
could liave endured eiuily its doctrinal formulns and have
suhinittcd to its method of worship. At thu oppoftitv ux-
treinc from Calviniiiiu was tliu iipirit of Spanish Catliol-
icism, tlie reawakened xeal for the traditions, the au-
thority, the imaginative worship of the old religion ; tlia
Kpirit of tliu Culliolic Reaction, whii-li found un embodi-
ment in Loyola and his famous society. With tliis
spirit Franco aa a nation. Franco left to it» natural im>
pulnes and aiSnities. did not sympittlilze. Between these
mighty contending forces, which more and mont wcro
coming into conflict, wkh tlko litt-mry, philosophical, scep-
tical temper of the Kenaissance, which found an t^xproa-
won in that strungost ol writers, Itabehiis, whose ejctrsior.
DiLi-y genius has been acknowledged by the profoundest
'Students of Uterature, who»e influence upon tiie Frendi
language liaa been conipp.rL'd to that of Dante upon the
Itjdiau.nnd who veiled uadi-raniimkof Imrlo^uc fiction-^
of filth and ribaldry, too, we must add — hia ideas npoo
human nnttin>, society, education, tmd religion, Tlie
follies of monks and priests, tJie sophistry and fero.:ity
of thu Sorbitnne, he iii.-d)i» to siiclt an extent tliat he
KQUIVOCAL P0S111JX Of IftlXXClS L
S51
needed powerful ^rotwUira to sctvu liim frum tbdr wcutli.
Hia own rcligiuti doeti noc extutid bu^ond » tb«iHin, in
wbicli uv.:a iMji-ftonal iti)iiiorta1itj>' Iihh no clear recngiiitJon.
It is doiibtliTss truu tluit onv type of ibouj^it luiil fitTliug
in It'nincc »t tliat day ia rdlccted un tho pa^s of Gar-
gantuu and Pantagruvl. A little Intur, a isoepticisin <A
d »<>iiiuwhu.t iiii>dilit.Hl type, yut a, genuiue product, like-
wiae, of the Reuaissance, appeara iu Moatuigne. Wbal^
evvr attrnc^oiu this Kpccivs of philuDpliicui soeptiutiiiiit
or of natural reli^on, may hare for the French mind, it
was too iuliuigiblu in form, it had too Uttlo of cantcstncti]
and courage, to nindiMte btitwcon the two ri»olute cont-
biitituts who were to contend for the poesoesion of France,
Mu^Jli if not cvvrytliing, dcpeiidvd ou the piitli whieh
tlie besltiitinj^ inonai-cli, Francis I., would conclude to
tuko. The Fn.-iK'It iiiuniii'chy, it bun been siiid, wlii(.-li tuid
been emancipated politictlly fioui Koine sinoe I'ltilip Ihu
Fair, hiid nutliing l« jpiiii by becoming Proteatunl.' KuC
ut leuut it biut niuJi to gitiu by prcjH-rviiig its iiidupi-iid-
enco ; by refusing to eiitist in the reacUouary, repreniTe
pijliuy of Spuniftli Catiioliciain ; by declining to jLtrtidcu in
a work in which the IIouso of Austria h:td tukeu tlie
leading part. But Francis I. did »ot aaituniti n distinct
iind independent puaition. lie did not embrace !'rolea> ^
Uuiti^ni; be ilid nut consiiitvntly Uiruw biuisetf ujwa the
side of ultraiiiontiuio CittholieiHiu. Now {Mu-tially toUi-
atiug the Itefonnation, and now pereeoiting it with bosa
crut;lty, he adhered to no definite policy. By tliis »n- '■
decided and rHcillating attitude be brongbt upon bis
country incalculable tniserieH, civil warv in wbiob Fnine«
bcuame *• not the arbiter, but the prey, of Europe," anj i
it« soil " tho frightful tbeiitre at the buttle of Mcta ani^
natljaa." " His dynasty perished in blood and mire,"
uhI Fnuice would have periidied witli it, liad not thia
tate been nrreated by a alalesmau and warrior whoiRi,
t'liiTubni-e ruim'd up tt> miligiit>! Oiv lot of his country.*
■ UiKOM. quowd by btatl Hulin, ri!i. SU. * Hartin. p- SI'
268
THE KEFORIIAHOX tX FIUKOE.
Notvritlifttitiuliiig liU friun lly profoesions to tlic Lucli«r>
BDS, it soon appeared that iF FranciH would haTe been
glad to ecu a Ui'fin-matioii aftvr tlio EnLsminu type, he
had no sj'iiipiitliy with nlt^kckii upon the doclrino of tJi«
Socramonts or upon tho bienirchiiNkl system of the Chiu-cli.
tlic to{Ho« whi<;h lil.i «istcr, in h>-r writings, bud nvokk-d.
Nor Imd be any disposttjon to counlenanoo movemeuts
Uut involTed a religious divuuon in his kingdom. As
long tin I'clic^ouH dlaseut w;i8 oonRned to men of r:ink itnd
education, tJie King might discounti-nanee tlie use of
Corc« to reprcwi il ; but wln^n it penetrated into tbn lowvr
rankii of the people, the easu was different. Unity in
religion wa» an ck-ment in the strengtli of his monarchy,
of which hu booHR-d. He prixud tlio old maxim, " Un roi*
un foi, im loi," When, tiiorefore, in OctoWr, 1534. in-
considvr.itu i^-aloU posted at the coment of tho streets
in i'nris, and even on tim door of the King's chamber at
Blois, phicurds denouncing the mass, bo signalized bia
duvotion to tli« Catholic reiijpon by ooming to I*ari« to
take part in solemn religious procesuons, and in the
buniiug, with circumstances of ntrociotis cruelty, of
iHghtne.n heretics. Yet again he showed himself auxioua
to oemeut a political alliance with the Genniin Protes-
tants, utid uvcii entered into negotiations looking to a
union of the oppaiing religions pasties. He went so far
RS to invite M«!ancthon to Puria to help forward tho en-
terprise. H<! claimed llmt tJio persons who had been put
to death were fanatics and seditious people, whom tJie
Nifuty of the State n^ndcred it necessary to destroy. In
truth, the Grand ^faster, Montmorend, and the Cardinal
de Toiinton, active promoters of petsecution, hud per-
suadeil him that tho posting of the placards was tlie first
st«p in u gri'jit ]>lot of Aiial)Aptist«, who deigned to do
in Fi-aneu what tliey had done in Miinster.' Bat th«
tutvrillingnMS of Fiuncis to produce a schism, or to place
■ Ucoii Uutin. -ml SU.
Tm: INl'LUKKCE Oe OEKEVA.
258
himself in antaigoniam to tlie C/iitliolio Churcli 4jb1igcd him
to giTi) htB uppruval to a rigid statement of doctrino, iu
opposition to tliQ FivtOHtiinl views, wbtdi l2iO Sorbonne
put forlb, in the form ot a directiui) to pi-eactiers.' lie
uvcn diii not lift a fiiigtir, iti 154j, t<> pruveiit tliu wliolu*
aale sUugbter of lus unoffending Waldensian subjects.
His ^"vcniitig nitii waj* to tipbold tlic powi-r ot Fnuiw, and
lo witlisUind iiiitt reduce thc! powf r of llii- lOmperor. Henoe
be cTdtirtitod tbv friviideltip and ;iKHLstt.-d tbu cuusu of tliu
Protestants in Gcniuiny, wbile he wiia inflicting im|>nB-
ounifiiit tuid dratli upon tht.-ir bratiiron in Fmiicd. It wan
not partiaUty for l*rot«stAntiun, but hostility to Cbarlea,
tJiat moved him ; and so strong XFa& this sentiment, that
be did not heaitatv to iiuiko common ciiusv witb the Turkfl,
for tlie sake of venkening liis adveraitry. On tbe whole,
during the roign of Francis, Protostiuit o[)iniona found
not u littlu favor among tbe bightir olassca. For a while,
it was Luthurimism that whs adopted. Hut Luther nTis
tiK) tliorougfaly a Uerniiui to be congeninl to tbe French
mind. It was Oalvinism, as soon as Calvinism arosu,
which attracted the sympatJiies of tho Frenchmen who
Accepted thu Protestant faiUi.
Farol and Calrin were botli fugitive* from jwduv
cutiun in Fiance. Calvin returned to Geneva from his
bAUtsbnicnt in 1541. Moru and moro Geneva bocnmn
iin iiHvlutii for Frenchmen whom intolerance <lrove from
tlunr country. Many of them came, wearing tbe scars
nhidi tlie inxtniment* of tortiirn bad left upon thorn.
As the victims of religious cruelty emerged from the
|UUMa ot the Jura and caught nght of Uio holy city,
they fell on their kneos with thanksgivings to God.*
From thirty printing-offloM of Gvneva, Prot«6tiint works
were sent forth) which were w-lltt4^^ed over Fmuoe by
colporteurs at the peril of their lives. Tho Dibl« in
Frcndi was iswicd in a little volume, which it was ensy
> BMJt*, LIU. > ^Dioadi, Hideir* Ut* t'nmfnk, aiii. S4 m^.
S54
m nPOItUATION IH FtAKCE.
to hide; ateo, ths Psalms, in tlie version of Clenusl
Marot, with tho interlineur inuiuc of GouditiK-l.* C«lTia
WIS iiulefatigtible in exhortiDg and encouraging bis oomk-
trymen by bis luttera. PtMcbon wli» vnirc trained at
hii« Hid<« ri4unii'<I to tUeir ix>iintry and uiiniat«red ta tfa(
little churdictB wIiilIi long held ibuir worabip in secret.^
Tlic Itcfornitttiuu K|iTe»d nijiidly, cispeoially in tbo SoatJi
of France. Tbe B[*eL4aul<i of godly iin-n of pure Ui
lud to the stake, wbile iitlieiaU and AcolTura vreiM tolc
if tboy would go to tbe mass, alienated many irom tlia
old religion.
l{<;nry 11., who Kucceeded bis fatlier in 1547, hud no
lyinpathy with ProtcstaatiKm. He might support the
l*r»t<-«tnnt^ abroiul wlieti a poHtiail objtMt was to be
gained, as wlien he entered into u tn^ty \ritb Kfaurioe at
tlio time when tho lattor was about to tnko up hdiib
a^inst the Emperor ; bnt at home be cofiperat«J with
the SorboRiie, wlio wer« more end more busy in their
woric of QXtirpatang false docti-ine by buniing the boc
and persons of its proftmfjni. Thu nigo of tlia oommou'
lK'i)|ilii, anil even thw holy horror of licentious oourtisni,
were excited by lictitious tah» of abominable vice wliick
wiM Ktiid to ku) i>nictiticd in Uic meetings of the HugiH>*
nirts. To bo objects of this sort of calumny baa been'
a common ex]>eriei)ee of tuxUi whiuh hare boon obliged to
conduct their rites In secn-cy.'
Yet in tbta rKign Ute I'rotestiuit opinions made great
progress. In 1558, it was estimated that tJiere were tv
tbouaand places of reformed wnrship scatterud orer^
France, and congregations numbering four hundred tliou-
snnrl. Tliey wears orgnnixcd after the Presbyterian form,
and were adberenta of the Genevan type of doctrine. la
I 8m ID vioqiiaiil ia<u|^on thg ioflI)^ncc iif Gcnota in UlpbeUl, OMivwtfa
° Sucb krruuiJnn* mm braiiRhi a^Dtt J«in in Ihc Mi'ldl'i Agw. lAt
riiarKM Bcrc bniii(;lit kCkinil till «arly CIiriMIan* In Ihq Roman Enipii«. Olb
kOO, U. tk.ZT.
ransBcunoN bt nrsst a.
S56
16S9 Uio; voiiturod to hold ii gencnd Bjrnod ia P«ris,
wli«Tft Uiey adojtCed Dimv confesaiou of faitli Aiid duter-
toin^ tlie method of thrir church organizatian.
Aitw Henry coiv^Iuded tlie dUiuiirouH pt-noo of Cntcaa*
Cambresia, by n-liicli bis conqucflts in Italy aod in tb«
Nc-tluulanda were given up to Spain, jhkI hi« diiiight^T,
Elizabeth, WHS to be mnrricd to Philip II., and his nistcr,
Miiryai-et, to tJie [>iilco of Snvoy, \in oommi-nccd with
frush vigor Uio w«rk of perscoation. It was involved in
thin treaty tluit th« two kings nhouM unit« in the aup-
presBion of heresy. " The King of France, whicli, nincc
till! revorsts of Cbnrlc!) V., hiwl U,'«n tlio first power in
Europe, tmiigbt, at t)i« price of niany provinws, tlio nttik
of Lieutenant of thv King of Spnin ii] the Cathottu
purty." I Ho unexpectedly prcnciit^d hiniw^If in a section
of Parliament, where a milder policy bad iK^n to finil
idTOcates, and ordi^re*! tlio two members who bad ex-
prcfwod tlicniflclveo most emphatically nn that nido to bo
sluit up in the Ba«tile. He dwki-ud that ho would make
th« extirpation of liereay bis principal busliteM, aud by
letter threatcnod the Par!iami?nt and inferior courts in
case tlicy nliowed any Inniencr to heretics. But in n tilt
which formed n part of tbu fostivats in honor of the mar-
riagei, a Hplint«r from tlie spejir of Mont^jomiTy, the
Captain of his Guards, etruck bis eye and inflicted n
deadly wound. It seemed to the Protvstants tliat in the
m<:inient of extreme peril the liand of the Almighty wus
•tretdiod out to deliver them (1659).
Thus far pcniecution bad failvd of its dtitign. " Tho
fanatics and the politicians bad thought to annihilate
heresy by the niitDbcr and atrority of Uto puninhmenta :
tliey perceived with dismay that the liydra molUplied
Hself undi'r tbt-ir Mows. They had only inic<t^'<h'<l in
Mtalting to a dogroc unhMird of before, all that there arg
of heroic jmwera in the banian soul. For one mart^
> IhJiia, riii. UO.
266
ntt uittMATios Et runaL
ir»*«
wbo dukpfwated in the flamM, dMn ^WMOulaJ Ihwnwily
R boDtbcd mora : men, woDcn, duUxeo. BMrcbed to tbdr
pouilinwot, napag Un Ptalms oi Mttrnt, or tba C«Btid« *
Uuiy egpiigd in eotwj, inseosibte to the refined cmeW
ttM of tbo aavages wbo iav*ntod toTtan.-s to prolac^ tbeir '
•goojr. More than one judge died of oonstamation or re-
^m none. OtlienembrMedtbebitli oftboeeiriiomUioysttt.
^B to the 8caffc4d. The execatiaaer at Dijoa wu ooDvertod '
^B ai the foot of tlie p^. All the great pbeBotneoa. in the
^^ iiHSt TMt proportiono, of tbe first days of CbrutiaBi^,
mm aeeo to reappoar. Most of the Tictinu died with
tfan nye turned towards that New Jprosaleni. that holy city
»of tb» Alps, where Bom« liad b««n to seek, whcaoo othon
hiul received the Word of God. Not a preacher, not a
niinoDary was oootlpinnMl who did not salute Calvin
from abr, thanking liiin for luiving prepared hita for so
boaotifnl an eod. They no more thought of reproaching
Calvin for not following them into France than a miUllor
reproDcliM ills general for not pliingii^ into the mfJife." *
r^—^^ Wo have now to refer to the circoinscanceB that can-
TertMl the HngnonotB into a political party. With Uie
Iaocesnon of Francis II., a boy of sixteen, Catharine <la
Hedid, the widow of the late king and tii« moth«r ot
his moceaaor, hoped to gratify her ambition by ruling tlia
kingdom. Tlio daughter of Lorenzo II., of Florence, and
the nieoe of Clement VII., her childhood had been pnaaed
In an atmosphfrv of duplicity, and she hud thoroughly
imbibed tin! uupriuciplud maximit of tho ItaUnii ttcliool ol
politics. The death of the Dauphin had made her husband
thn Iiiiir of thu throne ; but his aversion to her waa snob
tli^it, nt an i-arlicr day, when it was supjKised that r.o cliil<
dren would spring from her marriitg«, there was an idea
1 Htitia. tS. mo.
CATIUBINE DE MllDICI AKD TUB OOTSBS.
257
of wiKliug her bock to Italy. S)ic lisui to pay iias'idiiouB
Mart to tlie iiiiaLraeaeA of her fztthor-iii-lnw tuid licr hua-
baitJ. Bvon after tlio Ijirth of Iior cliil^lrcn and after lic-r
biLibniid aaociidct) tli« thrum?, sho did not twwipc from li«r
liumiliating p^ition. Sh« was dependent upon tlie good
offioRo of Diaiift of foiticrs, Iloiiry's niutreiu*. for tho
muinteuftiici' of ri-Litiuiu witli licr husband, whose repug-
nance to b«r was partly fouuded on phyucal pocidiaritles,
wbicti woro (li.-rivod from livr proQigata father mid which
entailed a diseased ooiistitution u|wn her dtildn^u.' Ac-
customed from early childliood to bido her thoughts and
fiteliii^ ; without ooaAdenot^ niid aiiuoi^t witliout a henrt ;
curing little for rehgioi) except to hate ita restrainu,
CdUiariiit: hail nur^i.^! her drcnm of ambition in secret.'
But the faet that Fixtncia was legally of age, though pncti-
niUy in his minority, disiipjK>intetI hor hope. It iinme*
dintely nppt^ared titat tho young King w»9 entirely under
th« control of t]ie family of Guise. Claude of Gniso tuuJ
bo«n a we-altiiy un<] prominent nobleman of Lornune.
who }iad diatinguished himself at Mangnano, and in the
8til)SiS)uent contxvttA with Charles V, Two of hi» »one,
Francis, Duke of Guise, and Charles, Cardinal of I^or-
ralne>, had acquired great power under Ilunry H. : tlie
I>uke A9 a military leader, especially by the Ruooiwtfui
defense of Metz aud the taking of Calais ; and the Cnr-
dinal as Coufoaaor of Uiu King, whose coiucionoti, Bc^sa
saya, ho carried in hta sleeve. Their «ster had married
Jatuvs V, of Scotland ; and her daughter, Mary Stuart,
who was to play so prominent a part in tho history of the
OgB, waa wedded io the youtliful King, l''riincis II. He \vaa
weak in mind and body, mid it woa not dillicult for the
Cardinal and the Duke, both of them aspiring and adroit
> HIcbtlM. 0*irrttj, Siliiv.*, p. (3.
■ Anqncdl ptrlvn lo piliit Cuibirio*, in ttma poioli, la « Itw untairanUa
(gbt. i,'i'^r!l ill la Li-pt4, \. U. Sh« in dunclariird hy the Puc d'Aumalt
u iMlkg "wlilioni anpciloDi, wlltioDt priatiplea. aait withmit •uuploL'* /n»
Hry qflitt Priiua of Canity L H,
IT
£58
TBC Ri;i-OIUIATIOX tK I'BAKCI.
men, with the aid oE the vigorous and betintifal yv
Qatxtn, to iniilntttui a oiujili^tv nnccndeno; orer bit
The Cnnlinsl wna supreme in the alTiLin of StAto, tiw
Duko in thfi tnilitnry di'^partment. It vm an amociAtion
(if the ttoldiiM* iind the diplomatist, the liop and the faz^
f'lr their common AggrandizpmcmtH Tlio Gtiiiw* wt thpm-
fi(lv4>« up (u tliu diampioni* ot tlio ol<l ivIigiDii. aUIiou
tliey at first adopted the policy of withstanding C3iari(
V, through an allianoc with Ch« Pope. Hicy had h
h<»pes nf acquiring power in Italy, and assumed to inherit ^
tlie clium o! the hooao of Anjon to Nuplva. On tite ao-
cenon of Francis their first step wivt to induce t)io King
to give n courteous diamiaaal to the Grand Constable,'
Montmorcnd, who, with his numerous n.4atiT(«, had bccD
the rivals of tlie GuUes and had aliared with them the
uffioiA and honors of the kingdom, tt was by thu
port of Diana of Poiti<;rK, one of whose daught«ra ha
marrifd their brother, that the Guises were enabled firet
to tiiokv th(.rm»olvcs the equals and then tlie sup^-rinn of
Montmorend, whom tliey greatly outstripped in political
■Bgataty.'
It was not to he expected tltat Uie givat nohlca of
Prance would quietly see the control of the government
practically uKiirpcd by persons whom they consiih-ri'd ni^j
starts, who had seized on places that did not belong tA-
them by the laws and customs of tlio realm. The oppis
silTun to the Guises centered in two families, the housefej
of itimrbon and Clintillon. The three brothers of tl*'
furmer house were princes of tlie bloot), being deooended
by a collatcml lino from Louis IX. Anthony ot Von*
dome, the eldeet, who by his marriage with Jeanne d'Al<
brut, the daughter of Moif^rot, wore the title of King of
Naviurrt-, bad been niOTivI to take the Mdu at the Prot«»<j
tatits, but was a roan of vreak and vacillating ebaracter.'
He had no loftier hope thjui to get back from Si>ain tui
■ Btmi Uanin, riO. Ml
TKK HlxmBHOTS A POUTICAL fAtTY.
259
principality of KavHjre, or to provide liinuclf with ad
eqniv&lcnt tlomiiiion flit^wlierc. Th« ftt>o»nd bruthflr,
Charlea, the Cardinal of Roaen, was of a similar tempor-
Hraent. The thin), I/miH, Prinw of Cond*;, was a braw
DiMi, not without noble qualitiea, bat nt^ in «aanae!, and
not proof ngninst tlio enticements of Hensitul pk-neuro.
The. Proti-staiit wives of these ro«n, the Qneen of Navarre
and the I'rineoss of Cond^, a. niece of the Constablo, had
nior^ flrmiiMBOf religioun conviction than tlielr liuabiuida.
TUe three brothc-rs of the house of ChatiUoa, sons of
L'^iiisn of Montniorenct, tJie rister of the Constable, were
iiieti of a nobler make. These were Odot, Cardinul of
Chatitlon, Admirul Coligny, awl I >and<? lot. Colonel of the
Cisalpine infantrj-. Coligny had acquired great credit by
introducing strict discipline into thu French infantry, and
by valor nt St. QuentJu and elaeTChere. In all tlie quali-
ties of mind and character that constitute human f^reat-
nejn, lie \raa witiiout a peer. Hix attachment to tlie
Prot4:-»tant cauw) was lunoeiQ and tninio\-nblc.
- 'Ilint the Hourbona and tiio great nobles who were oon
ncctcd with them stmidd seek the sup])ort of (ho perse-
cuted Calvinists, and that the latter, in turn, ^lould M«k
for dclivonincu through thcni, wtui natural.' The Giiiaes
were virtual a»tir]>er8, who had taken the station that be-
long<!d to the princes of the blood, and, at tlic same time,
were pentecntors. Hie noblee, their antngonists, and their
Protestant ro-religionist« had a comntoii cause. There
was a union of political and religions motiven to bind
ihem all togi'thcr. If pnlittcul conuderations had a gov-
erning weight with Anthony of Navarro an<I aome otiier
li'jidi-rit, this wits the inixfortuno, and a heavy misfortune
it prored, of the Huguenots; but it was not their fault.
Whilo it is vain to ignore the influence of political
aspirations, it is a greater error of aomo writers, like
Darila, to ascribe tlio whole movement of the Huguenot
>ltMk«,l. IH.
260
TOT. HETORUATION IK niANfX.
kad^ra to tDotivcs of tliis chonu'ter.* 'Hicre whs oh ttittii
part a tliorongh oppogition to the cruel peisocutioD of the
Calvinists, and an iittoolimeiit to tiwir cauho, whicli, if it
frail iiicoiuUmt in some cases, proved in others a profound
luid (growing cunvtction, siidi uk no terrors iind no sa^-'iiSoea
could wt^iikoii.
Calvin, like the Luthumn reformere, preached the doo-
trincof obodionoo to rulerit, and uuaiiiipliiiuingsubinijBioD
to Buffering and death.* For forty ycurs tlie unoffending
Huguenots had actiid on tliia principle an<l AubniittMl to
indescribable indignities and cmelties, inflicted often by
mvn who in tlicir own dnily liv<ut viol»tv<l «v(.-ry comniaud-
ment of the decalogue. Hut even Calvin held that Cliris-
tiinis might l.ivrfully takii up iirmK, undvr authorized
luadero, to overthrow usurpation. M'e shall see, more-
over, tliat it wM the undieekud atrociticK. not of niagis-
teates, but of their enhjecte, acting without color of law,
that kindled the flames of civil war. Kut in France, as
in Gcniiaiiy, during this pei-iod, the I'eluctiUicv of tlio
ProtOHtnuts to abandon the ground of pas^ve reustance
and in riwi iifjuinHt thdr oppressors, Iho iiidcdtuoii of tlio
Protestants on thin (jiieslJon, mare than onoe cost tlicm
dear.
Thu consjiiruoy of A mboisu wits a plot, of which a Frtiuch
gentleman. La Rcnaudie, was thv most activo contriver,
to diHiNnscsK the Gui.'M!ii of their jMsttion by force and to
> OaTilii ttUria delit Otum Cttill di Fromcit) dMcrlbti t, rarmal mestlnit in
TeluloniA, al whldi Conil' mil otlien advouktcd in open ncur. Iiul CoUgay
emudol dwin M adoiil • mors cniiy polJcy. DariU inaku Xhn faoip\racy
jt JUnbotM ihB nolle ef thb fonformw, llui It l« not emUblctlMt inch ■
MnfcicoM vw B<r«r held. See the nuiihlDg crliulnn ol D«rll« bj Kuike,
Frtuu. OtitM-iU, V. S Hi|.
' Sc< UcuT'i 0< AI8. Bnil Brfl.. |i. IM Mq. Speaking ot iLe rouanl which
M fftf* In nfenom tn tba AmbtriN wriujnnc}', Culrtn tMjti " dpondnnt Im
hnwntallciiu Mliiycal mnniln de rinhuiniinii<< <iunn excrvail iraiir aljniic li
I«D(ll<ni: nKKOic initorv tn hfurr on nllpndnil nnc tiotribtv Imurbcriv. pmii
nUrnilnOT luui Ir* ptrrnv Dilctvt." IIi Kit's tlial li« niilM, tlml it a linRlt
li^ot Uooil mra ab*il, ritm af l>looil i«»jlil lliiw nv*r E«ro|Mi moitonr
4X1 il ]* Ullor *' lor lit all Is jipritli * hiiiiiln^il liiim, Ihiii Ihal lli« nuM illhl
uKanni* uf tlir G«p«J tliunld be aipowl la turli u|i|>KibHum."
I
TKE EDICT OV ROUOKAXTIN
place the coulrol of the goTOrnment in tliu hnnds oF tho
prim-cs of tli« t>ivi»L <\>ii(l«; itppitunt to luivc bovrn iirivy
to it. Coligny rc^f used to take part in it ; Calvin tried to
(lissuiul<.' Lii lU-tiiiiKlic ii-om vxcculhig hi« projuct, vrliich
the Kftformer aternly diaapprovetl, uniess the princes nf
the blood, not Coiidt! aloms Itut tliu fint of thuiii \u rniik,
vrero to sanction it, niul Parliameut were to join with
thein.' The Quiscs wero for>.'n-arni-d and forvarmud, und
took !i sarage rorenge, not only upon the oonspimtors, but ^
upon iL groat number of imioccat Protesttuite, whom the I
conapiratora had invited to the coart to pr«wnt their
petitions, but who hud no furtbvr couipUci^ in the
undcriiikiiig (1^360). ■
Tlie commotion of which tJiis abortive scheme was un
impressive sign, bad the effect to moderate for the mo-
ment tlie policy of the Cardinal, 'llie prisonti ^rore
opened and the Prot«6tant8 sot at liberty'. The Edict of
Romoi-iuitin, in I->Gt), still forbade all Protestaut assem-
blies for worstiip, but proceedings against individuiiU o»
secmiiil of tbeir faith were to be dro(>ped. The tareSf it
WHS Hitid, bud Wvome too strong to bo Dndlcated from the
field, 'i'he PniteAtanta made an appeal for liberty t«
meet together for worship. Their petition was boldly
I Set Calvln't Icltrr, cJItJ aborc. «a tlu nbjtcl {April IS, lUl), in IlMnj,
lU. 11; Bdl, ))- IM. Tbcre rtn be no dnibi UiU t« lUundia rvprantiiud
OsdjK to be ili« uti^nt Ickjcr o( (be CDlcrprbc Ttxit be vu t) gvntmlly m.
•nmeJ. and |.n>tiBt>ly u ;!)i Inith- Henri Hnrlin. rill. 31 Kq. SlHUOirili, .?^
Mn.^(t rmiipau, xvllJ. IN. Vat i' KumtW, llUlary e/ tk4 Priitctt «/ C'l-^*.
I. tW>. h 1) M MiU*! t? Ihu, /yulnn ■'" >'ji^' Mf-- <■ 9M. Ruilie uy*:
" Uil kMoriMliar ItaNlmmlbeil Iwt •■!& tdbal sicht raKtn ob 1^ Rruii^lF
«kh mil VotAi VMibrtil*! liallK." (i. 1(T.) Hani* adrvrlx la Ihf dgnlal 4»
CauM; bnl hn onlr 4«n(rd Ibal be hail htm a parlir In aay cnrvrpriM ejaaai*
llnK^trllu St»it. Ilg)r«iatiluat haYpadiniilvdihal Ihn (VMfiiac^ «t Am.
bolu wa> ilirvruil nj;*''"! *l<b(r. Rn Un. Uar^'i InlcrtiUng warii. Tit frm
Krf. in fVoBH II-omIm), ISIT,, i. Ill, D. UrantOnt, who rbe* to Hiintllilac
A* unlMiiIjun) La pnlilnit ihr ritloa ot Coligny, My* ih<i tb* cnmplruon iwr*
|itvT«iiUd ly bla itnsM-D pnbily ana KnM c( hannr from liiifartM^ to blni th)M
MrnL tf* lloaKHf IS-tlni, I til. XX. 'il. 'Admtnl iloCbutitlon). Bru-
ta» conpifM CtUpiy and GuIm, u lapidarin h* Mya) plara lOf^har tv*
dlBBOndi of oaqnlallt bMOl*
J
263
TBB REFORMATION Ut FRjJlCR.
prc8ont«d to th« King in nn A«M<>jnb1y of NotAb1«8 si
Fontauieblenu by Coliguy, who had eispauspd, but not yet
jnibltdy profvssod, the m-w opiiiioiis. At thu mmo limn,
a deiruiiid was made for a meeting of tho Stat^^s Gonornl, '
to considor the finiLnoo:! of the kiugdom, aiid for a Xattonal
- ^Tftntn-n to rcgiilale t!ie iiffaira of n>ligion, 'llie Cnrdinal
^^^Kta obltgt'd to aL-f^uii'scKv^TIi" Guises now oxtrt^d all
their infltieiice to combine nn overwlinlming party ugntnat
tli8 Prot«stant« and the Bourbon princes. Calvin ad*j
hcrcd to hu prinoiplc und discomit^'nancod nil vEoIcace VA*
the side of the I'rot«stant3, wl]o were inclined to tak«
poBMenon of clmrchc« ; but he HOiight to pvnuade the
prinoeti to collect the nobles of Provence, I.angvedoOt'
and Normandy, and make Hueh a demonstration vi would
of itself, witliout bloodshed, break down the power of
their antiigonists. The frivolotts Antbony of Na>-ftm)
was not equal to ao manly an undertaking. Summonod
by the court to Orloan*, ho wont with Coiid<!. They
went, aware of tlie peril in which tliey placed tliemsclvoa,
and in opposition to the adnce of their friends and the i
entreaties of Ihoir wivos. Cond6 waa put under arrest,
on the ohai^e of complicity in the Amboisc; Conspiracy.
The King <A Navarre was di^rived of hia officers and
giULrds, and surroundi^d with soldiers and apiea. Tho
Deputies of the E8tat«a, as they arrived, found everything
in ttic hands of tlie Cardinal ; and were to be compelled,
fit the oiit»!t., to sign a Catholic creed. The same test
vna to be presented to tlie chevalien of the Order of St.
Michael, the French cardinals, tlie prelates, the nobles,
and the royal officers pr«acnC at Orleans. Tiiu laymen
who should refuse to wgn this formularj- were to be de-
priv<?d of all their ofHci'S and estatCK, and the next day
Bent to the stake. ICcclesiastica were to be remanded to
their own order for trial and judgment. It was cxpi-cteC
that Coligny and Dandelot, and probably tlieir brother
lfa« CMdiiial, would bo involved in this destruction of til*
THE AOCESSKW OF OHARLRS IX.
268
Protestunt Icndon. The mmo orcnd vox to 1>e imposed
im nil offidftld imd pnatora throughout the kingdom, and
Uie requireratnt \ms to be cnfnrocil by Ixwtiiw of noldiers,
who were to march through the land. The dominion of
tJie Catholic Church w-iu to be At once establi'thi.'d. The
(iuMM pniihed forivun), u'ith all {Masihle rapidity, thf
process agunst Condv, who was charged with high tren-
•on.' He wiui condcmnnl, and the 10^ of December \vm
the duy fixud for hix oxvuntion. Just then, on the oth of
Dijcember, 1660, the young King suddenly diod, Ono«
more the I'rotostnnts felt that »n intviposition of Prori*
dvnco had sarod thcin. " Wlmti all was Io«t," «wd Beta,
" behold the Lord our God awoke 1 "
The (^portunity of the <jno<»n Mother had come at
last. Th« question whetlier her second son, Chnr1o» IX.,
was in his minority, could not bo donbtful. She assumed
the proctioflt gn-irdianship of him, nnd with it a rirttinl
regency. Tlie plan of the Gniscs to crnah the house ol
Bourbon, and thoir .^U])poi-t«r«, by a oingle blow, had
(ailed. L'HospilAl cAsily oonvinced the Queen that it
wxH for hot iiiterost ti> liliorate CundS, and Ut put a olieck
upon the power of the opposite party, which had barely
failed of attaining to «b«o1ut« oontrol. Tli« l>iikc was
boo wiie to attempt to retain the supremaey, wliieh the
Cardinal, his brother, was not disposed to relinquisli. The
King of Navarre beeatne Lieotenant-geneml. Tlie Con-
' Tlisl lli« «xitleiKe of llilt plal «u cmlitril hj Ihg Hnpirnnt Irailfn nd-
niiutrf nti dnuM. fartho cTidonro ut tt> riMlUr, wliich appvanla IwasfliHtQl,
•e* II«nH U*rUn, ix. M. n. Ksnk#t*yt: " liti IuiIh nmnclm i^funilMi, wo-
dimh iU«M U«luu|itUDgsii " — (lia rqmtu ut Ihtvontpiney — " bnit jiiift, nidiU
wodntibdftSMMAiiMn Zonllct gaitut wOrdtn." i. IM. Manlnun: "Th*
Mlhantkltjr at th^ pint, tn lo lii ■riMlann. k not doublfol. t^e Culw* Rnt u
br It THrk*7 lo Indiira tlie Snilan net la blndsr, b^ any dlnnlon oKnlnil lln
AMlrlnii Slam, Itwimrk nf tbu ilpalraclliui of hcMlr*. The Intprmliialilt
dileiuiiaiu la tn dr* prviiiviliialiAn (.1 .Si. RirlMfttmie, ln(trpil)ii|; fntm abb.
hfrical Jiofnt nf view, anr ^xlrmiclr vain from Uia moral p<i1n( n( rirw. Pit
St. JI*r(tiA>Hr "■ — that !• K> njr.lht (xErrnnnalion at llic Iwrrlin by fi-nwi
ffpfn or villi lli« *1>1 a( tlrttasfni — liad alway* burn in Ih* hrmii uf lh« <hi«f> of
"ba pcrHcutinii paity. Thsy oimanvi, wbcn Ibay cotild, Joal a> tbeybuiMd"
164
Till-: SKKOKltAI'tOX IM FKANCR.
Btuble MontniorflQci recovered the direction of militarf
al?iiir:ii, hut Uiu ttuisi'if kept tlmir pWiM in tiiv Coiiiidl,
and Duko FranctH retiuitad tJie po6t of inoaber of the
royid lioutH.i1i<^d-' II10 Uuf^mQotK, its tliuj- camo to be
y^caHed^ were powerful in mimbers, and still more in the
.' eharacti'r uf tlioir jxirty. Kiitiru ci>uiitio« wor« uhuost
wholly Frotestaiit. They were atroag iiniong tlie iiohlea
and cdticatad cliiss. Xany ricli mtTckiiut* adherod to
thviu. lint their hii^Jtt support vriu from tlm intelligent
middle classce, the artiaana in the cities ; although not n
few of the lowur orders, wiio hod aeen the world, nud
were pnwUccd in bearing arins, wero in the Hugtieitot
ranks. 'In a reprcsentiLtion mado to the Pope, in 1661.
hy the nilddli! party of Fri>neb prelates, it wiu otubid
tliat a quarter of the eutiro jupulation of the kuigdom
w«itt Protestants. Tbat it wonid bu inipracticabla to
i>xtorn)iii»te them, and timt botli parties should make up
tlieir minds to live logclher in ]n-in'c, was tlio couvicti'^a
of A few dispaaaionato luid far^ightcd men, among whom
\vas the Chnncullor L'llospilul, who bad lieon called to
hii; oflUv aft.i.T lh<' Ci>n!ii>iinoy of Amlwise, and whfi put
forlb liis bt^st oxet'tions U> recommend this wiae and hu-
mane policy. His tok-raiit views weru reflected in Lslicts
of the Htntos (ii'iuti-iil at Orlcuns, where, also, sound n<-
forms were odoptod in the administnvtion of justicu ; but
thcM measures were r«si3t«d by I'arliament, and by the
Ofttholits attached to tbu Gniscs. The Duko of Guiae
WHS joini.>d by Montmoreiici ; and they, with tlie Manihal
> BcEU wtplwo* lh« orifin of l)i« dum HocuMinc* (i. 980). Al Toon tbttt
wsi ■ (Mpentilioa* btlJcit Ihsl (ha mtiiM ut HuRh Otpcl rMmfd tImuiA th«
city at aighb Ai tha PrMtatsols livid tbiir mcviiiuit in Ika nielil, [hey wtn
iMUrt\f called ITuciinitt*, M 11 tliay wran tli« Iraop at KIdk llivb. Ai lb*
GiNUi|0fiicT of AniTioiKi wB> il^AcoruNtl at T«ur«, Ihin namtf ut Ihjit tirao oh*
l«in«d tiirrrarr- Iliifi v>|<luuli>iii i» uimi liy Uu Thnn, luxiv. *41. OlhM
wriEorv, vnnniE Ibom Mcrlc <1'A bbuj;ii<^ 1L SS^^ dorivt tt ttvta KiJfitmuitt iht
nunr p"a 10 (l» fiuty at froMlnni al liqiin-n. Htiii irtn lai an alJiuire <r)th
Ui* Swiv. iUnin (viii, 20) millm Iwih tx|iUnatioat. Utlri {Dili, Primfitm
•do|<U ovilhrr, bill cuim<.ttt Ilia irmi inilli Iba oaiiis ot a (icnoii.
TOE COLLOQUY AT P0IS3T.
S6d
id Saint AiidrlE, formed ttiu Trimnviratu with which Uie
feoble Kiug of Navarre was uiie()uiilly matched. Strife
aro«o >n tb« Cutuioil, bc-twi-vii the two partica. -if^iS^
BRAnged, mitUi to tlie joy of tlie I'rutaitaut&, that a great
nsligiuuB oonfurimcfl eliould be held at Foissy to Mv if Uio
two parlies could ooino to lui :igrv:oiui'iiL. In tliis measure
tlie Cardiiial of Lorraine conciUTed, iii the cxpecUtioB tUiit
he slioiild be able to bring out the dilTercnceo Itelween the
t^alvinis'a juid Uie Lutlierana, and deprive the former oj
their iiutiiriil nllius in the event of a ix-liglou» war, whidi
he probably anticipated. 'I'he elections from Uie nobiht^
and the third estate fur the States Gouoral, which firat us
•oinbled, in 1601, at I'ontoise, and afterwards ndjounitd
to Potssy, were extremely unfavorable to the Guise fac-
tion. This meeting was really a crisis in the hiotory t-f
France.' The tioblesM! u»d the eonmionally ivero iiniU'd
against the clergj*, and presented measures of oonstitu-
tioniil reform of a riturtliiig chiu-ueter, suclt, liad they
biteu carried through, lu would hnve brought the French
sj'stem of government into a striking reaemblancn to tliat
of England, wntild hnvu tHrrii-«l tho nation along in one
path, and prevented tlie civil warn. Tlie Fopei tlto
clergy, an<l Uie King of Speun, united in ei[orls to stem
the prevailing current liwariht ooniprrmiise or pcaoo be-
tween the opposing coufes^uns. But the religions collo-
quy \Tns held. It was in the autumn of 1.1G1. In Uie
great Refectory of the Beiiedictioea at Poissy, the young
King sat in the midst of the aristocracy of Franco —
Catharine do Medici, the King of Navarre, and Uie I'rincu
ftf Conde, Ute great lords and ladies of tho Court, canti<
nals, bisliopK, and iihbots, doctors of Uio Sorhonnc, and
a nunu'i\>ua company of ksser noblos, willi Uicir wives
»nd daughters. In this brilliant concourse, Theodore
Bttxa appoured at Ute head of the priuichers and uldera
deputed by the Huguenots to represent their c»U))e, and
t Bankt, i. Ki, tM. Utori Mwtlti, be M.
2«6
TRB tEPOKUATtOH IN FRJUICK.
oltKjLieiitly Ret forth the doctrinos of tli« party of rvkmk
Hwa was n innti of high hirth, of prepotmeflaing appeals
nnce, of graceful and polished maniiprB, who was at hi«
cast' in Uio nocicty of the court, «nd, prior to th« puhlio
confetenoo, vron the respect and favor of many of his an-
ditors by his iittroctivvnoMt in social intercourse.' It vtm ,
scnif^ttitng gaiued for Protestantiam, when such a man,
with vhom there could bo no rcluctanou to asHOcinto on
equal tormit, wna neim to comn fortranl in its defense.
Bnt Bezn. bcsidex being an impressive speaker, was an
eni(liti>sofii>lar,\rith his h'flniingao perfectly at command, j
thai hv couhl not be pcq>lcx«l by his a(l\*cn<aric«. At
one time tJiere was same pvoapect of an agreement, even
in « g<-iii'ral definition of tlio Km-lianHt. 'IHie final result
of ihc interviews, public and private, that took place tn
connection with the inference, was to convince both
parties that no compromise on the points of tlteological
difference was pnicticablc.
On the 17th of January, 15G2, was issued the tmpor*
tant F^dict of St. Germain. It gave np the policy, which
had boon pursuod for forty ycar^ of extirpating religions
disMTnt. It granted a measure of tolorntion. 'J'lie IVit-
estaiits were to surrender churz:lu-s of which they had
taken possiwrion and wet's to build no more. On tlio
,)ther hand, they might, until further order should be
titki-n, hold their religious meetings outside of the \nl\M
of cities, by daylight, without arms in their hands ; and
tlicii nmotinga wore to be protected by the police. Thoy
were to pay regard to tho festival days of the Catholic
Church, wwo to a.<t.<iemble no consistories or synods with-
oui permisMon, were not to enter into any military oi^an*
ization or levy taxes npoa one iinother, and were to teach
iieconling to the Scriptures, witliout insuUii^ the mass and
tther Catholic institntions. It was a restricted toleration,
> Ikta'n letter loGalvia (Augunt 2S, ISCt), ilnKriUnc hit iBlroiliictloa totki
L MU1. b gWeii by the Uac d'Aumale, I. App. p. 3T1.
MOISKISO OF TOR CIVIL WAHS.
S9T
fiat tlio pmrtif^o had bv«n to givo to wlicts of tbis iia-
turt' iinnio !alitti<lo of cMiutntctioi). Cwlvin ngoiccd in it)
end tlie Calviniela felt that n»cl«r it th#y conU oonTert
tJii! nation In tho I'mti-ntaiit fuitfa. But tlie (■(iil^ wtw
not long obfiervwl. The pApal i^ato and Uie Ci\tJiolic
efaiofs Htifc«rdud in inducing tlio King of Naviirrc to aban-
<i<>» the I'rolwttant caime. Ha was toU\ tlint tlio l*«p«
would Einniil his marriage, and that \w oouM thon vwl
Mary, tlw yonng Queen of Sootland. Ke n-aa not bMo
enoitgli to oniinti^niince tliis proposal.' Tlie tlironu of
Sardinia nan held out t» him as a coropenaatioii for tlio
■dm of Navarre. Tbe only hope for the Bnocem of the
tolerant policy of L'Hovpitnl had rosted in tlin iinEoit of
the Queen Mother with Uie priiiceii of the blood ; and
tliis union was now broken.
Thtt leaders of the Catholic p<iHy were resolved not to
acq<ui.i4rw in a policy nf toleration, not to give tip tJu* idiii
of obtaining uniformity by merdon. Th« massacre df
Vawy was the event that oc^easioned war. On Sunday
morning, Ute ftntt of Man'b, 1.^62, tlu) T>iik<> of Guiau ar-
rived at the TiUago of Vaasy on his way to Parin, at tint
hwd of a retinue of Be\-pral hundns) nobles ami mldiers.
The Protestants were holding their religious servieii in a
spacious bnrn. Thither h« aont Boran of lus men, who
provoked a eonfliet. The rest of the troop cann; to Ihe
■pot, ton off tb« door, and with guns and sabres slitugli-
tt-nvt and wntinde<l a large number of th« unarmed, do-
(enselesB eongrvgntion. and plundered tlieir houmii. (itiiw
looked on and did not hinder thi; work. In fact, he luu]
come to thu town with the design of putting an end to
the Hngii<n)ot wornhip thore.*'' 'Ilwir preacher, bleeding
from his woimds, he earried off as a prii^mer. Thn Dnke
waa roceived, oapcciaUy in Piuia, with aeelamations. Tlie
Protestants throagfaout Fmnee justly amxid'-r" ! ' ■- rleod
■ wanton and ntrocioux \-iolution of the l{eli;j < .lOt,
* Doo d'Aumal^ L H. * Itaifl tUnlo, Iz. lU.
THE BEFOSMAltOK IS PBAMOB.
Will flew to annii. In crcry piirisli a cnuiidd ms proncliod
Mguinst the Hugucnobi, and tlie scenes of cruelty that fal-
lowed have been Btyli'd, by a Froncli liiBtorian. tlia St.
Bnrtliolomcw ol 1662. Tim Trhmivirs s^'iic-d tiu-. in-ifium
of Uie Queen Motlier and the King, And, eitlier with or
without Uuir oou».'til, oouwyfil tln-m to Purls, whoro lliu
triiole population were full of hiitred to the hi>retica. An-
ot]]er nuissacro at Sons, uvun moro a-uel timn tlint of
Viiwty, WAS the aigiial for an oiilliui'at of ioonocliLitii; fury
on theftido of the Huguenots, whicti was attended with a
greitt dustrurtion of nioininicntv of »rt luid the profiination
of sepulchres. It \v;ia true of the lliigiienots that, "leas
barbarous, in gcneritl, than tliolr adversaries, toward mon,
iLcir wigo wits implacable again.'iL tilings" — against wliat>
ever they conaideped objects or signs of idolatry.'
.'"Tbus began the scriest of terrible warn, which only ter-
uiituited with tlie accession of Henry IV. to tlie throne.
In tJie devastation whicli tlioy eaused tliey may be com-
pared to th« Thirty Veant' War in Germany, Franco
was a prey to religions and political fanattoism. The
paadonB that are always kindled in civil wan were made
tho more fierce from the r«^'Hgioas eonKCcration wliioh vim
tinparlod to tlieni. Otlier nations, as was inevitable,
mingled in the frightful conttwt, and Franco had well-nigh
loAt its iudcpciKli-nce. It must be admitted that the
Huguenots acted in solf-defcnsB. As we have «aid, their
connection with » political party, whatever evils were in-
cidental to it, was the unavoidable result of the courae
taken by their antagonists, who attacked at once the
Pioteatant religion and the rights of the princes who pro-
FsBBed it. But it was private violence countenanced by
thvjiutliorities, against which the Huguenots ro%a in anna.
"Agr.ppii d'Aubignii, the Huguenot historian of the six-
teentli century, Kiys ; " It Ik to be forever ohwrveii, that
•along us Uicy put the reformed to de.ith under llie forms li
> H«iui UuiiD, ix. 114.
THE EDICT OV AlOOUE.
269
fntiOb. Hnwevvr ini<|nitaiis und cniol JL vriw, tivty stl-fttdied
ont tbcir nrcks, but not tlHiir liitinU; but \f lien the publio
authority, tlie niHgistrat«8, weary of tlioir biiniiiigv, tlircw
tlio knif« into the bimtk of Uie crowd, mad by tumults and
great roassacrea took away tlw venerable face of justiou,
nod causctl iioiglibor to bo eluin by neighbor to Uie sound
of tminpets and dnina, who conid prevent the miserable
TictiniB from opposing arm to arm, steel to Etoel, uml from
taking th« contagion of li just fury fi-om ii fury witliout
juttoe? .... L(!t forttign nations judg« whether we or
our enemies liavu the guilt of war upon Uic fonhvud." \
Rou«ii wafto.iplur^N) by ttie C^iUiolica and sacked. There
tile King of Navarre, lighting on the Catholic Bid«, ro-
ocived a mortal wound. In th» battio of Druux, the
Proteatanta, led by Coligny aud Cond^, were woreilod, but
tlieir powfir waa not broken. Shortly after, the Duke of
Guiih;, who was endeavoring to tnku Orl<SuJiB, was afsaa-
■iiiaUid by a Huguenot Lioblemtiu. Thu act was coit-
demnod by Calvin, nor had it the sancllon of any of the
Protectant leodoiVi however tht^^y may have refritint'^d from
exerting theinaelrca to hinder iL Coligny declared that
he had prevented the execution of similar plots before,
tJiat he hiid no agency in tlii.i, but that for tiie six monttui
previous, from the time when he had heard that tlie Dukt*
and his brotlier, the Cardinal, had formed the diwign to
destroy him and his family, ho hud oetiAod to exert him-
mU to save the Duke. A yeai- after the mossuoni of
Vnasy, tho Edict of Amboisi? reestablished peaee on terras
more favonbli; to tho high nobler on tho I'rotestaut side
tliun tlio preceding edict, but leas favorable to tliu smaller
gt^utry and to the town!!, imisniuch as they were allowed
but a single place of worship In a dititrict or bailUago.
Paris was cxct^pted : there Protestant worship was not to
be tolerated. The ciipiLal became more and mrre n
' Afitipp* •I'AnliiRn'. fliti- Vnivt'ittlt |1I1^-IS)■ d- il« Fjllca, Bin. it,
AMXnWxb Fnun, p. 100.
1
ro
TOK BEFOMJATION IN PBAKCK.
Btrongliold of Chtliotic fa&ftticism. The acUlemont wm
nt^-gollated by Cond^, but Coligny rcfiued to givA hii
itfiiii'Uim u> iu provisions, \rhich wor^ most unacceptable
to the body of the Protestantn, who were confident tliat
boM<T torms miglit have been made.
1'tiis piwiliaitloa could not be of long ondnranoe. The
Huguenots saw hum the UtKAtening nttitudo of the
U(>urt nnd tliu hosHlu movem«nt0 of their adrersaries that
there was no intention to ob»i5r*-e it. Tlioy anticipated
t\w iittHck by theniselves resorting to anna ; u nwiwnrc
wliich tlie leaders frit nbligud to adopt, though not with-
out grave misgivings. They extorted tiie l*rai«c of Lmig-
juiin'^ii (l.'.t;h). whifh. however. re^Btablishcd sobstai)-
tia!!y tlie Ediot of PucificnUou. Cond<<'B Inck of jndgment
was bitrdly less conspicuous than his ralor in thi- fic-ld.'
CIuirlcB IX. wa« filled with chagrin ami indignation nt
b«dng driv«n U* make an accommodation with his subjects
in arms. Th« bitter unimomty of the Catholi'- ilir n^jh
the country \<ma ctirrml up ngainitt the HugU"u<r.H, Hut
ft few months before, the Dnko of Alva had executed
E^ont und Horn in tho Netherlands. At Bayomio,
whcTt! Alva li»d mot the Qiuwn MotJier and her daughter,
Elisabeth of Spain, ho had spared no pains to induce tha
Pronch court to proofed to i^xtntme meaaaies against the
Huguenots. Out the young King was then arcrsc to the
renewal of the n-ar mid to ft resort to cruel persecution,
and ihe Queen Mother refaaod to give way to Alva's per-
suasions.^ Hor ttim was to balance the parlies against
each other, oo tliat neither of them could be in a position
to endanger her own power. Tim words of Alva, how-
ever. TUiulv a «trong«r impnsnon on ^[ontpen1U(Ir, Mont<
luo, and other Catholic nobles. The last conflict, which
the Huguenots had bogun, had ii]ca«{)orfttcd all who wore
1 Hid Iht. i'XumaSt, wlio dchndi lh« Hjlict at Amboisp, *dai!t* Clial in thb
Uwt lir»ty (.Vin<l< midc > luhe ilpp. and ndrit; "II mud b» ■lluir*il thai Ui
Mart wH Urj;rr llun Mi Intdlcul." 1. %l.
* Ttw (uual oppaiitn rcpniciiUtioti jn correcMd hj ILuik«i !■ US-
nUTV OP ST. OEBUAIII.
271
Dot o( tlii^ir party. The Cabltolic countoi--ni((>niijitiijn
ma in progniaa, aii<l Jowit pre»di<^r3 inflamed Uiu migi^'r
of tlie Cuttwiic population. Philip imd Alva rv'icwvU
tbeir «ffMrt», whicli wvru ewoutlvd by the CHnlinMl uf U-|w
luinu in the Coumil. The Huguenots, tlie kin^; wiw tuld,
vuru nibol* ; if they weco not siilxliitd Iiu coulil iiut bw
the ruler of tbu Uuiii. Thus war vras onix ukito reuewiid,
undur SpoiiUh influenoi! imd coiipDrntion. The Hugtuv
nota wi^ru now in uims to di^feud tlh-ir libortit-s iigaiimt a
poff&dions couAptrvoy. The Prince of CoikI^ unl liw Ad-
niml CoUgny hafl found sikfety iti RiMihi-lln, ihu town
vliich oft«u provt.'<l tlie bulwiirk of the Pnitt^»tiUit caiiwj,
ftod more thiui oiu.i.< wivimI it from faint duHii)it(.-r. The
Edict of Pacificution waa siumlU-d. Tlic llii;;ti>;ni)t)i w«;rB
beaten at Jamiic iji IG6D, wht'i-u Cotidu ft-U, li^uving hui
I taaat to his eldest son llejiry, a youth of seventeen ; luid
pibfi Baine year (hoy woro dufvat«d again at Moo«onU>ur.
'Xov RochcUe proved it* vuloe to tliu Protvutiuita, who,
under CoUgny, sucoiwefully defended the city againat the
viotoriooa enemy.
It scAma strange that the court should have hecn m-
ctiued to make iKtatx: at thi:i time. But tlic war was not
like the former conteeta, a local i>u<.'. It waa a gt-nvral
war, in which foreign nations were concerned. Tim
Uuguvuots were aidvd by monvy from England and troops
Irom Germany. When tlu>y had been .ihut up in Hochflln,
wbciT! tlio Qutjen of Navuno held her court, they fittud
out a small fleet which they used witJi mucli cffw-'t alonn
tlw ooaot. It wiLH A cliaractenstic uf Cotigny that, tliough
often beaten in the field, he was able, after defeat, to keep
togetlwr his foroaa and nMumv hostilities. He was aoott
ftroog enough to sally forth fntm Rochtrllo and to trav-
flrae PraxKe at the lieud ^f a body of tlireu tJiouatiid
.tome, Um atost of whom were Germans, And whnao pn>-
fress, especially us it was known that tlie yowig priuoca,
Navarre and Condi!, werv umoiiff thum. amdcenoJ entlin-
272
THE KEroRUAnOH IN IHAXCE.
siaem wherever they appeare<l. The peraeveriince ot toe
HiigiK-iioU luid tlivir continued stretij^, utivxliuustod by
defeat, oaiiatitutitd Aiioaf t}ii> ai^tmir-ntii for pcaot*. JeaU
uutiy of S|>ain was tJie other, 'llie nmbitioii u[ Philip ex-
cited nlarm ammig th« Freiicli. Hi? Un(\ n Rchitmu for
etlucting tJie liberation of Mary Queen of Scota and of mar-
i')ing h«r to Don John of Atutlriii, )m ltaU<bruth«r, by
whieh be bo)>cd to bring Scotlanc), and ultimately Eng-
lund, under Spanish control. He proposed to marry hia
slf tei to tiie yonng King of Franco. If tboau plans ^ouM
Ue <urried out, England, Scotland. France, ami the Nethor-
hindx might, Hku Italy, \>i iniuli; finbnrdinato Ut .Spain-
It M'lis fi'lt, moreover. Uiat lie waa taking pai-t in the war
iigniiist the IIii-^iienotH iniunly to [>rontot« his selfish in-
teitst, and ihiit he rendered lesa assiatanoo than the enemy
gained from Uivir German uUicfl. Tho court, in 1570,
agreed to tlio treaty- of St. Germain, by which the pio-
viHions of th« Edict of I':iL-ificutir>ti wcKt rorived, aod four
fortilied towns, of which ItocJielli! wax ono, vruto put tor
two years into tlie hands of the Hngiienota, as a guanuitee
for their safety and for thu fiilfillinvnt of the stipulations.
'HiUB the obstinate n^fnsiil to grant a niodonit-! degnse
of rvli(^(HiM liburty led to the necosuty of a vastly great^jr
ooiicoitsioii, through which tlie kii^Iom vrs» divided
against itself — another kingdom being, ux it were, estab-
lished witliiii it. Yet it wasu measure which Uie Hugue-
nots, .ifter tJieir exporieiico of the iwrfidy of tlio C'mrt,
biiii no alternative bnt to demand.
The eonclitsion of this pence witli the Huguenot*
brought upon th« European Htatca a political crisis of
grrat moment. It seemed likely that France would Inko
pert in a couiition against Philip H. Tlio state of things
ia Umt Netlierhitida at thi»t junetiire wait favorable for such
an alliance. The union of Philip with Venice and with tlie
P(»pv\ mid thn victory of Lcpnnto, incTca»l^d the jealousy
witli which France and England looked on Ids ambitiouR
MABSACBE OK ST. BABTHOIjOMEW.
27a
N
»
I
deeigna. It was proposed tliat tlie Duke of Aujou, the
heir of th<; French crown, should marry Quven Eliziilioth,
ud, when Uiifl negotiation vms broken off, that his younger
brother, the Duke d'Ak'ii<;oii, should imtrry hur. The
Qaeen Mother was in apparent, and probahly, ainooro
Record miii tfiis new policy. Hie tons of tint Constahle
Moiitmorenci wer« then powoi-ful at oourt, nnd it was
one of them, tiw Mai^lial Prancia, who suggested the
u:in-iage of the yotuigcftt <liiughtcr of Ciitliaritie, Mnr-
giirut of Valoia, to Henry of Navarre. TUu Quoen
Mother UM in with tlio propomi, nnd thu HugnvtioU vntn)
not averse to it. At about tlie same timu Condi was
married to a ]>niioum of the liouiw of Cleve. So anient
were the hopra of tlio I'roteslants that Coligny liiniM-lf
came to the court and vrua warmly roeinvod by Catliariiie.
HovM a niAi) of tlic purest aitd htflivst oharucU'i-. On
his own estate, he punctually attended, ^vitb hia family
and depcndi^tnln, (he Culvinisttc worship; and at «u;h
recurrence of the Lord's Supper, be w:u at pitina to heal
kU quarrels nnd differcnvi^s aiuong bis i>coplc. FIc entered
into the civil wars wiUi the utmost re]u(?tnnc6 and soi--
row, ill oWdience to tlie iiniH-i-ative cull of duty, and hi
compliance with tlie counaela of hia wife, who equalod
him in pivty and in noblunciss of soul. lie di<l not allow
the spirit of a patriot t» sink in that of a piirtJsau.
Notwithstanding tlint be stood at tho bvnd of a powerful
party, and, tboitgh a Kubjix-t^ wm ubic to make pc*ce or
wiu*, be was broitil atid itisintereated in all hia plana.
Gmvo in lita deport mt-nt, inflvxiblo in hia pruiciplra,
blameless in his morals, with an immutable trust in God,
bo preMnts a commiuKling figuro in the mithit of the con-
fusion and corruption of the times. It was tlio hatred of
Catharine de AK'dici to Coligny tliat led to the imuwiurn;
of St. BartholoRiew. She saw bow deeply the King
(ras impressed with bis abilitioa and "XiX-lloitce. ChariM
IX., uokly in bo<1y, like the otb^r sous of H«itry II., nnd
u
yT4 THE RM'dRMATIOM IX PRA!(GI.
^Uh Mt unbenUhy, miit;gtiliiti>il uitlure— all the bwl
lionuM oi wXtkh hiul U'^'ii (•wu-ivil ui llie Iwoe anil till
lute society iu wbicb lie lind boeii reared, and by tli*
iiiQucitcu of bis mutbttTi wIh^bo »upn>iim purp««i! wiut to
]tmi\} up liei' own aacenduuoy ovitr liini — now felt for tbe
fint time the iui4>irii4; iufluiMicu of a man who cutiM
uw»ki?ii ill bim soinetliiii|r u( mverenca and love. TIim
Quoeu saw thut diiy b_v day bbu was bcc<Hiiii]g su]>pbinlod,
tiitiply by the luihu-ul iiiij>ro>si»:i wliicli Coligtiy tniide opon
bor son. 'I'lie beat bo[n-!i wfi« awakened in Cobguy'a
ii-mi mind by tbe almoHt lilial ivgard with wbicb iJiu Kiiig
listuncd to liim. He urged most earnestly tliat vmr
sliould bt- dodared against Spain, and *tie Kiug wa« in-
clined t<i take tbu nU;^. Ilowwcr Outbarinu inigltt bu
disposed to prevent l*bilip fi'oui acquirii^ a power in
France tbut euiild be dnngi^nxiM to herself, &be was not of
a mind to enter into a wai' against bim ; a war, too, tbat
i»u»t inciduiibdly add to tlin pnM|>crity of the Huguenots,
aud conQrin tlie influence nf Coligny ovisr tbc King.
Wliom would bo follow, Catluirine or Co%ny ? Wiirm
wonU passed between Coli^iiy und tlie Queen Motber, in
the prcfiunoo of Charles. Tbe Admiral said tbat tlie
Kinj; might be involved in wai*, even aguinst bin will
— niferring to the coiillict in the NeUierlaods, inUi whidi
C'obgny was nrging bim Ui enter. It was pretended alte*^
warda tbat ho liutl thrown out a tliroat of rebellion.
Catharine determuied to dcjitroy him. She called in the
aid uf (lie Guises, bis implacable eaumiea, who lungvd to
avenge ujion him tJie aaaassination of tlieir ntlutive.
Hersucond son, the Duke of Anjou, afterwards Henry HI.,
on whom the doted and who whs equally alarmed at the
feeling which the King mnnifested to Coligny, engaged
cordially in the plot. Tbti Diichcn of Nemours, the
widow of Francis, and the nioUier of Henry of (tuise,
willingly aided in devising and carrying out tJio diaboU
eal eclieme. Cutigiiy was wounded by a shot from a
tU&SACKE Of ST. BAKTaOLX>MEW.
ZTd
window of mi ncUi«rcnt o( tlie Giii»ca. Tiua niu on tke
22d of Auguat, l''>72. Tlie wouud \raa not tlitngei-oos,
lUid tliu plot luul inim'urrivil. 'llic failure inviilv«(I tlw
iDOce peril to the authors of it, from the H}'iii])athy with
the Admiral which tlic King vxpruxeed. ttnd from his iii-
digiuitioii at tii« Guiaoti, who w^re known to be at Ihtt
bottom of it. In a visit to Coligiiy, in which th« Qnw«
Motlter iLCooiiipiinied the King, the wounded veteran,
trho at that time thought that the huUets which had
struck him might hiivu bcim poit!Oflcd, called him to th«
bed-side, and, In an nndertone, cautioned him sguinst
yii'lding to thi' counsolii of Ciitharino and Hits fuctioii with
nliicU nlie IiikI all!<.-(l herself, lly Ui« moHt importuiiiita
ui-^iig, she extorted Erom Cliorles a statement of whut
iIh- Admiral hati said.
'riinreupon the plan of a gttnnral maafucre was matured.
Hud it been thought of bofore ? Puins hiul bet-u tskta
U) ooliect the Huguenots from nil quarters into thu cit^>
Cathitrinc had innistvd thiit the uiiirrin^u tdiould tuke plaoel
then-, 'lliere is evidence that the idea of seiziug on this
oci;asion to cut oB mma of the Huguenot h'n<l(;rs was not
new &> the Queen's mind. It is impoaaiblu to trace out
tilt! sinuositieB o[ a naturu hu niiulu up of dec>.rit.' Shoj
vras fully ca]]ablo o( weaving two tu-henies siiuultanoously,-^
and of availing herself of either as eirvninstaoces might
dictate. At all events, the fuiltLru in the Gnri. attempt
upon Coligny moved her and her confederatee to under-
take a general massacre. Uem-y III., who was on« of
llu-m, iiaserti^d tliat the King hinmelf, when he had bent
prevuiliKl upon to ucquicsce tn Uii» munlcr of Coligny. de-
manded t^ut the HngneDOta should hU be struck down, m
lli»t none slioidd hn left to cry nut itgiiiniit liia diwd. 'Die
oourt had been absorbed in the festivitifs attending tlw
> ■■ CoU« (tBuiw taM le mcawnf^i mfiBc >t Ton k peri data I'aliline do m
Iiiiucl^." nuirl llatlla. U. S>t. Uii-hclut. la th> wiinc o( hla tl>>i|iiial ntr
Vllvn v( Ihe Si. Ktntinlmuew plal, ■>}-> uf Culturiai: " Ello 4UU doablt il]
biuw axe inut, ••«( «l*o.M^>." Gmtmt 4t lUlriitn, p. tW.
JOT AT MADRID AND BOUX.
sn
ftaii won', kitk-d in P*rts> uitd im niuny nil twenty tboa*
Blind in tlie ivst nf Fmn(M>. Niivarra and Cond£ were at
k-ngth obligLtl to conform to ttio Ciitlioltc Chiircbt to savo
tbfiir Uvea, Tlio news of Lli« grvai iniwsucre excltvd a
tumult of joy at Madrid and at Kotue. It is said titab
I'hili)) IJ., for thv fiMt time iu bis life, lttu<;)ii>d nloiid.
Tbu I'ope ordered a IV Deittn, and by proceasiona and ju- 1
bilaiit tliuiiksgivings Uiv P}L|)ul court signifiud ihc s&tis-'
faction witli which the intelligence wa^ reccivod. A
tnudul was struck, litiring on onu side tho imiige of Grep-
ory Xin., and on Uio thn uthci-, Uio deatruying iuigul,
with the woi-ds : Sugottotorum ttraget (maseacro of thai
Hii^^iit'Jiota). Tho Pope onh-ri'd Vasai-i to paint an<!
bung up in the Vatican, a jiictnro which should represent
tiiv sbiughter of the Huguenots, and bear tho inwriptioa :
" J'ontifex Vnli'jnu nf<xm prohat" (tlio Pope uppravcBJ
ttie Hlnying of Coligny). Among the lictitioas apologies
which thu French Court put forlL, that which ch;irgod
u{ron the Huguenots a plot agniimt thi; King and govern-
nK-ut, met with little, it any, credence. Everywhere,
exoept lit MiuIHd nnd Romv, in tlie Catholic aa well as
Protestant iintionn, the atrodotu crime was regarded with
hurixir itixl with detestation of its pcrpotrabn-s.
The Protcsti^nts were not subdued by the temblfl kiss
which they had suffered, Tho burning wrath which it
pxl■it^'d among tlivm was a new wmrci; of sljvngth. Ro-
chellu BtiU hold out. Nor did the Queen Mother desert
b>T pivvioiw piitli or sliiiw liereclf disposed to it close iiUi-
mico witii Philip. She even sought to keep up negotiations
In tho ntarnngtt of Alcn^on n-ilh Elizabeth.
A new turn was given to affairs by the separation (rf
the '* Pohtifiues," or liberal Cntholics.who were in fiivor o(
toleration, from tluiir fiuinticn.{ brethrt'ti. The wisdom and
mi-wwity of tlio poUcy whit-li L'floapital bad niinly reo
oroniendi^, were now rcoognix«d by a strong party. In
1674 the wrutched life of Charlea IX. came to an end.
re
THE REPORUATION IN rRAXCE.
auuniogti of Uoni-y of Kavurrc, The fanaticism ol Uit
peoj-Ie of Paris was iiiflninwi liy th« pr«M;ne« of tbo
ProhfttunU among tbem, and ulToTta were necemary to
prevcQt oiilbi't^Lkiiif^s of violciim. It wus only ncoeesary
to un>'linin the jiaaaioiiA oE the CnUiulic poj>iiIao«, niul the
work ■»£ dcatli could be dmiu. The feeble, impulsive, im-
petuous, half-distraol^xl kin^r, wiut luiaurod tliut n plot,
with Coligtty at its head, liad been formed ngiutist liim,
and was plied with eiitrL-utii'it, nrgumruts, thi-cats. until
lus opposition tvas broken down, imd ho yieldi-d biniscK
U a pueive instrument into the bands of tlie conaj]ir«-
tore.' In tlic night of the 24tli of Auj^iitt, at n odiirtTlt'd
signal, the murdeivrs fell upon the victims, the desti-uctiou
of till) most eminent of whom liad hewn previously »l]ott4^d
to uidividuals, the Duke of Ouiso having taken it in chai^
to d(«|}ntoh Coligny. An IndiiKritninutv shiuglitvr of the
Huguenots followetl. 'Hie raiserable King vrua seen to
Gro upon tbem from liis window. Couriers were sent
through t)ie cotmtrj', mid in the other tovmH the 8amo
frightful scenoH were ennctfid. Not leas tluin two thou-
■ On Ihi much eanlravrrfdil iiumtiaD, whclhtr Iha fnupxcn dI $l Itartholo-
IMW w«i prrnwiliuiw], {wa bt Ihn *blm iiiodnni liiilorMni, tUnk* and lUnrl
Kutin, nn niili'lsntlilly Hftiviol. The niaUrlal paint* ol llMit tIcw an Indl<
Baud abovd. Snn lUiikr, I- 'JI3 >ri|., and bli (Ximlnailoii |v. OT irq.) vt iba
wetk ol Capoflsuo: HiMolrt dt h JU/i<rmr, it kt 1a^4 tl <U Utnrs IV,
Capoflffni t( oaa ot tlis iniun who iroi^ make tha murmcn iprioic whaHj
famn Uie Inturlalod MXnol Catholic Iwliim in Parir, of whicli tbf iniliii.luol*
CMUwrned In ll freni the more lotlninimri, Martin (i«. 8M) lonwUpr* Ihiit !n
incMIng IliU tlio miUTintn of ^ararre ihouU be at I'arii, tliBn niu in [hn mind
el iTiH Qunn Uothcr " ilaon un )int|cr, au mold*, nil* anitro-iwntia linlam.''
niien Caihsriao (inl horwll opruly at tha hnd e* <h« party of ptaeo. •• la vajje
prnKc qui arail tan joun flolto dani *an « tprit H tlx« ; Is lanl^mB da meiirirr I'nal
K-qui 1 ■ cUc llcnl orntiM de as dtfaira da I' Amirat ■ I Man. ilt Tawmiti, p. 38R ). "
Unilla, |L 3(11. Ilinry Itl.'i narralira ot SL BBftholooicw li contiilfrcd ptn iilot
byUanloCp. DOB, n-) IlBpnuinanOMUiduubtcdfcr UuiIeb. Tbf Tfcwof lUokv
and Haitln u to tho oriKin of tha inauacra, not to a plot deRninlv Irainol long
b*I«f*i but in Ihc lerror anrl lanallciMu exdlodbylhcfallunof U>c iltcinpl toai-
t«aloaI«Otl)^r,Jsa>Iopti>dbir Sil'Inii, Kfinlriirli u rf« fttWA'^/nwiAi* NikAi
by tteatr Whllv, in hi> Ini1y Ictnicd m wi<11 oi naiUblo voih on Iho CivU Wan
nt ttamatrt tf St. B'irf>iiiliimt<r,»ud'\/y other iuikioatwrHtn. Browiiitiu. in
Ui talMblo Hianrg <•/ li* Ha^tnaU (ell. xxvli.), rm in attributloB to Charlai
tX. tb« imrpoae la dwo? iba Iluuuetiot loadon to rart in ordar lo cut ibam oA
JOT AT MADRID AXD SOUK.
«n
■nd veie killed in Paris, and iis many as twenty tboo-
Mod in tliu riiit of Fnincu. Nu%']irro and CondtJ wuro at
length obliged to oonEonn to tlie Catliolio Clitircb, to satb
tli«ir lives. The nowB of the great innssacro excited
tiiiiiiilt of joy at Madnd luid at l^>lllt^ It is said tba
I'liiliji 11,, for tlie first time in his life, laughed aloud.
Th« Po])!! ordered a Te Dtum, luid by proM-Mions and ju-
biliuit tbaiiksgivinga the Papal court signiGod tbo aatia-
hctton vriUi which tlie int<-llig«iice witH rciceiwd. A
medal w»a atruck, having on one aide the image of Greg-
ory XIII., and on tlie ttiu other, thu di'stroying augcl,
with the wordH : /fuf/onotorum »trage$ (niaasiicre of tho
HiigiienotH). The Pope ordered Vasari to paint and
huii^ lip iti thu VnticAi), a picture whidi xhould rc-prf«cnt
tilt? fllaughter of the Huguenots, ami bear the insoription:!
" J'onllt'ex Vtlignii neeem pro^itt" (the Pope appruToaJ
till! ithiyiiig of Oolignj). Among the fictitious npologie
which the French Court put forth, that which charged
u]mn the Iliigti<>nota a plot aguiuttt thy King and govcni-
ntent, met with Uttle, if any, credence. Everywhere,
except at Matlrid mid Rome, in Ui« Catholic n» well aaJ
Protestant nationn, the atrocious crime was regarded with'
horror and with dvt«station of ito perpolrator«.
'I'ho Protestanta were not subdued by the terrible loss
whicli they h:ul Buffi'nxl. The burning wnit]i which it
^xcitttl among them waa a new source of strcngtJt. R<>-
chi-lle still bold out. Nor did the Queen Mother desert
hiT previouH {unth or aliow iK^raoU diitpoficd to a cloeo nlU-
ruico with Philip. She even Bought to keep up iiegotiaUons
for the murriago of Alcii^on with Elizabeth.
A new turn was given to affairs by the separation of
tlu) " Politiqucs," or liberal Ciithohca, who wore in favor of
toleration, from tlieir fanatical brvtlirvn. 'llm wiHilom and
Decccsity of the policy which L'lloapitat had vainly reo-
omntended, were now recognized by n strong party. In
tS74 the wretched life of Charles IX. came to an end.
278
Tm: BCKORUATIOM IN >KAKOX.
(lis brother and eucoeesor, Hemy III., the favorite of b>ti
niotlivr, luid most fully unbuod with hor ideas, and who
bad been actiTo in contjiving Uie mmaacre of Hi. Biirtli»l>
omew, was wholly incoiiiiH;tcnt to govern a country that
was torn by raligiouD factions, a country wlioso truiaury
was exhaUBti'd, aiid whoso people were damomua for de-
hvcnuicv friiiii tli^tir h<.uivy buixluoA of tiixatJun, at the
aajuo time tliat a strong patty was demanding radical po- ]
litJcol rcfonoit. The King viidi>nvorcd to nutkv liis way
by oiitft and dnuble-dt;aling, but lost tlio confidence of
both of tlie religious particH. In Alay, 16T6, ho niiidu Ilia
IKiuxi with tbv united Huguenots inid l*olitiqu«u, giving
to tlie fonner unrestricted ifligious freedom, witli tlia
exception of Paris, and an nqual vligiblciieiHi to all ofBcca '
and dignities.
With the cooiK'nition of Spiun, Ucnry of Guise organ- j
17.11(1 the Catlioliu lyciiguc, for tlie inaintcnanoc of tlusj
Cathohc religion and for the extirpation of l*roteetnnUBni,J
'Hie Kfltatci) at Bloiit in 1^76 dcinaiuk-d Unit thvru sliould j
he h[it one reli^on in tlie kingdom. The unpopuhirlty of i
Henry lunong tliu extreme Catholics was nut only uwhig |
to liiit flhuUling counto on the reli^oua iiucHtii^ii, but uIm)
to bis advancement of personal favoritfs to Uie highest
ul1ic«-(i, and liis stdijoction to Uieir iiiQuenco, in disrivgiml
of tho cliuins of tbo grt^at nobloe. Tlie Li.'^ignu cont-
mencod another war, the sixth in the aeries, for the at-
tainment of their ends, and drew the irntsolutc mid hclp-
leita King along with iht^in. 'Ilie result was the securing
to the UugucRotH of whut tuul been gninti'^d tlioin in 157ti ;
but tlto seventh win-, tliat soon followed, e-ndcd in tha
adoption of the first Edict of Toleration. In ln84, the
Duke of vVk-n^on, who, after the accewion of Henry to
tlie throne, had woni the title of tho Duke of Anjoo,
died. Thus nenrj' of Navarra was left tlte next hiur tc
the throne. The I>eague, witli Sjiain and Konte at itt
back, resolved that he should nvvvr wear tho gtqwil
TBX CA'raOUC LIIAOCR.
aw
Siztiu v., shortly after liis aocesrion to the Papnl zbajr,
bsued a bull, iii wtiich tli<; two I'riuccs, Xavjkrn.- niid
Condi!, us livretics, and leaders aiid promoters of lieresv,
vfeire declared to liiivo furfeiti-d tlieir dignities and pos«.-»-
sions, inclading all title to tlie Krencb tJirone. In tlie
wi\r of the " three Hcnriwt," lui it was called, Henry of
Navarro vma supported by Kngliuid and by troops fix>in
Germany and Switxeriantl. The King, on his return to
I'nris, found that Henry of Guiae wna greeted by the
oiultitude as tlie hero of Uto war. The attempt of the
King to introduce bodtai of ti'oo[>a devoted to himself, •
was met by Uiu erection of biuricades in the streets of
the <uty, and be was obliged to nialte a liumitintin)r ap-
peal to GuitH) to quiet tlie disorder. The Assoinbty of
the States Geneiid at Itloin, in 1588, brought forward i
projects of const! bitional reform wliioh reduced the power
of the King to a low point, liix mortifieation, r<.<suut-
ment, and impationco at the restrictions laid upon him,
htu\ now reikcheil tliuir hei^^tt. llu cauAxl tho Duko of
Guise to he oasnssinated by the ro^-al body-boards, and
Uie Duke's brother, the Cardinal of Lorminc, to bo di»-
patchod the same day.
Henry III. liad now brought on himaulf the implacable
hostility of the League. The fanatical preacliers of I'aiis
held him up to thu execration of tlie people. The doctora
of the Sorbonne hastened to declare that he had incurred
tlio penalty of excommunication, and that hia lubjectaj
tv<!rc of right absnlved from tJieir allegiance. The actual^
excommunication from the Pope followed. It waa for'
tuiiate for tlio King lliat tln^re w-as an army of Prot<-8-
tanls in the field, umler I'rince Henry of Navarre, Tiie
King joined liiinself to the Prince. Tlio army, made
■tr'>ng by the union of the l^Iuguenols and the Potitiquotj
— the libcnil Calhotica who were KtiU loyal to the sorer-
ngn— drew nenr to Fai'is. It vraa thought advisable in
tbe city to set a watch upon the Calholicn who were not
2A0
Tint RKFOUtATlON IN FBAKCS.
of tbo Lcsigue. At Uint time, when tiie royal cauec^
faithfully supported by Navan-o, was gaining grotuid, a
fiiiiatk-ul priest, Cl(Jiiio»t by namu, made hia way into tlie
camp and elew the ICiog (li)8d).
Henry IV. woa now tiie aovereign of France ty right
of inliei-itance ; but he had boon declared ineligible by
tbc Popu, and bu hud his kingdom to win. The League
were dietposotl to put IiVance under the protection ot
Pliilip II. The Duke ot Mayi-nne, tlio brother of the
GaiscK who were a><4ait!un:it«d by onler of the King, wiw
at tlie bead of the government which the Leagne provis-
ionally c'stjibliahod. Ihv itiUtrcata of S]viin were carod
for by tlie anibnasador, Mendoza, an astute diplomatist,
whom Elizabeth had found it inconsistent witli her safety
and titiit of Iiftr kingdom to Huffe.r to rcniitin in Rngl»nd.
Diilip II. aspired to unite the Catholic nations under hia
rule, and Uic l<caguc were so loHt to the fueling of pat-
riotism as to wi&b him success. The project of Uie union
of Fnuicu and Spain failed, as far as the League was
oonoemed, only by the jealousy of the Duke of Mayonne,
who refused to consent that bis nephew, whom it wn(
proposed to marry to Philip's daughter, should wear the
orowii. Tlie gallantry of Henry of Navarre was con-
spicuously displayed. In the batllo of Ivry, on the 14th
of Mardi, l.'jyO, lie gained a brilliant victory, wliiuli was
chiefly due to his personal valor. The strategy of Alex-
ander of Parma, one of tlie ablest generals of the age,
Qeutrolizcd his buvcc«si.^h until that commander died.*
Besides tlie discord in the League, which haa been nottevd,
other circumstances giadoally tmned to the advantage of
Hom^. The great obstacle in the way of hia crashing
opposition was the fact that he was a Protestant. When
' Sm the remarki ot Due d'AunuIa on llcnry'i Diilllnry Ulonli, il. 110. Th*
Klnic WM miulfr of taclic*, but not > iiratii-lsr. D'Aumale'i mrk 1* tprriMf
'jMimtiy* In nUTtnc* to Uic caauliotlon of the •rniiot huI U» mUifij ■r>al*
«l Ui< ttiril mn.
THB ABJURATIOS Of IlKSRV IV.
281
tugoA to bucomo a Cntholic*, iintnodiiitely nfter the death
of Henry III., he hiul refiiBei), but in such terms ns to
in»])irc thi> hope tbnt he mi^ht iiUiimt1>)ty KoeiKle to tlia
propoa»I. Tlifl |i(irtji)u i>f the Oatholio body tbiit had
given hiiH tlieir support, would not consont to thv olcvation
of a I'l-otwntimt to itm tliront-. It was not personal am-
bition alone, nor vraa it the desire of repoae for }iiinspU,
whidi hv fvlt after ko long a connivt ; it was tb« oppor-
tunitj' that wan given hini to restore pejioo to France, that
at leiigUi inovi^d him to couforni to iho Catholic Chtiroh.
It liiul been itrged ii[K>n him, that Uie conntitutioa of th«
kingdom was such tiiat ha was morally bound to be a
mi-mb<.-r of the old Chun?!]. As ICing, ho Ix-Uevcd tliAt ill'
C30ul(l shichl th« HufTiiviiotA from pumectition, t\a well aa
brii^ to an end the terrible calamities nnder whichj
Fmnoo wiw groaning. Ae long as Im n;niiiined oiit«id*1
of the Catliolic Church, he oould not win the oitiea
w his cause, and ho could not hope to Ycign bj* the aidj
of the nobility alono. IW- had no doubt that snlvadonf
was poasibla in the old Church. Sully, who dwells with
much self-complaooncy on the part which \w took in
leading the King to abjure I'roteatantiflm, nssnrod him
tliftt it vaa not a change of religion ; that the foiuidalion
oi the two BysteiDS was the siitne.' Itiit Du Perron, who
luid beforu retturned to the Catholic Church, and whom
Uenry aftvrwards made Bishop of Evruux, hud at least
ut equal inflaonoo in persuading the King to follov- his
£Uunple. Spocifio articles of faith that were presented
to him, he teftiaed to algn. Bnt he went into tho Church of
St. Oenis and kneeling before the Archbishop of IJcmrgcs,
solemnly declared that bo would livu and die in the Ciith-
olio Cbiird), which ho promised to protect and defend. Aa
be had not really altered his opinions, tho 8t4.-p that he took
inu one which admits of no moral justification. Bcxa,
who was theu near tiie end of his life, wroto to him •
I Mtl»irt, b. V.
282
THE RKI'OIUL^TIOK Ul FKAKOE.
patb^dc and solemn wiLi-n!i)g nguimt it,* W« ciintiot
ixKtccLvo of a man like CoUgny consenting to iibjure his
n-Iigious profc«non from nny oonsitVmttion of cxpedi-
uncy. Men of tiie highest typo of clmrai^tcr do right and
Irare consequences to Proridt-nco. But lleniy had been
reared in tJie cainp ; he liad n<>itlier the slivngth of
I'ciligious GODvictioiia nor tlie purity of lifu whiL'h nnswered
to the standard of the earnest Hiiguennta. Tlius his
fiiult* pallia.t« the guilt of an act which, if done by a man
of a liigher moral tone, would Imve l>ccn Attended by an
utter ruin of character. The nation was now easily woo
to his cauHU. It U gratifying to lind the most eminent of
the recent writers on French history dissentit^ from tlie
popular viuw whicli iissuiul-s that it was demonstrably im-
possible for flenry to att;un to the throne without aliiui-
doning his faith. Tho samo writ«r agrees with distin-
guiiilied individual in the Catholic Church, who oven at
tluit dity profeiTod that the King should remain an honest
I'rotestant than become a prut«ndvd Catholic.^ It is un-
quoBtionable, however, that the immediate effect was to
opi-u his way to tlie throne and to put an end to the hor-
rors of civil vnir. He rode into Paris, wwu-ing the whito
plume which had often waved in tlie tliiok of t)ie light.
TIm) abjuration of Henry might ho approved by a Prot-
ustant like Sully, in whom religion was subunlinnta to
jiohtica; but it brought consternation and grief to the
grxuit body of his faithful Huguenot adherents wlio hud
citood by htm In the darkest hours, and who now saw tlu)
foundations on which they stood as a party, struck from
luider their feet. It is remai'lcable that he n^tained, to so
great an extent, the affection of those wlio most deplored
his diango of religion. His captivating qinditicH gave
him an almost irresistible ascendency over the hearts ol
men. Tho abjum^ou of Henry was not the only evi,
' Pot Um iriUDDitmncM of otli^r IVnloUnU, M* the tborauol) ««rk nf SiS
tulin. r>er tHrrlrill KOtif aitHrididu Viirfta (Uu«>, ItOt), p. OtiX
* MwtiD, X. 1:19.
THR Ar>UtNISTRATIOM OF HENSY tV.
281
lAIelt Uio HiigiiunoU wcro d«stifw(l to «xpciioiMw as •
CODsequeQcte of being a poliUcal part}'. Others, especially
nobles, aotight untt found personal lulvanceinent by fol>
lowing the example of their cliief. Tlitt leadership ot
the Huguenot party vra£ coToted by persons more emi-
iiviit for Ui«ir nuik than for thoir ilovotion to religion,
'i'he continued persecution, of whtcli tlie Hiiguoiiota were '
the victims, oiinblud tht-in to ruUy and pi-eserTo tbeir poUt-
iiol organ i/ittion ; and the strength whidi tlti^y still iniuti«
fostod, indirectly aided the King in carrying into effect
tbu jioUcy of pentio uid tolenitton. Uc turned to mode- ,
rate the polemical anlor of the Huguenot chniupioiifl,
iuid did not conceal his suti^faction vhen his old friend,
Du I'h-wiA Mornay, was convicted, in n disputation with
I)u Perron, at Funtainebleaii, of having unwittingly used
inacciu-ate citations from the ooctesinstical writors.*
Thu luirniiiitttnttion of Hiniry, though cut short hy the
dagger of Kavaillao, was of ini^ileuluble iidvunlwge to
Pvunoe. Witli the ussistanoe of tlie astute Sully, he re-
orgiuiixcd the imlufttry, and restored the prOMi>i.-rity of the
country. lie mude war upon Spain, and in the txeikty uf
Vorvina, in 1598, he rocoven-d the phices whteli had been
conquered fi-om France, both by Philip, and by the Duke
of Savoy. The Pope waa compelled to conclude j>eacet
and to luinul his vatious fulminatioiu against Henry,
while the latter refused to luiike any dechiriitioa except
lliat he hud returned tu Uie Cfttholic Church ; and he ud-
henn) to liis promise to protect both religions, 'ftie idea
of hia foicign policy, wluch was that of weakening tho
power of Sjiain, and of Unpsbiirg, luid of extending the
boundaries of France, vma afterward* taken up by Kidte-
lieu, and fully rciili»Hl. In the Ediet uf Nantes, in liSdS,
tieiiry secured to the Huguenots that measure of religions
iberty, and the guanuiteea of it, for which they had con-
1 A fi^nrable vIdW oI llie King'i policy in dullng vllh [lie IIusaimM* li
tfrta bj Ituikts II. Tt »q. : ■ loM favanUo risv by SlUidin. p. IIT xq.
284
TIIK RKt'OttMATlUN tK FKANCK.
tendod. It left fortified <utie« iu tlieir liands, Uitis per-
pctuutiDg tlie cxistonco of ud orgnni»Kl power witlua tho
State; but this waa a n^cetisity of the tiroea. ^Vith thia
excoption, his domeetic policy involTcd thu coiiOL-ntrution
of power in the monarch ; and in this Ktpcct, Kidielieii
followed in Itia footsteps. But if tlie accession of Ileiiry
IV. brongbt a comparative aecurity to the CalviuiftU of
Franco, this wnn tJio limit of its advantu^^o to th»iii.
fVom a religious body, animated witli Uie puq>oae to
bring the whole country to the adoption of tbeir piinci-
plce, they were ruducvd to tJio oondition of a, dtiteusivis
party, oonlinod by nieles and bounds, whidi it could Jiot
orerpass ; a party more and more separated from tlie
Catholic populiition, and uxjwsi-d, be«dL>s, to the vviU
coiiSL^4itcat on keeping up a ]>oliticftl and military organi-
lation. From thi« moment, Protestantism in Fiaace
ixaMxI to grow.
CHAPTEK IX.
TBB EEFOBMATION IN THB KBTHBBbAKDe.
The Netherlands formed a most valuable portion of the
inlicrik-d domiiiioiis of Clinrl<» V. 'Ilio Diikea of Bur-
gundy, the descendants of iCing John of Franoe, taking
adrautogu of the weuknojs of thu French cro^vn and of
the w«ra between Franco and England, had built up l>y
marriage, purcha«c, mid conquust, or by inoro culpable
means, a ricli and powerful dominion. The Diirhy of
Biirgimdy gradually i-xtonded its confines, until, in th*-
reign of (lifti-les V., it conipriaitd sMivitntcwi jnovinoi-*, and
was nearly cocxtensivo with the territory included in the
pneseut kingdoms of Holland and Hulfpum. Alt of theold
writers describe in glowing language the unequaled pros-
perity and thrift of the Low Countri(?s, and tbft jikili and
intelligi-ncc of the pi-oplc' Agriculture, mauufaclnres,
and commcroe, were equally flourishing and lucrutivo,
I There were three hundred and fifty cities, some of them
'the largcBtand busiest in Europe. Antwerp, with a pop-
ulation of one hundred thou»and inliuhitunts, at a time
when I^ondoit lind only one hundred and fifty tliotisand,
was the resort of merchants from vvery quarter, and hiid
A trade snrpnasing that of any other European city. Tlio
pe3ple of tlie Netherlands were noted not \vm for tlivir
1 Sindi, Dt BMtSttfiea.tMa. I. Fori dnrripliaii ot the tiau o( tlir Low
CowtlriBt, te* lIHuMfr, Ctd. d. ZtCtott. d. Kt/„ p.S38Mq. Pr«M"ll, //i*<f. </
lt« Ftifn ^Philip 11.. b. ii. ch. I: Motlxr, Rin^lit i>i>'<A StimUie. I. •! toq,,,
Th. Jutl«, Hil. •(> I* JUtvL At Pajt-aiu, Mn. L L v. ItuUwaitii, Dtr M
fnlt d. Si'dtriSwSrr (S vul«., 1SM-T9). TIm faoU 'rt dnvD Irom Ouiociatdin
Mjioa DiKTiiMio (lOal), itln'a, UralCt, Amtaltdts PnrlmMt-Utli (ITl*)
Md «Uwr ■auna.
TBE BETOIUIATItN IS THE NirniF.RULXDS.
liigAfluity sliovrii in the invontion of macbiiics and iinplo>
mentB, and for tlioir proficiency id Bcivnco und IvUui-s, Uian
for tlniir upuk-titx' a»d «nU:rpriHe. It was th«ir l>oiast Uuit
■.ommoii labortTS, urvu the li8lierniL'n who dwelt in the
liulN of Fi-ioidaiid, could rx^iid and write, nnd discoM tbc
interpretation of Scripture. Local self-goTernment ex
iiitt?d to u rL-iiinrkitLlo vxteiit tlirun^lioiit tliu scveotwa*
proviiiix«. Eaiih Iiad it^ owii chartered riglitd, privilt^es^J
and imiDUtiitics, and it« immemorial custoais, vltich th*.
Bovcnt^ WAS bound to keep invioInU-. 'Ilic jwophi lored
their freedom. Charles V., with all the adrantagee dA>
rived from his vnst power, could not amalguoiate the
provinces, or fuse them under a common Dytitcm, and vroa
obiigod to aatisfy himself witli hoing the bead of a cou-
fodoracy of little tttpublics. But nt the Diet of Augsburg,
in 154tj, ho succeeded in legalizing tlie separation of tJie ,
Nctiiorlands into a distinct., united portion of the Empire,
paj'ing its own tax, in a gross amount, into the trvusury ;
kanug certain special rights in the Diet ; entitled to pro-
twtiou, but exempt from the jurisdiction of the imperial
judidary, to whiclt otlicr ^mrts of Uie Empire were sub-
ject.
In such a population, among tho countrymen of Eraa-
tnus, where, too, in previous ages, various forma of inuo*
Tatiun and dissent had uri»en, the ductTint'Jt of Luther
inuxt inevitably find an entrance. They were brought in
by foreign merchants, "togetJicr with whose commodities,"
vrit<!8 the old Jesuit historian Stxada, >' this plague oft«:n
Bails." They were introduced witli the German luid
Swiss soldiers, whom Cliarlw V. had occasion to bring inlti
ttie oountrj'. Prcitest;intisni was also transplanU.-d from
England by numerous exiles irho lied from the pei-aecu-
on of Ktary. The contiguity of the country to Gunnaoy
und Franco provided abundant avenues for tlio incoming
of the new opinions. " Nor did the lUiino fi om Ger
many, or the Meuse from Francei to quote tlic rvgntfo.
THB "H-ACARnS" 01* CUABLRS V.
287
liuiguagft of Strnda, " send more water into the Low
Cotuitrii's, ibnii by the one the conlugion of Kiillier, by ,
the other of Cnlviii, vma iitii>orted ipto the earae Belgio
prormoes.*' ' The spirit and oocnpatifMis of tliv puople,
Uie whole ntmo«phere <if tho country, were aingutarly
propitioDB for the spread of the Protestftnt movement.
The citiM of Fliind«n und Bnilmnt, especially Antwerp,
very early foniiBhed profa-iaors of the new faiUi. Charlea
V. iMuoiI, in 1521, from Worms, un cdiot, the first of a
aeries of barbarottn eiiactinenta or ** placardx," for tlie
extingiiiBlung of heresy in the Netherlands; nnd it did,
not reiniiin n dead letti.-r.' In 1523, two AujpiHtiniui
monks were Ininied nt tlie atakc iu Brussels. After the
fire was kindled, they repeated the Apostle's creed, and
iMiiijj ibw Te Drum htutiamu*.* This execution drew from
Liitlicr an innpiriting letter to the persecuted Christians
of Hiilland and Ilrabant, and moved him to write a stir-
ring hynui — beginningi " Ein neuea Lied wir hvben an,"
—of which the following is one of the stanxas : ^
■'UuIelUiiiraibo wilt nallic
Dill •fftltind fur and am,
Stnam. dmi|^-un. bull, ud graro iatj,
TUtlt lurmii/i iliame and fear.
Tluxe wUom iVite Ihe ijraat'a vrangs
To ailviU'f could (ubcliii!,
il* niuil, nliondviU, Id tln|t II>b toagt
Wtik'li ill ill laniiiuii;!-* ind loncuw,
lltRiuii'l lli« iriit« mtM thrangh."*
> Smda, SUpUlon** Inntliulaa (IMT), |l 311. On lb* e*hm of Ih« nfld
■piMd «t PmlBflanlimi Id Itit Iaw Counlilca, *h Tb. JaMa^ 1. SH^ HP. jMtl
■• ft molanto Calbolle, and wrlua wlih tinpanlaliiir.
• Tlie main pan* «f Ibc Ont - I'larard " vs ^vto UyVnail, niilarytftS»
t^armalitm m tkt Lot Catmtriii, Hi. * Ibll., p. (L
* • "Ke AKhtn will nlcbt laasn lb,
?I« FlauU in illcr I^ndni.
Ilic iiilft kcin nxb, IjKh. Grub nocb Qtmb|
Hie mii'lii r!i>n Prini) m Sduddes
Dig er im LpWn iliinb den Hn4
Zu whwriRTn hni Rfldnmem
Die moia cr (odl id allpm Ort
Ilk allFt Sliinni', iin J Zangcn
OMhflilMlaaaMitingw." OlHritr, ir. L ( | H.
28S
Tim BEFOUUATICHC IM IHS NmiEltLANDS.
Thu cmUcIs ugminat heresy wcru imperi octly executed. Tha
Itegeut, Matgaret of Saroy, vtm lukuwann in the biuincM
of {wnecation ; and her Buccessor, Maria, tbe Emperor's
sister, thu ^dowcd Qtieivii of Hungury, wiu still more
lenieally diaposcd. 'llie Proteetanta rapidly increaacd iu
number. CulviuiHiu, from tliu inilucDco of Francci, unid of
Geiiova wlieru young men were sent to be educated, canio
to pnivail among tkom. Auabaptists and otJier tioenUuiis
or fauutical •cctarics, such as a])peun}d ebcwburu in tlto
waka of tbe Kelormation, were numerous ; and their ex-
OMSM tiffordi-d H pluusiblo prvti-'xt fur violvut mi-afiuroa of
repression ngiuii-it nil who de[>art«d from tJie old ftiitli.'
In 1550, Cliarlca V. issued a new Pluford, in which the
fonner pL-i'»ecutiiig edicts wvtti cuiifirmud, luid iu whieii a
reference vas made to Inquintora of the faith, as well aa
to the ordliuiry judgvs of th« bishops. Tliiii pxcitod great
alann, since tbe InquisiHon was an object of exbvmo
aversion and dread. Thu foreign merchants prepared to
leave Antwerp, prices ft-ll, tnido was to a great «xt«ait
suspended ; and such was the dbuiEfection excitv^l, that the
Rc^nt Maria interceded for some modification of tbo ob-
noxious decree. Verbal changes were made, but the fears
of the people were not quieted ; and it was published at
Antwerp in conn«ction witJi a protest of tiie inafpstratcs
in behalf of the Uberties which were put in peril by a
tribuuiil of the vhnracter threatened. " And," says tliu
learned Arminlxui historian, "■ »s this afTair of tlic tnquisi-
tion and the opprcsuon from Spain prevailed mure and
more, all men l>cgun to bo oonvinci-d that they were des-
tined to perpetual slavery." Although there was much
persecution tn the Netherlands during tbe long reign of
> Tba Aiwtuipllat attonw* i^nat lUceney >nd onlimiT nttunlly •I'n'U upon
Ij wilMn dlapofcd to apola|[lu for tbe |Kn#cul>on> rn llio Nuilirrlaiiiiii ai
I>M^ ZMmmiJ OmthMli, Kl. .1ST reti.: mui in Uitmriiut tititk,X v^il/ DadtH
JHufcrtoriM* Gtitiidtle. Hut (ho tuxt uvl clnunittiiu(pi art ilu («ilb
tullr dMallcd bjr Bnodl uid aOtet writan »b«ac «ynip*ibi«i we on the otlM
•Id*.
SPIRIT A!<0 I'OLICT CP PIDUP U.
Cliarles, yet the uumber of martyrs could not luivo Iweo
«o great as RfU- thousiind, tbi; number meoUon«d tty ooai
wvitvr, iiiiich IcnH one hundred tliousaud, tbe namber giTUi]
by Grotiua.'
In 1555, Charlca V., enfeebled by hia Ufe-lang enemy,
till! gout, which was a^^ravated by revoraus of fortune —
mindful, too, it ia »aid, of n former tnying of onu of bis
oommnitdi'iH, that " between the basinet of life, and Uie
day of death, a space ought to be interpusud " — resigned
hts throne, aiid devolved upon hia son, Philip II., the
government of the Netherlands, together with the rest o( ,
hi§ w'vXo dominions in Sixtiii, Itjily, and tiv: Xew Worhl,
Political and religioiiii absolutism was the main article of
Philip's cToed. His ideas wore fAv in number, but ho
clung to thcni with the more unyielding tenacity. Tho
liberties of Spain liad been destroyed at the begimiing ot I
Charles's reign ; and tho iib«oluto ByBtt>m that was estab- \
lished tJjertj, Pliilip considered the only tnie or tolerablo '
fonu of government. To rule, as I»r as possible, accord-
ing to this method, wherever lio luid uuUiority, was an
established purpose in his mind. At the same time, he
was resolvod to stand forth as the champion of tho Ro-
man Ciitholic Churcli, and tJie unrelenting foe of heresy,
wherever ho ooald reacli it. Tho Spanish monarchy had
worn a ri'Iij^oiis clianicter from the days of Ferdinand i
and Is:ilK-lIa. Its discovei'ies and conquests in the Xcw
World had been pushed in the spirit of religious propa-
gAiuliftm. Tliti crusade aguinst the Moorsi had wliett«d
the fanatieal zaal against heresy. In Spcun, the Inqnisi-
tion vran an essential instrument of tho oiril administra-
don. By nature, and by tlie influence of the ciroum-
s(iUir«s in vvliicli he was placed, Philip was thv implao-
able enemy of n-ligious dUsent. Kforeover, he knew tliot
if lie granted liber^ of oonscivoco in one part of hii
■ ■•K*in|K»t umlfltatahtmlniuii nm ntont rtDton nulla," (K.—
X fftri. rf« Kttiu Bftj; I. i p. 11
ID
3fW 1I1K lUJ'OR^IATlON IN TUK METHERLAifPS.
dominiuns, hu might luirc to moct n simiW demiuid in
iDOtbcr — ill S[)niii itaeU. 'I'be counsola of his father, in
wbom, OB he ndvnnovd in yvara, siip^mtitioii luMjuired ui
bcruuiing svruy, couflrmcil Philip in his intolerant btg-
otiy.' Tliere had been iv innhml Iov« bctwuvn ChiirK-*
and tliB people of the Ni;tiiorIni;ii,i. 'IIikv wftre pix>ud of
him as a countryman, and bis afTable manners in intur-
couise with them kept up his popularity. Hia [wreeou-
(jon of th« Protcsbinti, and hia cruelty after the euppres-
Bton of tJie insurrection nt Ghent, did not »tifli<!0 tn lUi^tn-
uti> tlie loyal and afFeotionnte regard of his suhji'ctit. Uut
Philip waa a Spaniard, and showed it in all hia demeanor
tnwnrdo them. *' He spoke seldom, and then nit Sinuiah."
ills mingled sliyneas and arrogance repelled and diagusted
tliitni. In the nxim of conlially ine«ting their oxpromions of
entJm^tasin, he seemed desirona of escaping from tliem.*
Among this wcaltlty> spii'itvd, cultivated people, Philip
seemed inclined to inLroiIuco hia despotic i^yHtoin. 'INiv
great nobles of the country, of whom William, Pnnoo of
Orruige, and the Counts ^mont and Horn, wore tho
I Tlia bii^tiy n( thi t*in[wrar, iw wtl u other IraJU which he nMnlftdvtl after
UsiMitatlan.iiTHl lorthin Iti* hiaMy iotcnttinn irork of Stlrlia^, Tit CV.>Ml<r
/.iji ofChnrtft V, Tha alh«r wriltr* nn ttio aubirrt an Gichard, Rtlnilt tf
Jforf J4 Chntlif QalHl; Mi/^tiC, Vknrirt (ti«U, *«i ^iiioin'Mi, (mi S^tmr M
•■ Mori mu StaialrTf <tt ymtr. Tlitm million «T« r«ri«w«d by Pnteatt,
Hitlory if P^iBp If. lirn<l of b. I.]; and In Ui» diUtloa of BobtrUan'* IlinCn;
of Chitrin V., iil. I3f hi)., in cfuuiHtian with PrkoII'i owu hliloricil MMij'oa
Um Mm* Ihitnm. Clf vouns Oid Kmperor ncvei madr Uis itinark atlf n sttrib.
u(fl Id h!ni. thai bit hurl hggii foollth In Xrying to prodnce unifonnllj' of ojqa-
ioE liclHDin irtit. Hlii^n he could not mike two clodu Or waUliM SOOOri.
M*t'«u1a}' IraHt the Hi.vlrig to • nA«Ilan of Simla, who obwrmt llialChaHM
Rnvfimtd the uliocit of ctdckii niilcr than toriunt. fiVhol Crmcn it to Vta
Utia, f'liarlvi'ii I«ltn Sccntiij, by Hhoni an obwrralj'iin of Scnfc», mp«M>
iniC lli« di*[<u!u> I'f iitinninphen, b bomwDil and applied (o Ihcronlravtnltaot
doclnn. I'irhiil, Chrot^e dl i'Xnrtet (lumt l\fAI), toI. i. p- iU. Tlio Imb-
ptnr'a mprvK-inn of rriptt tlint h^ liad n<il biimfd l.iillicr nt Wonn», thowi
lit rml iniod- Jii'le. i. UK. Pmiwnn't H.>»ii^«<in, ill. it«. From Tn>t« b»
iddr*Hnl tn Ih* Rpuiiih Inqntillon and to lliiiip i-xliorlalin) to ctiii>I|t
Ibid^ t>p. Mn, tat. Ilia tanailcitm and intolanoc* appaar in bit oMlitil, la Ui
nJacL-nnni to Philifh
* Jiuti. I. !»■
nu BBOBKCY OF ItARGABCT OF I'AIOIA.
291
chief, might luktiimllir expect to bo intrusted witli thf
prindpnl iiiAnageni«iit of tlie gnveninient tinder th« ICing.
Williiiin, tliougli honi of Lutliomit parents. Lad been
bri'iiglit up TrDin bin linyliCKxl in tin: oturt of Churlcx V.,
and was a CatJiolic by profusaioo, but opposed to peraecn-
Ijoit. His vxtntnritinary nbiliticii had miulu bim a favorite
of the Kraperor, who gav'e bim nwpouBible cmployiiients
and stf^iliuil liis piirticuUr rcgiird by leaning npnn his
sliouldt^r. at the oereraony of the abdicition, nnd by
■electing liim to conrpy th<; tmporiul crown to hia brother
FerdinaiKi. Kginont, wiLli fnr \caa depUi of sagiuuty aod^
eteadiness of chanicter tlian Orange, was a nobleman ■
brilliiint <x>unig<; and attractive niannr-nt, and liad.woAj
high fiimo in connection mtb the ^■icto^iefl of Gravclincs
and St. Quentin. II10 nobles, both thosd and others of
inferior nuilc, wm'i; lu^turionH in tlieir styli; of living, nnd ^
their lavish cxpenditiirefl bad brought on many of tlieiu
heavy burdens of debt.
PhiUp did not select his Regent from the ftr'isl«om''y
of till! country, nor did he appoint any other whom the
nobles would Imvo preferred ; but he apjminted to tliis
office Margaret of Parma, tliv ilU-gitimatu dMngbti.'r of
Charles V.. a person of uncommon talents and i^n^rgy,
and utterly devoted to the will of her brother. She was
nocoinplisliei) in tlio art of dixsimiibition and donble-denl-
ing, whii:h formed an t>8sential part of Philip's method of
governing. She nourished tlie King's jealousy of ()riin|^>
and Rgmont. In Uw flnt net of solectinga Regent. Philip
showed a caution that partook of suaiiicion. At her side
io pIiM«!d. as Ikt principitl adviser. Onuivelle. the Bishop
of Arras. His father was of humble birth, but had raiM-d
lumsolf to an important station under thu Emperor, by
whom the talenta of the son were also discerned. Gran-
vello, the younger, was an ablo and accomplished man
and well aetinainted with the country, but .servilely d»-
foted to the King. The threo nobles were placed in th«
gffSl TUB RErORMATlOX IK TIIK NETHEBLAilDS.
Counctl, but Ui« Rcorct diroctions of Philip to tli« Regent
were such that Uie ooiiduct of affaira ^vas really in the
liandH of Gmnvellc (ISJid).
Ill tlte midat of tlio murntura bikI fcara whidi tbe orgiin-
txation of tbe goveroment escdt«d, the attempt niw mm\v
to mtiiin ill tlie Netlierliuidn sevoml regiments of Spniiitili
soldiura. Tliia mivisuni waa uiidertakcQ when tJicru wiui
110 fligii of ait insurrection. It won in vioUittoii of the
ancient vighta of the I'mvinces, and imposed a burd«n
vhich VM tlifi mor« onerous, since, in Uio previous year,
tbons luid been universal soffering from tlie scarcity o(
provUionit. l*liili|i liad plvdgi-d Wis woi-d, on li.yiving the
Netherliuid», that Uie troops should be withdrawn within
four monthd ; but tliiit plcdgt- wna tlisregnrded. 'i'he dia-
nfTot^tinn incn>aa(>d to such a degree, that the Regent at
Uiigth nvaikid hvnu;lf of a convenient pi-otcxt for Hfiuling
tlieni away. Philip reluctantly aoqniesced in what alie
pronounced an akeolute necejtiuty, if tho country was to
be sared from insurrection.
The second of tlicse irritating measures wna tho crea-
tion of El hirgii numljor of new bi8hoi)ric!*. Whatever
plausible reasons might be urged in favor of tliis meaann?,
from the gTx-»t size of llic existing dioveM-s, and Uicii' in-
oonvenient relatiDus to tlie contiguous German bishoprics,
the reid design of it was not miHiuidei-stou(l.> It wiu a
part of the machinery tc be employed for tightening the
cords of Church disciplia';, and for tlic oxt^-rminaUou of
heresy. The new bishops were to be clothed with inquis-
itorial powers. The cro»tion of bo iiuiny im]iortaiit |H?r-
tonngcs, dftYot«d, of course, to the sovereign, was couuteti
a disadvantage to tho old hereditary uristocnicy of tb«
country.
The two measures of the retention of the troops, and
the iinpoitiUon of the bisliops — mi>astiri.4 having an oinin-
OTW relation to one another — revealed unmistakably th«
> Jiuu, 0. ]«e, tT9.
AC4I11C3SIOXS OV miLIP II.
298
{MUof of Philip. The apologia^ of the Kii^ cImi^ th«
troablos thnt ensued upon the ambition of the noblus,
espocinlly of WiUiiun, who, it i« saiil, vrjintod to govern
the country thenuelvee, and aid uU thoy could to excite
disaffection. It may hi; ginnted Unit thoy were »ot free
from Uit! influencB of personal motives, and chiifcd undoTj
the arrangements whidi deprived tiKim of tlicir niiturall
uid legitimate place in the coatrol of public affairs. Th«|
chfti^ that cither of tJK^m aimed at a mvulutioii is desti-
tute of proof. In the midst of all thnt is aubjtxtt to ooa-j
troversy. two things cfuiuot reasonably be disputed. Oo»1
ifl that foreign domination, that is, the nile of Spanish]
ofiSoera. and the presonots of Spanish soldiery, were
hateful to the NetluTliindora as they were tx> the Gcnnnns.]
It waa wluit contributed most to the reaction against
Charles v., nftiT the Smalculdic war, and to the triumph
of Mnuric<^. The other fact is. that perKCutJon, tlie for
bio repression of heresy, after the manner of Spanish Cath-
olicism, wa.t ropugnaiit to tlie general focling of the p40<l
pie — of the Catholic population — of the Low Countries.
There was an ntmoAplicro of freedom, and a slato of ]>ub*
lie opinion, to which the poUey of Philip was thoroughlj
oppos<Kl. Willinm afliTwnriLi dei-lareJ that, while huDt*|
ing in oomjicuiy witli llonry II. of France, that monarch.]
had incantiousty revealed to him the secret designs
hinseif and Philip for the extirpation of herexy in their
dominions. In Philip's scheme for the increase of bish-
ops, and in his detention of tlie troops, William saw the
beginning of tho execution of the plot ; and he di'ler.
mined, he says, tliat he would do wliat ho could to rid
the land of " tho Spanish vernun." That William looked
about for a high matrinioiiuil connection, docs not indi-
cate any deep-laid plan of unlawful personal advancement,
nor in liis marriiigo with Anna, of Saxony, was there nnj
serious attempt to mislead Philip aa to tJie religion tc
tH
Ttie BKrORUATION IK THE VmtF.Kt.AKDS.
be adopted hy bia bride.' William was cbargod with
dicrishiiig Mucchinvt'lliaii priudptes ; but tltu ugu was
UntichiaTelliftii, aiul Uc. do^ not apjtenr to liave ri(ii,-i)
bansgreaaed the bounds of morality in tlio use of that
profound Hiigiicity by which h« coped with uiiKcrupiiloiu
adTorsnries.
Philip ronowc<l tlie persecuting odicte of Charles V. It
waa forbiitdtMi to print, copy, Icnep, hide, buy, or 8«11 any
writing of Luther, Zwingle, (Bctilampadius, Bucer, Cal-
rin, or of any oUwr luii-oUc ; to break or to injure imy
image of the \^Ii^ii, or of tlie Sainta ; to hold or to attend
any heretical convonticle. LH^'meu wero proHbitod from
reading the Si^riptii )■«•!«, or taking part in conferenoes upon
disputed points of doctrine. Triuiagressors, in case tbey
)}iouId recaut, wcn«, if they were men, to Im bcboitded ; if
women, to bo buried alive. If obstinate, ihey were to be
burnt alive, and, in citlicr cose, th«ir propi^rty was to be
oonfbcated. To omit to inform against suspicioRs per-
sons, to enti-rtiiin, lodge^ food, or clotho thern, was to b«
guilty of heresy. Pfiianns who, for lli» reason tliat they
were su^cted, were condemned to abjure hereay, w«t«,
in case Uii^y rimdc'red themselves again suspicions, to Iw
dealt with as heretics. Every accuser, in caae of convic-
tion, was to receive a large »hivro of tlio oonfiscat'td goods.
Jndges were alwohitely forbidden to diminisli in any way
tb« prescribed penalties. Scrorc pftnalties wwro ijircat-
med agiunat any who sliould intercede for heretics or
present a petition in bolialf of them. To carr}- out these
roactmente, Ctinrli.'« had establiahed an Inquiaition, which
«ras not only independent of the chirgy of the country,
but to wbich ihcy were lUI, from tbo hlg^wt to the lowest,
answonvble. This was not the SpanUk Inquisition, but
'♦. waa sufficiently rigoroua to lead Philip to pronounce it
mor« pitiletm than that of Spain.' But, terrible aa tlie
> Conifun PmhoU, i. 438, ttllh MiilW. i, 300 hi). WIIIIriii'* •ri(« «M U
*l>nciUiaUcillT,"
■ ■■ C* qu'sr* iiblta tar I'lnteoUou ilu Rol d'«Ub1li aux Vuvt Bu I'lnquul
ron'LAK DISAFFEcnW.
2»i
luqmsitioii in t'nc NcthcrluniLs vtoa, it wubiitvil sumv of tlw
barbarouii ftfuttires that Ittilonged to the Holy Otiice in
Spain. It was said by Ptiilip, and lias buen iirgL-d by hi«
(lefcndi.'irs »iiicv, tliiit tin: pi-rst'cntiiig iidicts were tlie work
of Charles, and tliat bia ouccesBor einiply continued tL«m
ill upomtioii. This ittat^jniuiit ovvrtookst tin; <:irctimstiLnc<^
that tliey put the authority of Charles, popular though
he wu», tu n Hcvi^i'u tvst ; tlint tht^y vri-rv iiol sysbuiiuiticaUy
enforced ; that the crtieltica intlicted under them had mora
and uioru nwukunvd thu hostility of tlit; puoplu to huuL
meuanrea ; an<l that in Llie tnt«rval between tiie promul-
gation of thc-m by Charles and tbo roaewal of thvm by
Philip, the new opinion* luu) gjiinod a wider accc-ptanoe.'
Ab tJie Inquiflition proceeded witli ita Woody work, tha
indignation of tlio puopio found ulttimnuu through (Jnuige
and Kginont, who remontitrat^d against the cruelties
which were infUct<:d. and complained to tho King of Gran-
velleiOD vrhoin tliey laid tlio I'OHpontubility of eTeryUat^j
that was done.
OnitiTclln is cixculpati^d by Pliilip from all rvKponju-
bility for Uio introduction of the now bishops; and Im
did not origituitv iK>mo otbvr obnoxious mvasuivM whidi
were laid to his credit.^ Hia impulses were not cruel.
Hut tile lords wuru not out of thu way in fuidini; in
him the embodiinont of tlie foreign domination which
tlon il'KtfiigiM, «alic*1"»vpl l—ix; jnniiit lo oanlind na lul af«il tetU piop-
lallkii), iii Iul-ia4n» n'v ■ jh'iiW. D'silWun I'lnqnltilion den Pmji-Bu Mt
pitu Impltof kb-cija* 0(ll< (t'K>]aipi«." Udchuil, CuTupBtidanct Je PtJIifyii
H., i. «T.
' OraogB kIi (oith nmo of Uicm ftlloml (Inuniftincai !n a UtMr lo lb* K»
l^nl (Januur M, tHtO}. Uc ipatlu tt llw I'lAotnli ■> " (tuclriunrob llmlM «l
nnn votuirla \ \» Ti|i*ur, m^ima en Icnipi quo ta iiii..^ uDivtnelli n'eilalt A
■fpraoomme mtlnltuat «t Dolii pcnplc. par IniiUliuii ot practloiUM de no*
nUiu^ non taut rnclia a nordUCi^," clc He di-picu pUlnly ihe tttti rotum-
qu*nM* tlial *ill ratiik fren pfnvnnnM in tlic tnen pulley o( llii King.
tnta Van IMontfivr, Ardiirt* <h k Jfnum fOnmyf-Jtrntnu, ttnu* ii. p. 19
> TliT puliiu Bu olilcli (iranveUft wm wmneinulj aetUMd an lontiictil bj
(rjtlunl, t'lrrnpfrH't-imf, ttf,, r. clxx. wq. (I'Tfliminoij' JK-vycrl). Unt oT
Uiu wural Iliini;! Ilinl tlnnrglla did wa»li> rrcnnimcDil (he kiiliisppinicnf U'llt
lata't uii, itliu Hiu laktn fmin Ijiavatu, *li-n he wot iliidylaK, mil <arri«llf
Spain. Tlwn hi «w k«pt, and Iniatd ap in th* CaiboUi: nUifldn.
206
THE KEFOItMATION IS TQ£ NSTaKSLANDS.
wm ati-iUing at the liberties of the counby. Whatavm
0])i>ik)ii hu iniglit privutvly hold us to Uiu wiwlom of soino
jf the meaeiii'es of Philip, hu m-viT fiilCurud in lus olio-
(liig)cv. Ho knvn* no high«.'r law thim the will of hit
nuster. I'he nuw arnutg«in«nt of diocv«i.i.s abridged his
own v]tbcopal power, and woiUd natiirsilly ho unwclizoinu ;
lull wlum he WM iniido Archbuhop of Mi.-c)iliii, aiid tlimi,
at Uie interceeiuon of tliu Kt^^t, reoeired from Rome the
i.nh1in:tri) hut, tlie pt-nwiial disliki) of thv lonis to him as
ail ujiHtiirt. »iid tlK-Ir iiiiLri<>li<; oppueitioii In lliu i>oIiuy of
whiuit he was th« chief executor, re»ch«d thvir cUiuilx.
Thi; clli-ot of tti<; L-uiiipluiiiU of thu iiohlut »g:iiii»t; Uie car-
dinal Wiia to kitidlu ill I'liilijt'a mind aii mextiugitishuble
bostilit}' to thvm.' At Wtigth tlic Kt-gL-iit, imptitiunt of
her di-pt-iidfiit position n-itli rt-feixtiicu to Gmnvi^llf. and
willing tliiit 1k' should huar all thu odium, took sldus
Ngntnst him. I'lir cxcit^Miifiit bccuiiiu ho formidublu Uiut
Philip found a pretext for removing him from the coun-
try, M if lit his own ri.4pii-st ; but the liiquitiition wunt
forwiml witli evtjii gri:»ti.u' eiiei^jj- in the work of htiming
and burying alive its victims. It oven put to dt-ath those
who vrniv iiiertOy BUs]H.-ctvd of liarboiing hvrvticul opinions,
'i'h*^ great lonU, who on thd depnrtun> of the Cardinal
h.id rutiirned to tliL- Council, fium which tiicy luul provi-
ounly withdrawn, felt tluit tht>y were deemed to be in
part auawer.ihlo fur tliu iuiiuNtuint munlorM pvrpetmtvd in
tlic name of juntiei! un<l it-ligioii ; and when i'liili)) d^
tenniued to promulgate the dtiei-eea of Tn-nt, the I'rinoe
of Omngv bixiko through hiit n^servo and atnrtk-d tli«
Council by a bold and jiowerful speech upon tiie unright-
QOUB and dangi'rotu poUcy which the govvrnmunt w»a
pursuing, 'llie general sense of tlie country recoiled from
that strict eccle^astical discipline, wliich tho reactionary
I la lli« IcIUr in wliicli h« dinled tbe tmlb of nrtAin allrj^alioiii ■pkinil
GlwmllB, h* •uerti thai (hit ininiMtr Itjil iieycr uivltnl liim to (Kitify ih*
•ouaby bj outUog off ■ halt iluton hn<l>i but Thilip kdtli lo tlie dtoU
" Qiwiqu* Hnl( iMul^lCn pu mtl i* naurit h m hojviI'" Gauhud. i SOT
TOR COUPKOUI&E.
sn
I '2
CattioUo pmtj In Earop« vnira seeking to ustal>liHli. It
waa determined to (lia[Kit«li Egiuoiit to Atiulrid to open
th<t oyv» of tlm King to tlie reiit sittuition. The cordiality
with wbicU lit? xvua n-eaivviU luid iJie honors thitt wvro
renclvrad him in tho Spanish court, made liim aatisBed
^vith tlio sinootli but vitgiiu und uniiiL-tiniiig iu>sitnttiuc8 ot
Pliilip. EgmoDt was the more incensed, when, aftftr hi?!
tuUini, he Jound th;it hv liiul been dupod. luid that the old
«dict8 were to be sharply enfoi-ced without a jot of ooncM-
■iou.' The iuuioiinci-ni(<iit that the pcreecution WU8 to go
on witliotit ihe lea.it initigution, filb^d tho land wiOt con-
Bt«mation. The foreign merchants fled, as from a pesti-
lence, und Antvrvrp, thu priiidpiil luart, wiui silent. TUt
irribition of the people found a vent in n multitude of
uiigry or satirical piiblicjitioiis, which no vigilanco of tho
Inquisition could jirevont from swing the light.'
About five hundred nobles, to whom burghera were
afterwards addi-d, unit<'d in un ngreomciit called the C'o^n-
irromitt, by which they pledged tlieniiu-lviia to \vitli»lunil
the Spanish tynuuiy, tho Inqtiisition that was a'uahiiig
tlie country, and every violent act which should be nn-
dcrliiken iigniiutt any one of their number. In this league
went Count Louis of NiL<uiau, a man of liigh courage,
Irut more excitable and radical than his brother ; the
uccouijtlishfd St. Aldugonde, und Iticdcrotlc, whofio char-
r wiut Wnn c II tit led to respet^t, but who wiui full of
irit and daring. They conteniplatod at the outset only
legnl mean* ot rv«ikta»c«. l!ut in their ranks were found
I Tti* cnul onlcn of I'blUp kn> gtvoo In lil* ttmoat dbpakb (rum Um lanal
of B^gaiit, (OcMlxr IT. lUI]. G^dunl, I cixliu
* <lr*iivcUa'( carr«i|)Mi<l(a» btui conituit vUoeii i« (bo ({cntnil anilpallkjr
tawanln llw Spanknli — " L* mmiralH volont^ que I'on l^niolf^e III unlv«S
•dltDUotBtoUil** BcpasoatB," u h« itTlct it. inooc p\ate (P'tfiin d'tUatdn
Var^inatd* Granrill*, Uma vU., p. M], HiU uiiiv*iliy ha aliilbuta to the ■»•
luttrjr ol [he lordi In (mpamlja^ nlunniM In rciard to tit* InUntton vf tin
KlnK u liiiag in ilic Spuniih taiiui^lion, to mis thai* a* fat roM in Italir. Mo.
(inurelle ncnmniMidx llif bnln«*l »( titKctt anil ilixlinrtianr >uch ■< pliM*
.1 Iruil in llaljr, upflD NslbTrlanilarF, if. iinkr Co «na(a a Sjunnli iMlinj; ainoof
Iho IrlcDib ol pcnwiK Ihni hnnxwl. and amiKig upiracti Inr liltf tann.
£96
TUF. lUOORlIATfOX Dt THE XCTHESLAKUiS.
KMue who hoped to mend their fortunes by politicnl otini'
motion. The grvut Dubloi stood aloof ixotn the aa»o<-ia>
lion. Willumi uepecially waa wise enough to p«!r<.'civii
that it would uccoinphkh nothing vUvctual, but nUior im*
]K-riI Uiit caii^c which tdl had at heart. The mi>mlN>ra
resolved oa a givut public dutnonntnition, mid wait(.-d uu
tli« R«ginit in a body witli a petition that, until a repeal
of the edicts could be pi-ocurL-d, sUe would suspend the
ttxecutiou of them. Sh«; bridUil licr iudignatloii, but Uar-
LiyiDout, one of the Council, \vaa known to have s^tod
(hi;m " u biuid of bc^rgurs." They iiccv]it<-(l the title aud
iidupkid thi! beggar'fi sack iuid bowl for their eymbola.
Multitud<» of people began now tu iLWvmblu uU over the
open cjuntry, for Uit! jiurjMse of liHU.'iitig to tliu Cnlviniitt
preachui-s and of wonjliippiiig accuixliiig to thoir own
|)ref*:ryii»:e. From t«n to twenty thounand pi-rsons would
gitther, tli<3 women iiud children being plac^^d for safety
in tile oi.nilre, iLn<l the whole iifseinbly being encircled by
armed men, with watchmen stiitioned to give warning of
nppi-uuehing danger. Tliey listened to a sermon, sung
pHiUnis, iuid uKod the opporlitnity to perform the ntv of
baptism, or the marringe avr^'ice where it wm desired.
Omnge obUiiiied fruni the Ilegent the allowuucu that the
piiMicliiiig in the coiiiury, oiit^do of the cities, nhuuld not
bu disturbed. Tliu popuUr morument waa so powerful
that she found herself helplees (^15t(6^.
Philip h;td stiibbondy rufuxud toeoinply with the ur(;cnt
re<{ueat8 of the Itegent that tlie edicts might b« Rofteued.
Two noblos, Bergheu and Moiitigny. were sent to repre.
sent to him thti couditiun of the country', and th» extent of
the populiu' indignation. 'Hie King at length n^oogniiHid
Uie perils of the situation, and wrote to the Kt-gent. thut
the Inquisition inight ct^^iM-, provided the iil'W bi&liopKi wer«
Buffered to exercise their ftinutionn freely ; that he witH dis-
poKc-4l to modentte tlit; rUcards, but that time woidd be re-
qnired to mature the nK-atturu ; and tluil the lU-gv^nt might
ICOXOCWSM.
890
give, not oiily tliit C<>iif«Iunile«, bwt othors iiliw, nn nsaar-
anco of pardon. At tlto Raine tim«, on the Oth uf August,
1666, ill the pn?^^!!!;.!! uf ii iiotiiiy, mid buforti tht- Dnku of
Alva uiil other witnoiMca, lie aigiicd » Hccret tlevliu^tion
that, notwithsUiiidiiig tlio aMurani-c given to tlie Duchwa
of Parma, since Im hml not jwti'J in tlii.t niiUtor freely iwnJ
Rpuntaneoiisly, he did not consider himself bound by tlu.t
proiiiiKc. but reserved to himself the right to punish titu
guilt;' parties, »nd especially the authors and fonieiKera
of Uie eedition.' Uo wrotunlsoto the Nuncio of the Tupo,
with uji injunction of secrecy, mi cxprcs^onof his purpusa
to maintain the Inquisitioa and the edicts in all tlieir
rigor.' Philip h»n thus left behind liim the docuiiientury
proof of bis perfidy, of his deliberate design to bividc hU
tvurd to a nation.
While the country wim thiiJt agitated, la Ui« fnimmcr of
1564!, there burst forth the storm of icnnoclitsin that
swept over tbo land, dt-stroying the paintings, iniugt-ti,
iiiid other symbols and instruments of Catholic wofship,
from thoei-. which adomc<l the grcsit cxtliodnd of Antwerp,
to suflli as decorated tbo htimblcst chapels and i-nnveiita,
]n I'landcnt alone more than four lunulixil chnn^hfe were
lucked. 'Vlw. work of di^nictioii was «ccoraplislied liy
mobs hastily gathoifd, and v-'xi one fruit (if the exeite-
nicnt and cmispfmliiiu provtki-d by (hw ti'i-ribln [■vnrocu-
tton. M^atratcs and burghers, whether Catliolto or
Proteetaut, looked on, offering no rc«istaticn to the prog-
re*» ol tlio ttimpest. However it inny be ooudeiiiiicd, it
WHS not axactly liku tho invasion of the temples of one
reUgi<mt dcnoiniimtiim by winther. TIm^so (Klifiees wortt
felt to belong to the people in common ; all had soma
ngbt in tLcm. Gdvinistx at that ^x-riod hnbitnully
> llarhonl. l.e»xIIL4Ui.
< llii<l., ti3. f(o« abo H«Iliy, I. Alt Tlie Kundo, Uio Arrhblihop ol S•^
truln. Iiail liri-n u-ni Id ibo NclhctlaiiiU Himilblir la look tlrtr ihf ntonattiim
•t ill* <<-fri:y - n*\W, M ttia wcnl rarnipanikaM itaon, in reftnoct Ic ll|«
loifuitilian aiiil llu exUr|Hillaii ol bcruf.
800
THE ItlliOBllATlOX Dt TIIR NTTBEB LANDS.
looked upou tlie um of iniiigcn iit worship, aiid upoo the i
mass, as forms o£ idolatry-, uf » sio explicitly forbidden
ill Uio di-mlogiie. Siniilu- tiprivin^ uf lliv populuuu took
plnoe ill France and in Scotland, and fi-oni tlio auita
causoa. The Prot««taat nunisUm and the Prince of
Onu^, with Dtlier chiefs of Uie liberal party, g<-iti-ntlly
denounced the ima^hruulung.' Thv ulluct <^ it was dis-
xtUous. Wli:it tlw icoiiDclo-ttit iTuiitttdcrcd Uiu di-xtruction
of tlie inipleiueats of an impious idolatry, Uie CatlioUcs
aUiorred as sacrilc^ TUu imtrioti« piirty wus dividud,
iiiid hi<sido« this tulvuntnj^ g&iuod by the goY«ruitif4it, a
pliuisible pretext was afforded for the most sanguinary
rotalia.tion. Tliu Itogvnt wiu obligeil, liowDvcr, to nt^o
a ti-ucni witli tlie Confederacy of nobles, in whii^h it was
AgTved that thv litiiuinition nIioiiU hv given up and lil>-
erty allowed to the new doctrine, while the cotifederatRK
in return, sn loii^ lut Uiu proinis^-a to th«in should ho kept,
wvrt! to abandon their asocliiLiou. Oraiigu undertook to
quell the disturbances in Antwerp, and Egmont in Fhm-
dvn; the hiltrr iniiuKi.'sttiug his loyalty to CnUiultdsm
and bia nii^ir at the iconoclasts, by brutal severitiee. The
iiegHHl exliibitod tJie utmost onorgy in repressing disonler,
and ill punishing tlie olIendcrH. Vulenciimncit, wliicli en-
(ti'MVOi'ud to stand a siege, was tiikeii and heiivily puii-
lehed. Order was everywhere restored. Orange foresaw 1
what course Philip would punuo. lie would nut take tiisj
uath of unlimiU-d obedieuce to \yhat the King lui^tj
choose to cnmmand, und supaniting regretfully from £g>|
uiout and Horn, w)io Iiud more confidence in Philip, ha]
retired to Dillenlxirg, in Nassau, the ancietit seat of his '
ainily. From the moment when PHlip heard the naws.j
> UollVt '■ STUi Wlwlltor Iho popuUr ludfn cnmimRcd i£r Imagc-brcak-
bl or not, it one of tlit lUrpatol polnU. Thnl itioy ili>l b niakulni^ by Kocb
UmmfAuitytii Stcr Jit t:mi)inmf <•■ dm Aifali 4. .VimlirtaiMff *am SfianUm ]
llVllp.lltKiq. Juosill- IglilieiaatliKanlnirjrvflkM*. Kixh wriiu In i
pelciiilml, pariliui (piiil, Inl loan a( hi* cnlkbot uj/am llMlvf in imakt
THK OOUtXC OF ALVA.
801
the iconodiwtic ili&tiirbAuoo*, he had uo thougltt but
that of urmed coercion and vfiij^-wncf!. Wliiki ho wiw
pre]iuriug n mi^tory force no strong lluit lie expected to
out oS all bope of ivdstanoe, ti« wik-d hU <U«igin b; M*
miniooi'« to the Rcgt-nt »iiil to tlio Coutidl tlint his jialiuj'
was to be ono oE inildnvae, cl«mcnc}~, nnd gruc«, mth the
uvuidaiico of all barslmeitt.1 It wan fijrtuimt^ tliat tltera
wnB UI14 man whom he could not deceive.
What tliu Regent most dtiprccutvd wiie the sending of
the Uuke of Alva to the Netberlauds, to whom rIio luid
u strong pentomd luitjpiithj', and whose ooiniag, us hIio
tWt would undo nt once the work of pitciflciLtion, which
I fionodered herself, through her resolute proceedings,
luivo nmrly urcoDipUstiM). But in nccordanco with
AlvA*9 ad^^ce, I'liilip had resolved on a scliome of aavi^
npreseion and punishmeut, nnd Atva was tlie person so-
l«ctiHl t» Rirry it utit. His ropiitation was very higli lu
a military inaD, although his talents seem not to have
fitted him for Uio ntaiiHgumtuit of lar)^ urroi<« ; he hn«l a
coDtractod, but clear and craf^ intellect, iimneasnrahle
orrogaoee, inflvxiblu ubittinacy, and a lt<firt of aUmv,
CVminliation and mercy were terms not found in bis vo-
cubului^'. Hia theory, Wkv tliat of I'hilip, wax tliat the
gn!»t loids were at the bottom of the disatfTectioii of tin
infurior nobility, and that these in turn wero th<< movers
of xedltion among the [Mopl«. Mutlier thu Kin); nor
his Geoeml could compnrbesid a spontaneous, common
•uiilimvnt, pnrvnding a nation. Alva concuiwd that the
groat uiataka ol diaries V. had been in s[uirin^ t)i<! <np-
Uvc hiaden in the Smabaildic war. From tlie Emperor's
ex[)erience he (Wired a ooncliuuve argument against every
fniticy but tlmt of unrelenting severity in dealing with
nibejn and hcrc-tica. Such was Um tmtn who vim choacii
to settle the disturbances in the Netherlands. Ue coo-
iuctcd a body of ten tltousoiid Sjianltih troo[;9 from Italy
> GMfavd, r. slriii. 487, MS.
SOS
THB nWORMATIOS IS TBE NETHERLANDS.
to tAnt cmintTy. As )iis cmunio lay Dutr to Goucva, Pi>pa
PiuA V. detitnxl bim to turn rvsiili) and exterminate tbta
" nest of daxHii and apoetjitcs." Bui he dcclinod to d«vi-
fttc from Lis diOKcn ruuti.% nuitntuiiod {^crfi^t discipline
among hid soldiera during tht> long and ]>erilous uiurch,
ftnd OTOD gave u sort of oi^auiiation to tho hundreds of
oourtv«ans who followed his nriny. On hi» arrival, he
nndeavared tr> disarm auapicion, aud gmdually made
kuowu thu uxtvnt of the utithonly coiiiinittiKl to litm,
which n'lui «quiviU«nt to tliat of a dictator. The R«geat
finuid litraelf wholly divotcd of real power. Egmont iinil
Hont weru decoyed to Bruxsiiltt by graciou:* an<l Matter-
ing words, and then treacherously arrested and cast into
prison, 'riiu terrihlv tribunal wiw oroctud, which was ai>-
piojiriiitcly named by the people!, '* the Coiindl of Blood,"
nod the work of death began. Soon the prisons wore
crowded with inniatco, not a few of whom trcre <im^Ml
from their beds at midnight. Tlie executjouers wure
busy from inoriiing till evening. Among the violims, tlte
ridi were specially nuinerxui!*, since utie end which Alva
kept iji viow, vms the jjroviding of a revenue for liis
master. Every one who had taken part in the petitioits
BgWiiHt the new bialioprictt or the< Iiiqitiaition, or in favor
of softcniug tiiu odiets of iHTseciitton, was di-clan-d guilty
of high treason. Every nobleman who had been concernetl
in pwwnting tlie petitiimn, or liiul approved of them ; all
nobles and officers who, under the ploa of a pressure of
eircamstancus, had pi*nnitl<.-d the sormons; evoty one
who had bnJceti part, in any way, in th<- hcn>ticid mast
meetings, and had not hindered tlie deatruetion of the
iraage«; all who had expr<^«»L-d the opinion that the King
had no right to tnko from t)ie ])roviiic-*'M tlioir lilterty, or
tluit the present tribunal was rt-wtricted by any laws or
privUegee, were likewise made guilty of treason. Death
and low of property, were the invariable penalty. In
three months eighteen luiudred men were i^-nlto thescaf
i.
THB MEASUB£S Or ALVA.
fold. PttrEOiis wore coiideninod for singing the songs of thfl
Oueux, or for at.ti^iuling ii Ciilviiiistio Imriiil vwir* U-f(in; ;
one for sayiug tluit in SpEiin, also, tlie new doctrine woulJ
spruad ; Had unoUii'^r for saying tbat one iiiiist obey God
rattier than man. Finally, on tl>« ICth of FubriLiry,
1668, all the inhabittmta of the Netlierkuds, with a few
ex<.'i>pti<itiK ttmt werct niiiiu'd, wci-u actuuUy condemiioil to
dontb as lierotics !
Orango wus active in dcvi«iiig menna of deliverance.
His brother, Loub of Nassau, ento-n'd Fricitland, in April,
1568, at the lifsul of an army, iind g^ncd a victory over
tlic forces oomnifindod by Count /\roiul>crg. In order to
strike terror aiid to secure Mmself in the rear, Alva hur-
ried through ihu prfjci-sH »g:iiiist Eginont and Iloni, and
tliey were beheaded in the great s({iiare at BruiucU. Ahii
then marched against tho army of Louis, which ho de-
feated and <li.'<pi^riH>d. Hu »ucc<x-dctl, nUo, by iivoiding u
combat, in baffling William, whose array was composed of
mut^^ritiU tiiut could not long bv kt^>pt together. The rule
of Alva was the more firmly established by tlie unsuc-
cessful attempts to ovcrtlirow it, and Iil- jmiitued for scvorai
yearn longer his murderoufl work. The ejitiro number of
judicial boniici<Ics under his admiiii»tration, he rcvkoned
himself at eighteen tliousand. Miiltitudi's emigratxid from
the eoantry ; tnannfactories wore deserted, and businesa
was paralyzed. In 1509, he determiiii'd to put in opera-
tion a system of taxation tliat should fill the coffers of the
King. U« ordained that un extraordinary tax should be
levied, of one per crnt. on property of all kinds ; and that
a permanent tax slionld be paid, of five per cent, on every
sale of real estate, and ton per cont. on every k\\p. of mn-
cliandute. This scheme, as ill calculated for its end as it
was barbarous in its opprcwuvenow, rai.'«cd such a storm of
jp]Knitioti, tlint Alva hinuelf \vas moved to make a com>
promise, which consisted ui postponing tbe ex«'ution ot it
(or two ypju-s. His enemies, Granvelle and othora, wers
TiiK RxroRUAiioN IX TiiE xeniBKUuns.
huxt whiu tiMy bad to dread from SpanUh domiaution.
Hie Doble* of Flundvn uiul Itiubiuit, iruiUnd of wekiiig
Iwlp from Philip, applied to Oningo uimI tlie Dortben
jiruviuca ; and in tiw pindtuMiion of GlR-ot, for tlio fint
time, the NetherloiMlit wcrw unitvd in »tt ii;^r««iiieiit Ui
tu(|iol tbu Spaniards, and to niiuutain rvli);ioua toleration.
Don John, of Aiintria, tlia suocc«Bor of Kuqaoaooft, was
bnmgfat to the point of iuuing an edict which cooceded
the pomts contiUned iu the Ghent pacificuti'ui. The re-
jwtion of UicM tenns by Williiun oE Oratig« Itsis been
cooadored, by his adrenaries, proof poeitivu tliut lunbi*
tion, not patiiutiiun, was bis ruling motivu. Hut Uio con-
ooMHona of Don John inrolved th« exclusion of the publto
proloHion of Pntestaatisin from all place* where it wai
flOt MtaUiibod at th« datij of tho i>ii«ific*tion ; and, con-
MicjucuUy, Uie banisbmont from their homes of thonMudl
ot (MMuoftil fiiiDilics, US wdU aa tbc iuKccurity of Uio prov-
laec* witvTw l*r>jte»tantism wn» iillowed to continue. Moru
tJiati all, William distrusted the unoerity of SiMun, and
Ua MHpioiooii, vrbiob had tliuir ground in former experi-
MM9M of bHao dealiDg, were atrengtheiied by infonimtion
aoi|turi!d from intercepted letters.' It wus too late for a
nHwnoiliation with Pbibp. Rut the Flemish and Bra-
bant noblL'* were jealous of the eminence conceded to tlie
I'rinoa of Omnge. The Union was weakened, and the
war broke uat affiia, in which the troops of Don John
(piinvd the victory. But the same year, on the Itti of
October, IfiTS, their lender died, wuu-icd with the difli-
iiolliot of hia office, and dUhearteited by the treittineut
whkd) be bad mccived at the bands of Philip.
AbxaDder of Punna, [icrhnps the ablest genoml of the
tuna, waa next untnute*! with the reins of (^vcminent.
Experience had shown the patnoUc jutrty that the nobil-
ity of t3ie southern provinces were not to be ivlicd on
•ad, in January, 1579, there vraa formed, in tho North
> Uod«7, lU. IH.
ArOLOGT OF WILLIAlf.
807
Utrcelit Union, in whidi were combineil Holland^
aland, iiud live other provinc«8. It vras a confederacy
for oomiiiun dcf<;iiBtf, iind vrm tlie g«nit of t1i« l)iiU:li
Republic. It vas formed " in Uie iiame of the King;"
but two ycitrs aftorwnrdft, thi^ fiction vnt& dropped, and in-
ilujwndvncfi d^tclitrwl. In March, 1580, Pliilip [)roi:'Ltiin(>d
William an outlaw, and Bet a price on hU head. Philip
liixod liini with ingmtitvdu for Uio furors which hitd boca
be&towed on him by Charles V., charged luni witli hav-
ing fomented all heresy aild sedition, with baring ac-
tively countenanced Uie plundciing of Uie clinrcliea and
cloisters ; in fine, with bdng responeiblo for all the mis-
citiea of tin? cftuntry. Tlie document furtlicr charged
him with chorLibing jealoiuiy and mistrust, like Cain and
Judas, and from the same cause, nn evil consdcnco.
Any one who would delircr him, doad or alive, waa to
receive twenty-five thousand crowns, to have pardon for
nil ofTcnscit. and, in msi? Iii^ bdnngiKl to the burgher clnsi,
to be elevated to the rank of a nobleman. In response
to tlwww uccu#ation», William published his "Apology,"
or deft^nae. He counted this outlnn-ry and aooomulation
of charges ngainst biin, a^ the greatest honor, ^oo tliey
allowed that he had done all in hia power to eetabliali the
freedom of a noble nation, and to deliver it from a god-
less tjTiinny. Ho respected Clutrli>!t V., but the favors
which be bad received from the Emperor luid been re-
turned iu full incasuro by the public services which Will-
iam had rendered at great cost. To the unfounded
aspersions of a personal nature which Philip had inter-
woven with his indictment, Williiun n^ttirtod with nccu>
saliona cqtuilly gmro against the piivatc life of tho K'ng.
Philip ha<l atigniatized him a» a foreigner, Ixwauso ho
bapponvd to have first scon the light in Gormanv ; but
hu aocestont vrvm of bigh<'r iiuik than tivxM uf Philip,
and had held piwer in the Xetberlands for seven gcner»
tioas. Philip bad sot out to tniraple under foot ihr
H boas, r
SOS
THK lllH-OIOtATlON IN TWl. KETIIEELANM.
ng^ta and institutioDB of the oouiitry. Iln tjdkMl oulj o|
nnoHiditioiuil ob)xlian<:i% as it the peopk- ttt the Mvtlietv
taiKln were NiM[K>)itana, or MibuivM^, or mvugc Indiniu.
The Emiwror Cburk'n had predicted tlio eviU timt vroald
rcAiilt fixim Uiu 8piU)tHh i»-i(lD mid irunlviioo of )u8 ma ;
but neither the ndiuonitioo o^ ao great ii father, nor
jiuticc, nor his o:ith, cn<ild chnngu hit) natun;, or curb liis
tyraiiiiural will. Ha h»d beaten the Frenoh by means of
WiUianiB oouiitnim'n, and owed the treat)' of pcac«, in
gooil part, to WUiiiun biniAttU ; but so fsir vvaa Philip
from feeling any emotion of gratitude, that William, to
his amnzfMncut, hud heard from t\w lips of Henry H., of
Alvu'a itecret conferences vvilh him upon the extennina-
tion of all Protestanbi, in both countricx. William, tuiioe
hi^ boyhood, bod given little attention to muttei-iiof faith,
and of tho Church ; but, h<! says, from his compassion for
the victims of the Inqaiaition, and liin indtguation at the
tyranny practjocd against Iiis country, he had resolved to
exert ;U1 his |)OW«rv to ri-move tlic Spiviiiards out of it,
and to fliippren the bloody ti-ibuuiils. He had n<!V«r ap*
proved of the iconodasm, and umilar outbrealdngs of vio-
lence. Tliai ))o had sufficient reason for flying from tim
country, wiia fully evinced by the execution of Hgmont
and Horn, ttm carrjnug of liis iun"i7i-iit son, who wns a
studf'nt at Lonvain, to Spain, by J'hilip's order, the con-
fiscation of his property, and tbo Mntcnoe nf dcatii pro-
iKiiiuoed against him. Everywhere, said William, Philip
has trodden under foot our rif^hts and broken liix oath ;
wo must, therefore, riac in fleH-<lef<-nAe n^nst liiin and
repel this unparalleled tjiaimy. As for miHti-ust, D»
iao8tlicn(« in<:'ulciit<-d that aM the tstrongi^t btilwnrk i4^iinst
tyranny ; and yet the Macedonian PhiUp was a feeble
novioe in tyranny compared with th? Spanish Philip.
There is no mmon to quntion Uie siuoerity of William's
palriutiam.* His indifference respecting the eontrovcrttsi
t WriMf* who woulil mate ainbltlon (h> movlag iprlos of lili chuwvr. di
ABKASSINATIO.'* OK VnLLIAM.
8M
quc^t^iHU (if rclij^un n-as broken up by tbe aigbt of tl
atrocious cnieltiea iiilli<;tcic] by the luqutHitioii upon bis
Rpunlrynicii. He exaniiiied tlie qaestions at isauo, Aod
pmotinJly, iis well ew tliuNrL-tiuilly, emlaviced tbe Protee- '
tant fttitl). It is no reproaoh to bim tli:tt ]ik mrly pviuv
tintc-d tlie dionetcr of ihc gloomy •Mtd iiertidioua i'ult.-ir
vlio \fM bciit on enskring tbe Netherhinils to btinn'lf
iukI to Uie Pope ; and tbut ho bod km and less bope of
Una pmirticablpnt^SB of procuring nny anioliomtion of bin
policy. But Williiuii, in tbe iiidpivrnt stiigm of tlie con-
flict, vas wisely reeoWed to keep witltiu the Uinita of Uiu
liiw, iind tn nvoid uxtrenio iind violent mpasuroa, bo lon^ '
as this modenition eibould he jiuenible.' If, itt tiw out«ot
of Ilia dirucr, he was not free from ambition, his chariictor
was more and more parifivd by diingvr and Bntfcriiij;.
Ho muAt bd allowed a place among patriots like Hpum-
inondfui and Wiuhington, and bo di«ervca to be called th«
futlier of a niitimi. At Icngtli, iiftM nix inittfi-ctunl wt-
t(--mpta of the sort, a fanaticnl Catliolic ancceeded, on the
I8tb of July, li'>8-l, in iiKOiutinating Wilbnin. It warn.
charact*riatic of Pbibp to pay grudgingly to Ui« beirg ol
Uiu munh-rrr lln? jirDmiMid rewiin).
Upon the fonuatiwn of th« Utrecht Union, the greater
part of tht! Catholic provinces in tbe South entered into
an arrangement uritb Parma. Parma gnuited libera)
terms to the cities which, ono after another, foil into bis
haiuli<. Ant\Tor|> waa pronii«H> tliat its citarlcl Hhould
not bo repaired ; that a Spanish gan-ison abould not be
Full JliMle* b> Ilia tiigh Inullectiul pawcn. 8*0, lot (cunple^ Dmtivcgtiii.
D>Ai Ouirri ill FSaHfira, \. IT, III. UO.
> Horn* wiiid biaUiri«t»^ u Jiut« and PrsMalt, Hud ■ dl<«j;iwibl« Uacchl«>
Ttlllan danivnt in IIl* <ihni*ilns« and mtrve of WIILi*in< to othfn. ikl«
nuL'lly ilr>ai iinl p«*> ilit lioundiof ■ lUlmnvi'.llH •a);>clty uiil a jualinatilt
pniikii«a. Goethi!. In hli plnjr at "BKnoM," makfi Ui« Itp|:mt ujr of lilnr
"Onmlcminni nlchti Odiai Min* Otdaabii ra'clion in<)it< FvriH^ tr ht htlm*
Bcb," *tc.\ and Ornncp «j^ (nEf^ont: "Irh tnwe vW» JkliM htTilIa V*r.
'lUnUM ■m Ilcnc^. Ii.>h rlrhv iiimrr win libK tinrni 8cliarti>i'lal( uiid tultt
Mloeo Zue del GcKDrn fllr initivilviiUnd."
BIO
THE BEFOaMAllOX W THE KETnOtlASM.
qturtcrvd on \3ii-: iitluibitiuiU. On tliix oii« caiulitioii Uu
King insisted, Uiat Uie Catliolic wonJiip should be rnitored,
auJ I'roh-HtuntiHm be abolishc-d. Tliu utmost tlitit bo
could bo pei'suiidt'd to gr»nt vaa tluit two years should
bu Kllowpd thv iababitAnts of every place ciUicr to bocotne
Catholic or to ijuit tUo country. Bnvbaiit and Fliindcn
were TOCovcred to Spaiu.
Tb« archives of Simaiicas Imvc disclosed thv fact,
tvbicli was not knonn to Parma htmaielf, in «onaoqueiM»
of hill death bL-foru the 4>xiKut!on of the design, that
Philip was on tlio point of removing liim from his cora-<
mand. Inatigated, perhaps, by jealousy, on the alleged
ground tbnt Piimm had giv<-n too littJ« authority to Span*
iuitls, and for other reasons of even less vrelghtt Philip had
actually dL'tcniiinod to diaplnoc the general who hud nv
conquored for him the southern pro^TUcea of the Netlier-
lands, aini twicti curried his victorious anus into France,
forcing Henry IV. to raise the wege of Paris and of
Rouen. The King did not shrink from the ingratitude
involved in such an act^ and from the indigniint condemna-
tion which the public opinion of Europe would have pro-
uounecd upon it.' It was characterielic of Philip to
seek the aocomplislinicnt of his ends by indirection and
falsehood.
The deatli of William did not destroy the Itcpublio
wliicli he had culled into bdng. In Miuiricc, his 8-.^cond
son ^ for his eldest son was detained in Spain and
brought up to serve tho Spanish government — the party
of liberty found a hnnd who was potsesscd of distin-
guished military ability. The new oommonwe^-ilth grew
in power. The Dutcli sailors ciiptiired the vessels of
Spain on every sea where they apix^red, nnd iittiiokcd
her remotest colonics. Tho magnificent schemes of Pliilip
were doomed to on tgnomintouA failure. His dcspotie
tystem hod full sway in Spain, but it brought ruin upon
1 Owhud. u. IxuL
REUOIOUS rASTlES.
811
Uie coantrj*. His oolooal annada, wliidi vas slowly
[irvparwl at cnormotu cost, for ihe oouqucat of Eiiglnod,
wuj* slwtterod in pifwu. Hfi had platuiM to turn tVanoe
into a Spanish province, but he was forced to conclude
the pence of Vcrvins i*-ith Henry IV., and tlwreby to
concede the superiority of the French power. Un<ler
FLLlip HI., his imbecile succoxsor, Spiun wta driven to
conclude a truce of twelve years with tJie revolted Metli*
vrlonds ; and finnlly, in tlio Vvac« of Westphalia, waa
obliged to acknowledge their independence.
Tlio absorbing int^mat of the gri-:ikt strtigglo with Spain
leaves in the baclcgroand the distinctively religi<Nts and
tlieologiLvd side of the Rcfonuatiou in the Netherlands.
An»b(t])tist« weru numerous, but thiur wild and discv* <
gauidng theories received a check through Uie intliu-n^^
of Meimo, who, iift^r tht; y«ar 1&36, exerted a wholesome
influence among them, organizing churches which he
taught and regulated for many years. The Menuonitxv
weiv fru« fi'«>n) the lici-ntious and niTcihitionary principles
which Iiad covered the name of Anabaptist with reproach.'
Apart fmni theii" pecu!i.irity rc^^cUng baptiisin, tJioir re-
jection of oaths, and their refusal to servo in >vai' and in
civil offices, togotiicr witli the ascetio disdpline which
they adopted — a point on which they became divided
among themselves — they were not distinguished from
ordinary Protestants. Yet they continuctl to be con-
founded with the fanatical AnslK^ptists, and were ohjeota .
of a ferocious pcrsocutiflu, which t)K>y oiidured with henna .
patience. The Calviuists gradually obtained a decided '
preponderance over the Lutherans. In 1501, Guido da
tBres and a few otlier ministers composed the " Confo-ssio
Belgica," which was revised and adopted by a Synod at
Antwerp in loCfi. lliis creed difTfrs from the " Confcssio
Oallioa" chiefly in its more full exposition of llaptism, with
:
BIS
me RcroRMA'noN \s toe KRTticnLAvos.
qwciul n-ftironce to th«i AuabftptUt opinions. Tlio An*-
baptiete are expressly condemned in another Article. The
CulviniHfai !MmL u copy of tliisir SyinlK>l, with u LvUcr,
to tke King c>f Spain, in tho vntti iiope lo aoften bis ani-
imnity agiunst them. They say in their Lotbor tJist
" they wero never found in ni-m.') or plotting ngsinst their
•OTeroign; tjiat the exconiniunications, iniprisoiimuuts,
bcuiiiihnibntiii, nioiu, nnd tortiiri.'A, and oUier numberh-iw
oppreMJons which Uiey had imdergono, phualy dvmoii-
ltrnt« thnt thuir dwuivD and opinions hk not cortial ; "
" but that Imiing the fear of God before their eyes, luid
being terrified by the threatening of Christ, who liud do-
clitred in thu (JoHpc-l tliat lie would deny them before
God the Father, in rase tliey denied him W-forc men,
tliay thurefore oflercd their backs to iitripe!), iheir toiiguirs
to knives, their mouths to gags, and their whole bodies to
the fire." >
Yet the Calrinista of the Netherlands, notwithstAnding
ihwr own dn-jtdful sufTcring*, did not tliPntselvc* ri-lin-
quish tho df^nn that liere.iy may be suppressed by the
tnagislnit^'. Their difference from their opponenUi was
not oil Uw question whi-tbor herwty i» to l>e piiniwhi'd, but
bow liereay is to be dL>Bnod. Tliis dogma tlicy introduce
into tho H^-Igic Confoxtion,' atid into their lett'.-r Ui tJio
King. They were disposed, whem they hud tlie power,
to inflict disabilities and peoitlties on the Aiiiibaptist«,
even when they wero peaceful subjcctn. It niUKt not be
!or]gott«n that nt tlie very time when Philip's agents worv
ioiiig their terrible work in the NetlierliindB, Queen Eliz-
abeth was likuwiitc striving to enforce uniformity iu Trot*
cstant Kngland. With ono hand she helped tlie Calvin-
istic subjiwt^ uf Philiji ; with the oth«r sh* thrust Iht own
Pui-Ititu subjects into loathsome dungeons. Kot tluit
Protestants on either side of tlio sea wore capable of the
ttrocities for which Philip was responnble. And a dit ,
1 nruidl, i. im. * Art. x»vl. -D« Maslnmii."
itcucious njia»iTTKnc
8M
teronoft nf degree in tlte exorciBeof the iiilimiunity, wbicb
was the fruit of a fnlso principle. i» ii circuiusta»c« of Uie
highiist imiKirtaiKe. [tut tho priiicijilo was at tJie root
Uie Bam«. Hence the doctrine of rdif^oua toleration,
which vu» avowed wul pructiced by William of Omt^
and A purt of hie supporters, is tbe more honorahle to J
them, in cuiitiawt with th« prevalent intolenuKje of tlitt
age. As earty as 1560, in his speech before the Regent
and th>^ CoitiK'il, Williuui dcnoHDcod peiMCUtioD umftitile,
and conlirnied tiis nsaertion by an appeal to experienoo. to
historical examplos, andent and n.-ceitt. "Forco," he
said, " 01111 iii:iku no imprewioD on the conscience."
compared inquisitors to physidana who, instead of aaii
mild and gentle medicines, uro *' for immediately l>ai*n-
ing or cutting off the infectod juart." " 'Iliis is the
tMitiire of heresy," he added, "if it reata, it nista; but
he that rubs it, wliet* it." ' At n later time, he had
lo n-itliHtond the importunities of his frinnds, who wiidii^C
tn use force nguinst thu AtuihaptistH. St. Aldegondo ny
port-t that to his ai^uments in behalf of aucJi n mcuKtiro,
his ilUistiions chief '* replied ])retty shurply," that tlie
uffintiation of the adherents of tliat sect might tiOcc tl»e
plaea of an oath, and that " tc ought not to press this
matter further, iinksn wo would own at the somo time,
that th<t l*»pi»ls were in tlie right, in foi-cing us to a nv
ligion that was incompatible with our conscioncce," '* And
apon tJiis occ«moii," adds St. Aldegonde, " he commended '
I the Baying of a monk that was here not long since, wlio,,^
r opon nevi^nil ohjoctions brotight against Iits religion, an-
I Rwcred ; * that onr pot had not been an long u)>on the fire
^^ as tliuirs. whom we so mnch blaineil ; hut tliat he plainly
^B forosav that in tlte course of a pair of hundred yean,j
^H jookeiastical dominion would he upon an equal toot id
^H Mth chnrulicjt.'" St. Alde^ndo himself states that t
^H nnltitude of nobles and of common people kept away
^^^^ > Bnndt, I. HH.
SH
THE uu'onjtA'noN rM mi: NKTiii-:r.i.AiU)9.
(pom the Calvinistic anembliiM from the (ear " of u uew
tj'mnnyKnd yoke nf «pirituM dominion." The Gomintut,
es|>edaiUy, he eaya, join the heterodox " becaose they
dnmd our instifTorable rigidn<>i(8." > In 1578, the Nntioiuij
Synod of all the reformed churches sent up to th« Coundl
n {ivtition for n*ligioii» tulersition, whi<'h thvy dmtrcd for
themselrea and pledged to Roman CitlioUca. " The ex-
j>fn<-i»;o of piwt yours," s;iy tlio Synod, " had taught th«m
that by reason of their sius Uiey could not all be redaoed
to one and th« same ruli^on ; " and that without motual
tolonttion, tliey could not throw off tlie Spanbh tyranny.'
They refer to tlio rivom of blood tliut luu) bot-n nhed in
Franc* to no purpose, in the effort to procure nnanimity
in religion.
Tlicrtt wiM another quo»tion wlileli gave riao to divinon
among the reformed, Uie question of the relation of the
Church to tho civil nuthority. llie Calvinists in^stfld on
their iirindple of the autonomy of the Church, and re-
jected vccluiiasticul crontrol on Ute part of the State. Ai
in Gpneva and in Scotland, they demanded that the
Churcli fihould be not scpiirutc, but distinct. On the
oontmry, n jjii':if, [Kirt of the mngiatiutes, and witli Uicm
an iiiduentiiil portion of the lai^, especially Bueh aa
little for the poculinritic* of Calvinism us distinguislic
from l.iithernntiim, resisted this demand. These daime
'that tliii civil Huthority nJiould have power in tho app(nnt- '
(ment of ministers and in the administration of Church
uvernmcnt. In 157(>, under tho nuKpiccsof William of
Orange, a programme of forty eoclesiastical kvrs vran
drawn up, in <»)iiformity with this principle." The second
Synod (ti Oort, in 1578, endeavored to roidize the idea <
ecclesiastical autonomy, through a system of presbyterioS''
vid of proviiicLil and national synods. Hut tho rctiult of
ihe strife was that the Churdi Avas limited to a prorinoia'
xgnniiation, tho provinces bcin;; subdivided into ctoasea
> Baadl,I.S13. ■IbiiL.I.UO. Mind.,!. SIS.
UBEBAL3 AND CALVLNtSTS.
815
fttid (Midi oongrogation being govcnicd nccording to tho
Pieabytei'Iaa order. Tlie germs of the ArminisB contro>
veray un obvioiu i» Uio l»«t qitiirter of the sixteenth cen-
tury. The party which called for full tolei-at!on, mid
were impiitieiit of strict ereeds and a rigid discipline, con-
t«iMl«d, alfti>, for the union of Churcli «n<l StAte. TIio
Spniiisli persecution confirmed tho Liberals in the fear
that the Clitirch would subject the Stuta to an e^clesias-
ticul lynuiny ; it cuiitirmcd tho Calvinists in the fear that
tUe State ivould Hubject the Church to u politiod de*-
policm.
CUAPTEK X.
TOE REFOnMATIOK IS BNQLAXD AND BOOTIOItD.
TnBBB u reason b> boliuro tint the Lolluxd«, as ihe
dlociplcH of WickliiTn vrere cnlled, were still niimerotw
Btuong till) rustic populution of Kiigland at tlie banning
of tlio sixt«(Tiklli century. We liAve records of tlte re-
cantation of some and the burning of oth<>r udhcrL-nts of
this sect in tlic f:iHy i>at't of the rpiyn of Henry VIII.'
When John Knox prwiched in tlie North of England and
tho SohUi of Scotland, h« found a cordial reception for
his doctrine in diatncta where Uie Lolhirds lived. The
revival of k-aruing had also prepiired a very diili-Tcut
dnas in English society for ecclciiiaslinl reform. LingiuA*
tic and patristic studies had begun to flonrisJi under the
iiiQuencc of 'lliomna More, Colot, Dean of St. I'liiil's,
Warbnm, Archbishop of Canterbury, and other friends
of EniKituiit, and uiidL-r tlic jKtrsonal inOiiencc of Erasmus
hiniaelf.' Wolaey, whatever may have been Iiis faults,
was a liberal patron of learning. He obtiuncd Icikvo to
Bttppress not leas than twenty nmnlltT nionaiiteries, and to
ueo tlieir property for tbe eatablisliinent of a noble col-
lege, Christ Churdi, at Oxford, ati<l of anotiier college
as a iniraery for it, at Ipswich. His fall from power pre-
vented tht> full accomplishment of tlio Mutt educational
phuiB which form his best title to esteem. Wobej' was
disi]icline<l to pcr^'ctition, and preferred to bum heretical
> BoFMl, Biliary of lA< RtformnliB* it, (A« Ckvrtt, •/ F.ii^mii (mI ISH
I Mia.). \. ST. Itilloin, Cmil. llUt-iry «f Jv^gl'ml, ch. 11.
• O- Wrbcr, Of jrAiVU* 4. Xfrritin/imiiiii'Mi it 'IrattMiMittii, i, 1 44,
PBCULIAIUTY or Till! BNOLIStl KEFOBUATIOH.
311
books, ratlier tiuui heretics themselves.* Most of Uie
bounds of " the new lenming" were dispoeed to rcnutl^
ctwliviijiHtiuLl niKLtua.' Tho writingn of Litther early found
n[^roving reodera, cspecuiUy nmong the young tiivn ut
Oxford and Cttnibvidge. The yoiuiger genersUon of
Ilunuinists did not stop nt thi- point rciiclK-d by Colut tuid
Mure. 'lyndtilu imd FritJi, both al whoin jwrUht;*! an mar-
tyrs, And their asawiatcs. read tlie Gcrmiui buoka with
aviditj'.' Tyiidjilo's version of Uiw Now Tftntnment vma ■
cin^ulatcd in spito of the efforts of the govomment to
•iipproKH it.* It wu irapouiblo thnt Uic fermeot tJikt ex*
lEted on tlie continent sbonid fnil to eKtend itaelf acroai i
tlio chaiinul. Yet at finst tlm Htgna were Dot atuptdofM
for tJie new doctrine. King Henry Vlll.apiieaired in the
lists as an antagonist of Lnther, and received from Leo
X., in return for hi» ptfli-miciil book iipon tlw Sacmmenta,
the title of " Dcfenchrr of tliv Faith."' Littlo did citiicr
of them iuia<^ni? tliitl tin- same nionnreh vould ahortly
■tiike one of the ht-avicst IiIoh-m at llie Pu[)id dominion.
Tho pootdini-it)- of tlie Enghsli Refarmation Uea, not to
the wpiircitton of a |Hilttiral eomiiiitnity — in this cu«o a,
powprfid nation — from tlte papal see ; for the same thing '
took place gent-rall; whore th« Reformation prevailed ;
but it lies in the fact that it involved immetUatcly »o UtUa
departure from thv dogmatic systom of tiie mediaeval
lllluat, i7UMy^fJt«JI^aniHtflMAa£aytMd(train MU t»I»n),e<v«i M
Inlartitln^ ■MoanI, lod ytmuti • talttibig Mtlmalo, of lb* wrrlow •(
* Sm Iha ikclofa ot Coltl** wnnan taton ihe ConrooulMi a( CuUHtaij
(lATai In SMlrahn, Tkt Or/i^ Jb/inMn^/'tMSi dn In BloM, p. Ut Hit
DUD. AiHutli af&t. Pmtt; ch. i\,, iprM «n bUnoriiv •toUb at Cbltt'i IJfe.
* f'rilli wM bumad u Smithiuiil ia 1513. Tysdilt wu MnofsM and bunicd
BMr Ilrujovli in l&M.
* Gnumiu, lu » UUrt lo LiMhar,iqtuk*o( tlin mrai m;«plioii n( hi* irntin||i
In SBgl*»L Kraimi Opera, 111. 4U. Warhun, in * Idler to WvUty, uiid*r iUm
tt Uacth S, inll, l«p«tU in whM txUM Lalbmui booU hid (uand rMdcM M
Oxfofd. Blimi. f. 74.
* Tbli tlilc Witt lalndtd br Unuclt panotMlljr, bnl wm nutatt\ a(Mr Uii
etMch wlih Itomr, ud tmwmlUad to fab m»«b»ow. IJa^fil, i/Uvfy rf\
TOE RCrORUA-nOH DI EMOUXD AKD SOOTLAMD.
Cliurdi. At tli« oiiUot, tho croud, oiid, to a great vxtvnt,
Uie polity and ritual, of tho Cliitrch in England remained
intact. Tlitu in the groniti of thu English Itcfoimution,
there vere t\ro factors, the one, in a sense, politicad ; thn
oUiOT. doctrinjd or religious. Tbcco two ngentaes miglit
eooleaoe oi miglit cln-sh with one another. Thny could
D3t Uul to act upon ono another with gfL-at cUfct. They
moved upon di(Ior<>nt tinea ; yet there were oertain
principal ends, which, from the beginning, they had in
common.
Owing to this pocniiai-ity, tlte leadera of English Re-
form on the spiritual sido did not play tlie proininvmt
part wliicli woa taken by llie Reformers in Scotland and
on the Continent. In other cnuntriea, the political ad-
heronts of I*rot«!ttantiHm were auxiliaries ratlio-r than
priocipala. Tho foreground was occupied by men lUie
I<uth<T, Citlvin, and Knox. In England there wvrc indi>
vidkiala of marked lenming. energy, and courage ; but to a
consideniblc oxti-nt UiL-y wcru cast into tho sbudv by tho
oontroUing poetitton which waa assumed by rulers and
atateemen. Tho EnglJiili Reformation, instead of puratt-
ing ita c::trse as a religious ami intollcctiial movement,
waa subject, in an important degree, to the disturbing
(orc« of gov«Tnmoti(al authority, of worldly policy.'
Henry VIII. had been man-ied. in his twelfth year, to
Catharine of Aragon, the widow of his (U!cchko<1 brotlicr
Arthur, and the aunt of the Emperor Charles V. A
dispensation hiul been obtxinod soon ufk-r fnim Popit
Julius II., marriage witJi a deceased brotlier's wife bebig
oontrury to tlio canon hiw. Scniplcs had been entertained
early by some in regard to the validity of the dispensa-
tion, and, consi-quontly, of tlio marriage. Whether
Henry himself shared these scmplos prior to his tuy
qimintance with Anne Bulcyn, it may not be easy to do-
termir.R. Nor can we say how far his disappo'ntmcnt hi
DIV08CK OF HESBY VIII.
81«
oat liAvitig 11 nuilc Leir to bU tlironc niiiy have promjtted
bin) to eveic for a dirorce. It is not improbable tliat tbo
iIoaUi of Im cbildrun vxcitvd in lii« mind n Hiiiu-i-ntitioiia
feeling respecting tbe lawfiiUieBa of liia connection witU
Cattiarinc. Yet According to bur Bnli^nin testimony, iniulo
in IiSh presence, tlie marriage witb Arthui* had not been
ram^ummuted ; nnd if ho, tbv main gromid of thvm al-
leged mis^vinga and of the application for tlie annuUii^
of tbc mniriago had no rcidity. IIih iippliaiUon to
Clement VII. for the annulling of tlio tnarriage, vna
fuiutd(^ on two groimds : first, that it ia not competuut
fur the Pope to grant a dispeiisatiou in sueli a case ; and
secondly, that it was grantud on tbu busls of erroneous
n'pri.'&entAtionit. Henry's pnasion for Anne Boleyn made
tlie delay ajid vacillation of Clement in regard to tbe
divoreo the moro luibcArablo. The Pope might nutiiiiUly
slirink &x>m annulling the net of liin predecessor by a
decree which would involve, at Uio same time, a reebio-
tioti of the pajml piHirogiitive. Hut tiie real and obrioos
motive of bis procrastinating and evasive conduct vrsa bia
ruluctance to ofron<l Cluirlfs V. 'l"liia temporizing coiirae
in one whoso esuiltcd ofTmu implied a proportionate moral
indepcndcnoi', was not iu1hi)U'iI to iiienyuw the loyalty of
the King or of his people to the Papacy, By the anhnoe
of Cniniiier. Hcnrj' hiid titu qui^tion of tho validity of
tbe diJtpCDWition before tlie utiiversitieA of ICuroix*, n<^
abstaining, however, from the use of laribery abrosid, and
of iuciincc« at home. Mi'ttntimu ho ])roc^vded to the
adoption of measures for reducing the power of the Pope
and of tlio clergy in England. Jcalcnsy in regard to tho
wealtii and the utinrpations of the hiemrclucal body, which
bad long been a growing feeling, prepared tlte niktion for
Ui'JM^ bold measures. One nign of tliLs feeling was the
satiBfaetton whicli had been felt at tbo n-stniinbt laid upon
die privilef^* of clerical exemption from n-aponxibility to
tbe rivil tribunals. In tbe preceding reign, a bisliop had
SSO TUK REt'OIUIATlOX IK ENOUUiD AND SCOTUKD.
■aid llint bucIi vntu ttiu projudico of u Loudon jury Bgaioit
tliu ulerg}', Uiitt it would coovict Abel of the murder ol
Ciun. TUo /wll of Wolsey. who waa ruined by tho fuUun
cf Um nvgotiutidiis with Koiuu fur tUu divorcv, oiid bj' tlto
enmity of Aua« Boleyn, iiitiiuidnt«d tlio whole clerical
body, imd niudi; Uii'm tm avfy proy to Uiu King's n^UMat^ .
"The nutliority of thia Cui-diniU,** wtys Hftll, the old
dirouicter, " eet tJie clergie in such n pride tliat they di»-
diuiiud ult men, whrruforu when hu wiw fuUoti they fol-
DWed iifU-r." ' Karty in li'ittl, Henry ruvivcil an old
statute of Kichard II., and accused tliu clci^jv of hiLVtng
incurred the peiuillivs of pnvmutiire — forfoiturv <>( idl
movnble goods and iuijirisonmeiit tX discretion — for sub-
mittjnt,' t') Wolei-y in his chanu^tur of piipal Ic^^tit. A»-
Beiublfd in eonvocaUoii, tliey were obliged to implore Ills
pardon, und ubbiined it only in roturu fur a hirge sum of
money. In Uutir petition, liu wax styled " the Protector
and Supreme Head of the Church and Clergj- of England,"
to which was addixl, itftcr long debate, the qualifying
phrase: "aa far o» iit ]it^rmiit4Ml by the law of Christ."
Act« of Parliiiment took away the fu-st-fi'iiits from the
1*»{)0, ]>ruhibit<-d appuais from oeclesiiistiojil courts to I{om«,
tuid, after Die coiiHciMiilion of Ci'anmer, ns Aruhbtiihop of
Cimtorbury, ordained that henceforward the ctxiBuonittoa
of nil bixhojiK luid anOdjishopn should be cutiKummnted
without :ip|)ltoatJo» to the Pope. Henry was nmrried to
Annv Boteyn on the Hth of Novoinber, 1532. On the
HUi of tlib pn-ceding July,at Windsor, he •awCntliarina
for tlie last time, who had been his faithful wife for
twenty-tlirci> ymnt. Eloicn wiH-ktt lif bcr tfau marringo, the
king authorized Craumer to decide the question of the
dirorce without fear or ta^'or ! Of courae the divorce was
decreed. In lo^ Uio King wxs rtxjuiivd by iho Pope to
takB back Catharine, on penalty of excoininunication. On
the 9tJi of June of that yiiir, a rryul odict wus issiiod.
I It. 774.
ACT OP SUPBKUACr.
831
■boliBhing tliv Pope's authority in England. FnirUanwnt
poaud tlic act of 8ii{iruinuc)-, "Tiiiit thu King, our Miv*
ev^gn iord, liia Uain nnd aucccsaora, kings of tills renlm.
ahull bu tuki^'ii, H(x.-ci>tk'(]. und rt-jiutod tliu only miiiii-niu
he«d in eartli of Uie </hurch of EughinJ, called tlie An
gUoiUia Ecclusiit." This wiut foUuwud by ilhuHkt greiLl
iDeaoore for the further humbling of docleaiusttciil puwer
— Urn aboliahing of tho cloistcni und the ooofiecation of
their property — iii I&IIG. I'lib f^^ll, Lo :t gnwt t-xt«iit, into
thv hnuds of tho nuhlfs tiud gentry, and luid u puwurful
effect in binding lln-ni to tlic policy of the king. Subae*
quontly, tJio laiger niona&teriea, wliich had been sjuirod ut
fiist, Bluut-il tliu fnlu of Uic infui'iur vKtHbli^iiuimUt ; luul
by the expuhuou of the mitred »bbota from the upper
House, thi> prt-jMndcnuiee <ii power niu left witli the
seuuIoT lords.
ThuB the kingdom of Enghmd was severed from the
Fu]>iicy, und U)v Church of England brought intosubjeo
tion to tite cinII authority. The old Knglisli feeling of
dislike of foreign eoelonutacal oontrot hnd at hist ripened
into a verification of the words which Shnkespcare puU
into tliu niouth of King John, n» a. mismttigu to I'upo Intw
leatlll.: —
"Ttllhini U>l)l«ln; and f ram tlu aioulb of UngUnd,
AiU Uiit uiui-Ji uuirc, — lliBI na Ilalinii |>rreit
Sliall tlihe or toll In uur ilonilnlonii;
Bill ta w> snilcr fltuVFn uo lupmnc licotl,
So wiiIm kiiD, IliU Knot lUiiKinaiT-,
Wlim m >lu tvlga, nr will kIliIic utilioU.
Without the anitUnca ut « iiKirliil hand.
3a l*l[ (ha IVpo : all raTfnnn let apart,
Tu hiai ODil bn utiirpttl ftitborily."'
Tboro had beun no renunciatioa of Catholic doctrines.
Th« hieroichy still existed as of old, but with the King
in the room of the Pope, as its e&rtlily head. There were
two iiartivn nidi; by nido in thv e[n»c<>pitl ofBcc* and in the
Council ■ one of tiiem diaposod to press forward to otbct
' King Jolia, act in., M. L
U
TH£ lUVOniATtOSI IH EKOLAIJD Am> SOOTUND.
dunges in tlio direction of ProteatanUam ; Uie other bent
QQ upholding; tliu luuiient creed in it« integrity. Tlic Act
of Supremacy, as fur as it had the dYin)Kitl)y of Uie j>e<y
[ilv, <.-i.i(iUl not fail tu sliiiki? thvir rvvi>n.-Bou for tko untin*
Bystem of which the Pajiacy liad been deemed ut esen-
tial parti uid to incltnt> many to substitute tlio nuthr>rity
of the Bible for that of the C'liuri'li ; for to ttH' IVMr the
appeal had bvvn made in the matter oi the King's di-
vnnx-. uiid Uie Itihle and the ooiiiilitulicn. of Uie priinitirtt
Church had fiirnithod the grounda for the overthrow of
pufNil Hiipn^niivy. At Ui« h«id of Uie party disposml to
ICeforin, among the bi%hopa, was Cmnnier, vrho bud qMUt
some time in Gerniiiny, und biul married for bis second
wife a niece of a Lutlieran theologian, Osiiuid<.'r. Crui-
iner is well characterized by Itanke as *' one of tlioao
natures which niiLit Imve tlie i>u])pt)rt of the snpivme ao-
thority, in order to carry out their own opinioiM to their
oousequenecs ; as then ttivy a[>]H-nr enterprising and spir-
ited, BO do they become pliant and yielding, wlivii thia
favor in withdrawn from them ; they do not shine by
reason of any moral greatnean, hut tliey are well uihtpt«>J
lo save a cause in difEcult circuinstancea for a more favur-
ahle time." * I.4itinier, who bcutme Bishop of Worcester,
was made of sterner stuff. Among the other binliops of
Prutcstant tendencies, was Edwant I'ox, who. at Smatcald,
had declared the Pope to be Antichrist, 'llie Ituulur of
the Protestant party was Thomas Cromwell, who \na
made the Iving's Vicegerent in ecc1eua»tiad affuii's, who
bad couducted the visitation of the monast«riee which
preceded Utc dostniction of them, and was an ndJten^nt n(
the reformed doctrine. On the other side was Oanlit»er,
t SnglueAt UitfUr.iU, 1. 904. A nTEni nol lo uj* hanb. toimil* of Cnn.
M(* U glTen W Mucuuliy, flitt. r/ fJnfiinit. I. U: Rtrifit <^ HaStam (fauy*.
I. MS). "ir,"uj-i llallam, " vc wvlKh Iki i^baiBcttr d llii> pniMr in H
M^l talanoti hr «lll ipptor far liidcnl r«iiaT(4 from llio tiir|i>luili' Imr >l«l U
hbalQr bib catoi'iff^i jt\ aat tiitlili-d to anr «ztiaonluiafT Tratniion." Camt
TtCe IKX ABTICLES.
823
I
I
ibop of Windicttcr, vrlio uplicM tliti Kii)g b Supruio-
tcy, but woA ait unbfmilmg advocate of tliv C'atliolic theol-
ogy ; together witii TuiisUl of Uurbuut, mid oUtcr bLH]ii>[M.
Tlio King ubowed luiiLat.'lf. at first, faTomble to tbe
I'rotestant party. Tbc Kiiglixb ISibks wbicb wiut iiuumhI
uiiJrr his autliority, and a copy of which vraa to be placed
ill ever}' cliurcli, bud tipoii tliu litlu-pugc tlio inscripti^m,
i«tiiiiig from liia moatli : " Thy word iB a lantern unto tiiy
feet'." ^ In luS6, t«n article* werv laid bt-foru Coiivooitton,
lulopted by titat body, and sent, by the King's order, to
nil pastors as a guide for tlivir teaching. The Biblo and
the tiirue iincicnt croetLs won^ made the staiiilitrd of doc-
trine. 8alvation is by faith and without bumiui in<-ritB.
Tlio sacriimvut of tliti altar is dvflned in iDtiM to which
Luther would not Imve objected. Tlio use of imagra and
riirious other ei'n.-nK>iiiii>, auricular confutuiioi), and llitii
iuvociition of saints, ai« approved, but cuutloiis ani given
,^^hi»t v.buaes connected with ttiL-se tilings. The luhniif
rimi tluit there is a I'ui^itory m coupled witli the doiiinl
of any power in tho Pope to deliver bouU froiu it, and
witJi tlie rejection of other superstitions connected with
the old doctrine. IlivM Hrtieles, tinsutinfactory us they
were, in many respects, to the Protestants, were still re*
garded by them an a long stej) in tku right <lirection.
'llie Catholio party were offended. A niDJorily of tlie
nation still clung to the andent religion. Tbe ouppreB-
sion and apoltution of the iiioniusteneS, wliieli weru pri/A-d
as dispenserB of hospitality and sources of {K-cuuiary
advantjtgu to tlio nutlc populutiou, liad excited much
discontent, especially in tlie Norlli and West, when)
the Cutholics wcro most numerous. 'Iha disaffection,
which was heightened by the leaning of tlio govern*
mcnt towards Protestant doctrine, broke out in the rebel-
Uou of 1.5ilC, wliidt, nithougb it was put down without
toncossiona to tbe promoters of it, was succeeded by s
' On Uie Kagllah rcnlotu «( Uie D fie, ••• ABdcnon, Aanait af At AhuI
an THE RFJiQIOUTIOK tS ESCiAMD A.VD SOOTUUTO.
cihang» in tliv King's oodmiiwdcal policy. Tli« OntlioUo
hetioa gniiied tbu asoendency, aud, notwitlistiuKling tlie
opftosition of Cmntiuo' iind lii« friends, th« Six Artiulea
(or "abolishing divers!^ of opiniona" in religion, wcra
fruiiH'd into u \nvf. TIk-ni^) ()ts.'m.-d tnin«ubshmtintioii, tjie
necdlefWDfles of coinniuniou in botli kiud^, the celib«cy of
tite priuUhood, tliu obllfjiition of vows of chnstity, the
noceasity and value of private ninases and of aiincul>r
oonfvesion. WJioovur dvuicd trunmbsUinUatioo vroa to
.be biinu'd at tlt« stakti aa a heretio. Whoever should
publicly attack oitlirr of tti<? otbur uticles was to sufTer
dvatb as a felon, without k>enetit of clergy. Imprison-
ment, conGsuatiuu of gDod». nod death were tlircntviied to
exprmxions of diisncut from tlie lust live of ttie articles,
acoortUug to its form nod dvgroe. The execution of
Aoiie Botoyn nod the marrii^ of tiie King to Jaito S^-
mour(ljiSC); luidntill more, tbv fall of CroiiiwoU (]>'>40),
tlw groat 8U|i]iort of tlie Protestant interest, wlitcb fot<
lorred upon tbe marringu u( Henry to a Protestant prin-
Ctm, Anna of Cleve, and bis immediate divorce, incivasnd
Uie strvnglh of th« persecuting fnclion. llioeo who de-
niod tbv King*8 «u]>rcniiicy and tliose who denied truntiub*
atatiti:ilion were dragged on tbc same btmlle to tbe place
of exueiitiun.' Karnwt biidiopn, its Latimer unil l^ltuxton,
were imprisoned in the Tower. Cmoinur was protected
oy his own prudence ainl the King's favor.^
> The unuunl ul pnnscutinn under tli# SU AitidN 1* iliMunnl by Ualllutd,
Emiyt m iKt Ui/urauilinn (I^iilIuii. ISU).
* Tb]> u niH U» jiIm* io dlKOM at Ungth th« pononal chanclar ol Iti-nry
VIU. ^ir Janwt Maiklntutb, iifler KcvuaUng Uie wueuliooi ol Hun wid
Aaae. njl- "1" (I>mo Ino dlicful itccja Ilnnry aiiiiroubcil, iwrlu|», u imrty
So A* idral tttadoni ul pcrftct wlcke-lnos u (he iDflimlUm at hnnian narun
will allow." aiiltry </ K^luiitl. n. ch. vll. M*c*nl*y |ir«nauof«> Um "•
kinfc vboM thuot'tCT niKT be Vmi ilcjtcriboil b^ UTln^i that be hm itc*fiuil»ia
llMlf (Mmonlfli'd." {Ittriitf ih/ lliiltnm-) Burnet cini ■ milder juileniilili "T
d« not doDjr Uul be li is be numbeicd laumn llia iti prin«r, f*l 1 tuniwl rank
lilin wiih the iiT<>nt." Ilitl. "/ 'ki It^f., i. It. i. ti. iii. Lord llfrhrrt, a(te<
tlieikiiiR of hla willfiiluoH nnJ iFklouiy, Mf*; 'ThTM oondUion*, ni^iiiii brinf
vauil wiU) fowtr, praduMd tucb tmiMa iJtrH — WyWd biR>,atro«l ud ■
SEFOSX tniDER KDWAKD VI.
Thft flcnth of Henry put an eml to this pcrBi-ciiiion.
lie kiid attempted to eetablish an Anglican Chtirch nliicb
•Itould bo neither Prot«>Btaat nor Konian Catholic, but
whi'.'h should differ fronrt tb« Roniim Citttiutic Bjrstem only
in till! nrticlK of th(> Royal Supremnoy. Hia Bocoess ms
r«in<(rkabl«, and h«s bocn ascribc-d corr«;tty to tho axtmor-
dinnry force of his charartcr, tlie advantagt-ous poaitJon
uf l-'iiglaDd with reference to fwri-ign powci*, thi? i<normotis '
walth wliidi tlie confiscatioa of the religioua homea
placed at his disposal, and tlio inppurt of the neutral,
nndocidfid clnm wlio embraced neither npiitiun.' With
the deatli of Henry, the two parties, as if rcli-ascd from
n strong limid, iiMiittiitl Ihi-ir natural antftgoninm. 'Hio
governnKnt could maiut^in its independence of the Papacy
nnly by obtaininf; tliP support of the I'rotcstants. (lenry,
with tJia aBHent of l^rliaim-nt, had determim^d tlio ortler ,
of thu HiicccGsion, giving prrcoilciK-c to Edward, his son
by Jane Seymour, over the two princessea, ^!arJ', the
(lunghter of Cathariiio, and Elizabetli, the daiiglitcr of
Anne Uoleyn. Kdw;ird VI. wiui Ws than t<^n vea» old at
his accession in 164T ; but as an example of intvllcctital
precocity he lias Eehlora, if ever, l)epn snr]>nf«ed. He
was tirmly iitt^ichcd to the Protestant laith. A Regi-ney
wiv* t:»tablishcd, in which SonierHtrt, the King's unelc, wna
chivf, and at tlie bead of a Prot«etant majority. The
Six Artioh* were repealei). It vm» the period of tlio
bniiko, Itr rho oune of frmrt; whjch hImi lurdlj nn l>« ai~<yiJ^-" U/i 9md
H<iy^ llt-Kj ritl..p.tn. llr.Fniud*, ia bU ffiWtry^f'iifAiwt/nWi
Mi f'nlt-i/ ir<-jMji fa ikt Dr/tal oflXt SpataA ArmaJa, hu |inliimiil ■ 1
bnt ipi'loey for IIV1117 Vllt, Rul ha fiila U offrr *ay tAtr[tnX» dtfSBM 1
Iha •xwutian of Uoi* taA of »1>!ivr, <n act «f (ninllj Ihsl il Ihn liiiic wv rap-
nbaird •raijrwbfni and ilill Ism Ivr Um ilnUruction of CmniT'.'lJ, wIioh
hsud*, whether jutll; or doi, prtltH up <■> the nty foot of the h-anuld.
Inn if Ana« Bnlnyn hs MppoKd n> b* cuHlr of Ih* (hargu lironghl u;>>iul tier,
Ih0* *M > hniUlilj' fa the flrriimitiiiRi of t»r InprWnmcol ind vioculloa,
Ud in Ihg iiiarriat^ irtth Jans Stjrmour Ihe VBr* am iKf, irblch It li Impoulbla
to »]icu». Hid (UnWiRpararln of Wtnrf mr« ri^bl \a dIsllnKuiitiln); Um
MrUir Irom Uu iMltr pactka ol bis rrin Afler (Iw (all ol VToIh;, h« b*
lang uiuto and fuuit willful, m>|Mii>iM, and cmt-
Uacaula^, llitloni r/ Eoglimf, I 44.
826 TliK iiKrriRMATiox n i^solaxd and 5<.-0T[.AXD.
StnaiciiUlic war lutd of the Interim in Gerntany. nuA IIm
bands ol Cnmtner and Ridley woru strengthened by tiieo*
kgiitns from Uia coiiUuent. Peter Martyr and Ochino
wvTv niude profcMont at Oxford ill 1547, and Marttn
Bucer and I'litil Fagius were culled to Cambridge in 1S49.
The " Book of lIumiUo« " »i>[K-iired in 1547 ^<'xpo«utioci^
uf C')iri«tiHii docU'intj whic)i wt^re to bo reud by the clergj
tn th^r cbutvhea every Sunday. Communion liad bvoi i
ordered to he adminislorcd in both lands. Tr4n9ub8tan>
tiation was iioh' foniially abandoned ; the iH.-iwnd priaciptil
sti'p, after tho declaruiion of llie Koyul Supreitutcy, iu
the progwiM of the I-'ngh»li Reformation. Thc«o changes
gave rise to a nuw ■• Oriler of Communion;" but U»
lattiir wiut ftupcrseded, in loi^, by the " Rook of Cotnmon
Pi-aycr," which was revisCKl in 1652, when tile iim; of coo-
Hocmted oil, prayers for tlie dead, and nuriculai' confea>
Bioa. were uholiHhifd. In 1552. the ^Vrticles n-iTo framed,
at flrat forty-two in number. ThiiH Ihi; Anghum Oiurch
ubtuined a definite constitution and a ritual. Able and
ib^aloii-H prwifhere. amon^ whtmi wi-iv Miittlu-w rark«r,
I^timer, and Jolm Knox, made many converts to tha
Protuiliint ductriiR'. Tlio progrewi of innovation, kow-
erer, waa somewhat too rapid for the genei-al sen3e of tfie
nation. Thv spoliation of Church i>ropurty for tlie prD6t
of iudividuiUa, in which Somerset waa consfneuouit, gava
just olTenso. Anxious to carry out the plan of Henry
VIM,, for the man-i.iyu of llio young Qm-en Mary of
Scotlimd to Edward, and desirous of imiting tha two
eountrics in one great I'rototant power, SoHii-rset innidvd
Scotland ; but, though his arms were auceeaaful, the an-
tipathy of the Scots to tin- domination of the English waa
too strong to be overcome; and Mary waa taken to
France, there to be married to the Daupliin. A Catholic
rebellion in Cornwall and Devonshire was supprcdacd
but tlic opposition to Somerset on various grounds, whidi
was led by tlie Duke of Nortlmmberiand, finally broogbl
gaav OP vwi.
821
llie Protector to tlin xca/Fold ; and Noi-Uiumberliiii^, who
was now at the liead of affaira, concluded a peace with
Fmnw;, in wlnoli the project ol n marriagir of Edward
witU Mary was virtually renounced. Under Cranmer'g
»mx'rintj'ndeno« a reviiwl of tiw cccIcKiiislicul (itiit;t<<'B,
including tliose for tbe punialkment of Iiereay. was under
laki'n; liut Uk' work wiwnot finixliud when tbu King died,
dt tlic ttffn of sixteen (1.W3).
llm rcncck>nary inoromcnt that utt«ndt><l tlio aox'ssiun
of Mary to tlic thmne, was heightened by the abortive al--
b^mpt of North umbi^-rliind to doprivu bar of it by porstiad
ing tlie dying King to bMjueatli tbe cTown to Liidy Jane
Grey, a descendant of Henry's suter, and a Protestant,
whom NorlliiiiubcrUind liiul itutrriiHl to hii* son. 'l1io party
which tbtiH sought to overthrow tbe order of Miccosaion that
had been fixod by uci of i'arhaniviit, fouixj that it wns f<;c-
bly mipport«d, soon became dividu<) and efTcctcd nothing.
Tbe insurrection under Wyat was punished by tbe death
of it» leader^ and \w\ to the execution of I^tdy Jane
Groy. Mary was narrow, with the obstinate will of her
father, and Kujicrstitioiisly attacbod to tJio religion of bor
mother. She proceeded i\s expoditiously as her more
prudent advisers — of whom I'hilipof Spain was Uie chief
— would permit, to restore the Calliolio 8i,-fltem. SIio
Boon dislod^d the laarriiMl clergy from their places, Tbe
Prayer Book wiui alHilinbed. Dbdaining the suggestion
that she should marry an Englishman, she gave her hand
to Philip with a dcvotiuTi in which xi'itl for the Catholic
faith was indistinguishably mingled with personal reganl.
Tlio point on which Parliament showed most hotttation
wi\s the matter of tlio Supremacy. The opposition to
papal control wiut raor<> general and better established
Ihon tbe ant-igonisra to Roman Catholic doctrine. Par-
tiament insisted tliat tin; guanuilce of tlto abbey lands to
their new possewtota should be incorporated in the very
ftct which rocstabliHlKil papal auUiority. Reginald Pole,
V2B THE REIORMATION IK IS<GLAKD AKO SCOTLAND.
vbo vaa made legate of Uie Pope in 1554. moil sucCL^c-ded
Cnmmur in th« urchliisliopric, ynia iiui (jueen'a upiritoid
ooanselor. Hie fourtb of tbe great measures fur the
dwtructioa of Protcstajitism »ils tlm unforcumviit of tUo
iwt againft humay. tiardtnor lost no time iu abandoning
lie doctrine of the King's Biipromac)-, wliich it is difficult
to beliuTf) Uiftt liu oxbt ^mwrvly Im-IiI. He and Itotmi-r,
the. new Rifiliop of London, were active in persccation.
Thu forei^ tlieologianfi were drivvn out of tlu) kiugdomt
Mtd llic- furt!((^n ciingn-f^iiliotiH dittpened. Not leas than
eight hundred Kngliahmen, whose livea were in danger at
home, found an iisylum among their bnitbrcu in tiermaojiJ
and SuitM-rliiiid. Tlx; noble foKitiide irith which Hooper^
Latimer, Kidley, and nnmerous other nartjn*, endured
the Hn,', did mtii-h to atrtingtbvn thu Protestant rutiso and
to break down tbe [Mimlarity of Mary. Cninnier, from
ibe day when ho «m from hie priBon-tower tlie burning
of lii« conipaniontt, Kidluy niid Latimer, el-cuis to hav%i
lost hiH spirit. IIb was persuaded to make au abject re*l
Miitatioii ; but, nol:withetanding this act., it was d«ter>l
mined that he ttliotild die. What course he would haT4|
puisucd liad he been permitted to lire, it is impassible toj
tell ; but, in the prottpoct of certain death, his coot
rcvirod, and ho exhibited nt the end a dignity and oon-1
Btaiicy which have gone far in tb<: eKtitu:itiMn of ptwteril^ '
to atone fur his previous intirmitiea. Tbe fault of Cran-
mer was a time-Aerving spirit ; an imdue subservience to
power ; a timidity, vrbich is not compatible wiLli tlm
highest type of manly honesty. An example of this u
■ie«n in tlie conrse he adopted on taking the oatlts of csn-
nonical obedience tu the Pope, at his consecj^tion as
Archbishop ; wbvn he satisfied his c^Hwdenoe by a pro-
tost to the effect that he did not consider himmlf bound
to alMtuin from measures for tbe reformation of the
Church.' Ifis jMirticipution in tbe oondonuiatlon of John
t Thii pnrtMtatiim wmt a-il oimtniinicaMi) U llic Ptipc. Sn Iliill«iii*( i»
^ut* up«D il, CdiiM. IHmL, cIi. i>. inarrnpi' Atn- *>!-, pp- ti, 99 ud D.)
DEATH OP CRAKHES.
329
Fritb, who wna burnt at Smitlifiuld in 1£83 for oenyiiig
Uie corporal piv«cno» of Clirist in the Sacrament ; nnd
Mill mon^ hU part in tho execution of Jean Boudier, or
Joan of Kent, who irit* ctiXUnl lui Aunlxtptiflt, and wiui
bnrn<H.l, in the r^gn of Edward, for an heretical opinion
respecting tJio Incamittion — t>ot to RgK-nk of other cx-
Mnples of Ik liitt: iiitoleisnce — are a blot upon hia Diatnory.
tn th<.- iHflt davH of Edwtird. Cruoiner and his assodatei
weic oiigaf^il in tiliaping )awa for tlie punishment ot be>
lievers in doctiinw whitJi lie had hitnsolf hold not long
before, and for dixlwlicnng in whidi he had ani»tod in
bringing Frith and others to the stake. The Protestant
biceps, says ]>ing»rd, the Catholic hi»torian, " penahed in
fliuiMw which they had prepared for tlieir advcrsariw." >
Yet Cranmer, aa Burnet haa justly said, was instigated
by no cruelty of temper. lii; wiut under the »way of the
id«M, that thero must he uniformity, and that the magifr
Crate must be responsible for securing it. This idea it
was, in connection with the pliunt dbtposition whioli \m>-
longed to him by nature, which moved him, in the laat
years of Henry VIII., to an unjustifiable conocalmaat or
oompromiso of hia opinions. It must be set down to hii
ondit that ho raised hb Toic« af^inst ih« adoption ot the
Six Article*, and interceded, when interoeasion, in how-
Sror cautious a form, was haiardons, for the lives of Anne
Boleyn am) Cromwell. But tlie burning of a man of his
Tonerable age, who bad filled so large a space in ilic pub-
lid ey«, whom hand hud boon pressed by Henry Vlli.
when he was dying, and whom own deatli took plaoo un-
dor circumstmiCM bo affeeting, could not fail to react to
tlie dimdvftntagc of the Queen and of her creed. Variooa
other Mustw conspired to render her nnpnpular. In 15i>5
Paul IV., a violent bigiit, and witlml hostile to the Spaniab*
Austrian House, beesmio I'o])e. He insisted on a restflnir
> IliU i* wmtnlHt too nvciv, u [lio Umpord p«oallla of hcmy wen to b*
1«*JI br I*>rliaintD<. SviUillKn, CVwt. ffut. <;/A'«}Ai>uriUl«r«<)iiloiM]«k.B
£30 TRK REFORMATIOS IS CXGLAKD AND SCOTUKO.
tioii of tjio Cliurcb prnporty in Eiiglund. llu would ban
h''U)« niUMid moofisteriua once more t«iuuiUKl by Uie monka.
Tliat is to nj, ho wns rasolvtrd to annul the condition on
iHiidi al<»ie Parliament bail ootiMiiited to rvstoru Uio [uipiLl
Hipiynuivy. Moroovor, England was brought, tbrougb
Fbilip, to take purt in the war of Spaio ngainst Fnuioe,
wrbich gave tho victory of St. Quentin to the Spanish
king, but tnadtf the English snuirt under the Ion of Calaia.
']*liu Queen, who&e w'.ioie houI w;ui bound tip wilb tba
CMian of tbo Cutbolic Church and who looked upon Philip
as its diampion, wait forocti to vritnowt Uie hostility of the
Pope to her busbnnd, and to see Pole, who belonged t-o
ttbat section of the Cntliollcs which wue inclined to Prot-
^eatant views of jnfttification, and for this reason was dis-
liked by Paul IV., dt-privwl of the Icgntinc office. To
add to tlie periU of tho iiituuLion, Fnuice was in alliance
with Seotland. Mary died on tho 17th of Kovember,
1 'i.^tj. The next night. Cardinal Pole died. It is reiuiurk-
ablo that within a short time before or after the Queen's
dvatli, not leas than tliirteou of hor bishops died also.
Tito nation vreloomed Kiizabetli to tlie throne. Her
Etias, whicli resulted from her education and her native
habit of feeling, was towanlt n highly conservative Prot-
aintisin. The point to which she was irrevocably at<
lied was that of the sovereign's supreinaey. Her own
Ivgitimocj and title to the throne depended on it, and tier
natural love of power confirmed her attuuliment to it.
She did not reject the Protestant doctrines i-csjiecting
gratuitous salvation and tJic supreme authority of the
Scriptures, but she was disposed to retain as much as po*>
sible of Uie ancient ritual. Sbo had a decided repugnance
to the marriagi'! of the clergy, and was with difliculty dia-
4ua<le<] from absolutely forbidding it She kept on tlie
altar of her own piivnto chapel a oruetfix and a burning
candle. On her accession, she is said to have notific
Paul IV. of the iact ; but this fanatical prelate hatiiihttl;^
roiJcr OP ujuheth.
S81
replied that site must submit lier cUims to Ida decision.
At n Inter duy, when Piu» IV. olTered ta make important
coQcesNona, such lui the grnntiug of (he cup to the laity
and U)v hih^ of the Englittli Liturgy, the propositi was ro-
fused. In the revision of thti Litui^, tlie pasiiage in the
Litfttiy rt'lalivi* to tho " tyranny of tho Biehop of Romo
nnd idl his deti-stahle enormities" was »mttt«<), ns well its
lb« «xphmation of tho nibric that by kneeling in tho
S;wTaroent no ador.ition in intendi><l for any corpoml prei*
ODoo of Climt. Th« Forty-two Articlei were nsdoced to
Thirty-nine, in tlie reviiiion by ConrocatJon in 1563 ; and
its act waa poiifirmed by Parliament in 1571, The Act
of Suprf^miu^ ]iliu-rd (icolwinstical powor in tlic hands ol
the Queen, and tlie Aot of Uniformity made diaaent in
public tt-aohiiig and in IIib cvramonies of wonjiip, unlaw-
ful. A Ojurl of High Commtwiion was c«t»blislird and
furnidied witli ample powers for enfoi-cing unifonnity,
and KupprcMsing and ptmishtng heresy and dissont.
The two claaees of subjeiHa against whom tlieae powers
were to be «xert«i wore the Catholics, nnd tho party
which was growing up under the name of Funlans. 'Hint
the persecution to whicli Catliolics were suhjeot duriug
tliis reign waa palliated, and that the severe prm.'ocdingi
against them vrrrv in some cases justified, by the political
hoetiiity whieh wus often inscpaniWy minglud with their
religions faith, is tme. When the Protestantism of tlie
Quvcn was miulo the ground of attack upon her on the
pitrt of foreign powen, and of conspiracifH against her
lifr* ; when at length she was deposed by a buU of Pins
v., and her subjepis reh'MMl ittna their all'-j^anw. it was
ititttmd tliiit severity should be tmed towariU lliat imrtion
at her subjects who were looked upon as tho natural allies
of her ononiics. Yet it is likewise true timt repn-ssive
measures were ndopt•^d agninst tho Catholics iu inimy
niM-s where justice aa well as Boan<l policy would have
dictated a dilTvrciit oounm.
it82 TRi: RF.I--OltUATION IS KNOLASD AHO SCOTLAXD.
■
A oon^deration ot Uw geucnii fliuractcr of tlie Aiiglicao
Cliutvli, lis (hat WM detortnined afler the aw^^ion of
Eii/abeth, will qualify ua to uwioraland tlio Puritan oon-
tr»vcniy. Tlii; (t-Mtiii'v ihmt il lit ling iiiifitvd tlit; Englitih
Cliiiroh from tlie reformed cliurdtes oil the Coiitiaent,
vrus iht' i-ttt^iitioii in its polity nml wui^hip of so much
Uinl liiul bttlonged to tlie Catbolic system. The first
step tti the English Refuruuitiun wiis the lutsvrtion of tha |
Itoyul Suiin.'nia(!y. At the Ixigiiiiiing this iiit^int ii di*l«r-
tttion of tlie nation's indepeudencu of Rome, But the
poeitivo chnnwti-T of this eujircmacy van not vluiirly d^
HiiimI. In till! tinii^ of Ilent-y V'lII., und in tlie beginning
of Kiiwaid's reign, Crannier and Uie bialiops, like civil
oiTiMtre, lutld (lifir comnitssions at tbv King's pleoaiiro.
On the deatli <)f Henry, Cronmer considered the arch-
bi»liopnc uf Cniitvi'liury vuctuit iintU ho should be sup-
plied with a new appointment. A« tlie hcnd of the
Cburch, tbo King could make und deprive biabopa, as he
Muld appoint M»d dogmdi^ nil oUicr oHicers in the king-
4)0111. The episcopal polity was retted, partly because
the bishops generally fell in with the pruci'^odings of IloUry
VIII. and Ivdwurd for tlie reform of the CliunJi, and on
account of the compact organization of the monarohy, in
consoquuncu of which the luitloii itct<rd as one body. But
in the tlrat age of the Reformation, and until the rise n(
PuritaniBic as a distinct party, there was ItttJo con>
troYcrsy among Proteitants in relation to epiawpiwy.
Not only wiifi Melauctbon willing to ullovf bishops with a
jttrt humano auUtority, but l.uthcr nnd Calvin were idso 1
of the same mind. The episcopal constitution of the
Englisl) Churcli for a long perioil put no barrier in ttia
wny of the inoitt free and fraternal relations betwei^n that
Dody and tlio Protestant c)mrche« on the continent. At
we liave hccii, Oranmer placed foreign divinen in rery r6
sponsible places in the English Churcli. Ministera wha
hiwl reonvod Pruibytorian ordinstioii werv admitted to
THK KflSCOI-AL QUESnOX.
818
take chai^go of EiiglUh pnriHiice witliout a question as to
the iifilidity of their orders. We fiod Ci'unmur, Tk[.-lano-
thi'i), and C^liiii iitorn lli:iti onco in vorn;.4|iniidotioi; with
OHO anotlior, in regard to iho calling of a general Protec-
tant Council, to counli-ract tli« influence of Truiit. Ilio
gi-cat English divini-s were in constant corresjmndenoe
with tho Hiilvi.'tic M-fiirmum, to whont thvy lookod for
counsel and sympathy, and whom tliey addressed iii a.
defun^ntiiil luid nlTDotioiMt« stylo. Tho piuttom of Zurich,
BiiUinger tho suooeasor, and Gualter the aon-iu-law of
Zwinglc, wcro tlioir intiniatu and trusted tuivisors. It
was a common opinion that there is a parity between
bishops and prrahyt^tnt ; th»t thv diflen^uou is one of ofhca
■»d not of order. Ttus had been a prevailing view
umong the acJiooImeu in the Middlo Agvs. Though it
hutongttd to bii^iops to orditin and (in tlie Latin Churoh)
to conJirra ; yet the priest, not less than the bishop, per-
formed the ininiclu of the EuohnnsL, tho litghiHit clerical
act. Crannier distinctly assorted the paiity of tlie two
chtiwvH of clergy. Tho samu thing is found in the " Bish-
ops' Uook," or Imtituthn of a Cfiriatian Man, whiclt was
put fortli by uuLliority in 1537.' But Crannier has left
on record an explicit assert4on of his opinion.' Jewel,
I Burnft 1.4M(A<Uloiid«). HuraM mj-j that it wu "l)i« «ommon itjleel
thM tgt " — ilvrirci] from lb* uboolmin — "to rtekon b iihopi >ni) primi* w
the pamo olSet." Aflor Uia 'IVldtiitin* C«uneU, the cloetrina ol lli« i»ilHiitif
tHriiM tJ bi>lio|H pm-allnl ia Uw Calholio Cliunh. Sm UiMtiM', t. i. 9.
t SO. n. i.
■ Bo« nani«t,L |t>.)C«llBCllana( Bvoordi, zxl. TIk* Xtpluii^iu^ttrmt
Uan 10, Wlwlbar Uttupi or pi(Mt* mr* llM? awl U Ilia ptiaru ini,
Ibca th» prinUi mndc Ihf hlihop." OnniBcr>n»r«ii " Tfa« falihapa Mtd ptt«a I
wen U Olio lioic, anil irecc no two thing*, hut both (ng oIBm In titt bcRlaillaC j
ot ('liruCa nlisldn." "QutMioa It. Wbdhor In the K«ir IViIainnii he n* j
qulrcj anv capKvnMlon of Utlup or pri«*u, or only appoiatinK in il,r oIHm bs 1
luindfiit?" <?ranmeraiii«-eni " tn Ihv Xfw Tdlamenl. h« llial i> appi>lnl«4i I
to bi> D hiihop or ptlo^t, nmlclh iw rail««nliaa bjr ilia 6<ripturr. fnr pirctlail
or appnlnlinj; thcrcla >• •uflltlnit." In anairtr in qoatli'in M, (•mntnt* nyi
'hal "It I* not rodjiilikn hjr Gwl** law," ft all tho Unhopi anil pri(*M in ■
tr^m vera 4»ar1, thai "th* KIiir of Ikal rKiM ahould «iak> blahoria «,4
THE »:rOSUATKi!( IN ENGLA.VD AXD SCOTLAKD.
I of tlic great ligliU of tlio Engliali Citardi in cfae wdy
. of thv roign of Elizabetli, appears to liold this view,
'iliincroft, Uie successor of Whitgift as Archbisliop of
Canterbory. is thoogtit to baro been the first to iriMUtiun
tile iic«c«rity of Lishopft, or tlio jur« divino doctrine.^
There b no trace of siich a doctrine in tha ** Apology
for tfa« Cburcli of Englimd." und in tlio " Dflfonse of the
Apolog}'/* by Jewd, which linve lieen regnrded by An-
glicans with juat pride as an ablo refutation of Roman
oUo uccuiKitiotui ngoinst their system. At a much
cr time. Lord Bacon, in his *' Advertisompnt oonccni
ContrOTCTuea of tlie Chnrdi of England," q>eaka of
ti« stiff di-(cndors of ali Uie orders of the Chmdi, aa
pgioning to condemn their opponents as "a bmL"
Yen, and some indiiwrevt pt^raoiis linTc K-en bold in
open preadung to use dishonorable and derogatory speei^
ocnsuro of tho churches abroad ; and that so far, as
ome of oar men, as I have beard, onlained tn foreign
B, have b«cn pronounced to be no bwfnl minist«n.
That ire aee tlic beginnings -vrere modt-st, but the «cc>
tremes were Tiolent,"' Near the end of Eliiftbeth's
reign. Hooker, in hia celebrated work in defense of th«
iChurdi of England, fully coiKcdes tlie validity of Pres-
'bytcriau ordination ; with tacit reference, aa Keble, Iiis
modem e<litor, concedea, to the continentJ Clmrches.
bMMio, wlik OoiawtlL RnmM, lUH. A-Ufia V. Alter
iflilllbilaBcti(Mia«f llMc)«rBjr, itliM»l: "TliUcaks, (bi* powr and ■!
hj'. WW tmomUMA anA ^Ttn tij CllriiC ■*! hi* ApoMlu ■Dto
ana anlf, thai b to My, nnU pilNt* Or blAapii, vhooi llity £d •lert,
ladBttlbncaotoferUidriiniyarawid ImpAKlilAn o( liondi." "Thaimhte,
1 1* du Kcw TMairMM ttwx k no weiilivD iiiatla ct any JaBrrti or ditUo^
I bi ivdvn, but only nr dMMOi m inlnl'Im, and of priMta or
Uibopa, vkh ■ gnmt na«t«r ol olber rcclnitrtkiv Mbacribtd
I HaUaa think* Uial not trao BaMTofl taught this rlew, wbtre it b i
bjr many to t* found, In hlawnnoiiat 8t.panl'aCT«aa(IA><). Carf"
»^f.9t (tUifm' Am. tA.y.
« iror*>Oiontac«-i •!.]*«-«■
THV POCTBIXE OF PBEDE8T1SATI0N.
888
Laud vraa roproved in 1604 for maintaiRin^ in his exer-
ciso for Bachelor of Dirinity at Oxford that thuro could
be no true cburcb witliont bishops ; " wliidi whs thought
to cast a bone of contention between the Ghnrdi of
England and tho Ruforniod on the Continent." Erun ns
late 09 161^, in the reign of Jamea I., an Engliah bishop
and Bvvcral Anglican clergymen itat in tho Synod of D'jrt.
with a presbyter for its motlerator.
Thn Anglican Church agreed with tlio Protestsnl
churches on the continent, on the nubject of prcdestinn-
taon. On this subject, for n long period, tho Protestants
generally were iinit<.>4l in opinion. They wlopted Uie
Augiistinian tenet. The impotcncy of the will is af-
firmed by I.utbcr »s strongly an by Calvin. Molancthon's
gradual moditiration of the doctrine, which allowed to
the will a cooperative agency in conversion, only affected
a portion «f tiie LntJieran Church. The U>3idpn( of tho
English Refomiation, from the time when tho death of
H(niry Ylll. placed Uicm firmly upon Protestant ground,
profess the doctrine of absolute, as distinguished from
conditional, prcd instillation, which is llic essential fwititrc
of boUi tlie Augustinian and Cah-inistic systems. It ia
tnio tliat Cranmcr, Ridley, and Latimer have not left so
lnit« oxpreawons or tliia subject in tlieir writings ns
!«8 is the case with tlie I. lizabethan bisliops. But the eeven-
tettnth of the Articli'« cannot fturly be interpreted in any-
other sense than that of unconditional election ; and the
cautious which are appended, instead of being opposed to
this interpretation, demonstrate the coireclitcss of it ; for
who was oTor " thrust into despeiataon, or into ^v^etchIeB8-
ncos of most unclean living," by tlio opposito dm^trim'?'
> It fi ImporUnt U obum, IW In tht lni)Dli7 whether Itie AltldM WB
" Cklvioinlic " or onl. Ililf lenn Ii ukiI id toDl^dlntlaclion to Armmiin. Among
Ih* ■«»» in ilcliniv ol tlicir DonX'al'-inittrctbanclaruAKbbii'lii)]! Liwrtiio*,
An^itm Lttturtt (ISM). Oa tbe Mma liila, with *oma buiMtinn, U Bitbop
lUnli] Ilrvini*, who mlMn (be raatrortn^r. A» K^idi, i^ 0-t **xn. Ar'
•Um lisaa.) Diihop Bsinct, biiiw>V > l.alltiiiliiurun, io fait dlffiaMioiwU il'»
U6 THE KEtOSMAIIO.V IN OiCIJLXO AMD SCOTLAND.
Brftdforil wliun in prison in London diaputeU on Utis tiibJMt
with certain '* froe-wilI«nt," of whom he wi-ot« to his fel-
low*iniu:tyr8 then at Oxionl. Ridley*s telU^r in rvj>ly oer-
taJnly iinplifji Bym^iaUiy wtUi Lih friend in tlua opinion '
Strj'pt; savs tiint Ridley and Bradfonl wrot4> on pmlL-sti
Dutiuii, und that Bnidfoi-d's treatise vas approved liy
Ci-annier, Uidlt^y, luid Lnliincr. The n.-lation8 of Cruu^
nior to Ituccr and Peter Martyr throw light on hiw opiitiuii
ralativu to this question. Bucisr, bc:for« he vra& called to
Englimd, had dedicated his exposition of the Rommus, in
which he sets fortli the doctrine of absolute predeatinntiun,
to CrunincT. I'vtvr Martyr chiborutoly defended this
t«nut at Oxford, and repUed to the anti-CwIviniKtic trea-
dses of Smith, liis pn>dccessor. and of Pigliiua, the oppo-
nent of Culviu. It wiis during the rt-sidcncc of Martyr
at Oxford, that the Articles were framed.* Ou the au-
-CWtdon of Mary, Criuimer offered to d<- fend, in coujono
tion witli liis friend Martyr, in a public diitputation, tli«
doctrines which had boen estahliiihed in the previous reign.
It a imposnhla to belivvv thut they nuitvriidly diflii-rt.-d
on this promiDoiit point of theolo^cal belief.* 'Iliere ia
more ground for the assurtion thut tlio fornmlarie« of the
Churcli of England are Augiiatinian, in distinction fcom
J CBWian of Uis«uliJ»:i. mjt: "tt )< not be drn]. I tliat Ihe Artid* [xrli.] hnh
IB b* ftanud UMMling to St. AiMJn't daelrine." " 11 jt vny pntbtbl* Ihit
dMM wlio jiaiaei It niNUil that the deem la abwlutt." liJiiiitUiim ij ti*
MXMIX. Arlielit (Art- ktIi-I.
> Tbc ni(^rnilbn lA Vi-Wvf !• inilintnl in th« mnvk llul ht <tan« not wtllt
MhenrUc on thli Bubitct " lliin th« vttj Coxl iloUt, M St w«T*, |M>1 in* br Um
hMd." Work* (rarknSoc^). p- 368.
* " la du, ren der Leodontr 8}-natI« im Jihr US/l, aur^fuats Claubant-
bckMOtnla der BsgllMilMii Kicli*. wunloo dia t.«lin> tun dgr KriMUndr, in
riMiilii>ltn*[1nii. and dtr BwbtfulJKunii. >iif|[*noniin(n, M Hit Uart.rr, mid
nit ihni iklb glcicliiFiilllfftn prDlmliiiiiiKiliiin Tticaio^fu in Fln^Und lU U\tt-
BciItUi tiaKMi." Dr. & Srhmiilt, Pitir Marlgr I'trmlili, Ltbtn ■• -HugatMl,
Bdrifltn, p. 117.
• ttpon ihc Cdvinlsm of Cniiiinfr, Ridley, and Latlmor, te llonl. lUCflomi
Ti«tfli >■ Knffbin-f, i. Si. Iluiil ratnn to Cninmer'i nnta on tb« Gnat BiUs
ta MtllinjE the point Ibat h* vu a " modaratr Catrlolrt."
JILVKISU IX KSGUHD.
StT
■
Cftlvinistic.i Yet it i» iu]i»itt«il by CMidUl acholiLn QaA
at the l)L-ginning of EliiabeUi's reign " CaUinistio teaich-
iug gvttvnilly pixsvuilud." > But tliroiigli tliu wliulc reign
of Edward, ubo, Calviii'a pereoiial uitlueiict; vaut gtaat in
England. ll\» coiitroviiray with t*ig)iiii», und the expiil-
Hion of Uolaec from O^nevn in lui'l, oicitt.-d gcncml ftt*
t«nt^on. It wiu about this time that election and kindled
tO(>ica be^ui to be agitated in England. Undvr date ol
September 10, 1562, Bartliolomew Trabtiron wntte to
Bidlingur : " 1 am exceedingly dusirout to know wbtl you
1 Ttie partlculnn in wliidi Caliin Tirlril (rom Au|>iullne ftre thiK. Au^n**-
Una mitlf tb« full oi AiUfn, (b* linl tin, the obj«( o( n pcrmlHlce rinrrr.
OllTin WM not HilidlKl itllii n lurt, |wwir( pannlMian on tlic plrL of God, wid
Dukoa Btalenuintf whicli liml l<i i)ic •iiimljp.nntiii i>laa.(Sfiifiipr>.p. ^fDS.) Thit
rtew ««■ dcreloind bj Bta iml a iKlInn nf Ihc (.'•li-jni-la. Bui inlnUparlan
or Aoguniniu Cnlviniitn hu lud iba auSrivw <it ■ iuj<iriiir. It ii fnund In il»
WeiUsUiiUr Contuiian, and sivd iIm <rtml o( ih( Si-iimi ol l>orI ila« uol ga
hcfvni it. Anmttina h«l'l la l)i« pnrlvriliua, in^lfad o( Iht repratNUlon ol
tbr wi«k*i); or rethfr In Ihpir nprabuion, not to (in, but tothr pnnfduntnt of iln
(l^ot ibo puM|[«» KV UiioMbtr, OngntmattdUiM, i. 40i. ) lligb Cdvlniil*
btlil lu • (Kiiiiiro ikcna a( npnilHliiiii, uuloipiat la (list nl cluctloni jttt
dtnii^i tlul (tod In til* autliot of ain. Caliio ililbml Imiii Auj^Miiiia in boi>l-
iUK Is Iba perMvmnoa of all bsliavart; Ihat U, Uib( iinnu but Ihg iltiul ctet
MvniM Mt'iii); faltli. Auguitioa atlributuil to Uia Mcnuaaotaa (paaMralUH
nil ttii: tiun-flrcL TIiui be bald ibat atl baptimt Inlanta an urtil. lUa my
mnaiilal Iwift taolun dacland to Im a ttatora of Ida Anglican lytKia, at op-
piwail to Ibat <■( Calvin. tSoi, i. g^Biaal, OleL •/ Oa«r. anliiiit. TlnaL.p.
lOS.) BbI (Uvin (oaibM, tint indunl that a wring moMura of gnn i* f^ttti
loallbapIlHddilMnn; bcii iilll ilini all >ucb arc "mgntud lalo iba bod^ id
thadiurtb," -aoaplad a* Itli (()ud'*| cblldnn hy ib« aolmn ajnbal «t adop-
lloD," ud Ibat " Uoi! ba* bia dllleniK di^fno (d trK*n«niii[i| thoM irhirm lis
ha* adopted." I*mI^ iv. xtI. 9, 31. lie itscbci tbal gnet ia impannt, la
aoina rjtual, to non-elert adulu, Dba an tbui midcrad mor* laMcciiMblr.
Tbe M optr* iqurata tbooiy of llie Hunmeatis the Uumj <d IJiaJr iotriixii
eflideoqr, huttpandtnlly ol Iha tcaUng ol Iba raefplont, la daninl — in iln
11 n Arllclm, tipmaljr — and "the wholcaamo effctl op operaliciu " of iliam
1> confined "foanch enly ■• aroRblly nnlrt the wme." Arllvia xra. affiroia
Dial " we miitl f«Bii'* Owl'i pmnitta in luch «■•> u ihoy b* ganerallj Mt
fortb to lu in Itoly Sriiplura." Tb<* l> MmallmiB md to be Hltl-Calvlnlillc
Hut (Uvin ray* liim "111? vui<.'C nl ibe (iut|wil addrama all nan jtBUWVlljr'," aiM
Jiat "the promiiu aronffcnd t>|iuiJlylo tbt Itllbful and die implfnii." /««.,
tn. xxll. 10, and u. v. 10. Tlie Anicio Impllta tbe C^lrlni>ilc o Ai^wtiaiar
Jiltlnrlian between the "itciTt will," «! purpeaB, and "Uut irill H (iod*
Vblcb li fipTMslj' d»clarwl-
* UloBt, OM.'/ /todr. aid HilttrUal nal^ IT. "Oalrlniaa." p. IIU.
no THE BKVOBUATIOK IK KNULANO AUU (iCOTLAHD.
troY&sy among Protestants in the early stages of tha
Rulurtii&tioii, WHS Uiu I/ord'it Suppur. On thJN Hubjitct.
Uie Church of England allie<l itaeU to the Refonned or
Culviiiistic bntnch of tlm Protest&iit family. It must be
reinembei-i:il tb:it llticer and Ciilvin had atruck out »
middle path between the Lutheran idoa of the local pn;*-
cncc Af vbv liody of Christ in th« Cudiuut, im<l th« idea
of a mere commemoration, which was the oiigiual view
of Zwinglt^ This middle dtx:triitL< denied the l^utliurun
liypotbiaiB of tUe ubiq[uity of Chrutt*s body, aaa«rted that
it is now confined to heaven, but nt tlic samo time RiGrniAd
ft real, though n>y»tvri»u.-( and puri'ly npIriliuU reception
of Chriat by believers alone, by virtue of vhicb a vital-
izing powor is conimiinicutuil to thu n^jiiont, «ven (roin
His body. With this hypotlieais of a real, but spir-
itual prusviiec irnd reception of Chriist, the Zwingliaos
were satiaBed. Even Zwingle and CEoolainpiidius were
not disposed to contend ngainst It; and it formed the
biui« of union between Calviit and his followers, and the
Zwinglian Churobes. At the outset, after giving up
transubstantlation, Cruiimer adopted the Luthenui doc-
trine of consubelantiHtioi) ; but Itidley eiubi-a«:ed tlia
Surias doctrine, in its later form, ajid Cranmor avonred
bimsclt of thi; mmv mind. On th« Slst i>f IX-oember,
154$, Bartholomew Tralieron writes to BuUlnger ol tha
nispntiition which Iiiid ju«t boon held in London, on tho
EuchariBt, " in the presence of alinoat all tlte nobility ol
England." Ho says: "the Archbishop of Onntcrbury,
contrary to general especlation, most openly, firmly, and
k'anicdly imunt^incd your opinion upon tliis subject.
His arguments were as follows : Tlio body of Clirixt wns
taken up from ua into heaven. Christ has left the world.
* Yo have the poor always with you. but me ye have not
always,' etc Next followed the Iti»hop of Riwhe-sler *
[Ridley]. "The trutll never obtained a more brillijin^
Tictor}- among ns " — tliat is, in ooiiflict with the Pnpista.
I
I
THE DOCTRINE OF THE LORD'S SUPPKB.
841
^m ** I peiveire tluiC it is all over witL Luthemuiflm, non
H tbftt tluiBe wiio were considered iU priQcipal and almost
" only siip}>ort<;ri>, liwvc iilti>K«tthtT eomtf over to our dido." *
Tlie exiliM who (lod from Ktigland on the dentil of Ed-
ward, %vero iuhoepitabty rvcL-iwd lu Gunniuiy on account
iol thiiir Cnlvinistr.. lu 15G2, iifier the iintdnptloi) of Uifi
Articles und«r Ehzubiitli, Jewel MTote to l'et«r Alai't^T:
** As for matters of doctrine, we hnve pared cverytliiiig
away to the quick, and do not differ Civ)iii your dodriao
by a nail'i broadth ; for us to the ubiquiturian theory " —
the Lutheran view™" there is no dangur in tUi» countrf,
IOpiitions of that kiiid can only gain admittance where
the stones have M'-nKC." ' But tlium ia no ueod of bring-
ing forward furtlier eridenco on tliiii point, Minco the Arti-
cles explicitly aaaert the CalviniBtio view. In speaking
of the English Rpfomicrs oc CalvinUtic. it is not implied
tliot tJiey derived tlieir o])iuionit from Calvin exclusively,
^m or received them on bis authority. They were able and
I Cruuncr tiiinwif Hji, nfrrrind l« hia Iranditioni ill th« lint jmr of Kd-
Vknt, of tb« Lulhonn (^IwIiIkiii of JuXiu Juciiu, in vrliidi it li alfirmfd Ih*t
til* (x-ly Mill liliHvl n( Uio fisvUmt *Tt nniind by Uu inoalb: "KM toeg ht-
ivn I wrote lh« Mill r*luclili'iii, I vai> ta tl>kl omiT of the nkl prcwam, m I
wui tamjr yi«n pail, in dinn otiicr emn, h trui*ub«Uiill*llDa " — bnv
fau ennmtraic* aih«r papal doEtriau which be bad mm held. Cnniner, Trtal-
HM «• tha laril'l Sti/ifitr (Farker Soc-t, p- STi. In Um dbcuMien* riywi-
Idr tbo K^ouaaol, prlur to ili« pnt«Klina cf llio xi.it Aitlclu at I5U|
Bocer (bought Mirti t tiw 7wiii|[hnn. Km C. Schmidl. J*tltr Xartyr
VrmlfUi Ltkn m. iHU'ftirMki Seit^/Un, p. 103 wr).: Uaalii, Oipin «.
Banr, /rfAfH, ate, p. Ut; lludvkk, Ultfn^ <{f rA< Artidtt of Xttigbm,
p. 'M. Dill Ibli 1«l Id no Mrloui diMgraomeDt. Bucer u)d Slutirr onn l><)lh
tubslaallillj- Ctlvlnlillc The Idol that Cnnmer vn dUlnellnMl (oili« "SwIm
dootrina " u contradltMd bjrhli ovu wordii " Doom dlwaaleth In nathlaH Iruin
fXoiUinpadiiu and Zviocliua," r*r iniW'i SufftrlFiAtr Sot.) p. t2S> llu
chanint in Uio Onlrr of Comnusloii, in the IbTliian of lOS). lire Zwlni^lan (a
IJHir tunc. Sm> TiSnlirfin, tliMary (/ Om/tnmt** and «(ltr PrtntJifgi tut.
lueltJ<i-iilt llf lUmitm of lit Bovk ffCriaunt Prv^r. pp. i,b. KinK Kdwanft
('■lfl<'hS-in for aM ^diitulinakUn Ui L«aicb| \t lUAnit^ly anli 'Lutheran. The Mm*
manioniili-a tld« of the Kiicbariil 14 rnplianlxal. PaJlh ii ilnuribRl a* tha
mnath of the apirit far iMaiviag Chriit. Set /.tly^git* «f King EiieATi
IPukit See. ) pp. ilfl, tlT- lli»k:p Uo-^nlal^ Iba filvad of Cnuvtr, tnr»
a wi^tinji at Calria on tha Sacramsnt.
• lUfaaiy T, IMt. Zuri.li I.rlian(gaMn(iii,p.lH.
B4S THE RCrORJIATtOH IX EXOLAND XTOt SOOTLAMD.
(iwnied mt^ii, and vxplonrd Uio S^^ripturc* aiu] tbo patriatk
writ«rfi for tbeinaielvcs. Yet no name was held in Iiighcf
tioiior among tlicm tluin thnt of tlie Gi-Duvaii Rvfomier.
A oontroveray of greater tnoment for the subsequent
coclesiaBlicsvl us vriOl as polJtinil bistoiy of England, vui
that betveen the Angliciins and I'uritans. From tJic
boginning, there were some in England who viebed to
introdure more nulirjtl <^Iuin|ri<i« and to conform tlto English
Uefot miition to tlio typo which it had readied among tltc
Reformed or CalviniKtie ChiircJies on the C>onttnont.
Tbiti diajHMltion gaint-d force through the residenoe of tlie
foreign divines in England in the time of Edward, and
•till more by the n>tum of the exiles after tlic aocoMion
of Eliiiabetl). The great obatncies in the way of obtain-
ing tlio changes which tliey desirt-d, livcro the etreqgth
of tlie Catholic party awl tlic conserratism of Qaoon
Kliz»V>C!th. Tito controverBT first had respect to the use
of the TiMlinvnts, ■.■j^pocJaUy the cap and surptioe, and
extended to other peculiarities of tlie ritual. The ground
of the Puritan objoctlon was that tliose things were iden-
tified in the [in|)iilar mind witli the pujud notion of n
particular priesthood. Tliey were badges of Popery, and
for this reason should Ix- dismrdt-d. Wli<-n tt was nsplied,
Unit the surplice, tlie croait in baptism, kneeling at tlio
Sacrament, are things indilTorcut in their natnrc, the re-
joinikT n-ns miulo that since they ait! misleading in thoir
influence, they are not indifferent, in the moral sense ,
but that if tliey are indifferent, the magistrate has no
right to impose them upon Christian people: it is an to-
Cringemeut of Christian liberty, In tbia last affirmntion
was involved an idea with regard to the Siipremney whidl
miiNt lend to a diffi>rence of a more nulical cliaraoter.
Hooper, who is often styled tlio father of the Puritans
had spent some time at Zurich while the Adiapboiistie
controversy, which related to the same subject of cer»
monieSi was laging in Germany. Being cliosun tmdet
I
I
K3S or POBITANUU.
Ui
Etlwuril, itt 15iJ0, to tlie bift1iu]jno of Ulouccstwr, Iiu n-
Ifuaed U> vreoi' ihe v«Atine»t3 at bis coiiHecratioii. Finnlly,
after lie had U.-ea iniprisonet], tho diOiculty wa» sultlisj
by ft wn)])roiiiiiH% Tliey wen-, ui fuct, very iiiticli ItiiJ
Mide during this reign. At the begiimijig uf EJiznbetlt'a
leign tbeio wus a goiicriU feuJing uinuiig livr iiwwly ap-
pointed biabops, moat of whom bad been abroad dimn|j
Htliu pentecutions undvr M»ry, in fuvur of tlto disuse at
tlie vestments and of the otiFensive ceremonies. Tbis waa
thu wish of JttWL-l, of Nowell, of Saiidyi^ afterwards
Archtrisliop of Vorlc, of Grindid, wlio succeeded I'uikcr
in tbe archbishopric of Canterbury. Only Co:c, the
BiHliop of KJy, who, tii thu cburcb of tliu cxiKw at
Fmnkfort, bad led thtt poily which clung to the English
Liturgy, and Park*rr, who ]ind n-mmncd iu England
during tlio bilu rtM^fii, wure uii tltu oth«^ Hidu ; ulthuugb
H Porker appears, at the outnet, to have looked witJi doubt
or disbvor upon thu vcstmvnts.' Burleigh, Walsingtiiim,
Leicester, w«ru in favor of giving Uiviu up, w of not
H>inaking their use compulsory. EngUab prvktes, iu tbeir
owreepondeuce, Bptfuk of thvm in tlie snuio tvrma of dt>-
rision Mid conloinpt us the Puritan leaders uft<'i-wurdii
employed. For example. Juwvl Bnys in uuo of his letten
to I'vtor Martyr : " Now tiiut tbo full light of thu Gvepel
btm .shouM forth, tlie vi*ry vestiges of error must, na far
Has possible, be removed, together with the rubbish, and,
u Um aayii^; iN with tlie very du.'it- And I wisli we
could effect this in r«spet-t to that linen surplice.*' The
statements of Miu:uulay aru sufilained by the correepond-
enoe of tlie HngUsli with the Swin Kefonnets, and by
other evidence : " Tho English Reformers were eager to
go 08 fitr as their bn.'tlin:n on tho continuiit. 'llioy
unanimously condemned as anti-Obristian numeniua dng-
ouuand practices to which Henry hud stubbornly iidliered
which Klizabcth rchictatitly abandoned. Many full
3b«n. Oitlery ttftJu Omxi ^'l^^tmi, p. IW.
M4 Tm RETOSU-MIOS U ENGLAND AXD SOOTLAXO.
a strong rcptr^iance «veii to thing* inditTi-rviit, wliicb haJ
formed part of the jwlity or ritiiiil of the myaticHl Uab]^-
lou. l^tis Bishop lloopur, vho diud mnnfiillj At Glottoe*-
t«r for hix religion, loiig n^fiiflnd to wear tlio ^boop*!
%'estinents. UUbop tUdIo}-, » martyr of stiU grttUcr re-
nown, ptiiliH) down thu nncii-iit a1Uu9 of hw diootw, and
nnli<r(>d th« Kiirlmrist to be administered in this middle of
:^turcheB, iit t^ibk'S ivhicb the Papist* irr<.-V4.'rently t>.Tin«>d
uytitiT-WirdA. Ktt))iop J»wel pronouiK't-d (lii; t'J<>ricnl gnrb
to be n stngw dread, a fool's coat, n relic of the Amoritm,
and promis«*() that be wottld sjiiiro no labor to NXtirjMto
■neb dt^nulin^ iibsunliliits. Arulibishop Grindal loi^
b«sitntod nboiit acccptin); a mitro, from divliki'^ of what
be l«gnn|iNl an tlm iiiiiinnKiy of conflOcratJoil. Uidhop
Parithurst uttcrwl a fervent prayer that tlte Church of
Eiij^lhiid wntih] pro{Kisu to hursolf thu Chiiroh uf Zurich
aa the absolute pnttem of a ClinHtiiin community.'' > Uut
the (^noL-n, to whom tlie Royal Supremacy wa« the moat
rahiJiblo part of ProtiMtnntisin, wiw inflt^xibly opposad to
the proposed changes. Not witlmut dillicnlty did the new
hialiopB eucceed in procuring thu removal of imagva
fmin tho churches, Tlie grwtt fear of the I*rat4»ta»t
leader!* wiw that the Queen would be driven over to the
Catholic Church, in chm th«y undertook to withstand
■ Hittarf tf A'NjifinW. I. IT. Stfvp* ur* that whan Qrimlal WM appoloMd
IHitiop at Lmi'luii, lig ■' rniiiaiiivil uii<1,<r H)iiia HTiiplM or coiudslmateulMat
tbtogai eapccltlljr Itu hnlilu aiHl cctlaln cifi'itmniui miuliwl lo b* uMd«f •olh
w ««re Uduipb Kor Uie ttetuniiad in lliov lliiwi ([ciitnll}' wiut u|ie* Um
tCnund, thil, <d order lo tho complcdi tnx'iiiK uF llio Cliuicli u[ Qirltl Inxu Ite
trron wa-\ cocriiplloii> of Ronit, arvry u-ni^i mid i-'uiilDin prnctiRri liv Uutl BpM-
Ulc anil IdoUlniiu (.tuKlt thould \t ab^Uniiod, unil Ibat Iha Mrnt* of Utd
tbould be aiMl ilaiplu, ilrlpt <i( all ihal •liov, |k>iii|i, aiid at>[>caniii», thai h«i
btcn cutlamarlli' uvd liutv^nv fKlri-minjc all (hat lo lie no IwlKr llian MtpnvU-
daw >:id aiit>-<21iri«llait." i^ft n/ tiri»iliU, p. tS. In thu niga of IMitanl,
Martin Uuvar, mUiiiK uudtr tVanou'i'iL tool at {.arabtth, undir date«f Apffl
H, IMli, upaalu of iIid nlidliuii uf tli< lolnitiila, cbrlmi. tin., hi Ihe Anfillcaa
HIuol, Biid aajr*! "Thcr aRlrin Itial then 1* no mprnlllhia in ihoe thla^i^
■ad Uiac tlioy am «ii1y to tia ntains'I ttt a Umc, Icat the people, not iMftag }V
tarntd l.'hfiit, tlumltl ba detinnt by im> ciUmiTo InnavRtloni from tmbradai
lia nllcion," tK. Origtaal IMUrt. IL U».
1
I
I
I
b
DCrELOI'MICMT OF rURfTAXISU.
34fi
t
I
I
■
I
I
bit wisbee. Moat of the eminent foreign di\-inra on th«
coDtin^-nt, whom tlicy coDKulteJ, couiwili^d them to re-
in iha Cburcli, and not iles-^rt their offices, but to
>r pHtivntly t*i vffviH tli« ruforms to which tti« Qiio.-n
would not then eonaetit. Itut many of the clergy did not
conform to tlio obnoxious parts of the ritanl. This oo*
ciunoned much disorder in wonthii*, iuk), im Uie Puritans
wero not at all disposed to follow their own ways in u-
tence, itgnvc ri»o also to inuoli conl4!iitiiiii. The Queen
resolved to enforce unifonnity, and rei^Hired her hiBhopa,
WpeciaUy Piu-Iccr, to prosecute tlie delinqni.>nt«. At
length, the I'liritaiis lM>g:in to organize in Be|Ktr.vte con-
venticles. Bs their meetings were stylod by their iuIvut^
saries, in order to worship itcoording to the method which
they approved. They were nomeroiis ; Iheir clet^- were
Irarnvd and t-ffecliw pri^^aclivrs, ajid holU clvrgy iind peo-
ple were willing to suffer for the Rake of conscience. The
cruel, but iiH^fTctottuil, porsccntion of tliom, darkcnit tlie
reign of Elizabeth, especially tlie lnlt<>r part of it.
Among th«> other ends for which the Puritans werv nlwuy*
XMlo\iai were stricter discipline in the CImnrh, ain) an
educated, «amc«t ministry, to take the pluo*? of the
thousands of notoriously incompeUmt clei^ymen.'
If Hooper was the parent of Puritanism in its incipient
fonn, a IJko relation to I'untanism, na a njx; and dt^vcl-
aped system, belongs to Thomus ('artwright. Lady Mar-
garet's Profeaaor of Divinity at Cambridi^. About (ho
year 1570, he began to Mt forth Ou' ptinclplit* respecting
the polity of the Church and tlie proper relation of the
Church to the State, which formecl tho cre(>d of the body
of the Puritan party afterwards. The first point in his
B}-st4-m is that the Scriptures are not only the rule of
faith, but also the rule for the government and disci-
pline of tlie Church. Tbey present a sclieme of polity
' Till cbirctioni of Ch* Puiiunt l« tha Aagllcaa BltuU h* •t*l«d aod W
»I*iMd br NmI. Iliilaiy of At Puritamt, L ch. v.
iVi -COB KEFOBUATIUS tN OGIJIMD AtO SCOTLARDl
[roni which tli« CltiinJi is uot at liberty to deport. 71m
second point is that the iiuiDAgcmvnt of Chardi aflain
bulougs to thv Church itwU and its officers, and not to
civil magistrates. Cartwriglit held to the old vtvw of tli«
distiDOliuii lietwccn Bc-ek>«iiuicical and civil society. Wliil«
Uiti iDigistrato may not dictate to tbo Chtir<:h in luatlm
pttttaitung to doctrim; and discipline, he stilt is bound to
protect and defond the Chiuvh. and see that it« d«<aruos
sin i-xfcutod. Caitwright wiia no adrouate of toleration.
hi hi« system, Chiuvh and State are indissolubly linked,
and there must bu uuifonuity in rt^-ligion. But what tiiat
tyBtem vt roligioii and worsbi]) aliaJI be, wliicb it bekufc*
to the ma^trato to mainUun, it is fur the Clmrch in its
own uwumbliu*, and not for hitn to decide. Moreorer,
Cartwriglit cuitcnded tliiit Uie sj'stem of polity- which tliv
Scrlj>tun-j> orvliiiti iit thu Prmbylvriaii, and tlutt jirulaoy is*
therefore, unlawful.
This was, of course, a blow at tbo Quwn's Supremacy,
aa it had been luidei-sUtixl aud exerciacd. It is true that
Elizabeth disclaimed the title of Head of tliu Ghar«h and
oalltHl btTBclf it« Govurnor. Th« tliirty-seventli Article,
wliiuh wn.1 framed under KlizalKtIi. expressly denies to
ihu civil magistrate tbu riglit tu ailnjintstvr the W'^ocd or
Die saorantenU. Itut her viHitiitorial power had no defined
liniite. She did not bt-sitato to prc«oribo what should be
preached and what should not bo, and wliat i itee should
bo practioed and what omitted, in a style wbi.b reminds
one of the Byzantine emperoi-s in tltc age of Justiniiui.
She was not eatisfied with disposing of ecclesiastical poa-
sessiona at her will. Sir Christopher Hatton. one of tlie
Qoeen 'a favorites, built his house in the garden of Cox,
the Bishop of Ely j and when bo attempcod to prevent
the spoliation, slie wrote him a laconic note, in which sha
threatened with an oath to " unfrock " bim if lio did not
instantly comply with her bebeat. She forbade, in ttut
raost peremptory loujincr, the meetings of clergjTaen foi
THK fCDKr^NUeSTS.
347
I
diautuaion aud mutiuil improvement, aiUi-d '* piupht^-
injjs." When Arclibi-iltup tirindul obj<-cU.>tl U> liur urdiT
and renunded her ttuit tUc reguhtioii »f sucb luattvre
bvlongs bo tlio Clitirch liavU mid to its bishop*, sbti kvpc
him suspended from his oiEue for n iimnber of ycaiB.
Tbo dcfctrinc of Ciuiivrigltt :iiinibil»U:(l mieh pix.-tuiv>i<>itli.
IJut tlie L-ontroversy whidi it uptMii-il upon Uio proper coti*
sLtutioa of th« Churdi, oapcually upon the questions relnt-
tn^ U> opjaoopaoy, waa destined to ftltiiko Uio ICngliHb Church
toitefoundfttJoiH. He found a Tigorous opponent in W)iit<
gift ; and tlmra were not wanting many uUier IcnrniHl lutd
ouger diaputaute on each side. Before the end of Eiizo-
iK-th's rvign n divisiun iippi.>urod umonj^ the Ptu'iliinit,
tlimiigli tJio rise of the Independents.' Tliey took tho
gronitd that uatjomil chui-chL-a havo no rightful existence,
i'huy differed from tlie oUu-r Piiritauit in huing Supam-
tistB. According to their Bystera, as it is explained li»li*r
by John Robiiuan, th<:ir ]>r>n<.-i])(rtl Iiuidur, tliv local Chnrch
is iiuh'pL-ndtnt ; autonomic in ite polity ; its inemUtra
being bound togctliur by a ooveinuit ; its teacliun l>viiig
ulvoted, und its discipline managed by popular vote. The
Independents di<l not tvcngtiize the Church of Knghmd,
iu its national fuvm, aa a true Chimili ; but tlie separate
parish churchi-K or^guiiiiwd under it, might be true chureboa
of Christ. Their prime f:iult was the neglect of diaoi-
pline, in oonaequence of which some other proof of Chm*
tian ehamcter must be required, bestdra inembeiship in
tltem. During the reign of Elixabeth, tlie litdepeitduuU
had acquired no considerable power, although they were
tliu victims of cruel jierMOUtion.
About the end of the sixteenth century, a new turn
was given to tite Puritan oonti-ovcny by the grmt work
ut Hooker, the tn^dsc on ICocIesiasticul Polity. The
■ Huiliury. FI!mi. MnumaU rtlalttfe <U Iti ludtffJ'mu (3 vili. Ijiniloa.
13S9]. WaJ.llnKlon, C-mi^rtgiUiimal Clurdt UtlUrjtfivm Ik* Jt^firmalirm b
l«l. (Ijiii.l.-n. ISatk
K l«l. (Ij>ii.l
S48 im REFOBUATION IN ENOLAXD AXD SOOTtABD.
•bnit^^I Umn n{ iliiti wtirk, cotnlnncd n-itli its vigoroM
nasonliig and its eloquetiL'^, seemed to tuke up tbe eoU'
trOToray into a higlier utni<j«|tlicre.' Hookur <-iuleavors to
go to tlie l)utt'>iii of the subject by inTeetigatiDg tlie nii-
ttirv of lu\TH mid tlie origin of initliohty. One ol his fon-
tbim^iiiUtt pnipQsitioas Is that the Clitircli is endued wiOi
a legisbitivo authority by its Founder, within the limits
Kit hy Him. It miiy vary its (iT]g»iiizjttioii iind riietliodaol
vrorsbip, and it b shut down to no preaci-ibed syntem. He
liolcU Hint EpL8co]xu.'y is tut upvetolical instatotion, and is
tlie U-Nt form of guvvniiuiMit; hut ho ni^wRn to Uiink
th>tt the genoni! Churoh, " as Uie highest subject of
poweri" is not Hh6ulut4;Iy hound to adhvra to tliis system,
Knoe tlio Clitirch at thus iin uiithoriz«d Inwgiver, it la
fu<'tiouB to disoboy the regulations vrhich the Church €»-
tubltsliL-s. whero tlioy do not contravene the laws of its
Fouiiiler. Haol(i;r iditntifii'ii Cliurch and State, coiaider-
ing ^e two as di^erent aspocts or functions of one and
tile same society. Tlie suprvmacy of tlie king ov^^r tlifl
Church is tlte higical corollary. It is remarkable that be
answers the oomphiint that Christian people nro dtfpnv«l
of & voice in the choice of their officers, hy bringing for-
ward the theory of tlie social compact, tlie same theory u
that wliich Locke aftcnvurds presented. In Irntli, thil
theory is one of the i.':in1iiial jiriticiplcs of Hooker. It la
X government of laws, and not a deiipotism, which Iiv nd*
TOcntc* both for the Stjite and for the C3im-ch. His ocm-
oeption of a limited monarchy was one not agreeable to
the theory or practice of the Tiidors. But ho curiously
applies this theory to justify suoh customs as the eontr^
exerciwd hy patrons in the appointment of the oiei^.
Ab we look bitck to the In-^^nnings of the Pnritan eon>
trovcrey in tlio rcigu of Kdward and at the arcesaion of
> Tbs liinptT at lliji'lcr amy l>>> jml^rl Frain Ihn (ot]o<aioii n'-liln wiilcnrc
"Tlienwill voai- * tiinr vl>«ii throe words, uiwml vilh chirn^ aiid mcFkiuu
(hall rtniv* a fir inon hla««d r*>nr<J ihuu three [hoiu&nd tdIiiidoi mtttci
•iUi tltldtinf ul tlutiiiiMi ot wit." Kichtimt, PoSlgi Prtfatt.
•rllB rUBTTAN COXIBOVEISr.
840
Elimbftli, it BAutns pluin that tliu qiiiwti^/ntf vn-m ihoM
nit wliidi good mid wise nieii among the Prott.'staati ,
might differ, lluli of th« niition vrsa Cuthotio. Thtt I
ul«rgy were of Htiith h chiir.ictei' DutC out o( Ic-n thousand
not Dioro tbiui a fcw hundred clioeo to leavu tht-ir p'i.icoa
nith<>r tJinn oouforni to th« Protmtiint aytttem of Ed^
w^ivl, A great part of them wcro extremely ignorant^
Hnd on a^qiinl luiinWr ]>r<.ifuri'<:d thv Ituiiitvn Cutliolio sjs- '
Una to any other. I low ciui the people ever be woo
fnim p"pi'ry, tho Puritims diMiiiuid"<], if no vi-ry jktcojh
tiblo ctniige is made in tho niodue of wonJiip :ind in tbol
ttpparul of thu ministry? If tlic distinctivu cmblrms nod
bwlgvH of pi'p'-ry an? h>ft, how hIuiII Uio ppoplp be brought
out of that systoin, and bu lod to give u]> tho wholv tlii-ory
of priMlly inudiutioii ? Hut the fttiito of tliiiitrs thnt mov«d
nno [Kirty to lulopl tUh ronchiHion, li-.u\ an opposite effect
njKtn the judgiHL'nt of th«ir opponents. Protestantism
niiiy (ail nItogt'Uicr. Ihwy arjjiiocl, if it breaka too abrn|)tly
with the tnulilioaal customs to which a great part of the
nation nrv ottAcliitd. Better to retain whatever is any-
wiso compatible with thn «<mentiA)» of Protmtanlism, mA
\v«an th» |»-o])1e from tlieir old supentitioos by & gentler
pixincsf. IIi>ld on to ttiu nppard and the oeremoaics, bat
nirnfiilly instruct the people ns to tJieir real signilicance.
TIniH l\w true doctriiie will bo saved ; and, moreover, the
n'ligi'iiL* lift! of tho nation will prcacTve, in a dcgiin', it*
continuity and connection with the post. The tract of
I*ord fiiicon on tin- " Piunficittion of thu Chnrch," which
was written in tho reign of tho succeasor of Elimbcth, is
« calm and inoderute tvviuw of tho Puritan oontrovcrsy,
in which botli parties oomo in for .ibont on equal share ol
ecnMl.Ti.' llc! comphiiitit of tin* Pnritnn». anioTig other
things, for insisting that there is one prescribed form of
dtwupline for all ohurchi'ii and foi' all tinn). Hv iL<Mnrta
that there are " the general riles of govemmiint : but fot
) Bkdh'i irorit (Uoclagg'a «■!.), *U. •! •s«.
160 THE tCFOTOAIICRI Ut ESOJUOI UtD SCOIUUID.
litM and cvremonin, and for Uie particular liiertuvbiei^
poUcdes, and diMiplinea of churctuen, they bi> left nt l&rge."
Ho compbuiu of '* the p«rti&l affcctatioo and imitutioai*
by tlw PiiriUuifl, " of ttu! foreiga cliiirvhnt." But ia !<&•
ipect to many of lh<! ovila n|*aitifit wtticfa tlio pDritaos pn^
terted, such lui non-rf^dcjicv, pliimlitiui, luid Uic igno*
nmco of the clerg}*, he U in symputhy with them. lie
Utinks that hhcrty should havo Iwuu fjmnti.'d in vuioiu
things which were nllowod by the luUng party to be in-
diffcrunt'. IIu would give up this required un of tLo ring
in nuirringv ; would give liborty in rcnjwct lo themirjdioe ;
and he would not exact sabecriptions for rit«s and oei»-
moniiM, lui for urticlvs of doctrine. At tlio tine wboi
Bacon wrote, tlie opponenta of the Puritans wete begii^
ning to look witli favor on a thuory wliicli had tkot bMD
held by tfaetn before, tliat the vpuNwpiil [Kility ia aeceasarf
to the exUtence of a church. Thua the Episcopkliana, as
troll ftB tlie I'rMbylcrliuis, contended (dike for tlia exekp
aire lawfubiess of their respective avBtems.
The coiitroTorBy of Churcliinun and Piiritun is not cx>
Unci ; but however opiniom nuiy differ in regard to the
Kngil§h Keformation and tbc rnvrita of thu principal ucton
in it, i;vvvy inin iit the present tltiy inuat ivjoico tliat no
teinpcftt of iiMnocbism ever swept over England. Wlio-
ever lottkit on tliouc
" SiMlini; hillt ■D4 tpodout plaiaa,
Bmpraiii I ruin ution u than vrldi (t«*p)»^<irtn,"
can partake of a brilliant French writer's admiration for
' thnt pnivtauil good KcnsL- whioli has cITocIimI rvrolutiuna
without committing i-avages ; which, while reforming in
•U directions, has destroyed nothing ; whicli has pniM^rved
both ita trees and its conatitulion, which has lopped off
Uio dead brauchcs without levcUng the trunk ; which
I "1, tor iny iintl, ilu contoM.that. In r*vii1viii|i the Scriptum, I could mtv
Ind uiy auch lliliitt: bat tlul God liail Inn tlic Ilka llliDrty la tlit Chunb piv
MnmiMt M be had dun* U Ui« di^ Kuveremuit," bis. — Ikcu'i tt'urit, vJI.M
n
ooKomos or scotlakd.
■lone, in onr days, among all nations, is in tlie enjoyt&eot
not only of thtt preiunt but the past" '
Tlie IiUtory of tht' Scottish Rcrurmntion is closely inter-
iffoven with tbat of Klizabotli'a reign. Uer Hi.'Ciinty
depiuided on tliB dix'ifiioRs of lior oniinicSi on tbo mutual
jeatousieA of Uie Catholic powers. To pnivciit tliecii frumJ
nuiking coniman cuu8(> ugainst her, was ono of thti prio-l
oipal eluiueiils of bur pi>licy. It n-us, uUo, iMMtntiid Uutt
neither of titam should acquire such Blrengtli and liberty .
of uctjou H8 would uudiuger h«r iafety. Scothind, tbe
(dd enemy of Kiif^land, and the old ally of France, was
the point from wliich. an aha fL-mred and her cnemiea
hopt^^l, thv must duugurouH iiMsiilt might. bn iniulv ujmn
her and upon Engliali Protasbtntiaffl. The peril waa
much augmented by th« position of Mary, Queen of
Scots, in rulHtion to ilic Catholic gowrninuntii, and by
the schemes and aspiiAtious that grew out of her claima
to thu Eiiglisli throne.
In Sei^ttlaiid tlie spirit of feudalism vraa not reduced, us
it waa in KngUnd: tbo fueling uf clanship wax strong,
and th<! tiobliut folt none of tliiit defei-oncu to tlie Bover>
elgn wbid) was manifeeted in the neighbor country anil I
in Franco, 'ilio ScottieJi I'Ling was without a Btonding}
army or even a body-guard, and must depend for liia pw-\
Bonal protccrion, us well ils for liift support in war, on th* '
feudal militia of tlie country, who took tlie field under
tbcir own lords. TIio natural roughn«ss of tlic aristoo-
ncy of Sciitland was little softened, except in a few in-
ctances, by tlicir intercourse witli tbe polite nobility of
France. On the contrary, " their dress waa that of the
ounp or stable : they were dirty in person, and ul>rupt
nnd dinospectfnl in manner, carri~ing on their disputes,
4nd even fighting out their fierce qiuirreU, in tlio prvaemw
uf royalty, which had by iio means accompliahod Um
652 THE RKFOIOIATION IN EIKC.LAKD ASD SCOTLAIID.
aOTene, impenal tsoUtioit wliidi Uie sovereigns of France
hud nchifvcd iiincu th« dnjrit of Francis I. With tti« ex<
caption of oiii! or two castlea, which had been built in tlip
Frcncti etylo, tlic beet (amilin vrvrv crow(b->) iiitii narrow
squiin) towers, in which all availiU>Ie monns had been (uc-
liaustcd in etrengtJi, leaving notliing for conifort or
beauty." ' 'llic royal n.midon<ra, wiUi the exocpliuti of the
new palace, Ilotyrood, were Uttle better. Th« common
people, pffor but prond, self-willt^ nnd b(nMcn>ua in thoir
maimers, could not, lui in France, be kept at a distaitce from
royalty. In tlie reign of James V., and gCrncraUy dunng
the r(>g*'n<^y of his Queen, the clergy and the sovereign
were allied by n common dosiro to curb the power of the
nobility. Hio clergy prufit^tl by the forfeitures and pen-
alties inflicted on the aristocracy. This was one renaon
why the nobles were inclined to favor Protc«tanttHm.
Ilie lay gentry bad their eyes fixed on the vast estates of
their clerical rivals." The Protestant tendency, however,
was opposed by tlie Jlxed, hereditary feclii^ of hostility
to England and to the predominanoe of Englt&b inlluence,
IVrhaps there was no coimtry wlmre Uie Churdi nUmd
in greater need of reformatjon, than Scotland. The clergy
wera geDeratly illit«nito. In the fifteenth century, threo
niuveraities had been founded in Scotland — St. Andrews,
Glasgow, and Aberdeen ; but they appear to liuvc ao-
conipliflhed little in elevating the cluimetcr of tiie ctei^gy,
•Itliotigli they aroso in time to Ber\'e effectually the caaaa
ol the Iteformation. In Scotinnd, tlic Reformation wai
not preceded, but followed, by the revival of letteni.
Kot only was the law of celJbaey practically abolisliM].
bat the priestly order waa extremely <1ts!iolute. Half of
tlie property of the kingdom was in their himds. The
eoretoiianeRs of the lay lords and a prevalent jnat indtg^
nation at llio profligacy of the cli^rical body were the
moving forces of the llj-formation It diould be moD
1 BoUdo, niMmy qf BcMUnJ, iv. 1T3. • BurtcD, fr. M.
THE KEGESr MART.
£511
I
I
dtmnd that praiseworthy, but iiiofr«ctiw), ntt«iiipta were
made by thu old Church to abolish the most cryiitg
abu!tefl.> After the Protestant spirit begun to loanifeAt
it««U, wlicn the clui^ met Uiw rubukeu that were ad-
draased to them with cruel penMciitioti, the populiir indig-
nation acqiiind a donlilo iiitenttity. Wo litid, throughout
tlie Scottinh R«foi'i nation, it tone of unrelenting boetility
to the papal syBtem of religion ; a tempor idtrnticnl with
that of Ihfl propliitlH of Uie Old Ti^lAimtnt in mforence
to formalism and idolutry in the Jen-ig]i Cliuroh.
■ There were martyrs to tJio Information in the reigii of
JamE« v., the most noted of whom \ra& Patrick Hamilton,
who hiul hwn a stndi'nt lit Miirbur)^, lUid wh080 dootll
made a profound inipresaion. Under tlio rc^ncy of Uia
widow of Jamea, after the afisaasination of Cardinal Bea-
ton, thi^ prini'ipul in«ti{^tor of pcreocution, thero was, for il
long time, a initd policy in tlie treatment of hereHy. 'Die
Earl of Arran, tho Lord Protector, at fint favon-d tlie
Protestant aide. During the roigti of Miiry of Englnnd,
the hostility of France to Philip of Spain and to lus
£nglieh Qnwn, oporat4>d to secure a lenient trcntruotit in
Scotland for Protestant refngooa from a^^nwa tho border.
Tlie CoiMfHiaey of ^mboiso luid not then taken pbico,
and the Guises, the brothers of the Itegent, had not fairly
enterijd on tlioir grand crusEidu against the Huguenots
and tho Houm of Bourbon. IJut Afiiry of Englimd di<>d
in November, 1558, and was sitcceeded by Elizaltelh.
Evonts wfre hastening toward a religious war in France :
the Conspiracy of Amboiw) wa« formed in IfiCO. At tlie
instigation of her brothers, as it is anpposed, tlte Itegent
clianged her coume, nnd iiiulcrtoulc to carry out reprvwive
mvasnro&. It was in IfloO that John Knox returned to
Bcotlaitd from the Continent, and the crisis oS tim SooUish
Reformation soon ensued.
1 Buitsa, It. 40. Lee, LWmretmtk* mnarf f^O* Chiral ^Bcatiand,
■.TSk<|.
S54 THE REFORMATtCKt' IN KKOt.AXD AXD SOmjUO).
IdUle is known of tlie imnntago of Kiiox. At Af
DtuTonit; of Glasgow, lie was a contompomry of tlie <m^
ebrate<l solioliu- niid hisU>ri«n, Georg'; ItucbanHii ; and Im
had among bis tcachen John Mair,or Major, w]io had been
in tilts Univorsitv of Puris, and liiul brouglit hoDvi witlt
biiii the. Gallicaii Uteory of cliurcli govcmmoiit, together
with radical opinions upon the right of revolution, and tb«
derivation of kingly iiutiiority from popuhir oousi'nL. Ma-
jor had also imbibed tie opinion of tlio ancaents that ty-
nuinicido ia a vu-tne. Hu trax not an ubiu iimn ; yot Iw
nuiy bnYO <:ontribut«<l somewhat to the development of
kindred opinions in t)iu mind of Knox.' Knox read dili-
I'rgOQtly AugiiHtint^ mid J(Toni«, and lienrtily cmbracfsl th«
Keform«d faith. Deaton vraa aassssbated in 1546 by oon-
Kpiratorw, noino of n-hnni wero moved by re.-kcntiiiont for
private iujurics, and aomo by a deure to deliver the exMntry
Irotn lib crucltii'S. Knox himself professes to acqiiiwoe
in thiii event, so far as it van |>rovidential, or llio act ol
God i though it is evident, likewise, that be has Uttio, if
any, ropuj^anco ton'ard» it, eonsidcrcil na tiio aot of
inau. ThA enenitvs of Heaton took refuge in tlio Castle
of St. Andrews. Knox joined them, with privuto pupiK
whom ho was then instructing, llierc he was rallt^l to
pn.'skch, and n^hiotaiitly oompUod witli the imperative
summons of his brethren. But tho castle was taken by
(he French ; he waa carried as a captive to France, and
experienced hnrd usagu tlicru. Aftor his release, he was
actively employed in preaoVung, ]iriiicipally in tho North
of England, and produced a great effect by his honesty,
MmestliMt. and blunt uloqnencv. Not fully satasflod with
the oocleoaatjcal system established by Cranmer, he de-
clined a bishopric in tint Englisli Churdi. During th«
reign of Mary, Iw was for a while at Frankfort, and thwB
led the iwrty in the Church of the exiles, who were op-
r(eUt«4.,]S3»V^X>. M>irutUknltdbjB(uih4i»
IMOX AND TJU: LUBDS Of THE CUNGREQATtCHI
pu«cd to the ou of tbe Eaglisb Prayer-book, vithout
eertoin lUtanttiotis which tlivy dcnuuidcd. Thv iiKMt of
thia period he spent at Geuera. in the eoctety of Calvin
luid thu <)4h(>r Genvvuji prvRcticrs, uii<] in uotivc labor as
pnator of a church composed of Eiigli^i and Scotch reai-
duiits. It ntis lit Geneva that lio put forth liin unlucky
publication. entitJtul tin- " t'init Blit«t of Un? Ttiinipot
agninst the Moustrotu Regimen of Womeu;" a work
whicii was Hjieoiiilly ainiLtl, n<t lit- aftemnrcln cxpluinetl to
£liuy of Sc-utliuid itiid to Eliziibcth, at " the bloody Joze-
bet " who wiia tlien reigiui^ in Etiglwid, hut which denied
the right of women to rule national as a geoeral proportion
in etiiicH. NotniilinUuiditig the inoonvvnieoce whidi this
H doctrine occauoned him aftenvarda, he had the manUness
to refuM to retract it. f!is cluinay attempt* at apology,
for lie wan even more awkward in fmntiit^ apolcfpc* thaa
H Luther, did not coneilinte tJie good-will of Elizabeth.
Durint; Ui>i nrign of Mai-}- of E)i(;liiii<l, whilt; Uirre wn»
war between France and Sirain, the Scottiih exilt-a were
I able to oome biwk to tlH>ir oouiitry. Knox ri'ttirnecl in
loAS, and ill the following year the Scottish Protestant
lords uuitv^ in a Holemn Cuvitnant to tli'fimd their retig-
ton against jiereecution. The goverament once more
renewitl it« rcprvMiivo miiasurus, and Ivnox, who had held
his meeting* in vuriotu piaeve with much elTect, was agun
forced to Leave. The Scottish '* Lords of the Coi^p^ga-
tioa " DOW rcaolvud nt overy luiuuxl to put nn end to tlic
penecntion. The jealous feeling which was nwnkenod
Irwpoctiiig thi> deingns of Fnince upon Scotland, and which
was aiignieutod by tlie marriage of Mnry to tl»e Dauphin,
umbini.'d u powerful party oi^nst tliu Regent. The
lords and the l*it>t«stant pruaoben stood In <>p|tiwition to
Lthe Quoan and tlie Catholic clergy. Knox relnrned an<I
thundered in the pulpit agninMt the idolatry ol tlw; Itomiali
wonlup. In Pertli a Mnnon in denmctutiou of tlie wor-
iLip of imitgeM was followed bj a rising of wliut Knoi
i60 THE RKFOBUATIOM IX OGI.AXD AND SCOTLAn).
calls " tlw roACiil multitude/* ivli'idi <]einoliahed them, auJ
puUinl down tbe monastoripj. Tlio eamu thing \rn» done
ebewhere ; aiiil this iconoclasm U oitc of tlie diaracU^r-
tstic (euturfs of the Scottish Reform. In th« urtnt-J con-
test thitt enmted, the Ri-giMit giiinvd such udvanUiges Uiat
BUzabeth waa reluctsmllj- obliged to furnish open amist-
BUC« to tli« Prottstiint (tarty, to save Sci>timiil frnra folliDg
into the hands of the Krenirh. >Ier position waa an «u-
barniwting ono to hcreelf. Slio (ltftcat4.-(l Knox and hii
prineiplps. Slie nl^inrred, ectpecially, the political theory
n-Iiich tho Scottish Protestants avowed and put \a pno*
tii'fi, th«t tnibjocts may take up iirm« ngninst their aore-
reign. Yet the political situatjon waa such that aho wbb
obliged, an ii choice of criU, to render Umm ud. This
■he bad done before chuidastinely. But nov tiie peril
was BO ImminiMit, that slie wiu torcisl to oomc out in lira
facQ of day and aend her troopa to tha niteii<(tano« of tlw
lordn. ICvcn the King of Spain, tho champion of Catbol-
iciatn, Tvas ao unwilling to aeo the Kn-m^h miiMors of
Scotland, that Im rejotovd in the siKveaa of Elirabetli'a
int«rfcrenco. Tlic 'IV-aty of Kdiiilmrfjli, by whitJi tlio
French were to evacuate Leith and leave the country,
limitAd MSftDtially titc prcro^itivos of thu Scottish sove-
reign : war and peace oould not be made without tlie con-
sent of tho Kstatctt. Tlio Quecn-rcgent died on the lOlh
Df June, 1660. The Kstitea convened in August. The
Calvinistic Confession of Faith was np])rovcd, the Roman
ClathoUo religion was abolinlied, and the ndiiiini.'tt«ring of
tile man, or attendance upon it, was forbidden — the
penalty for tho third oiTunno being dcuth. " On tJio
moniing of the 2otli of August, 1560, the Rombih hier-
archy was Kupreiw;; in th« evening of the same day,
f^lriniatic I'roteatanCiam waa eatiibiiiihed in its st«ad." '
But whctlier tho Acts of Parliament would nlndo and
be elTiwtual or not, " depetidetl on events yet to come,"
' BurUn, Ir. 99.
Aca:sstoN or mast.
WT
Knox aud liii) fellow'tniniaicra founil t)ieiu§elvea at t»-
rianoe with thoir lay HtipportcrB on th« quration of Uio
iulii)iliii» of tlie " Kirst IJixik of Disdjiline," the reatraitita
of (rhich wvru not at all iiL-tx-jttiihiu to thv lords luid luirda
wlio lukd received the CalriiiiatiR doctrines witli »hu<jrity.
TIiotowiiB involved in this dispute another question whidi
camo up M-|)iir»li.-ly ' — tiiitt of th« disposition to be mode of
■eoclesiastical property. Knox an<l the preachers wer
Ixint upon derotJRg it to the nuw Church, for the uti
tenance of ministen, Bclioola, and unirei-aities. To tbisl
TD<!U»uro the lords of the eonpircgation, among whoni the
dcture for Uie lands and poa-iessioRa whicli they were aWe
to appropriate at the overthro^v of the old ruli^oii, viva
quite us potent as religiouit xeiU, would not connent. The
Dew Church was obliged to content itself with a portion
of the pruiN'rty that lind belonged Ui the old. Knox,
who waa skillful in penetmting the poUtical sehemea of his
advi^rsikrios, gjive hits lay friends credit for more sincerity
and diaintereeitediii-^ tlian they nmlly had. It waa a
woiikness tliut s))r.tng out of his own si mplo -hearted hon-
esty Had ]!«al. Uut in this matter of the " Book of Dis-
cipline " luid the Church property, he saw their motives,
and gave free utterance to hia wrath.
Francis II., the yoang husband of Queen Mary, diedj
on the 5th of December, 1.560. By this event, Catll
rine de Medici, who hated Mary, ae^nuM>d power, and set
alxxit the work of medittliiig between the two contending
parties that divided France, that she might control then;
both. Scotland was relioreJ from danger arising out of
the ambitious plans of the Guiites. Mary returned to her
native kingdom to assume hor crown. Wo nocl not giv^
credence to the extravagant pniseti of such .-ulinirers as
tttiintouie, who accompanied her on her voyngo to Snvl-
bind ; but tliat she was beuutiful in person, of gmo'fu)
md winning mannent, quick-witted, accom]ilished, with
t boundlcftt fnnd of energy, there is no doubt. .SIm
358 THE RKKORUATION IN |:^;UI.AKD AND SDOTUUID.
Iind grown ap in tlio atmoapltere of deceit aixl corruption
whicib siuTouDdud the Krencli court, in tlie Bod«ty, if not
iiiulor tho inllueiioR, of Cnthnrinft de Medici. Bmntorae
IliiUEieU, the liuentious chronicler, and Chfitelar, tlie ill-
M«rr«d jwxrt, anotli^r of her French uttr^ndnnta, who ww
nfti-rwanis bvhended for ludiiig himself nmlcr hor )xs1,
^it^est in part the chantctcr of the assoctationa in
n'liich shu hud hMn placed. She came to rvtgn »ti>i- b
kingilom whore tlto stnctoat form nf OalvinMin liad bceu
made the law of Uie land. No contrast can bo more
•triking Hum ttutt presented by this youthful Qiicon, fresh
from the gayetiea of her " dear France " antl froni the
homage of the courtiers that throngctl li«r etflpH, and the
honiely and austere aitrroundings of her new abode.
Bnintomc records that shu wept for hour« togotlier ou the
voya^ ; and when alio saw the hortes that Itod been s(^^t
to oonvey her from Loith to Ilolyrood, she again bnrat
into t«9US. Tltv situation was «ucli tluLany activu oppo-
sition to the newly established religion would liare been
futilo and disastrous to herself. The Guises were ab-
sorbed in the civil contest in Fmiicft, and could not undo
the work which the Protestants in Scotland had effected.
\\'tint«vcr hopo» Mary Iiiwl of vitlier suocovding or sup-
planting Elizabeth would have been dcatroyod by a pre-
mnturo exhibition of nn nnti- Protestant policy. Mary
contented herself witJi celebrating mniw in her own
chApel imd in other places where she sojonmed. The
principal direction of affairs was left in thv hands of Ikt
balf-brotlier, the £arl of 'Murray, tlie leader o! tlie
Protestant nobloi. She ermi united with Murray in
crushing the Earl of Huntley, the ricliest and most
|>')wi-rful of the Colliotic lonls, who, boweTer, had not
sl^owii biinaulf a at<tady or diaintereateKl friend of the old
reti^on. The enthusiastic admirers and apologists of
Mary mnintain that fJie was siin-eroly in favor of tolsn*
tion. They would make her a kind of apostle of religooa
rOLIOT or MART.
UbM^. It is nil unrMBortaUfl stretcb ot charity, tio«^
errer, tosappose that she would not from the begiiming
bvn rojoict-d in thn rmtomtinn, atid, had it been feasible,
die fombte r^Htorntion of the old rcligioD. It is onv of
h«r ffioti pointK lUitt ohc noritr forsook her own faith
from motives of Bi>lf-int«rest, and never swerved from h«r
fidelity to it, save in one instance and for n brief interval,
when she was carried away by her passion for Bothvrell,
I'lmt flhn shotild " servo tlic time und still commode her-
self discreetly and gently with lier own subject^" and
" in effect to repose mi>at on thern of the reformed relig*
ion," wns the policy which had been sketched for her in
Fnincei as we learn from lier faithful friend. Sir Jumes
Melville.' Her lettots to Pope Pins IV., and to her
uncle, the Cardiniil of Lomune, in 1563, plainly dedare
her inelinnlion to bring back tlie old religious system to
its former auj)rGmacy. She steadfastly withheld her os-
Bunt from tlic ticts of Purliament which changed the ru-
li^OQ of the country ; and it wan an unsettled cotLititu-
tional qucstiiin whether iicts of tliis nature were valid
without the sovereign's approval. Murray conducted tlut ,
government 'n'ith n view to keep in check both of the
ligiauR parties, to maintain the Protestant eiitablialnnent,
but at the suuiu IJme to protect Mary in the personal en-
joyment of licr own worship.
The resolution of the Queen to have mass in )rerdi.ipel,
mid the secret dsttgn, wliidi Knox more and more believed
her to cherish, to re&itnblirii popery, foiiml in Utnt reformer
(ui imniovahle anti^nist. His '■ History of the Iteforma-
faon of Religion in Scotland," tliat qnnint anil originid
work, io whicli he describes his own career, namites tho
riaeuid projfreM of tlie great oonllii't, in which thi- Q-.Tci-n,
with her mra poweraof fascination andin6ueiice, st^xxl on
one side, and he on tho otlier. When tlie pre]inmti(>n8 for
tbe first mass were perceived (on the 24th of Arguat,
) iTMHfot, p. M.
rue K):>'oiut.\no.v ix kkulaxii a\*d scotlaxd.
1501), " the hL-arte ot iiU Uie godly," be says, ** began to
boldeu; aiiil nK-ii Ix^aii op«tily to ^|>ea}:, 'iliall thai
Idol be suffered again to take pUce within tbi» realm ?
It hIuiII not.' " > It WI18 proposed tlwt tb« " idolut<<!r priost
■abould die the death according to God'a law." But Mur-
ray guarded tbe t-tuipol duur " that non« should have en-
traace to trouble ^le prie.it." Murmy's excuae ww,
howcnrer, " tbat ha would stop all Scotsmen to eotur tbv
ttuuii." Aft4:r a littlo while, tliw Frut<>^tant lords, out of
respect to tlio Queen's declaration that her oonBoiMion
bound hor to ndhure to the obiioxioos ritv, were diaposod
to permit bor to do so. 'I1ii-y were bewitched, as Knox
thought, by the vncUunti-css ; and bo inveighed in his
pulpit iigoinst iilotulry, ili'i'lm-ing tlint one nuiBS \ns
" more fearful unto him tluin if ten thousand arinud eo-
uuira were landed in nny pivrt of tlte realm, of purpose
to suppress the holy religion." The Queen resolvwl to
try tbe cflMt of a puntonal intvrrii-w, and of lier iiliill in
roaaoniug, upon Uiia most intnietable kimI powerfid of all
tbe profesHors of tbe< now faitb. Nonu woro pivsont,
witliin iKfiriug, hut Murray. It vniH tbti linit of tJic
memorable confei-(>nc«8 or debates which Knox had with
tbo Queen. Wo folIoiT luaowu narmtive. " Thi! Quf-n,"
be saya, " accused him, that he had raised a part of Iiei
subjects against her motlicr and agaiiut benelf ; that he
ibod written a book agauist tier just authority — she
: meant tho Trcutisu aj^iiuit the Itcgitnon uf Wutnen —
which she had and aliould onuse the most icArned in
Eurupe to writo against it ; (but ho was tho cause of grout
MHlitii>ii tuid gri'gtt Hbrnghti-r in Engbmd ; and that it vni»
udil to her tliat all Uiat he did ^Tas by necix>mancy. To
which the said John anjtwervKl. * M;tdatn, it iii;ty please
your majesty ]>atiently to hear my aiinple answers. And
Grst,' said be, ' if to t««cb the tnitb of God iu uocerity,
if to robuko idolatry, and to will a people to worsliip Gos
> Knox. Ifiitorf, cU. IQImro*. 18»h p- *iJ-
KZtOX AND QL'KKX MART.
361
■ovording tv Hu Wunl, be to nu«c subject* nguinst that
princca, then cannot 1 be eiLCUsed ; for it baa pleased God
of UiB iDvrcy to iQxkc mo otio, among many, to disctwe
)inlo tlju rciilm the viuiity of Lli<t p»])Uticitl religion, lutd
the deceit, pride, and tyntnny of Ibat Roman AntJuhrist.' "
H« lH!gnn with this perspicuous statement of hia position,
lie ^reut ou to E-jy tliat the tnio kiiowledgo uf God pro-
motes ulM'divuL'O to rulers, niid tiiat M:try hud n:<'eive>cl w
nnfeignod obudiuncti from *' such lU pru[«»t!i Chritit J(.-»uh, "
as ever her ancestors luid received from their bisho])s. As
to liis book, hu wiM ready to rolnict if ho oould bu con-
futed, but be felt able to sustain its doctrmes against
any ten who might attempt to impugn them. Knox bad
an unbi>uiidKd coniiduiii.'e in hJs cause, and no dixlrust of
his ovra prowess in the defense of it. " Vou think," said
Mary, " that I have no just authority ? " To this direct
intguiry. he replied by referring to I'lato'a " Ucpublic," in
wbioh the ])htlosoplier " diimned many thiiigs llmt then
were mmntaimrd in lliu wmld ; " yut this did not pmveut
him from living quietly under the systems of governiniMit
whidi be found existing. " 1 havu eommunicated," be
added, " my judgmi-iit to tbu world ; if tlie reidm finds
no incunveiiivncy in tlie regimen uf a >roman, that '.vliich
lliey approve I shall not further disallow, tJkan within
my own hi'arti but sludl bo as well content to lire under
your grace, as Paul was to live un<lcr Nero. And my
hope is that as long as that ye deGle not your hands witli
Ihe blood of tlia sainU of God, tliat neitbur I nor that
book ehalt either hurt you or your authority ; for, in very
(IcmkI, mudain, tbnt book wiui written moat eapociaJIy
against tbut ^Ticked Jetebol of England.*' " But," swd
the Queen, " yu s)>cak of women in geiiorid." To tbia
^ Knox responded that be eould be obarged with luak-
^H og no disturbance, but tbat bis preucliing in England and
^H el*cwb<'ra ha<l pmnioted quiL'tness. As to the charge of
^V necromancy, lie oould endure tbat, tcving that lus Mastei
862 TDK RKFORIIATION IX XNCLAXD AXD SCOTLAND.
WM iu.-ou)iix] of being " potaenoed wiUi fleelwbab." I<mT-
ing Khox'h of[^iisiv« book, Muiy reinindeMl him tbat Uotl
mtiiniaiulK ftiibjiwts U> ob«y Uivir jiriiioeis and nsketl him
bow he rceonciled his conduct in pereiutdijig Uiu [iiM>{>le
" to recfiTO niiottici- raligioii timii tlu'ir i)riiiceii can allow,"
vitli that precept. Knox implied tliat sabjeots are not
** bound to fraruo tLoir rcligiou according to tho ft{qpetita
nf tlivir pi-inc(!H." luid (ipp«iUod to tlic exmnple of the
Israelites in Egyiit, and to tlie example of Danivl. on
wbich be dilfllcil At wmo Iniigtli. *' Ywi," «iid she ;
" none of tbem rstiaed the sn-ord against tlicir princBs."
Knox answered that ftUll tboy denied obodiciicc to tlieir
mandate. Mary was not to be driven from her point,
and rp]ilied : " But yet tlioy rcsistwl n&t by ttio .sword."
" God," Hitid lio, " Mndnin, lind nut given Uieni tbe power
and the meaiiB." " lliink ye," gaid she, " that subjects
having power may resist Uieir prini\« ? " "If llwir prinona
es(«ed their bounds," said he, " Madam, and do against
that whercftttt; thi-y sliuuld \ki oWyed, it is no dmibt but
thoy may be reusted, oven by jmwer ; " and ho compared
this rraistance to the restraint imposed by children upon a
frviiziod fatlivr. " At Xhv»v wordit, the Queen stood, M It
were, nmaKi'd, more than a tiuarter of an hoar j her coon-
tAnanou iLlten;il, so that Lord James bt^ao to dntreat her,
and to demand, ' What has offended you. Madam ? ' At
length »h« miiil, ' Well, then, I perceive that my snbjeets
ihall obey you, and not ui« ; and Hhall do what thoy list,
and not what I command : and so must I he subject to
them, luwi not they to me.' " Knox demurred to thb
conclusion. " My travail is that both pHnceJi and sub-
jeeta obey God." Kings and queens were to be foster*
dithers and nurses to the Kirk. Kxoited by the debate,
Miiry went, perhaps, further than xhe had designod.
" But ye arc not the Kirk that I will nurse. I will defiraid
(he Kirk of Korao, for it is, I think, the true Kirk at
God." " Your will," said he, " Madam, ia no reatoo
4
I
KKOX AMI QUIXX UASY.
sea
oeilh<n- doth yonr thought make tli^it Romiiii liurlot to be
the trao and imniuciiliito xpoDso of Jv*u» Christ. And
woudor not, MiuKtiTi. tliut I call Kome a liarlot ; for that
Kirk is nitogtfthor p<tlhitod with all kind of sptrittinl for-
ni«ntion, lu wult in doftriuo lu in niBiniii>rs." He offered
to prove that tlie " Kirk of the Jowg," when it cnniificd
Jcmis. wm nut so fiir nrniovod from truu rcli^on " hh tliat
Kirk of Rome b denliiiod." " My conwioitoc," Miid
Manr, " h not eo." Comoiuoco, liu anxwored, requires
knowledge ; and \w. proceeded to tmy tluit Khi- liiul eli-
ded D3 true teacliing. Descending to pkrticulars, lie
proiiounood tito mowi " tlio invoiitioii of msm" luid tliero-
(uro " on abomination before Ond." To his harangue,
Miuy Mud : " If tlHty wi>ru here whotn 1 Imve ht ard. tb^
would answor you." Kkkx rxprvi^MHl the winli that this
** most learned Papist in Kuro|»e " were present, Uiat slie
miglit U-am " the ranity of the pdptstioal rcli^^on," wid
how little gi»mi<l it hiu) in the Word of Goil. Knox de-
parted, wishing thitt vlu! might hv- lu ijrcsit ii hlussing to
Boothmd " as ever l)ehoi-al) was in the commonwealtli of
Lintel." He rcinnrkii tiiat Hh« *' continued in her m:iesing ;
and deepiseil and quiet! v mocked all exhortation." living
naked by his friends at thu time what bu thought of her,
be iwid: " If thinxs be wot in her a proud mind, a cnifty
wit, and an indurate heart against God and hia tnith, my
judgment tiiiletJi mo." In Knox, its he uppcitrs in these
uiti;rviews, one may behold tlie incarnation of the demcn
cnitiu spirit of CahiniKm.
On nnotlier occii&ion ho wax siiintnoned to the pruu>n<u
of the Queen, in consoquencs of his preaching about tJie
daiidng at Hol^Tood. Knox said that in tlie pretunvu ul
her Cotineil she was gmve, but " how soon soever tlw
L French fiUocks, fiddlera, and others of tliat band gat into
the house ftlouc, tJien might Ik- wten skippmg not very
Di)me!y for hooeat women." It must be temarkett that
the dances in vogue then would not now be doomed verj
.^ :
»
3t»4 TKI SKrORUATION TX 1:Xi;LANI> and SCOTLAND.
cumelj, even by liberal oridcs.' '* Ho was calk-tl and
*<MnjHi^, itx uiie that luul irrovcrenUy »jx>keti of tlie Qiieea,
And tbst travniled to bring lier into hnti-ed and contempt
of tbo futopk*." "Tlio Queen," be Kiy*. " miuie a bmt;
banui^iic," to wliicb he n^plicd by repeating exactly wUxi
be liai^ Kviil in the pul]>it. In tlie oourso of the coiivei^-
•atton he freely expressed bis opinion of her iiiiclui,
wiioni he stjled " enemies tu God iind unto Iiih Son .lisiti
Chrisl," and deelini-d her re<|nest ibnt lie would come and
make what criticisma ho liad to make upon her conduct,
to her poraonally. Ho could not wiut upon individnali,
bat it vrnft liin function *' to rebuke the una and viees of
all" in hia sermons, wbidi hu invitod bcr to coma and
hettr. He n-ita too Hlirowd to coiiaent to ha .itlent in pubUo
for the sake of the privilege of conversing with her in
private. She Bhowod lior displeasure. Uut *Mhe said
John departed with a nfji-^oniibte merry countenance ;
wherwit Home Papists, oSended, said. ' Ho 18 not afmid ; '
which h«u'd of iiim, he answert^d, ' Why should tiie
pleasing face of a gentlewoman fear me ? I have locked
in the faces of many an<^y mun, and y6t tuivu not been
ufnid above measure.'"
The mass and auricular confession were not wholly
given up, e^pocially in the weeteni (listrictH south of this
Clyde. " nie bretiiren," aaya Knox, " determined to
put to their own han<U," and no longer wait for King or
Council, but " execute the puuisliment Uiat God hud ap-
|x>int<^d to idolaters in bis law, by such means as tliey
might, wherever they nhould be apprehended." The
(rethren had begun this work of executing tJio law for
Jicmselve.-", when the Quwm, wlio was at Lochlcven, sent
for Knox, He defended the proceeding. Where king*
negki.4 their duty of executing tlie laxra, the people may
do it for them, and even restrain kingtt, bo added, in cnsc
U»i^ spare the wicked and oppreaa the Innocent. " The
> Bartms It. SOS.
KKOX AXD qCKd U&IT.
965
^
^
h(. Kiiid, " are oridcBt, for Samuel tetnd not
, tb« fut and delioate Kinf; oE AnuUek, wliom
Kiii|; Siiul had saved : noitliLT Bpurud Elias Jet«bel'e 'alu
prophets :uk) Kiuil'a pric»t«, albeit that King Aliab was
present. Pliincas was no roagiatrote, and yet [eared he
not to Ktrikc Offibi mid /imri " — oimI Iiu H]>ccififd in tbo
plainest words the sin of whioh tliey wirre guilty. He
iiifnnm'd Miiry th.it ttlio niitst [iilfiU her purt of " the
mutual contract," if nhe expected to get oWltenco from
hcT HibJMt^l " The said John left IiL<r," bnt, iniicb to
Ilia auqirisc, cwly tlio iifrxt morning, iiliu »iMit fi>r Itim
again. Ho met her '* nt the hawking, by West Kincroes.
AVhcthtY it WAD tJic nif^it's sl«cp, or dt-op diiwimulatioii,
that in.^de Iict to forgut ht>r former angor, vnae incn ttMj
doubt." She conversed with bim in a faniiliar and confi.
dential style, aslcinc; his good oUices to restoru peaco be-
tween the Earl of .\rgylft and IiU wife; and womid up
the oonferenoo by alluding to the interview of the pre-
vioiiR night, and by [imtiiliiing " to iniiiiiitiT jtiitLicc " bs
be had required, ilany arrests were actually made, ap-
ptircntly in ptu-suiuKO of iMn* proniiw. Iltit froin alioul
this time (l.'>l!S), sN'mptoms of n llomish n-action were
manifest. The Quofii'i* inHuenvi; liogan to luive ito <*iIecU
Knox vraa not ignorant of her conununtcationa with
France, Spain, and the Papal Court ; for ho had his own
eorrcepondeneo on the contineut.* From this tinto Knox
ftnd the Queen were rwdly engaged in a contest, raich for
the extermination of the otJier.' When it was known
that she inn considi^ring the question of a marringo vitti
the Archduke of Austria, or with Don Carlos, the son of
Philip n.. and when Knox found tbe Proteatant nobles
luk'-wafTii or iiMlifTcn-nt on the suhj^rat, Iio did not heri*
tate to thimder in tlie pnlpit agninst the nnhomc, and to
predict direful consequencoit, should the nohles idlow it to
be carried out. ExaKp<\mted at tliis now inberfviv-tboo,
> ITulorj. p. m. * Baf.io. \r. tt*. • IbU
866 TUK BEFOIUIATIO!! D! ENUUUtD AXD SOOTUUID.
the Quo«n eummonud him to her preseoce, ami with pa»
•tonnte outbunte of wiwpiiif;, dviioiincL-d h'm itnpcrtioenl
tnetldling with aftaira that did not bdoug tn him. Kiiux
maintained his tmpertarlNiblc coolness, altiiough he de-
olarvd thnt he hwl no pleuwuro in aodng hor wuep, *ui«0
titat lit.' could not. vritbout paiit, see Uie tears of tiis own
boys nhci) liu chastisod ihctn. Diamiascd from the
Quoi'n's pNe<-nce, he wax detained for a while in the ttdJA>
ecnt room, whore he " merrily " uttered a quaint homily
to the Isjies of thu court on Uio-ir " f^y ^-ur " and on lliv
hATOc that death would make with their Qeeii and nil
their li»i>ry ; a apeech in u tone that hat bcon aptly
Ukeiii'd U> thot of the sulilociuy of the gnivc-digger in
Hamlet.
In Uio summer of 15G3, dumg the absenco of tliB
Qaeen fivtm Bdiuburgh, hor followers who were left b^
liiiu), uttomptcd to hold mass in tha (itapel at Uolyrood.
An unuBiial niniiber from the town joined them. " Diven
of the bret)m-n, b«ing sore olTended, consulted how to ro-
dre«H that enonnity." They resorted to the spot in order
to note down the names of aiicli na might come t» partici-
pate in the unlawful rite. It appe^rB that the chapel door
WM burst open, " whereat, tJie priv«t atwl the I'Veuch
damM, beinf; affmyixl, tnade the shout to be sent to the
towii." Two of the party were indict^^l " for carrying
pistols within the burgh, conveuUon of hegee at tlto
pnlnee, and invasion of the Qaeen's scn.'ajita." Knox,
who had been elotlied with auUiority to numinon the
faitlifnl t<^eUier in any grave emergency, issued a circular
calling upon them to bo tn Edinlmrgh on the day whtcli
had been desi[;nuti.-<l for the trint. The Queen imagined
timt she hiul now oangfat him in a plain violation of tha
law. He wae required to appear before her and the
Privy Council, ti> which were joined a considemUu utmi-
l>er of gnveriimeiit officers a;it] nobles. He gives a
graphic description of the aceue and of tlie ooUoquie*
Ksox AXi) qva^s maki-.
867
that toot plaop. He stutee also that ** the bi'iiit tmag m
the town that John Iviiux wiw Miit for by the Qucun, t]i«
bretbrea of tha Kirk foUowiKl in siicb number that the
iiui«r cloM vns full, iind nil tbu Htiiire, vn-n to thu chum-
ber docH- where the Quoen nnd Council tint." This gatlier>
ing of his supporti'ra \rould, of itMlf, (lisincliue tlio Cuitn*
dl to molent him ; but, iiKlojieiideiitly of tliu •niineiliiite
danger attending such a step, the Protesimit 'oitU, the
subtle ami unpiinciiilfil L<')liiii^l«ii, for i-xiiniplv, liowuver
they might cliiirgp liiin with {[LUnticisin, wltb not at all
dUp'W^d to luutumo a poHition of hostility tuwiinlii him.
Be had leave to depart, but did not go luitil he had
turned to tlic Qucun and prayed tluit " God would purge
her heart from Popi>ry and presctrve her from the counsel
of flatterers." It ia a mark of tha steadfast boiK-sty of
Knox that he broke oH intvroour»o, for a long tiiiits with
Murray, whom he honored and loved, but whom ho
blamed, in oonjanction with the other lords, for neglee^
ing, in the Parliament of \-W-i, llie lirst Parliament after
the Queen's arrival, to ratify the treaty of peace made in
liJGO, nnd the establishment of thu Prot*mtiint ndigioit.*
'I'he principal bnfiuees done at that session was to give
■ legal security to the appropriations tliat hiul buen i»ad«
of the chuK'li IhtkIh, by which tiie nobles hitd sn much
profited. It was a short time after this meeting of Par-
liamient that Knox ])riiiulie<l tho famous sermon to which
we have refm-red, on the Queen's marriage.
The gloomy pmspocta of the cause of reform led Knox
to adopt a form of public pruy«r for tlie Queen, in which
:he Almighty was besought to " deliver her from the
bondage and tliral<liim of Satan." and thuD nave Uie rvalm
" from t3uit plague and vengeance tliat inevitably follows
idolatry," as well as her own notil from "th.it eternal
temnatioti which abitlcJi all obftinate and tmpeuitent onto
iie end." At an assembly of the Kirk in thi- inimniar t4
> llcOrU,p.lM.
868 7HK lU'l'OKlIATlOX IN EXGLAMD AND SOOftlMOh
1.S64, iho propriety of thia piayercame up for discusaioa.
At tliin nioctiii*; lliv liiy lorxU, MurrMy, Hninitton. Argyle.
Morton, Ijethiiigton, aud otiiers, entered into cl<?b(iti.t witli
the clericul lc:idvr» on this question au<l on the proper
treatment of the Queen. But Knox iuid his ussvciatw
usscrled ihat the mass b idohitry, »nd, by Uld Te»ta>
niunt law itntl pix-i-odeiitA, iniLit be piiiuKhnil with dcitth.
No vote vaa taken ; but it waa soon evident to tlie hiy
ktulvrs that tht^rv wns no room for n middle pu^Ti
sind no hope that tlie Queen would abandon her " idol-
atry."
It is obvions UiiLt Knox and his followorH wvic no dia-
cipk-s of tlie doctrine o[ toleration. Two tilings, ht-w
ever, dwHJiTc to be iioliocil. First, tUsro was no kingdom
where Itoinnn CiitboUca having the relative »ln.-iij^ of
the CaiTtiiists of Sootlitnd would huvo endured for a
momi'nt a Protestant noviToign. The story o£ Uenry
IV. of Fronei' sho\v» whnt the Catholii; party demanded,
even when theru vras n powK>rful minority opposed to
them, ^ocoiidlj'i Knox uiid hbt u.«sn(.riutcs weru well con-
viticod that tlie Qut-eii, notwithataniling her fair profvH-
sion§. only waited for a favomble opportunity to extirpate
tlicm iind to bring biicic the papu.! Hyxlcm, tho ulwHtton
of whidi ahe did not concede to be legal, llut, ujart
from these eonsidcnitioiii*, thu Itoman Catholic riteSi lu
the eyea of Knox, were idolatry which inuat be capitally
putiiahed and utterly suppressed ; othcnrlse the judgnieali)
of he.iven would fall on the hind. Ho ultributcd the
partial failure of tlie crops to the wrath of (iod at lbs
Quc^tcu's mass.
The Pi-otestanta had a feeling of insecurity, ;t dretiug
tfaot then- cause was being cautiously undermined. They
TTtttcht^ with eager attention thu various nvgotiationa
hftving respect to the Queen's marriage. Had they been
fally aware of tliu efforts that wore made to effect a niar-
<>^ between Mary and Don Ciirlos of S|)iun, whicb
THE QDKKNS UAIUUAGK Vrmr PARXI.RY.
8Dtt
I
wifr« defeated by tint tnocliitutlioiiH of Catlmriuo de
Medici, througU her jealousy of the house of Guise, they
would Ituvo biwn filled wttli iibirm nnd iudignution. The
propositions of ICli/abctii, including llint of n mnrriago
of Mary to LoiccsU-r, fell to tlio ground. How far the
Eugtish Queen vaa sincere in them it is impoasibltt to
ti\j, fitnco even her mort eagacjouB admera oould not
f:iClioiii her du]ilicity. Oiii; obstacle in tliu way of Bliui-
beth's luatriinoTiial scliemes for Mary was the Bt«ndy re<
fuaal of tile furmer definitely to guarantee tlio succession
to her sisti^r of Scolluud. SIio inouit to rutaiu this »tdi>
guard for her life in hero\ni hands. All plans of this sort*
cut oil by Jfary's niitrrisgu with D»mley. It was a
of mutual love ut first sight. Duruley was iMitry'i
usin, and the gr.iiidaon of Margnret, tho ustor of Henry
VIII., aud of thu Enrl of vVngus, whom ehc initrriod after
tlie death of ht:r fn-st liiiabHud, James IV. Mai-y was
charmed wilJi his personal appear.ince — hia tall form.
Uio bn.'udth of hlti sliouldcm, and bis sniootli, handsomu
faee. Dariduy wa3 a CathoUc. Murray and tlie I'rot-
ita opposed tho mivrriii^ as a decisivo stop towttrda
rastonitidu <if Uie old ri.*li)^ioii. They complained tliiit
tho laws iigaiust idolatry were not enforced. Mary had
taken a hiubstud wttlmut eonHiiltiug hi^r i'arliiuneut, which
!l not illegal, was indecorous ; and she had proclaimed
him as King of Scute, which was considered an uncunsti-
tutiuiud out.' Tho Qucou hud ninrricd against the rcinon-
of Eliiabuth and Lid incurred her displeasure.
bopes of &I»ry centered in tht! King of Spain and her
nther frienits on the continent. The disoontcnted barons,
with Murray at their head, took up arms, but not reci^iv*
ing tlie prouiisi.Hl itid from England, their forces were dis-
persed, and the leaders were compelled to fly across thn
border. Just at this juncture, it was apprehended that
France and Spain would joiu hands in a common attack
^H ■ Burton r. 179.
U
870 THE RETORMATrOX IS ESC^A:ct) AKD SCOTIAKD.
npon Protettantiam.' It waa supposed, thoi^ eiroiie-'
oitaly, that Cutbarino do ^tvdici and licrson liud iiign«d a
lekguu aL Huyoniio, al tbe instigation of Alva, for tliJi
end. It was believed, also, tliat Mary had formally at-
tacb«d tier si^^iiLture to tb^t nanio boml. 'I1ii- ]Hilitical sit-
nation was so perilous for EnjjLand and English Protoa-
Uuitism tbat Eliir^ibctJi wiut led falKcIy to dimrow all ooo*
nection ivitb MuiTay and bis enterprise. Had Darnley
be«a :ui able man, iiiid liad bis Quoeu be«n poaoowcd oE a
wiwdom luid sulf-i-onlrol uijiia) to her acut«ncaa and Tivac-
ity, tbe subsequent history of Scotland, and of Englaud
too, would tuivo biMin fttauntially alUTi-d. But it took but
a sliort time for the incompatibility between Mary and
Davnley to niiuiifest itself. Elated by liia elevation, he of-
fended tbi; iiubU-H l>y bid inMukniee and ;iirs nf snporiority.
Hia dcuidceiiness and other low vii^ra itoon liiaguateti, and at
length completely alienated bia wife. Mary was impni-
di^ut enough to bi.^tow so many marks of favor ou ItizsJo^
an Italian whom she bad miide her Secretary, tJiat he b«>
caina an objeut of bitter b:itred to tbe nobility. Tliey d&-
Bpiscd him Btf un upstart und an adventurer who had
tL^itrjKHl tluvt |>tiu'e in llie counsels and good gracea of tho
Queen which belonged to themselves. Rizao bad pro-
moted thu tnarritigo witti Uaridey. Ho was eomtidcrvd
one of tlie props of the Roman Catholic faction. Pariia-
meiit was about to usitvimble, *' the spiritual estate," tc
quote from a letter of Mary herself, " being placed there
in the imcicnt manner, tending to have done some good
aiient restoring tbe uuld n-llgion, and to have procaeded
i^;ainst our rebels according to their demerits." ' The
estates of Murray and his confederates wen; to hr for-
fk^itiMl. On tlie Dlh of March, lo6t>, Kizuo was muiw
dared as the result of a plot of which Damley on the ooe
I Munr liiul uppllcil la tlic King ot SpalD (or help ■glliut bcT )ub}KU. Bm
■Dk, J^iirjr iiiul htr jl<eat<rt, 1. 114.
1 LaClor uf Mary la liar Cuiinvillor, Ills Ilbbop of Sam, Id L«buiaff, I MS
Sm Barton, Iv. ML
TITE MCRDO OK BIZZIO.
871
piwt, who was moved by jeiilousy of Kizzjo, and Riithren
And oUu'i- Prci'i'stnrt lertls on the otiier, who wur« enraged
at the intiuence aequiiet] by ItizKio, were the aulhora and
exeuut^irs. Damlcy was aiigry that the crown mutri-
tnonial was withheld fi-'Hii him. It wan stijiuhttod in a
iM^'rct iigrppiucnt of Diirnlcy with the lords that tho haa-
ishi^d nobloa jihoiihl Imj niBloicti aud the Protcslaiit rvligiuii
niaintaiued. Rizzio was dragged out of the apaitmeiit
ill whiiili the Quocu was siippiug, and Hiaiii in thu adja-
cent room. Il was only three months before the birth
of tho Queen's son, afterwards Jainc» VI., whoxo life, a»
vt^ll aa Uic lifo of hin mother, were exposed to irnmi*
iK-nt peril bv this scene of brutal violence. The Queen's
power of diiK>«nibliitg now served her well. She won tho
fveble Darnley to a cixiperation with her scheme, and es-
caping on Monday, at midnight, from HoljTood — tho
murder of Rizzio wiw on Saturdiiy evening — she nule for
five houra on horseback, and reached the strong torta-eas
of Dunbar at daylight. The bauislii^d lords had npii"'4in^^d
in Edinburgh on Sunday, the day after the murder. The
DOW turn that wus given tu affiiirs by the Queen's bold
Hti<] sucecesfnl nioveniftnt ohligt^d Morton, and the other
lords who had been directly participant in the destruction
of Rizzio, to take n-fuge for a while iu England, llie
others, including Murray, witiv received into favor. From
this time, aa we follow this tragic history, wo trcyid at
alinccb every st«p upon disputed ground. Around these
transactions there Imvo gathered the conQicfang sym[»i-
thies of religion.* parties, not to apeak of the personal feel-
ings whicli cluster about events of pathetic interest, ©vcnta
which have been selected by great poets as an appropi-iate
theiiin for tile drama. But there are some leading facts
that arc fully ascertained, and whether they are in evety
asc adiTiitl^d or not, they cannot plaufflbly be diluted.
i.>ne of these facts is the cuinplcto c«tniiigi-ment of tin
Qui-cn from Darnley. H« had l)een mean and treachcrr
BT2 THE BEFORHATIOX IN KKGUKD AKD SCCrtLAJOK.
ou en<mgh to appear before thu council nod solenmly to
ofBrro, what ererj-body knev to be bHae, that be h«d Bud
no coDcvni in tbo slaying of Rizxio, He inctured the
TindicHvi! hatred ol all who bad been EU confederates in
tlio coniinIi<^tri) of tbat uct. ]tut Mary took no piiios to
conceal, sJie ratlier took pains to manifest pabliely, her
thoruiigli dislike^ and coatctiipt for htm. lie was despised
and sbuniied by all. I'lie birth of his Bon, nftcrvrunla
James VI. of Scotland and Jitnies I. of England, whidi
took pinw! in Edinburgh Oust lo, on the 19th of June,
IfiUG, did not affect the relations of hia parents to ouo
8noth«.'r. Tlic ropognancD with which Mary regarded
DaniK-y was known to evwryboily, and was rvjmrU'd to
foreign courts. Another fact U her growing fondness for
llotlivvt.'!!, which wiut, al.-ui, u niatti-r of eoninion obtfcrra-
tion, and was manifested by uuniiBtakable signs, lloth-
well was a brave, ad venturous, resolute man, with some
exterior polish acquireil at the court of France, but un-
Bcrupulous antl unprincipled. Though connected with
the I^rote^tant side, he had stood faithfully by tlto Queen
Rfgi'nt, Mary's mother, and by Mary herself. He hail
taken no part in the murder of Rizzio, but on that ooca-
Bion had himself escaped from Ilolyrood, and hiul lunt
hep timely and effective assistance. Although the fact
is still (iiicstioiii'd by Mary's enthusiastic dvdt-nijfrs, it is
nevertheless establLihed that her attachment to him grew
into an overpowering passion.* Ilothwell had a wife to
whom he had not Uiitg Iieen married ; Mary had a hn«-
band. Sudi were the hindrances in the way of tlieir
union. It was affirmed .■(ubsctiiutntly by Argyle and
Huntley that they, together witli Bothwell, Murray, and
Letliingtou. used thu disaffection of the Queen towards bei
liiiKbund us a means of obtaining her consent to the |inr>
don and return of IMurUjn sud others, who were in banish-
ment on account of their agency in tlie deatli uf KitztTi
1 Buiicii, W. aU M<q.
THR UUHDER OF OARHLKT.
878
I
Ihey begiiQ by proposuif; to hvr a divoroo, but " tlic- oitP
thing clear a that a promise was made to rid tho Queen of
her uuendurable busband, and that without it divorce." *
Morton was alluw«d Ui rttturn, but rvfiiKotl to tuku im iictire
jnirt in the plot, unless he were fumiiihed with a written
itiitliorizution from M:iry, which could not bo procured.^
Murray clairae<! with truth tliat he never entere<l into an
vi^;up;uiL-nt for thw niurdur of Darnk-y ; but LetJiington,
according to tlie statement of Argylo itiul Huntley, lutd
said that Murray would ** look through .hia Qngi-rs " —
tJiat Ls,sland niT and not interfere. Wliether Murray was
aware of the plot, aiid waa willing to have it succeed by
othor hands tliun his own, is a question wbioh cannot bu
dolurniincd. Thi.! Quii-u, ju.tt before, gavo a strilciiig
proof of lier affection for Dothwell by paying hioi a riait
whvn he woji it!, at the pvril of lior own life. Dumluy
liad bcftn taken ill and went to Gbisgow, where be wm
cared for under the direction uf his fatlier, the old Earl of
Lennox, 'ilio Qum-n announood her purpone to vi«t
him. She made tbn visit, and after they met, a oonver-
•ation wecurred betwei^u Oaruley and Crawford, a gentlo*
man in the service of Lennox, whom the latter had in-
structed to observe and repoit whatever he saw and heard.
T h« Queen ha*) arrangeil with Darnley that he .ihoiild
bo taken to Cnugniillar Cattle and there receive medic.il
treatment. Botli Crawford and Darnley expressed to
one another tlicir dlitlike of this arnuigementi in sucli
terms as imjtly a suspicion tttat evil, even murder, might
ponibly bo intended. ]>ariilcy exprcucd to Mary hi«
penitence, and his ardent desire for the restoration of the
old relatione between tJiem. She mot hut mlvanci^s ap-
parently in a friendly spirit, and gave him fair promises.
A fow daya later he was runiovvd to Edinburgh, but in*
t Set Buitan. iv. 319 Mq>
> MoRoD. In 11i« conftHlon Uut he aadi bolofV hi* •xtcDtipD, ownsd Uiot b*
wt* mgtd bj BolhirtU to lobl to the plol, and —ii, U ■ Romi for Dot Mnal
be It U> Ibc QaNO ] " She wu iho doer thcRvf."
8T4 THE RUOK^IATION IS tXQtJiXD AKD &C0T1JUID.
atead of being taken to Craiginillar, or to Hnlyrood, he
WlU coiivvyt.xl to H plttcc cIoHO to tbe city vrall, culled th«
Kirk-of-flelii, to ui uiiiiiliabitval liouw Ibut bclongvil to
Roburt Qalfour, a dependant of Botbwell, several rooms
of wbiult Uiiil bccit littcd lip fur tho King's reception. Tha
Quoen fllept soveml nigbts in tliu room under Darnloy's
Bpartmunt ; but on Sumlay evening, the dtb of Fobmary,
16G7, slic Ivft liiit buiUido to attend Uio fi-stivitics oun-
Deoted mtb ibo n'ed<liiig of on« of her tterraiita at Hoty>
rood. That uight tJie house was blown up with guupowder,
which Itothvrvll nud his foUowcn bad pluvcd iii tho
Queen 'h bedrouni, uudftr Divniley. His body was found
,t some distance from the house. Whwtbur ho waa stran-
;glcd, or otlicrwinu killvd, before tbc oxplosion or not, ia
a controverted point. The conspimtors liad provided
lenuelvca witli fulsu keys and bad deliberately perfected
nil Uieir arriuigenient«. Whetlier or not this Queen vruB
privy to the murder, her conduct afUtrwnrds vrm aulll-
ciontly imprudent to confirm tho worst suspicions. Both-
Wtvll, wlm wiu known to bu tbo pnucipiU criminal, wiis
sbieldvd by a tiiid »» conthictod as to bo nothing otiort of
a mockery of justico.' Instead of experiencing her dis-
pleasure, he rusu still biglier In her favor, and vnts honored
witli an accuniuliitli>ii uf oflioes which rendered him tbe
most powerful man in tho kingdom. The next great
event ia the abduction of the Qiievn by Botliwetl, who,
at the hood of a body of reUunem, stopped her on her
way, and without any reustanco on her part, conductitl
ti«r to Stirling Castle. Previously, at a supper which It
gave in Edinburgli, p(j&tibly tlirough tlie fear tliat he ii
spired, ho had proviulod on most of tlie first men of Soot-
bind to sign a paper rccom intruding the Queen to marry
him. In Mury'a own account of her capture nnd of tl)«
vccurrcucos at Stirling, slio represents tliat force wa»
> Uttrillo u,vi liM evtrjbodf luiiwclstl Ikdliircll ot tbc murlcr. M*nttl%
p-W.
HART A rmSONFJI.
8T6
r
M*^, bnt nicrvly to sucli » dcgrw, and aooompanial with
diidi protcfftatioiifl of love — which had tho more L-ffoct
from her seuae of the grout surTiccs lio bad rcndcnnt her
— tbftt nho coahl only forgive her suitor for Uiia exoesa
and impatience of nllGction. Sir James Molvillf, her '
fititlifiil friend, who luid warned her, nt tlie risk of \m
life, agninat marrying Bothwell, waa vritli her when sha
WDD stoji]H;d by hiiu ; nnd ho dryly ruinarks thut Cit{>-
tain UUckader, who captured him, told him " Uiat it wm
with UioQuofn's own consent."* Sjiottiswootlo, who wrote
his hUtor)* At t)io n^qncgt of Jamea I., her son, says that
** Ko men doubted but this was done by her own liking
and eonsoiit."' DotliwvU was divorced from his wife,
and the public wedding that united him to the Queen
followed. He now governed with a high hand. Mary
herat'tf, to h«r own cost, soon bocamo more fully ac-
quainted witli his coarse and despotic nature, and \ra8
an unhappy wife-. Meantime thu principal barons were
combining and preparing to crush Botbw<'ll, nnd thoy
onturud into communication with Klizabeth, from whom
they sought tuHistanco. At Carbcrry Hill tliu forces of
Bothwell and the army colloct^^d by the lords were ar-
myed against oai^li oth<>r. But » biiltlo was avoided by
the surrender of Mary, after a long parley and in ptirsa*
anoe of an arrangement which permitted the escape of
Bothwell. Shu was led to Edinburgh, nnd treated with
great personal indignity, especially by tho people, who
generally believed in her criminality. Prom Uu^ro hIm
waa taken, na a prisoner to Lochleven. The lords had in-
tercepted a letter, as tliey asscrteil, from Mary to Both-
well, whioh showed that her passion for him had not
abated. Sir James Melville, siMUiking of a liTtt*'r to the
Queen from the Lainl of Grange, written at ibis time,|
euys : " It contained many otlicr loving and bumble wl-
1 itrfuim, f. lot.
• ffitfory if Ik* Ciirti tf SMiJml <P.dii)b. ti., 18t1 ), IL »!.
376 TOE RJ-IORMATION U) ENGLAND AKD SCOTLAKD.
montUoiis, which raiulo hvv bitterly to wcopt/m* *he couU
not do that to haatUy tehich procttt of tiuu miffhi haw
aeeomplithed," that a," put him [Bothwell] <Uan out of
Mt»(J."' 'Iliifl i& one among the abundant proofs that
vliatever oonstiaiot bad botin put upon h«r morvnienU
b; BotbwcU, Uic cbuu tliat bound her to him was tlie
infatuation of hor ovn heart.
Tbo statQmvnts in thv forcing akctcb rest upon evi-
dence whielt iit indcipendont of tlie fanioiu " ca&ket k-t-
ten " — the letters and lr>vu-fiouni.-tH oddn-Mk.'d by Alary
to Bothwoll, togi'tliiT irith uoDtrncts of mamage between
th«in, wlili-li, it wiiA allc<gcd, were found in a silver casket,
that Bothwell, after bis Qigbt, vainly endeuvorod to pfft-
uuro from Uie Cnstlo of Edinburgh. If the onsket letteta
are genuine, they prove incontcatably tbat in the murder
of I)m-iiU>y, Miiry wtw an nccoinplicc before the net.
The gonuinenesfl of them has been more or less elab-
orately discussed, and hits bocn miuntainod by tliu most
eminent liiatorLins, aa Hume, Robertson, Laing, Burton,
Mnckiutosb, Mignet, tianke. Their genuinences bus btten
defended ktely by Mr. Krondc, in bi« " History of
England." liie most acute of the writers on tlie
otJior 8ido is Mr. Hosaek, thv author of n recent work
upon Mary and her accusers.^ No candid ciitio can dony,
wbntuvcr may be his fmnl verdict, tbat the letters coutain
many internal marks of genuineness which it would bo
exceedingly difGcult for a counterfeiter to invent, and that
the scrutiny to ivhich they worw subjected in the Seotti»b
Privy Council, the Scottish Parliament, and tlie English
Privy Cotmcil wiie such that, if thoy were forged, it \s
jArd to account for tlie failure to detect tlie imposture,
Moreover, tlio cliaraotor of Murray, although it may be
admitt«d tlint he was not the immiiculuto per^ton tluit ho ii
tometimes coosidercd to have been, must have been black
1 Mfuirt, p. IG3.
H tdilion. S THAU. I.oadnn, IKO.
I
I
I
THE CASKET IXTTERS. 877
tndoed if th««e documents, wbicli lio brotigbt forwunl to
prove the guilt of liis sister, wcru furgetl. But Murray ia
prused not only by his perftoiuil mlberents and by lus par^,
bat by men like SpottiswooUe and Melville.' Banke, who
eoBudoTS the letters to bo genuine, though somewlint aU
tered in piassing tliroiigh tho various translations, litjll
1ictiuit(» to pi-ouotince ii dvcision in n^ganl to the QAievn'i
foreknov ledge of tho murder. Another interpretition u(
tJic miittur wAB broaclicd — tliat Miirj' wm actually be-
coining dniwn to her jieuitent litiabiuid, that their recon-
ciliation vras sincere ; and that Butliwoll,8ecing the danger
that hi.-* prize would sUp from his grasp, hnittonfid the
oonsumiiiation of his plot. Ranke observes that tho so-
lution of tlio probti;m belongs to the poet who can oper.
up Uic di^plhs of the hiutrt, those ttbysscs in which the
fltorms of passion rage, and actions are born which
hid defianoo to law ojid to luoi-ality, and yet luiv*
deep i-ools in the human soul.' It does not appear,
however, in what way it ia possible to reconcile the
genuineness of the casket Ictlen, as Hanke uitirms it,
with any other mipposition tlian Mary's ■.wnijtlicity in
tho plot in which Bothwell was the; chief uctor. Tht-rc
is decisive proof that tliey Iiave not 'ueen materially in-
terpolated.'
> "A man (ruir god, and wortJij to be rankfit ■moncil lb* tietl cnvtmnn
Hot tlii* k!a|[d(im fasth *njo]r*il, nil, UicrFfai*, lo Ibit ilaf honored villi Ilia
littaat 'ttiei^iodRrintii.'" — SfoiiIiwomIi, ifiaWry it^iltt Cltvrti iff Sotitmil,
a. m.
> i:»stlt<*4 OidL, l so;. Ot IIi* abducUon of Uaiy, R«nk« mjn " llatt
ttviriUiic halb (CMwiininio, {■'''■'I'l ■" >■■ mIos Grwalt, und iladnrdi in iii
N'uchwrndi],-k*it, iKm Uin Itontl la s^htn " <p. SBA).
* Jlurtui, V. lit. Ai tDtli*T«Mdqiinlianio(lli«eiiilt or innwcuiranf M«3r,
anil ot Uit crniiSiwiiiiM ot thv rukvl docunrala. qiieaUoii* UiM lUll lnt<nai
iLa mindi nt mtn, nolwiltnlin.liiiK Mr. Il«rb«rt Spaneei** Judcmrot uiwa
llta frirolllj »f the vliula inquiry, llit rvcrol urorki at BBdoD on Iho one *i4*i
and at lloiack on tba o^rnr, (oiiuniiul^ pmrnt Ihe utt w adoquattt^ thai
im^Madar can tuTiii a canctiulao fol blmMK. La»Mu'i cdllloD of UiiUop
Ktilb'i ltUorji/ll.t Aff-irf/Churrk ami SLtit in 5m().iij.f (prinlcd (ot Hi*
BpaUIi* ciiMh S>>c.,U4&), a work lavorablo to Ma.~y, itntenl* In llta tvUlar'i
n>pir«* noWi a lars* wiiuunl of valuable maleflal, Uucbaoan, In hit Iflilitf
US THE REFORMATTO:t IX RNOLAXn AX[> SCOTLAXPl
At LodileviMi, Mary nigiied two docunipjita, the au'
abdicnting tliv tliratw, tliu other Appointing Marrav Re-'
g«nt tluriiig UiP minority of her oliiM. From thijt date.,
in pubUc recorda, tlie reign of James VI. oomni<-qau
Tbo infant King wtw crown«d at Stirling, on tho 29^H
July, 15C7. ^
In I>(M:ciDbcr, a Parlismont nssoinhlcd, witicb oonfir
Uie Acta of 1560 for tlie «8t»I>lishnieiit of ProtcKtimG
From thiB time the nex Kirk was able to wt on fo
moro ctnciont diHciphni} than had b*'cn posnblo
One sign of llie cliango was the e«!le4iiaiitical ccusti
which all publications were subji-cttsd. lu the cons^
tion and government of tliu Scuttisli Churdi, tbo Uyj
cldorship lia« a prominent place. In 15T8, the " Secouil I
Book of Discipline " embodied tlie complete Pn-ybytcrian ,
hicmrdiy, njioendtng from the poriidi sessiona (hn^ugli
preslnieries and provincial synods up to the General ,
■enibly, whii-Ii was siipri'mo. Siipcrint^'uiU-nU wcro
tained, whose function it was tn carry out the me
of tlie Asttonibly. At Frankfort, Knox had compose
but etptdiUjr in big IMfttl-m nf Iht A^a»t of Uary Q)tm 'fSntt, '
waa «Tilt*n BodcT lfa« aurpico) of Miicny, inailt ■ tliTtnria*!, y«t pcnnfall
rHocliri atlack, xhich rcecdi llie pr>pulir (wtInK, uIvriM to Marj, (tal «•
Ixifil at iha lime in SiN>llanil. I^;'* D^^mt t/ltii Itanerof iliuy, b^ OM
at lier msIoiu xlhtmiU, wi* ■ ptra uii tlio (<thu[ fi<l«. I!t "m lallowtti hef
olli«railmx'BlMol Uary on Chtrnnliixiil. l1«11iDU, liie grtal l*T*nrh hliMriaa,
luillav«d with Iliichaaan, and could nut br induotd by J*tii« I. t« rvlnM hit
renliot i^nii th< King*! mntligt. C'lnidvn, Ibo KnsU>h butonia u( lli* ,
MVCDtfanlb ««ntuiy, inalnUiDtid lict IniirK^ncc. Andcrun and otliin (lub-
M»i (h* dMUinaal*. Kaillt and Goodall wrots In lamr id Hary. lyiler,
tVliiiAkvr, anil <7halini>n, aricutd on Uiu nolo Me. Itobenun apptHdoJ (o ib4 '
lliird iiihinn lA hl« llitlmy n/ Si-.<lL:iiJ a curlullir iludlcd DitKrMivit iM
King llinry't Hardtt, lo wliicli liv riNniilcn ibal Mary yna fAfjt and lliinx
nainlainwl thtaain* cicwla hit fotirtb rnluinr. In ihg text sad in an vlibom*
■Ota. Roth ccnlnd tot ilia stnui(ici>»ta t,i Ihc ratkal ilocunii;nl>- Gilbert
8111U-. TCpliad to Bobettaoit. An Mt«n*iT« diiwiinlan, in ^[Rnn«i)t wiili tha
tiew* of Hum* and lldbrrlaon, lUtt lirn i-nlniwo* of Malcolni Ijiinc't //ia
b>r|i ofRtMbmi. I*rinE« Alvxaodar I^banoJI (luliliibcd, in l£4t, a i.'ulln.-iioD
!o MvvD raluman, ot QuMn tfarj'i LvtCen. Mr. Fruudg'n midoniiintlnn til
Mary tiaji latrly nviviid Ilia ccmlrovfinf . J/nry <Jaet» ofScoU ami hir Ulrm
Kttglith Hidorian, by Jaiuai t. Mallns (Xcw Tork, 1872), b ■ [lolaitiii'al wort
^^inac Proud*.
POUTY ANT) WOnSHIP OF THE SCOTTISH KOK
379
I
k
book ot ilcvotion for public worship, wliidi liu »8i»l in his
tliurcli »t (leiievft ; " Tli« Fomio of Pmyura and Mini»
tnitioii of the Sacs^mcnts, Ac, oaed in tlie Knglisb Con-
^■gution ut Ooiicvo, nii<l A[>provt:d by ibu fuiiioiis mid
godly lenniod nuin, Jolm Calvin." Tbia, with a few
cbiiDgts. txritiino thu " Book of Common Order " for tliu
Soottiah Church. It contnins no form of iibHolutioii. It
tiichidfs a ConfiwMon of Faitb, which difEcrs from that
which Pnrlinment and Uie Gcnoral AtWPinbly ndopt«'l.
This now Coufeadon is derived from Calvin's Catecbiam,
r^kting to Ibc A]M»t1o'« Creed. Tliu doctrine of Uio
Sacrament is identical with Uiat of Catrin, as distin-
giiifibcd from the Lntbcran and tlie oarlier Zwiiigliao
theory, lliero w:is n general form of cxpulrtion of un-
worthy persons from tlie Lord's table, in connection n-ith
the ministration of the Sacrament. This was i.'alltHi
exoommunication or " fencing of the tiihlen." ManiagM,
as well as biiptisnia, were colcbrfited in chiu'ch and on
Sundays. Thin " Hook of Cotniiiou Order " continued in
nse for about a hundred yeare, when it was dropped, in
coimoction with the content sgninat the ICngli^th Pmyer
Book. After the Presbyterian system Iwd been estab-
lishcd by the Assembly, the ohl pohty of Uic Church ro-
niained as a matter of law. There were bishops, and ahw
abbota and priors ; thcsu places being iUlcd, after 1560,
by Prote«lant«, and sometimes by laymen. In 167^ it
mw Bgreed between tlie ecde^aatical and civil auUioHtiet
Ant the old iinmea and titles of nrchbisliops and bishopa
^ould continue, although tlie incumbents were to have
no power greater than that of superintendents, and wore
to be subject to the Kirk and General Asaerably in spiiit-
tiul thing« IIS they were to the King in things temporal.
Tlie temporalitii<s of tli« sees h.id mostly flowed into tlie
hands of laymen. This was what Knox condemned ; the
raviml of episcopacy, in the shadowy form juiit 4lescnl>ed,
appears to have excited in him little or no oppo^tinn.'
■ Compare UcCrlc. p. 3!M wq., wkh Ourlaa. v. 3IS Tlu ilucumsnli ntj
880 TKE REFORUATIOK IX EKCLAKD AHO SCOTLAXD.
Ait«r about twenty yuan, tlio PivHl>yt«n»n ■ystom. pan
und »mpl«, wu ertablialietl, utiiler die nuspicet* of Aiidnw
Melville. Subsequently, tlie attompte of James VI. tc
vHliibliali Uic royul suprunucj, uut to introduce not only
tlie Anglican polity, but the AngUcan ritual, also, begin
tluit coQtitKt botvrvvn tbu Tbromi and thv Kirk, wU<:b aig-
niLlix<<:d th« next reign, and brought Charles I. to tl»e
Bcaffold.'
Tbc Queen of England profesacd, and probably wtUi
Binoirity, lier high indignation at tbe treatment of Mary
by ber subjocte. It wiu a fliigront disn^ard of EUa-
beUi's grukt political maxim ** tliat the head aliould not
be subject to the foot." But in Murray she bod a pei^
spicucious Biul linu man to di'-id witli. It wa« evidunt to
tlia couneellore of Elizabetb and to I^zabetli herself, that
i£ abe iiitorposed to put don-n Ibo Protciibuit lords, who
bad imprisoned Mary and comjielKtl her .ibdiration, they
would make common cause witli Kranoe, and ber ovn
tlironu would be sluken. This concloaion, bowoTer, was
not reached at once. Mary woajied fruin Lodilovien on
tbe 2d of May, 15GS, and an army quickly nOlicd to ber
Btaodord. It was then tbe n-iub of Elizabeth and Imt
Cabinet to restore her to licr tlin.tni.% without any inter-
vention of tbe French, and under such drcumflUuicex na
would diectually iw^urv the Hiilety uf Enffliind and tbe
be fau::il In CUiJannwd, HitUny </ lii Kirl n/.V^dnrf I WMlrmr Swid)-), U.
1*0 *>). S*> •Iw Prinolpil I^, llutiiry <iflhf Chunk o/Srol^md, L 300, L
t !%« Jtt ityttt Knox <nn Dot tnt tnm peril and Mufllnt When
tloMs'upktiy^iUiMdllMianoiUnajCln lall) in F.ditiliHr):h, ho ratlnd I
AndnirfL JunMU«lTilli,a(w««KU*inIniiCrr, tlioii > ttuilcni in Uie colli
In Itft ■ TKry InMrMlinji dtKriptiMl of lilm, i, ibtcnjiU old innn, wlUi moftM
fur abnul lili iwck, wtth ■ *U1I in liaml, *nd lielgiFd ulniit; Ibc !im«( l._v hit
UUituI Mnruil, Bidiud IhtnniUynK, "anil bj Iho Nud Hicliiinl auil Uullu*
NTvanl lidad up U Ui« pulpil, whiin hv buharil lo Itan al hu tint eutry; bid
m b* had ilnii* willi lili •rniinn, hi* ir» m aclln and rlcorou,, tlial Im wm
ilkalr (o dhif; llii> piilpU rii hlmU and 11}- nul of il." (McCric, p. 330.} Baa-
oaixno "TOlu iiiti'inliiiH Attm-iriali of Knux. Knox died op Iho Sldi o( S*
rtmbfT. liTl. lIuiKiii uiil, nvtr Ui' i^yt, "Ihal he nsllhcr IfattJ nor lUt
uiwl anir ll»li,'- lllntton, r. JS7.)
I
OOKrLtCT OP EXCLAHb AND SPAIK.
881
•utoutidmicy of Eltznbctli m her ooitntols. But Marj's
anny was defeated at Lnngside, when 8he was att«mpt-
iiit; tu mureli tn numlinrlon Castle, aiid hIi«^ i>«cii]>C(l l>y n
prucij)Uat« Qight into England, where she threw hciBvlf
on Uiu protijction of EliziibetJt. Thu ardent and j^wne-
vering solicitations of Mary for an interview with the
English QuGvn were put off uutil slic should liv ck-itivil
of the crime that was itnput«d to her. Murray and his
luwociiktcs were callL-d u]>on to justify their prociHtlingii,
and brought forward Uic " casket dooumenta," to substan-
tiate their charges.
Klixab(>th might dmlike the reli^poua s^-steni of the vic-
torious party in Scothind and abhor tlietr political max-
ims; but they were, in the existing situation o( Barop«,
her alticft, and to put Mary back upon her throne would
]m\K been an act of suicide. It must bo rumemlx'rcd that
she never renounced her claim to tlie crown of England.
At this juncturt-, it was fortunate that the slow and cau-
tioits I'hilip cicvliiiitl tiic offeustve alliance that wim of-
fered liim by Franoe. In 1569. the victory over the IIu-
gnenota in I'nincc was followed by a Catltolio rebt-Ilion
in thu Xortli of England. The domand was that Mary's
title to the sticctsaion should be aolcnowledgt^d. I1ie ex*
oommunicatian of Elizabeth by Pius V. suwcoded.
"Xlteimfonninl, all who synipathixi,Hl with tlic spirit of the
Oatholio reaction in Europe, and acknowledged the Popc*a
autbori^, were under Uio strongest temptation tu trout
EliiiahetJi as a usuq>cr who onght to be actually dethroned.
The rebellion, under tho lead of Norfolk, was undertaken
with tho express iind warm approlmtion of tlie I'ope, and
Philip was only deterred by prudential motives from
Bending his forces in aid of it ; lie preferred to wait tmtil
the insui-gentH should liAve seized on the pcrDon of the
Queen. The current of events was gnulnaily hsuliiig to
%a open conllicl with Sjiain, whi<li both tho Queen aivd
Philip were reluctant to bep'n. For her own wnirity
883 THE REKORUATIOK IX KKOLAUD AMD SOOTUUCD.
■lie aecretly proviJnt nawatunce to the rorollud wtbjeeU
of Pliilij) in tiie XctbcrlAnds, nliidi plensetl FVance, u
her aid to Um SooUisK ivbols had gralifiMl Philip. Tbt
OORBOqncnoe wm that favorable terms were granted to the
Netlierliutdit In Uio Puciltuntiou of Ghent, In 1676, It
.was aaturinl to her inteivaU tliat the Huguenot* should
^MOt be »ubdui-d, and sho covurtly gave thorn h«Ip while
■he was in friendly relations with lliu Frencli {rovoTDiiwnt
.that was Meking to crush them. At length the desperate
ooudition of the Protestants in the MeUi<-r]:uids impoeed
on her the necessity, in 1685, of openly sending her
L trCM^fM, undor the command of LoioHt^. for Uicir dclirer-
^Kaoe. Shortly after, Dnike appeared before Su IX)iulngu
and took jiosseasion of tliat island.
Mary Sinnrt wm the ccQtiX! of tlio hopes of the ene-
DUOS of Protestant England and of ElltabeUi. Thoir
plots looked to the elevation of >fary to tlm throne wliich
Blizab«th filled. Political ninbition and religious ftuiati-
dm wvro linked together in this great scheme. Mary'^
life was regarded by tho \TiHCst of tlic EDgluth stotosmeii
aa a standing menace. A^Hion her complicity with ths
0(MU[nTacy of Babington, wlticli involved a Spanish inva-
sion and tlio ileUironcintMit tuul dciith of fUixabetli was
proved, the execution of Mary followed (1587).
Apart from the intorfcrenco of Klizalictli in tho N«ther-
laads, England and Spain had long been engaged in a des-
iiltoit7 warfare on tho ocean, whcro the treasure ships of
Philip wore captured by Drake and his compeers, nnd
the Spanish colonics harassed by tbotr attacks. The
cruelty of the Inquisition to English sailors in Sp:tin
qoickftniMl the relish of the great English mariners f»r
Uiis kind of retaliation. Tlic soiling of tho invincible
Armada for the con(iuc«t of England was at once the cul<
nunatioa of this prolonged, indetinit4> conflict, and the
nipremo effort of the Catholic reaction to annihilate tha
Protestant strength. Tlie valor of the English seamen
PBOTI'STANTISH IM IBKLAKD.
888
N
wid) Uie winds for their allies, dispersed and destro^ped
tite mighty fleet, and " tiro northern ocean ©ren to the
frozen Thiile wa« ecattored with tlic prond ftlii[>wnHJt.i of
tlje Spanish Armada." ' A deatli-blow was given to tbo
hopes ot tho cnoraiea of Protootant England (1588).
A sketch of tho Reformation in Great Britaiu vrould be
incomplete wthout some notice of the attempts to phint
I'rotestantjgm in Ireland. Ireland, one of the last of tiM
oountrics to bow to Ihc siipivmai^y of the Holy See, has
been equaled hy none in its deTotloii to the Roman
Church, although tho independence of the country was
wrested from it uiidur Uie warrant of a bull of Adrian
IV., which gave it to Henry II. Protestantism waa asso-
ciated with the hated domination of foreignero, and was
propagated according to methods reuogniiEcd in tliat age
as lawful to the conqueror.' Invaders who were engaged
in an almost perpetual conflict with a subject race, tli«
oouree of which was marked by horrible massacrea, could
hardly hope to coiive-rt their eneniiea to tlicir own ntUg-
ious faith. Henry VIII., having made himself the head
of the English Church, proceeded to establisli his uccle-
siasticiil auprcinacy in the neighboring island. TliU was
ordained by the Irish rarliamont in IdST, bat was re-
sisted by 11 groat part of the clergy, with the Arcltbishop
of Armagh at their head. George Browne, » willing
agent of the King, who had bucn Provincial of tho
AuguKtine fnnm in England, wna made Archbishop of
Dublin. The Protestant hierarchy was constituted, but
the people remained Catholic. The mistaken policy of
Moking to Anglicize the country was pursued, nud tlie ser-
Tioes of religion were conducted in a tongue whidi they
^d not undejTstand. TIte Prayer Book, which was intro-
duceil in l.'>iJ1, was not rendered into Irish, but vna to
> MiltOD, 0/ yir/VniAthM in KKftniul. b. if.
• lljilom, Cam. ffid., ih xriQ
884 TUr. ItKKOlUIA'nUX ts i^nulaxd asd BoanASO,
be rviidcriMl into Latin, for the sake of ecclesinatioa mid
otben who were not aoquiunU.'(l witli English t On the
■coomEod of Mary, tJio net? fabric which had b«en nu»od
by Henry V'lII. and his mtn, full to piecoi without resiftb-
aacv. As the Catholic KeaotiMi became orgnniud in
Eiin>|H^ and began Ut vnxff' its contost with Qui.'«n EtizA-
betli, the Iriali wlio liad to some extent itttended the
BngliMh st-rvico, gtin<Mally dcsorted it. rrot«8tan(ism
had no footing outside of Uic Palo, or whcru English
soldiers were not pn^cnt to protect it or foroe it uprm
tlu) people. The Episcopal Church in Ireland wore a
•omewhat Puritanic caat, and in its fonnularics set forth
prominently the Calvinistic theology. The New Teat»-
ment ints not tnui!tlat4.-d into Irish until ItiOS; tnd the
Prayer Book, though transLated earlier, was not uao*
tioned by ptihlie uiitltority, and was Uttlo usod.^ Amon^
various wise snggcstions in liord B«oon's tnu^t, written io
1501, entitled " Considurations tooohing tJie Queen's ser-
vice in Ireland," is a i-i!Con>incndiition to take care " of
the versions of Bibles and cateditsms, and oilier booki
f instruction, into the Irish language."' Witli equal
«.igacity and good feeling, he connsels the establish nu^nt
of colonies or plantations, the sending out of fer\'ent,
]K>piiIiir prvaclivn and of pious and learned hishops, and
the fostering of education. He roconunends mildnc^
and tolei-ation rather than tIl(^ iwe of tlio t«inponil sword
But the policy- which the great philosopher and stale»
Dan marked out, was very iniperfoctly followed.
' lUrdwIck, WiWwy tffiXt Ite/ormalion, p, JJO.
■ Thl* met It la vol <r. ol Uonusu'i tdltion at IUnq'* vrltlaii
I
I
CIIAPTEU XJ.
'
THE BKFWRMATION EN ITALY AKD IN 8PAIW! THB
CODlITEB-ICICE'OltUATION Dt TOE BOMAN CA7H0U0
CHUBCH.
PK0TESTA^TIBM, vrhifih in tlie oourae of one g<.'iieni-
ticm spread ovur n gri.>at pcirt of Cviitriil nnil Noiihom
Europe, penetrated boyond the Alps and the PyroDees.
But liore, in the Italian and Spunlsb peninsular, it en-J
wnntorcd thv firet vflfcctual reustancc. I{«tc wore m^^a-
JTcd the foroea titat -were to arrest its march, and evon to
reconquer territory wliioli liod been surrendered to tlie
new faith.
Ait«r the omanvipution of Ittily from the control of tlia
Gt-rman empcrorB, by the downfall of the Ilohen^taufen
line, in thu middle of tin; tiiirtwntli ci^iitury, a pc-rif>d of
two centuries and a Iialf elapsed prior to the invasion of
Charlea VIII. Tlii'n Italy Iwcame tho fuM and the prize
of tJiG conflict K'twoon the Spanish- Austrian house and
France. The loi^ interral of independence preceding
this epoeh, notwithstanding^ thi> tiirbuli^nce and (wnfiislnn
that marked the political history of Italy, was tliu vm in
which art, letters, trade, and commerce flourished nuMtlj
th« period in which the iutellectnal superiority of Italy I
uaonij the European nations was moftt conspicQOns. Hut '
muniajial liberty was gmdually lost. The conflicts, in
the northern and oontnil <-iti«s, In'tnis-n tJin nobhw and
the conmumN, (jciii-raUy ituucd in (he triumph of the lat-
ter ; hut the uest sU'p was the grasping of supreme ptmui
by a single family. The dominicm of a tyrant ot lord
u»
TBS SEPOUMATIOM IN FTALT AXD EPAIM.
wufl built Up on tbv niins of rupublicanism. FloroncM
[ollovn-d t)i4> fat<^ of other <!itiei<, nn>\ fell nt liut under tlie
rule of tic Mi-dici.' Tlie divmon of lUily into states, at
tbc beginning of ihft flft«i;ntli coiitury — of which Naplc*,
tlie Papal Kingdom, Florence, Mthin. and Venice, were
tbc oIiit.'f — was fnTorobla to thv Ruformation. Tboro wu
no one central govcmipent with pover to crush the navt
opinions. It might bo possible for those who woro peno*
cutcd in one dty to flee into nuothor. On tlie otIi«r h
the decline of the epint of liberty, which took place
the ago before the Itvforntatiun, tlie brilliant nge of li
ature and art, was an inauspicious «vent.
Italy was a uoar Hpix:tator of the vcnaUty and p
gacy of tho lionian curLi, and tlie victim in tlie strife tl
»ikB kindled by the ninbition of the pontiffs to cxto
their temporal dominion and to aggmndiz« th^r relativi
Hie robulces that wore thundered from the palplt of S
Tonar^Ia w«re not ittrippfd uf their infiuenoe in conaequi
of his death, for whicli tlie enmity of Alexander VI.
largely responsible. In the Cooncil of the Latonui,
1&12, iGgii^iui, Oencral of the Aogustnuian Order, and
Count of Minmdola, among others, denounced the abases
tliat meniicod the Chnrch and religion itself witli ruin.
The arraignment of the papal administration by the „
'niuufdpiiio ntfonncrs would naturally meet with a synu^|
pathetic response in Italy. Yet there was a nationw^
prido oonneetod with tiiu Papacy; and this soutiment was
•trengthened by tbe circumstance that the Papacy waa
oft«u attacked as an Italian institution, and tn a style tha^^
was adapted to wound Italian foehng. ^^
As far ba<>k ss tbe twelfth century, Arnold of Brescia,
inspired by the to^icliings of Abclunl mtb a love of truth,
and catching the spirit which the at niggle for munidpat
1 On Uro cnadltlon e( lutr In tha ISUi c«ntui7, hi Slsmondl, Bill. d. M^ult^
llaLd. ilVftnAs*,\n-A.X.; TUIlun, Kvnjii Jurmgllit ttUJU J/^A.\ '
THi: RKuaiovs i>os^lIl>^' of dante. 887
liber^ wnk i>«gini)iiig to nourUli, demanded ihat the
clergy should Knouiict! their worldly pot^scMtons and tein>
pond power, and return to a life o: ai>06tolio siinplicily.
I-'or a time his i^loquoKHj carrivd Uio day in Roui« itcolf.
Ilti pcrislied at htst, a niart^T to bis principles.* The
follies and vicea of Utu olvrgy, ev«ii tfao iniquitotu doings
of Pu|w«, \md been caatigated by Italian writers from tlie
dawn of the Temnculiir litvnitun). Tbo lofty nnd bitter
invuctivi-s of Dante are aimed at the tenipoml ambition
and at ]iiirtioiiliir misilixidH of incumbunbi of tltu Iluly Sl-c.
At the very opening of the " Inferno," he paints the ex-
isting Church, clotliixl vntb tcmpond power, fu) —
'* A th»>i«i>if, ihiii wiih »1I hunctrinaii,
SMnwd In Ih' Uitvn in her niMKivnns,
And mnn; fulk hu caunml (D lin farkn]." *
Pope An.istiuiius lie cliargcs with heresy and places among
the lost;^ I'opt.- Ccl{^«tine V., for abdtciiting the papal
chair to give room for Boniface VIII., lies at the mnutli
of hcil among tIio«e n-hoin tnercy and justice both disdiiin ; *
and Boniface hinuielf expinti>fl his crimes in adee|>ernbyas
of ]>erditiuD.'' The l*o{}es luid turned from sheplii^rds into
wolves, nud ncgVuUng tlie (lospels and the Fatliers, had
only conned the Det^etals ! —
" ThriJ mnlltallana r«tli nol Smftlh." •
Manfred, tlie son of the Kinpenir Frederic II., died ex-
communimte ; but in Purgatory he was found havii^ the
prtimiaB of ewrlastiiig happiness : —
" Bjr niiliion of (hnn ii irot to bxl
Elcnul lavr, Ihal it nnnot ntam.
So IcDKU hop* bfaan^rllilaE nf rtevii.'* '
Bnt Dante reeaTee the dogman of the Church ; his wlioUt
work is cast in tlie mould .>f tlic tnditional tlicology ; he
■ Vm th« lileralmv n*|i«cttaK Arnold of DnKia, wa Scfamfdt'i Dtld* tl
(Unng-^ ArrtAA'iwyc/.. I MT.
< /m/fne, \. tt-ht. • lUd., si. S. * Wi., UL SO.
* lUd, six. ». • Pitn^llf, it. Itr. I fmrfat^n», Iji. HS-tlM
388
TDK RKrORUATlOX lH FTALY AND ttPAn).
(daoee in tJie joys of Paradise, in " thv bvuTrn of thf
KUii," Aquiiuw, BoIULVvtltu^^ AJbortiis ^[ag1lua, Petet
Lnmbard, and Uie otlier great ligbte of orthodoxy.' Her-
miaruhs groan ondvr a doom from which th«re is no do*
liv«ntnop. * It is thn » bom illations in the oonduut »(
i9CuU«ii\6tio8. and espt^cinlly tbvir w.^iziir«; of worldlj do-
minion, willi tliv w(!aIi1i iiuil ]>ride which accompany it,
tliwt move the Bolomn poet's ire. Against this f<.'niponil
rtdi- nnil pitrty spirit of liis succewoTS, St. l*et>tr iitvoigbn
in ParadijHi. He oxdainu : —
" In etth dl tlinfilwnlt tha rAptetou mttrw
itt MM) (mm bvra «t>ava o'a kll tha pMon*-" *
Donte'a ideal \s tlie empire restored to universal rule and
Iiaving its stikt ui Italy. This theory of n monarclty is
the aubj<!cL nf Iiis politit'jd troatiae.* Petrardi takes tlie
BAiiio grnvml poKilinn, nlthotigli bis doniinciatioiu of the
pollution of tlie l^apal curia, tlie mystSail Babylon of tbo
Apocalypst", surpiiss in intensity the most fiery dcdama-
tion of i'rot^^HtiiiiUi iu btt«r times. Boooncdo goes » Kt«p
further. His trratmont of the Church, had we no other
kuotvledge of him than what tho Decameronc affords,
would even lead to tlie conclu§ion that he had no rever-
ence for its tciicbing. Et:i'lusiii8tival ptiisoiis are miule to
figure in ludicrous iind WTanilnloua ttitiuiUoua. Cite of lua
tiji«, for uxample, is tbo story of a Jew whom a friend
endeavored to convert to the Cliriittian fcaitli. The Jew
I rnrtuKia, x. 08. DD, lOTt sit I37>
* In/ema, x. * P^mdUa.KXvW. U-M.
* A cUu ot crilio li4Tc cniacccMtalV aitomplcd to chow tlitl Duw «m
nsnjr bmtilB la U» (^ritual wnnifpiljr of lli« Pope*. Dug Uwoij U, IbM tfet
prlnoIpAl pwti or Ihtt »k* Iwlonjivd te »Mnl anti-«iu«rd«lal anociBliani. TU«
Hnotj b hlTocalad bi- Ckibriala RomMI] : B^lla SpirUa trntifapalt tAi prtJlnt
I) n^DTxii), tt«., Irau'luril into luislidi ti7''t'"^'<"^Itjoniliin, IftU). Amtag
till. inKtmctivrwurka upon Ilanl* !■ iIiaI nt Frnf. T. Ilnlti, IXimlt ai Ptiilimfliir,
Pilrial, 'ind Foil, Naw York, IMS. A valuable titi at wnrki on t>aiit«, tnnu
at whSdi r«1al* Aittttlj to hi> lli«nln|ir. ii ffivpn liT Pr'if. Alii^uiT >n k'* V^^uj
Dt't liir Jir lliriAt!pttil II. •lie um/rr.ehilv-hm 0niA>Ulir i« tUaii't jMt
CbatMTa, la llu Jalirt. it. driiUthiit /Jnn(>.CV»'.Wi.if), (.. |>. IW, n. B«|
■Im PmL J. It. txvirclt'i Icanif d artidc uii l)aair, A'. A. Bttint, Julj-, mt
I
INrHIJlXCK OV rilK HCMAXISTS.
889
I
reBolrce to go from Paris to Rome in order to ee« Chiw-
tUnity at iw liuul-qiuirtATB — a purpouc tliiit strike vith
diRinay Ills CbrieLian friend, who doubbi not that tlie in-
iquitous Wvvn of t]iii Pupc, of his cardinal^ itnd court, will
^hnae from the levr'a mind all thouglita of convorsion.
But in duo timu ho coincx buck a Christian beliorei,
and explains to hia astonislied frii>iid that tlit- Kpi'c-tn^'le
wliidi bo had K-liuId in tho capital of Christianity had
oonrinccd Ir'm that tb« Christian mlifpon must linvo a
mpfrnatunil origin and divine support ; else it would
have lieon driron out of the world by the profligacy and
folly of ita goardiaos.'
It ia generally conceded that after tlio timu of Dante,
Petrarch, and Boccaccio, tlie passionate study of tlio an-
cients, wliii^ these grent writers had fasten^, suspcjided
in a rcmarkiiblo degree tlio durclopntcnt of Italian Ut-
entnrc, in the patli of original production.' The Re-
naissance was iintiqu:inan and critical in its spirit. Alt
tiiat could be done for ii long tiin<! was to count and weigh
tho treasures of antiquity which enthusinatic explorers
dietcovercd witliin tho walls of moiitistcrics, or bTOught
from the East, The revival of letters led to tlie exposure
of iictions, like tlio protended donation of Constantine,
which Laurentiti.4 ^^nlla, whom Bellannine called a pre-
cursor of the LutlKTans, disproved in a treatise Uiat pro-
<lucc4l n gfiteral excitement. Tlie soopttual tone of Italian
Ilumaiitsm reduced to a low point the authority of th«
Chtin-h luuong tltu cultivated class. But the Ilumaniata
seldom posscHaed tlie heroic qualities of cliaractcr whicli
qiialifii'd tlicm to endure suffuring for tho cjiuso of tnitli.
The lore of fame, a passion which the Christian spirit in
■ TV* ]«M b triirBdiir^ in n ilifffmil Bhiiw br Vollatn^ wlia wri ot "ma
nllfka": "KbMiriurtiriinBlilriliTlnafHnMwrrtntmctnturinof Imposlim
h4 babttilitjr Kat« not i1«ilniT*il tl-" (JuiiCbl bjr Uorlff, Vallairt, p. IW
On Boecicria'* ImikUiiriit ul tnlMlaMita ui£ nt rnlijfinn, im OiB|[aBD#, Ilkl
UHfmlrt <!' IliHt. iii. 110 mi|
* Sitmoixll, !ti». t'lMpf^lAt L(l o/Hi FmUh >/ Furopr, i. SM.
3M
Tin MMMIATIOS IS rTALT ASD SPAIN.
the Middl« Agi^a luid kept i» check, re-appeared, in an ej^
oeaaive meonire, in Uic <,icvot«cs of piigun litorature. Tlie;
burned ittcenaa to tbe great on vliom they depended foi
pntroiiu|ri; iiiid advunoement, bat carried into their dls-
pates with one nnoUicr an acrimony and fieroeneea vitb*
out previous vxiiniplc. Pof^io, one of thu principal m»n
of lotti^rs in Uie first htUf of the fifteenth century, infused
into his [tolontical writings a fvrocity which is only 1ms
fcpulwve than tbe groas obscenity that deflles other -vtoAa
from his pen.' Tlie Ituliiin I1iiniaiii«ls did a vaiit \rork
of a iic^tive sort in sweeping away auperstition, and in
UDdormining tlio credit of ccclcsiastice and of their dogmas.
Thttr positive nervices in behalf of a more enlightened
religion nre of Ion account. Yet good fruit ofu-n grew
ont of the attention Uiat was given to tlie Scripturea.'
Aondemies, or private literary assodationa, sprang up in
tli« principal cities ; and in tliem tlieological topics v«t«
discussed with freedom. The wide-spncuid culture formed
a soil in which the »ci'.d of the new doctrine, under Itkvor-
able circumstances, might germinate.'
At an early day, tlie writings of bitUier and of the
other Reformers were widely dissemiitnted in Italy.
Tliuy went circulated under fictitious namcM, luid tlius
1 TInlxAclii, Sloria diUa I,ttltntliira Itat., \t. lOiT Mq. On PnRido. M*
•ImIIiiIUri, /•ifr.(n(*(/,iV.<//;i.n7i», I.eo. Sh»phm!, S.i/tifP^sii'.^iVt.
Shafibcnl H.vt of lili uiilecmcf ■ml UvJtjr, dial tiity «*re " ntber Tlon «( tbt
tliriM llianof tb« iiimi."
> l!|>iin Ibc nintsl «iid rrlijfiou' tone, m well u upon tha otber I'liivtf luriillet
at (liD tti-ntiwanc*, Ihen An inlsruliog lUleniaiiu In Uunkhanll, IH* Caimr
iL fttnimanei it lUi&t n ( IUmI, UldU). An exccUcDl iketcli nt 11m BendiMliM
Ib lltXy, la lu t'rloui (uluirs, it fS^ta \if Gieifatvyhu, GtitXiAlt J. AUdI
Jton im J/lUflaitr. tol. vli. c. tI. (Slultsun. UTO.)
* Ocrdtiluc, Spreivum tiatia lir/i'malm (Lugd. BaL, USD). Aa exc«lleBl
Wdfhon Uic IkformMiaii in tUir !■ Hint of Dr> MfCric, ttiHary i>f l\* Prtfi^m
mJ SupprtmiM tif iht Ut/^rmnihm in /lulji (nvirvdition, IBM). Tbis, U)|c*tItM
«l>h (ha IMuty '•/ Int Rtfvtnaliait in Sfran, by Iba uma ftuUior, bi* MiMng
Iht mod vktiialila nt tba manoKntih* raUiiaK la lb* pniod of Uia t{cianMUo&
Bcnkc Ifitivry «/ Iha Pofitt 0/ Kane darinf tkt IQlA aid VilK CtMmU^
|l^o ■H|iirt nT nn carlW »otk, Dit fUitltn ■- \'Slktr taita^ Emrtftt,
Mnu iMch tildiUoDd luaUei al exItciim vaLuc.
4
CHABACTen OP ITAUAK ritOTESTAMTlSy.
391
.
stnded Uic vigilimcc of the coclesiuetical autborilies.'
Tbti wav between Charles V. and tbe Pope, that broke
out til ' 15*26, brought a host of Luthcmn soldiers luto
luUy, iiuuiy of whom, nhur Utc stick of Route, TViuaJited
long nt Kapl«8. Not onj^ by Ui«ir direct influence, bat
by the fruodom which thvir preaenoe occnstmcd duriii(>
the progreBS of hostilitiei), Uie new do(^iie wus discsiMiii*
nub^. Tho Augustinian theology took root in many
minds, and produced a gnatvr or h-ss srinpiitliy witli tliti
Protvstiuit inovoment, Th« peculiarity in Uie caao of It-
aly, and, stJll morv, of Spniii, is, that Prot<-etiuiti»in cuitld
not avow ilself without being inatantly smotberwl. He-
oided ProteHtitnti.tin coutd not hvo except in cuncouhneut.
Protestant norHhippera couhl ^^xittt only M secret Bocieties.
In considering the Ilcfonnntion in these countries, wo
nitiHt take into viuw the rviil but unuvowl^d Protestant*
bm ; and also the letintngs toirard tlie Protestant syftteni
which wiire not Buifioiciit to prompt to a renunciation of
the old (^liunrl), iir m-oi-o rejiresaetl befopw tln-y <-otdd ripeo
into full convictions. There were eome who only hoped
fi'i' thf ixriiioriil of th<- corruption that •-xiflted in tli» Papid
court and througliuut tha CiithoUc Chuich. Another
chuM Kymputhi)'^ with the Rcfonncn in nintten uf doo-
trint:, <-HpeciiiIly on Ihu subject of Ja.ttilication, but were
not disposed to altor materially tho existing polity or
fonoa of woreliip. Still nnothcr clu«8 were detcirod by
timidity, or lack of earnc^lnf.aa, or some more commend-
able motive, from d«^'i;luriiig in favor of tho Protestant
lystein whidi they, at heart, adopted.' Prote«tantiam
m Italy was thus u thbg of degrees ; and in it« earlier
atngea developed itself in connection with tendencies
which diverged into the reactionary, defensive, and
t UetuKtboD'n Led I'ommyiut titm priDtsd al Vtulot, Uui nun* of tbo ■D'
Uur beln|{ i^vbii un tlis tlllc-iKU*, u //gt^la rf* f crra jViyna, U :Cno, p. 3B
Km sIm (^tu, Sr«ria JtOi Lttt. Jbd.. * VT.
■ McCri*. p. 102.
S92
Tlir. UEJtMUIATION IS (TALY AND SVAIK.
ngpreenvB furcu to which Uiu Cntliolio Church owod iti
Before Uk> dcutU of Ia<u X., a reverent, devotional -spirit,
uppOBed to till! »(,'(!)>ticiLl niid t>|>ioiiivaii toiw of nociuty,
manifested itself among a cla^s of educat«!d Italians.
Fifty or sixty peraonn iiiiitL-d ut Rutuu in what th»j
called the Oratory- uf Divine Imv«-, tind htthl lueetitigB for
woivhi]) imd mutuiil (.-dificatiua. Among them woro men
wiio itfu-rniLi'ds it-itclictl llio liight^st disUnclion, but xrero
dvKtined tu i>e|Kirato from one another in their riewa of
Ib;funn : CamfTu, Cunlariiit, Siidok-t, Oilx^rto, all uf whom
were Aubiiequeiitly niatle <:aKliiuilH. Tlie oouiiuou bond
among them wsia the iiiiriM-st de«ro for tho nmioviil ol
ttbuMMi, and for tlit? mmid n- for ma I ion of tJm Chun-Ji in
its head and members. Coutarini may bo considered the
head of tho«u who e»puuHO(i a doctrine of Justification,
. materially dietingiiijihetl from Uiat of I.iithi-r. With
wore found, a few yean httcr, at Venice, besides
former asBodatm, Fhuniiito, a thorough bulioTcr in tiiu
eviuigelical idea of gratuitous siilvation, and Kegimdd
Pule, wlio udopti'd the suinu o])iiiiun. lliis iiurty of
Kvungelind CulJiniii-ti went devoted to tlte Catholic
Church, iuid to iho unity of it. Their aim vru« to purify
Uie existing body ; but in their viuw» uf thu gixiat doc-
trine, which formed Uie original ground of controversy,
Lbey stood in u |Mj«ition u> inuot and oonciliiitu the I'rot-
ratanta. Their docLi-ine of JuAtiliaition, bringing with
it a greater or less ineliuation to other doctrin^ cliangca
•u keeping with it, Apn-ad among the intclligoit cIomm
throughout Italy.
In Fcrrara, the reformed opinions were cneoumgiKl
and protected by Ren<!e or lienata, the wife of Hercules
II., who w»« equally distinguished for her lourniug and
her personal attractions. At her Conrt the French poet,
Clement Marot, foimd u i-efuge ; and hero Culvin resided
Mt some months, under an aatsuuuxl DUm«. Among tb*
PROQKESS OP rBOTESTAMTISU lH ITALY.
S98
pruftMoni ill Uiu University at Fcrrani was SrfortttM, tlw
ffttiier of tlie oelebmt^Hl Ol^mpin Momts, aiitl, like Iier,
imbuod witJi ovaiigclical opinions. At Modeiia, wliicli
waa rc»oxirii«(l lor tin; culturis of iw iiiluibitiuiU, the new
doctrine found a liuspitabla reception ; especially among
tbo meiiibcra of Uic ncaduiiiy, wbo lookod witli coiiuunpt
on tJie pricsta and monks. Cardinal Morone, tbe Bisbop
of Modeiia, wUo had buuii absent in Gcnnany on iuifi»ioiu
from tho Pope, writes, iu 1542: "Wherever I go, and
from all quurters, I hoar that tlio cit^ has bucomo
Latberan." ' In Floreiioe, tbougb it was the seat of th»
Modici, iind fiirnlsbcd in this agu two popes, Loo X. and
Clement Vll., iiiiuiy ciiibrucud tho Protcstiuit fuitb.
fcniong tliein was Urucioli, who published, at Venice, a
tninslitlion of lliu SoripturcMi, and a commentary on tlio
whole Ilible. Not lc»a than three transUtonof the flible
ID this period were bom at Florence. At Qologna,
MoUio, n ccli'bratfd tciiohiir in th« Univcntity, aftvr tho
year 1633 taught the I'rotcetant views on Justification
Olid other ]>oint)^ until ho waa rvujovcd from Ms office by
ordfr of the Pope. Subsequently, through a letter to the
I'rotv'stunts of Bologna, from Buccr, and tlirough another
letter from thum, wu Ivstrn that they were numerout.
Venice, wht-re printing and the book-tntde flourished,
.lad wlivru ttio internal |H>lico was lu«s ativcru tli»n vht-
vvliui'e, offered tlio best advantages both for the safe
r<K!eption and ui-tive tlifluiuoii of tho reformed doctrines.
" Vou give niu joy," siiid Luther, iu 1528, " by what you
write of the Venetians receiving tlie word of God."
PiL'tro Carnvsoccbi, who nfterwwla died for hia faJlli,
Lupetino, provincial of tbo Frandscans, who also per-
iahcd OS a martyr, and Balda«nr« Altieri, who acted na
agent of the Pi-otestant princes in Germany, were among
the most cffictcot in dilTusing the Protcstunt opinions.'
Padua, Verona, end otlier places within the Venetian
I HtCrir, p. M ■ HcCrk, p. M.
894
TItK BRiOHllATIOS IN ITALY AND SVAtS.
territory, likomsw fiiniishod EidhiTt.-iit8 of tLo iicw hitfa.
'I'lie mnw wns true of thn Milnnnto, where the ciintigiiit;
to Switzeilaiid, and Uio political changes in the ducb^r,
opeiiud uvi^niK-j) for the intn>(hictii)n of liercs}'.
Ill Nnj>lft». Juan Valdeii, a Spaiiinrd, Seci-etary of tJie
Viceroy of Charles V., wiix an eloiguent nnd iiiflu<.-nti:il
8U|)[Kirtcr uf the eviuigelioal iloctriiie, luul vron t» the
full or partial adoptioa «f it many persons of diBtinetion;
iitchidin^. It is ihoiight, Vitti)ri.iCi>lomia nnd otlier ineiii-
bora of the Coloiina family.' In many other places, a
good Wgiiming wn« nnide in tlie Bame direction. Not n
few among tlie numerous gifted and cultivated women in
t)i»t age, when zeal for Uie rttmly of tlic unetent authors
had become a per^'adUig passion, were nttraeted to the
evang^cal doctrine. This doetrine gained many onn-
verta among the middle cln-sseM. In a decree of the In-
quisition, three tlionsaud 6choo1-ma£tera were said to huvn
esiwiiw-d it. ('■iimffrt infimm-d PhhI III. that *' Uio whole
of Itjtly waa infected witti tlie I.titheran liertvy, which
had been exlensively embraced both by stuteamen and
ecflosismtics." ' ** Wlioh^ lihn»rie.s," «iys Melancthon, ill
u letter written probjibly in l.'>40, " have been ei>rri<'<|
from the htte fair into Italy.'' There a no doubt that
tli« ovnngehcid dtietrino ww fiivorably reg«i-ded by
u large boily of educated persons, for it vraa almost
oxclosiroly among Uieee that it found ^mpathy. Tho
nn»t eminent preacher in Italy, BernaiOino Ochino,
General of the Capuchinx, who drew crowds of admiring
Kuditun nt Venice, and wherever else he nppe4ireil in the
pulpit, and Peter Martyr Vermigli, an honored mem-
ber of the AuguHtinian order, who was hardly leas distin-
guished, and a niurh nbler theologian, were of this nuiu>
t lira Hid Intndd arlEi'le on Valilcx by llr. t!il. Iliiliiaiir. ill Itcntv^. Itft-
Kitiyrl. J. Tkrol. Tbert went Iwn brullicn, Allanao uiil luui. AUonM iiu ■)«
bronblo U Ihc Kcfanuallon. Ur. U^'bmtr prawnM a full docriptlon U \ht
wiiillDK* uul opInloDi ol Juan VaMii.
« QuaUO \,y McCHe, p. IIJ.
THB ORATORY OF DIVIDE I.OVI?. 896
bar. Cbififly owiiig to tlio labonof Murtyr, Iauvh hnd,
perbApo, mora converta to tba erai^Iicat f;iitli ihan uny
other Itali;ui cit;. Ttic little troattao ou lt>c " BonvliU of
Ctuist," wliidi wus coinpoevd by Palenrio, \Tna circulated
in tliousands of cupira.' Wu bavi.' tltu t^-stimony oF I'opo
element VII. to the vido pravalonce, in dilTerant |Kirt(i
of lUily, of " tho pcstifurotn beresy of Lutliur," not only
among seouUr penoooB, but also among titu nK-r^.^
In Venice and Nnpl««, tliQ Reformed Cliorcbes were
(iif;>u)i)u^ \vith paaton, and held tbetr secret ineutiiigs.
Uiibiippily, ttw Sttcramentarian quairel broke out in the
formor plaM, and won aggrarMtod by an intolenmt letter
of Luther, in wbicb lie declared his preferance of tnin>
su)>atuutiation to tliu ZwiiiglJaii doctrioo : a letter, vrbieh
>[vlaiictlion, iu his epistluo to friviidx, noticed with strong
l<-na3 of oondemnattoii.
Paul ni.,wlioBUcctttb;d Clement VU., in 1SS4, showed
btioMcIf friendly to the Cntliolio roforming par^. H«
mittli- Contarini cardinal) and elevated to the same rank
CanUTu, Pole, Sadolot, aiid others, moat of whom luid
iielonged to the Oratory of Dirioe Love, and some of
whom wero friendly to tbo Prtiteatant doctrino of salva-
tioii. Ho appointed Gimmta^ona of Reform, whose
bu^esa it was to point oat and romovo abuses in tlie
Roman curia, unch m had t^citvd ev«r)-where ja»t oom-
plnint. A cominisston, to which Sndolet and Caiaifa
belonged, met at Bologna tn 1337, and presented to tho
Pope u c<onii7iii7n, or opinion, in which they dt-wribed the
abuses in the administnttion of tlu- Cliiirdi as amounting
to " a pii»tiferou« miiliidy.* Their »dm-u wns approved
by Puol III., and printed by his direetion. Ridicule,
khow«iv«r, was cscitod in Ocnminy whon it wns known
< For ■ tall aceoant of PalM>(^ •» U. Ymne, l^a tf Ptttaria i UStL ^
IfSw It^/iirmtn lalkt itli CrttDff. t vd*. Itiaion, IBM.) Titr.rkli
ikluabi* *■ lUiulntitc o! tlu atmlivg of UtOW.
> UtVtlt, II. ti. •
896
T)(K UKt'OBMATIO^t IM ITALY AHO Sl'AIX.
thnt oDfi of Uio intiiiuu'c« ixicoiitmeiKilfitl l)y th« uocom-
pLisked S;i<lali^t, in coniiectiou villi liia ofwociatc*, \va» ibu
excliuion of tlie Collaqnies of Erasmus fi-om seminariea
of IcArniitg. 'llio hopt-sof Contnrini mid his fric-nds wcra
sangaina ; and it seemed not im|X)ssible that An grent oon-
ccwionii Riigtit be made tliitt titu l*ruU«tuiili; would onoe
more unite themselves wiUi Die Church. At tht; Confer-
vucu at Ratiabon, iu 1^41, Contarin! appeared as Leguta
of UiR Popo. and inut, uti tJic othor eidv, lluc«r and Me-
lancthoR, the most moilernte and Welding of all the Prot*
eetiutt twuleni. Thu |>oliticul tutuntion wns euch, tlutt
tho Kinp*tror ftxitrtcd himself to tlie utmost to bring nbout
an accommodation between the two parties. On th« tour
great article!), uf tJiD niiturc of man, original sin, redemp-
tion and jn<)t)t)cation, tliey actually came to an agreo
meiit. The Primacy of tbe Pojw, and tho Eucharist,
■ntre Uie two great points tliaC rciimined. But the proj-
ect of union mefe ^th opposition from vartons quarters.
i'Viutcts 1. raised on ont<;ry against it, us a snnviider of
the Catholic faith, hia motive being the fear of augment-
ing the power of Charles. Luther was disautiafiod with
tlu; phtforni, on account of its want of definitenon, nnd
bad no confidence in the practicubleness of a union. On
tlie opposite side, the sume fct-ling tiiiuiif<.^Ht^-d itself:
Caraffa did not approve of the terms of the agreement
wliidi Contarini Imd sanctiuncd, (.-Jipecially in regiird to
justification, and Paul III. took the aanie viciv. 'I'herc
was jeiilousy of Charli>s nt Rome: nil of his eucmioa
oombine<l agniunt tlic vcliome. Thus the great pn>)Mt
fell to tlie gi-oimd.
Tliis event mnrk» the division of tlie CathoUo reform-
ing party. Caraflb, while severe and earnest tn his tlo>
mand fur practical n-iurins which KlHxild purify tin
idmiuistnttion of the Church, from the Pope downwards
was sternly and inflexibly bustile to every modiSeatioa
of the dognmtic system. He stoo<l forth as tlic repr^
4
I
I
I
I
THE OHDEB OP JBSDm.
897
•entutive and k-iMliT nf llioe«« wlio were rcsolvwl U> defend
CO the last tlie polity aiid doj^uia of tbe Churcii, agiiinst
nil innovation, whila nt tbfl samo time thoy aimed to
infui^e a. Hjiirit of strict luid even aatvtic purity nnd zeal
into all it!) officem, from tltu liigliest to tlie lowest. It
vma tlii.-i party tluit revived the tone of tEi« Ciitholia
Cliurcli, mllied its diHor^nized forces, und turned upon
its udveraariefi with a renewed lUtd fori iiidii bio energy.
There were two principal instruments by which this in-
ternml Tcnoration ami ;4^rf*tiv« niovenii-iit. of tin- CiUiolio
Church were aocompliahud. Tbeso wei-u tlio rise of new
orderB, mpcciolly tlin order of Jesuits, lutd tliu Oouitcil
at Trent.
A revival of zeal lo (hu Cittliolic Church has ulwaya
been signalized by tlie uppt^umuce of new d«velopraenta
of the monastic spirit. In truth, inonasttdau arose at
the outset from ii feeling of weuriness nnd disgust at tlw
worldliiietui which liad iu\'ndcd the Church. When the
societies tmder tho Ui.-nedicliiio rule hipned trom their
atriotneas of di»cipliiii! and purity of life, new fratomi-
tius, us that of Clugiii, iiprnng up, in wlileli inona»tio
j(ini[)lt(!ity nnd S(!V<-rity were restored. As these in turn
felt the encn-.iting inlliicncu of w«<i]tli, thi} grvitt inendi-
«iul ordont, the Uomini<-.'ins and Knuiciscans, were efitab>
liahed, the offspring of a more earnest e^Hrit. One
ptt3puble ngit of the re^tiuwitation of tJte Catliolie body
was the formation of new monastic fraternities, like the
Theatins, who vrvn organized under tlio aitspiees of
CiirntTa — priests with monnstio vowa, who <lid not call
themselves monks, however, and adopted no austerities
which interfered with their practicnt labors in prenching,
administering the sacraments, and tending tlio sick.
Their fervid ad<lrcfls<<8 from the [Kilpit wcrw tlto mora
impressive from tlio knowledge which tl eir auditois had
.if tlietr devoted livcai. Tliey wen; gnidiially trtuis-
foriuiNl into a seminary for the traiuing of priests. But
iiiNi
THE REFOBUATION IK n'ALT XXD SPjUM.
thii and othur new onlvcv, signiSfiant ukl eSoctire aa
Uiey were, were oooii edixiaeJ by Uiu more r«no«m«(I aad
indui-ntiiil Society of Jeeiis. Ignatius LoyoLn, a Spauiab
aoMier of noblo btrtli, blciidiug vrith ibv lovu of kia
profcesioa souetbiiig of the relJgioiui spirit that had
characterized tlio iiivdiMivnl cliivalry, reoutvMl iii t3ic wiir
against Uie Frencli, ut tb« »i«^u of Piun{)uiunu. woiuHhi
in both bis legs, wtucli disabled him from military svr-
viee. In liiit i»i»lit<Uion» during iii« illn<!»«, tb4« divunu
of ditvniry were curiously mingled with devotional aa-
[Hfutlons, Tliu glory of St. Dt'iiiiiiic, St. Fnuicis, and
other heroes of the fiutli, Heizixi on hia imagination .'
More and more the visions of a, sucular knighthood trans-
formed tbentselTea into vutioDS of u apiritiiHl knigbUiood
under Christ lu tlto Leader, lie exchanged the ramaDoe
of Amadia for thu IIvo-k of lliu siuntx. Tbo romantic
devotion of a knight to his lady turned into an analogous
GODSCOnition to the Virgin, before wlioee imagu he hung
up Ilia lance and sltiiild. Tormented for a long tiiuu
with remorse and despondency, wiUi alternations of
peace and joy, bo ut length found relief in tlw convio
tion that Ills gloomy feelings were ins[unitious of tltu
evil spirit, and therefore to be trampled under foot atMl
cast out. He did not escupu from liiit nivnUl distix-sa, as
Luther did, by restmg on the Word of Gotl and the i«-
Tcaled melltod of forgiveness, but in n way more cou-
aonant with tlie singular iharact^-risUus of liiit mind.'
The legal system of tho Middlo Ages had aKvaya pro-
iuoed a yearning for rapturous, eostnlio expcriimces,
which might afford that inward aasuranoa of salvation
which tliu iu:cu])ted theory of Juctilication coiitd not yield.
At Paris, wliere Ignatius went to study theol<^, ba
bmnight completely under his Influt-noe Ijis two oompan-
KUIB, Fabur mid l-'iiincis Xuviur. In a wll of tJie Cul
i(»UTn:s LOT«u.
SM
I
kgt> of St. Barbara, the first steps vcro takon in the
fonnntioii of tltis powerful aai wli^bnited Booiety. 'llirea
otlwr Spaniards joiiMd the same enthusiastic cin-'tB.
Tbey took upon th«ni the vow of cbtistity, swore to
spend their Uves, if possible, at Jemsalem, in absolote
poTcrt}', iu Uio can of Christians, or in vllorts to conTLtt
the Samcena ; or, if this should not be pemtitted tliem,
Uwy engaged to oGTvr thcmsolTos to ilto Pope, to be sent
wherever he i^ould wisli, and to do whatorur he sLioitld
uonmiaiid. In Venice, thej went ordained as priests,
and here it beciunc evtdeitt llmt tlie appointed Ui«atj«
of their labors was Europe, and not the East. In VAO
tlieir order wm sanctioned ; in l'>18, uncondilioniUly.
Tbey chose Ignatius for their President. The new order
H'iih exempt from tJtose monastic exercises which con-
Bunie the time of monk.s generally, and was left froe
for practical labors. These were principally preaching,
bearing OoiifcsKion, and direetin<; individaiil consciences,
and the ednoation of youth, a pai-t of tlioir work whieli
tliey n>g)mh>d, from the beaming, as in the highcat
ilegiee essential. The " Spiritual Exercises " of Ignatius
was the U;xt-bo»lc, on which the inward life of the mem-
ben was moulded, and which served ao a guide in t)i«
manitgemeiit of tbe confessionid. The iibfiolute detach-
ing of the «onl from tho worUl, and from all its objecta ot
deaim, and the aliaolute renunciation of self, are a cardi-
nal ehrmctit in tho spiritual drill set forth in this manual.
It iei a course of sovere aod prolonged introspoetioii, nnd
of forced, continuous attention to certain themes oi
thought ; the dmgn of tli« whole being to bitul the mil
nunoTably in the path of religious oonsecratJon. This
^cct is prodnciNl by cxoiting, and, at Uh; same time,
•nhjngatiiig the imagination. It is tho narratives, not
the doctrinoB, of the Gospel, to which Uio mind is
riveti^l in prolonged contemplation. The mm is to give
to tJie mental perceptions the vividness of external visiou.
400
TBE BEI'X>RUATIOS IM ITALY AKD SPADT.
Ignutitu uuries tliu " niign of Uie senaBS within
sphere oE the soal." To the imugioativ'e pie^ of tiie
Middle AgoB, ttiat rovelod iii uxtitcit^ imd nkpttircs, ha
giris a Hysbcinatie fonti, » di-Cnitc direction. 'Itie effect
of a diw^pUne like tliU, where reason give* up the throne
to imiiginittton, which is ever uxcilcd and at tlie aexia
time eualiivod, uouhl not be otherwise than deleterioua
opon the nionl nature. Yet there is a wide ooatiwtt ho-
twi^en the Ji^suitism of Loyola mid the degenerate Jesuit-
ism d<>piot4>d in the " Provincial Letters." '
The compact oi-guaization of the Soci«^ of Jesuft, n'itb
its throe grades of nieiuWt^hip, included provisions for
mutuiil oversight of such a character, that the General
even, notwithutjuiding his wvll<nigh unlimited power,
might be udinonislied, and, on iule<)nate grouniLi, deposed
from hia station. Tltu one coinprt^hcnsive obligation to
whidi the membitn* wero bound, was that of instuit, uo^
questioning, unqnalilicd obedience. To go wliere they
wen sL-nt, if it were to a tribe of savagee in the re-
motest piirt of the globe ; to do wh»t they were bidden,
without di^Iiiy and without a murmur, in a spirit of abso*
Into Bolf-surronder, " utque aidaver," wiis the primal duty.
Huch vnts the origin and general cltuacter of the Soocty
which was destined to wield an incalculable influence in
HHinscitating Ciitholicisut, as well us in weakening, and, in
aojne quarters, anitihiLiting Uie jKtwer of its advcnariea.
The KoconJ of thf great agencies of Catholic renovation
was tlie Tridentine Council.^ For a long period, the
> Hanin, llin, d* Fhbuh, riii. SOB.
* Till lilHorf <<l ilia Onundl o[ Tmnt hu bxen vrfChn by two aullMn «( is
i>^Mitii temper, ■''nilier Paul Sujri, an imi'iiiy n( ilio Pijial pover, nail PttUri-
tlal, it* •lotciiiti^r and apoloKlnt. lUulio tui mlijwMil ilium impQitMi iratk* W
BtuKliinij triticUm Mii cointwrlwn. <n Ilie A[ij>iiiulix |] U,) of Itis Itiiterf of
A« PofHA IlaNir*: "Holh of Ulam ore compLoM |inniiaiii, and an <Iafld«nl
In ihaaplritot an hUlerSan, wbidiMixuui»nciKum>rntcnianilabJecU iatfaiit
hiU tnitli. auJ liriiigi llirin diiUncily in i itw. SJir]u liad llic power to dd *•,
bnl hit only aim wiu lu iil!4ck: fiUaiicini liail Innnllaly Ivm oF tli* r*qulatu
Al«lt, an<l bii DblectmaladntaolIhlaparlyatallbuaTda." (II Saipi, Rank*
I
I
Tlli': COinia]. OF TROtT.
491
I
k
piojoct of a Cotiuci], which was a btrorite oiui wiUi the
Reformers for eoni« tiino, and whidi thu EnipLTor insisted
on, vms repugnant in the highest degree to the wishes of
tlic l*o|>ea. A general council was their droud. It WW
something, liowowr, which it was more and mon difBcnlt
to avoid. Tho spread of ht^reay, evcti in Italy, was one
motive vliich nude Paul III. \TiIling to convolce such on
aiaombly. Tho Council of Trent was formally opened
in Decembflr, 1545. Tho great (joestion was whether it
nlioald bfginwith tlio ivform of tliu PuiMicy, or with diifl-
nitions of dogma. In otli«r words, what attitude shoold
tlio Council take towards tbu Protestants? A concilia-
tory or antugonistic one ? Curaffa was sustaiitod in his
]M>licy by tlio Jesuits. I1te Papal influence predominated,
and having defined tho sources of knowledge of Revealed
Religion in terms that li;(t tJio authority of tradition un-
impairod, witli luistliemns against tlic Protestant doctrine
of the exclusive authority of the Scripttires, the Council
pnceedad to coixlenm Um I'r»t<t((^it doctrine nf JuhUH-
eatioai disregarding the arguments of the evangelical
Catholic party of Contai-ini, whidi was cfTcctively rep-
rcaeated in tlio debate. The suoces which Charles V.
was gaining in tlio Smalcaldic war, emboldened tho ruling
par^ at Trent to assert the old dogmas witJiout abato-
meot or coi)<yuu>ion. The theory of gradual justification
tnd of merit was followed by an e({ually poettiva asser-
tion of tho old doctrine of the Sacramento. Tho liiittory
of the Council is inseparably connected with the rehttions
of tho Pojw to Charles V. Tho fullness of tlio Emp«v
ror'fl triumph, so mudi beyond tho desiros of Paul III.,
leil to the attcniptiMl transfuronce of the Council to Bo-
logna ; and the joidanity that was felt on account of tb«
•UnrMacain: "TbiaiiilK'rllHi* an bnueAt M>c<ilMr wiili dilinsMo, m« vdl
kvKU'J. anil iu*il aith c«uiiunniatii talriii; WDonoM uy thai Ik* y ar* EaU.
ficil, (.> iliU lh*)r an ri«i|u*nrly <ir malmally allived; but Ilia wImI* work k
•aliTi'l iritlia lioxe «f datlM aumitr' M lh« Papal pMrar."
MS
THE REPOBUATIOX IX IIALV AKI> SI'AQ).
grMtaOM of Uio pow«r ucqmrcd hy Cfanrliw nl the end ol
th« war, mhI on ncwunt of tbe InttfHm anil the reat ol
liii M^emes ol pacification, dofuitcJ tbu unda wliiolt Uio
Ktnperor hnil boped to acoomplish. Not to piinuc tbo tmb-
jccrt into its <li.-tails, the Ksult of all of the Degotuttiona
atid stniggb^ of the Council wiw Uiiit tlic Pn[Ki) |>»wiir
escaped witliout curbulment. Efforts to reduce the pi-e-
rogntiTca of tliu Popo wurv ingitaiously biitllL-d. The
Pro/etm Fideu or brief formula of aubscription to the
Tlidontiuo Creed, contained a promise of obcdionou tu tbe
Pope. To tilts foriuulitty all oiH4«Miistic8 luid l«iichcri
arc required to give their assent. The Koman Oatecbism
waa prepared and pubUahed under the direction of tha
Pope, by tJio uutliority rif the Conncil ; the Vulgate,
which had been declai-ed aiitlioritative in controvKmiL-s,
wfus tssuud in an uuUiorixed c<Iition, and a Breviary aitd a
Aliiiral put forth for universal use, 'ITie Council of Trent
did a great vmrk for the education of the clergy, the
better oi^unization of tlic whole hicniroliicAl body, mA
the discipline of the Ohnrch. Its canons of reform rwgu-
Utod the duties of the suculur and rvguLir prieatlinoi), in>
culcuted tliu obligntJoiiR of bishops, and intro<luccd a nevr
order and efliciency in the manageini'nt of parishes.
The Crei'd of Trout was definite and int«IUgibIe in
ita denial of the distinguishing points of FrotestaotiBni ;
but im i^w qucstions'in dispiitu between Augustinian and
temi-PeUigian parties in the Church, it was indefinite and
•tudioualy auibiguoua. But tko Council, both by its doc-
trinal formithui and its ri-fonimtory canons, oontrihntod
very mach to the consolidation of the Church in a com-
(wct body. It was no longer nocccHuy to seek for the
atjiTidard of orthodoxy in the various and confliotJng writ-
ings of fathers and schoolmen, or in tlm multiplied dicUir-
itions of the Pope*. Siiolt a standard was now presontod
LU a condensed form and with direct reference to tlie an-
tngonittic doctrines of the time.
THS DIQUISITIOS.
Bnt tliore mw nnothsr Hgonc; of n different cbaraotar,
nliicli wu9 s«t in inntion for the porpose of cnulit^tiiig
hurray. This -n-m Uib Inqiii«ition. It %nui ivcirganised
in Italy oii the recomineiKlation of CariifTa ; he vrus pluoed
at the bnad of it ; and in 1555, th« prime niitJior and
UiC9t«rn clitef of thiH tribunal became Pope under tho nama
of Paul IV, The Inqnisition was &a iustitution wtiich
had ltd origin in th« early dnys of the thirteenth eentnry,
for thv extirpation of the Alhigvnfiian heroey. It is n
amrt, th« peculiarity of which liea in the hict Uiat it ia
expresBly comtitnted for the det«otion »nd pnni»hm«nt of
hen^tics, and supersedm, vrholly or in part, in the dift>
charge of this function, the bishops or ordinary tiuthor-
itics of the Chnri.-li. It is tlina nn oxtnurdiiuiry trihiinal,
vith ill) own rultM and methods of proceeding, ita own
modes of eliciting evidence. The Spamsti Intjuisition, in
It« peculiar form, wjw set up nndcr Fenitniin<l mid laa-
belLa, in the 6rat instance for the purpose of discoverii^
Mtd punixiring the oonvcrtti from Jnthtimn who ii^tnnii.>d
to their former creed. The atrocitaes of which it was
(^ilty undvr 'J'oniucmathi m«ke a dark and bloody pl^^
of Spanish history.* It grew into an institution coex-
> IJorenlr, niil. CriH^i dc P fnyvUititm J' E<pnr/ni (1R1T-1SV Llnniiicinu
liseivUitj' of Uio InqoldiKtn, and hkvini: had the bcil oppcriiiaKia lor the In-
MUlgtttoa «t 1E> hlituir, tpoil MVBnl ^nn la ih« prcparutlon ot hit iKtffr.
'Hi* Pnnth tnniUlIon of IVnitT «•» mmlo ondtT llic nulhor'* cj-t. UoronW
iru ■ tlbcral pilcal, lu qnnpDiliy wtlb ihe ilnw u( lli« I'nnch Kmlutian, and
t vijifoTixt ol the BsniTOM* rul« in 8|Mln. lie lollevnl Ihs laqulitlliHi to b«
" vidinvia )■• Drlncjplp, ia Im («iutihiliMi. and inttilan" (I>nj^|i.x.). and
he hail no ipcdal rM^nnc« for (bo Popt*. Tel at tba tbav o( (be coinpoailloa
ot ibia worii, hit nIaHoa to lb* Oathalle niuKh wu not, ■* It ahcnrardji Iw-
tam», anMffoiuatic. Tha work ot Uonutf La* bien uiifaTonbljr (irlticlk»<l hy
Bomtn Calhotic writcni opcciall; hf IlEfcIc, Drr Cardin-U Ximtmii, tU. (%l
td., IMI I, p. 941 feq. Hefola lnu«E>, in Iho flnl pinic, that Iho Sjuniili Iminl.
aitlon wot prwloiBinanllr an in*tniinrnl »f iho ROTonimiat. and thai Ihe IVipc*
•ndatroriiil to <h*tk tb* arrvrilJca of (Ho Itolj Offlmt and, aMondlr. thai Ilia
rhaiffM ot Mualif hnachi acaiani tht InquiiiiloD h>ir* twtn enwlT Fxa;;R«at(d.
Uttah'a prindfai point H UuimtiN allfoid mliMleBlalian at the number ol <-;»
thnu i-f lli« Iiuinidtlon. It i* lo as olnffrai thai moM of Mi aaimidvtnliini
npnn l.lnn-nl*, Hi'Fi'Id it Aliliipd cotiueain bplnfonnalianirhiiih Uonntc hlmulf
IvDlilM*. ll<{cI>conild«nlbatl*rt«atl hMtmd in amne partfeaUn, tbronKl
-1
104
THE BKKOIIUATIOV tS ITALT \XU SPAIN.
t«n)uv« viUt tile kingdom, with an uxtrvoiely tymuaical
and cruel system o( iidiiiinUlntlioii ; mid wu9 bo intei^
woven wicb tlio ci^nl goverDmeat. nfter the bumbling of
the noblca and tli€ destntction iif libi^rty in tbe citioa,
Uiat tilt! dtispolic rule of (^hnrlea V. and of Pliilip II. could
liardly have boon maintainud without it. It was an en-
ginQ for stilling M^ditioii A-t wt-Il as ht^nuy. Hcnw it wim
defended by tlic Spanish eoveroigns ngainst objections and
complaints of the Popi». Tlio IiKjuisition, in Uio form
wliicii it itssuin<;d in Italy, under tlie auspices of CanUTa.
differed from the correBpouding institution in Spain, in
some respects, but it rv^cmblud Uio latter in mjwrsodiiiff
tlio ordiiiiiry tribunals for tbe exercise of discipline, and
was founded on tlic same guucntl principlos. Six curdi-
nnU wer« madw iminisitors general, with povror to onmiti-
tnt« inferior tribunals, and with authority, on both sidn
of the Alps, to iiicarcvratu and try all suspected pvrgons
of wliatovm- nuik or order. Tlio terrible ntacliinery ii(
this cotu-t was at once set in motion in the States of the
CluirL-h. and aUliougb rosixtanou was offered iu Vonioe
and iji otlior pitrtt of Italy, tlie Inquisition gnulually ux-
tended its sway over the whole peninsula. Tbe result
van that thu ojien proft^Msiun of I'rotesbuttiani was in-
stantly Huppresaed. In \aiii, prior to the formal estab-
lishment of tbe Holy Office, Ochino and Peter Martyr,
nnwilling longer to coneeal their ndlu^on to the Protes-
tant faitb, ajid being no longer safe in Italy, had Inft their
country and found rcfuga with the Protestants nortli ol
khc Al\». I'^tpial ninaxcmcnt was oeciwionod when, in
1£48, Vergerio, bishop of Capo d'Istria> a man of dis>
nnction. who had been employed in important embasaiet
Itac Iiij9u«nre of IJnnnlf- Pmmtl't aMDunt nf lh« Inriulillloii U ID Ui J7Mivf
a; til* Rrig" '/ FifUmmut ami Ipittlta, t, ch. vll. IIctfl> hM much Hi iKf at
Oie diipoiition of thr Jtrm to nofcc pFMolytfi, whicli hp oMUldon ■ patlllMlM
)( UiB tnant lakNi by Ihp Iiiqciiiltlnn, Bui ihc tmi lumber a( Inalnni*
M> rOBvota ID Clirwiunily. who furnisb«d builncE* (o Ihc Inqiitdllon,
"tm Iha " pfairiyUn-iniu-liMiii " w>i not $o murh an tbo *idr at lb« Jok
1
■
I
I
4
E»Jmr ^
I, pmv« ^H
TUE LVQUISmOK.
MB
by the Pope, followed their example. A tnullUucte of
siU|)et]bed [)ci80tit fled to tho Grisoim und to othvr ]ku1m oCJ
SwitiKrIuid. Tlie acodEmues at Kfodena and ebonhere
^rore broki-n uji. Tlio Ditdiuos of KorrarA Tras rompvlled
to port from all of her Protestant fricnttfl, and dependantis
nnd was LvracU siibj<.-ctctl U> uuiistruint I))' hvr htisUuid.
The Protestant church of Locarno was diiven oud undor
nrcuuutaDocs of grvat ImnLship, and found ao asylum in
Stritzerland. Imprisonment, torture, nnd tJie flaincs vcn)
UTun'nrbun) employed for the destruction of heterodox
opinions. At Venice Uie practice was to take the iinliappy
victim out upon the eea nt midnight itnd to place him un »
plank, between two boats, which were rowed in opposito
directions, leaving him to sink beneath the waves. Many
diHtit^tshed men were banished ; «t)ii:i^ tui Aonio Pak-a-
rio and Carneseodit, were put to deatli. The Walden^an
^settlement in Calabria was barbarously massacred. One
envntlal port of tho work of the IiKjiii.tltiDii, and a [)art
in wliidi it nttauicd to surprising success, was the sup-
preesion of heretiL-nl bouk^. 'I1ie boolutoUers were obhged
to purge their stock to an extent that was almost ruinona
to their business. So Tigikint was tho detective police of
Uie Inquisition, thiit of the thousands of copies of Uw
evangelical book on tho " Uenefils of Christ," it was long
supposed that not one was left.* It is only within a r«
ci-nt peri<Al tliat a few surviving coptoi have come to light.
As a part of the repressive sy»tein of CnrafTiV, tho '• In-
dex ** of prohibited books was established. Bewdrii thit
particnlar authors and books which were condemnod, tlu're
was a list of more tlian sixty printers, all of whose pub-
lications were prohibited. Caraffa put upon the Index
the Contilium or AJcicf, which in connection witli Sadolut
,md olIierK he hin>s<'If had offvn-d to Paul III., on tli«
Rubject of a reformation, and in whicli coclesiaatical abtues
•■ Muaular. in lii« ««('•• «/ Rt'-ii'i nM»ryo/-it PtyiutEtl. JI*r,, tSlOl
Wd «t (hi* b«ok: ' li U mw u bopclMclf l<»t u lb* MoMd d*c*d« of Urr."
106
THE ItI!F0flUAT10<t IN ITALT AND 51 UH.
bad been frevly I'l'nsunH].' Tiiitvr, nndor Ulc antpiow of
BixtUH v., t\w " hiilox Eximrgatoriua " arose, for the oon-
demoation, not of entire works, but of peirti<:alar passages
in pormiltt^l bodui. Th<; sweqniig persecution which was
tinticrtaln^ii hy the Catholic Itieaction did not eparo the
erangulical CuUmliL-ts whcisu views of Juetificfttion ^rc^6
t)lmoxious to the faction that bad gained the ascendency.
They were regarded und trcutvd as little bvtti^r than
iivowod ciwniibs of the Chiirdi. Even Cardinal Pole,
vbo had forsaken England rather than accede to the
measnres of Henry VITI.. and had l>cen raado Fapul Log'
atu and Ardibisbop of Caiit'erbury under Afary, was in
(liagraoe at the time of his death, which was sunoltoneoaa
with tluit i>f llni Qiii'cn. Cardinal Morone, the Aroh-
btabop of Modena, cbai^d with circulating Paleario'a
book on tlie Atonement, with denying the merit of good
wcirifs, and with like olTenaea, was imprisoned for abont
two yeara, until the den,tli of Paul IV., in 1659, set htm
bee. The characteristic spirit of l3ie domitiant party is
Meo in the impracticable demand of tliLs Pope that the
Hc{lie6t4!n'd property of tho monasteries in Engbind should
be restored. Tliis pai-ty succeeded in rirtualty extin-
guishing Protestantism in Italy.
In SjKun a literary spirit had early arisen from tliu in-
fioeoce of the Amble schools," The Bnismian eult.(iro
found a cordial n^oeption. "llin Cftniplutcnsian Poly-
glot ** was an edition of the Scriptures that rellectii mudi
entlit n[ion Ouxllnal Ximenes, by whom it was issued.
Yet, lie wiis <q>poaed to rendering the Ilible into the i'«r-
nodilar of the people, and was a supporter of the Id>
qnisition. The resentment which this odious tribunal
awakened, wherever a lo\-e of freedom lingered, predis-
> F«r Ui« pn»t a( tbit, te McCrie, p. 4t.
* McCrio, //iucry f/ iht Pngna omd Sa/rradm ^ de Ruf^rma^im h
4pMa fa ikt fiirir*w« CnKury (mw «d., \Vt«\. nia vorfc li Uw eonfaaks
rf du a\ttar% nf tkt ^t^/^armalim in lUt^, ind of MWMly I«m nla*.
SPASBII I'BOTESTANTS.
«n
poeed sntno to Hie acceptance ot the iloctrinc wlitdi it
pcrMcuted. The intorcourBo with QcrrDan; and the
Netberknds, into wlitdi nruiny Spaniards, both laymim
and clcTf^, vfcm bionglit Irom tbe common rvlutiua of
theae countries to Cliarli.4 V., tiuulo tlic Prot<^tant doc-
trinM fumiliitr to iniuiy, of whom not a few regarded
them with favor. It was otiM^rvwI that Spunidi cocJesias-
ti« who sojourned in Englaml after the mamagB of
Philip II. to Mary, i;am« back to tlieir country, tinged
with the horesy which they had gone forth to oppose.
The war of Chark-s V. agiiinst Cli-mt'iU VII., which led
to the Back of Rome and the imprisonment of th« Pon-
tiff, and the proscnoc of a great body of Spanish olc^
and nobloa at the I>ii>t of Aiigsbnrg, where the Protes-
tants presented their noble confes^on. were uvonts not
witlinnt a favomblo toflucnce in the same diroctaon. An
early aa 1519, tlie fainouH priiiter of Basel, John Proben,
sent to Spain a collection of Luther's tracts in Latin, and
daring the ni.>.xt year the Ri'fonner'et commentaiy on th«
Gatatians, in which bis doctrine was folly exhibited,
was tnuishited into Spanish. Spanish transhitions of the
Bible were printed at Antwerp and Venice, and notwith-
standii^ the watchfulness of the Inquisition, copies of
thom, as well us other publications of the Protestaiita,
wer« intToduce<) into Spain in large numbers. Some
Spaniards perished abroad, martyrs to the Protestant
fnitli ; as Jayme Enzinas, a cnltivatfd scholar, who was
bamed at Rome in 154t>, and Juan Diar, who was as9as>
sinatcd in Germany by a fanatical brother, who had trii^l
in Yatn to convert him. and who, having accomplished his
■ot of bloody fratricide, escaped into Italy and was pio-
toetcd from punishment. It was at Si^villo and Valla-
dolid that ProtfRtantisin obtained most adherents. Those
who adopted the reformed intcrjjrotntJon of tbe Goipcl,
gmcnlly content4.>d tlmmselres with promulgating it,
witliout an open attack on tite Catholic theology or the
TOE KCrOUUTIOX tX fTALt AXO SPACC.
Cliorch. It was Uie dodrioe of justifiuitiun by faith
ilone whkh, liere as in Italy, gained most cumukcy. In
Uw cnrugebcal \ivvrt «cre introduoetl bv Rod-
< de Valero, a man of rank and fashion, nbose char-
acter had biwn truufortned by thu rccoptiou of Unm, and
who promulgated tlieni in coni-enslion and in eocpositioDS
of tbe Scriptare to private drclea. He was savod Iroin
the flatocs ooly by tb<; fiivor of penons in anthority, but
was imprisoned in a convent. Tb« most aminent preach-
on of Utu city, Dr. Ji^in Egidiits, and Consbmtino Ponce
de la Fuente, who had been chaplain ol the Emperor,
L'nlisted in tho new movement. The prvdominoat opinion
in SvvlUc was on the side of tbi^t rual, Uiough covert
ProtestantiBm. It found a reception, also, in cloisteis of
tlic city, CHpcciuIly in one l>i-Iiiii<png to tlie Hifronyniitos.
Uoth in S«Yille and Volladolid tiii-ro wero aocmt cliurdm,
fully organised, and meeting in priracy for Protestant
wurahip. Tn ViilLuIolid Urn Protestant catue had a dis-
tii^iahed leader in tUa person of Augustine Cuxalla, the
Imperial chaplain, who waa put to death by the Inquisi-
tion in l'55d. Tiicrc wi^rc pmb:>bly two thousand porsons
in varioiia parU of Spain who wera united in the ProU
stont faith and held private meetings for a number of
ycitrs. A l:trgu proportion of them were pcraoiiii dia-
tuigiiisltcd for their rank or learning. The discovery o(
these seon't luuiociutions at ScTille »n(l Vallndulid stimu-
liitod tho Iiiquiailion to redoubled exertion*. The flight
of iDiiny fiu:ilitattM] thi« detection of others who ri-inain>.-d.
The dungeons were filled and the terrible implements of
torture were used to extort coofossionx not only from men,
but from rofinod and delicately trained women. In 1569
and 1560, two great auten da/i wore held tn th« two
dtioBwhftro horasy tuid tidcen tlie linuest root. Tlic cittc-
monies were arranged with a riow to strike terror to the
hearts of tho sufferers tlicmselves and of Uic great IfiroQfp
that gatliercd as spectators of the scene. The condemned
BXTISTATIOK Or PROTEST AN rt5U IN SPAU.
400
woro l>utiied alive, thoeo who woald aoct-pt the offices d
a prient, Iwvrcvt-r, hiiviiig tliv- priviloyu of Itiiiig stnmgled
before tho'tr IxKliea were cast iiitu Uio lire. The King
Bitd ruyul lututly, the gnat pcrscmuges Oif tlic court, of
botli Acxes, giive fiouiitenonoo to (he proceedings by their
pRscncc, .Similux autOM rfa/rf occurred m varioua other
plsurea, with every ctrcuDiAtancc mlciilutvtl to iiiapiro feai
in the boIioUk-iu. Thu officers of the Iiii)iiiBitiDD were so
active aiid vigilitiit, mid m inercilesa, tlint tliere wiu mt
hope for any who were inchned to Proteetant opiniona,
fvtvi.^ in (light ; uitd ovimi this wu« dlfTieiilt. Covk-tousncd*
allied iUelf to fanaticisin, for the forfeituro of all prop-
erty tvas a part of thu ptn^ilty invmiahly vi»it«<l upon
lit-n-^y. 'Hiiis Protttstantism was «iadic;tt«d.' The re* ,
BlmiiiU laid upon hherty of teaching amoUiered the intel*
kctual life of tho country.
Ill Spain, as in Italy, tho pcrscoution did not spare th« ,
Kviingi-litNil CatholicR. Among tlieae was Bartolom£ do
Curmttza, Archbishop of Toledo and Primate of Spain,
wliii had stood among iLo iuIvociitv-4 of gmtiiitoii-i juatili-
cation at tho Council of Trent. He had accompanied
Philip II. to England and taken j^art in examining Prot-
estants who perislied at tho stake tinder M:u:y. Ho
was denoonood to the Inquisition and imprisoned at Valla-
dolid. His iuttnucy with Pole, and witli Morono, Fla-
iiiiiiio, and other eminent Itiiliatis who wcru iiicltnoJ to
evangelica] doctrine, was one fact brought upngainst him.
Hi« ateoliism, partly for its allegod Icauing, in some
pointa, to the Lutheran theology, and portly bocaiute il
WHS written in tlio vulgar tongue, was tlie principal baaia
of the aeciLsation. He was charged with not lta\-ing ao
cuscU boforo tho Holy Office leading Spanish Protestanta,
of whose Hcntimetita lie had ])riv:)ti.'ly c.\[>n-it!K^l his disap-
probation. At the end of seven years ho was taken to
I For doUlbof ptntcaUtm, >t« Db CuUm, SpaniA Pntttl'Bd* (I^odIak
USlt.
410
THE rcrniiiiATios nc halt akd srjuir.
Rome, and after varioua dchys, Orogory XII!.. in 1
pronoaiKed ecntdnoc, flodiiig him violently s:
bexeaj, prohibiting his cat«cbtsm, roquiring him tn %\
eixtcon Lnthcnm articli.'s. ami snspending him frrmi bit
olBoc for fivft ywjra. At the expiration of tlii« lira*;, afu-r
havii^ been for eighteen years under eomv species of con-
fincrat-nt, he died. A p(vrt of thf^ material of accusation
ngatnitt Camiiui vriw <)eri\-('il from the words of coiisol;^*
don wliich he had addressed to the dying Emperor,
Charles V., at tJio convvnt of Yuste. Kiieoling at his
bodflidn, the Archbishop, holding np a cracifix, t'-xclaiinci] ,-
" Behold Him who answers for all ! There is no more
sin ; all is for^ven '. " His words gaT« offenw to somu
iriio wi-re present. Vilkbra, the Emperor's favorite
preadier, wlio followed, reminded his royal master that as
he wn.4 iKirn on the d»y nf St. Miitthw, so Ite waa to di«
on that of St. Matthias. With each intercee«ois, it waa
addc<I, he hiul nothing to fvar. " Thus," writes Migaet,
"tl»e two doctriiipa th.it divided the world in tlie age of
Charles V., were once more brought before him on the i
bod of death."' Bcrades the Archbishop of Toledo, not'
leas than eight S[>Anish btshnjis, of whom Uie moat had
snt in the Council ol T^nt, and twenty-five doctors of
theology, among wliom wcro persons of the higbeat emi- 1
nence for learning, were likewise arraigned, and most of ;
them obligt-d to m.iko somu retraction or submit fe
public humiliation.
It is E remarkable evidence of the vitality of ttie
olic reaction that it went forward in spite of tli« want of i
active sympathy on the part of ecrtain popes witli itaj
favorite miuisiires, or the incoonatency of their policy with '
its spirit nn<l aims. What tlie new movement reqtii
and the result towards which it tended, was the onioa'
the Cutholic powers; especially an nllinnwof tin- Pc^
vtd Spain. When Caraffii at die age of seventj-nine
> Klbtmon, /rU. </ Ckarlu r. (Pfwtan'fMLh iU. 191, ISl
n II II
THE CATHOUC ItEAOTIOM.
411
oeoded tti« Papal iJirt>nc. Iits strongust pnmion seutned to
ue liin hatred of Clinvka V. and the Sjnaniardo. With all
his zcat for tha rvfonn of which h« hful ho«ii <mo of the
earhest pminotera, he mlviuiceil hb relntirr^ to high sbt-
tJoiLs, not from that solGsh ambition front whicli oepotiam
had previoaaly sprung, but in onlor to carry out hii
sch4!niiM of hostility to Spain. His stoutest defenders
agiunst Alva wore (iermiins, most of whom wcr« Protes-
tnnts ; ha <.'vorn invoked the help of the Turks, The d©*
feat of his Fronch allien at St. Qucntin, followwl by the
complete success of Alva, forced Hpon him a changn of
polioy. Forthwith ho resumni with absorbing energy his
enterpriaeti of reform, and discarded hi<i relations, whom
tit; had found to bo txeudicrouK. Tliia was the end of the
nepotism whicli m long Itad brought disgnuw and weak-
ness upon the Papal oflice. But tlie war that ho kiudlud
aidod the eauM of Proto«tantiem in France and in the
Netherlands, and also in Kiigland. His political Kchemea
wars partly rmponsiblu for his arrogant treatment of Klirjt-
beth. whom he <]id not wish to marry E'hilip. and whom he
did wish Mary Stuart, the candidate of the Guises, to sup-
plant. In Pius IV. (1559-06) we hare a pontifT who poi^
Bonally did not sympathize maoh with the Inquisition, yet
left it to pursue its nouise unhindered. He labored to
unite the Catliolic world, and succeeded in pacifying tKo
divi-ti'ms in the Coimdl of Trent by »killful ne^tiations
with the different sovereigns. Pins V. (15(5(1-72) was a
devoted rcprosontative of the ri^d party, was zealous on
the one hand for the reformation of th« Pitpal <^urt, and
on the other for the dcstmction of licretioa. Ho induced
Duke Cosmo of IHoreiiee to deliver up to him Oamcsoccjtl,
an accomplish lid literary man, who, irifliK'nt-ed by Vnldei,
lad early favored I'roCcatantiam, Bn<l hud him brriuglit to
Roino, wbete he was beheaded and his body committed tc
Uie flames.' Me approveil of Alva's doings En tin I7«tb*
419
THK RCKOIUtATIOii IN ITALY UID STADI.
erUiitU. Gradually th« Papacy ciuu^ to jom bauds viUi
Si>»in in tlic gntad olTort to ov«n»me I^roteflbintism.
Sixtus V. exoammuoicated Hoory IV. of Fmic« (1585).
lie lunt bis BK«t tarocst ouupunition to tko eftorl to con*
quer Ei^Iaitd by tbe Arnuula. He \ras benrt and booI
with GuiHe and tbe Laa^e, aud upoa the ■amwiioBtioa ot
GuiM, uxcumiiiuiiioalcd Henry III. If be listeited Earor-
ably to the efforts made to induce him to absolve and
n-cii^izc Henry ot Navum-, bis inclinatioitt in litis di*
ruction wi-ro ovci-comc by tbe eiiergetio remonstraticea of
Philip.' It was tbe hostile attitude of tbe Papacy that
strongly uffoctt.-^ tbt; CttUi'ilii^ ndheivntd of NuTam», and
oourinned tbem in Uie di&poeiliou to require of bim a jiro-
feesion of tlie Ciitbolie f^utli.
Notliing cnn \v more ati-iking than tbe change in tlio
intellectual apirtt of Italy, as va approach tbo (^ik] of the
sixtcontli ocntury.^ Tbo old ardor in the study and imt-
taiion of tlio ancienlR has [x-uw-d away. Even tbo rovor-
enee that spared the ardiitectural i-enuuns of antiquity is
Bupplant«], in the mind of Sixtua V., for example, by tbe
dwire to rear odiiicci that may rival them. A zeal for
independent invcatlgation, cepcdally in natuiul science,
takes tbe place of antiquAriiLa acfaolanliip ; but this aenr
ecientific spirit, vrhich often took a speculatave turn, wna
cheeked and rupri.-»»ed by tbo •'oclcsiiuticid mlero. Loy*
tity to Uie Church, and a n^li^ous tenijier, in llie ttriot
form \rbidi tbe Catholic restoration engendorvd. pen^
trated sodety. Poctrj', painting, and music were at onee
r«!4io\'atud and moulded by the religious influence. Tosso,
wlio eliose a pious crusader for the huro nf bis )>m-in, tbe
aobo(»l of Carucci, Domcniohino, and Guido Reni, I'alea-
trina, tl>e great composer, Riiggi.4t the rvvohition in paUic
feeling and taste in tliis age, in contmst witli tlie ago of
' Ranke, nlttoTy o/Ht Popu, t. 331 Kq., li. ISSnii-. Hi. II» Ni|. VfibQM
■ lUake, Bia. <•/ Ut P^a, 1. 4B3.
ISFtUEKCK OP TOE JEStiTTS.
■118
tlie Runaissancu. TIiu papal cuurt, in iu ruftloreil Btrict-
oeSB and sobriety, inanifest«{l ibt eiitiro subjection to the
new movt-inent. In a character like Carlo BonxniiCO, iht
coanter-i-cfonnatjon nppi^wrtt in a chantct^nntiQ but pe>
cnliiirly attractive light. Of noble birtli. and with temp-
ULtioiia to sensual indulguDou thrown in hi« paUi, lie do-
vutiid Itinuwlf U> a rt:li|;iou£i life \nth unwaveritig iidelit}'.
The ue[diew of Pius V.^ odicus of the higlu'^t ro^puiwi-
bility vera forced upna him, vrbidi he di£whurg«d with ao
exemplary diligence and faithfulness, that sucli as worn
inclined to euvy or to censure were oompcUed to applau<l.
But hfi welooined the day when lie oould lay tlicm down,
and ^ve himself wholly to Uls dtoucsu of Milan, wtiere lt«
was arrlibisliop. His untiring jici'severanco in wiirltit of
charity and rtLfnrm, bis visitations to remote, mountaiiioua
Tilla^s, in the core of his flock, his zoid for education, lus
dovoutnoss. musixl liiiu to be atyletl, in the bull Uiat can*
Diiiittul him, an angel iu human form. Ilis exertions in
making prosL-lytirs, mid Iuh willlngm-jts to puntccuto horosy,
are lesa agreonble to oontemplata j but they were esAGutiiU
featurea of tbo Catholic miction.
Th« JenuiU first establisliod themsekea in force in Italyt
and in Portugal, Spain, and their oolonies. " Out of th«
Tisionary scJicnK*^ of Ignatius," says Rankc, " arose an in-
stitution of singularly practical tendency ; out of the ood>
Tersions wrought by his asceticism, an institution horned
witli all tlto ju»t and accurate calculation of worldly pru-
dence." The education of youth, especially tlioae of
higher rank, quickly fell, to a largo uxtcnt, into tJtoir
hands. Their system of intellectual training was acoor«l>
ing to a strict method ; but their schools were pervaded
by tlieir peculiar religious aptrit. It was larg«dy througit
Jheir influence tliat tho profane or secular tone of culturv,
'hat hod proTtuled in tho cities of Italy, was siip«n(od4Ht
ity a culture in which reverence for religion an<l the
Church was n vitid ctcmont. From the two puninsulaa
tu
TUB REFOIUIATIOK IN ITALY AKU SPADI.
th« now ordor extended ito inflnpnc* into die otlwr coos'
tries of Europe, Thoy fDrniixcl a gnwt ttandii^ nrmy, ia
th« (tCTviw! of th« Pope, for tb« prapngstion of Catboli-
^isiu. The Uniri>r«itj of Vionnn -mix pInotiJ under tbeir
direction ; the; established tJieiiiBelvea at Cologne and
Ingoliitndt tind Pnigtii.', nnd (mm tlicM centras opcntpd
witli great HUc«eea in the Austrian domimona, the Rhen-
ish provinces, and other part* of Gf-muiny. TIiv Duke
of Bavaria, partly from woridiy and partly from religious
motives, enKsted warmly in the caiiso of the Catholic re-
a4!tion, and inndo liiinM>lf ifc.4 ohanipion. In the ecvlcsia^
tical Btatc« of GermanVi the spirit of Catholiasm was
rcAwakonnI, niul thi> lolcratJon proiniwd to Protestiinta
by the Peace of Augsburg, was fre<]uently violated,
llie Popi.**, in thift period, nvro lihvral in thrir oonoo»-
nonR to tlio Cittliolio prlnct^, who found their prrjfit in
helping forward the reactionary movement. In tbe last
qanriiT of tJie Hixtt'Onth century, mainly by the hibora of
tlie Jesuits, and by the violent m<-asures vhJcli tliey in*
MJgated, the tide was turned against Fn>tcatantism in
Southern Gcnnajiy, in Bobeinin, JMoravin, Poland, and
Hujigary. In these countries, Protestantism ha<l, on
th<! whole, gained the aKwndf*ncy. Togctlier with Bel-
gium imd FVaiioe, they oonadtuted " the great debatubln
laud," where the two confessions stmgglod for the
mnfltery. In all of them, Cnthollciam, witli its now
forces, was triumphant, Tlio Jesuits did much to pro
mote that incrcaiicd excitement of Catholic (vAling in
FVnnce, which showed itself in the slaughter of St.
Bai'tholomew and the want of tho League. From
I)<jUay, the RAtablisbmcnt founded by Cardinal William
Allen, they sent out their emissaries into England.
Tiio order wii« active in Sweden, and, fur n time, bad
•oitiB prospect of winning that kingdom back to Uw
Catholic fold. Wherever thi^y did not provail, they
•luLTpcned the mutual ant^Lgonism of tite rival confe»
I
AMBXST Oif TttK PKOGBEStl OV l>HOTliSI'AKTL<i». 416
•ioiis. The progreoH of the Catholic restomtioa wm
luilud, cApc-ciidly in Gt'rinuiiy, by tliv <{ti:tiTrU uf Pnttob-
tMti tli«ulogiaua. Tbe mutual hostility of Lutheran
and Calviuist uppeitrvd. in soma cumw, to outweigh tlivir
ctiiiiiuoii op]M;Aili(>» to Itonie.
Tli« quMitiou lius often bceu iwki^d, \t\iy, aHm so rupid
ail atlvaiice of I'rot^ielaJitisu) for a half century', a limit
biwuld then havo he«ii sot to its progi^ess ? Why wun it
uuable to ovensLep the bomi<l9 which it leaohei] in the tLrat
ago of it8 vxiitftcnoo ? Muokuluy haa buudU'd tlus qiios-
tiua tn 11 »pii-itvd i4my, in which, witit ocrttun rcuwn»,
which aie pertiiieut and valuable, is coupled a singidar de-
tiiul that lJtukiiowliid(;u of n<li^iu» is prugrussivv, or at all
^■pcJidcHt tii>on tb« i^-nvrul eiilighl>Miiucut of the huiiuia
mind. Apart front bis paivdoxioul s{mculattoa on this
but poiut, hia »ttttuniunt of the grounds of thu orroet of
the progRM of Protv»tui)tiiMii, Uiough eloquent uu]
Tuliuible, ia quite inoompluto. The prindpat causes of
tliia ovuiit vre deem to be tho following: —
1. The fennent Uiat attended the rbe of Piotostantisni
mufit uvoiituaUy lead to a <;n,-Bt(dluuug of partiuM ; aud
this must ruiau up a ban-Uii- in the way of the further
apniiul of the new doctiine. Prot^^stantism was a move-
mrnt of reform, arising within the Church. At tlia out-
•el, multitudes stood, in rt-L-ition to it, in the attitude of
inquirurs. TLoy wore more or Itss favorably inclined to
it. What Doiir«ct tiwy would take, might depeud on the
influences to which th«y would happeu to be exposed.
'I'hey were not iniinovably nttuehod to the old system ;
^ they w«re open to peniiasiou. But as the conflict became
H wnnn, in«i) were more maii more promptud to take sidei,
^B and to range tliemselvcn tinder one or the other buuner.
H This period of fluctuation and conversion would naturally
^^ eonie to an end. As soon as the spirit of pnrty was tboa
^^ iwaki-ned|il formed an obstnclx to the further pit^gtvssof
416
THE iu:>'(HtuA'not) ni italy and spaih.
the n«w opiuiona ; for tliis sfHrit oommuiiicutiid iUcU from
fntliLT to son.
2. Tliv ]viliti('ul amiDgeineiitx which mn adopted in
diffei-ent countries, in consequence oi the mligious divtiuoit,
uU t«ii(lud to cuiifiiie Protestantism witliin the limits which
il Imd varly iiltniiittl. TliU in a puint of griMit iinportancei
and is not noticed by Macauliiy. In Gemintiy, tlto nf^>
tiiitions nnd disputes producud by tho religions contest,
iwiH-d ill tlie udoptitm of the principli;, " ctijtis rrglo, pjas
rcligio;" tho n-Iigion of tho State shall conform to tiutl
of thv prinoc. Thi» principle, hon-evw, would not lmv«
availed to arrest Protestantism. Hut the '* eci'lcsiiist ical
roserTation" did thus aviiil, Hinin the conversion of an
eccleitiuHticnl ruler to the new faith was attended witli no
important gaiin to tliu Prot4.-stunt cuuse ; he must vacate
hia ofliL-«. The wholo tcnik'noy of political arrangcntunts
tn Germany was to build up a wall of aoparation bctwocii
the two con fi-K-i ions, luid to protect the territory of each
from Uiii cncrtnu-h incuts <>[ th« other. It must Iw remem-
bered that the spirit of propngan<1iflm did ttot, generally
apeaking. chamctcrize Protestantism. The Protestants,
especially in Gerniiuiy, weiv! suti^nvd if tlwy ooald \k latt
to dev'el<^, without interference, their own system. The
utmost limit of their demnnd was room (or its natural
cxpaiision.i In th<> NctlK-rliuuls, the scpunttion of Uiu
Walloon pronnces from the other states, and the ad-
Iion-nw of till- fornuT to Spain, could Lave no other result
than to pi-rpt'ttiate tlu-tr conncirtion with tlie Catliolio
Church. Ill Fnmoo, the civil wars and the political aet-
tlenioiit to which they led, rvwHlled in the formation ol
the Huguenots into a compact body, formidable for
defense, but [wnx-rk-ss for the propagation of their Eaith.
■ " W!e wir oiler lMin«TkI, Ji<r I'mlalantliinui tsl nicbt Imkcbniiilcr Kmut
bwlnl lich jtdn Btilrill*, dcr ftiu licbeneui^ing pnliiprinel, ■.!> tant* FoN-
(Bncm Minvr Kvtm Sache treucnt (onit ■bu Hhon lulrioden (tin, msa ■■
•*lb*r v«nt»llr[ ixt, (icli uugdm wn fnmilur tium'ukiiag tu •iilarklwlB
Itin war w*. ■■•iiiK'li Jill Evaiii,TliiF]icn PttnttD vsai rrdtu Augvalitcli la Unb
!u." — Baiikv. licutuht CtKlkitKii. \. Tt.
I
TUB FBOeiESS OP PR0reSTANT15)(. 417
8. The coiintcr-rcfoniiiitioii in theCatliolicCUurch, by
removing tlK'-gTo».i »t)ii.-«.t( wliidi Imd bcun l!ic ubjiwt of
rigbteouii complaint, took a formidable xreapon from tbe
liands of the Protctlaiit.*. At llic same tlmo, tiic nj-iithy
of tbe old Ctiiirch waA broken tip, tlie attention of ita
nilcrs was no longer ubBorbut] in iimbiUoos achemea 01
politics, or in the gi'attlii-Dtioii of a lit«mry tnstts wliidi
made the Papal court a rendezvous of authors and artists ;
but a profound zeal (nr tlio doctrines and forms of the
Roniitn Catholic religion pervaded and united all ranks
uf its diaciplee.
4. Wtulo tliia couccntmtion of forces was tilting
place on the Catholic side, Protcstanta more and more
wosUid their strength in conti-sts vrith one unothttr.
Their inutiuit intolenmee fadlitated Uie advance of tlicir
emuDOD enemy. Moreover, the warm, religious feeling
' ttnA'Ahiinat^-d tliv curly Kt.-form(;rs and the princi-s who
defended their cause, passed away to a considerable
degree, and was succeeded by a tLeological rigidness, or
a ecifUli, politiciJ spirit. 'Hie appearance of siidi u char-
acter as Maurice of Saxony, in bo marked contnist with
;tiu Electors who listt-m-d to tli« voitw of LuthtT, imd
wen with tlio I^aiidgrave Philip of Hesse, indicates tbe
adviiiit of an ith. when a more politie and selilsli temper
diflpLices tlie sirtiiilicity *if religions principle. Queen
Eliziibcth, with hfr lukewarm attachment to the Refor-
mation, and bur mendnciouit, cn)oke(l policy, is a pooi
representative of the religious character of Protestantism.
How much more intense and consistent was tlic religioua
B zen( of tJie secular leader of tbe Catholic restoration,
I Phihp H. 1 Tlie ardor of Protestants spent itwilf in
doRieslio discord, at the very time when tlie anlor of
Catholicism was exerted, with undivided energy, against
^ tJicm.
^M 5. Tbe better orgimization of tbe Catliolic Church was
H * signal advant4i^u in the battle ^rith Protestuntitm
I-
118 OOUXIKI-BBVOUUTrOK IM TIIF. CATROUO SHfBCH.
wliicli was diviilvd into on nuiny clinrobes aj Uiero wm
[lolitical com lu unities that etnbraoed the new ductrijw
On tliu Oiitltoli<! oitlu tlioni oould bu ii plati of opuraciuna,
liuviiig n^pect not to a single couutri)' alone, n aeporatv
[lorbtou of tliu liclJ of conibiit, but tormvd upon a »ar\Kj
ol tJe wlmle situation, ontl cairif^d out with soli; refereniK
to a anitod su<xu«g,
C. Aiiutlioi' source of paw«r in the CUUiotia Chmeli
grew out of the habit of availing iUelf of uU variotiM
of rvligiotiB tuuipeniuiunt, of turning to tlic bvftt acvoiiot
tli(! wide diversity of talents and character which ia de-
veloped wittiin it« fold. Thu ditsjwssioiiutv And ustntu
{wliliciiiti, tlii; LiboriouM s^^olar, tJie subtlt; aiid akiUIol
polunitc, the fiery cntliusiast, are noao of them rejected,
but all of llittni ussigiiud to a work su)t«d to tlieir n»pOG-
tive capacities. Men as dissimilar as Bellarmine lutd
Ij^ntius vrtTc engogi^^ in a common cause, and were
even within tbe same fraternity, 'lliis custom at tho
Cutbolic Church in often attributed to a profound polioy.
Hut wlmluver sagacity it may iudicatt.', it is probably due
lesa to tlie calculations of a fai>sigliCed policy, tliiui U»
un luibitiuil principle, or way of tliinkiuj; iu religion,
whii-li JA iiilieri'Ut in tbe genius uf Ciitliolidsm. It luw
U>cn justly observed that men of the type of ^ViMloy,
wlio, among I'rotestants, tuivc been forcvd to bcuome
t)i» fotiudvr» of distinct religious bodies, would luive
found within the Ciitholic ChuixL, ha<l tlwy been boni
tUeni, hospitable treatment and congenial employment
The Lost tliiit viiis umrshidlcd under the command ot
the Pope, fur the dcfonst- of CutlioUcism, was Like on
nnny that includes Ught-armod skirmislicra and heavy-
anned ariilh-rynivn, ^tnift mvulry, and spiua who can pen
Utiute the camp and pry into the couuseln of the eneuiy,
7> It cannot be denied that iu Southern Europe then
was munifealed a ntot« rooted attachment to tlie Roman
ii^iulie systvm, tbaii ouabed amung th» nations whiofa
I
I
I
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I
TflK CATnOLIC UFJ^CIIOK.
419
idoptoti tlio Reformation. In Gcrmnny, the common
p<'0[)!c gliullj- honrd Ibc teiwhing of Lutlicr. Pmtes-
toiitlsiu there li:id miicit of tlie diaracU^r of a mitionnt
movumfrnt. lu Italy »nd Sjiain, it waa maioly tlie U*.
t«rc(l class Umt rewiivcd th« new doctrine. Below s
certain grade of culture, few were affected by It. Even
in Fraiiofr, wliidi had aorat-tJting like a middlu position
between the two currents of opinion, it w»a tho intel-
ligent middle cImk, together with scholars and nobica,
that funiistied to Protestant iniu it» lullivrttiitJi. In Italy
and Sp;un, the new doctrine did not reach down to tlie
springs of national life. Moiuovur, it is remarkable that
In theeo nations which remained Catholic, so many who
went so far as to receive tlie evangelical doctrine substan*
tially as it was Ik-M by ttie Protestants, weni not im-
pelled to cast off the polity or worship of the old
Church. 'Itiis circuiitstjutcu is far from being wholly
due to timidity. The outward forms of Protestaiitisiu
were leas necessary, lew coi^cnial to them ; the oatward
forma of Cntholiciitm were leas obnoxious. Even in
FVuice, this same phenomenon appeared in the circle
that eurly gatlicred about Ijcf^vrc and Uri^onuct, and
especially in Margaret of Navarre and her followers.
The doctrine of gratuitous salvation through the merits
of Christ, tlie iuwardncfls of piety, as fosUtrcd by tlia
evangelical doctrine, were grateful to them ; but they
were not moved to renounoo Ihi! government or the
sacnimcuts of tlie Church, or to alBtiate themselves with
[the Protestant body.
Wlii-ii all (Ik'SC circumstancfts ore contemplated, it will
c«a»o to he a matter of wonder that Protestantism, after
its first great victories wcro won. halted in its course and
was at length ittiut up within fixed boundaries.
But the Catholic party wen: destiued to suffer from
int«nuil (liwroni. Before the close of the century, tlie fol-
420 OOlt^TTER-liU'OrjrATIOM IX TIt£ CATHOLIC CRUItca.
ology, became involvod Id a hot strife tnth the Dutninicans,
wlio in common \TitU ttmr niMter, Aqutnas, wcra aoarer
to Augustine in their view of tbo idation of gruoe to free-
will. The tb4!ologi«»l conflict that was tlitia kiudlud, wae
of long continuance, and brought aerioos disasters upon
tba CaUiulic Cilurch, and, in it« altimate effect, upon the
Jesuit order. This was one of a number of adverse in-
fliwnoes which conspired fmitUy to puiilyzo tlto CiUllotio
Reaction, and to stop the progceas ot tliecoantor-rafonMt-
«
CHAPTER Xn.
FHK BTRCGGLK OF PCOrBSTAKTISM tN THE SEVEN
TEBKTH OESTCTtY'.
The Catholic Reaction, of which the Pope Traa the
i|iirituu], luid Philip II. Uie Bpcular chief, cxp^l^i^'lH■^o<^ i»
tenible reverse in the ruin of the Spanish Armada, and
the fitihiru of that gi;^,intio project for the wnii|ni.-»t of
Flnglnnd. The eslabliRliiuent of Henry IV. on the throne
of France was a atiU more tliBcouriaging blow. Franco,
tho Nvtherlfiiitia, and On'w.t llritain wem tho pritici|«l
tlientro of the efforts nbich had for their end the political
prodoininan<;v of tiie Spanii»!» inonardiy and tin} Rpivittud
fliipreniacy of Rome. The stniggte of ProteBtantism con-
tinues through Ihfi grcat«r part of the aevcntt^tnth cca-
lory. Gradually tho Catholic Reaction expended ite
forc>-, and political motives and ideas Bul>ordinitt«d t3i«
inipulHes of fanatjciam.
The priiK-4]Hil lo]>ics to bo considered arc the tliirty
years' WT»r ; the English revolnliona ; the domentic and
foreign policy of Uicliolieii and of Louis XIV. 'ITie reign
of Louis XIV. fall* principally in tlio latter half of the
seventeenth century, or the period following the great
Enn>[K-an settlement, the Pivwe of Wcstphalin. Yet domo
notice of this rejgn is requisite for a full view of the
oooHict of Protestantism and Catholicism.'
Ctmrles V. had found himself deceived in his political
1 tlluuer, ffMotiMM il** ZiUattrrt d. Ki/anuilim (lBltl^ Ton Baimtr,
rhIeIkU AWilaui HiV d. JD^ d. i\ Jair., Rkl. tli. IjlUNnl. Lil tfntii»>J.
.(.ch. Iv. lUiA*.(!it€iitUt^aBiiuU!nt[3i*i-,i*Ti. Ctljit, HiiUrt
krie II., tol. I, b. lit, tbap*. xn,, xvi
432 rnoTRSTArrnsu rx ihe scvExnxxTn ckstltbt.
ealculations, iiiul biiffli-d by tbc moral force of Uie Ptot*
mbmt fHilIi !it (icrtniuiy. Hta fliiiil dcfuit in ibu attenipt
to subjugutit tlie Protestouts left Uie Empire woitt:. It
18 nol triio tiiiit Gcrmftny lost it« political unity through
the Kcfoi-niiitiuii, for tJili unity vms pi-actically gone
libefore : rather is it true that thon it aaf rificed tlm o[^i^
tiitiity of rv'covuring its unity and of plitcuig it on aa eik
dtuing foundation. Tlic Reformation tn Qeniinny, mora
tiuia iu any other ixtuntry, omau:itM] not from stutosmen
knd rulc», but from the bcartd of the people. It vrui
liindered from being uuivctsal by the obetaclea out in ite
wiiy and by its own iittvriial divisions.
The I'uacc of Augsburg, unsatiafactory !l<< it<t provift-
iom wcru to botli [iiu-Uqh, uITwImI it« i-nd iis long as
the eiiiproTS wero impartial tn their admini^tnitioD.
Tliia was true of Ferdiniuid I., wltose aoct:d»ion was
rvHiattid by Piuil IV., tlio i:iicmy of Ills House ; and it
vaa true eapedally of Maximilian II., who wait hiinaL<tf
Btrongly indinod to Protestant opinions, and \vaa oja-nly
charged witli hcnjsy by Catliolic z«akit». Under hia
tolerant sway, Protestantism spread ovtx Austria, with
tlM exception of tho niriil and secluded valleys of the
Tj'rol. Clinrlojt V. hud hinni obligud to rclioquish
his wish to Iiand down the imperial crown to his too
Philip. Pliilip, in his fanatical i>xurtion;t ugainst Protes-
tunliittu, did nol receivu couiitunaiictt or BU))|>ort from the
Austrian branch of hia family, 'llio cruelties of Alva in
tliu Nulhurliuids, and thu iimssacro of St. BarLhuluinew
ytmv condemned and dcplorcnl by the ICtnpcror. Pliilip
waa 80 afraid tlutt Masitnilian himself would join the
Protestants, titnt ha deemed it necessary to di.'uundo him,
by the most pressing cxliortiitions, from taking such a
ttep. Wltilu tilt! <:uiit^>st wns raging in the Netherlands,
Mid between tlit- Huguenots and their enemies in Fniiiit)
tJiu l.utlK-mns of Germany remained tor the most pan
neutial. Tlwir hostility to Calvini.fm had much to tU
CAUSES or T^ Toutrr vcabs' was.
438
In determining tlieir powtlon. Thuy woro warned by
Williiini (tf Or.tiigt! aiii otli«r l*roii.-stj*iit» ubroiid, Uiut '
the cause was one, and tbat U Catholio £uiaticiaiii
vmn: nut chwkcd, Gcnniiny would lio tlie next victim.
Ti) tJie latter ]>ortioii of M:iximil!.iii's reigii, whidi waa
from lGf>4 U) lt>Ti>, tliv Ji-HtiiU came lu, nud disturboncea
aroae. Itudolph II., hia snccc-iuiur, hiid l>eat Woiiglit
up ill Spjiin, imd n-as under tlio InQuuiico of this Order.
Tlio same spirit ohamcterlzftd MatLliia&, who followed
noxt. In pon8i-(jaenoc of the incompetenoe of Rudolph,
till! gov<'nitn<^^itt of Aiiittna and Huii^piry luid, during his
life, boon tukou from him and glrun to Mattbiaa, and he
in turn gave way, in like manner, to hia coiisin Ardi*
dukc^Vrdiimml.of Styiiii,a liigubud Catholic (1619-3J).
Ferdinand an<1 Maximilian, Duke of Bavaria, wvra the
tluvoti'd champions of tlio Catliolic Reaction. Matthiiu
hiid bfi'n coinpcllal to gi-ant a Icttvr patent to the
Rohemians, which gave them full religious tolunttioD
Kiid i*<|tiiil rigliti with tlio Catholics. Violations of the
Religious Peace in Germany on the side of the CathoIicB
wei-o fiiHiiicnt. Bishops and Catholic cities drove ontJ
their Protestant subjects and abolished Protestant wor-
ship. 'lliB indignation of the ProtestanU throughout
<!erniiuiy waa excited by the treatment of the fr«c olt/i
of Dcinauworth, which was exclusively Protestant, and
refused to allow processions from a Catholic convent,
tliese beti^ inconsistent n-itli a former agreement. Tliu
dty was phuied under tliu bun of t]io Empire, and the
Bavarian Duke marched against it "^'ith an overwliehniitg
force, excluded Protestant worehip, and incorporated the
ttiU'ii wilh his own territories (IGOT}. Complaints were
made on the Catholic ude of infractions of the Eocleaiiui*
ti»'al Provi«), which ordttined that benefices should bo
vaunted by incuitdH'nts who should embnico Pmtealiint-
tsm. The Protestants had penuittcd the EmjMror, in
tbe Peace of Augnburg, on his own authority, to niSnD
ISA rHOIESTASTISJI Ci THE SE\TSTEESTn CESTTRT.
the i*rovi80, whidt tJicy thcinst^lros nt the ramo U
finnly tvfiiMil in iidopt ; jiist a.-* this impHrtit] decliimti(_
for tbe protraction of Proteetant oomimmitii-fl within the
iiirixdiL-tion of CiithoUo prclnO-s, liml bi^^'ii pvnnitU'U
Uxi otlmr i»irty. Protestant princra hod given to
fici-s lying nvixi tht-in, which kml iilreody bovii gained
thfi Rvforniution, hishojiA or administrators trora
own kinsmen ; and nt the diets llioy iirgi-d ibn cotnpli
uboUshinvnt of all midi ratrictioiui ui>on religious f:
dom.* But the Proviso was rigidly enforced in Uio
of the Elector of Cologne, who went orur to Protwtaiit-
ism in 1582. Tlic outrage perpetistcHl against Dot:
wiSrth led to the formation of tho ETnngeliad Ui
(1608), a League into which, however, all tho Pro!
tant States did not ent«r, and which from the beginning
^vas w«akly orgimisced. But the Ctttholtc Lou^^e, W.
was formed to oppose it, under the Icadersbip of Mi
miliaa of Bavaria, was firmly cemented and .fnll
cuoigy. On the Prot«8tant iiide, in addition to o
■onrceB of tUsconI, tlio hostili^ of tlie Htrict Lnthemns
to tile Oalvinists was a continual und fruitful cause of
divi»ou. Tlio Bohciniann revolted aguiiist Fordtniuid
II. in 1018, when their religious liberties were violated,
and " acii>rding to tho good old Bohemian L'twtom," as
uiie of tlie nobles expressed it, flnng two of the im
councilors out of the window. Wbon, shortly after,
tlie death of Matthias, Fcrdinantl l>ecamc his bu
tlia Bohemians refused to acknowledge him as thi
king, and gave the crown of Bohemia to Fn^detic
tbt- Elector Palntinc, and the son-iu-liiw of Jameft
of England. Fcrdiniutd, a nnraling of the Jeeuits, wj
had early taken a vow to extirpate heresy in bis
miniona, which h» had kept, up to the measure of
) Gliatlar. iv. i, l,f II, Cjoa ihcUnaqrMttalMiiMMtlunot tlrn Kcdt
lit*) lUwrral ion. m Uuike, Dnlteht QaelMiU, v. SSS, 014 nq. ( If trt*, i
TNq.VGimlv,tv.i.l,(9 uda.U.
OPKKISO OF TOE THIRTY YEABS' WAR.
425
ability, thrmv litniself, .ia mucb from neoesaity as tnym
uboiL-c, into tiiu urms of Uio Cuthulic Lt-aguo. Hu inAni>
ff«t«-(l liis Ardor in the Cntliolic ciusi! by ou asuduotts
att«ntioa to retigious serviceH. For example, he took
pnrt in a prooeasion in the niiilst uf n stonn of min,
emulating thus the zcfd which the Emperor Julian dls-
plnyed in celebrating thv ritvs of h^iitheuisni. Thus Uie
Austrian imperial house took up th« work whicl) bad
been Lild down by Charlcii V., of defending and propa-
gating Catholicism, in ullianco with the Church. TIm
Catholio Reaction, which had fouu<l a rt^prcifutative iu
Philip n,, found another leader in the Emperor j and
the two bmncho8 of tin- Hapuburii family wore more
Imited iu religious sympathies. The Elector. Frederic,
with his obtrusiro Calvinism, and with a court, whose
customs and manners were not congenL-U with Uoh4>mian
fiK-ling — receiving little support, moreover, from the
Protestant princes or from England — miffered a com-
plete defeat. Lutheran prejudices and the fear of conn-
t«nnnoiug re.brrlliini :uid thb revolutionary spirit, di-privod
him rtf hia natural olUes. The result was that Bohemia
was abandoned to fire ftn<l sword. Iu the frightful perse-
cution which had for its object tJie enulication of Prot(«-
tontism, aud in the protracted wars that ensued upon
it, the population was reduced from about four millions
to between seven and eight hundred thousand ! It was
only when tlio Pidattnate was conquered and dem»<
tated ; ' when the electoral rank was tmnsferred to the
Oukw of Bavaria, and with it tJie territoriett of Frederic,
except what was given to Spain ; and when the enter-
prise of biuiiehing Protestantism was actively undcrtokao
by the combined agency of Uie troops of the League aad
sf Jestut priftsts, that the Protf-stant powers took up
tlie rauttc of tlie fugitive Kleotor. In 1625, England,
Holland, and Denmark entered in^o an alliance for bis
* Ths IT«l<lrIlKfs Llhrii]- tu <wncd off ta Bom*.
136 PROTESrASnsH in THI: SK%-KSTEESni CENTDBT.
rcetorotioii. ClirUtiiuj IV. of Dciimark vna dvlcattrd,
knd the Danish iuterveution failed. By robbuig Fred-
eric of thfi vlocUiiul dignity and ciDiift;rriiig it on the
BaTarian Uuke, a majority in the olectoral body wiu
■oqutied by the Catholics. Bnt tUu powor aiid station
which Uic Duke gitincd, ac]Mirat«d, in important portic-
ulan, his intm-csts from those of F«rdinauJ. It wia
tliruugh the aid at Widlciuttviii and lii:« coiuuinniat«
ability in colltictiiig nud ^gaitizing, as veil na leading
au anuy, tluit Fordinaad \nw ubli.! to cmanciputd himself
from the virtual control cd Alivximilian and the league'
WiUlijustcin \vas a Boheimion noble, proud, able, and
strayed by dreams of ainbitiun ; iinscrapuloiu in ro^pcct
to the mi.-iuiM wliicli might be required for tlie fulliUini'iit
of bia daring schemes. He had rendered %'almible mili-
tary 8«-rviu» Ui Fvrdiiuuid ; and, on Uie supprcsaion of
the Dohemian revolt, liad acquired vaet wealth by th^
purcliaao of confiscated property. lie offered to nuso
an lu-iny and to Kuxtain it. He made it supjtort itaoU by
[Milage. It wiut a period of trausitiou in the method of
prcaecuting ivar, when the old eystvm of feudal inilitiA
bad passed uway, and tlio modem sy-stcm of natioual
loiccs or Htouding armies had not arisen. Aruuus were
made up of luroling* of all iiations, who prosecuted vnu
as a trade wherever the richest booty vas to be gained ;
considering iadiscriuunat« robbory a lugitimjito incident
ot warfare. The ineffable niisi^ries of Uie protDctiid
straggle in Gurianny were due, to a coDaiderablo exteut,
to this comixtsittoii of the armiiis. Bands cl oi^uii^nl
plunderers, with arms in Uieir hands, were let loose upon
an uiipvutcctcd population, captured cities buuig given
Bp to the unbritUed poasioos of a fierce and lawlewi
soldiery. The unarmed people dre»ded their friends
urdly h-8S tlion their foos. Tlio good behavior of tJit
I bnk*, 0«KAMf« IfaUmKiJiu (3il td^ ISTl). Tlili Uognplijr, m mtiftl b«
wpKUd, 1* lilgUj liulniMIir* Ml Ihu «l)ol« aabjod o( ths iMrqr ]r««n' «».
I
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TllE CMOT or 8£3TlTUTI0tl.
417
Swedes -KM a ninrvcil to Uie iiiLabiUuita with whom thejr
cnine in contact ; and even the Swedes, aftur Uio dmitb
of their great luadvr, sunk down towiirda th« level ot th«
rest of till) combatants in this fi'ightful conflict. It is
no wonder that Gormnny, tnivcrsiid and tranipli-d for a
whulu ijuiicration by Ibeao \iosi» of tniiraHdi.iKi, wua re-
ducud almost to a dosert ; that it endured calamitiiM
from wLicb it buu tivv«r entirely rvcovcrvd.
Victory attended tlie arms of Wallenstein and of
TUly, the General of the Leagae. Bruns\rtck and Hum-
i}ri.-r, Silcuiu, Suhle«wig und IloUtviii, (ell into their
power. 'Hie dukes of Mecklenbui'g were pnt under the
ban of the Empirv, and tbcir tt>rritory given, iw ft re-
ward, to Wallensteiu (1627). lie was anxious to reduce
tile German towns on the Baltic. But StraUund oGFuri>d
& stubborn rcsiHluiicu which he eonid not overcome, al-
tiinngli lie vowed U>at he would have the town if it
were bound to the sky by chains of adamant. His am-
bitious schemes vn-va quite independent of Uie schemes
of the League, which could not count upon bis stipport.
Such wiut thoir jeulou.sy and animosity towards the com-
mander who had made Ferdinand free from thetr dicta-
tion, that tb(.^y Induced IiUn to reinove Wallunstciu from
liis commund. Shortly before Uus, however, they had
moved the Emperor to the adoption of a measure equally
dangAroiiA to bis cause, and onu that put far distant the
ho[«s of peacK-. This was the fainou:* Kdict of Iti-ittitutiou
(1029), which duularod that the Pi-otestaiit States, afU-r
tile Ticat>' of Ptuisau, luul no riglit to approjmute ttu;
ecctesiafiticEil benctiees w^icli were under their lordsbip,
Hud that ovt^iry act of secularisation of this oatitrc was
null ; that all archbislioprica and bisltoprica which had
b<!Coinc ProtMtant since that Xtvaty, must bu surrvn-
derod ; tliat the Ceclaratimi of Fei-dinand I., gi^'ing liberty
to the ProtoHtaut subjeoCs of ocolesiastical prioccs, was
invalid, and tliat mich subjects might be forced to beconia
I2S FBOrESTAN-rtSlI XS TFIK Sn'OrrEENTTl CEirrTBT.
' CfttlioBcs, or espcllisl from Uivir homes. T)mt is, ibt
' parU of tlte Keli^oua Pe;ico that wexe odious to the
!Frotu8tiuibt wiTL- tn 1)0 cnfcrcdl, ucoordiDg to tlio otrict-
■est cottstructioii, wliilu tlie parts obnoxious to th« Catho-
lics were to be abn>giit«d. )!oreov6r, thv Edict onLuiiL-d
titiit U>6 Religious t'cHot; iJiould not ttvnil for Uie protoo-
(ton of CulvitiiiiL'i, ZwiiiglioDS, or any other diss^nlcrSt
.save the adherents of tliu Augsbuig Confeniou. TIih
cbaiigM tbat hul token pln^ since tho Pnssau Treaty
were of such a character, tliat tho execution ol tho Edict
would have brought a swooping and violent rerolution
in the I'rotVAtant eommtmities. It iras evident that
nothing lees \Tas umed at tlian the entire extinction ol
Priit<^')tbmtiBin. Tho must lukewarm of t?io Princes,
including tlio Electors of Bmndenbnrg and Saxony,
wero roused by this measnre to a seinso of the common
dangtrr. TIius tho Edict of Itostitiition un<I tho romoval
of Wallenst«in from his command, the two measorea
dictated by the League, ^ded tho Protesbint causo ; the
firet by awiikcning and combining its supportera, and
tho flecond by weakening the military strength of their
ndversarieB. Wallenstcin was a sacriGce to tho League
nnd to tho ambition of Miiximiliun.
In the second act of this long drama, Gustavus Adol-
phns, of Swo^cn, is tlio hero. It hiid been hb aim in
a conflict of eighteen years, with Denmark, Poland, and
Russia, to control the Baltic Sou. Not only was this
political aitn imperiled by the imperial conquests, but
tlioy inrolvod the danger of a Catholic reaction in Sweden
Itself. Bvsides this motive, tlio Swediitli King was im-
pelled to inten-eno by a genuine attachment to Protes-
tantism, KHch as had inspired German princes, like PV-d-
eric of Saxony, and Philip of Ilesse, in the first age of
tho Ki^oniLHtion. He was not a crusader, who 8> night
to extenutuat<! tliu opposing faith. Kathe-r did he wish
ttoth religions parties to respect each others' rights, and
DRATH OF 5C8TAVV8 AOTLririfg.
129
diroll in amity. IJia intprposilion, full of peril to Iiim-
■elf, was reganltul by limndi'nbnrg itiid 8axouy with
jealousy and repugiunoe. It waa not until tlic barbaroua
mick ami hiiming of Sliigdi-lmrg by tlic Kiviigw troops of
Tilly (1681), that the neutral party vim forced to wdo
irith Sweden. The victory of Gustiivtw ovt-r Tilly, and
(he tiiuniphant advance of the Swedes into tins South
of (jerniuiiy, prostrated Uic power of the League. We
find that Gnstavua was regarded with susptoion by tho
priaocs but with cordiality by the German cities. Whether
his plan of peace, whicli embracod tiie re])eul of tho
Edict of Restitution, tho toleration everywhere of both
religions, the restoration of the Kleetor Palatine t« his
territories and to the electoral dignity, and the baniali-
ment of the Jesuits, contemplated his on-n elevation to
the rank of King of Rome, must remain nuccrtain. No
alternative was left to Ferdinand but to eall back Wallen-
atein from hia estates, and give him absolute powers in
tlic conduct of tlic war — [Wwitm whieli miule him inde-
pendent of all control, and exempt from liability to
ajtother removal. The battle of Lutzen, in 16S2, waa a
groat defeat of Wallenstein, and a glorious victory for tho
Swedes ; but it cost them the life of tlieir king.
In tlie new phase which the war assumed aft«r tho
fall of GnittavtiK, the influence of Richelien becomes ruom
and more prodimiiuant. The policy of the Cardinid was
to attain the end, whioli French politics had so long pui^
sued, of breaking down the power of Hapsburg, and, ut
the same time, of profiting by the intestine conflict in
Germany, by extending the French frontier on the East.
The ground on which Riclielii-n vindicjited himself for
leiKling aid to Protestants, was, tliat tho war was not a
religious, hnt a polititnl ono. It was the old contest of
Pi-ance ngidiist tho nntbitious effort of the bouse of IIpp».
Qurg, to dotbroy the indopend«nc« of other nations, and
build up a nniversid monnn^hy. This imputation was in
tSO nurTF-STAMtisH m the »ev£a-[eemiu jcNnvr.
s ^H
digiiiuitly dvnied ; nor is Uturo ruuMJtl to tliiiik tlut audi a
dtiHign wiu nvriouifj;,- (uiUsrUuuud l>y tite EtnjMror ood liit
pardsauft. Y«t a complete BUocees in their Diixcd paliUcsl
And religious eiiWq)rLM.*i wouKI kiivv giviiu ihviii il danger'
ous propondttnuice. In the warfare of Phibp 11. agiiioet
FrotestanLifitn, tJto iHi{>n]muoy uf Sptiiii uiul tbc trJur
of tlie CutlioUc ciuisu WLTo iLukud toguther in liis uitl
Richelieu, in turn, was charged with chenslun}; uoi ^\^
uiibitioii iu bcliulf of Frauoo. The accu»atiou h«i
mudi of tnitb, Uiut lio, duubt]c«, uiuiud to nuso bi»^
eountry to Uic ltta<li»g place among the £iu-ope:ui natia
HolLuid helped the anti-Attstrtaa toaguo by cairrying
it« own <xiat4.'»t iigiiiiint tlie troojis of Spain, but wM
det«rred from eiiteving further into the war by a[
hciuuoiis iu ri'ifurvnoo to France, and the coiisoquciu
Uiat would follow Uui uugmeutatioK of Fn^iidi pov
Richeheu had refrained from engaging in the Gc
war, until tlie quelling of the lIugUL-nuts, and the cupt
of Rodielle left hlii liiuidii inns. In return for tliv M
sidiee which he funiiahed Gustavuft, he had been able to
gain from thv wury monaJXih no sharu in the control]
the war, but only the pli^dge Uiut no attack slwuld i
made upon the Catholic reUgion aa such. Oxenatie
the Swedish Ciuiiicellor, on wliom tlio principal condc
of offairB now devolved, was oarcful to rot:un for thQ
Swedw thu Hupienic diruciiun of the war, wludi woa
iu the Heilbronn Treaty of 16SS, when France cnt«(
into an alliance with Sweden and the I'rotestant Stat
^ValIlIn8t«itl bccnnie more and more un object of i
hia imperial master, aa well aa to the League. The CG
nuindur, whom it was now iitipcDwible ettlier to removoj
to control, wua plotting lo arnuige for a peace, in wl^
h« should eettlo witli Franco and Sweden, natisfy tlie Pr
eAtanttt, and [irubably n<siiTvu Bolmiiiiii. na ti reward fnr
bimai-lf. lie hml s'^uiKU'd hia olliut^iH, and coufide<l ia
their fidelity to their louder, 'fhe murder of Vi
rRKDOUISAMCE OF UOIIEUinJ. jtfl
(1634^ iviiA the m^iuis chosen to punish his treiison, and
ftreit tb« threatened danger.
Tlio imjji;ri:U victory in the battle of Nordlmgen, in
16u4, liad till! effect to give to Richelieu the priMlouiiuauce
vhii;h he had long uspirwl nftvr. Thu Swirdisli force nrM
hroken. 'I'he aid of Frnnw Iind now become a ueceesity.i
France imd Sweden wore thcjioefonmrd to have an equal
part in Uie timnsgcniont of the war. Uniitdcnburg wid
Saxony, to whom the cotmection with Sweden Imd ulways
beea repugnant, mado for themselves u sepomtc treaty
vith the Empetor, by which the Edict of Restitation, as
fnr lu they were concerned, waa nbrogated. Tho treaty
between Saxony and tlie Eiitperor wna oonoluded at
Prugue, in 16S5. That the Elector should enter into
tliis dL<(gnicicful arrangement vroB owing, in part, U- lib
jealousy of Sweden, and, in part, to tlio bigoted hostility
to Calvinism, tliat prevailed in his court. Ittchulieu'a
di-sire to build up a Fivtich party among the Gi'i-maM
KCcnKHl to ho nccom])1:!>lii-d, when Uemard, of Weimar,
thdr foremost general, was taken into tho pay of Fntnce.
Yet ncmanl could not be relied on to consent to a pep-
maiieut cession of torntory to that country : in liu te**
tainent, he expressly declared against it. The death of
BerniirrI in 1G.S9 pbux-d the Cardiiuil at thu gutd of all his
efforts; for the pmgFCtitinn of tlitt wnr mia l>-[t in Ute
hands of the French, and the armies cam<' under the lead
of French officers. The character of tin- wnrhiid entirely
changi>d. Protestant states were figliting on the impiirial
side, and paying u hvuvy price U>r tlicir desertion of their
tormiT allicti. Eight more years of war wirrt rwjuirod to
bring lh>- Oiiirt of Vii-nna to coiia<.-iit to a full amnesty
and to the restoratioti of the nOigious [>eHno, involving the
nirrenchtr nf the Edict of )ti«til(itioc : moasurce which
were indispen^tblo to the tvrminiiliou of t)ii< wcnry con*
QicL An ac<iuit!HceDce in these necessary tejins of peace
waa at butt wrung from tho Emperor by hts mJUtatT
ruvcrM-s.
482 pftonBTA-msM is tup. seventeenth tmrnrnT.
The cnivlties inflictoJ diirii)^; this vnr, espedally daring
'tbe last yeara of it, upon rlie deft.'[iaelcs9 people, are iode-
Bcribablft. Tlio popultition of Germany is siiid to liava
diniinifiheit in Uiirty yp^ra from twenty to lifty per cent.
TIiu poptihition of Augsburg vms roduoi-d from cigbty
tlioii.taiul to clglit^ei] tliouBand. Of ttic four tiundrcd
tliouBaiid inhubitants of Wurtomburg as late aa IG-ll,
only forty-light tlioiisand were loft. Citii>», villager,
cafltles, and boiisca innumerable had been burned to the
ground. The burc HtHtistJn of tbo dostniotion of life and
projwrt^' lire appalling.
The Peace of Westphalia, in 1648, oonfirmed the Ecole-
'tfagticnl Rcsi^vntion — fixing, howcror, 1624 naUiCDOmul
year, to decide which faith should possess ecc1<3BiRatical
properties. It niodifit-d tlie j'tts r^ormandi, according to
Trhich the religion of vs\k\\ »tat<t was to bo dct^rininMl by
that o£ the prince ; and in this matter, also, IC24 was
made tJiu norintd y4.':ir. Thitt ix to say, wbaturer might
be the fuith of the prince, tlie religion of each state wu
to bo Catholic or Protestant, according to its position at
thtit date. As to tlioir share in tlic imperial Adminiittration,
the two rcli^ons were placed on a footing of Bubstantial
equality. Religious frccdora and civil equality wore also
extended to tlic Calvinists; only these Uiree fomm of
religion wore to bo tolerated in Uie Empire. Bot the
Empire was reduced to a sliiidow by the giving of tho
power to decide, inatead of a<lvising, in all matters of
peace, war, taxation, and the like, to Uio Diet, and by tlia
allowance granted to members of the Diet to oontnict »1-
lianoee with one another and with foreign powers, pro-
Tided no prejudice should como thereby to the Empire or
the Emperor. The independence of Holland and of
Switzerland was formally acknowledged. Sweden ob-
tained the territory about the Haltic, which Gustavus had
wauled, in nddition to othfr important phices aUnit tJie
North Sea, inid the montliB of the Oder, the Weser, and
KKGLANO CSKEB JAMES I.
MS
die Elb« ; in coDseqitunco of which ceasion Sweden, be-
came a inemlwr of the Gennan Diet. Among the ac-
quisiUons of Fnmce were the three iHidioprics, M<>tz, Tool,
and Verduu, aud the landgraviate of Upper and Lower
AImuvc ; France thuH gikiiiiiig iicot«s to the Rhine. Both
Sweden and France, by becoming guarantees of the peace,
obtained Uic riglit to intorferv in the iiitiMnal affiiira of
Germany. So great was the penalty jmid for civil
discord.
England, daring t]ie reign of the Stuart kings, de
Rcenilcd from the lofty pusition whidi it liiid held among
the European etttea, aa a bulwark of Protesttuitisro.
JaniCA I. (1603-lC2iJ) brought to the throne the highest
notions of kingly authority, and in connection with them,
a cordial hatred of Pi-eBbytartaniam, which his exjwrieucea
in Scotland led him to rogard ua a nnturul ally of popnlur
gOTemment. lie expreaeed his conviction in tlie maxim,
" No bishop, no king." Tlie contrast between obBwiiilows
prcUtes on tlieir knees K>fon> Iiim, and the ministers of
tlie Kirk who pulled his sleeve as tliey ndininistcred tlimr
blnnt rebukes, delighted his soal. lie foond himself not
only delivered fruiii his tormcntorH, but an object of adnta-
tiou. He had ouee siud of the " neighbor Kirk in Eng-
land " tJiat " it is an evil-said mass lu English ; " ' but
be was onred of this avcmion, if it wns over seriously
enbvitiuncd. During the reign of James, the giilf be-
tween the Anglican Church tuid the Puritans was widened,
cbieBy in consequence of two clianges xrhich took place la
the former. The «])iscopal polity which httd been regarded,
in the age of Elizabeth, aa one among vni'ioua ndmisnhle
fonns of Chnrch government, came to bo more and mora
considered a divine ordinance, nn<l in<lU(p(>nHftbltt to the
MnsUtutton of a Church ; so that, as Macaulay expresses
it, a Churdi might as well be without the doctrioe of the
< OiMuirooil, V. 10», 1». Ilurtoii, i-). CU
I
iM PkMESTAHTl^SI IX TUK SEVENTEEMTll CENTt'BT.
Trinity or the Incamution, as without bishops. Tba
oUier cltango waa tite spiy-nU in Uiu AngliCMi Ix^dj-, of &*M
Artulniiui tlieology, which introduced a doctriiuU differ-^
enci; Unit hud nut (;xi»t'.-d Ix-furc, butwocn thi; utitiiblisbpii
Church nad the I'liritana.' As thecoininonouenij', whidi ■
Anglican and Puritan <;onil>inud to oppose, became leas ™
(orniidiible, ttinco tlift great majority of the nation \wtv
now hostile to the Catliolic Church, the two Protefltunt
parties wi?:ru lc» rcstrfttnwl from mutunl cont4>ntJon, and
nrere led by Uie very influence of their oooflict with one
uiothor to sharpen their clmractvrifitic points of difference.
James lost tio time in ovincing his hostility to tlie Puri-
iana. On his way to I^ndou, the Millenary petition,
signed by nearly a thousand niinixtcni, who iiskcd for the
abolishment of usages most obnoxious to the Puritans,
was not only rvcoivud mth no favor, but ten of tliow)
who had presented the pirtition wcro octuiiUy iiiipri]«on<>d
by tho Star Chainhor, on the groiuid that Uieir act tt^idod
to sedition and treason. The pt'titioni^r9 were nut Scpa-
ratisls; they made no objection to epiacopaey. They
complained of uon-residouce, pluralities, and Uke nbui«s,
an<l of tliu cross in baptiJtm, Ui« cikp and Kui'])IioL-. and a
few other ceremonial pecuUaritiea.* 'flic o])pi)rtunity was
prtscnted for a scheme of Conipn-ht-naion, which, Iiad it
been ad()pt4Ml, would have hiul Uk! most important conso*
qucnoes ; but that opportunity was not embraced. In tho
Hampton Court Conference, whcrw a fow Puritan divines
met the bishops, the King treated t}i(> former wttJt
' JwOMKiicdelQgUaUllMSj'nMlof Uiirt,wliORiuIg lu him full npotUot iU
ptMi^dlagL 8«IM of Ibem ho mraidad widi prainnlion In thn Cliorrb. Hn.
HotdLlnsoii. wifdng ol tba InWrval lMl<r<>«n leia anil 1941, iu tho Mxt niga,
ttyt ol tlie docUlno it {mdMliiiaUaD : "At lliat liiup tin* ipul ilottcin* gnw
taac^ oul ot Utbioii wltli llio fnitttt, but iti» gfiienllj fmlimtid b^ atl nJl^
Um and boty ii«r*on* In Uic liud." I,lfi iff Cat. lUiAiumi, p. M fllolm't
•d.). Tlin admitsblc pivlura u< t'uriUii cbinKtrr )i(*»MitDl is Uii* ininwcr '9
maiTed aikl/ bj Ha wriicr'i ilruuK (injudira ■(;<><<■'' Cniinmll. Tim litrntun
ja Ui« hliLaijr ot ArmlnUnliin In Uin HngUth Chmvh U glTCn bjr CaealogfeMk
n< OtfMnurtmd tit Thtalogy •/lis Af/onutwis p. IM Kq>
« HaUam, <b. ti. (p. 171).
KKGLAMD USDEIt J.UIES I. 4i^
DiifainiL'it^ luiil uiKoIuiicc. II« plumet] b!msoU on tlie tlio*
ologtcal learoiiig M\d aouiiii'!ii wliich In- fiiiickHl Iiimifo-lf to
poaeeSB, and wlitch furnitMl ou(> of liis titles to tlie cliatino-
tioD, which his flutt«rers gave liim, of being tho Solomon
of hi8 agy. Tlio praises I;ivishod on him by tlic hishojis,
—one of \vho»i declRrwl thut li« iuiil<mlttf<lly nji'tki- hj- iha
direct iiispiratton of the Uol)' Ghoiit — in wnnection with
tbctr cxtraviigant tb(roiy of royal nutliority, utid of the
eubmisuon owed by tlie subject, filled liiiii with duliglit.
T\m Conferuucu bad ono Tuliuiblw resiUt. Dr. Rej-nolda,
gae of tliv Puritan representatives, and [>i;rliit]is tho most .
leornod nmn in the kingdom, recommetukd that a new or '
Rvised vtiTuoii of the Scriptures &liotild Im prepared ; and
this snggestion Jitnies, who complaiiu'd of c«rtitin iiuus
giitul observations in " the Gcncvw Bible," which were
unfavoruble to the Aikcrediicss of royalty, attif^ht ap and
caused to bo carried out.' The desire of tlie clergy to
cjiluuicc their own autliority by exulting that of the
crown, appears in the ambitious scbemes of llivncroft, tJis
Arcbbishop of Canterbury, whicli encounttsred tbe resist*
ance of CoUe, the great champion of the conuiion law.
As long as Cecil was in i>ower, the foi-eigii politics of James
were not defttitiihi of spuit ; but the timidity of the King,
jomcd with his dodre to marry his son to a Spanish prin-
cess, pravonUld him from cftlciuiitly supporting lus son-iii-
lnw, tho Elector I'alatine, at the outbreaking of tl\f thirty
ycora' war, and moved blm basely to sacrifice Raleigh io
lie vengeance of Spain. His want of common sfnsV' was
nsnifestcd in his attempt to impose episcopacy upon the
Scottish Church. His arbitrary principles of govenimcot,
wliicb he had not prudence enough to pi-eveut biin from
I Tlia Hunjiieii Cuurt Contannca !■ in'jtrttiins ind Imporuul, u prnMntins
tba tlianicl<ti>lli'> n( ilin lira ccclulxtiut pinlci anil ot ihc v>vHvt(ii. KM
a( llie onnunt* ut it ire ilerivtd lima Vt. Barlow'* r(-|»tt. nha wai on Ui*
•ml.l'urUoii ^«. Set Futltr, Cliir^ l/iiiorf, r. 3GC i Xnal, p- li., ch. 1. 1 C«d-
ir*U, Wifc'-irj 1/ fc-Zcnoi'M. p. HI ! Bartod, irt^orj </ Sopllui, t1, Ut m\
UiilUiu iComi. Iliii , cb. rl,} hai .indli) lai ]oft rnnarlu on '.Iib bcbarlcral
lia king vkI ot tlie bUbop*.
186 rSOTESTANTlSM IN THE SEVENTEENIU CEXtTUSt.
ooDBtantly proclaiming, prepared the n-ay for tbe greni
dvil contest that l>r<))c« out in Uio next n>ign.
Charles I. (1(>2.5-1(;4!)> mnde the deliberate attempt
to gorvTD Kngland without it Pari turn viit. Thcro is no
d'^itht tlint it Willi hU dvsagn to umvert the limited mooar-
diy into an absolute one. Although a siocere I'rotes-
tsnt, hi; sympatliixed fully witL what may he tenned th«
RomaDtzinj^ party in the Eugliah Church, or the par^
which »tood at the ^tlii<«t romove from Puritanism, and
nearest to the religious system of tJie Church of Rome.
CltarleB*a treatment of the Papists was Tacillating. Now
the kws woidd be cxucutvd aguimt thf m, luid now lliu
execution of them would be illegally siLipended by the
King's decree. But the oocasionnl scrcritit-s of the gor-
emment towai'da them could not efface the impresNOn
which had bccu madti by the sejiding of an English fleet to
aid in the blockade c^ RocliolU- (ir>2ii), which the F^endi
King was seeking to wtchC from the Ilii^ii'iiots. Ijiitid. an
honest but nurrow-mindcd and superatitious mas, became
Archbishop of CaQt<.Tbury, in ItiSS. To advance, in re-
spect til doctrine and ceremonies, lui near w* jjo^blii to tlia
Roman Catholic eystom, without accepting tlie juris<^c>
tion of the Pope, was Iiijt muiufcst inclination. Ue re-
oorda liis dreama in hia diary. On one iKcnsiou be
dreamed that he wiw lucunvcrtcd to the Church of
Rome.* It was an unpleasant dream, since it related to
a dimgcr that, as he donbUoas felt, attended his mtwa*
urea, but which he lueunt to escape. His impracticabla
cliaracter and Uick of tact, eren James 1. accurately dia-
cemed. " 'Flic plain truth is that I keep Laud bade from
all place of rule and autliority, because I find that lie
bath a restless spirit, and cannot see when inntbuis an
well, but loves to U'ss and ohuDge, ajid to bring ihii^ to
a pitch of reformation, floatiug in liin own brain, which
may endimger the steadfastness of that tvhicli is in a
1 Butoa. niM. •jfSedlaifl, vi. 300.
I
I
I
TUB WESTMINSTEB ASSEMULT.
4VI
I
pass." Of Lund's plans respecting the Scots, James
" He ktinws not tin? Htoiniioli of tJiat peopto." '
By means of tlie Court of High Commiaelnii, a sjiecitis
of ProtestADt Inquisition, tic engaged vr'ith a vigilant and
merciless zeal in the persecaUon of Puritans. Tlury w-i-c
even pro«cc»tvd for not complying with new oeremonie«
wliii-h Laud himself liad introduc('d, and for prcacliing
Calvinism ; and they wore panislied for declining to tvm\
in tlie churchws tlie " Book of Sports," which rvcoromended
gamea and pastiinoR, of which tlioy did not apj>rovo.
Tho Star-Cbainhjr, and the High Commission, are em-
blems, as Uiey wcro effective iiiatrumcnta, of th« (wclesi-
Bsticat and <uvil tyranny to which tho English peoplu
w«ro subjcct«d. Tlie ondcjivor l« force the English
Prayer-book upon Scotland, called out, in 1638, tho
Solemn League and Cuvenunt of the Scots for tho de>
ten»(- of Preshyt«rianiam. In 1*112, hostilities began
between the Long Parliament and the King, tJie imine«
diftte oci-swiun l>eing tlio abortivi.- itttumiA of Charles, in
violation of Ilia ple<lges, to arrest Pyin and hia associatea,
lo the House of CommODS. I'lie samo year Parliament
CODTokod tho Weatminater Assembly to adviiie Uieni in
the matter of reconstructing tho Church of England. At
tl)c outset, a majority of its memlHTrs were not only con-
forming Diinistcrt, but would liave been coiiti.-nt with a
moderate episcopacy. It has been said wiUi truth that
moderate Episcopalians of the school of Usher, and mod-
fl^ate Pr<-»byt<!rians of tlie stamp of Baxter, had little dif-
''flcnl^ in finding a common grotmd on which they eoold
unites A second party which, if not numerous in tlte
Assembly, was growing in the nation, was that of the
Independents who held to tJic scU-govoTning jiower of
tho local congregation or cburob, into the communion of
^B which they would rec«iv« none wlio did not give proof of
I:
I
1 Tb* auUiDrity lorthli •utemaul uf Junu !• lUiliopJobn Hacktt- BntMk
*LI3S.
(3A i>sai>:sTA.STi&H vs teie si:v>:xTEE:NTn centubt.
n
being spirittiul or regenerated pvrsons. Itujetiting Um
govenitnuQt nf prelates and of synods, Oiey favored rol-
nntar; aasociutioDs for counsel, and for the prosecution,
in concert, of Cliristiiin work. The Indi'iiciiilt'nUi vren
denied Uie liberty which Uiey stroTe to obtain at tfaa
bandii of tbu Prvsbytvritms ; aiid Uio rvjccUon hy thorn of
■afibeme of comprehension, whidi would have united both
BoctioDs of the Puritan piiriy, has been deplored, even by
^cal and Baxtvr, adr^icut«8 of the Prc»b}U'ri;tu nystvin.
The Enuitiniifl, among whom in tlie Assembly were
Ligbtfoot and Selden, of all the mombBra the most emi-
nent for tlivtr litiiming, wi-ro. in favor of giving the n^<
latton of .ill eoclefiiafltical affairs to the state. The infla-
enoo of the Scotji, and the necessity of a uni<in witb them,
in order auoxreiiii<fiilly to witb.itaud Charles, were jKiwer-
ful considerations with the whole Puritan body. Parlia-
ment adopted the Sntttixli Covenant, and tlio AsHembly
tliu Presbyterian polity. But ParlLiment steadily Re-
fused to concede to tiiis system a divine tight, or to yield
Mj> its own iiiipn-inney, iia a c<nirt of ultimate nppckL
The Cainniatic theory of the Church, as a dietiiiot poweTt
luwiug the complete right to excommmiictitc its members,
(tr to iiitrrdict communion, was not allowed. It was t>
^int which tlie Scottish influence was not strong enoagh
to carry. The Confession un<] C»t«chism, pn-itared by
the Assembly, were made the Creed of the Church of
£ngliuid, and their " Directory " was put fortli by au-
thority of Parliament, for tlie r^pilatlon of vraraliip, in
the room of the Prayer-book. Between one and two
thousand ministers who refused the new autiiwripliona,
v«rc deprived of tlieir placea.' The Presbyterian system,
similar to that in Scotland, witli the ex*^<']>rn)n that ap-
peals might be tiikon from Uie highest e<'Lle8ia8tical tri-
bauab to Parliament, was now Ivgally estalilishod It
> A> lo the namlMT and chnwtM el lh« tJocM niubtcn^ *m Vsi jjitm
eafSA KtoonifirtHilf, p. 1ST.
I
I
TBI nCDEPKNDC^TS.
489
Englitiu). K»t ihnrtly ntter the new regulations were
pasaed, the Independents, of whom Cromwell wiw tbo
elitpf, »ttaini.-d tn Kupn-ine powiir in tli« stnt«. Tlie con-
HnqiK'noe was, that Presbyterian Ism waa never fully la-
tablislicd in mora tlum two oouiilii':^, Midill^-m'-x und I^n-
aialiire. ('roinwcll sot up a Hoard of " Triers " 'or the
cxiiniinatiou and approval of candidates for biMiefio>» ,
and without tiie ccrtilicat« of this Botu^l, composed n^o&tly
ot Independent divines, no pci^on cotdd takw iiu ece1<;st-
nstictti ofRoc. 'riieir certificate was a eubstituto fur ituti-
tution and induction. But tlie Purltana, wlivn tliey
found tlicmselvcj* in posse^oii of power, inti-rdii-tcd tlm
ufta of tile Prayer-book in private houses aa well iut in
elinrches, and iniituted, but too sticoessfully, tJic pcrsitcut-
ing spirit of their opponents. Cromwell lilniself, in com-
parison with the Puritan leaders generally, was ot a lib-
eral and tolerant spirit. The Independents vtero^ gcn«>
ally speaking, favorable to religious toleration. YeU
it was only a few, at lii'xt, who fully ixIoptiHl tlio princi*
pic tliat the ma^trato should use no coercion whatever
in mutt«rs of religious belief, or the jirinciplu thiLt tbo
state should leave entirely to the congregations the pecu-
niary supjwrt of the ministry. Th« doctrino o! religious
liberty found, at that day, some warm odvoentOH, such
Its Vane, ami John Milton, the ornament of the Indepen-
dent party.
The settlement of New EnglaiKl was u result of tlio
relipous conflicts among tlio Pi-otestants of England.
[n the reign of James I., a oongn-giitloti of IndepiMulents
escaped from iKTsecution in England, under eircum-
stancos of great difficulty and hardship, and found an
asylum in Holhind. A portion of tins church of erai-
gnuits, at Lcyden, having itivived thv Iwncdiction t>f their
' jiUstor, John Robinson, crossed the Attantia in tlie May-
flowi^r. and in Pi-c«mb(T, 1620, liognn the settlement of
Plymouth. Afterwartb, in th« reign of Cluirtus I., bujidt
t40 mOTESTANTlSJJ LS TOE SEVUSIIESTII CKKnTBT.
of nuD-ooiiforniiHta tnim Eiiglniid, oiganizccl the oolunj
M MussadiaaettB. The Plymouth aettlcn vtmu Supmm*
tistii ; tlin MuHttiu'liiiMttfl Mttlors were not. But as Rob-
inson had pivdicted, " uiiconfomuihlv ChmtiiuiM " of btitJi
claaaea, fount) ou dUBimlty iu agruving io Chtuvli principlt^.
u soon lis th«y found Uicmsolves out of tlu< knigdum <4
England, and at full liberty to regulate thoir n-clctsinKtiinil
alTairs fui- tlti^uuclviiit. Ttivy ndoptvd in vumuiuii tin- Con-
grc^tjonal system of Clinrdi gorcrnment Tiie settlen
of Mcv.-Kutcbusi.-Lts orgauizcd a StiiU.- us wll as u Church.
I1i«y fouiidtrd u religious common wenlth ; a cummuriity in
wliii:li all political power wits placed tn the bunds of mem-
bt'rs of tho Cliiirch ; a tli«ocmti« State. Tb«y lmv« been
censured for the practice of intolerance towards oppoueuls
of tlM^ir inx'i'd, and of their cvdcsiastical and political
order. On this point, a distinction is to be luade bctwe<-n
the settlers of Ikfnssachusctts and thoso uf Plymouth.
Among the latter, rcli^ouk liberty was cherished. It is
important to remember that the Massoclins&tte colony
wns iiot a full-blovm commonwealth, but a society or-
ganized under a charter ; at most, an incipient Stat«.
Whiit muy be safe and tolerable in a muttiru. fully
est,nbli»hi-d political community, may be unsafe :uk1 do-
BtruotiTe in an infant so««ty of this character ; espocially
in an age of r<^ligioti3 f(-ri)ii>nt and violent agitation, Ytrt
it most not bo supposed tliat tlio founders oE MflaBadia- ,
setu and of Uio other New Eiighmd oolodlea,
Rhode Island, wbioh ^rere soon after formed, were ad-
rocab!« of " libertj- of conscience." They gcueiiiUy
liercd thnl it belongs to the eivil magistrate to protect]
orthodoxy. They had not advanced to the more liberal
doctrine us to the rights of the in<liviilti;kl, to thit more ro« i
■Cricted notion of the province of the stato, which Inde-
pendents of the school of Milton and Vane expressed, audi
which foi-ini.*d one of the iK'culLu'itii':* i>f l^)gHr Williimis.*'
< AsDnit lb( mulUlurlt of boulu na the (iriacipla* <d Ui* (uonJMsal H«*
KEiGK or CHABLES o.
Uiulcr tlio Protector, Eo^juid once more took Ute high
Mid coraniiuiding pliico in Europe, wliich nlio liixl lost
since tLc death of Elizabutb. Heavy blows were struck
ftt tlie SpnniBli monordty. Protcsbuits. ^v)M^^cve^ tliey
wiTe Of^pceeoed, found in the English Kuler a defender
whose nrm vrm long Miotigli to Binico tbvir luaculiinto.
Tlio English people, after the dcatli of Cromwell
(t068), \rvrv morv and morv impatk'ut of thu rule of
the anny, and yearned for Uieir old iitsUtulioiui of gov-
emisent. Uonoe they gave a cordial welcome to Charles
II. (1660). The fatal ini.-tt»kv was mode of ^v^^utnl^
from him no formal guaranties of civil and religious
libor^. The rmtoration una effected by » combinod
effort of the Presbyterianfl and Ui» Episcopalians.' 'Hie
Presbyterians had stood aloof from the extreme meas-
ures of the reigning party under the commonwoalt]) :
the Prtahyteri.iu members ha<l been expelled from Pa^
liamcnt before the trial of the King. This party had
warm hopes, not only from the ngoney which thuy hftd
exerted in briogbg back the King, but also from his
promi«c». In the Declaration fmm Bruda, prior to his
return, Charles had declared that no man should "be
disquieted or called in question for diiTorvnces of opinion
in religion vrhich do not diHttirb the pence of tlie king-
dom." He had promised "a liberty to tender con-
sciences " and " an indulgence " to bo socttrcd by Act
of Parliament. The Worcester House I>eclamtion of
tlie King, shortly after the Restoration, more than eon-
firmed these pledges ; but they wore all to be fabiifiwi.
England, ws mcj nt«r m Piilny't tciarnkt uul abU ffUorj ^ lt*m E»glaa4,
wl. 1. 1 U the LMtnrti of |ir. UcorKfi K. t3li* on Tit Almi Mit i^ryoM* ^
|A< fWoifer* tf JfamthiutUi, uiil TIktIr Tr»altnit <^ tMndm ami D»
tMiHUM, and lo IliiKtriaH DUtnuna, \rf LmuuM Bmoii (IS»).
• Var^m, L\ft 0/ OonavD, In Un gtulam»» ^ At ONHMBvuitt, roU. til.
Hid IT.; T. <^tvl«, Luitn ami SfitAtt ^ Olhtr CWawrit (3d M.. IMT).
Uau'dw Iha Eaulinb liUIutiuui. Uime, Cbrandan, RiiititiD, XacanUy. *n.l lii*
•(ban. *• ttn, on Ibb prrloil, tlu •ork< of Uuiiot. Hiif^ty of 14* /ajlTdl
AauiwfiM, aod /An. t^ Vrm<nU, Ui C>-M«v'>-r'u''A, ■■■*< I** lUMtntku
<1SA4-»TI.
442 pRtnESTAXTrssi ra the sETESTEEvni cesttist.
n
The PrMliyu-ritns found thoniM-lvos docoived. Charlw
wiu liiiuM-lf » good-nnturod wnaiiaUat, secretly fond ol
the Romisli Cliiircli, to whirl] ho dmfonnud on jiis dcntb-
had. But had he been disposed to be imlnlgetit ta Pnri-
(anism, tlie vruxe at the AngHoun Rravtion, whicb nae
higher diiy by thiy ; llm lli-iirtimi in whirJi n ttindrtr mnti*
ment ot loyalty to the fiunily of the King was mingled with
reoentment aguimtt tlio juirty by wlio«o iiwtnmientiility
his fiitlKT hud been brought to the block, and uilh lot'o
to tba Church, which hud fallen with the throne, might
liiLvc binderoci him from mrrying out his inclinntion. Tho
otiti-Fiiritaa nieaamva had the ]>otcnt stij»iwrt of Clar
endon. The Suvoy Conferciioe, in Mny, 1661, betwMtt
twenty-one Anglit'^i, and sa many Presbyterian diriniM,
after acrimonious deb:it<.-)!, in which tlte Chnrciimen
xliowvd no dis])(j»ition to ccHne to an nccoinmodiitiou
with tlieir opponents, which would luive retained in the
Church a vnst number of itblo and useful ministers, broke
up without any result. Thus niiotlier great npporiuui^
(or Comprehension, for converting the Anglican establuih-
meut into a Broitd Church, in whit-ti. with uuifunnity in
emcjitiaU, there aliould bo room for diver«ty in thiiigx of
leas moment, wa* thrown away. The Episcopal eyiitem
was r»-iastatcd by Parliament. It was renuin-d that nil
miuistora who had not been ordained by bishops should
reeeivR epincopnl ordination ; that all winisten should
make a declaration of unfeigned assent and oonmiit to
the PrayLT-l«>()k and to the whole system of the Churdi
uf England, should take the o»th of canoniual ribi-<lience.
abjure the Solemn League and Covenant, and, moroorer,
solemnly abjure tJie doctrine of the lawfulness of taking wp
arma against the King or any commissioned by him, on an;
pretense wluitaoever. Two thousand ministers — mauy
at whom were among the best in the kingiiom, men Uln
Ricliard Baxter — who refused to comply mth the terms
rf tiie Aet of Unifonnity, were in one tlay, in Mi&i, ejeetec
RJCCnOli OF CUKIT.Ul UlKISl'EKS. 448
from Uieir livings.' Thia bard meaAiuv may, to Iw mre,
be looked npon as a rctnliatioti for wliat utM done to tlio
Episuupal dJurgy iindur llie Ijoiig ParlL-inieiit. But thoBe
who rojected tbe Coveoant i-eeetvcd a fifth of iiw iiicomo
of Uifir place*, for Uic iHipi>)y of tlivir iii»[iMliat« nec^asi*
ties. In their case, also, tliero was a great political di-
Ttaion, n civil war in wliieh tlic ej<!Ctcd ministers werv
agiiiiiNt titc I'lu-liaiueut ; wlule tb« miulsten who wcro
ilnven from thoir pariaJiet in 1662 wcro loyal support^TB
of Charles, nithout wliom he might never have obtained
his throne.
Whoever would form a vivid idrJi of the diimorali7-*tioa
of tlie Knglish Court, shoitld road the Diaries of Pepj-s
ami Ev<-]yn, both of thvni Royatistx, and the l.'ttter n man
<>t i'levHted eltaract«r, as welt aa of high ctilturc. Men
who had riaked tlieir Uvea for the fallett dynasty, bat who
retiiinvd i««n« rcapwrt for morality and de<.*»cy, wero
ooRii»elle(l to hide their heads witli mortiticatioa ac the
Hlutiaelras profligacy that was ciicoiinigcd by the cxnitipio
of tlie King.
In 1070, Charles 11. ontvred into the •ccret trcnty vritli
Loim XIV., which hnii bi^n described as "a coalition
against the Protestant faltli and tho Ubortic* of Eiimpi'."
■ It was agreed that CharloK, »l tlie fittiot; tinu-, ]«hoid<)
avow himself a Catholic, and, with tiiu help of I/iius,
establish the Cntliolic religion inid a1i»'>tutc government
I DnaiiMMt ntaliaff lo lit StilUmtml ifti* ChvrA i/ Knghtul if (Ir Art
•/ CTiifAmAy, ISn. iLoodan, 1B0S-) Tbia Sa i valuiblt compllnijuii. An
mirllml monucnpli on tti* Italnralioii in ilr mluiiiMJnl nipvaW, w tb* work
Pt !U«Licli1'>ii, C^t•lvi omt 5Mf« Tvo l/yiulrrJ I'ran Agi : fn-m 1«M I*
liiSa llWii. n» l^t nitrf TT-Mii>/ RlfkirJ finz«r, <• > in«<l IcHmrliTt
•u'l rrilvrtiiainji voDlentpvninmiiii ■ultiiinlj'. HaiTn' pliycd * |iRiniiiw«l
|fan 111 iba CTtnlt of th* pofod. U hit n;hoIuth>i> wu nut iceuralo, bit nad-
\ag ma i-wt. Hi* miud vu icul* anil IvrHlv, lod hU fiitv wm hDnorad (y
lii> iili-fruriai. Bui ID puUlv alUEn, ba xu •iof^luty dtililiiU of lacl, wrf
b< bail ■ Diott tttattnt^i talib iu th* tittetejr at illKpulaUoiM ud id "» (nt
nrninur}- diatiiii.-llnni'." *hin biHlilc partto wen ta ba tecoidlMt. On tW
InttniMit et Rtxint and lilt iMoeiaui ia WU, tlwrv «M (tod nanailu br Col»
^H lidx* ill bii Nutwon th* Dill I'iviniu ':] 'tag imlini: K'^tt em BatUr'i Lfft ^
t
■
I
M4 flOtlSTA-VIISJI IS THE SEVENiraXTH CENTUHT.
in Engliuii]. Ill n;tuni, ClinrlM wm to lit'lp Louis in tui
aiubitioua tltimgiis upou the Meth«rliai)ds. 'J'hu tluiniiiioni
of Spa.ii) ill Amorica -wn, if practicable, at .1 laUiV day, .
to bo dividfti between the two oootnciin^; powura. It ii^|
liardly jirobable that Louis expected to coi-rj* imt tin* plut^^
oontiiiued in this trmty, »» far lut tltu forcible establioii-
meot of tltit ('.itholto T«lt^ioii in Engliiiid ia cuncunio;!. ^|
It was enough for him, if tbu King and Pitrliuuii;nC ^
reniniuvd in u coiwtiint diugroemimt, und if Eiij^luod
could be at leaat preveiitnl fnHn interfering iritli iiis fl
ecbemcB of conqufxt. TIr> hositutiim uf ('harlira nboat >
profening bis CuUioUci»tn retarded Lbtt uiovoniiitil for tlm
ocoDropUshmeat of tlto treaty. Strenuous oppumtioii bad
Kprung tip in I'arltaineiit to tliv Kin-;, nud vai>t;ciivll>- to bi«
brotlior, tlie Duke of York, who was an avowed Ciitholio.
Fr(«h sovvritius against Dlsseiitcra wcru undi^rtukun, for
the purpose of oonciliaLing tiie Anglicau clergy. Tliu nrad
deeiguH and policy of Charles became evident, after the
oouuneDcemi'iit of tliv war against floUaiid. lu 16T3, a
Dodaration of Indulguuco, Rtispeiiding tlie penal Uws
agiuusl Dineiitera, vraa issued, for tbo purpuso of winning
tiieir support, or of deluding them into a fnlae aonao of
•ecurity. Cliarlijs H. died in 1C86.
JatDt's IL, with the same subsei-vicncti U> foreign poir-
ew, and tlm sainv aibitmry notions of govonnnent wliicb
had belonged to his brolhcr, was of a slower and mor«
obntinabo mind, iind differed from Cliiirli's iu chvrinliing
» siiicere and bigoted atlachnient to tJie Catholic religion.
In 1686, the Court of High Commission, which Itad hc^m
abolished forever by the Long Parliament, was roviviid,
and the notorious Jeffreys placL'd at its head. Finding
that the Epbcoiwlians wi-ri>: not to bu won by Ibo p<>r-
iii>vuti(>n »f iliK [*uritans, the Declaration for Liberty oi
Conscience vtaa issued in 16S7, for the sake of enlisting
Ui4i Diseientery in Imhulf of his scJtemc of arbitrary govcro-
tivnt. flowcver junt the measure might be, it tnToIvetJ
BKVOLU-riOK OF 1«8I.
446
in itaelf IV violent stretch of prepogativ*. But it was rocog-
nizctd HI) a part of u sehcitw, wliioli, if accoinplisbed, would
bring upon Nout^onfnrmista and Cliui-chmtJii alike u ro*
Dewa] of pwrei'ciitiou in the mostt min!li>i>tiiiy forra. The
combinutjon of parties, which was produced by thu plot
of Jamt-B for eubverting thu Prot'-slsmt religion and
eeLibliabiiig Popery, gave rise to thit Ut?volution of tGSS,
and tliu fstublisliinvnt of William of Oningu npoti Uto
Uiriine, who bad mnrriiKl ttie eldt-iit daughter of James,
»nd bad defended Holland and Pmtestanlisin agiiiuKt th«
ftfSHults of Louis XIV. At tliu nciTKKiuu of Wiiliam and
illary, saya Ilallain, " the Act of Toleration was passed
with little dilliculty, though not without inurmunt of tin
bigoteil ChnrcbtiuMi. It exempts from the penalties of
existing Btatutea against separate conventicles, or absenoo
from till! osUiblisbcd worship, eucli ikS •bould take the
oath of allegiance and subscribe to the iJeclaration
against Popery, and such ministers of »i;]3aratu con-
gregations as ^botild Htdtacribe the thirty-nine Articles of
tJie Cbtirdi of England, except tbruu, und u part of a
fonrth. It gives, alao, an indulgtince to (junkers, nith-
out this condition. Meeting-houses aru required to bo
roistered, and nre proti-ctiHl fmin insult by a peimlty.
No part of this toleration is extended to Papists, or such
BH deny thi> Trinity." Tbo subscription to tho Artidea
of Kaitli was praetieuUy ilispcnmd with ; " tbougli," wills
Ilallam, "such a genuine toleration as Chriatianity and
philoflophy alike demand, had no phico In onr statutu
book before the reign of George HI."
The ministry of William III., wben they introduce
the Toleration Act, introduced, also, u (\>nipr«'ben^^i(i
Itilt, which releiisod Noticonformists fi-om the neoesMty
uf Duliscrihing th« Articlos luid H<»tiilii-s, and delivered
'bem from the obligalion to fidfiU <wr(3ui ceremontus tlmt
wev: ni(i«tt obnoxiouH. Hud this scheme been adopted,
Presbyterians would liav« betii iulmttti>d U> tlie diiu^gtt
446 PlIorESrAHTIMt tN the SCVENTK£2irrH OBMTntr.
of pariahM mthout ro-ordinotioo. It foiled b>' tbo fonN
of Utu oppunttion U> it i» C<)iivoc»t!on. to wliidi it vnt
reierivd. Modecitto cburchiiiea, Uku TtUutsuii, Uurnet,
Stilliiiglloot, Patxick, and Bevtridgc wisro outJiumbvred
by tbofte who weiv reAolutely arerse to uny modiUcationti
of iLi! Pruyer-book. Tbc rucuwuru wa» lost, jiurtl^ fi(>iil
the stroiiglli of Uum Aiiti-FiiriUui feeling, jiiii-tly froia
tbfl fuct that IndcpciideiiU, UaptUta. uiid QiULkiini were
left out of thu uxraii<;iMiiont, whiUt wiut )(lui]H:d for thu
benefit of the I'resbyteriAn ministvn exduatroly. The
fear uf strengtbL'iiing tliu Chureli too nucli, which vnut
apt to l)« nil ttlly wf aibitrary goveriiiu«Dt, uiflueuced, in
Boinv degree, the minds of certain etatcsnivn. The great
danger couiiuctvd with this meiuiun!, u danger that wu
better appreciated afterwarda, waa Uutt of giving a gre&t
tftugmentuion of Htrengtli to tlw party of non-jun>n(, who
bad forfeited their benefices rather than acknowledge tlifl
new dynudty, and who, bad tho Liturgy bci^n remodeled,
might have grown 'mto n povrci'ful Hoct. It is nUited,
aIiK>, by Hallain and Macaulay, that the I'roebytertiui
niinistvrs, who ut thu head of largu diiirohi-si in lyondon,
bad a much higher and more comfortable station tlum
full to tb« lot of tlio (]<^'geiierate anil ofleii ill-trvsited
parish clvrgy, were hikewann in favoring llie adojttjon
of tho sclieme. If not decidedly opposed to it- That thwy
took thifl position is, however, qiK^tioiiud by other well-
totonned writers.'
The Revolution of 16S8 lod to tim peniianent estub-
lishmcnt of the I're«>byteriait ns the national Churt:b of
SootliJld.' Undur CbarW U., KpUcojuwy was I'Sbtb-
Ufibed by law in Scotland, altliougb tioinn hititiule wiu
granted, under the name of Indulgence, with rt^{pu-d to
Uie fonns of public worship. A fieivu rr.-sisUii)oe was niad«
I Vku^han, f. Ul. Hm cbwMtw a( tlie •clifmc and the pRiNediNCi »
CooToailua an tiMj dMcribod b^ Uiciutn/, Ui. U( pih\.
■ Sm lUIIain, Caul, //ui., cli. xrlL Munulny. Illn. 1/ i:HfUtJ tOtpm
iH.«4.). lITli II. loaMq-t IUM)-, loi: ki.3ti.im.
^
»
fWSCh; AFTBB THE DEATH OF HENBT 17. 447
hry adlier«iit« «f tlra CoTcmant during this reign and in
the reign of .T.im(>a II., at wliosc inntiinco it was made a
uapitul offfDHc to preach iu a Presbytemu conventicle,
or to att«nd nicb a meeting in the open air. Jamea
wanted to have the Koman Catholioii delivered from the
opeiRtion of ponid laves, but to allow no favor to tlic
Covenanters. 'Ilie conces-tionfl which he wsh at Inst cont-
pellcil to make to them were reduced to the narroweat
compftas. But thej- otood by their cauao with etubbom
InaverT, through all those troubled
VThuM tclio riagi Uitou^ ScoUiuiil U> Ibii hour."
In 1690, the system which was obnoxious to tho body
of thv. Scottisli pc-ople wns abolished, and the synodica)
polity established iu ibi ])L'u;e. In Uie conrm of Uiis
revolution, the vindictive fury of the populace was ex-
presBcd in outrages upon the E]>iscopal clergy, who
Boffered numerous indtguittte. lit tJie hmguage of the
time, they were " rabbled."
Henry IV., at the time of his death, was jnst ready to
intervene in the afTain of Germnny, in purtunnce of the
traditional Prendi policy, whicli looked to the reduction
of the power of Austria, and Uiu enhirgenient of the
boundaries of France. In tlio ten years Uiat followed hi*
death, after Sully bad retired from office, when the
government was in the hand* of Mnry de Medici, tlta
factions which had been held in restraint, were once mora
let loose, and the path which Henry Lad entered w&t for
the time abandon^.
To maintain an alliance witl) Speun, which was to be
oemented by a double matrimoninJ connection, was the
purpose of the Queen. Noble* who were disaffected with
the government, conrted tlio support of the Huguenots,
from interested motives. Those influences, in ccmjuno-
tinn with tho various sort* of peneoution to which thej
PBOTBSTANTBU IX TUK SKVETTEESTH CETTITBT.
wen ooaatantly subject, by Ute pflnuianon, if not St tht
Instigatkiii (if ibo gorenuneni, aod througli tho IiostUe
preaching of the Jesuits, kept tJie Hugueaot <diarcliee
in » statu (jf pt.T]>ctuu] ahirni aiid difiooolcnt. rhair
ooiiitflelfl were divided, soiiio advUing a reoort to anosi
aud others, like tho agud Da Plossis Moiuay, advicbg
liatk-i)C«. The iiivaj<ioD of Lower Navarre aitd Bciare
)>7 the King, in 1020, the seinire of Churdi property,
which hiul long bvcn in the hiuids of tli« ProUwtante.
and tlie infliction of atrocious cruelties iii>on then: moved
the Natioua) Synod, In 1621, by a small mnjaity, to
docidc npoii war. Tliv Hugiu>iiat<t, u gnsat part of wbon
remained poatuve and neutral, were worsted, but tlie sue-
cessfu} reastance of Moataubon, and* in the nvxX year,
o( MontpellittT, led to n treaty in which the Protes-
tants were i:oDfirmed in the possession of (heir tvligioiu
rights, and Montnuban and RochcUe were still left in
their hands. Their pecultiir circunutanuca gave them
more and more the chara-'ler of a political party, with
wlticli maluontonUi of all shudtut wuuld naturally ally
tlieuiwttvcs within the Icin^li'in, and which would borrow
Btivngtli by a connection wiUi the Prot«itiiiit« o( other
coiintTicH. A epirit of hrwlilitv to tiw Crown and a love
of indepondence woidd naturally grow in tlie Huguenot
tBXiks ; and this took placu at the mPi' time when the
Crown was entering upon the work of fully subjugating
feudalism.'
With the reign of I^ouU XTII., and the adniinistrati3ii
of Rialielieiu tiiere was a return, at rt^ards fordgn affairs,
to the policy of Henry IV. The lUm of Ilichelieu (1634
42), a£ far i\6 the government of Fmnce was concerned,
vas to consolidate the monarchy, by briiiying thw ari«toc-
mcy into thorough subjection to the ICiug, and by inflicting
ft dmdly blow on tho old npirit of fcudjit iudoiwndoni<e.
Under him began the prooeu of oentrnlizntion, of ofhcen
> D« Filic«, li;tl. d. Pnl. a. Fr^mtt, p. SOT.
TnS CnARACTEB AMD fOUCC Ot KICDEUEU.
449
»
I
I
»
ApptMutcd iuiil piud by tlio gorvniment, wliioli woa Ml;
d«v<!lopc(l in KranoH after tlio great Ilt-volntioii. BU
policy involved ilia annihilation of tlic Huguenot party,
AS 11 (lUtinct p»liticnl orgnnimtioit, a stutu witliiu tli«
elate ; and Uiis ho accomplishod nlien La RochoUe, the
lost of thi'ir tovmti. fell into his humlH (1628).
Thf! foreign policy of KichelJBu rei«iv»'a tho gcn«nil
npplauso of Fi-onchmpn ; not so his domestic rule. Tho
inlt-roKti* of the State nuiBt ]>revaii owr ovcry other eon-
nideration. This was his &rat maxim. To tliLs end,
ulusoliite obvclienoe must he exacted of uU orders of men,
and dieiobniience be puiiiiihod with nnivlenting severity.
The Prince must allow no interference of tho Church or
the Popo with the rights of the civil authority. Nobles
inn»t h<: jirevciited from oppresning the jwople, and muwt
eer%'e tlie State in war. The Judges in Parliament must
he kept from interfi-ring with the pKTogntJvwi of tl«
Crown. The people must be kept in absolute aubjection,
and bo subject to burdoiu not so heavy iw to crush them,
nor BO light aa to induce them to fotget their subordi-
nation. Care diould nitlier be had for tho culture and in-
stnitrtion of a part of the nation, tlian trf the whole, which
might be mischievous.' Ilieholieu aboUsbfid anarchy, but
he ni:ulu tt poxetble for thtr selfish and ruinous dnpotism
of Lonifl XiV. to arise in its phioe. His d«8tntction of
the political power of tho Huguenots left them open to
the deadly assaidtJt of rulers mon; funaticul than Iiimaelf.
Hud be been inclined, or if inclined, had he l>c«n able, to
draw the Huguenot power on his side, and to use it
Hgninst Spain, t]te final result might have bwn happier
fur France.' In tnith, the capture of La Roclielle gave
an impulse to the emigmtiou of Protcstunte, and France
I KIcluUeu't [nllrlMl TslamMit I* well tpltmniiad bj lUaMtT. p. OSO. M
tbc put uiin liy RIphFllpu In tbt compel tioD of tlir TwtipHiit ud Uetntlri,
■a lUnkr, T. 137 Kq., llirt-o. xl. MI aeq.
* Hartin ■■f* ol On Uaaataal inrly ihal it tcliinlr>t Ibc rnvroaoliiag
■an o( dNpctUm. "lli«ux eUI vtlu luctr In Bwlitlob lut I K«pw9t pbi
ioO PEOIvaTAKTISM IS THE SKVISTIKKSTH CE^^^CRT.
to loae tbe most valuable portion of iU popiilutioii.'
rAbroad, lUchelieu juuti'd with Sweden and with the Prot-
Mtmnb of Uvrniatiy in uutking war upon iho IIap»biu]g
dj'nas^, and succeeded in bis double purpose of biviiking
down the imperial powwr, uud oinplifyiiig the territory of
Fiaiice. Tlie wm-k of Richelieu was carrivd forward iD
the same spirit by Maxarin, in the early part of the rei;
of Louis X.IV. 'i1ie dosigit of tbis inoiiarvb was to vaakt
biinseU an absolute ruler in France, even in ecclesiastii
affairs, without an actual svpaiatitm from the Papowy ; in
otliur words, to imitate Henry VIII., aa far as was compat-
ible with miuntaioiDg Uie coimectitm of the Frciiefa
Church with Rome ; and, in rebition to foreign powers, be
aspirTMl to hn the dictator in tlie European comntonwooltb.
Ilifi qujuTol with the Popo, his pcnecution of the J.an9en-
ista, und liis persecution of tliu Huguenots, uiu tho tbiee
principal events in bis domestic religious policy. His coa-
trovcrey with Innocent X., grew out of tbe King*e attempt
to iixtt-ud thv right called la r£gah — Uiat is, tbe rigbt to
appropriate the revenues <^ a see and temporarily fill tlie
vacancy, until a new incumbent should take tho oath i^
fidelity to tbo King — to extentl tliis pren^tjvu over Bur-
gundy, the old English portion of France, and portions otj
the kingdom, wWro tho privib-ge in question boi
to tbe local eccle^astical authorities. Ho required the Ti
■als' oath of Uic bishops in tbeso districts, and tbey were-'
Mipportcd in their refusal to grant it by the Pope. Under
tbe pontificate of Innocent XI^ the jVaserably of the
French Clcrgj', ui 1GS2, supporting the views of the
King, pa.ssed the famoos four propositions irf Gallioan
iIq lt» il'tniiN. Kldidltu n'abiua putiild* m vlcloit*. miiU II nndit fadbl na
uilM il'mi nbuwr »\ii^t luh La Koclictlc debnut, ou n'cfli onf ruUunr I'tndM
pmii'ivllnru cl riviiqiicr I'Mii tie Nsnlei." li. 3DT. Mii:twlct obiWr»«« llul
Baiir^ IV. uid Klclidku both aliDsd ax nMiontl unilj, bul I17 dWcmil niunt
— tJi> llnl hv iliD UK, Ui« Mcond by tbe iluInicUon ul tbe viul lopcta. B(A
Jt fnMct. ji. Ml- I'poo Eidicllca*' pcnwniJ Inuu, Mt SlunimEli, .7uf. lia
fnujau. xxIiL. 1 Mq. Kaolin Jaitgu liim inura (avonU/.
1 Dmiliti, TJn Uvgatnott in Knglund, «U:., 1S8T.
JAMBDQSll.
461
.iberty : tlmt Uie Pope has aatbority on]y in spintnal
piatbera, not over kiiig» luid prinvra; tluit tlic notliorit^
ol u Gotiftral Council ia above that of the Pope ; that llio
Pope ia bound by thu Cliurch biw», and by the particular
itiHtitu Lions and uafiges of the French Church ; and that
the doctiina] decisions of tho Pop<> are not irrcfonnable,
luili-w they arc supporbKl by tlte concurrence of the
whole Church. The long controversy was at langth
iidjuftt4>d by on aocotnmodiition, undvr Innocent XII., in
vhich Louis retained his prerogative, which had formiMl
the original subject of dixpiite, but gave up tlie four
pi-opottitions. He allowed biHhops to retract Uieir assent
to them, bnt would not suffer them to be compelled to do
m, Bo«sn«t tud awiitncd the j>otit of a Ut«niry cluiinpion
of tike Gallican theory, in behalf of the King; but, tn
conscquenco of the settlement just rvfvrrcd to, hi« oelc*
bratcd work against the ultramontane type of Catholicism
did not see the light until 1780.
Jansenism was a reaction within the Catholic Church,
agninst the theology, casuictry, and gcuursil spirit of tiio
Jesuit order. Molina and other tlieologians set up a mid-
dle type of doctnne, between the system of Augustine
and that of Pttlitgius. The MoUnists ingeniously resorted
to the will a cooperative part in converahn. Jansenism was
A njvjvml of thu Augustinian tenets u[)on the inability o(
the fallen will and upon efiicaciotui grace. In this respect,
thu Jansouists were on the same path us the Iteformers .
but, unlike these, instead of going bn«k of tlio Fatlien
in order to abide by the teaching of Scripture, they
TOstod tipoii {wtristic authority and were content to follow
tnplidtly the great founder of Latin theology.' Bajua,
prof'.-ssor at Louvain, towards the end of the sixteentll
century, led the way in this re-asaertion of Angnstinian
principles. Bat it was Jansentus, also a professor at
Uouvain and Bislwp of Ypres, and his teUow>sttideaL,
■ Uukc. ITuUfS Iff At P^M, lit. 143 nq-
162 rKOTCSTAXTISlt IM TOE SEX'BTTEENTII CGNTDIT.
N
Duv(n;^cr, Abbot uf St. Cyrun, who sulMequontly g»v«
a new impetus to the movement. St. Cyrati, Pascal, Ar-
nwild, Nicole, itm) tlivir muodutcs, wbo were calltni Port
Boyalists, from tJietr relation to the cloister of tiiat name,
become the letulers of t[iu purfy. If we glance ^ the
Jesuit fraternity a^ it waa in the middle of the soTentPcDtb
century, tre find thut its eliiinicler bud iiltvrcd for tlie
vone.* ItB profcflsed membeni were no longer confined
to spii'itual duties, but shar>_-^l with the coadjutors tbo
niaiiiigcmcnt of (.'ollo;^ and tlio udminiiitrfttion of sucuJur
nffnira. 'llie religiou.i fervor that hod existed earlier, waa
vory much cooled. The obligation to renounce property,
as a private poe»'NUon, wiia i^vadcti. A " mercantilo
spirit " crept even into tlie inBtit^itions of education which
hrwl been cjttablisln-.l by thi- urdi'r. In tlie room of do-
fending Uic I'apacy, it guiitrraliy Aided witli Franco in tbo
contests with the Holy See. By the policy adopted in ita
Asiatic miHMit>n.t, tin- .U-nixl ordi-r nt length camo into con-
flict with the Capiichina and Franciscans, as it had of-
fended the Dominicuns by opposing the doctrinee of
Thomas Aqniiuut. 'Ilie Jcttiits gmduaUy ceucd to b«J
absorbed in a great object, the restoration of the Papalf
dominion and the extviwon of it over the globe, and di-
rodt.^ tlieir ciiergicfl to tlii! presiu'viitlon of thi^ir own
power. But it was their lax ethical maxims, which mora
than any other cause, undermined Uieir reputation. The
" Provincial Letters " of Pascal, in which their loose ciwu*
istry was cbaHtiHod nnth the kecut^t satire, inflicted upon
tiicm a deadly wound. While the Jansenists, who wwe io
favor of the independence of the Churcb, in opposition to
alti«montanc iisiirpntions, sujiportx'd the King in liis con-
flict witli the Pope, they enjoyed the royal favor; but
wlien tbey set tliemselvi-s against. bt» elTort to bring tlie
Church under liLs feet, he turned against ihetn irid gave hit
ear to tlie inimical suggestions of the Jesuits. Finally, ic
> KanhA, HI. til wq.
PEBsectrriox of the uccuoors.
408
ITlOi lio |tiiUud tlunni the cloister of Port Royul, und bcm*
iabed Che JiiiiM-nittt Imdent. In 1708, Cl^niftit XI. liud
i»«ed a bull, prohibiting the "Moral RoflectionB" nf
Qufsiicl, It work wliicli Iiiul L>ut;n npprorod by BoBsuct ttiid
by Nosiillefl, the Ardibiithap of Paris. Thia was follon't'd
by a heavier blow at iLo Jaiisuuist party in 1713, in the
[onn of the famous bull, l/nifftrnitut, whidi explicitly con*
demiied one hundred and one propottttiona of the samaj
Iwok. The Pope wiw fonx'd into this action by t)M
French Court, under the influence of Father Le Telhcr,
who had declared that there were more than a hundred i
n-nsurahle propositions in thit hook. Clem<^nt was obliged
to make good the declaration by condemning one hundi-ed
and one. It vita not tlid Jansenists alonr, but all true
Citdlicans, who were attaeltml ui these proceedings. This
controversy was continued in the next reign, after the
death of Louis XIV., between t!ie Oppotunt* or Apprll'
anta on the one hand, and the Aeaeptantt or C'omiilulion-
aire», tJio udversnries of the Jaiiscnista, on tlic otliw.
The Papal authority was brought to bear against the
Junsenist opinions, in ttubscrvieiipv to tht; dictation of tliu
Court, and tliia coercion had n demoraliidng effect npon
tlie French clergy, nuiny of whom wore forced into a de-
nial of their real oonviotions. The Jansoniata aurvivitl in
the aeparatist archieptscopal Church of Utrecht, and still
Rtoru in comhtnutioTi with the t^ndfncies to libi>r»lt!*Hi,
out of whicli grew the political and reli^oos revolutiona
that marked the clote of thu last ovntury.'
TL4- Hugiienotx, under Kichelicu and Mazarin, had beea
protected in their religioua froedom. It was only as a'
political organization that thew stntntmeu had made mr j
npon tlKDi. After the death of MnKirin, in IGCl, a
party that naa hostile to the Pr<>teHt;uits gained an in-
rrvauug inllnejio,' orcr ih" King, whose jiersoual vicet'l
IFOTO attended with forebodings of remorse, and with 8i»-
4&4 ntOTESTANTCSM IN TRK SEVKKTllKNTU CKKTUST.
pentitiouii H»xi<-tivjt that sought relief in the p&rBot.iituu!
at heresy. Ho fi'U uiidor tli» inQuBDou of h'w Jiwitit Con*
fessor, La CliiLtsi', wiUi whom were joiiwd tlie war-minift-
ti-r, lii« MarijiuA du [^uvois, and eren Madam Maint
lu5 wife, formerly a I'roU-sUiitt. Henoe Uie great attemf
tu nink« proselytei by tttn use of nil variotiae of cruelly'.
" For many yean," says Martin, tho govcmmi^nt of Lnaif
XIV. "Iiad been acting towmrda tl» Reformiitioo aa
tuH-arda n victim entangled in a nooeo, wluch i» dntt
tighter and tighter till it 8tnu)gle« its prey." Declara-
tioiiK und vdioU of tlie moat Of^raBsire chAiacter liod fol-
lowed one another in rapid siictxwsion. At length tliu
atrocious ocbumc of the draffonad«, or the billeting of
BotdJcra tu Huguenot familiea, was rusorbed to. Over tlie
pretended coQTorHion& uftvctcd by sueli means, th« protli-
gate rulera of France sang pruaes to God. Lotiia XIV,
tiudi'STori'd to quivt bis own foar of bell by making a
bell for bis unoiTending subjects. The penalty of
was denounced against atl converts who relafMed to tiie^
Huguenot fitiUi. In tliu course of tlinw ymrs, fifty tliou-
mnd families had fled from the country. In 1685, tlio
Edict of Nantes, the great charter of Protestant tiglita,
was revoked. Tbo cliurchcs of the Huguenots wer«
■eixed ; and altliougb emigration was forbidden to tlie
laity, not far fi-om a quarter of a million of refogeea ea-
caped, to enricli Frotestimt countries to which they nv
moTvd, by their skill and indnstry. Many remained firm
onder tlie seven^t trials, and nseembled in fonnts and by-
places to celebrate their worship. It was not until 1T88
that their marriages, which had been treated aa invalid,
were pronoanocd legal ; and they did not gain th<»r rights
in full, luitil the Revolution.
" Fnmco was impoverished," writes Martin, " not only
It. I<>enchmeii who exiled themselves, but in tlioso mucki
mora numerous, who remained in spite of themseli
dis(!Ourag(id, ruined, whether they openly resisted perso-
■nm-jiriis and OErsAT w loois xiv.
I
I
I
I
eaUon, or sulTei-ed some external obserranoea of Catholi-
cism to 1m) w-niiii; fn>m th*in, all Imviiig iii^itlicr cm-irgy in
TCorlc, or secnrity in life ; it was r«aUy the aotivity of
more than a millioa of men tliuc Franco lost', and of the
million that pi-odnced most." It in n »igniflcant fact,
in tliu light of recent vvvute. that many of the ];efng<.'oa
were leomved by tlie Elector Frwlfric, luid helped to boild
np Berlin, then a small city of twelve tJioiiaand inhiib-
itSLoU.
After the close of the vna- o( the SpiiniAh Sucoottoion
(1713), nt the inst^^on of I^e Tellier, who had suc-
ceeded i/a Chaise as a kind of miniKt^r of ix-cU-tuiuttical
affaira, tlie pcraecution agninst thv Protestantti was t«-
newed, in forms of aggravated and ingenioua cruelty.
In Jiis foreign policy, Louis XIV. siicoueded brilliantly
for ft time, but was doomed to berrihlo disapiwintmeiit
and defeat. He made himself as formiilable by his
power and ambition as Philip II. hiul been in the latter
part of the preceding century ; and like him he wits di^»-
tint^d to experience a mortifying; failure, as well as to lay
the foundation of untold caUiniilies for his nation. His
attack on the Spanish Netherlands, vrtuch were regarded
by Holhuid ns a bulwark against his inroads and aggr^M*
sion, led to the triple alliance of Holland, England, and
Sweden, in 1668, the object of which was to compel him
to conclude a pence wiUi Spain. The same year he con-
cluded with Spain the Peaoo of Aix la Cfaapelle. The
mcntmunt of Louis against Holland, tod him to form,
in 16T0, the secret treaty with CImrles II., in behalf
)f Catholicism and absolutism. Bat the unpopularity
of thtt war agninst Holland among the Engtbb, and the
Deoeamty undi^r which Charles was placed, of making
peace with the DutcK together witli a like couixo on
the part of other allies of Louis, led to toe Treaty of
Kimeguen in 16T8-9, by whi:h he gained a numbei oi
iowns and fortresses in the Netherlands, be«de« oer
4.^ rR'iiiJiTAXTKM IN TUG sEVxxrER^rni cmmm'.
tain Germnn plaoeo. IloUanit was tcft in Uiu snmu state
I as boforv tJi« vmr. Tlie continoed Kggreuions of I^iiti
lOccBuonixl Uic grand allltnce of the European jHiwi-n
against bim. anil thv wui- of tvn yuuni, in which WiliLiin
o( Onuigv wu th« foromwt leader amos^ the aUiM. In
the early part of the proviotn mr, wbon Holland mis
ov«miu by tlio Frvndi imnjes and nduocd almost to
deBi^air, the llepublican magistnitcs vera overtlirown
and tti« govomnicnt placed in tlie hnnds of Williitm.
By him tlui OHimgi' of tlio nation hud been r»u»ed, tui<),
AS the only means of defense, they had cut tbroagh tlio
dikes and inundabid the OMiutTy. Tliencefonrurd Will-
iatn wait the iiinst determined and dangerous nntogonixt
of Louis, and thu moring spirit of tho coalitions fonn<^
BgninKl. liim. In Uie Peace of Uyawick, in 1697, I*oHia
renounoctd liia support of the Stuarts, and adrailtiHl
William HI. to bo tho rightfid king of Great Uritiiin
iind Iri'land. Tlic war of liie S]ianii*li succc«on, in
wliicl) Louis sought to supplant the Austrian Houw in
Spain and to combine Sp^n with Franoe, by placing hid
gntnd.tan, Philip, Duke of Anjou, on the Spanisli tJirutic,
was closed in 1713, by tlie Pcaco of Dtreobt. It wjui
pruvidc-il that France and Spain sliould never he united
under one sovereign ; the Spanish Netherlands iverc
transforrod to Austria ; aud tho Bourbon Prince was litft
on llie throne of Spain, and his title was nt^nowlvdgeil
by tho albes, in 1714. The '• grand monnrdi " cuine
out of tho wars which had l>cen kindled by his ambition,
tltwarted and reduced to distreax. A signifleant foatnre
of the Peace of Utrecht waa the recognition of the
Ek-etor of Brandenburg ua king of Prussia. As Sweden
tack down from the eminence which it hehl for n time,
V the leading Pi-otestant power in the North, Pruaaia
was rising to tnkc her jilnvtt.
The reign of LouU XIV. effected the utter imntlysii
and prostntti»n ot tbe Catliolic Rruotion. Tlie Popes
TKOSTBATION OF PAPJLl, AUTIIOKtrY.
457
touiid tliciiinc-lvoH unable to fionLciid wiUi tlic terapovml
power.' I'he ilUpoeition of several poiitiffa to favor tbe
Midv of Sj)uin nnd Atutri:i, sliarpuuud tli« autagoiiuiia
betweoii Uiem aiid the t'rencli king, and ttiibjecled Uiem
to Lumittatioii. Wken Ckununt XI. abandoned tim nnti-
Fi-uiicli jiolicy, liu wua oblige] to auccmnb Ui tit*' Uir»iU
irf the impenaliste. Treaties of peace were cmxtludod
betn'iM.11 thu EurojiLMin nations, in which th'; tntvrctita
and even lights of tJio I'opes were iuvolviHl, but in re-
ganl to which they M'ere not consulted. The Cliurch of
Fi-anoc remuned Catholic ; it wns «vv» guilty ol a ra-
voltti^ persecution ; but it united wiUi the monarch in
ttbridguig Uiu power oad tliwarting thu dougns of tho
Holy See. Xot only was tlie Catliolic world dividc<l
into two parties, the Austrian and Frencli, which the
I'upo could not control, but tlio Frot4.-»t«Lnt States ac-
t]uired a preponderance of power ; jind the Court erf
Innocent XI. miturutly isyinjuithizt'd with the coalition,
oltliougli its forces were predoniiniuitly Protestant, tlw
nnt] of which wiut to curb Uie iimbition of Louis XIV.
Even the persecuting measures whicli Ix)uis XIV.
vlopted oet^mubly in behalf of the Catholic religion,
\nK in the highest degree harmful to it ; for tJic liatred
of tJieso atrocious proceedings contributed to swell th«
cumiat of antipathy to the Church and to religion,
which was gatliering force in the inind-i of men. The
Bull Uniffen&vi, hs it condemned Jansenism and Aug*
UMtitiiaii doctrine, brought the Jetiuits into alliance witli
tile Papal See. But this Bull, ^vith the oognat« meia».
iirt«, ttividcd the clcrgj' luid excited all the elements of
njipoaition to the Papal supremacy over the Oallican
Church. The Janscnists became virtual auxiluirics of
thv rising party, in whom the spirit of innovatioa bflrd
f-ill away.
Louis XIV. died in ITlfi. Voluurc wiu tlieii aboat
> Bnkl^ iU. U«.
468 PBOTESTAimSM IN lUK SmSTCSKTB CENTtFlT.
twenty-one yeara old. The age of philosopliy and illiint*
inisiu, of religious iind ijolitii-al revolutions, waa approach-
ing, llic third <atnt<', tli« iniddlu clujw, mid* prepiiring to
' grasp the power which had been ^vrested from the nobles
cuid co&C49]trattfd in the Uirono. Frccthinkii^, tmns-
plonted from Rngtand, waa bildng root and spreading
through ull orders of Frvneh sodety» theucc to be dif-
I'fuaed over Europe. The fabric of political and retigioiu
despotism whidi Louis XJV. liad erected, waa to go
Aawa befon the end of the century, io ik r«Tclutw>iiuj
tempeat.
.
CHAITEB Xin.
THE PK0TE8TAST THEOLOGY.
Pbotestantism, under wluitover divvrritios of form
it ft[^wurecl, nti<l iiotwitlLttanding tlie varieties of charactftr
and of opinion wbicli aro observed among its leaders, ia
distmguished m a HysUtm of belief by two prijidplc*.
Tltese are justification by foitb alone, and tbo exdusive
wtbority of the Sfriptiinss.'
The subject round wliicb tbe Protestant diacuasioiu ro>
Tolved, and out of which thi>y originiiUy eprang. is the
rccondliation of man to God. The coutrovvrsy willi tht.*
Uoman Catholics did not relate to the branches of tlieoU
ogj' on whtcli Ihd iiiicient oounoils had xpoUi'ti. Tlie
Apostolio symbol, thu creeds of NicK» and Clialcedon,
■ AmoDK tht booki of r«fBr«D«* rMpectloit U>« rratcntaot knd (h*CalboUa
rheoloKr, an Ili> CotUdion* ol Cnedi; tb* Lulharaa (nllud bjr IUmi, 1US)i
rtiB Itftomed (liT Nifmaytr, ISIO]; Tli* Konua Utlwlie (lir Stitftvolt o.
KIcnw, 1040). C>tviii'« iiuliliLUi na<l UoUni^aii'ii Lori Cvmmuntt tn
Cha principal doclrind iKttiia on (ht I'romUDl ililc, in the ag* ot lbs IIr4-
onsBtiun. Uallanalna I* ilill Uiv ablcat csaironnlalM on tlu Calbalio aid*
ai»> tlia TriUoDlina CaudiIIi OilpulatiiMU dt CmU-attniit C^riMlotm FidA
aJt htffm TtmpirrltSmrtUtoiiHame,lM\,Viti,VM\ Hie abtni •ntafraiMi
ut UutlarmlDt wen Martin L'hemnlii, £aaa«B CmtS. Tri4. (UOt-TS|, aa>l iti«
IIUKUCUOl Ibtologlar, ChAioisr, /'juA^Uh CaAMia, ttf. CUtnora, 1030;
Knakforli lOSSX A (OPTenlmt manual o[ CalboUc TliwIoRy li IVmrna,
FraUt&nm TJUofcyini (U tdIi., 1817)- Amoac tlie modimi wuks oa I'nrc-
MUnt nMkKr K* I'lanck, CwA. d. jml. Lf\r*rgriji ilTSl th'tt)i G«M,
Stdi.Apral. Dofmatit ili^aji A. 9cliw«i«(, Dit prvi. Ctatmt^uymit hmtr-
LiUJ.p^/. Kinht{l$itil Utpft, DaffitiHil d. JtuUtk /Vur. llSiTli Datncr,
ffxA- d.pni. nm}L (U«I]i Scbmkal. A» n'wia •'■ Prt*. 11»M|. Set alw
W<nur, Gtth. d. talk. TUot. tiit d. Trid. Cant. (IMe). T* thoaa am u> b<
tditod DBniirau woAm wotka on Rrnibolin and on Um IIUiott tt DoctriMi
bj Keaiuler, KIm [Bomao CmIi.1, Baumnirtvii-Cradiu, Uastnbacb. Baw,
Hilhbr iKom CatlD.llilurh, Wliui,Sb*dd,n«.
4C0
TItK ntOTESTAKT rnEOLOOT.
were accoptcd ui ooinition by boUt purties. Tn respect to
tilt) Trinity nnd Uie jwrsoii of Cbri&t, they etood on the
Bame groimd. On tlic subjwt o( Anthropology, tlio doc-
trine of (un.itiii trae Uint tliu Befonnera carnetitty iie.sert«d
the AuguBtiatau tIcwb, in oppoation to tliut moditicit opin-
ion, less hoetilt! to tUv I'olugiiui tviiet, whidi liiul botrti dt»
tioctly uspoiMed by ono of tlic luiuliiig raediiDvnJ achoola
the foUowvTS of Scotus, and had affected uU of tlie
Hcliulustic 9y»tcni3. It watt ia thuir profound mom of the
n-iility of Htn, aiid of its dominion in the human will,
tJint till! ProU-stjints laid tlie fonndiitions of tlwir Iheol-
eg}-, itwiiigli- ftlonc, of itU thfl foromoctt Itcformen, called
in (jui'stiou Uie fact of native guilt, as this u MMSrted in
tliu Au^utiniiui th<»>log)- ; luid even Iio did not ndbrra
uniformly to his theory. But the doctiine (rf sin vmii
only indirectly and subordinately brou^'lit into the do-
bate.' The wnine might bo said of tJio At4»MMncnt, sinM
the body of the rcformera rested on tlie Anselmic idea of
satisfaction, wliicli likewise formed a part of tlio opposing
creed.' The point of diffen-nco wot on Hit. vital queattton
how the soul, burdened ^rith fwlf-condemnation, ia to ob*
tain the forgivcaeas of tuna and peaceful reunion to God
in tliu character of a reooucilvd futlicr. In tiw toacbings,
injunctions, services, certmonies of tlie Church, the Re-
> The I'raloUaCi held Xhal (lie maral pcrfcclioni — tlut U, Uu tellntM — ol
llii lint man m concnUfd ; lli* CallioUvf , Ihut liinj an •up«raddtd gifla ot
Itncs. Col. Aim,., i. ii. cju. 19. Tlili do«trin« of (ha itomum mfurmatmalt l§
dnm out IB full liy BtllanniDc, Onti. frimi IIuh., 11. lliacftMtot lb* hit (•
•iiiil lij iliK CsllioIIrt (0 Iw UiS Inn <if Ilia ifainiin t<ipfrKatnntlt, Mud a ronse-
qurnl, llmuKh indtrrcd vnkoninEor llic ntlunil powtn (n/«(n, Madira)! Iht
Ihfl l^l«,IanU it *rM hcH tn be a poBtir* dFiffBralion of hunuui nalun. Bel-
Urmina, AttU. Grul^ ttl. i-i Can/. Aui/ul , p. t;Ap0L Aujtul. Coaf:,f.Ut
Car^f. ITtIr*!., n. <r. viii., ix.
* Tba d^odina wmmontn Anatim «nd Ailninaslhnt Iha nliiitafliiiBcf ChiiU
la abaolula U It>r1t, and Snfinrlr, <■» d«nird nnlf hy lire acbmil «t SmIb*, vbe
bald (bal it i* flnlc«, Imt 1> (r<>T|riv(l hy the divine will — itcerptihtla — fer IBM*
tkofi It* inlnnHlo wnrEli. Tlix 1>ideiiliiip t'tev'l il«-ni^ IliHt |iittlffn ^srrin* v^ft
it (he remiHinii t>t all pMnJ4hiiient; bnl a^wiiji itutT Tlie lAtlpfAcijon rrtiHlrm| bj
^ •Innnr iaiiTa>1alil>> fiilr l^cn<l|;b llie wliffai'lliin vf OiriaL SOM Kir. a
viii. i'-tn liAauignntU'Criinuit, Hvgmtngfei^ ii. STl. ii. n.
I
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jusTmcATroh' by faith.
461
I
tortnem had aoiigtil for tliU iiifinJU! gnod in vam. Thejr
found it ill tliB (loctrino of gratuitous pardon, from tlifi
biiro int-n^v of G<hI, tliruu^li Uiu mediation of Cliiiflt; a
pardon iJiat wniU for nottiing but acoepUnoe on the pait
of tlie soiil — tJiQ bulicf, tliu trust, tJio faitli of the pen-
it«iit. BvcryUiing of tli« nivtiire of sntisfuntion or merit
on tlwj part of the offender is precluded, by tlio utterly
fi^iituitoos nnturo of tbc gi(t, by tlm sulBcii^ncy of tlto
Kedeenier'n expiation. Kvery nitacrtion of llic nnoetuity
of works or merit on tlio side of the offender, us the
ground of forgivonos*. is it didpanigomiMit of tbe Ro«
deemer'a mercy aod of \\vi expiatory oHice. Faith, thua
Iitying hold of a frcu forgirencss and rccounouting tJio
soul with God, is Ui6 fountain of a new Uf« of holinesH,
which depends not on inar and homage to hiw, but on
gnttitu<]t! and on liliivl sentiments. CI>ri«t himxclf nour*
i&liea this new life by Rpintual influences tluit flow into
the Hiul ttirough tho channel of its fellowship with Ilim.
Justification is thus a forenaic t«rm ; it Is equivalent to
tho rumisuon of Bins. To justify, signiiics not to make
the offender ngbteouft, but to ti«at him as if ho were
righteous, to deliver him from thu ucctisation of tho law
by the bestowal of a. pardon. Sating faith is not n vir-
tae to be rewarded, but an apprehensive act ; the hand
that tulccit tho true gift. Such, in ii brief ittutemviit, was
the cardinal prineiple of the Protestant interpretation of
the Gospul.' Tho Christian lifo has its centre in this ex-
perience of forgiwiu'M, Virtues of ohaructcr and lio*
tones orer temptation grow out of it. Christian ethics
Rrc unitod to Christian theology by this vital bond.
Uut to what authority could the Keformcra appeal in
tchalf of thoir proposition ? What assurance had thoy
vl it.t truth? flow did tliey arrive at th<; bno'xl<;dgc of
1 Tlii* SiUa lit Jiutifluliiiii ii lb* ktjr-noU in Luilirr'i OniinoiiUry «n tlw
E.p[iitli] Id tb« Otlui&nt, anil ic UnlmeUuMi'i ComniMitiiry an llig Kjilillv to lln
Ki'iniiiii. II it UiB dittinctira ((atioii ot Uie rraiounl cx*i(b«u >f ilin wriUoiti
402
TlIK PIIOTESTANT THEOI.OOT.
It? Hiiay Imil found tliU obscured and half-for^uttea
tmth n.-corded, as tbey believed, vith peifeici cl(3inuM», is
tiiu Scripttirus, Tbo atithorit}- of ttic Scriptures was fuiljr
ackr.jwiedged by the Cbtirch in which tlicy luul btwn
Inuoixl, howuvur it mlglit saperadd to them other autbori-
tafre •ouroes of knowledge, ftiid hnwovcr it might denjr
iJie competence of tlie indiridunl to interpret Un BibU)
fur biuutclf. Tliut Chrtist spoLi; in tlie Scriptures, all ad-
mitted. Wlint his voice wm the K<-formora coald no)
doubt ; for tlie truth that ho uttured was ooe of which
tlioy Itiid itn immediate, spiritiuil rocognitioa. Thuir iji
terpretation TeriSed itself to their hearta by tlie U^it, luid
pcAL-e which that truth brought with it, as woll as to their
iindunitaiKliiigtt on a critical examinntion of llie text.
Ttte Church, then, that denied their tnterpretatioa and
oommandi^d thfini to ubiindon it, was in error ; it could
not be ^e authorized, infallible iut«rpn>t«r of Holy Writ.
Thtu the tTAditiooal belief in the authori^ of the Roman
ChunJi gave vrny, and the prJndple of th<» excluinve
aatbority of the Scriptures, as tlie rule of faith, took its
placH. By this procvss the Mcond of the diatinctiTe
priiicJiili^ of Protostantism was reached. That the inenn-
ing of the Bible is Biifficiontly plain and intelligible wai
implied in this cotK-lu^ion. l^vnco, tlic right of privat*
judgment ts another side of the same doctrine.
In tiu! adoption of this, which has been called the fot^
mal, in distinction from the lir«t, which is termed the
material principle of Prote»tiintisin, tliere was no iliucnt
among the churches of tlm reformed faith. Thus tha
Anglican body, which sur[i:iSNed all other Protestant
ehurchefl in its deference to the fathen and to the flr»t oeo-
turies, aflirms this principle. It ncccpts, in the «ghtli
> article, tlic ancient creeda, on the gi-ound tliat they may
be pri^ved by most certain ^varmnts of Holy Rcripltim
it declares, in the iiiiict^-entb artidc, that tlic Church oi
Borne, as well aa thase of Jerusalem, A lexajidria, and Afr
ROMAS CATllOUC DOCTRINE OP JUSrUTCAl lOM.
4oa
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tiocli Imvr cnvil in mutters of fiutli ; and ia tlie twcaty-
Gret article it asaerts tbat general oouncjls may err luitl
Itavv t'lTud in thiiigs jicrtnininj; to tLo rule- of pit-ty, luid
that their decreca are to be accepted nu fartlier than thuy
am bu ahown to ha eonfonnablo to the sacrud writiiigv.
Tb'e two prineiplee ate onited in the funijaniental :d<n
of tliu direct rvhitiuii of Christ to the believer as hi« pur
soiial Itedeemer and Guide.
The KuDian Catholic theory of Justification may bo ec
Ktntitd UH to twcm to approxiumte cliMoly to that uf the
Proteatants ; but on a close examination, the two Aoa-
triiies lire eceii to bo disoordant with ono another. In
tlie formula which dehiiea the condition of ealviition to
be faith formed by love — fides formats, euritute — a
ticptirittidn bctwvi'ii faith and lovo is conceived of, in
which the latter becomes the adjunct of the former ; and
inuAinueli as love is tlie injunction of Uie law, a door ia
open for a theory of works and human merit, and for all
the discomforts of that legal and iiitrospvvtive piuly from
which the evangelical doctrine furnished the means of
(itivaiHi. Faith, in the Protestant view, ia necessarily tlie
■OaniAof good works, which (low from it as a etreauu from
11 fountjtin; which grow from it as fruit from a tree.
I'tie tendency of the Catholic system is to conjoin works
with faith, and tlius to rvsulvu good works into a form of
legal obedience. Moreovi;r, JiiatJIicatioii doea not be^n,
as u) the Protetstant tbeoLogj-, witli tlie forgiveness of
siiw ; but tile &r«t element in JuatificatioQ i« the infusion
of inward, peraooal rightcousneas, and pardon follows.
•Itifltilication a gradtial.' By this indpicnt excellence of
character, tlie Cbriatian fs mftde capable of meritiiig
grace; and bowuver this doctrine may hu qiialifiod and
gtuirilod by fmuiditig iiU merit iiltit.-.ately on the merits
of Christ, from which the sanctification of the disdpla
6ovn, the legal cliarHeteriittie ch-aves to the doelrine
I CmmII- TnttfDt ScM. VI. a. z.
464
TUK I'BOTEsrAST TIIEOI-OCy,
But Uic widx i1ilTi<rKUon of tl]o Cutliolio ooiKx-ptlviu troa
tliu PruUiBtant becomis uvid<Mit, wbvii it la rvuiouitwnid
thtit nccordiii^ to ili« funnvr, for all siitx uommitted after
baptism, Uio nfTeiid^r owes und roust niiilor satisfaction^
u HaliafuctiuD tltut ilerivus ilJi vfRvticy. to bo siiru, from
tliat iitade by Cbrist, but yet is uot tliu k-ss indi»peilsatla
and roul. Aiid liow i» JuHtificiitiun iinpiirtt'd ? ]io«p
does it begiu '! It ia «)ininunil:atfd througli haptbm
aod, hence, generally, in infancy. It in JuHtiGcatbn by
biiptii^iii laUicr tJiuii by fikith ; nnd for all sins mbso
i^uently commitUtd, penances ore duo; sutiJifaotioii must
bo offered by this tnin»({rvHsor biinMlf. W'a ori* tbus
brought to tlm wliule tlu^trj of tJie Church and of tliu
Sacramenta, in which the discrepunvy bctwcun the twn
thcologira is niovt ntiuufist.
If tho coullict of the two theok^es were liimt«(l to tfaia
topic of Jiurtjfimtioii, and of tbu rehitioii of fuith to works ;
if the dispute eould be shut up to subtle rjitctttiotut rikI
tenuous distinotioos of theolo^cal scicnoc, it might bu
moro €!uuly suttl<>d. On tiiusv quustionji a nii>etinK-|>uiut
might iN)mib]y be found. Uut tito Protestant inti'rpr^-
tation of the OonpL-l involvotl ii duiiial of tJic prorogativos
ol tliu vsut InHtiliitiiiii wliidi asauinrd to int«rTi-iiu ber<
tvoctt tlie iH^ul luid God, as the almoner of grace nnd the
rulor of the beliefs and live* of men.
The Ri-ionnvrs, in hnnnnny witli tlteir idea of thv way
of ealTntion which has been described, brought forward
the conception of the invisible Chnn-h. TIio tru" Chiirrh,
they s:iid, is compowKl of all believers in Chrifil, uU nlio
are s{>iritu:tlly united to Hini ; nnd of thu Churuh oa tliai
dviincil, lit! in t)ii> Hi-ad. 'I1ita is Uie Holy Catliolio
Cfc'irch, to which the AposlW Creed r«fer», and in
which the disciple profvMus his lucliuf ; " for wu buliovn,''
said LntJior, n-fcrring to this passa^ of ' -vrd, "not
m n-hat we see, but in wlutt is invisibl I|b vi«ibU
Church, on tho contrary, Ig a oongniga tvan
DO(7TR[!l£ REfiPtCrrNd TOE CHUBCtt.
466
»
in whicli the ivonl of God U proEic)i«(l and tlie eaora-
ateatt n ImiiiisUtrvd cKscnttallj- ii» tliey were iiwtitutud
by Christ. But no single visible body of Ctiriatians caii
jiutly iuHtutR<! to bi; thu ciitiixi Cliiireli ; mucb less Qxclii<le
Emm the pale of galviUion all who nre not incliidod in
Uiuir imiubcr. 'I'hu tiniu Cburch is lui idi*aU wliiulj it
realized but imperfectly iii auy vxixtiiig orgauizution.
External sodeties of CbrisUaus are more or leas pure
ihuy approximate, ia dilTcrvnt dfrpvus, to a conformity
to tlie idea of tbe real or iiiviailile coininuuity. Tho
Protestants cnrffully mfiaiticd from arroguting for the
bodies wbicb tli<:y orgunized iiii excluiiiw titlu to be con-
sidered the Cburcb. When charged with being apostates
fi'om tlko Cliiirch, aiid when tlivn»u^Ivi;ii donounulng the
Papacy as tlie enibodiineiit of Aiiticlirist, they never
doniud that tbo tnio Church of Cbrist was on tbe side of
Lbcir upponcntti, na well lut with themselves. "Isuy,"
mid Luther, " that undtjr tlie Popo is real Christianity,
ye» tlie U-ue p«ttcm of Cbn»tittnity, and many pious,
great stunts." Calvin baa similar oxpressions; for ez<
iini])le, in his noted I^etter to fjadolot.
'l*be Roman Catholic theory affixes the attributes <*
unity, bulincsx, eutbolicity. and apuatoiivity to tho cxter-
iial, vtiiible aociety of which the Bishop of Konio is Uia
cbief, and dodarea tliat outside of tliis body there ia no
wdvation. The noU-s of tlio tru« ChtiivJi beliMig to this
society ; and accordingly the promises made in ibi- Ni-'w
Testament to tlio Cburcli, and the privileges thvru
iiscribetl to it, are claimed for this body exclusively.
Thu Church, says Bclbirtnine, is something as tangible
OS tlie Republic o£ Venice. In opposition to tlitt sccoih]
of thv Protestant prinriples, tbe traditions of the nml
teaching of Chrint and of tlie Apostles, which, it ia
claimed ore infallibly preserved ir. tbo Cburch, through
thu supernatural aid of the indwelling Spirit, nre put
rel wi>h Scripture : aitd vt Scripture itself, clue
iGQ
THE PfiOTCSTASTT tliKOUKir.
Cbitrcli 19 the sppointed, anextiog expoandtr. It
uot an oDoommuD t}iin{; in the )liddl« Agoi for do»
trioes to be attributed to rerebtiona tnsde to thm
Cliurcb, Bubeequent to thu Apostolic ag« ; doctriB» not
•uppOKd to be oontoitied in the Scripturo. Bot tb«
prQTailing Catholic doctrine ouoe the Rcformatkn Batis
I be eittiiv revelatioD as • ooiD|4ete depont, in tfae writSan
and oral teaching of Christ and tbe Apostles. The ooo-
Doutioa of tho individiuil with Christ is Dot powiU^.
except tfaroogh hia connection with the Church. Id the
Catholic theory', the invisible Church is not only included
in the visible orgitniuttiuii in communion with the I'ujmI
seCt but it cannot exist out of it or apart from it.*
Aa an insepausUo port of tho Catholic theory of tb«
Church stands the doctrine of a particular prieatfaood
uad of thu sacnuDc-nts. The idcsa of tho sacnuDimts waa
fully ditveloiwxl by tlie Schoolmvn, and thu number,
whicJi bod been indefinite and variable, waa flxod at
auveu. It is cssL-ntial to tlui cxmccptton of the sacrament
that it should efBdenlly vonwy thu hiddirn gift of graco
which it symbolizes. It is the channel throu^ whidi
tht* gruoe is communicated ; tha Ofxlaincd and indispona-
abU: v<>hiclii by which it poascs to the individual ; th«
instniment by tho direct opcmtiou of which tho divine
ucroj r««ohes tiie soul.' Hence the efhcacy of a sacf^
ni«nt is indupcEidont of the poraonul chancter of the
I la llu Ular cditiani ot hit L^ti, MtluieUiDu Inju of tba rlilble church
•toil*. He <ra* l«d to Ihit ooum, not hy ■ cbwigt vt opinwn nvpoctlns tha
rpalllf ot Ibi cOiKvptloQ of (ho invkibln chunb, but ip uaDHqucoM al itaa
■btrntivni, 111 ■ ■iiiritiuIitUc dln«(i<ii>, ol Ilia AubaptliU. lie 1* cnneMiMd W
guard itiiiiut the nriloii ilwi ili< iiiritibla ehuitb l> ■ men Hta\, w 1, la b*
noicbc (oroiiuUDtl all <xuiini;rMlfw«jitinlai^»litiua — ■ mtn I'luiuulc
npnblic Hu« Juliui Mallur, Dos/iii.nMit MhatiilUmifni (Die nniiihlban
■ " par i|U« oniiili vm Juitltin t^ tiinlpll, t*l tmrita auiplur, -ni Mfitan
rrfanHiu." CocicU. Ti\A. 8m. ill. I*n»mii»n. "Si <)iiii itiKoril McnnMBta
M» IvEt* *»*■ <■■* *d aBluuoi nitwriiit " " i-l q<i» ilixtril, ptr ipu anm
kcu MCfMBWU «x opn* opttBto niu cuuftrri icrui tin, uiaUiiima rlL" lUd,
ir.vUk
I
I
SOUAH CATHOUC POCTWKE OK TMK SACK IM ESI S. Wl
admiuLstrator, provided ho Iiave the intention to perform
the EacTamentul act; for such an iQt(>nti<>n is nx]tiiAit«.
The siiCTumi^nt, moreover, impnrtd a dirinn gift whioh is
not involved in, nor producvd by, tha failh of tho rocij*-
ient : it in tz opere operato. "Vhv ffTftct is wrotiglit, in
ram the reci[Ment iuterposes no obgtacle.' The sacro'
mflnts are tho meuu of gnoc, and are cKsontial V) tli<i
beginning and growth of the ChriAtiim life ; they meet
the indiTtdiml at his birtli, and attend him to his bnrial.
They arc to the soul and the roligioiw life, wliat brwid is
to the body ; nor \s their effect confined to the soul ; it
extends evun to tho physiml nature. In the Sacntmvnt
of tlie Altar, the body and blood of Christ are literally
present. Christ is once more offered, an onbloody ancri-
6oe, through which tho bcneflt« of the luu-nfico on tlio
t "ndilXhadeclantkinof tli«OiniiKniiifTnnt<Mu.Tli. can. i4.1i "Sl<|uli
dlxortt Mcnmanta nova la^it ma contiiMr* itnliwui qiuLm u^iScali kol
pul>m i|wam non pontotiliiu ubiorm non rnnr«m .... uiatliniiii >il." Tht
lain- B(iboaloi»n lausfac IhM Iho ■uminanlji art ffflrwiaiii^ taXtm • moMal
tin ci«al<B an blntacU tn d» tAj <d Uw workiiiK at di«ii]i> gnat. Uuiu Sco-
tiu <Li*. d- l.ciii. 6) %»y\ "Xonreiialrilur 1I>I btiiiut iiiuiua uiiuriw, <|iii iii*r«a-
lur sntlun." tee. Qabiitt Bid (SfnHaff, I. Ir. d. I. qu. i.\ mnintaim ilw
MHM ptopMltton. [I U UiU unet which (he Betonncti allackod. AfUr lh«
BctoriDatioo, BglUnalno lay* ( Ar Bacr., il. l.)i " VqIobUu, fldca (t pMniuntIa
la tiudfiknla adulta ucniurio ri'itiuruulnr tx p>no iiitijnrll,'' ciu. Ui.hJor
(Sy«>Mtt^«<1r.{ ttkrBiiIlRiuUuilait4acn1iic. Onoof Ihc Snt prvpMltioM
which Cajilaii nqolnd Ladwr U nMct mai Niui faeiinwnnna, Mil iUm ik
Mcnn«nM Jiwtlllut. tiu ai«41fivallun e( the Catbullc npnMnUtkdi on tUt
polnl linn the Kcformatlon, If nttmi (o hy Wfotr, ComfUMdn Dtnl'Uny,
p, laSi UaH,/'nx./'t<Jinia',p,aKi«(|, Sfl«al(aNiUMb.Pn«.JItMKrm<riwv
ni/ JfdAiir (fiiBiNsa a. Kriiiltn, IMi, p.OI). ll li Mill M Iw obMfTtd, bn*
•nr, Itut Uw " fldia," which Ilcllannlnc Kquirc* In Ibc rucltileot o( th* M n
nrnl, li not tallh. In Iha Prolaatanl miud, hut Ihe nmtat M dwirtBtl Irulh.
Aiu>llie"lul*ntloil"ln(hapriMt«hklii> tt>|a'^<«tolh*vaU>lli7fll Ibsiac
ninrDl. trmt maki it txlcnut —an inttntlon to do, ai to ihe oiilnanl (unn A (Ih
iecrMncuC, whal Iho church dora; whllv ntbm mak* l( "Inlinul "—an InUutlOv
ii talUll th* OBd w detiKn (4 lh« larranirat. The C'onnrll of Trenl Itavm lb'
pohll ilouhlfuL SoM. VII. xi. firrvna, tnamt Ui* must cmlnciil ol Uie iNtci
Calliolic lb>vlnitiuu, hiJib to th* oocwiily «{ tho " iulimtl " U.tciriMUi iV«
bMiWia Ttfi«g., il. lU (p. VS.. Tbti(*tM«a mniini-Dly Moililtfcd la ti
oiuTt cwuHiant with tho rtidonUna dioUnlion. KIm, tHymnist*fUfkt4, i.
.n. 'riiuii a af«ol inUMioc of Ih* (nioal lu}' d*-nl<v th« rofiphal at Ika
bMattat a naetuonL
168
TUE nOnSTAXT TUfO/Mir.
does ore obUiiiibd uid uppro|)riatcd. lu tlitt <
■ubHt4Uicu uf Uia wafer, the n-cipieiit iK'tuallj paituk''* of
tbe Kedeomei's body. Thi: wtcriCoo of Uio Mius b the
ocntral act of wortdiip.
Of course, this coac«pUoit of th« tucraiucnts
poaea u wtiMwrmtod imiistJiuod, n hierurchical
which is auUiorized to dis|>«nso tlioui. TUojr al
the poMition of tncdiaUm, fruiit wliosci bands tbe mnua
of salvitUon must be ivccired; by wbum, licUiig
judicuil capacity ptjtuiHWH, or tliu tvniporol puni.<diiui
due to inoi-tnl wn after repentance and cuiifi'Asiou,
appointed ; and who buvo it in thuir power to prutiu
Mgiunst oontumucious ollmidera tlio iiwfal Muuteni
oxoomntuoiontion, whidi blots their names out of
book of life. Bctwoon thu individiud iu)d Clirist at
a fuUy orgiinizu(], ftelf>p«rpe tun ting body of pri
tluough whose offices alone the soul ooo oome into tbu
pOBwmion of the bk-^fingt of Mllvntion. It U tnm that
baptismi without whidi one cuuiot be saved — utilvM,
indeed, the intention to recviro it is pravcnttfd from bei
carri^^d out* without the cnndidAle's fiiull — may bu
formed by uiicouseciatod hands, in eraergeocius w
no priest can tw summoned. But tltu othvr Bncnun<
CoiiGrniiitioi), thu I^ml's SupiH^r, tliu oUulinenL of Pi
ance and Absolution, Marriagi.% Ordination, Bx
Uncttou, belong oxcltuirely to the priest, and Imvu
validity unless performed by him. Standing cLiis, uot
AS a member on a level witli tlio gvneral congn*^tion »(
believers, but as an intermediate Ujik between the bodj
of beliovors and God, the priest is natumlly siibj<.-ot to
the nilu of mlibitey. He stiind« ulool froni thu onlii:
relations c^ this earthly Ufe.'
In dirvct opposition to this theory of a ea<.-i'rdotal d
the Prut«atJUits nmiut-uned the doctrine of tht> univi
priesthood of bi'liuniis. Tbe Utity stand in no snub d»
' MMSlUr, CalJUitirwinu u. PrvUtaadmmi, p. tUL
PROTKSTAMT DOCTRIHB Qt TUE SXCKAMILS'TS.
169
pend«tiCQ on a pnestly order. Every disciple ku th«
rif^Iit of iintiicdiMtft access to God; uoiie can debar him
from a direct approach lo tlw Itcdixmvr. Tiio oiriocni
oE tlic CliiLTch ore aet apart among Uieir brelliren, for
tliu performanca of certain dutaw; but tUo olergy aro
It'll II distinct and xuiterior onder, clotli«d witli tiivdinloriul
functions. The idea ol the direct relation of tho soul to
Christ, which is iDVolrcd in tho dcKtrinu of jutttilicutioo
by faith alone, and in that of tho genoralt as opposed to
ft particular pi-icnthood, carried with it an ustiitijd nxMli-
iieation of the previons doctnite of the aucnuuents. Tho
HufliuicDvy of tho soctt&cc once mEule, dispensed with
such n supplement as n'as sought in the repeated sacrilice
of the Mass ; and transubsUuitintJon waa rvjuctcd a» a
gross perversion of tho Soriptural am] primitiw doctrine.
The sacraments were declared to be but two in niimbec^
Baptism and tlio Lord's Su^^jci'. 'lliu other firo hud
Wen added to the number without warmut of Scripture.
Of these, t^'xtrvniu uncliou was si.-t iviidu as na unauthor-
ized superstition. Marriage might be concluded without
the iatorvention of n privst. P*nMiooa vuui»hi-d n-itU
thft doctrine of human merit; and auricular confessiont
mstead of buing u duty owud to tho priest, an obligation
to recount to hini all remembered aina of » Iteiiioiu
character, waa resolved into tJio geuenil privilego which
disciples unjoy< of confnsing to one anothur their faults,
for t]ie puq)Oi«e of receiving from brethren mbuket
coansel, and comfort. Morvovi-r tho effi<»cy of tlia stto>
ramcnts was made dependent on the spiritttal state of
the oommunicwit, or tho disiiosition with which they
woro rnvtuvod. Everything like a magical elfieiency waa
denied to them ; without faith, the sacrament of tlw
Sup[M>i brought no bonoflt.' U»t wliibi tho rrotr«tiinta
> r«( b«lb Lalfc«r«* nd CtMnkU Ihm ttiti tn h« WMUDMb tb* «l*ut
rign nprwMUi Iha ia*»rd optntlvnul ' - 'll.i>Uafc»l««iiailH ■••
inaal it* dkKf. Htm In tS« Cnnf ■ %r- I ikt
470
TUR rilOTi:ST.\VT TIIEOLOGT.
hvM that tho vBlidity und tuo of the sacraments am not
dtiiifjidoiit on till! pvnonal charn«tor of tbe ollidating
minister, tbejr also asserted that they are equally ind&-
p«'nclrnt of hilt wcrot inUiiition. They recoiled from Ui«
doctrine that the priest, by a contrary inteatinn, may
annul ttiv ciToct of tlio sacraments ; whoreby it is always
left in some degree unccrtniD wli«tli«r they are in fact
received.
With t]»e Catholic doctrine of pcnanoe, or tvmpurul
punishments following npon the remisrion of mortal sio,
the doctrino of purgatory also distippcarvd, and {.•onaa-
(juenlly tliat of tlto lawfalnc«a or neefl of prayexs for the
dead. The invocation of th« Viif^ and of the saints
was connoctt-d witli ideas ooiioeriiing the character of
ChriHt, which were at variance with the Protectant con-
ception of Ills conipnasioiiiitv fueling and mediatorial rela-
tion ; and such practice<i diHappcarcd, ahnost of llienuolTW.
It is only in rccvnt times that the immactUate oonoeptioo
of tile Virgin lias been prooUumed as a dogma ; but tho
coitus of Mary, in the Middle Ages, especially under the
anspices uf thi.^ Franciscans, had been carriwl to a pnrten*
tous height; and this<!xnlted service ofTered to the motlM>r
of Jcitus tho Kcformeni discarded. Tho wonhtpof imagus,
or that homa^'ti to imngi^s which the C'atholic theology
permits, and thv vcnoratiou of tlie rvlies of saints, van-
ished with t)ie worship of titu saintA tlicniuolrea, and was
njnoutiwd likewise as a species of idolatry, or as involving
a temptation to an idolatri^ut service. Pilgrimages And a
great variety of aacetic usages were given op from their
perceived inconsistency with th« Protestant doctrine c(
justification, aitd of the liberty from ceremonial onlinanoea
MKikumtai "For qon otu media <teiu vImdIi iplriiai wncti in aobi* np«r».
tu." In thn Conl. Hclv. II. (lix.) Ii li utd or thr uvtuavnta: "Siitaa «
fW lignlilcU* Inlcr te ucriTnenlallliir coajungunKir. conji>iie"nlur, iiii)u»ii, T«
Mdntnr per tlKnUIcaiiunem myillcani ec nlunuum vrl raniftium ejii*, qo
MciamintaconUllDll." &e* Urn €••«/■ A*fl,an-%sr.;C-'*/.Oall.,ti% IXXlV
0M. Otmtr^ p. bit.
HOflASTlCJSil AND crLrBACT.
471
I
whldi is a corolliiiy of Uiat doctrine. It a a atziking
proof that the ceutral principle of Protestantism is logi-
ailly inconsistent nitli tiicwc praotiocw, that tlicy dropjietl
off from the Bystem of worship without any atniggle k
bohulf of thum, wherever Unit principle wm int^^lligontl;
received and professed. Monasticbm, together witli the
celibacy of tJiv cU-rgy, ai; ii conipnisury ralv, shared the
same fate and on the same ground. As the Catholic the-
ology iiiudu u distinction botwven mortal and wnial stns,
nting thus a quantitative ralltcr than a qualitative
,ndard of conduct, which Protestantism rejected, so that
thcolofjy mado a ilistinction between two types of Chris-
tian character, Uio one being a salvnble de^^ree of excel-
lence stich as is gained by com[>Iyiiig witli the ciiniinand*
menta of Uie Gospel, the other being tlie more exalted
type of excellence, which is rwichod through compliance
with the counsels or rocommendationH of the (toxjml. On
this distinction was founded the monastic system, with its
throe vown of poverty, chastity (including ccliliocy), and
obedience. The Protestants rejected the distinction as
belonging to a legal vyBteai at vrm with tliA .ignrit of Chris*
tian ethics, where the fundamental characteristic is not obe-
dience to tliat whicli is exacted, hut a free unt] willing and
grateful self-eonaocratioa ; where tlie question is not " how
mnch must I." but " how mnch can I " do for the Saviour ?
For this reason they cost a^vay also tho rule of ceUhacy for
the clergy, and for the additional reasons that it was one
of the artifldal harriers whidi had been xet up to give a
greater sanotity to the priesthood than of right belongs
to tlie Christiaii ministry ; that it puts a stigma upon tiie
nmntagc institntion ; and tliat it had proved a sotmM o(
oormption in the Church. Works of sii])crerogAtio« and
the idcA of a tronsury of supererogatory merits of saints
were cast away, as human inventions, wh><4i hud sprungout
of an eclipwi of the trutJi timt the meri^'
■olo and sufficient ground of Mlmtio)
472
THE PKOTESTAST THEOI-OOT.
gation of pennnet^ iinii willi tbnduuialof pni^'ir^-, then
was no room left for indulgences or for slwotution, con*
uidered aa a judi<uaL act of Uic priont. Alwolotion, w1i<t«
it mu T«tAiii«d by the Protestants, was a dedanition of
tile foi^Teoees of tlta Gospel, not ta ho indMidiin) )>y
hiuiHt-lf, but to the asitemblj of belierera, and wiL-t f<Miii[]<>(J
on a general, not a dutailtMl, on a common, not an aoricu-
lar or private ooufnnioii of tun.
Of the theok^oal divisions among the Protestants, the
carlio«t and most notoworthy was tlis Saeramentarian con-
tniv<-n4y bctwoeti (lie Lutberani) on the fine hand, and the
ZvingUans first, and then the Oilrinists, on the other ;
tlio cuntro%-eniy that rngi-d in tli« first age of the Roforma-
tiou. This hm been described in pceoeding pages. 'Hie
Armininn cuntrovcmy, nhich i», perhaps, next in impoit-
ance, related to the subject of predestinatJan, and itrosA
towards the clow of the sixteenth oentory. The Kiifonn*
en had followixi Augustine in the awcrtiou of uncondi-
tional predestination and election, which they assumed to
bu tliu correlate of salvation by gmvo alone. By Besa*
till! pupil of Culrin, who succeeded him at Geneva, tlds
doctrine was taught in the extreme, or what was onllsd
tlic supni-hip!«H,rian form. Cnlrtn, to say tlio least, bad
not nnifomUy inculcated this phase of tlie doctrine, ac-
cording to whiclt tiie first nu of man is the object of an
efficient decree ; the aaJvation of some niid tlie oondctn-
nation of others being the snpi-eme end in reference to
which all the rest of the divine deorocs are subordinate.
Bnt this type of doctrine spread extenairely in the Ko-
formod or CulviniHtio branch of the Protestant Clinnth.
The followers of Melanctlion adopted the doctrine of con-
ditional prcdcstinalioii, in tlic room of tbe Aagiutiniui
view, and the I.iit.henuia at lengtli pmctioally aeqntMoed
in the same opinion. In Holland, therefore, where tbf
I.utliiTnii ti'inrhing was «irly introtliicod, tin'tv had bwn
before the time of ArminiuB, more or leas dissent frois
4
TOE sxsrtM OP ABMisros.
419
the Calviiiistic dogma. But this dUscnt (iiitt »c(iiiii«d
Btmngth tlirniigli hU infliKinoe. Jnmcii Armiiiius, born
Rt Oud«watcr, in l-'>60, was one of the most Icanit^ Rnd
ROiioniplifihod th4y)1ogian» of hh ngi>. He ntti<lied at tlie
UniversUy of Loydon, bat received his education piinci-
pally nt Geneva, wIkto lie was under the instruclaon of
Bma. After trayelling in Italy, he returned to hia natiTe
country, and in 1603 bwamc Professor of Theology at
l^yden. and a coUi^uc of OomaniH, a sti-cnaoua advo-
cate of the supra-lapsnrian theory. This viuw Anniniiia
hml b(.'i'n called npon to defend agninsit the preaihera of
Delft, who liad avowed their adhesion to th« milder, or
iiifra-Iapsarinn fonn of the doctrine, nwording to n-liicli
election has reapnirt to men already fallen into a statu of
sin. Rut in th« examination of the Hiibject, into wfiidi
AnniniuH waa thu-i led, ho came to Rympathize w!Ui the
opinion which he waa set to oppose, and at length to go
beyond it, and nyect uncon<]itioiial election altogether.
In short, ho gave up what had come to be conadered tho
cliaraoteristic dogma of Calvinism. A dispute arose be-
tween him and Gomnrus. and the debate ftpread through
Holland. Episcopiua, the learned successor of Arminius
at Loyden, and Uytenbogacrt, who Lad been a fellow-
pupil of Uie former at Geneva, bocninc the leaders of the
partT which the movement of Arminius had called into
being. The main pocoliaritics of their creed were con-
tained in the Remonstranco — which gaw the name rif
ItumonHtraota to the party — that waa oddresacd to the
states of Holland and West Friesland in IfilO. Thia
document embraces five points, namely. Election baced
on the foreknowledge of faith, universal Atonement, in
the room of Atoncmf-nt m.i<ie for the elect only, tho
resistibility of Grace, in connection with tJio need of R»-
generation by the Spirit, and tlvc doubtfulness of the Cot-
viniKtic tvtiet of the perseverance of all bflievera,
A great political lino of diviuon was also run between
174
THK fROTESTASr TBBOUWT.
the two theological parties. The Amuniaus wvre Repute
lic9Uift| und in favor of a closer uninu of Church luxl State,
or n partial control of the State over the Chui>Dh. Th«
Calvinists adhered to thu boiisc ut Or.'ingi-, aiid wcru fur
llu) inilc[Htiid«nce of Uic Cliiudi Id rehitioii to tlie State.
In the pTogrties of tJie conflict, Olden Barnevcldt was
bi-hi^dt.'i), and Orotiiu, the illustrious ornament of (ho
iVrminiaa party, waa baniBlied. The S^-nod of Dort wis
MBembliM], in 1610, foe tfai> piirpoto of giving judgOK^t
upon tliis llieologioal controversy. While this Synod
ieclined to give an express sanction to the Bupra-lapKariiin
vicwa of Gomnnui, it declared ita judgment in oppoaition
to the Arminians, on a!) the characteristic points of their
•ystem, and put forth, by way of antitlicsia, vliat have
been called the Gve points of high Calvinism: uncoudi-
tioiial election ; limited atoiuMiiciit (designed for the L-lcct
alone) ; tJie complete impotency of tho fallcu will ; Irre-
sistible grace ; and the pcntoverance of believers. The
Arimaians introduced into Uieir theology other duviationa
from the current system. In particular, they modilit'd
the iicccptcd doctrine of Original Sm. excluding niitive
guilt in the literal and proper senae of tlio term ; and
througli tile celebrated treatise of Grotius in answer to
Socinu», and in the vrritings of oilier cniiiii;nt tlieolo-
gians of the party, tliey substituted for the Anselnuo
iloctriiic of tjie Atoncincut what hatt been tcnnt-J tho
governmcutul view.' llie Arminian part), from the out-
■ litntiui niMU Ou otijiicliana ot Soviniu lijr ilmj^ing iImc KMnomgnt or titia-
(ii.-lioii ii tbr p«f mam nf ■ ilelii. Tbs rnlar i> M libanjr la iMrtnn, (inxridnl
tiiililji: i7Jtr it nnt enilant^nd. Tlis mil ot paniitimEnt U lli* pntTcnlwi o(
lulurt InutcnulDlKi OT Ui« Mcsrilj of Uio conunoDWMllh. Ttiir dulb b'
ClL-ij!, ill il* iuoT*l tllvcli M • mn::! to llii* end, ii rqiiralvnt (n tJie ki:>l jmU'
ilty, fino« it Hgullr tninlfMU God'* botrei ot tin. llcuco it (imuil* Ul*
Hilar to lumloB, on titch M>n<l!i1oai m h* fiMjr Ju<]|i« il v!** to irniimr. Th*
Mtdt uf 111* tiratinn iloririno »ra in th« StvliM th<nAogy, vhich aflinncil Uul Ui*
■bnianvnl in nut infn'iin'oil^ Uie ti}iiir*laol ot Ui* pfiishy, bul uLca iu |)1a(*
fej* (hs dMiw aivvputnc* oceonMnt (aeccpUloUo): Ihuugb Unilim, od ttriwl tiii
li«luilt«l|[roundi,npDdiMMthi(Uiiii. D^ftatt* FUti CalitL d* Stll^altM
OnMi adt. F, Soeim-n (ISIT). Omtil Ojftra, It.BT.
TETC AKADAJ^'fSn.
475
^
Set, cultivtitod Biblical studies wiUi ait eomegt, sulioWlj
ftptriti Hid nuule imi)orlaut conlrilmttoiiA in tltiii branch of
tliaologtcal science. TUcy wei-e markod, partly us a natu-
ral consequi'iieti of the pucution of clictr parly mid o[ tim
penecntion to wbich tliey were subject, by a tibenU aud
tolerant dispottiUon. 'Ilioy vrvr« in fiivor of redndug tlw
doctrinal te^ts at the foundation of Cbmtiaa union, to
thu bricfL«t iKiRsil)l<; oumpiiss. Indmkl, a coiiipamtivc in*
diffeivrce in reapeizt to creeds, or a low estimate of their
value, was one of tlioir chanctfiristiQ traits. T)i<.< Ar*
miniau tlieology, besides the progroiu which it made in
the couutry where it had its origin, by degrem stipplunt4;d
Cnlviniim, for tlio most part, in Ui« Engtiith Hi)iiioopal
Church. It was adopted substantially by John Wesley,
thti principal foundor of Methodism, and in tliis way woii
a nuHu'rous and piiworfiU body of udh<>rents.
In Uio fennent of tliougfat and discussion which was
pirodiioixl by the Protmtont movement, a n«w imp^ttus, as
well as liberty, was given to speculation. Slumbering
t<indanci«a of opinion were awakened to ix^sii lif<>, and
nev eeots sprang up, wbich were oqxinlly dissatialied witli
the old Church and witlt tlio position taken by the Re>
formers.
Among the advocates of more radical cliajig«« who
conAid<>recI tliat U)c Prot««tAnt leaders hnd slopped linlf-
way in their work, is tlial numerous and widely scattered
slflM, wbich coniprehvndud under it«elf many subordinntc
diTiaions, but which was known by the name of Anabap-
tists.' Tbcy received this title from their rcjuction, in
oonunoii, of (lie baptism of infants, and from tlieir in»st-
tng that tlioso who joined tbcm should be baptixi^d anew.
One prevailing feature of thfir system was a belief in
'mmediate or prophetic inspiration, which, if it did not
Mipcnodv tJio written Word, asKimibited tliem to ita iui<
> KibVtm,OrK*tiiitJ.pna. Sttitnlm.Z4llalu4.ll^.(aai. Doraer.JVU
«76
T1IE PnOTlXlAST iHiwuwr.
thnn. 'I'hia was the pn^itton of tlio propliets wli©
up tba (.-oiDuiotititi ut Witu-nWrg, whilv Liit)it*r mis
Wartbui^, anil wlio gained over Carlatatlt to tlit'lr muimJ
Ono ci>nscM|Ui<Ri.'c of this form of (^'ntliasi&sm was a
t^inpl for liuiiiitii U'liniitig niii) fi>r otudy. Thu inmn
teaching n{ tbe Spirit retKlers tbfl laborious exfrti'
tbu int(41iy;t iin[)erfla<Nn. Another nf th«-ir tvncts
belief in the visible kuigclom of Chmt. wliii^Ii iru
eract«(l on the mins of Chiir«)i and ScbM. Io some
Uiey hoiil tliat temporal ruin bAtot^ to t]i<> aniots
and earned out tlteir fanaticjil theory by soizing on
dty of Mtinster and dwposHMing Hw miig]str»ti«.
dmee their eonduct 'was nuu-ked by an asoetdo mo:
and sometimes by licontioos nuixims and pnictio(.>s ; oppo-
site pheiioniena which h«qently oocmt in aec&l of Ojia
iiatiirv. Thi-y nppcar to tutTo ^npmlly held a p<*c«ilisir
notion about the Incamalion ; that tii» iMxly of Clirist ia
not formed tvom tliat of the Virgin, is diflforent from the '
Benh and blood of othi>r men, and wha d<>tfit<I at the '
Asoonsion. Such a doetrinu was lieltl by J«»n Uomrher.
who wa* put to distil in England, after Iw'ing uxaminMl |
by Cranmer. Such was the opinion ahto of tlie myntk',
Caspar Schwenkfuld, n Ornnjin nobleman of pious aoil
zonloun cluiracter, a leader of one of tlie most vrortlt;
die Anabaptist B(.-ct8, who died not far froiD 1&61.
was in Holhin<l that the Anaba]iti!tlK were nn^t numc:
Many of thirm vti^rv guilty of extraragani.'eH whtoh alTi
a fair pretext, tbotigb no just H)M>log>-, for treating
with extreme suvority. After tlio disturbances oonnecCed
jrith llie seizure of Munst<-r, the more tobur class o£
OApdsta found a leader in the person of Meiiao, who
elK^d from jilace to phuw, luid organised them into
churches. They were a simple and honest [teople, aiming
to shape their lives aceonltng to the ])n.>04>pt» of the
iiscarding infant baptism, the oittli, and the um* of
admitting that civil magistrates are aecesEnry i
aiming
BiUU
THK ANTmtlNITARUNS.
477
ent condition uf tbe vorld, but refimiiig for tlu^tnwlTmi
to hoM civil oSioe. Behveen the followers of Mtxnr^r,
who «iiU'K;(l into ih* rubiiUioii cjilli'<i Uio I'liwnnis' win,
in whom a reli^oiu entbusiasm vrbicb had been kindled
[MTtly by the LuUiumtt movvnicot, wh* inini^k-d with the
dtwire to delirer theinae!v«e from tJio op|>ri>asion of the
German princo — between thvM lintlinsinsts and the
biunbl<! Atvd pious Mennonitcti of thn Nt-thcrlnndx, who
abjured tbe usu of force nltogethor, there was a ver}' ^rido
dIIT«r«>jic« ; and j*«t both were brano)i«« fniin a cotniiion
stock. Both were fryitfl of a widely diffused religions
txcitctn^-itt, wliicli, in \ta diventtt phaws, retained ccrtiiiu
common diaracterisUcs.
Vsry different in mitny of their truit«, imd yet cu-
riously connected with ttio Annbnptists, were the Anti-
trinitarinns of the age of ttie Reformation.' It vroB in
Italy, among the cuUurwl clnwi, in men of in<)tii$itivtf
and cultivated mind^, that the Autilrinttariitns npjwm-od.
The pocnliar bone of the belhwdcttrcii eultnru tliat fol-
lowed upon the raviral of learning was often congenial
with thi-«e new opinions. 'Hiere was it tliRpo.-Htion to
exnmiue the foundations of religion, to cid) in question
the traditioiuil doctrines of the Chutoh, and to nift the
entire creed by the application of reason to its cont<>nt?.
The writings of Servetus doubtless bttd much iiiflueura
in diffusing antitrinitimnn opinionii; but ntost of the
coii»pi<'Uous Unitarians who first appear, are of Italtnii
birth ; generally exiles from their conntry ou account of
their belief. After the publicatinn of the antitrinitanan
w^n-k of Servetns. in l.'iSl, it is said tJiat tvot liws thjin
forty educated men in Vicena* and Uie neighbotltood
werv nAtle«l in a private association, alt of whom hi'ld
Unitarian opinions. The Unitarian rloctrinn was found
in Uie cburclios of Italinu refofjoca at Ooueva uid lit
Of Bitttiimlmm [IMI ).
178 Tut. rmiKSTxyj TiuwLOGr.
Kuticb. Blandritta, » learned pliytiidau and ftftorwardi
ail iiidtmntiiU {im[inguti.>r of Uiiiliiriani&ni in Poland
and obuwbure, w;is tlioir Itfadlng adliorvut at the former
placu; while at Zitridi the vininent preacher, Bemup*
dino Ochino. erohmocd the mme theology. Gentili was
put to dvuth in Dvniu in 16C6, for hu opinions. Aldatt,
u: associate of niandrata at Geneva, found an asjluiu
ill Poland. But tho most eminent of this don of mi>n,
and the one who gave a name to the adherents of llni-
tariunism, was Fuustns Socinus. Bom of a noble family
at Siennit, in 16Si), and cnduvd with imcommon talents,
he devoted himself first to Uie study of law. He had
been loft an orphan, and Ills education hud been negli-
gently conducted. He snon inaiiifist^rd on lutcroit in
theology, and was guided by the letters and conversa-
tions of his uncle, Livliiu Soctnus, a man of an inquire
ing mind, versed in classical learning, trlio soi^ght tho
Eoui(;ty of the Kcformcre in various countries, and cau-
tioualy betrayed hiii predik'Ction for Unitarian teaets.
The persc.;ution to which his family were o-!i:p«(tcd com-
IwUvd Ffiuatus to kiav© Italy. Alter spending three
y«ftTS in Lyons be wont to iCurich to bdce possession of
the manuscripts of hia deceased uncle, wliieli, lliough con-
sisting of frskginL-ittary papers, fumUbud bim with bints
and observations of mach value. Fur twelve years ho
rusided at Uiu court of Francis de Medici at Florence,
and enjoyed high lionors tuid favors, but was drawn
away from the study of theology to wliich be was
strongly inclined. LcjLviug Florence, ho spent four years
ut Basel, where he labored on bis tbeologtral system, and
diffused bis opinions by conversation and by bb writ^
Ings. At leii^i be i-eeorted to Poland (1579), where tlie
remainder of his life was spent. At first he was not
received by the Unituriaiis into tb<ur church, bccaiiso be
refused to be rebapdzed. His own view was Ihat Chri^
tiuD Iiaptism was intended only for converts from beatb-
aooHDS AKD m$ srsmt.
470
I of int
■ [ng hi
eniam. But Uio Polish UIlitariat]l^ Like their brothren
in ItiUy luid like SurvctiLi, were oppoaed to the practioa
of iaiant baptism. Soclniis tiimUy succeeded in iinprues-
[ng his Tiewa upon the UnitiiriHiia about him, luid book
post, for which hia talenta flUed him, of an acluiowl>
Icodttr. His intellectual power itnd liL<» polialied
inannera oomtnended him to tlie favor of the Polish
nobloa ; and his inllaonoe was augmented by lus miurioge
with a daughter of one of them. Ity Sooinua and by
the Bcliolars who were trained in the Polish schools, of
whom Crell is the most distinguishi^^d, the Unitariaii
>yst«m of dootrino was ably sUiuni and defended.
LkUus Socinoa, from whom Faiistua derived his funda-
mental principles, hud too much gtintintl rcvcronc^ for
religion to bu tuitislied witJi tlie Dei&m ;ind Atlieism
whicli were so common among cultivut«d Italians about
him. But hu first stiidivd the Bible to iind principles
which be could pliiicv at the foundation of a aymtiini of
juri^rudence. 'Iheru vms no definite centre from whicli
his rcligioiiii life ematiiited ; no crisis of rcligiouH •.■x]m>
rience. ri« resorted to the Scriptures as a text-book ol
rcTtvled doctrine, and brought to Uieir interpretation the
rationalistic temper which was the natural result of hJs
studies and associations. Hence his sapcniutundism
stood in no -ritul conne-ction with his inward life, and
WAS tlierefore something, as it wore, apart, having no
hving roots within the soul.' It secma at first remark-
■ }ltauilsr. DtfvunyittMdilf, ii. ISO xq, II ft launMlnff lo nhtetttbam
llM t^po a( OiMlonr, Ihe iatcrpratallon of th* Goipel, raritB doCMdlog m sua
bm or havB nol a dsOnlle ctntn of nlisioui lift, a crtdi or tDniin(C.polal|
I'JU. Tir cMni[>lc, M LulJirc liacl. Tbli divmity may bo teto nber* Itirrt b
«a nl. <UKn>|>uicy in doccrinc: tun in thv Aportolk- ikv. bgta-HU I"!!!] uiil
tSt illKlplci irbn irtrc giibJFct li> • i;radii*1 minlnc* It apj-iun, in viaic da-
pec, tn tbc conlnul brlwrcn Znineln «nd IhciIlirrRrra: ICfrnringn, l.nUicrH 1
^vla. It ii Mill oiorf murkivl in iu rnnRquKiutt in Fjuimui anil la iMny of
Um kaniRl Aiminian* at ItiilUiid. wlivii tvinpuvil wiili their oppoDcnU. !■
Om SMlnUoi, tbb didcrenM in llifoltiuy. bli'infc lU tour.'c In llw pNGltoridM
tt nllcioai aipMifimi na«bcd iU cl'iaax
THE PBOTKSTAMT TIIEOLOOf.
nblv, and yvt it is dianwtflriitic of the Sonntan tone ol
tlxnigbt, that supeninturalisin waa puslie<l to (ui ex^H
tivine I that tb« argumeDta of natnral religion, «v«ii for^
the Ihmd); of God, w«r« bvlil in light ixtncm, ftnd ReTuI»>
tion yroB ilecliirLtl to be the source of our knowlird^i
evon in the caw of the first tmths of rcl^on. Rerelif
lion, it wa» hi.-1'l, mny c-nntnin things ftbore noMn, but
nothing oontrary to reason : and this canon was ao ap-
pliLid in Hio inUu'pivUition of the Bibl«, Uuit vmrimn
dnctrin4«, eKptwially the Trinity, were exchid«d on tin
ground of tlieir allcgad inconsistcmey with tntnitii
knowledge. Tlie prinio charaoterititio of Uio Sooiniaill
theology waa Uio dt^nial of the divinity and ntisfiictioaj
of Chriat. IIo is a teacher and h-giitlator, tlio apiwintedl
it<!)ul of II (iptrittiiil kingdom ; hat while kia prophetic
kingly ofliceii are hold, his priestly or expiatory functic
is denied, or it is Uinttvt] to the vrork of intvrccsMry i
plication. The chnnch doctrine of ori^iial nn in mn
rially modified. Tlie image of God m man is said to be'
identical with his dominion ovor tlio Iow<t ordere of
CTx-iilinn, and the effect of the first sin is made to be Uitt^
propagation of physicid mortality. Tlin doctrine o( tlitt^|
annihilation of Uio wicked in substituted for tliat of
eternal punishment. The Bep:iralion of ethics from re-
ligion, tlio dtHJmiotioii of ethical character from Chrift-
tiaii faith, was a characteristic tendency of the Sot-iniiui
type of Uiinking, and n coroUai-y of th« extromc, but
ono^ded Bupcniatunilisin, to which wo have advcrtod.
The logical and exegetical ability of the Sonnian loaderaj
giive 11 wide currency to their doctrine. Whfin persecn*
tioti BToee against the Unitarians of Poland, in oonse-^
quenc« of ttiv Cntbolic Reaction and the acts of tha
Jennita, many fli>d into Holhmd, and came into friendly^
relations with the Amitnians. Scm« alco jmned the^|
churches of the Moiiiioiiites. It wan lIio ingenious and
foi-roidable attack of Fimstua Sovinus upon thv Ansvlmit
I
PttOJKCTS OP REtJNIOH.
481
I
Aeory ul llic Atoiiemont, wliicli gum rbe to the trentiae
of Orotiua, and mc^reotly oc«aaion«d a modification o(
the orthodox doctrino, which biu found a wide nccopt-
uioc.
'Hie difference between the I,uthemn and CalvinisUc
creeds wA« not so gnyiit na tn prccludo clTurtK to unit« th«
two parties.' The chief hindrance to Uieir sncoeaa was
the intulorant projiidicc of rigid LulliL'niDH, Mpcdall)'
after thi-ir triumph over the I'hilippixtv, the adherents o(
the milder Uieology of Melancthou. The abandonment
of Ltitlieranlsni l)y screru.1 of tiie Qvrmim stut««, among
wliieh wiut the Palatinate, and Hie oppresition to which
l.iitheran preachers went eornvtiinen subject, in coiisc-
quenoe of the adoption of Calvinism liy their rulers,
ombittercd the opposition to a union. Earnest and iong-
eontinued efforts in this direction were made, from tbo
esirly part of the Bcvent^K-ntli w-nlury, by the tbeologiaiis
of Helimitudt. of whom Calixtus was the most eminent.'
The H«i<jiK-not Synods of FmnoB wcro dijitingiiislicd for
ttieir liberal and friendly course in reference to nego>
liations witti tlic LutJierans.
]*ruj«'tH for the reunion of the entire body of I'rotea-
tants with the Roman Catholics mot with no better buc-
co».' On various oocasioiw, as at Augitburf^, in 1630,
> Tlie yarm of Catford (liSfl, llaa*. p. KO) wt* forlb tha Luthcnn
Ibfolog}', in otip«^lion to lb* n-risni of MvUnnllinn, and In lootnit villi Cal-
vlidau. It daniM Sjnvrxin ud all pomv ia xaaa \a niipvnl* In bia oooTfr-
WDDi bat 11 kin donin imtiuilil* jiiM*, auributn tha ivjVlion of Chri<t in
Iha ndnuM tA nUB to 111* Ildj^ Spirit, aoA ■Olniu Hi* univtmlitr nf th»
(An of Ihfl tiMpal. KitrytliiDjt Kk« KcfmbMlon it ndodfil. Tlii* Icvkall]-
■oioODla la ■'«iiililinn*i |<R<l">lii<alinii, wlildi iiu mil* Ilm l.uUMraD dortriaa
in Ih? 17lU (I'liliirr. Tlii» «•• llw fin.t |kmuI o( <lilIiinn-4 with ilif tUlvinitt*.
1\f Mbrr pQintt mw* thv l.ollivnti Can>ub«tMtm>i<in, iriita which wrri roii-
BK'iJ tli« comniiinicalinii u( diving itlri^iutM to llM bumtil Mtarr a( Jcam^
mH I)>B utiiiiullyoF hi» iKidr; tn|^(htc irilb the om ol piotuna and othor miner
pH-ulruritid of ITi« riliml.
* FiiT an anount of thno luttawtra fCorU, wo Ilcrlna, 0*4. i'. HniA.
Vti..»if*rt»A,^t4.R*f.\%stAt.\'Ati. XMov, PT W, Bin ifq Gid*
<r, IV. ili. 0. 1, t.
CIntkT, VI. \. I Ili. H »t. n-
M
483
THE PBOTRSTAMT TltECHXOT.
4
a bod
mperor
i to tlifl
GeorgdB
LtM
bor
rbe
'1
on th« ocoiMon of tho Diet, in tbe ConfpreDOc at Rati»-
bnn, and in tliu Augsburg lotenm, tbo Catholics bod
evinced n disiwsitiou to iiinkc oomoMioiu. The Kmperor^
Fcrdiniuid I., reuoiDinended conciliatory measures
Council of Treiit in 156*2 ; and, failiiii^ in liif purjiose,
«DcounigL-d th« tbtKiIogians n«ir bim, in jkuUcuW <
Caaaajider, by their writbga and panonal intercoutM
with leading rroUistuntfl, in diffcTfiit coiintrips, to labor
Cor the reconciliation of tb« two contcndinj* juartiM. TIml
position of Ei-aunue, tliat thv creed tltonld be confined '
fundaiDontal articles, and tbat no agreement should
required on msttera of lias moment, was )»tili»tuntiaU
taken by most of Uio advocates of reunion. Cassande
proposed to go back to tbe Scriptures, and to tbo Cfaurcb'
of tbe Hmt live centuries. Calixtns adopte<1 Uie mms
principle. Irenical movementa of this character ar^H
spedally interesting from tbe part that was taken Id
them, by two of Ute ablest mm in tbu I'rotcstunt body,
GrotJus and Leibnitz. 'I'be latitudinarian tendency a|H
Erasmus, and tlie ctvu'iliaLory spirit and opinions of
Mclanctlion ouoe mure found strong repn-sentativea.
The persecution which Grotiua suffered at the handa
of bid ProtiHttant brctlirun, llie Calvinists of HoUaod ;
his observation of the rigid attachment of the Piotaitiint
■octw to minor pecub»ritii.'8 uf doctrine, and their bitte^fl
dieological strife among themsolvca ; his sorrow at th*
distracted condition of Europe in the early part of the
Berenteenth century, and at tlic calamities rosidting from
the won of religion, inclined him to set a high value upon
tbo restoration of ecclesiostiojil unity. His inberoourse
with moderate and enlightened Cntliolics in Franco coi^H
firmed this disposition. The differences among Cbri»^^
tiana appeared to him small in comparison witli the
points on which they were united. The tendencies cjH
thought peculiar 1« bim as a Htnt^wman, a scholar, and i^^
tbeoUigiau, conspired to make him an advocate of ooifr
cnonnB>
4S$
ptomiae and union among t-cclesiaBtical parties. It is not
Borpriffliig that now lie was cluirgvJ witli SociiiiaiiLini,
ami now ticoisi^l oi b<;i»g a Koinaii Ciitliolto. He em-
ployed his vast erudition in tJie endeavor to softtto Protc**
tnnt antipaUiic* to tim Ciitholic Cliurcli iui<) iU docti'inm.
He wrote a treatise to prove that the Pope was called
Antictirist through a miiuiiborprctiition ot tiiu Apocih*
Ijpae.i In tlitn a»d in otlier [Kililioulioim, lie asHumed
Uio poMtion of an apologist for tlie Catholic theology.'
In his idealized intcqjntbitiou, Le finds it {KHtsiblv orcu to
aaae^rtmiBubstantiatioD ; he doea not consider tlie use
ttfUUgii in worship abeolutely unlawful, though hu
Vej^aii tho jibtum connected with it ; * he thinlui that the
invocation of shunts and prayers for the dead are not
inadmissible ; and finds great advantages in cpi»L-opal
govcniniont, luid in tlie primacy of Uio I'opc. Evvn the
interference of tlie Popes with the elciction of Gmperon,
has s ground in the fact that tlio Popes muy bo considered
the representative!! of tlie Koman people. Grotius givtia
a place to tradition in the exegesis of Scripture. Ills
real position is, tliat tlie propoaidona on which all Chri».
tians can unite, are to be ascerbdncd by u universal
ooundl, composed of nil parties, and tlint the oonclusiona
1 Grelii Opera (BucI, l;32l. It. 1}T »q.
> I'liliiiii pro Pmi- tal. eonlnt txamtm A. Riftli, lUd., p. Ut, I'ia aj Paeem
leriL, Ibid., p. MB, ttc.
* U« dcDlca (lie unlrciml Talldltgr of tk» DtKtloguv nndef 111* ntii ilI«p*iiM-
Hod. He appcul) to tbc ooniiD4i>dm<m rcipcciln^ ll>o Saliluih. wlilch I.utlitr,
Ctfvln. Uilancilion. Zw!n);le, anil tbs olbcr KcfoniiFn, uiil(«t In •ieuy\iif to bt
•• far aUlgatai7 thai Ihc ebKrvDon ol on* da;: to t»<fra l(, on the tr"'i"'l ^
ll, nquind at Chriillaiu. Calvin. Imlilalit. li. B, 38, M. Lnllicr, OtftcJtw-
nut mnjvtt in Itup. Lihri StymMiei, p. -I'Jt. Mtlanclbon, Lod f-iitmHiw*,
lErtau^TD. IftMl, pp. 124. IM. ZwinKle Ihluki il Uilcr to oidw. tut, bgw, or
Is do DthiT tiKwurr work wliich the aoanii dMnjn-U. a(l*r dicine wonhip,
Ulan lab«UI*l "foTlbi bcliovtr isalwr* theSabliiUi." Wtrhi, i. SIT. Sucb
(roth b ncommtndtd in ih* anU ot th* Synoil ot Hontbgrc^ in llua*. on Iha
•BiMCnmnda. llaMmikanip. Attfo T. /rfnatfrta^ p.13. 71m I'liriUu* uwrUd
tlM> pnpttaal validity ol tbe (cortb «OT>imuid<i>i>nt, onlf thn III* ilay i* clunf* 1
hj diTiM auiliorlix- On lfa« hltioiy <*' 'ti* obomnn ot Suodajr, m* llwii
t IM LMfNTM tlBDO). UiUam, f7«iMt. ttUlt sb. vii.
484
TRK PBOrr^AXT THKCa^JT.
of Boch a coniicil aro tmstwarthy. The canoii of Vincent
oi L«riR9 — that what is accepted always, everywhnre,
nni] l>y all, ia Oatliolic tnith — is laid hold of by Gnitiin
to BPi've aa a basis for his sdieme of comprehension and
latitudiuarian rathodoxy.'
In fhft liittfr jiart of the sPTMitM^ntli wnliiry, Spinola,
anotlier theologian from tho Court of Vieiiiin, wlm had
been a Fiandscnn Om<>rtil in Spain, signuliu-d htimoU
by a pA«tfio undertaking similar to that of Cassander.
In the course of his lubom at the Hanovurian conrt, in
bchnlf of sjiierctism, as tlie projected union at the divt-nte
rell^oDs bodies nus termed, he had much intereoune
"^vith the Lutheran tiirolo|pnii, Molanu^ ; and a rnTTe»|H>tid-
encc RKHte betwoeu ?bIoIanna, and, afterwards, Ixiibnitz, On
the one aide, and Boesuct on tbo other.^ Leibnitz cod-
durUnl a long corrcspondenoft also, inuoli of whicli relates
to the same subject, with the Landgrave Ernest, of Hi-sae-
Rheinfels, who had gone over to tiie Catbo]ic Church, in
1652.' Tlid p(i!iitii!ii tukcn by Ldbnitz cloaoly rcsemblea
that of Orotiiis. l-^ach brought vast stares of learning,
and a mnrvclons outlay of philosophical acnteneaa to the
tiuik of hiirmoniitiiit; c^intiifting dugiitiut. Ix-jbnitx found
tlie di^na of trail Bid»tnntiati on harder to deal with than
any other article of the o[ipo8ing cri-ed ; but in the
aleinbio of bis siibth- crilifrisni, discordant opinions w«re
mado to assume a likeness to one another, lie lays great
Streas on tlie founthition^ of rellfjion, and d<rlares (hat the
i|Ui?etio& whether the love of God is neoaianry for salva-
tion, is inc>oin)i!imb1y more important than the question
wliotlirr the substance of thu bread remains iu tin* Em^in-
hat, or tlie question whether souls must be pnrifiwi before
I Thai Omliua tlii'<l, » kn had livnl, in llio PnitiiKjint CliuRti, hi prortil, U
amat nrn ncrounry. bv IJio n*millvi nt llin I.nlhsnin rliirvTinnn wlm ittioilfd
aim In hi< 1i»l houn. Sen tlnvlu't Pit-tianic^, art. "Umliui;" xii'1 l.iMen
tlaffo Ciioffiif nnol icinm Stiieinlin u. firhrl/tn (UtIIh, ISlW.t, ji. S.IS mi|-
• Too RcDiincI, LiiMn u. /..imfjro/ t'rrut n>n tfrarrh tt^tinfili. SH
tmstdntttJfr Ifrliftctctitt, ric 1 toIi. (KfaiilKiifl. 181T).
■ On (bo oart Ukcn bf L«1bnilt, sm Harins, n. KA ioq.
I.ICIBNITZ AKD BOSSUCT.
4»
bebg admitted to the riition of God. The qiiostioris in
dispute^ beOvfoi. Rome and Aiigshiirg he aflinns to ba of
k«s c'uiitscciiK-noo ttiuQ ttiL- points in debate between the
JanBeniatfi and their opponents, within the pale of Iho
Catholic Chwrch.' He WL>nt so far as to adifiit the rif{ht-
ful pritnacy of the Bislmp of Romv, and h« profwwud liiin-
eeU to stand in an inward connection, though not in
«xtvnial unioD, witli tim Roinnn Church.' Btit in reply
to presnng inritatioos to conform oulwaixlly to thia
Church, he dL'cline<l, on the ground that witbin its [old
he could not hold in peace his philnMipliii-nl ojnniong,
with wliicli. in reality, the Chnrcb had no right to
meddle ; he dunit'd tJiat he vrni a schinuatie, tlierefont,
by hid own fault, and mainl»ined the tame ground ia
respect to Liitbcr and tht- Prottstants generally.' The
Church iinivcrsnl, iiecording to LeibnitK, erur hoUU and
in anthoiiiEed to te-och tlie esaentials of religion ; but it ia
not Muthorizod to go beyond this limit. In ca$e it doee
BO, and thna invades the rights of conscience, an tn-
diTtdual, or n h'Kly of individuiilx, nro not bijurod by
excommunication ; and, when tliey fiu<l theniaelvefi, with-
out their fault, in tlitx posidon, their ministry md their
luhninintTntion of the s.-\cramentB become ^idid and accept-
able to God. His niniody for the divisiona of Cbriston-
dom, was a general coundl, in wbioh alt parties should
appear, and by which their common faith should be de-
fined ; evorytbing cl»c Ix^ng left to tlui free judgment of
individoals, and ot national churches. The pcnnt on which
Leibnitz and Boe«uot could not uniti.', wax tho authority
it thu Couiioil of Trent, lS<is.'«n't iL*e«trt'-tl tliat the Cath-
:dic Cbnrdi could make explanations, hut no retractioiu ;
stnd tluit the creed of 'IVent eould not be niterwd.* Ijcib-
oitx did not allow that the Tridentine Council i» an oicU'
1 Ton ttommel. I!. RST. * llil<l., p. 19. ■ m^^ U. 301.
< It U tntormilnit Id noUn lb*t Dr. I'uny'i iwent Mrguitwel for union, Ja
Xtmlcvw, ttc. <lBaii}, WM iMl hf Ardiblthop Uannins irtib Ilia nmo ilminJ
486
TnE pnOTESTAUT THEOLOGT.
meniciil l»dy ; And h« obJL-ctod to some of its detcrmina*
tiona : for example, to tliose relating lo umrringe.* Tlift
ontlii-cukirig of tbv Janseaist persecutiun, imd the tyraany
an<l pcnicvutjng policy of Louis XI V^ dnslied in piece*
whatovor lio(tee of union sangdne pereona may bavc been
\tid to ontcrtjiin, in vonitoqnonM ot these GuufeKDce*
betvr^en Protestant and Catliolic leadera.
lor lb* KkoawleilgniniC ot Itio TrldrDtina CaunclL But thi nfVBiuulJoa*
of Ronun Catliolle thmlogT by Dim Ukc Bouiici utA U>lilcr man b« nt4 fili
the nvollcclioii ihit lliere li a drlctor Orttuidai}' than It (ound in Ihcm.
) Lfibnllz wTtita "a Ilicoln);!!!! i^lnn " kliout Uin Jtai lHi,whi(h purport*
toliD tnnif ihi handpt a I'm hot ic. lib darfcD vu lo nhlUt lAat noteBIa
type «f €ailiollF<>m which niuit ba odorad on tbt Cilliatle lid* M ■ bMl* of
noi;«CiHlion> (or nuniiin. In regard lo hii Dim ptntliun he ujVi in a Itilvr lo
T. Buraci, la I7UB: "On ■ ou l> m(oa opinion dt mo! [m at Omtln*], lonquo
y*l enpUqai! in bona* part cotklnw opinion* dM dorUun da l'fi(U« Ramaino
contr* In airuutioni oWr'sada no* rmu- Uaia qiund an a tooIu pMon* plni
Bvanl It mo (aim accroirrv <|"o I< (torai* dann m* ranKpt rhra «ax. J* Irar ■!
bicn tnuntnf qua j'en itait toit floipf." 8m Miedner, Kirelimgitli^ p. 8U>
On Ctaf Buabaritl, L*ibnlt« «rrlt«: 'Quasi k mri (puliquc rou* on domasdu
msn •mtimanl, Homlanr), j* tn* tianr a UConffwion d'Aui[BlH>iirK,qul mttBnt
pr<<Hr>c« n<«ll* du corpt do >'rau> Cbritt, CI rtconnait quvlquc chon it nrit*-
lienz dam m Socnuncnl." I^tMr toU. I'rliMnn (iritbuut d*t«)> >•<
(^(mi, «d. DatNu, i TIB.
CHAPTEB XIV.
THE cossTiTtrriON OF THE PKOTESTANT ciiuiicaEa
AMU TU£LB BEIATION TO THE CIVH, AUTHOBITV.l
In Scotland and Geneva tlie Il«formatioD was estab-
HsiIhhI by public nutUority, lui ibo result of ft poliUntl h-t-
olution ; in moet other ptacea, ako, it xras introduced by
Uiu free Oct of prinLVM or inunicipslitiuSi who acted M
the organs of the popular nil). In {■Vance, and wherever
the government was not carried into the new movement,
it W11.S orgnni/^l iadfipuitdently of tbw civil authority. In
aome countries — in England, for example — eivil nilera
took a more active and controlling part than ols(»whcro in
fthiLping, as in briajpng in, the new order of things. More
o( the previous ecclunasticaJ system was retainud in some
of tlie regions where IV>testantiain prevailed tliaa in
others. In short, the circumatfuicvs under vrhtch the revo-
lution wiM effutited, HA well a* the viuind <:har»ct<^r of tlia
oommunitiea in which it took place, bad an important
effect on the form of tho n«w institutions.
> Dpon tb« topici or lbs Ouplrr. th* prlacl|iU CaUiollc nunnd I< Ifallsr,
JTirvAtandlt (Utb od.,ia)I); tht prlaclptLll'nitadWil irorkortllkcctuuMMrlt
RicliUr, Lti/huh </. talk ■, pral. Kir<*emrt*iU, UlpilR, ISIil). Sot itw
(i. J. I-Iwick, 0*dt. rf. £>uifJt«ay ■. JwMUbajr rf. tArUlL tirtiL GiilUelu^flt-
Ttr/<tim»s, ISOl KrU; S itiU.; Rkhur. GiA. d. tra»p. Kiniitirer/ttniitg l»
D(ateU„tSMi tcthltr. Gtti.J. rrttiylrrial-Vtr/'unns.ltiH. TbeT«««val-
n4lile OfllFlu bjr jMohMii jn Itcnoc'i A*«l-£ac. it. TKmt., tix , Ciinilcrinl-
nr/unay (rol. ilf.). OBtgialitMtm (irol. \i\ Efithipobjiltm \vtA. lv.)i
7VrrJii-rin%i''H (t«1. xt.). Sta >tM> Itolteck n. W*Ick«r, BlaaU l^rHvH, art.
Klrdu, Kir(Aimnr/.umm!f. A ««a<U« dinunlgn ol Ibo poMJl)!* ftad 4cRl&
nidlont dt Chunh uid 6ut« i* icir«n jf RliiBtMUi, Blaalineki. u. tM. Sn
alM Von Uobl. SlaoltntU, VtOtmell u. nJUO, G. 111. unl Uunnt. VSgltm
488 oossTrriTios or int ntoresTAyr aiviicriEs.
Tlic Rtrfonnt'n (jciH'ntUy agreinl in dJacimlUit; tb« lu<
mivliical idea, nud in liolding tbat ttw budjr of Lbu Cliuroli
i» tbc origiiiiil ivpuMitury of ecclrajaatioil auLbority. It
wiu goYei-iinifiiit by the laity, in distinoUon from goTuiii-
iBont by a priestly dim. Tbis tundkiiu'titii] pi-iiicijilo
woa idhcred to, nnd Dowhere more tban in England, vbere
the &bric of tin' old polity nu l«»t ultcred. Tlie Ro
foTioers g(M\cnilly held, slIso, tbat Cburcb auid Stale an
BO fur distiuct tbat Doitbvr Is subject U> thti absolute con-
trol of tbo oUicr, or m» tiiorge i» tlt« cMtf-r itoovm cxis*
(eooe. 't'liey (^ipoeed, on tlie one liand, I'^utbuuasta niiil
fan&tJM, wbo cIiunui'Ml for the Htibordiiuition or surn-iiilut
of EieiMilMi- ndo to " the aainU," luul thus for the estab*
liisbinent of a thvouracy ; tbt^'y oppoeud. on tjie otbi-T band,
an iibitorption nf oooleAtastical jmwer in tbo State, sucli aa
miirki-d tht; Roiiiiin Empire under heatlieuiiun, nu<l Uia
Gn^i^k Km))ire in C'hmtiun ages.
Thu Lutheran KeforruerB profesEted priuciplra upon Ui»
govvniniuit of tbv Cburub and upon its relatian to tlta
ci^il autliority, wbieli Uiey con:iiidcnxl it impniotieiiblu to
n-alize. Lutber duckrvd tb»t all power residea in the
oongn^gntjon, or bi-iiy o£ iMtticvere — tb« Cliiircb oollflot-
fve. In tb^ir bands are the k«ys, or the right to exeiv-iae
Church diMoiplinv, the sucnunents, and uU the pon-uni of
gorerument. Tlie clergy' are comuiiaaloned by the [>coplu
to )M>i-foi-m ofRcw wliiub lKtlun|; to all in common, but
whii'li all rannot discharge. They are therefore coin mitt vlI
by the voice of thft <'ommumty to snch as are qualified to
fuliill thetii. The sacrament of ordination ia notbiiig but
the rite xtbervby pi;r»oiiJ( nro put into tho miniitti^ ; but
they are not constituted an order of priests. The ehurclioa
have the powur to elect sind otdain their ministei^ for it
b the churehra to whom the wmniitud is nddirssed to
preach the GoBpfl. The Chiu'ch is endued witli tlie ri^t
^ gowrn itttelf ; tlie right of excommunication belonci
I
ECCLSSUSTICAI. PUKCTIOK OF CIVIL Bi;L1:IIS.
489
I
not to a body of eccIeBiastics, but to the congregatioii :tt>d
its cbosea paaton.'
But tbuee abstract dncti-inea Luther and bis aiiscici.i'.«9
thonght tlieiiuclvuft pn;vi;iit<--d by circunutiincL-jt from utr-
ryiog into practice. They ivcre led, also, by the aituiitioii
in vrbieh tbej wcro plai^ct], to modify, in important par-
ticulars, these theoretical stalenieiits, cjipocixdly on thu
point of thu rulittions of thu civil authority to the Chuvcb.
The Gerniaiis, LutJier siiiil, were too rough, wild, iind
turbnlent^ and too unpracticed in suU-gorummont, to take
eccle&iasticjil powvr, in litis way, into tlioir houda iit oner,
nrithtiut producing infinite disorders and confusion. The
pctooeft must toko tbo lead iu ecclvxiiuticiU urrungvnicuts,
and the pcoplo must conform to their whulesonie iUTHngi.-
nienti!. Thu uutliority of civil rul«rH in tbe ecclesia»-
ticat flphuro, wiia prououiiiivd to ivst partly ou tlio old
right of patrons, and on kindred prerogatives which h»d
bi-vn vnjoyvd by tbo socuhir guurdiaus of thu Chtirdi, iuid
partly on the principle that princes and magistrates, a»
HiK principal members of the Church, arv ojititlcd to be
heard with reiipoct ; a doctrine quite comjiatihle with tlio
general theory that Church government ]N^rlainii not to
th« ol«rgy alonii, but to the biitj-, to the whole Longrogn-
tion. It ivas held, moreover, that it belongs to civil
rulers to maintain order, by the regulation evrn of thu ex-
ternals of wondiip. This indclinito function thus conceded
to the State, was viiriously iittcr[>n.-l';d ; but tiui tendency
of events was to inducu the Kefonnei'S to amplify rather
than abridge it. Tlie pcawintA' nitr and Ihe subsi-qiient
Hirifo with the AniibnptiAU, in whicli the coercive agency
of the princes was necessarily called in, were infliienttal
in tills direction. Thero waji a tttmi^ reaction against the
extreme view of the enthtisiasts who propOMxl to diveiit
the magistrate of every kind of authority. Luther is at
• For liie (>M»C** FrDmLattavudfmatluAagibiugCoBrtMraa, ■*•€■>»
kr. IT. 1. 3, 1 U.
190 COKSTITUnON or the PBOTT^TAMT CaURCBE
I
timrs potut^'o in tlio nseortian tliat tliu jiiri))dicti
Eivil rult^n ia ruAtricti-J bo IcDipnml nffain^ to Uie pit
ti<m of lUf and pro|M>rty. Tbis is tfao dofinilton of
AtigHl)iirg Confei^tion. Yet, aa apccinl queationa a
both Lutlier and MelanoUioa attribute to the Sta'
■nudi liirgvr luvusurc of pttn-cr in innttcn of reli^on 1
these terms would naturaltjr suggest. Villages and a
should bu compuUud, tliuy say, to hare acliools
prenchere, jiut as tliey are compelled to construct bri<
and roads. But tliis is not alL It would be rigltt for
Bk'otor to enjoin Uie use of Uic C«t«dit»m, witJioutwi
tlie people would not learn wliat it b to be a Christ
Thuy proofed further and declare that the civil ma
trate slioidd take cognisance of offenses against tho i
as well OS ngainst tliu second table of the law. B
mondiv bound to suppres and punish blaspbeoij ;
this function, us the Koformation tnado prognoB,
held to etnbraoo tlie right imd duty of abolisliing
mass. Suuh Is the teaching of Melancthon in his i
trinal treatim, the *> Loci Commun<>»," and such was
jndgin<r»t of Imth Reformers in response to speeial incjui
addrt:ssed to them by princes. Luther, writing in 1
to the Margmve, George of Brandenburg, refers hia
Uio exiimplo of tl>e Hebrew King, Ileieldab, ^o
right in br<.-uking in pieces the bniz«n serpent of Mo
nlthoiigh liLi act gf ive tlie Riiiue otTense to [leople as tlx^ a
ishing of the maaa would give. The Reformers rocmTw
the instance of Convliuitiiie, who, in his ofGro of protwi
(rf the Church, was disposed to quell Uie Arian coik
versy.'and to this end convoked the Council of Kit
Yet Luther, as well iut Alelnnctbon, foresaw that
Chureli w<iutd be liuhlo to oppression at tJte hands of
State ; that wli'-rcus the Stale, nndei- thu old system,
been stripped of its rightful powers and influence, an i
ju»t llie reve-TSU was now likely to uuierge, fmilK tho in
meddbng aitd tyranny of civil rulers. Heuce, t>oth n
A
TUB LVTDBHAH FOUTT
491
I
I
I
willing timt tu tho Protestant orgiuiizutiuu biskopM eliould
be retaitiMl or a(>poi»t«<l, who should have only a jur« hu-
mano authority, but who might surve us ii cou]ttiT)x>isu to
the foritiiiliiblu tufluenco of the Stati;. Thu fwittiris how-
ever, was not introduced into the Luthentn organization.
Tibe bifthops gvuuriLlly iiot taking Uiu side of nform, othur
inoviDions had to be made for the mauagcmeut of ohuriJi
afhiit. The political iirraDgvtnoDts, especially after the
Peace of Au^htii'^. whidi fluspended the spiritiKil jnntK
diction of lionum Cathohc prelates over tliu adhi.-i-cut« of
the Aug^uig Confeasion, and made the religion of eacb
voctilar st;tt« dependent upon tliat of its rulor, had tlie
eiTect to pill, into thu hundsof prinovs nior« and niurv con-
trol in ecclesiastical nfTaii-^.
T\\f tvfo princip*! cbaructoristics of tho Lutltenw
polity, afl it was formed in Saxouy and most l^uUtcmn
commuDities, were tite superinteudeutd and cousUtoriea.
SuperinbcudcntK vivra first appointed in thu C'hiuvli of
Strulsimdt and nost by the Sector of Saxony, in tha in*
•tructiooa to the Viutora who were aent, at tho ri'qtifst of
the tlteologiana, to the Saxon chuTche«, in lo2T.' The
Hupcrintcndeats, in tht-ir rc!tpix.-tivu districts, took tlui
[dace of bishops, and exercised an oversight upon the doo-
trino and the wonship of the churches, and upon the paa-
tors. The consistorica aro!u> from Uie nei'd of » ooiupo-
tent tribunal to adjudicate upon queetioos reUting *u
nian-inge and diTorcv. With the abotiRbini; of thu cnntHi
law. nuuiy of the provisions of whidi chiahetl n-iib I'nit^
iwtiint principlea, and witli tho lom of the old opiscopiil
tribunals, numcroiLi and often per|)Iexin|; question* w<«r<
broiij^ht before tho Lu^crun pastors. Kot n few of tin
> 11w " IiuUiKllaDa to Vbltora " wen diavn up by MdUiiciIidr. IVy la
dddod ■ dhtctol]' f«T dirina »(ma)|i and (or (tw IniimtfUon of llw p*opl*
Dwf wuUlillAd a DBlfbrni >;M*m '.n tht govtnimgnt uiil ircnUp o( Ih
Saaon fliuirhiH. the ignnnoi-E at Uio |>toplr and of Ihtia letuhtn te im
;juKd l.uthrr. tbai he ■■• M to toinpow Mi Calwbliuu. Tb* tjtttm tttafc
Ikbadbr a* VbluUtD macarrlodoaibrfgiM*! law.
49S OONSriTUTlON 0» 1IEE rftOTESTAKT CtlimrJHES.
H
ttled_
lettvn of Lutlicr liiniiwlf iind of liit lUwociuUv ara £d
^onse to jK'titioiis fi>rn(Ivic>e froiu princes ouJ \mVMta per
■ons, Kspectmg marriagt} anil divorce. Tbu uiuei
Tiev« on Uiis subject — tin; Mtnbc of tbingit inontal>l
GoRsecjui.'nt nii the r«iiiindation of tlie old system of
«ocl«suutdcii'. laws, wliicb in raoiiy points Uiu Ri'formera
judged to be unacriptumi and unreasonable — must be ,,
tiikun into ttoconnti in cuiiaidvring tho oooduct of Uiv Wit-^^
teuborg Ro(orm«n in tlit; vnsit of Lbe scaiidaluiu diiuble-^^
maniage of the Landgrave of Hesse. But marriage waa
partly a svcidar nin(U-r, fiilling tindor thv cognizance
tlie civil tribuniiU, and partly ethical and religious, >uul
BO cotniug withiu tbe province of the Cbarcli and clergy.
Honci! mixed tribuuub, coinpoiMMi jxirliy of cleigj- and
partly of jun8t«, vrore constituted by the dvil authorityf,
and into tlie Itmids of tliesc bodied, ciUod coasia)orie», tin
same name which tlie former cpisoopal conrta bail bc/me*
tbe wbolo eoclesiitfiticul administration, inoladiiig the right
of cxoommutucution, wan eonimittod. The only right
left to the churched in tbe election of pastors, WM that
of confirming or rejecting the nominations made by Ui*
patrons.
In Brandenbui'g and Prussia, where the bishops we
not uTerso to the Protestant movement, the episcopal
system lingirri'd until ITiSi. In I>(inmark it was sup-
pressed in 1536 ; tlie Danish superintendents being a
pointed by Ute king. Swwlen ulonc of tliu Lntbtiiut
countncs has continued the episcopal orgaiiiuition.
A remurkuble att4>inpt wits mude in Ilesso to cstubijah
a chuTuli system of a quite different character. Iliifl was
mode under the auspices of Philip, Lnndgruve of He»e,
who was governed by tbe advice of Kr.incu Liiinbert., a
converted Franciscan, a native of Avignon, who bad em-
bmccd Protestjintitiin, lunl had resided firet mth Swingle
at Zurich and then at Wittenberg, Tbe Church oonati
tution, to whicli we refer, was devised at a synod ul
TJIE STNOD OF IIOMBEM.
498
I
I
lIotnl>org, in li>2C, an<] was (loinm-rralic in iUt i>rin<.-I|>]r«.
Tliti Gospel waa to be preached iu every place, and then
a Churcli was to bu orgaoiEvd, U> i-oiisut of trtie buliuvers
wlio were willing to unite in a common sabjoction to the
mice of dieciplino. The body thus camposed was to choose
itM owu pastors, who were callf^d bisbops, and might bo
Diken from any proft-ssion, and to exercise self-govemtnent
including tlie tuloiiiustntjoti of ft ttrict dlMctpItnv and of ex-
communication where it should bo required. Every year
Mich Churcli vm to bo represented by binhops tind dulu-
gates in a general aynod, where all complaints were to
be heard, and duubtful questions solved. Tb« business of
tlie synod wns to be prepared beforehand by a commit'
tee of thirteen ; an<l nt each meeting three visitora were
to bo chosen to investigate the condition of each Chuivb.
llifi plan may be described as the Congregational sys*
tem with an infuaion of Presbyterian elements. " The
features <if it," sayM Uanke, " arc tho Kfime as those on
whicli tho French, the Scottish, and the American Church
W.W afti'rvnirdit ontiililuibcd \ u|">n tliciii, one maysay, tlto
existence, tho development of North America rests. They
bare aii immeasurable, worId-hi.ttnriaJ importunoc. At
the first esporiment, they appear in a complete form: a
little Gci-mari synod adopted them."
liiither conHi<Ii-i-t-d tht- ]H'[>pIe quite unpri'juired for such
an'n line m I'll t.8. IT ■ ' complained of the indncile
roiiginn/iM and oliii. nf the ni»li«t, who i*>u]d not
be brought to undertake the support of their own minis-
U-is. Before tlie Homborg Synoil he bad become con-
vinced tliat Church arrangements, so much at vm-iance
witti those with which the Germans Irnd bi.-en famil-
inr, would prove impracticable and iilMrtive. Artificial
legislation, not a liistorical growth, was I'ontrary to bis
ideas : even Moacs, he said, had set down what was cus-
tomary and traditional among bis people. In all sacb
mattun he held Utat wo mac prooovd witli slow stepa
t94 coicsTiTunox of the r&OTE&rAST cauBCiUA
" Little aud well " was tlie motto which he adopted
Sueb a mtiH ol new Uws, be wrote to thv Landgraw, be
eould not approve of : it was a gieat tlm^ i<j make a
laWt and without tliu Spirit of Qod ao good ouuld come
of it. Pitrtly troin Luther's oppoeitioii, and atiU mor*
ftom tbo influL<nco of tbo causes on wbich his objecUcos
vere founded, the Hesaian oomUtutiou was uuvwr fuU^
Bt in operation.
The counw of ovouta in Gennanj bad broufHit the
goveninient of the Church into Uio linnds of tlii; Pn>u-«-
tant princes within their respective states. Theologians
and juriitts proposed various theories in oxpUiuUion or
jiutificatioii of thifl facL At the beginning of the aevcu-
t«>nth century, the " ^iscopal system " was advocated,
^acvordiug to wbidi the civil rulurs were hvld to biivo
uivcd their eccU'siastical powers from the Eiuperor,
Uib Treaty of Puamu and tho Peace of Augsbqujg.
' Some lield timt thcae powers wcro provisionally b»-
stowed, by "devolution," until the ojiposing <jiureb(w
should be reunited ; otliers, that they were now restoretl
to thv pliK'c where thuy had originally and rightfully be-
longed. At thu end of the seventec.utli euntiir}', tho
"territorial system" was set up, in which episcopal
autlinrity — jus i;pisi:o[«iIc — was iduiitiSed with Uio coo-
ccdwd right oi the princes to reform abuses in religion —
the "jus reformandi." This system m:ule tho goveni-
meot of the Church, not including, however, th« detor-
minatioQ of doctrinal disputes, a part of the prince's
proper function, as the ruler of the Slatt^ 'ITiis theory
wus advanced by Tbomasius, whose opinion was shared
for suln^taiice by Grotius, and by Selden, the English d»-
lender of the th'^ory wbich denies Uke autonomy of the
Churcli, and U kuown under tho uamo of Erastianism
Prof<^-<8ed at fli^L in tho interest of toleration, Uw " tcii>
;orial system " became the potent iostrumeut of tyranny.
Another theory, the " collvgial syst«ni," was chiboratod
^
»
PftLtn W THE CAIVIKISTIC cmmcHEs.
at
by Paffciwlorf and Pfaff. This mode tlie Church o.igi-
nally on i»i1«pondvnt socivtv, ■grltkh durolvcd, by coittract,
ejiiMopiil autliority v^nn the civil rulers. The oppression
of the Church by thi; Stjitc — wliiit tbo Gcrmana call
C(v»iiro-/)<tj>t*mus — has boen a prolific sonroe of evil in
Ltit1i<!ran communities.
Itt t.Iifl U»fiirin«d bnuich of the Proteatont fnmily tliore
was the sam© theory reacting the rights of the Church
to govern itself, iind respecting th« r<.^Ution of Churc^i
fijid State as auxiliary to one another. Tlie inde
pondcncu of tho Church upon scmilar control ^tob in
general maintains] with mucJi more distinctneas and
tenacity, partly from tho circnmstanou tJiiLt aovcnil of
tiM Oali'inintic Churdica — for example, tlic diurolies ci(
France, Scotland, and the Netherlands — framed their
organization as secta, ^th no sympiuhy from the civil
rulfltfl. ThiA fact wnA not witliout its influence in slump-
tng more n^pulJlican features upon their polity. In Zii-
rieh, Zwittgle aair, ns Luther had aeen, tluit the body of
the pt-oplu were not ripe for self-govemmont according to
a popular method ; and accordingly eoolesiaatii^l author^
ity n-as plaoed in tho hands of tho great Council, which
govenn^d the dty, and was considered to reprcacni tho
eccleaiastical as well as ravil commoni^. The clergy
were nominated or prc»cnU-d by Uio magititrucy, t3ia
privile^ being given to the people, who were convened
for the purpose, of objecting to the CRuitdates. Zwingle
Iteld, idflo, tliat exoommtinication ithould ho left to (Jio
Christian magistiacj', as long aa they did not neglect
thvir duty in thiii pnrticniar. In l.'>25, u coart compcwed
of pastors and civilinnH was oonatitated for the dedaion
ft qiii.'stions pertaining to marriage Mid divorcer. The
infliction of all punishments was relegated to the cirit
authority. T\k principli! of tho punty of the clergy waa
•irictly adlierrd to. (Kcolantpadius at Basel endeavomi
*o reeboie diurch discipline to the Church itself, but faia
496 THE coxsTtnmuN op tub rtorTsrxsr covBcaxs.
efforte in tliU (lir«etioa, tboogh pattinJly succcafol ior
a time, soon failed ; and tlio Zuik-li ^ysuun, in ita es-
Hiitial cbuiaoterUtica, vns ud(iiit«d id the other Swu^
Can tons.
Thu doctrinu of Calvin with regard to the proper co^
Riitutivti of tUi: Cliitrcli ttnd tlio connection of CborcJi and
State, i3 set forth with his usual clearness in the Insli-
tatfw. The oQiiicni of thu Chtirdi lire, besidea deacMts,
lay eldeis who, in conjunction with the clergy, bare
diarge of church discipUno. Tho ^quality (^ the deigy,
or tho identity of presbyters and hishope, in affirmcvd.
The officers are to be chosen by the oongrogation, under
the lead and prcwdcncy of tlio ofEoen already existing.
Calvin, in speaking of tlie con&titution of tho State, does
not oonocal bis partiality for an luistocmtic form iiiuditiud
by democratio elements ; and this letting, notwithstand-
ing Ilia view ttiat jmwcr resides iilttmatcly in tho congro*
' gation, betrays itself in his remarks on tho proper method
of elucting officers of the Church. Tho Church has no
authority to uae foroo or inflict ciTil punishmi^ntjt of any
sort. Its functions are purely spiritual. On tlie oilier
hand, tho Stato has no moral ri^t to intrude within the
jurisdiction of tlie Church or to diminlih its liberty.
Kevcrthi'Icss, tlio Stato is bound to cuciperuto with the
Church, and to aid it by tho efficient use of distinctly
<avil inBtrumentalitiea. Calvin rejects the thoorj- tliat
the Stato has cognizance only of thu worldly ooncems of
DKIL. It is the first and moat imperative duty of the
mogiatrato to foster religion, and benco bo is solemnly
bound to punLiIi luid cxtiqwto heresy. He s.iys tliut if
** the Scripture did not teadi that this offic» (of the
mngistrao}') extonds to both tables of the law, wo mif<:ht
learn it from heathen writers ; for not one of llu'in lias
treated of tho office of ma^trates, of legislation, and
livil government, without be(J■■^nill{; with religion and
dhrine worship." It belongs to govenunent to aeo *' that
CALVIWSTS ON OOSUKtTlOX OF CUtfRCII ASD STATS. 4OT
I
I
(dntatry, sacrileges ag^^Jist thu iiamo of Ood, blasphviaiw
aguinst big truth, and otbur oflvnscs ngaiiist religion, ma.j ,
not oponly npptuu and be disaeminated among tbo peo* '
pie." **CU'il government i» dt-sigDed, lui long &■ wo live
in tbiii trorld, to dierlsb and support the external vrot-
ahip ot God, to preaerro the piiro doctrino of rcligicnj,
to defend tlie coDAtitution of tbc Cburcli," 03 well aa to '
promote the temporal interests of men. Tliis idea of
iiw rcbitioD of govornmtiiit bo rt;ligiuti piwiiilud itmong
Calvinista ; it is distinctly assorted in the Confession of
Ui« Westminster Assembly. Nor wus it poculiiir to
them ; it ia stated by Melanctlion in language similar to
that employed by Calvin. It ia subHtikntially tlie viev
wliicli bad been beld in tlie Catliolic Church. It lias
been E:ki(] of Culvin with truth, that " ho labonxl to pro-
duce in men a deeper revercuco (or religious ucla and
|>ersQna, to make them conscious of the mystic union tliat
Mulmists umong all true hcticvorx, and especially to invest
the doctrine of the visible Church with new significance,
on tlic gi-ound that it is inHtituted, nut na any meru con-
ventional establish men t, but for the training and matur-
ing of human Boula in faith and holiness." Ho fought
a battU- in defense of the prt^ogatlvi- of tJie Churcli bo
exiiumnmnicate oflfending members, and to deny the
EtieliariHt to tbo unvrorthy ; and ho vindicated this right
againitt the interfetunce of the civil uutliority. Ufl first
(«tablishod the eldersliip in full vigor, committing the
regulation of doctrine and discipline to a body of clerical
and lay p-iators, there being twiou as many laymen M
ministera on the board. Geneva being so small a terri-
tory, the synoiliit constitution could nut be devclojicil aa
it was in other Calvuiistic churches. The jxtwerfi that
wero attribntt^d to the ('liurcli by Gdvin's theory tcndud
to give tbo entire system of governnieut nt Gcnovn tho
tbaractcr of a thoocrney ; but this tendency vas modi-
ted in its clTcct by tlie ugoncy giwu to thu C>unci)s m
498 THR COKSTnvnOH OF TBE PltCfnSTKST OnURCDES.
Uie selectiou of oboKb officcre, an*! by oUier fratura
in wliidi tboro wiui a dopartunt from the strict ptinapla
of iiide|>ende»ce and Belf-goTenunent od tb* part of th»
Cburuh.
Tbu Pn»bytcruu] ooDHtitutioD vit» idt^'d, vritb special
iiuieties of form, in the Protestant diurabvw of Seotland,
Fnuice, and tliu Ni^Uiurlaiitls. In Sootbind, there wia
at fint an upiiroximation, on one itoint, at loarti to tbe j
Lutheran system ; 8iav« in lo31, supenntendcnta xrare
appoinUxl, tbuir jnnMdiotion being cooxtcnaivu with die
anoient diocesan dtnaioos. But tliia ima a tnuiaimit
arrangement. Nowhere did the hatred of fmiaay, and of
•v<.Tytliiiig thitt looked like it, become moro fommt than
in Scotland. The Presbyterian system iras fully cstal>>
linliod, and al£rin«d to exist by divini^ right. Thvr^ were
two ohfiaes of eldeis constituted — ruling, or luy vlders,
and (xrcaobing elders — vho togrthcr formed the Kirk-
■cmou and cxorcimed goTpnimont in tliv Church. Vacan-
cies in the lay part of the session weiti Ullod by tlic body
tt«cK, on the uominatjon of tli« pastor. The highest triba>
tuil for the exeroiHR of Cliiireb atiUmrity wa.t thu General
Assembly or National Synod, in n-liicb the minitterial
ro[>rc!tM]ntutiTai waro on a footing of perfect equali^. In
Fmioe, tlie churches being separately organixcd, were at
first autonomic in their polity, the preacher \Tith tbe lay-
elders and deacons forming the consiatory or M.'niit«, tbo
goreming body. WTiile in Geneva, the elders wens cho-
sen for lifi.', in Franoe they were ek-cted only for a tenn
ot jtan. Vacancies were filled on tli« notninatioa of
tbe consistory itself. In France the elders oon6nod them-
iK-lves to the exercise of government itn<l discipline, anu
did not, as at Geneva, visit the bouses w coSpernte offi-
cially with the pastoni in tlio cure of souls. This anxiU
iairy servtoe was devolved on the deaoons. in ir>.'>',>, tbe
synodal constitiition was introduced, by which the no*
tborify that bad resided in the consistories wtis limited
CBimOH AMD STATE M ECGLASD.
4W
I
mpn-mo jurisdiction Iwing pluoc<l in tli« Nntionnl Sjiiod,
wliioh fnrinecl the liiglic-st court, and exercised a general
supenatendence in matters of doctrino ami disoipliDu.'
Tlwj Presbyterians hnre always nuinifcBbcd a jmlousy o(
at«te-control and a dUposition to k«ep tho government of
the Chnruli in its own IiandH. Bat in Engliitid, at the
epodi of thc> I^ng Parliament and t]te Westminster As-
sembly, concossionu Liid to be made, in «onfiequonco of
the vmat of unnnimity iti the adoption of Pre^ibyteriaa
priudples and the refosal of Parliament to surrendw
the supreme poorer in occlomusticiil nffoin.*
The relation of tlie establislied Church to tbe State in
England, where the principal control in occk-aiwitioft] of-
ban vox luwumed by Uie civil nntlmrity, Iia« benn vari-
ously deflnotl. For a while, the Bysiuitine theorj', whieli
conceives of the King as poMeMcd of A sort of prii'fftJy
* A ■uiau* dlipuU broka eat In \bt Ft«uc1i Cbiireh In IGTl batir«aii th« ad-
TOcdu at A type a( Canifregtllaiiallun, of mliom tli« cclcliratcd lUniui iru
one. mud tb« dcfendcn o( iha nitabllilicil lydaai, whJcb loJ^d (l>r poirrra at
KOVfrsaiCDt in tha Cvnililorjr. The Maiucre el St. Dullialonicw r«wvd Dm
(Ul>jci>( to lin ri-rKOllio. Fcr iiMkivi at ihi* InUrutine cnntrorcnjr, «« Uirlio,
HU.if4 /'>vnM,ix.3n,n.9i Vft^yet, DtrutOiimf 4. Cn/rimnnw, p, tOn.; Too
m\aa, GmAkiit 0. /nmaSAek. CaJ>.. 1. 4^^708; Schhnnr, jMm Sm, f.
SIS.
■ Tbe (nI«ro[ nirsliip wbich imt i)')<>['tf<] in lli« Jillartnl Rfronnrd Churchta
iru in ■fvard «ltb thrlr Tctpcdint liInMoC ilndrlno ■ml piAilj. Lndwrtv
lalmd nwnj vt Ih« lacicnt fonnsi but b« jt>rv to ilit wrmon » jiUn ot Miiinl
tinpntaons *ntl wa* tanfiil lo Intltl Ui*t Ihq ■mne«meali of Uia WitWn-
bmg Senice Ikmk •.hmilil n>i( )iv inipufr'l oD nlticn. Wt niiitl be muUn Ol
tenuMDisi — nnl lr\ Ihpcn bn miiMor* oi m — wa* \m (ncille. Th* ihg^iqt *(
hirmiu (HunKd « immlmnt pUm in I.ullionn w.>r>hip. Th««hanunD( Zirln-
f^t «V1* mOcH moi^ rttlirfll. In Znttdi, church nintftjiK wu ;;ivrn up anlD
IMS. Al HoM-l uid fom* ulh«r Swiu tnwius, hrjwmr. On Oftmiia IVialinii mtt
•unit- Tbn (!burr1i a( Qtniva fullrivrinl mibataiiliilly llm Xnrtcli aarrio*, but
ihhI (I>k I'ltncli nnion* of Uie rulnii, by Sdiuvl and Kata, Tbt Ocatvaa
SflrvirH Itouk urrtd u a modal tor viirlou* olbtr Ibtocmcil (.liuX'bDi. Ou Uili
wbnifi inbjocl, ne (furttUr, W. i. 3, { 4T, uliort Ibc Illtnlura li givan. TlM
IJturjtj of ftp .Inslimn fhureli ir«> tarpi..* drawn (roni Iho n\i wri-tc«-ba*k<.
e** K. ProMer.^ ;/«:ar)r./(»< B«p*fl/0<m»o»/'roj(r(Tlii«d.,X™ToA,
mi). A. J. Kicphixii, rif IimU' «/ C'(iM«ni Prayer, fM nolil, ttftl rnkV lb.
itrital nuoi. n*. UaiktU, TAa UKdVM JUiw» ^lt( Cl«rA^f>Hh*l
M •>!., lal«^ C. W, SUrJita, 7A« Am* ^Ctmnon Proftr, w <Mie«r<rf A*
wa 11 ai. Didntt i ttiA • tffac a*d ^jhnfjaal TVnKm llKIi
600 THE COSSTITCTIOX OF THK PROItSTAST CSfBCHES.
I
fonctiou, us being aii eoclesiastkal as well as n civil put^
■on, seems to hare been tacitly hold. Uia hendahi)) ovet
tba Cbiirvh mid oootral in ficclca&stical govenuoBnt w.tv
justified on Ibis bjpoUiems. TLu Erutiun doctrine, oo*
oonting to wbicb tUo Cliurcb, m suab, has none of tlia
pNTOgatives of governinout, whicli inlicro wboUy in tlio
Ststo, had ita udhcrcntx in EngliUM), nnd iutt iu influeiice
upon iliB English polity. It was the theory of Hooker
that the Church of any jmrticulor country, iiud tbo State
Urate oxistiiigi oro ono and the nune society. They are
not two distinct societies which nnito or ctttlflsoe in a dt-
gree ; but they ara onv and ihi: suinu tocinl body, which,
AS related to temporal concerns, and all things except
true reli^on. ia the commonwealth ; as ruhit^l to ndigion^
is tlie Cluii'ch.' Tiio i«u])r<-in.HCy of the King, if the gOT-
amment is monarchical, over the Church, is the corollary of
this propnuition. Among the modern adrocahn of this
hypotheais, one of the ablest is th« late Dr. ^Vrnold. In
idea, the Church and State, he tliinks, are identical. Their
end, their ergon, is Hits same, lie rejects, with all hia
heart, the modern tiieory tltat Uie design of the State ia
limited to the protection ol body and goods. The State,
in it« Tory idea, is religioi», an<] ia hound to iiim at tho
promotion of religion. Rejecting, also, the doctrine of
apostolic mcccAsioii and of a priestly order, Arnold Rnds
in tho King's supremacy an emblem and a reali2ation of
tlw) truth that tliw liiity hiivo a right to govern in Llto ^
Church. The more the State is pervaded by the kpirit of ^|
Chmtianity, the more is tho Church, as a separate body,
I EerJrmil. Pvlity, b. Till. *' Wo ny thai tlic ittv ol rrli^eo being cam-
man lo all locictlM politic, autb WMdMlM W do tnilmiia thv true Kllglun havt
Hit aaiae of Chunh ffrta unto evnyaae of ihcm fc<r iliiiiaollon tfim :1m
mt." " Wbm we optiwoi Ihcrefon, ilii Cluinili and Cflinnioaneixllli. hiQiri*-
^di lOrlFly, w« mean by Uia Cainin(inwi>Bllh Uut Mcicty with TalMfam I* al
(tla piibllo Bflnin thprfvf, only (he tnntlar <tt Iruv nliinun fxrapledi by tiM
Cbnrah, Ihv Min« pirlcty wjtb only rifrrciicr unto llio miittr ol tru* rtUglaE
■Ubcul Uiy alliurt bcililM."
THEOBIKS or WABOURTyN AND COLESIDGB. 601
MpeneJed. Tbc ideal towards which we lire to strive ii
Hio identiScatioD of the tvro.>
Tlie theory t>{ \Viir1>urtoii proceeds upon a denial of
the identity of Church and State.* Tliuy are in Utir
own nitturo aiid originally, distinct and separal« aociotien.
But thia mutual independence does not of ncwssity con-
tinue. They nuy vnter into nn iilliiiiira with onu another
U[>an certain terms, the result of which is a connectitMi
and mutual dependence of thu two. Tlio Chui'di «ntvni
into a relation of a uliorih nation to the State, Uio State
making stipulationfi which bind it to support the Clmrdi.
There is a contract with conditions to be tuUillcd on
either nde. If the State should fail to fulfill these oii-
giigemcnts, the Church may withdraw from the connection,
and then falb hacic upon ita original condition of inde- |
pendence.
Coleridge has HUggeatcd a theory aomewhat diverse
from that of Waiburton.* The hypothesis of Coleridge,
■a tar M it is peculiar, is fonmUul on a distinction between
the Tiaible Church of Christ, as it may be found in any
particular country, and the national or established Church
of that country. The visible Chnrcli is a kingdom not of
this world ; it mamiges )t« own nlTiiint, npptiinta an<l stip-
porta ita own ministera. The State is competent neither
to appoint nor to displace tlieso ministers, nor is it n*
B])onMil)Ie for their ranintcnance. The mitional Church,
on Uie contrary, is a public and risible community, having
ministers whom Uie nation, through tJw agency of a con*
stitiidon, has created tmsteea of a reserved national fund,
upon fixed terms, and witL defined duties, aitd whom in the
caac of breach of those tenna, or dereliction of those du-
I Sm Amnl<r« tJ/< ami Carntptnittt* <t7 Slanloy), ptmvi i ud AnioU'i
J/fKvUunnu irrfriH^ lLB«niliWD( Gtrmiin IhMloglaii, RHhe, hu kdvKalcd
k nlmilar tlMiiiy, ill ht> CkrUBekt £Ml!, Mid In bli |i**tliuniau> Dti*ilik,
* Thu Mid nUiar I^MriM •» ili«Kh*4 Id ttio Pntac* to Co1trid|{«'i tUkwd
MtfjnMt,brH.ir. C«l«rid8*. ColciUse'i Vn^* (e<t. SUdd), *<>t. tL
■ IF0rl», tdI. vU
M2 TBE c<H{5rmmox of rns PBorssTAHT oiiubuhu.
'Xpedi- J
m
ties, the nation, through tlio same ngom^, may <Iit(charg«."
But tlii^ iiiiaiat(ir» of the one Cbnrdi msy iiUo I>e the mJu
iaien of the otlior; the minittin* of the vi«ble Obnreb
uf Chriitt may be, iiLio, thn tniniRterti of the nntiomil nr
established Church. This ia, for niuiy reasons, expedi'
fint, and b actunlly tlto emu. Thus the titlcit, «:
mODts, and political power of the clergy, belong to t
not M niimHturs of thu Chureli of Chrixt, which h
ii.ittonitl or locnl, but as an eatato of the realm ; im a body
oluirgt-d with the vast responsibility of preeerring and
promoting the moral cultun; of the peopln. Id thi« fl>-
padty they may nit in Parliament, which ia tbo grrnt
Council of the nittiou.
Mr. Ghulatoms in Iiir work on " Church and State,"
aome of the doctrines of which he hna since renounoe^
does not differ inutcriuUy fivui Cokridgo.* Mr. Glod-
Btone holds, that tbo State is a moral person, boiuid to act
in tlie iiiiine of Cttrist and (or tlio glon,' of God, and to
make religion the paramount r*n<i iti guiding and govero^^
ing Uio nation. But be cliiims that the true Ohun-b^^
whtuh has in it thv n|)ostolic gucoemion, most bo tbo body
ehosen by tlie nation for the performanoe of this hig^
office. Ho admittt that tltcrv may bo a conditJon ot
religious opinion, where tJiis alliance of the State widi
the Clitu'ch is impnicticiiblo, as ia tbo cafie in tbo United
States ; but in nil xuch cominunitiea, be considers the life
of the Slate muimed, imperfect, conrentionaL
Clialraera mnintatns that an ostablisbment is neoeerary
to the proper effect of Christianity upon a people.' Tlio
State, be thinks, is boimd to aeloct and support some oii^^H
denomination, and maintain its religions teachcn. Ti^^
mvJ;ing the selection, the State must be governed, if tbti
bo pnictirtiblc, by a coiisidcnttion of the tmtb or error
the tenets of the various religious bodies. It must !
1 TA4 Suit tr> (.-MHMcnlM tiM Ih* CS-nlt (Uk %U XMl).
• ffWU ToL srIL
TnEORIKS or AN BSTABUSinit'IXT.
not
I
quire, what is trnth. But if religtoiu <^inioa ia eo
diTided, or Uie circumstance^ are sack, that tlus cannot
l» iniulc th« sole criterion, BOnie ona " I*rot«»tant,"
** evangelical " denomination must be cJioscn.
Mocaiilny, in his nsview of Gladstone's book, ieprf>"
seats the lowest, or most iDo<lerate ^-pe of opinion amonj;
the advocittoK of nn EstubUshmcnt,' He deiii<^» tluit tlm
direct end of government is the propagation of religion.
The direct end of govenim<.*nta i» tin; protection of life
propertv. This is the proper and only essential
of the State. But while |>nrsiiiii|; this end, the
iBwy and should, as a collateral object, liavn in view
the moral and rdi^oos improvement of the people.
EapociaUy may public «dncRtion be defi^ndcd as tk>co*-
8ai7 to the si^ety of tho State. Th« promotion of re>
ligion IB an incidental, not a direct or main hnsineaa of
ths cAt'iI organization. In selecting its Church, or th«
religioas instractora of the people, the State or govern-
ment must bfl dct^Tinim-d, not, ind<N:-d, by thi? mere will
of a majoribf, but not by its own views of truth exdu-
dvoty ; bnt must net in snch a vny W) to secure tbo
largest proportion of truth vrith the emalleet admixtore
of error. Hence the religioiM views mid prejudice* tlmt
prevail in the commnnity most always be oonsnlted and
rvjpected.
In the English system, tlic filling of all high occlmi-
siftical offices devolves on the aovoreign, the ecokmastical
bodiM not being at liberty to refuse the formal concur-
renoe which ia required to ftillill tho election. Th« two
-provinces of York and Cant^'rbtury have each its Convo-
c'litivn, eompowd of two houseii, Uic flmt conHiating of thn
biahopa, and the Beoond. of tliu rest of tho clci;gy ; and
the two Convocations may comlnne. But Convooation
cMLnot oBBemble witlioot aathori^ from Parliament, nor
u it piXB>bl« for any ocolcs]a<rtloal laws or canons to b«
1 Uacnuliiy'* KlUJI, v«l. hr.
MX TBB ooKnmmox or thk pboibstant cnuttcmES.
pMicd vitliout Uie consent of I'arluuntuit. TItu rentU
has been that for n«arly two oontariee, Convocation tuu
had littlo mora thun u noiiiinal cxlstonoe. To tliiB exk-at
has synodal govemmeut vaiiislicd in the Etigli.sli Ctiunlu
nnd tiiu govi-i-nnicnt of the Cburob boca eurrentlered tn
the StatA.'
t.iV
Ttirning to the Catholic Churvh, wu find, in the latter
part of ilto sixteenth century, a singular development ul
ioctrine on the origin and nature of civil autlionty-
Uigh viovrs of Pujml authority, ns extendins over mui>-
dano aflaim, were proiimlgated by the l*op«s tliumselvn,
nnd by the Cattu^ theologians, capKially thosw of th*
JoHuit order. The oentnUiiation of Euroim, which gai*^^
such increoaed vigor to national feeling and to tvinfion^l
autliorit)-, made it for the intcrost of t]i« Piijwil Sm? l«"
divtMt tlmt iiuUiority of a portion of its aanctity. itetlar-,
mine adopted the figure which had been us«l by Thoma
Aquiuna to dofine the distinction, but close connectJoiv|
of the civil and tho Papal authority. The former ia M
the latter as the body to tlie soul. The two aro nut th«
lamo, but the ouo is inferior and vubortlinato to the ntJinr;a
at tlie aaine time tliot the body hua fonotions of it« own. V
Beltamiiue ofErmed only an indirect control on tho part
of till! Piipc over tho t«ii]poml ]iowit. The Pope do»
ilot imuiediately loglsUte in tempunil afTairs. Yvt lu tht
' CMvocntlon, Id lOfili, *umn<lar«<B th« priT^iip) of taxtac *^' '^•'KT'i wUet
b*l Man piirMiao4 to it, W tb* Hobh ot CoiuinuiuL Wilfcla Ida InM turisl*
fMn aiuiiipu hava bMo nuulatonrvivoCtanrni'iition.aiiilMliKctdiiiiUi imih
no. function. Bomrnll rocnrfii a vicatniu «i)a«iiiilcin of l>r. JuliMfon. Oa thl<
■alMT, auiier iaiv nf Aukujii 3, ITOS: " I bad (ha miirarmw txian »« piuwd
(ft Mw* him uiiiaUiiitiDiiallj'. I iiitniiunfiA to bira bow comiDon )l wnh in Ihi
world Id avrlho tn him tvry itnuigtv Mving*. Joiinos. — 'What du UtrJ
Buha ma nj. tir? ' Boiwiaj- — ' Whr, »ir, an butanes nnr ilimiiKB fai-
datd [laaic1iinuli'mniIjuIii]ioli*)- Ilaviil tlum*tbld mn jrou Mill tliai j^oii iruuU
•lanil Man a b^tu-ry of uiiitnii to n*(or* {rotiToralloD lo lu full psmn.'
TJiUf •IIiI t ipTiTrlunil Ihnt hn luii! actually tald thi>: but I wai bod raiiTiDoal
■f mjr nror; fgr, villi ■ ilalnnnini^d louk, lie UiunOtml out! 'And wooU .
Ut, tirT Shall thf Prnbrtiman Kirt ot ScnUand ban it* Ocoeral I wnirttl
Miit tbi Chotch uf Kniflanil b* Uaulad iuUi>nv«calItio7"'
ilSUn DOCtRlXE OF rOPDLAB SOVKBttltiXTY.
WS
^
^
tn of religion and morals, he may iulerfurc to pie-
T«nt the passing or oxocution of a bud Inw. He may
absulvu Hiibjix^Ut from tlieir nllcigiance to a lioretical
or unworthy king. A vast aiid swoopiug, though, in
form, an indirect prcrogntivu, in refervoue to tlifi govcrn-
mont of States, is tliua attributed to him. 'llie right tc
rubel against heretical ttowroIgnH, and b> dvtliroiiu th«in,
was tftught by the Jc«uittt, William All»ii and Parsons,
who were laboring to ovorthi-ow Elizabeth, and hy other
Catholic teachers in tho timo of tlic Lcjigtic, and of tJvo
oaeiuwinntion of Henry III. The right of lebellion, in the
Cftse BuppoBed, was sok-mly iiflirniod by Uio Sorbonnv.
Tim first dcfcjwe of re^^cide liad come from a pri«st,
Jean Petit, who delivered a discourse in 1408, defending
the niorder of the Duke of Orleans by the Dulcu ul Ititr-
gnndy. It had required the strenuous exertions aitd
repeated harangni's of Gcrvon, nt the Council of Con-
sUuicc, to procure from tliat body a condemnation of Uiu
doctrine of Petit. Tho attempt of tlm Poles to obtain
from ^Eartin V., and from the Council, a condemnation
of the hook of Falkonberg, which was of kindi-ed tenor,
and wliich aimed to stir up insurrection in Poland, en-
tirely failed. The Jesuits were expelled from Paris in tho
early days of Henry IV., on tho ciuirgo of inculcating
tho right to slay, by pri\-nte hands, a bortttical ruler.
The old doctrine of tyrannicide assumed a new form, and
found adlicronte among doctors of ttio Churclt. But in
the theory of popular Bovcroignty, and of the social com-
pact, the pecoliar tendencies of CathoUc theology an
most appiirvnt. This wn* atlToeated by Lnincz, Ch«
second General of the Jesuit Order, by tlie eminent
Spanish Jesuit, Mariana, and by ildliu-nune. It is th*-
doctrine that power, as far as temporal rule is concerned,
miginally resides, hy the gift and apjiointmL'nt of God. in
tlie pooplo. Goveniinent is a divine ordinance, hut wiiat
'orra tliat government ^all take, and in whom it shall b«
606 THE OOSSTITUriOX OK TflK MWTESTAIfT CinTBf^ES.
TMbKl, it a for llm pivtple to rtetertnine. What the Piwt-
estants uaserted respecting Lvck-suisticnl govtmuatmt, tin
JcHiiita d«ctAr«(l of civil gnvcnimcnt. As tho fomai
tnuglit that eerlMiastieal power is originally df poeited in
the body oi tlie Cliurch, thu latter doelnrt^ tliAt Itiinponil
power inheres, originnlly, in the body of thu pooplf.
Tlie politiral theory of the Jmuits had tlir> ailvmi(ag«
ol placing lli« iintliority nf thv PofW and Ills I4^iur« oi
office, oa & more «o)id foundHtioii than that of tbe powtr
o( any particular dynasty or king. Ttw nilo of the Pope
WM pven bim directly from God, and, therefore, coitld
neither be qoeationed nor wrested from him bj- men. Tbe
authority of the king, on the contrary, came to him
ln(^diatuIy, through the people, and might be recalled at
tJioir inll. This political doctrine, mor«ov«r, furnished a
anfBcient defense for n piii)ul;u' ruhellion, especially if it
were undertaken with the sanction of the Pope. It ia
curious to obaerro tlmt the radical spccnlations of Locke,
RooBseau, and Jefferaon. as to the origin of govenimt-nt,
and the right of revolution, vrere anticipated by the
Jcfluit flchoUtrs of the sixteenth oonlory. Ifc is rotnnrk-
able, moreover, that, in opposition to these novel dogmas,
tlicrv uppourcd, on the I'rot^vtJint tide, a theory of tbe
divine right of kings, and the related doctrine of pooive
obedience, a theory not known to the cnltimtcd heAtlMai
nations of antiquity, and dmwing no real aiuietion from
Ik-brcw history, Tbe extreme devotees of the principle
of Mithority stand forth as the champions of tlie most
libentl, and even revolutionary notions, in politics ; tbt*
adx-ocatcji of freedom and of revolt against apiritnal Author*
ity, are equally atrenuou.i for slftvttth maxims <i pottttcal
obedience.
Tronqilantcd to America, the vuions ecdesQiiBticfU
systems were furnished with a new tbeatrc for tbe niiuii-
festation of their chsracteristic featurce, but underwent
changes, from tlie cffi-ct of th« new dreumstancoa ia
IHV. serri'LERS op new iuiolakd.
&07
I
I
wbicji they were placed. The followers ol John Robin-
ton, who scitlod PJyinoutli, -wvn Indi!p«mJ«nt8. Their
canliti:il priiioiiilfts were, firet that tlie local Cliutcli is
elothod with oomplct« powon of Bcl(-gDveniin<-nt, in the
soiue that no Synod or Cotincil has any inrisdirtjin over
it ; and eeoondly, tltnt none uro 1u be ndtntttiHl to iho
Lord's Supper, except on thn crwliWe jirofetLiiun of in-
ward [wotT ; that is, that the Churcli ahoiiM be composed
of true twiieverit only. 1'ii«! liberal and ptiil<w>phiciil
mind of Robinson had attained to principles ^vhich ap-
pronoh, though they do not rcocJi, the modem doctriiw
of toleration and of the limited sphere of the State. He
hw aogacioiiB observittions on Uiu inexpodiency and mis-
chtcrouft con-sequencea of coertuon by the niitgistntto in
matters of religion, and confutes the popular argument
for it, wliicli n-iis foanded on the example of the Hebrew
kings. He shrewdly conunenta on the differcnee in the
(rntiment rospootiiig tolenttion, which is felt by the ad-
herents of a creed when tliey are in power, tram that
wliioh they feel when tliey form mi oppressed minority.*
rhe oolony of Plymouth was honorably distinguished
from the other Now England government* — with tlic ex-
ception of Kliode Island^ by a greater liberality in the
treatment of religious diasent. Tlie settlers of Klassa-
chuectts iJay were not SeparnliNta, likit the Ix^yden im-
migrants, who had preceded them ; but still the settlers
of MUiachn«etbs fmding themiielvcti on ground of tiieir
own, and at liberty to shape their jmllty to miit thi>ir pref
orenoca, oatablished the system of Congregationalism.
in full agreement with the Church oonstitution of I'lym-
onth. But A(a«nchiisutts set up a sort of theoerutical
system, in which members of eliurdira were endued vnth
Ibe exclusive privilege of holding rivil offices and exer-
cising thii right of suffrage; in which, moreover, t)»
dvil authority was authorized and obliged to puniil)
1 nVb a/ AoUuM tBoMen, USl], L 10.
"in coxsrmmoN or the pbotestast cucbches.
heresy und schism, and to socurc untft nnitr in worship
aiu) io Xiif- public profession of religion, 'llio same Sf»-
teni was establialied in the colony of New Haven ; but
in CoiuuTc-ttcut, civil riglitx were not tbug liinilvd tu
church tni^mbcjs. The piinciple of the inde{>endencc ol
the local Church as to government, one of the two cardi-
nal elements of tJte ci-ecil of Llie Iiidopeiiili-iilA, was re-
tained in the Congr^ational churches of Kew Kngland,
as ha as tho relation of one ohnreh to otbiT churches u
goiicrrn<'il. 'ITie offico of other diurchea was Uuiiteil to
giving counsel. But the autonomy of the local Church
was materiully ahridged in another direction, in the co-
vruivu power granted to the civil ino^stracy, and the
intimate union of Church and State. Roger Williams
brouglit forward tlie new d(>;Lrine as to the Slate, which
limits the function of the uiagistrato to the cognizance
of oSciwca against the second table of the law. This
doctrine involres tho toleration of all forms of religious
belief and worship, as far as they do not dii-ectly disturb
the peace of society, or impinge on the authority of the
uiiigistnitu in his own pn>]«T itplu^rc. 'Flic principle ol
ri^li|riou3 Uberty, which Williams asserted in Massachn-
Betta, -waa iaoorporatctl in the government of the colony
which lie founded in Klmdo I^buid, and is the principle
to which the American sTstema erf governmcDt hHvo
gnidually conformed.' In this comitry, nothing of the
nature of an estab bailment now exists. But with re-
gard to tJic relation of the <avil authority to Christianity,
a distinction is to be imido bctwct-n tJio Federal Go\'em-
ment, and the several Stalest, csjHtcially Uie older States,
that compose the Republic, The General Ooveronicut
was crcati-d iirlificially, for certain purposes, and with a
t In Mntylaiiil, fi>an<1<<^l liy I/ml FSallTmnrc,! tInmM)Calholit^|IR''tt). althoa^
Ihdni itMn rtOiifiouM fn^ffilihrn (-ft ill " wlin bfliiiTi^ in Christ/' ihrn> w&v an f»
latititlmiffiiE. Suf'b H rolciny, t»fiji^ct Io ECuElard, vroulit Lmvp IpTiHJ^bt lultx Cm
itittXt hy atttDiplUtg Ut purvM'uIti l^ruEtutmiU, IXni r1, prvffvivil prmciplr^ wm
truly Iibi>rii1 Ii>r tint S(.-h. tins Dsncnft, /Alt. i/Ut Viittd SUtr; i. 913, 2(4
lUldnlh, IL'tt. n/tKt Utilrd Sl^r,, i. 3(8,
THR CHURCH IN THE UN1T>3> SFATIS.
609
I
I
led drclfl of powora. I1i(! National Consiitution con-
tiuns no Qxplicit rL-cogiiitioa u£ diriHtumityt and Ivnds no
■pecud etuicUon to any form of i«ligioii. On Ui« contrary,
a general rpcognition of Cliriatiiuiity lingers in the const! ■
tiitioitH i}t niiuiy of tliv oldvr Stutvit, ut k-ast> and i» iio*
plied in various statutes ; ao that ChriBtianitj* moat bo
constdt'rt-d, in HOmu suiihu, a imrt of tlii'ir public law.
Both tlie Episcopal and the Presbyterian Churches,
as orgauizod in this country, modify nsspectivcly Uieir
eacly formularies, so that the control of Ihi? niAgifttnioy
in respect to Bynods and ecokffiastical aSuirs gcnL-rully,
ia luft out; and thu governing boilivH in iIicmj dunoinina^
tJOiiH aro free, of course, to exordse Church authority,
indt-'pondontly of the State.
Thu Roinun Oitlioiio Churdi, in the United StaUui, is
consistent with its (logiiias and tradJlioni* in advocating
tJie distinction between Churcii and State. So fur, the
Amerieuii Kysbun may be, and is, appi-ovod and lauded
by theologians of tliat body. They join with American
ProtexUints in oppiMitig religious ustablinluni^its, and) as
exist in other Protestant countrieB. Thoy do not, how-
ever, Knounco the old doctrine of the subordination of the
Stut« to the Church, and of the authority <i{ tJie L-ittvr
in matters of civil government and le^Hlatiou. So fur
from this, tho right of thu Roman ("athotio Churdi to
f xercifle this sort of control is frankly and boldly tueerted.*
' fio(, tot uumple, ibe flm •relcU in" ThtCiUmlle World" for July. IBrt
'nawriMfMi^i "WUb iho mom of In<Lul intcmRV"' (ommunicalion u-d
raplil InaiporlalioD, It li sot ut Isipaulliillljr lo hope Ihat tit* hetii nf ilic
Church ouj tgibi btcoiuc tbo ■cknowk'^uvd ht»i of th« rt^uoilvd HniUjr ft
ChiiiUan mUobii lluarblUr idiI jailgs twlw<«u [i. into and pMtilM, bK**M
tuvimuicnt and gatcirBinaC, ihe «>|r-.iiciu o( lli« tupmn* juaticn tai lb*
alGhul lav, la all ImporUnt qwnkiai affHCins tho n)[Ui>. il>v iii'tmt*. ut.l
tka i><lli>« vl commmitiM aoJ iodlndaiU." Tha rljtlil of Hit Cbnrdi »«
i^wlat* cduiatloa and iiianim« U affinn«d. *' niiil* lit* Sut* Iim tig.\it%, tb*
hM them rnilj in rirtito anil bjr ptminioc fit ibo lufariar aatliodl;', ani thai
aathorlty cui onlr be oiprnwad through tbaChaNb; Ibal i*. Uina^ tl» «r-
pinio law, intatlibly annonnrwl and luirfianewhly MNNed, ngtrtltut M r««
pen! lonwqiirnMfc" Tto iilra. niiirfmarj" ot Iho Chanki It '■ "**
wtlhlD the pmrrft (ho balk., wltMod bjr CMuik htait," •«#*>
CHAPTER XV.
THE EELATIOS OT I'UOTESTANTISM TO Cn.TOEtt UlD
CIVILIZATION.
la order to judge riglitly of the tendendcs of Prot
tMafeiP iu relation to cultura end civitization, or to
pore Protcnhmtism, in tbit rapeot, with the Church
Rome, something more is reqi]jsit« than a bare enunicni-
tion of historical tncta. Fncta in this cnsc can form Uic
besifl of induction, onl;r ^^ f^r tiB tliev are fairly tmeoU)!
to the intrinsic character of the respective sj>BtemB. It i
the grtniuA of tlm nyMti-ms r«8pvctivi.4y, as it Itaa revealed)
itaelf in their nctual opemtion, which we haw to ini-Mti'-j
gate.
Protcntiintisin and the Church of Kome hftve itood taoaii
to fftce, now for more Chan three hundred yeiun. Wt
can look at the histonr and nt th<> condition of the
erttint nations and of the Roman (^tholic nationa. TlttJ
immediate impression made by a general comparison
this sort upon a candid obsen't^r \» dillicult to bo rMtsted.)
What this impression is, may be stated in the Linguage^
of two modem English hintnrians, who at loAst are
warped by no partisan attachment to the dermatic sys-
tem of tho I'rote«tant churohe*. Mocaulay, while con-
w;ding tliat the Church of Rome conferred great benefits-^
on society in the Middlu Ages, by instructing the igno-l
rant, by curbing th<? [jassuons of tymnnioal civil rulers, mi j
by affording protection to their subjects, pl»cea in strong]
oontmst the influence of the Church of Kome during th«'
last threv centitrii.'s, when she has been struggling U per-j
ntOnSTAltT AND CAraOLlO KATKHCS OOUPAKRD. 611
ato n sway uhid) tho dovelopod iat«ll>gviic« of nuiu<
kind liiul oiit^rowu. "llio loveliest and mtwt fertile
proviiicee of Europe Ii&ve, under her rul«, been 8un1c tn
poverty, tn poUticail Horvitudc, a>nd in iiitvUuctiuil turpor.
wbile Proteatant countrie«, onoe proverbittl for stci-iUty
and barburifitu, huve been tiiroed by skill and indiutiy
into gurdcns, and can boast of a long list of liei-oea and
itatesmen, philoaopliers and pocte. \Miocvor, knowing
wluit luily aad ScutlaJid luitnrully nrv, »tid wlut, four
Imndrvd yenrd ago, they iictually were, aball now com-
pare iht; cuuiitry ruiitid Kuiiio uitli tliu country tuiuid
Edinburgh, will bo able to fonn some judgment as to tbe
tendency of Papal domination. Tlie dctfcuut of Spain,
onw tbti tii-st among mouurchivs, to tbe lowest depUis of
d^ntdoUon ; Uia elevation of HoUand, in spita of many
natural disadvantages, to a position sucb as no common-
woaith DO smuU has «vvr ruaLiii'd, L«adi tbo huho luxson.
Wlioever passes iu Germany from n Rumaik Catbulio to a
Prol(»Uuit prin<upality, iu Switzerland from a Roman
Catbolio to a Protestant canton, in Ireland from a Itomoa
Catbolio to a PrutwUnt county, (inde tbat bo has passed
Ctom a lower U> a higher grade of civilLuitioo. On tlio
otlier side of tbe Atlantic tlic same law pr«vu]a. Tho
Protcxtautfl of thu Unitvd Statn lutve left far bijiind
tbem the Roman Catholi<s of Mexico, Peru, and Brazil.
Tbe Roman Catholics of Lower Canada remain inurt,
whilu titu wliole continent round tliem is in a ferment
with Protestant activity and enterprise. The Fi«ncb
have doubtltM shown an «nergy and on intelligence
which, even when misdirected, have justly entitled Uiom
u> be called a great p«opk-. But Uiis apparent exception,
when examined, will be found to couGrro the rule ; for in
no country that is calloil Roman Catliolic haa tbu RomsJa
Catbolio ('liurch during sever.d generations, pr«SGSsied so
little authority aa in Friuico." ' Caclyle, in lii^ quiunt
n
512 THF, RELATrOS OF PftOTESTAKTlSM TO CIVILKATIOS.
oik) vivi;l iiiitiiiter, tbtiii writes ot the peoples wiio threw
off thoii- ^Ih^inncc tx> lioine, in contr&Bt with tlioM wluoh
rt.<j<M.-ti.->(I tliu Ki!f(jnriati(in. "Once risen into this di
wiiit« liiMit of temper, were it oolj for a seuson, nnd
aguin, the nation is tLo tin- forth cHMiilerable through
itft n-iiiiiiniiig liL!<l<iry. Wlmt iminensitiea of dro*i ai
L'typtopoisoiious matter wi]l it not bum out of itaeU
iJiat high tcmpcnitiiiv in thv course of a fow yvun I Wi
noes CromwiiU uml liiii Puritans making England linUi
ble, erou under tbo Charles-Second terms, for ■ conple
wntiiriL-s more. Nations ftri> bi-iivfitwl, 1 twIioTu. t
ngt'^, fur Lx'iiig Uiruvru onou into divine wUiti> heat in thg
manner ; and no nation that has not had such divine
oxysms nt fiuy tiniu in apt Ut cniiii> t'l much," " Aiutri
Spain, Italy, Kr.ince, PolaiKl — the offer of the Itefonn:
tion watt made ewrywhi-ro, uid it is tmriotis to seo w
)i:i8 hraotne of tliK nations tliat would not hear it. In
countries were some that accepted ; but in miuiy thi-
wcM not wnou^li. and the rest, alowly or swiftly, with
fatal, diflicult industry, contrired to burn thitin out. Aos-
tria was onco full of ProteetanlA, but tlie hidc-bound
Flemish -Spnoish K»!«(^r-<r1ument pi*eaiding over it, obsti*
DBtely for two oputiu-ies, kept wtyiiifj, 'No; wv, with
our dull, obstinatu, Cimburgis uuder-lip, and huty eyM»
with our ()ond<^rous Austrian depth of Habituality,
indolence of Intellect, we prefer steady ditrkncas to
rtirtain uvw Light I ' and all men mny «.■« where Anstri.
now is. Spain still more ; poor Spain going about at this
titiie, making its ' prcmimcianientoa.' " "Italy too had
itjt I'nitivitiiiil.i; but lUtly killtHl them — managed to ex-
tinguish I'rotestantism. Italy put up with practical liw
of all kinds, nnd, xhntf^ing its sliouldent, preferred going
into Dilettanti^ui :iik1 tlie Fine Art». ThiT Ituliana, in-,
st^fid of tho sarred service of Fact and IV-rforiuance, dli
Music, I'niiiliiig, and thu like, till utcu that lias beooin*
Qpossible for them ; and no noble natiun, sunk I
*
lUt-LUKKCK or ntOTKSTASTISM CPCS UBEBTY. !}\i
toe to virti, ever ofTtrecI sinrli ii sp*^rtacli! Wforo." " But
slutrpoBt-cut osample is Fnuioe, to wliicli we constantly
retiini for illtistrHtioii. Knincis with ita kt^en intellect,
saw t)ie truth, aiul saw the falsity, in Uioso Protcotant
times, and, with its ardor of genuruus impolse, nraa proiiu
enough to adopt the former. France wu within a hair's
brwidCh of bwoining aclually Protestant; but Fnin»^w
Haw good to massacru I^rutoftUtntixn), and on<l it in the
night of St. Bartliolomew. 1572." " The Genius of Fact
and Vi-niclty nccordiiifily withdrew, wa« Htavcd oil, got
ktpt away for two liuudred years. But the Writ of Suiu-
moiu had been eervi'd ; UcaTon'a moasunger could not
rtay Mray forowr ; no, he returned duly, witli accounts
run up, on compound interest, to the actual )tour, iu
1792; and tlion, at last, there had to bo n * Proteetaiit-
fam,* and we know of what kind that wiw," '
Exception may, perhaps, be taken to some particulars
in tho fori^goiiig vxtnicl ; but still Uiu iipcctaclo of the
physical power, the iudiutry and thrift, the iiitolligonve,
good gOTcmniont, and avonigu morality of the Protes-
tant nations, is in tlie highest degree significant and im>
prcsaive.
The influence of Protcstantiiitn upon civil and religious
liberty is one point of importanco. in the pre^uiit inquiry.
Sinc« Protcsatantiiim involves an asaertiou of the i-ight« of
the iiidividtml in the most luomuntotis of all concerns, we
should expect tliat its effect would b» generally favorublo
to liberty. In considering tliis question, it is proper to
glanoe at the political oonsequeiiocs of tlic lU^fonnution.*
Tho firet purioJ after tho bediming of tJie liefortna-
tioi) (1517-lf).^6) is marked by the rivalry of Francis I.
and Charles V. Neither ccpoumd tho I'rotcsbtnt rauso ;
but th«ir tnutnal enmi^ left it room to exist and t» d^
1 llul.>'/ frttlrtid! Iki A(utul(llirr>cn'cd,V i. 109 Kq.
* Iltvrtn, iriilontal Trtatiti*, (Ixford, l$W. Ilui dtKAOlo^Ml <!tvltiaoi ol
Btwn w* (all'»(>d ibiiT*.
614 TlIK BELATION OF PROTESTAKTtSil TO CIVILIZATKHI.
f
velop its Btreogtb. Nolwith3tan<ling the religious di\t»
loo, a now cncrgj- and ritaUty w<.-ri> iiifusod into tUu coo*
•lituont parts of tbe Gennaii Kmpire. The second pe>.
nod (1566-m03) is signalized by tho ruroU of the Ne'
crbuula. Fnuic«, a. kiiigdum diviilod ngainat itiulf, wh*'
reduced for a time to a Bubordiaate position. Spain aii<
EugUkn'i wore iiow tlio contending powcn : th« Pro:
tnnt interest in Kuropo lieiiig I^d by £bzab«th, and tlie
Catholic iiiturrat being munhalcd uudvr Philip II. Eliz-
abeth btneU was jealous of ii«r prca-c^tivc and bad
love for popular righta ; but tlio Proteatant party was^'
iiovurtliflu.w, idirutififd with thu caueu of libi-rty, and tha
lloman Catliolic party with {political abeolutiain. Sh«
was obliged, for her own safety, to give aid to the itisur-
geuts in the Netherlands and in Scotland. During hor
long reigii, in England itself, under the inspiring influenra
of I'rolestantiam, there was an agitatiun of coastitntkmal
r|ucetion8, which augured well for tltu futun:-. 'Ilie great
Protestant commurcial Republic of Holland arose, as it
were, out of thft aea. In the third periinl (1003-1648>
France, under Henry IV., for a while reg-.uua itd iiiitural
(Hteition in Euroiie, but loses it by his untjmely death,
England, on the contrary, und(-r the Stuarts, with their
rvactloDary oeclosiastidsm and eubsorvienicy to Spain,
s;K-rifice8 in great part her political inSuenoe. It ia tho era
of Uic Thirty Yoirs' War ; at first; a ci\'il war of Au»:
against Bohemia ; then nnjuinng wider dimensions b;
the oonquest of the Palatinate ; and finally, upon the
aewal of the cotibcnt bctwui^n Spain and tlio Netherlands
in 1021, interesting all Europe. The restored coCipura-
tion tLDd religious sympathy of Austria aud Spain, iU'
volved peril not only for I'roto^tantism, but for the bal-
ancu of power in Europe, wliicli was now ao object
pursuit. Prance, resuming its )>oaition under tho gtiid-
nnce of Richelieu, joined hands with Sweden in lending.
BupiKirt to thia Genuiui l*rat«3ttants. Sweden, by tiio part
iiaV
n
I
I
mtlTUUL KFFIKTS OF TUB RErOKUATIUN.
.115
whicli it took in tliis great war, and by tlie treaty wliiojj
foUow«<I it, ncquirotl a ]N>UticiiI stAnditif; vtiiivh il huil not
before pisseesed. By tJiis war. tJie uortlieni powers were
brought into coiinoction witli lite n-st uf Europe, ho Mint
KuTope, for the first time, formed one political 8j'st«iti.'
Tli« Ti-eiity of WoatpluiIJa is tlio inoDutoi-nt of tliia cvvnt.
It established a balance of [>owei- anil tiTUH of petioe tio*
tw»uD the religiouB parties in Germany. During th«
fourth period (1C48-1702), I-ouis XIV. appears i«( tJiu
champion c^ absolutism, and William III. oomes forwatxt
us the leader of Protostantism and of thii cauHo of liWr-
ty. Under his auspices. consUtntJoniU freedom ia finally
etttablixhvd in Cngliind. Pi'iimin, wltich iK-gun its politi-
cal career at the Reformation, rose in importance under
"the Great Elector" (lGW-1688), and at length took
the pliu»! of S\r«dcn, as the Ursl of tho northern pow-
ers. It WBB in the serenteentli century, during tlie rcij^i
of the Stuart«, that the Knglisit colomc« in North Anif r-
ica were planted, and tlie foundations were laid for Die
future Republic of thfi United States. Without tliu vic-
tory of constitutional liberty in Enghmd, and without the
poliUcal example of Holhind, Uic Xurtb Amerit;an Re-
public could not bare arisen. Among the political cfTccta
of llio Ucforination, miut be reckoned the upbuilding of
Sweden and of Pnutsia. Rut when we are imiuiringinto
tho influenou of PrutMtantism upon political liberty, it
<uui be wud with truth, that tho Reformation mude the
free Netherlands ; the Reformation made fivii ICngland,
or wax an ^-HK-ntial agent in this work ; the Reformatiuu
niadi; Uie free Republic of America. " 'rhegrfati>Ht jiort
of Itritish America," mya Do Toajneville, *' was peoplod
by men who, after having xhiiken off the authority of tlio
Pope, acknowledged no ether religious supremaey. They
brought witli tJicm into '.be New Worid u form of Chri»-
tjanity, whid: 1 cannot better deac-ribc than by styling It
■ Ilnwp. p. t
n
616 THR RELATION OF FBOtCSTAKTISJI TO aVIUZATIDK.
ft democratic and republinw nligion. Tbia wniributed
poverfully to tli« eatablubmeat of a r<.<[>ublii> aod a de-
mocracy in public aflaiis ; aod frum tbe liegiikiung, pul>
Uia uni] rvligioti oontiacUHl on ulUaaoo wliicJi has oev
been dissolved/'^ The town syftteiD awl ihi- ''lown
spirit," in whidt this sagacious WTit«-rooDgniz«!>the(;enii
pf our political institutions, stood iu intini&te conuocti
vitli tliu control of tbe laity in Clinrcli afiairs, and wi
Uic religious ]>olity of the early eolonisls. It i* tru«,
this same writer has rvmarknl, that the Roman Ca:
«yst«in is not unfrit'Jidly U> dt;mociacy, in a curtjun
ot the t«nn ; in tlie aeuso of au equality of Condi'
But this oqoiility of condition is tbe result of a oo
subjection of the high oiid the low to tho piiiwthood ; saiA
it is alteudod, therefore, with two dangcra: fintt, UuU a
liiibit of tniiid will be fanned, wliich is unfavorable to
soiud independonce, and tJierofore to tlio malntenanoe
political frL-e^luin ; niid secondly, that ihn ecdesi:
rulers will bo impelled to fortify their sway by an
aitce with absolutism in the State.
In opposition to the claim tlmt Protcstantisiu is friendly
to rvli^ioti^ liberty, an appeal is sometimes made to facts.
It ia said that the hlstui^ of Protestant States ctiutuiiw
many instauccs of religious intolvraiioo and peisecutioo.
This must ho conceded. I'ho first effect of the Uefonna-
tion wns to augment Uio power of princus. Tbe cle
stood in au altered relation to tlio ci%'i1 authority, ui
were deprived of u shield wludi had given thorn a mci
ure of protection against its eucroiu-hnients. Tliu old
idea that tliere should be, in a political couiraunity, auU-
stantial uniformity in tJie profession of religion and in
worship, wiui at tirnt prevident, and has slowly been nbai
doned. Catholic has been pciwcuted by Prot«stant
tunong Protcstiuits, Lutheran has Ut-n pcrsecut«d
Calvinist, and Calvinist by Lutheran ; ParitAO by Clia:
I Dtmotratf i» AmtriM, U «h> SvU
UuU a
tope^
lanoeo^l
iiasti>:i^|
anaiufl
3
ca»a
p
I
\
rSOTE&TANT INTOLR1IAK0B. 611
man, aiid Clittrcliiiuui by Puritan. Peokl liiws iif^iiiMl
Ciitholics, or ugaiost the eserciw of Catholic vroi-ship,
luivo vxUU-J iu iiiMtt ProtostHiit vniiili'tttit. ^tudi cuii W
said in defense of sucb euactinente at the Lime of the
Cutlutlic lU'JtcUuii. wliea Itonmn Cotliuliot woru liiindiM]
togellier in Europe for the fi>r<:tbli; d<:>iJ lUcLioii of the
I'rstaatant rulipon. At that period, the Jisuit order in*
•Ugated Catholic rulers in dillorent cutintri^ui U> tnulti*
plied nctfi of violence Rgainst Uieir ProtefiUuit subjects.
MorcoTcr, the doctrine wm pmi«Lwl tliut it vt hiwdd fur
Hubjects to revolt againat hervticnl aovereicns and to de-
tlirime Uifm. Protestant rulers might naturuUy appre-
bend danfjer from those who liclciiowlodgcii a foruifpi juri«>
dieUoR. the limits of wfaieb were not defined, but whicli
mu oftun aiwiTtvd to override Uiu oblif^itioii uf obedience
to the civil autttority. Tlie expuUion of tha Jeiiuits from
Catholic, oven luoro than from Protvstiiiit comitriM,
{tartly on political grounds, in the laot ociiitnry, ia nut to
bu deumcd un act of ivligious persi'cution ; any more than
tlw eutire uboUtion of that Order by ('lenient XIV'.,
in 17T3. It must not bo forgottvii, however, that not
unrr<!<)uent]y, in tinioa past, penal lawa ngaiiiat Honuu
Catholics or their worship have hovn fi»u«d on other than
politicul grounds. Th« fact that they avknovrlixigu mtm
other authority in religion than tlie Bible, or that their
rites are considered idohiirouii, lias huen tlio ruU and the
avowed reason for enactments of thiit cfaaract^ir. Let it
ho observed, however, of these and other instances of re-
ligious intolerance, whidi stain Uiu luiiwU of ProUwtunt-
ism, that even by the conoeswon of its adversaries, they
arc incongnious witli its principlwtand wilh itAtnicKpirit.
What is the charge commonly mado against Proteetanta?
I'hat, whilo claiming liberty for tliomsAivcs nud a right
of priMite judgment, they have at timns proved them-
selves rculy to deny thuao privilr{;es to Catholics and tc
one auolhor. Iu a word, they are chaigi.tl wiUi inoouci*-
518 THE BTXATIOX OF PBOTESTANTISU TO OVtLIUTHnr.
briwy, witb iiifldelity to their own tiioory, Tbo cbargi
is ttqtUTalent to tlio admiasion that iho genius of Protes-
tostisni in iidvene to intolGronce and detnands libvrtj' ut ^^
Boosdence. If this be truo, then vrc should axpoct that ^M
till) forcu of Ivgic, and the monil spirit iiiliereiit in the
Prot«Atnnt system, wotild cventnitUy work out tliuir l(^t-
imnte rceults. TliU wo lind to be the fnct. Auiuug
Protestant nations there baa been a growing boom oF ob-
ligation to respect conscienoc and to abstnin from the um
of coor^on in Ruitti.'rs of rehgioua faith. How does an
enlightened Protestant look apon tlte rooords of rcligioux
intoleiuace in the pniit, aniong proferaed disciples of tlu;
Rcfornuition ? lie does not jostify acts of tltb naturu ;
he reprobate* or dvplorcH them. He ncknowleclgea (hat
tlicy n-<!r« wrong ; that deeds of this kind, if done now,
would duscrve nbhorronce, uud that the giiilt of those
wlio wore concerned in them is only mitigat>?d by tlietr
oomparatire igiionmee. This preraleut fouling among
ProtCBtonts at tlio present day indicates the true g>'jiins
and the ultimate opcmtiou of the systotu. Proteatan
bjure the principles on which the codes of iiitolomnce
^ere framed. How is it with tlielr opponents? It is
true that thousands of Romiin Calholica would dwlarg..
themselves oi>po«od to thi-ao niwwuiw whicli the Protec-
tant condeiiuis. Their humane feelings would be shocked
at II proi>o.Hiti»n to revive the dungeon and tJie fagot aa
instruments for crushing dogmatic error or an obnoxious
ritual. But tlio nutlientifs of the Church of Rome do
not profesa any compunction for the employment of these
instrument£ of ooorcton, in past ages ; nor do tliey r^a-
diato the principles from which persecution arose and on
which it was justifii'd. So far from this, one of tJie pea-
tilent error* of the iig»r, \vhi<Ji is thought worthy of spo-
dnl denunciation from the Chair of Peter, is the doctrin
uf IiW>rty of i-onxcicni-e.' The massacre of St. Bartlicdo-'i
'lalhaEiKjrtliiBlUtUraffiiu IX.l[>K«nilMr(,)Hll,a>1diMMd Uall B»
4
^
F
I
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I
DTFLITNCE OF pnOTESTASTISlI UrOH LITEBATUBE. 519
mevr and tlio flri'M ol Sitiitlilioltl will ci>usu to be justly
diiirguablu upon tlie Church of Rome w1i«n tliiii Cliurct)
autJiorlUtivuly dUaTOwa and condemns the principle of
coemng the conscience and of inflicting pcnnltiM upon
wliat in judgtd to bis roli^ou^ error, which waa at tJie
bottom of these and of a long cat«logiio of hkc enmities.
If tJic truo t«iidcncy of Protestantism liaa evinced it-
self as friendly to religious nnd civil liberty, the Reforma-
tion bits nevei'tlieless not fostered an undue license nnd
revolutionary disorder. The [no<iern history of England
luid of tho United States exhibits the gradu:il and whole-
some growth tii frvu jwlitical Institutions. With comjutr-
atively little blood&lied, Rnglinb liberty went thrinigh tho
crisis in which it won its victory, and embodied itself in
the urguniu luw. In recent times it is the Rum»n Cuth-
oHc luida, in tJie Old World and in tlie New — Fnuwc,
Spiiiti, Ilaly, Mexico, th« South American States — which
have been the tlieatre of most freipient revolutions.
We turn to the influence whicli Uic Iteformntion luia
exerted upon the intellect, or its reLition to literature and
■cionoc. Rcfen;nce is fn^piently miide by jwlemicnl
mu CatlulicfaSiiht^thcopIaEon li donounnd a* amni'oua and idmi ptrnidoiu^
thai " liberty at tontcltiica and of « onhlp S* the riitht dI *r«nr man ; anil OM
Mt ilshi ousIk. Ill tvay WBU-gOTDnicd atuW, (a Iw pncUiiiud uiil uMitMl
hj law." Tha Tacyflital ol Pa|w On/^orT' XVI. ti <|ui>t»<l. In which t!ii> npin-
loii b callod an ioia&lljr— "dnllniincnlura." It I* among Ifcg fmn wliivh,
Hut IX. doclaru, an to be abbonvd, iliunnsd, ai the lonlaglon of a pvatilvar*.
^li Hgim ot a contagion or a pla(^f bu aluain b«n imd a* a ilocripiion at
attttf, and lay at tbe (aundatlnn o( tliv Irutmcnt ol hrntlci | vltb tlia dUCtr-
(ncn tlM In thi> «tm the diHaK vai held to be Knllty, and dutrvlne of cjctrtnio
ptnaltle*. 1^ Sif\UiMt«t Hai IX., conD«((d with Uic Fjicj-dic&l (x-Tt),
fondimiu, in Muntriei whtn Ihe Cilholio Church ■• tho •ttatilifbnl Taitli, iha
allovTintc lo oLhcr* Uian CalhnliM lo "enjoy (he puMic exenlM of their o«*
wonhlp." Tho Syllabiu [x. TS) dennoiicM M n>rru|ilinjti lie opinion tliat (iril
.ISEity ahcuU be unnled to trtry moda of wDrehip, and il>ai iIkt* alinuld he
batdem of ipoMb and <d Ihe prvM, iHlh itganl to roligtan. Tliiv Ihtilia Jt*-
■M* (Jan. ins, p. S), ipMlL* of the oppontinn of liberal Caibolic* la «liat ii
tailed "penaration; (, e., the lava rnaclad and enloKad. tor Mpmrion ol
Vreay, durini;lhea|.-waf faiiti." llio /tiriii* aitdi. ■■ Xuir il it und rniabU
Aat Iw lfc« ulMeBoe ol audi law«, tlie cbarth It mainly nipouiUe."
620 TU£ RELATtOX OF l-DOTCSTAtmSH TO ariUIAT1<».
wriU-ni on tin- Ciitliuli<! s\ie ta ooniplninta w)iic4 Eramiil
Qtt«ted, especially in U» last turelTO yc&ra nt hU lif*,
ntpeeting tbe diimaiKliii] inb>n>»t in libvmturfs which h«
•tttiboted to the deleteriaus agency of Protesbuitum.
Tite lUtOTMoits tif EnumtM ut thut time, vfhrn bit fettl*
I VKK ovahitif-Todt an* to bo received witli allowMic«.
Tet it 18 tm« that there vnis a period wkea tho stadiM
in Tvhich Kmioatu and the HnmiuiiRt* look specuU de-
light, were regarded with a legs lively intflrost, and that
this may be m>t down lu an effect uf th« Liithvnm moTi>-
ment. It ia the ordinary oomplaiiit of m^n of letters
that in timca of public apladon concornii)^ tbo high««t
tnterats of mankind, grammar and rhetoric are n^lfc-
ted. EvGo tho true interests of learning in ffueh f^ras
tinny nufli^r a tompomry tons. In the old age uf Bnaniint,
tlie minds of men were intensely absorbed in religioua
invcBtigation and controversy ; and, u a aulural result,
purely literary' puraiiitH wore for ii while, evva to a harm-
tul dtigrt'c, eclipsed by other and more exciting studies.
In Spain, Pr»t««tantiMn was trampled out and the
Catholic Bystem had uniimitcd sway. The golden age
of Spanish liteniton-, when the niott oelelnatcd niithors —
Cerrantee, Lope de Vega, Calderon — flourislied, dates
from th<; middle of the sixtoenth century. This may
seem to speak well for the ecclesiastical system to wliich
the Sjkanish pi»>ple were subjected. Butthts, if it was tbe
bloK^oming, was also tiie expiring era of Spnnbh lt*ttcni.
A dwitli-liko tcUiargy, the inevitable resultof suporstitioa
and ecclesiaatjcal tyranny, was creeping oror the nation.
This decline of the Spanish int'.-llect, and the caiiaf^s which
prodooed it, have bwn wv^U il<;MCribod by the Historiiui of
Spanish Ht4.Tatarc. " That generous and manly ^irit,"
lays Tidcuor, '* which is the brviith of iuti.'llcctual lif(.> to
any people, was restrained and stifled. Some departments
of literature, sucli as forensic eloquence and eloquence of
tho polfnt, satirical poetry, and elegant didactic proso
DKfUMK OP THE SPANtSB ISTELUOT.
521
I
ly npiwaiv'd »t «1I ; otlicis. like ci>ic poo(ry, wcra
stranguly pen'erteil and misUin-cU^d ; while yut otli«rs, lika
tlie dmmn, ttiu balliuls, and Uii; li-;litcr fortitH of lyrical
vetse, suemed to grow exuberant and lawless, from the
v«ry rvHtraintH im|>ost:d on tliv ruMt ; i-v«tnu)its which in
fart forced poetical genius into dinnnela wliei-o it would
othi rwino Iiavo flowod much mow scantily and witli mucli
Ipsh luxurLint rcaults." Of tlio books publLalwd iti Uita
period, Ticknor adds : they " bore eTcrywhore markft of
the «ubjpction to which the press and t\w»- who wrote for
it wer^ alike reduced. From the abject title-pages und
dedimtioiw of the author* UiumHclves, through tlio crowd
of oertificateB collect«fl from their frienda to cstabliah the
orthodoxy of works that were oftc-n a» little councctcd
with religion as faiiy tales, down to the colophon, sup-
pliwiting panlon fornny unconscious neglect of tho author-
ity of tho Cimrcli, or luiy too frcu uil(^ of cJaauoal myLliol-
ogy, wu are continually oppressed with ]minful proob,
not only how completely the hnniitn mind wils enahiveil
in Spain, but how grievously tt hud hocoine crnrapcd tuid
crippled by the ch^ns it had so long worn." ' These
effects were oot due solely to tho action of tho Inquisition
or of the despotic civil government, but to tliat supersti-
tions habit of the nation, that uniq\ie mingling <^ relig-
ion and chivalrous loyalty to the king, whielk rendered
this whole system of intellectual tymimy possible. It
was this pcrwndon of natural fvelliig which moved oven
Lnpe de Vega ailcl Orr-tntc^ to exult when six hundred
thotiaood indnstaious and uuoRending Mooia were driven
out of their native country.' The eume stem eensore
«rho visited u-ith death the least taint of heresy, tolorated
I. dmina more immomi tluin it had cv«r been before
Thtt willing submission of the people to the yoke ot th«
InquiKilion i^xtingnished the butt ri-nmininfj spiirka of iudtt
pi-ndence nnil of tnt«Ueotual frvedoiu. As wo approiub
iho coDO * century, ■* tlie Irninisi
1 A ■ lUL. p «n.
i^a
522 THE BELATIOH OF TTIOTESTANTIMI TO CtXTtTE.
tion and tlio cIc«potttm swm ta be aTei^-whvro present
anil to have cast tJieir bligbt over evearything."' '
Tb«) bistoiy of the Italian people hnd been of such a
eharacter.tbat A degradation like tbat Tvliicb befi^ll Spnin,
could not happen to Italy, Yet, from tlie middle of tbej
tuxtevntb otntury, litcrahiru doclinud, and tliti )nt«llevtaa
rigor of the nation appeared to waAt« aw&y.' The (]«>
striiirtion of republican liberty and tbc dreadful calami-
tieji under which the ccantr)' had «u(TerMl during tlie luUf
century which followed the invasion of Charles VIII., are
partly n.'S{)onEibIc tor this result. The Spanish dominion^
which was nxtonded over a great part of the peninsula,
waa fatal to all free and manly exertion. Bat the
Cliurcli, etimulated by tlie spirit of the Catholic Reactioo,
contributed directly to the repression of that mental ao*
livitj- and power, wliicli bad madii Italy the [Honiwr for
otJter nations in the path of culture and learning. In
this long p^'riod, extending through the serenteenth cen-
tury, only one greal; name — that of Tosso, who pub-
liiihed Iii» principal work in 1581 — appears; and Tamo
is not a poet of the first order. Art revived, for a time,
in the school of the Cariicci ; but Art, too, liud passed ita
nieri<lian, and ita glory waa departing. The writers of
the Sieve nt*.'^ nth centur)' uro called by the Italians the
*' Si-iccnlisU," a term which cari-ii» witli it an atutociation
of inferioritj'. lu tlua period there abounded wliat the Ital-
ians aptly name dilettantism ; lui indication that a lit«rft-
lure has entered into the period of decay. The zeal for
claB«cal leai-ning biul grown cold. The Uttle regard felt
even for iierfw-tion of literary form is )llustnitt^>d by
snob a work — which was one of the principal historical
productions of th« time — as the Annals of Baroiuua,
Yet in two directions signs of a fretdi inbelle«tua] energy
■ Itblvty iff SpaiiUh Liternlart, \a. SDS.
* lUiiawiMli, /Ktf. it* Rlpviil UoL, xti. 9IT **q.
■ Buikf, liidorf of ikt Papa, i. 4M.
Hit. c/ tit. n Saiiitn ,
nuictrrtoH in tTALY.
62fl
appeared. A daaa of pliiloeophent nroae, who renounced
Uio uuUiontj' of Anstotle. nod plungvil into bold h]h-<:uU'
lions tipoti tho nuture of Uie uhiyorae. Tbis tcndt-iicy
vn%a chocked W th^ uuthoritios of tbeCliurcb. Giord-nno
Itruiio vfxt» uarried to l^itiie and burned at the stake, in
ItiOO. There was, however, a curiosity for physical rc-
aearch, wliich kept within sober limits, and promised the
bi-8t fniits to science. But the heavy hand of tho Inqui-
sition was laid upon tlintc attmctive oiiidies. Tho perste-
cntioii of Galileo did not crush them ; they continued for
a long timo to bo the chief province in which the Italian
mind was diatingoiBbed ; but that event checked and dia-
oounigcd them. Galileo, a man of genius, whoso emi-
nence as a dincoverc-T In science had been well cartitid, wiu
directed by Pope Paul V.. in 1816, through Cai^inal
BcUarmino, to give up tho dovtrino of titc earth's motion
round tlie sun, to teach it no more, and to write no more
on tlie subjoct.i At tho snnio time, the Congregation of
the Inquisition declared tJiU opiniou to be livrcticol. Oo-
pemicuM was a Roman Cnthulic ai]d had dedicated hiB
book to Paul III. ; but orthodoxy bad now grown more
timid and jralous of sdentiGc researches. For 6ftcen
yean GiUileo nltstaimsl from publisliiug anything furtlior
on the subject : but in 1632 ho put forth liis L)iul»giiivi
relatiTo to the two cotunical Kystcms of Ptolomania and
Copernicus; having previously taken tlie prtKaution to
submit it to ocelcnastical censorship at Rome and at Flor-
onoo. This publication, notwitlitlanding tho fonnvr in-
junction laid upon him, was tho occasion of his subse-
quent tTOublcH. The old philosopher was obliged to rci»iii
to Rome and answer before tlie Tribunal of the luqui*
I A. Von ttmmott, BtiirHgt > iinl AmIi'cAM, 1, 30»-IIS (Cii/I/«'u. Ana.),
Von Uoinoni U ■ iHincd CaUioli« Kliolir. Sc*, ilta. Tit Prinut Lifttg
GilUri iLanden, ISTO)- Tba prabibillon ot rani V.wu: "Cl opinbotM,
toad H>1 ill ttolnun moadi at immobilU, tt Icm moToacar, omnloo nllB^ojtt
Hc MD ill Kten quorls mods tmtal, datnl, luldolcndtl nrtio lit (Ctiptl**
Tod BeiinoDt, p. 3)7.
624 TUE RCLATION OP rHOTtXTA-tTlSlI TO CIVIUZAnOX.
dtion. Popo Urban VIII. instated that tbe ubonximM
opinion must he forbtddaa, m caatnirr t<i Uiu SmptUTM.'
Tlin ifxphiiAtjoiiM of OuUl«o, Hun be dkl not intend ir.
vidate the former |>robibitioa. nnd thnt hn hmi pruscDted
tbu Cop»rnican cloctrim) only na an hTpotbeaU, won vt
no Avail. He was n-qoired to abjure this (lootfilio OQ ha*
ICDMB, M false, and wan wntftnocd to impriitoninnnC llu^
ing t)in Pope's pleasure. Although he vns not aliat up
in a cell, but wu« pormittcd to runde with (rieudt, naA in
bjf own viilii, he vra» still subjected to unoomfortable sad
huniiliattiig restrictions, and to tlio repeated axurdao ol
an annoying survi-il lance. Hut itgv*! limb* wero not
ttrotchod upoo tliu nu-k ; but there waa a moral torture
in being forced to deny what ho beliei'od to bu tlia tmth.
Of the (Iveji distress which tJiis inexorable demand ocofc*
sioned him wo haro amplo proof.* It is tmo that pe^
■onal enmities ~-t]ie hatred of Galileo's scientific enemioa,
the feeling of the Uarberini towards the Medici -^ bwl
uu agency in tbu procoedings agwnst Galiloo, and that
the Pope imagined htmitelf to be covertly ridiculed in the
condemned Dialogue ; but these hostile iuflaeaoes would
hare been poworlow, had not a prevnihng spirit of intol*
emnee boon ready to lend itself to tlie persecution. Much
is said, by a class of writers, of the " impntdenn; *' of
Qivliloo in attcmptiiig to liannoniKo bis doctrine witli
Scripture, and in entering at all into the province of qxo>
gcais. Bui the most that ho did in tliis way, was to af-
Ann that the Itibleacoommodateattalanguitge tocommoo
notions and does not aim to teach scientilio truth ; and
bis vxpliinatiom of HibliciU paswigi-9 wvrv, as tlic Iiiqoi-
sition, in tlie Act of Condemnatioi], testifies, in answer to
objections sllcgi-d iigjvinst his theory.' Ho must not so^
I Von UouDUinl, |i. 380.
■ Ton Utunwiit, p. 3U1. VTbcwc)! tatliely cm In vUu 1u ■>** <i tb« moat
«f OaltltO —IM It lb«M vitiiU win uol till by lilm U b( loiioiu. Cufury of
' " And that, to llir objoctiun* ;iut lorUi to Ihta M farioiu tioMB, tiMtd at
I
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LITERATtniE IK FRAKCK. 52fi
\
g»Bt n difli.-n-nt intKrjircUittoit of tliu Scriptiiml pasaagw
by wliicli ilia advorsariee were permitted to coiittit<) his
opioiiui '. 'rh« crimn of liis pvnx^ciitors is nut oxtonuatedf
but aggnivati^), if their accusation is redaced to thb
trivia] clmrge of iniprudL-iic«.
Of all the countries tn whicli Uie Kofurmation fiiilinl,
FnHKa was the only ono in vrbicli litcTivtiii-u was not
Llight«<]. Ill Fmiicu, this ruign of Ixmis XIV, i» cotH
■idered the Augustan age of lett«jrs. Tlirco elements en-
tered into the creation of this britltiint era — the inonttivhy ,
antiquity, and religion.* The splendor of the throne, the
prido awakvnud by tho conquosl's of ttio King and by tho
ai^Muent power of Knuioe, klnilted the intellect of th«
mtiou.' The monaroh vus tho sun, luid the tnun of au-
tbon ir«h> aa ptiuH>t4 ino\-ing about Ititu, nnd busking in
^ rays. Moreover, the classical tone of the Renaissance
fekd survived in full power. Most of the literary men
looked to antiquity for their models and rales of oouiposi-
tion. With the poein and criticH, the iinitira of the uncient
dram:t were laws to be siiereJly observed. If we look at the
religi'jiM vVnieut, we m^t the dev{> traocft of the R«;formutiQii
in the Janscnist school, from which emanated the I'r»vi»<
dal Letters of Pascul, pronounced by Voltaire the finost
apedinen of French proao in thU whole period. Tlic grait
figure in the religious world is Bossuet, the champion
of flallican against ultnunoiitauu C»tliolici«ni, and tlie
author of tho most liberal and the legist obnoxious exp^
sition of llie Catholic crucd. Tlie com[innitivo fnt-d'ira
uid ilraMii (ram Holy Scrljiturc, lliou iljdsc umrcr. conuasntlnj; upon udJ ut-
pUliiiRK III* ulil SrripCun &ftrr Ihr ovn ItMtn." lA/f, p, 300l Ths Icltcr
of Uiillleo In Cailrlli \Lift, p. T4t cxpiiundt m > Tvry MDubl* vay hit iilMot
Ibit Ttlslixi nt tW IliMc lq «iii'Rr>;. Itu E*r< cm*! nllfnM bjr a piuaif* in
ftni-''.^r lvi:<<r \\\ whirh litf Mfk! E^iar h^ \\tt\ liciajil ftnfRiii>«j)Crrcl<«tvUff^GBI^
dlt J Umniii* ■■• Uir iwrwui inwuil — iiv 'bat Uic Iloljr UlHUt liiid Ar-AautA
to iliuw ui hqw to (III lu li'-mii, iiol bo« bturcn iuuvMi Voii Uruiniml, p
Hi, Uui th> KBlcme of tliB Inqnliltlon cqnlciiiiii Uu Oopcmlcui ^octria i h
•(•Ik ULdcwUniy En Uic llo^ Sir>|Mna."
1 rillcmaln. /.jl. «■ DUXtUikmt SMr, L t
«y(un). V»f.^«b£if. Pni<if.,i.cb.rll.iLJf UO.
S3B THE KEUATION Of fBOTKSTAKTrSU TO aVtLIZATIC
uf cbcKiglit Uiut ronuuned in Franco va» nn (vaoat
dlUon oE its literary activity. In tlie last days of
XIV., liU'rnliirY! dwlincd. As \tq pasta beyond liu
wc ent«r ttio era in wliich a sceptical pluloeopliy pevailad
und In vhicL lit«mturc \vtis divorced not only from Ua
Chutvh, hut iiIao from f^tth in tJie Chriitliiui Rorulntion
Id order to apprL-4:iutv the influence of Uie Cliurcb ui
Rome, JiJtfr Uic Kerunnutioii, upon Koivnce luid cnttnnj
it is necessary to take into i-iew tlie sysbenuttio oon«x>r8lii|
of IkmIh, wliicli that Cliurcli Mtublisliftd, and the liteian
and »]ncaUonal inilnenoe of tho Order of Jivnits. U
1S46, Cbarle* V. obtained from the tlieologiatl fnculty d
I^uvnin a cjttalogui; of ptdilicntions wLidi tliu peopla
were to he prohilHted from reading ; bis design l>eing t4|
Ktnp the profi^ss of lu-rcKy in the NotLorlnnda. His ex^
ample wiid followed by t'nul I\',, who published, in 1&59J
li list of tbu Willie Icind, with a denunciation of penaltiei
against all who sliould disrogArd its rigid pruliibitioosj
Under the ausploea of the CMincil of Trent, tber« ws^
issni'd by the authority of Piua IV,, in 1SC4, imothe^
Pmbibitory Indt'x, whicli bns ainoo been frMpit^ntly piibi
Ushed with successive enlargements. Tbo i'robibitor^j
Indexes proocnbo autlion or entire works, witlioiit roaen
vation ; the Kxpurgatoiy Indexes, whetbor united wttb
those or not. specify passuges to be exptmgi-d or altered)
The Index of 1.'')(!4 contained lot atiingcni rules rmf
ing forbidden books, and the inRpection of printing-offic
and book-!iho{Ht ; lo which, on various <>ccaHO«i
regnlnttons have been added.
The long Prohibitory Catalogue, althongh it oompna
muny of liiL- i)rincipal works in history, geiioj-al titi^'nittire,
and philosophy, ns well as in theology and morals, wliiel^
have been produced
quftte idea of tlie
nsioo in tile
in modem times, conveys no ad«*
l>ower of sudt a tjTannicd supoiy
oountries where it was carried out witli
THE PRRS3 DC VltOTESTAKT LAXDS.
527
I
rigor, to fetter the intellect and to imralj-xe its enei:gieB.>
Milton introducoa into tli« " Areop»gitica," a remmis*
cciisu of hk ititcrcoune witli the lenrnod men of Itttly,
\f ho " (lid nothing but beinnnti tlio servile condition into
which learning umonget them wna brought ; that this wus
it vrhich luid damped tbo glory of Italian wits; Uint
nothing had there been written now, these many ycAn,
bnt flattery ttnd fustinn. Tlicrc it wks tliat I found and
visited the fiunouit Onlili^o ^own oM, a prisoner to the
InquiMtiont for thinking in nstronomy otherwise tliftn Hit
Fhuidscan and Uominiciiu licensers thought."'
Violations of tJie liberty of opinion and of Cho pr«M
are not excluairoly the sinn of Itoman Catholics. In
Trotestaiit countries, aft«r the Reformntion, the Hupur^'iK-
ion of Uio printing uiid drculation of books, devolved on
the State. A teasing and meddlescHne censorship, and
sometimes a severe penal code, were established by vari-
ous governments. In Kiiglaiid, in the reigu of Elimbelh,
printers and bookaellors were restricted by ngorons en-
actments, and tlie importation of books was regulated by
proclamations from tbu Coundl. The law inflicted penal-
ties on the Bale, or even the jioaseauon, oE learned works
of Catholic theology. In some cases, UbrarieB were
I On th« tnJra LiUvnin rrvkHilimat (19T0]< uv Uie naiDM of lucb hlitcriuu
•1 lUlliiD, Dumcl, Ilunir, Glblwa. llMh«lm, SlMntmill, Baj-1<, rrideuix,
Boiu, Svpl, Konkei ol >ucb pbllo*a|<hlMl writm u UAltbranchs, Splnota,
Kint, Locke, Otron, Un CaR». H'lKtcIf . Couiln : of publltliti tlk( Monle*.
quigu ud Grolliif I of Fmininl pocU. ■• Aii«Ia ami Klllton. 71i« mitlusn tf
Uio Bcfertnen, Pratuunt i-inioiu of the filble, kll VnHMal ww«l>iim, fnMb,
tmblicBlioa* of ijmodiil Htt, of Mmfntim* lail ol iliqiutal]i>n>,litai:cica> %ln
lUelioairica ind Isxicont — lilt* lbs luioon of Slvphuwl — unloa I1i*t havi
Uto fnriev^j pun;*! «t hncliul punff**, iM probtbiUd •■ noH.
*ll wuhii own Titit tu Gif.UcD Hi ArMtri (liat ininiMtd U Hiiloa If «<
MTMOD a( Iba iliigld nf I.uciftr In
'lb* nu»a, wbvw orb
ThmuEb npil« icUiii, On Tvaem aiUM vtom
At tnninit [Mm iIm top of FoaoM,
Or Id Valilirno, to d«M7 mv Lind*,
Siror* <r motnlaini^ bi tur «Ntl7 grlobo."
628 TK RELATION OF PROTCSTAKTISM TO avttlZATlO!!.
•MTcbed, uad IkwIcs, obnoxioua only on at'i-ount of tfa«h
doctrinea, were Beu«d. Wbitglft cAuacd the peual mlet
OD this whole Babject to be BbaTpen«d. luul i-x«rdsnd
vigilance in enforcing them. Ooc of tlio vhorgea ogaintt
Laud at his impoiwhiiicnl, iii 1&44, was, that he had aap-
lirewed tb« Qenevn Bible, and other books in which
popery was uttackcd. Itut tiiu tnauagois of the impeach ■
in«iit ooupted witli thin cluirge the necusatioD that be bad
permitted to be introduced and sold works in which Ar<
minian and Itomon Cutliolic ojiinions wurc oonntenaooed.*
It was not Iiui duppreasion of books, bat of a partieolar
daes uf books, whidt constituled his offonse. In the anmo
year, Milton di;dic»ti:Kl to I'arliamenl his ringing speech
(or the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing, thu " Aroopagit-
ka," which ho litly prcfauml by lines from Euripidoe,
beginning : -^
" DiJa ti true liberty, wfaen trMbgis mt^
Uavin); to advln the jiablic, iMf ipMk ftta,
Whkli 1m who cftu, and will, A«*am* high pnlM." ■
Bnt even Milton, it niny bo ob««rr«d hero, did not cairy
his doctrine of liberty of conscience so far as to Imd
him to faror the tolnnition of the muss nnd other cere-
monies of Ronian Catholic worship, whicii, ns being
Idolatrous, he thought should be forbidden.^ Parliameut,
m the Puritan period, passed sevore ordinancns and laws
for (iie rvstmint of printing.* liut the Restomtinn re-
' KmI, tlittrs ..flht Purilunt, il. SIS uq.
* (>n» ot Milton'* Br);iiinenl> li that " tbo iolcclton, wblch It from b««k> «
>«itn>i'«T]riaraliGion,"iiinoiradanginiiu(D(he iBontdlhui loHiciKnamili
■ii'l li« Trim In lh« acula Arraminn, wbo "iru pontrtHl" b]r nadlnff "•
viiiii'Ii-'a ilWnurw, wriltFn at Pilfl." It ti curioui that HlUon, m hi* tuaflw
vn VliriMian IladriH {irovw, tiimtcK biwaine an Armlnlan, vut 10 Ariui bn>
tiili'L Wlivn 111! )iuli]iilivd "PlradiH L»C," In ISOT, lie had tutoe diAcalty It
pRiFiiriiiii > liT4iiM ; ptrtlf M acsounl of Ui« llliuintioii, b Ibo OM bMk| (f
U>i*(Up«*,lbat
— "wltbleuotchtaft*
FvrplsxM maiiaralu."
■ Sw bit Trut. O/ Tnu Atll^'ua, JTinis. Srtiim, Ti>ltniUiim, ttt. lUTtV
• Hbjt, CoiuI. UiHorg k/ tMjhnJ, U. IW.
«
EDUCATION BY THE JESUITS.
629
I
I
I
newo] i\w ifxUvm& severity of ttie old t^iiaoLnieuta, aiid
tlio i.iceiiaing Act plnced all printing under tlie wintrol
of tlie govtinimunt. Uudvr tb« jud^cH Scno^pi and Jef-
fries, tlii'ii; wa« a cruel euforcement of the hateful pro-
visioua of this act. It was not uatjl uf lur tlit; Uvvululinn,
wlivii farliameiiti in 169S, refuaed to renew tiua measure,
Uiat die censorship of tb« press was given up by tliv k>* of
En^lund, T{i«i-v might be oontinued pei^ecutiou, thruu^h
the wide exteusion given to the law of libel ; but there
was a gi&dual progn-iw towards tlio abolition of uU tinjuMt
reatrictioriA npon tiie publioaUon of printed ufttter. 'X1ie
multipU-ing of newapapera waa a practical assertion of
tins liberty. Thus it uppeura that undur Protu«titnt in-
Btitiilionti, although the freedom of discuadon and of the
press wiLS not at onco attained, altliougb tyranninil laws
were fivnied and exc-cutvd, the tvuduiicy luis ittiU bcut in
the direction of an emanciptition of the minds of men
from this ns from otlicr kinds of unjuHtiSable rvstiiunt.
That the genius of Protestantism requires this liberty, is
now fdmoHt univcmdly concetk-d.
Prom tlw latter part of the aixteenth century, educa-
tion in Catholic countriiM fell VL-ry mucli into t^o bauds
of the Jesuits. Among the members of thia society, and
among the pupiU who w«ru trained by it, tLore is in-
tlud(?d a long list of men who are distinguislietl for s«r-
vices rendered to scieiice and learning. But, generally
B|>enkiug, it \» in inathemativs, physical sctvncu, and aitti-
qimrian research — tlepartments standing in no close
ri'lation to Uicir nionil aud dogmntic system — tluU Uicy
hare won tbeir eminenoe. The Jesuit Society haa pro-
duced acutu writers in casutstryund polumiuil theology;
sucii mnn as Suarez ;utd Uellarmine. Itut it haa aocom-
pliabed little in tliu higher walks of litemturu and phUoso-
l^y, which require the genial atniiMphere of fifcdoin:
and the efTi^it of its tnutung. as u rule, bas not been to
fiSO THE lELATtON OF ftUnCSrAXTlSU TO aVIl JZATICW.
•titnulatc luid fnictify Uic mind, and to pat it od the patb
of original actiri^ and pr<xliiotion.
In all ProtatMit lutd.t, tln^ uniTcna] difTuaion of tbt
Bible in tlie vernacular tongues, baa proved an instrument
of culture of iiMMtimnbla valuu. Apart trunt its direct
rdigious inllnenoe, tbc Bible haa earned into the faoose-
holcb, even of the humblest cLassM, a moM effective imiUB
of mental fttimulation and iiistruelion. Uy its liistor;-,
pOAtrjr, SthicD. tliM)lof;<r. it lias cxpandvd tlic iutoHoct ol
oommoi) ntcn, mid roused them to reflection on theme*
<^ the highest moment. Tho scone which Burnii depicts
in " The Cotter's Saturday Night" suggests not only Uie
rehgiona power of the Bible in the homes of th« poor, but
aIiu> ito olu%-at]iig and inspiring inllucnco within the entin
sphere of mental action. The Church oi Rome luw
never, by n gcncnil prohibition, interdicted tlie uso of the
Bible to the laity ; but it hiis done little to protnoto it.
On the contrary, the too Rules relating to the oenaonhip
of books, wltich «mnn»t«d from the Coiinvit of Tn>nt, ini<
pose severe restrictions upon Uie circulatiou ainl rcodii^
of Uie Scriptures in the veroncniar languages. ^ Inas-
niiieb," they say, " ns it is miuiifest from cxpcriiMioc, that
if ttiQ Holy Bible, translated into the vulgar tougiio, be
indiscrimiitatGly allowt-d to every one, the temerity of
men will cause more evil tlian good to ariao from it ; it is,
on tLis point, referred to the judgment of the bishops or
inquisitors, who may, by tJic advice of tlie priost or con-
fessor, permit the reading of the Bible, translated into
the vulgar tongue by Catholic authors, to those persons
whose faith and piety, they apprehend, will be augineuted,
and not injured by it ; and thia permission they mast
liuvc in writing. But if any one shall have the presum^
ticn to read or possess it without such written permission
he shall not receivo absolution until he have first dfr-
liveied up such Bible to the orilioHry. Bookselk-rs, tiow
ever, who bIioII sell, or othermse dispose of Biblea in th«
I
IXFLUEKCE OP THE BIBLE.
581
H fulgnT tongue, to pertjonii uot having such ptirmlBsioQj
■ball farK^it the ralue of iJie hooks, to be applied by the
btalxip to some pious use ; and Ik: mibjcctixl to sii«h
oHusv petialti*!8 as thu hishoj) shull judge proper, acoonl-
hig to the quiility o( tho ofTuiidd. Bill. n'giiliirM Khull nei-
ther read nor purchase such Bibk's \rithi>nt ii special
license from thiiir superiors." ' This ruW f»!rly indtcutos
• the policy of the Cbarcb of Rome since the Tridentiiie
Coundl. This policy hod its origin aft«r thu inuvoinunt^
of the laity, in Uomanic countries, in the twelfth century,
ttgunst eccleiiastical ahusus, when t3io Wnldciisuii iind
other sects resorted to tlie Bible, and encouraged the
reading of it. lu England tho opposition to Wickliffe
hnd a similar ctTcct in Iciuling the nutliorities of tlie
Church to discountenance the use of tho Bible in the
valgiu- tongue. The Jnn»unL»te, ArnAulcl and hts iisso*
ciateft, advocated a more free i-eoding of the Scriptures by
Uic laity ; but they wore combated on this point, as on
tilt&r peculiarities of their system. ISren in recent times
futminations have been sent forth from the Vatican
against Bible societies ; and this hostility is not only
directed against transhttions made by Protestants, but
against tho unri>stri<:t«?d circulation of any versions in the
language of the people. Bai:k of all tliciao rules and pi-o*
liibitions, however, there is another formidable hindrance
tin the way of tlie general reading of the Bible among
Komaii Catholic laymen. It arisi.'S from the doctrine that
they arc inca|>able of interpreting it. In the early ages
»of tho Church, tho Scriptur^vi vrvni ri.-nderi*d into thu Ian-
gnagOB of the tribes to whom the Gospel was carried.
Tho Fath«>rs were not opposed to tho leading of them by
I the people. Even oa late as Gregory 1. tliey recommend it.
But tho practice began to fall into disuse in consciiuence
jf the pntvalcnt belief Unit laymen are incompetent to »»•
■ App. i- ai Cmcll. Trld. Dt lUrit prriH, Krg. W. Tht rule, tn tntu
attd by Uendluw, TU i-Utnttj PvUtj tjfllM Ckrnnk ^Hamt, p. U Mq
632 THE BliLAlJOX OK I'BOTKSTASTlSa TO CIVIUZATIOW.
lantuud it — inci^iable of deciphenng its meaning foi
theiuwlvus. Protosbuit teachers, on ilic cxintnirj', bkvc
deehrtid lltnt the Bible is intelligible to jiliin ini^n. And
luLvn imivursnlly in<:iil«»t4>d upon all tho uUigsliou tc
reiul il liabituitlly. Tin- KnglUli voraion Mid llio timnftl**
tioii of Iiuther bavo eiitomd inio the intellectual life of
Uic- luitionit to n-liidi Uicy »cven>lly belong, witJt an ex*
citing and tratiaformijig eni^rgy, tim xrbolesome effect snd
fall uxttiit of whicli it is iinimwiiblu to ostimatv. To any
nothing of a strictly religious influcAce, if w could sub*
tnict from tlie Gcnnun mind tbo vfToct, rpgitnliid only
friHii nil iiitdlv«tuul jwint of vi«w, of I^itlier'a llible, niid
do Uie same in tlie case of our version in it^ relation to tho
EiigliHli-eiKiiilcin;; racv, liuw inmlctilable would Im) the toes I
Tbu i-lX-.!V.t (if the Itcforiiiution upon literature in Kn^-
lond 18 gunvmtly undur»to<Kl. Tho ago of Elixiibotb, the
em of Spender and Uulcigb, of Baoon and Sbukespcare,
was tho period iu which the fennent caused by tin; Itof-
oniiation was at iU liotght, and when I*Tot«staQtisia
c«tabl!»]ied iU atipreinacy over tbe Kngli^b mind. That
ProtestantJsni vas u life-giving clemeDt in the aUiiwiphorB
in which the ctnincnt uutlinrs of tliJit and of Uiu follow-
ing agea drew their inspimtion. admits of no rcHaonuble
doubt. Wo bavo only to iimigitio tbnt the mign of Mary
iitid her religious system had continued through tlio aix-
tvcntli cvnttiry, and wc ahall upprcciate the indispensable
part which Protostantisin took in tiio crcftliim of tliat
gniat liU'niry ^-poch. 'Hio gtmt writers of tho Kliz.f
iH'tliiui [leriod have been called " nteii of tin* KeniuMnnce,
not men of tbe Reformation." ^ A brilliant FrencJi au-
thor biui oven gi-oupod them togetlier un<ii>r tlio title o(
the " Pagan KcnaiiuuuK-o." ' It is quite true that tiioy
dorivwil Uivir mutcriala largi-ly from the poeta and novel*
«ts of Italy ; tliat tho inlluenco of the Italian culture if
' Mitlhsir Amnl'l, SrAettU iiml Cninr/i'IiM un lAi Contiminl, p, )M>
■ Talcr, iliAliay tf Kngti'A LiUrnlart, l Ht tiy.
n
LrrKKATcm: is exglakd.
tnanifrnt in Uieir works. Kroin this point of view, tho
alaasificatioR just mvittionvd is itot ta iavorrMi. Muro*
aver, the Kngtuh writera of tlii» gmnd <;ra were trne to
themselves ; ihey are nmrk<.-(l by a frosh vigor and gcaa-
iDK nAturuliics!. At tho wituo tiinc, Uioir veiicmtioii fot
the grciit truths of roUgion, tkoir profound, uoACFected
faitli, am equally conHpiciiouA ; nnd by this qtuility they
arc distiiigiiiidtRd frcMn the school of the Iteuaiiianilou in
Southern Earopo. Tho Kime French critic to whom w«
havo n-fi-rrvd, advert*, in anothf^r ]):ut9nge, to the oomtant
iufluotice of ** the grave and grand idea " of reli^on, uul
adds : " In the grc^ntoflt \vmao writers, Uauon, Burton, Sir
Thomafl Ilrowne. Raleigh, we see the fruits of veneration,
II Buttled btrlii-f in tliv obscure beyond ; in short, faith and
prayer. Several pntyerti written by Haoon aro ainoiigst
the Itn^t known ; and the oourtier Raleigh, whilst writ-
ing of tlin fall of empiri'K, and how the bartiaroas nations
bad destroyed this grand and magnificent Roman Empin,
ended his book with the id'tiM nnd t^mu of a B(j«siiet." '
It b not more true that ShiLkespearo rises above all the
narrow oonfinot o( sivt, than that his dnuiius ruveul a
deep ^th in a snpeniatural order, and are pervaded witli
the fundamental vi.Titit-.H of tliu Chrifltinii religion. The
botdneits and inilependenoe of the Elimbetliaii writurs,
their fearlcaa and earnest pursuit of trutli, and tiieir
sidenin Kcnso; of rvligitni, apart from all luccttc^uo and
au[>entition, are among the eflfects of the Ki'formution.'
'riiis is ivgnally trite of them as it ia of Milton and ot
the greatest of their sncnemon. Nothing save tiio >m-
pnlso n'btch Protestantism gave to the English mind, and
thi» intellectual ferment wbieh was engenderud by it. will
account for the Utemry phetwmena of tlie Elitabethan
timeik
< L na. Tb* ptiMtigii of lUttlgh b (IH tpgtfffpbr, Mgjumiag: "O, tl>-
•■nit,}ut,«ad oiJgbllalHadit"
* A Jiut view a( Uili nui*r biirtitMal br lliiirn, t.r<lrrtf»U* Dmmalk
Ltt. ^lit Aft i(f JLl^aka <lc(t. I.), wtire ib> iHsaDco of At HtfomMlM
•Joqanollr Mceil.
684 TBK IDUATIOX OP raOTESTANTISU TO CIV1L1ZATI0X.
The Reforroatiun in Ocnnuny traiujeired literary ao-
Cirity from Uic Stnitli to tliw North.' Since Lbnt tiim^
tlio liteniry acbievements on the Catholic Bide have betfn.
In compamxoii with Uioso of the I'rot«Uants, insignificant.
A laamed ('»thotic schoLix iuis stated tlic difficulty whitJi
he experioaovd in finding CutlioUu names vrorthy of note,
wh«n he undertook tlie task ' of describmg tlie state ot
itMirtiing in Germany in tho periud tittor the Italormatjon.*
He attributea this int^llccluiil dearth tu tlie luvlhoda of ^
vdocation adopted by the Josuita, who obtained so cxten- fl
»iv« a control over tli« instrmrtion of tlie young. In llio
seventeenth centurj', theological controversy and the (]e»-
olattng offocts of war prurentcd Gcrmiiny from omulatin^
Bti|;land in tlie path of science and literature. But tho
eighteenth centiu-y opens with thv illustrioos nanio of
Leibnitz; and from that tJnie, es|)ecially from the mid-
dle of that century, the achievements of the GennUi
mind in all bruiichi.'s of human kiiowtedgo have suipaaaod
those of any otiier nation, ancient or modern. Ovnnany
haa earned the distinction of being tlie land of scliolim.
It u])pi-ajis tliat in England, iinniodi»wly after thv Uefor-
mation, the cause of learning auETered in oon3G<|uenoo of
the injury dono to sohools by lliu confiscations of Ilenry
VIII., and by tlie rapacity of his courtiers and tiiose of
Edward.' The attention given to theological disputes in
Uii; Uiiivcmitieit l«tide<l for a while to the same result.
In (iermany, moat of tlie Protestant leaders were devoted
Ilnmaiiists. In the ferment excited at first by tliu Wi^
tenbcrg Iteform, there was danger that science and edu-
cation would be negh-ctoil ; and of this danger MeIaiio>
tliun was painfiUly sensible.* He made schools an object
* CFn-inii*. Gtrli. a. pinlUdi.y>it!(-*al-LU.,'Th. la. XK
* Diilinipr, i'ertrige, tto. (Ilun1i;li, IS13).
* WaitiiR, Uiiion/ vf Xni/UA I^tttrg, i. f sxsvi.; AiaoliI, SeKtxA ami UmU
Ittrrilia, «(&, p. ISS.
* The aniletr of tlvlincUioa on Ihti MtbJtcE, a Tow vnn afur ih« I.ulbans
Biot-f iiiiml tonuiMac«l, aaJ Um (Sort* in twhalf of nlurAtiun In wlilcb b* wa>
•n dcnrlboil lijr 0>I1*, Ch^ntliriilili Uil.iKiakn'iit. \i. IIP.
I
I
I
i
A
PROrESTANTlSlI IM DOLLAND AND SCOTLAND. 585
' eiLrD«Bt caro. For his iter^-icM in this direction lie liiu
worn since the Lonorable title o( "Pro(Mi>tor of iiat-
many."
In no Protestunt countri*^ vrua the particular ofTect ot
the Keformatiou tvhidi we are now coiiMidering, more
Btriking, than in Holland and in Scotland. Iloltund, lu
it emerged victorioua from its Ktriiggitt with Simin, be-
oamu everywhere fumous for Uie nunihwr and eruditioD
of it« Bcliolars, and for tlie tmtviTsal intelligence of it«
people. In the early part of tlie at^ventcenth century,
Lcydcii, wliicli owed its UnivcrUty to the victorj' which
it giiinMl over its besiegers in 1574, was the ino»t re-
nowned scat of learning in Western Europe, Twothou-
Kind pupils rnsortcd to it at on« time, and sdiolant like
Scaliger weire drawn into the ranks of ils teachers. In
the vnlor of its inhabitants and their cntture, in connec-
tion with the diminutive size of its turritory, Holland n-
semhlod tho Greece W ancient times. Even more con-
Bpiiuiotis is the intellectual influence of Prott-stantism
upon Scotland. Holland was not wanting in intellectual
activity Ixrforc tlie Reformation; but ScotlaiKl owes al-
most everything to the religious reform. Before, tivi
DlBBof tLe people were ignonuit and in a Htute of ser-
vile (tepcndenoe on the nobles. The preacliing of Knox
struck a deep root in the heart of the Scotch commons.
\Vh<-n the nobles faltered, or ooniiulted expediency or
•elfish interest, it was found that the middling and lower
orders of the people, who hod embnicc<l tlie Protestant
doctrine, could not be managed, but were steadfast in de-
fense of tlteir liberty and religion.' 'I1ie fro<>dom of
Scotland, its general intelligenee, and the literary emi-
nence which n grout array of distingtiishod names in
•dencc and letters luive given it, are the result of the
) mi«ltwto(thiltrfana*lioiili»rllwtfDnbbrltr. Frouilp, jSWiAwKm
m Ort»l S«fr'(t<^ P' I3t |T1» Indui'-ir* >t ibe lEatoRniiiiaii un ilw licMI'ih
inoK m
'JUTTBll TO CTTILIZA'
TW
by a> III iiiiJiw <rf grfigw qowtiBM. Aa
> crMt*«l b) vUcfa tb* IraiU of gmha mnd
I
I
tU 'nWaiBW on philiMnfiy- TIm Sfhohatic UMslogy and
«thKs ««• iiilMt»I— d «kk tfa* >;ttn of AiistQd#.
lbs nbncMO of Ui nptioMf, n he was tnterpraled
•ad as kk netbod was emplojcd bj- tbe S^toabuiCD, io«
nind tita attbniw *A th« sboi* Uaio iriuch thoy bwl
oonaliaelad fay Ua aid, and aaa aa indi^wnaablii iocaos
Id tbis and. Tbis pbik«o|ibkal reralotkn was began 1^
ibo HoataiustB, aad eoanuunatad at lbs Rafaraaticm.
Bj* tbn iwfiraet effect of PiotcataatiHn, tben atsao
inadnr pbilMopbical DMsdxjd, oo Uw togndatioo ot which
the Biodeni acboob of aietafbjnisi tatL
The pub was broken for tba imiiilt npoa Ibe S<:liolaa>
tic AnttoUo, b]r the |)ata Anstotrliaas, as tbay wom
called; Uxsa ItaUan niinruuuala in the first ball of the
■ixteeath ocuturr, who sot np the idea* whidi they pr»> <
(eaaed to detivo ftom the origioal text of the Sta^rito, ^|
■gunsi the Schobtstic inteipretations of him. Tbe riee ^^
of a Khool of PUtoniBts \r«a not vithout aa inflaenoe in
the ■ame dinctioa. Th? Retortncn directly aesanlted
the princijik'S of tlie ArinUitfliaii «thi(», lu for 04 thoy
wi-m enilxnlii-d in the Pelugian theology, and likewise
bis dialoctical method nx uadcrlyii^ the cndlcas subUoUce
and beiriMvnag caauistry of the cnodiieTul ^benu. ]t
■a a mistake, howovor, to suppose thnt Lolher aras abso<
lately hoatilo to ptiiloaopby. Ilia decbmatiaa agiiiiist
An.itotle is oa the grouncLt just stated, ilikI '» ({unlinml
by other oxprvssioita of a different tenor.* Molancthou
I "I woaU ■flliBctjr," lu MlU, "kMpAifalMli'i bo*b on kctc, A«t*ili^
wd fottk*, or lur* llwiu tlrri<lg*d. ii* lliry can \-> mil «ilh pntll, anil *xtt
dN fanos raoyi* in (ftakins >»•] pnaihini; •nil; bol tb« coniuMiiB wU
alnulo ili*(>luii> liad Wutr U kfl otT" -in <'<% linKL Aid, (ISSK) Ftf
Mbar »^hi;m 'mm Lullift, at * lik* I*n«, •»« (lioHlir, I. II. S, | (H. m. k
I
KFTECT OF PBOTESrASTISM ON PHlLOSOrilT.
S8T
me moi-e and raoru irDjimtsMl with the iu?cC«Kity of a
caniful tind tborougli tiMiuiiig for niiniatcr», luid of buikl-
big tip tliu study [>f i>liiliwi>iiliy lut wull uh of olassiual lib-
uj-iLturo in tlio Geniuiii scltouU. Acconlingly ti<! prepared
t4!Xt-l](xik» on thu hiisw cif tin; tri^tiitiMfi of ArSsbollo, n'lii<-li
long beld tlisir place. Among the I'rotcstaiit tlieoWigiiin*,
Aristotle, i» the shape in which hu wiut iiuw etiidii-d, i-i>-
giuned his aothori^ ; so tlmt vrlioii Tet^r ItHnios uttiwikcd
Ilia logical >yst«m aiid endeavored to auppUmt it, the n«w
adieme was considunxl by many, among whom wus lit^ui,
a dangeroua innovation.
'I'Tic ground which had bwn huld by Arietotlo cuuld
not be left unoccupied. I'hiloaopliy must be rcoou>
■tructod. Yot a ni-vr itystcm would Iuito to fight ita
way to acceptance; for AmtoCle, notwitlistandirig the
attocka of tlm Iliimaaisbi and of tiw Ileformei-s. still
maintained hi-s bold in the Cutholic univvntttii'A — in
Paris, for examplo, and ui the uiiivertiities of Italy ; and
waa dofendet] a» the prop of orthodox tbeolugy. '11i«
two cuDOVStore of philosophy are Bncon aud I>os Curt«8.
Hie ^stenu of both are ituUreutly the product of tiie
Reformation. Bacon 'a not the originator of a now
method, much Ism of a ucw tm-tHphysic ; but in Iiim rig-
oroua aaaault upon the scientific procedure of the School-
men, which was identiiicd with tb4^ name of Aristotle,
. .ttu) in bi» wcJglity appeal agaiuat the authority of tradi-
tion in physical study, and in behalf of independent
investigation by the inductive process, ho harmonized
^vith tlie spirit and iivincvil the intbioiico of Protestant-
ism. Ilie name of Uea Cartes is more properly oon-
nected will) the new metliod whicli ohiuruct4T'ix«t( io<Klem,
as distinguished tn>iu mediajval philosophy.' In the
■cholaatio period, pliilooophy \s*» siiVtMTrvicnt tu liii^logy,
PliiliMopby had ito tusk set ; it must aaaume the tnitb of
t BmiiHl«r, HiM. di h PiiUitv^it Omtena' (arnli. I«M); lUllIal, la Vlt
rti flW»if«r* 19 vol*. IIBlH KlUtT, Oni. H. <krini Ptil^ vii. 1 (Ml.
CSS TBE RELATtOK Of PROTeSTAMTUM TO ClVlLtZATNM.
ft great body of propoBitions, and, as Tar as it wiis ablc^
rindicato tbrin on mtioiml {rn>tiiida. As a coiii^:i{U4>oce,
phUoanphy nnd theology ^v«re mingled togfthor, iu a way
])rojudicial to «icb. Th« melbod with wliioh the nanie
of l)t^ CftrtcA is linked is utterly disainiilor ; first, in
■oparating pbilosopby, as a distinct deiiiirtm«nti from
t)wol<^' ; sooomlly, in casting out all aasumptiona, all
propoutions borroircd from othvr eourocs, sll atithority,
Slid in sUirtbig witEi the min<l'a own primitivv intuitiona,
on tlie foundation of whidi, nitli the aid of logic, the
trhole suiKTstnicturw is riwrwl. Tin; »iin|il(? thesis, '* t
thiiilc, tbvrcforu I am," is found, it may be, in Augustine ;
and it may have been derived from blm ; but tbo 01%-
iriiility of Des Carles llt-s in hit n^je<;tion of itil extranL>ou8
and incongruous matter, and in hi§ pLiciug this brief but
pregnant iiffirmalioii iu the fori^frout of bis system. On
this foundiition he seeks to ronstrnct a pmof of God,
of iJie soul's distinct existence, nnd of its inimortalit}~.
PhiloBophy thus lakes notliing for granted, is no longer
" tbo handmaid " of any other brunch of knowledge, but
bringtt up everything to bo tested at its oivii tribunal.
WI10 can fail to detect in this trauaformatioti in Ui«
ehanirtiT and posilion of philosophy t,lie ngunoy of tha
Kefonuation, preoedetl and supported, to be sore, by
lltimnniHm ?
Des Curtea was himnolf a Koman Catliolio and oda-
(wted in a Jesuit school. Ho made a constant effort to
avoid every sort of conflict with the Churdi and witli the
cfaampions of orthodoxy. Prudently, for the sake of liia
own quiet, h"' made- his residence in Holland and iu Swe-
den. He carefully disavowed the intention to interfere
with the tilings of faith ; adopting, iu tliis matter, liiu-
guiige similar to that of Moutaigno and his foUoweia in
the sixteenth, and of the free-thinkers of tlie eightocntb
century. In their case, these professions were ironicaL
and were made for the sake of arnidini' tu^ vsplictt ait
I
I
DES CjUtTES.
689
I
tagonism to tlio ChristiiLD faith and its adhorcnbi. Doe
Outes wu more serious niid i.!arni>»t in liU iiiiivicttons;
yet tlie oourw that h« took was ({uite s» mii<:li prompted
hy deivnatoa to » settled iiolicy a» by the diotiitxM of
conscience. It wua ohMacteristtc of him, as bood as he
liuid'd o( thi: oouduinniitiMi of Gatilv), to euppnas bis
owu work on "The World," in which be hnd lulvocalod
tlio Copornicun x-iow, und wliich \r.\s prcp&red for Iho
])t'i-H8. Hut nil the wniiiRitii mid piiiiutaking of Dot
Cartt"s did not avail. The empire of Scholasticism, ol
which tilt: Anittotulinn sy»1i-ui ^nut n niniii [nUar, could
not he HO easily undermined. The Cartesian system mu
dciiounoetl by the Sorhoiinu, and in 16'24 h di^crcv of
I':irliaimtht wim pn»cutx-d ii^ain»t it. ItM piiitiijiKl iidro>
cuti'S WL're the gifted men of tJie Jaiiaenist bcIiooI. Pro-
hibitions and donunciiitioiui of the new philoooplir wi-itt
forth from tlw Oiuncil of the Kii^, Uw Aivhhialiop nt
I'm-'m, thv univonitics, iiiHl from mo«t of tlm rolif^ioiui
oi-dera, antil near the end of the seventeentfa century.'
Thu JvHuitA, whom Dot Oartvs had tried liant to condliikto^
were his irreconcilable opponents. One of them, Valois,
in th« prvsL-tice of the aMcmblcd clui;gy of Fnmco, de-
noiinofid him and his followers as favorers of Cnlviii.' In
1663, his •* Meditations," with some of his other n-riliiigs,
were placed on the Proliihitory Index al Koiuo, "dutti-o
ixnrrigantnr ;" and there hb name still stands, with the
namw of Loclci;, Itiicon, Kant, Cousin, im<l olhuf h-adcrs
in philiMopluo thought. The Smrhooue imulit a aoi-oiul
attempt to obtaui from Parliament a condemnatory <)<.-
cfce against tlio Cartusiiui systom, and wi;re otily hititU-d
by the wit of Boileau, combined with the reasoning of
Amuuld.* After this timv, the ph;to«n])hy of Diis Curtiw
gitin^l favor with llie more fn-o-niinded scholars and
aulhors — not excepting Boaatiet — who adorned tJie lit.
emliiii' of Franco in thi« pvriwl.
• Ihioitliir. I. Kii. ■ Ibul., <«* ■ Ibid., i.*Utm-
jreas to ita,
on uid ^H
I! ami co^l
640 TUK iRU^TlON or fiOnSTAXnSU TO dVlLDUTTOM.
It wotitil be iDtsresUng to tmcu thu eflToct of tba Bet
armutioa upon tbo dtrrdopment ot other bnincfac* el
kjiiiwk'(lg<!. Ttifi adrance of tiu> •denoe of tntcmatuiBil
Ltw in modem timea is connected with tho tuune ol
Qrotitu ; suid the rise of ]iulitira] «»iioiiir with Ilie
uumeaof Uitme and of Adam StiiJUi. Tlie nntarvl and
jdiVMcnl adencot owe their uu(-x»mplcd pnigreas to iht
freedom with trhich ()»-ir in\'<'stigatt(>tis am
and to the muUiod uf IndvjtendMit observ-utioa
pcriiui-tit wbicli haul diiiitlitiwl tbo daducti«*u
jectural procednro of a fonner n^. Hut then is oat
do[Ktrtmi>nt with nigard to whk-h I'rutesUuitiBiu i» oft
clwrgnd with vxc-rting « chilling influonoo, ]t is that
Uie fine arts. 'ITiis im]>utntion, however, \viU banDv
niiidt: i'(»iH%ting music niid [xKtr^'. Nor, siiico the
ation oE the Gothic arcbitcctora — a genuinu product
tlio Middio Afjiys and of the Gei-mnii miiid -~ is there
type of biiiMiiig \vhich can \w iittribiilnl to the Chi
c^ Home, as au offsjmng of its peculiar spirit. It is oat
in respect to painting and scalpturi}'. in whidi thi* tile
of Art are embodied in risible form, that litis objuctJoi
nan be brought against Prottstantism with nnj plao
htlity. It is unqiirotifniahh* thai tbv Kpecial chnnu:tcri
Art vurivs with Uic nature and eh-ctim&tiuicea of the
pies among whom it spnngs ioto being. It ia also true
iliat. tlii^ ii'irthcrn raoen of the fli-rm.'ui stock are, on tb*
one hand, li-s» demonstrati%'e. le»s impelled by un in>
'jnpulse to give Tinblo expression to thoir concfipttona
and more pnmp to abstract Ihmijrht and quiet rpB<<<-tion(1
tlum the l^tin peoples, especially the Ituliiuu.' Tl;
innate diflunnico is not without its vlTuct in producing iai
tli<- KTHithcni mces a greater aatisfaetion witli a ntual thatl
strikes the denaes ; and this samo peimliarity is as8odnte<ll
with all artistic impuhHs imd skill. Wt tboio on not tl
■ Tliit Mttanuu* u i>orUj*>l In k ip!rit«<] wv bjr Tkia*. 8r» 4rl ia
VaktrbMl*, pp. 31 M<i., 04.
EKTKCT.Or THE BKrOKMAIION ON ItKt.lQtON.
Ml
I
exclusive poeiScsBioii of any single branch of Uie liuiiian
family. The Teutonic race has, UkewtBe, pven evidcnoe
of itx ciiiuicity for the lujjhi-st iu:1iti.n-ctnetits in tirL, ns
well tis for tho HpprMriation and enjoyment uf its noblest
products. Italian puinliug und sculpture n-uru tho eiv
iitimi of lh» Renaisitance ; and th<3 Art of lliu Keiiaisannce
was largely pagan. With thfl ruvival of Catholidsm Art
ilfclin«d. In the N«th(irl.in<b* Un-rt; iipiK-iinrd » twvr and
origmol development of Art; and in !]ot!and, witli ita
monotonous scenery and cloudy skies — a it>tnilry in
which Prob^stantisni reigned — there arose a achool of
patiiti-rs, iinioii(; whom is found ono of thi; most original
and inipn^snive of all urtiatA, Rembrandt.
Tho most important topic connected with the present
di»ciis»ion remains to bu eonKi<tercd. It is Uto bearing of
the Iteforination on religion. Religion is etuential to
the penmineiicu and ])ro(;ress of ci\'iliziition, not only iis
affording motives for thu rvatriiint of luimitn ])iia.<U(tii!t and
tlio oountvniction of sellt5lmes», but lut indittpensuble to
the healthful and fruitful exertion of tho intelleetual fac-
ulties. " When tlii^ i-eligion of a [veoplc is desinjyed,"
writes Do Toequevillc, "\loiibt gets hold of the hight-r
powers of the intvlterti and half pantly/es all tJie others.
Every man lurcnatoins himself to have only confu.si,Hl and
changing notions ou the subjects most interesting to his
fellow-crt-!ituPi's and liimwlf." " Stieli a eomlition cannot
but enervate the eotil, relax tJie springs of ihu will, and
prepare a people for servitude." *' I am inclined to Ihtiik
Unit if fiiitli be ivnnting in man, be must be subject ; and
if he he frc«, bu must believe." * It is nut stningo that
tliu right which Protestantism gives to tlie individual
mtli regard to his religious belief, should bu thought by
some to put tb« inti'ireists of religion in [H^rit. Hut tliis
right is, in another aspect, also a duty ; this freedom im-
poses a ivsponsibilitj ; and in relegating religion more to
542 TBS KEUTION OF PROTEST AXTtSSI TO OULrUVK.
tb« iiiJividuol, ProleAlaiitisiu docs not call ia iiDdadoo
tli4^ viiliility of I'vligious fvi-lings ancl oLligatiotts. Pro^
i-»t»iitii<iii fiist^ru 1^ Hi)irit of inquiry ; bat u religion
wliicb, like Cliristiunity, relive upon perauaaoo, hoiI
upjii-iLls to tlic nuuon luid oonsciviiw, is in th'- loug run
|*rolite(l by tlie full iiivfietigatiou of ite cLaima an<I doc-
binvS) wliutcvKT U>ni]>orury erUa may iiriw from Uui pw
verae or auiH-rlii-iiil iipplioadon of tlio umleratandiiig tc
qu«dou3 ill Uie sulutiou of which moral nml ntligtooa
feeling mtist liuar a ]»irt. A brief hiHturiont reviuw will
show that the Kefontiation is ii»t itjajtonEible for tondon-
I'Jun to Eccptici^iii mid uiibcliirf wtiicli liuve rcvsnlud
thoRisclvcfl ill modern society. Tbeae tendeociet (li»^
COTwed tlieuiHulvos buforo Froteetautisui appcnrvd. The
BenaiMance iii Italy wax sceptical iu iU BpiriU PontpcH
nntiua expressed thu opiiiiou that Christianity, Uko otiier
r^ilig^iotiN which hud ]>ivcudt>d it, hiid poseod throiigb the
periodfl of youth and niulurily uiid hiul arri%\>d at tlio
stagu of obBok«cence and decay. Mursilias Ficinus saw
no hvlp for rvtligiwi for tliu tiinv. and until God sliould
apjiear by tMinio niiriuMilous maiiifeeUtion, save in tlui
iK^tvriug aid of pliilosoiihy and from tho tenota ot Pisr
toiiiam.i 'I'his Iiitidelity itpraug up in lli» boaom of tlio
Roinun CntlK^iu Chuivht partly us e. rMwtion ogalost
nipcTstitioiu doctrines luid prucUccs which tho Cbui-di
couutcnaiicod, partly from the Epicurean lives of eoclost-
aatica aiitl Uiu woi'ldliiK-.ss which hud coiruptvd tb« piot^
of the official guardians of religion. Lid^qwDdonUy ^
th««o negative influt;iicos, however, there bid come a
time when reason, oonsdoua of iUulf and uf its inuturp
atrcngth, rose up to scrutiniie the traditions whidi it had
accr]it4'd without a qui.'«t40U, and to tost thw foundutiona
on wlik'h faith hnd rested. Such an epoch oooura in Uie
history of other ri'^ligion^. Had practical mligion existed
in greater power, tliis natural ci-isiB and period of Umnai
' Meuwitr, a'iuautlk-f/iL jtUtamiL p. 119.
I
wvnuiui iH rrnoPE.
643
I
I
bon might hn,ve been safely pasaed, mid the restilt wutild
huve been at onoe a more onligtitoned sixl u more assuri>il
faitli. Prot«atiinti)tin, witli the warm mligiou* li(« nluch
attended its riw, did actually interpose nn effectual bar-
rier to thfi Bpreail of infidelity, and for tin; time ftinoth-
erod itB gcrmfl- But tlie latent tendencies to which wo
have advfftt^d re-iippoiUf-d, iuid, aftiir the tidu i>f leUgioua
eni-nnstnesa in vliiub the Reformation began bait tuib-
Bidvd ; altur practical religion wait lost, in a mcasute, in
the turmoil of tlieological controversy, and by the (le*
mendizing effect of long and Ktngitiiiiiry wars, tbesQ
tmdendcs bad full play. Mui-cover, Pruteabuitiain vnu
guilty of a degree ot unfaitbfulneaa to one of its own car-
diiml principint. Tb« rigid mforwmcnt of dogmutio
conformity, in connection witb punctilious tests of ortho-
doxy, witfain the SL>vi<ral Protectant cominuniuns, was fell
to be nt vmriKDoe wiU) tlia Protestant principle of liWrty.
Among the adhereitte of the RefornnBtioo a new scholss>
ticiun itnwe. A new yoke wits imposed, liardly li.«s onov
oua than that vbich the Rufonnatioii had cast uff. Henca
there ensued a revolt, nn extennre reaction, in behalf of
this ne^tive principle of opposition to human authority
in rQligiouD concerns. Such n reaction, in Uiu ulisenui! of
an nde<iu»U> check, vraa pushed to an extreme ; ao tliat
the positiw, or t«Hgiotu dement ot Protestuntisin was
ncrificed. 'JTho cause of liberty of tbought became idea-
tiiie<l n-itli doubt or disbelief. Modem unbelief first
took the form of Deism, wliicli spread in Europe until it
became tlio ftisliionable rvligiou of tiie eighteenth oen-
tury. In England, the wearisome ooitflict of tlieological
parties impelled some to explore for a fundamental n-
ligion underlying these diffeivuoes, for a creed wbieh was
held by bU in common. This cmtributtHl to the ri»e at
Free-thinklug, or Deism, of which Lord Herbert of
Cherlmry was the first tulvocmte of diHtinctiou. It found
the most congenial liome in tVanoe, whence it spread
644 im: sklatws op PBOTEsrASTisu to cniuuinni.
among otiier natiuns, wliich thMi looked to Fnuica
their opinions im woll lu tlieir nuuiners and fasliion*.
The ci-e«(l of Deisni wus mi heirloom (rom Christianity.
The sense of th« supcrnnttmLl, wciikmied though it wbji,
Rtill HUfUtineJ thii belief in a pei'sonal God, hoireTer be
might be set » distauc« from tnpn. i'nnUioism was .1 suc-
oud Ivgittmatn stop in the mtroe patli. It is the deaifti ol
the 8Upernattiral nltt^ether ; it mcrgtw the Creator in iho
firojition, or ruthur iii nAturv, which is amxidi^rcd th«
manifestation of lui iropcrsonal force or lav. Theao
types of unbelief nfFcctfd the Cntliolic and Prot««tatit
nations alike. Unt Pnknce, Catholic Fnuioc, mw Uut
prinoipiU centre of soepticiam in the Inst centorr. ETim
in the reign of Louis XIV., Mt-nenne, the friond ot Dea
Carter, said tliat ttit^m vero fifty tbousitnd Atheists in
Pnris. It ivas doubtless an exaggemted statomont ; y
th<4 number of Iho neutral class, irhich accepted ncithw
Catholiciam nor ProU!»t4Uiti!im, vrns largo ; and this oloaa
either denied or doubted the trath of ReTeUitioo.* Dmm,
Mid finullr Mat4>rialism and Atlieism, became the creed of
the philaioptieRi and of the iNJucatod daas. AVhpn the
great Revolution burst forth, there was no prinoiplij o£
religion in the hivu-ttt of the people to chasten luid direct
the paasions which had been excited to fury by n lung
eoarso of misgovenimvnt and oppression. The perseea>
tlou of the Janscnista aixl tlin expulsion of the Murpif.>nots,
bad deprived Pmnoe of a moral force wliicb might hnva
tared it from nnspoakablo culiunitaes. At thu present
day tJie religious scepticifim of the educated classes in
Italy, Spain, and France is a notorious fact. History
demonstrates that tlie principle of authority, as it is
maintained by the Church of Rome, constitutes no aafe-
gtiAi-d against infidelity and irrcligton. On tlie cootraiy
I 8alolB Bean tajt ct th« ni^n ot Logis XIV., thai it wm '*inlB«d'* trf
iBSdalilj: " La tficat At I.aal* XIV. m nt commit n^nt." Pprt Jbyof, HI Wl
Barls'* Dlctlonai7 apprand in IWT) andlbli nur b* Mtuidn»4 S UiMl-nul
n Ibc i1cTcto|iiniiii at tcc^ti^im.
I
lOlS
SERUAK BATIONAUSU.
64fi
I
tbe iittempc to exert an uimIua control over reason xai
oonacieDce, t^nds to awukon a spirit o£ rt'lwlliwn, wliicb ia
linlilu not only to reject the yoke that ia Hotiglit to bo im-
poiie<], but vri\h it, also, tlio writtcH of ivligion, TliH
spectiiclt; of mipoMtitioiia beliefs ami eiistoijw, rotaiiipd in
ail enlightened era, liaa a like effect. NeitJier Protca-
tantUm nor Catlioliciitni con itfTord an ninolittfi guarant«9
•gainst tlie incoming and spread of iin1>elii>f. But ns far
BB phenomena of this Hurt can 1>o tnict-d to Protestantism,
it is to a Prot«Rt«ntisni which is di&loyat to its own prin-
ciples. Experience proves that coercion 13 not adapted
to jtroouro conviction. No souiidur wiiclom, rvspo<:ting
lb* tnatnicnt of dissent, has ever been dtacovere<l Uian
that of Gamaliel : " Rofrnin fiv>ni tinina men and tot them
klono i for if tbia coin»el or tliis work be of men, it will
«omtt to nought."
Gimuui Rationalism lias assumed two forms, s critical
unA n philaiophiciil. On the one hand, in a movomi>nt
tliat began with the Anniniaii scholars of Holland, but
whidt diit«B in Germany from (ho theologian Semh-r,
there has appeared an activity in Bibhcal :u]d hUtorica)
criticism without a parallel. In<i(iiries of this nature,
vhich hare to do with the origin of the several books of
the Bible, their dato and authorship, and their true in-
terpretation, with the history of the canon, oud with thu
itattce of Inspiration, and of Iho authority confwrred by
it, are cousunaiit with thu spirit of Protestantism, and iir«
eren required by its principles. Ecclcsiiutical tradition
cannot be blindly accepted, hot must be subjected to ex-
amination. Luther set Die example of such criticism in tlw
judgments — whatever exoeptioiui maybe justly taken to
their soundness — which hu passed upon canonical book?,
and in his comment* upon vimous portions of yeri])lun; j
iUdiot^, at the Bimo time, bts mind was imbued with the
doepoitt reven?nt>? for tho Wonl of God. TIio investiga-
tions of German scholatship for the last century, wluitevut
a»
M<] THE BELATIOH OF rROnSTASmSlI TO avlLU.\T10K.
uuMint of error and gniiuKll«w bypoUiMis tenj b»ve bean
inrtdvntal to th«m, Imve »Jcl«4 raaCly to our knowladg*
of tlw Bible and uf Cbristua Aottqnity. In the |ibik»>
•ophical dlri^ctioD, Ktttionalunj wa« nt fint I>e4stie ; tt
adopted for ite cmed tbe tliree facts of God. ft«e-wiU, wmd
iui mortality, wltu.it K:mt (l<-rivud from tlio practical nift-
BOtL In the BUccessors of Kiuit, ttta influence of S|ntK>ni
WW mingled with that of tli« phUoeopber of Kikiigsberg.
PftDtbedstio fpocalatioK auppl«Dt«d Dcbm, und gar* riM
to a new phase in Biblical and historical criticism. Eicb-
bom aud Pttului wore laooocdwl by Straon ntid Baor.
Id the field of pbiloaopby, tlio Acliool of mnWrialUm liaa
also bad its adherents. It is far from being tns that
Gcniiiui wit-iiiM hits liven utiifonnly iilliod to aooptkim
and unbelief. In ^hleitirinaclier, deep religious feeling
up[)Oiiri?d in union with tbo liighvst degree of critical and
^loao])hi«al acuuipji. He oonuounioatsd ns impulso to
muny who dissent from bis opinions. Through bisi tliero
liiu orison a great body of ttdioluH, who respect (be chums
boll) of BcieooG and of the Christian faith, and liave uzi-
dertaken, in a free and unbiased ^irit, which Protvetant-
ism demands, to «xpU>re the piut aad to investigate the
documents of the Christian faitli, at the asune time that
tlicy have rucu^'nisvd the indestructible [oiindutioas o£
ivligion, wliich are laid in tlie intnitions aad neoewities ot
tha HOal, and in the facta of history. The origin of B»>
tlooaUsm, and its relation to the Kuforiniitioa, have been
thus described by Neonder : " The first liYiag derelop*
inont of Protcataiitism was sucoeudvd, in the sizbMnth
■md seventeenth centuries, by a stagnation. Tlie Cath^ic
Church lay bcnumbod in its external eoulosiastjcism ; the
Protestant in its onesided engrossment in doctrinal ab-
stractions. Since the ruling form of doctrine was stiffly
hold, in oppositaoD to all tno deTolopment, stich as the
principle of Protestantism demaoda, reaotioua of this
ari^nul principle were called forth in thu iMtluirxi aid
1
I
ns iniLTiPi.Tn(a of sect&
MT
Reformed Chtirohcs. 'ITiut rcuctioniiry tvnJ«nc/, in the
funu of an ouuLncipctUon from sk dogmatic yoke, wa^ car-
ried, in the olgbteeatb centary, far beyond its orif^nul
nim. The reformatory movement, being negative, be-
came rovoluttoDory. With tlits tbcre vtoa connvdcd »
Biavr epooli in tbe general progreat of nations. Th«
culture wliicli bad grown op under the role of tbo Chareh,
sought to make itwrlf indqxuident. RcMon,sti-iving after
emancipation from the thxaklom in which it had been
b«ld by tbo deipoticol power of thu Chnrch, ruroltvtl ;
and Ctiristian doctrine waa obliged to ent«r into a new
GOo'flict with thia oppooing clemetit; but, inasmuch as
ChriHtian <]outrinQ was poMwaed of a Dtor« powt-rful
principle, it could BaocmsfiaUy withstand tbe danger.
Tile conflict served to pnrify it from the disturbing ad>
mixture of human elements, and U> bring to view tht
hannony of everything purely baman witli that whioh
is divine. Thus there arow, vsiwcially in Germany, a
period, which began with Sender, of the breaking up of
previous bali«b ; but tJiis eritiiytl pr^ce»a wnsa si/ling and
a preparation for a now creation, wliich emanated pre-
douiiaantly from tichleienmicher. This, ako^ could de-
velop tteelf only in a renewed conflict with Rationalism :
and in tliia conflict we at th« present time are engaged." >
The multiplying of sects under ProtaatsntiBm has fi»-
quently formed thu matter of a gnive objection to it. In
the firat gcoemtion of Uio ReConncxs, the hope of o lea*
toration of eocleAiaatical unity, by means of a general
council, wua not given up. For a coneiderablo period,
Protestants aimed to reform tlio national dituHilics, with
the aim and expectation ol pRoerving their integrity.
Tho divign waa to abolish abuses and to nx-otwtiluto the
creed, polity, and ritual, in conformity with their own
ideas. But in some conntiies — in France, for example
— they found tlnnnAelves in a minority, and uuablu to ao-
548 THE REI-ATIOS OF rBOTESTASTBM TO cnureATIOJI.
compliali tboir I'lid. hiherty far tlium to i-jost, and tnu-
luttl lolcnuiim l<i-twecn tlie two great divisions of the
snudered Church, was the most that ooold bo liupcd for
But in PrutMtant «otintri<.-s, divtsions nro«o wliidi prorod
irruconcilable. Thus in Bnglaud, the differeaoe as tc
thi! f(irin which tho Rofoniiation ought to take, sopnntt«d
Proteetantd iuto two oppoding camps. Ttien other paitjes
Appeared, who woro convincod of thu imrighteousnces or
impolicy of eiitabltiihniuuts, whiiteror might be tlio eo*
denasticitl system which it was proposed to render
nfttlonal hy a connvctiou wiUi tho Stitt«. Sc«ta havs
multiplied in Protestant countries in a manner whidi the
ourly Reformers did not antidpate. On thia subject of
<Ivnominiitionn1 or soctarJaii divinom, it may 1m wtid with
truth, that disunion of tbia sort is better titan a leaden
nniformity, tho dioct of blind obedience to eodeeiostical
miperion, of (ho stngnntion of rdigious thought, or of cour-
don. Disagreement in opinion is a penalty of intdlpct-
oat activity, to whicli it is well to submit where tbe
itltemntiTO i» citlier of thci cviU just mentioned. It niaj
altto be said with trutli, that witliin tlie pale of tho
Church of Rome there have been conflicts of parties and
a wrmigling of disputnntA, whidi uro ecarcdy less coa-
spicuouB tlian Uie like phenomena on the Protestant aidei.
The vchoment and prolonged warfare of dogmatic schools
and of religious orders, of Scotisis nnd l^iotmstt, of Jan-
senists nnd Jesuits, of Dominicans and Molinista, maba
the nnnals of Catholidiun resound with the din of contro-
versy. That those debates, often pushed to tho point of
uigry contention, have been prejudicial to the interests
of Christian pi<yty, will not b« quostioned. At the siuno
time, it must be conceded that the Protestnnt faith haa
be«n weakened within Protestant lands, and in tho pre»<
fnce of RoniEtn Catholics, nn<l of tho hontlien nation*, by
the manifestations of a sectarian spirit^ and by tho -nry
ixistunoc of BO many diverse, and oft<;u antagoui'tioi do
THE SECTAEIAN SPIRIT.
£49
noDuuiitions. Tho first grent conQii.'t between the Lnther-
itns liiwl till) /wiiigliaiiit. ojwraU'il tu nitiml Uio jinigiviia
of tbu Itdloriuatian. Tbe impression -ma innde, espe-
dally upoD timid ntid cnutiotu miixU, tliat no ccrbiinty
vitJ) r«gnrd to religious truth oouM be atlainnil, if tbe
anUiority of Uic CIiiii'vli of Roniu wuru discunlcd. An
other division!! foUowi'd, and in somn canes, 911 minor
quvKtions of doctrine, wliich j-et were made tlio oocaaion
of new eccl«!:>i:wtical or^unxiitton-s Uiia argumvnt of Uio
aJTersaries of ProteHtantism yraa luged with on increased
oHect. 'Iliu " rariations of Proti.-shwitM " wciv dcpitrti-d
in stich a way an to inspire ttie feeling, that to renMinoe
tbu old Church was to eraWrk on a tempi-stuous sea, with
no star to giu<lc one's patJi. When we conuder, from a
historic point of view, the sectarian divisiona of Prot«a-
itism, vrti find that they arose p;cncra1ly from the apirit
^iatolerancc, and tiie spirit of faction ; two tempers of
; which have an identical root, ainco both grow out
tpomtion to ptwb to an extreme, erfin to the point
of exclnaion and separation, religious opinions which may
bo Uic pro]>crty of uii iodividuitl or of a class, but are not
hindamental to the Christian faith. Protestants, hjiring
rejected tlic external criteria of a true Church, on which
Roman Cntliolica insist, have sometimes hastily infcrml
a moral right on the part of any number of Chri«l!iiaa
to found now Church aasooiations at thetr pleasure. 'Itiiit
has actually been <lone, with little insight into tlio design
of the visibte Church and into its naturu us a cotin-
toqiart of (he Church invUible. Coupled with tliia pro-
_»enaily to divide and to establish new i:oinm«niiins, tlwro
has appeai-od a tendency to overlook the proper function
ol Uie Church, and to stretch Uio jurisdiction of the sov*
B eral bodies thus fnnned over the individuals who belong to
H tlicia, in miitt<>rs both of opinion and pi-actico, to tin cx-
H tent not warranted by thu principles ot Cbriatiantty.
H Protestantism has sometimes given rise to an ecclesiasti
r580 leLATioN or noTKSTAjrnsM to otiuutio!!.
\mi (ynuiny as uiijuslifiable aa tbatirhidi is charged upon
Some. In some cimcs, Uk riglita o( tb« iDdividual count
for little Bgaintt tlie claims, or even the wfaima of tlie
imrticular religioua oommanity in nhicli he b cnrollM!,
juid to which ho pnys allegionoe. Uut within tbo l>o»oin
of the Proteslnnt bodies there are oonatantly at woik,
with a growing eBiciv»c>-, foicca adreno to Klitsm and
•oputalion, and in faror ot the reatoratiao of a Christian
unit;, whiich, springing oat ol ooramOB convictions with
„t«gard Ut e«>uDtiiU iriith,and aainintcd hr t)i» spirit of
diarity, hIihU ^ften the antagoninn of sects, iind diminbh,
if not obliterate^ their points ot dircrsity. This ircoicnl
ptendency secma prophetic of a new stage in the dnvf ]i>p-
^mvot of Protestantisni, when Etaedoin and union, liberty
; aud ord«r. shall bo found oompotiblo.^
I In tb« 6M (K* ol tbo Kntonuatiaa, PratcBUDb ireie not in k ■^■•■Itftn U
nublM BiMloni ammg lbs heMhca. \fmtt from otbvt tkcuntUBcM, ih«
' doainlM «( Dm M« ma in tb« band* ot tin CohoUe pawm. ta Om Mren-
tMAtk nntarr. lor a kmc lim«, Protcirtano v<i« uw bur ^ MWAiic fb^
tlilh. In Kuropt, to Ihinlt o( cntrrpriin .ibroniL But UiC Kosllia MUlMMMli fa
Hew Bnglwd luiil (or « ftn of Oxtit itie^ <''* ">avtniion ot thy tnillM^ Tba
BanM «t J«kn EtM !■• • Ush ^loa l« irunlonarj blagi*[4i]F. IW Daldl,
In Ikt MTcntoenlli NntniT'i did rauth nlHlonair imik amoag Uwir iiriliwiMa
fai (ho East I lomrtlniM la B too Mctariut (pirit and wllb Ua grtat a ilirti to
wwtU tbi niimlnr «f nominal idiicrDnla. Orotnwll fenntd a MhCnt br •
•Kicij- (or Iha diJIiuion o( i>M«lant Clirlfdanlty ovvr lb* (loba. 1> Uh tat
Mniarjr and In tbo iim«it. P^l#ftani misrioot ban botn pcvMcutnl by iTIBw
ent rrilgiottf bodies with kiiI snil nictui. Tbc Ciiliulk rauulvr-nsfannallon
WM alundad •rilb entt txertiaaM tot the pnpagUIan al the CklbaSe bith
among the litalhen. Tbe Orden wen cipeclalLf pniiiluaal In Ibl inwh. In
OouU) Amerira and ttniro. [n lo'Iio, Cliini, aoj Jajiuii. Ilirir vllnili wcrt ua-
Iliiof;. The nrcsrd «1 Jaaalt mwdoiu ninanj; I)i<; Ndrth ATtiirrcnn I»fllaiu jin.
Kills cxamfilM at nU-daDfing foftllode a!«uti wiihuul ■ pirnlteL {Sm
Parknait** ajmlrabla work, Tht Jrniii I'a A'orii Ameri<ti.) In (ha EmU
Xatttr (aboivd with an Imibtible Famutntu. IDt carMr (IMi-IsM) wai
rcmarkabl*- Maltitudu of U» heathm conasDlad to ivtair* baplHm ■( bb
hnD<I>, Xobllf in Iiidi^ Kior< In Cblna, uid ollur minionarlai roliMt«4 bb
axampl*. Tb« C*»gr*ffMie d* ftvpaginda /da waa taiabllahad In ICIS. Bui
:ba Rflglaa Ord«ra MI Into oonflht wllb ooo aaodHr. Ha iTiiailn ac«<«>
audalloa id tit* Jaaiiit* to haathtn cnnoma wai ilml/ iMiiMd by Iha yr^
dMant and Domlolcan*. and flsaDyooadanDcd al Katni^. In Japan, lb* JmbUi
mdrnd thenmlve* polltltally obnoxlani, and wgra ilriTia nut. 7h* fmam
loni KBoIti e4 Ihr Itoman Catholic miudont tioM lh« Rtfonualinn. nmtida^kf
REr.IStOH ART) CULTVBB.
I
[t is a distinctire cbamcteristic of Proteetantisnt, that
it dws not ufisniuo to ht unnrin^ tti Us uitorprctHtiona of
diYiDe rerelntton, or in ita und<>r»tan<liRg of Clmntian
ethics. Much less doeo it prrtcnd tbat its disciplea are
bni>ecciib!e in pmctioal conduct This cctpncity of tntel*
lectual and moral progrea lenvea the Prot«etant free,
wbilo adhering to Hm cosential principli-s of the Iteforrnik-
tion, to criticise the doiiiga of tJio<»e in put tinif^s who
have profcHSod th«m, to modify thetr opinions on points
where they are a^en bo hare b*en erroneous, and 60 ml-
Tance in a hopeful spirit towards a future in which relig-
ions tratli sliall be neen in » ckiin.'r hglit, and be more
conaiBtently applied in tba Uvea of men.
The true relation ol Christianity to cuHnre, Proteetant-
Itm, despite many ineonHi«itencie* and errors, has not fntled
to discern. Cbriatiaiiity waa the religion of hnmnnity in
erery jnst sense of tbc term. It not (m)y aboltabed all
national antipathies ; broke down tlie wall of partition
betwMa Jew and GrntiU-, which had been neoMsarjr in
the planting of tme rdigion : it obliterated, niso, tho line
ot separation between tntigion and the varied activities and
provinces trf linman life. Rules g:\vfi way to principl<-s ;
the letter of commandments to the spirit of a new life.
The diseiple was not to avoid the world, bnt only the
evil in it. Religion waa not to be something apart, bnt
rather a icavcn to permeate all things. St. Paul took np
plinnea of heathen poets and Stoic philoaopbem, and gave
tJiem a new setting. Christianity was ta aanmilate every-
thing not alii'n to its own nsenoc. It came not to trample
on any genuine products of the hnman mind or expres-
sions of human nature, in literature, art, or social life, but
Ijb* luiiulwr »( Ihclr samlDiil nuntU. kt* not inch m la liuplra cosllileDea In
111* mtlhoJa lairlilcli tbaj nrc proieeuUil. Xsviel tlcicrltm lbs cODna ho took
— bow, for nkm lite, lie nud* Ckitaikas «t Un (baiiMod la • MiMh. 8m B.
J, CoUrhtge, lift oW LttUr* ^ St. /Vmoi Xl*r USlSh L MO. On tk
OlUiollo mluloD), (o* iluik« //frtcry ^ A* Pvp**, &. tOl. GlcMlcr, IT. L 1.
4. III. |01i ir.li.*.c. ft.
662 KELAnOH OK PKOTESTAKTISII TO anLOATKM.
to partly tlicu all and to rm'val thvir comwctioo vritli tfao
BQpreme end of man's being. All this is compriMMl in
the realization of tliu kingdom of God on eartli. It iri>
To)v«8 Uic pvrfecLiuu of liuuuui nature on nil udot. Thus
ChziBtianity came Dot to destroy, bat to falfiU; not
merely to carry out \h\t to it^ ultimaU: statemcuL, but to
give foil effect to every aspiration and tend«acT proper t^i
ItB law of acU-donial waa not a rule of ascetidsm,
' bat of rational aelf-contiol.
Tliu corruption of anciunt eocio^, spreading its infec-
tion within the Cliurdi, in connection with judaical ideas
of the separatenes? of religion and of religious persona, pro-
doocd asuuticium. A new wall was ercet^rd Wtwcen
tiungl sacred and accular, between priest and layman, bc-
religion and btiman life. The ascetic would ea-
"cape from the contitmiimtion of cril by abjuring even in-
nocent gratifications, ihs remedy ts to stunt and dn-arf
this nature. Ue attachis a stigma to relatioQS and eni-
fploymcnts into which the bulk of imuddad moat enter.
Such was the erriH- of the Middle Ages.
Proteatnnt.isni cast away this error. It was a reUgion
of the spirit and of liber^. Luther advised monka and
nuns to marry, to engage in useful employments, to get
from life all reasonable ploasurt>!i, and to do good in »
practical way. Iteligion is not to divorce itself from
■cieocei art, industry, rccroation, from anytliing that pro-
m<iU:A the well-being of man on earth ; but rel)git>u is to
leaveii all with n higher conseci-ation. This is tho real
creed of Protestantism. It does not liold to a Hebmie
ia>iktinn of the religious element:, nor to a pagan self-in-
dulgence. It st^cni midway liotween the false extremes
of license and aflccticieim. There are popular writers at
the present day who openly contend for tlio absolute con-
trol of impnlso, or for a surrender to nature, suc^ ai
diamcteriiced the Greeks of old, but which brought rail
RETJCIOX AHD OCLTVBE.
£68
apon OfPelf ctvilt;uilion. They tccl the error of itHccti-
cism so stroDgly ils almost to loatho the Middle Ages.'
TbesR writ«rs »tnuige)y overlook the place of aelf-dcntol
in a world where evil haa so great a away ; and they
strangely for^pU Utat the ntilique culture, witli all its
foeauUfuI products, underwent a terrible shipwreck. The
problem p( the reoonciiiiition of religion aiid cultoro, and
of the hanuoiiizing of the proper claims of Uaa lifo and
of tho life to come, is one for the solution of which Prot-
eetantism has tlie key.
1 Am lb* wTJtiog* dl T^o»,faiJm.
APPEKDIX t
A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLB.'
It*>. Union of Ara^aiin'lCiinlleitndBrFonlhiudV (Uu C«tl)olk)
and iMboIla. (Conquvdt of Gfwuiiliv 1-193.)
1430. Establbhmentof ibe S[i»DlahIaqaUtion.
I4Sfl. Birth of Lndtcr, Novenbor 10.
HM. Birtli of ZvtiD'^K Juiuarr I.
I iHft. AcxHiMion of lluniy VII. (ilw UouM of Tudor}, In BogluMl
esil of the Wftr* of ibo Romi.
1491. EMnh oTTgnntiu* I^ifola.
HM. DucoTvry of Amorieu hy Colainliat.
UM. AcocHlon of Mnxlmiliiin I. .-u Kmperor.
I4S4. Invnsion of Ilaly by L*li.irlci VTU. Con[|iicit oTNaple* hj tbo
Fivnch. lk»Inninn of llio AV«r» of Ituly.
1434. Nnplt-s ivi-uii'iiK-ri'tl )>}■ l'*n>linand 11. Diet of Wormi : eitnl^
lUhnlcnIof ihc Imp^'rkl ChnmlxTr.
mi. Birth of Mi-'liinutlKin, Fobniiirir fl. Vnico d« Gttma <laublM
tba Cnpo of (iockI llopo and xiilx to India.
t4M. Doiith of StivonaroLi, klny 13.
laOO. Birlll of Cbarlo* v., |i'(.bninT7 34.
taOI. IjOuu XII. and K'nlinaud V. {iba Cnilioliu), vonqticr and
divldo tho kingdom of Nnpti-iL Contvul 1i«twc«a ihem.
1.^1)8, The UniTCTMiy of Wittonbers » founded.
tSOS. hmiit XII. Ilnnlly di-jirivrd o( Nnplit*. Knunnim publiiliM tht
"Uanual of i> CIinKtinn Soldier." U;n.tli of I'opc AJoxandar
TI. 1 luK^.iMon of Juliuii II.
ISOt. DuillIi of ImImIIa of Ciulilu- Slir is Mu'cvvfled hr tier diwjtliteT
Joknnii. with facr haibaod fliiUp L of Aiinlriii, I>uko of Buiv
gundy.
1045. P<^nco bvtwren t'nuico nnd Sfuin; iluc klngdotn of Najila b
hit oFiully to S|i«in. I.ulbcr eiitvn n taomoBltaj at Erfivt,
An^U li.
' la p:T|>arluit itui Tabic, much aM liai I'^ru ilsrltsil tmin ih* TalitM al
ChroiwIsiQr In Alntri'* «i)t<on of ih* /ttlniimi itijU AmioKiaUn r«
'Appasdic*]. leei.
666 APPEKDOC.
ISM. Death or Philip I. Joanna becomCk demented. Ctuu^ I. rib*
ceeda them (in bis minority). Julini I. begins St. Feto**
Church. He extendi the papil dominion over Penigim and
Bologna. Accession of Sigiamnnd L in Poland.
1608. I.ea^c of Cwnbray gainst Venice, fonned b; JoUiu IL, Fcr-
diniuid v., Loui« XIL, and MaMmiliw L Lntber u made
a profcwnr at Wttlcnbci^.
1509. Acceaeion of Uenry VHI. in England. Hii marriage with
Catharine of Aragon, June 29. Lnther ia ordained a i>rief^
May 2. Birth of Calnn, Jaly 10.
UIO. Conquest of Goa on the coast of Malabar ; foundation of Por-
tuguese power in tho Eaat. Julius II. unites with Venice to
drive (he French out of Italy. Luther visits Bome.
ISll. Ferdinand V. and Henry VIIL join the Iloly League, orten-
libly for the protection of the Church.
1912. Maximilian joins the Holy Leag:ue. Mn-jimilUm of Sforzn
pliU'c<l on the Ducal throne of Milan, from irhich the French
arc i-xju'llfd. Tlic Lntcran Council (5th) opens, May 3.
1513. Death of Julius II., Fcbru.'Uy 3J. Acccs&ion orl..ea X., ManJi
11. Death of James IV. of Scotland. Acccsuon of Jaioet
V.
1514. Reuehlin's conflict with tl)e Dominicans.
1515. Death of Louis XII.; accession of Francis I. He gets out to
reconquer Jlilan. B.ittic of Mari^nnno, September 13.
Abolishment of ihe Pf.ii^nittic Sanction-
IMS. Death of FenlinanJ V., January 23. Charles of Austria be-
comes monnroh of nit Spain and its dependencies. Peae*
concluded between France, Spain, and Austria. Death of
I.-a(!islau9, kinj! of Hungry and Bohemia,' succeeded by
Louis II. Zwio^Ec a preacher in Einsicdcln. Kraemui
publlsliea his New Testament. " Epistolm Obscuromm Viro-
rum."
151 7. Luther posts his Tlieses, October 31.
1518. LutliiT appc.irs before Cajetan at Arigsburji, October 7.
Welancthon arrives at Wittenberg, August 25. Leo X. puli-
lislies a Bull on Indulgences, November 9. Mission of Mil-
titz into Saxony, December. Zwingle bccomea pastor in
Zurich.
1619- Denlli of Maximilian I., Jancarj- 12- Charles, king of Spain
elccled Emperor. June 28. Disputation at I^eipsic, July 24.
Birth of Calbarine de Medici, April 13.
two. Extommunication of Lutlier by Leo X^ June 15. Luthei
turns the bull, December 10. Insurrection of the SpMtiik
A CrmONOLOGICAl, TABUL
6»
IS91.
k
ie»3.
1S13.
lAM.
L
1530.
use.
Itl7.
UM.
CwDmeiis ; luMuod tlie nvst yuu. Death «r Sellm I^ and
KMMtten of Sollnutn tl. ns Suluo. Ungellnn bc^i th*
fint Toja^ ronad tbe world.
Another bull tMood «giUn>t Luther, January 11. I.atlior
a|)pciin before the Dint of ^Vonni, April IS. Kdii-t of tbe
IHot against lilm, Maf !fl. Ill* ab<Iiirtii>n to tfao Wartbur^
Ajiril 3S, Lvaspia of Ii«o X and Chiii!«it V. Milan it
wrxUd IVoiB the Fnodi Xty Cbatlet V. Accenion ofHrniy '
Vm. to tbe Lcaffae. Soliraan II. invadea Himf^uy and
ta](cs Bol~ntil«, Augiitt. Di-atli o( L«o X., December It
Cunquuit of Mexico bjr Cartce, complutcd Angoit 13.
AcuCMJoii of Adriiio VI,, Januaiy 9. Diuurbanou* \>y Carl-
rtadt Bt WittC'nbrT};. Lulbcr leave* Uici Wnrlbarg. Lutbcr**
Aoin^T lu llcnr;- VJll., Julj' 15. Adriim'i LetKr to tho
Diet of Xiiwmberi,', Spptcmbrr H. Tto llniub«d Griov-
ancex of OiTmiuiy. Captuie of Hhodtd by Soliotaa 11.
GiiMavus Va*a it proclaimed kln^ jf Snxiitcn, June 6, Defeo-
lion ol tlio Conalable Botirbou. Di^nth nf Ailrian VI,, Sep-
tember it. Aevvsiian of Ckiuent VII., November 19. Di»-
pQlaiion* at ifurifli, JaaiiM'jr 39, and Octobor StI. Rofbrmiu
tiun in Livonia.
TriMt/ of Malmoft. RmlotlliO UcuonotCahnar. Indci^mlKmo
of Swcdca. AlbiTt of ilniidvnburg tleelarcn lUr ihu Refor'
■nation. Tit* LaodgraTe of U»*k favor* It. Cotliollc I.i-a-^uo
>i;;nod at BatifboD, Jiitjr 10. PuaMnta' War. Quurrel of
Kmimiu and Ulrich von Ilnltoo. Sivrct allUnoo of CloiaoDt
Vn. and EVancii L OfiIlt of Theatins in fuuoded.
Defeat and captiim of FrancU 1. at ravia, Febroary 15.
Prvdvrio L of Dcoinark |[Taot> liberty to ProtcstantiHik
Ujua sbollihed at Zurich, April 11. Kwlnglo publltlius lili
" Conimcntarj on '.^e and PalM Roliipon." Lullict'ii maj>
riage, Jnoe IS. DmUi ot the Elector Frederic, Klsy n.
Trmty of Madfid, January 14. Itattle of Sfohaej. Ui-aili of
I^uln II. FenlloBDil of Aiiolrla bccumoa king of ltub<-iiiLt
and HoDKary. Civil war in Hungary. League of Cognaci b«>-
ivMB FnncU L, Ck^uicnt VII., and other poiren^ sgalnat
the Kmporar, May St. Bece« of the IMot of Spirts, Aupiat
17. The League of Tor^ati I* fonned.
Cnptinv and »auk oi ICome by the impmni lroop». Henry
Vin. mok* a illviirce from Calharino of Aragon. Diet ol
Wcnlcm.i : vttnbliiilinicni of the Ri-lbmiatieB in Siredcn.
Vuilaiion of tho Siuion Charche*.
S«fannalioo bvtpait in Seotlanil. Klnrtyrdam o( UomihoA
BeformatioD eetablubeil in Burn*.
m
APPEKIOZ.
latS. SrcMtd Diet of Spin*. ProtoM of tlw LotltanuM. Trwtjr
Itaneloiu between ih« Pope mud llw Smperor. FcAoe of
Caubnjr. f^vacb L Icarc* MtUn to tlu £^pb«. St«g* ^
meuM hy Sotbun JI. RcfonDBlina wttaMwhod in
The Klm-bnrg Coaferoncc, October I.
.UO CoroiMti«D of Cfairiw V. bjr Ctcwent TIL «t Bolognft,
nuiy 39. Diet ot Aw^borg I* op«wd, Jnno 3ft. G«nGn
freed from tho Duku cT Savojr. Dcaili of Oardui*! Wobrf,
Noremlwr 30.
lISl. Th« Ardi'Juke Kvntinani) of A(ulri% «lMt*<l King of iIm
Boinuia. Jsnan-y A. L««fue of flmilaiH, Fetmmry )'.
Ibary Vin. ii Mylcd by thu nlcriQr H«mI nl ibc i^Mirclt of
Eaglniid. Mnreli ». A Dtot at Sfint, StpUanbcr 18. Wu
of Oappf 1. Donth of SEwtngl*, Octobar II. FMce but ween
Zurick ud the fl** CWntono, Hvnanbtr 1$. DcMb of
OmqIub|im1Iim, NoTMnbor 39.
IU3. FM>coofN>tvmbor7. AI*m froMdw'nulu. l>Mlh of Um Bfa»-
hw JiAn, A«];urt IS. He !* raaaMded bjrieliB Fndcrio.
Fkrvl proMltn In Gemvi.
IMS. Virarev of HenTT VIU., ud bb iHtmiiio with Anno B<^oy&.
Alnrrin^ of llxiir;' of Orl(«D* (aftonranlt Hmtj IL) wjl&
CiLtliEirine il« Mcilici, Oi-tober 38.
tSM. Hoar;' VIII. If vxconiinunlcaUsl by Clement VD., Man:b 23.
Act of SupreAincy piiMad, Novomber 33. Dciuli of C)«ui«dI
TH; faooeeded by Pwl IIT., Orlobcr IX Alluinco of
F)«nf I* I- with Uio Sultan. Loyolk conuneacoa tbo orgaiii-
RfttioTi of the Jooiilt Orilur at Paris. Lotlwr*! tnaiUtioD of
the ItlMp I* coniplct«d.
Un. Pterawatioo of Pn<n?li PWituMui(« lij- ¥nMKm L Ho iarltM
Mchncthon to bl* conn, Jium tt. Httawtor taken rroin the
Ajubaptnt*, Juno 34. Kxpodttioa of Clinrle* T. to Tun
Fnincl*co $fi.ina Wires Milan to Cbarle* T. Coawqi
war belntvcn (^inrle* and Fmncl* L EMabHdiineal of
(Manttfio in GenoTa. Calvin pubEAaa Uis "loiUtulcs
BamI.
I9M. Kxecutioo of Anne Boleyn, Majr )9. Maarrtn([e of Haoiy
wUh JpinB SfyrofHH-, May SO. Innuton of PraveaM by
ImptrrinliM!. Their rebeai. Death of Kronnii*, July
Ctivin .ippcar* in GcopTft, Aagnit.
tUI. Binb of KdwamI VI. Dvath of Jaao S^mour, October It
Eeclrfltulli-nl l$u|ircniae}- of n«ary ATII. declafoil by 1L4
Irifb parli^uucnt. CfarJMian II). cstablinhn tbn R«fomiatfaM
la DonmaHt. Faal III. appoint! Coaimiatioai cf Bedeni
The Couatur-KfonnatioB.
>in the
Tunta^
i>j."rU ^
Tn^H
bvtfa^l
A CUKOMOLOOtCAI. TABLE.
se»i
tsn. Leagoa kgainat ibe Tiirkii. Troai}- or FVnlliiuil wllli Jobs
Z4pol}-ft. CMliolic [.rngun (onftcd ia Getvuay, Juno 19
Calviu banidiMl riuui Guntm.
1U9. llio Six Aniclmi pniucd la England. ConfomoM li Gmnui;
beiweoB Catbulioa and PraUftUwUi Uaeenaa) WoroiK.
HcbroiBtiot] in iho Duckjr of SMMiajr and i& Bnutdon-
tlUIK-
IHO. MwrlBgo (tlin foiirUi) of llvnrjr 'VITT. with Anna of Ckvi*.
Ua it dtvurocd, and marrio CaUiarinu liowaid, AupHt i.
ExocuElon of Cromtrell, Jut/ vt). DuaOi of John of Zfi[>olya.
Paul III. apptovw of tfac itulutc* of the J«iuU Oniur, Sep-
(vmljvr 'il.
lUt. A Uiol and Conlercnac at Italubon: Coalarini pK»:nU
EspecUtioa d Charles V. to Alsien. Soliiniui r««ntefs
llungaiT. CaWb rorallod to Oocuiva.
1^43. Kxocnlion of Cathariite Howard, Ki-lirunr/ 13. War rukiodlud
iMtwMD Charlet V. uii<I Frincit !■ Death of Jamea V. of
Scothnd. tUftDticyoTMAry of Cuiii?. Xavkr arrivw at (Joa
in till) Giut InOic*. Rofonnnlloii in UruuMrlok. Flight uf
Ochlno from Italy.
tS4l. AUiniK-e of Cbarte* V. nad Uunry Vlll. a}^itwl Fiuncia L
Slnrringn (ih« ilxlli) of Henry VIU. with CalharLnc Pair.
July 13. IWriiTBl of tlie Iiii|ui>Uian in Italy.
1&4'l. IVncn of Cn»[iy ranow*, for ttiilii'lanco, llx: (t( point Ions of
(he INmujo of CimbTaj. 'ILe Turks iiuuiun of a srtat part
of llmgary.
1049. OiWBUiKordioCotiacilof 'IVvHt. Duoember 19.
1C46. UntoQ of MiiiricG of Saxony ollh CliarW V. Tlie F.li-ctur u(
Saxony and tbv Landgrave of Hesse are jiut ondrr tho ban
of die EtiiT)lr«. Tlio 8iiiHlen1<llc Wkt. AMaaMiiMioD ot
CMilinal ItuntOD. Ui-iilU o( Lolhcr, Februarj IS. Rotor-
■nation of ihu Gleotoral I'alatiitaie.
1047. Dcatbnf Hmry Vni.,Jnnimry £8. lie 1* (ucovvdod by Edward
VI. D«alh of Fraiida I., Marvb 31. Be i« succeeded bf
llearj 11. llnlllc of Mliblbi-ry, April 34. Tlic rbp« trani-
fen (ha Cuiiuvil (ruru Tr^nt (o Bologna, by way of o|i{k>(u-
(ion to th<i inHuenn! of the Kmpcrar. Tmco between
Ferdioaad and the Turks.
IMS. Diet at Aiii;fhurj(. E«t«bU4tnient of (be Interim. Mny li.
The Electoi«l (t^aity ia tnnaAncd to Maurice. Hie Ldpno
Interim. IkUrrlage of Joune d'AIbrst with Aatbony ol
Bonrboa, Duke of Vendome — (be parMitB ol Hettry IT
DaMb of Si;;i«muiid I. of Folaiiil. Sncooedcd bj SlgUuiiad
MO
AlTEUnX.
!M1.
I US.
AuSfMiu (SigUutuail It.). Umj Qnrfa oTSoob b taLta H
fyanee, btlnit contnu-tnl id tlw UupLiit. Ikwk o< <
JVttycr U iBtrwlncud. B«TiMd b IS&S.
tS4l. DcMli o( PmI IIL, Fobtwrr 8.
JuUui III. b elected Pope. Vtbnarj fli Uvtrr, Btxcr, aa^'
oilier nfonncn from the CoihIiwliU sig reoeiioJ in [Inglaad.
Uoofier nude K>hof> of Gloocater. VvmmoA cootimnif
beglaa.
Beeewed ««■ between f^wiea eail Asibu. Heorjr U. aUwa
hbaaelf witb ib« G«itn>n PlrMMUBU. UmtIm of Suuv;
Ulun Bp tlw CMM a( tbe PrateMent^
Ituniy II. occupwe Met*, Toal, snd VcriuB. Ifaarice abl%ca
tlie Enpcrar to ttjr (mn UndnKk, to llbcnta tlw EleUcr
ud tlie LawlfnTe, and to concla<lc ilie p«mc« at Pum&
Tbe Emperor lays dcse to UeU, IX-telM-r. Fraailas of iIn
Anklu (4S) of ibe Clwirdi of Eaglaad. KiceiOioa of
Bo«eraM>
Uni^lioTEdinuil VL Uaiyl* proelainted Qucvn oJ I'n^laniL
OcColwr 4. Ileaifa of Seratiu at Gcmto, October 37.
WyU'» Itebvllion. Uotoralioa of I^pol Sopromacjr in En^
InaiL Marriage of Mac7 wiiti Phili|i a( Spain. Juljr >3>
Cliwleji V. glTvi up 81(117 *■■<! Naplai to bU ton PbUip.
I'l-Nco of AngBlmri;. Kccleaiuticnl RcsenrMioa. IVraccuiine
of rn>Ic«lAat« in England. Di-atJi of Ridlej ud Laliaiiv,
October 19. Death of Julhu HI. AcceadoD of Fuil i\\
May 33. Cliiu-lm V. rvtigna tlie Ifetberiaada to rbilip,
October 11. lytakfo of I'aal IV. with Fraac*^ la wrast
Naplot (rom Spain.
Abdicntionof Charlc* Vm Jannary IG. f le give* up the eaipire
to Fi-rd!iian<l, Augutt ST. IIoeubaTki for Sprfn. Sqxemlwg
I '. Itenvirnl of War in Italy bctavcn tlia Pope ia alUaiiM
witli France, and &)>aio. Death of CraninM', kUrck II.
Denib of Ijntiitiui I^rola. Jnly 31.
Ih'&jlorilifFroneltit Si. Qncntin, AngiiH 10. Peace bi-t area
tU.: Uuki- c)f .\i.-a iu>d I'aiil IV.
Calai* it tnkMi from llie En^lisli by tbe Duke of Guite, Jaa-
aary & Mnrria;^ of Mary Sluorl with tbe Duiplilii,
Francis, April S4, pL'feal of ihc Frendi at Gratriiiwi,
July 13. Dentil of Cbarie* V. at ilie monartvij of YaMot
September St. Ueatih of Mary of England. Norcnber II
Ai'ccMion of nilialntlb
iSSO. Peace of Cateau-Cainlirt^ April S. Deitll of HcDij U*
Jul)' 10. He in fiiccccilod by Fntod* IL Harsvot of Parat
15U.
ISM.
ISM.
isae.
ISST.
ISM.
4
A OUKONOLOGICAL TABLE.
SGI
Rrg«nt of lliu N«4licrlaii<Iii, nilli Granrrllc. Itiriiop
rjtf, for livr priniiiiio) miaiitn'. Iti.-tuni of {"Lillp U
Spain. P«nt<-uiJoti of IVouiitiiuu ia Spnln. Anion dajh
Ad of Suprdpacy ia Enulaail. Court of ili][U ComniiMiOQ i
Act of Uiiiforiulty. DuaiLorPaul tV., Anguu 18: uicceeilol
by Pio) IV. U«iMmI Sj-nod of ilic IIuj;ucnots id I'urU.
Coiit««t between tli« R<^v&t Mat) nad tho I^^nb of iha
Coo^Togntioo In Scollniul. Itctura al Jolm Knox.
Confpurncfof Amboiw, Mareh. Edict uf Itoiiiorsn tin. Collguy
praMOtS ihO llupiirnol J-iClitionii it Font-iiiKiblcau. St»CC».
Gocrnl conrakiKl al Ork-ncL Navunu un^li-r surrdllvicn.
Aneit Mil trUl of Ca«i>U. UcdiIi of FmucU K^ December
h. AoocMonef CliartoalX. Cktbarine du M<i<lici att»ias 10
powrcr Duath of tiusUiiruR Vm*. Succeoiled by Krlc XtV.
Kli;iu)>ctli nifiporlx tJic Prateitttnls in Sratlnntl. Trcntjr ol
EJinbur,;U. I'rotVFtaiitii'iu cMJiblUlMO )n SoMlaml by act of
rftrllanoot, Augu»t 2^ Death of Ihc Ite^nt Blar7, Auguol
10.
Relufit of Maty Stnarl (o ScotlnmL Iter lint Interview with
Knox. Collwiuy oJ I'oi>*y, !iciiicinl)<.-r.
1661. Ediut of St- Gvnnaia. A unixsure of tolifrolbn li gnnloil lo ib«
Uugurnot*. Mawni-rv (J Vswy, Mimli I. Civil wur ia
France. CapiUTU «( Itouea. Dealb of Anlliotiy of Xat»rc«,
on Iho Cktiiolic aide, Nuv««nber II. Unttlo of Dninx, Diy
oenber 1 0- Kerldun of Um ArtlclM of tho Cbunib of Eng.
lu><L
166S> intfge of Orlcann by tLo Cntholli-j. AfKoiantlon of llie Diike
of Gutir, I'L-bruory IS. frMict ol AnboiWi BJiuvb 19. CIom
orUiu Council o( Trent.
\.%%i. GraavaUa leave* Um Xttlirrlandi. Pimth nf tVnllnand I.
AoccMion of Uaximilkn II. Death of Calnn, May 37.
'.■»%i. Coofetenoe ol Bayonnt. Uairb^ of Mary Stuart with
Daroley. Jaly SQ. CVnvl cilicta of fhilip II. a^^'iut the
Uoon. CrucliitB u( \\te ln<|aisl(«>n In the Nvtbi'rlaAi]i>
DmUi of Piiia IV., December ».
IMC. Accenion 111 Pins V. Tlut CumproiDiMof Bnxla. Tlie GuL'ns.
Iconoohwn In the NeUioHnoila. I>)t«tb o( Solininii II
Hwikr of RiiiM, Marrb ». Itirth of Jimei VI. of Soot-
lanil, Jnwi 19.
IM7, Alvn wnt lo tho Nctlii-rliut'lt. Tlio " Council of Blooil." llic
Bet^ni Maf^ajrot laavetlliK country, DerMnbn-30. Itennwa.
of war bvlviiicn CathoUrj and llaj^ofnoti. Murdrr of
Daroleyt F^bruaxy 9. Uar; niarrius OuiliveU, Uiyr '^
■
562
IS«8.
1K9.
1810.
1671.
U7S.
I6T4.
I07G.
]5T7.
IST8.
ISTB.
fioilgiu W «rawn 15 b«r mo, wlik Uamjr ■■ Kagut. Mj
fti.
Filial of Uatt/ Into Engl*ad. Conflict la ifaa NMbcriasdi.
Kgiuool uid llorn are b«lMi*iI«il, Jqbo Ik Polen «[ Lofl^
JooMU, Uardi 13. E<ltcii •gRloit die HugnenoU, Scptiiw-
barU.
R«tneir<Ml uistunctioa of the HognanoCl. Ballh of Jaruu;
]>Mdi<i( LodU da Cond«, Uwrli I*. Prtnev Henry of
Nftvarte is recqgnbed mi bcwl of iii« IluzoBMit pof/i
Battle of Uenccaionr, OclotMr >. A)tk'« ■clMnw «f iu»
tjMi u llw HadicrlMidiL
Ex«oMiMuk*llaD of RDubMh by Haa T., FAfarary IS.
Saeeaid pbua ol I^nriuDi]nIl : Cwtwright pp|>o»M Ep4*o»
pMf . iWd f^ac« u( St. Gcnntl*. FW lOWM cI'^B up li>
tba Hii^inaot*, Auguu l&. Atmtdntnitm tS Um Regeol
Uum)-. Jaauaiy 33. Srood at iJoBilomir la PoUitd ; miiaa
of rnXMUttUu
B«ltln of Lcpaof o, October T ; ifefbat of lbs Turks.
DbaUi cd Fiut V. Otweorj XIII. (boomnU Um. M«]r II. Bn-
calion of Uie Unite of NorlbUi, June %. ITnioa of lIoUuil,
ZeakiiJ, aad Frietlaiul. unilcr M'itliiun «( Unasc. Vag,
Doath of Jcwniu) d'AIbrot, iIbiw 10. tlriiry of Xann*
m.uTiiM Mnrzoivt of Valmi^ -AbH"* I^ Mawrrrj of Sl
Uartlioloiiiev. Angtut H. DtalbelSlgbMinid H-oTIUimI;
end of the Jji2*^Uin (Ijmiuty : tint crown made docu'n^
Ih'alli sil Juhn Kuux, NoTOiubvr 14.
■* Kui l>l«f HlontiiiB " in Polaad. Ilenry. Uak« of Anjon, cIe«lDl
kine gf Polam). Uaj 9. Al<rn leaT«e die K«4li«rlanda. Uo if
•ucccedeil lij" R^iiiufwoii.
UoAib o\ Chorlc* IX., Mn}' aO, Aoomhom tX Henry ID. IxmI*
oflfiuiMii b doluatucl anil •lain. Slt^ of Lo^doa.
Orjianitntion of tlie Lintnii.- in Franoo. Uenlli of Beqwoawn.
PacifluHtton u[ Olins:, Koinnb«r B. Don John of Atuuia
tuocnfilii ItequraCB*. IXaiIi of Mnxiniitinn II. Accranoo ol
Riidulpb n. Jtaiiii influence b line imperial coan. The
Cntbolic ronotiiHi In German;'.
Drake nlunkB iJie SpaaUli riitpi noil aeulcnioni*.
Troatf uf EiUabeili viih ill* NvllMrlaniU. Jaiioar,* 7. Death
of J hiB John of Aiiitrin. He i* auecoodod bj Alexander dL
Pkmn.
ITtrrctit Union. Jnn'iiirv 33. The ten MUtban provino** (abBil
to Ali'xamliT of I'aruiii.
WiUiaut oC OraoKO I« pro»crlbud b)r Pblllp U. (kbellioo !■
IraUail ft>ni«el«d li/ Spnia.
I
A CUBOKOLOOICAL TAUt.K.
&63
Tlio United IVorlaeea rvtiounce llie Kiithuriiy of Spjiin, Jul;
S. The |)T(itCctontte of the I^w Countruu it gii-nn to Um
Dako of AjiJou, brotlicr of )Il-ut7 IU.
Succewta uffurmD in thu Nuihcrlnndu
The Duk« of Anjoii r«lurn» to France.
Deaih ofthc Duke of Anjou, June 10. Hmrf ot NavAne b»
comcii thn heir of tlie crown. AlIlancL' of the Leagnc wfib
Spain. Tr«at}' of Joinvitlc, IX-oeinbor 31. AmMittatloG <,'.
Wiillnin of Orange, July ID.
IdBS. Dmtli of Gmeoiy XIIL, April 10. Acd-Mlon of SU(i» V.,
April 14. He oxooraniiiDiMitot Hrniy of Narsnv, Septctii-
licr 10. Surrender of Antwerp to Alexander of I'lirinB,
AugiMt IT. The tftilicd rroviocee place lliemwlTM under
Uio protection of Elixnbclli. Lctcester lent into tbe Kpilu'^
lands. Drake Attacks ibo Spanisli Mttlemeau in Uut ^Vwi
Indit*.
ISSfl. War of llie tlireo llvnrieii— Hearer UI., NtTarre, and Gui»e.
I^eagoo b«t«««n Jamo* VI. aad Kllialietli-
iM7. EiccutionofUary Quern ofSoot*, IVbniar)' S. Leicertcrr^
turns to Kn!;lani). Maurice of Or«tigi» a<-<t'iirr» tlio elik-f
dircetion ortbccoolctt in the Nethcrlnnili. Si^ianuml III. «(
Sweden la clii'lcd kioif (if Pnlarul.
1MB. Uoslik- altitude of tlie Lca~ua tonardi lltmiy III. Bnrri«ail«)
In Pari*, Blay IS. Defeat of tlio Spnnith Annniln. Me^^lu^
of (he Sl»te*.Geiii.-ni1 al Bloin. AsiaMinalion of the Duku
of (iuljH- nn<l tlir Cnnlinal hi* bmtbcr, by Ilenn- 111.
1589. Death of CtUliKrine de Iklvdiei, January &. lleory HI. j<>tn«
NaTarre. AMMuinalion of Henry HI., A«;g«ft 1. Iletiry
IV., i* r<«iated hy tlie Leaguei.
1690. Victory of Henry IV. at Ivrj- owr Iho Duke of Mbji-'uht,
SInrrli H. Death of Sixtus V. StU-ceedcil l>y t'lUait VII.
IWnuL miM* tile i<Ie>^ of rnrli.
1691. Bull oTGrr^tr XIV. against Monry IV. IVxb of Grp«i<ry
XIV., October ii. Siiceceded by Innocent IX. HIii denth,
th'ccinlier 30. Henry IV. iniv^u Itoueii. Benei ei) iuTa-
iiion of Hungary b^- the Turk*.
IBM. Clement VIII. bceomiw I'opr. Jannnry 30. Panu rluaei thft
riefn of Rouen. Death W Pinna. Dvcen-.ber S. Proabyio-
riinlmn I« fully exlubliibed in SoiUnd.
lita. Division of ooiinaels in the League. Alijurnlloti of Henry IV.,
July SS. Ront of ihe Turk* in ltiin];ary.
1094. Ileniy IV. ia erovnetl at Giartrof, Frtiniary 97. He cotor*
l^aris Itlnrrli V'j. klanrie-; of t>ranicc roooTcr* the ■ bole
(erritoTT ofthc United Provincm
3M
UN.
1140.
tMX.
1M4.
IMA.
IMT.
IMS.
I«0f.
I«10.
;<n.
jeii.
leii.
mis.
isi*.
I«20.
t«l.
I(>6.
iflii.
IISH.
Dau, IT. d«lM m i^Ml ni^ n, JIhW7 IT.
""^"— ^°--— " ita:
te S^mA b« is Ite ^rtv •( Odk.
Um Sdkt or NuiM. Apra W 7W Ftaw «C Tmnim te-
t««iba- tL a« b wuMiiii bf FUip m.
MwxlaBB «r Uouy IV. -iA Mmy 4t "li' Gioi^M
BraM b InrDMl u ika Mifca, Ttinmj 17.
DMk o( Qmm EBmU«K Much S4. AommIm «r Jmm 1.
tlMafitoa Cwrt CcoiiMMcJMBfjl*. I^ttvof
pMl» fMHt-tfau to lb« Pr imiMufBntiMih,
TLa ConrovdOT Flol.
DeoMixMh «^t«a bf tlM lUa of BiTmria.
Ptototut Uoka foMod in Geimaaf.
Twche ]r«ar«' tTw« «rW«biM»»d betweaa Spain tmi da 1
PMtIwm.
Catlralie Ln^Be lonned in Ca«aaf umW tka Dife* of B«t»-
rio.
Tbe EoglMli BtU« paUulwJ bj aDtlwrHr. Glaiui Aict J
pkHi beeoniea luag of S«cik&
UMtUa* banvMa fttpww.
Jaoiua L iMpoM* EpMcopacj on !k«ilw!i>L
Itctali tif ilvt BoIicibIuii aj^aloM Fetdlauil IL in llft^Blo of
iklr n-lijtiuiu liberties.
Accumua ol Fcnllii:iu'I IL a« &np(nr. Eleclkm of Fodbuwd
v., EliN-tor PkUUoc, nt kin;; of Dobonda.
Tlie KIcciw Palaiioa •Irippcil of hi* domlBiaitt, rtiwiiiiiiiiiii
of I'uriuci* in EagUad. L«iMl!iig of Um Filpinu U
llj-moulk, UecMnbcT SI. CoBTcDt of Port Royal taUh-
Bavolt oTthc Uu-i^iwaota.
ContpvgMio (le Ttoft^t^dtt F>il« w Brtablbhwl ■ (oeltagB bi ]
iiilioloiiariM fimndfl^ IMI).
Kii-livlica bMonm tbe mtDittcr of I»iua XIII.
Acc-vmIod of Cburlw L Wnr oi-Ji ilm |Iu7iMoa4« b^gtu in
FrmniiU. AUiioce cf KDjiUiid, IloUaud, aad nnunart is
bchttlTof tbo Klecterr pAbtiun.
Dnntli of Ixinl Ba<«ii. Delcnt of ilnnifirM hy WallL-aiteiii M
I><-Maa.
MuL'klraiburK u |C>*^!n to WallciMtvIa.
SurTcntl^rof RocbvUe. UestraotioiKiEtliepoUtiulpowtdrdflte
lUtxammtA.
I
A CBaOKOiLOGICAL TABLE.
585
IS99, ruace of LUbcdE, Hay. £d!ot of RoMllulion, M«di.
isao. Wn1li.-niicin diimiMird from bis commoiKL luterreDUon d
GubUvui Adolphai.
ISSl. The capture of Unf(tlabiR][ bf Tiilj, MaV' B>it1e of Lvipiic i
deAM at TiUy, Aogiist M. W3Jl«Ml«ln rwtorail to Ui
conniiawl, AprU.
1032. Bniili- lit Luuvn ; dcnlh of OuUTtn Adoliibin, NoTfmber 16.
IC33. Allinnce of Fmnco witlt Sirodua nail th« IVotoOinU ; tn*ty
of Uvilbronn, April 33. Lnuil i* mule Arckblriiofi of Oui-
lerbUfT- GkUIho 1« forord Ut rrnounM the Coin-rnictui
thcoiT.
ISS-1. DvHtai of ihs Swedoe at NortlUngcn, September 0.
163a. The Fence of Prague, Mity 30. Thu KdicI of RcetUutlon Ii
ipvon up u to Smod/ anil Ilran'l«abucg.
IGA7. AecFfnon of Fcrdionad III. m cmperar.
1C3S. litrnnnl of Wvlmitr leudt tlio iuitI-Iaipori>U>t forOM-
1639. Dcaili of Ui-rturd. lUdiclicu'i influi'ncc predominant in the
war.
1640. Tlio I^ng P&rtUmont ummble* in Knglnnd. Aceeuioa of
Frederic Willinm, the Gn-al Elector.
1648. Wnr of EIr>g nnd rnrlintiii'Qt In Knglitntl.
1643. AcccMJon of Louis XIV. ^VcslminEm' Anembljr nucU.
I.eague ftiid Covrnant adopted by Parlinmcnt.
1644. Accaiiou of Fk>pe luiiocent X.
IG4&. Buttle of Niuobjr.
1648. Pence of WeslpluiliLi. Tcrniiuntion of the Thirty Vl-oti' IVar.
1649. Ksucution of Clini'lcj I.
1660. Pcnlli of Dc« Curte*.
16S9. Cronvellla wade Lord Prelector. Condem nation cfJanMobn
bjr Innocent X.
16^8. Death erf* CrouivelL
IGSO. R«*lor«lIonorCbArlcsn.
1661. Tlie Saroj- ContiTpncc. Restoration of Episcopwrjr in Scot-
land. Dcnlh of M.-uarin. P<rrMciltlon oftho Hugiicnott.
166!. Ejection of tbe freibyturi&n minioten tinder Uw Act of Usi-
(aniAty-
■6M. Triple nlUuce agnintt Louli XIV., to compel him to iuik<
peace with Spain.
1810. Secret allinnce of Cburlet IL and Louti XIV
1GJ9. \Vmia>n ITt. i» cicctml Stndiholdcr.
I6T3. Dcclnrniiun of lndul|[mce bjr Jnuei IL
I6TG. Accestion oi Innocent XI.
UM-9. Peac«af Niniq^ucn.
665
UTESDtX.
rRipiMiUuMaf Gria-
U Bsvocadaa of
1C83. AMemUjr of tbs ckiEr of Fnaea: fei
caaiim.
16S1. Death (J Cbarle* IL AccCMum of Ja
Uw Edict of Nantea, October IS.
16H. BeriraloftlieCoiiitof Hig^ CtmuHka by JibmIL
IGBS. Willum m. Uoda at Torba7. Flight tfJaBoa IL
1A91. Acceuion of Imiocent XIL
I6M. Birth of Voltaire, Febrnarr 10.
US7. Peace of Bjrnrick, September SO. Looia XIT. aeknoiriediM
WiUiuB m. aa King of Gnat Britais aad Infaad.
APPENDIX n.
A lAST OF WOHKS OS THE REFORMATION.'
WOKU CM OKKKBAI. UUTOKY RBLATIKO TO TUB PZSIOD Or TBX
RBPOKMATIOX.
ITnUAXD* (I>o Tbou) : IliKoriarum aiu TemporU, Ubri ISS (l&4t-
1S07). Fini compleu «(]• i Orleans (Geottva), tSIO wq., 6 voIa,
fol. (With lh« npponJix of IUi(ituIt, 7 vol*., London, IT33, foL)
FruQcli tnuml. IG vols., Ito, Looiloit (Piiri*), 17St.
Do Thou, MQ oTCIiriatophc dc Thou, Pmldcnt 04* th« FarlbmMit
of Paru, wu bom la USS. nndtlied io 1617. Ho lu»Iil liijch afficM
uodor Henry III. unit Ilviirj IV. lie wm a inoderato Cktliolio,
pcmnnllj' coDvortant witli the men aod uvuaU of hai tim«, and an
upriglit hitloriiin.
Relkiiotii dv^li AmbascUlari VcDeti si Sooiiio, raccolt<^ tmnuutc, «d
odIt« da Kugcnio Albcri. li voU Sto. Fironio. IS3P-C3.
W. Robertwii : UistoT of Cliarli-s V. Ed. by W. 11. Prcjuoll. with
Supplemaul on ibtt Cloister Ufa of tho Einporor. 3 volt, Sto>
is^e.
History of tba Europosn State), publlilinl by IboraB and Dkert
64 toI*. 8*0. 18S0-A8.
Th« Rries iocldile* IiaI/, by H. Leo; NeibcHand*, by Van
Kaaiiwn ; Donmurk, by Dablniann (to ISSS) ; Swedi^n, by Geljor
nnil CutImd (to ItiSO) ; rolnad. by Roepoll, nic.
[Ivurvn : Itandlmch d. (i«Kli.d.<;ura|il)iM;L. SUAl('iity«(«tn* ti. wiaor
Colonien. Mli «d. Gottini^t 1S3C. En][]. Tnutalotion by Ban>
craft, 3 vol*. Sva. lSi9 ; (dso, 2 vol*.. Oxfortl, last.
Von Rnuincr: G«M;b. KuropwiwU <L Endu il. 15. Jolirb. L«pin^
I1I133-S0. 8 vol*. 8vu.
1 Thin cualotru* camptbd^ at nimt, only • rrocUonBl ptn •>( ilia lilntorfcal
fMi,:an priUuninK l» (ba »ifa)c«l. Not to (pMk «l Bnrlu of ■ broader koim,
lh«r« art. In Oanoany uptdally, uamBreiu ImaI bbtorica rolaiins ta Ibii
poriod. in prepRring the lid Bban, nrn bu bccK ukcn I« wt ilown lb«
MOperctllllanii but It lialmor. imjMniilla fitMla (« kbioluta corrtMniahl
lb««pHtlnlMi
ses
APPEatDIX.
lUIUm : latrailuctlon (o ibo Lib or Earope, in the ISth, tftli, aLl
I ;(li i-i-Dluric*. AUi vd. 3 Tots. 8to. 18S5-BS.
Raxkb : FiiTfttce u. Vblker v. Slidgoropa ioi IC tt. 1 1- Jahtfa. Bd. L
Ucrlin, 1827. Die rom. Vipau. lUre Kirebo n. fkr Suut Iin. 16.
u.l7.Jaliili. 3 roll. 4tbed. OerUn, ieU-»;. 8ra. TmuUicd
by Sarah Auxtia : Uistorr of Urn Pope* of Boine during thu IcUi
ftod ITlh FVnluriiM. *th «(1. S vol* l^ondon, IMT. Svo. TU*
b ono of (bo ino«t comet ftitd rlcgonl of all B^Uab tniulatku>
from the German. Tho work luelf U of Uw Ugjiut valao. For
Ranko't Other work* on tU* period lec under tbo diflcrent co(i»
iriuH.
LBAVHKn: GtkUcIiu iLZvitoltorv d. UofcrnuUioa (lltf-lU8>.
Borlin, I8G8. Svo. Vnluobtct wpooinlly for Uie polittcU ride of
the hUtory of tlili (Wrlod.
Dimiy ; nift. do* fbrap* ModernM. 1 ml. Pari*, 1M3. Itmo. Om
of n seriva of luoid and compHct tcxt-booki, for n*e In ihe (dHMlt
of Kninoe.
Boyle: OicUoDnuiro bUtorique et critique (Irt ed. t09T), 4 *otK FtaL
U.inr'l and Anutcrdain. 1740. En^l. cd., ro Tolt., fbl.. 179l-1t.
Bajlc, thu fion of n Ilii^iiciiol clpt;gj-iiian, wiii bom in 1047, and
itlci] io 1708. UndL-r ihu isfluenco a^JMlut^ bo Iwcniiie m Robuui
Catliajlc, but r«pcDted of ihls cbaoge, snd bccamo on« of iIm pio-
niH.-ni of phiIniio|ilii('i>l *ce[iUci»ii in Kuropo. lU great unooot of
Inionfaling hltlorical uid biaj^rnphiciil doUiU, chough rvqairin^ to
III! criticftlly (tftod, givw loliia DtcUonnr)' a pccullnr nnd pcrm.iacat
yaliifc
.7niivwif lUtlaria. (I) In Bnglmd: by IP. C. Taylor. Mbdeni
Jliit, 1838; DCir ud. ISSa; Ancient Iliit, I83[l; n«« ed. 1987.
By A. F. TyUcr, 1801, anil In Dumorou» later oditioni. ^?. Rii»-
mII and ulhvn, Uiptoi7 of Mo>lom Euiopo, 4 toIl Sto. 18J8.
(!) In Girmaiis: by ScMofEMir, 19 volt. 1841-37; by TL Leo, 8
▼ol«., Oille, ISO »G(i.;b]- Bkckkr. V) Toh^ 1889; by IHltiMr.llh
od, tflflfi, 6 vol*.; by WrsKii, Lvipng, 1857 bw]., 9 toU.; lOtt
ToL win bo on the Knt of Uio ItvlbnnHtlon. (8) In liaij : b]
CoMTv CmihV 35 vols., Svo, 1837 Mq. FruDcb trwuL, lO tt&t.
8to, 2d cd., iSM-iS.
Smyth : Li-eHinn on Sloilcm Hiitorr, Sparks' Am. vA., i voln, IWl
Ouixot: I^cctunv on llid History of Civitixtkliou; English InnaL b;
Hwiry. 8vo. Now York. 1842.
Ktgol, PbUofophio d. Ootchiohtc : Wi-rko, tx. B^lln. 1840. Sro.
Omtral Biognqthkai WoHa. X. diaXamn : Blogrnplucol IMctlont^i
S3 vol*. Hvo. 1813-17. Blosniplitc tJmi-«r»cU<-, &3 vols., Svot al
tqppleini'Qt, rolumci S3 8 %i. Paiu, IMI I-6I. NouveUe Mitki%
A LEST OV WORKS OX TIIK RKKORUATIOK.
o60
H rrroe. corrigtfe, «t aiiguient^ 49 vols:, 1048-4S. L'Art da v^rl/ier
H In Datn* dm fniu liiitorlqiw*, etc., dopds la n&iMniico dc Jf*v»
f Christ (b) 1T:o). is toIb. Bvo. Puia, 1819. BiognpUe G^a-
4nlo (luniveUo) ttvpala ks ictnp* h* pliu ncaUa, &veo !«■ roi»-
Misncmeals bibUograpb., vtc. 46 toI>. Svo. 1SS7-68.
I
I
WoBKii IX BeoLHiASTioAi. HifTOKT, TicKATijio or Tnc Rktox-
HATIOM AB A WltOLK.
GiESUJUi: I^hrbuch d. KircbongKli- IM. LiL In t gits. Boen,
1S40-6S. 8n>. (Thu 4Ui voL in Praf. U. B, Saiiib'* EdkL tnnit-
Inlion, Nnw Vork, 18G2).
H. B. Smith : liittorjr oi tbfl Chuivh or ClirUt in CbjoauIugit.uI
TmIiW N«w Yutk, lOGI. Fol. This eiiilxHlicf a gr«al smoant ol
hUluricnl iiifuriuiition within a brief onmpOM.
R.-tyimt'l'ir: AnnxIcR Eci-lmiutlci. (1195-1565.) Colon. 1S94. 9
vol). I'ol. Kaynalilu.iis tlic moiit eminent of fbo contlnuftton of
DaroiiiiiH, nut] n rrj»«M-Dtnt!ve oJ Bouiaii ortboduijr.
Nktalii .Alexander: in>toria eccl. V. ct N. Toirt. (16 coaturio«).
Fariii, 1009. 8 t. Pol. E<l. Mnntd, Fcrmra, I'SS. Bauaui), 1*78.
NiMalf* U the rbamplon of Uw OoUicaD ccclcdaatlcal tboorjr.
Uask: KirdienitM^h. (I vol.) Kn^. tTU»t.by BlunmUui] uut Vlinff,
N«w York, iHau, 8vo. Ham'* work I* ranarkoblc (or ji* con<l<-n-
uiwn ; it i» fi>unU«d ou cxu-Diive twearchc*, and in wrilicD trith
much vifM'lt}'.
Unur : Kln:hvus!ic)i. h<L iv. Diu neuore '/ivil, Lim{ic., 1603. Svo.
Baur ji on* oC th« moiil [lonpicuou*, a* irotl a* Iwrnwl, at Ilia
GemnD Chnrch hittorltn*.
Oueriok*: KirclieogHb., Bd. 3. 9tb cd. L«lpslg,I847. Sra. Guer-
Uka treat* of the RcibnnnUon firom the point of viev of the itrict
Lutlieranf.
llnrdnick; Ilittor; of tlw Chrittian Church during tliu Rofonp**
lion. Med., I8C5. Svo. Ilu^lnlak tvritea Ttuiu the polui of rloir
or ihn Anglican Church. Hit manual it full in it> rvrciviiec* to
mithoritioi.
MctIv trAul>i^ai! : llini. Ar. U It^fnrmalicm tlu IGmu Siielu : Trans-
latvil from Uic FWhii-Il (In iiumorou* edltlonH.)
Bo*UM>biT : Hifl. dc la Ri!f<innnIion. Ilcrlin, I78C. 4 tola. 8*a.
'Mwhviin: luKtituiionue lli»b EcvL HvlnuU, t7C4. 4to. (Munlocll'i
Traiulalion.)
Befcrockli 1 Kin-bcuscftrliichle teif d Bdbrnuillon lOvob. Ldpalft
Ifl04-1RI3.
Korti : Kinjbungach. Engibb Tnuulatioti, i roll. Svo. Ffail»
idpUa, 1H71.
^70 APPENDIX.
NiEDXKR : EircliengRch. Bto. Beriin, 186B. One of the most leuned
and valuable of all tlie German maonali, altbougli dvauj in iia
literary execution.
]. I. lUttcr (Roman Catholic) : Eirchei^Bch. 6tli ed. 2 rab. Svo.
Bonn, 1S62. Moderate and candid in ilj toae.
Alzog (Roman Catholic) : Handbuch d. EirchengKh. 8th ed. t
Tola. Miuns, 1868-68. This is written in a truly scientifio ipirft.
Rificl (Roman Catholic) : Kirchengsch. d. neuesten Zeit Ton An-
fangd. 16. Jahrb. 3 toIs. Svo. Mainz, 1842-47.
U. Stubbing : Iliatory of the Beformation. 2 Tola. (In Lardner'f
Cab. Cydopscdia) 1836. Lond. IGmo.
J. Tulloch : Leaders at the BelbrmatioD : Luther, Calvin, Latimer,
Knox. Svo. 2d ed. Edinb. 1860.
Stephen : Essays in Ecct. Biography. 4th od. 1860. Lond. Svo,
U. J. Spalding (Roman Cathohe) : ilietory of the Reformation. 4di
cd. Baltimore, 1866. Bvo.
The two great Tlicological Eocyclopatdias : —
Wkt/.kr u, Welte, (Roman Catholic) ; Kirchenlexicon oder Ency-
kluiiiiUie d. kath. Theologie. 12 vols. Freiburg, 1847-56.
Her/or (Protestant): Real-Encycl. fur protestaotiBche Theologia
u. Kircbo. 21 vols.; and Register, I vol. Hamburg, 1854-68.
These copiuiis works embody the results of German Theological
study, .ipart from Blblic.il criticism, in the branches of the Clturch
to wiiicb thej sevt'rally belong.
Polemical and Critical Writinqs.
(l) Romrni Calhnlic. Maimbourg: Ilist. du Luth^ranismc, Parii^
1G80 : also, Hist du Calviniame, 1682. Bosauet: Hist, des Vari-
.itions des ^gliacs Protest., Paris, IGS8, nouv. dd., (Euvres de Bos-
suet, tomes V. et vi. Paris, 183G, 8vo. Varillas; Hist, des R*
volutions arriv6e9 en Mattbrc de Religion. 6 vols. Paris, 1689.
4to.
l>ollinger; Die Reformation, ihre innere Kntwickelung u. ihre Wir-
kungen. 3 vols. Rcgcnsburg, 1846. The work is c.irried no farther
iliaii the " Umfiing dea luthcrischen Bekenntnisscs." Dollinger'i
iviii'k is l;ir;;ily n collcetion of materials. It relates tlilcily to the
ilofuets of tht: licfiiriiierB ami of ihtir work. It may profitably
be rniujiarL-il with liis recent Lectures on the Reunion of the
Clmrcln's (Munich, 1872). Balmes : Protestantism and Catho
lii^ity compared in their effects on Civilization. Transl. from the
Spitnish. 8to. Baltimore, 1851. An elaborate controversial work in
teply to Guizot'a Lectures on Civilization, by a Spanish Priest
b ends with the aentenco : " As soon aa the Sovereign Pontiff, tbi
A UST OF WORKS ON TOK BtPOSUATtOK. 571
Vicar of JofUi dtrirt npon owtb, iball pronoimctt MmWDCo agninni
tmy on« of uj opiiiioiu, I will luutva lo dccbre Uiat I vonwder
tliat ojiliiioD eTTOncoii*, and i-coM U> prorxM It."
J'roitiiiini. Bajrlu ; Critique G&tfral« de I'llistoirii clu CalTinime <le
UaimbMirg, AtnMcrdMn, 1C84. Sded. HAgoiihMb: Vorleiungui
ubur d. Km-bvUKSoh. New cd. L«ipx., 1808, »eq. (Clucfly upoDtlia
Ref. In Germacijr Mid Swiucrkod.) Sclienkol : Dm Wc«cn dca
I'rolciiAntinnus. 3d ed. Sclinfnmiiwn, ISGS. 8to. Hundcshagen :
l>cr I>eiiui;be ProteUwiUimus. Fraukrurl. Svo. 3d ed. 1349.
(Itclnling v«p«ciid]]r to Gemiiui i'rolcflnntinii, but witb a mon
genentl bevlng.) Rouuel : Lm NmIou CMb. et let Natlont Prot.
Svcrla. ParlH. Hvo. am. Poloaloal agtiast Bonanttin.
VtUera : Katoi cur I'Eiprit et I'lnllBeiiee do b lUf. de Luther. Psru,
1801. 8vo. Engl, tranel., FhHsdelpblft, 1633.
LnuTent: La lUfortiii: (in £tudM lur I'HiMoira de l'Uumiuut4!( t.
vUi.). Sro. Brax, tSGI.
TuK GeiiKAM AXD Swish (Zwikoliax axd C^Lrixmrtc) Bs^
ORUATIOM.
Contfmpomry Soureet for tofA Counln'ei. J. Slkidax (d. 15SC) :
D« Statu It«li;;i<iiiiii et R«IpubUi-n, Carolo V. Cwsitr^ Commeinta-
riL Polio. AnnlArdnnt, ISdOi betted., tVnitldbrt, l'B3-6. S to1&
8vo, RagUdiinuitlatloiih}- Qohiin, I^ntlon, leSO. Polio. 3 rob.
4to. t>«itcb tTiui>Utii>D, with the notoi of Le Courajcr, ITCT.
SIcidOiQ WM born at Slcldii, nenr Cnlognc, In ISOQ. After com-
pleting hi* cdacBtiiOD. bo lived for k number of jrem in Pnuie«i
wu in the atrrice of Pranda I., and ibo lnt«rpretar orkLa orobaatj
At Hagmaa (lUO). In IMS, ho entMvd tlu tenico of ih* Bmti"
c^dic League, and in I94S wrucomnuraioned bj-il to writo aU^
fory of the RrfoniiHtion. Uo accompunk-d a ProimXant ombamjr
loRoglnnd; wvot.in 1551, to ihuCounoilof IVvitt, an a cotnmi*-
nuoer froiD Stnwb^ir*, and In ISS-I, In the tame capacity l« tlio
Conftfrenco of Nuivmbcrg. Hi' wa< *er«!d in lilCTiiliire'. Inw, and
piliik-al leicDce, ofa di»paaslonal«, judicial temper, anil caiwdil Id
hli iVMaivhcii.
Cairr Aalhoritki. Abr. Scultetiu (ProT. at Heidelberg ; <L l(tS4) :
Aonnlluni ICvnn»i-lii jiaudin prr Ruropam ducinio mxIo SidalU
]iikrlic Beculo n-mivnli, l>vea» I. et II. (frr-ni ISie-13.1fl). lloldel-
ber^, lG|H-:2(i. Rcpiiiitrd in V.d. Ilnnlt. tlUt. Iil«T. ltefbnnat*oni&
UcidMini (PniC :il {injn:n),'en, d. I7d^): Introa. In ni*t. KmigoL
•ec. xvl. pitfirini |>rr Kuropom rODOTSlL Ol^'^niag. 1744-33. Tmb.
iv. 4to. Alto, kii coUection of itooiuncnta: Scrinium Antiqo*
riun, etc. Tom. Till. 4to. 1T4S-Itl!».
572
APrmnx.
iivrt reoTAl fVortt. G. WADDiaio-ion (Dnn of Dwliun) : A Ql»
larjr of Om HcKjcnutkin on Uu9 CoaitneoL trttU. LondwK IMl.
£xU idini: to tbe duaUi o( I>nUwr. Hngenboclit Varkmiifeo, aUb
(a0e«Ui*«.)
CbauHiKic^KvstiiM'ELMKCIonnmtetintUiXVLSitek: IIutUia;Zwui-
1^1. iToU tSao. 2d*d. Pari*, 18«S.
Ui8T0»T or TUX Gkrman Rktoucatiox.
Conttmiiartiry Stmnta. G. &fAt^Tixi;ii (d. lAU) : Aonalo* Bafor-
nMJonl* (publUbeil by Cvptwu. Bnx Loipag, 1718).
Spnlaiin wu born !■ 1484, and died In IH&. Ha wh cnvt
lireMlier uhI {wirata ncntUrjr u> the Klocton td Saxmij. Fradcric^
Jakti,Md JoliaI>odiTdir. H« ifu prcMntU iho DWtoTAagabvg
in 1518, at tbv dcction of Charlet V. at FhuJclort; in I&IP, ol U«
earonUion at Cologna la ISSO,*t the Diet of Worma In ISSl.at
diii Diets or NurrjiitK.T{; in 13SS anil t&X4, in 153i> at S[nri>«, in
16119 at Aii^gliiir^. iu l&3r at tlio Convention at Smalcnld, and at
other uopartant micmhVKs- Uc took put in iha rintatioD of
tlip Saxon (luiir)ii'd. Ho wa* nn Intimate fi-Iend and convqiond-
ant of Lutlior, &tvlnn«'ltii>n, Bug«nha|^n, and Iha othw Saxoa H*-
fbmien.
G- SpnUUn'* IIJMoriMhor NacUlaM u. Briofa. Qd. L : Dm UIwo u.
dig 'It'ittfiHiiikhtK Friudriuhi iIm Wuwn. Srob Jca^ 1891.
F. ALyconics (d. I^IC): lli«t. Rf-roniiatluaia (by CTprfan. Scl«d.
Sto. Lripx^, i:i8).
M^cuiiiu* wot born ia N!>l noil ilivl In 1518. Qe wai held in
higii cvloraii bf Lnlbor and Molam-llioii, and elEoioatly ooSponttod
Willi them in tll«ir wurli.
th. Ualnnvtlton : lli>l. Vitio Unit. Liitbrri. (PrdhM 10 Lndwri
0)>|i. h'lL, Viimuhrt^, ISlC; anil in jvpmto vditiona.)
J Unlliri'inii (<1. I3(it): IIiit(ai-iu van U. Marlin LnilicK* Asfluig
Lulirvn. Lubi-n, Ol«. (ill !7 wtiouiu) Ho. Numlwr;^ lAOff.
KlaLlioniu* h(<i>:iniR n vtuilunt ■£ nicti^hei^ in IS3lf,aitil litwl
for n timo in Lul)i>.i'a [uiully. llv ilivH in ISU.
J. CMnornj4ii)i : Ho lliil Mi-knutbnnU Oitu, lotin* Vilin Cmrlnito el
Uorti.', ulc. 8to. lA-^inrij:, liCC.
Ctiiii<!<niriii>i Hoj )H>rn in iLOCi luul died in ISi'l. IIq vaa apitpi)
of LuOior uiid MrlLini'Uiou, uuil wiu I'Sjiroially atuwheil to tba
IbUm-.
OocUoia* (Uoni. Caih., d. 1A33) : Coranwntaria do Aeti* M ScripUi
H. Lntlicrl, qU: (Itwn iSi;-lG46). Uo|{uqL, IMS; Partt, ISU
ColoKDi!, lAiiS.
CorliWut WA8 nn aolivv paluinic. Bo wan at the DiM of Anga
vtir)[ in 1 530.
A LOT or WOner OS TBK IIKIOUUATIOX'.
573
ftiriun (Kuui. Cull., <]. 15T3); CumnXinl. Iirt-vis [U-niin in Orlic 0«(-
taraiu >)> aimo IGOO iMtiw IMd. Ci>Io^im<, lAflT.
CaUtvtiont of Otittuitenit. LbftcUKii : Votlsblniltxvn R«li>niiatiMi»«ela
o.tbcniinrala (from 16IT-1&1H). I toI». 41o. I.«i|>itlg, i:i>)-».
lonUvt : llt«[. ItvricliC v. AdI'iidj; u. FurtKimj d. Bvl'. Lutli. {bf Cj\*-
li&n. ixJpRJg, 1TI8). Kk(i|i: Kt«!na NiiJrtiUiu xiir Ki'i', Gi'cli.
DtiUlklUF Urkunilco- I>rip(i|;. 1727. Stniliel: &tUiM.-11.iiit^-ii n.
BtltWIgg »ur l.lt. Nilnil>T IiI.Vwii., KM (wj. Fiif*fpinann; Airbiv.
fSr die (Isck. cl. Itiit, Uallv. 1831 mj. ; nuuoi Urkunilcnbaeli, Iliun>
berg, 1843. Neuileckn-: Urkuiwlcn aw d. RclUZvit. ChsmI, 1838-
Mi'.vkwurdige AeieiMtiicku aiw dcr Zciuilt. il. \\xS., Xurtib. I8iis
Nuue B«iu^g« cur<iscL. il. Iti'f. 9 toIs. Iivijnis, ISII.
0. Sclisdc: Satlnm n. rnH[iiillo a. il. Rrr-Zi-lt. Ilnnnor. |ASfl~4
(3 voIk), JoJuinnnMi : IMc KntH-kkl. tl. prW. Gcistftt r. Simimlann
il. wlubtifitton Dokiimenio t. ^\'<w1I))l. Kdict b. x. 8p. Prot. Cop«<ii-
IuiiE«ii, I8S0. II. vAu d. llbrdt : UistoriK Litcmria KcformatioiiU.
FtHDf. mill I^ijni^, ITli.
Work) o/i/n Rr/ormen: Lnifacr** Work* ; WittecbiTg «(), tbe Oct-
nuiti, 1539-1559, IS foh., M.; tbe Lntb, 1515-1558, T vol*., bl.i
J<TiMC(U, tile G«nniui,S vol*., fol-tibo T^n, 4 toI«i^ fol., 1665-1558
(&nin tlis nutoj^pbt, c^cvpt ibe TirK pun of llio GcmiAn work*) ;
Alk>nbiirgci].,iha GqrnMiiw«rrfc*a]oii«klOTolR.. ICfll-lda^. Siip-
plifuivnt. to), to alL Ui« <!«rli«r edd., b;- Zi-iiil<.<r, llalks Mfit.
Ulpxig Bd., '->! TolfL, fol.. I TS-J-1 710. 1I>1K- od., bf J. G. Wolcb
(Uw mot pompli-i*), 31 Tlilu.. 1 1*0-1 ISO. In Uie Inrt two of
tht'^i' (mU., I.Ktln Tort* only in n Gcrmnn inuial. Erlnn^en cd,
by Plodimnnn u. IrraiKhcr, OT toIs.. 183^1837. Die rclbniu-
uiritchen Schriften Luther* in cbronoL FVitgCt odIMd by K. '/mo,-
lunrmaiin. 1 volf. Uumttitdt, ISlfl-SO. VoltMUndl^ AuHWidll Xjo-
liur'i Hauptac'lirirti-s, by OlUi von GufImIi. 1840-1SI8. H Tolfc
(FRbrlolui, Ceniifolium Littlu «. notllU Ifu^nria Mriplorum, de
l.uthfcro cdiUniu, Haui)i<ir]i> 1T8S.) I.aiber'* Itrlirfn, 8tTml-
filin^ibin ti. nrdonkon, odltod by Da Wette, 6 tol*. 1835-58.
Lii[bi-r'i Ilriuf*«vb«vt, ■ Ripplcm. *ol^ bj* Ilurkbanlt (1S0€).
Ujln^tthoii'a Works: Bm«|. IS41. 0 volt, PoL C. I^cur^ «!.,
Wiltnatn-rx. 15ti2, 4 rol*., fol.; Brcticlincidvr'i od. (in tbc Corpua
Itofuniiaiorum), IH31-IB40, 38 vult;,4Ui.
flMivii'dl W'irtt. StMniKNnitiir (d. KOi) : Coninicntnriii> IlUtoriciu
ct ApoIiiso<'<^"" <l" t.iitlMraainno, '.ibb. iii. ud. S. Lcipzix. I6B1.
SockcndorTvM bom in 1 OSk, and dl<^l ICQI II4 wm nlarjilrd
■I Btrwbwy. Uih1«t ibe Uuke ul' Goilm. Duku Maurice oT iMt«,
•■d tW Klrotor Frcdvrtc III. of Rnn<l««biir^, l)e held rMpoiulbl*
•SioM, [1« w>» a wiaU-iMnn i>f tbarou:;li vducMioa aad q( tutcm
A74
iUTBXPtX.
f>lM7 IftlasrUjr. lib IIuhKjr. vUdi «m
of 1^ J««ult kl-ilml-ourg, wa* lb— Jwl on
(liii-iMij. s'Di. iirUc. i;3»-i;u.
fluck : UkIl >L. U»M«bun-^, d. V«ntul*tRta;ia. n. d. BUoBg mmi
(vot. LafaitwgrUr* U x. •!. CoBcntdiurainDel. C rob. 1 eiL Lcip-
xls.l-9l-180a W«UiiiiUin:GMb.(LB«Cial>eaUcU»Bd. S Tk
AlioM. 1 HOI -1 SOS.
flpiaker i tikek Ik. H. Lubcre o. <kr daidi ikn bcwirkttn Kireb-
aaraf. In DntaeliL 1 ml (lo ISSl). Dertin, 1818;
i UAXiiXtsiKliK : (Urli- d. tlcuUcb. lUf. 4 Tli. BotUd, iei«-S4 (ft
■acond wl. of Paru I aaJ 3, lUl). Hi* U «iU oaa of Um beM
vf the kUioriM of tbe GemiKB BefontutioB. Cfa. VilUn : Knoi
■nr l'Ki|>rIl «t 1*Jiifliietic« de la lUt. de LotW. Pari«. lt>«4 :
tnnilau-il ialo Gofiiufi, 9d«>L, >8», and bto En^liih, riuU 1883.
K. A. AI«nMl : Nracrv GkU. d. DcutMben r. d. RtC bt s. Boitde^
acta. Btwlu, 1820-89. TntwUiud inio tlnglu^ 3 vob. Hvo
LaB<Iol^ l«4t.
KohtnUHob: GoMliiehtolhniUcUud*. EngltnntL Sto. 1U8.
L. IUmkk : UciilsrlM Gteh, im ZciUlter d. RcformMicm. 7 tdIiu,
4tli i->)., IttO*. ThintlaWd la pan, bj Swab AiwUu. 3 toI*. 8tol
K. Uj^os : Ucum-hliuid'i Uu-nr. u. rolij. Vcrbaltauw! im Red Zci^
aiWT. 8 ruin. Rrlugea, 18(1-14. D.F.Sutuih: UUIeb vodHiU-
um. Jhl od., 18T1. Ward: Houm of Austria in tbe Thtrtj Y«an'
IVar. Ijondou, 1869. Ttviil-Ii : Guttavui A'loljibiu in GtmutJ,
Olid otber l.cclam on tlii< TLirtj' V«ara' AVar. Id od., ISrs.
Drajnuii: Ll'Iu'u iou GuiUv. Ailulf. 18G8.
rjivj ttf lit Gtrvuin Rf/onwrt. KI<'li.'luor AdamtiF ; Vitai Onnaan-
jruiQ Tlivologuruui, vtv. H«i>lv!bi>r'^, IGJO. Ulenbcr^ (a EVoU«>
taiil, tbtiD n rAlkalir, d. 1617): \Um hnoroiklaTcbanim LnUwri,
M«la]icll)<:'0)», Sfnjoris, Illj-rici, UHandri. Culun_l&8a. Lives of
LuUior: hj Mki.axctiiox; Iiy Mntboriiu(««eaboir(>);bj Wnlthur,
J<<iL%, 17»1-S4, STb.; by Koll, Uipdib ITSS, 4'ni.; by Ukert,
GuUiA, IHK. uTIi.i by JaUI, IKiO; \,y JunoKxe [tip lo IDir]
Ijuljisu]!, I84U >■!<{., S win.; hy Gclxcr, witb Konix*> iUiHtriLlioni,
ilawburg, 184i-^l (tratitUlod, I>oiidoa anil No* York, lUT} : hj
8<iinj(, StuUcnrt, 183£~8; lijr Ititxar, SUiUgarl, 1830: by Gvalbc^
Itallu, l()tl-43; by Wlldmbalo, Lojpdg, l&£i>-S. 4 tb. ; by L*d-
tlwkoM], t>|irir, lM3d; by MxiTSKU, Drudoii, Sdcil., ISTOi by Dot
I1q|[w (ftuiu ibo KirvfattalaxiMm), triutslated. Lontloii. 1831; b)
Auilin, Parl«,8ruJiStnuiiJMud, lliiL, 1841 t adorvbouwuf lalmn
A tIST OF WORM OX THE REFOBMATION.
575
nici; by AlrctiKtrr, tmuilatnl frain tlm Fronnhi in UiLa'* U-
brar}-; IIahk. VindiculiuQ o( Lutlivr ni^iiisl iiis Knf^iidi ataftil-
4nbi. IdA4. lU* b ■ Iiq>1y to Sir Win. ilnmlltoo (l)!ir»«lou
in lli'ilotojiby uiiO l>ituratiiTV) ; alM>, to Haltiuii, lo J. II. Nuw>
IRAK, anil \V. (r. W.'LTtt. Tho i:liar)j^ of ** ttationAliwn " iui4 ollurr
iuiputatioru nj^iiisl Lullicr ant fully coimiiiervcl, uiJ rariuiu nii*-
taliM ol IlainilloD arc »i>Oc«d. Urtv cd" I.uiUt Id Englldi i
by Riddle (Loadou. 1837); by J. Si'vtt (Nuw Viirk. l»S3)i by
H. Wonl«T, Undon. 18S6-7; by llarnas Svare, ISAO. Sra. F.
(i. Hofiokii, Kntluuin* von Uora, Ldpnix. 184&. Svo.
IJtu* of M«lancthoti : by Camentriua (hmi above) ; Ala IViBMptar
GcnnMiiiE, hj A. II. Nicmi^yiir, lUlk, ISI7; br Kaciii*, IH33]
by Gallk, Clianiklori^tlk MtlancllHiiia. frl inI., Hullc 11)45: by
MaUba^ 1841 ; l^lx^n n. Wirknn I'liil. Mdl., Altcob~ -id eA. IMC ;
by LeddL-rhomt (Itiuis1uU.»1 by G, F. Krulvl, Ne« York, 1851); by
CoJi, [lOndon, IHIli, Itonlon, \fi'iU. \jcbf.n a. aoxpiwilblte Sduiftvn
d. VUer u. Bdip^dvr d. tuUi. Kirvbe, 1861 W)(|. : Hftlaaotboa, bj
C ScJunidt ; Draox, by J. lUrunono ; Urbaaiu Ithoglui, by G.
UbLhoTD ; Jnituii Joaa«, by Oudjcer; P. S[wrAliiih L. Spcngler, Ni
T. Amadorf, Paul Eb«T, U. Cliemulu, D. aajimm, by Pnet^
TUK IIUTOBY OF TUK SwiM (ZmsOUAM AXP CALVUtlSTIC)
RKyuMMATION.
CWoHporai) fMtree*. D. WoU* (d. 1A3I) : Kun» Bw^rdbung <1.
ObubcDtllndiNuiiic im ScbwcUeriande (in fiiMtin'* BciMIgo, iv. SS).
V. Ansbttltu : Bamcr Chranlk bb latfi (Berno, ISSS-18). H. Bui^
LnctiKii (d. lA'i) : BofoniiAlicnvKOPcliicbtc (to liSl). Kraucniblil,
l83$-40. BulliDKn- ira< bum In 1601, luoconlvid ZviaKle al Zimeb
ta IfiSI, nnd died Id Xi'i. Ho waa an* of Ow iuo»c dlitlogniiJieil
of (ho Itufamicn <ir lii* wp:. nod aa entirely tniitwonhy wrjler. J.
SoUt (Calliullc), ValunUn TM-liiidl (CatboUv), Egiititu Titibiuli
(CftUtollc) : BUthoni or irorki oilant in manDKrlpU : Sw <il<«ol<^,
IT. L I. Flioxi'BNT: L«9 AcU.'* i-lT lui Utntv* du la Citi do
Oookve. Oouftvo, 1 SU. (lvo> PruiiMnont «aa a Frendtman, an n*.
KOcUlc of Fanl, aud one of the lint to pwach PMlMtaiilifaa is
Geneva. Later In UAi, k« vm dofioMd ftom ibe nlnlnry sxid beld
tho oiffice ol Notary, lit* Clirooicle C0T<n tLo perioii rront 1 031
to 153B. and U a irwtirorthy aamillvv.
Ongixal Doevmtntt. Worki of the Rdbnncn : My; bdow. Miaeel-
kn«tt Tl^tuvlna. 3 Tb. Zaricb. Ut«-!<. J.C.Piiwlia: Boilrigex.
KrlttnL d. Kirchi-i)-Ke(onn.4iiunFjccwIi- il. ScbwcizcrUndca. Znricb,
IT41-SS. EjuwI. RpUlotv ab. Em'I. Ilplvet. ItHbnniloribtu vel
ad «M anripiar. Ti^tm, I74'i. J. J. Siialur; Saatmlong tdtsr ik
A LISr Of WORKS ON THE RKKOBUATION.
1,71
PMlliii an<l Mjncoiilun, by llagfiibacli ; Calvin, iiy StahGUn : CiplU
ud Bwcr, bf Uniin; BtilltDjtv, llnllcr, tuiil Lm JuiM, bjr {'tt«ia>
ImiI; Caplto ud Bau, bf IIojipv; IVur UMtjr. Ij^ SeliMiill,
US) ! OhrTaniut nail UndftUM, by Sudboll, IMa ; Fnral niiiJ Vint,
hy C Scliniiill; V'uiinn and DUurcr, bj llruMd; Kbox. b/
tiM« <^ CaU-in, by fixxA. trMulal*d 1))' GUhimi, DilU.. IMO; by
WutenMui. I^onilon. 1813; bj- T. Suiftb. Pliil , 183A ; by IlrKR,
LandoB. mo, Svo; by Audin, 5th inL. Paria, 1831 ; itjr Ihnry, 3
volt, llninfauri', I$SS"lfti4, tnnnloted into En^liili bjr SUtbbtag,
1644; by SUtiioUn, 18G3; bj Oai>s«i»lr. 3d dU ISnio, 18G3; bjr
GuisM (St. Ixiulu and Colrln) ; by KAiir*ciiULTX (lU>diiiui C»U>-
oGe), vol i, 1BC9.
TiiK Reporuatios n DnrajuiK, Norvat, axi* Swkdkh.
A IlecrNi u. 01i«rt'B StaatengurbLclito : Utncmari:, by Dahlaiian
llanld ttunrclihDUniMho nironik. Cuponkaucn, liMl. J. Bum:
hvmiiirium Eccl. Sm-co-GoUicir. Limiifh, lOti. tCo. Celdua;
Gsoli. Giiatav. I., fromlli*SwDdltdi. Co]witbngini uid l^ilixL|{, 1754.
I'uxtupiidam: Annalo* Ktvlciiaa IhuticK. Coponhagqn, LT'll.
AW. 1t«furniaiioiubl*loria d. lUfn. KJrvho, 1 7U4. Miinier : Kireli-
engMb. T. iMn. «. Nopw, IBSS-43. Alio, Duinks KclbrmndaB*-
Urtorfe. Copcnh^wi. IBM- Soklnmolrr: I^ibmabcMhrnUi. d. divl
•cbvwt R«£)nnatoroii. L&b,tTS3. Trail: SkiifterocUBudltagar
till iipll*nlag I. Sr«Mka Kyrko och Rolwmtloi)*-ni«tivU. UpaaU,
ITUO. Tliyseliti* ; IIsndliagBT tiH Stotk** lt«Cnnnalioin* nch
Kyrkubivioriit undur KuDuot; Gii«taF I. (lS33-Gt). StoeUtolm,
Itt41'4a. By tlici MniAMitbor ; KinfulimttK d. RoL in Schircdnsbis
IS2T (in ZtiUnUr, f. hUt. Tbecl. 1810). Riinicr: Du GiislaTo I.
rcr. MCr. in Sw^lil lni<tAnraU>rr- Ultrnj. I)MO. A. Tlicincr : Vor>
(ocluj d. hcillif. Stulilt in d. iutxii-o tirci Jalirb., iIl-h Nnden viadBr
ait i\. Kircli«xu verwiooD. Augoliur^, IHM. Mlintor: Synbotviul
IQiutruid. BogonhofUin DkniaCiMnmorMtioneiK. Ilnm., ttUG. By
di« unra : He Confulatiena bdns ^n Apuloglw ETangdicor. in
ComtUl* nnvrintniiib. nnna lASO, tradlM oppOMto CM. Ukvn.,
184T. la llcl'ij;: Dnntko KiHtMhlM«rla AfUtr IWbroiailiMHB.
Copanbag., 1S91. Dunlinai: llitt of Dnnniuk, Sircdon, aad Nm*
m wiiy (in I.ardncrt Call. Cjcl., 1810). J. Finfii>i> : Hi»t. Kcflc*
I klnndin, I'Ti-S. 4 vol>. Ma. <t I» ttadsn : UiM.nrUriunMJc
■ a Tolc Copcnbaaes, IStV-SI. finurii : ]li<tiH-y of Swr-lro,
I IfMldMAil bjr T«nu,-r. Hto 1845. Andi-ii 'IVyxull: Mink ol
B Bwedan, translatn) nod (iIIUmI by Mary Uowltv. London, 1844.
E19
APPENRIX.
TllB RxrORUATtOM tX DOIIKUIA Aim UoltAVU.
A. (tin'lrly: Btthnten n. llUkran in ZwialL d. B*4>rnwaaa (StoU.}1
pTBgui.-, 1837. QtA. d. bilhwlKhM BrwUr. Pn^na (3 *oU.)J
lUT nq. UkuWKXKA : Gicb. tL vnuijpd- Ktrrlw in BifluMn.
vols. Bto. Loii>x]<;, Itwa-iO. PxscnKCK : Gtdi. il.
&nuiU in Uolimcn (S voU), 3d eiL I^ipaig, I6M. The
oMtloa uid Anll-Rabraualixi in Bobeiuls. S Tot»> Iiondoa, 1MB
lilimlt : Die alM n. Moe Lehre d. IriiliBi. E(rad«T. LkkDUig. I JH
K. A. UUller: PUnf Biii-liur tdu tkifaniaoh. Kritge. DmJc
lUO. Tooiek: Grarbichti: Bobneiu. pAtJioxr: B<iliiiii<M
■d^Lie. VoU. 1-A. 1HU-4T. Svo. Kikmxykr : CoVdcUo Con-
ftwloBum, pp. 77l-«ai.
TlIB UBFOXUATION IK POLAXD.
Rxait.'iivnuoivs: Sftt. lu«t. Chraii. Kocl. Staronicaivin.
IG&a. Jlo. Lubi«nloint : HiitL Rot Poloa. FraiiL IfSS. SeUcb'
Mle d. pol. Dilddeiiilum (3 *ol9.}, 1768 tcq. tlkUjc: Ilutorl* d
Ai^pb. CooSemaoa, li. Alft. FtIiik: Kirohngeichii^liie d. Kuni^
nlcha Polim (9 Th.). Bradait, 1786. 8vo. KHAiunEi: lliatur,v<^
tho Rcformatiun in Fokod (8 \olt.), 8to. London, IMD; btr Um
mmo : Sketoli of tho ltall-;louii HUUHy of tlio SUtoilIc XaUoBt.
EdJibWiSb, 18A1. I>anUam: lUtlory of PoUnd <tD Ludncs-'a
<kb. CfcL). 181 1. N. A. do SaUuidjr : llbt. do Pokignia ftnui
« toiu J. SoUutki. StoIjl 8to. Fui*. ISia. J. FhtebeF! Bl*-
tarf ot rnlnnd, London. IS31. J. LdeTcI: lUrialm de Pokgae.
9 Tol*. PiiriB. 1844. Svo. R. ICoopoll : Gm'Iu von Polon. HaiB-
btux, 1841. FmU Pobnici. 1034 Mq.. Brabtii. IBM.
Tiir. ItKroKMATios is lIvKOAitv AMD Tbaxsylvaxia.
Elbinun: Itlvmank Aug. Cont. in IlDiigAHA. I voU. Fradb, im.
J.Bivius: Hifi. Dipl.da SuuiRclig.Qvug.in Ilnnx. I'lO. FoL
Sattg : Gicb. A. Aa-t«b. CupC, iL 803. [P. EhBxk] : Uiri. IvocL Refl
Id Hung, ct Trnosj-L KD Lampx, TnJ. 1798. *tA Titetaf : S»en
ConcU. Eoc'l. R«miiiici-C«tluiL la Refno Hang. <.S!l«braU, Mxn.
q«qiiiBftd. a-MiKUXXXIv. S toIa PoL Vicnnn, 17J9. Kriiiiul:
MonumrTiiiiIi^vaiii^l. Atig.Confurionii in HuB|puiabiaU)rii<ii, 8*0^
Pcstli. litni. McmoraK Antcnit. ConrMwlonl* la Regno lltw^
lie Fpniinnn'io I. hkjub ml Carolum VL S rwU tTB*-9, Sto
Kuno UkIi. (L rrting. IntliCT. Ki^^tll> in Un)(ftra rani AvUtkjst d
BeE.U«L«apoldIL GbltiDii«n,17a4. Sra. Picvrlobtieil^n Kcbkk
««l« d. mnuiit. Kirrlie Aii;-tb. Hckmnt. in UagArn von J. it-31 tai
tees. Irfiprig, 1B8A. ItiBt. Fa-cI. F-vnng. Aug. CuitEcMoni addto
A U8T or WORKS OH THt KEFOnMATION.
679
taram la llaD*., ecc. Halbentadt. 1830. Mallath ; OkK 1 Ma(^
JM«n. Avoli. 8to. UlO-nO; 3d od., IHSS-U. I~ SuUjr : Ilub
llungw (U 1491)). 5 voU> Sto. G«ch. d. crmif;. Kinhc In
IJii^nrn, mit RUckucht Aof SlttbcobUfgoB, tkrlin, l&at. lUfCorjr ol
ProuauuilUm in Hunguj, wllh IVvfaw bjr Dr. M. d'Aabignev
I^ndon, 18&4. M. Hnrvath; (inc-h. Ungkrnn. Irolft. Svo> PmUi,
1894. J. FAgBt : HuDt,>uy iLnd Trannylvanin. 2 mU. Sto. LoO'
«lon, 1839. J. A. FcMlor: Giclv. d. Un;:iini. 10 vols. Sro.
Lal|wlt;, l815-»6. De Strj : Qki. Gia^rile da noagrta. 3 Tola,
llmo. rMU, 1178. (i. Uancr : Ili jt. Eedcn. lVui«ytrui^ 1«94.
ISuo. L fienko : Tmatylvukla, P. I., Tom. U. (ViadoK 1TT8.
Sto), p. 131 (lib. ir., c. 13, Do Statu EccltaluUeo).
I
Tub RKFOkMATtox ix Fkaxok.
ZltocuHMnli irniJ Ciinf<Tin;ii>niry Wortt. Brka : IlUt. Reel. d«* figllBM
fUt. BU Ru;'>uiu« (le Fnaoe (to iSfl^). 3 toU. Antwerp, I5B0.
«vo.
Semuiua (or De iknet) : Commeiit. do Statu ficlig. ct RaipubL in
Regno OaUlB (0 parts), 1570 k^j.
P. Uelcwia* (Buwicaira do PBgaillon. Itidiop of Mete): IlItCoriaGiil-
tle« (10SI-C7). Lugd., leU. Fol. TnOANUs: Iltit.9uiT<nii|K>rii,
elo. (Seo above.)
Tiinoi*. Aauin-A n'AcmoMit : HbtAire UnlTcndlft (1SM>-Ifl01).
MmIU, 161ff-»). 3 vuU. Ko).
II« WM bora la isno, niiil dii>d in 1880. The ton o( a devoted
Hnpienot, be fbuxkt in the (w^ of Orion*, whr-n h« wm only iKIn
teen ytan old. Ho «** tbr a «Ule >n Intimnte a«*ociBte of Hcniy
IV. After wTiUoic thii work, bo rmldod in Gmen. He wm a
man of bigli-tonod elioneU'T, deeply imbued wiih llio religkiiu Tecl-
In^ii pocuiinr In tli« llu-jiuvnota.
M<-inc>ir»d'A;-rippAd'Aubiip6. I rol. Itmo. Pvb. 1844.
A. U IlKhMiNJARp; CovTMpondanee de* RaSfonniuecra doaii 1m
Pitj-a du la Laii^iH Fno^awe. \'o\». 1-3. |(Mfi-«8-ii>,
Bullnlln >le la Smilf td poor I'HbtoiK <lii IVot. Fnn^« (■inee IMO
It inol'ide* inanjr tloeuiwinta illoMmtiva of Il>l* |i«rti>il.)
Du PUwi* Mum.iy : Mdmolrw n ConvtponA^DPit. Pari*, I8M-A.
PKTtTor : M^nuHnui relatif* i I'lliiiaire do France (Ut fviifit, 1819-
la. as vdL 8TO. Xd eeriM, 1830-19. 7a ml*. 8ro.)
AnionK <lio worka embraced in Uu» collection are itu> Kfemoin ol
Bonlllun, vicomto dn Tuirnno (from ISift-1584) ; U« wna grandaoD
of tlie Con^t. MoDlmon-nei : wna mnvBRcd to CalvlnlHn, ud WM
■nndhen-ntof llunry IV. Gamon (1660-86). llMipe7(lM8-8>)
be WM bora In lasC; lie w«> at St. QmbUb (lUT), M Dnu
UTzmtx.
(lM>)>wduU0M0ntoir; tudbuvIjMnpedtlwBMMmof 8t
Banluloaiew. FUUppl (IM9-M>. JtebaOit ()&SI-ft»). Ssbti
AuliM (ISISmhi-)' Ta*nau9 (IK0-9G): be ««* born la IMft
ttm^ Cur tlio Lta|;ac >t Irry ; iben Mrvml Ul-iutt IV. Uo UIm
1M163>. TIUcnl(U3'l-U). DaBaUay: L'£*totU(lM»-l«lC>.
S«Uy: UAMHfca. CtoJ*. Sro. ^Mia^ IS97. Snlljr. tlw Prima
IfiBbter ot Hdiur^ IV^ wm born la 1U9, mod HeA In ICtt. L>
How (lM9-'0) : bg wu bom in lUI ; took (Mean* in lM7 ;
Ibaglii ai Sc Qoeiiiin, JiiTDU, luul MoacoBioar; mtvcJ lUsarf IT.
wiOi diMiiwlba. MimiUuc: Im vwlioni aboat iMt; vaa at iIm
l«uLe<irP)ivU()&S5); took IbwIosiM (iSiO) defeiufanl Sianoa
(in %a&t, undir llirary IL); took pciit in Uw iiO|^ of RoelMlk
(I a?!). UuwBa duIihI farliisvi)CQr>D(li-rui:lt]'. CuU!lniui(lU9-
70) : lie «3D bora about tfiSO; wm m Um aleg* of Rourn nixl ai
Ufwnx ; «a« etnployiHl by Ilctirv II., Chnrlea V/L, noil Ueorf 111.
He WM •CTAnil Unwa ambanodor m KaslaniL H« accompaiiled
Mary, Qui-4-ii of Scotn, la Sooilaail, and bcfrica>l«d lier afiorwiuda.
JounuU de lluori lU. (t5;4-89).
Coltu'lion do Docuiiirnia Iii4<ililf »ia Tflbtoin! do FnilM [pdiUahad
bjr order of Lomit Pliitiiipo]. Pari*, 1839 i«q.
BUxiunl dM Lmwi MJwtmM du IIl-iut IV. T vol*. 4ta. fin iha
ntiovc oolloction.] I'liris 1843-38.
Buehoo : ColWlion Art Chnuuquei et kUmain:* tnr l*HiMo«n da
FVancct, fniMut partlu dc ia CoUocUon da PanUUon Ukrafrv.
IS24 wii.
IIwhavd: NouTelleCoUMt]ondMU<<iiiotnii|Knir«cTvIrk>'IIiaUin
de Fhknoo depnia U XIII> ndchs jii»)' b In ia da XVIII*. »
Seriaa. 3l Tola. PaHi, l»3e ant.
Afchlna Ciiri«'u»c4 >!e riliat. >ln Franco dcpnl* Loola XI. jnaip' k
IxiuU XVIII. 27 voU. 8vo. EBd««»i<ritfa. I>vw. t8U-40.
Brintoma ; (Kiinr«i ConipUtM. 7 lola. Km. Pnri*, 18YS.
Dmniomu wa« born aboot 1S37, and dktl !n ICH. Ilcwai cfaan-
U-rliUn of Cliarte* IX. and tUsnxy Itl. Ho 1* a gOMtpIng ohnMi-
ioler : Ijut liif warka |wvai.<nc a *tvid porinuture ot bb tiaia. Anton;
lli«<ni ai¥ tbo "Vim di.-4 lloiiunca llluitnuv" " Dainaa lUuRm Fran-
^lUMn i-t Itinui^tnis," vie.
Uitterieal Worlt, GiMiural IIlKU«ri«* of Fnuiou, by AnqnolU ; by
Sii'iiiondi ; liy Mk'iiki.kt; liy ]l*:xui Uahti.y; by Cn>««. S
toId. Lomlun, 182»-M. 'Jlie Sliidunt'a lIiMoi7 at Kmnoh Bra.
fiuU>KK : FnuuxMtcbc Gf*cliii-bl« Toniebinlii-h im IS. n. 17. JaJnk
6 vol*. Svo. tSeS. Kngl. inn.*. llUt. of CivU Wara and kloB
aidiy In Fnaco. 8vo. London, ISA!.
A LIST or wciiKs OH rm: hfsotmatios.
581
W. Haao : La Fnnoo Frot ou Via* d« PrM. Frwifain. 10 lom
i\o. tfi4J-a*.
O. Wkbbb : <;<!b:1i'uiLiI. D*nKilliuig iL Olvbbn. In VnliiihalM i.
Stut In tk-ivTu. Frankrddi. Ildiklb., 18SG, Sny.
Von Baumur : Gxh. Enrvpaa mU dam F.tkdo <l. 15. Jabrfa. (Sm
Above)
Cafw&guv : UUl. do la B^tbrmiv <1« t« Ugu^ M dn UgM d« Heni^
IV. Stommi. I'iiri*. 1134-S. «vi>.
ElidBnaifClIiat. ili!l-&liiiluNKiitee. &Tola. 4to. Delft, l«9S-S
livtTuun: FmiikmU'li'* Bctlj^lo*- n. BUrgcrlaipgc im 14. Jalnfa.
DkFi!i.icb: IlUt. d. IV>t4«tii.iU il« Fraaco. 4lb «d. IWl. tiro.
^Kngl. [raiuL by LoUkll, 1851. Soluax: G«ck. d. Finiu**. in
FtsnknlDh. 3 vab. IHAS. Svo. Vox Foi-wn: Gtcb. d. Trui:.
Prot«*laDliniiu». iroU. 18S8 voq. Sva W. S-ItKovxixa; Ui»-
toryuf thu )Iii'^iion(il«4ulli« I6ll> Ccnliiry. 8 toIil 8to>. IStV-SP.
Smodkjr : lliKeaj of tlio Kvfartncd Kcli);ii>a ip France. S vnli.
Ilmik Looiluo, 1933. (Xvnr York, 1834.) [Mhs. UAn«ii :] IIU-
iarj of t]i« Tlu^wnotii. 9 nh. 1647. Svo. Cli. Urioii: LUto
■fcraaoto^. <Ie riliitntra ProMfl. en IVuica jiuqa' k In Rti«ocat> do
r£dll il*< N»nlM. STob. ISmo. ISOS. AnqoM : HiA. d. Ambid-
bUMlV>Ul.d«afUi(iniii!M<luFraiice(19;SiolC13). 8iw. Pnri*,
lUB. Atiuoo : Toua lu SfiK>d«» aadouaux de* %Um« r^fonnft,
ete. La HajWi l'll>- * *ub- ^to. Quiik : SjaodteoD id U«I1U
Klnmikta, crtc ld83. 3 vol*. FoL W. Atntcraon; Hist, of
Franeo durin;; the Relf;n» uf Pnncia IL koA Charlo* DC t nita.
London, t;i)9. LMrctcIlc: IIi«L da Fnuiee pendHil 1m Gvcrrea
de BaU)[ia«u 4 toI*. 8ra. 182!. Moklet: ClviMnt Muoi
•od oUicr Kndlci. tidt. Sto. 1870. Dv« d'Avmalb: Lhot
of tLa Pri(ic«a of Condi. Void. 1, S. 8i-u. LoikLmi, 1S>!.
IL WaiTK : MsMiiora ot Sl Burtiioloiuev, pmcadoil hy a. nafruiv«
of the Kligioiif wim. London, I88S. Ktipfliil: Le CoOmiira dc
PolMy. l2mo. BnisMis i>ad Parit, 1807. VlUamdai Vled« Cban-
ooOor d' IlopiUkl (in Kluilus d'Uialoira Uodemo. 1 Vi^. Bvo.
1U4.) Vcilutra : Sltulo d« I^uln XIV. (OHuvros, t. xxU.) Cape-
figiw: Troi«Sibclud«ri[U(.<luFnocc. UlS-1648. 3 vol*. lSi>9.
StOL CScnumr: Gtnml ItousMl. tsty 8vo. FuAax: Dbl-de
U R^lbrnw Fnn^MM. 3 lorn. Pttria, 18ST-9. V, do Cli«lecnbcn,
LBiAde U Li^ov. UcBri TIT. ct IV. 3 nb. 19U. Sro. Aug, Tli^oer
IHm. do I'Abjiinitioa il« Ucnri IV. 3 rob. 18^!. Sro. C
BobmiJi : La Via 01 Iw IVat^ux da Jaan Sunn. IBAS. 8to, F
W.Ebnling:Siebto BtivkeriL fnuiz. Gaeh. Bd.i.lHU. AoqwotU:
I/Ei^daUU|u& 3voU Sro. Parli.tSlS. Davila: StCTiadafli
W9
ArrsKDix.
tiwawCivlIUlFruiak.CTola.taT. Losdan, 1801. EagLtnuL'
lif l?»iaewotib. IvDb. 410. London, 1 MI. Daiu»a (J.): B»|
figtoui Ww» In Fnscc, from tbo Acwulow of llcarj IL to
^KCofV«rriM. ISno. Londoa, INO. SdiiUur {.J. C F. tm)
OmIi. (L UnnilieB fo Fnnkreich wuldie <L Kaglertaqt BoBrich
Ht'. vonnsinsca- Bto. StaUgkJt, 1S44. S. Soott; UTe of T. A.,
d'Aatrign^: an Accouat of llie CtvU Wmiv etc. Sto.
ITll. Voluire: F.w*l tur lai Guntr* CIvIIm d» Vmux. 9n.'
IVU, 1785. l^inlM (i.) : TIm Courl aad Rogn tS FnmOt I. S
vob. Itmo. I'm., 1047. FrMT (M. W.) : Cowt wid 1!toM
UcarflU. SvoU. ISno. I^mlon, IS&S. BuMsqilem: U4ia>|
ibiUCourdeFnoM. SvoU.iit]. ie«o. (kiognt, IU6, Vreeri
History of iho lUlfB of nmtr IV. Svob. l3no. LoBdoa, tiM- .
C8. G. P. U. June* : Lite of Bcujr IV. 3 Tob. 8vo. Londo
IMT. Ualiiibo«re:mat.d«UL[pMt. 4lo. P»^lti7. WciMi
Hut. dm lUbig. ^ol. do Fkvwe [sftcr ibe Rareeatioa of ifao Rd
of XuUv]. 1 rob. Fkili. 1U3. Coqiwrel: Lm &gU*M
IHivrt rJiics k* Prot. <k Fnaee [after Loiu* XIV.}. Ivok.
IfUt. MurM : nbL de JMiine d'AIWc PiriJj, ISSl. 8b Ji
Sti'pli«n : ]^«lurc) on Uio lliit. of FraiiM. 9d od. 3 toIl Svo.
)S57. Lavkl: ItUt-of lliH R«<(. in FrsDM. T toIl Sto. ]>37i
Laitkiimt: Goom-n do lUligion. iJi-alo: LettrM de Uargac
d'AngoiUCmc (I ^ 1 ): ftbw, NoutvIIh I.etm* de l> IUIm d* Nat
(1843). StAHKLiN : Der UtrboKriu Kdoig Heiorielu il. vvrrtmi
Ato. Dm*), 1603. Wraxtdl : ^Icmoin of the King* of llio B«c*^
of Volob. 8 vols. Sto, IB07 ; lllil. of Pnoco bvat the Ac
of H«itt7 III. (o the Doaili of Uui> XIV. 3d «d. 1814. Sto
8v«i. licuchlin: <;0KliicUte von Tort Roj^l. S Bd. 1819 teq.
SaSdM Roovb: Ton Royal, & vola. 3d od. Svo, ten. Le SuaU
^HrlliiAeniy dwnnt lu Senal de VcnUc : reistiani do anil-Nnitide
0. Ulchli'l M S. CamllL Trad, rt annoL par W. Mnrtia. I8a
18T3.
TkK IlKFORMATinN l!> Tlllt KK-MIRUI.ANTM.
RAciiAno: CorrcsiHiDiUiicB de OuIlliiDmo le T»cilurtiP, Prince d'Or.
■ngc, piililitf* [wnir h (irrcnibrw f<il*, etc. t vols. 8vo. I8I7-.581J
Aim, by tbc iuiup. C»rn.f [londancu dc Pliillppc I1-, mir h* Aflali
dc» I^ivB-Biu [fniiK tliu AivlilfM of Slmiuicaa]. 4 Tolb 4ta.
ZClfi-SX
GnoRN VAK Pnix^TCRRR : Anlilvcii on Comwponduoo In^iLc da
laMaiion d'O^Ul|^vN|u*a^ [1&£3-ia8t]. lOrol*. Svo. ISAi-^l
l^u-inc: S^wric [15S4-KS8]. 8 toa 8*0. 1SST-$I.
GKAXVict[.K:Pflpicnd'Cui,irnprt«lci>Mnnii^criUdolABn)llodiftqpt
doBoMDfon. Ovolv. ito. 1S41-G1. Id ilic Collcctioo dei ]>m»
bodU JaUiU tur I'lliiloirc dc Fruicc. rvl*. 183S Mq.
A LIST or WORKS OS THK KETOBJIATION.
5tf3
St!A\r-r: U>». iler Itefonnatie In ea oitttnnt do Neilerkaileit
Ainirt., IRU3 xci|. -IvdU. 4t<i. Hngl. traaal., I-ondon, ITSO. *tiAs
(■roliua: AnnnlMet HiKUduItubuiiUvlltia^ 15Sir-iaoi). <i«T()i'9iiM i
Hut. Kl-C, etc. (Soe nbove). Ypny on Dcrraout : GtauLiuiktilRMin
dear Kedttrliiud. liLTVormdii Kvrk. Jtrvila, 1B1&-S7. 4 *ol*. Sto.
Vui Uetcrrn : Hiirt. d«r Nodcrkndqa, ia«[>-16l!. TurOiur: Die
Ref. OkIi. Id SolultluraiiBeD. Sro. A. Koklor: Diu nkxterl. rvC
KirDhc. Krlu^n, l»6. Svo. 0. Deotlrogllo : IX-lh Uaerrik <II
I Fluidra [1560-1607]. Mikno, ISOfl. Ki^Ltmnsl. 4lo. I^otton,
1CT8. Sthada : I)o Hollo Itvlgk-o. 3 vol i. Pol. 1640-17. EnsU
tniisLI)/ Sup^lton: Kol. (^onilnn, lOAO. Scbillcr : Abfoll dur Kiu-
dcrlnndo. Hvo. Stalwart, Ia44. Ro^. tnuifl., bjr Uorbon. S trala.
ISnio. Looiilun, ISSl. Van Knnipen: Ui:«:hi«lito dw Nioduriiiuilt^
2t«U. Svo. 1S31-3S. Motley: RImoI die Dulcli Ittpublle. t
F'ToU Svo. New YotIc, 1890. tliMory of the United NrthorianJs.
\4 Tol*. »«). New Yurk, ISfll. HouivARTit: Der AWall <lw
' Kiedvlande, 3 roll. Svo. IKde-'S. Pximcott : History (i( PliiUp
n. StoIs. Svo. lUa. Tu.Ji;tiTit: Iliil. do la lUvut. Um Pajra-
Bu. Moi Pli!l. II. (I^en-Tt). li'uU. 8V0. le&S; Hist, du MU-
Mv«nieiit di'9 I'uyi H«i contn: U lUxninntuM Cfpngnolc (l.t>3-T<).
1 voli. Hvo. 1M3-03 ; Le« Pa/* Ba* nras Chnrlua Quint — Vi<9 do
Marie do Hbaxrio (laoa-AS). Svoi. ISAS. Botnafo: Annate* doi
rnivinco*-UnJs (ITld). H. Loo: Zirolf ItiicW d«T Di«dorlaiid.
(Jcacluuhi«. 3 Tolk. 1B9S-44. Koch : UntormeliQngcn ubcr dia
JCiiipiirung II. dsD Abfall d. Ni«derland« von Spanlen. I vol. Svo.
Tub RitroiiHATioK im £.xai.Axi>.
^heumenli and Cunltmporary H-nirct*. Wonm OP Tltn Rkf-orm-
RRS, iiublisLed bv llio ParkiT Soviet/, Cambrid)ce, 1841-64 (M
foU., irlth a goMral bdex), compritfng the mri\ia--t of Ridit-/,
SauiIvB, I*ill(ia|^aa, B. Hutchinwin, l^ilpot, tiriixlal, T. Uocnn,
Fidko, Iloojwr, Craumor, Covonl^o. Latimer, Jvwol, Bradfntd,
Whitsill: toatTlluir with tlio Zuridi I^ltrn (Ut and ml forlo),
Original Li-tteTs (9 vol*.), Tbo Corrtqpondoni'v of Bl. I'arki.'r, ott.'.
TiiK Statk (:Ai^.-xt)AKa, now b«jn^ published, niider Iho direction
of Ibe Miwti.'T u( the Uulbi.
Ityiiicr : Ficdira, CoDVUidoiMa, Utonp, «l«^, inlor Rogea An);Un et
ii). lU'Kvs, PoniifioeN He.' 8d cd. 10 rala. FuL 1730-IS.
Kuthworlh: ll>iiCork«l CollcctloirB (1418-lUS). 9 roll. Fol. Lofl<
don. 1T31.
Fox : Aeu and Hatininenlaof tbo Cburah, or Rook of Manjri*, 1083;
Fol. IGS4. StoIil Fol. I83T-4:. g xjIk. Svo.
SUb: LL-ttereiUiuttratlroorEn^bihlliilorj-. ItitietiM. Srota. tn.
HiSdtarlea. 4 tail. Sto. UV. 3d wrl«». 4 \«l«.
APl'EXIMl.
Wilkin*: Concilia MagiuDUrilt»nlNotUJbcnii»(44a-ITI7). 4 nk''
I'liL l73il->.
£ Canlwt-U: DocinncaUrjr Ana&li of tbo CburchorEngliud (IS<6-
.716). 3 vok ero. Uxlbnl. ISU. Uj Ihc tamo: SynodoUii
ia4T-i;i' (ralathig (o Uiu (iruviaoe of CaMU!rbur7). Smb. Eto
Oxford, 1842. D; Uw Mtnw: llw RvTOTniuk)!) of tfao t^ws u
ftiuntjxod in ttw ruifciu of Ueniy VUI., EdwanI VL, aad KlizA-
ttvth. Ni-«c(l. Oxl«nl, IH30.
t'ortDulflrum at FaiUi pat lonii nniler the reign of Uearf VUL 0»
liiril. I8U. Hto.
UT. MiLik«Ui MonnmcnU Hituaiia £ccL Anglicniuc. S Tola. Sto.
l«i(J-7.
Uuliailivil : Clironicio of EiigUinic, Sratiandn, ud IrvUnd, 15<I. t
mb. Fol. 1807-8. G vob. tia.
Gmtral ftUtoriet. Bjr Baxkk: £iigLGtiMklcbl«vonic)inUehlB)aleb-
xentcn Jftfarh. S *oli. Svo. LdpnK. 1S7IX Bj Cahtk (U ICU),
IHT aeq.1 bj- KaKi(»t (to the tiMli of WlUia III.}, 3 tab., toL
ITlf I lij M^iCAUi^y (rram the soccMUoa of Jaate* I., wtlli a kUt.
Introduet. & vola. 8to>. 1B49 •!<].) Uacauligr'a Intivduckur
chapter indudM n brief aeoonnt of tba tin muI itlMnctw of Prot-
Mbiuiam in Gmt BriUtn. I lU Itciioi of lUnke antl of lluUun
On lUa colleolMl E)90}-() ivbt«> in put lo tliu BofonnMloa. Bj-
lllackinbnk (to tbn 14Ui ynnr oJ I'.liznbotli'* ntgll ; roiitinBcd t>/
W. \\'itlkc>c, Mill then by U. BvU); 10 rob. IZino. ISSft. By
nuin«. lluaic'» ncgli);cnce in oxiualiilng and tvpjntng asihor-
hiet, hii in-iccunuy. lu> pnrdnlily for tbu Slunrt*, and lii* frigitl
tone iriLli n-^iird lu iiiicflioun of morab and Tvll^ion, arc sow can-
colod ; ID ttm, nlfo. tli« irxcoilMicn of bin i>(jli!, and hit Mcacitf a>
nn ccoDotnist. By Li.xOARO (Kuinaii Cailiutit). Liiigard u a.a
abb and iraLI-infcnned writer, Uii with ftning Anti-IVolc«tiuii prtj*
udicuu Bj Ktdfi^l, B rols., Svo, IMS ; by T. Ku{[htley. 3 roti., Svo,
]«3>: by J.UIllcr (MlfiHil).^^)^]., 4IO, London, ISIS; by Tiu^
ncr (to tlio ilralb of tUixnbrtb), 11 volt., Svo, IMS; by FkOCDX
(ln>ga the Pnll uf SVolKxy to ili» defenl of the SpAnldi Anpwia), IS
Toll.. Hvo, N'i-<r Yiirii, 1KG& trt].; by l\ I. G. Kaunirr: I'olilical
lliAlory uf Ii^ngUnd ilurin;; tlu- ll^lb, 17lk, and IHih oocUiii>I««, !
vo^f., Avo, Ijoii^lon, tfilld ; by OlJiiiixon : lliitoryof Kfi)['''i''''i*'i'B
llic Bl-isd uf Uio SIiibMi. t vula.. fvl., T.<itu1uii, 1790; by VaughM !
Hihlory of En):l.ind luiiW iho IIoumt of Smut (IMS- 1(88), tv^
Sto, London, 1S40; by tin- snme : Mviiiuriiilnof tbi- Stttait Dynaatf
Svob., Sto^ London. 1851; by Clakiucoox : lUrt. of tfao GfMt R»
bcllion(lC4l-tiO). Svoliu, fol, OxCirtl, 1703-1. By F. S-Tbomaa
HiMorioal Not«a relative to Cliv UiWury uf Engbad, &vm Oub I
I
A LISr OP WOBKS OX TUE REPORllA'n ON. 58fi
Kit Iknrjr V1U. CO iWduntli at Abm (1M:K<1 114), dwitiwil tu
: of iiifUuit ri-l^n'iKv Iv ilulm. StoI*. 8vo. IHM, CiiuiJl-iii
Aaiuhi KcTum Anglic. «t lltbcfnk-. ntcnanio KIUaImmIiii (u> 1589)
teiftteq. I7IT. ami*. Hto. Oxranl. I.ifk ur Ckii- lll-rcutx
BOM, by bia «iil> (BoIm'i Sutnd. Lit..), ix^*- l'si-r» : Uiary and
Comapi»dciice> trol*. tiro. HM. £v'itLirx: l)iar)-(IKiDi 1041-
ITOft-d). vd. Pontcr. 4 vob. Sto. IBCO. Harris: Uv«a tl
JoMM L, Oiu-Im I., Craiowd^ CIiwIm II. a lol*. 8to. l«l-t.
Godwin. HiKtorr of tbe CommomivaMi. 4 vols. S*i>. 1831-38.
R. V»ugluii : tlio Frowctorjiu of Cn)lIIll■l^ll. 3 rob. Sio. 1H.19.
Buukle : Ui»t. of CiTiUtation in Knglood, bow cd. 9 rol*. Sio.
1*61. Strickland: LlvM of dioQuMiM of EnglMuL 8 vol*. Svix
ISIiO-a-l ; new ed. ISno, 18CS. livt* of die Qvmm of SeotUn<l,
Vvob. Svo. l«30-»9.
Haixam : ConaL Uirtoty of Enjland. ) voln. 8ro. 1807. Tlu» ii
lli(< aiMt tuccweful of Uatlain's liitUdiMl nHlio;^. It ii ikinni-^li
and inipaitLAl la iu treatinvBt of nTll](ioiia juniM ud |ionon*, and
•pwlalljr lutniutiTu uo thi> lvg»i and oHiititiltMMa] i]iM»lioDS In-
rolrod in tbc luiiWTjr of ibo RcforalMion.
Carltu:: Lifoand Lvtteniof CWaiffcII. S vula, Sva New York.
1H4A. TU* liu oontrlbatsd mar« ihu ftaj olbtr irwk U> nita ibo
repuutkn of Cromwril ia rcocat tinu^ and lo viiidioate bim afMoat
tbe impiitAtioo of inunccrily.
GuiaoT: UixioiHi du ChArlci I" (ICtS-lOlD), C* AliliOB. 3 toIs.
Sto. iSie. lIuL do la lUpubliijni' d'An-;li.-t«>n b( ds Cromir«l]
(IC4!>-10.&8). 3 vul>. Sro. ISM. Ui>l. <l>i PnilMtarat d« R.
Cromwiillrcda R^ublisKmont dc* Stuart (tOwH-Oo). Svolt. i>vd«
1890. Honk ; CliMta do la B^bliique el le HilAiA'minaivM do U
MoMtRliio 1:0 AiigkKnv m ICGOl 6* id. 8vo. iSQ2, Uistoij
of Uio EngtUb UeraluUon of IGIO (Imiil. bj Uulitl, Ixmdon. 1840.
I vol. 9m, lesc; by Cmaiti, Osftird, I83«) ; Uutory ol Crom-
tri'U, tko ComuonirRaUh, and tkn ltc*l«ralion. 4 rib. 4v& Lon-
don, l8S4-fl.
Tliiterift »/ the EogtM Rffiirwuakm. BuRxaT: Tlia IllHory of tho
ItcfcrmaUcatofltwChiinihof Easbad. Lo»doD.lOTa toq. Ivoli.
IB». 8vio.
BuniM b Ml bonui writer, wiiti extraonliaary luuaai of fcaowl
edges but aomMJnx-* iway^-d by pnijadice. " It u niUBl," Mya Ma-
cMlajr (IUhi. <>( En^l-, i. I03>, *■ to eeuMro Burnet a» a aia^abriy
inMcunta hiatnriao, but I bclio*« the cbiui* to b« alUj^thw njnrt.
Bo appMT* to bo kiniinlariy inawunto only boi-aaH Ilia Diuraliva
bn« 1i*«n wljjoctcd to a Kvulioy tln^Iarly >cvirr« and uniHewH)'.
lirarra: Kccl«MBHJcal Memorial* rvlalini; diiwily tu Uuligian an.
fi86
API'HtOLt.
Ibo Bcforoiivlioo of it. and itic ErBergMU-ici cf Uie Chtilili uf T.af
land uiutur Kin:; iliiiir]r VII I^ Klii^ (jlnjinj VL,iidi] (jii<-id Mnii.
S ToU. Lomlon. Vd «il. UU-III. Brief Anonb at ilia Cbiirrh
rnitl Suite, uii(l«T ilut Itirt^n ol (|uoua ElixntMilh. Loailgo, 3d fil
ITSS. Fol. 'r)ii:Coiu|^-U]WoriuarStr}'p«. S7 tola Bra. <>x-
8trjp« I* Uin autliorily inuat (r*«|ueatl}- cQoinltnl ami quoUsl in
works ui> thu EDt;li»ti R«[<irTiialloii. [I« fi a vwM'loua wTil«r: bli
own vlaUtmrntii nrc iiutrueiivo and nlnablc and tbv doctunpnti
«liicli III- ]>ulillidi«« are tiill inan.' m. OccaalonaJ [iwMniraciBa in
topyiag ciuUl>n^ aruing froid a *raniaf can-do iMt aMcailaUj
detract from liit merik On Ui«Mla>eeuraui(i>,point«daai bjrMait-
laad, K« tho London AtbonRunw 18(8, t. 404.
). CnLLiKK (n non-juriii'^ liUbup) : Kircloiisitical IIt«U)r)r of Grcitt
|{f{Min,lotJi«DeALliof Cliarleall. 3 vob. Ful. London. 1708-14.
• Toliu Svol 1S4G. IXxld (Konan Cattolic), in liU Cbunzh !!!*■
tarj of Kngland (I540-1II88). 8 voU. Pol. 1731 aeq. : mtw ed..
ISS9 acq. Dodd'a work wm dcii^od aa an antiitotu to BtirtMl.
IL Soamra : History of tbo RcfomattoD of ihu Cliurcb of Ku^*
land. 4 vol), ftvo. IH3G-3T; liylltvMine: Elbabvtliiiii Cliiircli
iliMor}', l.oodoa, IS4B, 8vo. by J. V. Short : SkeU'lt of lbi> Hi*,
lory of Chiircb of England lu tlic R«vuIiition of IQ^tl. 1 rnU
«T0. 1833 : 8tli nL, 1870. Hy F. C. MAiwi.vorKKp : Hlxory of
tbo EngUdi Bcfomulion. 4Ui ed., isa7, 8vo. J. U. Ulvst : UU-
lory of 111* Boftimiatloi) to tlio dmtli of Wulwy (1 j]4-li}. tiro.
London. IBTl. I. J.Utunt : Skctchof tlio ItuCirmation in Eri::1iiii.l.
fethtd. Il^ea. J. A-Baxlor: Clum-li IHrtoryof Ebi^diI. i-1 i-J.
Lonrlon, IMS. Svo. By IVtor Ueylio: Iliilar^-oTtliv Ibformaliun
of llie Cbimjbof England. I'ul. IGiIIM(|. Carwilhon: Uiitoi]ro(
the Ckorch of En^laii<l. 2 vol>. Id r<l. Oxftinl, t»40. SVD. Nbal:
UlilOcyofthoPurilno ironi tint l{<rronui>tian U> tbo dealhof Qoorn
KIlMbctli, I '3« ic(]. 4i-ol*. eiTo; Tonlmln'toil., IT9S»ci|., finili.,
8vo ; CLoulue'i Aiu. eJ.. 8 rols., Bro, New Vork. leu. J. B.
&[arRil«n : ]|i«lory of Rarlior and Laiar Piirltnnn. 3 rola. 8ro.
lyiodon, isai. S. llopkin*: "Vbo Puriiuu. 9 vol*. Bo*ton. I»:>9-
60. S. K. Alxlllani) ; F.«m)-( on Sobjeota conneol«d with Uic Briibli
ItdbrmnlioH. 1849. Svo. Fuller ; Chiircb lliMory oTBriuiii frov
tliuTijiLL-oi'Cl>rUttoli;4>l. Fol. IGSS, C vols. Svo. I»ndon.t84S.
LMfalmry : lllalory of ihn h'nnjiirori. Hni. l*iis. T. Utlblviry :
HiMoty of En^lisli Ejiifcopncr, from iJic I>oiir I'arliantcnt la (k«
Act of Uoiforniity. I*vn. l<nn(Ioii, IA3fi. Brennun : Eovledaiiii^i
Qbtory of Irotnnd lii 182». ! v»k 8vo. Dublin. I8iit, U.
Uamt : lllnlory of iha Cbnrcli of In-laod from llw &i!fa:iiinti'<o la
I
I
A UST OF VOBES OH TUK KEKOKUATION. 5t)7
(be lt«voluiIt>n. ! voIil 8to. London, IRtl. ICmb: llUtur^ of
Protmlant Xonconlbnnicy in W*Il-k. Svu. IHSt. IlAnDWiCK:
^UiMorj- or ArUules of Rrllgkm. NAwe-J. 18^9. Svo. T. Laili-
nry: lliitciry or Oiii Book of Cominon Prayer. Sd od. IW*. Vf.
[ing: Utiirg^n BrltUalcn. 8ra. Sd«d. 18fil. W. I^Uiocr:
igiii«i Litatv(k<c. 4lli lit. 2 Ti>li. 9vo, ISO. Tiiu.uon.
fiigliuli Puriunlsiu uid It* Ia-aiIodi: Croniwcll, Milton, Baxl«r,
Biinjian. Mto. Ijondon, 18G1. Flulclin': Uixlory of tlie Inditpen-
Uenti. 4 voli. llmo. IfitlS. tlciok : 1.lve«of the ArubbUbofw of
CanlorbuTT'. New fcrie*. 3 vol*. (Vol. S. Uvf. period. IMO.
8m.) SrodoBTox i EccImImUciU Hitiary of BukIuuI [Civil
Witn, CoiunionwcBtUi, UealoraliODJ. 4 votii. Svo. ISST-'O. iUn-
bur}'; Kcclouulical M«uor!al« rolalivc lo lJi« ladepoBdents. 3
mU. Svo. London, 1839. J. WMlilingloa: CongRguioaalCltDrcli
Hiicorjr liom tine Bdi>na&tlon lo 1G6:. I^mlon. 18<I. IIcht:
lliituryod'ltcJIgioni Thought ioEngluiit. gvo. Vol.!.. IBIU. Vol.
ii., 1871. J, WnC«r<rortli : Itbtoricol Locliinii on dte R^formnljao
lu En^-lnnil.
BiegrapMei, SiSTTK: Liv«sorCr»ntn<T, Pu-ker, Grinds!, WhitgiA,
Ayltuer, Cbdie, and Smith. W. lillpio : Life of CrnniiMtr. I IHI.
Svo. IJTO oi iIm Befunnen^ 1809. 3 voli. Hvo. Todd: Life
ofCmaiDGr, 1831. LoUoi: Lifoot Juwcl. Svo. leu. Life of
Lauil. 8tu. 1SS6. C. Wordiwonli : Kirel. ]liogn|iby, or L!i-c*
of EmiiWfDt Ihlcn in Bog'"'!''' '■^■■^ ^ Commi-DoaiiMit oi thv Kef.
to Um Bcrulution. 4Ui «I. 4 %-oU. 8i-o. ISiS. B. F. Tjtlcr,
Lif« of Henry VIII. 12iiio. Now ed. I8il. I,ord Hirf>rrl:
Life and R«<ni of llcary VIII. Pol. l&l9*oq. 1770. 4io. FUliles:
Life of Wolncy. * toI^ 8v». IMS.
TbK REFOKMATtOM IX 8ouTI.AM>. Cotdrmparary Sovretl.
n'oDHOW Sooibtt's PoBLiCATioxii, 34 t'ob. Svo. Comprinag
CiildeTwood'f Hint, of tlu: Kirk of licotliiticl, S voIil; Auto'siogr*-
phy of Roburt Bkir ((nnn lS93-lfl3d) ; St-otl'i Apoliogvtiual Km^
nUloD (Aoiu ia«u-l6S3); Twcdk'ii Select BiogmpUci, 3 vd*.
«Iid otker work*.
eiroTtiewooDK SOCIKTT PonUCATIUXH. ICvol*. 8r<K Cain|lril<Df
Keith'* Iliatory of tlic AlTilr* of ChoKb nn-I Slaie in Scollnnil fnwi
Uie Beglnnln;; of the ll4*r. lo ISCSi The SpuiiLiwooilt- MiiceUnn}'
(S voti.), etc.
Imtx Kxox ! llutoric of the Refbrnution of Rvligiaun within tb«
UtMlme of SvotUnd. iii V Booki: with hi* Ufa by David Bo-
cunan. Pidlnh. 1IV81. Kd. by David La>nj (irilbotlwr mi lii;i,>i
of Kuok). 1846 tc*!. 4 voti. 8ra.
S88
xmsDUi.
BanDfltj-iM [Sccrrliu'/ of Knox] ; Jonriuil of TrnBHcHuBi, «U. isn«
73. Edinb. ISM,
Sf>o((l)»ood«: HMicn7ori))eCburchorScoikn4. tro. 8 voll. (bj
tfao Wodrow 8oe.).
liabsiuS; Leltrw, InatrtietloiUt ct M^iuoim de iUrie SUiartt ci^
t volt. Sve. London, 1844.
A. Ti-ulcL; L«tu«« de Miui« Stuart, |n)blt<ei avec tainuMuro*, etc.
Sto. 1819.
A. TenliM : Belatioaa P^liquca du t» >*nuiCO «t d« I'Etpicna btm
rfU'OMic «n IG* Sitc1». Faplttn d'Kut, etc. 6 vols. Farii, 1862-
G. Buc-li;u>iui : Kcruin Soolie. Uirt. Kdinb., I&SX. Fot. In Eagliik
1030. Fu].
B.O>«ilUa: LeilcraandJoumaUCoiitlieperiodEroiii ICtT-lteft^Bev
ed. S vol*. Sto. Bdlnb., l»41-3.
Sir Juno* Balfour : Aanale* ( I MT- 1 CtO), Mid Uemariala and Pm-
ngiN of diurcb nnd State (ie<l-lU9}. < volt. Ediub., 1831.
J. Leal}- (Up. of Rom) : A Dvfcnce of the Hooar of Uat7, Queen o(
Soolliuid. Louduo, l&CS. bvo. \i'0. 8vo,
G. Bncbanvt : A XX-tivtion of the Doio^ of Maiy, Queen of Scot*)
etc. Circa li:j.
loitr Werkt. W. IUiiikiitmik: tliatoir of SooilMtd during the
rdpia of Mary a,a<l Juuim VI., utc. (in nimivrous cditioat). C.
SUurt 1 Hlet. oT tli« Etlnhllnliuieiil of iho Ri'f. of Re). In Scolljuid
(IdlT-ISQl). <la. Loudon, 178IX Ilut. of Soulknd from tliu £»-
Util. uf tbu Met. to tlio Dwtb ofHjtrr. 3 tola. 4to. London. 1T8S.
W. M. HiTthi-rinslon ; Uiit- of tlie Cliureli of Sootluid <nw nl.)
1 Totf. 8to. 1^3- T. McCrir: Life ofJuhn Knox. ISIS. Sto.
NoTod. 1HM. evn. 4 vols. (Woriuor UeCric Rm. ISa.V) Ufa
ofAndrvw Mi^liillt. SvoLi. 8vo. 1819. 3di-d. London. 184T. Sto.
T.UnCrie, Jr.iSkclclicKofScottiihCtiiin'iiinMory. 3d <-d. t84S.
8t?. A. Stovonfon : Hitlory of thu Cli. ami Statu of ScotUad
from tho AcecMton of Chnrlc* I. to ilio lU-nioruion. 1944. Siro.
J. CuoniDKliam ; Cli- Hist, of SMlliuid to tlie Prewot Time. 3 voli.
Bvo. ia&9. Lkk : l^cctamt on thn Hut. erf tlit> Ch. of ScoiImuI.
3 vuta. 8vo. Eilinb-, ISflO. J. S(.'oll : Liven of tbe Ileformera ill
SroLtnncl. p:dinb.lSIO. Von Rudloff: Ox-Ii. d. Rof. la Sctiotllnnd,
3 Tb. Berlin. IMD. A. Gainbtr^: Diu ■GhoiiixJiu nat. Kiivbp.
DBmbL,lH->}. K.ILS*rk:DiooTnn:. Klr(-h«Stbotlliui<It^ ITeliklU,
1644. G.Cook: Hist.uftht-Ri-f.iuSt.'oiluDd. 3 vola. Kdialsiail
Bi;irroM:IIi>t. of Scotland to IGSS. t vol*. I.owL, 18GT-T0:tM»-
1748. trola. 18J0. P. P.Tytlor: aiBlory of Scollttud [UW-KOJ]
'tli-wvd. 10 volt. Sto. IMIU. Imin^: tllK. of Scollotid rroin Um
■eccMiuu of Jainvs I. to thu R^igii of Q110.-11 ADttc 181*. 4 viJa
I
•
A LIST OF IVQltKS OX THE ICEPOKMATION'.
&89
flvo. Lawion : Xbo E|>UvupaI Ckiircli of ScolliuiJ from tlie itvfbr*
DUktigntotlieltoToluUon. 3 volt. »vo. 1311. Ul-;it«l: HiMoire da
31ar!e Sluort. Svub. ISino. Pttra,l8Sl. W. 'I^ltrr: lni]uiry, Ili»-
turicnl HDil Crilit-al, Into tlio FviilcDCO a^niiift Alarj, Quwu of
Scots, etc. t voln. 8vo. Londun, l?90. J. IIiua(:k:Uiir)-, (jULi-n
of Scoti iinti h(T AcciiKF*. Sdod. I vols. Xto. ISTD. Lekod :
Hittoiy of Iivlncd (raan Uio Inriuioa of Itvnry U. lo ICSS. S
Tol*. 4tO. 1179.
Tiis RevoufATioit ik Italy.
GxiiDKSms: Spccinu-n ItAlim R<Tf. Lugd. lint., 1100. 4tO.
UcCRiK:lIiat.of ttioRvCinltuly. evo. 1837. Ntwod. tSS3. D.
Enlmnnn; Dio Rcif. u. ibtc UtLrtyrvr Iii Ita1i«n. Ilorlb, ISSi.
JCLEft lio.sxKT : Vio do 01jm|Mi» Moratn. *"• cd. l^uio, 18CS.
Murnlori ; Annali d'luUa, dal Prlnclplo doll' Rra vi>1gsra fino ftU*
aDQ[il750. ISvoli. 8vo. llaoic, 1 752-94. Guii-ciunliai : Sloria
d'ltitliii. 10 vols. PUa,lKI9-!0. Itilbiier: Ufe iC Sixiui V.
9 voli. Sto. 1872. Brieger: tivpitr ConMrlni [on tliu KnIiKbon
CoDfM«nce]. Gollm, 1870. U. Vovxo: LIf« of P^oarto. a toIi.
8to. London, ISQU. Kxt; t'ulru* Pnolu* Vcrg^riar, [liipctlicber
NnnlliK.ctr. ISSS. J. Ilonuot: Aonio Palu&rio, Bltiilo «ur la Hi-
ronoc ra Italic. ISmo. )8<l£. Bomoc : Lifu of l.co X. (lb C<1. i
toIa. 8vo. I^MiI. Atiilln: ni»u^ do Uon X. 2 roll. Sro.
Phrix. Sd vd. £ vol*. 8vo. 18S1.
TllR RKrORMATIOV tK SpAIX.
BiCFORaitsTAB AxTtoiros EspaSoleb. 30 voli. Svo>. London anil
Uadrid, tSI$-6S. ThU tollcclion of the writing;* of Spnniih Pn»
eMaots wu printed at Uiu cost of B. B. WilTun. It may be Ibiinil
in thn ilojrtoii Public Lib. i at*o In ibo Library of Harvard College.
i. F. BtlKtiie:;: Comm. do Vuti^ia Lutlicmuiiiuii in UispiuiiB.
Gtittingon, I7U. 410. MoCkik: Ilitt. of tlio R«(. in Spain. 8vo.
1S19. Ncwvd. ISB5, DaCasfjos: Tlie Spanisl Pn>t. and iheb
8a|ii>r«inon by Iliitip H. Trani.lniRd l>y T. Piuktrr. London,
18S1. SuGtM Inquuiiiuiiit Artu8 uti<|Dot detMrtic: R. G. Moo*
uaoauctorQ. Iloiddb. 1561. Mauiaxa : llUt. Gonpral do E»{«aAi
18 rob. V^cnciA, 189IM1. 2Tola. 8vo. Madrid. 18£i (in tin
Bibl do Aotorr* K(p•AaIe^ vol*. 10-20} Engl. lr«n*1. UPO. B.
St. Hil-aikr, ni*toin< dTipaiiDe. Turn. xii. New cd. 1844 Mt].
Dunham : HInL of Sp«in nnd Porttt^l. Now «d. 3 volv. llino.
1847. ruKSCOTT: llbtuTyof tbeltcignof lliilip IL ) volt. H-n.
18U. Tickmor: nut. orS[i«&UU Litrraluro. 3 vol*. 8to. Ifti9
j.i.onKKTK: IFuL da rincjaiaJlkin OXupogno. 4 vuli. Parli,
590
APPENDIZ.
TbB RoMAK CATnOl.tC COCXTKR-RKrOBMATIOS.
L 7%e Council of TVml. Sourer*. J. I« Pl.il (tnicher of CuoT
J^w M LouTnia) : MonumiMitanun ad EliaL Coactl. Trid. Spoc-
lontlim Amplitiiiuntt CollMlio. Luutud. ITHl tut). 7 (^) toiu. 4la
Acta Coac. Trid. nnn. 1&63-Ii3 ■ CnrdinKlo Foli'Mw <I(-tvri]iUi *tL
Ueadham, London, 1811.
Lciltraa M Mtfou^rv* d« Fraitfoii de Vorfpu, de norin du MnlvCDdi^
[iii«int«ra d the InijHTiid omliuejrj, «t dv i]iii.-lqai>B Evikjuo il'K»-
|uigno, toucbMl le C«i>r. du Tranto. Farin, Iflil. 4U>.
lleiuUum: Momoin of tliii Council ot Treut. 8to. London, t834.
New«d. 1M4.
PlAitdc : AnecdoU ad Ilbt.' Cone. Trid. Furibi^nlU. Oduiiijceii,
nsi-lStS, Sfl pngrammita.
Kckd : ZuT Gcf cbklite d. Concil von Tricnl ; Acteii-«tnclce an* Oea-
tetreeluBclK'n Arcliiven. Tienn*. lilt,
CuiODM e( DockU Cone. Trid^ joxU Exuinplu- authentic. Roaun
«litntn,ed. Ic Flat, Antweqi, 1779. *U). Mulrii], 178S. FoL Kew
ed., onlarsad from iho Rom. BullaHum, by A. L. Ricbicr, Vtsipt\g,
lees.
LiBRi STwnoLtct EccL. CATnoL., tid. Strait woir and Klener. Got-
tingcn, ISS8. 9 tol«. Sto.
Hiitoritt of the CauncU of Trent. Paolo SABpr : IttorU nM Cone.
TriilenL, London, lOtO, Ibl.; in Lntin. London, IGJOi Engl. tntO»-
luion bj- Bront, 1678, Tol. FrunuL ed., with qoEm \ij Le Courayvr,
London, 3 torn., folio, 1 iSfi.
SroxEA PALi^AViaxo : IrtoriA del Cone. diTrcnlo. Roiuh. ICS«-7
S L, fol.: 2d ed., 31. 4tc, IGGS: In I.atin, Gintlino, Ram. and
Antvp., i6'i, 3 t, 4to; new vtt. reviM.iI hy iLu uuiliur, Romti, I$SS.
BiuKTiirLit ili Fri Piiolo Stupl dl BkncU-Giovint. ZuHgo, 183t, S t.
K. Munch : Fr* 1'. Sorpi, Cvlinilt*, 1633.
WecMnberg [Roiuan Catholic] : Pic irmiBcn KirdicDvenunmlungez
dor la. D. IG. Jahrb. ConMAnCL-, 18(0.
Courajor: Ditcoun fllsl. pit In Rifccption du Cgndic doTn-ntft
AniRtvrdjim, I'M (appvmlis to S:iipij. BuD-^tncr: Ilbt. da Con
cil« d« IWnto. 3 voU. iSmo. l^aa.
Tbo rop«R or thit Period. Rakbr : Bbtorjr of the PopM. 9 rola
Sto. 1807.
Vioronti: Sixtn* V. o. tvinc Ze'iU llaycncc, ISGS:
IIUh.vkh: Lif« of Pop« Sixlui V. t^j;;!. tnmrl. 9 vols, flra
IS!-/.
KoUni^: Do oetia Condi, trid. G(iltlng«n. 3 port. 8 vo. 1811.
I
I
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I
A UST Of WORKS OK TQR BEfOItUATIOX.
591
I
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I
I
I
II> Tit Order «/ Jetubi. Corpus loatltutwiuii Soclcutis Jc«a.
AntTp, ITOJ. 2 ToU. 4to.
CoAKlltutloii-M, DeorvtA CoagrtgHtloautn, Cecuura cl Piwcoptn, cum
Liitcrii Apmtol. «t IVivilugiis. I'ragne, 17&a. 3 vols. 4 to. la-
itltiituiii Hx. Jesu. rrngui^ ITft'. Fol.
Live* of Iini'tiiu Lajtoln, bf Jtauitc : ConsaUU to Atta Sanctorum,
JaL vii. est »cq. ; hy IUuadknbika, Niiplo*, Hit, Miulrid, lOM,
Mil in Act* &jict. 1. 0. <:&3 Kcq. i Xt^ Matpki, Kant«, I5S5; b^
tUrtoll, Bonia, 10S9. Gcnclli : l^b«ii iL hellig. LoyoU- Inn*-
brudc, ISie. L Ttylor; Lo.voh nsil Jvniitim in it* KuJimont*.
8vo. London, 1849.
EMTcitiB SpiriLuidta Iga. LoiutcD, Antvp. 1G38, lUUibon, 1839. Ill*-
tory of tliQ Jesuit Ordor, by IlnDciiniullor, 1G88 ; bj- GrciMC, In-
gobudt, ISS4 ; liy It. Uofpiaian, Zurich, (1G40) IGTO. Hint. d.
BoU)^et» de U Compaj^lu da J6»u», VsLtit, 1740, Utreobt. If4l.
4to. 4 took
Harvoberg : Pra^in. GsHi, A. Ordenii tl. Jmulti'D. Hulio, nGO. t volfc
4to. [tiondroiic :] Hut. (jcnurslc dc la NnifKinco M det Ptwgi4i
<1« la Coiupagnio de Jmu* ; «t [C. Pals«] 1' AdaIj^io du we Cooititit-
tbn* ct PrlvUdeM- Parif.KCO. Amoc, l7Gl,a *oIf. WoUiAUt^
Gich. d JufcuilVB> 4 Toll, hripz'ig. 1903.
KlnoricM of tho Jcxnil*, by DoUwi, 2 \oU. Tx>niton, 1916 ; by LI»-
kenii0tP)«ri% iStfi; by De Sorrion, F&^i^ 1885; by CaltTUtKAC
JoLY, rnri*, 1844-6, G tome*: by Bruhl, Wikntbur;^, liti mtq.;
by Bum. Majeoce, 3 abtli., I8&3 ; by Sl6-^tfr, Rntiebon, ISSl ; by
Eoitom, Mannhdm, 1813; by Julius, Lcipxig, 18411 acq.; by
STXDtMETZ, London, IS48. 3 volj. Bvo.
For tlie niiiliitiiiiinoux work* rcqwctlDg tlio Jcrnilt*, rarerence muM
be had to lli« apvciaJ bdbliognipluc*:—
Citmyon ; Bibl. bUlorlquo d« la Compagnlo do J<*uii, on CMftlogM
dc* oumgc* Klktifi k rbutoira d«« Jc>uic«» dcpui* Icur origfau^
utc. 4to. 1M4.
EUbUothkjue dc* £crivuaii d« U Coiapagoi«i dc J6mr, on Notlost
btbliognj>Iiiquoit l'I>aloual«*oaTra^publIiSapar !*<* Mombrwds
la Compiignic dc J^irii* ; 3° Ot» Apologie*, du C'onirorcrM!* irli^
icii*vs,duHCriii<iuet liudniKaet tcieaiifiqne* euaoit<!oii kluurnijet.
Fir Aiir;n"iin M Aloo* d« Bukor, Brfrio i.-vii, I6&3-41. Of Uila
work. IVtitiolilt, {BiUialAte. b'bliapraph, 18G6), aftn' rvfemog to
tiM) pRTiou* biblint^npUiml tabon of Kibodcncira, Alcgambn, and
SoiMb«<ll, tttjn: " Allivi was von Jciiiiit(<n-bibliusTapbi« bitlier
•ncblonon ist| wud durvb du B.'scbg Wcrk ilurahauj iibcrflundn
gemacbL"
DTDEX.
I
I
AdUpliarlnUc coalr«nn7, US>
MrUa VI., Topa, <M Ihe emnpUaii «f
Ihs choreb, 111 hl> diincMT, lUi
rvply of di« Diet of Karambn);
(1A31) 10 fail dcmud for wllon
■galnit Luther, lilt; bl* l«tlar to
Aodumicii. Ili» Italian, broLtn up tif
the Iniiiiieiilon, MA.
Xff<, I.iillicr Innalitw, IKL
All la Chapell*, tMM ol, 4U.
A)l)iE«nM*, Itieir charaeur, U: <ni-
udo* of Inaocent III. *gUan Uun-
SO,
AlcUtl, 4;s.
AloiniUr. 108.
AlciK^on, Duke of (huibaod of Uw-
Cinl), 341.
Alcorn, Puke of (Duk« of AsJdb),
hit Jealb, 3T8.
Aluaniter til., hli inurrtaw vliL
Pmlcrie Baibaroaaa, 30.
Aloandet V., Pope, hi* pledfM la Iha
oooacil «f iitt, ii
Alaundt* VI., Pupa, bia fnat M
Spain, 4T! hia cbanmr, U; «Mwa-
mitnlcatea SaTonanila, S9.
AtoandM i>t Ualai, bia doetriae «f
aapannggaiuj pi«rHi,n.
Allea, Vmt«n,414.eO».
AlphonMi, king af E*iMtDxa1, (?•
Akieii, au.
AIti, Duke nt, Bl tha Mnftmicc rt
BajFonm, S?D: b» ch>nc<H, nli
hit ncnininrniUllont la Phnip II..
MI: wal la the NtlhertaniU, SOI;
■aiitiiiiri Italjr, 301, MtaUbhaa
H ««cbei
Hw "Cooncll tt Blood,' Mil esa>
CntH f^oDt mad Dora, IMl fall
Mheme of taxation, US, nslgna,
KM.
ABb«lat,««(iaidnFjraf, SSOi araiged
bj- Gniaa, ttl; tdlel of, M9.
AnabaptlUa, tbatf tenet*, 1T5 ; illfforani
daana vf, iTS; nnmenMu In tha
KalheriMiil*, U8| tofluence of Men-
no M tbim, 311.
Andonop, Ixuronce, ITP.
ADglo-Saioni, ilielt minnloa. St.
Anno Dotcyn, bcr rclum to Lok^'^^
Ul'i bir manla^evllhlleniy VIIL,
330.
Anieloi, elvmeot of mirttlciaai Id, Stt
hli doctrine of tba Mtlalactioii et
Cbrifl, «0.
Antboiiy of Naram, aniaiDS«*d W
Ortaaea, 389; made UeuI«llMt-ftt>
eral. aes.
AnlitriiiilaTiaai, r<aa of the, 477,
Anqntm, on CalluHne de Meilkl. 3ST.
AqnloM, bia doclrine n( induIstnMa,
M; of tupvrfromlnr/ meHto, U| on
Iba infalillillilr of the IN>|>s, 30.
Aflwiiam, lla prvi'alence ainoiiK tba
Wbarlan natloni, tS : •unilooied bf
Cailbolldim, ».
Arltfoile, connHtlon of tcliolaillcin*
wtUi. nOi hla anilioriljr ihiktn bj
the tlumuiiala, 530 ; hDofatattBrkeO
bf the raforman, 5U; hy I.Dlbcv
534! Htlanrdibs'a Tiaw of, S30i r»
tainail hia place in CulhaHe unleini
tiea, UT.
Armlaa, <MMUlUiea < to (to m
cec tufj', (Bt.
SH
DCDEX.
tiwlntai^ IMt liilil II. VSi tbM
■ hiJil^ll. 4Tt| Ihmr palitkd <U-
iMMot *kb Ow CalrWMik lU;
*«ny wiik osMOM. nst huum**
nmaikaa,iaB.
' AnuuU, U^ HL
' *iM7>, AMoiq^ ML
^AflwU,of BraKk, hii»i«aDl fatt.
Ma.
l«imU, T., «« CkBidt Md Blal^ teo.
An, boir •flvcmd bjr Pnnmaati^n,
M4i In tb« >'ttlMriu<U, ML
Altkl«^ lb* IM, Mil HnT nS<B< du
CUbclk pHV, Ml tba lis, aSi.
AttklM, •< At Omnb <d E^lMd.
(nmnl, 3S7i KTJiiMi o( (lut). au.
AnkiM, tW LMBbMh, SN-
A*aelklMN, tU Mislii In Um (t»Rb.
tU; in th* Hiddte AgM, US; cMi
any br rmMtutiun, 510.
AMMbcr, in th* Utb Mt IMh MO-
UBtM,S-
AHWouhI, Pmlntut ud CulMtk
Tl» ol, M*i thi ibasfx »t UraUn^
471.
4alM </iiy)^ in Bptan, tO).
AnffitKiTjc, DiaCtt (l»0),n8i iUde-
I3W, nil.
Anc*>iurK. OtmfMdas (rf, IIS: Apol-
aHy tar th* Conffidon, lU.
AuEihnix, p«««« of, U>; wholMnnn
•RiKt o( IC, 439; violUloil* »r It,
(St
Aapintint, on nllslwu pamcutlon,
8Ut h* ii ttudkd bf Lnllur, Wi
how h* MJKn (ran Calvin, SIT.
Aoiibk, (pnad of I'ToWUnllMn bi,
43t'. Jenill Indutnc* In, 49S.
A*iicti<in, rmi'lcnra ol Oa popa al. U|
(liatador of Ihtlr tourl, M.
ttahylnniul cAiriivlty o( (ha PtpKj.ti,
Baraii. t»niiiird, hi. Hbtvrfca) Dli-
oourMH, HI.
.KOTi. Ijonl, bii v<ivot ulmla(7, 3i
00 the FuriUn conlravtn)', M; on
•tilwopuy, S3ti on chnrA ROvmt-
riilw^Hwi.WT.
r .111 itii ifilii ITillifMliin.l
nnWarn. lii-l. lltt
fiaBMnUi,0Uta,a4
■■ — '". — t *•' V r*
BnMteBBnc«ot,<aihtMWtUPhm.
H^i. tlTIi ir»hiiiMlii> — ^■'-■-'
t«,14t.
BMv.r. C»4«[«at
tnm, KMhM4, tCt
««8i ^MMfawM Ui]
4U.
Bvl«,oalM.X,«.
ifaMM,<teiiiWLaB>.
B>«s(te4r«ii4«4a.
Bifuiwi ah* tW}- ««(«, ST.
Bdlannia*, •■ ito Mmi«l«i «l *•
Chank, Ui oa Iba vU«l> C3Mi^
«5i •• Ctadind toMvBM.
r mill r^illMl.fcliijIiIi. TT
IhNa^riM. lift.
fknard, ft,, ■rMldon •(. SL
l)«niard,«r Wttaaar. OL
BtTM, BcfoRBtdM, anaUbli^ la, 141.
Btrqaln, t^mit da> Stt.
BuikilUr. »0i put In death. MS.
BtM, IhiMdofa; hb thancu* anl
mannvn, WIi at tha CiMt^a/ «l
Polny, SOI I on Caltin-a 4Mlb, >M|
hit rrmatk on lh« daiUi ol Fraada
II.. aU) «n tht atfi^of thawari
" ItoRQaiiot,'' SU.
nible, tha nam «l ProlManHnnt Ul
Liithfr"! tianilation of Ilihll3i ila
twnoQt la Uu Canniiuk Il3i carlr
G*nnan tnndatiima of Iha, lIKi |>ub-
li>linl in Fji^li^ by Haai}' VIII.,
3!3; DuJobyUiarTOtaManbtbtnila
oltaith. 4Al:*fi(«lo(iiinriuTHUnl
CODiiUini, £30; til* naAiag of It not
tneDUT*|{Bil 111 UiK Ckthalle ChuKb,
bW; origin o( IticdiiaMot liwaann
tfa* Ullr, bSI.
ma, OabiM. 4ST.
RIbd Irala, tit.
I
IKDRZ.
saf>
Bloliv mMtiDif of lb* Sut«»4Iiiml
a((llT4), 978; (liSB), r9.
Boccaccio, bit nlatJM to Uia nvival of
IckniinK, 411; bU traiBniDt ot lliu
Churcb loil nlJKioa, 3S8.
Bodin, 3.
Iblioiuift, l»« kllocMl t? tba «x*-
cullon of IliiM, ITTt lU convtnlMi
to C'lirutjiuiity, ITS; iU luflwiulc*
■ttar Uw SoialctWs w, IU; Ptot-
Manti acquir* Ugtl pnUMion Id,
ni; NOOpUaa «I Lotlwr'i doetrint
is, IBS: lu ravolt ■gaioM >'«nliaanil
1I.,4SI: gli«lu croifD Id Iha £b»>
lorl'dallnc, 124: doTUUMd, 49).
Bologni, IVoIalanliim In. <>D).
HcilMC, ImprlHUifld mC Oea«T>, 1114 1
bMUbod, Hi.
B«B«vHtaM, mjntJclnn of, CS.
BonKaor. tin tpotllt of Gcmunj'i 33.
Bonrftcc VIII., hit IhMfiMuid iihonc-
Hr, 30| oppotad hy the ipjfil a( mt-
tI«uISiai,aBi hiicHiAittwiihrhiBp
Uwfair.nt bit bull, cbrwit laitoi.
>Ti ia aamilltd kird djti, 13; haw
by TMti, WiMnuu, and
hmb, ar.
Goiuonhip of. In tha Bonun
Catholic Cbiirch, JSii i in Promuat
•ouDlrkc, USi bjr Laud, USi hj
I)i« Varitant, >38.
Umw, Caiharino Tun, liar marri^;« wilb
UUur, 191.
Bormneo, Cnto, Ui charatUr, 41S.
DaiHuet,aU, 533; nftr* Iho Bcrarni>
allon la a ditpul« W mooki, t; on
tlw Ttlallon of l^tMUnllHii M
abuMa in IheCliunih, 13: on tbt «ar>
ntpliaa of Uic (Imrcli. IS: ha opin-
ion of CaIvinNiriliaii<i>l,3(K1: biAonr-
nqKitiihnn wHh Uolkou*, 454 ; willi
Ltiboiu, IHl.
IViibwall, M^rj-'* auaihnMni to btoi,
S73 1 h<* ^ganey ia I lamliy'n mur-
ilcr, 374; bU abduction et IbaquMn,
874; hit ■itpixr at |->liiibur|;b. 374;
bl> din>R« fruui bit wKt, ITSi lilt
nurrlae* «lth Mmtj, ITS.
Boucher, Jean, 47B.
Eooibmu, their unton with Um Uuifw-
■otdlU.
Bndfofd on pradMliaadoa, IM.
Braatomo, on Gulaa and CDli|[»i, Ml
adiuli** Uaiy Qutoa of Scot*, -l&T.
Dmlo, dcdanlloo of Charki II., fram,
441.
lInd«n>d^ aor.
BtMiGufdodt, IIL
Ucethiu ia Unitr, tba Buliimiui, tIm
off US; ihair racviiUon uf Lulber'i
dMtriBt, 133.
EMtonoalt hl« mfofinatory tandcnciaa.
944) oppwM FraUUtiilitni, 944
8ritl,eaptBraof.SM.
firadoU. 3U3.
BrwM, GlonUno, S91.
Bijrot, Ua woik on Iha " Holy Bomu
Kmpira," 99.
Bud»ui,34li EnumoataiDpaicd with.
T«.
Buotr, HaiHii, hia <nnlcal cflorti, ISl.
a pTofaaor at CamLtidgc, )i6\ m
tprtmoalaa la tha Eagllih Chiuth,
344; bit latter to tha PmiaalBiitt d
Bolocna,3S3.
Burbaun, .<I«onE«, 364.
BuKonhacto, thapca tha tbnreh caaMb
tutloo «t Denmarli, 1T3.
Itara*!. tor Eom|)rabttD<>an, 443.
UulliDKvr, on tlio tx«eutioD ol SarT«tn%
S39: hia ioUnacp with EBgtUh dl-
viuaa, 333.
Burcklian)!, on the tona of th« Iiallao
KanalNnnce, 380.
Buiklgb, hi* ttiliel in M^Dlogjr, 3,
Ilunui,fia>.
CcMitnl, CkMlnal JdUu, ISl.
QMcroD, too.
Cajuaa, Ua InUtrrlewi wilb Lulbar at
AugabuiXi M,
Cdixlui, hia ipicniltDi, 48 1.
Oalixtus II.. PopF. oiiicliidw Iho
Wenna Concordat witll tltoiy T.,
S8.
Calmar. Colon of, ITO.
Calrln, b» birth, IM: btlonsa to ika
fcmod t;iiD*ntJon of Haformora,
IMi hia childhood, UHi U* father,
mi atudiai at l^ria. 131; ftoOM
law at OrloBn» and Bosri*', 1)1
hia profluiaoc;', 103: bia habila at
S96
IKDU.
Mody, IMi \ctm» Grtak, IMi
•diu SfRKKi tnttit* OS "<]«D-
tnor," UUi for «bit raum, IMi
bU amnaiaa, IWi Ut dM, Uft;
Ml TtnsranM hr Ibe Clialth, 1U|
bit Tntm tat abynas, IMi d»-
TDIFd to nliponi ibidloa, lOSi
vriM u addnw for Nichulu Cop,
IH) fliw (rw> Pvb, IVSi rUiu
B^arn, IM; tgtia flia (nun I'ariis
IM; hii "Pfydu>puiiiT>iliU." It7|
«t SlTMbBtg. 191; tampowf UiB " In-
■U(uU>," IVTi tttt fliolM tbem In
l.^ln, IMiMiJcdicaiJon to Pnnd*
I., IDTi bJi pcnoHiI chkrmclertallaiv
IMi bovwWdued bf UilaDctlran,
1U[ tonilint la hli opinjont, Its
Us omoeptkn ol iIm Qiurab, 800
bb doolrine ot Prtdmliutlnn, 9011
bia pnctiotl netira In it, aOl
bi* d«otiiD* MUpwiLl Willi Aojco**
IIm'*, SDl; with tulhi<i'>, S09i not
•n MmmM will) njtiui] to rllM,
aOS;hll loUartoSanirMl, aOS; triU
k'lio lb« Anglican CliiiKb, MS; hii
Ivllai ra (Jrannicr, SMi eoumtMl
Hilb l.ulbnr, EM; bia oauMiriout
luDD, S04i wul o( bMltb, 904: bit
pBMloaata tcrapor, 104 1 Ua bonuga
to law, •»( bia uil (ot lb* honor o(
Uftd, SOSi hi* bynina. BOO; hU lilgb
itwllllai^ 9Ht vUlta ibo Duchoa ol
Peirara, 307, Uat nop* In Gcaava.
on liii mum, 907| in«T*d by Farel
lu mnalu. :llli bit llrit mtk IhtiNv
SIS; rpfutM to aduiliLlatpr lbs Saiim-
manl, tl3) ia banlibcd, 1U| at
6ti»liur|[, Slaj atlradt Iha Gir-
man confar*ncw, 9ll! bit oppotltlan
In til g 1^i|wlc liiUrim, SNt hlira-
Ranl tor l^Uipr, SUi lili Iriandtbip
(or Ualauetbnn, S14i hit nlatkma
li> tba Xtdnitllari dniRhcw, 9U:lunr
Lnatodby Utnie. 316 1 bit inarriaHW,
lIBl nwaUail to (iBntra, Sid; Iiiji
lettar lo Sadolet, 9IB| hi* ceclaaii*-
tktX Mid civil ayneni, 91T; i*-S>-«
the rrldenhlp, 'Jiii Inltuinot of Iha
MpiilU cihlfl on bli achemo of ^v-
■niBaDt, 9M| oppoied by Uw
UbattioM 4Dd Patrktt, SIS i i^
iaicaaMtka Uktat Gl. Oa«^
S9T) condanoad tfaa plot U Mtaiap
naM OnlM, 9M; (avor* (ba (ntiUa
aiiypf— loa ot rallgiaaa amr, tM;
bit conSicU at Uaonag 991; lit
contravony with Cktwlfia, 99t; lii
vllBpafatira B[i4lbau, IMi kti
eoncarn in tb* Iriat asd daalb a[
SanMBi, 930, 931; bUactinta lUi
•flatr, Judggd by Uulaet, 910i bit
lf«a(a»D.c d l^llu fitrlnna. SU;
bit (hiunpb over Ika Ubtnloa^
Sn I Ui 4«actl|ilbin •( fab MblUdtv
9U| fab Uon and liiDaaiM«, >H|
hit comapoodaaoc, tUi bb lotwDW
CO (be Fraich lt«(onB*ilan, SUi hi*
last dv*! AWl t>l* nrioui alnplqr>
msata, MSi Uf UM liuantow wfeb
Iha Sanaia, M»i vilh Iba Oatsr,
M(i hu ivikir ol bb Mitar, 1ST;
fab doitb, 9»: Ut obwaMar, IM)
tanlu of hb eooitituiitin at Ovnava,
339; hb loltaT l« llaigam. Q. «1
Narirrr, 94Tt lioir rt^ardad by
IlucuMiol marlyn, SM; iacnIcaCaa
obadlaooa lo mien, 930; dlaaftaovaa
ot iba Amb^aa eonipincy, 9>1;
chnKwl iriib ATiaabm, 913; ««
7.irinfla'* viow of Iba Knduubt, 9U ;
hi» inllusno* In Engltad, 331 f bb
diSsMnca tnm Augitttiaa, tSI ; bb
dodrina ol tiio Lord'* Supprr, 140;
on Ibo obHiTaiteo «! Suiutay, 43li.
Calvlalini, aa a Ihculi^ltal ayalam,
3ni bov II pronotcd dvU Vkutf,
9Mi III theoiy ot tba powtfi ol
Chunta andSUtf, 3»j rtiiuUicaa
dunudrol it* rbuivh csualitutlni.
MOi iu Ihvolccy (ituaTiMa man by
axallinu God, 340; compaivd with
Romaniim, la It* vivwuf iJhunbaud
Stata, 941; anuKf* of opiutliiaa to
It in h'nnn, 9U: inuic umeljtt U
France than LuUivntaiiu, 9U; to
lh( Church ol Enjiland, 33(^131;
bo* (t aprrad [n Iha tialharlaiuliv
aSR: hoiUIlly ol LnDiciua ta, 431
ha Cvr [Hiint^ 174.
'UvLuu, pnrr^ in tbo KtthMUvk
I
I
DfDKX.
69Y
tllmdc)'! ilio "CnntfMloBclRiu,"
311; <■■■ mil f*var nllgiotis tlborlj
in Ibft Ktltitrlaiid*, 3U ; taMf
prtitiso fnr il (inS), )It: Ihdr
|»lkk*t dl)Ttr*Dc« «Itli Ui« Annln-
luu^ tl4i ptoriilon (m ttaoa In
lbs Treat} of Wmphalk, il3i m«
"PraksUaU," "Itefoniutlan/'aiiil
andlrllM diScrml conntrici.
CuDpcQjio, IcfcUa of Clement VU.,
lis.
Cnppcl, wu «t, IM.
Ca«ni, Mluwl of. 413, iS^
C4m0a, hi* boalillljto doctrinal In-
novation*, 306; on th« ipraid of rnt-
(■(aiiliioi in Iul]r, 3iti oritnniMa
Iha Iiii|uuuUaa in llaly, MIS; ill
CTuntiv, (04; ki> (!oiu>Uiuni lo Paul
III., tUi-.Wiii pf-.\iMMty tn(ltx,405.
CarlHtAitl, iliaiiutu villi tick at Lti^
lie, OS; hi* leaitocluCic mOTOBUit
al VTillsnlwrc, IIS.
Cambny, Toua of, IIS.
Ckrlylc, on tba oationi whidi n
JKtti the liclonnallon, Ml.
CtniMMxIil, riitra, 3U3i fat to ikatl!,
411.
Cananu, Ilartolow' <!*, p«naoutioaot,
409.
CaMwrlebU hi* prinelplaa. Hi.
" CuikM lallpn," llu quution of A^t
gsnuinens'*, 3T6.
CunanJor, 48!.
CaMalUo, Ilia diirK** agaiiul Calvin,
a»; iMittni tttm (how**, aae.
CU*au<luibra*ii, r«ie« of, 3M.
Cuharlna, of An|{un, lisrmatTitg* vlih
frlntn Atlliur nol ooil*uniiniit«(l, 819.
Cktliarine da Unlid, h*r cli.l.lhMxl.aM:
ber rdatlon* to ba boibanil, 9M:
boi lUpcculonH on Dloju of r«iilcM,
tiTi tur luibJiiun, 3b'; luUinl by
Ih* QulMh UT 1 ai>)ii)m ixw<r oo
tlic il«lh ol rrsncii 11.. Ml: al Ibo
Cviifoitncf at lluviinuc, 'JTOi aim*
■« lnlAiti-r tb>t parii** iiRiinil s*ch
Mlwr, STO; ImrninllviMiniiiikiKiilli*
truly ul Si. Uvniiiirii, jTj- jJum a
■airla^t* b«(w«o IJ. Kllialiclli awl
W K>D, 3T3 1 tisr Jvatuuiy ot < 'cliKny ,
>T4i |»lot*UiaaaMinBlI«a,ST4| tW
lU hiiD afUrlka ia wonnded. ITA; b«l
ajf*ncf in Iba ma«ntr* of S(. BarlboU
<>in(v, 970; Iwr polltjr afttr it, Kt
Oathariua voa fi«s^ bar BaniaK* Witt
L«lwr, 12S.
CatbarMa, Uwtr |irifidpt*a, SS.
Calbolka^ nangtlical, panMuUoa i
thtm, 409.
Catholic reaction, it* Ttulliy. Iwir
abown, 410; how iSecUd by Uu ^o-
(*•> «f Ua Afmada, 4att bf Ui« ao-
eaauon of tUnir IV., 411 ; praatn>
lion of il, tin.
CatliDllciun, Komin, inoro choihhad In
Soutliom KuFopo, 4IS.
Catbolii'inri, l?|iiiJti>il>, lu t[>irll Ml
nltcd Lo I'nuioo, ISO.
Cauiin. Augualln*, lOt.
Cgtli, mialiicr of Jama I., 4tS.
Celfba^, lb offecl oa lbs Papacy, 99.
CarranUa, sao.
Chalcedoa, council of, Infloanoad hf
Lm I., ID.
Chatmpra, on Cburrb and SlaU, Nil.
Charlvt 1., Iiix arl)imr7 prindplaa, 4Wi
bin iRiatuienl of Papltu, 4311.
Cbartc* 11., bi> rulunLioB, 441; hi*
doclarUlim from Umia, 441 : TiottM*
U«pldlst>,44l: hi* tharaciM'. 449
Anglican RcBftioouodsr, 441; U*al-
liann wlib Laul> XtV.. 443.
Cbarkmasno. cromMd at Romo. U;
Emparorot tho >V«*I.1I[ hi* nlailMia
10 1 ha r>l«c}-> ^ I '<'°*^< <■( Iha bnah-
iug Hpof Ilia Empire on (he l'i|i*cv,
M.
Cbaria* tV., lb* OoUen Bull of, 103.
Charlca V., hU •tra(E6l> *hh IfMnot*
L, 4!l| hixxlcnilrc domlnlnui, IM)
aleclod Kmporor of Goimaji}-, IWi
fMaon* lor Uio eboiei, IMi alana ot-
(Mxiunad by it Is Europe lOti hoNII.
ily of rranrit I. to, and It* sninnd*.
lltt: bi>i(har»t«r, lOT; ho«hoa(«nl
in tbc affair iif th« RrfrimiMiiin, IK? ;
hit mliiijt dcaira, IDT: fuiiiiBan*t.a-
Ihcr la (ha Ultl of Worin*. lOS; hdl
rtKrat that h« did not then ttmnf
tjitbor, lllibiiagretmnl >Ilh ta*
B8S
IKUEX.
Z., Ul| hbiMloaitiiKrv;uillolLt
■Mcntiljr Ml Splrra, 116; IUieM
lamiMl iitaiiut dim, llfl; «bMM* U
■BunUiii tlieoU Mm at lb* Frnpln*
Ii; 1 niakw iMM •bh CiMDMt Vn^
USi dinlilnl (mm crtithinK PMt*-
tMliiiai(«rUii;««MilrainlU3),IMi
bb «xpMlitiun Id U/fitn, IMi Mt
■nptrfirial •fliinals of t'roMaUMliW,
IS4i ««UiMI*li8» iJte loEitfm, IMi
appOMd \y Puil III., Ifllituvea
ferdlnand to DaeMlau mth tin rreC-
mUmi, ISTi «bcUr*u*, too, SNi
btOM by Uio inonl (arM ot Prat-
•Munlf m, Ul I hU f«fM«aIli« hi die
NMlwriuid^ MI; lU tltttt m lb<
00Ulkll7, flNl bl> doiiltr life, SSUi
Ui bijplir, 9Mi till dtalli, 410.
OhutM IX..bc«nnu kiiiR of Smden,
m.
Cluiln VIII., ol rnim> hh iniruian
at lulf, 11.
Ofa*ilialX.,«( FnuM*, hi* wnMfnn,
Wll lil>Biij{«i m(th« ItuipunM ri»>
t^, 870; tmpnawl bTCi)llipi7,STl;
ritiu falm afur h« l> v«un>l«d, 376;
hi. d«Uh. srr.
OiksUr, >ia.
(AoiiFFf, on ttas mmdirant friara, SB.
CUcitorllild, I^r<l, 8.
QirliUan II,, of Ilcniuarli, (aron Pral-
(MiUnlism, ITl; niml*, ITl; hl>
etuDl(}^inS«ri|fn, lTli<l«pM*(l, III-
Cbriidun IIL, of DcRiiiirk, [ntnduce*
Protntaetlfm, 1T».
Ohriitian IV., uf Dfniiiark, hia MmO,
IM.
Chriuiuiii/, Kpiridullty ot, 14; Id re-
tntio'i 10 •--ullur*, Ml.
Chan)!. at'i-Itd hf }udaii:in2 idKM.
14; *inip1g orsaniiatioB nl rliiiit>i»-
Inlle, 14; ill* municipal, 13; il* of-
flcmit iho outxt, IS: rlw ot Iho
|Ct>'>*«oi<<i'< In It, l(: IrDDK'j* uid
Ttrliiliiaii on ibt ililble, IT; iiilla-
*no* of pollUca) modda on It* poUtf,
IT; primer ot ihe B«m«n SmId
Iha, IB: diect «l tlia (all of Roman
bnpiM m tlic, Ut TtMtIra of ibo
^tMl alemeat tn Um, S3.
CliRnli. Oio potilj of, iho piiadplw ol
(h* l.iitlicru Bafmman, 4M| ■■>
mllMd by ihem, U); Zvfagle'* t k«
f-r, 4W; CalTin'a rivw of, IM.
CIraKb at Eaiiland, toAit Jtaia I,
433; Ha M* IhMiy Of EpboarHj,
433; bMomM Armiaba, 434; xal
for n after tht natoMiioD, Ml,
Ibtdrioi of lU nlaUan to Ifco 8eBl*|
499: llw ErtitiaM dodriai, tOO;
Jloaker** Tlnr, SOO; Araold'i Ttaw,
SOO: WubunoD'a ritir, SOli Osl»-
rU((e'a Ttgv, SOI : Oladstaao'i Ttow,
EM; Chalmin'i vioir, iCSi Hw
aulBj-'i tIcw, mi.
Charrh, Boman Catboll?. la An Cat-
l*d SlalBi, Ii09 : liuir fat nf paoiIU*
fsr p«ni<cutJaa, &tSi on (he nadfag
of Ibu Uib[a In iha ranmUr, 6Mi
Cburdi, ScoUiah Pnxealaat, lU mot-
aMpand tanMkutlon. 3T)i beeooua
(ulljr Pntbytrriaa. 380.
diuirh andSlalf, riewtiftbe Belbr^
tn on their MDnrciion, 48li view
ot l.iiili«r and MFlanctlion, 4M; at
Zirfnjclr. 4911; of Calrin, 4Ml Uck
mnnKlion In EnffMii, 4Mi Itomaa
CattiDlIc lhMido>,B04; Ballaraln***
v!vw, 604; dnrtrlna ot lU* Jaral^
GOC; AmnrKan throry at lbcirrel»>
tIflD, SOS.
CiTil aiitliariiir, in<|ulri** InU iIm B*-
lun ot, *0.
Clarrndon, Cnnilllutlant of, 39.
Cl»ni™i vrr, !■" trvatmani of tl«nt7
Vltl.'t prliflnn ha a ilinr(«. Slit
nnnat iiiitiii-c lhi> [K«l of Knrvm-
bc!g (t5dl) to iiipiima IjiiboiMi-
iMn, US; a prbuiier of Chutaa V.,
IIT.
Clomsniina lIomEliM, on P«ur m
Bitbop of KumD, IS.
CcmenI XI, agatnti Iho Jonatokl*,
4M.
CIMitiTra, conflKailon of Iteir pnipart?
Iti En^anJ, 311.
Calvriil£e, on the Papaoy, SO; «•
Chartb and S'lK, Ml;
Cola, 31') hu tbnrMUr ud umNk
n.
I
I
I
IN'DKX.
699
I
I
(Migni. refum to join in Uu Am-
txriM {ontplncjr, 3C1; pnMnIa (ba
BniEUfnat pMllion, US; Hkw IM
pari in (Ii< nuoHnnliaD af OidM,
9S0i ditaniTOTM of lb* EdtH of
Anb«iw,snii and* ittlliily In B*-
thtlUt, STt i nauna hoiLlitlos, t!l |
•t Jun» and Uoneonlaur, 471: his
cbariclcr, 2M)i vaiu« Io lilt court,
STlt hi* lolijr qnoJltka, S73: bit in-
fiamcc OTvr Chorlo IX., STliprv-
peas yrtx vilh S|win, ST4i plul M
ananinala hiui. ^t i hn in wouoilei],
STB; vUiUd by Cliarl«t IX. and
Catbaiina da Muillui, STS-
CelocD*, Elvclor of, bia toatmtiim to
rrolMUDliiuu, 431.
Cotaniu, Scum, lis a—iilW Donifaca
VIII., 38.
Caloun*, Villurift, JUL
Conifaaj, ilit Vtnenblt, at Ganera,
SID.
CompactMa, yraolod to Iha CtnquiaU,
IN.
Cemtwhanatan, omansBll]** for, Iml
bjr Um Cbuiah of Sn^nd, MS,
M3.
OaiaproioiH, tonntd by lb* noblea In
th« Nvlharbnila, 9BTi tbdr deaigo,
1ST.
Cmcord, Ifonnet, 4U.
Oandd, iMuit, I'rinca dg, liU obanMtr,
UD; privytotliaAinbotweOTUplFacT',
Kli uuilir airal at Oriawu* SSi;
tittd tur ueano, 363 1 bli lack of wia-
dooii 'iJO: iladi uftiy in Bochclle.
Kit tull' at Jama«, 'irt.
Ond*. llanry, Ptioot ik, adliia forth
wllb Coligol (ram Ko>!beII^ 211;
wuMBmaniatod by .SizUu V^ 2]S.
Canfaranoi at RalixbDa, W.
"Ctmgnt^o da pnp«canda tU»,"
no.
CORCi*Ra''''na'''ni> ><■ tba Frtncb
Chufrl). 409; ill N(« EnglauJ, MT-
CoDtwl (J Waldbiuatn, «1.
Uon* ilury, iu (uncllnuy Id Uaaera,
Sid.
CMwutcrlta in tba Lutbaran ihimbaih
Csoacaaoa, Council of, U; taflaraotl^
CanMantina, taUtion ol Cbiuih and
SUM BBilar, aad nndar Ua aneeaa-
■onL U; bla albcad donation ai*
poHd by Valla, IS8.
CoDiUtutloD of G«nn«nj, lOSi alUr>
■tloiu ol U. nude* HaxtmUlaii, KM.
CoDlarlni, al Badabon, US-
CooTDcalioa, in itia Eniliah Church,
UU.
Cttp, NMwlai^ UM.
Ondailaa, ba uaebta Calrbi, m.
Oouadl, of PUa, U; ef CoMtaitaa
43; ofllawt, 43.
C«UDcil>, Ibo Katoimtng, 4S.
('dundl o( Tnn!, cooclenini I'TOtaa
unt docirinc, 401 1 IVul III., tiaoa*
ftn it Id Uuloguu, 401 1 Iti bcoaflt ta
Ibe Catbolle caoK, 401.
Carsnanun of Scotland. 447.
Cox. Blibop o[ Ely, In Ihu mtmcat
toolnyrtny, M3) EUubatb'i (nat-
numl dI, 34(i.
Cnnmsr, bi* adrlca to HWI17 VUI.,
on Iha divaraa, 319 [ damaa lb*
dirorM, 3S0; pTOlacWd by llcnfjr
VIII., M4; calla Ibaoloflani (rem
tlu tanltneat, 3M; hli duwactcr,
U2t bk rlcir of Ilia (cnura at
cbuMfa olHccrs, tiS 1 pmpcaoa a l'rot>
tataat ccncnoil, Uj: Calrlo'a kilo
10, t04i bb oDlnlon on tin Eacha-
tlit. SIO| hu lEuuilatloa, SiUi bia
tiiitli,S2S; biadoaUi, 3tS: cOaetol
It, US.
Cnnbv Kiwnun'a nplnlan of, 80.
Crall, 47U.
Cramml1,l>llrtr,Knsland under, 441.
U«"Trlen,"4M.
CroiDwaU, Tliciuik 39li axaenllan «t,
Capk vilbdrawol of it trom Iha latty
ITS; duolrinaof Aiuloaa, tij.
Cyprian, 00 Ibi iirinMiiy of lh« llomat
Saa, U i av>>Dit paiaaautlon, S3L
Cyril, wiMJoaatr In ao^iada. ITS.
D-Allly, bia Ibaory of U» tlplwafM
MO
IKDEZ.
jyUhM. J*MW, O-d KkTHT^ bM-
tvtat U ItHlwIla, m.
Ltanuco*. J*kB III, 14T.
DhmU1m,>M.
Diau, IwnUiaBtir wsot mIum,
«r;<hMliM«llMPiVac7, M,Ui on
lb* dMbta •! tiM Kodiu Kapin, »;
UctmbM «o inMun^, M; «a (bs
B«|tltcl tf th* durie artbon, CTt
U» tfaMl(«r, XM) on lb» Ifoponl
nblllMi ot Uw fifM, m.
Dunky, bb idhtIisi with ibay, 3Mi
bfacbuMter, trOi dkfwUbb wlte,
nVt tMkia put fai lb* niiidcv «f
Biulo, ni : Ul, wd <rMMd br Hm7,
3T1: ukn lo Klrli-«f<d*U, tlU
munltrad, ST 4.
IVAuowlo, Due, on (>w mlUuirjr Ul-
•nM«r Ii«ai7n'..3»).
IfAaUKn', Tbtodor* Agrlppa. on th«
arisen ot tb* (Ml <r«n tn Frum,
MB.
1>ftrlU» flU£nvr«£« Ehc lD6acn'*c of
pillllcal malivH on (fai llueuinot
Mbl«,in-
OMNUb, Ptoula-bldoilui, SL
DtlMM, hi riM nnd ipraul, bU.
Dnmuk, rdarmMlan In, ITlt loUr-
*ou(Imi«/| InGtrmanT, (St.
D* ToeqiMTllle an ilie Fnnih Btrolii-
(ton, 1: on ih' InSuince of nlltfion
on llUrtr in America, MO; on the
InlallNtul cS«Ci of nvptliiiiiiu, Ml.
Etonf , HalUi««, Uw nuiiiipiri^n r«tor-
mrt, IffO.
[}m V-AiiH, rclslinn nf liit ly'tcm lo
l'N>t«MDtI«m, 517; l>i> ixtmuinl 1)1»-
Wy. MS; bit »yM™i (avomi liy tlic
Jmwakl*, UUi il i* "|>i'»*>'<' ''/ '''°
fiorboinw ud th* JHiiii*, M9: Uls
hooka piMtd on Ui( ImUi, US-
OlaiM of Poltim, mitiriM o( Uaury
IL. »T.
Dlai. Juan, W.
Mclnu -, Tril, on Lnthcr't pr«7«n, 121 ■
Dllril>ii.<inn, iu pieralvnM ia llal^i I o
IL* ir[baotiir7, oat.
DlKipIina. "Hnt Itook " of. UT;
" 8t<«iid Bosk " cf, nt.
CtiMonriM asd {otutiont, tgr at, Iff.
Oi9lliBW,« (bcMMMbof tMfar
nwdntefi, lb* o( tto otdv of IM
SIsllMirMrit* wiifa Um Jouibk 4»
Dwimw^ Uin Hi^intt ibi, tlL
n—nwirtb. mini tr Bmarfn, 4M.
DwMr.kli rMHk OB Lu*w, Ut.
Dwt, Spiod of. Engbb — t-n a
Udiut, JmuIi ■.tabllrtiiMBl ta, 4U.
Drak*. fur Frucil, MS.
Drtiu, balilBot.M>.
OuP*nm,ni.
Dupnt, CbMMlkr, ML
DnTOMitll.
Dfc. ■■ SvnMHv *■■■
Eek, It (ho U^ili Htpaueaa, «i
mite* ignlnM i>uibtr, M.
EeknK, MuMr, hta I'toathaUt M^
doB^.ai.
EdlntnrnA, tnatf at, tM,
iJliranI til., of En^and, Ml pMada
K<l»*rd VI., Ui tni*dtf, nt.
EcmoM, hit (tanrttr, »ti bb Ma-
rion to Spain. MTihbfnd^ In tb*
IconotlnaU, aOOt bb oxMnOea, «».
ettaiAtp, KTind bjr CalTia, 9Ta.
ElixahMb, Quwn, mI«om<d Id (be
Uirans, SM; hm ImUd hj Pwd
IV.,3XI:hM(anMrralMmtnndB):bMt
ni; bar DvatRWit of Ronun Cidi-
«llca, >3l! ptneculinu nndar, 3I>|
htt Iraptflau* ttvaiioMt «t bar Uah-
on aWj atotfa aU to lb* SotOM
iDHirBsala,' 3M; htr ■utrfmaaiU
■•lani for Marj, Qmw a( SMMk
MV : icfiuca la cuanaHa ihs tacMk.
■ioD. tut; her imrtiaRl Indlcnntka
at ih( UMtDioit td Uarj', BMi db-
foaad in mion htr la harthRnic,
MOi nmprlltd to Mipp«n Uum/
and rhc Wk Ml i Caiholk conbl-
MtPon agatiD* h*r, «U.
Kmpanin, Hainan, (avortho Saa af
foma, tL
Emplr*, Qannm, tontlet ol iha I'aptay
«hb the. Ml OmtrmlUgm ol. h
Mr coadbt, M.
^
INDEX.
601
Enpln, BoiMn, tnppoMd to b« ra-
•Laml bf CbtiUmvpi*, 13.
EokImiiI ^poMit in th« 14th milsiy
udijr, in Ilia ttlh tenliu]', In. M;
icrivml «t Iwrnlog In, TBi JetUlujr
«J the hkniKhjr In, JIDi tn pattlM
under Henry Vin,, In, talirotxl-
Uon In (lU(i|, 3>3| lUdcnllorr ton-
din with Spain, S81| dtluU* tlM
AfDuda, IBSi {Upo«ltioa udcr tlis
Btnarln, U3| aulMrrienw to 6p«in
andcr Jaints l.,43t>l ila infloMiM
Bodfr CromwrJI, Ut i orieia of Do-
bm in, SU-
bl^od, tho Churcli of, tnminKot ilt
•iticlta and piajror-book, 49C; ar«
it* *rlT«tc* Calrinittir, tiS; ilaopln-
iqn on Iho KudiiHnt, MO ; lU dottrina
of pr«cla>tin*tion, 33$; tnakii* (h*
Uibl* til* roll, of faith, M9i Calrin'i
ranarlii on, 303; lU suieral eliarac-
Hr, SSS; it* rolMinn (o Itio Prslnuiil
tkurchoi abroad, tn i It* f rlondilllp
for tho Swkia churchs*, >n.
llnKland, Iti* RafDmiatieo in, how in*
troducod, SUi tlia pocuiiaritjr <f,
tlT; Imb ptomliunoa ol ila Itadan,
aUi (taotionagalnKlt atih* aoe«*-
alon of Uatj, UT.
Eoaina*, Jajrma, 407.
KplKopatf, littlo amtnnnj about tt
aouiog tha flnt Pntealanta, SU;
Uolanodion'a ricwof.m; Cianoitr'*
opinion, n^i Lord Bovon on, 131-
■'KplmfHil >;fiicin,"lDGtrauor, 191.
B^icoplui. 471.
Rpbotpnlc, riw o( tlic, la.
Eiwnua, ■! Oitlont. Tti Die principal
tcprcaoDlalivt n[ llumuiliin, TTi
hit pflpularilf anil fania, ITl com-
|und iritli TulUirt, TT; bit attain-
Dcnti, Til »in|ior«i1 witli BaiLtua,
19; bit pal mm anil lii* loTO ot In-
daiwndcnua, TSt iliu (ua of •aptntl-
Hon, Till U) rxporivnto of manunti-
<iiun, Tdi lib varfar* will) iriank*. 73;
Ua "IValM of Folif," and "Cullu-
L4Bt**,"TP| oOond) ilia I'ranciMaiii,
' M; Ua hatrrd of rharlMlua, BO;
hii opinion of craadi^ B0| larcn
ntiulDiD lilwri.v, BIi rharged wllb
hoTftj, 81i liii " Cnlloqnles " <an'
damntd Ijj- iIk Unlvonlly ot Pari*,
SI; lila ndiU'ina of lh« Falhan, 81i
bis edition of tbo Kcw TwUntnt
aad coRimenlBrlei, SI; h!ii mtrita
wlimalad by Straiui, 8S| tnlcronca
from the nnption cl hi* wriilnfn,
SI; on Lolbar'* orltlng* In England,
SIT; (pplouiLi Uic llnl movtmcnt of
Luthfr, IST; hit caodon, 1ST I bla
romatli to tho KIkIot Frtdaria, IM;
n typical latitudiaarian, ISS; prv-
ftn .Tcnni* to AuKiKtlnu, ISB; hit
Iiiva ot panri-, 1^1 irritaiod bf lb*
lanaat !.uth>r, ISD; hitquami villi
Ulrich Ton Hutlun, ISO; wrilM On
froc-will agalnit l.utliur, 139; proK-
nu ot h!> alirinaliun fraiu Luther
and lli« Kfl'mimtiiin, HO; hit
ducHptino ot FatTl, SIO; on Ilk*
Irktuanea ot ProtaiUntitni on Utera-
turo, GIB.
Bnalianlam, tOO.
Rrutlan*, In tho Woalmlaiter Aattm
bl y, 43S .
Rria XIV., KiDfc ot Swodan, ITT.
Eiwharlal, contravoDT' on, brtiriM
LuthMSD* and Sirha, I4T; hlatmy
o( the doctrino, 147; Luthor'* dae-
(riiiK, 14S; Zuiaitlt'* doctrino, 14S;
•OorU lo hoal Iba diffannoo, ISI;
coofoNnoa at Harbuis, ISt; mntoal
miiundotvlandlng of ths partlca. 153 ;
UoUnollioa abiuulon* tha LuUitnn
docl/lno o( Uio, loll gnat ouuro-
vartod lopla tmaag tha ttfonnen,
H>: Ilia dlfleront tUw* oF, NOi
opinion of lb* Chonib of Rn^ land
on, 310: Craomer'* riew of, SlOj
Jgwal'a viov of, SlI.
Europe, lu conilillnn attor lb* TtCMW-
lo(t roundl*, 44.
KrolyD, «a ih* csun of CharlM II-, 411.
Fab**, SU.
Fa^iiui, a praioaoc it Camlirld^, SM
Fare), bia ctianuur, tOti pwthai
FroteatanllaiD In GoDon, siW| ha*
fl02
OOHOE.
trntrOMi tq' KnuDoi, 910, pw to
BrttnaBa(,au.
Fttdlmnd !■> btionis BUag ot llua-
t^ry, IW; EaitUul to tb* Vma of
AH|>barit> US.
Fwdintod IL, bapnvr, I>1* (aiuuiciani,
491.
rrmini. TrDlttUntitlB i«, SSL
Ftuilal •y>l(iin,ii«atian*th*«ORfllot«f
tlu i'niioc}- uid Ilio Kaipirt, M.
ridsui, Manllliu, aU.
lOuainio, MM) >>!• phUoMphj-, IS.
floraacc, FrotcMuiiinu la. IM.
fonMincbluu, usfinliljaf DoUlilcatt,
FtelBur, tatUa oT, W.
Fiue^ Ike Batonnalian In, «ai*nMBd
Irani HununJHd, Ml) tira partlM in
(Im (nan, JHIti lU diMlpiM pmecL-
•d by iUq;a«l, QuMn of Mmm,
SM; doublfu) rb^ntirr of rl> pn»-
ptcU, U9; bow [v(.-atJail l>y INriy
II., >U; H* pnigrcu in bin ttaga,
fSUl monucby iii Uic litb csuuiiy
ts, U; Uonw, lUniUiuiuo aai th*
ItttatmUiaa oOoRd to if (boioo,
U'J; il niii'jujtta VhlUp the fair
■Kiinitl UuDitata VIII.. 33; vrlut il
•eqaircd by tbaPuvcof Wc*t[ib>lia,
433 : iU liUnture in Iha a^* "t Loub
XIV., US; polity of Uw UaGUDnut
cburcho* Id, 4IHI; cllacl of Uw fona-
CQlion of the Uuifucnoli on, iM;
adocl of nllKiuiu iMneaulion d»,
M4.
Ffwid) L, be abudoiu ibt VngmaOo
Samuciao, 4Ui hi* iCrg^la villi
CbarlM v.. 46i aoKboKa ompcror,
and ahj, lOCi (n^uiidi of lila <llaa-
ffrMmtal Tilh Cbarita V, 106 ; bia
atraHKib cvmraLnd iriili Ibat of
Cbirlei, IOC; eapUind U Paria,
116; Ubon lo [innnC (ba union of
l-rolHLuaU and Callmlic* in Clor-
Man;r, ug| lii> vauUttion wiib n-
nnl lnrtfnnn,3Sli]tacoii*«quMI0M,
Hi I bruuu ot tiM rdlgWn* nnily e4
Franc*, Slit i eara^d bf tbt [ilacarda,
U3; invito Mr>taDctlioa to Parja,
lUl tlu patrrai of \Mm, SU; *»■
laUMMi tb»0»B^i or ttofton
■anicuooaa, MT ; opp««M Uw Soiboea*
and t^tfUiinaM, HJt M>k* ta caw-
(ffiaia Iba daisr. Ml; tnpdMoi
Uoda, MS: apfooMhaa nMicr W Iha
nMntaM*,U9; UDcik^ Ika ctaed
of tba Scvbnua, BH) iffmrn iba
Mia ot OUkoIki and PmaiUnti,
UW.
rrandi 11.. hit MUftoi, Wai anb^
to the Gulaaa, ISlt dHtb W, 90J.
Ftancilacaai^ ria* ot tba onha of tba,
III offended by Enma, 10.
Freada of Slokinijia, Ua dMaal Mid
diatb, lltr,
ftaAkM, allianca •! Iba ffOCf wi(b<
SSi tbair pnMotba to BoaUaea, U.
Pndtrin BartaiDMa, hiaaatnurim to
rap* AWxandvr IIL, 9i.
Fn-I«rin tl^ lb* tjnp<rpr, MT; hjan-
iMiuu 10 lAnocaal III., 10.
Frada^ 1., ol Ilulnlari^ bla p«lkj
wafactlng f nuataBtias, ITS.
Fndario V, Eltclor l*atatiiw, aada
King of BabantU, 4S4; nhtM ot
lb* aleMenHai, 43a.
r-'dario, Gloctor otSasMiri lamdi
Ibg Unir«nil}r ut WiUnAarg, TSi
tba bBparUI offira ■Omd K, IH;
vby dMllunl by. Ittt ngcad in
Nortti norminy, lOt; diipnod U
ptutccE LuUisr, iMt Hiinu Luiba
not to loan die Wattbary, JU.
Fticnda ol Cod. M-
FrobHilaa, 81.
FiDode, bii oitlDMM of Hwirj Vltl,
134: on Iho ell<ct ol lb« RtlaiwMi-
(ion in SMtlaad, US.
QalilM, tba ptneoutjon ot, SSI.
GalUciiuini, lla Oumy ot tba ^a«7i
tf ; wban il tdaeaa ktallibnit*. 41;
kiiypaot nTnn, Hi four pnpoal-
lluna of, no.
Uantiner, rauonnCM tho doolria* ot Iba
king'* lapramacy. ISt.
Geneva, hov govnaol In the llid-U*
Asea.lOT; tacofoiaid ai a city d
the cmtix, sot; nodarilie IMm* «t
Savdjr, SHi (n*d tram Sai-vy, IM
DIDRX.
DDl the blihnp and IwroixM I'role*-
Uot, SOU; lU difonntent with th*
ProMaULDt r^gimp, 91Ql tiiw fUttot
mOFili in, 310; lianinlit* l!4tvln and
the otbM' pitaclisn, SIS; routb Cil-
*ia, SIB) iTSlen MUbliihed hf Cd-
via in, HT; IB tarwlitj, ttt\ I
TtUptMi «a>m nndet' CtMn, SSIt
■laiUmjr of, SH ; d«IlT«nd (ram (ko-
tton, SM) ■n uj'lain tar ponacuitd
n«a*tuaeii, St3i Mad* bovki wd
eolpMtcan inlo Fr>n«, Salt hew
n|pw4«d by llui(ugnal nurtjn, ISS.
a«nlii, m M>re>re< ot Havam, SU.
OuHU, 473.
Owr|i«, Uuk* o( Suonj, U).
Oennui ottioiu, Ihoir raady itnptloo
«r lliritUuiliy, Hi tbo ChrUtUniiy
vbicb tliny nfidTcd, 8.
Ucrmnnj', FipiU ■grcMioiu upon. In
tbs lith c«atur7, 39; InlltwnM of
Ujviic* in, in tlw Ulh anlutyifl;
tbancM ol tha rarhnl ot loaning
In, T4| dimcu* *t In paopU, 8Si
ItMir rMtptlofi of Ox GmptI, Ui its
Mil}' raaiatance ot tliK cIftiq^, 8b;
Its nTi|[Ion datcribtd by Tacitua, 8S;
M^^lichm io, Ml why it Hava birth
to dig Bgtonnaiiiao, Ui id political
condiciao al (b* bcglnslDg of tbs
IUr«rmalion, 103; tho sloctonl tfr-
tam In, lOt: pover ot the Dial,
101; (irivKta man, 103| tOortt under
UaxlmlllanioImpKrrc tb« conttitn*
liaii, IM; Itielr rtaull, lIMi fmncol
•Dd dlacord In, 104 1 Cbarln T^
tlfCUd trnpcnr of, lUi hair !•-
l^anledbrCtaaitatT., 19T) lU torn-
idalnla M*lMt Pop* Jultoa II., U.
Ganwoj', (ha Ratonnalion in, tHn of
^dfW (lUt) nfwH 10 Mjt1« il, llSi
atlUnrs of ('jilliolie princM and bith-
D|n al Kaliilwo lo rhvcX It, IIS:
tpmiK '")'■■ tt" p*oplo, 433.
'Qoniinn Ib^bigJ," LuUiat't MtimaU
otit,e«-
liMMD, lOEii hi* ilitoi7 ot 11m Zjote
Ghni, paeUqMta tt, tOt-
Qibban, on (htltiftoaiMo ot Emmv
128.
Rnanllo, llintiop at Atrai, hia <liarM
ta, 901.
Gbdflooc, on Cbunh and Slala, UA
Gomanu^ M* tbeoloKf , 473-
Gi«ck CbBRb, men and mon disiintr
tram tbe LaUn, St.
QTegorov\ia. on Iha »pirit ot national-
bm, 3L
Qn^FT' L, he anidi miiolonailia M
Uw Anglo-Saxon t, Sli on tho imA-
Ing ot Ihc Biblt by the laity, Btl.
Gr^roiy VII.,*npp«Ttfd bytUvitiOw ta
Gmnanjr, SB.
Grtcory IX., Pep*, b!* Tindicttmea
loanrdt Pi«l*Tic II., ST.
Qntpiry X.. Pop*, his dlMoiIon U iba
tiarauD Kloatni«,3tL
Onpiry XTI, Pvpi, S19.
Grimm, on Iho r«li|[iaa ot 111* Ounaiut
a.
Grindal, Ui epiolan on ilia at* of r««t-
Dimta by th* ilerxy, 3(4.
Ctotlun, on (lit AtoDcmenl, 474 1 hi*
tHont tor ihu Runian of TVnifatanin
and Cattaallm. 4fH; on Ihs t)tc«>
logos, 483; dird a rroUntanl, 464.
Oualur, bis frfcn^lrhip with Cncltik
divlM*, 131-
Gulocianlini, on I.*o X., M.
G<UM< Clanda of, BT.
GulH,i!iatanillr of, Ibelt binary, fSIt
ihoir tonlTol ortr Frsods li.,lM|
iluir coniMFCtoii wllli Dlao* of Pelw
Ion. eSS; diiMllifBFtlon ot Iha Daur>
bom and Clmtlllom viih. SM.
Uuiu, Chaitai, Cantlniil ol, 3&7.
liuiM, Duk? Fruacli o(, itH; artn^
ilir Amtwi-* conipirwy. SBl i en* ol
TrUimriralcs M; ptlp*tnu« UM
mauacr* at Vanay, MT; nodrad la
rafi« w>ihan4alni,MT:BaaHlaaMd,
IKD; tib uuMiuclon eoodtmned b7
CatrlD.We.
GuIm, Uenry of, plot* Thi aiiMttnaf It*
otCalicny,IT(i«T|[Ullial the Uuk
alia Uafiia, 3Tt.
b04
KDRX.
Oukat, lib rltw at Ih* RtdonMtkni,
4| Uj JudgMcnt iMpMiDg Calvia
Ud SWTtUN, 111.
Sawmu Adolptrat, bU raUrrtntlaB
io Gcnnugr, 43lr bovnginlMl bj
finmddiburK and S*x(n]}r, tSti i Iil*
■iou, tain hit deitli at Lutieii, US i
hli nlotjoai to RichsUoa, 430.
0 ulri4li IV.,liit boll with i«|;BnI to Ire-
Jadi), 3S3.
Uollwii, on tha sntl-hlcraictiiul Ultr»-
lun, K^i on Lathci'i bad LAlia, Uft ;
an Cn Diner, Ktt I on tbs ILuopton
Coart C«of<nnoc, Mk-
Hutilldn. PMrick, 8M.
IbmQtaD, SlrWillitm, 113.
ITunplan Couil Coalanncc, tit.
Han, on llie clunittr and tnutlon ol
I.ullinr, ST.
tlailiil, on llM ICliialftUiiui aolbofi,
Mi.
Itecrcn, £10.
II«lcIe,onUia iuouiut* of tlis KM-
gaswa, Hi bla crfUciun of Llanntc,
103.
Uasci, on Lultiar'n Itilik. 112; OD tlia
Ocniiaii llrtdniiAIion. 9$.
IWIlifwiu, Tnaly ol. 430.
llcnry, (liu Lliacoii, 54.
Ilesry lU i>I Fraon, lili attitude tu-
Drardi rrolcilaailtin, !3(i entnge*
in ptrfHutlnn. tUIi lili 4c*tbiU(.
Ilcnr? IlL.tit Franci. 111! acCVUDI of
(lu maiucn) of St. Baitholunsir,
S!B. ST6; M> chanetar, Vt; makes
peaea with dio HdCDMoto and foll-
tliuoi, 178: ajMuloatM Iba GuIm*,
ITDi lilt aHualnatloD, SSO.
Hair^ III., ol Gcnrnny, be iaIcrmiM
la Ihc aOaln at llio I'apacri m^
llenijr 17. «( Fraaco inlDc* lurlh
iPrinnt lit ttanrni) wjtii CalLKny
(rem Rochrllr, 971 1 cxcommunicatMl
by Sixlii> v., 270; hit war dUIi tba
l.MSu*,SSa: ulntthabaulearirrr,
980) lil> ooniot Willi Aluaiiilcir ol
Panna, SSO; bb abjarallan, aSI ;
eflrcliol it,SS9i bii admiulilratiim,
■83; ^bfanlgn piiUcy, S$3; i^rant*
tbe BdM (4 Kntai, SU I bU I
don a \Aow la tb* CatboUc n
111; hii iJtiu B4 Ihi Utob of Ui
ditttb, 44T.
Ilciii7 I^-i (d Gcrmanf, wMkaccd hj
divialon* ia Otnaaty, SS| tt C»-
otMaa, 19.
naoiy ni., of Baclasd, U.
Bmty VHIi lU* co&mv«nr irilb Lo-
tbtr, 124; tone et bU book, U8;
Lntbar'* UUei of apolou lo, US)
hii ajiiiUntloD for > dtronc, 119;
made hi'ndof th*Chutdi<i Esgiaod,
Itil; hi) ditDita and mairiag* irllfe
Aunt Bolcjn, SMj bia diram 4»-
cnwd bj Cnnmiv, 390; pnbliAai
IboBibia in EncU^, SSI; i.ifiliM«
Iba tiiDaiIiiil««,K3) bia pontcalk*
at PrauaUau, >M; •xocutn Ann*
Boicrn, U4 ; bi* manUsa wlib law
of Ciara, 394; hi* cbaraMart nil
elbct ef Uj doatb on RfiBtoo* far-
Um,SBS.
Safbwt, Unj. U3.
tigrui];, uii Ihs WaldaoMi, 97.
ll«ur, jilui for tha Oiurcb conitllu-
lioD ol, 489.
Ulararebj,alladudln Iha lUbmitiujr
41) Iti gavnsnienl dlacardad b^tba
BetomHii, 488.
Ulgb ooaunlHiaii, MOtt tt, UL
Qndabniid, bU latamJiic plan, tt.
Ubutnar, of Rhelna, bamtdail b; Klcb-
olai I,, a.
Ulilaifi iniKl«ni,mo*t prominml ovniU
of, 1.
Holland, bancflt ot Iba Bttonuatbw In,
lIunib«T)t. *yDod of, 489.
IIODtplnliui, hli paraocutlon ol Kantk-
lin. 14.
U«i|i«r, tud nald«d u laiicb, tUi li
Imprinnnt, US; hii manyrdoui, 131.
Uoolwr, on Ibu rali-Hljr of Pnabjrt^
riin ordinal ioo, XU; lantraatail wlife
VThitsift, 339; hi* trsallM, NT; M
Diurch and SUM, H9, tOO.
Itorn. Ilia tiiculion. 303.
ItouEk, on Mary, Queen of ScMi, JTI
llutr.nniun.lnltalj' lu lack ef btnlm
miffiX.
I
Wl 111 iMlamieal fraocilj, StO; two
(iHlinil In fnaft, H3.
UnmanlelB, lliijr rslly la df'end Kaucli-
liiii TO; lliiit ri'Intiuci lu Ibo Unitror-
■Uio. TS.
Bimmmnl". pgnciullon of. under lleniy
II., IMi theic Duubtr ia UBS, 91>4i
•Sect ul pcntculiaa od, US; JccvoM
■ p<illUcal puty, AM] amotaneof
l«lcntU«a enieted tlion (lUtlt llttOl
Itiair udIoo wUh tbe 9t«M noble*, 300 [
Uiolrlong |ii<lcDcc,!)'10| plot lor Iholr
dasrrucljon at Orkani, US) origin at
lli« name, HUt btloagtd lo wbat
cliiHn<.diir, itonoclann bjrUi«t9S(i
xMd In MU-*Uf«nM in Iha ciril to*.
JHH; pmroked lo mitlano* by illafltl
viol«not, M; uili<iif«(* M tilark
hy laUnKapMinfinOi thoir fortU
loilo after Joniae and UoncnnMui,
279; how alheud by Uw uliiiiiclitor
o( 8L Ikrlliulninrw, 3TSi atlor Ibo
•DiBtWion of IltnrylV^aSS; pr»-
ttdolby Iha Edict of NanM,988i
b«MBa a delMUdrc puiy, 9U I lanir-
iMtiaa of (III31), U»i pfnttmCloa
c<,byUnuaXIV.,MS.
Quml^ on tba rant* of Ita* BttDnnalim,
t-
RaDdadujini, oa f.utbu •• a protanor,
89.
IIanca>T, rpnad «( ProtMUDliwi In.
UO; tiril vaf la, 1»; Euebaririle
Milfa In, IPO.
Uu^^ on ihc (Ulrlolim of llio Engllih
lUfonncn. iM-
l)aniley,Eariot.3W.
iluB, by whom tadopiiFed, llli irorki
•n, HI t hit (pirli and oplaloiu, 6i;
Latbar>a darlamlion raaptollBe, t>«i
»f»<nndaBt «f, OS; bi* tiocutioa,
MOi «Bact«lh Id DdMinia, ITT,
Ranrilaa, cnuada* acaiwl the, QS.
QnuUnMn, Mr<L, on ibo doctrino it
FiadMiinallun, Ut.
BuIMn, he aid) EUudiUo. TS; on a of
Iba auUton of Ibe Epltt. Ote. Tiro-
nun, 7B.
Syan^ LMbu'a, m,«M: Qalttn'*,
au.
Inland, Rvtnnnathin In, lit.
Ic«ui>rl>uin ill ftu'ulJaiidi 8H| hf Iki
llu([uciwU,IIUIila(baS'cUlelUAte
19iii Krigland spared fmni, KO-
•• ImluLioii of Cbrbl," tbnaclor of It,
07.
ludalBciuo, doclorallMi ol, UA
Indalgencc^ UaUajr of, fi; docuiut
of AqalaMiMpcain^Mi comiM'td
with Iha tnMory oI iuptT«rB|ialOfy
merili, by Aquloaa and AkxandM
tl Uatoa, Ml docUlne of ropo Six-
tnt n'., VI| bo* lold by Tstwl, M;
Lalbcr'* prolxl asainil tba tr*do In,
Ui hia doctiin* nt,93; boll of Leo
X. nKfxans, DTi Zwjiigla prtadiea
acaintt the nlu of, 13D.
Iniltptndcnia, Ibalr riao and tcocti,
347; in lbs WtaunloMor AwuaUjr,
tSTi atlala ID power, UOi llidr pol-
ity in Krn Kuy;taad, (UT.
Index l^hibiiorini, tOS, aSU: an
tbon In llici, tXi.
lamnnl Ul.,tarTka tbt Pafal powti
W iUb«li^l.Bat bia Idea at a fapa)
lb(ocracy,»| on tba laUllan of III*
Cliarcb to (be Stat*, 2>i nnw ap,
and (xmrnmuaifaln Olhu IV'., 30;
«l«T«t«a Frwtcric II., tOi mloeca
John of Eii|[lind In ■ubmluloa, Ml
bit claimi, 30; hi* lagal**, tli aap'
porUd by (be uuodltaut nrdcn, tl|
bl* enuada agalnil Iha JUhltaaati,
M; for Iba BBfoNtmcnl «< uoUoiin*
lly.MJ.
limwanl VIIL, Pop*, Ua ctefMtt^ U,
InoocentX., hiamalMvenyvMtLMdi
XIV., 4U.
tnqiililtlon ued againii the AlblRtnna,
Ml Ita torm b ibeHaihtrlandi, 3)7 1
ito«neei,S7| ra»rpuiij*d in Italy,
Mil It* TiKllanM hi Spain, Wt.
toqidiiiora, origin cf iha itnn. M>
InWrim, Ulpale. lU; oppoiod b^ U>t-
in, 114.
InlolMnii(«, hiilmy o(, m; In lb«
Rmiiui Knipn*, S38| In th* UUdU
Acw^lU; biSMDMottba H«rfi
It^UatmB on. Stl; Mt latoM h*
T.wiait.nX; axprMakM of l4ilfa«
M«
nn«z.
I^Ht. Ml MhmM br C<Md.
ail Id BBghad ondw IDb.brUi,
319, oppoMd by Wniiua«tC>niis*i
at3| «xtnii>Ml in PnMMaal eonn-
tri«>,ttS; iiicoagnioiuwlik lb* go-
nial at PmUMuitlun, StTi \towUt
OilbollN <M n^oiulbtt to, UX.
I baUnd. PratMMmbm In, SU| Pmlw-
tut kkiuclir <*ubUA«d In, 3Ni
•IImI ef the Cslhahg tmMImi od,
IHi halt Baoon'f idrfn nqnctips,
IM.
bwHaoi^ «n lb* tMbh ohunh, II.
tltif, Ttrrivtl at iMraln^ Idi 6T | obir-
tct» et (h* rerlTd of iMnlof l>,
7t\ nUipan Id, in Iha lAtb cantuiy,
T)j long (■( Mhloal teeing iu. ia Ula
IBtli rmluTj, TS| tnducoc* nf ll«
ciillnrg in KninM, 948; iUcMdilion
Inth* IMli ««aCu)T, nUi aBoct of
ctiMieal uudlat In, 319; ohamce«T
tt Uimanlil* in, BSD; ittnr atimgfd
fattrll«Mu*ily after tba Uafonnation,
Mft| InltrMt IU nalBia) wImm
•prinp up In, 419: oflaol vt (lia
Oilbsllc naccien on, 413; Aoticriai-
laninain, 47T>
Jacob, on tfaa oriein o( tli* Ivpiwopatc,
IS.
Jaidlon, bouM at, 1X0.
IamMT.,«f Soolluiil. ProiMUtictnat-
ipi In U) nigo, sa.
lamn I., ol Bngliod, Ma tiMb, 3TSi
trawned M Stirling, 178 1 bk tatgn,
4U| hif IrMlment of (be IVHIant,
4M; It III* Hampton Conn Con-
hruicf, 4^1; wndt iIvIpkbIm id (bo
Srnnd at Put, 434; bin nltonipt to
ImpMS Epi>i»pnc7 on Ibe SeiittisU
Chonb, 4U) li[i opinion ot Laud.
4M.
Jaoin n., Ui arbitruy prlnrlplca,
U4( bi* fOnctDt bl^ eonunlHlan,
(44; Ui declaiation tor IflxFiiT' of oon-
■oiaiM*,444; hatt bi* crmrn, 410.
iMWttlWW, oT%(nof, lit.
taattulMt, ptntcntion of Ilian, <S3:
«a lb* mdJng of (be Bibl* bj (ho
Ulr, MK
Tiniilin. Iin
Jtbia*, Judff*, m.
JoTon*, of ITagMibliaxMatlMiit
JauilM, order of. It* orielo, Ml Mi
organliaboi), 4M| IH lafliiwwit MO,
1(1 dMMM of ngloU«i tW| Ita
cdusttlou) InSamoa, 41>i laaolt at
IM eSoR* i^n*l PwtaiCMrtkpi,
414l IB infloanea In PnnM, 414]
•t Doui]-, 414| in »tn4m. 414; b
AniBfa. 4aii (Am* of Ha mbdaf
on tbt hiUllwi. bS; diteajr at ki
a«al, 4Ui iu liu uhjnl in*iii,
4Ui it* •Oito wlUi Ml* Dominlpira,
490; it* (cppraMioii, (IT>
Jaanitinn, of IJijoU, not thai ol Iha
■■PWTiBeiallj«t«™,"4i».
Jrwvl, hi* apinlOB ou lb« Endurii^
Ml.
Joba, non.ot AiHtfU,bi*g«T«ramaDt
Hi ibo N*lh*rl«id«, SK; Ua ilMib,
30C.
John «t Duuuctus loaebta ItaoBnb*
RtBnlulinn, 11*.
Jdbn, KtnK ol Knglauil, bumbled hf '
tnaonnl til., 30.
Jobnot Pari*, nwtinlidni tharigU* at
Iha ciTil ■Dihan'tf , 40.
John XXn., bia traalmenlot iho Da*
p«mr I.OBi( nf BavarU,)!): tLirgti
witli hcrtij- by lliii UinorlU*^ 4L
JnhnXXIIt., ntumpu Eo (oatlVl ik*
CooBcil of Pin», 4*.
John nf Saroy, biihop of (hnera, IM
John, Klactor of Saxouj, hta noU* t»m-
duti at Augibarg (It'30), 1^^
Jolin III., king Dt SwtdBB, I7T.
John Frodorio, GlodDr, lapwad at
Mniilberft. Ifl4i rtloitnl, tM.
jnhu of x^•oWl., m.
Jobnuu, Dr. Siunutl, on (onrocailon
in the Kn);li*li ctiunh, 501.
Jonaa, Jiutni, J4I.
JorUa, Ula Ufc of Bnamn^ 7T<
JoUiu II., I'ops, hla duTiclar, 41
«in>|<liuuu ol G«!sn; agiliut. 49
(Toierl nfcnmM la. In tho " Ceflo-
quin " of Erumiu, 80.
Jullui III-, ropB, taronUa to i
v.. IIU.
IXDBX.
607
Iw tUtomiwidi, gnMci In IIm P*m«
?l Augiburc. IM; lioir mudlAtil Jo
Ibii tn«lr ol WeMptuOla, 4U
iiiflJflcaliDn, dtpunurc from lh« Pah-
ling dwttVDc of, llii iiffaiJ ia llalir
«l iba I'rvtMCaal daclrine at, JM;
PntMUniilocliiufat, in &|i>iu,W3i
Aial p^l at eoBitvvtny iMUracn
Onbolici uil PnMUuU, W9 i Fni-
MluitdMtriiiealiUl: UomiuiCBlb-
olu dMUiiw ot, 403.
KunpKliulta, U* Ufa oi CiIvId, IH.
KaUe, John, bli edition «1 llooktt, 3U,
KfB(di, TIioiuu k, bi» ''Inludon of
Chri.t." 07.
K(pl«r, bii rlow «f AiMl«ef, <■
Kaux, Jobn, raiinu U SoMUnd
(IMU), 13l| hie wljr lite, 3Mi in
Iba cutis «( Sk Aadrtw), IMicbDiiI
lo pnacb, 3M ; ■ upUr* in Ftann,
>Hi pmcbM is Nanb EnfflanrJ,
3U; dasliBMi UiLoprlo JD EajtUnd,
3U; at FnokJort, SMi uGcacra,
• 366; hill book«D th« "Btgimm of
PW«in«n," 3Se; nlanu to StoUand
[UU),>M| jmacba aealutldDlk-
Ujr, Uai daUated br EUiabtth,
JOGl bis dlaagmmcDt ultb Uia lonli,
UT: hi* oppoaflion to Ilia Quoca'a
maH. tSRi hi* ioterrlcw inlb krr,
WO i Ilia dahalo thlh ho on Ihe llmlu
ot oinl obtdiann. Ml; pnuhca
■galnat danoinR at Ilolyrood, 1113 1
■nuUtrr inlsniew wilh 11017,3011
further dlacuHlon with hor. Ml:
piwdiaa ogaioat her proJKicd mar-
il*f*, SUi «h« aumniuni liitn <» h«t
pnatnoa, )M; tSUA brfora Uia prtrr
couMil,9GS| hit SttatpOan of Uui
a««a«, WC| limporaiy braaeb trilb
MumjTt MTi hi* pubUo pra^r for
Iha Qattn, KI; no Bdvoc4M of lc^
taaiioD, MSi hi> fom of raMUp,
rai hia iaat dayi, MO.
La Lhaiae, 4H.
uskal apirll, ho« nualttalad batora
tha Satonnalion. t*.
I L«inai,adn)oataa fopularaviroitigDlj
L
l^mhtrl, hi* Church caa^titulwn 'ot
Ilmo, 133; Luthar'a juJtfiiivnt ol
11,493.
LanfraofCMi dw ot the naliooal, U
Lao/jlaad, WUU«», bl* pacn, 34.
I« HcnaiidJa, tilO.
Laaco, John t, hit <ariai, toi «adi la
PoUad,!!;.
].auraa, tch Cauocil of tha. 7%,
lAtimtr, hi* martynlom, MS.
Laud, maiaiaioa ayon iticiM Kplarn
paey, 335i liiit<olti;y,43n: Juiiui l.'a
opinion «f , Ud 1 hb ctnMoilUf of tha
p(*M, S2S.
LauRDl, till viowot Iba Bafonsacloii,
S; «ii tho Uttc of tcU^on bl (ho lOlh
Law, Inltnvillonal, jmi^ia of tho
■eicsn of. MO.
Lawnnro, Atthb4ihop, «a tha Angli-
can aitic'lea, tXt.
Leaffu*, Catholio, is Frante, orgawaal,
n$; it camnwneta war, iTSi rotiiaia
to arknatTltdtn Hratf IT.,1T1)| war
•rilli Hriicy lY., SSOi ica nhiliaull«
Sgain, 2S0i Catholic, In Gorman}-,
(IMS;, im Iktbollc, ht Ociuuij,
awa). at.
League ot SinalcaU, formod, IM.
woukcnod bif dlaoord, tU>
Ltamliii;, Iho icviral af, bd^Bt bl
lulr, B7-, influunoa of DiuM, V*-
trartli, and norcaccio on, 0}.
Ladiy, oa trlleioiu perKoution, SU.
LafdTTt, hiiarrUiaga, 3U i bli doclrinta.
>l(| IIi«aloStn*burg.a4&; on K«ft-
Snphical diacoraritaand nfonn,8^
htg/am, mot out bj lauootot IlL, )■■
I.rgi>u, their anl]-h!cnmhlcal aplrit,
30; tho alllei of monarohy, U.
Ltlbaiti, hli tiloru for ibo niwioa ol
chufthea, 481 1 hi* oamapowbiwa
wUb Land^ve Emod, ud wilfc
Bcaauci, 484; hit noitilj tor diri»>
kaa, IfUj bii ccclMiadJca! lotltJoa,
48«-
LalfMic, DitpnlatiOD nl, Mj ila «S<m
on Lutbar, 90.
lirBo 1., hi* inlluanM on tha council d
CbaJwdoa, U; fviuiiU tha llanaa
608
*'**'**■
prtaMof on
90! Ui tkMMlcr, SI.
Laa X., oHi iW Ra(i>nnM>Mi a i]avT«I
•d M«aka,Si LadKr** iMMr to hiai.
10*l MuanBoWalw UUMr, Wt;
•b Ml oa ita Mbj«(«lliidi4(twai.
Rl UiaffariOM U chxtKtksof
CharlM r^ lilt U* ««nwatM with
bia. Ill; inibu •■ tfc* k<mng «l
hcMim, 32): lit ehMcter, M 1 8wpl
ua,M; I-dlaTlclnl««,«T| HmMri
on, IT: Uvkeiarttnl oo, <T| R«foM
Lm, IL, lU* rkw at IW KdarnuUMi, 4.
U Ttllkr, luhcr, «^^, 4U.
Urd<^ ikf* of, SWi dM npirn
chunk at, t».
L'llotplul, U*m tolMailca, 1B4.
IBmrif, niiti\um, UtomI I17 Eniinni,
£L "See iDUtoMM."
Llbntlaa, Dm ftftf of, M G*nna,
IN; Iheir MNngih wImi Santhu
wu trifd. SlOi flnalljr tiwbiJ bj'
CUria. 9S9.
Uebitoot, J., 418.
UghiioM, J. B., on iha oricfD «( ibi
BpitcopM*, IS.
Uii|(wd, on CraaBtT, MB.
UlanEnrc, chtiwtlr at llw rMucaUr,
in Cha UiddU Abw, Ui IU itttiot la
BpliB. laOi In luly, till Enclbli,
in tlia CliMtwlbKi ■«, AU.
liltr', on Ihc vdM " HukmuoI." SM.
tjvoiila, l*rgtn<luili*a in, IM.
UunRli, hi* liiitorjr o( (bo InqalittkiD,
403; llrMe'K ci<t!(Ja at, 401.
{jMvit, In tlugluil brfon lh« B«tM<
mMlnn, HO: Uitea Lft Jobs Knox,
lis.
ti^nlnnli, Ibef timt-ten Itemc, 91.
Lonftjiimua. pcMo at. t70.
I/ipsda V«^, tSO.
t»rilj ot ibe coogninlioa, dcttrmlnc
dBTOM oboNh pfapnty (0 Kb«gb,
•lo.,W7.
Lamto n.. of Flannto, lU.
Lorraine, Canlla*! ChHiM at, Ui rea-
•oaifordaiilringaMUoqajratrilwr-
LMkak U,«Mipba< kr Kklnim U
K.
h»mt of Bmri*, bD« tnaiad by Jobs
XXII.,M.
t««»4* Dtrqni^ Uti<flk,SI8.
Lau, Cmuu of XBMa, »T i MbM
•nd«bia,aOL
LeaiiIL,Klngof UMgarT', Ui dMlh,
I8I1.
Lank IX^lBtfioia far FMdMlen^CI.
Uoit XIV.. Ui illhft-flfc CbitM
II., 4U; Ui BlMiMOi U« «Bam>
ratf wUh Inmiiirt X, 4Mt a^
pcKtelbribaVrtiidKltfSr lUH),
4M! acraontM «Uh lanoeail Xll«
4SI: lua poMcallMI i< Ifci llafni»'
Bat*,4U! nndertka Mnntnott*
CUm, (N; nrafcw tfaa i^lcl of
Sialos 4M| mtnMa and ullimiu
tullara of hi* toRlca polity, 4U-
Ijiulia, at S*yvjr, iU-
UtoU. IsaMM. hh hatM7, «B; Ui
" Spdiioal RnKbot," MO.
LMech, the RefonnalliB Id. ITt-
lutixn, tank at, Ut.
Luih«r, miaHgi of HaztmlBw L ■*■
•pMllDg, 40t on Ilia ofMoa* at
Woid.m a tf oilani flt Occam, TI i
hi* dactrin* ot tb« L(Wd** Ropptt
iuac*M«d by D'Aillr, 11; Ite boa
of the Bdonauion, VS; bb btrtb
■ml |«i«;£as*,BIi itudlai at Mag-
dtbnn:, KlKfiuk, Eifnn. Ml Mten
thecouvtRiitKrian,S8iU*MMtn,
«8i mia* praCHMC at Whtantoc,
SOi hit tiudin and ffovteK MfU^
lion, 89; t>ii rcliglan elperlenoD,
M; akbd by SUuiihi, «0i ■iWlc*
AuKo*t'n> "id T&ulir, Ml MCI that
)iMiin»i>r>n b by tillli, Mi *(•!■
Knni«, 00; bto delist In tha Blbk)
Vl ; craduii progrw of bl> Mind, n I
pmaehu igiUnM 'IVUbLVSi poKi Ui
niiiiTiy-nv»'niBiM,Wi tbdrewuwrt^
93; eao'dfiDlIaui la bli mavuoMi^
P4| ba>l nu (liuui;bl at rmoiuicine tli«
fop* (•( thi Chunh, fill tomaiallm
muni by hli Tbani, 9A| rvplin M
Ihi nluuki at IVWriai, Trtttt. ao*
EDb,M| UinniuannliM Komt.M
I
IXDSX.
6(H)
mUrvitwi irllll OlJoUii M Angiliurg,
H; tlMline* to Nlnct U* iletfan-
Uoa), wli appMUlo tile Vopt. hetttt
Inromiiil, M: 1i)i docliine ilciiltd In
■ bull III Lto X , UT 1 appeal) fmm Iha
Fopc to ■ gen en] rooacil, 1*7; coa-
cludcta iruce with Miltitx. IT-, laku
part in ttio Lclpiio Di»put«lion, 67;
■ccumpnuliHl lj}' lt([[aacllioii,UTihls
K(niatilyandbunior,DSi hiidcclin-
lioni al Leipaio.M I baw Inflaencvd by
Ihr difpnution, Mi haapptalsto Iti*
lailjr i i a addrtM to Uia noblt^ 100 ;
■trik(Balt1iiFdislinotianbtt<n«Dlij^
-Danand print, 100; hi* trutiMon tha
Bibyloiiiui ciptivlly «t l]i« Chunli,
lOO; altMlu Iran Mill- IiniintioR, 100,
bin Ittttt l» hto X., 100; lilt xnnUD
on Ihr; (nadum at > ChriMian man,
101 ; li[i miud In « tutn of tranailian
In r«ap«t H> l^pal and ChuRli
autborltjr, 101; nLconiniuDicuol,
101; bunia Uia Itull, 101; potilkal
q^patby irtib, 103 ; tlUi ary lupptirt
«[, 10>| MMtidod by IJlHcb Von
BnlUn, lOli pntMtcd by PiedM^c
tb* WIbs, 106; lammontd (B tli* Dwt
o< Wornu, 101; hit Jontntjr, 108;
appeon bcton th* DiM, 100; wliy ■■•
aak«d torAtUf, 110; ntutu la ra-
canl, 110) durnui ajcnintl him, 111;
moltvMcfil. Ill; under lb* bui uf
lh« Chuicb auil [lia ampirti 112; la
Ui* Warlburs, 119; tniulatca Ilis
Kbit Tolamenl, IIB; dianctrr til
bla Uaanlntluu ol ibe Ilibt«, Ilii
Munu lo WilifnlHrffi 11*1 ([iitlli
tbt diM>r<I«i( Ihert, II4i fali dhuct-
nllimwtlh r?K>rt la iltt*, 113) bii
Tppljr to tbr wnminii of iho clMtor,
113t bia lurvulcan Ubon, 114; bts
rapid oomp«Iii«ti, IH i hii <lo'
malic chancter, IMi bi> (ipiiMitioa
W Mnwd n«i(lanc(i 110; al Oi>-
bnr(, I19j bi« l«llcr« fmn Ibfrv,
UO; cnmiinw^ M<lancth«D. llli
hiipraftn, ISI; on cirrcaaniH, 03;
blin»rria<n. 123; niminalian can**d
bj^it, 193ibi>c«ntnirtr>rvltbll(nr7'
VIII , lU; W» rvbcnienn, IMi bit
lotlw o( •[«.tBK7 to tltarj Tllt^
1!C; 111* ri'InliOR* to Knuitnj'. ItT
bb oplnjun uf Jfrufru^ and Auj^vi'
tin*, ISSi itriutuii tnwiiua, IS .
controvenywltb bimontha vUI, 1J&;
111* nlailuni villi bim atlcrxanli,
130[ bow br rlfihl In kli Jadfcminu
of Erumu*. nit wllf mlnepr*-
•ciitcd, unl wby, 131i on the pu*-
nU' war, 131 1 rontmltd «lib Zirit,
glo, lU: a man of Iho pwplv,lU;
but ilandi nioot tram polilim. lU.
pTHPtlnl Zirlnc'e In brnkinj; witb
■he Papai'T, llSi hjs dociriae of Iht
l^rd'i tSupper, lUi bit boxlililjr ta
the Zwinelioa dootrlni, 119; icmunila
«t it, 140 1 dtrlrei arj^imcnla rram
Ocnim, 111; at Ihe conftivne* M
Stnrlnri;. 1^3; tofttDtd fwliim to-
vanlt tbu Zwinciiant, 133 1 rtMnn U»
attach upon Ibfia, 153; mii-oa hiiop-
pealllun ID armed rMlilance, 156; bb
dcalb, IW; bit lati daj-i, IMi: bU
coDOIct with the JurifU, 100: hi* ra-
Itlleiu lo JiDlanclhon, 1<>0 ; bl> power
•nd Inflvenre, lOli rcnurki of Itor-
nerand Dulllac^r on, ICI i hi* Mtnr
to Polub l.iitb«Rin«, IM; Calvin
flonipar*d wltb, 304; Calvln'a rc-
mnrka on, 914; hi* opinion of Cal-
vin'i letter to Sidolel, SlOi on th«
Hrmont of llciu, 03; bla hymn OB
Ibe martyr* nf l1nii-cU, 9$7; rrrap-
tlen of bia wriLlnj;:^ in Kri^ladd, IIT;
hi* wrilliigi riiMulalril In Italy, 3|I0;
in Spain, 40T; hin ci>iTinienUrj' on
the OatniiaRF, 401; hiH cat<vhi>mi,
401; nn Ills Kyuvd ut llumburg,
(93; ea Ibe nature ut Uoi, 174; oa
Ibe oboemnee of Sunday, 4SI: m
AiMotb, tsat bk crilldim of tba
<anon, 5U.
Luiliemnlun, not lulied lo Fnoc*, 2U.
LuUierui', eflcd of their bostilKj' lo
Colvlnlim an lbs, 419.
Matanlay, on Cranmer, SH : on (linnAi
and Sute, MI3; hl« Tnmpitriiwn •*
Catbglir and fmiolanl naliona, MO
Uocohiavetli, hit " Princp," 78.
ntoxx.
tUtklataA. ob IIwii} Tin., IM.
tUdiM, PMM*({IMai,ll«.
tlA(4l«lM'9i iciliU ibo Inlarim and
tbe Eai|Mn>r, IGl.
lUlTt Jobn, >H.
HulclMaii*, Ml Un* «salul, <0.
lUrbufigy Mtil«nae« •!, UO.
UaiKuvt, Qwcta tit Vtrtm, Iwr eont
tiilled bjCalrin, ItMti Iwr vjrMlnl
•od Htarautaay tmicnci**, SMS t htr
vrllioKt, 210: pnilvrtt tlw PtdW»
Unu, »M: Gthrin-t hUar u, UT.
lhtK>nt,of l^wtBi,nwd* RifiMit in
tlu KedurUBdt, 891 ; h«r dUika of
Atva. 301.
UarK«»t, of 8*vo}-, Ilagrat la (ha
Nctlicrl*Dil»,aol dinpoMd U panacu-
llM,18S.
UuU. Qniai] of tluiienrf, K*|fuit is
Um Ktlturlandi, S88.
Uatll, WUIUm do U, btadi lh« " m*-
htiotsrt," JIM.
Usnit, t^Ieiiimil, in Parran, Ml: hi*
TrnioDul tbe EWina,lMl llwr&ra
(unc hj inartjm, Ito.
UimllluK at Padua. Ua "DcUd«ar
PlUif,"<l.
Uarl«l, <JUiArtr«, dtttaaM tilt Uobani-
nittbn>, ii-
Uanlii v.. hi* itunducl aJUr ba wai
(buivu I'ujw, 43.
Uaillji, llciiri, uii ZviriKlr, 143i on tha
tliu(;lilcr at St- Bartliulnincw, tTO.
UvtjT, ViAet, caUwl lu Krii{lMi1. JMi
■M {fodntiDUlan, 83il; bi-ormit a
F!rM«nMU,lU| Ueilroiiiluily. tM,
KaiTiQuaanot Gnglind. FuiorM Ca-
Ihoikdnn, SIT: bcr marrbisa «itb
Philip II,, aSTj btcomn unpopnUr,
339.
VUtj, Brgiiat n( Scotland, bar tuurna
lowacd* Uu l*niiEiUalj, 3U: \t,n
d*atli,35C
Uary dc Madivl. pualu an allium wltb
£|ibIu, i(T.
Harft QoKD of Smu, peril to I^K-
laiid bom bcr pn(«naI(ln^ 3113, n-
twn* ta Scotbod, 967; bar (|ja1-
klc(, WTi bcr pulley mptftlof
^ig as, 3U; eclubra'w maa* in bar
chipd, MS) bar rtlUlcM I* If nnOT
SUicniiheathaEaitalllHnlJtT.uil
dfbatac Kith Knox «■ the oMigadoiii
ol a aubiact. Ml i bolda anattaar lnl«>
viavwiih Kbu, Wli mbA) lorldK
•Kain, 364; bir projartnl Buatima
wiehaCalballcrrlniv, lU; itiapib
lld/oppeaaid b/luus, 3W;(h*al«
blm la aoeortl, )U:*(hb Kaaxba-
tara Um pctir oaaadl, MS; kar mar-
lias* 'Ufa QmnHaj, BM i EUnkalfc't
ditpkaaun «tlh b, Wfii alanu (d tha
l*riit<it«Ma, mil IbafUka upafBi*,
>«>iaha b dli««fal<rtlkbarll3».
bud, no, nSi aaeapM (rnn Huly-
rood to DiDtbar, aili btntUrtiit
to BoLhwtll, nS; aba riaiu n*nU«]r,
nSi tak»Iiiiii(«Knk-a(-£aU,I74i
bar ahdiirtlnn bv IMbvall, *T4i aba
■narnn bim, tit; caiCund M Ctr-
banr-lliU, 37»i inaolloit b7 lb* P<^
pla, STB; • {uinnar io Laahbvaa,
SrS; Mdrillo on bM •OMtaawM M
BatbwaU, »Si did aha «iila Iba
"caaktl lalUn?" aTdi abtioattt
and appoinla Uiunjr rtgenl, STB;
•MBpca Iroui Locblartu, MO I da-
faatod at l.anj^da, Ml; oMapaato
Knulaail, Nil tbe bnpcot tbnni-
Kiaa «f BllMbalb, 3«li bcr ut«cn-
tini, 381.
Us^luul, nliipoua libailj In, HW.
Mil— III of Sl> BarllHiIoni*w, bow
plannal,3T5; nunbor kflM b I^ria
aodalarohnrt, a?7i >a)r in Kama and
Madrid, S77i iiacSiict on dig Hn-
■:n*sol^ sao.
IhnacbuKlu, allied iaNolamua Ib,
4U.
UatbMiu*. on (ba TtUgtou iMOlMlkB
civoa to jouifa bcdora tha IMonu-
iloD.aft.
Hanrkc, [Vjih at Oranc*, SIOi bla
Quarrrl wllb the ElMtor Jtdin Pr«d-
Mio, UU; hi* cbaraclOT, l&B; bit
detection, IM ; luina affainai t'bailaa
v., andirb}', US; chuaabam ani
at Initapnicb, 1H7-
UaiiriM, IUIhuxi*. Uuuiud tnoiubAB
tialiou, 143.
I
I
IKDEX.
611
HidmltUa I., Ui mnu^ 4b«iil Lb*
tlier, 411.
Mulmlliu U., InoUiiea 10 PrMcaMnl'
lim. iit.
Uulmllliui, rl Banria, Indu' ■>( the
(tuholjo iMitat, it*.
Uatvnn<!.ll<>k*a(,&$0.
Miurin, hi* policr, UO.
Hi4u(. >plfi( «( nfarm In, MA.
UaliH. Julian and Umata 4l>, plot
lur tbelr auaHiiialSoa, 40-
Hclauctiion. hi* cliafaMor, DT ; Rtnsb-
lla'i praplioej' mpoeling, 91 ; hi* ba-
licf in tttratogf, liaaOi* fiari^ Im-
tbn'ablKb.RT: hl> doing* at tiv, I>is[
' rA(|glb«S(»)0). IID! ehecndbr
liulb«r. 111 I K Uia nnlMmno at
Uarliiirg, ucli pluogM bl* oplalon
ca Um BoohariM ami l^edMtl■>-
tioD. ISO; hli clunRtH nliulont <a
IjUihvTi 1$0i hi* funrni addnoa on
tuthnr, in I ii[i canHMtlon witb the
Lxlpilc iDicrini, IGSibu t»iiMiilan<,
bUOj atlcn.ldl by a letler o( Calrin,
l')04; Culviri'i advviiAn tnt. 3Ni np.
fjtr* IMria'* Sotlriat at PrtAtlU
nitlOD, 114| Pa the f.mutlon of liar-
io[n>,Snilnviledla l^iby Knuicia
I., U3l his oonuntntaay on lli« Ito-
aniuu, 401: on th* tiinadot ProM*-
UHtitni in lialjr, 3U4i on iL< ttmirr-
lot Sunday, 481.
lUvllb, AadNy. saO.
Hultlllo, Janiei, hi* lUKripUon ol
Kiioit, 380.
tialrillv, Hir Janut, on tin folioj pn-
■rribttl luUary vl SootUnd, itO;
uii tha abduction ol Uaif , STti M
hiT lov* tu BothweU, nS.
McirdlianiaR!«rt,liovtrtBl*d hyCblat-
Hcnoa, lii« lalliwato on Uio Anabap-
iwK*»-
Uannuolla*. Iheir cbua«t«r, SII.
Uvrwnnc, Ml.
tliili'idriii, a niaionar)' (n OohnEU,
i;s.
Ifkli4l't, on Caiharin* d* Utdit . STAi
on Kithclltu, 4W.
HidO-t A|H, ChriMianiljr ot Om. 8i
tharae(*rii*d,81i chander ol Nligtoa
in (lio, ta.
UlKsat, on tha TBcUlalloo ot Framl*
I., SM.
Uniciiiry pitillnn, 4S4.
Ui!iiian,un lliii aiili-luanrchinl t|lrll
vt Ihs tatly vuroaiHilar litaratun, SL
Uiiiu, ai.
MUlitf, Lit nogoliallou tftth L«lh«r, K.
Millun, on Ihs ilamjof iIm prcM la
ttoly, tSTi hi* rlNilM (lalih*. (BTl
«D Ui« libMty o( th« !«•>■> U<| ob
forbidding tha maB, iiiSt on Amitat-
Iiu,in8.
Uimffita^ princlpW o( the, 41.
UUoBB, PiotittanI and Catlwlio, HO,
UobanuDiHtaiiitni, it« pracim fai Eu>
npc, 39; cbKksil by Uhatln HartcJ,
e.
M^lvr, on FratvaUnlinn and RationaU
i>m, •■
Moluiiu, hit comwpoudino* with Dofr
«ul,4S4.
Umufclijri lb victory mwr fovdaliam,
III Iho watch void of Ida iippoDanla
of ihf Painc^ In Did 14i1i caiitury,
40( oonwiidatlon of. In ICufopa ia
tha Ulh esnlofT-, Mi Danla'i InttE-
it en. 10.
Molina, bi**y«an>, 461.
HonaMician, oppatftion of Entmua to,
T9 1 origin et, n.
JSoaUis"', hi* (alhpr on Ihs landowj
«l Ills KolbrmalioD, S i hii lo^UtWn,
IM.
UoutmoMri, ouUtiippcd I7 tb*
G>1»M, aUi one of Ih* Tribmvlma,
tu.
Uomta, Pmt«faor al Pamm, 8m.
Uor*. Sir Itivnuu, al Osiar4, 78) hit
" lliupia." ;6: Ihs *xa«allaa *t, SSL
Uumay, Un PioaK >>ia dapuutkm
wlib Uu rvmo, SB*.
U«raD*.oatbs *pnadof I'rafvcanUni
In luly. Wli paH«uli'a sf, 400.
Uartan, i:arl of. t7t.
Uu]>lb««, balds of. IM.
Uuiray, <aodui4* tha gnvmatai *t
SosUaaU ucdsr Uaiy, SWi tocan
tha dii(ile4iur> of Knox, UT;
^^^V ^^^^^^^^^^^H
^^^^^^^B Hi^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H
H 61S IKDBX. ^^1
^H np inu CM tli* <luMa'« muriag*,
KiclwiM I., ropa, bla po«ar, M,
^H WO: to*li noptftin th« aurdec <rf
KicholM v., IMpa, bli gant le U-
^H [>unl*]r, 3T3 i SjoOkwooiU'* ojdnloa
phonaA, King <ii faatncil, IT*
^H ef, ITT: hit pcnpleaeltf aiul dm-
Klmlc, US.
^M MM, ISO: brtngi lonrd tlia"ou-
KlMeuaa, Trtalr af, tU.
^m ' kst bUcn." UL
HomloaBMB, ila cAatl on ailNUfJciii*
^H HjsiUiiii, tiM dUbm oI, BSi In Jut-
TO.
^H wlm, Ml «t BiitvotiH Md Ut
Kordlinitan, balllo of. Ul.
■ rriaid*,HI.
Korfolh, hk nbtDias, Ul,
^1 H)ratI«,lDIheMI<l>U«A«t«,CtiWMlu
Nonrij', tb* Itarocuialiea In, ]Tk
^H OQ iJi«, a»i tbe plonten of lln IC«r-
KoalnuUniua, Iba Miroluct', f-
^H ennaUoit, UT-
Kiaiambarv.[>itt uf (llffiH, praaMtauaa
^K
hundred coiiigiUiou ^ilaal Iba Sm
^H Samcs, how t«iid«>«d Into Gntfc and
of UaiDClia ; UMt at ( ISH), nana*
^1 Latin, y?.
111* mbjtvl of Uw Vr'eiwt tlnrna 1*
■ Uutn, Edid of. eMablUbwl, Wl{ Ila
tha atvml prinna, 1I&; P«a«* o(
^H Kvwilion, lU.
{iua),»T.
^H Kaplci, I'rDlnMiitInD In, 3M, US.
^H (tUianiilInD, tiio ud «har*cUr1iltci of.
Oocani, William of, maintaina Iba
^1 Ui cxlilbitiiil by tin Ugkti, S3;
cnuta of tbadTi] authoriir. Ni Ha
^1 ciipoMj to BunlfoM Till., M.
^M Karun. H«Biy d'Albnt. kinj; of, MO.
K; bl* rahrtion lu l.utbta'a •loctrin*
^H Kiwra, Anlhuiijr of, liU appudtioa tn
of tbs Euilurul, lai.
^^^ lli« Uuitw, BSSi bl* ohanctw and
OcliiiM,b«Mm«aaI'rMi!iUat,XH;t)ca
from Italjr, 4IH| a pndoMar at Ok-
^^H «Ti Ui dniii, aus.
tord, rat i a OnlUriui, <7S<
^^^H K«auder,onllielIiiliUaAj^8| onllta
tEcolMupadiui, Ut tkancMr, lll|an
^^^H orieln oT Uw ^Si«opau, ]S| «n U»
iIlb doctrine of SftroUa, ttt.
^^^H nliitiaiu ImIIii^ of lbs Genua Mca,
Oliknhnr^ Caual af, in.
^^^H K: on ZwJDEir, lUi »a Ibo MtglB
Old TwCamont, cbaiactw of Uw •»•
^^^^^ ud nMura of ttaljanaliun, MO.
tijiian ot Iho. 11.
^H" Kfmoiin, Dacb«B<if, iJi.
OIlTotan, Ptter. IM.
^^^_ H«paIiuB of lb« Pnpta, it.
"Oppo>aD(f,"U3.
^^^B K«Ui*ri)indi, ueU In, betan Um Uotor-
Onloijr «f l>ivlna Lot*, b» -tfnfriri
^^^V inUlon, ST; tliiiti and inicllIg«Dca
and aplfil, 303.
^V of tin, 386; relBtian (o ihs Gcrnum
Ordart, til* of Iba roaoScMrt, 31; fa>
^P EnipiraflSlSliSM; how hnitciUnu
<ficaU a r«i ival of retiicttaa stal, UT.
^m bm *••* intniducdl bito tbt, SSD;
Oaiuillv.m?
H ptnacnlloil under Cbailcii V., 38T|
Oiho 1., Ilia Iloljr Hainan Zin|dra b»
^1 number ol iqortjrn und*r Chulcs V.
Kin* vllh him, ec.
^^ In the, S99; Bnl oompUioia agaliut
H Philip U., 1»; Um iDquitltlM la
tha Papacy, U.
H the, 3H; halrod of Ibe SpuUarda
Otbo IV., excommuilcnlad bf Iiu)»
^B In tha, tor i inuioDodann la Uie, SV9 :
CBDl UI., SO.
■ "CDUDon of Bhwl," In tht, 302;
Oxcustlani, 430.
^B •abaiaalon of llie Catholic provlnoa*
^M tol'btUp,8Dai (Rvpondaiuce of Ilia
['aleWrfna, 411.
■ CUTlr.kM in th«, III.
I'allnTi bla bbtovr at K*« Eig'aaA
^H Raw Kujilauil, utua of Ila M(ll«ini>(il,
ilL
^m *'"
■'■tlavicluj, on Ixo X., U.
DIMZ.
618
I
I
PuitbTiim, iti niatlon t« Deun, Mi.
P>p«7, lu rolitlon In Iht (Mcnloial
order. Hi fu ^Ttmlh favorc^t liv
folitlcul cln;uiii>liin«a, VI: lu ilU-
■fi<e arith (lie Fnnkt, 33i iti rclftlion
b> Cb>riinn*Kiw, U : bow afloelcd by
lb( diviiion* ol hu mnptn, tl t tX'
•Itod bj tb« PMudo-IiIdorlia Detm-
ttbt 14 : prriod of fomixn^ m
tb«,S6; intomntlcrn of Otho l-.Oibo
m., anil IlenrT- III., in llin iiCbin
«tlh>,SS; tliltlebraiid't Idoodht,
tti '•MDHict wllhlbii EUpii*,S6;
ft* adnnttCM in thii oonBId, IT;
;iU>din IhecnnBirt by dirinioD* in
Dttir, 37: vieloiy <rf 111*, SSjcut-
' ttIo«timi<itiH|HiiT«r,£l:howil!(iclnd
bytb* niloat olibacr, 29: Umry of
Uic, Rdvancfd by Inmicwt ltl.,Sit-,
oaiura of lu ii(ni)n[ti with il»i hjii-
pirp,33: bcnrtlllKof tlio, IntlwUi'Ula
Ap't. 33: howtmMd by Duiti^ P»-
tnnh, *n'l Ilncracdo, 34; nactioa
at;i)u>( tliBi 36 : doclineoflUprMlig*,
Ui In llM ptrioil ol Ihibylunlan rtf-
llrity, 31 1 tuaiaimiilaiuiiiiaaGtr-
mny, ta^oA, anil olber countrwa,
U; lb* Cnal Sriimn, 43', Gilli«*n
IbeoTy of tht, 43: l|l<ritotlh^ lath*
UlbcvnUiiy, 44;uruluriiI>i|iof(li*,
Wi chanwior of (ha In iha >lidi|]«
Agm, M; ic* wnkiwM nndar and
tfWrLiMi«XIV.,UT.
Ptrktnan, btt wotk oa lb* Jwolla Id
Xlm■nt*,tV^.
PBilluMnt, iho Prftntb, ntpporu or-
Ibodmcy, 342, 144! (ho ScottUh,
(fiDllnni tbt c*t4bllj>li<aiuil of t'rol-
nUiilitin, 313.
Pannii, Alexander of, la command la
lb* KtlheiUndi, 30ei tbs C«lhoIlo
proriuvn •ubnilc lahlm,)l(l: Pliillp'*
d»l);n to illuiilishbu, mOi his oin-
Ift I trtib lUiuy IV. In Francr, S8(J.
hlliV ■ Mat of CMboOo tanaliritm,
Pari*. Ooivciwly nt, mbmna tba
■■ CoIkiqalH " of Kruinu), 81.
fan), hie " Piorioiial letun." iSt,
Fmmo, "nuty of, MT.
Patrick, HiUinp, 44ft,
I'aul, Ibg Aii-Hlle, hii Catholio lata*
prclalios of ChrlHUally, II.
Paul til,, Vopt, hi* ballet In utnlofQr,
S: oneoungcta Pranciil, tnnM (he
ProLntaiitK 49; nUirrl wlih F'ruicii
I. H;aini>l Oinrlot Y., IM; frMndly
IS the Catholic rcformiait pojty, K)a i
hi* Coniulninnii of Battnn, J13i
Inrufan tbo Oiuoil «f Tnal U
OoIoGna, (01.
lIulIV., hi* •anilnUlntioi),411, hfa
Crealraent at Eaiubalh, 411; bi* n-
tadau to Quoen Maiy of Eiiglaad,
ixt.
I-aulldana, tS.
Parla, batUe ot, IIS.
Pepin, bia BMir|Mtian, 23; d*lirtra tba
Papacy, 33.
P»l')-t, hi* diary, 443.
lAtnin, Amy, Sll; leoili an loaurno-
lion, S13.
PM*r, finl mmCion of htm a IIUwii of
BoBlf, IS.
Pelcr cf Bruyr, M.
I'ctcneui Olaf, aiul t.aHn'nc>i-> pmuh
the Bcformalloa lu Kwolan, ITO.
Pttll, J„ Mtt.
Petrarah, on (he Papacy, II i hia i*.
Ltlion to lb* nviiral o( Ltarulag, AT ;
«n tba comiptioi] of iba Papacy,
US.
Pfatterkoni, TS.
Philip, Iha Fair, bi* MUtaat with Bosi-
favaVni., SJi ea tba uiurpatlaiu «4
thaaUrp', 3T; tuppoRod by hi*
rtalm, tS.
Philip, Landgnra of Ileaae, trim to
unit* th* Lulbaraoiiasd the Sviid,
IM; iMtona th* Uuka of Wilium-
batg. at; hi* diiubU marri^t*. lAT,
499: aumndi-'n tiirnxtt lu Hi ilk a
v., ISI: n-t»<(d. 163.
Philip II.. ol S|iiln. hit (rhamaa mu*
alami m Kramu |UT1)|. CT3: M*
rtlalioDi la the Lta|;iie In Prance,
SWi \in rbanct*r,3ft)i au luiplw*-
Ueenemi o( raliglau* dhaanl, 9N;
h>« napipularlly Id tba HsthatwiK
(14
INDEX.
IM. Jppolut* Utrgtnt «t Punu
■•KMittSMi iMnartKiBNiuUilli*
KMbnteiklf, SM I iocrMMi di« num-
btr td blaUpriei Ihtra, Ud; roiivM
IhapanwutingMUcUot CiMdM V.,
Sti «n«(lol Mi fnwcnthin In Ih*
NMliutlikDiIivB*':^'*"** to »ll^
fBU llu pentoDilui, AH I UtfcriUjr,
M*l Mid* Al(« la Dm K*lt«riM<U
•01 1 osadBinm alt iIm p««p]« •( ih*
KtUinlMdi u htrailai. MSi vUl
not iiraiil ulcralkm, MOi ivplT" ol
M'illUin of Onac* la hli (hirgia,
WT i hi* ili^ u dkmia niiiM,
llOi (liM>oinfltui« at, Silt <HTi*>
Euicluiil iaia <m Til h Fnncoi no i
hb<l«aUi,»0.
"Pknw llw llougbiiua-s Cnda," 31.
P»n' rhnj^limM, Um viijon of, M.
Piu, tlio Connca af, W.
fiuMkuw. Uiiit of, IW-
PiM IV., lilt rtunctir, 411.
Flu v., lili vliancU* uidpall^, 411 ;
nquMU AIn I* HaUoj Uwiv*,
aot.
no* IX., hi* EncrcIiMl Ltlur,MS.
Plymouth, MtU«u»ni at, 430: MUM
h7ftepantl«b^4tQL Iheir aipMincDt
with ih* MuMchuwiU Muim, 449.
rancid. 3>li hi* diuwtrr, iM.
I'DiMy, Colloqur of, »Sii Bob** •]>-
rMniiKi) *I, 3061 mattaf tb#,9aa.
l>ol*iii], iu rauilltian bstora iha lUI-
mnttiun, 184; bow Prvtcounitam
«•• inmdooal Into, 181; lu t>n>-
gnaiin, IU; ilUsiultai of I'Mm-
tuiu In, 181.
Pole, CutUul, htnr IratMd by the
CMbolk Rwctkn, 4M|dipnred of
hit legMlM olllBii 810,
lUlliqlM, riM «I lb« P»nr of, tn.
lUlUual Ucooomjr, rlB ol ttio wimca
olfAIO.
Polll}-, lb« Luihfnii, III lula tcBlum,
40li (ho trfaniiuJ, ILiA.
r<iin[nURi;u>. Hi-
Popct, uflgin o( tlielr lem|>oi«l kla^
«uiii,]t4; Uulc lD(alIlhUi<]r HMl1e4,
80| Ibair oliua«wr tn tba UUcBlb
fEDturr. 4&; (taslr (ilatlon to tho
Uimponl pvirvf, 5i>L
fmaualn, MaMo at, fMiad. tO; i»
Ti<redb]rHMirVUI..jai.
l-n^uilo SaMstiao, hi*ui7 «f Um, U
lopaal of Iha, Ml
Pngw, VatntMj *J, dMhoa* (or Ih
UnquiiMi, IT*,
Pnj'r-l'vuk of fho Cbsreh of b^
land, iMiMiI, att.
PndMliiiaani, CalvUi'* ilaalrla* ef,
aiD[Zwli«lD-oTleiraf,«>*:UalTte'o
Tltir compartd iritb Aagutl^t^t,
SOI; wllh UillKf'a, KUl la Iha L«-
iharaathaologrtaWtTtawaolABcU-
can tafomun o«, 3H; Ibqr mb bM
lil^ ia tba aaMation af , awi dbn*-
•ton of, amans Lba I'm Tail aWa. tli,
rntbj-iariauiaiD, bow (arla^liaad la
Kdi;Uii<I, taS; Ntahliiftad ia Soot-
Uai, 448; iialorm In Gaaaf^tfTi
tD l-'fKaca, 4SB; in SooUaDd, 0I>
i'mb; luriana, how Itta tiJ bfCtiaflM
II., Ui; Ibiii )fa1our u( SUU
coatrul, 499.
rnacoil, on Willinn «f Oai|lta>>-
Whirlu, SylT«Mar, «rila* acaiDal
Luiher, M.
I'iibiIiuihI, idM of, oonoaMMl «U AM
luiulitrr, IS.
Pr^ud^niti (TtUontlMX US.
Pntotlitlhat)<*tatSt>irM|lte),llT.
l*nU>iaa-uiu. iia potiUva cItfnBI, )■
luobJ•cUvaaiclo, 0; iu Muniita Iha
licrlplURa, 10; ■ pmclinl iMarlioa
of prlrala >iiil(ia«ii, 10; njaaB
I'aiul ami prlnll/ auliiuftly, U;
chanttMliad. M; tpnad of (Irga
IftSth IftTi tnm till l-ta« of Augi-
tioreUtUk Kill; hV 't* pn«raM
wa*fhack«d, 411>i Ib» acMplaUa la
Ssulbcrn Europt, 4l'iii rarialJcM •)
iniMtUy, Wliluinrlt tnlbeMvaa-
ttcnlii cculuiy, ^Ml lu*lrat|{hla
ibo uvmliHiKh miiwy, 4U i iU In*
ducDc* on UlNrty, ttJi lu pobUoat
nlfci'i ou liuriniuiy, ftlli In Haflaad
S14; In Ainrrica, aU; affcd o< lb*
•upfiiaialan of li on Ikeiaiiira II
Spain, aaUi In l<aly, USi lu nialtaa
t» Ibc flat utM, M0| ifoil at fmf-
nai in, £01-. nnldplyJBK nt atna
uuJcr, MH; in llalyi tlrvumxkaCM
INDEl.
615
I
ImnbU and uataiwrkhU lo, Hi;
foMd U eutfMt ilMit, 8S I i > Uiinn
of dtfpH*, S»l i iu afniJ, iMj mo
" llvtnrnialiau," uodtr ttai Mti«uM
nlornivri, aiul tuutur tlu iIUUrdI
ftiCutaoU, vtlgln •>( the aamc, ItT | do
not (lUimil to ih« ■(tloD of the Disc
•I SplrwItMUl, lUl tlulr number
In S|i»a, lUSi tholrill'uioiia aid Ilia
CalLolk Reaclioa, tlb; iLsIr doc-
triiM of tlu Chureb, W(.
Piotntaat luclinu maiparwl willi C«tli-
•lk»ua.
ProvaoTa, tlio bardi of, 31,
"Pf»Tiac)alL.iien,"««I.
fiwrlwnv (latula «f , 10.
PtuMta, it« riar, US.
Pundo^aidaiiaa DecnUl^ ducadur
•addboloftbr, 3L
Ptritani, Ibairorieiaud lantU, 34Si
tbair olijcDlJoru to iha raitmonta,
USi tb«lT dootriuca aa otpounilad
by CatlwrielXt MO; undir Janita I.,
4U,««li cjaci-on «f tbnir mlulatm
(IStS), 44S.
PoriUn ecamnR]r< **■■ merlu of It,
MB| Lanl Il«««ai'* jndfpacnt, iw.
Babelab, Ibo tplHt of hla WTitioga, HO.
BadtxK, 147.
lUlolgb, Sit Wallnr, iSS, 031.
lUmU, I'lur, (US.
BatlOMlInn, Qanuail, lla tan lypca,
Ht| In tha Daislia fona, Udi F«»-
•■"■■"-. "*
RuUxjBt Caibolic alllanca fomud at,
lUt eoofanDe* at, U7.
Barramani, ilcnlad tnniulMiaiiiialiia,
148.
Kanka, oa Tysbo Bralu aoit aNnd-
oiori S) on l.aa X., 41 1 hi* rrititdna
)U Darlla, MO; as lbs auupiraij'
ot AiobaI«r. 3<ll; On tb* Qli«an«
plot, Mil *a Iba alMiahlar «t SL
Baidwlomiv, JT4; on llttfjr IT.
Mid Ilia Itiiitwnabi, 9SSt «n tit*
"C-aikta UitHn" and lliaB»itd«r
sf llamlcv, S7T; uu Huv^ anU 1*«1-
lariiiiu, 4001 oo Iba aUasc* «l tba
•pjril or prapajMdhm ftnong I'Pat
lUfonaatiDn, Idiu; la pnpamlaa, 1.
tg^nuif vl indiviiluala in the,ti Iu
orlgtn and iialuta ■ lubjact of coDlro-
rtny, aiaMnlafiol UuorralUn, 9t
calioit bj- ],«« X. aqaniratot nwMka,
9t not OMKlf a cDntlnuanca of iha
•trif* «i papca and ampaion, 4 i
not nertly ■ political atvat, 4 ;
Gulaot'i Titia «(. 4 : an ba|imvaisant
ot nliginn, ii rt^udcd br mna ai
■ iltp lowarda ICatlonatUin, Ot a
i«ll|[inua oi'cnti 8i it* (uailiuunUl
cbanwlsr.ii amctJoa of Cbrlitlau-
il^ at UoniirlaKninitt (Jliriaiianltjr m
law, tt WaiU U ialalltvlual llbaNjt
10 1 nM au iHilalad phanoKiMMn,
lOl Bcaof Ui*it^anBt*r4>*il, U;t<rr»,
told aapad of UM, II: obnoolofiiail
Umlla *J lb», ISi OdlanDiu*, Adrian
Vl^ and Eraunua, on Uia naad ot,
II I bo* It apr«ad frun Oarmaay.
lIOl alliai luulf with dtRiiKraor In
tbetovna of tha Uaua, l!4j lo>*-
numcn of Uu, how dauiilad, U;
caiuBi and omcni of IW, Maaq. ) Taci-
uui iuflnantaa ia ilw piepaiWlMi of II,
U ; could not oanu (nm HunxuiliiD,
lUi iti apCMHl ioGcimBDy ilCfU),
lUi it* iafluatKa on aoMoco and
liiaMon, USi aMBpliintt of Siaa*
rnna, fiU; iu dtcct on llknton Is
E^Und, tm-, ia Ganaaiqr. SMl
tu «lla«l on mIiooIi ia Faelaiid,
Mi in Gtnnanjr. U^l IU btnalt
to UidUnd, aUj to Seodand. tU;
lolkkal «nnaquaae«a( tha, GUt lla
aOaal on frila(an,Uli iiaallaci on
pUloasphr. US.
BaConMn, Oallioan, bold la r«inl)y
anifcoritr, (HI.
lUtfomin, nadkal, U.
Uafonaa, lOmu lo aifacl, la Iha tfr
laantb Motuiy, 41.
lUsaaex. Omnan Oanncfl ti, nimm
ID tnak LoAoMliB, 114.
Salii^Mi, ttattanaur inibalCiddIa
Ac«a, U; hov aflMal bjr Ibt
rtTlnl «t laaminK. tt.
^ 616 ^^^1
^^^K "iTrill- -, lk« ttm at h In Fnnoe,
Bear, cMr at, IU pivmlaMtt. IS ^|
^^^V «l*t«MpU(teB«(thol(aan,Ha.
MOkalfajribeiiqieiiat lKM|N,tlf H
^ 8M"Bn1ratat LaaralaK."
Bast, Rapira it. bUbH ol iU 111) m ^M
^^1 B«|iubUc,th«Duuh.riici>r,90SiCtowi
UwCbnrh,S3. ^1
^^M itraaf oBiUr lUurSM^ Sl^ 8m
Beua, 8aa M, ^roandaaf ka^lulnc ^M
^K "Xatlurinfa," "WiUitM of Oi^
^^^^ liw*," "Philtr 11."
in Ibo Eait, Sfti political enunil «l
^^^^m Btqamiw. hit tolU?, aW; wattM
tbo primacy ot, IS; sTOwdl of iU
^^^B (oi fai III* »>uiii. KM: bk dMih,
^^^H mii maUnrbltnliUenitOI.
ran, 91; wnlla nUUan it, to ^M
^^^H tmimUm. UnEotlgitMttwJ. IWi to
Juidnlwi, XI: Ik* bbbop at, bit ^M
^^^^V •ObM, Ills, 4iai campUinti of Ka
primacy, Ui bow bijli np^ 11; ^H
^^^V vickUon, «a.
Ttew of C/priaa, 11. S— "Tt- ^M
^V BmUiwIoii, Ukt ol, 4>r.
pacTi" Mid Btidta Uie MptnU popca. ^H
^H &Mt«mloa, d( OuotM 0., lunr
Komonntla, Kdkt of. UL ^
^H •SlMted.MI.
Boacoft, •nllMcbifwIwof LmX.,(T,
^H BtmtillB, Ilia rcUglMH elunetcir.TI;
^H UtcoaMt «tthllMMaiik(.T4i ood.-
ItlTB Chofck, U. ^1
^H dtmned bj Um Swbooni*, M4.
Bonen, nptarcd Md tadkad fej iba ^H
^H Bvriral «f hmntag, ifmad* over
nnlhollca, 9a». ^|
Rouatal, G., Ukm fafaga wllll M- ^M
^H lijcin>iM; p«diu« tin downfall trf
poanet. 345. ^H
^H SdwlMlIdini, at; lU *S*ct on lb«
Budalphll., hit tantUdm, 411. ^M
^H ttnif at lh« ScripCana, 71; ita
^^M KTplJcat chjuaoUr in luljr, TSi iU
totbe rapacj>, V. ^M
^^M tbiractar in OeTBuaj, Tt; in Sng-
BjFiwIok, Pmm of, (&«■ ^M
^H . bad. re.
^H
^^1 lUvalulion, Frtoib, gndnlllT' fr»-
Sacrmnutnu, Ladm^ £KiiaiM of lb, ^|
^^1 paml, 1 1 ptMlMod, i.
100. ■
^H II*]nian)lluFox,andtbabnil«*^33.
SaloItt, Calvin'* l*UfMO,nt. ^M
^H B«]niold*r Dr., nt Iba Bompton OMrt
Saint Aiidr4, ana «f Ibo TMoavint*, ^M
^H 0«nfanai<». tab.
OU. ■
^M BlMJ,ua.
Saint* [kun>, on inHdcSly la PisaH ^M
^^B Blcbter, on tba oiigla of tha Epiaco-
iin<lvrt.<)ui*Xnr., M4. ^M
^H pal*,
&»tti, Pniliar Paol, on Lao X., 41. ^M
^H Bjiboliau, uoliro ot blatnumntion in
Stnj, Dukea ot, Tidanu* of 0«Da«^ ^H
^H Ocnnao^, US; (^ tba conlral of
901. H
^H Ibo war, 43t; bU Inlanial policy.
SaToy Confarmco, 44S. ^H
^H 4Ui Lit JonigD policy, 4t0; hU
SetBdinaTlMi Uosdomi, iMrulM, ^M
^H [>ali(ir»l UMuoeai, 448.
ITDi powtr ot tb* pralUai 10,170. ^|
^H ItidlfT, on PiodMtinMbin, Sia; bli
BM3»ickD, ot lb* Raaaltaantaia tttfy, ^H
^H winjrnjooi, ai3>
(49; origin ot modnn, U9; la ^H
^^1 BilUr J. 1., OD Ibo daclloa o( Iba
Franco, S44: Id Iberaignot liwl* ^H
^H Popacr. fill on I.CO X., 4T.
XIV., 4tS. ^M
^H Binio, nnMtr of, 3T0.
Stblim, Ibo Onat Papal, 49. ^M
^M Bpb«iUan,J. B.,a.
^H BoUiuoa, Jobn, hli prtndplaa, MT, 4M.
IU downfall, se, TO. H
^H Boota«ll«tlUuifuInoM(o lb* Jlugn*-
BaTanan>la,bticBnar,e4; wotkaoa.M ^U
^H noU,sn.
Scblalannubar, cbaniUf of bia into ^U
^1 HohTtuw. Ul-
met, S4d, B4T. ■
nana.
817
P
s
tAmUt, m tUa OaOurlstf, U.
Schwab, «0 BonKicc Vlll., 37,
SchorB, JeffliDf, 111).
Scotland, iu nmlUion at Ui« Rtrmma-
tios, M9i raoEtioMa of th* nnblu,
Ul; Wtalth and ptaai|i:*c}r (,t iu
eltrgy, 3B!| covaUimiMa ot Uia
doMm, 3S9; naid at UttoroMUm
JD,38>! MIcmpti St nfDiiD Is.SUi
Dunyn In,S&3i Uetonnalioa lag*I<
Ited Id, iSfi; dellnrad fnila daligtr
Iriid Um (IuUo, SST; I.ms^o Mid
Cvnuuit (arnud (n IIOIS], 4X7 1
under Cbatln II., >nd JUDM II.,
44n: b<^itflt p( th« RftanniCion to,
UOi Itefarmnlroti in, codhmIoI irilb
that «( EnKlmi), 351i Bstarmuion
in, not iiroc«d«<l hy lli« nrinl of
](tl<n, Sti, m>rk*>l by hatnd of
the I'apacj. 3M, *i>uitilUliril by lav,
JM. 3w ■' Knn»," " llaty, Qowa
of Sfolii," " Pnlcatsolnm."
S«cU. rii* of snlt-aisatdMal, M; mrk*
en tlicin, fiS; aiitl-MccMotal, what
they initioal*, M: mulIlpllcBtion «(,
MS; utolaicDiu dltUonaln tbc Cath-
olic cbunll,U«i iMd tAm ot, MS.
ScMBa,43l.
Senior, PtlatloQ of RotioiwIiMn to,
•U,MT.
Sandonlr, Synod of, I9T.
ficmliu, InRucnM of hi* duth tcToni-
bto to toleiBdcm, Hi; hli Mrlj hb-
toiy and ilmlict, ittti pobUaha bb
hook as lhoTriiilt]r,SI; »■ ufr-
tiraliil and ph;^«{dan, 997; at
TIcduo, StTi irublithn hit "Km-
tondon of ChriftJaaitr." 928; hla
4oolriiie, U9; ■n>l|[D*d (or hanaj
btfera ■ Roman CuhoUe trihoail,
S8i «Tidrnc« aj^inht bim froni
G«nf*>, i3S; «acapM and comta lo
Oaoara, 990; b triod, (onrlcWd, and
barned at th* >l>k«, 130; GalBH'a
Jadicmrnt ot, X33; (ba fxaoition ot,
i:(intnll]r approvad. 930. Sea "Ol.-
Tin."
forlUo, PnlMlaatInn b, tOS.
(IxiaDund I., King of Polanu, US.
I (IxiaDua
KgtnDnnd IE., lUnit et FttUnd,
trirnrlly tn PrnlMlaiitiun, tC9.
Silvnlxr, Pops, ».
Sbniiindt,onIlal7ia tbo Uth MMUlTi
380.
SliEua IT., Pope, Ua ohantttr nd
alma, ill hi*doctrin>mp«itingthi
dallTmwt of aouia tron purgaloir,
8*
SIxUm v., Ua Indti expargmlorioiv
406.
Sodnloitinn, tti piiaciplcs. 4T9.
iixlBm, Pauatoit hla hiatoir, 479; bb
Inflmno* In Poland, ISC.
Sotinoa, Ijallni, 479; why trtUad
wilb tortwiuBncv li]r CalTJn, 939^
8oin«ml>3lai hi* invaiinn ot Soot-
land, SSC; aniipraaw a OuhoUa
rcbvllion, tast broncbt lo tho •caf'
told. 397.
BorbODiM, bo>tit« to innovaliooa In
doolriM, 119, 944; hatUla lo Beoch-
lin, IU; it poUtunhaeraed, IU.
Smaliald, Laagna of, raniird, IU,
aiimiMiDQ of Ibo four ellle* (o, IM.
ttiiialnldLe War, 101.
HLmiUi, Un. It. D., JOa.
Spain, inonanhir. In tho llilh «aitiii7,
!a, 44) fanatical tptrltol tha moD-
»rcUy tn, IWi tha Inqulaltton \u,
flM| auadicd on tha acw hr Uw
Ditlab, tlO) ita deaoltoiy oodAM
trtib Sai^ttii, 3>1| 1ii«imi7 tpirit
la,40<i PiolMlanl InflooKaa npon,
40T| aha*wl«r ot PralaalaotiBn lo^
dOTi PrattalantlnD (ndlartad ta,
m. 8ot*<UCcTatTin.-
Splaoto, hb «Botta for lb* nunlM ol
tharshM, 4M.
Spin*, DM at (uac), IU; Id UOB,
U7.
Spiritnali, or FiatilMllI, Ibair (bar-
aetar, bT.
SpoUiawoodCh os (ba aMaciioa ot
Uai7. ST9.
St. AI<b«oad«, 997; dlacnaaaa toltm-
tion wllk WUImi ot Onas^ na.
Slat*, tti pover in Rialton Ut tba
Church, atatenieiit of liw Auphuil
confculon. 49Ui of Lulbtr, dtOf
i
^^^I^HIIHH
^HfW i»
. 1
n(4tlMi.lbairo*t«ta.lOT. ■
^^B Ml Xiriaiil*'* *!<>, 404. 8c«
Ttt«)tae7, E-udHfas, pacallulllH 4 1
^^H "ChB^buHlSuta."
UL ■
^^^P Bl»w Omini at PnttMt ibtic BMt>
1lmA»ta>,lh* ttataaUBl. Il> MmM ■
^^^^ ins al (Mtuu, MS.
priwIplH, tSBi Itt 4«iial«l bMH ■
^M BUufiiu, hkwnuMeblaLMbw, Kl>
mnji, 4«1 1 imnkm Ui- lUUt ibi nfc ■
^^^B Ml l^nliriiwnr, mmucn of. v»> It
ot (aiUi, 4«1| III dMila* ttlta ■
Chocb, Mtl lt> dMUtM i<a^ ■
^^"^ St.Crnui.tU.
Ttn) priatlbood, 4SS| lU vfy iti V
B >*• Um»*1>- "M •f <Un). 9Nl
10 tlu Kaat, (momoom, ¥m^ 40| It 1
^^_ nMtro(<u;o),tTt.
iavotaliBn of Kwrud Ik* 8ilM 1
^^H flciuiagaM. Mc.
lb* sonhip <tt mugra aad nI« 1
^^H ftiMM, ». r., HO.
pitcrlaagaa, ato., 4TO| It* q«U» 1
^^^H etoaic^ hit ckargM «if hwmr t^taM
■In conctptioa at «b*SMlar, tTL
^^H KrMniui, >1.
Tbtolocr, Konaa C«CImBc, bt be
^^M 8c vittor, 8<i>oc4 i>r. et.
^^^t Oftavmi-r, Kl li, UBdw Uwu7
CriM ol th* ChKKoh, 4Wi httif
^ VIII., ai.
Utaa «f tha a>w— imla. 4«| k
^K^ Supniiiicy. iIm Kiag'a, mwlnc >t-
^^^L uobtd U it at ant, US: Indltccltr
4«Ti ht doctrfaM of Um priMteri,
^^H MMittd br ll>« Poiltut, ML
4es.
^^H BMiy. tiMHjr of Oa BrfMmm m
TbcMit LMhv pMia hi*, M| iifia-
^^P lli«b«m)iM,4Sll
thm «xcl(al bj tban, H| fl** )V
^^^ fMri, SjriMl of. It.
loK«<MUbt,Mt oppaatdbyrriMMt
^^ Bwcilsn, drtt piMulklDg «t PratMUM-
TmmI, aad Rrh 06.
^H Uin III, ITS : adapw Hm IMonnalloa,
tUrtr Ttar** War, nan «■«••■«
^1 110; eoiiilucl of tU Mldlon la 0«r-
tBbcrit% IMi bov Mtad, 4U| k
^M nan^, 437; cllarU ot Jaatta la,
•Beet M a«nua)>, US.
H 414; how altecUd bylbtlmty <■(
■ Wotpliklla, 4191 dadbw ot Iti
auiir*,Ul. ^^
^M porer. 430,
lUIotHO, 44C ^^H
H Bvliurluid, lu condllloa la tb« Ulh
miy, hit rictetfai, 437. ^^H
^M ttnlorj, ISA; bow dimanllaed.
TlDt*nl!nn, Att of, 445. ^^H
^1 UC; SnRuoDMof litenr^cultui* la,
Toqpni, I«*ED* «(, US. ^^^H
^H IJTi llio ilelanniljaa la, bothfolid*
^1 ul anrl ralliitout, 144i caUMi>>pb«
TMII,bljUI«otB*«iE«i«Tm.,«). ■
H ot Ilia Ucfarmuioa ia, Ufc
ToQloiu*, AlUituiMalo, U. ^^^|
H
ToaraoB, Cardiaal d«, 9M. ^^H
^1 Tabontfl*, lliilr i*nfi>, 1T9.
THIiuuD, ItuttMloBM*, w CalrM^^H
^1 TkoiliM, Oil tha nliiioa o[ lb* Qtr-
in KncUnd, t37i on Uta Kaatufl^^H
^M nunr, 6i.
quaMian In £ag;Iia>l, 140.
^P Tkln^ on tin tbaradir of iba Ou^
Ttaatiibtlantlalion, llio dsclrina o<
^M aiaiii, HA ; on lli« r*U|[iou( tMtinf o(
vb*Q adopud In Ih* Cbarcb. UT
H Kllaabf tlian <rrilan, 631.
iniulo an tniula cd lailb, 148; doaiad
H TuiD, 412. US.
1/ Lutbar, 100; dinlad by aO lb*
^1 Taulw, Jiiliii. Iiii rhjinctu', M; i*
KotonMti, 148.
H itaditJ by LuUioi, 30.
TrlumvittM, iu tonnallon Id Fianoii
■ •Tbnlurtd viUm," 404.
BS4.
H TMbUUb, a^ait parMoatlon, SSO.
Treat, CdbdcH «I. b«(iiw «ith ca»-
■ TMwI, Ua Ml* ot iBdiilc«iiMk Mi
dMsnlnit iho I'roiataal doctjiaa, IM
^B bit «(innt«r~Uic«i^ H.
TMe, OuilUnmt, US.
WMT.
619
TMlCf, ait<**'»*i'i fit CaUiolIu ■nd
ProlCBlanlJ on tlii docbiiu of (fa<,
MO.
TUIocb, on th* Jux^an (Mriplila,
U9.
1^ln■>ul. Uialiop a( Durfiam, nS.
Turka, (lis, d>n|[nii* la Eurtpg^ 108;
tli«7 hind«r CbtrlH f. (ram MUlk-
inK Ibv i*r<il«tanU, UT.
Tydio Unhs, Uii faith in ailnilogir. t.
TraOala, h!> Bunj-rilom, UT; KUIb,
bk nurtynlom, UT.
UUauuiB, on llw nMun at Um B«Ior-
duIIdii, 0.
VaUonuitf, Jut of, ISL
CalgMUui, A* Bull, Uli lUdlMt
Ml lh« Vnoeh eler^, UT.
CdIod of Cattmtlci ud PfotMtUiU,
ttfforu Co procuf* ii, ISli oOoTU •<
Groliui, 481
Ciuan, of CalTluiiU and Lutbamalt
vOarU to proonro it, 481.
Union, lCnn|[Blical, in OanDUy, tt4.
Union, lbs Clnclit, 307.
(JnlMrluu, In PoUnit, ISS: ia Truw-
■jlnnU, 190. Soo "Soclnui, Kuu-
liu."
»ODl<rairillM, Mnaghotdj of Scbolwtl-
atom, ni UomanUa ailmltMil to
WB* o<lliani,n; biliuacn ol Ibv
JhbIU In, 414.
Citan VI., Pbp*, 49.
Urbin Vtll., SM.
Utfatr, ARbbUhop. ilTt • CtlrlnliC,
no.
OUqulM*, oriidn of the, ITti tbrjr
(D btfmd IloM, ITVi DM lahdurj
kf aniMdc*, Ul| u* banl nl tba
OHBril •( BmiI, Ul: coDMHltni
to IbHR, lUi dMaloo of ttic. lIQi
■ wv bri.vton Ilia IvD piniM of.
f Ittl rafuM to )nia FcnUouxl I. In
duSmnlMhU* War, UJ.
DtrMlit,l-Mn«or.4aC
CTlmtNigMTt, 471.
T*U«i, Jnu, 304.
Pnlnitinlia til., prtt tapnmiej In
lb« Chnttb to I.M 1., U.
F lb«t
Tails, I.aaiTntla*, npotu tlia Retina
ol L*oiiiiu !!»*'• <toiuill<>n, 330.
Tod Ualt, SaO.
Tun, CnHavBi. «at«tilUhai Pmi^
lanlifin In Sirwlcn, ITU.
TiB7, owMacnof, tCTi mucailula'
dlenalioa of lb* UuKauiotai MS.
Viinpri", nie» from Ilaty, 404.
VMklcg, riulalAntiHn in, 3iU| 39i,
V>rTin«,TrMl7or, ass.
TwImvnU, tonlmvcnif on, US ; otiot
Ion ot Jowol nod otiwr hlthnp* w
ttu UM of thiuo, 3U; opinion «t
Builolgh nnit otliei ilaWiiutii, Ut,
actvlcB of the 8>1m U<fomion, 141|
(talomenta «1 Uacanla/, 144.
TUUb»,410.
Tllmar, on thg rweptlan tt CbiM-
tttity^amQeiallM,6t.
Ttnol. oa CtMn, Sta.
TDIari.w SnvMHDta, «.
TWMtfoa, IbaSnton, 4UI.
TiJlaini,UTi nUn ih« Kdonnalion
to * dI*puI*of aioaki,3i Enmiii*
ceintar<<>l irilli, TTi on PwcnI'i
■■ I'n.rinfial I^ttcra^" W.
WailrllnKton, an Lutbw nod the Pcw-
■nlV War, 1.11.
WaI4rBnM, Iti«ir ortf^n nnd lonttii
M : *ork> on Uia, 66 ; uinuacra »f.
In Calibrli, 40S.
Wfldo, I'eCer, 50.
Walleiulain. hi* faitb bi utraloey, 1;
hit cbarKter, llOt Ticloiloi ol. tt!,
nmortd itom mumand, 43T! rifnll
e<l. <3» I put to •Icilli, and why, 410.
War of Cnppfl, rBccl ol II, WT.
War, Iho PiumanM', IMi connoctlon
«l l.BlbomiiiiiD with, IJ^i Iba itat-
ormalion not m*pan»iUI<< (nr, ltt>
Wan, dril In fOMoa, lb* btguinlng
of, MS.
Warburtoo, onChnrch auil Klal«. Ul.
WaliM', on Iha origin «( lb« EpiN^
pau, IS.
Wartburg, Lutliaf't naldanM at Ite
lit.
Wtila^, John, bl) Ifaeolocj', m.
UtttMta, D!«t of, 1T«.
620
iKsn.
VMrlMlU, Fmm e^ 418.
WMimiatur linifibly, bav wn-
pMtd,4STilbir«k.UB.
VM>l,JoliD,Ui«idDlofM,«3| LBlb«r
00.0.
WUlfUl, M I^MDpMjr, Wi ■ atrial-
luui Cil(1iilit,aM| conlniicd wUk
Uoalur,«M.
WlckUOik U) trael*, Nt votk* «a,
Ml bow pratMlKl, tOi a radial, TO.
WlikBttUa, vktn 6nl |>sn*uUHt, <1.
Wnikm «f V*tut^ h* •aanlu Bonl-
WUtUm of Onuic^ Ui mOf ■■■•••■t,
noi hli mothw, nti qmOi fi*-
liubuina In Antwerp, I00( bam
tlM t«uii/<r,300i hU«BorW>o<lBiW
lb couatty, 301^ «H I lulati on lolMw
Btlon, 311 : hli help mIwI I7 Flmdvn
■ad Unbut, SOSi n]M«iUiooBni
of DcnJdbo.tOC; rvwwd «8«nd for
bia Ut*. SOT; hi* -Ainlogr," W7;
hi* ilDmlrrt *<» I U* pnd'x^ SOB t
hi* «n*Miiiilliw, KM; bi* o«d* of
•MbdMliakl Uwi, 314; 4umii(1«
nlii^oiu Bbfctj, lU.
Williiua III., bi*4*t*aM Ot Bollud,
tU 1 Kltaowttdstd M Klag of ^g-
laud, by LduI* XtV., «5«.
WUtUmi, Rae<r, itOi hb prbwIplM,
««.
WiMUUi, ODDoaU»MTIJI.,>7<
WHMtiliax, Cnlnnlly of, l«md«d,
TB; foaUn "-—— '"", lat Lutlicr
• Pnr«*wT*t,«.
Wolmai, lUehlor, Uachoi Cklrin
Ortek, Wt
Wolacjr, Canliii*!, farsra luniliig,
IM: bl*Ua,tM
VToKtatcr Doom DMUntion of
ChariM n., *41.
WDnui CcDconlat, t8.
Vormi, Ihol of, 108; iu dccre*
^dnal I.albvr, 111.
Wonhip, order ol, la tiio PmUUaot
ckondM*, 4M.
Wuranboix, Dak* ol, wlifatlf*!!
in bl* p«**i«rfMi*, UT.
WanmitoUr, 17* ; h« death, ITS.
Wftt, bb I— iratCon. MI.
WylUBtedi, "Hhwi, bi* nIonaUMj
tnid«ad«*, Ur>
Xarisr, Sc FMnda, 9M, tM.
XiBuna, Cu«nal, U* "Pi^nla^'
408.
YuaU, Charia* V-i M Iha m«tmL <I.
soo.
rafharioa. Popt, Mniilwa ih« vmt'
p*Alwi«(Fwplii,>l.
ZlfolTs, John of, IM.
aafca, l<u.l*r ol ih* TAm»m, IM.
Znrlrai, pnblk AlqmMliM « (UBh
ItOi adopt* lb* a*loi—fau. Hl|
•pnikd «t Om DAnutfca turn,
141. Sw"Zarlacl>."
Zwta^a, Ua binh and pawl^)*, U7|
*tudlaaalBH«l, D(fM,Md Tlau^
UT; paMor at Olaru*, Ui; OppMM
Uic fmikai-afium, in; al tho baa-
11* of Harlfnaoo, 138; ^tar al
Itallddtfa, 130| looachaa agalart
Iha ads of ladalgrana, 1»; ra-
mov** U Zaitcb, 1M| blapawvraa
a prcachv, 140; U* pcwaoal thtr-
•clsrluta, 1401 liahU a pobUe dla-
pnlatkia (ISSI), ttO; anolbtr d)»
pDiatlon. 141; hi* "Comineniatr "
oic., I41i hi* thealogleal uma,
14S: poIJiIcal d«awni Inhii Sttat-
Dintion, lU] vtaiianal nuh La-
lhi!r,144i blapatriobini. I4>i braka
with ths Faiaejr adsr Ludicr, IWi
ItHM to him Crom Adiiaa TU lt7|
hi* pleaanuy, J40t bla dottrlotof
tho IJird'* fiapprr, 141; on tba 4«^
trlno at ScrrKDi, ItTt «• Cbmcfc
and8lata,tHt at Ih* Cml(*BlM« at
HarboTKi 'Hi ncommandi to tfea
Protaatant eanloa* bold sMaiHi^
IMt hl*d*Blh,U6.
MENTAL AND MORAL SCIENCE.
f
AN OUTLINE STUDY OP MANi or, th« Bddy nnd Mind in Ona
Sfftemi With iJluet'ative diagrams. Revised edition. By
MARK HOPKINS, D.D., LL.D., latn Preridant of Williams
College. 13mOi 9U76.
This is k model of Uia denloi^ng metliivl on npp)i«d to tnteUeotiuil
■deuce. The week ia on an enbMy new plan. 11 pnncDtB ciad in
hi* acitf , Rud bin MTcnl fiMiiItioa nod tlicii icloliona bjo ao pitaentod
to the (rye In {UmOratlve iUagnJOii nn to be readflj eppreheoded.
Thu work ha* (dom litto very cenenl nw ia thie oo«int)7 aa a wai^
ttal for inMiraoUaD, and lb« deioaod for it !■ Iiifinwirilin ninij jrar
OENERAL 8. C. ARMSTflONa PrilMult ^ OHNplen JIWtlMl«,-" I nn
lint nf ttin nrpnnnntij mi ijiMamj litfh ■pi'i'r'itiHiin <t Dr. BopUBir CMfWae
SKiOvqrJriM. It baa dme momtOFmo ponoaBltj Oun anj IiooKboUta Oa
Bible. ManttanaarotfaerltiaaotieetliegnatMt of la*BOUk*now OWMfT. For
of»rlan;«v«,I h»o made nauxt book In tbeSenierClBBatCUaaoliODL U
la I ludc the gnetMt and ma«t oMfiUot tBe IiooIli ot IhisnaUMofoiirAiD*
aloan edaoaMn, Bar. Dr. Ooptaia. aad li deaUnnl to do a anat work In fonnUuE
net OUT Uic lOcH bat iiLe <iuraGUT ot Tonta la Ancfloa and In otiior tan* oi itw
wortd."
pnoF. ADOisoN dallaho, «r IaSodkm CoOnf.—- 1 Jmr» for jean wm
Dr. Oot>tlnC OaOMs AMV 4^ jnuk In oaaiieallon with till J»io qr I'DWi aa a text
book nit mr Stnlor niaaa I ban dooo uua wUb untuning moocn and wUh
iDceoalns aeittteollon. it u of inciuctuabio odTuntaj^ i^^ tii<> ttniicnt u^come
andtr Qw leniiMKia. tbniiiKh lii» iKiolui. i4 tbugreatmaKUTOf iiioa^btaadotfcne.
loaonot ipoak ol OuUf FM StuOy la temu ot 100 beart; coauDcadaUon."
THE LAW OF LOVE, AND LOVE AS A LAW( M, Chriitian
Ethict. By MARK HOPKINS, D.D., LL.D., lata Pretident
of William* College. 1 3 mo, 61.75.
TOa work ia deeisnod to follow tlui anthor's OtUUne BUuln o/ifink
Aa It* title indioalea it ia antlnly an expoeiUon of the cardinal praoept
of Obxlatlaa pbiloaophy in baminn; with natura and <m thu haeia ot
leaaon. Like tha truiiae on mental pliiloaophj tt ia ndj^itod with
nnuanal akUl to odneatteauil ante.
It appcon in a new edttloa. whioh baa been in part la^wiittea b
order to brtuK tt Into okanr relation to hi* OvStnt SMif^Um, of
which worit it ia ivaUy a (<«idimntioa. Uoro pramlnenco baa been
to tlie idea of Biclii's but Una '""■*"iir"'*' doolitnea cl Ibe
given
tRotise have not been changed.
BTAXDAim n:xT mooks.
^INAL CAUSES. B| PAUL JANET, MemtMir of the French
Acadcmj. With a Pt«fa«e by Robert Hint, D.D., LL.Dw
From second French odlt>«n. Ovo, SS.SO.
Pftor. riUNCIS l. PATTON. or /VtwMon rvc«i]i)taiil anUnarV^-t fix
■Hd JaoM^ ' niMl OHaea'u ttccopuablf ao mm Ibliit In Uunliireca tba
•olttMl or imick K tiraCt, ud am R «a|U u b« m a* baadi i( cnrr man Hto
bu aar iDUnat to Om pnaeni phMa of Ite UuiMlo fcoiileiL I h«T« moot-
iMDdodiitotardMpMln ik« aaBilDarT. aod laaka aaaaat OM <f • hmjia-
NMH POflTEIl. aO., LI.&. lau frMfrnt of nb 0]aiVr.--tHII«dl|Ut<l
thai jm han pobUtlwd JaMft'Tteai OaoMa-in aa Impmrna ta» ma at*
prlO) vtklcbbrlnBalt wllldaUitrtacIiof nanj wtu 4«4n wpMKMll. BU.I11
nj optrUon. ih« mMt *assWITt VoatlM 00 tbU (laportABt icpio rnilofa U aooiaa
Ad* In oar laajfiuiM^'
THE HUMAN INTELLECT. By NOAH PORTER, D.D.. LUa,
late President of Yale College. With vi Introduellon upon
Ptyohol«o and the Human Soui. 610, S5.00.
The Butheahaanotoeiljr dengnod tofnnu*ha tpit beakwblfhibaU
be enlBcienlljr <K)mpiubeD«iTe aiMl ecientifta to Mtiaf j Iha waMa of tha
■nanjr Btndenla of iH^oholop nsd apeculstlTe fbBoBOSibj who ate fooud
tn <nir higher inotitatioiu of leoniiii;, hot alao to prapafe a rnlDiao
vhich rauy gaJAe the advancxJ ntudoal to a dear iiiiiliiiMaiiilliiu and ft
jUKt Mtinutte of the queaUeiiii irbJoh hare peipotuaUy apfOiivd and
Moppcamd la the htstorj of jibiloaophr-
TKE BRinSM QUART£IH.V IICVIEW.-"mUMII Fmmi^ VMk. ilie ranU
ol Udnj jtaftf pralaaioul laboi. U not 0017 Um uoh ImpMUU pUkaapblaal
wcrt UuU Ba* iitiKaml In our laneunmt ilnco Sir WHUim namlKaaX bat ua
lorn aa a maDoal naxn It isTeiaatiiv ta iiodaii*.'
TME PIIINCCTON RCVUW— "AtNT a lantfel «MBdnatian of ttiH trrty great
WDTt. veaKnad7l»pioiioanoellUi«inoiic(m^neaneGiii«iiiu<r«acWMUon
idnwcopBitltetiealilcaefiMlioBiaaHidtoba (eoDd la oar IaB(aa(c and. ae
IH M m Ineir, la as; Uocnesa. nn«etktiaiaoBamiini of the aaikcrt ti^
4rtt> inMriiT. waminei a&d JndKnmt: eae el Rie inat rredecMena ctf oar
anu: ■nbsaortoonrMaBilrT.aadaftvahpteatMataoHiUie^cMltVkMiMt
died OQl UDOnE n^"
CLEMENTS OF INTELLECTUAL SCIENCE. A Manual for
School* and Colle(e«. By NOAH PORTER, O.D., LL.D.,
Isle President of Yale College. 8vo, aS.OO.
Thli in oil nbridgmcnt of thu nnlhoi's " Qumoo IntoUoct," coDUin*
ln|t all Ibc matlKr oeaaaatj tot um ia the daabrooni, ooJ bo* bron In-
too4u««d «• a textbook in Tale, Doftoiouth, Bowilola, Obnrlln, BaMi
Hamntoa, Taamr. and Smllh CoUeeea ; WeateTsa, Ohjo^ Lchljfh. ami
WooetcT Uaiirendcleit, and moiir other ooDegee, academiea, nuniMl and
high echoola.
THE NEW rORK WORLO.-- The BtnldEnieu li TCI7 ircil dooc Ou <
bwdM belas uno and pmpiouoiu.*
THS NEW YORK TRIBUNE.. -■ FnatnU tae MafllW facte ol inHlleewa
eotooM. from Uc auUKn potui of view, witb oioanicn aad host.*
I
1
CHARLES SCllIBNEirS SONS'
■ ^
ELEMENTS or MORAL SCIENCE, Theorotical nnd Praeticat.
By NOAH PORTen, O.D^ LL.D., laU Pr«aW»nt of Yato
Colleg*. Bvo, »3.00.
Thi» trcBttto in iDtmdod [ntBtarilT ftir tho nM of eelltg* and aat-
Tenricy Htiidenn, And U pm^roi iriUt mtsniBM to tfaa cl«»«oaiA, n
in in ivcu puts : the ItnS tinMa wlUi gT«a£ fitUnan *' 71W Tetany ^
jtut]/," uul imfolilK oomprabenilTcIj tlm i»}'oIko1og7 of t&e monJ
joir«n and the nalnm of thn men] rolutlnui. The wtsoad dirialon,
•- Till PnfUa ofDulff or JttiUet," Ukea tip tha dlBotout olwaM or
diillM with k Tienr to tlw pnetled apfdiM^ou of tba prioofplM o(
mnrnl MJeuM to ihe qntMioiw aridng to croty deu»itiMUt of hiiinBii
Aotiiilj. In cveijr reapeot Prodiient Poiter'k vrodc it ib««iil ol Uw
time, uid tearcB no oontTDvcrUd point BBdrfendetL
OEOfiOe S. MORRIS. i'nv^WOI'itrBnKKE'lKHrMfvo/JfUMOan^-'tUM
Uc iroit Willi itnai latcTWI. kad put* itf U irlik Mittiaaian. Ii U & nut
itciucal en tsij t( ihg comal loxl boota of BtUoa. It li Uiluraul >UU
^MttoUu In Uiae: sot •aperllDt&Uf. tut khuuUt, laJuotlTo U mnUiovl ami loo-
dracT. Md rIrA ta pnctlCBl •ogcMtlciia.'*
C O. lloeiNSON. fmUmt WMcn rMwnUv— " It liM Ul tDn duunituub-
incmukfot a« •uUiar^wortLoa'TtwBninaalnHllari.'wfiiUuideainpnlwii-
■!*« la M tmlmtnt. dtaUni iuvelj wlUi omnot AtKomioiu. uul rtty iMutmOj
totlont II w a tcu iwok lor Uio oloM-rooin.'
jguu'i H. SECLVE. r>T>uu>f amAcrai cbibvr.— "II If ea[i[aiu aon cUar,
mia leipleailioluAtpuid r«mvlal>l« laMihe, sod I am lurs UiM aU (coatiat*
et Moni Bduwaimi niuiiiBmuUaiUiaiUtriMinuiiiuaB,"
OUTLINES OF MORAL SCIENCE. By ARCHIBALD ALEX*
ANDER, D.O., LL.O. t2ino, 81, SO.
Thin book In cUmrl>tttC7 In ItM uhnrm-lor, nti<1 !>■ mar)u»l lir ifrvat
clMrneM atui •;mi>liclt; cif ttylu. It u iut^'iijiii u- liij llw ruiiudntioiiii
amd oludiUU tfau iirfnclple* li Lba I'hilOMOiihy uf Slorala, lb b ttidel^
oaed io oolltvv* ami oUmr toatilaUona of Iranuiia. and i« ipocuillj
MUptod foe rtadenta wboM igo, «t tbo tune at whoao dlapowl, <l««a
DDi 1/ ■■■pi*fc the BBo €if tAm BioTD oxtAad«d fff<H abatroao ^^in cm i^^hn
THE THEORY OF MORALS. By PAUL JANET, MembOT of tha
French Acadamy. Trantlated under the tuperviiion of
Pre«id«nl Noah Porter, Bvoi S?.30.
Prod JaDM In thla book rItimi uh nut "n\y a dear and ooncnc exam>
itlon of tbe irholo aUidjr of moml wii^nn?. but ho ban intrDdiiccd Into
^tlie dlaeonlon many elanenta which hava hitherto born too inucli
iit!gloot«d. 71ie fimt prindplaa of monl •edouoe and Um fandanMnul
idw ol miMwIa the autW daanlbM witii mnob proolaioB, and pranoli
an lotcntting and MyiwrnUie cipoaltloa of ihcm.
SCICNCC— "^MbooKIiuluoliliqraiidUmiloiiDiniiiiit. It iBbiM^eitrmK
Ntuu lu wr l&al 10 clear and p1ii(aT«aqiia a ima«k la ilu iuttuU al bu uicn
tnabvr. raubl mn* Oa •WOf (d MUM boo lu alnuat UurBaUe law at bcUg
POulL*
MANUAL OF MYTHOLOGY
For the Use <^ Schools, jitl Studenls, and General l^eaders
FOVKDED ON -nil: VfOKKS OF MiTlSCUS, ntSLtER. AKT
WLLCKKK
By ALEXANDER S. MURRAY
4
One vol., CTOwn 8vo^ ta.aS
Then ntaic omlad ■ tMUMi, tuaafublc Uunilef MfthalocT. *hidi Auuld
:h<An uudtoi ud ibtcn«r*l nadrr. Hd •■ the hitk Uih ubki chal
be • Ifuittr 14 lilt _
pvvpc^n wC ■ ichaal tcnl-bai^ TItb Tolvne «bkh tai |*r«f4r«d by IW l>iHciar0f .
IMpumcAC ol Gi*tk BAd Rcsun Anli«tuit>a in lb« Briiub UuacvBi, npoa <br bHli .,
ih> aarfavl I'Minu. rnlln. ■»<: W>l(k>r. hid to mmircauit In ihr Enilub edi
tAA.at ia pfwnUuil fi pK<iMlr kbppli^ tbi4 vAni. I'JiM Amfrkui cdilvea b mrKDtfil'
btwihcl«(«lB(i(IWicdiIi«i.uidu>Bi*iiuBll th* idaunitau al Ihc iMur. B>t (^ fiif
^ VaU CaOtgi.
THE HISTORY OF ROME
From tbe Earliest Time to the Period of its ^Deeiin^i
By DR. TUEODOR MOUH8BH
TninIaMd. vlib i%t vislit't amiV'n unil nldi'licni. l-j <k« Riv.W. F. DICKSON,
K4Cta» PtotrttdM *fl HWlilira] CriEiciini uj li>c Uoitmit|r of Gancv< iMe QiiHlctt,
Euntioi-r »l ilic Unlviniir vf !ii- Andnn. Wilb aa iBDadacciM br Dud
LCONHARU SOIMITZ. unii > co^mut [n.lti al Itu nholt lw> Td^wt,m(kLnj1
opccaally (at tt^it (diuon.
KSfS/.VrHO fSOM TIliS KSI'tSED LO.VOO.V BBtTlOK
Pour voIk., crawn Bvo, gill top, price per (ct, . . Mkool
*-A veark of ihr v^ry h*chpai mtiM , lu Jf4^b,o£ i»Tia«uid^olaab4i ■>■ oanfiv^J
fullnf fvDtut «nd»LE[l : bf 'I'^t^'iTnlnu vV in?ii tre AdmirATdjr Tivid- Wc vith to e4«<«1
on FMurdfUf u|>liii<>» ihm Di. MummKii'* » (7 tu Ibebal bMorrel IkaOadiM Miill
Full ol Ihc Huiu^i Cu^uivuttC4lL]i.* — L^KJrm Yimn. *
m
THE HISTORY OF GREECE
By PROF. DR, ERNST CURTIUS
1- >.,^ 1^ AnOLI-Hi;^ WIUJAM WAKP. U.A^ »]^<y« 4f St. PcKr^ CoElw^l
UNIFOKM Wrrii MOktMSKS^S mSTOfZV OF XOMSE
Fivft voliL, crown Bvo^ fffit top, prific per act, . * Sio.oo
" W'' rnnnnt fipr^n our ouioE'^n v' I>r. Ca'ltQi'* b«ob ttr^tt^r itiui b^ HfiaK ''^■t '&
tPAy b' fiilv f-iiideii i*iili Thcduuf Moiehtibcu'b cetsI woik.*'— Arfh/i** Sft^i^i^Wt
"ITje l-Ci*|Drv "* <"'**»« u iriTMUd trj- Dr^ * urlmkBafcrftidlr aqd freely io th# aplfil.
of ih« Ei^nrmnEh fniury, tUi£ it lMi,c,inBt In hit hand* oos <4 tb*iv«ihlni vmI fbikt
iiHifuritvr brjink-'hf^ ..r «]u-Iy f^'f nil i«h-> drriJfc Hincthiiic dhR (hj« ■ knOaflrxa of'
Itdlllcd f4<t« h^f %'^'^'t «iiin-iij{iii. TTir* lriin*ljiti>in DujtU (*Wc«<Cic ii ptci>lu F*'l <^fi
thviiccipicJ ('rrunr vl rnidrrtA ''J' yo^rur inen ki o^llaer.utd Nr ttll Obo WC » Uumn^J
Cor (be ff« (iL^ittuml lf£c of uur cauAJ'V-'''*-V. Y. £t*fiitt£ iVti. *
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS. PUBLISHERS,^
y4J and 7^5 'Broadvaiy. U^ew York.
I
6R 305 F5I
The tolomwtlon /
Stanlord Unl
3 6105 041 238 069
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