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PROFESSOR   GEORGE   P.  FISHER'S  WORK& 


dIfeA"lBI  n>t  fittf  I  Ml  lUaftt  ij  ItU  apfMitnlL     .    ,     .     Ill  Uinr  4a^  of  ("rltQllna^ 
■K«l1>iw^  *iiilc4imkiuiHlu)UnhJr>Mkl*UBln(  k  u  HrtTDCAtilBfM  Uf  tulldtlr  *t  ^ 


UtUar)  Bf  Ok*  Ci'Mlan  C>luIt^     Rm,  urilh  Ml|M,     • 
Suparnttuial  Offfln  ol  ChrMUi^fy-    N*w  Cdllloip  C>o«™  9f«, 

OrMndi  »•  TlwlMc  ik4  ChiMlw  B*N«.    Cwo"  (>«.    • 

rwlti  >ii<l  RttloiHllain.    Nta  EdWon,  linn,    .       .       . 
TKs  ChFlWin  R<l1(i«n,     N<a  Edldan,  iCm*. 


I.W 

iM 
.1* 
.W 

.71 


THE 


REFORMATION 


BT 


GEORGE  P.  FISHER,  D.D. 

FR07UBOB  or   ECCLBSlABTICn  UIBTORT    IX   TALS  COLI.KOB 


NEW  YORK 

CHAELES  SCEIBNER'S  SONS 

1889 


n,o 


-.lA 


Copjrigbt,  1ST8, 
Bl  SCRIDNER,  ARUSTBONO,  AHD  COHPAHZ 


MTIH'Tnl.  CJIVIUMIT 
U     0.    IIOUadTOH  JbM>  CDHPAMT 


to 

THEODORE  DWIGHT  W00L8ET, 

i  nms  isD  BuxpLi  or  all  oood  LiuHn% 

SHU  WOKS  IB  IKBOEIBSD, 
U  k  TOKBT  or  RDFIOI  AND  AmCIIOl 

BX  TBE  dUTSOM. 


NOTE  TO  THE  SECOND  EDITION. 


Im  two  or  three  plucks  only,  in  this  Tolome,  the  t*nn 
**  oonsubetiuitiatjon  "  ia  applied  to  the  LuthvRui  ductrinfl 
of  the  Euclmriitt ;  but  tliu  term  b  iklincd  (p.  148)  aa 
the  co-preecnce  of  two  suLstanccs,  —  a  Benso  in  n-hicli  it 
is  allowed  by  the  beat  Liithomn  theologians.  The  atten- 
Uve  reiulep  of  Uie  last  cliaj)ter  will  obst^rve  that  the 
ofTecta  whi<:h  aru  llierc  ascriWd  to  the  RefomuLtion,  are 
not  creditfld  to  Uie  do^iatic  aystcra  of  Prot^staittisni  ex* 
cltuiTi.<ly,  btit  to  the  l*n>ti*st.int  religion,  tukcn  cotnpre* 
boiisiruly.  It  is  the  gcniiis  and  Kpirit  of  Protostantismi 
as  seen  in  the  long  processes  of  hiaton.*,  which  aro  tliero 
rcftirrcd  to.  'llio  place  iin<!  Uie  importauce  of  tJie  Ile- 
nniwaco  ire  UltLstrated  in  various  parts  of  the  Tolumei 
eepedally  in  the  thii-d  chapter.  The  influence  of  the 
Renaiaaance  on  modem  culture  ia  not  uiKlcrnited  in  this 
work  ;  nur  U  the  Rem^mnco  confouii<!ud  with  the  rclig- 
looa  Reform.  There  is  one  other  point  which  may  deserve 
a  word  of  rcniaik.  The  Church  of  tli«  Middle  Ages  1  do 
cot  considi-r  "  a  mitigated  I'vil,"  but  an  incalculable  bene- 
fit to  eocietyl  Wliat  is  said  of  the  Papacy  sliould  not  be 
undorstood  of  the  Church,  —  the  organized,  collective  in- 
ilnence  of  Christianity.  But  ev<-n  the  Papacy,  ns  it 
ohowD,  was,  in  the  mediaeval  period,  in  many  respeota,  a 
Utnefli'cnt  inKtitution. 


PREFACE. 


rhia  trortc  has  grown  out  of  ft  coarM  of  .estnres  whioh 
K  ^a  giron  nt  the  Lowell  Institate  in  Ikiston  early  in  tlw 
spting  of  ISTl.  I  may  be  permitted  to  say  that  Mrhea  1 
eogngod  to  prepare  tliese  lectures,  the  Rabj«ct  \raa  not 
new  to  me ;  and  that  the  interval  since  they  were  de- 
livered has  been  deroted  to  studies  in  tiio  satno  field,  the 
reeolts  (^  which  are  incorporated  in  this  Tolnme.  It  has 
appeared  to  me  pmoticable  to  present  to  intelligent  iind 
edocated  resden,  within  the  compsias  of  a  volume  like  the 
preecot,  tlie  means  of  acquainting  themselves  with  the 
origin  and  natoro,  the  principal  facta  ard  characten  of  the 
Reformation  j  while,  at  the  samo  time,  throngh  notes  and 
references,  the  historical  student  hIiquUI  be  guided  to  fur- 
ther researches  on  the  various  topics  which  are  bronght 
under  his  notice.  Iliere  are  two  features  in  tlie  plan  of 
the  present  work  to  which  it  may  not  be  improper  to  call 
attention.  With  the  religious  and  theological  side  of  the 
History  of  the  period,  I  have  endeavor«<l  to  inbenrenve  and 
to  set  in  theb  true  relation  the  political,  secular  or  more 
general  elements,  which  had  so  powerful  an  influence  in 
determining  tho  counc  of  event*.  The  attempt  has  also 
been  made  to  elucidate  briefly,  bot  sof&dently,  points 


PREFACK. 


pertaining  to  tho  history  of  Uieologictl  doctriM',  an  ander< 
Btandlng  of  which  is  pocoU&rl;  essential  in  the  study  of 
tliis  period  of  history. 

Tho  iLUthorities  on  which  I  have  chiefly  depended,  ure 
indicated  in  tlio  inarginiil  reforcnco«.  The  highest  place 
bcIongH  to  the  writings,  and  especially  the  correspondence 
of  tlie  Reformers  tlieuucWes.  Tlie  letters  of  Lutlier,  Mo- 
lanctlion,  Zwiiiglp,  Cnh-in ;  the  correspondence  of  the 
Elngltsli  witli  Uie  Hclvotio  Reformers  during  the  rcigna  ol 
Honry  VIII.,  Edward  VI.,  and  EUziibetli ;  the  correDpon- 
deuce  of  Iteforment  in  the  l-'rencli-speaking  knds,  in  the 
collection  of  M.  Uerminjiird,  nfTord  the  most  vivid  as  well 
as  correet  impres^on  of  the  transacdons  ui  whidi  their 
antliors  boro  it  leading  part.  Works  liJce  the  "  Correspon- 
dancflof  Philip  II.,'"  which  M.  Gacbard — among  his  other 
valudhle  contributions  —  has  published  from  tlie  ardiives 
of  Simwios,  have  cafit  much  now  light  on  another  side  of 
the  history  of  tliis  era.  Of  the  more  recent  hiatoriana, 
there  are  two  of  whom  I  am  bound  to  make  spcciul  mention 
in  this  pluoe.  The  llrst  is  Ranke,  whose  admirable  series 
of  works  on  tlie  uxteentli  and  strvenUienlli  centuries  have 
been  constantly  in  my  hands.  Tho  mingling  of  geiicnd 
ficws  witli  ajipcisite  and  characteristic  facts,  lends  to  the 
historical  productions  of  this  tndy  illustrious  wTiter  a 
peculiar  oJiiirni.  The  other  historian  is  Gieseler,  who  pos- 
sessed in  an  eminent  dogree  the  genius  for  accunioy, 
which  Gibbon  ascribed  to  Tillomont,  and  whose  invcsti- 
gatioiiB,  tliough  extensive  and  profound  upon  every  period 
of  Church  History,  are  nowhere  more  instructive  than 
u[Kin  Uie  jH^riod  of  the  Refomiation.  It  must  be  a  matter 
of  sbcera  regret  to  all  scbohirB  that  Neonder  did  not  Ut* 


PBEPACe. 


yS 


to  cury  fctrwunl  Lis  great  work,  Uic  oountvrpart  of  Gicsa- 
ler,  into  tbU  period.  Uia  poetliumooa  Ili&tory  of  Doctrine 
is  quiUi  brief  tii  its  IreaUneiit  of  Uic  Protcstnnt  movciniaiti 
but  U  Dot  wanting  in  etrikiag  euggcstiooK.  Perhaps  I 
sliauld  fulii  to  tliiH  aliort  oatnlogiie,  tlie  "Histoiro  de 
Frncco"  af  Hunri  Murttn,  wliich  iippoars  to  nm  to  be  tlio 
most  aatjsfactorj*  of  the  comprehpnaive  works  on  the  history 
of  tliat  country. 

Tliorc  iis  one  vxplanntion  further  vhich  I  am  anxious 
to  make  respecting  the  design  of  tliis  book.  It  ia  intended 
ill  no  0c»»c  tw  ft  polemical  work.  It  bas  not  entered  iato 
my  thoughts  to  iucolcate  tho  creed  of  Protestantism,  or  to 
pnipagate  any  type  of  Christian  doctrine ;  mucii  loss  to 
kindle  animosity  against  the  Churdi  of  Rome.  Very 
aorioas  as  the  points  of  difference  are  whidt  separate  tlie 
body  of  Protestants  from  tlie  body  of  Roman  Catliolicw, 
tlio  points  on  which  thi>y  agree  outweigh  in  importance  tha  i 
points  on  which  they  differ.  Wlioever  supposes  that  thd ' 
Reformers  were  exempt  from  grove  faults  and  inlirntitioK, 
most  either  be  ignorant  of  their  history,  or  have  studied 
{t  under  tlie  influoiine  of  a  partisan  bias.  Impartiality, 
howorer,  ia  not  itidiHerence;  and  a  frigid  and  carping 
spirit,  that  cliilla  the  natural  outflow  of  a  just  admiratJon, 
may,  equally  wiUi  tJie  spirit  of  hero-worehip,  hinder  one 
from  arriving  at  the  nul  truth,  as  well  as  tlie  best  Il^bous 
9t  history. 

Shonld  this  volume  be  used  in  the  class-room,  it  may 
be  aoggested  to  teachers  that  frequent  reference  should 
bo  made  to  Uic  Chionological  Table  in  the  appendix, 
where  contemporaneous  events  in  the  different  countrii^ 
■re  grouped  together.     Dates  are  pretty  thickly  strowa 


^fiu 


fKffAA. 


tiinUlgb  the  text,  hut  Are  given  mora  folly  in  the  Tnble 
oi  Oontenta.     In  the  List  of  Works,  which  follows  the 
Ohrooologicftl  Table,  I  have  briefly  chanct«rizod  aoma  of 
'the  books  to  which  the  more  advanoed  stadent would  iMt 
orally  raort. 


Kn  IUT*»,JmL,  U,  UTS. 


CONTENTS. 


CHAITEU  L 
DnRODCCTtox ;  tat  oexekal  charaotu  or  tsi  txroKMtf 

TIOX. 

Four  priacipal  ct«i"ji  ot  modern  hutorj  .....  X 
LoDg  hUWrical  preparation  of  these  anaU  ....  1 
Agi-DOjr  of  indiTidaih  cot  to  he  undGrraliud         ....     I 

Thcorin  ta  rfipcrt  to  llio  It«foniUilioil 9 

Ao  ftJtr«ilo|{ic3l  hypotlietu I 

TiiRory  ibnt  it  wu  n  quam]  of  monattlc  ordfn       ...        9 
Tliiil  it  wiu  an  acndi'mical  dispnte         .         .         .         .         .         .4 

Tbnt  it  WM  A  n^iT  pli.-iMi  of  tbo  otd  Mmllict  ot  Popes  nnd  Empeinn  4 
That  ilmuan  iniunvcHon  t^ainitnaUiority :  (ndvnnccd  bj-tini- 

xot) 4 

That  it  vu  a  tranntioonl  Hep  towRrd*  Itntionalliin     .  .    C 

Thu  KrformnUon  prlivnril}'  a  rellgluus  event  ....  8 
Judaizinit  chBTuciiT  of  niudiBTal  CfarutUiut}' :  coovtant  reaction 

of  tfan  uplrllunl  clcmr^nt 8 

Prolvsliuititm  poiitirc  m  mil  oa  nCfpitive  ■         .         .         .         f 

It  hn«  an  otijcctUo  Victor t 

It  practicaUy  asserted  tlio  right  of  prirato  jndgmcnt  .  .  10 
It  was  a  put  of  tlie  g^aeml  progreu  of  sovluty  .  .  .  .10 
General  efaaracbcrutic*  of  the  entire  period  ....  10 
Twofold  a»peot  of  the  Befomiklloa — rvlij^oiu,  and  political  or 

aecalor )1 

Chf«no!agtcnI  limits  of  tha  en 11 

CHAPTEB  n. 


nix   lUBK    or    Tmc    fafal    mranAiccTtT    axd   its    pkclixk 

TUnOtlOH  TttK  CKXTUALIEATIOM  Or  KATIORL 

holMtaiitUai  n^ectcd  priMlIf  autiiorltf U 

The  reUtioD  of  aaeen'otnJ  autboritj'  to  Pap*,  miptemacr  ■      14 


K  cmrmns. 

TIw  D«w  ]H*ponfatlon  spiritual,  In  contriurt  villi  tba  old      .        .  M 

Abfcnco  of  k  mcdUtoruJ  prienhood 14 

Oflloen  of  tho  primilin  Cbiiroh IS 

Pnnctioiu  of  n  priesthoo'l  gnuliinlly  UMcUtoiI  with  tliu  miiiiitrjr    IS 

GniirUi  of  » hivrardi}' If 

Irvmnux  nnil  TortuIIIttti  ni»bo  iIm  Cliurcl)  tlio  iloor  of  Mxicn  to 

Chrift  (drctt  SOD)  .        .        .        •        .        .       .       .11 

CftUMU  of  ihe  pm)oe<i«nc(s  of  tlio  Soo  of  Rome  ...      IT 

Aeknovrtodgcd  in  llie  Kttti,  bocMHO  Rome  u  Uic  capital ;  cluincil 

Id  tbe  Wen  on  accoiiot  of  Bel«r 10 

Accivaion  oC  Con^Uiitlne  (31 1) ;  CLurcli  not  mofgcd  in  tlio  Sutc, 

iLDil  nliy H 

Power  of  tlio  Ernperurt  orer  (lie  Cllurcli 91 

Declioc  of  ilic  Kmjura  iiioroa^cj  tho  *uchcricf  of  tlio  Etonuui 

biabop SI 

Leo,  tho  Grrnt  (140-101)      .         .  .  ...  21 

Jbi>  Pspftcj"  (■xnlied,  jet  cndaiisertjil,  by  the  fiJI  of  ihe  Wettorn 

Empire  (4;t>) 21 

SpTeailof  AriiLuiitn  nod  MuliAmmvdiinisia H 

Fortnnftto  Alliance  of  tlie  Papa^  iritli  tho  Frulca  (TSO)  .      !t 

RocuQ  of  tho  Papncy  bjr  Pepin  and  Charlomagno  .  .  .S3 
Si^lllciiiico  of  tlia  voroiiAtloii  of  Cli.irlciiingno  (SOO)  .  .  33 
Kfleot  of  the  fall  of  liii  £inpin!  on  ibc.  Papacy  .  .  >  .  S4 
Tho  Fnudo-Iutlorinn  Dwreulu  (uircii  6S0)       .       .        .       .      M 

I-:nforced  by  XidiolxM  1.(830-907) S« 

Anarchy  in  Itnly :  the  ptrio"!  of  pornowncy:  intnmintion  of 

Henry  III.  (10*0) M 

flitdobrand  (1071-108})  and  hii  reforming  plan;  theory  of  tlie 

Pajmcy  and  th«  Kcnpiro :  their  Inevtuble  conllicC  •        .  36 

Adtantasot  of  tho  pApiuiy  in  flii*  conflict  ....  37 
Viclorvof  tlii-Popi-j;  UcarylV.,  Chu  Worm*  Concordat  (1123); 

Aloxj)ad(TnL(1177) 3S 

Culmination  of  Papal  power ;  Innocent  III.    ^1198-1310)         .      39 

Hui  theory  of  tlic  Papal  oflico 39 

lUw  of  ihn  iplrit  of  Dntionaliiim ;  its  various  nmnifestations  .  31 
BcnuGia  of  the  Papacy  in  the  Middle  Agea    approach  of  another 

era .        .  32 

National  toogiugu  and  Uteratnrca 33 

Aiiti-hicrarohiaal  q>irit  of  the  Tcmacalar  writcn         .        ■        .  Sf 

Iho  tame  t^ilrit  b  the  Legists Sfl 

Betietion  aKninrt  the  rnpncy;  Ilonil^C*  Irlll.  (ISM-1803)  .  .  3( 
CoDlUctof  Bonlfaoo  with  lliilip  the  Fab-  ....      37 


(IS03-13T:) n 

OmroMfT  n{  Hit  Papxcf  at  Avignon ;  Potnrcli'ii  teilluionjr      .      39 

OppMitiOD  fruni  GiTiiiaiiy  and  KogUnd $9 

'i'liR  AlonanblaU  ngainat  lliu  I'apitt« 4C 

Atiacka  upoa  l*n{iMl  tinurpationi  hj  wriion ;  MAniliu*  of  Pndiut 

nnd  WilUnm  of  OccRm i\ 

TUf  Galtkui  or  coostitulional  tlioarjr;  tlie  [{«ranning  CounciU 

(H0'J-IJ4:i) 43 

IncrvaBiiii;  iwtty  ol  Datiunnl  >nd  veculiir,  in  Ibc  room  of  ccelu«iw> 

tlcol  finllngf,  in  tlio  Cilevnih  oenlnry 44 

Coiuoliilition  of  nonnrcliici:  linslnnd.  France,  Spain  .  .  44 
Secular  ami  worlill^  cluiraclvr  of  iUe  Fopo«  .         .         ,         .44 

Sikt<ulV.(l4n-JM);  lnnoci:atTTII.(U»l-03){  Alexnoder  VL 

(14S2-IS»3>:  Jaliosn.  (1503-U) 4S 

Cliftnwtcrnf  I'TJ)  X.  (laiS-Sl);  judgment  of  Saq>I,  PalUiicloi, 

Munlori,  Goivciunlini 4< 

Tlio  liiiporUitcc  of  thit  I'opo*,  cliiHIf  political  ...      48 

TIi>.-  Ronc«tdon«  to  ihum  from  Princi^x  more  appuroot  tkm  real  .  48 
An  lllattrstlon  in  llier«|)cal  iif  the  PrngouiUc  Suction  (1016)  48 
Domiaiitiati  of  tuculnr  anil  poUiiaul  intcrcatf,  MCn  in  tfau  coatcata 

o(  Cliarica  V.  uiul  PmiiuU  T. 49 

TIm  dorrlopnwnt  of  nationalism  anil  tlio  nccutarizing  of  tbe  Pa- 

poc}',  at  tbu  begioniog  ot  tbo  tdx(c4.'nili  uenturj'    .        .        ,50 


CHAPTKR  m. 


arSCIAL  CACSKS  AN]>    OUUm    or    ax    RCCI.KMtAKTICAt.    TIRVOtO' 
nOS  I^IOB  TO  TUB  BtXTKESTn  CKNTCRY. 

HedlBval  Cbriftlaoitf  cliaracUiriieil  hy  Icgalifm       .        .        .      B3 
Ponna  of  rcaelioB  ngunKt  it :  ili«iait  fixnn  dogmas ;  attacks  on 
Uia  onupatlotis  and  abu«e>  of  tbo  clorgj' ;  oppofltlon  to  tbo 
ffiCMMlTO  cileen  of  ceremoniG)  and  anat«ritica      •        .        ■  S3 
ConiKqiiencea  ol  a  ponlbb  Inenan  of  Intelligeooo  ...     03 
Two  daawa  of  ftuwunaora  of  llio  RclbrmatioD     .        .        .        .  h3 

A&'J-caoenlolal  Mcia 64 

Tbe  Catharirta  (AlblgoaaM) 65 

Tb«  WalikiiMUt  tliciTori]tin<IKO) M 

Tbe  Fraocbcan  Sp!rltuBl« ;  tbo  FmtricoIU 67 

Tbo  BegnioM  anil  Bcghardi     ...•••  i1 

Whu  I*  <iidicat«d  hj  Iw  r!ao  o(  tbcfc  Mcla         .  .  U 


yii  oo!rrEST8. 

ne  obWNmfiTC  or  Galliean  Itcfbnom ftt 

BikI!ca1  Befornien;  John  WicklUTe  <t3M~l$84)  utd  kb  opla- 

Ion* SI 

Tluir  bo  wu  pTotCcleil         •         ■•■•••         .59 

ThoLolbnfa CO 

JdiO  Hon  (13T3-U15) ;  Us  pr«(l«C«WMn;  MmUiIu  oT  Janoir       fll 

Tlie  (linrnRt^r  kiiiI  pHnripWof  iluu QS 

Jliits  iiDil  Wio'ktiitt:  on  the  RuUioritr  of  pn-Iiitc«  lud  magUtrstM  ti 
John  Wc«nl  (HSO-49);  I.iUli«f'a  opinion  of  him         .         .         .OS 

S*vouu-ola  (ilSi'SS) M 

'riie  Mj-Hipj  ;  ch»riM!lcr  cJ  M,v«tlcl«in GB 

Mjraikitm  among  tbu  Schoolmen ;  Bomofd,  BoiuiTCntiint  •      85 

JoboTauler  (lS90-lsei);  iho <■  G«iniiu)  Theology  "  .        .        .  <>6 

The  "  Imiution  of  Chrlut " <T 

T)ic  Burinil  of  LooFnios;  begins  in  It&tjr,  Danle  (lSes-1311); 

Petnrch  (1304-14);  Boccnedo  (1313-TA)    .        .  .87 

6pra»d  of  the  Iju-raiy  tplrit ;  coaNquracea  to  the  Church  .  68 
fiencfiU  nnd  fault*  of  ijcholattici-^ni ;  cnuiw*  of  it«  iloimbll  .  ti 

lehftdluiit*  vlt.i1<t/i  i>(r«ct  of  NomLaaliBm  ....  70 
Utnewuil  »tu<ly  of  tlie  Fiktlior*  luid  of  tl«  Scriplarcj  .  .  .71 
Sceptical  spirit  of  nuniaahni  b  lialj  ;  Uifluence  of  the  ohutia 

ncbool  on  the  Church  of  Icolj* 7) 

8«inl-]iagMi  tone  of  ])olltieanntlelhic«;  Macc)il&voI1l(I469-lS27)  78 
Bcligioiu  loQO  of  Ilnmaaitm  in  Gerniainy ;  U^ruchltn  (1453-1S33)    74 

Qia  victor}-  over  the  Monk* 75 

lIiLRiMlfiin  nnd  the  Uuivenitlog;  Wltt«nl>or»  (1502)  .  •  78 
IIumaniEin  in  Kngltind  ;  CoT<!t,  Rasmus,  Iklon:  .  .  .  .78 
The  "  ICutopin  "  ;  it*  liberal  idtuta  on  Itelijioo  .  .  •  .  78 
Erasmus  (1467-1&3S)  The  leader  of  IlumaaUui     .       .        *        .77 

Hit  fmnc  nud  ncijiiiKTDunU 78 

Hl«  "  Pnite  of  foil/  " ...  79 

lUi  chiutlMmcnt  of  GCcleriMticnl  foilicj  nnil  nbaic*  .        .      81 

III*  editicna  of  the  Fnthen  nn<l  of  the  Ketr  Testniuent         .        .  81 

Dlffivton  of  hi*  writing* 81 

WIiM  mtj  be  infbred  from  ihuir  obu-ucter  nnJ  jiopul&ritr  ,  .  BS 
Becapttulation ;  RjmptoiDi  of  the  tito  ofn  newonl«rof  ttung*  .      81 


CONTENTS. 


ifil 


CHAPTEK  IV. 

LtmUl    AXD    TUX     OKKUAM    KSroBltATlOM    TO    TSX    DlIT    Of 
Atrossuito,   IMO. 

PmtMtanllMi  oonf^uilal  ta  the  Giirmiui  mind        ...  U 

LuUicr  th«  luro  of  the  Ucfonn.'kiioit  ....  .87 

Uia  birth  (IMS)  ud  puvnUige ST 

Studie*  at  Erfurt  (ISOI-A) ;  eolcra  &  convent  (1905)        .        .      BS 

3I:uIe  *  TrofeiMr  at  WUtcaberg  (1S08) 99 

Ui9  Utenuy  and  thoologlcftl  attaliuii««it« 8» 

Ula  leli^otu  cxpeiienco 89 

Sow  that  JiutiOculion  U  hy  iaiih 91 

Origin  of  iudulgoaccj ;  tho  SchoUctlo  doctrioe  .  .  .  .S3 
Lntberoppowt  thcBoIoafiailutgcogcii  by  Tetzel  (IMS)  .  .  93 
Lailier  po(t«  hit  tuaeiy&ya  Ihaana  <1S1T)  :  tli«ir  comtcoU  .       .  93 

■nirir  effect  in  Gcniinny 9S 

Attack*  tud  Kpiic*',  ]i0Bi«ct»  Cnjelan  at  Augibmrs  (ISIS)  ■  ^ 

Aoc«tlM  to  the  iruce  offered  b;- Biiltiti  (ISlS).  ...  97 
'He  Lclp«R  Diiputation  (iai9);  fhilipMclMctbon  .  .  .97 
MuluiicthoQ**  chuncicr;  Lutfaer'*  i^otnlit}-  and  bumor  .  .  98 
Hd  lawrt*  tliat  tbo  prIiuHc/  ortlio  Pope  itjurt  Auuiniiu  .  .  09 
Mae*  of  the  Lvipiio  DiipataCion  ujioa  liii  itudic*  and  opinion*  99 
UeoppMlatotlMloit/:  Addi«MtotlieMobliM(lS30)  .  .  lOO 
^^'r>t««  "tba  Oabrloaion  CaptMt/  of  th«  Cimitb  "  (IS'iO)  .  109 
Wriiua  on  tha  "  FMedon  of  a  Chtirtian  AIuu  "  (1630)  .  .  101 
lacscomuinnlcalcd;  bunu  thoPajwlbnll  (iftSO)  .  .  .101 
CoiBmotion  praduced  inGcrauinjr;  be  find)  politivol,  rcUglouf, 

aad  Uternrjr  alliei •        .      lOS 

inridiron  Huttca(U8S-lSS3) 101 

^litical  eonditioD  of  Ucmuof ;  ireakneta  of  tbe  cmtrat  govcro- 

tneDl 108 

Abortive  eSbirta  ondcr  Mmimiliaa  (U03-1M9)  to  organlM  tbo 

Empira 104 

Diicoau-.at  and  dUorder ;  complaints  by  ttie  knigbta,  (he  cities, 

tlu!  pemntiy 104 

Tbc  election  of  CbarlM  V.  (1SI9):  oooKqii^nt  alara  In  En- 
rope     101 

Binlakip   of    Charlea  T.  aDtl  Fnnci*  I.  (ISI^IMT);   ita 

{TOUDdi^tha  tirength  of  thm  riridj  rcipcotivcly  ,  ,      (01 

Chancier <ilCWI«t  V.:  hii  »aduut  le  die  aiI'iIi' of  the  Befor- 

matioD        .• 14T 


idf  O0HTENT8. 

LitUwv  sLUdmoned  to  th«  Diet  of  Womu  (tSSi) ;  bu  jooreej  IM 
Appcnn  bofbra  tbo  Diet ;  rofiMct  to  rocvil         .        .  .114 

P]«c«d  unili-rtliebiinartbe  Kmpiro Ill 

Alllaaco  of  tliif  ninjwrar  w{ih  Loo  X. ;  th«  termt  of  It        .        .111 

Lutbcmt  tlio  Wanburg  (ISSl-Sl) IIS 

Bli  occupatbiu ;  Inbun  on  the  traualntloii  of  tfae  Ncir  T«ita- 

mpnt I  IS 

Siiillca]  niov«]ui.-at  of  Cftrlttadt:  LuUier  retuns  lo  WUtvnbecs 

(1352) IIS 

HermUimonluri  )uH  TUt  labon 114 

Tlic  Council  of  Rfgrnc/  decline*  to  (upprct«  LutlicniRlrai  .  1 U 
TbD  oluiractcr  uf  l>o|w  AJrian  VI,  (15S2-33)  nod  I'opo  Clement 

VII.  (isja-«)    .  . lis 

Tile  Diet  at  Nuremberg  (1S34) ;  remind*  ilie  imbject  of  ibo 

Worm)  dvcTOO  to  the  >evenl  pHncM        .  .113 

Union  ofCntliollo  princos  tnil  Iwtbop*;  diviMOn  of  the  Nation   .  IIG 

IViimtant  Ijoague  of  Torgiiu  (15S6) 116 

Butttcot'ltivin  (I53S);  confeUerncragiunrt  CIiarl<i>  .  .  ,  IIO 
TIio  IKot  of  Spiroi  (ISIS)  retuMf  to  enforce  tlui  Wonn*  Kitict  IIS 
SMkof  iton>«  and  triumpkof  tho  Kmperor  (101!)      ,  .  117 

BepraKlTe  action  of  Uie  Dietof  Siilrvi  (1S20);  Uie  Proteat     .      II T 

Oppmition  of  I^utbcr  to  nrniBcl  reiiiUincu 118 

Tliu  Dktof  Aitg«biirs(l&30);  ■iliuUoa  ami  aptrit  of  Cliorle*      118 

TIm  Augsburg  Confowioa  and  Apotogif 119 

DecTM  advene  lo  llie  Frotectaata 119 

The  couraKL' und  lidetit  J  of  llio  Elector  Julin  .  .  ,  .ISO 
Liitbernt  Cobiirg  (1630);  lu< eorr«*pondeaea  .  •  >  1S4 
UiH  marring  witli  Calluiriii*  von  Bora  (I5}G)  ....  123 
Ilii  motive* ;  cITcct  at  kii  example  .  •  .  .  .  1 13 
Bi«  eontravvrsy  witb  Kin-^  Henry  VIII.  (1SS2)  .  .  .  .  IM 
Hie  inIi-in])crnncR  of  LiiUicr's  tiini;itii;:;i>,  how  explained  .  .  12ft 
llu  ni>olosi'lic  letter  lo  Hwiry  VIII.  (IS.'J)  .  .  .  .128 
Tlie  jmfiitiaii  of  Kriuinu*  in  relation  to  tbo  Lutheran  moTO- 

nient .127 

Hi*  gradual  wtraiigviii«nt  IVom  I.uthnr  and  Iiia  eauic  .         .  129 

ftforiU  of  llieaontrorerr)' 131 

Inability  of  IIuuiaal«iu  toefTocI  a  Kt^fonn 191 

Tbo  ponmnti' war  (iVid)  ;  buir  fur  owing  to  ^ote«laDti«m  .  133 
LntbcT  Ripports  Hie  priocea 1S4 


oosnKxrs. 


CHAPXEB  V. 

tBS    aiSMjUl    XKPOttUATIOK    TO    TDK     fEAOS     OV     JieOBBVSa 
IWIXOLI    AMD    TDK    SWIM    (OUUAti)    BKFOUtAllOX. 

TIw  duunctcT  of  ihe  Swim ;  Uip}-  tcrvt  n*  mcrccoBrie*  la  the 

Htm'ieii  ol  Fniuce  auil  of  itiu  Pupe I3fl 

UinliofZwingto  (1481);  hb  noilva  character  ;hiic4iiciition  .  1*7 
At  Glarua  (iSOS-tG)  hu  oppotut  tbu  *}'(tum  of  pviuiou  uid  of 

bbvdtcnkaviiJcTlbaFrMicb IM 

At  Eifltdetlebi  (1SI6-IB)  preocbo*  nlration  hy  tha  gnco  of 

auttt)t]oD« 1» 

Adopu  the  prinefploof  iLeexoUuiTBautlionljrof  tli«niblit  .  13S 
PrtaichHkgabstindd^DOMl  llMUbtishcd  M  Zurloli  (1519)  .  139 
Bb  qmliiioi  tu  a  mnn  and  a  proRcher  .....  140 
PaUic  dUpuUliua  (tSSS);   lli«  coiiaoU  c/tlie  dtj- RiuUini  liim    Ul 

ffi«iloeErincDi  BKcond  dUputalion Ml 

Zvrii'h  UKoniVRaMipimiaPnitiMiUtil  Cburcb(tS$i)  .  .  141 
Z>iDgk'*  '•  ConnmenUryon  True  mid  Falw  lUllgiim  "  (isas)  141 
Hi*  *i«»  Kipectiiig  tlie  Kdration  nf  the  henlli<:n  .  .  .143 
Hio  H«faniiatloo  b  BmcI  (1S!9)  ;  Uorn(>  (1030) ;  Sl  G>U  (I92S)  ; 

Scbairiuuiwii  (1519) 149 

Theccdniuik-al  raraluUoii  b&Imapollilualotio  .  ,  .  14S 
Conlnn  of  Lutlwr  and  Zninj^e;  llicir  mligioiii  uxpcricnco  .      144 

(^MPparallva  oooHrraUftai  of  Lulhcr 144 

UiaglioEofpatriotina  undrvUj^ua  in  ZiHokIu  •  .  .  14$ 
LutliM  led  ibe  rwlsUnco  to  ihe  Churclt  of  Romo  .  .  .  140 
Tlio  Eouhamiie  eoaUvfeny  bocwocii  Uio  Lutlionn*  and  (lie 

8»lw 14T 

IliMarr  of  tlto  doctrine  ofiho  EncliarUt  .       ,        .        .      I4T 

Rum  apinioDi ;  LqIIict,  Zirria;tltv  Cktvin U8 

Cnofid  of  Lutlicr'o  vnliouwnce  Against  the  Zmngllnn  doctrine     149 

Tlie  Coafurence  at  Marburg  (1&19) 151 

Hie  retult;  cnbM^u^nt  revival  of  ihu  cootnncrvj  (IMS)  .  159 
Catiislropbi:  of  thu  Svini  IMormation ;  war  butwoun  tlie  Catlt- 

ollc  and  PmlMtAnt  Cantoiis 194 

DtoUi  of  Zwingk  (ISSl) lU 

no  TVcatf  of  Pence ;  ProCcatantiiiin  clieckod  .  .  .  .IBS 
Fannatknof  tlic  Loa;|!nnorSmalcaId(153l)  .  .  .  .  IS8 
rba  Emperor  diutbted  ibr  ten  je»n  (IA3d>4S)  (rom  canylng 

out  the  AngibiRg  Dtcno     .......  lU 

OuhoUo  LMgue  (16SB) HI 


KTl  OOHTENTS. 

Coiif«f«noei  of  tht  oppoalDg  p&rUea  (lM7-tI) ;  Coatorini  .  ,  101 
Hu  Logua  of  Smalrulrl,  bow  woak«a«d  ■        .        .        .      1S8 

Uanrioe  of  fiuony  joins  tlio  Kinpcror  (IMS)  .        .       ,16) 

t-njl  ilnys  of  LmLcr 159 

llm  n^IatJoDi  of  I.uIbl^r  and  Mcliuicilion  to  onch  otfaor  .  >  16C 
Mi'lauulLuii'ti  fununl  tuJdrens  on  Luther  (IMfl)  .  .  .  1<S 
LuUict'»  povi'r  KDil  InQaenco  ;  roaurkaoTDolUiigcP  •  .  .  MS 
Tliii  Smolcildie  wiLrClJilC-tl)  ;  ilvTuait of  tbe  IVvtcstanU  utMulil- 

betB(151T) IM 

Tbu  Aagabar>  InWrini  (1A4S) ;  Chnrlu*'*  plfto  of  pacificfttioD  .  Itl 
HebiliMppointed;  ootioaoi  UioCoanoilof  Tt«nl  .  .  IH 
OiJoii  of  r*u1  m.  Mid  FniDDla  L  against  bin  (I  HI)  .  .  1 GS 
Ba*Ulanm  to  the  Aug;>biirg  Interim  in  North  GcrntM/ ;  the 

I/uipsio  Iut«rim  (IHS) 19S 

Botler  proFpv^cIa  of  I'rotciilaiitun) ISS 

Mkurice  tunw  agaiiut  Chorloi;  drive*  him  oat  of  loiupnMlc 

<ICS<) 1(T 

TiMtroffMuu(l<U3}    .        .  .        .  .        .      lor 

ftaco  of  Angnbori;  (l&a&) ;  tho  jut  rt/ormMili :  tho  Ecclcaiutl- 

cal  Rt'Wrvatlon 16ft 

Abdication  of  CbarlG<(lAS«) 169 

CnAPTKR  VL 


TBX    BKrOBUATtOM    tK  TUX   BCASOUAVIAH    KntaOOHS,    Ot  TBI 
SLAVONIC  XATtOND,   AKI>  IN  JtONaAIIT. 

Sptvod  of  tbo  lUformatloo ;  agency  of  Gonnant;  infliuace  of 

WittRnbcrf-  ....  ....  ITO 

The  S<.-iuidinuvi:Lu  kla^jdouu;  tho  Union  ot  Calcaar  (1397)  .  170 
Cltrialina  II.  of  Denmark  (I&13-33)  &TOn  Protennutimi,  tbaa 

dniwi  bock 170 

Bt  la  d(i]>oiicd  And  (ucocodod  by  Frederic  I.  (19SS-S3)  .  .  Ill 
flpRod  ^  Lulihcraniffli  In  Denraiirk  In  hli  rcl^  .  ,  >  1 79 
Dnder  ChristlAn  ill.  tb<i  RoCommtion  i*  IcgAliKod  .  .  .  ITfl 
Conitituilon  of  tlii>  Diuiidi  Prol«Uftat  Chiirch  ,  ,  ,  .  1 73 
IMnoL'miic  moTcmrnt*  in  Lfibwk  and  other  cities.  In  conoei'lion 

wllh  the  [tcl'urmatiou ITS 

Exablihhtiipot  of  rrotMtiiQtUm  in  Norway  (tS37)  .  ,  .175 
OUT  and  Lannnco  RMenen  piench  Protcatnntiim  in  Swod«n 

(1SI9) 17« 

QartanuVaM  (1323-60)  favonU til 


oommirs.  znl 

It  li  •depttfd  at  tb«  Di«t  of  Woitent  (15ST)  ....      ITT 
VThni  waadcoM^diacclotUttlolpKipan^  •        •        .117 

FaiJure  of  nbMiiaeBt  effort*  tontun  Catholidmi  ITT 

Effect  of  tbo  cxocuiiooornuu  in  Bobcuia  (1411)     .       ,        .  ITT 
QuMite  BOTeinent  trat  boili  r«tigio(u  and  utioaal  .        •      1 78 

Hm  dHDftnd  ot  ih»  cap  (or  tbo  Uitf ;  liiitor^-  of  the  {iractioo  of 

wiUioUingit .  ITS 

Tlio  Prague  Unlnntly  du-UrM  for  die  Utra(|nittt       .        .      ITS 

DiTiikmoniic  tltnujuiaU]  tlieTaboriie* 119 

iZIika(13C0~U3J}UiieIrlcwlcr 180 

TUo  ArtictMofFragiu,  tha]>l«UbriiiofUi«Utraqiiut*<Mll)     .  ISO 

TliTve  CtumuIm  foil  to  *uMue  tbem 181 

They  »re  heard  UlliB  Council  of  BmcI  (U33)  .        .        .        .181 

The  CompoeUIa -183 

Conlliol  of  CklixiioM  luid  T&boritct 183 

j^H  11iorlMoftli«  Brethren  in  Unity  (niivA  HAO)       .        .        .      183 
^BPtvonble  reception  of  Lulhennisia  by  lh&  Uuuitea  .  .183 

^V  The  Otmiuistt  rcfuM  to  Join  Fcnliiiiind  in  Uic  SninlcAldic  trttr     183 
^P  Subw^iueDt  pcni;cutioD  of  BoliuiuUn  rr<it(»(ant*  .        •  185 

Ball^oui  oondiiion  of  Fobnd  U  Cio  tlmoof  iho lU4bnn*tioD  .      18S 

^^  How  rratutiuitism  mj  introduced 183 

^B  The  >pnad  of  tlie  oew  doctrine  In  Polish  Prustln  and  Id  Livonia 

H         (1334) 183 

■  Bigbnaod  II.  (IS(8-TS)  hrorftblo  to  It 186 

^^  RcligioDii  diucnilon  unong  Frotcitanta :  vpraul  of  UoitaiianiMa   186 

John  k  Laaco  (1490-1560) IBT 

^^  Union  of  Lotlieran^  Calviniit*,  and  Brvtbrun,  ia  Hut  Sjnod  of 

H         Sendonir  <1570) 18T 

Equality  of  rights  gmcted  to  nil  the  Cliurcli«*  .  .  .  .188 
Tlio  Itdformklioa  inlrodticud  iutu  Iliingkr}'  .  ...  188 
Efl«t't  ofthecit-llwitr  (lOSC)  upon  itaprogKM  .  ,        .189 

IBtrift  between  lliu  Calriniiti  xad  Lutlu-noa           .        .       .      IM 
CHAPTER  Vn. 
jonx  CAtvnt  An  thk  osksvak  itRPOituATiox. 
Calvin  belong*  to  ihc  tecond  gonomtlon  of  Refomwr*        .  183 

Hi*  birth  (1509),  fnniily,  and  cducnlion IM 

BtsdiM  at  Paris ;  studiM  iawivt  Orleans  and  llo<ir)(i.'*  .  .  193 
Hla  mental  pov«r  and  htibiti  of  itudy  .....  193 
hbUibe*  Sencn'*  trcaliM  ou  «  Clumeacr  "  (1333)1  Id*  aoDthra  191 
* 


KvUi  OOHTKNTS. 

Bl«  oonveraloa  (IS33) IH 

Hi*  TCntnrc  and  lore  of  n-Urement IM 

OUisvtl  U  (ly  Tram  PaH*  (ia33)i  at  Al^;oaUmot  at  S«txm\ 

rclurna  to  I'lui* IH 

Obligttl  ugoin  to  djr,  on  acMimt  af  plncnnli  againrt  ilia  maia 

(is:i&) 1^6 

His  first  Uitolugioal  wurk ;  ihu  "  PnydioiKinayidiiii "  (1534)  .  107 
At  B:i(M<l  (l.^a^);  niiilieR  llebiTw;  wriUn  ilia  "InitiUUu"  •  IBI 
tl'u  mcilivi!  Iti  oiufiosiiis  tliU  work  ..,.•>       19T 

His  di^uiiclvrislioii  u  a  writvr  uiJ  *  man 198 

ntj  Mloptlon  of  tho  JJible  lu  the  mtUi  ■taniLuil  of  doctriao  •  199 
IIu  conceiiliua  of  Uiu  (^hiirvh  nnd  rareKHCO  fer  It      .       ■        •  SOO 

Ub  ductriuo  o['  pretlcjiUnation 309 

!■  aUaclwd  to  Uic  doctrioQ  on  jiraoUcal  (^niuls  .  .  p  101 
Hli  o;doim  compared  vitb  tlml  of  Augoatlao  .        •        >       903 

DU  ubilitjr  u  a  comuii-ntator S03 

Kot  no  L'Strcmirt  in  nuprct  to  fornii  and  r[(«a        .       .        >      S03 

He  aeerblljr  or  lii*  teuipur 9M 

Hl«  pi«ty  tingrJ  viih  tlio  Old  Tutamont  apirit  .  .  .  SOA 
IJi>  humH^  10  taw  and  miiim  oTdie  csnlution  of  God  .  .  20it 
LcM  brond  in  liii  tj-mpatlilcf  tlian  Lutlior         .         .         ,        .       900 

His  pvftlncsii  ormbd  and  of  clurncicr SOS 

ViMti  tliocounof  lljeDucbei»of  Fvrrara  (1&3G)    .       .        .      907 

Stop*  at  Geneva  on  fail  return  (l£3(!) 307 

Geneva  tubjeL't  to  Savoy ;  adiiurei  iu  independence  (1S33)  ,      308 

Proteslaol  iutlncDc^*  from  Berae 308 

Espiilrionof  tbc  Bitliop  (romGciieTn  and  vitablu^mcnt  of  Prot* 

Mlanllsm  (ISSIi) 909 

Faml  (I46D-1M5);  bia  history  and  characiicr;  bit  proaching  at 

Geneva         S09 

DiKOntent  tbcrc  with  tbo  new  occlcnutical  eysteta        .        ,      310 

BUt«  cf  monis 910 

Fsrel  moTM  Calvin  to  r«niain  and  nsiist  liim  (1S36)       .        .      SI  1 

Scriet  residntioDs  of  Cbun-h  diKipUoe 919 

Oppoillton  to  Ibem 219 

11m  praachera  refuM)  to  administer  the  Sacrament  .  •  ■  119 
They  anbuiiabed  by  thecilizi'n«(l533)  .  .  ,  .  913 
Cnlrin  fmUm  al  Strubvrg ;  nttnoda  lite  German  reJgiona  Con- 

foreaco(l339-]5Jl) lit 

Hi*  opinion  uf  LutJier ;  his  lelntloni  to  Holanctlioa        •       •      9t4 

[III  mnrria^ 919 

b  recalled  to  Genera  (IHl),  and  vlij !tl 


COMTE^TTS.  zU 

ffii  letter  to  Sadotet lit 

din  relociaim  to  relura .      tlT 

Tli«  GciMvaa  civil  anl  eoclwlaallcal  gjrvtem       .        •        •       •  SIT 

The  LUlIc  Coancil ;  tlia  CooMnUny SlS 

Vigilant  ui[wr*uu:in  of  tk:  people  bj  prcachcn  tod  clilen  SIS 

llic  Vrn<mblo  Coiiiptuij' tIS 

Calvin  uko*  pul  iu  GramiDg  tlie  citil  Um         .        •        •        .  SIS 

ilnw  tbo  proaohcre  were  cltOHon SIS 

IHufroclion  atitfu;  the  I.ibcrtioM S!0 

ConiUDatton  of  dtlTerBat  cliUKt  of  Catvtn'*  oppoountf    .        •      !S. 

Savfrrit/  of  lliQ  GonovAD  hits SSI 

Rclijpon*  inlolcMDcn ;  its  liictor^ 93S 

Prx^tJCcO  in  tliu  Midillu  Ai;vi SS* 

The  Keiiraion  di']  not  Ndvocnle  tolcntlon  .  .  ,  .  iU 
CbnfiicU  of  Cnlrio  niul  vflorU  to  intimidftUi  liim  .  .  .  SS3 
BoliM  buuxhcd  (IKI)  for  usoilins  the  iloclrine  of  praOeetlna- 

lioo 2U 

Eipalrionof  Caitdlio(t344} SSC 

Kllefaael  S<>nrTiiis;  lila  lilKWy  nii'l  I'hnracter  ....  SSfl 
llin  («olt  on  tlic  ■■  Krrorii  of  lUe  Trinity  "  (1531)  .  .  .32? 
lib  joconil  book  —  ihu  "  Kestorntion  of  Clirittioniljr  ■•  .  .  S!S 
Trii'il  for  lirrvny  bcTorc  n  Romiin  Cftttiollc  Court  at  Vlanao  .  S38 
I'roof  fumislic!i|  from  Gcnova  ....>•      SIS 

lie  (4cap«8  And  cornea  to  G«iicvft  (1253) 139 

U  arrcsti'd  luid  tried S3S 

Is  couvic-icil  and  burnud  at  tlio  alako £30 

Agency  of  Calvin  In  tbo  trunxacUon ;  Tcrdict  of  Guizot  .  S31 
The  cxccodon  of  ticrvotui  general!/  approved  ....  SSS 
Farther  efforts  of  tliu  I.ibortiim;  tbelr  Haul  owrlLrov  (ISM)  SU 
OalriD**  niulilpllcil  l.tborx  and  rait  tollneiica  .        .      SM 

HI*  h«t  )-e>n ;  tlie  variety  of  lu«  cmplojmenta ;  hit  laGrmitloi  of 

body SSfl 

III*  hut  UtnCf*  (ia<>4)  I  hit  interview  with  tlio  Council  .  .  336 
lli>  inicrrivw  with  the  prcaobcn        .        ,        ,       .        .        , 'iiJ 

Eitbnate  of  lila  cliarsctor SS9 

Calvinixm  lay*  t-mpliiixis  on  llio  MT«rei^t]r  ol  God  .        .       ■  S39 

^Tlijr  ravomblo  to  civil  Ubcrt}' S89 

lidoot  not  mrrcndor  ilio  guvernmiuit  of  tlie  Cliurdb  to  the  cIvU 

BMlioritj' 939 

Itf  eliUTvh  organlmlon  it  rrpubUcaa  .  .  •  •  .  S40 
It  dwnrfa  nnrthly  tOTrrn-ign^  \)f  esa.tln$  tbo  dlvIlM  .  .  .  UO 
Coapnrcd  witli  Itomnnimi  In  Il«  Tiewof  tbo  ciril  aollioritj    .      3*1 


00NTEKT8. 


CHAPTSB  Tin. 

TBK  BKTOKKATIOX  HI  VSlJtCS. 

The  Sorboano  tad  rarlimncDt  oppooo  tlwilriiul  Innovatloai  .  Ml 
Bffoci  of  tlie  repeal  of  tlic  I^j^utic  Sanction  (I51G)  943 

Rcfbrm  «ni:uulOi  from  HumuiUm Ml 

Fninobl.  (l&i:>-l~);  tho  pktroDof  Icarninganditft  ■  .  943 
Leftvre  (USI^1536),  th«  P&tber  ot  Uie  KuformMion  [  tuf  (tndi<« 

udvritlngi Sll 

[lU  myilicnJ  Uirn ;  lu*  pupil,  Bri^ioiiiict  ....      t*i 

UoaUUtf  of  ttiu  SarboniM  &ad  of  ParliameDt  to  Leftvre  and  bii 

•dioal 344 

BcJWjr  luppruMid  in  Mc»nx  (13!S) 348 

Uargarut,  Quwoof  Xarnm  (149S-1540);  bet  tjmptithy  with 

tlio  MfstiiMl  Hcliocil 340 

IIcT  writing*!  hIiu  fnrara  iJiu  Protvatant*  without  J^^ning  them  346 
Fraaob  I.  oppoaw  Um  Sorboono ;  puiipuru  hia  aUtcr  .  .  .3(1 
Chftugci  hb  coimo ;  engages  in  pcmccation  ....  S4S 
Doubtful  podtion  of  Frttaco  n»p«ctiD);  tlie  Rdbrmntioo  .  .  348 
Boric,  Rooolasiuicc,  Oio  ItvfbrmAtion ;  tlie  tlinM  ri*^    .        .      949 

'Why  Cnlvinimi  wn*  diilikod SAO 

Spirit  of  Loyola  ami  the  CatlioUo  R«actIoa     .        .        .       .      aSO 

IUb<iIiib(H83-IOfi3) £50 

VaHUiti™  of  Fnncii  I>  tuid  itn  conM^unocc^        •        •  9&1 

lift  poTMouhM  the  ProtuBtAoU  (1^34)  ;  court«  the  aJIiance  of  the 

Lutheran  plucet         .        .        ■ 353 

Spnwd  of  Pratettantim  in  FVaooe  in  hia  ralgn      ■        .        •      3U 

Iiillucnco  ot  Genara  and  of  Caiiia 363 

ll«nr7  n.  (IIMT-39);  hiahMtilitylolheBcfiinnalion    .        .      3U 

ItcprapMI 3G4 

IbeCalvlnlitalioIiIai'cncnJSynod  (lue)  .  .  .  .  3CS 
Ptrwcntioa  after  the  treat}-  of    Cetcan-Cnmbreria ;  death  of 

Heiur7'n.(I6G9) Hi 

HerobiQ  of  tlio  tuSaret* SSe 

How  the  HuguenoU  became  a  p^litirnl  party  ....  336 
CUhwine  de  Uedlcl ;  her  rolatloni  to  Ilenry  and  bb  tnlatreM; 

aad  bor  chAnel«r S9t 

Frtncl>  II.  (liiU-<0)  U  controlled  by  tlw  Galaea ;  their  hlatory 

nail  chamcter IS' 

IHaooiiUat  of  (ho  Boarbooi  and  Chntillona  .  .  .  .  SS4 
CiMMetioa  of  the  great  iwhke  with  the  CalTblMa   .         .        .311 


COHT£XTS.  XB 

LaItId  pccaclws  U>  tt>(>u  lulitnlnira ;  Uielr  paLieace   .        .        .  960 

Tb«ooiH[rim-7ol  AmbcMMi  (lASO)          ....  ttO 

ItaeoDaeqoeBoea:  the£dlot  of  RomoruiUa  (1500)  .  .  ,  Wl 
CoUgnjr  nipporw  th*  petition  of  llio  PiotoslkaU  for  tilwrljr  of 

worriup iOa 

Tbo  SUOM  QMiaral  nllod  (ogotlutr  M  Orleaot  (ISSO)        .        .  asi 

AircK  of  Condtf ;  KaTam  |>kccd  aDi)*r  vunruillaiieo      •        .  103 

Plot  Sir  the  exiirpfttloD  of  FroiesUDiiniii SAl 

Fnulnled  br  tbo  death  of  FrRnrii  H.  (1:^60)  .  .  .  SU 
Cntliorbe  de  Uedict ;  her  virlual  giardiiinthip  oT  Cliaiiei  IX. 

(Ili«<l-T4),  Midrcsfincr !U 

Influence  of  L'Hotpitol  .        .......  liU 

Slrvogtli  of  tLa  ProtuttaaU S64 

GiuK^  MonCmorenci,  and  Si.  Aodr<  form  the  THainTinte     .  164 

TheCoIUiDj-at  Poi^x  (1301):  I3uxii 36A 

Tkc  Elliot  of  tit,  G«nuala  (lASS)  gtanta  a  measure  of  tolera- 

lioa 166 

llie  MaMaore  of  Ytay  (ISCS)  bogina  the  civU  wan  .        .       .  967 

Tbe  Ilu^enota  Ibnght  tn  teU^derenae 368 

Siep   of  Romni;    buttle   of   Utcux  (IS69)|  KfaMiitDatJoii  of 

GuUe(l»63) 96ff 

Tlie  Ktlict  of  Araliobe  (ISGa) ;  the  chnrnoteT  of  tl         .        .  96» 

'I'be  Huj^i-noto  Uke  up  ann«  ;  Fuace  of  Loagjuiueau  (I36S)     .  970 

Confureiice  at  Ba;'oiiuD  (IGOnj S?0 

Uenewa)  of  tbo  war  uador  SpnaUh  iediicnce;  battlea  of  Jnronc 

aad  MoDcoiilour  (1&C3) 171 

Ticaij-  of  St.  (turmaln  (ISTO)  ;  leuona  that  iaHu^nn^d  lliu  Court 

to  make  pnce;  (orlifiud  (owaii  plxved  in  tlie  Ivunda  of  thu 

IlDgacoots 3T9 

Political  critb  In  Europe ;  will  Franco  moke  oar  on  Spain  ?  .  279 
Proposal  that  Uear/  of  Navarre  shall  ruarrjr  Alar^arut  oi  Val- 

ola >7S 

Coligit; cornea  to  Court:  hU  chanettr )IS 

The  arista  of  the  SUiaAcre  of  St.  Baitholnmcw  (1&71)  .       .  'j:s 

Il»4  It  been  planned  varlierV S7ft 

Jo}^  at  Jlodrid  aoil  at  Romo 377 

PjiVct  of  tho  majmcie  on  the  aurriTiDK  Uu^ucnot)    .        .        .  977 

The  part;  of  the  Pi^tlqoM  or  Liberal  CalhoIlM  li  formed     .  977 

Orsaaliatloa  of  (he  I.ca];ue 97^ 

PoHtioa  of  Ilenrr  UI.  (1&74-A9)    .                .               .        .  170 

ExuumniiinScatloa  of  Navarre  and  Condi  b;  8latu>  V.  (I6BS)  .  37> 

War  wf  iLu-'Llirce  Uunrba''(tes6> S7» 


OOKTEKTS. 

AMMiinatJoa  of  the  Gtiiw*  hy  onlcr  of  tUoTj  III.  (lUS)  ,  S» 
Be  joiu*  tho  nriny  of  llvnry  ot  Uarattv         •        .        .       .      tT9 

Heory  lit.  la  a^unjiliiiuo)  <I48&) ft8C 

Hunij-lV.;  hii  wnr  with  the  LMgue;  thu  bniUe  or  Ivryfl&OO)  3S: 
Blaooolcst  with  AloxftuJarof  Taraiu  (159!)  .  .  .  3SC 
Abjuration  of  Ilunrf  IV.;  iumotirvf  (1393);  iUcfluc*    •         •  SS) 

Clarnetor  of  tliU  aci 18! 

Otliar  nilsfortiinci  of  the  Haguenol* 133 

Tbe  adiniDiilnitioa  of  Uenij  IV. ;  the  Edict  o(  Xante*  (IA98)  KSS 


ClIAPTEK  I.\. 

Tax  narORUAiiox  ix  tub  kxtueklaxd9. 

ProffNfriiy  and  Intc^llgcucR  of  tho  p«op1o  of  the  Nollierlanda  .  S89 
BeluUon  of  iliu  Kotliv-rlaiiilB  to  the  Gunmn  Hini>ir«  .        .        .  tSS 

IsltooncM  r*ivornblo  U>  IVito)Uali«iB 986 

Pcneeuliii;!  ocliutj  of  CLm-Ic*  V.  (1311  ki].)  .  .  ,  ,  S87 
HAI^rrdoiua  al  RruMeb  (1A93) ;  LiitliL-r'a  hyaa  ,  ,  .  287 
CoTitiniied  [imrcutbn  by  Chnrim  V. ;  natnbnr  of  mArtjra         .  SS8 

Atvlir^iliun  u[  Cliarloa  V.  (1555) 289 

Fanntlcinl  miil  <l«>palic  charnolcr  of  Philip  H.  (IS&fi-OS)  .  .  989 
IlLi  UApopiilnritj'  in  the  Nctburlnnilg       .        .        •       .        .      280 

Tbegraat  nobI«a:  Oritugo.  Eguioat UO 

Uargarot  of  rarnut  it  made  Kogent  (1358) ;  hu  character     .      !81 

GnnwUui  hiadianotor 289 

Conilort  of  (he  gonmmeiit  b  pbced  In  Ut  baadi  .  .  .  :93 
Philip  livi'p>  tn  the  Neihcrlanda  StumUi  raglmcnt*    ■       .        .199 

Be«rcat«aiiewblthoprlc( 98! 

Dcrign  ot  theK  moosUTet 299 

Chancier  of  tho  nobIc« ;  William  of  Orange  .        .       .      903 

FhUlp  renew*  Uio  pcraociiiIn;{  Bdicla 994 

The  iDquiiitioii  aai]  tta  crueltlM .984 

Onu^(c  and  Kgnioni  complain  of  (jranvelle  to  tie  King  ,  193 

How  far  GrtuiTulle  wat  rc^wuTble         ....  28A 

H«)i>aT«*  theconntiy  (l&U) 296 

Bpeeeh  of  William  of  Omnge  against  the  pollc;  of  the  govern- 

meat 196 

BgmoDt  tpMi  le  Spain  to  onligblf  n  thu  King  ....  291 
Be  b  dnped  by  tbo  aMiuanoM  ot  FUllp  .  .  •  .29* 
Effect  of  tho  continued  crucltiei 901 


I 


« 


A 


ooirrKKTS. 


xxfii 


Tfco"Coiiipromi»c"(l5CS) !9T 

The  RcKcnt  ullons  ProLmlaot  pn-nclung  outiiilG  of  Ui«  citiM  294 
Pbiltp  pratnisM  to  mlU^t*  1tl«  policy ;  tlie  proof  of  liit  p«t^ 

Gdy S9S 

leanoolosm  (ISSfl) SB9 

Tho  RcgMit  oiakcs  b  truce  iriib  tbo  ConfoilorMjr  of  NoIiIm       .  MO 

OnMi];e  Icatim  Uie  country       .        ■ 900 

Veii-eaaoe  of  PhlUp ;  inMon  of  tho  Duko  of  Mn  (ISST)  .  301 
lie  nrrcat*  G([moDt  noil  Horn ;  llie  "  Council  of  Blood  "  .  SOS 
AlvM  AefyaXa  Louli  of  Numu  ;  Bgfaont  hoiI  Hon  mc  bdieoded 

{1368)  SOS 

AlrnViiMLa  oT  UucUion  (l&flO) SOS 

Tbo  Fpirit  of  iwUUDcA  Ea  nwakcnci) S04 

The  •■  Se»-begjian ; "  tlicj' capture  Drkt  (liT!)  ...  SOI 
BoIlMid  MiA  Zealand  wloi>t  a  frvc  coDotiiiillun;  Orange  m&de 

6lMltlio1ilcr(lS7S) 804 

Alva  dct<:»(«d  by  iliu  pooptc ;  he  it  recalled  (I5TS)         .        .      SOS 

RMiDMOni  cucccoda  lilm  (1S73) SOS 

Growth  of  a  ProtatoDt  «tat«  nnd<:r  Orani^  ....  SOS 
Plandenand  Brabant  iuvuke  his  htlp;  liiu  Pituificatlao  of  Ghent 

(15TG) SOS 

Don  JohiTAOcccetb  Re<]ueiiena  (ISTG) *Ofl 

Dltlilon  b(-tv<v'ii  tlie  Soullii^rn  and  Korikom  ProvInoM  .  .  906 
Aloxao'liT  of  I'anna  *ai:c4M!d>  Don  John  (liTS)  .  .  .  SOU 
Tb«  Clrecbt  Untua  furinud  in  tliB  North  (IST9}  .         .         .  S07 

Outlawry  of  William  of  OnuLge  (1380)  ;  kin  "  Apology  "      ,      SOT 

lib  cliarnetvT      ....        * 309 

RLi  aaiaaibiailon  (ISIM) SOS 

Hm  Catholic  Prorincc*  (ubmit  to  {"anna SOO 

Ffilllp'ilntendon  ton)B]0T«lilm;  ileaib  of  Pnnna  (IftSI)  .  StO 
Ititc  of  the  Dutch  B«publici  diMateni  of  lliilip  and  of  Spain  .311 
The  jUubapti«ta 811 

Imviilonceot  CalTlnlam SU 
Tbn  Cnlviniat*  do  not  adopt  the  principle  of  toleration  .         .       SIS 
IMffi^rvnce  between  IVoteitaDti  and  CathoUoi  In  reipect  to  In- 
loternnce SIS 
WillUia  of  Orange  advocatce  rellejoos  IflMnj              •  SIS 

OoDtroreniy  on  tha  nlatlon  of  th«  Cborch  to  tbo  dril  an- 
tbority 314 
Q«raifof  the  Annlnlan  oonirovcriy        •                •        •        •      SIS 


uW 


coyrENTS. 


CHAPTElt  X. 


tag  RKFORMATtOK  tS  KxaLAXO  AlfD  BCOTtAVD. 

l^llnrJ*  numcmai  at  Uic  br^nning  of  lUo  lixtccnth  ccnMrjr      ,  Sll 

loOueiiue  of  fho  R«iirai  tir  learuing 811 

Cnnliaal  WolMjr « tViend  of  learning  >         .         .        ,         .  SIS 

'J'jniiato  (tL  1S3G)  nnd  FriOi  (iL  1633) SIT 

Tli«  poculiuitf  of  iho  EngtUb  IteformnUoB  .  .  .  ■  S17 
No  jToniiaeDt  leader*  MonUieCoaiiounl  ....  318 
ilenry  Mni.  toeki  a  dlTorcs  from  Clcmont  VII.  (tdST)  .  .  318 
lUsaty  reduce*  the  pownr  of  tbo  FbiM  anil  tlio  ckncr  in  Kd^ 

Ibiu) 319 

Bavlm  Ilia  itatuto  of  "iimmuntiw' (1S91)  .  .  .  .  3S0 
Adilro«*cd  hjr  the  clur^'  m  Ucw)  uf  the  EnslUk  Cliurch  .  310 
IidiroKiid  and  mMTiei  Anna  Boloyn  (1533)      ....  320 

Tkooct  of  Suprenaejr  (1A34) 3S1 

Atraliidiiiis  of  Uie  noouterlee  (1536) 811 

A  Cathotic  aiid  a  ProUi«UinE  party  la  tlia  Coaocil  and  tu  tbo 

ChanOi 331 

CnuuKir  loudi  tht:  Prok'Stant  parly ;  liU  cliomctor    .        .        .  3S1 

Thom&i  Cromwell ;  GardiiWT 333 

"ITic  Kngliih  RiUlc  Iwiicd  by  tlio  King"*  aiilliarily      .        .        .383 

TlwTen  ArtltiM  (1536) 323 

TlieRobelliouor  1S3C 323 

Tfac  Cailiollc  party  In  tliu  ascBiidency  |  Uia  Six  Axtlelo*  (1S39)   8» 

'rfau  FatlorCruuxrcll  (ISiO) 8M 

Antngonliini  of  the  two  putlc*  after  Ilcnry'i  dcatli  (Ilil7)         .  3!i 

n«t<sUntiBiii  j>r«vaila  iiiidiT  Edward  VI tii 

CranniiT  ririnforccd  by  thcologianj  froni  the  Continent  .  .  330 
TLu  Book  of  ConiiuoD  Pr«yer  (IMS,  1S53)  ;  the  Articles  of  Rc- 

li};iuii  (I^SJ) Sia 

The  proirivsi  too  rapid  for  Iho  popular  feeling  •        •        •        ■  SIS 

Pall  of  ihe  Protector  SuniarMl(l5at) SIS 

Revival  of  the  ccctcMMtit^nl  sTalutci 31T 

Beactioaary  uiowiuvnt  uiidur  Maiy  (1553-^8)  •  .  .  3!T 
BMtoration  of  Ibo  Catholic  (yitcm ;  h«r  marriage  ttitb  Fliillp 

XL  (IM*) 83- 

Maityrdom  of  Cnuimcr,  Ridlsy,  and  Latlm«r  (1G0&-~86)         .       331 

Tbe  cliariKtcr  of  CranniiT 88f 

Unpopiilnrily  of  iltry  and  IM  cntiies 831 

Extreuiodeiuandiiof  Pope  Paul  IV 838 


1 


O0KTEOT3.  XXf 

Acccidon  of  Elinbctb  (ISSS) ;  faer  coDwrvnliT«  Pratcxtuit- 

inn SSt 

Bentionaf  (be  Aitwlc*  (lACS) Ml 

Act  of  Supremacy  unil  Acta  of  Umformil}'  (lUB)i  Court  of 

H!-;li  Cotntuifiaion  (l&SS) SSI 

IkeMtment  of  the  Catbulioi 391 

DlMlnctlon  lict«v«n  tfa«  Ao;;licaa  Cburch  &ncl  Uie  ProtusUol 

CtiurcUe«  on  the  Continent Ml 

LIule  coDtiovvrsy  DD  EpiKopaicy  In  tlie  finl  ago  of  Uia  ReSbf 

nMtion 131 

Rratcrnil  rrlAiion  of  ibe  Kngllnh  tuii]  tho  CoDtlneoUl  Churcli«a  33S 
CnjamcT  auNrits  iJiu  pnrity  of  tliu  ck-rgy  ....      934 

Toctlnrany  of  l^inl  Dacon  ;  po»ltJon  of  Itookor  (1M3-IC00)  .  334 
Agreement  of  tbe  AnjtUciin  Mid  Contincatal  GiurcbM  on  pr«- 

ilMtlatttioD Sii 

Ttia  Au^ftinUn  and  CHlviniotle  doctrine  compared  .  .  .  S37 
Iiiflueace  of  Calrio  and  of  lii*  irritings  in  England  .  .  S98 
AngUcKB  dlvinca  not  ri-^id  pradnnlnariani  ....  338 

An{[Iican  doctrine  Calvinbtio  on  tiio  Bucbamt       .        .        .      340 

TLIh  (1octriu«  MtjiKMcd  In  tliu  Articlus 341 

The  Turitiui  objection*  to  the  votmcnt*  ....      343 

Viem  of  Jewel  and  other  KlUabethon  Inahopa  .  .  .  .  94J 
Tbo  Quoen'a  oppoiiition  to  chongu  In  tfaa  ritoal     ...      344 

Her  enforcetneat  of  unifuniut]r 345 

Garlwright  nusilvocaieof  rn.'«b}-(«rUnlfin  (IGTS)  .  .  34£ 
The  beAiing  of  hia  prinFijiU-i  on  iba  Qui>en'«  SupremaOf  .  .  343 
Bite  of  the  Ini!cpviiitont«  ;  tliclr  principle  ....  34T 
Uookcr  on  Churcli  gorcmment  and  on  the  rela^on  of  Char^ 

oadSUte 34  T 

Merits  ot  tho  conlroTcniy  of  the  Anglican*  and  Purltaoa        .      343 

Load  Bocon'i  review  of  it  .        •       > 34* 

No  leonoolaani  In  England S&O 

Conncclion  of  ihn  Sroltiih  ItAfarmatton  with  Eluab«lh  .  .  351 
Character  of  lliu  Scuititb  nubility  ;  of  the  common*  .  .  353 
Tbo  clergy  i<;n<)rant  and  rlcioua;  tholr  w«allli  ....  aS3 
Treatment  of  Pn>le«tnutum  under  the  Regent  Moir  (1654-30)  893 
B«lur»  of  Knox  from  the  Continent  (1569)  ....  353 
Tbe  education  of  Knos ;  begin*  to  preadi ;  a  oaptire  in  Prance 

(1541) 3S4 

He  reatde*  at  (luncra  (lSSS-59) ;  hi*  *■  Monitron*  Ueglmen  of 

Women " 355 

The  CoTcnaat  of  lh«  I.«rdi  of  the  CongrcgatloD  (1557)    .        .  351 


xxn 

Th«  proftcUsg  ot  Kaox ;  icMiodann  .  t  .  •  •  IN 
Ktuabuib  aondB  tnxipa  to  lud  tlio  lunb  (1580)    ...  IM 

lteaUioftlKQa«ei>-Reg(Mit(15C0);  Insal ciwbHihowal  of  Pro«- 

MUonim  (IHO) ast 

Jit  oocImIuiIcaI  property,  how  UMd  .        ,        ,       .  UT 

Butuni  of  M.-uy,  Qugvn  of  ScoU,  from  Fnnca  (IfiSl);  W 

dMntctcr Ml 

81m  doei'  not  nuUl  PiotutMituni ;  gronad*  of  hor  policy  .  .  839 
Ksox'ai^poiilioa  U>  the  uiouiu  horClia.pvl(l«ll)        .        .      30* 

CM&rance  of  Knox  nn<l  ihc  Queen SCO 

lliuir  ilolinU  on  ibu "  rcgiiucn  ol'  vomira "  .  .  .  .  861 
Ob  tLo  ri^lit  of  *u1jj<.'cI»  to  rcu«I  llitur  sorenujpi         .         ,        .  Sfi! 

Kium'*  opinion  o(  Mnry 3G3 

Uk  prvanhiii  n|[UB«t  tho  danclnB  at  Ilolyroodi  aaoifaor  conlieif 

vnco  wiib  Morjr S04 

Thn  y«n.ple.  fiip|)r«H  tho  mui  la  iho  «c«tcm  dlitrict*  (IMS)  .  364 
KuoK  lie&ujji  tlieir  conduct  in  a  caarvriuttKin  with  thu  Quucn  .  3G4 
KaiH  oiTtLigDod  for  conTenliig  Iwr  Uogei  ....  36C 
Ha  d««eiibM  lu«  exAininAtlon  bcbre  bur  Mid  tlio  Privy  Council .  367 
Eaox'i  public  prn/«r  for  Uie  Qumd  and  Uie  realm  .  ,  867 
Be  condduT*  toleration  of  CntboUo  wainhlp  n  ida       .        .        .  368 

^JAtt/ainMTbeaiiltliDinlqy  (156S) 369 

It  dlfplasMt  ElUabodi  ]  Mujr'a  bopc<  cwtro  Id  Spain  and  Hie 

Ciubu 369 

Uunlui'  of  Rliito  by  Damloy  and  tbo  Jealoui  noblea  (1566)  >  S70 
llar/'s  Tvpugn^nco  to  Damlcy  and  :illJiclini«nC  to  Uotliwell  .  S73 
Ciiriimiitajice*  precodiD|[  tliu  inunler  of  DbtdIo/  .  .  .  319 
Abiliietiun  of  tho  Queon  by  Itotlmdl  (lOOT)  .  .  .  .374 
Uo  u  diiorcvd  from  hla  wlfv  jiiid  murrk-ti  M»ry  (I  J6T)  .  .  S7A 
8bo  Fumtndera  to  tba  lord*  at  Corbcrrj  Uill  (1S6:)  .         .        ,  d7£ 

Ibe  problem  of  tliA  "  oaaket  l«ilvr«  " 373 

Mary  abdlcaloa  ia  Ibvor  of  ber  toa;  mnku*  Uumiyrcgont  (tS67)  S78 
Cocftitution  of    the  Kitk;    ibe    Second  Book  of  DisdpUao 

(1577-81)    8T8 

Fall  Mtabliibmunt  of  the  Prubyteriu)  tyttcin  (1502)  .  .  830 
Maiy  BMapec  fV«m  Looblevea  (l&es)  ;  U  deCt&led  at  Langdde 

(18M)  ;  a  prlMncr  la  England  .  .  .  .  •  .  3S0 
HortiU^  of  Ibo  Catliolio  Rooviion  to  Elizabeth      ...      381 

She  «end>  belp  to  tbo  Nothorlnndt  (i:>S5) 8S3 

RxRBlion  of  Mary  (1587) S8> 

Jefeat  of  tbo  Spanuh  Armada  (1988)        .       .       ,       «       .861 


I 


C0STB8T8. 


zxrfl 


ProtcttantUo)  in  IrcUtid 

EITi-ct  of  the  ClthoLio  ReoolJon  on  the  Irish 

Lord  Bjicoa  go  ikc  wnr  U>  Uvat  Irclnad 


m 

m 

S84 


CHAPTER  XI. 

TUK    Set-OKUATIOX    tK    ITALY    A!ll>    STAtX  j    TUB  CO  UKTZK'UBtf* 
OltMATIOX  tK  TIIF:  KOMAX  CATnOt.lO  CHUXCn. 

RcniMnee  to  Hrotcnaatiiin  orsniizcil  in  lialy  Mid  Spaia  •  .  38A 
Poliilcal  (wntlitlon  of  IiAtjr  In  lu  Wnrlug  on  IVoCMImnt]«in  .  i%$ 
'Die  uomiplioD  of  tlw  Clitirvli  undorttood  by  Ilalinai         .         .  SBS 

Arnoldof  BrawUfd.  1195) 8S£ 

I)iuilo(l'JS5-1331)iubickiitlMteniiMnJ  power,  but  mat  ifae  Cath- 
olic (lognua  .        .        ■ 39  T 

Uii  iikal  of  the  Nstored  Etnplro SBS 

IIow  Boccaoclo  (iniS~'i>)  tmnu  tho  Church  and  th«  dcrgy  .  888 
Tho  fpijil  of  tfau  HcniUMMtco  i  Laurcnthia  VaUs  (d.  14GS)  .  889 
The  >crvi«e  of  IliunanUm  Aod  It*  Umlu ;  the  ao»d«iiilM    •       •  890 

DlfTiision  of  I.iitbcna  writiag*  iit  Italy 890 

I'ridctiliDtUiD  in  Italy  » tiling  of  degtCM 89t 

Th«  Ontary  ot  Dulua  L.«vc ;  ContArinl  ....  898 
Tb«  reformed  opjoioos  io  FerrAra;  the  DucheH  Bmde  (I9Z7)  .  89S 

Protcitantiira  io  otlii-r  dttoa 898 

IiiNa|>!ci);  Jiiiui  Vidilei  (cirait  tSSO) 894 

Odtino  utd  Fietor  Martyr        .......      894 

fftlenrio'i  IreatiM  un  the  "  BooeSu  of  dtrltt"  .        .        .        .896 

The  SMTvmontArien  duput«   .......      8M 

PtLiil  in.  (1381-49)  fttTorti  the  Cuholto  nkndos  party  (ifiST)'  8H 

CoBUrin)iiCltiiliiibon(134l) 3»B 

CarkSa  leads  the  rigldijr  orlhodospArt/ol  rafbrm  .        .886 

.Vewotderti  lho1lMatliM(l&!4) 897 

Igoaliu*  Lofola  (U9I-I5S6)  tbuadi  tho  order  of  (he  J««iita 

<1S40)  898 

Ul*  book  of  "  SpiritunI  ExL'rclaes" 388 

The  conitJtttllon  of  iho  Jcnnit  order 400 

Tho  Council  of  Trent  (1545-1363)         .....      400 

Iia  defialtlon«  nm  MilUPpotcatant •  401 

la  practical  work  in  the  wuj-  of  rdumt MS 

The  Couacll  *vrve»  to  contoJldate  the  Catholic  Cliiu«b  .  .  40t 
nwt  Inquiulion  |  lu  history ;  tho  Spoalob  Inquiiiiian  .  .  408 
riu  loqultltlon  in  lUlj  (1S43),  Uoir  organUod  .  .  .  .404 
nigbl  of  Ochiao  (t34S),  futi-r  Martyr  (1843),  Voifurio  (1M8)  404 


PbrtecutloD  of  PntMUDU •        .  «M 

Suppraanon  of  II<x>k> ;  the  IrAux  PntklbKorius  <)UT)  .      4M 

^Hu  IikIox  Ex|)ur^Htorlii« 401 

K-rwci^lion  of  EvBtigellcal  CallioUca 40< 

Exiirjmtiun  of  ProtvitAnlura  in  Ituljr 40G 

Introilucli&n  of  rrotMUolbni  iolo  Spain        •       .       .       •      Mt 
CoRTUrti  Ui  ProtcBbutiim  at  Seville  uu)  VidUOolUI  .        .        .  401.- 
Rccaptlon  of  ihe  doctriiw  of  JiMliQcation  by  Faltb        .  40il 

lAiilotda/S(lMB-eO) 4Im' 

lof  tLo  Inqnlallloo 4W 

"PonoiMittonnf  llienvmiigclicnlCaUialics;  C*mn»(1558-l&7e)  409 
Allitutlu  of  tlio  Po(joB  to  i«*poot  to  ibv  CAtholic  Ruaccion  ;  Paul 

IV.  (lA0ft-6D) ;  Hui  IV.  (IS69-6fl)  ;  Tiiw  V.  (l,VGC-72)    .  411 
Sixtua  V.  excoDununicalM  Hcnrjr  IV.  (ifiSS),  and  fupports  tLe 

League ill 

CliaD{[e  in  tbo  iiitoU«clii»l  Bptrit  of  lul/;  Taaao  (1044-99) ;  Uw 

new  iclioolsof  pointing 41) 

Cartu  IknrDtaco'i  private  rirtues  aitd  ChrisUsB  irodc  (1SW-S4)    413 

Tli«  Jesiiiti  H*  oi]ar«tori 41) 

llwy  cxlcnd  their  influence  in  Enrapo 414 

Countrlpfl  rccoTon^il  to  tbo  Cburcb  of  Romo  .  .  .  •  414 
CaaKS  of  ttiu  check  of  Proicitnntimi ;  MncAulny*!  itiscuuion    •  i  15 

I  crjrslalJiiing  of  paniue 410 

otttlcal  an«&g«meDM 41) 

be  removal  of  abuiM  in  the  Chnrdi  of  Rome  417 

ProteibmU  wMie  tbelr  itrangth  In  cootMU  with  one  another  .  41f 
Tbn  better  orpuiiiaUon  of  tbo  Boinui  Cntbalici  •  ■  >  417 
They  um  the  varletlci  of  taloni*  and  cbarncior  ....  418 
Mure  rooted  atiacbmeat  in  Soutliera  Europe  to  Uie  Cbunb  of 

llome 41S 

Uiuonl  ariMM  in  tlie  Ronun  Catholic  Party;  Itieffcct       .        .  419 

CHAPTEB  XU. 

TBB     BTHDaOI.m     OT     l-UUTUTAXTIBU     IX     TUB     SKVBJITEIUCrB 
OXilTDBT. 


BtrerMi  experienced  by  the  Catholic  RcocUoo       ,        .        .491 

Kndpal  (ojuci  to  be  considered 4X1 

hlliire  of  Cbarlea  V.  to  fnbjagaln  the  Protc^tMta  .  .  491 
KAeet  of  the  Peace  of  AuKsburR  (1555) ;  Philip  IL  not  «ui>- 

poTted  by  Ferdinand  I.  and  MaxImSlian  II.  ...  43' 

Their  eiicceiBara  under  the  tway  of  the  Jcniita  nnd  the  Catholic 

Beoctlon 4tl 


OOKTENTS, 


Origliiot  dMlhiTt}- Year*  Wiu-<IC1ft'iejS)  .  .  .  .411 
XIm  Enn^lcal  UiiIod  (nos);  Uie  Catliulie  League  le<l  by 

HjuiiBUtanoriIit*nria(IGOa) 4X1' 

Tita  Bobemlsiu  kvoIi  agaiott  ForOinand  11;  give  tlieir  erown 

to  FkcIctk  W  tli«  Klcctor  raUlmu  (l«I9)  ,         ,         .  4H 

ilgOUy  ot  Pcnlinnnil  11.,  and  of  tlie  El«uU>r  .        .        .      429 

]W«3t  of  [be  DobDmiaiu ;  com^oMt  of  tlin  rnlnUnatD  (10S3)  .  42S 
TVi])lo  allianoe  fur  lli«  reMorallon  of  tiut  Ek'ctor  (16S9)  .  435 
pRUaraoT  the  Uaniih  inteFvi^ntlon  (lGtS-lGS9)         .  .  416 

Vkllenatvin  itvlirun  F«nluiuiil  tram  subjoction  to  the  L«*g^  4M 
Hi*  con»lllii(!i>ii  nf  tli«  annlca;  tba  ntoalu  of  die  war  .  426 
VMtoriei  of  WnI1iMit4«in  aad  of  TiMy  (l«S«-a9)  .        .427 

Tlie  EiUcl  of  Restitution  ()G!9)  ;  the  removal  of  Wallonstvtn 

(IC30) 427 

Inierveation  of  Gegtavuj  Adolplia*  (lG30)i  his  dianoter  and 

motlvM 438 

Tletoriet  of  Guftavua ;  WallonMdn  r«appoln(«(l  (1632) ;  the 

banloof  LuUen  (ItiSV) 429 

InJIiieiice  oT  Itivbeliuu  (1634-1648]  j  {rouiid  of  Preach  iithv> 

voation 429 

Tbediiuaior  Wallciuti-in(1034) 420 

mdonloiuicv  of  Rlcholiou  Id  ihd  conduct  of  tlio  war  (1G34)     .  4SI 

The  (trugglo  jirolnictoi),  nod  Why 491 

Tbe  F«>oe  of  W«itplu>lla  (ie4S) 433 

I^ition  of  Englnad  ander  ibo  iitaartj  ....      433 

Wid«ii)iiK  Rulf  between  Anglican*  and  Puritan*  .  .  .  433 
DoMllUy  of  Jnincii  I.  (IG03-3i)  to  tbo  Puritan) ;  the  ILunpton 

Court  Conference  (1604) -434 

Charlet  T.  (IGS.V-ia) ;  bin  arbitral^  nyglcrn  of  goTernmmt        .  436 

ArebUdiop  I.nud  (IG33) 49* 

The  l.ea-^e  and  CoTcnant  of  th«  Scot*  (1638)  .        .        ,4)7 

The  wnrbclwecu  Kinjivnd  Purliament  (1G42)  .  .  .  4ST 
The  WcMniituter  AMOmbly  ;  partlf4ln  It  (1G43)  .  .  .  4ST 
RdUbliiJiinent  of  PrMbytorianum ;  how  Umilvd  ...  49S 
Cromwell  (1G33-98)  and  ihalndepMdeDls         ,        .        .        .499 

The  Killer*  of  New  England  (16») 444 

Tlieir  vccleuHBtical  tifstoui 440 

Distinction  between  llu;  AIiuincbiiMitt*  an<I  Plrmouth  wettler*         440 

InWMlanliBm  in  Kurope  protected  bjr  Cromwell  .  .  •  441 
Reiteration  of  Charles  IL  (1660)  ;  hnw  efToct«d        .       .  441 

no  I^o«b/teri*n«  ar«  deonvod  bj  tlw  King  ....  442 
The  Savoy  Confcrenea  (1601) 442 
BJMtioo  1^  the  Puritan  mlni*t«rt  (1G6S)                 .       .        i      442 


XXX  COKT^TS. 

DenwralUUlan  of  Ibe  Englbli  Coun 443 

AUionco  of  Cboriea  IL  and  LouSi  XIV.  (ISIO)     .        .  U» 

RcrI  dpsigiii  of  Chnrl««  batrnjod 444 

J«mi.-ii  II.  (tOW-«S)  ;  the  Court  of  Sii;b  CommisuoB  (1(S6)  444 
liu  cniivATora  lu  win  tbe  Bopport  of  the  I*urltAns  (1687)        .     444 

'till.-  ICrTolution  of  1G83 444 

Tliu  Act  of  Toluraliou 44£ 

FoJlnre  o(  iho  ComprclicnaJon  Bill 44A 

PeraiMcnt  i-subtisbmuiit  of  P^l■^b}'te^iunlKlll  in  SculUud  (IB90)  446 
FBrneciMioD  of  iho  CortnuiiQr*  binder  Jamca  II.  .  .  .  44T 
EfTvctof  Hvonr  IV. '»  death  (1660)  on  tlie  Fnnch  polio}-  .  .447 
K«volt  of  llie  ]Iugu«not«  (1631)  {  iu  caukciii  and  eRuot  .  .  447 
Ivouia  Xllf.  (lfilO-1643)  ;  Iho  Mins  of  ItichcUeu  (l«U-49>  .  448 
III*  dt^imesiio  policy ;  hU  dMCrutrtlon  of  the  IIu^u«iiot  power 

(l«a«) 448 

LoiiU  XIV.  (l€£i-)715)  i  kis  iliMignt  Id  rc«poct  to  France  ftnil 

ta  (ontign  powM« 490 

Tbe  AaKinbl}'  of    IGBS  ;  tbe  Four  Fropodtlon*  of   Giilllcaii 

liberty 4M 

AdjuMmcul  with  Inaoccat  XIL  (IGOl-lTOO)  ;  Uio  work  of  Bon* 

«iieC 4SI 

JjitDL'Diini 401 

declining  rcpulAiion  of  tbo  Jc»uit4  ;  Puoat  (16t3-C2)  .  .  45S 
SappMnion  of  Port  LtoyAl  1710;  pcricciitlon  of  the  JAnteniiU  429 
P«rw(-iition  of  the  IIii);ucnot* ;    Revocation  of  tbo  Edict  of 

Xaiitee  (UHi) 4d3 

III  eSec4  on  Franco 454 

Vftn  kindled  by  iho  embltlon  of  LouU  XIT.  .  .  .450 
Wltllain  of  Orange  (1<SIK170>),  hU  imusoBiiL        .        .        .468 

'niorctult 436 

Prottmlon  of  ihe  Cuiliolla  Bewtloa 45fl 

fWbknvM  of  ibo  Fapncy 45T 

BSwl  o(  tbe  peTMcution  of  tbe  JaoKniite  on  tbo  Catholic 

diorch 4ST 

J^prouh  of  tbo  era  of  revolutione        .....      46S 


CH.'.PTER  XIIL 

TIIK    l-nOTKSTA.YT  TIIKOLOOY. 

Two  fun<laiuenla1  prluuipluii  of  PruiUKlAolitni     .        .        . 
No  conlroverxy  between  tlic  two  pHrllM  wi  ibc  THnity  »od 
AloDviuout 


Tli«ir  iliCFi-rcDcc  on  the  dooUioo  of  (in  ■  .  .  •  .  4M 
Tlio  Proltulant  doctrine  of  Joatlfiutlon  ....      4M 

The  ralntion  of  ctlik*  to  rcl^i^ii 481 

Frvttatant  ilovtrioe  of  liii.^  cicliislre  auilioTity  uf  (be  Scrlptarot  iti 
AgTCOiuent  of  tbc  froU^IaiiC  Churcttct  on  ihLt  point  .  .  i6% 
Tlio  liro  I'rateiiiaDt  priiiotplcs  uuiie  In  om  ....  4M 

Bomoa  Catholic  doctrinn  of  junttficntioa  ....      4U 

Tlio  ProtMUoldocirioB  ruKjivcting  tlio  Church  ■  .  .  .  4M 
Tbc  Koimn  Cjitholic  doctrinQ  rcrpocUng  tho  Church      .        .      446 

BMpectuis  tnuliliOD 4U 

Bc^ctiag  tho  iMTitnicDU 4H 

S«aM  of  tho  pliTMo,  ox  opvtii  opcralo 491 

Hodl&ntlon*  of  ihe  Bomnn  Cntliallc  viow  ....  iSJ 
Botnon  Cathullo  doolriiiu  oT  tho  priusthood  ....  468 
Fnui«liuita  inalntaln  a  anlTcrttil  prlo*thood  of  bcUovcn  448 

Fnt«jtaDt  riew  of  the  number  luut  design  of  tho  tacramonta  .  4S* 
£ffoct  of  tbo  ProlMUuit  Tiew  of  juitUioatlon  upoa  various  dog. 

mu  and  {mvtices 470 

FiraUwtant  controYortioioa  predMlitiatloQ 41% 

Armiainni^ia  aad  iiii  IcitJora  (1010) 47t 

Polillcal  illTitiun  lelwuoii  AnniDiau*  anU  CalviniiCa  in  Holland    4TS 

Tbc  Synod  of  Dnrt  (lfil4i} 474 

Ariuiniun  vlow  uf  uriginol  lio  and  of  iho  atonenMot  .  .  474 
Ocmral  character  of  tbo  Araunlan  tboologlam  ....  4Tft 

The  Analiaptiiu 4T5 

Uto  Amllrinitvians  of  tho  ago  of  the  Kofomuition  .        .  477 

RiM  of  Unitariauiniu  iu  Italy 4T7 

FaiutiuSoviaua(U»9-1«0t)     ....  .       .  47« 

Tbe  docinUn  thcolosy >        ,      479 

EJIorte  to  tmil«  LuthoraoB  and  Ca-vlnlita  .        •  .        .  481 

EBotti  to  unite  ProtcitanU  and  Ibimnn  Catholic*  .  481 

TU  endeairon  of  Grotlus  (1643J       ...  .       .  483 

Hi*  cloctrinal  po*itlon       .         >  •        ■  •  481 

Lalbnlii  and  BoMoct  .         .  •  •  4M 

End  of  tho  efiorts  a(  mnlom  ■  «N 


KXXH 


OOmZKTS. 


CHAPTER  XIV. 
rax  ooNen-nrrio)'  or  tiik  i-aoresTAXT  csCRcnea  xw  tbiu 

RRLATtOX  TO  TIIK  CI  TIL  AVmOllITT. 

Or^uiizalioD  of  PraUutaBtuin  notaoiform  in  tlie  dlffuruit  coiio- 

trica Ail 

PpotCBlautj  iii)I(«il  in  oppoiiox  Church  {;:OTvrnment  hf  a  prioal- 

bood 4S8 

Tbe  principtea  of  LuUier  rupooiing  diureli  itolily      .        ■        .  489 

Hot  mUzod  ikD<l  Tmhy 4Sa 

Latber  and  McUnclboii  on  (Iw  sntlicri^  of  riril  ruler*  in  Um 

Churcli 4S» 

Two  cliAraclrTUtIc  featurM  o(  tho  Lathcrnn  poli^         .        .      491 

Oriiln  or  c<inii<turics 401 

Tho  Sy&o'l  flf  Itunibore  in  lluiw 4l>S 

Uvtiuu'*  vpiukiti  (it*  lu  ]>likD  of  Church  goTcrament  >  .  .  491 
Keelati— ticnl  Kovenunost  by  princet  b  Lutberau  aUtet .        .      494 

namk*  on  •rliich  ft  «u  foundod 494 

('liurcli  i;iircrnm(TDl  in  tho  Refurmod  CkurcliM        •         .        >      49i 

Z'lnf^la'i  (i;»t«in 4Sd 

Calvin'*  lli«orj  uf  Church  goTOrnmciit  .  ■  .  .  .  49T 
I'bo  olvll  BUthirrlC)'  Iwnnil  U  rappraM  error  ....  497 
Tbo  PrMbylariau  constitution  in  Fisnoe  and  in  Scotlnnil        •      493 

IIm  AnjUcnu  MUblUhuont 499 

Vivlou*  llieorio*  i  RrMtiuDlflTi;  IIooW  ....      AOO 

WarburUin'i  thcoTjr;  Cdc.riilicu'*  tlicoiy GDI 

OUiUlone;  Chalinon  :  Mamiitn}- AOl 

ConvocalMO  in  llio  Kngliak  Clitirch S04 

Bdlarmliio  on  Uio  indirect  nutliority  of  tbo  Fbpe  ia  nJation  to 

tlie  lomponl  poiror Jtoi 

Tbo  Jcnlta  ndvocato  popular  toven-ignty 309 

ProtctUiita  m^ntj^  tho  dlrine  right  of  kinj;t  .  .  .SOS 
Tho  lyflom  of  tliL>  Nvw  Eoifland  colunisls  .        .        .        ,  MS 

DMhtotion  bvtwuvn  ri/inouth  anil  MiuxachuMtU  .        .        ■      fit* 

Thx  Kflir  Kngluntl  Kccleaiaatieal  Sj'cIcbi 509 

Ko([(.'r  Williaini  advooatoi  religious  Utwnjr  (circa  lfl3&)  .  .  SOI 
The  Bonun  Oalholio  Church  in  the  United  State*     ...  Mt 


O0NTEST8. 


yxjjn 


CHAPTER  XV. 
ran  BKt.ATiox  or  piiotutaktiam  to  ccLivat  axd  oivjus..* 

TIOM. 

Nooe>«u]r  to  cooililer  IWu  In  oonoecUoo  with  prlootplM  t  SU 
Genwnl  eomporitoii  of  Callioljc  uul  I*rotvfltuit  aatioM     .  9t* 

PMMgS  Grom  Macaulaj- S14 

Pua^[a  from  Carlyle All 

feAueaiM  of  ProWttanti^m  apon  Ubertjr  ,        ,        .  sis 

l*oUiical  effect!  of  Uic  Itcformation 511 

WL&I  ProiMUuiUin  <li<l  Tor  liborl/  In  Europo         .        .        >      51b 

In  tba  Ud1i4.i1  Sutci 515 

ProteBtanlD  liuvu  been  guilljr  of  perwotilion  ....  91< 
Tkit  adiitlttoil  to  bo  Inconiiitcot  with  their  principlM  .  .  51T 
Koiniui  CatlloJict^  how  Gir  reiponisiblu  now  for  perMcution  .  51S 
In<liicncs  of  Ihe  Kcfonnoition  on  litcnturo  and  Kiencc        .         .  519 

Ttw  iMMiiplunIa  of  Enumus 519 

EIToctof  tha  «3itInclioa  of  Prot«itiuiti(m  In  Spain  .  ,  .  590 
Lou  of  inlellMlual  freedom  and  nctivilf  ....  531 
BITeot  of  lh«  Mttlnotion  of  rrou«Untlsn  in  luljr        ,        .        .  513 

Decline  of  liicratum  and  art 5S1 

Perwuutlon  of  GuUloo 523 

'ilio  groundB  of  hii  condi-mnntioa 534 

UleratuM  in  Franco 5ia 

Tha  nvliibitor)-  nnd  KxpurRntory  Induxca     ■        •        .        ■      588 

EfFpct  of  die  censoDiliip  of  books,  on  Icnlj 5Sf 

Crnkonilup  of  book*  tn  pTOlcitant  countric*    ....      5S7 

The  proM  in  iho  Puritan  porioil ;  MiJion 9M 

Thajtrcttfaner  th«  Rutoratlon 638 

ESdneatMit  }ty  the  Jmiits  and  their  fchulnnhip  ....  519 
Tho  raadiag  of  lh«  ttiblo ;  policy  of  tbo  Church  of  Romo      .      5M 

VThy  ibu  litity  fint  ncttleoted  tho  Itilile 531 

lattjlectual  (direet  of  the  rvoding  of  iIm  Bible  In  Prol«ttaiit  «m»- 

triM on 

Influence  ot  die  IWommtlnn  on  Kngllah  Llienliire    .       .  OSI 

Ball^om  tonn  of  Eliinlietliaii  writer* MS 

Effect  of  iIm  ItefomiUion  on  the  Gtvman  InioUoot     •        ■  •  6H 

lu  intvllrciiul  cITrct  in  ilnlloxid  nod  Scotland         •        ■       •  515 

Inflnence  of  ihu  Rtforuiaiiun  un  Philosophj       •        .        •  .  53C 

Hw  Rcformcn*  opinion  of  Arixtoilo 538 

ItenovnCion  of  philoMphy  by  Bacon  and  Dca  Cartca  .         .  5IT 

Itaoon'*  inndoncj"  congpnlnl  wiili  PrvioBtAntlfrn       .        .        .  5S7 


XXxIt  CftXTENTS. 

Tlie  CdJlcilan  nictliod  in  cootrMt  wiili  Uio  Tklodinral  SM 

BerMnal  hialory  kivl  relatlOM  afDw  Cules  (I60G-166O)  S39 

Hit  tytttm  condcDiluid  b^  Uio  8orbotinn &S9 

Induoncv  of  iho  Iti-for>Da.tJoa  on  olbor  icienoot        .        •        ■       MO 

rraU<i)Ut>i]*m  and  ihc  Fioo  Am MC 

CompikriMn  of  Uiu  Girnuiu  and  Uie  Lntia  oatiooa  •        >        >      MO 

An  in  Oia  NotltM-Uiida Ml 

SSoct  of  thn  Kefornution  on  Rvligion 64 1 

IteligioD  cd'ential  10  civSIUAtJon  .        .        .        .        .        .Ml 

Oripn  of  ialiJcUty  in  Eurapo M! 

ftaMUaat  dogmatiaai  prordcee  &  nvolt MS 

Tbi*  li  carriod  to  an  cUmiM 54S 

RiM  *ad  ipTvnd  of  DuUm  ...•.*.  M3 

TnnrilloD  to  P&DthclnD A44 

BcepddMn  Lo  Boman  Calholia  aoantriaa M4 

Ocnnaa  lUtioaallmi  Ila  twofonni M5 

Bin  of  Uie  OrillMt  Sdiout MS 

Delstic  and  Paathoiirtlc  lUtionnlUm MG 

Bcbleicrmacher MO 

Meander  oa  the  ortgb  and  tyfat  oT  Batiomalifa*     ...      MO 

Unllipljrliig  of  ProtoaUnt  wcU 548 

lu  «ffMls M8 

SouToe  of  thcM  divUlooi    ...••■•.  M 
Tcndencj  to  onit^  .......••     £50 

Rindplo  of  progittM  tn  Praifittaatlim       .....  ftSO 

hotcataat  and  CatkoUo  Miaaoa* 6M 

ChrialJ&nit}'  not  lioatDe  to  etduir» UI 

TRnof  of  the  Middlo  Agea       .......      SSS 

ProtcttnniUm  aroldi  It .  OU 


APFKNDIA. 


I.  A   ClIROXOIXKilCAI.  TaDI-K    .  .  .         . 

II.  A  List  or  Booxa  on  tub  RBTOsifATiOir 
WDEX 


&S5 
Ml 


THE   REFORMATION. 


CHAPTER  L 


mBODUOnOK :  THS  GKKEBAL  OHAUAGTEB  OV  THX 
BETORMATION. 

Toe  four  most  prominent  vvents  of  modora  history  ftn 
tho  invnaion  of  tlim  Imvburiaiiii,  which  hleiid<!(l  Uie  Ger- 
miui  and  Roman  elements  of  ciTitixatJon,  and  subjected 
tint  ntiiiT  nntions  to  tho  inSucncc  of  Christianity-,  tho 
crusades,  which  broke  up  the  stagnation  of  Earopean 
soeMty,  mhI  by  inflicting  a  blow  upon  tho  feudal  systism 
opened  a  path  for  the  cenbroliz-atioii  of  the  nations  and 
gOTammenta  of  Europe;  tho  Roforniution,  in  wliicli  ro- 
ligion  was  puriBed  and  tbe  human  mind  emancipated 
from  sacerdotal  authority  ;  und  the  Frunch  Rovohition,  a 
ti«n)«ndouH  stnij^te  for  politioU  equaUty.  'llie  Refor- 
mation, like  these  other  great  social  convulsions,  tras  long 
in  prcjMinttion.  Of  tho  Fr«)ich  RcToluUon,  tho  last  upon 
tJiB  liiit  of  historical  epochs  of  capital  importance,  De 
Tocqacvillu  ob«orvcs:  "It  was  loast  of  all  a  fortuitous 
event.  It  is  truu  that  it  took  tlie  world  by  auqirine ;  and 
fet  it  was  only  tho  completion  of  travail  most  prolongod, 
lb«  sudden  and  \-inIe.nt  tcmuiiaUoa  of  a  work  on  whicn 
ten  gvnora^ons  had  been  laboring."'     The  method  of 

IProridcnco  in  history  is  iievi^ir  mngiea).  In  proportion  to 
the  magnitude  of  the  catastrophe  are  the  length  of  time 
and  tlio  varit'ty  of  agencifJi  which  ar«  employed  in  pro* 


I  ^iKHii  Ktgimi  <t  In  RtmliUicK  |Ttb  td.,  IBM),  ^  SI. 
I 


2  TRE  REKBHATtON. 

dnoii^f  it,     Eventa,  because  they  are  anexpected  and 

'  Btartling,  arc  not  to  bo  oscribi^^  niorcly  to  somo  proxi* 

mitccedent.     The   I'roU^stant   movemciit  is  often 

lecd  ii]>on  us  hardly  less  pn'krmitural  and  astotiisliing 

than  vould  be  tlie  rifting  of  the  sun  At  midnight.     But 

th«  more  it  is  i>xumin»l.  tlie  lees  does  it  wear  ibis  mar- 

Teloua  napoct.     In   truth,  never  was  ft  blstoricjj  crisis 

I  mora  elaborately  prepared,  and  tbis  through  a  train  of 

'  cauaea  whioli  vvrox-h  buck  into  the  remoto  past.     Nor  is  it 

'  tlio  fact  tJiat  such  events  are  wholly  out  of  tiie  reach  of 

liumiui  fi>reKtg)it ;  tbuy  cost  tliuir  ^ludowH  before  ;  tbey 

are  tlie  object  of   presentiments  more  or  less  distinot, 

•omctimcM  of  duflnitc  prediction.' 

But  in  avoiding  one  extreme  we  are  not  to  fall  into  the 
Ute.  Wo  must  tako  into  account  the  jicraonml  qual- 
I  aod  the  plastic  agency  of  individuals  not  letu  than 
the  0])i'nition  of  general  causc-s.  Especially  if  a  revolu- 
tion in  Imig  I'Ktabli.thod  opinions  and  hnbtta  of  f<t«liug  i« 
to  take  place,  there  must  be  indi^-iduala  to  rally  upon  ; 
OMD  of  power  who  arc  able  to  create  and  sustain  in 
others  a  new  moral  life  which  they  have  first  realized  in 
tliemsclves. 

Notwithstanding  tliat  tlirev  ccnturic»  have  since  elapicd, 
the  real  origin  and  eigni(ic:inoe  of  the  Reformation  remain 
R  fiubjoct  of  eontroveray.  The  rapid  spread  of  Lutliur'a 
opinions  was  attributed  by  at  least  one  of  his  contem- 
pornrieR  "  to  a  certain  uncommon  and  malignant  poi<ition 
uf  tho  stars,  %vhicli  scattered  the  spirit  of  giddineaa  and 

■  Tvcfilir  yrm  Man  the  accfuion  of  Loiiia  XVI..  Lord  ChuIirllEM  trroM! 
"laahon,  all  the  ij^mptonu  wbich  I  hire  *ver  met  wiUt  in  hidlorj-,  prtTlaiu  to 
gnucibaagei  and  nroluliana  in  |:ovemini!n(,  nnirtxiK  and  dillj  liumwo  la 
Fr«s«*."  I'ht«l«rl1»l<l'>  Lillm  (Dvo.  M,  ITtlt)  ;  i)Tint«a  br  Carl<rle,  Aitfary  iff 
ll«  ntiidt  Rtti'ltiliim,  ch.  ii.  In  Uic  fiflpvntli  ctntuiyi  then  nun  able  mcii 
wlw  ladud  tonranl  loan  Mrktlulical  rrtnliiliun.  Canlinsl  JulUa  Ca'MrinI, 
who  M  papal  Ipcato  pn«iil«d  at  Ilit  Ciuncil  of  llulir,  in  a  lrll«r  (O  Pop*  Eugtm 
IV.,  In  IUI,[iT«dirt«d  a  icnat  ujirlaint-ut  Ills  laJi^  tor  iho  omlhrDirtl  a  car 
nipt  rlttiC7.  and  a  lifnajr  man  lonnidahla  than  llial  at  Uio  Bahimiani.  f'/nit 
I,  Julian,  C»rd,,  In  lliv  tf/ttra  jKmei*  Syln'i,  p.  00.  ll  I>  Kivrn  in  pari  bj 
KajmaTiIut.  14J1,  Ko.  39  :  rstnda  in  OioMlar,  I^«d.  ni.  t.  c  I,  {  IM,  n.  9. 


TRBORIF^   BF-SPKCTIKO  THK  BEFORUATION. 


I 


mnoTftHon  orer  the  vorld."  *  Althoagh  the  astrological 
solution  liuH  no  tulvocutvs  left,  it  whs  not  wholly  implau- 
siblo  in  that  ago  when  Uie  ancient  art  of  foretelling  tlie 
future  by  an  in«pectio»  of  the  stars  connt«d  among  ita 
boU«v«re  80  acoomptishecl  a  scholar  as  MfilaitctJion,  a 
stntcanuui  as  na^^acioiiS'  as  Burleigh,  and  a  far^Kghted 
eccleBiaatic  like  I'ope  I'aul  III.,  '*  who  appointed  no  im* 
portant  fitting  of  tho  conuatory,  undertook  no  journey, 
without  ol»s«*rving  the  o^nstellation*  and  chootung  Uio  day 
whioh  ftpp«Lrud  to  him  recommended  by  their  aspect,"  ' 

But  oUier  vxplutuitions  of  the  Prot^'stiuit  movement, 
which  are  hardly  less  imaginary  and  inadequate,  Iiave 
been  gravely  Biiggt-sU'd.  When  tho  reigning  Pope,  Loo 
X.,  heard  of  the  onmmntion  that  had  aiisen  in  Saxony,  he 
pronuniiccd  it  a  EKjuabble  of  monks.  This  judgment, 
whioh,  coniuilering  the  time  and  tlie  aourco  from  whioli  it 
came,  may  not  occasion  mudi  euqiriae,  ia  reechoed  by 
writers  ao  antJigimiHtii;  to  one  anotlier  in  their  spirit  m 
BoaauQt  and   Voltaire:  one  the   cliampion  of  the  anti- 

>  JdTJUK, //uIvrM.Lul.UU.p.  ISIiqnoMbir  RoUrlmn,  IfUlory  o/Chartu 

v.,  iNok  li.  , 

■  fiukf,  HuOiry  0/  Ut  Popa  (Mn.  Au-Iiii'n  (niuil.l.  i-  il».  303.  Oil  1^ 
ind«*ii(a  ot  vtniloi-r  in  llnlir,  tram  Ui«  lliincenlb  ccDlurr,  icc  llmcktucdl, 
tfU  CiiI'Mr  il.  Ri  n.ii'uinri  in  llalUn,  p.  (IS  Mq.  In  t*Id  ni  II  allackol  \if 
r*lr*nli.  *n<],  in  cninmon  wilh  ulrhmn/,  danounud  by  lonu  of  III*  popaik 
M*Uiic<linn  pm[«i«M  hit  ftiili  I11  ulrulO|;<r-  Corput  R^omaUmm.  lil.  bIS. 
Ibit  lh<lr>«^-l1l>llkilll;PI>|"|''>1l*>'Ii|  x"!  iliv  nUlirattd  pabllebtBorlln,  tliund  In 
Itwi  (ndiility.  ESkk  l^^i-ky,  IliMarg  b/  Itulonntitn  in  Otngn.  I.  384.)  CWll 
contullnl  MlnvloKT  n*[H<i'liiiK  Quetn  KUtabcib'*  inarriagc.  In  lli«  (IxtMQtb 
tMlBfj,  tba  tmnuui  utnlDebl,  Kwln<tainu*,  Ku  pnlraniuil  by  Utnuy  ||. 
■BtlC'baria  IX.,  and  wuviiitod  lnbl)rcimiiit  SilonbjrpinODROf  itiiiMi;hMl 
4UlWilun.  Hvtn  iIm  gnmt  uttonomtn,  Tycbo  Unbo  and  Kfplir,  .lid  net 
sire  U|>  Ibo  Ulb  la  nrtrolosj.  Tli*  laltrr,  (mm  a  ■dulr  nf  lh>  «gn»l«)laliiini 
unilcr  vlUcb  Wallenfldn  wai  born,  dcHribcil  hi»  rbarartvr  (Ranks,  CmcAMM 
ir*l)riii((>'>H.  p.  \  t.  Wal!m«1cin't  own  ilcvollon  In  utnilUKj  i>  itiaila  (•iiiiliiii 
by  Iht  itiamai  ul  Scblllfr,  Lord  Da«nn,  Bllhniij;1i  In  prunouncta  tkilralofi^ 
"aftfutl  •<(  >o|>!rilillnii  llmt  tairt  anrlhinir  aound  ran  b«  illaconrtd  la  It," 
*OuU  Mill  "  rullicr  litTC  It  piirifleil  ihan  ati"t;ii(livr  njHrlid."  and  adiutti  lau> 
'Sum  .VftrxIoE?'/'  prr'ticiian*  <it  iv1il'<in>.  Kbiimi,  and  "  all  commollnniol 
Kteatar  revolrilium  i.[  lliinj.-*,  nnluml  a.  w«ll  a*  clvO."  />«  Aai/.  AoVal.,  lit. 
It.  tl  Hiinly  a>  a  l-rnntb  of  ptiriin  and  oa  Ihc  baiiaol  induction,  bo«*v», 
be  (lloKt  any  plot)  (vi  ulnlog]'. 


4  TUB  Rtfl^KHA-nOll. 

prutcBtant  th«olagy,  and  ttie  other  the  leader  of  the  jinrty 
of  [ix-e-tliiiikur8  in  thu  liwt  cviiturj'.'  Evqu  a  Uvijig  Ger- 
man liistoriaii,  a  learned  a«  well  aa  brilliant  writer,  biiciiIu 
of  tbo  Reformation  as  an  academical  quarrel  that  s>>rved 
na  n  ittioleua  for  nit  the  disconteut  of  a  turUuIont  :i(p'.' 
It  is  true  that  an  Augustinian  monk  began  tlie  conflict  by 

:  asMiiling  wrtain  practices  of  a  Dominican,  thut  tiicli 
foun<l  intioh  mip)X)rt  in  lila  ovrit  ordcTi  and  that  the  rival 
univi-raities  of  NVittenberg  and  Leipsio  enlisted  on  oppo- 
s'te  sides  iu  the  strife.  But  tbvHu  are  men  incidents.  To 
bring  tlieni  forwiinl  as  principal  eatiaea  of  a  miglity  his- 
toric L-liange,  is  little  short  of  trifling.'    A  clam  of  pcmnns 

1  dispose  of  the  whole  question  in  a  summary  manner  by 
calling  the  lleformation  a  ncvr  phase  of  tliD  old  conflict 
whidi  the  Popes  hud  wagnl  mth  the  Hohenstaufen  Km* 
perors ;  of  tlte  struggle  between  civil  and  ecclesiastical 

.  Btithority.  But  the  Reforination  was  not  confined  to 
Germany :  it  was  a  European  movement  that  involved  a 
religious  revolution  in  the  Teutonic  nations,  and  power- 
fully affected  the  character  itnd  destiny  of  the  KoniAiiio 
peoples  among  which  it  fiviled  to  triumph.  Moreover, 
while  the  political  side  of  the  Reformation  is  of  great 
importance;,  both  in  the  invcsligation  of  tlie  causcfl  and 
effects  of  Protestantism,  this  is  fur  from  buiiig  the  exclu- 
dve  or  even  predominant  element  in  the  problem.     PoUt* 

■  iol  agencies  were  rather  an  QtEcient  auxiliary  than  a 
direct  and  principal  cause. 

Gulitot  has  prenented  his  riows  respecting  the  nature 

t  Tolulrc,  fMaiiar  Itt  Mmri,  rh.  I3T,  Dii:l.  PKtt.  (ArL  CUmut\ ;  Komdii, 
Vntinliutt  dti  Prnl. ;  (f'lirrrt,  t.  t3l.  The  Mtna  thing  i>  tald  by  Ituiiu. 
"Kutin  LDlh«r,  ■»  AiiKlIn  fri*r,  prcfmor  in  (lif  Unirfnltir  of  WIltcnbeiK, 
nwaCing  Ihf  dffmiil  i>ii(  wpna  hi*  ordor,"  tic.    Ituttiry  of  Koflaiul,  ih.  xxix. 

*  htit,  Uniurttljfi'^hithlt,  Hi.  r.  3. 

■  Than  it  nnt  di'  •lij;litn-t  t^iiin<1  fnr  Ih«  notloo  tliit  LDlIi«r  WM  aftuled  bj 
icwntiiipnl  ■<  ■■li]:Iil  uiwci  hit  nrilvr.  Ai  it  the  itliiwul  of  in-lut|fTn<:n  wm  iw 
biraor  tlial  lir  renliul !    But  il  in  not  tmo  that  Ihiii  bunlnm  lixl  bwn  niually 

Kn  to  Ilin  AoKmliTiinim.    fii^e  Pallnriiini,  lib.  I.  r.  .1,  i  7  i  Wsiidlnt;Ua 
tryaf  Ikt  lltfortn<tlim,  F.  ISl.    Til*  ofiipii  of  Ihi*  Imjinliil  on  ctit^louij 
■  Uaml  by  tlixtclur,  ChtiriA  tliilory,  I.-.  1. 1  f  I,  ii.  17. 


I 
I 


THEORIES  RESPECTtKO  TDE   RE(-0RUAT10K.  A 

the  KcfDmiAtion,  in  r  lecture  dovotod  to  Uiui  topic* 
The  Keformation,  in  bis  judgmeut,  was  an  effort  to  deliver 
hoDiiui  mason  from  thu  boiida  of  uiitliority  ;  "  it  wiui  un 
inMUTOction  oC  tbn  human  miiid  against  tlie  absolute 
power  of  the  epiritual  order."  It  nas  not  an  accident, 
the  ntiilt  of  suin«  casual  circuin«tanc« ;  it  wns  not  nniply 
an  effort  to  purify  the  Church.  The  oonipreheiiaive  and 
ntoHt  powerful  cause  was  thu  dcrsiro  of  thu  huinun  mind 
for  frotKlom.  Free  tliouglit  «nd  inquiry  are  tlie  iegitj- 
innte  product,  the  real  intent  of  the  moTement.  Such  is 
Guizot's  inbvrprctiition.  But  hv  in  citrcful  to  add  tlutt  hia 
de&nitioii  doeti  not  deacribe  the  conscious  purpose  of  tlic 
acton  who  achieved  tho  revolution.  TIiu  RcformutioB, 
bo  Bays,  "in  t)iii«  n-.Kpix't  p<^rfi>rnied  more  than  it  under* 
took,  —  more,  jinibably,  tluin  it  desired."  "  In  point  of 
/iurf,  it  produced  the  prevalence  of  free  inquiry ;  in  point 
of  princififf,  it  b(-lit'Vi-(l  Uiat  it  was  substituting  a  legiti- 
mate (or  an  illegitiuiato  power."  The  disUnction  between 
tho  oonflcious  aimK  of  tlie  k^ndcra  in  a  rerolntion,  and  the 
teal  drift  and  ultimate  efft-et  of  tlicir  work  ;  betireen  tlio 
direct  end  which  tbey  endeavor  to  secure,  and  the  deeper, 
bid<]cn  im|Mi!.ti!,  the  umlercurrvnt  by  which  they  «re 
really  impellcil,  is  one  that  is  proper  to  be  made.  It 
would  npjK-iir  evident,  also,  that  tliu  overtlirow  of  the 
autbority  of  the  Cliurch  muat  affect  tlie  prindplo  of  ao- 
ibority  in  general ;  so  far,  at  least,  as  eveiitmiUy  to  lead 
to  a  scrutiny  of  tlu'^  fuuiubitions  of  authority  whorurer  it 
iaOBBunted  to  exist.  Yet  we  venture  to  oonuder  tlie  in> 
10q)ri;tatJon  of  Guizot  defuctivu  as  confining  the  import 
and  effect  of  the  Heforniation  within  too  narrow  limits. 
The  Ri-Iommtion  claimed  to  be  a  reform  of  religion ;  it 
was  certainly  a  religioiiA  n^vnhitioii ;  and  rebgion  is  so 
great  a  coiiceni  of  man  and  so  deep  and  perraaive  in  ita 
influence,  that  (his  distinctive  feiiton;  of  thu  Ruformntion 
auut  bo  held  to  bcloi^  to  ita  easentiftl  cJnuaeter.     Is 

1  &«c<WjVi>idryyCMlUraihSlir9«l  tKl.all. 


0  THE  BEFORMATIOW. 

other  words,  the  altimate  uotivo  and  final  effect  is  not  lib- 
erty aloiio,  bat  the  improvement  of  nili^on  likewise.' 

There  i.s  n  cliun  of  wrttfra  who  would  iiuike  the  Kcfor- 
■nation  a  transitional  era.  paving  tho  way  for  £re«think- 
Ing  orunhiilief.  We  might  sny  that  Uiere  are  two  olanea 
who  advocate  thia  view.  On  the  one  hand  Roman 
Catholic  writt-rs  have  fr«[ii«ntly  declarwi  ProtCBtaiitiKm 
tlio  natural  parent  of  KatiniialiHm ;  and  on  the  otlier 
]iand,  Rationalista  thcmsolvnt,  who  ii-ject  ChriHtlunity  a* 
a  HujK^riinLiinil  and  autlioritativo  «ystoin,  have  upplatidod 
the  Reformation  as  a  step  tovrard  their  position.  Both 
clafiSL's  of  critics  proceed  on  thu  assumption,  tliat  tho 
ChrtHtinn  religion  is  8o  far  coincident  with  the  mediaeval 
system,  th:it  the  fall  of  thu  latter  logically  cjirrii^  with  it 
the  abulitjon  of  the  former.  Time  was  required  for  tlieso 
latent  tendenoice  of  Protestantism  to  develop  tbemselvee ; 
they  were  bidden  from  tlic  iiycs  of  the  Reformdre  them- 
sulvos ;  but,  it  U  alleged,  they  have  since  become  appar- 
ent. This  diameter  was  imputed  to  I'rotest^intism,  on 
it«  first  appoiLnuicc,  by  its  enemies,  uid  is  often  charged 
upon  it  by  its  theological  adversaries  at  the  present  day.* 
Thus,  Balmes,  the  author  of  un  extensive  work  on  the 
oomparative  effects  of  Cntbolieism  and  Prolxvitimtiiun 
upon  civilization,  maintains  that  the'^^tem  which  he 
opp'iiicsU'atla  toatheiHm.*  Another  recent  Catholic  writer 
affirms,  that  "the  pnnciplc  of  Riitionaliitm  is  inherent 
in  tlie  very  natnre  of  Protestantbm."  *     For  tlie  opinions 

>  ElMiTlMn  GdImC  hliDHlf  M<ra  that  lb«  Reformatioa  wai  afcntiklly  hoA 
iMBi  1b«  -nrf  flnt  ■  rIIkIoiui  ntarm  ;  and  thtx,  u  to  potlilci,  "  thrir  mn  Iti 
MMMuy  DLMiu  bai  not  In  tlilgf  aim. "  —  jtr.  Lfmit  nml  Cnlri*,  p.  IM. 

*  IIodIbI^v  itaie*  thai  liSi  Itibei  bptpui  to  iDilrart  bli  (iiinitir  In  nklnnl 
IbwIoR?.  on  Ibc  flnt  Mpprnniiirc  of  PrDlMtantuin,  fTom  ihs  beUct  Ibsl  it  wocM 
ImiI  id  iibiliin.  —  £<»>».  II.  xll. 

JVtiI(>rii*(i>in  niul  CntKnUatni  rumporfJ  in  liilr  F^tttt  on  >t«  Cirilimtion 
^Smvp*  (EngUsb  truululion.  Bolliuuirc,  ISJII,  p.  OU,  and  tbo  nolc.  p.  428. 

*  J.  B.  BcbnlMn,  B»i.,  in  l]i«  Life  of  Dr.  J.  A.  Mutilcr,  prTnIt^l  to  the  V-og. 
BA  tmulation  of  Hohlor'a  fynhnlitm.  p.  xxxill.  tliit^ti'lilrr  birnxrtf  ipprtn 
U  dlnCBl  Irani  Ibe  lunuJ  Caltiotlc  npntralalinn  nn  Ihit  iraint,  anil  U>  rvf-wj 
■Mimalinn  u  llw  oppotlW  of  primitiro  I*ro(e(laali«ro.    Vtrl  n.  %  IJv.    !• 


REUTION  0»    I'SOTESTANTISII  TO  KATIONAUSU. 


7 


N 


at  thfi  free-tliinkiiig  soliool  un  UiU  p(M»t,  we  may  refer 
to  tbu  eerii^ft  of  historical  works  by  M.  Lauroat,  wluvli 
ooDtain  nitidt  viUmtblc  iiifonnatiuii,  v-.i{ii'oiiilly  upon  Ute 
Middle  Agea.^  Tbia  writt^r  holds  that  Clirislianity  it»elf 
M  to  givu  place  to  a  religiou  of  tlt<!  future,  the  prodw 
cLaracter  of  which  he  does  not  pratend  to  deecribe.  lie 
docliirM  thai  ruvtralwl  religion  stuuds  or  laUa  witlt  Iho 
Papacy,  and  that  Prot«.itiLnU»m  "leads  to  the  deiital  of 
tlio  fundatnontal  dogmas  of  historical  Christianity."  * 
Be  bails  tbo  U(^ornu\tioii  an  an  intermediate  stage  in  the 
progress  of  mankind  to  that  higher  pUuie  whero  Cbii»- 
tianity  is  to  be  gupirswlf.l,  'Wiii.-tlior  Pratcstutitism  fo»- 
(uTS  infidelity  or  not  iaaqui  iihl  M-hieb  can  be  more  intel- 
ligently considtirud  hereafter.  It  nuiy  bo  obaorrMl  Iitfro, 
however,  thnt  the  K<:-fi>rnaors  thcmselTei  considered  tliat 
their  work  arreeti'd  tbo  pTOgressof  unbelief  and  saved  the 
religion  of  Europe.  Luther  nays  that  midt  were  the 
e(M.>leBi:istic:i1  abuses  in  Germany  that  frightful  diaoi-ders 
would  iiil'uUibly  huvv  uHni-ii,  tlml  ittl  religion  would  luivo 
perished,  an<l  ClirUtians  have  become  Epicureans.'  The 
iofidolil^  that  bod  tnkeii  rout  luid  sprung  tip  tn  tlieHtroiig- 
holds  of  Uio  Cliurcli,  in  conuei:tioii  tvith  the  revival  of 
clnsstcfd  k-arniiig,  throjiti»ti.Hl  to  sprcod  over  Europe. 
Melanctboii,  !ii  ii  fiiniilinr  hitter  to  a,  friend,  nflirm.i  that 
fur  more  si-riouB  di£turbAne«s  — longe  graviorus  tumultus 
—  would  bavo  brok«n  out,  if  Lutlmr  had  not  appeared 
and  turned  the  studies  of  men  in  anotbor  direction.*  Th« 
Reforiiuition  brought  u  revival  of  rt^ligious  fooling,  and 
r«aalt«.-d,  by  a  reactionary  inHuence,  in  a  great  quick- 

•nMlnr  piMti  boirtrtr,  ha  floda  in  panllicifin  ■  laKLcal  mull  a(  riiili«tiiil 
vtaw»  dl  prtdiMtntticn.  f  "•, 

■  Th«  title  «t  Uio  Rrin  U  £iihI<4  nr  PHlMiiirt  Jt  FHiimatuU,  par  V.  Ian- 
RM,  ProtMMur  >  I'UnSitniid  d«  3miI. 

*"  tiB  proMnlniitiim*  confult  k  U  n^KitJon  dot  ituKOim  tunJaiiiDUUiu  da 

IeluWlaniiniii  lil>(uii<|ur."  —  /«  PapauU  ti  FEmfirt  it'itb,  ISOOJ,  p.  41. 
•  Ua  W<IU,  Lalhtr;  Brit/i,  \L.  4SD. 
*Al  C-inrrarHiN  (ISSl),  C»rrmB^.,\.  lOSl.     SMIhoKBuriu  OtHoutiMr 


B  THE  HEPORMATIO!). 

Miing  of  ruLigioui  ukU  witliin  Uic  Catliolio  body.  Laurei 
biinBeLf  elaenrhere  aiErms  tbat  id  Uie  stxteentli  century, 
roligiuQ  vnia  in  a  statu  of  ilocudcnco  and  tlireatened  with 
ruin ;  *  tliat  Litth<;r  vfTvctMl  n  religious  revolatjoii  in  th« 
mind  of  aii  ngt!  tliat  waa  inolined  to  inlideli^  and  nior> 
ing  toward  it  at  a  rapid  pae« ;  *  tbat  ho  was  a  reformer 
Ua  CMJtolidsm  o»  xr^M  as  for  Protestantiitin ;  tliat  th« 
Reformation  nas  the  foe  of  infidelity  and  saved  tbe 
C'lirittian  world  from  it.  Hut  wt  ratnnot  puniuo  tlio  tupic 
in  tliii)  place.  Let  it  suflice  here  to  inter^Kiite  a  wanting 
against  incautioiu  giincniliuitiuD. 

ITio  Hefornuition,  whatever  may  have  been  its  latent 
t«iideficica  and  ult«rior  constMiucncc*,  was  an  went  within 
tlio  domain  of  r<rIigton.     From  this  point  of  view  it  most 
fint,  and  prior  to  all  H]>vcalatj<):i  upon  its  indirect  and  re 
mote  rcsulta,  Iw  oonteinplitted. 

What  was  tbu  ftinditincntjd  chiiractoristic  of  this  revo- 
lution? Before,  a  vast  imlittition  bad  been  intt^rpoetKl 
botwoen  the  indindual  and  tJie  objects  of  religiotm  faitli 
and  hope.  The  Ki-fonniitiuu  changed  all  tbta ;  it  opunud 
to  the  individitid  a  direct  accesa  to  tlio  heavenly  goinl  of- 
fered him  in  the  Gospel. 

The  German  nations  whirli  vHtiiblisln^  theinsclvcji  on 
the  ruins  of  the  Roman  Empire,  rocdived  Christianity 
with  docility.  But  it  wjus  a  (Jhriatiaiiity,  which,  tliotqjh 
it  retained  vital  elements  of  tlio  primicive  doctrine,  had 
bvcomo  transformed  into  an  external  theocracy  with  itt 
priesthood  and  oerumonice,  It  was  under  this  mixva 
system,  this  combination  of  the  Gospel  with  cliaracter- 
Lstic  features  of  the  Judaic  dispenwition,  Umt  the  now 
uatiooe  were  tniincd.  Such  a  typo  of  Christianity  had 
certain  advantaged  in  rt>l:ition  t^»  their  unciviliitod  condition. 
Its  externahty,  its  legal  character,  as  well  as  its  gorgeous 
ritual,  gave  it  a  peeuliur  jtower  over  them.  But  ati 
through  tlic  Middle  Ages,  uhiUt  the  outwanl,  theoccitic 
>  U  lltfiir»€.  p.  4a.  t  IVJ., ,,.  4M. 


ntOTESTAXTtSU    ItAS    A   fOSlTH-E  SIDE. 


9 


^ 


alement  tJtnt  hml  been  gruft«<l  oil  Oliristiiuiity  dtiTnloped 
ttseif  more  iind  more  in  the  polity  and  worship  of  th« 
CliUTcli,  ill©  ri>ju;ti»ri;iry  C^mlion  of  tim  primitiw,  Bpir- 
ituul  idea  of  the  Jdiigdom  c^  God  wiu  likewise  more  and 
mora  miuiifest.  Witliin  the  stately  and  imposing  fabric 
of  the  ecoleeiasljoal  system,  there  was  a  force,  as  it  irire, 
iinprimmed,  strnggUng  for  freedom,  and  gradually  acqoir- 
ing  strength  sufficient  to  break  down  the  wall  that  oon- 
liiiixl  it.  '*'l1ie  Rvforniation,  viewed  in  its  most  general 
ofaaracter,  was  tlie  R-iictiun  o(  OiiriatiHUtty  u  Qospel 
■gaiiMt  CIiiiHtionity  aa  law."  '  It  must  also  be  remem- 
ht'ii'il  tlutt  with  thu  trR<Iitional  fonn  of  Clii-!i«l4iLnity 
"  thi-i-e  WHS  banded  down,  in  the  aacred  text  itaeU,  a 
KNiroe  of  diviiH>  knowledge  not  vxposcd  in  like  manner 
til  c-orniplion,  fniin  wbicli  th»  Church  might  learn  how  to 
distiiiguieh  priinitivu  Christt;uiity  from  all  subs<3^ii(^nt  ad- 
ditionth  and  so  carry  forwnrd  the  work  of  purifying  the 
Christian  ix>ii9cioitsneBS  to  ita  entire  couiplotiou."* 

Prutistatittvm,  thcrcbre,  bad  a  positivu  as  %toU  as  a  ntsg- 
lUive  ude.  It  had  something  to  assert  as  well  aa  sonid- 
thin^;  to  deny.  If  it  discarded  one  int«rprctntiun  of 
(/hi'icitiiinity,  it  <'n])oiiii>^  anoUier.  Old  beliefs  were  sitb- 
Tufted,  not  aa  an  eifeot  of  a  mere  pasftion  for  revolt,  but 
tiiniugh  litis  (^!:tpii!t>ivc  power  of  deeiK^  nouvictiotis,  a 
purer  apprulicuiiiiiti  of  truth.  The  liberty  which  the 
Kufuniium  prizwd  (irat  and  cliicfly  vas  not  the  ab^tnict 
right  Ui  chotiMi  <>n<;'H  cretnl  williout  confltmijit,  but  a  lib- 
erty that  llows  front  tht;  uiiforL'«d  appropriation  by  tho 
soul,  of  trutli  in  liamiony  witli  its  inmnst  nature  and  tta 
■.tritwriuita  iiocessitjes. 

It  is  ovi<lcRt,  also,  from  the  foregoing  HtnteiniMit,  that  in 
Protestantism  there  was  nn  objective  as  well  aa  a  subjoo- 
tWs   (acti>r.     'i"ho    new  type  of   w-ligion,  diH-pIy  rootnd 

<  tIBmMi,  ff^unBiafoNH  fnr  Jrr  J'r/'-rmillm,  i.  |i.  xili. 

*  H«inl«r,  Ctnt  '•>!  tlitl-if  <•/  U«  Clriilim  KiUi/iim  iiiut  Clunk  iTtimy'i 
BmiI-),  iii.  I  Ml,  Tlia  vJKW  Uk<*n  in  Uia  piincnqih  tbort  tobaluUalhr  ■» 
■wh  olUk  lli«l  ut  N««n<Ur  in  Uii  p*i*^n  Ttfantd  la> 


10 


TUK   SErORUATION. 


tlioiigl)  it  was  in  tubjccUvo  impulses  and  oonvivtioDb, 
Dwoil  its  bt'iiig  to  tlie  diivct  contact  of  tlie  mind  with  the 
Scri[>tun.-«.  In  them  it  fouiul  uliko  it«  wniroo  nod  its 
KgulutivQ  norm.  This  distinguislKia  FrotestAntiini,  hit- 
toriadly  considered,  from  nil  morementfl  on  the  plane  of 
nittunil  rvligiuii,  niid  etampa  upou  it  a  distinctively  Chri*- 
tiiui  cliitnicter.  Tliv  ntiw  spintiial  lifo  had  consciously  iCa 
f(>ui)tikin-li<-it(i  in  thn  writiugti  of  Iho  I'l-ophots  and  Apo«- 
Ue9.  Tlicri!  was  no  prvtciisv  of  doviitiiig  a  new  nrligioD, 
but  only  uf  nifonning  tite  old,  acoordiug  to  its  own  au- 
tlioritative  standards. 

Yut  tbo  ProtrstJint  Refumicra,  in  transfeiring  their  al- 
Ir^iauoe  fi-oin  tlie  Cluir<:li  to  ttw  Word  of  God,  praoticiilly 
iiMortod  A  riglit  of  privabu  judgment'.  Tltetr  proceeding 
wiia  foundwl  on  a  Bubjoctive,  personal  oouriction.  Deny 
to  the  individual  this  ultimata  prvi-ogutive  of  deciding 
whurc  uutliority  in  matters  of  religion  is  rightfully  placed, 
and  then  wluit  the  acknowledged  rule  of  faitli  means,  luid 
tlivir  whole  movement  bt-oi)nii«  indvfcnsibk',  irrational. 
Hence  intoUix-tual  liberty,  freedom  of  thought  tuid  in- 
ijiiiry,  vraa  a  consiMjuenee  of  the  Refurmation,  that  could 
not  fail  to  be  erentually  re:Uixed. 

lint  whilu  the  Rvfurniation  in  its  distinctive  cliamutiT 
w  a  religious  event,  it  is  not  tut  isolated  phenomenon. 
It  is  a  part  luid  friiit  of  that  general  progress  of  society 
which  marks  tlie  fifteenth  century  and  thu  opening  of  tlie 
stxtvttiith  OS  the  period  of  tran^itjon  from  Uiu  Middle 
AguH  tij  modem  civilization.'  This  was  the  period  of 
iuTuntions  and  discoveries ;  when  tlie  magnetic  compiua 
mming  into  general  use  enabled  adventurous  mariners 
to  sti-or  their  voMcls  into  rcmotu  ee!U(;when  gunpowder 
revolutionized  the  art  of  war  by  lifting  the  pea^smt  to  Uio 
level  of  tJm  knight :   when   printing  by  movEiblo  typei 

I  Wabtr,  Willf*teUtAU,  Ix.  )r)T.  Purur,  //iM,  Jtt  Ttmpt  Sftiltmt  (ll» 
ITMI,  p.  1  •"■  J.  1.  Itaiir,  A'JrfAnvtNAiotri,  p.  lU  t«|.  UuDboUl,  £o» 
ma*  tlMui'*  vd.),  IL  Ml,  tT3,  (Ma. 


THE  BEFOKMAHOX  SOT  AN   ISOLATED  EVEST. 


11 


fomuliud  u  now  Hint  marvolouii  lUbuna  of  Jiffiuuig  kuowt 
edge.  It  waa  the  era  of  gn«t  nntiticitl  discovcriuit ;  wbea 
Columbtu  acMvd  unot<b<T  betuisptiere  to  the  world  aa 
known  Ui  Kun>[K.wtti,  und  Vaitc'O  du  Gunui,  luiliiig  to  Iil- 
dia  round  ilm  Cape  of  G4od  Hope,  opened  a  new  highway 
(or  commerce.  It  wiut  likuxnit*;  the  «ra  wh«n  tbu  hvavciu 
wre  explored,  aud  Co]>ei'iiicus  disooreri^d  Uie  true  s^'stcin 
at  tliu  iinivvno.  Then,  also,  the  masterpieces  of  auciuit 
soulptui-e  iuid  UiD  litJimry  tceamn»  of  antiquity  wuro 
briiiigiit  furtli  from  th<;ir  tombs.  It  was  the  period  of  a 
new  lifu  in  art,  th<.-  ngu  uf  Raphael  and  MEohavl  Angulo, 
of  Leonanio  da  Vinci  and  Albert  Durer.  The  revived 
■tudy  of  (ireiik  and  Latin  lit^^'mture  was  directing  intcl- 
leotual  activity  into  new  diannolM.  Equally  niomvntouB 
was  the  change  in  the  political  life  of  Euiwpe,  Monarchy 
having  gained  tiiv  victory  ovur  fi-udulism,  the  principal 
kingdoms,  especially  France,  Sjwin,  nn<l  KngliUtdi  wers 
becoming  consolidated.  Tbo  in\-iifi!ou  of  Italy  by  Charles 
VIII.,  in  14114,  eonimciicMd  Uic  wars  of  which  Italy  wiw  at 
oucQ  tho  theatre  and  tbo  prixe,  and  the  conflicts  of  the 
EurojMiftn  Stat<-s  for  tin;  itcquiKition  of  twrrltoiy  or  of  iis- 
ceudciicy  over  one  another.  To  the  iutercourso  of  nations 
by  racaiw  of  coinnierci.-,  which  hud  spruad  from  Venice, 
Genoa,  and  tlie  lowiu  of  tlii!  HiuiM-iitic  Lt^gne,  llirougli 
Ui«  n-st  of  Western  Eurojie,  wiia  added  Uie  inteixM)ur3is  of 
diplomacy.  A  »t«tu4}'«t«in  was  growing  up,  in  which 
tbv  si'voral  pcopK-R  wvit!  mopft  clnwly  connected  by  political 
n'Litions.  In  the  varimw  i-liunjjcs  by  which  tlie  transi- 
tiuunl  ura  is  cUanicterixed,  the  ItDmiUiic  peojilcs  on  the 
wbolv  t«f)k  thi>  h'ad.  But  th(.'  I{o(oriaati<m  in  reli{poa 
was  not  lh<'ir  work. 

As  rrotcstantisin  in  its  origin  was  not  an  isolated  event, 
•o  it  drt'w  aft<-r  it  political  and  eoraal  diangcs  of  the  high- 
est Diomi-nL  Hence  it  pn-wnts  a  twofold  aspect  On 
Uie  one  hand,  it  is  a  tranaforuuition  in  the  Church,  io 
which  arc  involved  contests  of  theolugiana,  modifloatioai 


12 


THE  BZrOSUATTOK. 


ot  cracd  and  ritiuil,  new  sjstema  oE  polity,  an  altered 
typo  of  CLriBltnii  lifv.  On  the  other  band,  it  in  a  groat 
tnuuiurttcio,  in  which  sovereigns  and  nations  bear  a  part ; 
Uw  oocaaion  of  vnirs  and  trmtics ;  Uio  close  of  an  oM  and 
Uto  introduction  of  a  new  period  in  the  history  of  ciiltare 
lutd  oivilization. 

Hiu  vra  of  tlie  Reformation,  if  we  give  to  the  term 
tliis  uoiniimh).-ii*iTu  muamng,  embraces  tho  intvrval  bo- 
tWRon  the  posting  of  Luther's  Theses,  in  1517,  and  the 
oooclusion  of  the  Peace  of  Weatphalia  in  1648. 


CIIAl'TEU  IL 

IDE    RISB    OP    TIte    PAPAL    IIIKRAKCnV   AXD    ITS     DECLdE 
niUaUCII  11IE  CKNTUALIZATIUH  OF   KATIOMS. 

OxE  ossontial  pnrt  of  ['rutratunUsm  v,-as  ttic  abolilion 

ct  tliv  nutlicrity  of  the  Iilerarcliical  order.     ItoAsiict  liiia 

romu-kiHl  thiit  if  it  ia  only  nbuscs  in  tliu  Churcli  tbat 

•cpurato  ['roti-Niuntit  from  CiitholicA,  tliftMi  nbusea  cnu  be 

remedied,  aitd  lima  tite  ground  of  the  cxiHtcnoe  of  the 

schism  is  bihun  ftvmy.'     IJut  to  say  that  the  Rvforum- 

tion  began  in  u  protvat  iigiuiiHt  Abuses  of  admiiilstratinn 

b  simply  to  aiy  that  ProttstanlJam  was  not  fidl-gi-onii 

at  the  start.    In  its  mature  form,  as  all  tliu  world  knowa, 

the  Rvformation  wiia  a  rejiic-tion  of   papal  and   priestly 

autliority.     In  studying  tho  movumcnti  this  is  one  of  tbo 

main   points  t»  which  utteutiun   miieit   iHt  dinwti'd.     In 

iiujuirin;;  into  Urn  e.iusc-s  of  the  Reformation,  therefore, 

via  shiill  first  niviow  tlm  risu  luid  progress  of  thu  hiur- 

ardiica)  syKti-in,  und  iihoiv  how  it  had  been  wcjikenod  in 

the  period  immediately  anteeedcnt  to  tiie  sixteenth  con- 

tary.     Wo  bIimII   tlien   I'oiitemphite  a   varit^ty   of   UkU 

which  betokened  a  religious  revolution  and  contriburnl 

In  produce  it. 

I  IIm  extnrtar  iLu*  iboMt  b*tore  Urn  Ibrormilton  buIiiiEtttdby  th>  lilKbMt 
CMbolio  KulhoridM.  Beltmsin*  nji :  "Annit  aliquot,  aaioiimni  IrfillxrtiiB 
K  0*l*initlJca  himils  orirtlur,  mills  ffrmo  «nil,  ul  \\  (fiUnt^r,  i|<ii  «tia<h 
one  Tlral«ii(,  Dults  (inintm)  fmpe  (nt  in  judlcllt  vixl<°aBH(icu  MivriUa.  nulli 
m  ■Mlibut  db«!f>l>na,  nulla  in  urrit  lilvrii  (KKlili".  niitt.i  in  nl-ut  ititiiiit 
fwdfEiliii.  nulU  tiroiH'inivplimi  jtrn  fntt  r«li|Eiii^"  Op'"^,  ti-  £K);  ut  i^^M^uf 
ffid,  />i*v.  rf  noruir'.  r.  2S.  t\)p«  AdHat  VI.  runfiUiMil  lu  llir  Illuluf  Xii- 
bImtk  <■■  1''^  Ihnt  Ills  i1n'|i^>(  inmi|il.iin  liail  tiilKtril  Ilia  llolv  So  luiil 
I  till  nni  IfaraiiKli  llii  liiwr'ntnk-  <  I  l)i<'  'Idikv.  l:ayllll!llll^  AiituiUt,%nn 
,  NaWIi  iir  Sli-idan.  I.i*.  Hvr,  aU-,  Uo»iwl,  Vnrialvmt  Jn  Pnit.,liYt.{. 
ti\nrtt^  V.  Mtit-    flic  Iftilvrt  ul  t  ^vw  4  abvun^  'v  mmhQntlit  UaliimpAltc 


14  RISE  AND  OECUXE  Or  1BE   i-APAL   lUEBARair. 

The  i<lwi  of  the  nuUiority  of  the  saccrdota]  onler  ia 
•epamblc  from  tliv  iilvu  of  |m|ml  suprciiuicy  witliiii  it. 
Yet,  as  a  uiattL-i'  of  fact,  inimy  of  the  cauaes  that  t^tiJed 
to  die  uvLTllintw  of  futtli  in  tho  Inttcr  doctrine,  opL-nittsi 
likevriiie  U>  iiii<terintiie  thu  former.  The  keystone  of  tlie 
arch  could  not  be  loosened  iritliout  affectiug  the  Btabilitj 
of  ttio  wliolf  structure.  In  th<t  {>n.'SL-nt  vliapt^-r,  tlic  rise 
and  (tecliiie  uf  tlie  papal  dointnion  will  bo  thi<  nnin  sub- 
ject of  attention  ;  and  in  trnitini;  of  the  second  bruiwrli  of 
the  topic,  Uto  <l<Mlii]u  of  the  Paiiacy,  we  Hiudl  <lii-cet  iittt'.n 
tion  ill  piuiicnlnr  to  tiui  infliieiiL-e  of  i\.  cause  which  may 
be  denuiniiialeil  tlie  spirit  of  uatiomdisiii. 

The  n-ligioti  of  the  ultl  (IiHpt:nsation  is  declared  in  the 
Old  Tefttiuiient  itaeU,  by  the  prviphcts,  to  be  nidtmental 
Slid  iutroductory  to  a  more  apii-ittial  iij'atein.  Tliis  cliar- 
acter  of  inwardness  belongs  to  the  religion  of  Christ, 
vrbich,  fur  this  reaiion,  a  Gttod  to  bo  univcratd.  Worship 
U  set  free  from  legal  restrictions,  and  from  the  external 
and  sensuous  cbaiucteristicH  of  the  Juwisli  rituul.  In  one 
gnuid  feature,  especially,  is  the  relij^on  of  the  New  Te»- 
twnent  distingiiislicd  from  the  preparatory  system  —  tlie 
■bsouoe  of  a  mediatorial  priesthood.  The  disciplca  were  to 
form  Hcommunity  of  brethren,  who  sJiould  bu  awuciati^ 
on  n  footing  of  ecjnality,  all  of  them  being  illuminated 
and  dlrcctctl,  ns  well  na  united,  by  the  one  Spirit.  The 
penhrvtriug  ulTorts  of  the  judaiung  party  to  prewrvo  tlio 
distinctive  feature*  of  the  Jewish  ayslwm  and  foist  them 
Hpoii  till!  Cliurcli,  failvid.  The  true,  catholic  interpreta- 
tion of  the  Ooe])el,  as  giving  liberty  to  the  soul  iind  direct 
access  t»  (iod  tliron^h  the  one  bi^;!)  priest  who  8iipei« 
BOtlvA  nil  otJier  priestly  mediation  —  tli.it  intcrpretatioa 
to  which  nil  of  the  Apostles  assented  in  principle,  but  of 
Fhich  I'luil  wftfisoclear  and  >tliMilfit.it  an  expounder  —  pnv 
vitihtd  in  tlie  Christian  Bociotit-s  tluit  were  early  scsittered 
over  the  Roman  Empire.  Their  organization  vras  sim^a 
The  idea  of  a  body  iu  wlueli,  while  all  Uie  int^inbci^  verve 


KRiMmrE  cmntcQ  obganization. 


IS 


I 


!T,  tlify  iu«  still  lulnpted  to  different  ftiRctians, 
I  tlioy  are  Beverallv  tle>ugnati:*<1  by  tliv  ruling 
priiidplo  —  ivliich,  in  tha  cjiao  of  the  Chnrch,  is  tlic  Di- 
rinv  S[(irit  —  Iny  nt  tlie  Tcntl,  As  wm  natuml,  all  of  the 
Cbristiniia  in  n  town  were  nnito'1  in  one  society,  or  i-ccU'sia, 
tliQ  old  Greek  tei'tn  for  an  iisseinbly  lognlly  callm]  nnd 
•iiRimnn<!<].  In  vtn-h  ntKi^ty  llicr<?  w«s  ii  boiird  of  [Kistors, 
called  indifferently  elders,  preabyto-a  —  a  naini-  talcrn 
fniin  tli«  spiagof^iv)  —  or  bislinps,  ovt-woors,  n  name  gireo 
by  tlie  Greeka  to  persons  cliargod  with  n  gniding  nvcT- 
si^it  in  civil  adiuiniBtnition,  In  the  election  of  thi*in, 
tlic  body  of  ili:<ci{)tri«  luul  u  controlling  Toicc,  iilcli'>ugh,  as 
long  aa  tliu  Api>atli>s  lived,  tli«ir  Huggeationa  or  Appoint- 
ments would  natiimlly  bo  accepted.  TIil-a;  officers  did 
not  givo  up,  nt  first,  their  ftcculnr  oo«npatio»8 ;  they  wore 
not  even,  nt  the  outnet,  intrusted  aa  a  peculiar  fitiii^tion 
with  the  businem  of  toiiclitng,  which  was  free  to  all  and 
H]>ei-iiiUy  tieYolvcd  on  a  rliuw  of  jicraons  wlin  rcchk^!  do*- 
igiiittcd  by  their  gifts  for  this  work.  Tlio  elders,  ivitli 
tlio  deaoona  whose  busin^ws  it  was  to  look  after  the  poor 
and  to  ])orforni  kindred  duties,  were  the  offK-ors.  to  whom 
eadi  little  commimily  cnniinitled  the  lend  in  the  innnngc- 
mentoE  its  affairs.  Tlie  change  that  took  phice,  either 
during  or  soon  aft<.>r  tlic  ag<>  of  the  Apostles,  by  whiL<li 
precedence  was  gi\-cn  in  carh  board  uf  paftton  to  on<!  of 
their  number  to  whom  the  title  of  bishop  was  eschiaively 
Appropriated,  did  not  of  ilifaOf  involve  any  fnnd.vufntal 
.ilt«mtion  in  the  spirit  or  polity  of  the  churdies.'     Hut 

>  Th*  polltjr  of  lb*  Oiorch  In  tli*  AfUMMa  tg»  \i  aJmlniMy  ilatcrlhiul  bj 
■mIio,  /ha  Aufdaftd.  drUlt.  KlrvAi  ¥.  iKrtr  %'<:r/amt<ty  I1S3T1,  nlDioimh 
E«ti»'i  parlkultr  ti7|iNli*id)  ra>pc<;t)ii|i  llic  arljt'a  ■>(  ll>'  K|ilit«pitle  him  fi>uart 
DUla,  if  any  (itor.  TIk  Kuinan  ('ullinlk'  aii-l  Anglican  vlrw,  lh*t  llii-  K{>iii*- 
fU»,  *•  ■  ihi<!n(Tt  olfit*.  wu  onlaliiM  by  ilie  Atio<II»  tnt  Ihe  whri1-<  rliiircli.  ii 
MtlMalnad  kj  Waller,  Kirr*riirfXi  |  ISili  I'l.,  IMl  I.  Tbt  coantrrian,  nn  Iho 
fmlertuil  li'lN  <J  W»l!fr'iwwki.  lhjilo(Ri:lil«r,  A'.rf*4iiP»<l(("lh»(l,,lir»). 
Ikire  b  «n  >l>lc  hW"rii?«l  PlftonnlJon  nn  Itie  "l'hrl<ti>n  MinWry  "  I>y  IVrnf. 
L%tili«ol,  St.  famft  KfiUth  H>  litr  /■;t(I<>p>'.iiu  (U  o<l>,  )»■»).  Tbt  mom  m<imI 
Hkw  of  l*rvlf*i»iri>  U  adriKaloJ  liy  X*»oil«  biuI  Glnilrr  in  thiir Ctiimli  hi.(i>- 
iIm.  Stc,  ■'•o.  JiLH-t..  nt  f^fft.  Pttiis  «/  Itr  .Vt»  TtJfamnt  (1STt>.  1^ 
iritilal  Ilttriiuiv  sn  the  labjNl  U  faansh  lo  tarn  >  llbrart. 


16 


BISR   kiSV   DROUKB  OP  TI[E  PAPAL   inKRABCUT. 


w  WO  ftpprouch  Uiu  oloM  of  the  second  cvntiiry  wo  find 
iniirla-<I  rhiinpN,  sotiitt  of  lli«m  of  :i  \mrU'ntou»  diameter 
micti  as  indicate  thitt  the  process  of  extpnmlixing  tlie 
Cliristiiui  religion  ami  the  idvii  of  tliu  CliiircJ>,  Iiiis  fiiirly 
in:t  in.  Tbo  onUi'gement  of  the  jtirisdiction  of  bi8]io)i3 
)ty  nxbvnding  it  over  dependent  dinrulira  in  tlie  nciglilior- 
)uyA  of  tlio  towns,  iiiid  tlie  iniiltlplyiii};  of  chiircli  offio'A, 
iru  diftngos  of  Icsa  moment.  But  tJie  ofEcers  of  tlie  Church  ^ 
ara  msro  and  more  assuming  tlu'  pojution  of  a  distinct 
uidor,  which  10  placed  n.1>oru  the  liiity  and  iii  lite  ap> 
pointed  iiUHlium  of  convoying  to  thorn  grnco.  The  oon- 
cption  of  a  priesthood,  after  tho  Old  Ttaitiunent  aystcm, 
is  attadiin''  itself  to  tho  Chriattan  ministry.  Along  with 
tliia  gradual  change  there  is  an  imperceptible  yet  grow- 
ing departure  from  tho  fundamental  doctnne  of  salva- 
tion, as  it  had  Itoon  set  forth  by  I'nul,  and  an  iidnplion 
of  a  more  legal  view,  in  which  failli  isidentilicd  with  doc- 
*rinal  belief,  and  hence  ia  coupled  wilh  workw,  insU-iul  of 
being  tLoir  fmitfiil  houiix-.  This  doctrinal  cliangu  and 
Hum  Bttributing  of  a  priestly  function  and  prerogative  to 
tho  clcrgj',  were  not  in  any  considerable  degree  the  ro- 
Hilt  of  eftorta  on  cite  part  of  Jewish  Christians  and  of 
jndaiziog  parties,  which  bad  been  early  overcome  and 
cost  as  heretical  sects  l>eyon<i  the  pale  of  tho  Church, 
Tlioy  were  rather  tho  i)roduct  of  tendencies  in  huinaa 
nature,  which  are  liable  to  manifest  themselves  at  any  time, 
and  which  serve  to  account  in  great  part  for  tlie  t'inuoioas 
adherence  of  the  Jewish  sectaries  to  their  ritual.  Hut 
tliCM  tendencies  were  materially  aiiled  by  the  peculiar 
.;lri:uraatancv8  in  which  the  early  Church  was  placed,  of 
which  tlie  abuse  of  iho  Pjmline  (li>ctrino  by  Gnostic  and 
b;  Antinomian  speculatioiia  was  doubtlcHs  one.  Then 
were  cnus>.-H  whiiOi  gave  rise  at  onee  to  tho  hier.irchiea) 
i(]:-a  or  doctrine  and  tlit-  liieriiri-hii-al  [lolity.  The  penio- 
cutions  to  whttjt  Iho  Church  was  subject  at  the  hands  of 
ttic  Roman  goverun-i^nt,  and  atill  moi'e  tho  great  confli^l 


OBOWni  OP  A  mFKOCHT. 


IT 


tritii  a  awarm  of  hcrcticiU  teudicn  who  sought  to  unol- 
gamab}  Cliristiauity  witk  various  fomia  of  Greek  and 
Oriimlal  [jliilosophv,  suggv-stctl  Uiu  nuod  of  u  more  com- 
pact orgu iiiy.it ion.  Tiie  polity  of  the  Churdi  iwtumlly 
took  a  form  correspouding  to  political  models  then  exist- 
ing. CoiifetlvmU-il  goveriimciit  wm  something  fiiiiiiliiir 
to  the  Greek  mind.  The  Church  in  the  capit.il  of  a  prov- 
ince, with  itti  hialiop,  easily  ucquiixid  a  prvci-deDce  oyer  the 
other  churches  and  bitiliopei  in  tJie  sanie  district,  and  tluw 
liie  melroiwlitan  i;yat«ra  grew  up.  A  higher  grade  of 
enunfinou  wan  iKOnrrU-d  to  the  hiithops  and  uliiii-clics  of 
the  principal  cities,  such  as  Rome,  Alexandria,  nnd  Epli&- 
bus;  and  tlius  vn  have  tlio  g(.Tiiii«  of  a  muru  txt^-ndod 
hierarcliical  suray. 

Even  as  early  as  tlie  latter  part  of  the  second  centur^r, 
tboCliiirdi  hiut  pussi-d  into  tlie  condition  of  a  visible  or* 
ganized  common wealtli.  We  find  Irenajua  uttering  tiio 
famous  dictum  that  where  the  Ciiurch  is  —  meaning  the 
visible  body  with  it^t  vler^^y  and  sacramenU — thonj  is 
'he  S[Hrit  of  God,  and  where  the  Spirit  of  God  is,  there  ia 
tlie  Churoli.'  To  be  cut  off  from  tliv  Cluirch  is  to  bo  svp- 
arated  from  CiirisL  The  Churcli  ia  the  door  of  aoceos  to 
Ilim.  We  can  ako  readily  aocoiiut  f«r  the  importance 
that  began  to  be  attiidied  to  tradition  ;  for  the  defenders 
of  Chri&tiauity  against  Gnostical  corruptions  naturally 
fell  back  on  the  historical  «videnoo  afforded  by  tho  pras- 
laioo  and  testimony  of  Uie  leading  churclics  which  the 
Apostles  themselves  had  phmted.  IrenfcuH  and  Tcrtul- 
lian  direct  (he  imiuircr  to  go  to  Corintli,  Kphesiu,  Roin«, 
to  the  \>\acea  where  the  Apostles  had  taught,  and  ascer- 
tain whether  tho  novel  spoculutions  of  the  time  could 
JTistly  claim  tbt;  s'-mctioii  of  the  tlrat  disciples  of  Christ, 

I  or    had   licen  transmitttKl   from    tlicm.'     It  is  tlie  pre- 


1  Ai!r.  IT/rrtt.,  iii.  Sil.  f  1.    Irvnsui  wu  Klxhnp  of  I.jmnt  Imo  ITT  lo  m. 
■  tniiruii,  Air.  i/vr.rii.  Hi.   TfrtulUan,  Dt  Prainift.  i/artl.,  c  xxx*L 

rotullttii,  ■  rrmliytur  >l  ditllmK*,  d  »1  botiiMn  2i0  kii>l  i40. 

a 


18 


KISE  A»D  DEOUXe  OF  THE  FATAL  BUIRAKCSY. 


i?iniiitn«o  of  Rome,  as  tfao  custocliun  of  traditions,  tbat 
Iroii;i>iiH  iiu-<tii3  to  fisscrt  in  n  not«(I  possn^  in  whivb  be 
exiilts  that  Church.'  But  tbia  sort  of  i>m-tnin«noi>  might 
contribute  to  prepare  the  m»y  lor  another  and  a  far  dif- 
ferent conception,  whidi  woald  eonnect  itxetf  with  it. 
The  unity  of  ttie  Church,  this  great  risible  socittty  of 
ChriGtians,  waa  realized  in  llie  unity  of  the  Bacerdotal 
body.  It  was  iiiitunil  to  seek  and  to  find  a  lii-ad  (or  this 
body.  And  where  .ihould  it  he  sought  except  at  Itome, 
Uie  enpitil  of  the  ivorld,  tlie  s«at  of  the  principal  Church, 
where,  as  it  was  generally  and  porhapii  truly  bolieved, 
Peter  u  woll  08  Paul  had  perished  aa  martyrs?  After 
Peter  came  to  be  considered  tho  chid  of  the  Apostlee, 
and  whon,  near  the  dose  of  the  second  century,  tlie  idua 
was  sn^o-itt^d  and  becnine  current  that  Pet*r  had  been 
tnaliop  of  tho  Homan  Cliurcb,  a  strong  foundiitiuu  was 
laid  in  the  minds  of  men  for  tlie  recognition  of  the  pri- 
macy of  that  Church  and  of  its  chief  pastor.'  Tlie  habit 
of  thus  regarding  the  see  of  Itoiiie,  ho  far  gains  ground 
that  in  tuo  middle  of  the  third  century  we  find  a  Oyprinn 
whose  zeal  for  episcopal  independence  would  not  tolerate 
the  subjection  of  one  bishop  to  Anotlier,  still  spcu)(ing  of 
tliat  see  »i  the  source  of  sacerdotal  unity."  Tlie  iitflu- 
enoea  that  gradually  built  up  the  primacy  of  tho  Itotnnn 
hSshop,  and  Juid  a  spiHiial  force  of  operation  in  th.)  Westurn 
Church,  were  multiforra.  Rome  had  a  preeminence  and 
a  grandeur  in  the  estimation  of  men,  such  as  no  mudum 
cities,  howeror  splendid,  liave  ever  rivaled.  To  that  oap- 
itel  tlie  nations  had  been  accustomed  to  look  with  awe. 
Something  of  this  reverence  was  easily  transft-rrt-d  to  th(j 
Church  which  had  its  seat  in  the  Ktcmal  City.  The  ci»- 
torn  of  regarding  Uie  Roman  Empire  as  a  divinely  consti- 
tuted theatre  for  tho  Christian  religion,  which  God  had 

1  Ub.  III.  Hi.  9. 

■  His  flnl  mention  of  IVtcr  u  fUitiop  nl  Itonui  is  in  Lh>  Clrmtmtiin  0««iJ[«^ 
•llch  vers  comiMHil  In  the  ialler  ftrt  of  tin  ni-and  ci:alui]r. 
1  El..  Ir  -4  C^rml. 


I 


» 


fiiT.cr.Dr:sar.  or  thb  roman  atuBCB.  19 

ildwl  for  llii-t  «i«l  l>y  ii  Irtiig  provideiitinl  liistnrv,  led 
to  consider  the  wipiwl  of  the  Empire  the  predestiDMl 
tnutrop:>lis  of  Chmtiuiiity.  In  timvs  of  pcrsocutinn,  (iMt 
first  itittflligi^tioe  of  tlic  gathering  storm  vfi\a  oft»>n  w>m- 
ii)utiic3t«>d  from  the  Romun  Clnircli,  \7ho»Q  l>i«)iopii  wore 
likoly  to  Im  the  enrlioat  victims.  TIk*  Itniiinii  C'hiirch 
waa  reverwl  as  thw  only  apoetoUc  seo  in  tiio  W«t.  Many 
of  Uie  diiirdiex  of  Uio  \Vt»t  wore  pUntnd  l>y  its  ngency ; 
many  received  from  it  pecuniary  aid.  There  were  (cvrer 
eitiMthau  intlm  Eiutt,niid  hrtnco  fi?wor compotiton  todu> 
pate  the  pretensions  of  the  Itoman  bishop,  and  less  room 
for  tlio  drrelopmuiit  of  thu  metropolitan  sy8t«m,  ii'liich  tn 
tlio  Kaat  operateil  tn  a  Rifrtjiin  extent  as  a  dieck  upon 
the  ambition  of  any  single  prelate.  Prom  the  beginning, 
tho  I^tin  Chiiroh  partook  of  the  pmrtic»1  npirit  of  the 
race  among  'nrhom  it  was  planted;  it  kept  on  its  pAth 
more  Btcuidily.  whllii  tlto  Kast,  swayod  by  the  Kpocututire 
Hpirit  of  Uie  (n-cek,  wiw  oonvnlscd  by  the  grrat  contra 
versios  in  theology,  winch  mark  eBpedaUy  the  fourth  and 
fifth  ocntari4>!t.  'Dirougli  all  the  period  of  the  Arian  nnd 
Nestorian  oonBicts,  the  Roman  bishop  stood  sudicii/ntly 
ip«rt  from  tliti  contending  jtartiea  to  acquire  great  import- 
ance in  their  eyes  and  to  mnJce  his  8up]>ort  covetwi  by 
of  thttni.     Hi-  wna  ihu  powi-rfiil  neutral  whom  it  was 

the  interest  of  all  factions  to  conciliate.  The  desire  to 
gain  Uie  strength  whidi  the  adhesion  of  so  itifluentinl  a 
prelate  roust  give,  would  induce  partjsans  to  resort  to  him 
BB  ait  umpirf,  utiJ  to  exalt  his  prerogative  in  flattering  lan- 
guage, such  as  under  different  eircuinsbanoes  tliey  wmdil 
neviT  haw  (.'mplnywl.  At  critical  moments  the  Roman 
biihop  actiiitlly  iniori>o<u>(l  witit  doctrinal  formulas  \vhit>h 
mel'  with  general  acoeptimce ;  the  most  meinnrablo  in- 
^taIn•e  being  thiit  of  tho  (E^'umi'iiii-al  Coumil  of  Oiah-o- 
don  (461).  when  the  statement  of  the  crcml  respecting  the 
person  of  Christ  wiis  suhstantially  drawn  from  the  letti'r 
of  Leo  I.     Rut  how  far  tJie  Eastei-n  prelates  were  from 


L ^_a 


so 


KtSK   AK'D   DECUKE  OP  THE  I'APAL  ItlCRASCirT. 


aoknowledging  the  pretensiona  of    tbo  Komim  liabop 

was  indicated  ut  tiiis  very  coundl,  wbero  a  titulai  and 

honorary  precedoncc  was  granttxl  liim,  at  the  same  time 

thnt  penality   in    otJier   respects  ^vaa   claims   for  IIip 

BiBlioj)  of  CoiistAnttnDpl«,  on  aivount  of  liis  beinj;  bishop 

of  "  New  Komc."     Ja'o  wax  cut  to  tlie  ^uiok  by  this  pro> 

ceoding  of  tJie  council,  which  placed  hia  nntliority  on  bo 

precarious  a  foundation  by  niakiii}^  it  dependent  solely  on 

the  polit4caI  importanott  of  the  city  whore  it  was  exerted. 

Ue  repeU    the   declaratjon  of    the   conncil  with   great 

WATDitli,  and  asserts  that  the  authority  of  Epiritiml  Roino 

la  founded  on  Uio  fact  UinL  it  ia  the  see  of  Peter.     But 

Leo  does  not  renounce  tho  »d\'nntH[^.-8  to  Itc  derivod  from 

the  fiommiuiding  political  position  of  Rome,  bnt  skillfully 

interwoavcB   this  with  tLo  moro  vital  conaidcnitJon  just 

num«d.     Hu  cliiiinK  tliat  the  Roman  Empire  traft  built  up 

with  reference  to  Christianity,  luid  that  Rome,  for  this 

rtason,  was  chosen  for  the  bishopric  of  tlic  chief  of  tim 

Apostles.     'Iliis   idea  as  to   the   design   of  iJie   Roman 

Empire  passed  down  to  later  times.     It  is  implied  in  the 

lines  of  Dante,  where,  speaking  of  Rome  and  the  Empire, 

h«  says :  — 

"  Fur  >talnlUi  ]ttr  Id  loco  mhm 
tj'  •Icdail  succvwor  dul  mt^gini!  I'Icni."  > 

If  WW  watch  th«  cioiirso  of  history  for  several  ccntnrie* 
after  the  second,  wo  observe  that  tlio  attempts  of  tlie 
Rjmun  bishops  to  exerciso  judicial  or  legislative  functions 
in  relation  to  the  rejit  of  the  Church,  now  sneered  and 
ag;un  are  repulsed ;  but  on  the  whole,  under  all  these 
riiiehiationii,  ihetr  power  isincnvising. 

The  accesiiion  of  Conslantine  (^11)  found  the  Chnrdi 

■0  firmly  oi^nixed  midor  its  liiorarchy  that  it  could  not 

be  al»Mh)ti^1y  merged  in  tJje  stwle,  ns  might  hnvu  been 

Uio  result  hnd  its  constitution  been  ililTereut.     Hut  un^ 

I  '  Wen  tatuliliilicd  m  itio  holy  plirc,  whcnia 
8IU  Ui*  taccHoar  of  lh«  ktmImI  f  r<«r." 

llt/trHi;  ii.  13^34 


ACGMKNIIU)  l-OWEB  OK    ROMAK   BISIIOI'S. 


SI 


him  and  lua  succeesora,  Uie  supreniaoy  of  Uie  state  and 
n  largu  measure  of  coiibx>l  over  ecclesiastical  sIT^ni  were 
iniiintaiiied  Iiy  ihe  eiiiperora.  QentMiil  cuimciU,  for  ex- 
ftiii[>lc,  were  convoked  by  diem  and  presided  over  by 
tlii'jr  rupres^iitaUvcft,  nnd  ooncilinr  dvcrcra  ))iiltli)iliwl  nt 
1j\wa  nt  the  Empire.  I1ie  Roman  bishops  felt  it  to  be  an 
honor  to  be  judged  only  by  the  emperor.^  In  the 
cloning  period  of  imperial  tiistory,  tlio  emperors  favored 
(he  ecclesiastical  primacy  of  the  Roman  see,  as  a  bond 
of  unity  in  tho  Empire.  Foliticul  disonlvrs  tendi^l  to 
elevate  tlie  position  of  the  Roman  bialiop,  especially 
wlien  he  was  a  person  of  remarkable  tulents  and  energy. 
In  ttiii-h  a  rase  tho  ofGce  tonk  on  now  prerogatives.  Leo 
tlie  Oreat  (440-461),  the  firet,  perhapR,  who  la  entitled 
to  be  style  1  Tope,  with  the  more  modem  assoclutioos  of 
t1i«  titk-,  proved  himself  a  pillar  of  ^trengtJi  in  the  midst 
of  tumult  and  anarchy.  His  conspicuous  serxioea,  as  id 
shieldin;;  Rome  from  the  barbaniuis  luul  proLectinf^  ita 
inlmbilHiitH,  facilitjited  llio  exercise  of  a  spirituiiJ  jurisdic- 
tion that  stretched  not  only  over  Itidy,  but  ns  fnr  as 
Gsul  and  Afriou.  To  him  wns  given  by  Valontinian  HI. 
('14''>)  an  imperial  declaration  which  made  him  supreme 
over  the  Western  Church, 

Tlie  full  of  the  Western  Empire  (476)  in  one  impor- 
timt  ]i«rticular  was  of  signal  advantage  to  the  popes:  it 
libenited  them  from  subjection  to  tlio  civil  power.  The 
fiiU-  of  (lie  I-Iaalem  Cbnrcli  and  of  the  see  of  Constantino- 
|)le  might  have  been  the  fittu  of  the  Westorn  Church  and 
iif  Rome,  hat!  its  ]>oliticnl  wUiation  been  equally  tmpro- 
pitiotw.  The  slavisli  condition  to  which  tlio  Roman 
bis]ii>)is  weiv  rcihiced  in  the  hriff  period  of  thn  full 
firork  nile  in  Italy,  after  the  conqneet  of  Justinian 
(689-568),  proves  htiw  elosclv  tho  vigor  and  growth  o( 
4l0  papftl  inHtitulion  were  dependent  on  favor,  ng  political 
oircnmstanoee.  Proni  tliis  ignoblu  servitude  it  wna  lib 
)  OiNdiT.  n.  LS.  f  M. 


2S 


B15B   AKD  DECLIXR  OX  IHK  PAPAL  lUERABCnT. 


enitod  by  the  I<om1)ard  invasion,  whicli  brok«  down  Uu 
Greek  jiunrr  iii  Uiv  ficiiinMiIft. 

Out  thu  (lired  oonseqiiencM  of  the  tall  of  tlra  Ruinaa 
dominion  itt  tho  West  bad  bouii  <lisu«tmu«  tn  the  Cliurcb 
and  to  UiR  I'npnoy.*  Cbriatiaii  Itrttain  liacl  been  con- 
qui>rvd  bv  the  livatlivn  Saxutis  from  the  continent.  Ari* 
anistii  hiid  Hprt-itd  fur  iinil  wide  among  tlie  Germania  ^ 
triboa.  Tiie  Greek  Cburcli,  wlitdi  became  more  and  moT« ' 
district  fruni  th«  Latin,  in  liuignagc,  creml,  and  ritual, 
attach<>d  ilaelE  with  increasing  loyalty  to  the  Patriarch 
of  ConHtiintinopltf.  As  AriauiHrn  wiw,  Btvp  by  sixp,  di»- 
placed  by  ortliodoxy  through  the  conquests  of  tlie  Franks, 
tbo  authority  of  the  Papiuiy  \nis  not  proportionately  nd- 
vaucod.  ICvon  tht!  power  of  metro[x>litaii»  in  tlitt  differ- 
ent ooantrieB  sank,  and  thp  govumment  of  the  Chnn;h 
ro8t«d  in  the  bands  of  tbo  kings  aiwl  of  tho  ariKlocnu-y  o( 
noblce  and  bishops.  Tho  bishops  under  Uie  Merovii^an 
kings  uiuuiwcd  wojdtb,  but  li^d  unbuly  livoM,  with  littl« 
oonceni  for  the  inleresta  of  rehgion.  The  disorder  in  the 
Frank  Ciiurch  rwiohed  its  height  nmlcr  CtiArk-A  Martvl. 
At  tJiU  time  tite  iK^retical  Lombards  Imd  founded  their 
kingdom  in  the  heart  of  Italy;  and  tbe  Arabs,  Imving 
carrioil  thi-ir  doininioii  ov<t  Africa  and  l^pain,  were  nd> 
vancing  apparently  to  the  conquest  of  Europe. 

Tbo  fortunatft  alliitnt^o  of  thti  Pnpacy  with  the  Franks 
was  the  event  on  wliich  its  whole  medieval  history  turned. ' 
Tli«y  oountMl  at  tbi.>ir  conwwion,  in  Ibo  fifth  ccntiu-y,  only 
aboot  five  thousand  warriora.  Thoy  gained  the  aacen- 
doncy  over  the  Ilui^imdianN  and  Gutbs,  and  thus  secured 
the  %'ictory  of  tbo  Catliolic  fiuth  ovor  the  Arum  typo  ol 
Christianity.  'I'liia  uU>»o  waa  an  i-vent  of  signal  moment| 
in  its  oltimato  boating  on  tho  pjipal  dominion.  Then 
ondur  Cbiirlw  Martc!,  at  Poiticra  (732),  tiioy  defeated  tho 
Moslems  wlio,  in  tlieir  victorions  progreas,  wen-  ■•noircling 
Clirimondoni  and  threatening  not  only  to  cnisJi  the  Pa- 
)  Girwbncliti  Dit  DruUeht  KnittmU,  I,  93. 


I 


TBG  PAPACY  ANH  THK  FKANRS.  S8 

pftcy  but  even  to  oxtirpiite  Cliristiaiiity  itself.  Under  the 
shiold  of  tlic  Fntiilcfl,  lloiiifncu  vriMit  furlli  to  iiocompliKh 
tba  oonveriuoD  nf  Uie  O^trnuinH :  himself  an  Anglo-Saxon, 
of  the  natioa  whteL  luul  boon  vton  from  beiitbeiUHtii  by 
ntUKOiiiifWA  »ont  directly  from  Uiat  jtoiitiif  whoso  r>ri|;n 
separate  the  ancient  or  daamcal  from  the  medisvnl  vra 
of  tlw!  Cliiircli,  Gr^^ory  tlic  Great,  Th«  iwurpatloii  o( 
Pepin,  tlie  founder  of  the  Carlorii^iiui  line,  was  liallowiMi 
in  tliu  oyes  of  his  subjcctti  by  the  wviiction  obtained  from 
Pope  D^aclmriu  (7.00).  The  political  ri'novation  of  tho 
'Etai>ki^inmiard)y\msatt:i.'Ddu(l  by  an  extension  of  the  in- 
fliicncK!  of  the  papal  sen.  Tim  Fmnkigh  Church  vrtis  brun^bt 
into  oto»er  connection  with  Rome.  The  primacy  of  I'etor 
was  universally  recognii».-d ;  it  even  acquiivd,  tlirough  tlie 
labors  of  Boiiifaco,  a  far  higlmr  Rigniricunoc  thiin  it  had 
ever  before  possessed.'  After  tho  lionibards  had  wrested 
from  the  Gi-('«kH  their  proviticM  in  Itidy,  and  wore 
threatening  Rome,  at  a  time,  ton,  when,  by  tlie  contro* 
reny  about  tlm  worship  of  imngp«,  the  Western  Church 
wMaepftiAtod  from  tlio  Kivst  and  tliu  Roman  biflhop  wa* 
left  to  protect  hiinH(-lf,  he  turned  to  the  Kranka  for  nssiat- 
aneo  agninst  his  hcnliad  i\nd  aggrciuive  neighbors.  'Hw 
deliveraiKe  acbicv«*tl  fii-at  by  I'epin  (7o4-5o).  and  tlien  by 
CharleraapM?,  resulted  in  tho  coronation  of  tliL-  latter,  on 
Chri»ttiuu>  day,  800,  in  tliu  liuailica  of  St.  l'«t4.T  by  the 
hancte  of  tlie  l*ope.  '11iuh  Charles  became  in  form  «h.it  Ite 
hud  made  himself  in  fact,  tho  Emperor  of  the  West^  The 
idea  of  tho  perpetuity  of  the  Roman  Empire  was  neviT 
lost  from  the  minds  of  men.  In  the  coronation  of  Charira, 
tlu)  Pope  rirtnnliy  proceeded  in  the  charaeter  (rf  a  repri-JM-n- 
tative  of  the  Roman  people,  and  his  ant  signilied  the  re- 
vival of  the  Rmiuin  Empire^  Oiarloiiuigne,  while  be 
reco^ii'/isl  till'  i'upe  an  tho  spiritu;d  head  of  the  Chnrclt, 
demeaned  himself  :is  a  masU-r  in  ri-furenc-u  to  him,  as  in 
relation  to  his  own  bishops.  Rut  whilu  the  fouiidaUoo 
1  aimbracht,  t.  B7. 


t* 


RISE  AND  DECLISK  OP  TlIE  PAPAL  DIKBABCHT. 


wn«  liiiO  fur  tliv  \npt%\  kin^Iotn  in  Ihily  by  tiiv  grants  ut 
Pepiu  and  Cliarlemagne,  a  plausible  groiiml  was  tilao  fur- 
uiHliod  for  tiio  subsequent  (-laim  tlmt  tlie  Pope,  by  hia 
own  itutlinrity,  tiftd  tnin»fnrrt>[l  the  I-*inpitv  from  tJio  Bast 
to  the  West,  and  solcctod  tlio  individual  to  fill  tUe 
itirono.'  In  liit«r  time*  tlio  coronation  of  Chnrlta  Iisnt 
color  to  tliti  pretended  right  of  the  pontiffs  to  exert  a 
giiwrning  iniluonco  in  vivil  not  IcM  tlitui  in  ccclcsiiutical 
alTaim. 

A»  tlie  divisions  und  conflicts  of  Charlemagne's  em- 
pire ftft<!r  liis  death  ttndetl  to  exalt  the  bishops  who 
were  called  in  to  act  as  umpires  among  rival  nspirants  or 
courtwl  for  tJio  r«ligioiis  winction  wliicli  iJicy  could  givo 
in  siie(-<.-a»ful  ambition,  bo  did  tbia  em  of  disorder  tend  to 
magnify  tbc  pow4.-r  of  fcho  rccognizod  lii.-ud  of  the  n-holo 
ejusoopat^.  In  Uiia  period  appeared  the  KaUoor  I'm-udo- 
Isidorian  Dccretsils,  which  formulJzod,  to  bo  sure,  ten- 
deudea  nlrouly  rife,  but  still  imparted  to  tlio»i)  t<-ndfnci(w 
an  authoritative  bnaia  and  an  augmented  strength.  'Jlia 
False  Decretals  brought  forward  priociplcs  of  occlcaiastioal 
law  which  niadii  the  Chiirdi  independent  of  the  State 
and  elevated  the  Roman  Soo  to  a  position  tmknowD  to 
prcc^'ding  iigva.  Tlie  immunity  and  high  prerogutivet 
of  bishops,  the  exaltation  of  primates,  as  the  direct  inatni- 
montx  of  the  pojws,  above  metropolitans  who  weru  closely 
dependent  on  tlie  secular  rnleis,  and  the  ascription  of  the 
highest  legislative  and  judicial  ftuKlions  to  the  Itomiin 
Pontiff,  were  among  tlio  leading  features  of  tliis  spurlou< 
mllection,  which  found  its  way  into  the  codes  of  canon 
law  und  radically  modified  the  ancient  eccIeaiaHtical  sys- 
cem.'  There  was  only  needed  a  pope  of  sufiident  talents 
and  energy  to  give  practical  effect  to  these  new  pi-incl- 

l  For  lh»  liwKiry  o(  til*  pap»l  klnjtdotn  Id  Italy,  we  llif  Tork  of  Siigcnhciin 
Otmhlfhtr  drr  KHliltJiamg  u.  jtiu&tUuit^  dtt  Kirelmil''iilrr  {l^lpilR,  ISi*' 
Um,  •  ibtIow  oI  Uili  wofk  In  (ho  A'(if  E'iglmJ4r,  vol.  xxrt.  (Jon,  ISllTl. 

*  Oo  III*  djtU  nt  the  I'Mudo-Iild.  Dmwu1«,  ins  Kinliier,  Kirtkiagri^Mrila 
%  996.    Thry  flnt  nfvptiartiil  abflul  th*  niiiMIn  nftho  nialh  ccntuTjr. 


4 


THE  I-APACT   AND  THE  EUPISB. 


96 


plea;  and  anch  n  penion  appeared  in  Niciiolaa  I.  (85^ 
867).  Aviiiliiig  bintseU  of  a  favorable  juncture,  he  exer- 
the  discipline  of  the  Church  upon  fjOtluiir  II.,  *lis 
of  Lorraiae.  whom  he  forced  to  suhmit  to  tha 
(il  judgment  in  »  matrimonial  miisu,  while  he  de- 
posed the  archbishopa  who  had  endeavored  tn  liaHle  his 
purpose.  At  Uie  siuno  time,  NivhulaM  humhk-d  Hincmiir, 
the  powerful  Archbishop  of  Kheiins.  who  b»d  difiregnrded 
tho  appval  which  one  of  his  bishops,  Kottiad  of  Soissona, 
had  made  t4>  llonie.  Such  exertions  of  {-iwcr,  for  whicb 
tlie  False  Decretals  furnished  a  warrant,  seem  to  antici 
pate  the  Hildchnindinn  ago. 

Anxious  to  deliver  theuiBolvea  from  tlie  control  which 
Charlem^r^e  had  established  over  themi  tho  popes  evea 
fomcntitd  the  discord  among  the  Frankiiih  prince:! ;  buttJio 
anarchical  condition  into  ■whicli  the  Eni]>ire  ultimately  fell, 
left  tJio  Pujmcy,  for  a  century  and  a  half,  tho  proy  of 
Italian  factions,  by  the  agency  of  which  the  papal  office 
was  reduced  to  n  lower  point  of  moral  degradation  tlian 
it  erer  reached  bolore  or  since.*  Tliiaem — ■during  a  con- 
siderable portion  of  which  harlots  disposed  of  the  papal 
oflicc,  and  tlicir  paramours  wore  the  tiara  —  wiw  inUr- 
rupted  by  the  intervejition  of  the  Gorman  sovereigns 
Otlio  I.  and  Otho  III. ;  with  tlie  first  of  whom  tho  Holy 
Itotnan  Empire,  in  ttio  sense  in  whieh  tlic  niimc  is  used 
in  subsequent  ages,  the  secular  counterpart  of  the  Pa- 
pacy, takcH  it*  origin.'  Tii«  pontiffs  pr(rferred  tho  «way 
of  the  emperors  to  that  of  the  lawless  It;iItaR  barons.* 
This  dark  p«riod  was  tt-rininnted  by  Henry  III.,  who 
appeared  in  Italy  at  the  head  of  an  army,  and,  in  1046, 
%t  tho  Synod  of  Sutri,  which  he  hod  convokcrd,  dethroned 

>  Tlu  itgraAi.t\an  of  Ui«  rapary  la  'lUa  pa»d  b  deploiwl  Id  Hm  ilarkM 
wlon  b}-  Ilio  Uonian  Catliollc  DnnalUt,  Btroniiu.  iiHuil44.  x.  thO  uq.  lis  em 
Inttn  ■  ippclil  dtvlni  prcBcrriitJon  of  ths  Chnrcb  rdiI  ot  Ui«  Holy  Sc*. 

*  l\rya.  n-ily  /ivnun  /^m/iin,  p.  80.  tlut  adminbla  tmk  dwtma  U  b* 
tMd  bf  crtrr  rtmlinl  of  hiitorjr. 

■  Vin  Raiimor.  OMnlMf*  Jtr  Hoktiataitftm,  \.  90. 


96  RISK  AND  H:cI.INC  of  TIK  PAI'AL   UlKXARCUr. 

Ihrw*  rival  popos,  ami  mispd  to  tlic  vncaot  officn  one  c4 
his  owii  Viishmw. 

'like  imp4>rial  otnco  had  passed  mlo  tlie  Imnds  of  the 
Gcrmnn  kingH,  and  tlioy.  like  tlifir  Carlnvingiitn  pn^lv 
eeMORi,  n!iiou»l  tlie  l*iipni.'y  from  destructiou.  We  have 
nacfaod  tbo  period  xrhen  Hildcbruiid  (1073-1085)  ap- 
peared n'ifh  \m  vast  rofonning  plan.  Wliilo  lie  aimm)  at 
a  thorough  reformation  of  iiiomU  and  u  rMitoratioii  of 
MelfMiuticnl  onk-r  iiml  disiMplino,  he  eoiiplud  witli  this 
laodmble  project  the  fixed  desi^rn  to  stibordinntc  the  Stat« 
to  the  Clnirchi  iind  to  snb]t.-ct  thi?  Clmidi  to  thu  »b(K>liite 
ftiithonty  of  Ihft  I'ope.'  'I'lie  proaenution  of  thia  enter- 
ftrise,  in  which  good  nnd  vvil  were  almost  insopnriibly 
bli^nded,  by  Hilihdtrmid  himself,  iitid  by  n  witjos  of  able 
and  aapiriug  pontilla  who  trod  in  his  footstejis,  nccimioned 
tfao  conflict  between  the  Pitpitcy  iind  the  Empire. 

Thiit  conflict,  with  whifih  nM^liitival  hUtory  for  several 
oontiirint  n-soundii,  vras  an  in(<TitaU«  consequence  of  the 
feudal  Byitem.  Tim  dc]ii-iKli-n»i  ot  ccelcsiARtical  princes 
upon  their  flovereign,  and  hence  his  right  to  invest  them 
with  t)ie  badges  of  their  olTiw.  nitist  be  Tnaintninixl ;  otlicr- 
wito  tlie  kii)g<)oni  wotdd  be  divided  agninat  itself.  On 
ttie  contrary,  bucIi  a  relation  on  the  part  ot  bishops,  in- 
dependi'ntly  of  simoiiy  an<1  kindroil  corrtiptions  which  were 
conncct*-d  with  the  control  of  secakir  rulers  over  the  ap- 
pointment of  ecclomiwtdcs,  was  niitiiralW  deemed  fatal  to 
the  unity  of  tlie  Bawrdotal  body.  To  fix  the  bnim<l!i  o( 
authority  betwoi-n  th«  two  powent,  the  i'ii])iwy  Kn<I  the 
ERipii«,  to  whom  tlie  goreminent  of  the  world  was  sup- 
posed to  bo  eoinmitted  by  the  ordinance  of  hcATen,  was 
impmcticabie  without  a  contest.  Tliat  the  Emperor  was 
obmmiB«(»ied  to  preside  orer  the  temporal  afTaira  of  men, 
irfiilo  the  Pt'[H^  wu»  to  g  lidc  nnd  govern  tln-m  in  thingR 
tpiritua),  was  too  vague  a  criterion  for  defluing  the  limits 

*  Gngmj't  tfileai  it  well  il»«frit»il  hy  Vnij[t,  najtltntti  nb  /^lfrN  Ortga 
•imitr-^'ttttt;  a.  nui  Ztiltllrr  (W«ini>r,  ISIB),  p.  171  Mq 


sntuGQLR  wrra  the  EUriRE. 


37 


junediciion.  Tlie  cooiidinatJon,  the  equilibrium  of  tba 
two  |K)wors,  vmit  a  rolAtioii  witli  wliicli,  on  tho  Kiippotution 
that  it  were  pntcticable,  neither  piirty  would  be  content. 
It  wiis  fi  Htniggl«  on  botL  Kidt-is  for  iiniv<.'rst)1  moniirdiy, 
Cons^quenUy  our  aympathitts  ean  lie  given  without  re> 
Borvo  to  neither  (wi'ty,  or  mlJier  llioy  miiBt  bo  piven  to 
watIi  m  f-AT  at  oiirb  Inlxm-il  t'l  cnvh  ilw-  <-iii'n>iiobuii>ntti  mid 
fraveut  the  nntluc  predominance  of  the  otlier.  Neither 
iiimi-d  ut  the  dostruction,  but  <>ach  at  the  subjuf^tion,  of 
(he  otlier.  It  waa  a  battle  where  society  would  have 
lly  sulTcrod  from  the  L'ompletc and  permanent  triumph 
^of  eitlier  contestiitit. 

The  Papacy  Iiad  great  advnntjigpa  for  prosecuting  the 
WTirfnro  ogkinst  th«  Etnpirt>,  cTi>n  apart  frfirn  the  form  of 
tho  religiona  anitiments  which  the  head  of  tJie  Church 
could  more  easily  invoko  in  his  favor.  There  wiis  an  in- 
eoi^niity  between  the  station  attributA<l  to  the  l-)niperor 
and  the  fact  that  liis  actual  dominion  wna  far  fi-om  being 
coexti-nsive  with  Chri»t«iiih)m,  Ho  could  twscrt  nothing 
more  than  a  shadowy,  theoretical  snpremacy  OTer  the 
gtiieT  kingdoms  of  Western  Europe.     'Dm  I'ope.  on  the 

ntrnry,  vnta  evetywhere  the  aoknoivledged  head  of  Latin 
Christianity.  If  »  jealousy  for  tlioir  own  riglils  might 
ttnupt  other  kings  to  mnku  common  cause  with  tlie  Em> 
fUrOT  against  papal  aggresuons,  this  feeling  wnuh)  lie 
neutralized  by  the  danger  to  oilier  sowretgns  that  would 
follow  from  the  triumph  and  undisputed  exaltation  of  tlie 
Empire.  Few  kings  were  poracwed  of  tho  magnanimil^ 
of  St.  I.ouiH  of  France,  who  exerted  all  tlie  jMwera  oi 
peaceful  remonstrance  to  protect  Frederic  II.  from  tlw 
iraplaeablc  vindictiveness  of  (iwgory  IX.  Moreover,  tlia 
rolalion  of  tlie  German  emperors  to  tlio  hierarchy  of 
their  kingdom  whs  t\n\ba  different  (roni  ihnt  hiild  by 
Charlomngne.  who  acted  tho  part  of  an  ecdeeiastical  aa 
irell  aa  a  civil  rulor.  An  indi3[x-uwible  and  rITL'Otivo  sup- 
port tile  popw  found  in  the  Gi^rnnin  p^in<^t'3  thein*ulvi.'«, 


£8 


BIfiS  AKD  DCOLDtB  01'  tllK  PAPAL  OtERABOHT. 


th«  gTvut  rnesolH  of  tlio  Empire,  and  in  thdr  <ltsp(«iti(»i 
to  put  diecks  upon  the  power  of  their  sorer«igna.  Th« 
eame  cauae  which  iinpe«ted  the  emperon  in  acting  upon 
Itiity,  nided  the  popes  in  aotiog  upon  Gornionj.  Tli<! 
Btrength  of  the  popes  Uy  in  the  intestine  divisions  which 
they  eouM  crcflt«  there.  Tlio  iiltL-mpt  of  Gregory  VII, 
to  dethrone  Henry  IV,  would  hiive  been  utterly  hopeless 
but  for  the  disaftection  which  the  arbitrary  conduct  of 
Hviiry  Iiiid  ]irovok«d  among  hi»  own  Htibjccts.  On  tliu 
rontinry,  the  muni«ipal  spirit  of  liberty  in  tlie  Ibtlian 
cities,  and  their  determined  struggle  (or  indopeudonce, 
provided  the  pojiMwith  potent  nllicEi  ugiunst  tJtc  imperial 
»uthorily.  The  pontiffB  were  able  to  present  themselves 
in  the  attractive  light  of  champions  of  jtopular  freedom 
in  its  buttle  with  despotism.  The  orti«<idcs  gave  the 
popes  the  opportunity  to  come  forward  as  the  leaders  of 
Christendom,  and  turn  to  their  own  account  the  religious 
.  enttin-siitHin  which  Bprt-,iil  lui  a  fire  over  I-'iirope.  The  im- 
mediate iiithteiice  of  this  great  movement  was  seen  in  the 
augmented  power  of  the  pontiQs.  and  tlic  diminished 
strength  of  the  iin|»'rial  causw.' 

The  Papacy  was  victorious  in  the  protracted  stru^lo 
with  the  Empire.  Tlie  humiliation  of  Henry  IV.,  whom 
Hild<^bi~.ind  kept  waiting  for  thi-oe  winter  days,  in  the 
garb  of  a  penitent,  in  the  yard  of  the  castle  at  Canossn, 
whatever  might  bo  tbe  disgrace  wliich  it  inflicted  upon 
the  imperial  cause,  was  but  the  politic  act  of  a  pissionat« 
young  ruler,  who  saw  no  other  way  of  regaining  tlio  alle- 
giance of  his  subjects  (1077).  When  tlie  lifting  of  the 
excommunication  was  foond  not  to  include  the  full  resto- 
ration of  his  rit;hts  as  a  sovereign,  ho  totik  up  arms  with 
an  energy'  and  snocess  tliat  showed  how  little  his  spirit 
WHS  broken  by  tho  imligMiticH  to  which  he  had  submitted. 
The  Worms  Concordat  which  Calixttis  II.  cunohidcd  with 
Henry  V,  in  1122,  and  which  provided  both  for  a  secnlu 
■8MGi<atl>r,  la.  lil.  l,t4S. 


I 


HEIGBr  OP  PATAL  POWIB. 

and  a  spiritual  mvcslihirc,  -vaa  a  iiuirkrd,  Uioiigli  uot  a 
tally  <Ii»^sive,  triumph  of  Uie  Pa})«cy.  It  was  a  great 
Bt«)>  toiiTards  complete  emaiicipntion  from  ir/iporial  awAy.' 
liul  tliv  ii'^nowlcilgmviit  wliich  Prodvric  Burliiuroatsti  matle 
iif  luH  sin  ami  error  to  AlexaDcler  III.  at  Venice,  in  1177, 
after  a  contest  for  imi>ciial  prerogatives  wliich  that  mou- 
iirch  liud  kt:]>t  up  f»r  nriirly  a  gone-ration,  was  on  iinprW' 
flive  indication  of  the  side  on  which  the  rictory  was  to 
rest.  The  trinrnph  of  the  Papacy  appeared  complete 
wlieji  Gregory  X.  (1271-1270)  directed  the  electoral 
princes  to  choose  an  emperor  within  a  given  interval, 
IhrcffltcitGd.  in  case  tlicy  refused  to  comply  with  Uid 
ate,  to  appoint,  in  conjunction  witJi  his  cardinals, 
an  emperor  for  them  ;  and  when  Rudolph  of  Hapshurg, 
wliom  they  proo«ciled  to  cliooso,  acknowledged  in  the 
most  unrewrred  and  Ruhmisiiive  manner  the  Pope's  su- 
prenuu^. 

It  Tras  during  the  progress  of  tlie  struggle  witli  the 
Empire,  that  the  i>np:il  [>ow«r  may  he  aai<l  to  Itave  ciil- 
minut«d.  In  the  eighteen  years  (1198-1216)  in  which 
Innoct^nt  III.  reigned,  the  pitpal  institution  shone  forth 
in  full  splendor."  The  enforcement  of  cclibnoy  had 
placed  tlio  entire  body  of  tlio  cler^  in  a  closer  nOntion  to 
the  sovereign  pontiff.  Tlie  Vicar  of  Peter  had  become 
the  Vicar  of  GihI  and  of  Christ.  The  idea  of  a  theocracy 
on  (wth,  in  which  the  Pope  s])ould  rule  in  thU  ch.-iract«r, 
tiilty  poasn5s>-il  the  mind  of  Innocent,  who  united  to  the 
flnurage.  pertinacity,  and  lofty  conceptions  of  Gregory 
VII.,  a  bra-id(-r  ninge  if  statesmanlike  capacity.  In  hit 
^il;w  the  two  swurds  uf  t«mpoml  and  ecclcsiastictil  power 
had  Itotii  lii-on  given  tn  Pirter  mul  to  his  suceettiiarH,  so 
that  the  earthly  sovereign  derived  hi«  prerogative  from 
the  heml  of  the  CInirch.  The  king  was  to  the  Pope  as 
the  moon  to  the  sun  —  a  lower  lun.inary  sliining  with 

1  Otm(tincht,l.DIT. 


80  BDiK  AND  DRCUXK  OF  TUB  PAPAL  niKSAKCKT. 

bormwed  light.  Actil:^>  on  tbia  Uieury,  he  assumed  tba 
pent  of  arbiti.v  in  the  mntvntioiifl  ot  imtiorui,  and  chiim«d 
llio  right  to  delLrone  kings  at  his  pleasure.  Thus  he 
inU-Tpufifd  to  dvc-idG  tho  diMput«d  imperial  election  iti  Gctr- 
many ;  und  when  OUiu  IV.,  tlie  emperor  whom  he  luid 
placed  in  povrer,  proved  fulse  to  hia  pledgm  rmpectiiig  thn 
)iiip3il  .  M>e,  hft  excummunii.'ati^d  nnd  deponed  liitn,  iiiul 
hroughl  frrward  Frederic  II.  in  hia  atead.  In  hiacoullict 
with  J  >iia,  ICing  of  Englsind,  Iimoc-cnt  laid  hia  kingdom 
under  ad  interdict  excommunicated  him,  and  finally  gave 
hia  doininions  to  the  sovereign  of  France ;  and  John, 
after  the  most  abject  humiliation,  rocoivc-d  them  buck  in 
fee  from  the  Pope.  In  the  Church  he  aasiimed  the  i'li:ir- 
aot«r  oi  univeraal  bialiop,  under  the  tboory  that  all  epie- 
eopal  po<viT  was  originally  dopositwl  in  I'uXvr  wul  his 
Baceewors,  and  communicated  tJirough  tliis  source  to 
bishops,  who  were  tJius  only  tlitf  vicare  of  the  Poj)e,  and 
migliC  be  dopoacd  at  will.  To  him  bi-limgeil  all  li-gin- 
lative  nntliority,  councila  having  ineiv-ly  a  deliberative 
power,  whilo  tlie  right  to  c»iivokti  them  und  to  ratify  or 
lUinul  their  prcrci^dit^^  belonged  exolusively  to  him.  He 
alone  weis  not  bound  by  the  laws,  smd  might  dispetiao 
with  tlicm  in  tbe  cuss  of  others.  Kven  the  dix^trine  of 
pnpal  infaUibility  began  to  sprea<l,  and  seems  iiiiptied,  if 
Dot  explicitly  avowed,  in  the  teaching  uf  the  moat  eminent 
tlieolo^an  of  the  age,  Thomas  Aquinas.  The  eeelejiiaH- 
ti«d  revolution  by  which  the  powers  that  of  old  h:id  been 
dintrihiited  through  the  Chui-ch  were  now  abniuhed  ami 
sonoentrated  in  the  Pope,  waa  aniilogoua  to  tlio  |)nlitie>il 
shango  in  which  the  feudal  system  gradually  gaw  plnoe 
to  mnnarehr.  The  right  to  confirm  the  ap|>ointment  ot 
all  bishops,  the  right  oven  to  nominate  bishops  and  tn 
dispose  of  all  bent-ficen,  tlm  eotclusive  right  of  iiliaolution, 
canoniuition,  and  dispensation,  the  right  to  tux  the 
cliurchcs  —  such  were  some  of  the  enoniiniis  prerogiv 
tircB,  for  the  enforcement  of  which  papal  legates,  clothed 


DKVixoi'utivr  or  ihk  i.at  spirit. 


n 


iriUj  ftitijile  )>(>iv(>n,  were  neiit  into  all  th«  ouuntnes  oi 
Bnro|)i-,  to  ovi'rridu  Uiu  niithority  of  liUltoiw  luid  of  locnl 
»<s:loti)iiHti«il  trilxiiiiUa.  'I'liv  f^^tiildiiluueiit  ol  Uiu  fiuiioiu 
metidiatiit  oriiera  ot  St.  FnuioU  and  St.  Doiuiiuc  riused 
up  n  swiiirni  of  rUnonuit  pn-iiolivni  wlio  w«tc  •'Iwidy 
attaeh«<l  to  (tie  Pope,  anil  ready  to  defend  papal  pre- 
ni);'itiv(w  uiid  pupal  oxbortioiiti  Hfruiiist  wliitUivvr  opposi- 
tion might  unsti  from  the  secular  ciorgy.  Oitiiiiii^  a  foot- 
bold  iu  tbo  uiiivcroitieB,  thoy  deBiiLs]  uiid  deft^iided  in 
lecturos  nnd  Milioliuitiu  «y»t«iiu  that  c»iic«;ption  of  t\w  \m- 
pid  itistitntion  in  which  alt  these  iisurpatioas  luid  abused 
wvnj  containixl. 

iUit  At  thti  same  time  tliat  tlie  ['uimoy  was  ikcliieving 
its  viutory  over  tJie  Eiiipirc,  a  powm-  \tm  ut  work  in  the 
bonooi  ot  society,  whicli  vna  dvsUiaul  tu  render  llint  vic- 
tory a  barren  one,  aiid  to  wrest  the  sceptre  from  the  hand 
of  iha  couquuTor.  Thia  power  may  be  duiieribod  aa 
DktiMiuliiim,  or  the  tcndent^y  to  cuiiLralixation,  whieli  in- 
Tolved  an  oxpAnsion  of  intelligence  and  an  end  of  the 
excJuDivo  tluminatiott  of  ri;lijrioii)t  ami  occIcMinatical  in- 
terests.' 'Ilie  secnlariiuug  and  ceiitraliung  tundeni^, 
a  necessary  stop  in  the  pro^reiM  of  civllixaliuiii  vn»  n 
force  advento  to  the  jKipal  (loniinion.  The  enfiimcbiae- 
ment  uf  tJie  towns,  u-hich  dates  from  thv  (.-Jeveulh  ouu- 
tiu7,  and  the  growth  of  their  powur;  tlic  rise  of  cotn- 
raerce ;  the  cruaadea,  which  in  various  ways  lent  a  power- 
ful impulse  to  Uiu  new  crystallization  of  Eiii-opean 
•ociety;  Uie  conception  of  niotiarohy  in  tta  Kiiropt-jut 
form,  whiuh  entcrul  tliii  nunds  of  men  as  early  as  tho 
twelfth  (-I'ntury  —  tJicao  are  some  of  tlie  prin;;ipal  Mgna  of 
tJie  advent  of  a  new  order  of  things.  Before  the  ntid  of 
I  "Tbt  erailii*!  lul  ttov  naclion  dI  Ihe  nklional  ftrllnt;  Uff*  tt'iilif^cii 

■I,  In  itinenl.  (he  ini»t  wtl^lr  rlpinciil  !n  Uie  lilitarir  oF  |1|<  ^ti'l>l1i'  Ac« :  It 
t$f)nn  III  trtrj  ptrioil  unilcr  llltcnni  rormi  Bnil  iumm,  parll>^<il*'Ii'  in  tbo 
MTUKK-*  •koiiiiiirHlilu'n  lii'l  lbs  conflict  i(  Ih<  tlohrittlaufrii.  it  c«nIiDU*il  t* 
<lw  Kc'orrnitii'ii.  in  lliv  Kmicli  Itci-nliilian.  init  j>  still  liiible  la  tbt  niiol  n- 
Mnl  4'*wxrt>l«ta  kn-l  In  ili'  iiiii  nsoniimi  of  our  own  tiinn."  —  Gn^pruviiw,  0» 


33 


BISn   AKll   DKCLrMF.  JP  THK  PAPAI-   HJKRABCUT. 


the  tliirteentb  century,  tbu  Inst  Synan  town  in  tbe  handi 
of  tbe  Cbristiuns  vni«  yiutJi.tl  to  tliu  Saracens,  and  the 
pocnUftir  vittliiiMiiiun  wbicb  IduI  drtvttn  iniiltttudefl  by  ar. 
irreaistible  force  1/>  tlie  conquest  of  Che  holy  pUoee  luul 
Taniabed.  Tbu  9truggl«  of  tlio  Pupacy  with  tbu  Einpirc 
biiil  Ix^n  n-nlly  itaelf  a  contest  between  (he  eccIei^!iiHlir:i ' 
mid  tbo  Liy  elements  of  eodety.  The  triumph  of  the  I'^i- 
pncy  bud  been  owing  to  tlio  peculiiur  constitution  And  in- 
(riiiKir;  wi^kiii-HH  of  the  Germnn  monarchy.  It  h:ul  bceu 
effi'cted  by  the  aid  of  tho  German  princes ;  but  they,  in 
tboir  turn,  M-eru  foiin<l  ifuuly  to  rvsist  pa()Al  encroach* 
Rteiita.  From  the  time  of  tbe  barbarian  invasions, 
Europe  had  forincd,  80  to  spunk,  oim  fnmily,  united  by 
tliu  bond  of  religion,  under  the  tutelage  of  the  Papacy. 
All  other  inlluencea  tended  to  division  and  isolation. 
The  empire  of  Cliarlcmiignc  formed  but  a  tt-mporary 
brealcwnter  in  oppoaition  to  these  tendendea.  Tbe  Ger- 
man spirit  of  independence  wag  nnfavcwable  to  political 
unity.  Tliv  feu<lul  nyitteni  was  an  atomic  eondition  oi 
polilicnt  society.  In  tliis  state  of  things,  the  Charcb, 
through  its  hterarcUical  organization  under  ono  chief,  did 
a  beneficent  work  for  civihzittion  by  fusing  tbe  peoph-s, 
M  far  lis  its  influence  went,  into  a  single  community,  and 
subjecting  them  to  a  uniform  tminlng.  Tho  mediieval 
Piipaey,  whiitever  eriU  may  have  been  connectctl  with  it, 
saved  Europe  from  anarchy  and  lawlesancas.  "  I'rnvi- 
dciice  might  have  otherwise  ordained,  but  it  is  imjKnsible 
for  man  to  imagine  by  wlmt  other  orgsiniKing  nr  ccnsolt- 
dating  force,  the  commonwealth  of  tbo  Western  nations 
e-jiihl  Iiavt!  gniwn  up  to  a  discordant,  indeetl.  and  con- 
flicting league,  but  still  to  a  lengue,  with  tbiil  unity  and 
ooofortuity  of  manners,  usages,  biws,  religion,  wbtdi  luive 
innde  their  rivulries,  oji]iiigiianeii-i«,  and  even  their  long, 
oCMelem  wuri«,  on  tbe  whole  to  isnue  in  tbe  noblest, 
highest,  most  intellectual  form  of  civiliaition  known  t« 
num.'  "     But  tbe  time  must  come  for  the  diversifying  of 

'  ttilato.  ffiHorg  p/  loll*  Ckfi*lia»tlg,  it,  U.     Se«  *1id  ill,  »tO. 


THE  ^'EBNACULAR  LrTERATURE. 


ss 


iiity,  for  tho  devclopraent  of  the  nations  in  theii 
separate  individnality.  Ttiis  waa  n  change  equally  indU* 
peiiwibli'. 

Tlic  development  of  tlio  national  languages  whicli  fol- 
lows the  chaotic  period  of  tlie  nintli  and  tenth  centuries, 
is  nil  inti-rcsting  sign  of  that  new  stage  in  the  ndvnno&- 
nieut  of  civilization,  upon  whicli  Euro[>c  vtm  pivparitig  to 
enter.  It  is  vorthy  of  notice  ttmt  tlie  enrlii.'st  v«nia('uUr 
litt■^tttlr<^  in  Italy,  Germany,  France,  and  Engliuid  in- 
volved to  so  grwit  an  extent  satires  luid  iiivcetivt-a  ugainst 
eoclcsiasdcfl.  Many  of  the  writers  In  tlie  living  toagues 
wen)  laymen.  A  ctasa  of  lay  readers  sprang  up,  so  tImC 
it  wiw  no  longer  th«  csise'tliat  "  clerk  "  was  n  synonym  for 
one  who  is  able  to  read  and  write.  "  The  greater  part 
of  litcntturo  in  tlie  Middle  Ages,"  says  H.itlam,  "  at  least 
from  lli«  twelfth  century,  nmy  be  considered  as  urtillenr 
leveled  againflt  the  clei^."'  In  Spain,  the  contest  with 
the  Moors  infused  into  the  earliest  literary  productions 
the  mingled  sentimL-nt-s  of  loyalty  and  rehgion.'  But  in 
Germany  the  minncsingoni  abound  in  hostile  allusions  to 
the  wealth  and  tyranny  of  ecclesiastics,  Walter  von  der 
Vogelweidc,  the  greatest  of  tlio  lyric  poets  of  his  time, 
a  warm  champion  of  the  imperial  side  against  the  popes, 
denounces  freely  tlie  riches  and  usurpiitions  of  the 
Church.'  It  is  true  that  the  brute  epic,  of  which  Rey- 
nanl  the  Fox  may  be  considered  the  blossom,  which 
figures  largely  in  the  early  litoraturo  of  Germany  and 
ihe  neighboring  countries,  was  not  didactic  or  satirical 
in  its  design.*  But  it  was  later  converti'd  into  this  tue 
and  tiirm«l  iiit/>  a  vhielrt  for  ch:»stising  the  faults  of 
pneata  und  inoiiks.^     The  Provencal  bards  wore  bold  and 

<  Mmrvrt  of  Kumpf,  i- 150. 

'  Tfoknor,  Ititi^f^  vf  fiftrinith  /.iVtmiyrf,  i  103. 

*  Eurti,  OwhifXlt   dtr  diltitn  Ultratur,  I.  U  (tq.,  when   |u»lcN 
■«  K>vta. 

*  VilniAr,  Ok^.  <t.  Jtmliek.  IM.,  r.  «M  Mq 

*  BMCtniniM,  Qui.  J.  dtoi^n  r.li.  i.  HI. 


a 


BDC  AND  DBCUXK  Of  TIIE  I'AfAL  UIERARCUY. 


utispamig  ill  their  tn.'atDiuiit  of  tlio  luorurcby  luitil  tbo; 
wcr«  lalciicevl  by  llic  Alblgetioiiin  crusade.  lo  luly 
Doiito  aad  l't!H-;ircli  sigiiiilizcd  the  begin&iDg  of  a 
luitionu!  liU-ntturi!  by  tlicir  doiiuitoJutiuii  of  llie  viciM  itiiJ 
usurpations  of  the  Papacy ;  ivliile  in  the  proae  of 
Butxiitcio  tbo  popuI;ir  ruligious  tvacliom  are  a  mark  for 
uiibixiuiivil  liiliijulv.  KngH»li  poetry  bvgiiu  witit  oaii- 
tvitiptuous  and  iadiguiutt  cuiisuro  of  tlie  monks  und 
bigiit-r  cli;rgy,  with  the  boldi.«t  iniuiifkvitjitiolu  of  thi; 
anti-hiei'archical  tendency.  "  Teutoaism,"  wiya  Milnmii, 
*'  is  DOW  holding  its  fii-st  initiator}-  Btrugglv  with  Liitin 
Cliristiiinity." '  "  Tho  Vision  of  l*icrs'  Ploughiiwn,"  by 
NVllUam  LangUad,  vrliich  hvsas  tbo  tbito  of  1202,  la 
from  the  pen  of  lui  «<«rn);»l;  r^-formur  who  viiUics  ivoHun 
and  couHcieiice  as  the  guides  of  the  soul,  nnd  atti-ibiitoa 
the  iKirruwii  and  calumiticn  of  tlto  world  to  ttie  Wi-ultli 
and  worldly  t«niper  of  the  clergy,  and  especially  of  tliu 
mendicuut  ordfus."  The  poem  ends  with  iin  iiss^rtioii  of 
tlie  small  valuu  of  pope,-*'  jttkrdotu  and  tlic  tiiiperionty  of 
a  lighteous  life  over  trust  in  indulgences.  *'  fierce  Uie 
Ploughman's  Credvi"  vs  a  jtoem  frum  another  Imiid,  and 
•upposed  to  have  been  written  in  \A'M.  The  {>oet  intro- 
duces a  phtiu  man  who  is  acquainted  with  tliu  rudi- 
ments of  Chri«liim  knowledge  itiul  wiuits  to  K-iirn  iua 
creed.  He  appUes  suceesaiyely  to  the  four  oi-dera  of 
niendii'»nt  friarx,  who  give  hiiti  no  sittiKfat-'tion,  but  rail  at 
eacli  otiier,  and  are  abt»orbed  in  ricbes  and  eonsuiLl  Indal- 
^'uco.  Liiiving  tbein,  he  Tuids  an  hone«t  ploughman,  who 
inveighs  iigainst  the  inouastie  orders  and  gives  him  tb« 
instruction  wluch  ho  desires.^     The  author  is  an  avowed 

I  ffklerg  of  luiin  CAn'ih'nmVir.  viii,  378.  In  thli  ttii  in  iho  tlinc  pmcd. 
Idi;  chii>lm.  Milmtii  nirti  an  inlgrr'tiui;  <lvHTi|illun  ut  thf  Fiilir  vmiiculv 
UUni1ur«.  la  tb  ir.  hi-  ipcnkx  iil  the  (aliiical  l.aiin  )ioBnit  thai  tpraii|>u]i 
tmanK  Did  tlrrgy  anil  williin  ihp  ■all>  u(  caiivnnls 

'  the  potm  i>  BOWiiK  tlir  pulilli'aijnnf  nfiJie  /■-•irly  Ktij/tiih  Tt*l  Sirrittif.  I| 
1*  anal"»«l  in  thf  prtdwn  of  ("ail  I.  Tt»l  A.  S""  alw,  Wartuii,  Uiilury  «f 
Kttgtuh  Pffttry,  nui'l-  liii-  (vul-  IL  44). 

*  Th(  pooin  it  |>ul>litlicil  1/ llw  Aur/i  Kmgllfk  TrtI  Sufitlg  llBOT}.   Waitva 

■et.  ix  ih.b::. 


Tll£   VEfiMACDLAB  UTltATtnX. 


86 


Wickliffit*.  Chaucer,  in  tlio  picture  of  aocial  life  wlucb 
he  lias  drawn  in  ilio  "  Cimtfrbury  Tales,"  shows  litmxclf 
in  full  accord  witli  Wickliffo  in  the  hostility  to  the  men- 
dieiitit  friun.  Clmucur  i-i.-sc!rv(»(  bis  lubuir.ition  for  tint 
Bimple  and  failliful  pariah  [iriest,  "  rich  in  holjf  thought 
and  work : "  tho  higher  clci-gj-  ho  handles  iu  a  gvnuinc 
»uti-«uocrdotul  spirit.  In  Uib  "  Punloiier,"  ladeu  with 
his  relics,  and  witJi  his  wallet 

"  Urimful  nl  (lajilonii,  com*  (ratn  Gome  kll  but," 
he  deptcta  a  character  who  even  then  excited  acorn  aad 
reprul>iition. 

It  is  curioiia  to  observe  in  many  of  the  early  writers 
who  have  been  referred  to,  how  reverence  for  reUgion  and 
for  tho  Church  in  blended  witli  bitter  cen»uro  of  th«  ar- 
rogaiKe  and  wealth  of  eoclesiaatica ;  bow  tlie  spiritual 
offico  of  tho  Fopo  is  dtstingutsfaed  from  his  tenipoi-nl 
power.  In  the  one  character  ho  is  leverod,  in  the  other 
be  is  denounced.  The  fiction  of  Constantine'a  donatjon 
of  Iiis  wcfttem  dominions  to  Pope  Silvester,  which  was 
current  in  the  Middle  A^ch,  accounted  for  all  the  evila  of 
tliu  Church,  in  tho  judgment  of  the  enemies  of  tho  tem- 
poral power.  There  was  the  noiirco  of  tlie  pride  and 
wealth  of  the  popes.     Dante  a<lverta  to  it  in  the  linos : 

"Ab|  Coimtuilinc,  et  bnw  uueli  III  ira>  laolhor, 
Kal  Uijr  cunvrniou,  l>ut  Ibal  inarriaKv-Junor, 
Whlcb  tho  lint  irtallliy  fnlh«  look  Irum  llwc."  ' 

And  in  anutluT  place,  he  refers  to  ConstautitiU,  who 

"  Btcaoii)  ■  dnik  hj  ceding  to  Ui«  Pwtor," 

ukI  Kiya  of  him  in  Panullso, 

'  Kd«  knoirciUi  ba  lioir  all  Iho  III  4edi»ed 
I'ruiii  Ilia  gvoA  *Gti>D  li  nol  hanntui  lo  liim, 
AUhoogb  IliD  wurlJ  tluivbj  may  \t  •luirojvd."  < 

1  hff.ilx.Mi.  "AM,  CuKUnllu.  dt  quanUi  nial  fn  matn, 
ttoa  la  lua  cunrrninn,  nia  iiustla  daU 
CSiidatt  |ic*»  II  |iriino  rictn  patnt" 

■  ftrs^  KK.  W      '  On  tonoK*  coma     null,  dud  ulto 

Dal  (uo  btiic  uiK  -ar.  tinr  rI*  b  norlm, 
AviKfiDa  ilji  tia  '  ywiidii  indl  dutnilto." 


80 


J 


RISE  AXD  DGCLINP.  Of  IRE   I'ArAL   niRrURCBY. 


We  find  A  like  liimpiit  raspecling  the  fiiUl  gift  to  Sil- 
vester, in  (ho  WalJcnaian  poom,  "  The  Noble  Lesson.  ' 
Walter  von  der  Vogelw«itle  niHl«^  tlio  iingvU,  when  Con- 
stantine  endowed  Silvester  with  worldly  power,  ory  out 
with  grii^f ;  ftitd  justly,  lie  adds,  hiucc  thu  popes  were  to 
use  thnt  [wtt'er  to  ruin  the  emperors  and  to  atir  up  thn 
princes  agniiist  tltcm.*  Tlicso  bitter  Iiinicntjitions  con* 
tinue  to  bo  lieard  from  advocates  of  reform,  until  the  talit 
of  the  alleged  donation  was  discovered  to  bo  destituto  of 
truth." 

The  outi-hierarchical  spirit  was  powerfully  rcintoroed 
by  the  legiiit^.  From  the  middle  of  tlic  tliirtccnth  evi\- 
tury  tlio  Univi^rflity  of  Bologitii  rose  in  importance  as  the 
great  scEtt  of  the  revived  study  of  Komiiii  jnrisprudenoc. 
As  I'aris  war  tlie  sominary  of  tlieology,  Itnlogna  was  the 
nursery  of  biw.  Law  was  cultivated,  however,  ut  other 
universities.'  That  a  oLaas  of  laymen  tOiould  arise  who 
were  devotod  to  the  study  aiid  exposition  of  the  ancient 
law  wa»  in  itself  a  significant  event.  Tiie  legists  wcr« 
the  natural  defenders  of  the  state,  the  powerful  aiucilia- 
nea  of  the  kings.*  Tlioir  iitfluence  was  in  opposition  to 
f^odaliflm  and  on  the  side  of  monarchy,  and  placed  bul- 
warks round  the  civil  auUioritj*  in  its  contest  against  the 
encroachments  of  the  Church.  The  hierarchy  wore  con- 
fronted by  a  body  of  learned  men,  the  guardians  of  a 
venerable  code,  who  ehiinic^l  for  the  kings  tlic  rights  of 
OfMOr,  and  oouhl  bring  forwanl  in  iippo(iitii>»  to  the  can- 
ons of  th«  Cliui-ch  eaii'>n.i  of  an  eiirlicr  diitc." 

The  elTectual  reaction  against  tlie  Pitpacy  dates  from 
the  reign  of  Boniface  VIII.,  who  cherished  to  tlio  full 


'  Kuril,  OKk.d.  •iii-rk.  t.U.,\-  W.    Tli*  Kxiiiel  —  " Dor TUITen  w^hl" — 
kicivrn  liy  Kuili,  p.  hi. 

*  Till  iir>(|<ulillt  mill  t4niial«x|w>ur«dlhii  OitiaD  wm mail*  bf  lAurcnUu 
TftlU  in  iliii  liflfrnlh  I'lMilur/. 

*  RkvlKUV.  'iacliiflilf  -Iti  rv«.  SU'kl.,  lii.  IUmi) 

*  UunDT,  fMaHU  <t  F^nlltt,  p.  AJOl 

*  HUnuui,  vl.  Ml. 


ooKFticT  OP  miur  VI.  axd  aokvacb  vui. 


«r 


(Stent  tlic  tliiMrioH  of  IlildL-briind  und  Iiuiocotit  Ill-i  but 
''  was  dcstitnte  of  their  sagucity  aiij  procticiil  wLtUom.' 
The  resistance  tliat  be  provoked  spraDg  trutn  the  spirit 
wliiirh  vre  hnvc  tei-inod  nationalism.  Thv  oonU'Hl  in 
wbiuh  the  IIohenHtmifon  hud  perislicd,  was  taken  up  by 
thft  King  of  KrnnoiN  the  country  which  throughout  tlie 
Middle  Ag(.-s  bad  been  the  mo&t  faithful  protector  of  the 
l'n)iiicy,  und  wbuso  royal  bonse  had  been  eetublishcd  by 
tht!  popes  on  sin  Italian  throne  na  iv  bulwnvk  iigniuKt  th« 
Empire.  It  was  ordained  that  their  protect  ore  sliould  be- 
come their  coiuiuurors.'  Tlio  cwnflict  of  Boiiifuoo  with 
Philip  the  Fair  ta  of  remarkable  intut-udt  for  niany  rea* 
sons.  One  Bourcu  of  Bonifaoe'a  auger  was  the  levying 
by  Philip  of  extiwirdinnry  tax(w  on  tli«  i;l»;rg>-  and  bin 
prohibiting  of  the  exportation  of  gold  and  silver  from 
his  kingiloni.  Another  point,  in  the  higlimt  dc-greu  to- 
tereeting,  is  the  manner  in  wbidi  tlie  rights  of  the  hiity 
in  relation  to  the  clergy  eonio  up  for  discussion.  One  de- 
fining chamctcriHtic  of  Uie  Protectant  Iti;form:itioD  was 
the  release  of  the  laity  from  subaervienoy  to  clerical  con- 
trol. Tlien:  is  somelhing  ominous  in  tlio  opening  wonls 
whicli  give  its  title  to  one  of  tlie  famous  bulls  of  thia 
pontilT :  CUrieu  laioB.  It  begius  with  reminding  riiiHp 
tlmt  long  tnulition  exhibits  htyiuon  us  hostile  nnd  n)is> 
chievous  to  clergymen.  Not  less  significaiit,  in  tlio  light 
of  ftubsoqiiimt  bistory.  is  one  of  the  responses  of  Philip 
to  the  Poi>o's  indignant  conipliiinis,  in  which  tlio  king 
afllnn:s  that  "  Holy  Mutbt^r  Church,  tho  Spoiuie  of  Chrisii 
is  compOBCHl  not  only  of  clprg^'men,  lint  ahio  of  laymen ; " 
tliat  clergymen  are  guilty  of  an  abuse  when  thuy  try  to 
■ppropriatn  exclusively  to  thenitH^^lves  the  ceclesinstica) 

>  I>niiiunil,  Giti.  Oatl/iititd  Jt*  AAltit  lilUA}  An  ntxiloi^tlla  hiograplitr 
)1  Unnifiv*  it  T«cti,  Si-ri-t  Ji  Saal/ifio  VIII.  e  dt'mti  limfi!  (ISli)).  la 
!ha  Miiuii  v«i*  ii  tilt  nrlicli  ot  Wiu^mnti  (fii  rtiivw  al  8iiroandl)i  Suagt  oa 
t'aWuu  Xnt.J'i'i..  111.  lUl  Hi|.  Scl>«dl>.  Ui  llw  (IkiDUD  Ckthollc)  OMrMt 
idiri/1  iisio.  Nv.  1  ^,  n^ttnldBr*  Ui4t  1  •(!  uid  WiMnuin  ftH  andulf  bIjUDd  Is 
hviir  of  IkiOitwt.    Il'>  I«<|^  <•■•  Ihun  liUM  lu  13IU. 

'  (ir>i;i>ivi  l<i>.  linritiVAff  J.  StiutI  Ai-a  in  MiluMltr,  V  MXK 


88 


RISE  AXD   DECLINE  OF  THE  PATAL  UIEBAJtCUY. 


liberty  with  whi(;h  ibo  gnioo  of  Clirut  has  made  as  free 
tliat  ChrUt  Itimadf  commanded  to  rvndor  to  Caesar  tlit 
things  that  are  Ocsar's.  Mora  remarkable  still  is  the 
fact  th»t  I'kilip  twioo  suiiiuioiK^d  to  liis  Bui>port  tli«  vs- 
tatee  of  hiB  realm,  and  tJiat  Uie  nation  stood  firmly  bj  it* 
cxoominunicat«d  sov>.^rui^i.  'Die  pontJiiail  usscrtions  in 
r«!gard  to  tlie  two  swords,  the  supremacy  of  tbe  ecclesias- 
Ui'al  oTor  the  tcmpoml  power,  and  tJiu  eubjoctiou  of 
every  er«ature  to  the  Pope,  who  judges  all  and  is  judged 
by  none,  were  mot  by  a  dol<irinined  resistance  on  tha 
part  of  the  Frpn<:h  nutiou.  Whon  Bonifiicfi  suiainonud 
tlie  French  clergy  to  Rome  to  sit  in  judgment  on  the 
king,  tbe  act  iiroused  a  tompcHt  ul  indigiuttion.  The 
I'npal  Bull,  snatched  from  the  band  of  the  Legate,  was 
pnblicly  burned  tn  Notre  Damv,  on  Uie  llUi  of  Fcbniary, 
1802.  Tbe  clergy  of  tVance  addressed  to  tbe  iiiceiucd 
pontiff  a  deiual  of  his  proposition  that  in  secular  matters 
tliv  Poim  Htutida  above  the  King,  b'^nally  all  Fnuico 
united  in  an  appeal  to  a  gencml  council.  It  was  by  two 
Uymon,  William  of  Ni^irct,  kvcpur  of  Uiu  king's  sunt, 
and  Sciarm  Colonitu,  Umt  the  personal  attack  wa^  made 
on  Boniface  at  Anogni,  which  ru8ult«d  shortly  afterwards 
uibi«do»lh<130S). 

We  have  now  mchcd  tlic  point  when  the  prestige  of 
tJie  I'npacy  began  to  wane  as  riipidly  as,  in  tbe  prcc«<ltng 
ocnturii's,  it  had  grown,  lliis  fall  was  due  to  the 
nxpitn.iioii  of  intvUigeitoe,  to  tho  gcncTftl  change  in  society 
to  which  reference  has  been  made.  But  it  was  acceler- 
ated by  influences  which  were  subject,  to  a  considerable 
extent,  to  the  control  of  the  popes  themselves.  It  is  tlie 
period  of  the  Babylonian  captivity,  or  the  long  rosi- 
dcnco  of  the  popes  at  Arignon,  and  of  tbe  great  sohisiu. 
During  a  greiit  part  of  ibia  period  the  Papacy  was 
enslaved  to  Franco,  and  adtiiinistiTi-d  in  the  interest  of 
tbe  French  court,  'lliia  futuation  itiipi-lled  tbe  popes  to 
anjuHt  and  iiggn-osive  measures  toward  Gcnnany,  Eug 


toss  OF  PSESTim. 


8»' 


land,  and  other  Catliolio  countries,  measures  wluch  ooiild . 
not  fail  to  provoke  cm-nc^t  rceontmcnt.  Fr»iic«  vu  wiU- 
)ii|>,  OS  long  AS  the  I'apocv  remained  hor  tool,  to  indulge 
tlia  popca  in  cxtrarugant  assertions  of  authority,  which 
ooiild  only  liiiTe  Ute  elTect  to  .iggravatu  the  oppoution  on 
the  part  of  other  nationa.  The  revenues  of  the  court 
Kt  Avignon  wtte  supplied  by  m<-aiis  of  extortions  imd 
DHurpationa  whicli  had  been  hitherto  witljont  example. 
'Ilio  luulliplictl  retervationt  of  occlcsiustical  offices,  ei6D 
of  bbhoprics  and  parisJies,  which  vere  bestowed  by  Ute. 
popes  upon  unworthy  ]>crsone,  or  given  in  comntenHan 
to  persons  already  paaaesaed  of  lucrative  pUces;  the 
claim  of  the  first  fruits  or  annatei—a  tribute  from 
nrw  hnltteni  of  benefioea^ and  tlie  levying  of  burdensouM 
taxes  upon  all  ranks  of  tho  clergy,  especially  thoso  of  tho 
lower  grades,  were  among  the  metliods  resorted  to  for 
rcplL-nishiog  the  papal  treasury.  Tlie  effect  of  these 
Timous  fonns  of  eccle^itsticnl  o]ipr(^«io»  npon  publio 
opinion  was  the  greater,  when  it  was  known  tliat  tlio 
wcaltli  t])tut  gained  vrvtit  to  tiupj)i>rt  nt  Avignon  an  ex- 
tremely luxtirions  and  profligate  court,  the  boundlt^ss  im- 
morality of  which  has  boon  vividly  <lcpictod  by  Petrarcli, 
MO  eye-witness. 

The  attempt  of  John  XXII.  to  maintain  the  abeoliite 
BspremAcy  of  the  Pope  over  the  Eminre  and  to  deprive 
Louis  of  Davaria  of  his  crown,  that  he  might  place  it  on 
tho  livad  of  tlic  King  of  FrcUioo.  had  an  eSect  in  Ger- 
many analogous  to  that  prodnood  in  France  by  tiie  con- 
flift  of  Boniface  and  PhiUp.  Tho  imperial  rights  found 
tho  bol<I<.«t  (lefvndcrs.  At  length,  in  1338,  the  electoral 
prinees  solemnly  declared  that  the  Roman  king  reotuvcs 
his  appointment  and  autliority  solely  from  the  eleot'ind 
collie. 

In  England,  from  the  Constitutions  of  Clarendon  tmdei 
Hiniry  II„  in  ]!'>'),  tlii^re  b.til  been  inanifest  a  disposition 
to  limit  the  jurisdiction  and  sot  bounds  to  tho  eacroacb* 


40 


BiSE  AXD  DECLtSK   OP  THE  PAPAL  HIKRAROHY, 


raents  of  tho  Chiircli,  imcl  especmlly  to  onrtail  fcFreign 
ec«tesia>tical  int«rferenoe  in  the  affairs  of  th«  kingdom.' 
Now  that  thfl  Papacy  luid  becmne  th«  instrument  of 
Ftanco,  tbU  spirit  of  resistance  woa  naturally  quickened. 
Two  important  statutes  of  Edward  III.  wt-re  tLo  con- 
Boquonco :  tlic  Etatutv  of  proviaora,  whidi  devolved  on 
the  King  the  right  to  fill  the  Church  offices  that  had 
been  rcsprvod  to  tlio  Pope ;  and  tlic  ftt.itwto  of  pnemu- 
oire,  which  forbade  mibjcctfl  U>  bring,  by  direct  prosecu- 
tion or  appeal,  before  any  foreign  tribunal,  a  cause  that 
foil  iindi-r  the  King's  junitdiction. 

In  this  contest  of  the  fourteenth  century,  "  monarchy  *' 
was  the  watehnord  oE  the  adversaries  of  the  Papacy,  tho 
^rmbol  of  the  ni?w  g*nenition  who  were  breaking  loose 
&om  the  dominant  ideaa  of  the  iMiddle  Ages.  "  The  mon- 
arcliista  rose  against  tho  papista.""  In  Franco  it  wiui  the 
rights  of  the  tlirone  and  its  indfippiKlonw  of  the  Clmrch 
which  wore  inuintained  by  the  jurists,  and  by  tho  school- 
men, as  John  of  Paris  and  Occiun,  who  came  to  thw* ' 
help.  In  Germany  it  was  the  old  imperial  rights  aa  de- 
fined ic  Uio  civil  law,  and  as  preceding  even  the  exist- 
ence of  tho  Church,  that  were  defended.  In  opposition 
to  tite  political  ideas  of  bis  master  in  theolog}',  Tliomat 
Aqninas,  Dante  wrote  his  noted  treatise  on  monarchy, 
in  advocacy  of  Olubelltne  principles,  againut  tlie  claims 
lol  the  popes  to  temporal  power.  Apart  from  the  gre«t 
inflsenoe  of  this  book,  and  outside  of  Italy,  the  question 
of  the  origin  of  tbe  Empire  and  the  nature  of  monarchy 
in  gt^'neral,  knl  to  earnest  invest^titHi.  In  Germany 
especially,  legists  and  tiieologians  immencd  themselves 
in  historical  and  critical  inquiries  upon  the  foundation 
of  dvil  authority,  luul  the  ground  on  which  papal  inter- 
ferences  with  secular  government  profiMwcd  to   repose 

t  Tht  Oanitlluiloni  «!  ClanDdoa  *t«  tult^  doMribed  by  Iteiii«r,  thtiikkt 
Alnnmltrt  H.  DrilHn  u.  <l.  Kir<ki  wVacr  Z*U.,  1  volt.  (1800.) 

*  GrnscnvliM,  vU  Ui. 


4 

I 
4 

4 
4 


THE    MCiyABCHISTS   AM)  THK   I'APISTS. 


-II 


These  writen  did  nnt  stop  with  confuting  the  notion 
that  th<3  Emjiirc  was  traimfL-rrcd  by  pajml  authority  from 
the  East  to  the  West,  llio  celchrat<-d  work  of  Mun^iliui 
of  Padua,  the  "  Defensor  Pacb,"  wont  beyond  the  ideas  of 
tho  ago,  and  ftasiiiled  oron  the  spiritual  Authority  of  tlie 
Roman  biHlkop,  It  denied  tliitt  Peter  was  supremo  over 
the  otlier  Apostles,  and  even  dented  that  he  can  be  proved 
U>  hnvo  over  visitvd  Rome.  This  work  mtuntaincd  Uie 
supreme  antliority  of  a  general  coancil.  The  Minorites, 
or  BchJsmatJcul  Franciscans,  who  insisted  on  the  nilo  of 
poverty  us  binding  on  the  cliirgy,  uiid  nccuHod  John 
XXIf.  of  heresy  for  rejecting  their  principle,  contended 
on  thu  same  side.  William  of  Occam  seconded  MarsiUua 
in  a  treatise  entitJud,  "  Eight  Questions  on  Uic  Power  of 
the  Pope."  Occam,  like  Dante,  rested  hLs  denial  of  the 
validity  of  the  alleged  donation  of  Conatantine  on  the 
ground  ttuit  tui  emperor  luul  no  right  to  renounce  tlie  iti- 
alienablo  righta  of  the  Empire.  lie  placed  the  Emperor 
and  the  General  Council  above  thu  Po])e,  us  his  judges. 
Coronation,  he  aaid,  wn-s  n.  human  ceremony,  which  any 
bishop  could  perform.  "  These  bold  niitings  attacki'd  the 
collective  hierarchy  in  all  its  funilnmental  principles ;  they 
inqaired,  with  a  sharpness  of  criticism  before  tinknovrn, 
into  the  nnturo  of  the  priestly  oQice;  they  restricted 
tha  notion  of  hcraty,  to  which  the  Chureli  had  given  so 
wide  an  extension ;  they  appealed,  finally,  to  the  Holy 
Scripture,  as  thu  only  valid  authority  in  matters  of  faith. 
As  fervent  monarchists,  these  theolo^ana  subjected  tJie 
Church  to  tile  State.  Their  heretical  tendencies  an- 
noiuiced  a  new  ]>ro(.v«s  in  the  min<ls  of  men,  in  which 
the  nnity  of  the  Catholic  Church  went  down."  It  is  to  be 
ob«er%'vd  that  among  the  pnndpal  litrmry  ehainpions  of 
Louis  of  Ikivaria  tltere  was  found  a  representative  of 
roeh  of  tlie  cultivated  nations  of  the  West.' 

*  GRgvi«r)nt.  \-l.  13$,  IM.  Coploiu  titncii  from  (he  D^intiv  /^Kw, 
khlfh  wu  Uie  Joist  prodaclion  at  Mumliiitat  l^ilua  and  Joha  dI  Janduiv 
Ih«  Raptmr  Loob'i  lAjrilcian,  mn  Klrtn  hj  GitteUt,  in.  It.  «.  t,  f  H,  d.  19. 


12 


RISK   AXD  DECLIXE  OF  TBE  PAPAL    aiKRARCnT. 


Bming  the  schism  wliicli  ensued  upon  tli«  election  of 
IJrlKU)  VI.  in  IStS,  tlicro  waa  prcecnt^jd  before  Christen- 
dom the  apectaclo  of  rivnl  popes  iinpruciiting  cuntea 
npcm  eai^  otlier ;  each  with  his  court  to  be  maintained 
by  taxes  and  contributions,  which  hiul  to  be  krgeljr  in- 
oreaeed  on  account  of  the  divi^on.  When  men  wore  com* 
polled  to  oliooso  bdtw'vcn  rind  chiimants  of  the  ofGce,  it 
was  inevitable  that  tliere  should  arise  a  still  deeper  inves- 
tigation into  the  origin  and  grounds  of  papal  sutliority. 
Inquirers  reverted  to  tJio  earlier  agt-s  of  tlio  Church,  in 
order  to  find  both  the  canoes  and  the  care  of  the  drvadful 
cvila  under  which  Christian  aoriety  waa  suffering.  More 
tluui  one  jurist  and  theologian  called  attention  to  the  am- 
bition of  tho  popes  for  secular  rule  and  to  their  opprossivo 
domination  over  the  Church,  as  tlio  prime  fountain  of 
thia  frightful  disorder. 

"We  have  now  to  glanco  at  tho  vigorons  and  prolonged 
endeavors,  which  proved  for  tho  rnont  part  abortive,  to 
reform  the  Church  "  in  head  and  members."  Prinoea 
intervened  to  malce  peace  between  popes,  as  popes  had 
before  intervened  to  make  peace  bctwuuu  princes.'  It  is 
the  era  of  the  Reforming  CotmoiU  of  Pisn,  ( 'oiiatance,  and 
Basel,  when,  largely  under  the  loud  of  tho  Paris  theolo- 
gians, a  reformation  in  the  morals  and  admiuistnition  of 
the  Church  waa  aonglit  tlirough  the  agency  of  these 
great  aa-tembliea.'  The  theory  on  which  D'Ailly,  Ger- 
BOQ,  and  the  other  leadura  who  cooperated  with  them, 
proceeded,  was  that  of  episoopol,  as  contrasted  with  pa- 
pal, supremacy.  The  Pope  was  primate  of  tlie  CliurcU, 
but  bidiopa  derived  their  authority  and  grace  for  the  dis- 
chArge  of  tlieir  oQicc,  not  from  him,  but  from  the  same 
■ouroe  aa  tliat  froni  which  he  derived  his  powers.  ITie 
Church,  when  gathered  together  by  ib  reprcscntativca  in 
«  general  ooiincll,  ia  tho  aiipreme  tribunal,  to  which  the 
Pope  himself  ia  subordinate  and  amenable.     Their  aim 

I  Laonnt,  to  R'/irme,  p,  IS.  *  (1400-11*3.) 


TFIB  REFOBWKO  CODXCTLS. 


48 


I 

wna 
H   tlio 


WM  to  nvliiro  him  to  tlic  mule  of  n  amHtitittinruit  inittead 
oC  an  absolute  monarch,  llie  Gallican  tlieologians  held 
to  an  inluliibilitv  n.'siding  flonicwLoro  in  tlie  Chjrch ; 
moot  nf  them,  and  ulliiitatdy  all  of  Uiem,  plncirg  this 
infallibility  in  cecumenical  councils.  The  flattcriiig  liopes 
nnder  wliick  tlic  Council  of  Pisa  ofK^niL-d  its  procuu<Iiiig», 
vf-re  doomed  to  disapjmintment,  in  t'oniiequcncfl  of  the 
relactanoe  of  the  reforiDcra  to  puah  Ihrougb  their  meas- 
m9»  without  u  popu,  and  tl>«  failure  of  AlcxAnder  V.  to 
redeem  (he  pledges  irhidi  lie  had  made  thoni  prior  to 
liis  ulection.  Mcnvover,  tbe  scliism  continued,  with  three 
pope»  in  the  room  of  two.  Tim  Council  of  Coiistanco 
began  nnder  the  fairest  Ruspices.  The  resolve  to  vote  by 
Dft^ORS  was  a  Btgiiificant  sipn  of  a  new  order  of  tilings, 
and  CTiisliftd  the  (Ie«i(;ii  of  the  fln^tious  Pope  John 
XXin.  to  ooutrot  the  asaembly  by  the  prupflndemnoe 
of  Italian  votett.  Solemn  declarations  of  the  supremacy 
and  Htitliority  of  the  Council  vrere  adopted,  and  were 
carried  out  In  the  actual  depnsition  of  the  infainoiis  Pope. 
But  th«  plans  of  reform  wore  mostly  wrecked  on  thu  same 
rock  on  which  Uioy  liad  broken  at  Pisa.  A  pope  must  be 
elected  ;  and  Martin  V. .  once  chosen,  by  Willful  lonnage- 
mcnt  and  hy  Mjutratc  arranBcmcnta  with  different  prince*, 
wns  at>l«  to  undo,  to  a  great  extent,  tlie  salutary  woric  of 
the  Council,  and  even  before  its  adjournment  to  reassert 
tha  Tftry  doctrine  of  papid  superiority  which  the  Council 
repudiated.  The  substantial  failure  of  this  Council, 
the  most  august  ecdoaiastical  nssemblage  of  thu  ^fiddle 
Ages,  to  Aehieve  reform.i  which  tlioiightfnl  and  good  men 
(trerywherv  deemed  Indispensable,  was  a  proof  that  some 
more  nulical  means  of  reformation  would  luive  to  b« 
Adopted.  But  another  grand  effort  in  the  same  direction 
WM  put  forth  ;  luid  the  Council  of  Basel,  notwithiituiKling 
that  it  adopted  iinuierous  measures  of  a  benolicent  charac- 
ter, wliicli  wore  acceptable  to  the  Catii"iic  nationa,  bad  nt 
last  no  better  issue ;  for  most  of  the  ath-ontages  tliat  wer* 


14 


KtSE   AXD  DECL1KK   07   THK  PAPAt.  HIEKARCHT. 


^Dlcd  to  tlium  aixt  (lie  oouocsaiuiu  ttuil  vrei-u  mnde  b; 
the  popes,  ospGcisUj  to  Gcnnnny,  tlicy  coiibived  Htter- 
vrnrd,  by  a<lroit  diploinnoy,  to  rocall. 

If  we  look  at  the  condition  of  Europe  in  the  fifteccth 
cwntury,  after  ttut  tiuio  of  thu  scliism  iin^  tbo  informing 
councilH,  we  observe  UiaL  polilionl  coDHiilvratioaa  hiivo 
Bwny,  in  the  room  of  distinctively  ecclesiastical  motives 
and  fvc'liiigs.'  National  rivalries  and  tlic  ambition  of 
princes  are  ever^i'nhere  prominent.  'I1i«  sovereigns  of 
Guropo  aro  endravoring  to  anginent  thojr  power  at  Uw 
expt.'nso  of  the  01iiiri;Ii,  cai^cially  by  takiii);;  into  lUeir 
handa  ecclesiastical  appointiuenta.  It  was  during  tite 
liftJMinth  century  tliat  t)iv  European  monarchies  wore  ao> 
quiring  a  firm  organization.  In  England  the  wars  of  the 
Ros«s  ended  with  the  accession  of  Henry  Vll.,  and  in  liia 
Hon  and  succt-Jtsor  the  rights  of  both  lines  were  united. 
hi  France  the  century  of  sb^fo  with  England  had  beeu 
followed  by  the  rvdiictiun  of  tlic  gn-.it  feiidatorios  to  snh- 
JQOtion  to  the  crown.  In  Spain,  Caj^tJle  and  Ari^n  were 
united  by  the  marriage  of  their  soTeruigns,  and  their 
kingdom  was  conaoUdated  by  the  coiiqui.-st  of  Gruniula. 

At  tim  critical  vpoch,  when  it  would  have  been  in  the 
highest  degree  diUicult  for  pontiPU  devoted  to  the  inter- 
feita  of  rL-ligion  to  hvoiist  th<^  domiiiiml  spirit  of  nationuU 
ianit  it  appeared  (o  be  the  solo  ambition  of  a  series  of 
popoi  to  aggiiuidizc  their  fumilius  or  to  strengthen  the 
■totM  ol  Uie  Church.  No  longer  absorbed  in  any  griuid 
|>nblic  object,  like  the  crusades,  they  plotted  and  fought 
to  build  up  principalities  in  Italy  for  their  reIittivo».  To 
'ho  furUieriince  of  such  worldly  schemes,  they  often  appUed 
llio  trciiAunvt  whidi  tliey  procured  by  taxing  the  Clinrch 
iind  tiom  the  sale  of  churcJi  ofRcai.  Tito  vicious  cliaraeter 
at  Beveral  of  them  augmented  the  scandal  which  tliis  coiv 

1  Tito  rnntmv«n^,  ilurinft  tU*  (Mriml,  betveui  Iho  •dvocalu  ol  Uiv  &riiil4>- 
Kadi  or  GaUioii  inil  at  tlm  pi|iai  ijirttnw,  b  dtwribtd.  wlib  foplimi  cltaiiMu 
faMD  tha  pokmlcal  wrl!i>r>  wliv  |inniclp«t«d  In  ll,  \y  QicMler,  Chunk  nittmy 
m.  T.  r.  { 1M. 


MORAL  FALL  09  TBK  TAPACT. 
Sixtil 


46 


rnpt  jmlicy  ci-i^tvd.  Sixtiu  IV.,iiiiniiig  to  found  a  prin- 
cijiatity  fur  his  tioplii.>M-  —  or,  according  to  Machinvolli, 
bia  illvgitlinnt*)  »oii  Gii-ubirno  Riurio  —  favored  the  oon 
ipinicyugainst  the  lives  of  Julian  and  Lorenao  do  Me<lici, 
wliicli  rettiilted  in  tlut  nHMiutainatioi)  of  the  former  on  tliA 
etops  of  tiio  alUir,  during  tlie  celebration  of  liigli  ninHit. 
Ilu  tlicn  joined  Nu]>U-ii  in  making  wur  on  Florence.  In 
order  to  gmii  Ferrara  for  hiii  nepliow,  lie  first  inciti^l 
Venice  to  war :  but  when  his  nephew  went  over  to  the 
ude  of  Niiplea,  the  Pope  forsook  his  Venetian  lillies  and 
excorainnnicated  them.  Little  rogard  wan  pitid  to  tliia 
act,  and  his  conseqnuut  chagrin  hastened  his  death.  In- 
nocent VIII.,  besides  advancing  tlie  fortunc^s  of  seven 
illegitimate  children,  and  waging  two  wara  with  Naples, 
received  an  annuid  tribute  fruto  the  Sultan  for  detaiuisg 
hia  brother  and  rival  in  prison,  inaUiad  of  sending  him  to 
lead  a  force  agiunst  the  Turks,  the  enemies  of  Christen- 
dom. Alexandvr  VI.,  who^e  widiudncss  brings  to  mind 
the  dark  days  of  the  Papacy  in  the  tcntli  century,  occu- 
pied  himsoU  in  building  up  ii  principality  for  his  favorite 
son,  that  nioiuter  of  depr.ivity,  Cajaar  Borgia,  and  in 
unassing  treasures,  by  base  and  cruel  means,  for  tho  sup- 
port of  tlie  licvnliouH  Roman  Court.  Ho  is  said  to  have 
died  of  tttb  poison  which  he  tiad  caused  to  be  prepared 
tor  a  rich  cardinal,  who  bribed  the  head  cook  to  sot  it  be- 
fore tho  I'opis  Iitmsclf.  If  -lulius  II.  satisfied  tho  nmhi- 
tion  of  his  family  in  a  more  peaceable  way,  he  still  found 
his  enjoyment  in  war  and  conquefti,  and  made  it  his  sole 
lAsk  to  extend  the  States  of  the  Church.  He  orgiiniiied 
alliances  and  defeat«?d  one  enemy  after  another,  forcing 
Venice  to  succumb,  tuul  not  hesitating,  old  nuin  as  he  was, 
to  (.»lte  the  field  himself,  in  winter.  Having  brought  in, 
the  French,  and  joined  tho  league  of  Carnhray  for  chcsab* 
of  su1>duing  ^''enias  ho  called  to  his  side  the  Venetians 
tor  the  expulsion  of  the  French  (1510).' 
>  Otnutay  etobolJei]  Iti  couipUlnti  ■tcaiait  ^  nrruiil  luJ  ixEoitloMtt  sd 


w 


BISE  AKD  DECUSK  OP  THE  PAPAL  IIILRARCHT. 


Tbia  nbagrption  of  tlio  popea  !ii  Belfbh  aiid  seculai 
Bcbemes  was  uot  in  an  age  of  ignontaoe,  but  jost  at  the 
period  whuTi  Iviiniitig  Iiod  rvvivtxl  and  when  Europe  hod 
entered  upon  nn  era  of  inventions  and  discoveriM  vbich 
vrero  dfuttincd  to  put  a  new  fiico  upon  civilixiition.  'I'ho 
demoralixed  condition  of  the  Church  was  a  fact  that 
conld  not  ful  to  draw  to  itself  gviicml  attention. 

Leo  X.,  made  a  cardinal  at  the  age  of  tliirteeu  and 
pope  at  tliirty-eeven,  whoee  pontificat«  was  to  be  «gnal- 
ized  by  tile  bi^ginniiig  of  Uie  Ui-fonnatioii,  was  free  from 
the  revolting  vioea  which  had  degimled  several  of  hts 
noAT  predecessors,  and  from  tho  vioU-nt  tutd  hulligi^rent 
temper  of  Juliua  II.,  who  immetliaU-ly  preceded  hiia} 
Tflt  the  influence  of  his  character  and  polioy  was  c<dcu- 
hted  to  strengthen  the  disaffection  toward  the  Papacy. 
Suipi,  in  his  "History  of  the  Coundl  of  Trent,"  aft«r  prais^^ 
ir^  the  learning,  taste,  and  liberality  of  Leo,  remarks  with 
fine  wit,  that  "  he  would  have  been  a  perfect  Pope,  if  be 
hod  oomlnned  with  these  qualities  sonic  knowledge  of  tho 
aflUra  of  reli^on  and  a  greater  inclination  to  piety,  for 
neither  of  which  he  manifested  much  concern."  '  Even 
Palhiviuni,  the  oppouL'^nt  of  Sarpi,  lament's  Unit  Leo  called 
about  him  those  who  were  rather  familiar  with  the  fables 
of  Greece  niid  tlte  deligtita  of  Uie  pmrt^  thim  with  the 
history  of  the  Church  and  the  doclrino  of  the  fathers. 
Ho  dej)lorei»  tho  devotion  of  Leo  to  profane  Htiidies,  to 
hunting,  jesting,  and  ]>ageants  ;  to  employments  ill  siiitiHl 
to  hb  exalted  oQicc.     If  he  had  been  surrounded  by  theo- 


miniMmlOD  oJ  Jalliu,  w  nlsl«d  lo  Out  coua(rj,tu  Graramina.  A  rt-ralt  tjriin't 
MelMUiticn,  or  •  gnal  datectioa  tram  Ui«  Uoniaii  Cbuicb,  lika  tliut  ut  Uia  Uo- 
li«ni*a*,  vere  doclaml.to  be  Immlneal,  1(  Uieaa  orllt  were  uut  camcted. 
—  Oi«»r1*r.  iir-  ▼■  I,  i  134,  n.  Ii. 

'  Tlicr*  i*  no  KTUund  (oi  btllaTiog  (ha  KWidaloiu  chiirg*)  of  Immorallt/  irkich 
hsra  bMD  Duda  agaiiul  him.  The;r  at*  broaglit  IcgtUler  Inm  Ihe  ori^oil 
taarcan  ia  Bij'la'*  Dlctionu^. 

■  "EMrtblMaUtoiuiptrfaltDPonUfW,  kcod  •guoitoaTiuioconglunliMiiuilch* 
MttDlilm)*  ddl*  MM  dalla  i«li|puiii>,  ad  aUf|iuuilo  plu  d'lncUnulone  atU  piat^ 
Ml*  una  0  dall'  ■llni  dalla  quiJI  Don  moalnT*  anrKniD  cutl"  Jttortt  M  Ctm 


CHARACTER  UF  LEO  X. 


Al 


loguiM,  PallttTinui  Uitnka  thnt  ho  would  have  buen  more 
cautiouB  in  distributing  indulgences  and  that  tlie  herarie 
of  LutJicr  tniglit,  perhaps,  have  bucn  (juickly  su])proa»od1 
bv  th«  writings  of  learned  men.*  Tlie  Italian  hietor 
Munitori  and  Gtiicdardini,  in  connection  witli  their  praise 
of  Leo,  state  the  misgivings  Uiat  were  felt  by  mse  roen 
at  the  costly  pomp  which  he  displayed  at  his  coronation, 
and  comuro  his  laxity  in  tho  atlniinistnition  of  his  office.* 
The  chief  pastor  of  the  Chun^b  was  aeen  to  ^vo  himaelf 
up  to  the  fiucinationa  of  literature,  art.,  and  music.  In  his 
gay  and  luxurious  court,  religion  wna  a  matter  uf  subord- 
inate concern.  Vast  Bums  of  money  which  woro  gathered 
from  Christian  people  were  lavished  upon  his  relatives.* 
Leo'a  influence  fostered  what  Ranke  has  well  called  "  a 
•ort  of  intellectual  sensuality." 

It  is  true  that  octnsionally  the  interests  of  sovcrclgni*' 
moved  them  tacitly  to  admit  pretenMons  on  the  siile  of 
tho  popt-a,  that  were  fast  becoming  obsolete.  In  1453, 
Nicholas  V.  granted  to  Alphonso,  King  of  Portugnl,  tho 
privilege  of  subduing  and  reducing  to  perpetual  servitude, 
Saracens,  I'ftgiuis,  and  otJierinfideUand  enemies  of  Christ, 
and  of  appropriating  to  himself  all  of  tbeir  Jdngdoroa, 
territories,  and  property  of  whatever  sort,  public  and  pri- 
vate ;  and  two  years  aft^rwiirds,  by  the  same  "  apostolio 
autliority,"  he  bestowed  on  him  tho  new  discoveries  on 
tlic  wcat'^m  coast  of  Africa.  Alexander  VI,,  in  virtue  ot  ■ 
rights  derived  from  Peter  to  the  Apostolic  See,  iissnmed 

tBio  Trld.,  lib.  i.  (lom-  1.  S).  Not  tsit  lUffvmil  i>  the  eilrmats  of  ■  aiodfrn 
Catliollc  vrllct  t  "  E>  bsus  hcrrliclii!  Eii:(Tiuvhiift(n  d't  GrintM  iin<l  ilmMW 
•tin  Mac  Blldune.  KMintnla  oad  Li«t>*  tnt  Kuiut  unr)  IViiMnH'liutt  ;  iIht 
Hrtbuo  FspH  war  *r  tIcI  >a  r«r^UgnnKni«htJg,  venchwcoderiub  und  landn^ 
■Mdg."    J.  t.  Itilter,  KifkmguehlcM4,  K.  la. 

>  iMaria  rfi  C"K>ti'o  itC  Trtulo,  tnm.  I.  lib.  1.  r.  if. 

•MDnloH,  Anti-tU  lefl-tEa,  lom    xir.  lU.    OnicDiirdini,  ftlaria  ttltaUtf] 
lam.  ri.  p.  CI.    Sec,  tUa,  lom.  vii.  ^p.  lOt,  IOt>. 

■  Itank*,  Diutiflu  f7nrhiclitt,  i.  3fiS.  RoMO*  \lA/tef  Lto  X.,  W.  <h.  xx!t.( 
ithnd)  him  aKMiut  Ui«  iiiiptilnlinn  of  iiDCliMtllj.  but  doc*  nol  conceal  tht 
plMfun  h(  iMk  In  bnffiMnrir,  ami  inilal>-  ngnU  hi*  doiiblo-doaling  in  hi*  Is. 
UfroarM  wilb  »orrt*i|[n*. 


48 


USB  AND  DKCLINE  OF  TIIE  PAPAL   UlCr.lKOIY. 


to  give  aw&y,  *'  of  Lta  iiwtv  libomlity,"  to  l-VixliiiitnJ  and 
Isabella,  all  tbe  newly  ilisooverccl  rcgiouit  of  America, 
from  a  lino  stretching  one  hiuidrod  leagues  westward  ol 
the  Azores,  and  exU-n<Iiiig  "  Irom  tlio  arctic  to  tlu;  aiit> 
arctic  pole."  Afterwards  Ferdinand  allowed  to  tbe  Kit 
of  l^ortugiil  tliat  UiiH  line  shotdd  mn  thruu  IinndrL-d  nitdl 
seventy,  instead  of  one  hundred  leagues  to  tlio  west  of  tbo 
Azores.  But  tbe  importance  of  thu  popes  in  tliLs  jM;r!(xl 
vas  chiefly  dependent  on  their  teniponil  power  in  Itiily, 
mud  on  the  puhticut  comhinntioiis  whicli  they  were  able 
to  organize.  The  ooncciuions  whioli  they  obtained  from 
princes  were  often  of  more  apparent  than  real  conse- 
quence, 'llm  fact  is  illuslrat^-d  in  the  siirn-iKkT  of  tlio 
Pragmatic  Sanction  by  Pmncis  I.  to  Loo  X.  (1516). 

In  1438,  nftvr  the  Council  of  Basi-1  had  passed  its  ro-J 
forming  measures,  Charles  VII.  assembled  the  clergy  of 
France  in  a  gixiat  Synod  at  Bourges.     Nearly  two  cen- 
turieii  before,  tlint  devoted  son  of  the  Chiircli,  Louis  IX., 
—  St.  Louis  of  France  —  had  issued  Uie  famous  l*rag« 
malic  Sanction,  the  charter  of  GallicJin  hbcrtic's,  by  which 
interference  witli  free  eleotjoiis  to  benelicea  in  France,  and 
exactiona  and  assessments  of  money  on  the  part  of  the 
p<^>eB,  except  on  urgi-nt  occasions,  and  with  the  king's 
coDwnt,  were  forbidden.   With  this  example  before  tbeiD, 
the   Synod  of   Bourgus  nssc-rtixl   thu  rights  of  national 
churcli«!<,  not  only  above  the  Popo,  but  also  above  tlie 
Council,  a  part  but  not  all  of  whoso  reformatory  decrees 
it  adopted.      It  declared  tlm  Pope  mibjccl  to  a  generiil 
ooundl.  and  bound  to  convoke  a  council  every  ten  yeaw. 
Tlio  right  of  nomination  to  benefices  was  denied  to  tlio 
Pdp«,  cxcc])t  in  n  few  instances  specially  reserved,  and. 
appeals  to  him  were   restricted    to   the  gravest   eases.' 
Among  the  provisions  of  the  Bourgea  Sanction  was  the 
denunciation  of  annates  and  lirst^fmits  as  simony.     Th«, 
plforts  of  Pius  II.  and  Paul  II.  to  procure  the  repeal  ol ' 
the  Pragmatic  Sanction  were  stojidily  resisted   by  thv 


SECl'LAIl  SPIRIT  OF  THE  PAl'ACT. 


40 


Parliaiiii'iildf  I'uv'm,  W\ieii,  Uierefore,  Leo  X.  suocooded 
In  obtaining  from  Fmncis  I.,  ahvr  lits  vi«.-torions  campugn 
ill  Itjily,  llu-  »liiiii<JO)imi;iit  of  tlie  Sanction,  it  Beamed  to 
be  a  great  a<tviuice  on  the  side  of  thu  Papacy.  IniwJIty, 
bowi^vcr,  althougli  thu  Gnllican  Cluirc-li  wna  robbed  of  ita 
liberties,  tho  Pope  gained  only  the  annates,  wUilti  tho 
power  of  nominating  to  tho  grvat  benviicuii  fell  to  Ute 
king.  Moreover,  the  ooerdon  tliat  was  required  to  bring 
the  Parliament  to  re^ster  tlto  new  Concordat,  and  tli« 
indignaUon  wlildi  it  nwak«nc(1  throughout  France,  proved 
that  it  resulted  from  no  change  in  the  setiUments  of  tho 
nation. 

The  long  atrugglo  of  Prancia  I.  and  Charles  V,,  and 
the  way  in  which  it  affected  tlie  fortunes  of  Proteatantiam, 
afford  a  constant  illustjutioa  of  th«  prt'doiuiuauct;  which 
had  been  gained  by  secular  an<)  political,  over  purely 
eccloaiastial  interests.  Tliere  were  critical  moments  when  ^ 
not  only  the  king  and  the  omporor,  but  tho  Popo  aim, 
were  led  from  motives  of  poUcy  to  become  the  virtoal 
allit^  of  tho  Protestant  cause. 

It  is  a  striking  incident,  and  yi-t  illuHtnitive  of  tho 
spirit  of  the  age,  that  tlie  Emperor  Maxiinili.in  sent  word 
to  this  ElL'ctor  Frederic  of  Saxony  to  take  good  care  of  Lu- 
ther— "  wu  niiglit,  pcrliaptt,  havu  need  of  him  some  time 
or  other."  *     For  fear  that  Cluirleia  V.  would  be  too  much 
BtringtlieiR'd  by  tho  destruction  of  tho  Protestant  League , 
of  SiHiUcald,  Pope  Paul  III.  recalled  tlie  troops  trhUJi  h» ' 
bad  tent  to  tho  Emperor,  and  encouraged  Francis  I.  to 
prosecute  his  design  of  aiding  tho  Protestants.   Tho  Pop« 
sent  a  message  to  the  French  king,  *>  to  help  those  who  I 
wcta  not  yet  beaten."     At  tho  moment  when  tho  Protos-  i 
^ant  cause  might  sra^m  to  he  on  tlic  verge  of  extinction, 
tlio  Popa  Jind  the  King  of  Franco  appear  as  its  defcndors. 
tVancis  even  sottglit  to  make  tlie  Turks  his  allies  in   his 
ttzugglo  agiunst  tho  Emperor.     What  a  changu  was  this 

>  Itu^t,  DtittA.  CmL.  1. 1»  I  ffuforv  ^  lAt  P^f.  I  M. 

4 


60 


RtSK  AXD  DEOLnn!  OP  THE  PAPAL  mERARaiT. 


from  tlie  days  when  tl>e  princM  aiid  nations  of  Eiiropa 
were  btindcd  tOR*tIicr,  at  the  call  <if  the  Churefa,  to  wrwrt 
the  holy  places  from  the  infidols  I ' 

Thus,  at  the  he^nmng  of  the  sixteenth  century,  th«ro 
an!  tvro  fiujto  which  iirnitt  nttcntion  :  — 

Uttt,  the  development  and  consolidation  of  the  nations, 
in  thdr  Mparate  individoality,  «ach  with  its  own  Ian* 
guage,  culture,  laws,  and  indlitiitiona,  and  animated  by  a 
nutional  spirit  that  chafed  under  foivignocclesia»tical  con* 
trol. 

Secondly,  the  aeeularizing  of  the  Papaey.  The  popea  | 
hiui  virtually  renounced  the  lofty  positiun  which  they  itill 
BBBiimfd  tn  hold,  and  which,  to  a  oertiun  extent,  they  had 
once  reiilly  held,  of  moral  an<l  religlotis  giiardliins  of  so- 
ciety. As  tJ.*mporal  ndors,  (h^y  were  inimt-raeil  in  politic 
cal  contests  and  sohemea  of  ambition.  To  further  these, 
thoy  prostituted  the  opportunitios  alTorded  by  their  Rpir- 
itual  function,  and  by  the  trnditional  reverence  of  men, 
which,  though  weakened,  was  still  powerful,  for  their 
cpiHcopal  authority,  ft  vvaa  unavoidublft  th.it  they  and 
their  ottice  with  them,  ghould  sink  in  public  esteem. 
"  Dnring  the  Middlu  Age*,"  says  Coleridgv,  the  PajJiicy 
WW  nnotJier  name  "  for  a  confederation  of  learned  men 
in  the  west  of  Europe  iii^aSiist  tlie  Imrbarism  and  igno- 
ranee  of  tlie  timea.  The  Pope  was  the  chief  of  this  oon- 
federacy ;  nnd,  so  long  ak  hi>  retained  that  chAroctor,  his 
power  was  jiist  and  irresistible.  It  wsa  the  pnnnipal 
means  of  preserving  for  us  and  for  all  posterity  all  that 
■m  now  have  of  tlio  illumination  of  past  age«.  But  tia 
toon  as  the  Pope  made  a  separation  between  his  c1iar;Lut4>r 
Bfl  premier  clerk  in  Chrisbondom  and  as  a  secular  prince — 
M  coon  lu  lie  began  to  Rquabhlo  for  towns  nnd  caotlen  — 
then  he  at  once  broke  the  charm,  and  gave  birth  to  a 
revolntion.''  "  Ev«rywh<trc,  but  espceiiiUy  throughout 
tbe  North  of  Europe,  the  breach  of  feeling  and  sympathy 
>  Iboks,  DtmUd,.  GmA.,  I.  SI. 


SECULAR  STISIT  OF  TItE  PAPACT.  61 

went  on  widening  ;  bo  (liiit  all  Germany,  England,  Scot- 
land, nnd  olJiiT  count ri(a,  atitrted,  lilto  giants  out  of  thwi\ 
sloef ,  at  the  Grat  blaat  of  Lutlior'a  tmrapet." ' 

■  TaUi  Tna  (JalySi,  1830).  AlmoMtliv  umt  lUtfiriBiil  u  U  Iha  motd 
hll  of  Ilie  r^jiac;-  li  made  hf  ■  ralr-mlndod  Calhollo  lilitoriaa.  lit  tnwtii  iU  i 
dtcUni'  Inin  Ihn  Dslijrlonlnn  nipllvily,  thniitKh  II"  period  of  tha  Utfonnlnf  1 
Ceuacili.  knd  the  itign  n(  J'l'i'ii  II,  vi>l  (ho  pnpra  of  the  heDM  ot  Ucdid. 
"  Bit  dnhln  hittiD  die  l^pde  dun-h  ihr  Vtrmiidi^rBmt  ulwrden  FDnWa  bo* 
landoDi  jclit  alwr  nlrlll*!)  >k  alch  d«imllK>n  Rlslrli  und  crwecktea,  durcU  till* 
Liliidvr-  unil  Knrjnl"*'.  N«1il  uml  tt*M  Breta  ijvb.  Bo  war  dia  i-natc  latnl- 
Wbe  Knfl,  wodnrcb  Itnia  iril  via  Jahrhiiadtrtvn  die  Wiilt  bctisrrKlil  hatlai 
imlerKdlK'ii,  nod  «  bedllrfte  our  Hnos  krifliKrn  Stoitn,  um  il*  Ub«  das 
HanloD  m  mifui."    I.  I.  Kltin,  XirAe%st4tAiM;  S.  IM. 


CHAPTER   lit 

fl?KCIAL  OACSES    AMD    0MEN3  OF  AN  ECCLESU8TUTA1 
BKVOLDTIOS  PBIOB  TO  THE  StXTEEMTH   CKNTOBY. 

Thr  iiicduvral  type  ot  religion,  in  contrast  with  prim 
Itive  Clinstianit)',  a  pervaded  by  a  certain  legulism. 
Everything  is  prescribed,  reduced  to  rule,  siibjuclcd  to 
Milhiirity.  Mediasval  Catliolicism  may  be  contemplated 
imdtT  tha  three  de|>iirtiiiftiita  of  dogma,  of  polity,  imd 
of  Christian  life,  under  which  modea  of  wornliip  nro 
inchidfd.^  Under  this  last  oomprohcnsivo  rubric,  mou- 
ascivl.ttn,  for  example,  vhich  springs  out  of  a  certiun  con- 
ception of  the  Christian  lifd,  belongs.  The  dogmatic  sys- 
tem, m  chiboriite<l  by  the  Bclioohnen  from  Uie  niiit'eriAla 
furuislied  by  tiudition  and  sanctioned  by  the  Chunji, 
constituted  a  v&Ht  body  of  doctrine,  which  every  Chris- 
tiiui  was  bound  to  accept  in  all  its  pnrticul:t».  'Hie 
polity  of  the  Church  lodged  all  guvcmnicnt  in  the  liands 
of  a  superior  class,  the  priesthood,  who  were  the  com* 
missioniHl,  iudigpcitsuble  almoners  of  divine  grace.  'Hie 
worship  centered  in  the  sacrifioe  of  the  mass,  a  cotistiintly 
repeated  miracle  wrought  by  the  hands  of  the  prieftU 
In  Uie  idea  of  the  Christian  life,  the  visible  act  wus  made 
to  count  for  bo  much,  ceremonies  were  so  multiplie<i  and 
BO  highly  valued,  tliat  a  character  of  extomali^  wbb 
stamped  upon  the  method  of  siilvatirin.  Siilvntifm,  in- 
stead of  being  a  purely  gratuitous  act,  flowing  from  tlia 
mercy  of  Ood,  was  connected  with  human  merit.  The 
^UHiitibitivr,  ns  opposed  to  thu  qualitativo  stan<]ard  of 
1  utlmtaa,  Rt/etiHalimn  nn-  Jtr  Rt/amuiiion,  I.  p.  13  m^. 


ji  smnrcAL  bractiok. 


S8 


exodlenoe,  Uie  dispo^don  to  luy  atr««8  on  iKrformuncoi 
and  abstinences,  instead  of  thfi  spirit  or  pnnciplu  at  tlio 
fouudution  of  tlic  wliolu  lift',  lay  ut  the  root  of  celibacy 
and  tlio  monastic  inKtitiition.  Tli«  miissuti,  pilgritnages, 
laBtings,  flagcllAtioms  pmycrs  to  Haints,  homage  to  theiz 
r^ics  nnd  images,  and  aimilnr  features  so  proinini^nt  in 
mediieTal  piety,  illustrate  its  essential  characlei-.  t'tiri*- 
tiauity  WAS  cottvcrted  into  »n  extturnal  ordinance,  into  & 
roand  of  obaervanoea.' 

Tliu  Koction  which  manifested  itself  from  time  to  time 
witliin  the  Church,  anterior  to  Uic  lUtformation,  might 
hare  a  special  relation  to  either  of  tlic  ooustiluc-nt 
elements  of  the  mediicTiU  system,  or  it  might  be  directed 
iigiunst  them  all  togetlier.  It  might  appear  in  tlio  form 
of  dissent  from  Uie  prerailing  dogmas,  espeeially  from 
tiiu  doctrine  of  human  merit  in  salvation ;  it  might  be 
leveled  agmust  the  priesthood  as  usurping  a  function  not 
giwn  them  in  tho  Guspol.  and  as  departing  in  various 
ways  from  the  primitive  tdtn  of  the  Ciiristian  ministry; 
it  might  take  the  form  of  an  explicit  or  indirect  rttaist- 
nnoe  to  tlie  ex.'kggtT,ibcd  otteem  of  rites  and  oeromonies 
and  austerities.  In  either  of  these  directions  tho  spirit- 
ual element  of  Cliristinnity,  which  liad  Ix-como  overlaid 
and  cramped  by  traililiona,  might  appear  tut  an  untago- 
nistic  or  silently  renovating  foree.  A  general  progri»s  of 
intcUigcuco,  especially  if  it  should  lead  to  tho  study  of 
nrly  Cliristianity,  would  tend  to  the  same  result. 

The  forcruiiuent  of  tho  Reformation  have  been  prop- 
erly divided  into  two  classes."  Tbe  first  of  tliem  wm- 
Btsts  of  the  men  who,  in  the  quiet  path  of  tlieolc^ioil 
research  and  teaching,  or  by  practical  exertions  in  beball 
of  a  contemplative,  spiritual  tone  of  piety,  were  under- 
mining tbe  tnkditional  system.     The  second  embrace*  the 

1  lldi  bit  in  well  pnMnUd  tj  Ullauft.  B^f«n»atirt»  nr  Jir  S^'irmalSr*, 
b  p.  tuli.  toq.,  i>-  B  Mr|. 
>  UEouinn,  I.  p.  IB  Mf. 


&4    SPECIAL  OACSES  Km  0UEN3  OF  THE  R>:fOIUrAT10X. 

naui«s  l(  mnn  who  nrv  better  known,  (or  tlio  rcomn  OtKt 
tliey  attempted  to  carry  out  their  ideaa  practioally  in  the 
wny  "f  oiTi-vting  vccU-Miistiukl  diungos.  Tbu  first  cliuw 
are  more  obscare,  but  were  not  leas  influential  in  prepar- 
ing tlic  ground  for  tliu  Reformation.  ProtostnntiHin  vaa 
a  n.-tiini  to  the  Ri'-riptitrvji  an  the  authentic!  Hource  of 
Christian  knowledge  and  to  tlia  prindplo  tliat  salration, 
tlmt  iiiwiini  iMMwe,  i«  not  from  the  Cliiiroh  or  from  c  tmim 
work.i  ethical  or  ceremonial,  but  through  Chriat  alone, 
receiv(>d  by  tlie  soul  in  an  act  of  trust.  Wlioerer, 
wliellii^r  in  tlit>  nhiilr  of  tlieology,  in  the  pulpit,  througli 
the  devotional  treatise,  or  by  foetoring  tho  study  of  lan- 
guages und  of  historj-,  or  in  perilous  combat  with  eccl«ai- 
ftstiwil  aliHsefl,  drew  the  minds  of  men  to  the  Scripturee 
and  to  a  more  spiritnal  conception  of  religion,  was,  in  a 
great«r  or  lest  measure,  a  reformer  before  tlie  Iteforiitft< 
tion. 

In  the  preceding  chapter  we  have  roviowc'd  the  rise  of 
tho  hierarchical  order,  and  have  noticed  one  of  tlie  main 
caoMS,  the  tendency  to  centralization,  the  spirit  of  na- 
tionalism,  which  had  weakened  tho  authority  of  tho 
clergy,  and  espocially,  at  the  be^nning  of  the  luxteenth 
century,  had  materially  reduced  tbo  pow«r  of  the 
Papacy. 

We  have  now  to  direct  attention  to  various  spetnal 
causi^s  luxl  otiii^ns  of  an  approfiching  revolution,  which 
would  alTect  not  only  the  polity  but  the  iiutire  religlooa 
system  of  the  mcdintml  Church. 

I.  Among  these  phenomena  is  to  be  mentioned  the  ria* 
of  anti-siiccrdotftl  sixits  which  sprang  up  as  early  as  tho 
eleventh  century,  but  flourished  chiefly  in  the  tweUUi  and 
tliirteentJi.  Tliese  indicated  a  wide-spread  diesatisfactioD 
wth  the  worldlinejs  of  the  clergy,  and  with  prcUtioaf 
govoniment  in  the  Church.  Tliere  were  individuals,  like 
Peter  of  Bruys,  himself  a  priest,  and  Henry  the  Deacon, 
ft  monk  of  Clugiiy,  who,  in  tlie  earlier  part  of  the  tweUtk 


AXTI-SAaJtDOTAL  SECTS. 


&6 


eentury,  m»d«  a  gri>at  dUturbance  in  Soutibcni  France  by 
vehi'mimt  invoctivcH  npiinat  thv  irainumliLiusof  the  priust- 
bood  am)  th<^ir  usurped  dominion.  Tlie  simultaneous  ap- 
pcaraDcu  of  persons  of  tJi!«  ckanicter,  whosu  impiuuioncd 
hnTAii)^u<:a  woti  for  tlium  numerous  ndlierents,  8bo\rs  Uiat 
th«  popular  reTeronoo  for  the  clergy  was  Bhakcn.  Con* 
spi<»)uiu  among  the  Mwtarios  of  this  pciiod  are  Ih* 
Catharists,  n'ho  were  found  in  sereral  countries,  but 
were  most  nuincruiui  in  ibo  oitit-suf  North  Italy  uiidttf  Uia 
■outh  of  France.  Tlie  dualism  of  tb«  ancient  Manicbeans 
and  of  the  later  Paulicinns — the  bhoory  that  thu  empiro 
of  the  world  is  dividt^d  between  two  antsgonisUo  princi- 
ples—  t«^tber  with  tlie  aacetidsm  that  grows  out  of  it, 
resppcars  in  a  groii]i  of  s«<'t3,  wliicli  wwir  dilTuront  names 
in  the  vitrious  regions  where  they  are  found.'  They  are 
diaracterizcd  in  common  by  a  renunciation  of  tbu  au- 
thority of  the  priestbood.  In  Soutliem  Fmnce,  wbert) 
they  acquired  the  namo  of  Albigenses,  they  were  woU 
organized,  and  wvro  protvctud  by  powerful  laymen.  The 
]io<^'ina  of  the  troubadours  show  to  what  extent  the  tiergf 
bad  fallen  into  disrvputv  in  tins  wealthy  and  llourisliing 
distriot"  In  the  extensive,  opulent,  and  most  civiUzcd 
portion  of  Prances  whidi  formed  the  dominion  of  the 
Count  of  Toulou»e,  the  old  niligitm  was  virtiinily  »u[>- 
plaiit«d  by  thenewsect.  Tlie  Albigensianpreaclters,  who 
minyled  with  tlu-ir  ln'tt'r<nl<»x  t4;iiets  a  slncorc  zeal  for 
purity  of  life,  were  lienrd  witli  favor  by  all  eliutscft.  'I'h© 
extirpation  of  tliis  numerous  and  formidable  sect  was  ac- 

>  Upon  fbc  ortffln  «nd  miiliuJ  rrlalion  nf  thtwt  wMt,  Ihcir  Icncli,  Dad  Iheli 
reUtlon  to  Out  carlirr  Llu&liiiic  bemlv*.  Ke  K»ndtr,  CinrrM  IfJIfry,  Iv  aM, 
*eq.t  OlOflcr,  AVrrArnjionliV^lr,  m.  ui.  T,  f  STl  Uilmui.  IKitiri  iff  Lati» 
Ckritti-mUy.  V.  IIUI  fi:  Itaiir,  KlnktitfeteliieliU,  iii.  UO  Mq-i  Sohmldl, 
ffttf.  (f /tm<lr>'a«  Jf  tu  tcnv  </(•  CUJt-inwO'Brit,  lUU),  and  utlcl*  "  KuhArar  " 
■II  llvnwe't  Rial-r.nrfri.'pMit  I  lUhn,  '7H«l«Al«tf.  Kttt4f  at  UUUialUr.  \.  t 
Maltlsnil,  facU  mti  DorMmimtt  Oliutnitin  o/  Iht  lliiltry.  tit.,  of  |A«  Allli- 
irMuaihf  (Jl*  WaUtmt*  (tSSllj  •l-O.  /'•»!  /;«>iy*iI«M.L  1M3).  Srbinidl 
WI*i»pl4ln>li-[in>T<iilia  liiMoric  Bannaclinn  at  Iha CalkHiM*  Hilb  Itm  PuiUciini 
■•  «»t1  a>  nidi   Ilia  llMJchtBM. 

*  Uiluuu,  Lalm  ChriMUHtlj.  v.  ISl      Sniim9-  In. 


56    SrECIAL  CAUSES  AND  OUEttS  OF  tOE  KU-OUUAItOS. 

coinpliitlied  oiily  tlirongh  a  bloocly  cniB.'u]«,  ttmt  vrtia  out 
cm  foot  iindcr  Uid  auspioes  of  Inuowiit  III.,  and  was  fot- 
(iiwcd  l)y  Uic  efTiirts  of  tlic  Inqtiialtioii,  which  han  luul  ita 
beginning.*  The  Albigenst's.  in  their  oppoffition  to  llio 
nuUtority  of  eccUwMitticiil  tntdition  and  of  tJio  Iiicnirdiy, 
and  in  their  rejection  of  pilgrimnges  and  of  certain  prae- 
ticis,  liko  thu  worship  of  saints  and  image's,  autiuipatud 
tbb  Protestant  doctrine ;  although  in  other  respectii  their 
croed  is  cveu  moro  at  rarianoo  vrith  tlio  spirit  of  Protcs- 
bintJ&ni  tlian  is  that  of  tlieir  opponents.  It  ts  intAreating 
to  observe  that  at  tho  moment  when  tho  Pajwicy  appeared 
to  be  at  tlie  zenith  of  its  power,  a  rebellion  broke  out, 
which  oould  only  be  put  down  by  a  groat  oxortion  of 
military  foreo,  and  by  brutalitiis  whidi  have  li^ft  on  ui- 
deiible  st.-\in  upon  those  who  instigated  thorn.* 

TtiL'  \S'itl<Ieni<'.«,  H  party  not  tainted  \rilli  Manichwu) 
doctrine,  and  distinct  from  tlie  Cntharista,  arose  in  1170, 
under  the  l»«d  of  Peter  Waldo,  of  LyoDS.  Finding  them- 
aclvti*  forbidden  to  prcarh  in  n  simpio  manner,  after  tho 
example  of  the  Apostles,  tlic  "  Poor  Kfcn  of  Lyons,"  aa 
they  were  styled,  mitdo  a  stand  against  tlio  vxelusivc  right 
of  thi!  clci|^  to  t«.'3ch  tlio  (ioBpr!.  AlUuMigh  tlid  W;ddiinae« 
are  not  of  so  high  antiquity  as  was  often  supposed,  sines 
thf^y  do  not  n^ch  fiH'tlutr  btiok  tlinn  Wnhlo,  anil  :iltlioiigh 
they  were  far  loss  onlightvned  as  to  doctrinu  tli.tn  tliey  bo- 
KuiTio  after  tliey  It.id  l)eon  hmiight  in  eontuct  with  Prot<-j^ 
tantiam,  yot  their  attachuiunt  to  the  Seriptnrea,  and  their 
npposutioii  to  clerical  iiHurpatiun  mid  jirolligiiej-,  entitio 
them  to  a  place  among  the  precuraoia  of  tlio  Kvfonnatton.' 

■  "It  wu  »  WBT,"  nji  Guiiot,  "baliTMn  (sodal  Pranc«  uid  municipal 
fraiu'c"     Uutpry  nX CiiiBmttivn,  Int.  X. 

1  Tbt  dutinjrnitlii<il  CathotJc  tliwInKian.  tltfrle,  in  tha  KirrAm- 1,'gHcm, 
•n,  "AEblj^nna,"  milvKveralu  h-Mvn  tlm  rfrHimllnlllj'af  Uis  Popv  and  tli*«i> 
(dtuullc^  uitharitit*  (or  the  AltiiKcmiin  nuMMFM.  But  this  ii  pogaibtt  oolj 
to  a  vny  limiud  txlDnl.  It  woi  nnt  until  filicbtlut  atrnuIliM  had  b««i  oom- 
miltnt,  llint  nn  nUnniil  wiw  iii«l«  l«  rurb  lti«  forocilr  which  had  liMn  ittlMd 
tiy  tUc  iiiuitt  urcriil  ujiioala. 

■  VtiB  priacipul  worlti  whIi'U  hanj  kcvrI  to  witic  dl>|MiU*l  twlat*  mpodii^ 


A(iTI-*.VCE8D0TAL  SBCTS. 


67 


Wh«reT«r  they  went,  thej-  kiudled  among  tlie  people  tho 
deuie  to  rvn^  th4  Bible.  Tito  principal  thcutre  <^  their 
labore  waa  Milan,  anil  othoi-  ptiicea  in  tlio  nortli  of  Italy 
ati<)  tlie  KOtitJi  of  Fiiinco,  wberc  the  liierarcliy  had  a 
weaker  hnld  on  tlio  people,  and  where  many  who  wtire 
ili^i«t«il  with  the  pricsUiood  were  likewise  rpi>elle(t  \>y 
tho  obnoxionsi  Uicology  of  tlio  Cntharisbi. 

Tbo  departure  of  the  Fmncisc-ana  from  tlie  rule  ol 
poTi^rty  led  tho  stricter  party  in  tJiiit  order  to  break  off ; 
and  nil  elTortii  to  licnl  tlie  AchiDin  proved  ineffectual.  The 
Spirittials,  aa  the  stricter  sect  wore  called,  in  their  zeal 
agiUDat  c>cck')tiii8ticiU  eomiption  did  not  spare  the  Roman 
C^nrdi ;  and  they,  e^ccially  the  lay  brethn^n  i;iti<)n(; 
tiR'ni,  tho  f  rutricoHi,  wero  dttlivored  over  to  tlie  Inqaiai- 
Uon. 

At  the  end  of  the  twelfth  centurj'  there  were  funned 
in  tlm  Nothcrlan<l9  soctctit's  of  praying  women,  calling 
theniselvcn  Bef^inoR,  who  led  a  life  of  iIv«-otion  without 
monastic  TOWS.  Similar  societies  of  men,  who  were  called 
Bejjlianb.  were  aft".*rwapd8  formed.  Many  of  both  clasBtiB, 
for  tho  sake  of  protection,  connected  themselves  with  tho 
TerUaric*  of  tho  monastic  ordrra.  Many,  following  the 
rule  ot  poverty,  became  mendicants  ali-ng  the  Rhine  and, 
porluips,  throuj^h  tlio  inniicneo  of  the  Bcct  of  tho  Free 
Spirit  — n  I'anlheistio  RoiH  — adopted  heretical  opininns  ; 
90  that  tho  names  Bt'^iim  and  Bi-f*1iard,  outsido  of  the 
Kethei'hmdH,  Iwcame  aynrmyinona  with  heretic.  A  swiiriii 
of  enthiisiusta  and  fanatics,  knoivu  by  theso  appetlationa, 
vlH-ri^hi'il  a  xiiiccn!  hostility  to  tlie  wrnipt  lul  ministration 
of  the  Church. 

Ika  Waldinica  «•  DiMklioff,  Kt  WaUrturrim  MiiltS-ttUr  (1tal}l  UtrHff 
Oil  mnniMwAfa  WaUmttr  [IBM).  Itennic  hu  IirouirKl  fimmnt  d>«  infor- 
mation in  hia  Biticlo  on  tho  W&Mmiiim  in  bia  tCMl-E^rj/fti-pAli*,  Tbo  laltljr 
diaioV*i«;l  maiiiiHTiiit  nt  tlie  .ViAh  /.ijristn  miflcn  it  liie'ilj  |in'l)ilt>l«  tli>| 
Ou9  porm  w  <rim)Kwil  'n  Ihc  firEcmiTfi  (tnlanr  On  (li>>  iL-itf  of  Ihij  otbct 
Waldnmiin  viiliiiK*,  anil  lliu  inlrn>"<ali""*  wliirli  itinj  haTd  iiiflirrd.  M*  Itit 
u|i'(  aii'dv.  Tlial  lliu  Walilvii'"  liuvs  iio  rxlkliun  fii.ir  lu  Waldu  ■*(«• 
,  mAkI  *t  imuiil  by  vaintirtrtil  Kholan. 


5S     Sl-ECtAL  CAUSES  A.\U  OUKNS  OF  1I1E  ££rOUIATION. 

Tlie  lixistCQOC  Aiwl  the  number  of  this  specie*  of  se«t» 
riee,  whom  the  Inquisition  could  nut  extirpate,  and  who, 
it  ttliould  be  ubKcr%\H],  wt'ru  moHtly  \>Wia  mid  uiili'oirnvd 
people,  prove  that  a  profound  disaatisfactioQ  with  the 
exiHting  order  of  tliingft,  and  a  dwji  criiving,  mingled 
though  it  wua  with  ignorance  and  superstitioii,  for  tho 
ivet'Oratioit  of  a  more  tiimplu  luid  uposbolic  typg  of  Cliri^ 
tiaiiilyi  bad  {tenvtrated  the  lower  nrden  of  society.  For> 
merlj  they  who  wcru  oilundud  by  the  wwUUi  and  worldly 
temper  of  tlie  clergy,  Imd  found  relief  by  retniatiiig  to 
the  austerities  of  monastic  life  witliin  tlie  Church.  But 
the  monastic  soctctios,  muili  in  its  tuni,  u»  they  grew 
oldvr,  iv\l  into  the  luxurious  ways  from  wbicb  th«ir  foun- 
ders had  been  anxioos  to  eecape.  Mow,  as  we  approach 
Uic  epoch  of  th«  Kt^fommtion,  we  observe  the  teadency 
of  this  sort  of  di«af[ection  to  embody  itself  in  sects  which 
sssumo  a  quL-Mioiiiible  or  opinily  ioiniical  attitudo  towards 
the  ChiU'di.  Yet  it  is  well  tliat  tlie  eoclealaaticol  revolu- 
tion was  not  K-f  t  for  them  to  luicomplish,  but  was  reserved 
for  viiliglitoned  tuid  aobcr-uiinded  men,  who  would  know 
how  to  build  up  as  well  as  to  destroy. 

n.  The  Consttrvative  Gufonncnj,  the  champions  of  tho 
liberal,  epi»ca|ial,  or  (ilallican,  an  coutntRtod  with  tlto 
papal  conception  of  Uic  hterarcliy ;  the  leaders  in  the 
reforming  councils,  both  by  what  tlieise  eminent  men 
achieved  and  by  wliitt  they  failed  to  nehieve,  prepared 
ihe  way  for  the  great  change  from  which  they  tbeniselve* 
would  have  recoiled  in  4^smay.  In  carrying  forward  theii 
buttle  lliey  were  led  to  expose  mth  unsparing  Bcvority 
the  errors  and  crimca,  as  wcU  ae  the  enormous  usiu-pationa 
cd  authority,  with  whicli  the  popes  were  clIa^geHbl(^  This 
could  not  but  esaentially  lower  the  respect  of  men  for  the 
papal  ofHco  itself.  At  the  same  time  tlie  diiwomiiture  of 
tiicise  reforment,  oh  far  aa  tlieir  principal  attempt  is  con- 
cerned, to  reform  the  Church  "  in  head  and  members,"  ■ 
discomfiture  elTyct«d  by  the  pcniistency  and  dexterity  ol 


RADICAL  RKfORMKRS. 


fi» 


the  {lopes  nnd  tlieir  a<llien>iits,  ooulil  not  fail  to  leure  tlia 
imprvsKioit  on  many  minds  ttiiit  u  moro  stringent  remedy 
would  liiive  U>  bu  Nought  for  llii-  iiiilx-itrnblu  griovn»L.'C9 
under  wliich  the  Church  labored.  It  must  not  be  for- 
gotton,  Ikovcver,  Unit  Gi^rsoii,  D'Ailly,  nnd  chcir  Lx^inpoura, 
were  aa  (Irmly  wedded  lo  tUo.  ilrxtriiie  of  a  prieiithood  in 
tli«  Cburub,  and  to  the  traditionsil  dogmatic  systvin,  iis 
wuro  tbvir  opponents.  At  Con-stann*,  the  Pnrij  tbeo> 
lugians  alroost  outstripped  tJieir  papni  antagoiiista  in  the 
viok-iil  trnttmi-nt  of  lluss  (hiring  the  st-ssionfl  of  tb«  Coun- 
cil, and  in  the  Alacrity  with  which  they  cnndomuod  hira 
wid  Jerome  of  Prague  to  the  stake.  It  was  a  reformn- 
tiou  of  montU,  n<it  of  doulrinti,  tit  which  thoy  ninx'nl ;  thu 
difitribution,  but  not  tlie  destmction  of  priestly  authority. 
HI.  But  tlicro  wiTu  iiKlividuala  before,  nnd  loni^ before 
the  time  of  Lulher,  who  nie  ftppropruitcly  cadh-il  rinlioal 
ruformera  ;  men  who,  in  essential  points,  anticijKtti-d  the 
Protwtaiit  niovutaent.  Hiero  wro  conspieuotis  elTorts 
which,  if  they  proved  to  a  conatdenible  oxl^iit  iilH^rtiv« 
nt  thu  monionti  left  sued  to  ripen  sifterwards,  and  were 
Uio  ttarbinger  of  more  efTectiiul  mewuru*.  f)f  all  tblit 
class  of  reformets  before  the  Refomtatloii,  John  >Vti'Jc- 
lifTe  i«  tliu  moflt  remark ublu.'  LiTin;;  in  thu  midst  nf 
tlie  fourCMiith  century,  nearly  iv  hundn*d  and  lifty  y«>Mt 
before  Luthor ;  not  an  obseuro  or  illiterate  man,  but  a 
tndnod  tlieologinn,  a  Professor  at  Oxford ;  not  hidirj; 
bis  opinions,  but  proclaiming  them  %Titb  botdiicaa;  In-, 
nevfrthehtw,  took  the  position  not  only  of  ii  l*rot*.-«taiit, 
but,  in  many  important  particulars,  of  a  f'nritan.  In  \m 
priniripal  work  he  atiirms  th.tt  no  writing,  not  i-vm  a 
pnpal  dwrw,  hiLS  any  validity  further  than  it  is  found>-d 
oil  thu  Holy  Scriptiu-cs;  h«  di-nicfl  tmni«ul>«ttuitinUoii,  and 

WtMif,  br  ClinHoi  Webb  U  Ilw  <ISHIt  Jtl>»  *i  WfMf^  •  Momvfrtfk. 
br  RobHt  VauKhnn,  1>.  I>.  (UmluD,  IBUt;  tVrlnr,  Gneiith(4  Jir  ubiliiJic 
A—Kiicktn  ■.  Stefta  >«•  Gran-Orin-'-itn,  I.  Rl  M^,[  Ilardwick,  Uilvj^ 
AtClr^iriaanii'xA;  1IMI1«  Atfc,  p.  l(ii*M|. 


60    SPECIAI.  CAU&>:S  AKU  OlIKKS  Ul'   llIK   Kld-'ORUATIOM. 

kttributM  tlio  origin  of  tbu  dogma  to  tho  BubsUtntJon  ol 
R  boUcI  in  papal  d«claRidons  for  belief  in  the  Bible ; 
bo  MBcrts  tbiit  in  Ihv  primitive  Cburch  t]i<?ru  wt-rc  but 
tvro  Borta  of  c!ei^  ;  doubts  the  Scriptural  warinnt  for  tlie 
tUm  ol  confiniiution  und  <-xtn^nio  unction  ;  would  linro 
all  interfentiice  with  <;ivil  iifTnii^  iind  tomponil  authority 
inUirdictfd  to  the  clergy ;  ejn-aks  Against  tJio  neccwity  of 
auricular  confession ;  avvrs  that  Uio  cxen;i»c  of  tlie  power 
to  bijid  and  loose  Is  of  no  effect,  save  when  it  is  coiiforrat^d 
to  tilt-  judgment  of  Ciirist ;  is  opposed  to  the  mnltiplied 
raaka  of  the  clergy,  pt^ieo,  cuxlitiaU,  pntrinrchs,  monks, 
cuKnu,  and  tbe  rest;  nipndiatcs  tbe  doctritu^  of  iiidid- 
genoes  and  supercrogHtoi'y  merits,  the  doctrine  of  the 
excellence  of  poverty,  as  that  was  held  antl  as  it  lay  at 
tbo  fmiiidiitjiin  of  the  nicndi<5inl  oiilcra  ;  itiid  h«  si-ta  him- 
self against  firtiGcial  church  music,  pictures  in  worship, 
eoosocntion  with  tlie  use  of  oil  and  s:tl(,  Cfmonization, 
pilgrimages,  cbnrdi  aayluma  for  criminals,  celibacy  of  the 
clergy.'  Almost  evcrj-  diatingnisliing  fcntnre  of  the 
mediaeval  and  papal  chu-ch,  as  ccmtraated  with  the  Prot- 
estant, is  directly  disowned  and  combated  by  Wickliffe. 
How  wivs  it  possible  tli:it  Im  could  do  this  so  long,  in  timt 
9go,  with  coiuparatire  impunity,  and  die  at  last  in  hia 
bed.  when  so  many  whom  b«  imniiiifimixhly  outNtrip)H!d 
in  hia  reformatory  ideas  piud  for  their  dissent  witli  their 
lires?  Tho  reason  is  found  partly  in  tlie  fact  that  he 
identified  himself  with  tbe  University  of  Oxford,  iind 
with  the  Bfcnlar  or  piirisli  clergy  in  their  struggio  against 
the  nitpiring  men<lioitnt  orders,  and  still  more  in  lite  fact 
that  he  stood  forth  in  tho  cliuract«r  of  a  cjiampion  of  cW,\ 
and  kingly  autliority.agaiimt ecclesiastical  encroachments. 
He  was  protected  by  Edtvard  Itl.,  whose  cause  agaiiut 
papal  tyranny  he  had  snpjiorted;  and  after  Eflward'i 
doatli,  by  powerful  nobles,     tie  ^vas  strong  enough  to 


'  [fm  extncU  Irom  Ih*  Tri»tiigm  m  in  GioMlir,  hl  iv.  9. 1 12^,  n.  t , 
Vnnljiia  o(  It  I*  tpmi  in  Turner,  llitttry  a/  li»j/tMnl,  t. 


Ai 


RADICAL  REFOIIMERS. 


ei 


• 


witliiitanJ  Ui«  oppciition  tn  liiit  work  of  Imuslutittg  th« 
Bible,  and  publicly  to  defuml  llie  right  of  the  peoplo  to 
havu  ihu  Srripturvs  in  tlK'ir  own  tunguc.  Not  until  tb« 
reign  of  Ilenrv  V„  whon  the  illation  ot  tlie  kiiigii  to  lli« 
d-n-Sj'  wiM)  cliangud,  wiis  the  persccutiun  of  tlio  Wick- 
liltilfji,  or  LolbinK  as  they  w<tru  calli*d,  vigmvmrdy  untlcr- 
takoi .  Tliey  vruro  not  oxtflrminat«d  i  but  tlio  principlea 
of  WicklilTo  poutiniiwl  to  havo  mlhi-riTiit.t  in  thr  ]ioor  mid 
obficm-e  clasaos  in  England,  down  to  the  outbreaking  of 
tlio  I'rotvMtant  movt'm«nt.  It  is  rcmiirknbtu  that  \Vi«k- 
Ijffe  pvodicted  that  among  the  monk^  tti<?in8clvoa  thero 
woiihl  orinu  ponions  who  wouI<l  abimdon  tlicir  false  iiiter- 
pi-etntiona  of  Christianity,  and,  returning  to  the  origiiinl 
rL'li^ion  of  Ciirist,  would  build  up  Uiti  Ckurdi  in  the 
Hpiril  of  i'nul.' 

In  the  same  rank  with  Wickliffe  stands  the  name  of 
John  Hujw.'  B<-foi-c  him  in  Ilohi-mia  tlii>re  had  nppnmM 
Militi!  and  Conrad  of  Waldliauoen,  preachers  nninuitod 
with  the  fiery  zoal  of  prophets,  and  lifting  up  tlieir 
voicfti,  in  the  fiine  of  ])er8ec«tio»,  ngainst  the  comiptinn 
of  religion.*  Still  more  wvm  Hubs  iiuk-btod  to  Mutthiaa 
of  Juno\T,  wh<Kt<o  i<hvi3  respecting  the  Churcli  nn<l  tlto 
relations  of  clergy  to  hiity  involved  tho  gornis  of  ohaiigea 
more  radicsil  than  ho  Iiiinself  perpt-ived.  Hiiss  wa« 
strongly  influenced,  likewise,  by  the  writings  of  Wick- 

•  Tlis  (oUunlnfi  pungQ  b  tmrn  the  Trinloyuti  "9u|ipoiio  autfni  q^ud  alliiiu 
lnln>.  <|iuu  I>cui  dotcR  diKiiitiir.  id  ntlKioaem  primitTiiin  Cliibtl  dcTotlua 
VBvtrbuiiir,  t(  »llcU  ma  pcrflilid,  (ri'd  nbUnMdrs  pctitn  Anticbriiri  liceoUif 
(•■l^biiiil  hbin  Dd  nlipMicin  (.lirioti  piimiPTjai,  ct  tunc  ipdidcaliuul  ccclcriu 
litat  I'niitut."     Sec  KMnilor,  v.  173. 

>  llitlaria  %t  itmamrr^la  Jn.  lUi  it  //I'rrDA.  Prttsrntit  (ITU);  Pllackr. 
l}ortin4nlit  ttafUlri  J.  Ilui,  uti  lltn  Gftchiclit*  ItiHrntni  by  Ilia  um* 
tutliot;  Kfan^R',  Clivrfh  f/utnry,  r.  £li  u«\.:  GJIIclli  t.l/i  •"•■I  TliKtt  t/f 
/njtn  ttiia  (l)~l!i  *'"'  ""'k'  nf  V*ii  ilrt  lliinit  nri'l  lAHltM  upnu  iho  Cuun- 
dll  of  <'on>UnrDi  I-  Kruininr ,  CiK^t'iu  J.  ffi^mJid,  Ri/vrmnt.  {nt  XV. 
Jaiif\.  11306);  WtMntwrg,  l>i<  fnum  Kinkr^rtrfnmhumgtn  df4  XV. 
%.  XVI.  J'\kr%.  \mL  U.  lH(i;i  Ctcnrnilii,  ChA  rffr  Etamy.  KlrAt  te 
AMhiM,  Si-oIl  l.«lp(te,  1SI19-TI). 

•  KtauiliT,  T.  ITI  Hq.i  Jm  tw.  t  «ti(^tr  Ja  ,7waV«NaaiH  k.  BAmtt 
Ulfaig,  lM«k. 


02    BTECIAl.  CAU&KS  AKD  OUESS  OF  TBK   BUX>KUATIO>r, 


lUFe,  and  waa  active  in  diBBeminatiiig  them.  'Hie  H» 
hcmian  rvfunnci*  litui  less  tlm)lu^(»l  ucumen  than  the 
EngliHh,  witli  whom  lie  agit-«cl  in  his  advocucy  of  plitio* 
sophical  realism  ami  predestination ;  nor  did  be  go  ao  far 
on  till.'  roiid  of  doi^tritial  innovutioti ;  since  Hiiss,  to  the 
last,  was  a  boUercr  in  tmnsubstumiatiou.  Ilut  in  his 
conception  of  the  functioiui  and  duti<.'4  of  tliu  ck-rgy,  in 
his  zoot  [or  practical  huUneae,  and  in  hia  exultation  of 
the  Scriptures  iibovu  tJic  dogmiM  and  ordtnoia'os  of  the 
Cliurch,  in  niorul  excellence  and  heroism  of  diameter, 
Huaa  vroB  outdono  by  none  of  the  rvfonnera  before  of 
siiitx'.  Liithcr,  n-hi;n  he  tvus  u  monk,  iiccidenUlly  fuU 
upon  a  volume  of  the  sormonB  of  IIusa,  in  the  convent 
library  of  Erfurt,  and  wna  Htruck  with  woiidur  that 
tlie  author  of  atich  sentimenta  aa  they  contained  aliuuld 
huvu  bi.-un  put  to  dtiuth  for  hen^sy.  In  the  attitude 
which  Hu^  Assumed  before  the  Council  of  Oon.ttuncu, 
there  was  involved  tlio  assertion  of  one  of  the  distinctive 
priiivipk-s  of  Prott'Jttaiilism —  tluit  of  thn  right  of  ])rivate 
judgment.  He  was  conimandt^  to  retract  Ida  nvowuI»  at 
opinion,  and  tliia  ha  refused  to  do  until  be  could  bo  con- 
vinced by  lu-gumi'iit  and  by  citations  from  Scripture  Uiat 
hia  opiniona  were  erroneous.  That  la,  he  went  behind 
thu  unthority  of  thu  Council.  This  itself,  in  their  vy&t, 
amounted  to  Qagmnt  heresy,  and  was  suflicient  to  con- 
di^tnii  lihii.  It  wua  a  n-pudlsition,  on  hia  aide,  of  the 
principle  of  Church  authority,  which  waa  n  vital  part  ol 
the  i«;cli«iiiatical  ej-stein.  'Hie  cruel  execution  of  Hum 
(1415)  luiii  iif  J>T(inn',  (Specially  as  the  former  had 
rested  on  the  Emperor's  safe-conduct,  excited  a  storm  of 
wrath  iimong  their  coiintryim-n  and  adherents.'     liohe* 

I  Thu  Iherc  WW  no  vIoIiUiid  of  the  ulo«on<liicl  Sa  tuiuinvrl  iy  P»\aAf 
Ctii.  Bikintn/,  unJ  k  iiialnlklntal  by  llcTcli,  Co*i-!litnjiitcliirlilf,  iriL  For  * 
igiktf  u(  ITFtutcuDil  ■  illicwaloaot  lliii  iwiut,  icc  .Vfu  t:»sitnittr,  April,  ItTb 
l^t  el  Ihc  prlncipnl  oltcnini  ot  tluw.  In  tlic  tiro  ut  l!>n  Coonril  nii'l  «f  muajr 
wnl.-n  ilnrt,  wni  Ilic  ilottrinc,  liiipuHil  M  hiiu,  Uuc  prulati^ii  ilihI  niii|*intr>l(a 
Hpsrulol  Iruui  tlu-id  liy  iiiorUl  tin,  Kalljr  ctau  tu  Ik  UhciIihI  riiIi  lb«t 


RADtCAI.  BEPORirCBS. 


mis  was  long  (he  tbeatre  of  violent  agitation  an<)  of  oiviJ 
tnr.  Rt^p^-jitfxl  cruMdes  w>-i-c  iindt^aktin  iigaiiiHt.  tlm 
Qusaiti^s,  but  resulted  in  tlie  defeat  nf  liie  aaaailnnis. 
M'tre  pacific  Tiii.>asiiri.%  rouplvd  with  internal  conflicts 
in  their  otm  body,  finally  reduced  tlicir  fltrength  and 
left  tlioni  a  prey  to  tliclr  purscciitora ;  but  thi!  13olio- 
inian  brethren,  an  offshoot  from  the  inoro  nulical  of  tb« 
HuN-'itu  ]iui'tic8,  continued  to  pxiat  in  aoparation  from 
the  Church ;  and  in  their  confexsions,  drawn  up  at  (lie 
beginning  of  tlie  stxtcvnth  cvntnr^',  they  reject  transub- 
Btantiation,  purgatory,  and  the  wonhip  of  .<aint.s. 

Other  names  exist,  lees  renownt^d  tJian  tlioae  of  Wick- 
lifTc  and  Hiiss,  but  equally  deserving  to  bo  iiwcribcd 
among  the  hemhln  of  the  Reformation.  Among  thorn  ia 
John  Wessel,  wlio  wa*  coin icc tod  at  different  tJmes  with 
the  Univcrsitit^  of  Cologne,  Louvain.  Purift,  and  Heidel- 
berg, ae  a  teacher  of  theology,  and  died  in  1489.'  He 
set  forth  in  explicit  and  emphatic  language  tlic  doctrine 
of  jtiBtifiention  by  faith  alone.  Against  tJie  alleged  in> 
fallibility  of  bluhops  nnd  iiontifTit,  ho  avers  that  many  of 
the  greatest  popes  have  fallen  into  pestilent  errors  both 
of  doctrine  and  practice;  giving  im  cxnnipU-s,  Benedict 
Xin.,  lk>niface  IX.,  John  XXIII.,  Pius  II..  and  Sixttia 
TV.  It  has  been  said  that  tlioro  ts  Hcarccly  a  funda- 
mental tenet  of  the  rcformen  which  Wessel  ditl  not  avoT. 
Lutlier,  in  his  preface  to  a  collection  of  several  of  Wea- 

\et:  Tliii  vM  tliouj^I  to  tUlkt  at  tlic  raundMloDi  at  all  ciril  luid  iu!lul- 
jn]  nulbiirily.  Hut  lluai  explajned  to  Ihc  Ceundl  lliul,  In  hli  vkw.  *ucb 
Jwrwnt  ftfB  *[ill  to  be  rccAi^iltDd  y^otJ  oJfici»m,  fhmji;b  not  <ptoad  merllnut^ 
fhl^  art  dcdliulo  ol  ib>  cthlcul  Flinmclcr  Ibnl  (omu  Ihc  monl  CBcnc*  of  the 
efficf.  Iliout;)!  iiIU  dcrelilng  It*  lanotkiBi.  .Sec.  on  (hit  Inprirtanl  <iH«lian, 
IVIukr,  lit.  I.3S3:  Kniinmr-I.p.  (tOi  WMKnhurj:.  il.  ITl;  aim,  IM«1«,  Om- 
riStitffthityu,  VII.  1.  liI3.  To  nrirklifftf  ittn  iintNitfd  iiiniiliiT  npEnlsni. 
Onlf  ihow  la  a  ntMo  ot  icrara.  ho  hclil,  tan  po«MM  proptrly!  "Oio"  mar 
aenpj  bill  not  ton .— Glra«I«r,  i3.,  'r  e.  vtil.  f  IBS,  n.  IS:  Sclir.«kb, 
^irrkint^vyirhU ,  xixiv.  536- 

■  Till-  (arrvt  nf  W(»«.'l  anil  hit  prinripla  m  taWy  dMcrilicd  liy  UUmBin, 
lol,  iT.  pv-  *5T-'14J.  Tut  Iho  rrfonnMory  opinkmi  of  John  i-f  Goch  laA 
John  (it  WmiI,  fan  Ullmran,  aod  (liiwlfr,  lu.  v.  f,  t  IB*. 


84     SPKaXL  CAUSES  ANH  OUeyS   OP  TTIK   REh-ORMATIOK. 

Mtl'a  trcaliseji,  declares  him  to  iiATe  been  a  roan  of  admi- 
rablu  gfoiuii,  a  ruru  and  f^tvat  soul,  aiij  su  fur  in  uccunl 
witli  liiut  aa  to  doclriuc,  Uuit  if  lits  had  wad  Hooner  tim 
works  of  Weasel,  it  might  have  been  plaosibly  said  by  hia 
cnemie)!  that  ho  had  butrowoil  vvvi^-tliiii{;  fixtia  thuin. 

A  man  whose  doctrinal  position  waa  far  less  divcrae 
from  thfi  cnrtvnt  system,  but  wbo  inu&t  bv  riinkvd  among 
Hie  noted  prvounora  of  tho  KeforniKtion,  Ls  Savoniirulit.' 
From  1489  to  hia  death  in  1498,  be  lived  at  Florence, 
and  for  a  while,  by  the  force  of  hi«  inti.tUcctunI  and 
moral  character,  and  by  his  commanding  eloquence,  ex- 
erted ft  ruling  influence  in  the  ftfToini  of  tJie  city.  Ho 
was  litrf^ly  inKtrumuntal  in  the  oxpulaion  of  the  liouae 
of  Medici  from  Floronoe.  Against  their  tj-ranny  and 
the  iinnioniliticts  vrhich  tliuy  foMtured  ho  directed  from 
the  pulpit  his  sharp  invectives.  On  the  inviiaion  of 
ilie  FVencli  under  Charles  VIIT.,  which  Savonarok  had 
predicted,  he  was  able,  through  tlio  iwrsonal  rvxjtect, 
amounting  to  awe,  with  which  he  inspired  the  king,  to 
render  important  Berviccs  to  Florence.  His  position 
there  resembled  tliat  which  Calvin  long  maititained  at 

>  The  two  prlnolpal  Oermaa  blognplilM  al  S«T«aiirDla  an  \)f  RiulatbMh 
(Banbuc^.  1S3&),  toi  Mcltr  (Boriln,  IBMll.  lh«  formir  of  whlcb  truu  prin- 
dptllx  of  S«TOD*rDl>'*  iloitriiw,  Uii  iBllir  of  lbf>  crviiti  of  his  tancr.  I'mm 
Iha  Fraocb  «« lian  7A-Dmc  JSnUDWirrili,  M  fir,  tu  PrMMtiviu,  m  KrnU.pnr 
F.  T.  Ferrtmt  (Pirii,  lBt3).  An  cxUciiicly  valiwble  lifo  ut  Snvounmlii  ii  tbat 
hf  VilUrl  ~  La  StoHa  it  Qimlamo  Sar-manta  (  dt'  mtoi  Um/ii,  niirmJu  <M 
Poj^iiU  I'illai-I  con  fniitM  iK  morl  doeumtnli  IFlrcnit,  ISS9).  VifUri,  la 
hi«  Pff/iuioiu,  eAUciten  Ibe  imvloiu  blotrnphpn,  loclkullug  llio  Kilj(li>h  work 
bjrlladiUa.  U*  conildan  that  liuilolbncli  uuj  oUicn  Iiaro  tXtggiatU-l  Ui« 
Frelmiaiit  luidcadai  of  iliu  ([nutl  Domioluai  tbu  haulli«rt>l  (ubeUrliilljr 
lo  tba  doipoklii;  •yMenv  of  lbs  Cbuith,  thoagb  hOfUlii  Co  pajuil  tbioktiBia. 
VHUri  vindJcoUx  him  ajcaiail  (ho  camaua  iapuUtioo  at  a  dvimKnipol  Uru- 
jMf  an.)  ublliiln  bhn  u  a  lliArau|tb  palrlol.  H«  alM  tbtwa  Ibal  SamniTDla'f 
radlllaliun  under  turlun  win  onty  iu  rattraiin  ts  Oit  tourot  ot  hit  prophiclu, 
trtifUicr  nalunl  or  aupinialural;  a  |iniiit  on  which  lioliml  rhrriibnl  iin  iiniform 
MDirliilien.  An  liwtnicliTo  anil  brillinni  artirlo  by  Mlliiian  (writtvn  pnorla 
Iba  publicalioii  of  Vlllnrl'i  Life)  appvnmd  Sn  tbo  Umirirrly  lltririe  (IS^9).  Il 
lalound  In  Ullinaii't /.'onjii  (Ijxidun,  ISTO).  JiimiU.  bv  (tniirKo  lOiot  (Ura. 
Lmtm),  oac  of  the  moit  nunnrkabln  nuvvli  uf  Dm  jirnual  dav,  pniaCDta  a 
■Blkmc  Dictum  of  .^ai-oniroli  tad  of  tlortuiina  lit*  lii  hit  ciina. 


•1 


THi  wsncs. 


«6 


Geneva.  A  Commicnn,  atiinulated  to  shicter  uscsttcuoi 
by  till)  (lutiiunilixuJ  condition  of  Ui«  Churcli  uikI  »f  mx 
cwty,  ho  [KMin>d  out  his  rebukes  without  stint,  until  the 
poUtiv'u]  and  religioua  tilvmeuts  thut  vrvre  combined 
against  hi  in,  elT«ct«d  his  dcstTiictioit.'  He  had  pro- 
oonncwd  thi^  excommunication,  which  viis  tsHaod  ugainst 
him  by  thu  Hagilioua  Aloxnnditr  VI.,  void,  liad  declared 
Uiat  it  \va8  from  the  devil,  and  he  had  contuiund  to 
|ii-<tiuOi  iigninH  thi^t  [ki|>(vI  jirohibition.  In  prinoti  lie  «»m< 
posed  ft  tra<?t  upon  the  fifty-first  paalm,  in  which  he 
iiiimes  M  nciir  the  I'rati-stMUt  viewii  of  jiwtificatiou,  tJiat 
l.ulhi-r  published  it  with  a  huidatory  preface.  Savonsr 
rula  did  not  diwpHir  of  the  cniim  for  which  lio  laid  down 
luM  lifu,  bnt  priv)ict4-d  a  coming  lleformation. 

IV.  We  turn  now  to  another  claas  of  men  who  powor- 
fiilly,  ihougli  indiivctly,  pavwl  tJie  way  for  Uie  Prot«9- 
Ijiitt  Uovolution— tba  Mystics.' 

Mystictdiu  had  ditvclopcd  itself  all  Ihrutigh  the  scholaA- 
tio  period,  in  individuals  of  pn>fnuD<l  religious  feuling,  to 
whom  the  exduitivtily  dialectical  tendency  was  repugnant- 
Such  mi^n  were  St.  Bernard,  lloiiaventura,  and  the  school 
of  St.  Victor.  AnseUn  KiniBclf,  tho  father  of  tho  echool- 
men,  mingled  with  his  logii^jtl  habit  a  niystlca]  vein,  and 
this  combination  was  in  fact  characteristic  of  th©  best  <rf 
fcb«  scholastic  theologians.  But  with  tho  decline  of 
Bcholasticiam,  partly  as  a  cause  and  partly  as  an  ofFeot, 
mysticism  assumed  a  moro  distinct  shape.  Tho  cIiarB;<^ 
teriatie  of  tho  mystics  is  the  life  of  feeling ;  tlie  prefer- 
ence of  intuition  to  logic,  tha  quest  for  knowledge 
tltrough  light  inipartod  to  feeling  rather  than  by   pro. 

I  Kor  an  exwiifila  at  bn  dcnunclMloa  of  (ho  veuUl^  and  oUur  (loi  ot  tha 
4()i!r,  (H  VDIarl,  ILWi  "  V*nilciD  I  bcncllil,  nndnno  1  •unmcat!,  ran. 
dsim  If  intweikl  gulrimonll,  vcniluno  osni  tuu,"  •Ic. 

3  L~p«n  Ibc  llfMlc*.  bntdct  t'llminn'*  work,  fUi  K^«rmatorrn  iirttrr  At. 
far—ntiim,  anil  KMniltr,  r.  3SD  iMt-,  mr  C.  Hi-hmnll,  F.twUi  nrU  Jtj/itiatmi 
MtmamdoH  XSV.  •OfltnMIUHoXtlrinn.  lIltfirM.  MyUit  (19^:  Nwk 
e»A.d.  iffHtimay.  it.  a.  Vauict>a3,  //ntnnVAtA*  MytiiatliMV 


B6  sr>:ciAi.  causes  anp  omess  or  the  HEroijiATioir. 

sessea  of  Uio  int«ll<.%t ;  tlic  indwuUing  of  God  in  th« 
Mill,  ulorutvd  U)  a  holy  ciiliu  by  tlie  ixMiftcitHLtiiess  of  Ilia 
prcflence ;  itbeolutu  iH:lf-runuticiaUon  and  tho  absorption 
of  the  fauman  will  iuto  tlio  divine;  the  ecstatic  mood. 
Tl\*s  theory  of  th«  mystic  miiy  easily  slide  into  panth» 
lEiD,  where  the  union  of  tlin  huniiui  fljiirit  with  tlie  divine 
ia  resolved  into  tho  identification  of  the  two,'  Tliia  ten- 
dency ia  pcrwjitiblu  in  onu  ubua  of  tliu  iitito-i'rDt^'Stunt 
tnyetics,  of  which  Master  Eckiu-t  U  a  prominent  repre- 
sentative,     lie  vvas   Provincial  of    thu  Dominicans  for 

[iSaxony  j  the  scene  of  his  laborn  was  in  the  iieigltborhood 
of  the  Ithtiie,  nnd  he  died  about  1329.  Affiliated  so* 
oietiM  calling  thumsclvea  the  Friendx  of  God,  nlthougli 
they  fonned  no  sect,  grew  up  in  the  south  and  west  of 
Germany  and  in  tJie  Netliorlundit.  They  made  relig;ion 
centre  in  a  calm  devoutness,  in  disinterested  love  to  God 

lOnd  in  laburs  of  iMUievolonec.  It  wiis  in  Cologne,  Straa- 
burg,  and  in  oUier  plaoes  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
Ithtne,  that  thu  preucbors  of  this  class  chiefly  flourished. 
Of  tJiem  the  most  eminent  is  John  Taiiler  (1 21)0-1  .Hftl), 
Doctor  Bubtimia  et  illuminatna,  a&  he  was  styled,  a 
pupil  of  Eckart,  but  an  opposer  of  pantheism  and  u 
preacher  of  evangelical  fervor.^  To  him  Luther  errone- 
ously nscribed  the  little  book  which  emanikt<i-d  from  8oine 
raerober  of  this  mystical  school,  cuUod  "The  German 
Theology,"  a  book  whii-ii  Luther  published  iuiew  in  151B, 
iind  from  which  he  said  that,  next  to  the  Biblo  nn<l  St. 
Augustine,  he  had  learnc<l  more  than  from  any  oUier 

.book  of  what  God,  Cliriat.  man,  and  ull  things  are.  The 
myettcs  were  eagerly  lit'iird  by  thousands  wbo  yearned 

I  On  llio  naluro  at  iiir*lkl>iu.  hi  Rlllci,  CmI.  J.  dtruO.  nOetaphle,  W.  AW 
Ma|.  KUitr  ucplalna  ii*j>eCM]y  (he  Idou  o(  Uonon.  S«B  alio,  H«h,  Huiitnu 
RtdMnu. 

»  ir.  Sttimidl,  ./BlfliMK  TanUrron  S^^'Uiurg  riSH);  I,i/*  tf  Taitltr,  willi 
TVvHiy./M  o/  jtj«  Scrmmt,  ironaUtod  (foin  the  Girniui  Lj*  Siuanna  Wisk 
WMtb,  lu  nliich  iro  adJod  ■  pnf»ea  bf  Rot.  C.  Kineiloy,  »bA  ta  introdiirllot 
tV  Rfv.  B.  U.  Iliuhrock,  D.  D.  (Kaw  Y«rk,  ItK). 


TOE  REVirAL  OF  UABKIXG 


AT 


for  «  nioiv  vitiil  kind  of  religion  tltftn  tlio  CImivli  lind 
ftfiwdwi  tliom.  The  "  Imitation  of  Christ,"  by  Thomas 
h  Koinpiit,  n  work  whiuh  Las  probubly  hud  a  lar^gi-r  circu> 
liition  tlian  any  otli«r  except  tito  Bible,  id  n  Hue  example 
of  the  charact«riBtic  spirit  of  the  mystical  school.'  The 
tefonnaUffv  clTuct  of  Uic  mvBUo*  was  twofold:  thev 
wiuikened  the  influence  of  the  scltohistia  system  and 
called  men  nwuy  from  a  dogmatic  religion  to  something 
more  inward  anil  apintiuil ;  and  tlieir  Ubom,  Ukewise* 
tcuded  to  brcuk  up  the  exceseiTe  ofiteom  of  outward 
eaoraments  iui<l  cjM>(!tnoniett.  Standing  widiin  the  Church 
and  making  no  fjuarrel  with  it,  they  were  thus  preparing 
tlie  ground,  i-»i)ei;ially  in  GcnnAoy,  tlmmgli  Uift  whole  of 
the  fonrteenth  century,  for  the  Protestant  reform.  With 
these  pioneers  of  reform,  and  not  with  mvn  like  Hiisa  and 
Wickliffe,  the  n.'.U}jious  tmining  of  I.ntlicr  and  his  great 
movement  have  a  direct  hifitorical  connection, 

V.  An  event  of  «gnal  iniportimce,  as  itn  indisipenaahle 
prerequisite  and  meana  of  a  reformation  in  religion,  waa 
the  revival  of  learning.  Tliis  groat  intellectual  ctiango 
eroaiLated  from  Italy  a.i  ita  fountain.  During  the  Middle 
Ages,  in  the  midst  of  prevailing  darkness  and  disorder, 
Italy  never  wholly  lost  the  trucks  of  ancient  civilization. 
**  The  night  which  descended  upon  her  was  the  night  of 
an  Arctic  snminer.  The  dawn  began  to  re-appe«ur  before 
the  last  reflection  of  the  preceding  sunset  had  faded  from 
the  horizon."'  The  three  great  tvriters,  Dante,  Pe* 
tmrcli,  nud  Koc«Ac«io,  introduced  a  new  era  of  culture. 
To  the  iooQ  neglect  which  the  classic  authors  had 
■nlTered,  Dante  refers,  when  he  says  of  Virgil  ttiat  he 

"Seroicrl  (men  lonjf  Mirioupilsilwicshatnu."* 
The  mind  of  Italy  more  and  more  turned  bock  upon  Itl 


)  Vfoa  Iha  aulhvTvhi).  nt  ilib  wutk.  u*  Cloulor,  IE  r.  i. )  UO;  T 
<  TU  -n-i  Scbml>lt  in  IloreoR'*  jtia{-£«yfl. 

■  KacaUay,  tUti-f  o*  .V-trtiumlll.     Kltaf,  I.  (Kew  Turk,  1W11. 

■  i^f^  1.  U.    "  Cbi  ytt  \anffi  ailcnila  parca  Omo." 


68     BTKaAL  CAD8EB  AXD  OUKNS  OT  THE  BCPORUATIOS. 

Aivciunt  history  iiii<l  lileriituro.  TIh.^  Httuly  »f  tliu  Komno 
i-Jassics  bfscaine  a,  pjLt^ioii.  No  piitns  iuid  no  expense  were 
HiMkrwl  in  recovering  niauoscripto  and  in  oollwitiDg  libra* 
ries.  Prinoc»  became  tlia  personal  culti\'nLor3  and  pro 
fiue  patrons  of  learning.  The  same  xual  extended  itoeU 
to  Qftvii  liUirotiin;.  Tlio  philosophers  nud  poita  of  un< 
tiquity  were  once  more  read  with  delight  iu  their  own 
longiiui.  Th(!  uipturo  of  Con»tunt4noplo  by  the  Turks, 
in  146^,  brought  a.  tlirong  of  Greek  scholars,  with  their 
invahiatilo  literary  treasorca,  to  Italy,  and  gave  a  (roah 
iiiipuUc:  to  the  new  studies.  Froui  Italy,  tlm  same 
literary  spirit  spread  over  the  other  countiiea  of  Europe. 
The  liumanitaM  —  grammar,  rlictoric,  poetry,  eioqiienci', 
the  classical  authors  —  attntcted  the  attention  of  the 
studious  everywhere, 

"Olhtr  (uluniiliTllis  iroFld't  s^ctt  tiMtt, 
Bmopo  li  com*  lo  her  majorily, 
AnJ  enl*rt  OQ  the  tmI  lohcrllanco 
Won  troat  Urn  Iambi  of  mlglilf  anmlot*, 
Dm  fMdi,  the  eoW,  Ihe  genu,  Ilic  illciit  harp* 
ThU  hf  dMp  burled  vllti  Uie  memorlci  ol  tXi  nnow*.'* 

"  Far  now  tbii  old  epic  i^r»>  ring  asain. 
And  rlbiMe  wllb  IIm  IimI  uid  atelodr. 
Stirred  t7  the  wumtb  of  old  Ionian  dajn. 

TtUDUrtfTcd  IDRC.lhf  iitlcorttM, 

ImmnUbly  Innroiktr,  like  ibe  pid<, 
In  *)drilual  bodiM,  wiii|[«<l  wnnjn, 
Holding  1  uulwrw  iiiii:iit|rBbto, 
Find  ■  new  aiuUenot."  > 

llii)  niovemnnt  brought  witli  it  momentous  oonM>' 
qaences  in  the  field  of  religion.  It  maikod  the  advent  of 
a  new  stage  of  culture,  when  the  Church  was  no  longer 
to  he  the  sole  inatnictor ;  when  a  wider  horizon  was  to 
ho  ©iwiicil  to  the  human  intellect — an  effect  analogoiu 
to  that  soon  to  be  produced  hy  the  grand  geographical 
discovery  of  a  new  hemisphere.  Christianity  wiw  to  corns 
into  contact  with  tin?  pi-odiicts  of  the  Intellect  of  the  an 
'  Oeorics  Eliat't  B/>nniih  Gspty,  pf  t,t. 


nnt  DOVNKALL  Of  SCIIOLASnclSU. 


69 


dent  natioiiH,  and  to  iisi^imitate  whatever  might  not  be 
ulii-ii  to  its  o\yn  ualuiv, 

Kor  several  huiKln'tl  ywii's  Uie  Scliolnatic  philosopliy  and 
tli(MjIo);r  bad  reigned  with  an  almost  undisputed  sway. 
Wln<ii  tin;  S<!ii(x>lmcn  ivrosii  witli  tliuir  lUf^rlhiHlH  of  Icgiail 
analysis  and  disputation,  the  old  coinpUations  or  booka  of 
uxcurpta  from  the  Fnllivni,  out  of  wliicli  tbuulog}',  f»t  u 
iiuntbor  of  centuries,  tiad  been  studied,  quickly  became 
obsolete,  and  tlie  adherents  of  tbo  former  metltod  were 
utb^'ly  vcliiMitl  by  the  attnictiveness  of  tho  now  scieiWQ. 
Young  men  by  thoujviiid-i  tloekod  after  the  new  teachers. 
From  about  tlie  middle  of  the  elevontli  century  Scliolosti- 
clam  bud  bc!on  dominnnt.  Norwoa  lbi.'«  i-nx  witlmut  fruit. 
U  a  discipline  for  the  intellect  of  Benii-civilized  peoples  ; 
I  a  oounterpoiHo  to  the  tvndeiicics  to  oiiUiuiti)t8in  and 
^ipcRttition  wbiuh  were  rife  in  the  Middle  Ageci;  as  a 
means  of  ri-'ducing  to  a  regular  and  bingible  form  tbo 
creed  of  the  Church,  so  Uiat  it  could  bo  vxainined  An<I 
judged,  the  soholastie  training  and  the  intellectual  prod- 
uct)) of  it  were  of  hi;*!!  vului-.'  Ilut  Uic  narrowiR'Jw  and 
other  gra-e  defects  of  the  scholastio  culture  were  laid 
bare  by  the  incoming  of  the  new  stud  it'*.  The  barlRvrous 
fttyle  and  the  whole  method  of  the  Sohoc4inen  became 
obnoxious  and  ridiculous  in  the  eyes  of  tho  devotoM  of 
cbuMJcul  li'jirning.  Tho  extraragnnt  liAir-apIittJng  of 
Scotus  ami  Durnnduii.  when  compared  with  the  nobler 
metliod  of  the  philoeopbors  of  antiquity,  excited  dixdnin. 
11)0  works  of  Arifltotlot  which  were  now  poaneaaed  in 
their  own  langonge,  exposed  blunders  in  tho  tnutshitiuii 
Mid  interpretation  of  him,  whidi  brought  disgrace  npon 
the  Sclioolmen,  Their  ignorance  of  history,  their  uncriti- 
VU  liabit,  tlieii-  oveniniwn  subtlety  and  ciidlca.-i  wruig- 
>.ng.  made  them  objects  of  derision ;  and  as  the  Si-hoo^ 
men  had  once  supplanted  tbo  Compik-r«,  so  now  the  raoe 
of  syllogistic  nnaoners  were,  in  their  turn,  taughod  oS  tiin 
■tago  by  tbo  new  gonenitioD  (A  chi«aicnl  scholars. 


TO    SraCUL  CAW8KS  AND  OltESS  Or  THE  BEFOItJIATlOll. 

But  tlio  full  of  Sdtoliwticiitm  dii]  not  tulto  jiluoi:  until  U 
Lad  run  iU  c»tirBe  aiid  lost  iU  vitality.  The  esoeDtial 
principle  of  tbo  Sclioolini!Ji  wok  the  corrcnpondonco  of 
faiUt  Kn<]  rra«on  ;  the  characteristic  aim  was  the  viiuliea* 
lioD  of  the  content*  of  fuith,  tlie  articlos  of  Uie  creed, 
on  ground*  of  reason.  This  continued  to  bo  tho  chanuv 
ter  of  St^holaeticism,  nlUiough  tlio  Bucoceeors  of  Anaelm 
did  not,  like  him,  impiru  to  e«tahlti>h  the  positive  truths  of 
Christianity  hy  argmnents  independent  o(  revelation. 
"  Fidee  quasrit  intellectiim  "  was  ever  the  motto.  There 
were  iudividunU,  fts  Abelard  in  Uic  twelfth  century,  and 
Roger  Bncou  in  tho  thirteenth,  who  Bconi  restive  under 
the  yoko  of  authority,  but  who  really  dilTor  from  tlieir 
contemporaries  rather  in  tlie  tone  of  their  mind  than  in 
their  tfat.-oIogiciil  tenets.  Scliohwtieisni,  when  it  gave  up 
the  attempt  to  verify  to  tlie  intelligence  wlint  foitli  re* 
oeived  on  tho  authority  of  Uio  Church,  confessed  its  own 
failure.  This  transition  was  made  by  Duns  Scolus.  It 
was  Occam,  the  pupil  of  Scotun,  by  whom  the  change  was 
consummated.  Ue  was  the  leading  agent  in  reviving 
Nominaliain.  Altliougli  both  WicklifTe  and  Hum  were 
Realists,  it  was  Nominnlism  that  brought  Sdiolastidsm  to 
an  ood.  In  giving  only  a  snbjective  validity  to  general 
aotdons  and  to  i-eaaoninga  founded  on  them,  in  secJcing  to 
bhow  that  no  settled  conclusions  can  bo  reached  on  the 
path  of  rational  inqniry  and  argument,  and  in  leaving  no 
other  warrant  for  Churdi  dogmas  except  that  of  authority, 
a  foundation  was  Uiid  for  ecepticiimi.  Tlio  way  was  paved 
for  the  principle  which  fotmd  a  difltinct  espresHion  tn  Uiu 
fiftoeutli  century,  that  a  thing  may  be  true  in  theology 
•Jld  false  in  philowipliy.  Ocoiim  was  a  sturdy  opponent 
of  (llfi  temporal  power  of  the  popes,  a  defender  of  the  in* 
depbndenco  of  tho  civil  authority  as  I'clatcd  to  them, 
\V'h<'n  he  suggests  propositions  at  variance  with  ortho- 
doxy and  argues  for  thom,  he  saves  himself  from  th« 
imptitation  of  heresy  by  professing  an  absolute  Bubmiasioio 


THE  MCtTTrUCATIOS  OF  BOOKS. 


71 


BtJiority  :  but  it  ia  diffirult  to  bflicve  tlioao  profeo* 
I  porfwJtly  ftini-crn,  Notiiiiiali.im  neci!*«irilv  tended  to 
enoonnige,  also,  an  empirical  method,  an  attention  to  the 
£aot8  of  nature  nud  of  inner  experienc<^  in  tli«  room  of  tho 
logical  fabric  which  had  been  Bubverted.  The  sclioliutio 
philo»oplty,  when  it  cninc  to  affirm  the  dissonance  of  < 
reason  and  the  creed,  dug  its  o\m  grave.'  It  may  be 
mentioned  liero  Uiat  Lutlicr  in  \m  youth  waa  a  diligent 
student  of  Occam.  From  Occam  h«  derived  dcfenae«,  u 
to  another  Nominiiiist,  D'Ailly,  be  owed  the  su^estion, 
of  his  doctriiifi  of  thu  Loi-d'a  Supptrr.' 

But  other  effects  of  a  more  positive  character  tlum  tlie 
downfall  of  Scholastidsm  flowed  from  tho  renovation  of 
learning.  The  Fathers  were  hruuglit  out  of  their  nb- 
Hourity,  and  their  teadiinga  might  be  compared  with  the 
dogmatic  system  whidi  profewcd  to  bo  founded  upon 
tliem,  but  %Thich  had  really,  in  ite  imssnge  through  tho 
mediieval  period,  taken  on  features  wholly  unlcnown  to 
the  patristic  age.  More  than  thin,  the  Scriptures  of  the 
Old  and  Now  Testament,  tho  primitire  documents  of  the 
Christian  religion,  were  bronght  forward  in  the  original 
tongnes,  to  sorro  as  a  touchstone  by  wliich  the  prevailing 
doctrinal  and  occlcmnatical  system  munt  l>e  tested,  llie 
newly  invented  art  of  printing,  an  art  which  almost  im* 
mediately  ntUiincd  a  high  degrco  of  perfection,  in  connec- 
tiou  with  th[?  hiinlly  less  important  manufacture  of  [taper 
from  linen,  atamulated,  at  the  same  time  that  it  fed,  tiio 
appetite  for  liti-nitore.  It  i*  evidont  tJiat  the  fnwhiy 
awakened  thirat  for  knowledge,  with  tlie  ahiindiint  mcjuu 
for  gratifying  it,  must  produce  n  wide-spread  ferment.    A 


■  On  Oc«MD,  *M  lUur,  I)Di^tnji*!iieM4,  ii.  319  iiq.;  Dnnwr,  ^nfnrt*- 
hmf3mi.TtmJtrrirti>mCiriili,im'>»^.i  Kttn,  Ottk-d.  eliruit  />jbtl..  It. 
Kl  wc|, ;  lUunsu,  J>t  Iv  fill.  Sth'Jailijv,  L.  U.  j  lleiMg,  lUai-Kitc.  rf.  TktoL 
Ht.  '■  CWam  "  and  "  Scfanl.  Phil." 

*  KaltlirrK,  Orenm  «-<i  Luthtr  SluJIenu.  iTrili'Jtni,  ISai,  1.  Domar,  iLMT' 
"Dia  mnhnni'iiii  1^(  >rri|>ia  (Vvtui-  lliiju*  acuado  »iiI([«rDl»l  Thonui  ri 
IImio."    M«1ine(lioii.  I'llu  iMiiiri,  v. 


72     SPSCIAL  CAL*SES   AND  01IKN9  OP  THR  RKFOItMATlOir. 


luovetnent  bad  begun,  in  the  piV!»euof  of  wliii,:b  IjaUk 
Christiuiity,  that  vast  fabric  ol  piety  aiid  j-upi^rstittDQ,  o( 
naaon  nnd  inisginatioii,  would  not  bti  left  iindiiiturbud. 

From  the  beginnin){  of  tbu  humanistic  i-cirival,  it  a:- 
samed,  north  of  lliw  Aljw,  eopwiallv  in  (J.Tniiimy,  diurut.' 
tvristlcs  different  from  those  wliich  pertained  to  it  in  Itol^ . 
Ill  It.ily  Uic  IIuniuiiit)t)»  were  so  smitten  witJi  antitpiily. 
80  captivated  with  ancient  thought,  aa  to  look  with  iiidif- 
(vrcnoo  luid,  very  frequently,  with  a  sucrct  scepticism, 
apon  Cbristiiuiity  mid  Uio  ('hiireh.'  Even  an  Kpiouroau 
infidelity  as  to  the  foundations  of  religion,  which  xraa 
caught  from  Lucretius  and  from  the  dinlognc*  o(  Cicoro, 
infected  a  ttide  circle  of  literary  men.  Preadiers,  in  a 
aUuiii  of  florid  rhotoric  would  asBociato  the  names  of 
Greek  and  Itoman  heroai  with  those  of  apoatles  and  sainta, 
and  with  the  nunie  of  tho  Saviour  himself.  If  an  example 
of  <Ustingiusliod  piety  was  i-e(|uirtHl,  rcieif-n^Mi  would  be 
imidu  to  Numa  Pompilius.  So  prevalent  was  disbelief 
veopectuig  the  fundumeutal  truUiK  of  n.atural  religion  Uiat 
tile  Council  of  the  Lateran,  under  Leo  X.,  felt  called  upon 
to  al&rm  tho  inimortulity  and  individuality  of  tho  soul. 
'I1ie  ntvival  of  litcmture  in  Italy  vna  thuit,  to  a  consider- 
able degree,  the  reviviil  of  pagnnlHm.  When  we  look  at 
the  poct«  and  rhetoricians,  wo  should  Htipjioiie  th»t  tlio 
goda  of  the  old  mylhologj'  had  risen  from  tho  dead,  while 
in  tJic  minds  of  tliiukin;;  men  Pinto  and  PlotinuA  h:ul  hu|k 
pUnted  Paul  and  Isaiuli.  If  in  the  Flurcntiim  school  of 
PInUmiets,  under  the  Ivwi  of  Mar^liits  FiciuuN,  n  morn 
Wlieving  temper  prevailed,  yet  these  mingled  freely  with 
Christian  tenets  fancies  borrowed  from  the  fuvoritu  phi- 
losophy. It  is  not  meant  tliat  religion  wait  driven  out  by 
humanism.  The  spirit  of  religion  luid  vanished  to  a  great 
extent  before,  and  Humanism  took  possesHion  of  raoant 
ground.  Under  the  iniluence  of  the  classic  school,  sayi 
Ouizot,  the  Church  in  Italy  "  gavo  herself  up  to  all  tb« 

>  Tolgl,  Bit  WinltridttuQg  d.  ctoMucAm  AlltrlAtmi,  ^  m  Mq. 


n 


TitE  utkhah  of  TDK  nrrKK>rrii  ckktubt. 


78 


ree  of  no  Uidolcot^  elegant,  lioentioua  aviUzaticoi ; 
to  a  taste  for  kitUtiv,  Utu  urte,  mid  social  and  phyviool 
iXDJoyinents.  Look  at  the  way  in  which  the  mea  who 
pUiyvd  tlio  groatwt  political  und  liteniry  parts  at  that 
peiiod  passed  tlieir  lives  —  Cardinal  Iteiiibo,  for  example, 
—  and  you  wiU  bo  surpiTsod  by  tljo  mixtnn)  which  it  ox- 
hibitH  of  luxiirlgiiM  cffcmintic^y  aiid  iut^illi^ctiULl  ciiltiii-e, 
of  enervated  maimers  and  mental  vigor.  In  survej-ing 
tbia  porioil,  indeed,  when  we  look  at  tliu  xUte  of  opinions 
and  of  aodal  relaUons,  we  might  imngine  ourselves  living 
among  tlic  Frvuclt  of  the  eighteenth  century.  There  wiut 
the  same  desure  for  the  progress  of  intelligence,  and  for 
Uio  ocquiruiaent  of  uow  ideas ;  tliu  Haino  tn»to  for  an 
ngrcceibUt  and  vnAy  lift--,  the  srune  luxury,  the  same  lieen- 
tiousneas ;  tJiere  vaa  the  same  want  of  political  energy 
luid  of  moral  principles,  combined  witli  singular  u'necrity 
nii<i  activity  of  mind.  The  literati  of  tlie  fifteenth  een* 
turj-  stood  in  the  sumo  relation  to  the  prelates  of  the 
Church  118  the  men  of  letters  and  jf^ilosophers  of  Uie 
eighteenth  did  to  the  nobility.  They  had  the  same 
opinions  and  mannere',  lived  agreeably  tiigetlicr,  luid  gavo 
themselvea  no  uneaaineas  about  the  storms  that  were 
browing  itmnd  them.  The  prehilos  <>i  tlio  Hflccnth  cen- 
tury. Mid  Cardiiiiit  Hembo  among  the  reat,  no  more  fore, 
saw  Lather  and  Calvui  than  tho  courtiers  of  Louis  XIV. 
foremw  the  French  Kuvolutloa.  Tlic  analogy  between 
tlio  two  cases  is  sUiking  and  instructivo." ' 

I'hu  semi'piigan  spirit  wiui  not  cuntlned  to  oli^unt  Itt- 
eratnre.  It  entered  tlie  sphere  of  politics  and  practicsU 
momla.  Mid  in  this  dopartuK-nt  found  a  systematic  ex- 
pntMtion  in  "The  Prince  "of  Macoliiavelli.  This  work, 
which  was  intended  neither  as  a  satire,  nor  as  sn  expo- 
Boru  of  king'Cnift  for  the  wuniitig  of  Uic  pi<ople,  but  as  a 
■orious  code  of  political  inaxitiu,  8<^ta  at  de&tnoo  the  prin* 
ciples  of  Christian  morahty.  Tho  only  apology  that  can 
>  OulioL  Bill,  rf  CMboJioo,  Uct.  tL 


T4      SPECIAL  CAUSES   AND  OMKSS  OP    THE   HKKORMATIOir. 

be  made  for  it  is  tluit  it  umply  reflects  tli«  actual  prao> 
tjce  of  that  age,  the  habitual  condtict  of  rulers,  in  which 
tnxaohery  and  diKstmultitioii  wuru  nc<^otint>-(l  a  iitcrit.' 
Miic«liiave!li  vas  il  patriot,  lie  was  at  heart  a  repabhcan, 
but  he  s<>eins  to  have  concluded  that  Italy  hnd  no  hojjc 
m\o  ill  a  dt^ftimt,  and  tliat  nil  means  are  jiutiliable  which 
are  reqmsite  or  advantageous  (or  securing  an  end.  Yet 
li«  was  »upi)ort«<l  and  held  in  i;»tftein  by  Loo  X.  and 
Clement  VII.,  and  inscribed  his  flagitioas  treatise  to 
young  Lorenzo  dfi  Medici.  Tho  political  condition  of  Italy 
favorcf)  tliir  growth  of  a  public  opinion,  in  which  the  vioea 
recommendi'd  in  "  The  Prince  "  were  looked  upon  not  only 
vitboiit  disapprobation,  but  as  commendable  qualiUes  in 
» iitatciinan.^ 


In  Qermany,  on  the  contrary,  from  the  outset,  the  now 
Iflarning  was  cultivated  iu  a  rcligtojis  spirit.  It  kindled 
&e  desire  to  exmminc  the  writings  of  the  Fathers  and  to 
Btody  earnestly  the  Scriptures.  Rcuclilin,  tho  rccogniiied 
loader  of  the  German  Humanists,  considered  that  his 
greatest  work,  his  most  durable  monument,  vnta  bin 
Hebrew  Grammar.  His  buttle  with  the  monks  is  a  de- 
cisive event  in  tlie  combat  of  the  new  era  with  the  oM. 
Reuclilin  had  Hludied  Greek  at  Paris  and  Basel ;  he  had 
Ifctured  in  various  schools  and  univcraitifs ;  had  been  em- 
ployed in  im|>ortant  otilces  by  princes  ;  had  visited  Rome 
on  olTiml  business;  at  Florence  had  minf^led  witli  I'oli* 
tian,  Pico  de  Alirandola,  Marsilius  t'icinua;  had  devoted 
himhclf  onthuslustically  to  the  study  of  Ilebrew,  not  only 
as  tJie  language  of  the  Scriptures,  but  also  because  he 
Bupposed  himself  to  find  in  the  Kabbala conxtboration  and 
iltiutration  of  Christian  doctrines.  He  was  evvrywhore 
famous  oi  a  scholar.  The  Dominicans  of  Cologne,  with 
Hoogstraten,  an  ignorant  prior,  at  their  head,  vexed  at 

■  Sm  (ha  Rinktki  ot  Whcaton,  KUimiu  ^  iKltrmntnnal  Law,  L  {^  U,  It 

■  8w  lUoulajr'*  limy,  UneAimtU. 


« 


THE  inrUANISTS. 


76 


Renctiltn's  n^rnsal  to  rapport  tbetn  tn  tlicir  project  for 
(teetmying  •ImlaiHin  by  burning  lU!  tlii-  Ilt^brew  literature 
except  tlio  Old  Testament  —  a  project  to  which  Uicy  hu<] 
Imcii  incited  by  Pfefferkorn,  a  converted  Jew — pot  forth 
It  rvsolute  nnd  malignant  effort  to  get  him  oonA-ict^d  of 
heresy  or  foroo  hini  to  retract  Iiia  publialied  opinions. 
I  mling  that  soft  words  uttd  rcnsonablv  con«i.<!Mions  went 
nnavailiiig,  he  took  up  tlic  contest  in  right  earnest,  and, 
being  suppoi-ted  by  the  whole  Unmaiilst  party,  which 
rtllied  in  defcnKO  of  Ihi^r  diicf,  he  at  length  snceeeiled, 
though  not  without  passing  through  much  anxiety  and 
p<'ril,  in  ndiicrtng  a  victory.  By  it  the  scah;  was  turnod 
against  the  adversaries  of  literature.  The  ecbolara  van- 
qiiish(-d  thd  monks.  In  this  conflict  Rcuclilin  was  efii* 
mently  aided  by  Fi-ands  of  .Sit-kingon  and  IJlricli  von 
llutten,  both  of  them  quitv  disposmt,  if  it  was  neoeaaary, 
to  make  use  of  ctuiutl  woajions  against  the  h<^le  ecclesi- 
asUcs.  It  was  the  alliance  of  tho  kntglils  witli  tliu  pio- 
neers of  Ifitmitig.  Tlu-  Kpi»ti}lm  tf&fDUftfrum  rir«rM»i, 
eompoeed  by  Ilutten  and  others,  are  a  scornful  satire  upon 
tlic  ignorance,  bigotry,  and  intolerance oF  Hor^tratcn  ami 
the  monks.'  The  applause  that  greet4.od  tho  np])<-anmoe 
of  tliem  letteni,  in  which  the  monks  are  hekl  up  to  roerci- 
teas  ridicule,  was  a  eignifieant  sign  of  tho  prf^ress  of  in- 
Udligcncc  (l.'JlfJ). 

The  Humanifita  were  slow  in  gaining  a  foothold  in  the 
iniirersiticH.  Tlnw  ctttabliKlimenta  in  Germany  lift<i  been 
founded  on  the  model  of  Paris.  Theology  had  the  iipiK-r- 
niont  WMt,  and  Ww  Scholastic  philosophy  was  enthroned  In 
tlie  chain  of  instruction.  In  particular,  Paris  and  Col<^e 
wore  tlie  Blrongholdi  uf  the  tmdilionnl  tJieology,  The 
Humanists  at  length  gained  adniiMion  for  their  studiiv  at 
Heidellwrg,  Tiibiugcn,  ,ind  some  other  places.  In  1502, 
tlie  Elector  Frederic  of  Saxony  orguniiK-d  n  umvennty  at 

I  On  ihu  irark  (u  Uaiir,  KiftkHtjiK>>iotU,  it.  IT,  taL  Sir  WllUun  WnmW 
ua,  /XkhWmu,  Me.  <ltSS). 


76     W^^CIAL  OAUSRS  AMD  OMKXS  Or  TI[E  KErORUATIOH. 

Wittenberg.  This  new  institution,  whicli  declarwl  An- 
giiittiim  to  bu  its  i>»ti'cin  suiiit,  vna  from  tUu  lin>t  fwvoiiiUc 
to  Biblical  atudiea,  and  gave  a  hospitable  tvcejitiou  tn  tli« 
tcnckon  of  cUssical  luarning.'  Hvtv  wns  to  bu  tlie  liuti'tb- 
fttone  of  tlie  Refornulion. 

In  oUipr  couQtrii«  the  cnuso  of  learning  was  advaaciog. 
UC  btoujjhL  with  it  increaaetl  liberality,  and  tettdeiideii 
to  reform  in  religion.  In  14i>8,  Colet,  the  »on  of  a 
wealthy  London  niercliaiit  wlto  hud  bM*.!  l^urd  Mayor  of 
tlie  oity,  lind  returned  frutu  liia  studies  in  Italy,  and  waa 
expounding  tlie  Greek  epistloB  of  I'aul  at  Oxford,  to  ths 
delight  of  all  who  ii»itiri-d  after  the  "  new  learning,"  and 
the  disgust  and  alarm  of  tlio  devotees  of  the  Scholastic 
tlieology.  iiv  wiw  joined  by  KnuimuK,  then  thirty  years 
of  age,  of  the  same  age  as  Cnlet,  and  not  yet  risen  to  fame, 
Imt  full  of  lurdor  in  tlu-  jutntuit  of  Icnowlodgo,  atx]  gUd  to 
enter  into  the  closost  bonds  of  friendship  and  fellowship 
with  tiic  more  devout,  if  less  brilliant  and  versatile,  Bug- 
lish  scholar.  To  tliera  waa  united  a  young  nian,  Thomas 
More,  who  was  d<.-stiii(^d  to  the  law,  but  whose  love  of 
Vnowledge  and  sytnpatliy  with  the  advancing  spirit  of  the 
hge,  brought  him  into  intimate  relations  with  tlio  two 
•chdus  just  itamcd.^  Colct,  More,  and  Eraamua  oontln- 
aed  to  be  ftiends  and  fellow-laborers  in  a  common  cause 
to  the  end.  Colet  beKinm  Dwui  of  St.  Paul's,  founded  St. 
Paul's  school  at  his  own  expense,  and  boldly,  yet  with 
gentleness,  exerted  bis  influence,  not  only  in  favor  of  chk>- 
sica  and  Biblical  study,  but  also,  not  witliout  peril  to 
biniBoifi  against  siiiierstition  and  in  betuilf  of  eulightenud 
views  in  religion.  More  followed  the  same  path,  and  in 
his  "  Utopia  "  ho  has  n  chapter  on  the  religions  of  that 
bnaginary  commonwealth,  In  wliich  ho  represi'tiita  that  the 

I  Von  lUumer,  GtteUektt  Jir  Pailoyejit,  W,  M. 

•  At  Orfonl,  M  ■!  I'kriiand  «lici(hpM,  ths  adreiuftM  of  tbi  "afw^fm^^ 
iltg"  unllrd  la  ■  hoililitj  to  ihi  >(iir[y  ut  Grwk.  II  nmiixli  nne  of  Ili>  fin 
tIpMbji  Co  Uii>  ume  ttiiiljr  aliioh  fxiilod  iiiiiqui'  Ibc  cunHrrUivc  lEomkiii  whi'l 
Clcera  n* *  j-outh.    I'linjih,  I.I/4  {jfCietrv,  i.  SO. 


COUCr,  UORE,   AKD  ERASML'8. 


Tf 


people  were  debating  among  thutnaolvos  ^irlictlier  oo« 
tint  wore  ch-MMtii  Ly  Hivm  tn  In-  a  ])ripal,  wouM  not  be 
thereby  qualified  U)  do  all  tlie  things  tbnt  belong  to  tliat 
cliaracUir,  even  tbongli  hv  bfid  no  uuUiority  dcrivod  from 
Uie  Pope."  It  wna  one  of  tlie  ancient  laws  of  the  Utopi«ii8 
Uuit  no  one  eliould  bi.-  punt&liud  for  bis  rvbglon,  but  cuii- 
Terts  vrere  to  be  made  to  any  tiuth  only  "byjLimcubli!  unJ 
modest  ways,  witliout  Un!  iiiw  of  n-proaobefi  or  violen<»." 
They  made  confession,  not  to  prii-sts,  but  to  the  bi>ads  o( 
fninilieti.  Tlicir  wowliip  was  in  temple*,  in  wbK^h  were 
no  iroagea,  and  wljere  the  fonns  of  devotion  were  care- 
fully (nunod  in  sucli  a  wny  a«  not  to  ofT<-nd  tlic  feelitigx 
of  any  class  of  »ncere  worshippers.  In  tliis  work,  as  in 
the  sermons  of  Colet,  even  hueli  as  were  pn-stched  before 
Hi»nry  VIII.,  there  was  n  plmn  exposure  of  tJie  barbari- 
ties and  impolioy  of  war.  In  reference  to  what  we  tenn 
political  and  social  soiunce,  lliere  appear  in  the  teachings 
of  Colet  and  More,  and  of  their  still  more  famous  asm- 
ciute,  a  humane  spirit  and  a  hostility  to  t%Tanny  and  to 
all  oppri'daive  legislation,  which  are  not  leas  consonant 
with  t)io  spirit  of  <liu  Gospul,  tliaii  tlicy  were  in  lulviinue 
of  the  pnictioo  of  the  times.' 

The  foremost  reproseutatiro  of  Hamnnism,  the  incar- 
nation, as  it  were,  of  its  genins,  was  Eraainua.'  TIis 
preeminence  which  he  attained  as  a  literary  man  is  what 
lie  other  scholar  has  uppronchvd,  unless  it  be  Voltaire, 
,vhom  he  resembled  in  the  deference  paid  to  him  by  the 

>  Hw  Nlallona  of  Cold,  More,  uid  Erumiu.  and  lb«  clunwWrlttlc  wnrk  «t 
*Mh,  iro  Ibuly  doKrlbod  In  Itu  Iti>l;r  liiloratlDg  irotk  oC  Seobahm,  Th*  Or/tai 

■  Optm,  li.  veil.,  totio  »*.  (Cl«ricii»]  1703,  Tlicn  «™  IItc*  o(  Enumiu  by 
UCIerc,  Buyle,  Kulgbt,  Riirlpi}-  |1V(>.  ITd),  Jonln  [lT5S-«0|,IIaa|Zirf4ch, 
IT80).  Adolt  Uillkr  (l»Ml,  by  F.rlianl  la  £ndt,irur  C'e^>^'<  ^Vji/opM. 
kXXTlOi  ud  bjr  oUicni  liikclcb  It  Nlunlln  his  £l*rfrjnr  ti  /iTruutM/v. 
nieaa  btagnphJci  ■ra  erltklanl  bir  XlTiiian  In  h<>  lnlMr*lintC  uniult  «ii  Br*>' 
mui,  QuiTrV,  ff<p.,  Kb.  tfxl,  rvptUilpit  in  h'n  Kaoyt.  XnlwllbilJixlIng  (bf 
anfavonblc  jud^^tnt  nf  ■  ihnHin,  Jonin'i  IJCiii  utjiliinit  IbI  >  "dull  book." 
For  ■  Kliotnr,  aotir)th<anilInit  lit  wnil  of  plas  inf  o(  »if«im»Wy,  Et  i>  ou  «l 
Ikt  UMl  dolisbUul  of  biofniibiH. 


T8     SPECIAL  CA0SS8  AMD  (HfEKB  OT  THE  RRFOniATKni. 

great  in  n-orldly  raiilc.  Each  was  a  wit  and  an  ioonoclast 
in  litit  uwn  way,  bitt  tlicir  cliaTact«»  in  iitb«r  rcAjwctfl 
wero  quite  unlike.'  The  fame  of  Krnsuins  was  rendered 
pOHsibli;,  in  put,  by  tliu  uiijvcnuil  uso  of  Tjutin,  as  tLu 
common  languiige  of  educated  men  ;  a  Htate  of  things  of 
vliicli  liiH  want  of  fumiliiirity  n-ith  Itnlian  and  Ei^lish, 
BithoHgb  he 'bad  flojonmed  in  lUiIy  and  lirod  long  in 
England,  ia  a  cariottB  sign.  By  tlie  irresistible  bent  of 
hia  mind,  iis  wi-ll  us  by  luc-tiduous  culturi>,  Bnvsmus  was 
a,  man  Of  letters.  He  must  be  that,  whatever  else  lie 
failed  to  bo.  His  knowk-dgo  of  Greek  was  infurior  to 
tliat  of  hift  oontaniporary  and  rival,  Htidxus ;  be  took  no 
pains  to  give  his  style  a  classical  finish,  and  liiiiglicd  at 
the  pedantic  Ciceroninns,  who'  avoided  all  phraseology  not 
Kuii'tioiK-d  by  the  best  ancient  authority,  and  somwtiin^B 
all  words  not  fount!  in  th(rir  f;ivi>rit«  author,*  He  wrot« 
hastily:  "I  precipitate,"  he  says,  "rather  than  ooin- 
pow?."*  y«t  the  wit  and  wisiUim  mid  variwj  <-ntditlon 
which  be  poured  forth  from  hia  full  mind,  made  him 
jnHtly  tbti  most  popular  of  writent.  He  sat  on  lii)>  throne, 
an  nbji'ot  of  admiration  and  nf  envy.  By  hia  multifarious 
publications  and  his  wide  correspoudenci'  with  eminent 
jKinnns,  cock-si asticH,  statotmeii,  and  iwholani,  his  influence 
was  diffused  over  nil  Kurwpe.  In  all  tJio  earlier  part  of 
hi«c:mt.T  Erasmus  strugskd  with  indigence.  Hia  health 
was  not  strongand  bn  thought  tlmt  he  could  not  live  upon 
ft  littlo.  Flis  dependence  upon  patronage  and  ]>c-niiionH 
placed  fetten*  upon  him,  to  •orac  extent,  to  the  end  of  hia 
iif« ;  yet  h«  loved  independence,  frequently  chose  to  re. 
ceive  tlie  attfintion!?  of  the  great  at  a  distance  from  them, 
and  selected  for  his  place  of  abode  the  dty  of  Bam^l, 
ivtiere  he  was  frc«  alike  from  secular  and  occleuastical 
tyranny.     Rmtimus,  bj  his  writings  and  bis  entire  per* 

■  OAltridstbueampaM  uid  conlniil«d  Uicm,  Tit  Fri<»d,  FliMl.Mdin| 
*  Jortin,  U.  Ti.  • /Ur.,  i,  1S9.  </Mt.,l.  IM. 


i 


i 


DbUWIB. 


TS 


■ooal  influence,  was  tba  foe  of  superstitiou.  Iq  lil»  Liirly 
days  lie  Itiul  tasti.^l,  by  coiiMtrivint,  Hoiiii^tliiiig  of  iiioiikiak 
life,  anil  his  natural  aLihorrence  of  it  was  made  tnoru  ia< 
Usoao  hy  tliis  bitter  rocoUdction  und  by  Llic  trouble  it  coat 
bitn,  after  he  had  beociTiio  foinous,  to  release  himself  from 
tlio  thralduiii  to  which  Lis  funn«r  tuu!ociate«  vrcrfi  iii^iiiiwd 
to  call  him  back.  In  trutli,  he  coi)du<;bed  a  life-long  war* 
hre  uguinst  the  monks  nod  Iheiridfas  iind  [>nic'tici-s.  Uii 
"  Praiao  of  Folly  "  and,  in  piuiicuUir,  th«  "  Ooll'Kiuies," 
in  which  the  idleness,  illiteracy,  BeU-indulgence,  and  arti- 
ficial and  imelejM  nustvritic-»  of  "  tli»  relifpous,"  wt-ro 
handled  in  the  most  diverting  stjle.  were  read  with  iu- 
finito  amtificmvnt  by  uU  wlio  sYm[)iitlii».-d  with  thu  ntiw 
sttidiea,  and  by  thouKniKbt  who  did  not  calculate  theelfeot 
ot  this  telling  satire  in  abating  populaV  ruvvrence  (or  the 
Churdi.  Till!  "  Praise  of  Folly  "  was  written  in  1510 
or  1511,  in  More's  house,  for  the  ainuaemenC  of  bis  boat 
and  a  few  otb<.rt'  friviul^.  Folly  is  (ic-nionifiod,  und  rcpro- 
Bonted  as  dtscoorsing  to  her  followers  on  tlte  affairs  of 
mankind.  All  classes  cumo  in  for  tliuir  shni'e  of  ndicale. 
Grammarians  an<l  pedagogues,  in  the  fiietid  atmosphere 
of  tli«ir  schoolrooms,  bawling  at  tlicir  boy»  and  beating 
tlii>m ;  scholasUo  tlicoloipanit,  wrangling  upon  frivolous 
aii<l  in.Hohiblu  questions,  and  prating  of  thu  pbysical  con- 
stitution of  the  worhi  mt  if  they  had  come  down  from  a 
council  of  the  gods  —  »  with  whom  and  whoso  conjecture! 
natare  ia  mightily  anuinod  ;"  monkft,  "tJie  race  of  now 
Jews,"  who  are  surprised  at  hist  to  find  themselyea  among 
the  goata,  on  tlio  left  hand  of  the  Judgv,  faring  worse 
than  common  siulors  and  wagoners;  kings  who  forget 
tlieir  responmbilitien,  rob  their  mibjeds.  an<l  think  only  of 
tbeir  own  pleasures,  as  htmting  and  the  keeping  of  {ln« 
horses  J  popt^-i  who.  though  inArm  old  mrn,  take  tbe 
•worI  into  tlu'ir  hands,  and  "  tnm  law.  religion,  peace, 
and  all  human  alT;urt  upside  down  "  —  such  arc  sr>mu  ol 
iiw  divUions   ^f  mankind  who  arc  held  up  to  ridicule. 


60     SPECIAL  CAtSI»  AND  0UEX8  Of  TIIR  RKt'ORUATlOM. 

At  litis  time  Joliua  II.  filled  the  papal  clwir,  iukI  nil 
rv-adfrs  of  Knisinus  miwt  linru  rt-cogiiixwi  liiu  jKirtniit 
wliicb  lie  drew  uf  ttio  mirlikc  old  pontiff.  Emsmus  did 
not  tpon  Um  l«goiidB  of  tliH  EetiiiU.  which  fiiniK-il  m>  fiiir  n 
mnrii  for  llm  ntiuft-t  of  wit;  iind  l>y  lii>>  nlKri'viilinns  on 
tlw  titi(^nhi  of  St.  Francis,  oflfendml  tlie  onK-i*  of 
which  he  xraa  the  ulm<wt  ndon-d  founder.  When  re* 
citM'stwl  by  II  cardinal  to  <l»iw  up  Uio  Vixct,  of  tli«  Snints, 
ho  begged  to  be  exciiaetl ;  tliey  were  too  fidl  of  f>il>le».' 
Iliit  coinmvDte  on  niisgovt-rninL-nt  in  the  Church,  on  the 
extortions  imd  vice*  of  the  rlcrjiy,  fn)ni  th«  IVpc  down 
wards,  weiv  not  tlit!  h-iiii  blUug  iiiit)  eSoctzve,  for  the  hu- 
morous form  in  which  they  weru  (^ncriilly  uut.  Indi-od, 
as  Coloridgo  hiLi  Kiid,  it  ih  iv  merit  of  tlie  jcsta  of  Kntsiitus 
that  tlicy  c»n  all  do  lnui»httcd  into  argiinioiits.  TJR-re 
wns  what  he  callitd  a  "  I'hitriwiic  kingdom,"  and  ho  wutihl 
uvvcr  write  uiiythini^.  hi-  Kiid.  tii^t  would  giro  aid  iind 
comfort  to  llni  (Icfcnd^Ts  of  it.*  In  his  own  mind,  Iiw 
distingaisbed  bt>twecn  Um  Church  and  the  **  Pojjish  scot," 
Mft  tio  d«8i;^>utc(1, 4>vcn  in  a  lutler  to  Alebtncthon,  tho  BUp- 
portert  of  <;<K-]i'!9i.-iHtii--id  iibuiR-s  nml  tyiinniy,*  Tl»cr« 
were,  in  his  judgment,  two  evils  that  must  bo  cut  n;>  by 
lhi<  r>M>t«  ln-foi-c  tho  Church  cihiM  hnw  piiioo.  Tlir  on« 
wna  batrLiI  for  Uie  (.•■iiu-t  of  Rome,  occasioned  by  her  iii- 
liiluralilo  avitrico  and  eruelty ;  thu  other  was  the  yoke  of 
huiium  <'<Miiilitulio)iit,  i-obliin^  tliP  pooplw  of  thi>ir  roligioiu 
lilierty.  Hu  would  iuive  uiaile  (lie  evvoil  a  very  short 
liH',  liinitiHt  to  a  fow  "  plain  tniths  contained  in  Scrijv 
;ui'e,"  and  Iwiving  all  th^i-est  to  the  individual  Judgnifnt, 
Me  thought  tliat  many  tJiings  should  be  referred,  not  ac- 
cording to  the  popular  cry,  to  *'  the  next  general  ooundl," 
but  to  tliG  time  when  we  see  God  faco  to  face.*  Partly 
faoni  thii  natuntl  kindri<uw  of  \\in  Ihuiiht,  piirlly  from  hii 
lilwral  culture,  and  atill  more,  perhaps,  fi-om  a  pursonai 
appreoiatiuii  ol  (he  difliculti<w  and  unoirrtiuntiea  of  i-eligioiu 
I  Jonin,  L  8M,  TJ.  M.      *  lUH.,  i.  SM-      >  IM.,  i.  .11).      <  lUiL,  I.  9»b. 


THE  VfRllDiGS  oy  EBASJIUS. 


SI 


lifl  wciit  beyond  nlmost  uvvrry  atli«r  entin«iit  man 
of  hie  age  in  IiU  liking  (or  religious  liberty.  He  vnts  ««i- 
•ciuiu  ttuit  witliottt  tliii  priicticv  of  a  pretty  wtdo  toltinitku 
on  the  foi-t  of  rulers  in  Church  and  State,  he  <n-otild  him- 
miU  fiiru  ill.  He  vra»,  iii  fitot,  obligt-d  to  be  coiutjinLly  on 
Ills  defeua/e  ngidust  chiirges  o(  heresy.  He  had  said  thtnga 
without  number  wliicb  could  easily  be  turned  into  grotuidt' 
of  acciiSHlion.  Hin  inii^niiis  were  nuinerouH  and  vindif^tive. 
wul  although,  in  the  litvmry  combut>  he  waa  more  tUnn  a 
miitch  for  nil  of  tlietii,  hts  was  seiisitiTu  to  th«ir  attacks, 
He  coniplulns  that  tlie  Spaniard,  Sttmiai,  li^d  pri'sciit^l 
to  lilt)  X.  a  litxd  agwnst  him,  containing  nixty  tlmu^iuid 
bensivB  extnu!tvd  from  his  writings.*  Notwitluitanding 
■11  his  dciiinls  and  profoiniMita,  tht^ro  Inrkod  in  tlii^  niiitdj 
of  the  ardent  adlierents  of  the  mediRrTal  syatein,  an  in- 
itiuctivv  fueling  that  ho  \va«  r  daiigeronii  (.•nemy,  and  that 
his  influence,  so  tar  as  it  prevailed,  coidd  only  condnct?  to 
their  overtJiifiw.  In  tlii*  foeling,  wliatovvr  may  liiivo  Ik-cw 
true  of  tlieir  speciflo  charges,  they  were  fully  ju.stin<Hl. 
Yet  it  in  doubtftd  wlietlier  tho  condvinnation  of  his  "  Col- 
tupiii'M  "  by  the  Univei-sity  of  Paris,  and  other  jtroceed- 
ings  of  a  like  nature,  wliicli  cioanatud  from  tho  monkish 
|karty,  ili«l  ntit  "[x-nite  to  give  to  his  idt-ja  a  widt^r  citm'ncy. 
Uut  tbeio  \v:ifi  a  positive  work  which  Erusniiuf  did,  the 
•olidity  »n<I  vuliii;  <>(  wliioli  it  is  diilhnilt  to  ov<>n*«tinuit4>. 
liy  his  editions  of  Cypnon  and  Jemino,  ftiid  his  trunnla' 
tioiw  (i-oni  Origeii,  AlhiiiuitciuM,  anil  Clny«ii»toni,  Im  opened 
up  tlie  kr.'>wledgo  of  Christian  nntiquity,  imd  g»ve  hi* 
«i>ntonipoiiirie«  access  to  a  purer  and  more  Biblicnl  the- 
ology. His  edition  of  the  New  Testament,  hia  paniphnues 
of  tho  New  Ti^stiirnent,  which  wora  at  one  time  appointed 
bo  bo  read  in  Uie  cburches  of  Kngland,  his  commentarioft, 
bia  treatiso  on  ]ireacluug,  and  rariouH  other  work^  pro- 
init<?d  <Jbi-iHUiin  knnwledgo  in  a  most  remarkable  degrw. 
tu  his  writings  of  tliis  sort,  along  with  entiglitenod  viewi 
■  JpTtln,  I.  HO. 


88     tTKCIAI.   OAUSIS   AND  OUEXS  Of  TIE  UVOBMATION. 

of  (loctriiH)  iind  «(  tlic  nature  of  lh«  Christaaa  life,  were 
■BroMl  oomplniiite  iigiunst  the  nitiltittidt^  nf  <-hinv)i  onliii- 
■ncta  oontrivfil  for  tli«  opprL-ssiun  ot  tlio  poor  and  the 
eutichiwjj  of  tbo  dcrgy.  Ho  wmilJ  hiive  th«  Inity  in- 
•triictrul ;  111-  wbhi'il  lliiit  the  liumb)i>et  woman  might  ruad 
Utu  0(M|iiiU.  'I1n!  ju(liii):i>ig  ciiHtuniit  unil  rittii  with  which 
llluChtirch  wu  bunloned,  are  pointe<l  out  in  his  coinmeut* 
tm  H<;riptimi,  In  thcw;  ])tiblic»tiona,  vhicb  the  art  of 
|iriittiii({  iicttU<tr<.'<l  in  multiplied  ncUtiORS  over  Europu,  tlio 
Knmt  lif^itii  of  thn  putriHtic  age,  and  the  Apostles  thcm- 
iW'lvtM,  nuipiKwrud  to  breuk  op  tbo  rcij^n  of  Kiipftretition. 
Nuviir  vriia  nn  ttlliance  between  author  and  printer  more 
luippy  for  bolt)  piirticK,  or  mom  fniitful  of  j^ood  to  tJie  pal>- 
li<i,  thuii  wiut  thnt  butweim  Erasmua  iuid  Frob»n  of  Rasel. 
Ill  vinw  (i(  iln>  whole  carver  and  varioiiH  productioiia  of  the 
Chivf  of  tliii  lliiniiu)t«t«,it  is  not  exaggerated  pnusctoiuiy 
(hilt  h«  whk  "lliii  living  embiKliim-nt  of  almost  all  tlisit 
whii'h,  in  roiwKjin-ncu  of  the  rv-viviil  of  th«  Btndy  of  tliu 
liiM-'ii'iitM,  till)  mind  of  tlie  Weat^^m  nations  for  more  tbnn  n 
hnudn-d  ji-ara  bad  wrought  out  and  attained.  It  was  not 
t>n\y  u  knowlnlgtt  nf  lajiguagi-ii,  not  only  eultJvatiou  of 
Htyle,  of  tasUi ;  but  tla-rvwith  tlie  whole  mental  ca.st  liail 
rt^H'ivi-d  u  freur  turn,  a  fin«r  touch.  In  thi»  coinprcbcn- 
iiire  NUito,  one  may  wty  that  Erasnius  was  the  most  cul- 
tivated man  of  \m  tiinm." ' 

Of  the  relations  of  Erasmus  to  Luther  and  the  Prot- 
estant cau)c,  tliere  will  ho  an  occasion  to  speak  here^ftor. 
His  writings  and  the  receptiaa  accorded  to  them  show 
that  the  European  mind  had  outgrown  the  vxisting  ec- 
clesiastical system,  and  was  ready  to  break  loose  ii-om  its 

COQtJOh 

Some  of  the  principal  pi  Ints  in  the  view  which  baa  been 
preRctuted  in  this  and  in  the  preceding  lecture,  reK]H>cting 
the  ctitiiHW  tliiU  paved  tlie  way  of  tlio  Iteformatioi:,  maj 
bu  briefly  set  furtb  i\A  follows :  — 

>  Hlrauw,  CIrU*  rut  fruUtn,  p.  Ml. 


BECAPTTULATION. 


8S' 


Among  the  aalient  foattir««  ctuunictcristic  of  tli6  Middle 
Ages  trcrv :  the  subordination  of  dril  to  eccleeiaatical  so> 
dety,  o(  Uie  Stnt>!  to  ttio  rust  thuocraticnl  community 
liaving  ita  centre  at  Rome ;  the  govenimont  of  the  Clitirch 
by  tlio  cliM'gy  ;  tbo  union  of  peoples  uiicl<;r  a  oommoo  eiy 
tlcsiiifilioal  law  aiid  a  uniform  Liiliii  ritual ;  an  intolloetuol 
tioti%'ity  sitikpod  by  the  clergy  and  subservient  to  tJie  pre- 
vailing n-ligiotta  mid  bccl(»iustic»,l  system. 

Among  the  symptoms  of  the  rifto  of  a  new  ordi>r  cl 
tl^iiigM  Wtrrc:  — 

1.  'Iho  laicnl  spirit;  becoming  alivo  to  the  rights  and 
interests  of  civil  society ;  developing  in  Uie  towns  a  Ixxly 
of  citi/i-nit  bold  to  confront  clerical  uuthoritj'.  and  ^vitb 
their  practical  understanding  Bharpcued  and  invigoriktcd 
by  divcnified  industry  and  by  commerce  ;  a  laical  spirit 
which  maniff.<(ti:d  itself,  alno,  in  tlii.!  Iuwerclas»i-s,  insatirva 
aimed  at  the  vices  of  the  dei^gy  ;  which,  likewise,  gave 
rise  to  a  more  tntcuitc  feeling  of  patriotism,  a  new  senae  of 
the  national  bond,  a  new  rigor  In  natiomil  dttirchcA.' 

S.  A  conscious  or  unconadous  religious  opposition  to 
the  established  system ;  an  opposition  whicli  apjicared  in 
sects  like  the  Waldensea,  wlio  brought  forward  tlje  Bible 
as  a  niMins  of  correcting  tbc  teaching,  rebuking  the  offi- 
cers, or  i-eforniing  the  oi^uiimtion  of  tlie  CImrch  ;  or  in 
niysticH  who  regarded  religion  as  an  inward  life,  an  im- 
me<tint4!  relation  of  tlic  individual  to  God,  and  prettched 
fervently  to  the  people  in  tlioir  own  tongue. 

■{.  A  litL-rary  and  sciimtific  morcment,  following  and 
d'ApIacing  the  method  of  culture  that  was  peculiar  to  tho 
mrHliKViil  age ;  a  mowincut  which  enlarged  the  area  and 
multiplied  tlie  subjects  of  thought  and  inreatigntJon ;  whidi 
drew  inspimtion  and  nutriment  from  the  maslcq)ieoe8  of 
ancient  wiadora,  olo<)ueni3o,  and  art. 

■  tit*  llaga,  IhuUeiliiurt  KlimnwAa  ■.  rtSgiitt  VtrtiSltiiiin  hi  R^ormtt' 
Hammiitattir.lAJS.  Itut  lls,(*i>  (p- ISlM|Anu<ib<  "Mtyriieh  roIkanJlwiin  " 
■lipMickui,  4B  k  ili>tiiicl  li(ia<l,  in  (ha  tiMm  ol  Out  mon  |*ngml  nibtio  abovk 
lie  (tow  uni  omit  to  ovUvv,  liumrtr,  Itw  oUur  tlwMnu  iom  lind  ia  Um  U* 


Si     SriXHAL  CAUSES   AXI)  OUKKS  OF  TBT.  REKOlOtATlOK. 

Th(!se  three  Intent  or  open  species  of  autugoiiUni  to  the 
niuUffivuI  spirit  wcr«  often  mingled  with  one  anotlier. 
The  Mystic  and  the  (Iiiiiianist  might  hv  uoitcd  in  tho 
taxao  person.  The  lucalepirit  in  its  higher  types  of  tuani- 
Ceatstion  wiu  reinforced  by  the  new  culture.  Sutiricul 
uttacka  upon  absurd  ceremonies,  upon  the  follies  and  sina  \ 
of  insnkH  and  priests,  had  n  keener  edge,  as  well  as  a 
more  serious  effect,  when  they  emanated  from  student! 
hmiiiKr  with  PlautuB  and  Juvenal. 


CHAl'TEU   IV. 


lER     ASD    THE    GKBMAN    BEI'OltMATIOir,    TO    TRB 
DIET  OF  AnOSBCTtO,  1530. 

Qerhant,  including  tliu  Netheriands  ntid  Smtzorkiul, 
was  Uia  centro,  the  prmcipiil  tJiotttre,  o£  tlm  lleformation. 
It  i»  iiut  witliout  trutli  Uiat  tlie  Ucrmanii  claiin,  n»  ilio 
native  cliaRicterktic  of  Uieir  race,  a  certajn  iuwnnlneiiB, 
or  spirittinlity  in  tbo  Inrgc  Hcnso  of  the  term.  This  goea 
Inr  U>  oxplaiii  the  hospitable  rcwption  which  the  Gerniiiniu 
tribe*  gave  to  CbriBtinniti,',  and  tbo  docility  wiUt  whidi 
tbcy  I'^mbriMiiid  it.'  llicy  fwind  in  the  Christian  religion 
a  oongf^niat  spirit.  Tbe  (icrmiin  spirit  of  ind<^pi-nd(.-iicf, 
kir  love  of  pononnl  hbcrty,  is  a  branch  of  thia  general 
hiibit  of  mind.  Germany  began  ita  existence  as  a  illHtinct 
imtiun  in  a  succt^ssful  rL-sisliinc<^  to  tho  utti-inpt  of  tbo 
clergy  to  dispose  of  thts  inberitiince  of  Cbarleiiiiiyni!.'  It 
was  tbo  Gvromnswbo  pnownti^l  his  mouuivhy  from  being 
I'onverted  into  an  ce(-Iesi:isticul  Stiite.  On  tbo  liebl  of 
Kontenay  the  forces  of  tlio  Franks  were  Be|MUTited  int<» 
two  hostile  diviuoiLi,  tlie  one  composed  pruduininuntly  of 

>  "  Ci  wir  iluChrialenUiuni  alcliu  wai  dim  DouUebaa  tnmd  um]  HMvni^ 
tig  gaweMU  vHrt,  vUlnmbr  Iwkam  Stt  dDuUdin  Cbanikltr  dunli  ilu  Oiriaun* 
thiun  nuf  <li«  VatlonduDg  wlnar  HlbM  i  erfnnil  aivh  ludcr  Kinlm  riiritii  trtliiu 
aur  ^liuben,  TtrtdSrt  Und  gtlielllgc."  Vllmar,  OuMAlt  dtr  dcatteXtm  Lit- 
traitr,  p.  T.  Tnrlliu  ttyt  of  Die  Bnclrnl  Oa^BUIi^  tbst  tltoj-  conodvod  It  uu- 
•rnnby  of  llni;oda  fn  bveonflnnJ  wllKIt  wbIIi,  or  to  be  repmcnleil  hy  Iniajjn; 
•nd  llut  the  hiid  ots  fainily  cxcciiril  n  iirlnily  lunrllnn.  (iVrmnMn,  w.  bt., 
X.  lirimni  Onils  in  tlio  dtwriplKiDt  dI  TbcIiui  iIic  r-iiiipli'ls  icvnii  i-l  I'l-Dlralnn. 
liini  —  "  dm  ™ll«ii  kfiin  Am  I*ivtn[*iili>n>u*-''  Diiuntr  Myihul-yit,  p.  xlili. 
Vt't  lika  liiw*  Irrriu  4  Pniicli  wrilcr,  r^  'ruiru-.  .Ir(  >■  iSt  XilAtriiitAt,  |<|>.  Jj, 
13, 41.    'rtii.'  ^uioui  lubicd  till  u»,ol,  Umhiik  it  km  laKed  oa  UMa  hj  a 

'  kUi.hc,  DtiKln  GucliieiU,  i.  10  mq- 


api 


I  Goanr-   A  Gennm  pfailaKipber  has  dwvlt 

Ud  gWK  oat  to  AsMsiis,  l»  tiM  IncUea,  in  qooat  of  richca 
■wl  to  ^TBiri  uj  («rtUf  empire  eocudiag  the  globe,  oa 
wUtk  the  euB  WmoIiI  iwver  wt,  a  ample  moiik,  tuniiiif; 
■«■*  bwn  the  tfaii^  u(  MSMe  ud  emp^  fonns,  was  fiud< 
Ibc  I£m  whom  the  disdples  bad  oDOe  songtit  for  in  a 
iMNiIcbiv  of  stone.     Hi^l  attributes  the  itMeptioa  luid 
mupem  ft  th«  Rvfonnation  to  this  "  ancicot  and  constantly 
Mill  1 1  fl  tntnmlness  of  tlw  Gunuaii  people,"  iu  conw 
MSDM  ot  wbii-fi  tlivv  iirv  UL>t  <.<ontent  to  npproiwb  God  by 
pnucv.  or  nut  tlit'ir  ic%io»  out&idu  of  tbcm,  in  soenunento 
tad  rt-ivmuniwi.  iu  wnuuous,  iinix»ing  speclacles.'   A  Ger- 
gigU)  histiiniiii  lu.«  iu»(K'  siibstantinlly  the  Mine  asM-rtiou 
itMici.'tiiit;  the  gi-iiiuin'f  the  German  people:  "One  pe- 
nilisr  uliarnotrrifltic  fur  vrluch  the  Gctruiau  mou  baa  erer 
^^pa  AMxivguiiihril  is  tlioir  iinifouiiJ  Beiiso  of  th*^  rvli^luiis 
iJeniiMit,  iM-aUxi  in  tJio  iiimost  lU-ptba  of  tbe  sool;  their 
»Mli>i4<Mi  U  bi>  i»i|M'lK<d  by  the  disoerdant  strifes  of  tbe 
Mtt'nial  w>rl<l  iiii<l  uiirniitrul  liiimim  onlimmccs,  to  seek 
Utd  find  f"'*' '"  ''"■  '''""'I'  '■'''■■<'»-''«"»  ">f  thi'ir  own  hwirte,  iind 
bi  i^xiM'rirnoo  u  biddt-ii  life  in  God  s|>riiigiiig  forth  in  op> 
i)t«[tl«ll  t»  iMlwit  i'<>iK>']ition8  of   tJie  iilMtr)u*t  int<?Ueot 
■Iwtl,  nil.  'itr  at*Mt*t4i  H*ir*»,  ix.  tW  Mq. 


i,trn)i':ii  thi:  iikbo  of  tkk  keforuation. 


87 


that  leave  the  h«art  coM  and  dead,  n  medianism  tbat  •xm* 
vvTts  religion  into  u  round  of  outward  iwivinonio*."  ' 

Unquestionably  the  hero  of  the  Refomiation  waa  I.u- 
titer.  Without  Iiim  an<l  liis  jiowortul  iuflucncA,  other 
rrrfnnmittiry  inoventent.t,  evcii  8uoh  aa  tuid  an  indepeudent 
beginning,  like  that  of  Zwingle,  might  have  ^iled  of  euc- 
oww.  As  far  ns  w«  «in  judgi-.thcy  would  have  pniduowl 
iio  wide-spread  commotion  and  led  to  no  enduring  results. 
It  has  bct-n  Kiid,  witli  truth,  of  Lutlier,  (Iiat  "his  whole 
Uf«  ami  diar.ipter,  his  heart  and  soul  and  mind,  are  iden- 
tified and  one  with  liix  groat  work,  in  a  maimer  rcry  dif* 
f<T-Hl  from  wlmt  wfi  noe  in  otlier  men.  Melancthon,  for 
tnstaitee.  may  easily  be  conceived  apart  from  tlio  Itvforina- 
tiom,  lui  lilt  eminent  divine,  livii^  In  otlier  ages  of  th« 
Oiurch,  aa  the  friend  of  AugastinD  or  the  companion  of 
F^ncloD.  Even  Calrin  may  be  separated  in  thought 
fmm  the  age  of  tJie  Ileforraation,  and  may  be  set  among 
tbe  Schoolmen,  or  in  the  coundl  diamber  of  Hildobrund 
or  of  Innoci-nt,  or  iit  the  Synod  of  Dort,  or  among  Crom- 
well's cliaplains."  "  Bnt  Luther  apart  from  tlic  Refor- 
mation would  ccaite  to  lie  Lutlier."  ' 

He  was  bom  in  1483,  at  the  very  time  when  Colum* 
bits  waa  Birtiggling  to  obtain  the  meana  of  prosecuting 
that  voyage  which  reaulted  in  the  discovery  of  a  new 
world.*  It  is  a  marked  Iiistorlcal  <.'oiucidence,  wliicli  hiu 
more  tlinn  onc«  been  pointed  out,  that  the  reform  of  tlio 
Christian  religion  should  be  simultaneous  witli  the  open- 
ing of  now  n-girtii.t  of  the  globe,  into  whicli  Christianity 
waa  to  be  carried.'     Luther's  family,  before  bis  blrtJi, 

'  SMiiilfr,  T.  81. 

■  ArrtiiiriKDn  lUrt,  rin«(«>i(i'oii  c/  IMhtr  at/aiml  kit  PMiM  EmglM  At- 
wUinM,  p.  a. 

*  Hglnncllina  f>u.(M  ihal  I.uthuf't  mnihtr  oflao  Mill  llut  wUla  (tie  rtmaii- 
Wre.?  wilb  ccrlsl'itir  Die  A*j  u:d  liou.*,  iilu  uiulil  not  rDmeintrar  (be  jvti  tt  bl* 
Unb:  but  Ilia  lirulher,  .TtiDciian  bantil  and  upright  nun,  Mtd  IbM  It  wM 
1U3.  I'lVii  M.  I.ul\eri,  M,  14anie  *.-*  ot  cplnlon,  In  new  of  ncanllf  lUnor- 
md  •vlilcnte,  tlial  !l  wu  1484.    S«  StuJU-t  w.  KMin  lOcU  IITI). 

*  The  toiaMente  of  th«  crcM  gWiCnphical  dlMoreriei  wllh  Ifag  tmmt  D 


88  LUTBFJI  AND  TDK  C.OUIAN   Iu:»-OBMATI(Kf. 

had  rcniOTed  to  Eisleben  from  Mobra,  a  village  in  tb« 
Thurin^na  Kdriint,  near  tin'  «ii«)t  wlnTit  Konifaco,  tlio 
apostle  of  Gertmmy,  had  first  prea«Jie<l  the  Gospel.' 

"I  am  a  po»«uit*8  son,"  ho  says ;  " my  father,  my 
giundfather,  my  great  graiulfatJifir  were  tJioroiigli  [)CU8> 
untfi  (I'cclibe  Biiuem)."  Ilifl  domestic  trainiiig  was  well 
rarant,  but  roiigli  un<l  austere.  He  was  itttvcruly  punished 
Ebi- slight  offenses,  both  at  home  nntl  by  his  teachers. 
At  Rokool  be  vra»  chmtised  fift^ren  liincs,  iq  otto  foremwoi 
for  tnrial  or  imaginary  infractions  of  law.  Uaving 
vpeat  a  year  at  sdiool  at  Magdubnrg,  ho  was  sent  to  tiie 
Franeiscun  scliool  iit  KiKcnacli,  whcro  lie  sung  nt  the 
doors  of  the  principal  citizens,  after  the  old  German  cus- 
tom^  for  the  moans  of  Hupiiort.  Destinccl  for  the  legal 
profession,  he  puraued,  at  the  University  of  Ivrfurt,  tho 
Nominalist  logic  and  tho  ola^fflca,  and  made  a  beginuiog 
in  the  study  of  Aristotle.  He  was  twenty  years  old  and 
li;id  Uikcn  llio  Bachelor's  degree  when  it  happi^nod  tliat, 
while  be  was  looking  one  day  at  the  books  in  the  Erfurt 
libraty,  ho  ciuaftlly  took  uj>  a  copy  of  tho  lyatiu  Bible. 
It  was  tjia  first  time  in  his  life  that  lie  had  ever  tjiken 
tlie  sacred  volume  in  his  liands.'  Struck  with  surprise  at 
tho  ricbiiws  of  iw  oontcnta,  compared  with  the  extracts 
which  he  bad  been  wont  to  hear  in  the  Church  services. 
lie  read  it  with  eagerness  and  intense  delight.  This  hour 
was  an  epoch  in  bis  existence.  DfCp  ruligioiis  iinxletiea 
that  had  haunted  him  from  childhood,  moved  him,  two 
years  later,  against  tlio  will  of  his  father,  to  forsake  the 
Ugal  profea»on  and  enter  the  Augustinian  convent,  where 

■■ght  mporlinff  Uw  Qcapcl  uid  with  Ihg  nrivil  o(  karQlng,  Ii  noClcail  tiy  tlu 
IWnch  EErfunan,  I.rftTn,  CorrupomloHtt  ilet  lU/arnmtiun  daiu  l<t  Faj/i 
4t  111  /.OJigHt  Fnrnfitlii,  jiBT  .K.  L.  OcnainjiLnl  (ISnn)  I.  S4. 

I  A  I'niiiiJOiwrilcr  upon  (La  curllM  portion  of  !ho  Il(e  o!  Luilior  ii  JlirRfni, 
ImiKtr  ran  Minir  Grtait  iU  lan  Abtnf-ttrtitr.HHUlill,     3to1».(ISM), 

'  MathoBlui,  HiHorieHrm  H.  EhrvirJlgra  U.  LulAer,  pu  S  (c4. 15901,  Thii 
banul  chniiidrF  ihawi  hov  grouly  dcCcctlvg  iru  ttM  rsllgloiu  liulrucUoi 
|lTta  10  jroulh  bjr  rnfercnce  to  hit  aim  cue.  Tbs  |iWHgv  dikv  tx  nod  ll 
WnbeliMdu,  GarllcMi  <l.  ictttAttt  A^/iininrtaa,  I.  fl. 


tCmEU   AT  WlTnTXBEU. 


8» 


m  ft  monk  And  a  priest.  It  U  worthy  of  remark 
Vhitl  the  only  two  Ixjoks  tliitt  ho  ciirriiHl  into  titu  oonvt-nt 
wvm  hU  FlatitiiK  iiiid  Virgil.  Hi-rii  he  rt>iaaine<l  until  ho 
was  called  to  the  newly  founded  Univeiwty  of  Witten- 
Iwqj.  Tilt!  Elector  of  Siixony  hud  <TSt«hli»hcd  this  uiiivrr- 
Bity,  giving  to  the  profesaors  chai^  over  Uie  principal 
Chnrch  and  th«  oijoymunt  of  it«  incomes;  his  idea  h^i^j 
not  :>nly  to  organize  a  place  of  instruction,  but  to  oolleot  a  i 
loanicd  body,  to  whicli,  in  difficult  luid  doubtful  questional 
he  might,  nccording  to  tiie  prevsuling  custom,  rcftort  for 
counseh  Here,  to  quote  another's  words,  we  find  th<» 
poor  miner'*  hoy  who,  having  "  booomo  a  young  Doctor, 
fervent  and  rejoicing  in  tho  Scriptures,  well  verecd  in  his 
Augustine,  Aquinas,  Occam,  luid  Gen»on,  familiar  with  all 
the  subtle  thonlogtoal  and  philoaophical  controrcraies  of 
the  day,  was  already  spoken  of  honorably  in  wider 
cirelis*,  as  a  good,  clever  tliinker,  iw  a  victorious  assailer 
of  tliG  supremacy  of  Aristotle  ;  took  a  lively  uiterest  in 
the  stniggles  of  ttie  (luinanistx  against  thu  ancient  bar- 
barism ;  was  esteemed  by  the  most  celebrated  chatnpion.i 
of  Uie  freedom  of  science ',  was  exalted  by  tlio  approba- 
tion of  liiH  colleagues,  of  the  students  that  flocketl  to  his 
lucturcs  —  in  a  word,  i,Tas  advancing  witli  rapid  stops  to 
tho  h!ghc»t  liononi  of  literary  renown."  *  Tliis  was  tli« 
Bitnation  of  Luther  when  the  event  occun-ed  that  gave 
elianict4>r  to  tlio  remainder  of  his  career. 

Here  we  must  pause  to  oon.<uder  the  religious  «xp(y- 
riiMice  of  Luther ;  for  whoever  would  explore  the  causes 
of  history  must  look  beneath  tho  surface  of  events  at  tho 
spiritual  life  of  men.  His  earlier  conception  of  Chris- 
tianity is  conden»(>d  in  otie  expres-tion,  that  ho  had  looked 
upon  Clirist  as  a  lawpver,  a  second  Moses,  only  that  the 
fonni*r  was  a  legislator  of  mon;  awful  rigor.     "  Wo  were 


■  niiiwl««hBi»D.  IttT  ifniUfAr  rrolBlitnliim<u,  p.  13.     <<)uM«d  fa;-  !!■■«,  ^ 
■  IHm>1.>.     An  id<««f  I.alhvr'a  hllunirti,  MWfUuat  hit  mulli[d!(ul  coilor* 
■tntii  nwj  Im  gitlund  tram  ono  ol  Ii1«  *arly  ktlvra,  D«  WatU,  i.  41 


M 


LITTBKB  AND  TU£  aEBUAK  BBFOBUATIOll. 


kU  taught,"  be  Bays  in  bis  "  Tuble-tolk,"  "  Uuit  we  mmt 
makii  Kiti«fuctioa  for  04ir  ain»,  iumI  Uwt  Cbrist  at  the  laat 
.,da;  would  demand  how  we  had  atoned  for  our  guilt,  and 
how  many  good  works  w«  had  done."     Melaactb<m  nyi 
that  the  motive  whiob  ted  him  to  adopt  the  monastic  liffl 
.wu  this :  "  Often  whon  ho  thought  on  the  sugar  of  God 
.or  of  the  woitdcrful  inatancefi  of  dirine  punishment,  lie 
.  VM  scizi-d  with  a  tom>r  so  violent  that  ho  was  wi-IUm^ 
borvft  of  life." '     WIk-u  he  held  his  first  mass,  and  caine 
to  recite  the  words,  "  I  bring  tliis  offoring  to  tbcc,  tlw 
eternal,  living  Qod,"  bo  was  with  dilBculty  rcstnunwl 
from  nufaiiig  away  from  the  altar  in  fear  and  dismay. 
**  I  had,"  he  confesses,  "  a  broken  spirit,  and  was  over  in 
Burrow."     "  I  vote  ont  my  body  with  vigib  aud  fastings, 
and  lioped  thus  to  }utti.tfy  Uic  law  and  deliver  my  oon- 
Bcienoe  from  the  sting  of  guilt."     "  Had  I  not  been  rc- 
di^mod  by  the  comfort  of  the  Gospel,  I  could  not  have 
lived  two  years  longer."     This  comfort  be  bogaii  to  ob- 
tain Utrougtt  an  old  monk  who  pointed  bim  to  the  sen- 
tence in  ^o  Apostles'  Creed,  "  I  believe  in  tho  forpve- 
^nots  of   sins,"  and  to  a  passage  in  St.  Bernard  wliure 
refercnee  is  miulu  to  Paul's  doctiiiio  that  "  man  is  jtisti- 
6ud  by  faith."      Still  more  was  he  aided  by  tlie  judicioua 
^Qoiuucls  of  John  Stanpitz,  the  Icamed  and  pious  Vioar- 
.  general  of  bit  order,  whose  words,  Luthor  afterwards 
■aid,  pierced  him  **  like  the  sharp  arrow  of  a  strong  man." 
Hs  studied  Auguatine  imd  1  aulcr,  and  caught  glimpsos 
of  evangelical  doctrine  in  them.^     Especially  hu  devoted 
himself  to  tbfl  study  of  the  prophets  and  apostles.     He 
had  bai-dly  U^mi  to  expound  to  bis  pupils  the  Epistle  to 
the  Romans,  when   his  oyc  fastened  upon  the  citation 
from  a  prophet,  "  tho  just  shall  live  by  faith."    Thcso 
words  never  ceased  to  sound  in  bia  ear.      Going  to  Roma 
1  Vili  il.  LuH.,v. 

»  lla  ™winiinmJi  Tuitcr  to  liia  Iiicnd  SpaUtin  (Due.  14,  tilt):  "Ktqui 
■nim  ript  vfl  In  Ijuluo.  TOl  iu  noMni  linpui,  thRiloGtam  vidi  nlulnioitn  *r 
turn  (vansvliosoouiuntioniu."    tit  Wouc,  I.  W. 


LVTHFJt'S   RKLIOIOUS  EXPERIEXCS. 


«I 


on  a  mission  for  liia  order  (1510),  Iio  ran  about  full  of 
litn-otimu'il  iinlor,  rmtii  clnirdi  tu  ckiircli.  Itiit  tlime  wonis 
t)f  tba  Apoatle  Paul,  "  the  jiwt  sliiill  live  by  faatb,"  more. 
and  tiKire  impressed  tliemselTos  upon  liis  tboiigbtt).  Dur- 
ing liis  alow  joiimey  Iioniewarda  he  poadored  these  wonls. 
At  length  tbeir  full  meiiniiig  burst  upon  bim.  "  Tlirough 
Uie  Ocspel  that  rig}]U-ousni'M  is  revealed  which  avails  Uv 
fori-  Ood  — by  which  I  If,  out  of  grace  and  more  compaa- 
■toti,  justificB  ns  tlir-iugh  faith."  "  Here  I  fvlt  at  oiicc," 
lia  says,  "  tbut  I  was  vholly  born  again  and  that  I  had 
mtered  throngh  open  doors  into  Paradise  it»«If.  Tliiit 
ptutsage  of  Pan!  was  truly  to  me  Uie  gate  of  Paradise."' 
He  saw  tliat  Christ  is  not  oome  as  a  lawgiver,  but  as  a  Sav- 
iour ;  tbut  love,  not  wrath  or  justice,  is  the  motive  in  his 
mission  and  work ;  that  the  forgi\-eness  of  sins  through 
Him  is  A  frc«  pft ;  that  the  relationship  of  the  sonl  to 
Him,  and  through  Him  to  the  Fnthor.  which  is  cxprt-xsi-d 
by  the  t«nn  faith,  the  responsivo  net  of  tho  soul  to  the 
divine  mercy,  is  nJl  that  is  rotiuircd.  This  method  of 
reconciliation  is  witliont  tlie  works  of  the  law.  Good 
woriis  are  the  fruit  of  faith,  a  spontaneous  and  neceaB,-iry 
product.  Now  be  had  found  a  clue  to  the  understanding 
of  the  Bible.  If  John  vr:iB  his  Favorite  Evangelist,  he 
found  in  them  all  one  doctrine.  But  in  the  writings  of 
I'aul,  whose  religious  development  ao  closely  resembled 
his  own,  he  found  a  protest  against  judming  theoUgy 
and  an  as.tertion  of  salvation  by  faith,  in  opposition  t"  a 
legal  ^stem.  which  gave  him  intense  satisfiiction.  The 
Upirtles  to  the  Romnns  aud  tialatiuns  wero  his  familiar 
nompanioDs ;  the  latter  he  styled,  in  his  humorous  way, 
bis  wife,  his  Catltarino  von  Bora. 

The  logical  consequences  of  his  new  position,  in  reU- 
lion  to  the  onlinnnocs  nnd  ceremonies  of  the  Church,  and 
the  principle  of  Chuxch  authority,  Itad  not  occurred  to  thfl 
tliougbts  of  Luther     It  ivas  only  providential  events,  and 


92 


UrniER  AKP  tin;  OEiniAN  HEroKUATIOH. 


the  rejection  wlticli  Uioy  iixluccd,  thai  broiiglit  Uie  Utettl 
contents  of  bis  principk'  t«  i]istini:t  cousciouancsa.  The 
first  of  UiL-sv  events  vas  Uiu  oppciinmoo  of  Tutze),  a 
hawker  of  intlutginici'ii,  in  the  neigliborbood  of  Witteii- 
beig.  The  mischief  reEulting  from  this  trafRc  was  foronl 
OD  the  attention  of  Luthvr  by  faots  Umt  were  tlisdoiiLd  tc 
bim  in  tlie  confessional.  He  vraa  iiioTcd  to  pi-each  ugiuniit 
it,  to  wi'it«  to  Iiisiiopi  in  opposition  to  it,  iind  fiiutlly  to 
I  post  his  five  and  ninoty  theses  on  the  door  of  the  Church 
at  All  Stunts  at  WitWnborg  (1517). 

Indiilgcnoes,  in  thu  earlier  ages  of  the  Churoli,  liAd 
boon  a  relaxntion  of  penance,  or  of  the  discipline  im]H»ed 
by  tbu  Cburcli  on  puiiit<-iits  who  hud  been  guilty  of  murtiil 
un.  'Jlie  doctrine  of  penance  required  tliat  for  such  sin 
•satistiaction  should  be  Hn|K!rad<Ie<!  to  contrition  and  con- 
'  fesBion.  Tlien  cune  the  custom  of  commuting  tlifiso 
appointed  tcmpond  penalties.  When  Christianity  spread 
among  tlie  northern  nations,  the  canonical  pcmmccs  wcrti 
frequently  foiuid  to  bo  inapplicable  to  their  condition.  The 
practice  of  ncccpting  olTcrings  of  money  in  ttio  room  of 
the  ordinary  forms  of  penance,  Iiarmontxed  witli  the  penal 
codes  in  Toguo  among  the  burbariun  peoples.  At  first  the 
priest  had  only  cxercitiod  the  oHice  of  »n  intercessor. 
Gradually  the  simple  function  of  declaidnft  the  divine 
forgirtmess  to  tlto  {}onitent  transformed  itself  into  that  of 
A  judgt;.  By  Aquintut,  the  priest  is  made  the  instrument 
of  conveying  the  divine  pardon,  the  vehicle  through 
vliich  the  grace  of  God  passes  to  Uie  penitent.  With 
the  jnbiUcs,  or  pilgrinuiges  to  Itome,  ordained  by  the 
.  popeSi  came  the  plenary  indulgences,  or  the  complete  ro- 
'  tnisuon  of  uU  tvni])onil  peiialtii-ii  —  that  is,  the  jHtnallies 
■till  obligatory  on  tlic  penitent  —  on  the  fulfillment  of 
prescribed  conditions.  These  penalties  might  extend  into 
purgatory,  but  tlie  indulgence  obUtemted  Uiem  nil.  In 
tile  thirt^entli  century,  Alexander  of  Ilales  and  Tlioinai 
Aquinas  set  forth  the  theory  of  supei-erogivtory  merits,  or 


lutbkr's  TinsES.  98 

'  of  merit  be.itowed  upon  tlie  CImreli  Uimugb 
!  laai  tim  Miiints,  on  wluch  tlic  nilors  of  the  Clim^b 
iniglit  draw  for  the  bpiiefit  of  the  lesa  wnrthy  and  mure 
ncody.  This  was  euincthing  (listmct  from  tlie  power  of 
the  keys,  the  powttr  to  grant  abaolution,  whicli  iitb«Te«l 
ill  ilto  priesthood  alono.  The  eternal  piin'shment  of  mor- 
tal Bin  being  rc^mitted  or  comniiiteil  by  thi^  nb»ulut40it  of 
tlio  priest,  it  was  opuo  to  tho  Pope  or  his  ageut«,  by  the 
grant  of  indulgenoeji,  to  remit  tlie  temporal  or  torminablc 
penalties  that  still  rested  on  tho  head  of  the  traneigreasoi  ■ 
Thus  souls  might  be  delivered  forthwith  from  pargntimal 
fire.  Popo  Sixtws  IV.,  m  1477,  liad  offidally  declared 
tliLit  tuiuls  iilreiuly  in  purgatory  are  euuuicipatocl  per 
modum  tuffratfit;  that  is,  the  work  done  in  behalf  of 
thom  operates  to  effect  their  release  in  a  way  analogous 
to  the  efBoaoy  uf  pi-ayer.  Nevi-rtlieless,  Uio  power  that 
vas  claimed  over  the  dead,  \vaa  not  praeticnlly  diminislied 
by  this  restriction.  Tlie  business  of  suUing  indulgences 
had  grown  by  the  profitableness  of  it.  "  Kverywhcre," 
Bays  Erasmus,  "  the  rumiasion  of  purgatorial  torment  is 
sold  ;  nor  is  it  Rold  only,  hut  forced  upon  tlioso  vrlio  re* 
fuse  it."  '  As  managed  by  Tetzo!  and  the  other  enm- 
saries  sent  out  to  collect  money  for  tho  building  of  St. 
Pi'ti-r's  Clmrcli,  the  indulgence  was  a  umple  bargain,  no- 
rording  to  which,  on  the  payment  of  a  stipulated  sum, 
tlie  indiviihml  n^ceivcnl  a  full  discliarge  from  the  penalties 
of  eui  or  procured  the  release  of  a  soul  from  the  fhimes  of 
purgatory.  The  forgivcncsa  of  aina  was  offeii-fl  in  tlie 
niaricet  for  money.  Agtunst  this  lucrative  tr;ido  Luther 
lifted  up  an  eiunest  remonstrance.  Tli<-  I  iirim'  of  his 
UiMCS  was  tliat  the  Pojw  ean  absolve  only  from  the  pun- 
Uhmcnts  which  he  himself  imjios«(;  that  Ihr.ie  do  not 
rcAch  beyou<l  ilcalh;  moreover,  tliat  the  right  to  absolve 
pei-tains  to  bishops  and  pastors,  not  less  than  to  tlie  Pojio  i 

1  Pi-*/.  I.  KfHtl.  CoriHlk.    Oi»r.t,  rli.  Ul.    Tbo  Rmpntor  Ukxlmlliia  haf 
Inl  rtiii*t>4  md  llisn  |iarn>iii»il  Itiv  lnil!i< 


N 


LUTHER  AHD  TUR  GUOIAN   RErOSUATIOM. 


that  tlie  foundatdon  of  indulgencea  ia  i»  tlie  powtti*  ol  iht 
keys ;  tliat  :il)ttr>Iutioii  b«tIuRgs  t<>  iitl  penitenlM,  but  id  not 
uidiaponHiblo,  and  is  uf  leas  acoount  thnii  works  of  piety 
and  mercy.  If  Uie  t'o[)o  con  frcu  houU  from  pur^ory, 
why  uot  delircr  them  sU  at  ouce?  The  treasury  of 
merits  is  iiot  deiiiot],  but  Um  Pope  ca»iu>t  dispoosc  it  fur- 
ther than  ho  liolds  in  hie  haod  the  iiitercessioiis  of  tlie 
Clitirdi.  'Hie  real  and  inns  trvasuru  of  the  Cliurcli  is 
luraurtcd  to  bo  the  gospel  of  giKoe.  If  the  Pope  kaavr 
what  extortion  in  jiruciicctt  by  the  proacbeis  of  indtU- 
gence»,  he  would  rather,  it  is  said,  ace  St.  P«tcr'«  Clitiroh 
rodnced  to  ashes  tlmn  built  up  out  of  the  bonee  and  fleali 
of  the  latnU  of  his  i\iKk.  Tlie  Uiimim  wore  nii  uttitd;  on 
the  Tlioniiat  tlioory  of  iudulgeuces ;  but  in  spirit,  though 
uiicoiuciously  to  tliw  tiutlior,  timy  struck  iniicli  dcopor.' 

No  oau  can  rKisonably  doubt  that  Lutlier's  cousoietico 
was  in  tlte  work  oti  nliicb  ho  had  cntcrml.  If  ever  a  man 
WM  iLCtuati^d  by  simple,  profound  convictions  of  <hity,  it 
was  he.*  The  abusers  aguinst  wliidi  ho  cried  out  were  so 
iniquitous  and  inisoliiovous  in  liis  eyes  tlt:it  lie  ooiild  not 
keep  ailL<Dt>.  He  had  no  ambition  to  gratify.  As  far  iia 
his  i-arthly  prospect*  wore  concerned  he  had  nothing  to 
gain,  but  appai-cotly,  in  cose  lie  per«cvcT«d,  CTcrytliing  to 
lose,  lie  had  no  thought  of  tlirowing  off  hia  allegiauoe 
to  Uie  Koniati  Churuli.  At  a  later  lime  he  said  of  tlii^ 
theses :  "  I  allow  those  proprMutioiu  to  stand,  tliat  by  them 
it  may  appear  how  weak  I  was,  and  in  how  fluctuating  n 
atuto  of  mind  I  was  when  I  b<-gtin  this  buitincs*.  I  waa 
then  n  monk,  and  a  mad  papist ;  ready  to  miirder  any 
person  who  denied  obcdioncu  to  tlie  Pupe."^     He  bad 

>  Fur  a  llUut  oap7  tit  lJi«  tti«M«,  Ma  Uukp,  ri.  M;  liaohvr,  Kr/irntaliani, 
io(f«,  (.  438.      TIhijt  ir*  ninm  in  Qcrmiii  liy  Miunr,  l,<tlk<r't  /.*Am,  p.  TS. 

■  Lutlivi  iptukii  uf  hii>  mnlTrr*  in  ■  lirllBr  to  thv  lli-hnp  ol  M'rtiiburi;  (I^rli.  (, 
lUO):  Ut  Weltr,  J.  102.  llii  MUnf,  h«  mj*,  vroiilil  lx>  tint  nf  a  nidilmiii  il 
ho  mvrv  U'tualuil  by  worlJIy  iiiulirt*.  Set  alio,  1>f  Wetig,  iil.  2li  (t.t(l«r  I* 
Uflai.ctlion) ;  "  (llaria  inga  mi  hm-  iini.  i|UDil  vvrlium  IJ«i  pur*  irailidi,  em 
lidullerail  ullo  atuilio  Kl<irl»  aul  iiiHiIonlin." 

•  Pntf,  Optr.  (tSM)    Ilia  tutlnwins  }-ear  (May  30,  l&U],  in  JiLa  laUai  W 


( 


LUTHER  3  THESES. 


8£ 


embracetl  witli  bis  whole  eoiil  a  truth  wLich  lie  knew  to 
be  m  the  Scriptures,  bnt  v/hart)  it  woulil  li^iid  him  ho 
ooutd  nut  unticipato.  llo  w»8  etiU  lui  ubodient  son  of  the 
Church.  Histhoaes  irere  prn))o<iItioii!i  for  dispute  ;  Uioy 
ooucludutl  n'itli  tlio  tuncuro  aii<l  solemn  d^Jaration  that  he 
affinued  nothing,  but  loft  cvci^thing  to  thv  ju<lgmcnt  of 
tbo  Church.  What  he  would  do  in  case  the  Churdi 
should  decLirt!  agiunA  him,  and  forbitl  bitu  to  toacb  what 
.ho  laiBtr  to  be  tlie  Gospel ;  what  course  he  would  tulce 
when  tim  alternative  should  bo  presented  of  ^ving  up  a 
trutli  which  stood  in  letteni  of  light  on  the  pii^  of  Scrip- 
tun  and  had  imprinted  itself  on  lib  soul,  or  of  renouncing 
an  allegliuice  in  which  h«  \im\  grown  up,  the  obligation  to 
which  he  had  never  found  occasion  to  doubt—  this  \m 
II  ipicjition  wluiji  did  not  ocuur  to  biin.  Tills  portion 
the  career  of  Luther  is  intelligible:  only  when  we  rc- 
Bcmber  tliat  the  incomiiatiblencss  of  the  traditional  view 
of  CInirch  authority  with  hiH  interpretation  of  Uio  Gospel 
was  something  that  ho  discovered  by  degrcct,  and  thut 
wiiM  forced  upon  htm  by  the  actual  treatment  which  his 
doctrine  received  from  the  eodesiasticAl  nilera.  Notlung 
bat  Uis  intense,  living  belief  reepeoting  tlie  nature  of  the 
Oo«]>«l  could  have  sulTiond  to  n«utnihze  and  at  last  over- 
oome  his  established  deference  for  Church  suptirion. 
"  0 1 "  ho  exclaima,  "  with  what  anxiety  and  labor,  with 
wluit  scvirohingof  the  Scriptuix-s,  Imvu  I  jiistiliod  myself 
in  ooiiscience,  in  standing  up  alone  against  the  Pope  I  " 

The  theses  were  designed  to  subserve  an  immediate, 
toco)  end,  but  they  kindktl  a  commotion  over  all  Ger- 
many.  Both  the  religions  and  political  opponents  of  Uto 
tnule  in  iiKhilgencet  greeted  so  nble  and  gallant  a  spokes- 
man.'    "  Ku  one,"  says  Lutlier,  "  would  bi^ll  Uie  cats  ; 

LmoI.,  MTarioe  tha  IU*»t»lhmit  of  ih«  tIl«K^  h«  Mf^  in  <«nnwli(ia  vhh 
¥htt  vxpntAmi  at  spiritual  ntlvniuiK;  "Voceiii  law:,  voe«m  CbdiU,  Id  t* 
pnnUtBIittt  loqiunlli  nKniwsin."    Uc  WiUb,  t.  Itl. 

'  "V.l  t«TilMl  CM  olcaini|uo  lura  iiu  inpularli,  qaod  Invim  jiiii  <uci)I  uid> 
l!1iii>  nnM  «t  Kiiioaiiillnnu  illr,  quibm  Ulmn  (»b«m  liuplcvcranl  ft  fitigmr- 
•hL"     /'iw/  f},.'fm  tlSISl. 


96  ttmrrR  Ann  ntK  orrman  ntiroRMATioK. 

for  tlie  hereaj-mnstepa  o(  the  Preaching  Onlrr  hnd  driven 
■til  the  worlil  til  U-rrur  hy  tJmir  fmis."*  "Thunks  bo  to 
God,"  exdaimed  Reuchlin,  "  tlie  monks  hnvn  now  found 
a  miin  who  will  piro  thuni  such  fnll  pinphiymcnt  that 
tliey  will  hu  gliirl  to  leave  my  oM  nge  lo  [mss  nway  in 
peace."  *  Moxiiniliun  was  not  sorry  to  boo  the  theses  ftp- 
pear.  Enumii!*  was  ut  hcnrt  gind  1  lint  n  m^w  and  rigoroui 
antagonistof  superstition  had  stepped  into  the  arena.  But 
opponcnta  quickly  npjJKircd ;  Sylvc-stt-r  Pricrias,  Master 
of  tlie  Pataec  at  Rome,  ofTended  that  hia  Dominican 
order  should  meet  with  a  rebuff  from  so  insignificant  a 
quarter ;  Tctzcl  himself,  whose  counter-theses  gained  for 
hjra  at  once  a  doctorate  ;  Dr.  John  Eck,  an  expert,  well- 
nwl,  atiibitioos  th^ogicol  dUputimt,  who  welcomed  ao 
fair  an  occasion  to  st^^nalize  himself.*  Luther  left  none 
of  thoin  unniiswered.  'Ilicir  nppeals  to  Immun  authority 
led  him  to  plant  himself  more  distinctly  on  the  Scrip- 
tures ;  and  the  dcfvnHO  of  the  detestable  practicos  witich 
Ite  had  assailed,  tnflamtxl  Im  indignation  iitill  more  ngninst 
them.  Tli«n  follows  his  summons  to  Rome,  which  is 
modifi<5d,  at  the  ri-tuK-st  of  las  noble-hciirUtd  protector, 
Prttih'ric  the  Wise,  whom  I^o  X.,  for  iwlitical  reasons, 
was  anxious  at  that  moment  to  concihatA,  into  a  summons 
to  AiigsilMirg  to  moot  the  legate,  Cajetan  (1518).  Lutlier 
found  him  supercilious,  '*  a  complete  Italian  and  Thontist." 
wlio  would  have  no  disous»on,  and  wlioae  requirement 
tJiat  Lutlier  should  rctnict  Ills  opinions,  wns  mot  with  a 
ciril  hut  decided  refusal.  "  I  will  not,"  wrote  Luther  to 
Carlstadti  "become  a  heretic  by  denying  the  truth  by 
wliicli  I  became  a  ('hristion  :  sooner  will  I  die,  be  burnt, 
be  banished,  be  anathematized." *  lie  left  the  cardinal,  to 
whom  his  dark,  glistening  eyes  were  nowise  agrerablo 
and  appealed  from  the  Pope  ill-informed  to  the  samo  'jet- 

■  GirMlor,  IV.  i.  I.f  1.  n,  lU. 

*  WaJitinglon.  Hitli-ry  b/iUi  RtfvrtmitUm,  \.  SS. 

*  Tbctf  doQll^ll^n1a  t-n  in  Iri^nchur,  Utfornnliinuatit*,  IL 

*  UllcrToCaHiliulKOcU  14,  1519),  !)t  WMlc,  i.  Wl. 


THB  LEIPSfO  DlSPtTTA-nON. 


n 


ter-inforniod.'  When  a  bull  wn*  issued  from  Rome,  nii« 
htrtiiig  Lilt!  (loctrliifl  as  to  inilulgtinceK,  wliioli  Luther  bad 
impugned,  he  published  his  iippcal  from  the  Pope  to  a 
geiuinti  council.  Still  lio  lo<iki.!d  for  a  recognition  of  tho 
truth  from  the  authorities  of  the  Churcli.  Millitz,  tho 
w^-jind  Hicuuvugcr  fn^m  tin!  [inpiil  court,  a  Siixoii  by  b!i'th, 
conciliatory  in  manner,  and  professing  a  sympathy  with 
Liitbur  in  his  hatred  of  tJic  worst  ubusui  of  tliu  vvndun 
of  indulgences,  actually  persuaded  bim  to  abstain  from 
(urtJicr  conibat  on  the  subject.  pro\'ided  his  opponents 
would  aUo  remiiin  silent.^  But  tliis  truce  was  quickly 
broken  by  tlie  chaUenge  of  Eck  to  a  public  disputation  on 
free-will  ami  grace,  topica  on  which  he  had  before  debated 
with  Carlstadt,  one  of  the  theological  professors  at  Wit- 
tvnburg ;  and  by  the  prognimme  which  Eck  put  forth, 
much  to  the  surprise  of  Luther,  in  which  hb  opinions 
wore  directly  ii^iiilcd.  In  tho  open  wagon  which  con- 
Teycd  Lutlier  to  l^ipsic  to  nttend  tlie  disputation,  there 
sat  by  his  side  Philip  ilcliiucthoii,  a  young  man  of  twen-  < 
ty-two,  of  pri:coeii>uH  tali!ut.><  and  ripe  scholondiip,  whom 
hifl  grand-uncle,  Reuchlin,  had  tecomraonded  to  the  Elec- 
tor as  ProfcMor  of  Greek,  and  sent  to  WittenlK-rg  with  » 
glowing  prophecy  of  the  eminence  tliat  awiiitod  him.' 
At  the  iig»  of  twenty  ]\h  powcnt  and  liis  schohir«hip  wer« 
alike  mature.     Unlike  Luther  in  his  temperament,  they 


I  LtllcT  lo  CijcUii  (OcL  18.  ISU).  IV  WfCtf,  1.  tei. 

'  Lullicr  did  noT  twilevo  In  Uia  ilnivrll;  ol  UDltlx'*  wann  i1e>nan*tr>tidiu. 
Il(  ipcnki  of  hli  "  [uIilIm  bikI  •Imulilloni "  —  "  lulltala  el  ilmiiliitinnM." 
IjilCir  lo  StBiipiti  (t'cl,,  20,  UIB},  Da  WclW,  i.  aSl.  Sk  bIw  tlie  Uller  U 
^;nni»  (Feb.  %  IMO).  Pt  W'iMa,  1.  SIG. 

*  lUiicUlin  to  MFlincllion,  Co'V'u  R*/-,  <■  )3-  Ittuclilin  ipplls*  la  bim  Um 
prMiUc  lo  AbnhBin  (G*n.  xii.]:  "Ila  mihl  pneuigit  ■nimnt.  Iia  ipfro  (utii< 
tnn  ila  tp,  mi  Piil^t,  mcuin  npui  tCmeam  mlaUum."  Mcluicltinn'fari^iial 
■Mint  »u  Scbwjntml,  nliicli,  scflirdiaK  to  tho  jiravailina  cutloiii.  I>*  nnilnvd  , 
,nlri  <ire«k.  Til  iv»al..r  pTn|>rr  namra  into  Graok  Or  I.atin  irnR  uaual  wUb 
tcholirn.  Iliui  lliuuvliuiii  lH<riiiM  fEcolaanpailiu*;  ScbaniilK — i.  *..  Kara* 
Nhnflilctr  ~  Hiu  iraiiifnniii'il  Inio  Atpled*.  JohBUDM  Ktaeli«int><irc«'  wrata 
'a  Iti'iiclilln  la  luraiab  him  with  a  Ormk  cqulralont  (or  b!*  nol  wrj  cuphoniou 
iiinc.  Von  Ksamfr,  Qi*e)tithU  •itr  Prnda^tj/lk,  i.  ItlS. 
7 


«8 


LUniCR  AND  TDE  QCBUAK  RFrORMATION. 


were  Uio  counterparts  of  4>aeh  otli«r.  Mt^lnneUion  [amid 
iMt  KDd  i(Upp<irt  in  tho  robust  natttfe,  the  iutropid  spirit 
of  LutJier;  Lather  admirwl,  in  tiirn,  the  fine  butrautiotu 
inlclWt.  nnd  tlie  sxnct  and  lunplc  learning  of  Helanctlion. 
I-^K^li  lent  to  ttic  otber  the  most  cffoctjvi;  iiSAistAncc.  So 
intimate  is  their  (ri(ind»hip  th»t  Ltither  dares  to  get  bold 
of  the  manuscript  com  men  tones  of  his  young  U8oeiat«, 
wbon  modesty  kvpt  tJtem  from  the  preaa,  mid  to  scmt) 
thfm,  without  the  autiior'a  knowledge,  to  tho  printer.' 
"  This  Utile  Greek,"  said  Luthor,  "  siirpnmoit  m«  in  tho 
ologj't  too."  By  his  commentiry  on  the  Epistle  to  thaJ 
RomiUM,  MeLancthon  laid  the  foundation  of  th«  Pn>t««-< 
tiuit  exegeoB ;  nnd  liis  dootrimd  tmrntiw,  the  "  IjOci  Cum- 
munt-is"  Tvon  for  him  a  like  distinction  in  this  department 
of  theologj'. 

The  disputjition  at  I^ipsie  went  on  for  a  vtxk  between 

Citrlstadt  nnd  Eck,  on  tho  inliicato  tli(>mc8  of  fn:«-will  andj 

gmce,  ill  which  tho  fonni-r  dffendeil  tho  Aiijcnstinian  *nd 

t]ie  latter  the  Bomi-Pelagian  side,  and  in  whidi  the  fluency 

Mnd  udroitneu  of  £ek  shone  to  lulvantngu  in  comparison 

with  his  lew  facile  twlverswy.   Then  Lutliej-  a.<ioended  the 

platform.     He  was  in  the  prime  of  life,  in  his  tlur^-eixdl 

Ajrear,  of  middling  hdg>it,  itt  thnt  time  thin  in  pcr«an,  nnd 

Eivritli  a  clear,  melodious  Toioo.     It  is  a  tact  not  vritbout 

interest  tluit  ho  cnrricd  in  his  hand  a  nosegny  of  flowera,' 

He  took  delight  in  nature  —  in  the  sky,  tlto  btoeaoins, 

Mid  birds.     In  the  midst  of  his  great  conflict  lie  would 

torn  for  recreation  to  his  garden,  and  correspond  with  liia 

hfriends  about  tho  seeds  and  utensibi  that  he  wanted  to 

procure  for  it.'     At  homo  and  with  his  friends  he  was  full 

1  UMbt  M  HduicUian,  Ve  VTutl*,  ii.  SSS,    See  •]»>  U.  301. 

*  PoTkn  Intvmlinu  dptcripilnn  of  Liilh«r,  it  hA  ippond  In  Ihit  I 
Imn  the  pea  o(  P*trn>  M<iii?1l4niiK.  kc  Wnddlneton.  L  ISO-    Sta  slw  Badh 
Dtaitfi   Otfi.,  i.Wl.    IilHiaiirniii  JumST,  toJiilj-  In,  ItlQ. 

'  •■  WTiiUi  Sitin  Willi  i"i*  iiiriiilKT.  11  n/siiig,  I  will  i»iicli  it  liim  and  will  at 
land  to  mj  |;ardn».  thai  i>,  lh<:  liluitne*  ol  tb*  Cnralor,  and  lajoy  Ibpm 
•M^iIniC  hliD."    Lstlar  lo  Wtnc  link.  <D»c  IBS),  tX  Wtlts,  ill,  bt.    Sac,  alN 

ii.  ira. 


THK  HUrSIC   DIBI'UTATIOS. 


09 


of  humor,  vraa  «nthiisiaeticaUy  fond  of  muuic,  and  pkyed 
with  ekill  on  tlio  luto  mid  Ihu  lliitir ;  in  liia  luttunil  con- 
stitution the  very  opposite  of  iui  ascetic'  His  powerful 
mind  —  for  lie  was,  proliably,  the  iil>U-sl  man  of  his  tima 
—  wu»  coiinccU-d  with  a  vtiild-liko  fn.'sluteu  of  feclinff. 
And  a  large,  gniierous  synipathy  with  liuman  natnre  in  aU 
its  inuoccitt  iminitiwtations. 

Standing  bo-fore  Duke  Qeoi^,  wlio  proved  to  Iw  a  d<v 
ddod  enemy  of  the  Reformation,  and  before  tlie  auditory 
who  sat  with  him,  Liithor  dittcuxsud  with  his  oppomint  the 
primncy  of  the  t'opo.  In  tha  cotirso  of  tlie  voUoqtiy  he  d& 
olar«d  that  the  headship  of  the  Pope  is  not  indiepensable ; 
tliat  the  Oriental  Church  i«  ii  true  Church,  without  the 
I'ope ;  tliiit  the  pi-iniaoy  is  of  linman  and  not  of  divine  ap- 
pointmcnt.  Startling  as  those  propoeitioiiB  were,  they  wore 
less  so  than  was  his  arowul.  in  response  to  an  inquiry, 
tliitt  lunong  thfi  nitii'lo^  for  which  John  HtiHs  had  been 
condemned  at  the  Coaiicil  of  Constance,  there  were  soma 
Uiat  were  thnroiighly  ChnittiiMt  and  oriuigQlicAl.  A  feci* 
ing  of  amarjement  ran  through  the  assembly,  and  an 
audible  oxpresuon  of  iiarpriao  and  anger  broko  from  the 
Itps  of  tJie  Ouke.* 

The  Disputation  at  Leipsic,  by  stimulating  Luther  to 
further  ntudii-jt  into  the  urigin  of  the  Pap«tcy  and  into  tlio 
diameter  of  Husg  and  of  his  opinions,  brought  his  mind 
to  a  more  decided  renunciivtion  of  liuiniiit  anthonty,  and 
bo  a  growing  auspioion  that  tlie  pa|)al  rule  n'as  a  usurpa* 
tion  in  the  Churcli  and  a  hat«:ful  tyranny.'  Up  to  this 
time  hiM  iittompt  hnd  been  to  infliionco  the  eocl««iiiutti<«l 
iders ;  now  he  turned  to  the  people.     His  "  Addreas  to 

1  Dal  h«  wu  abnomladi  la  fwiit  and  drinki  "ralda  noditl  ribl  ct  pato^" 
«f  •  Urtuioilion,  Olini  for  manjr  tr^iiDcatlc't  dBj'i  ha  would  lak«  antjr  a  Itttla 
ivuut  ftnd  rltli.      I'l'tn  Lulhtri,  v. 

3  Ranke,  I.  ra  Hr). 

•  Bftara  lli«  Dinputaiioa  at  l.»iptl<^  ha  wrote  tn  SpAlitin  iMatrb  It,  tMB}i 

T«H  *t  dKnta  I'onllflciiun,  jiro  mn  ditpuUtlonr,  rt  linauirm  Ithl  laqoorj 
L  tdoan  ripn  >lt  Anikhrixiit  ipm  ti>I  afiMtDlu**Jua:  tulon  Tiili><n  cnrrnin[ritvr 
M«nRill^tarCbr)<liu:idtUvvritai)«baoindMraIli."    Ua  WMCa,L  M. 


100  tUTHEB  AJfO  -rHE  OEBUAK  EEFORUATIOX. 

the  Cbnstmn  Nobles  of  thu  German  Nation  "  was  a  nn^ 
iiig  itppt'iil  Ui  the  (icnnaii  tatty  to  Uike  this  vork  of  n^for* 
matian  into  th^r  own  bands,  to  protect  the  German 
puople  against  tbo  Ararioc  nnd  tyrannical  intcrmoddlii^ 
of  ihft  Roman  ecdeBiiUtica,  to  doprive  the  Pnpe  of  his  rul6 
in  8c-cular afTnira,  to  abolish  contpii1»ory  celibacy,  to  reform 
the  coiivfiiits  and  restrain  the  mendicant  ordeiu,  to  oome  to 
a  reconciliation  vnlh  tlic  Bohemians,  to  foster  education. 
In  this  haningiH!  Liitii(ii-  strikes  n  blow  nt  the  dirtinction 
between  Ui)inan  and  prieat,  on  which  the  hiernrcbieal 
system  n»t«d.  '*  Wc  have  one  baptism  and  one  faitb," 
he  says,  "  and  it  is  that  wlilcli  constitutes  a  B[>iritiial  per- 
BOO."  Ho  compares  tlie  Church  to  ten  sons  of  a  king 
irho,  hmviiig  oqiial  rights,  choose  one  of  their  number  to 
he  the  "  minister  of  their  common  power."  A  company 
of  piotis  litymen  in  a  desert,  having  no  ordained  pnest 
among  them, would  have  the  right  to  confer  that  office  on 
one  of  Uiomsolves,  whether  he  were  ntarried  or  not ;  and 
"  the  man  so  chosen  would  he  aa  truly  &  priest  as  if  all 
the  bishops  in  tJie  world  had  eonseeratcd  him."  The 
priestly  character  of  u  layman  and  the  importance  of  edu- 
cation are  tlie  leading  topics  in  this  stirring  tipjK-iU.  Hia 
treatise  on  the  Babylonian  Captivity  of  the  Clmrch  fol- 
lowed, in  whieJi  he  hiuidled  tlic  subject  of  the  saeranicnts, 
attacked  tnutsubstantiation,  -tnd  the  statutes  that  vioUted 
Chriiftiiin  liVierty,  swdi  as  those  which  prescribed  pilgrim- 
ages, fastings,  and  monnsticUm.  He  had  discovered  tlio 
close  connection  between  the  doctrinal  and  practical  abuses 
of  the  Church.'  At  this  time  (1520)  ho  sent  to  l.eo  X.  n 
letter  containing  expressions  of  personal  respect,  but  com- 
paring him  to  n  lamb  in  tlie  midst  of  wolves  nnd  to 
Daniel  among  the  lions,  and  invoking  him  to  set  about  a 
work  of  rtiformatinn  in  his  corrupt  court  antl  in  the 
Church.'  With  it  he  seut  his  Discourse  de  tibertate 
Chrigtiana, 

I  Wvldlnj^triD,  i.  Hn. 

■  Valiitr  tttm*  to  litva  «nurUki«il.  up  to  ih»  llmi',  ■  pcnantj'  rrayrl  au 


1^ 


THB  BDIX  OP  EXCOMMUNICATIOS. 


101 


In  this  aermoQ  on  "  'Ilm  Fr«iMlom  of  a  ChrLttian 
Mun,"  Luthor  stt  forth  in  a  noble  and  tluvuted  titraiu 
the  inwiirtincfts  of  true  religion,  Uie  niitrringv  of  th«  soul 
to  Clmat  through  fciith  in  the  Word,  and  the  rifal  coiinto- 
tioii  of  faitJi  »n<)  vorks.  Iti  thLs  trt>.itiiie  lio  rific»  nbove 
Uio  iitmosphere  of  controversy,  and  unfolds  liia  idea  of 
Cliri»tiniiity  in  the  gcninl  tone  of  duTont  futtliog. 

His  course  during  the  period  between  the  posting  ol 
Uiu  thitics  and  the  final  breach  vrith  Rome, can  be  jndged 
correctly  only  wlii^n  it  is  remembered  Umt  his  mind  was 
ID  a  tmnstl^on  state.  He  waa  working  his  way  by  dft- 
grecs  to  tlic  light.  Thin  explains  the  seeming  tnconais- 
tendes  in  his  expressions  rolativo  to  the  Pope  and  Um 
Clnin.'li.  which  ocaisionally  appear  in  Iiis  tetters  and  pub- 
licntiiiiu  during  tliis  intrrvul.  "  I  am  ono  of  those,"  he 
said,  "  among  whom  Augustine  has  classed  himsoU  —  of 
those  who  liavu  gradually  advanced  by  writing  and 
teaching ;  not  of  those  who  at  u  jiiigle  bound  spring  to 
perfection  out  of  nothing."  ' 

TJiy  Bull  which  r.iindcmniii  forty'One  propositions  of 

ither,  and  cxcoromunicatcd  him  if  he  should  not  recant 
Ithin  sixty  days,  after  whidi  ev^ry  Christian  magistrate 
^aa  to  be  required  to  an-est  him  and  deliver  him  iit 
Rome,  was  iasued  on  the  16th  of  June,  1620.  Luther  put 
forth  a  pamphlet  in  response  to  tiiis  execrable  bull  of 
Antichriflt,  as  he  called  it ;  and  on  the  lOtli  of  Deoemlxr, 
in  the  publie  ]>taoe  at  Wittenberg,  in  the  prmence  of  an 
aasembly  of  doctora  of  tlte  university,  Btud^ntx,  and 
pcopitt,  h«  threw  it.  together  with  the  book  of  canon  law, 
and  a  few  other  equally  obnoxious  writings,  into  the 
flames.     By  tills  act  he  completed  his  rupture  with  tlie 

twpMI  iit  J,to,  but  lb«  inUnnincling  of  porxinal  complimcnu  irllh  dmun- 
tiBUon*  of  bj)  pnurt  and  of  tb«  Koman  Chared  (which  »  ilj^led  "  a  llMutlaiu 
l«n  of  iDliben")  ww  il\-ail»ytd  In  roncilut*  (ho  INrat'ifaior. 

■  Praf.  Opirums  "Qui  il«  nihllc  np«.t'i  Dual tumini, cum  oibil  uBlriMqM 
ifattU,  Mipt  unuti,  ncqut  vxpfrti." 


t03 


LUTIDiX   AMD  THK   OFJEUAM   BKl'OfUIATIOJr. 


Papal  He«.     'Iliere  vms  no  longrr  room  for  retreal.     He 
biul  bitrned  his  siufs  b(.-liii)il  liim.' 

'll)u  tUwUirc  Htep  iltvw  Uio  ntteutioD  of  the  wliolo  Qer* 
man  tuition  to  Lather's  cause,  and  tended  to  concentrate? 
nil  Ili«  viirioiis  ulumentg  of  opposition  to  tho  Pwiwcy.' 
LaUier  found  political  BOppoTt  iu  the  friendly  diapoeitjon 
uf  the  Elector,  iukI  from  tlio  juriHts  vritb  whom  th«  con* 
fliot  of  Uie  ftpintual  witli  tlie  civil  coarts  waa  a  standing 
grieTaiicc.  Tho  Papid  Bull  wils  cxtcnnToly  rvgiunli-d  »» 
m  rmv  infringement  of  tho  rights  of  the  ciril  pover. 
The  religious  opposition  to  tho  Papacy,  which  luid  been 
quickened  by  l.uthvr'8  Uicolo^ml  writinga,  and  whidi 
foniid  an  inspiring  ground  of  union  in  hia  a[^>eal  to  tba 
Divuie  Word  and  in  his  arniij^imcnt  of  thu  Pope  aa  an 
oppo«er  of  it,  engagt^d  the  iiyinpathy  of  a  latgi;  jwrtion  of 
tlie  inferior  clei^y  and  of  the  roonnfitio  orders.  Luther 
also  found  zoaloiis  altiot  in  tho  lit4.>rary  class.  The 
HiunnniRts  xrei'A  eiUier  quiot,  laborionii  achoUuH,  who  ap- 
plied their  researches  in  philosophy  and  classical  litemtnre 
to  tbc  illustratioD  of  the  Scriptures  and  tho  dcfcnso  of 
Scri[>tural  truth  ngainttt  huniau  li-oditions,  of  whom 
Itleknctlion  was  a  type ;  or  they  were  poets,  filled  with 
u  national  spirit,  cugur  to  avenge  the  indignities  »aU 
(end  by  0(-nnany  under  Italian  and  Papal  rule,  and 
ready  not  only  to  viiidicntc  tJieir  cause  with  inroetivcs 
and  satiroa,  hut  alao  with  their  swords.  Tlieao  were  tho 
Gomhatanta  for  Rouchlin  against  tlie  Dominican  peraccn- 
tion ;  tlie  authoraof  Uic  "  Kpistohw  Oh»curonim  Virorum:." 
Lather,  with  his  deeply  religious  feeling,  had  not  liked 
the  tone  of  these  productions.  Ulrich  von  Hutten,  one 
of  (h«  writers,  the  nimt  prominent  repreaentatire  of  the 
yoothful  literati,  to  whom  we  have  just  referred,  had  not 
bocn  intcit'sti'd  at  first,  in  tint  affair  of  Lutlier,  whiclt  ho 
regarded  as  a  monkish  and  theolo^eal  dispute.  Uut  hn 
aooii  di^'incd  its  ivuc  cliitmctcr  and  wldc-n-adiiitg  smpo 

'  lUnuia,  Ulrith  torn  tliaitm,  p,  89T.  •  Sm  lUdkt,  I.  SOT  ««. 


I 


rouTicAL  coNDniox  or  ositiiAxr. 


108 


^ 


and  became  one  of  the  Reformer's  most  ardent  support- 
en.  llu  Mooiidi-d  Liitlier's  roUgious  appeals  by  scuttvr- 
LDg  bronUcast  hU  own  «itu«Uo  philippics  uiid  satlrca,  in 
which  the  Pope  iu>d  his  agents  and  abettots  in  Gemuuiy 
lathed  with  uuhrtdlud   severity.     Ahandi^iiing  thi< 

itin,  the  pR^>or  tongue  of  thti  Hunuuiists,  he  begiut 
to  write  in  the  romacular.  Hntten  enlisted  his  friend 
t'mncis  von  SickJjig«n,  another  patriotic  knight,  imd  thv 
moet  noted  of  the  class  wbo  offered  Uteinselres  to  redreiis 
wixiiigs  hy  exploits  and  incanioiui  undortuken  by  their 
own  atitliorlty,  often  to  the  terror  of  tlioae  who  woru  thiu 
ussailixl.  Sickiug«n  sent  to  Luther  an  inTitatiou,  in  case 
he  oi>«ded  u  pliicu  of  refu^,  to  come  to  liis  siruug  uutlu 
of  Ebemburg.' 

Wu  must  pause  here  to  look  for  a  moment  at  the  polit- 
ical (xmditjoii  of  Gemuuiy.  In  the  fifteunth  vi.>ntury  the 
central  gBveruiwenl  had  become  so  weakened,  that  the 
Eiupiru  cxist4;d  luoru  tu  niiiuu  than  in  reality.  Germany 
w»s  an  aggi'egate  of  nuinerous  omall  states,  each  of 
which  vnta,  to  a  great  extent,  itid<.-pcndent  within  its  own 
lH>und».  Thu  Gvniiun  king  having  held  the  imperial 
olli(»  for  so  many  ct-nturies,  tlie  two  stations  were  practi- 
cally ri'gardi^xl  as  in^fpanible ;  but  iicitliur  a»  king  of  Gtir> 
many  nur  :i.t  thu  Lend  of  thu  Holy  Uomaii  Empire,  had  he 
Bufficicat  power  to  preserve  order  lunoiig  tliu  atatva  or  to 
combine  tlieiu  in  common  i^nlvq^ritva  of  di-ffii8e  or  of 
aggreaoion.  Uy  the  golden  bull  of  Charles  IV.,  in  1350, 
tlu  electoral  constitution  was  dclinud  and  settled,  by 
which  the  predominance  of  power  was  left  in  tlie  handa 
of  thi:  suTon  lending  princes  to  whom  tim  choice  of  tlia 
Emperor  was  <Himmitted.  No  measures  alTeeting  the 
common  welfam  coidd  bo  adopted  except  by  the  consent 
of  till!  Dirt,  a  liody  cuiiiposrd  of  tlio  clwrtors,  the  princes, 
mad  the  cities.     I'rivate  wan  were  of  frequent  oecurrcnca 

<  Set  Ih*  T«iy  InliinilJnii  biojcnphr  bj  D.  I   9liauM,  Ctrie^  wn  UaUim 
rtM«i,tnl). 


104  LUTUEK  AKD  TlIE  GBBUAN  KEPOBItATIOX. 

bclwoiMi  Uti;  comjKinvnt  jiarts  of  tho  oouittry.  TIk; 
might  etiU^r  scpamtcly  into  foreign  alliAnoee.  During 
Uiv  rvigti  ot  MaxiiDilion  grvai  t^orlji  wcro  tniulo  to  cetab< 
liali  a  better  coiiiititution,  but  they  mostly  fi'.ll  to  tlio 
ground  in  cousequeaco  of  the  mutual  UQwiUingDees  of 
the  states  »iiil  the  Kmperor  tliat  cither  party  alioald  «x- 
erdaa  power.  The  Public  Peace  and  the  Imperial  Cham- 
ber were  consttt4iti'<l,  tliu  foritivr  for  tho  prevention  vt 
intestine  war,  and  the  latter  a  supreme  judicial  tribuoat ; 
but  ni-ith<.-r  of  tlRrse  metuiiriii  was  mora  than  partially 
Hucccssful.  I1ic  failure  to  creAt«  ii  l>ett«r  oi^tniuitiun 
for  tlie  Empire  increased  the  ferment,  for  whieh  there 
were  abuuikut  uuiaes  prior  to  tbcso  kbortiru  aUompts 
'I'liu  efforts  of  the  pi-iucoa  to  increase  their  power  wiUtin 
thoir  Bev(;rul  principalitivs  brou{<;ht  on  qiuirrols  with 
biabops  and  knighls,  whose  traditional  privikgcs  were 
curtailed.  Qspcciaily  amoug  the  knights  a  matdnous 
(•.-vting  was  everywhere  rifv,  which  often  broko  forth  tn 
deeds  of  violence  and  even  in  open  ivarfare.  The  cities 
complained  of  tliu  oppnsssion  wliich  they  had  to  endure 
from  the  im]>erial  gOToniinent  and  of  the  wrongs  inflictod 
U{Hiu  tliem  by  the  princes  and  by  the  knights.  Thriving 
communities  of  tradesmen  and  urticans  iuviUid  hostility 
from  every  quarter.  The  heavy  bunleiis  of  taxation,  the 
insecurity  of  travel  and  of  commerce,  were  for  tJieni  an 
tntolemblu  grievance.  At  the  same  time,  all  over  Ger- 
many, the  rustic  population,  on  account  of  tltv  hardnliip 
of  their  situation,  were  iu  a  state  of  disaffection  which 
might  at  any  moment  burst  forth  in  »  (onnidablo  n-b<;l- 
lion.  In  addition  to  all  these  troubles  and  grievancca, 
tlw  extortiona  of  Rome  had  titirrod  up  a  gi;n<^ntl  feeling 
of  iod^ation.'  Vast  sums  of  money,  the  fi'uit  of  taxa- 
tion or  the  price  of  the  virtual  snJo  of  CImrch  ofI]ci.>a, 
were  carried  out  of  the  country  to  replenish  tlic  coflen 

jf  UiePope. 

■  Hank*,  i.  tSI  •*). 


OUBLCft   V.  KLBUTEa  CUPEROR. 


106 


On  Uiti  JcaUi  of  MaximiluLn  (Juiuary  12,  1519),  th« 
prindpal  itsjiirotiU  for  tlii!  smvi'Miuii,  wcro  Cliiirlcin,  tlie 
youthful  King  of  SpiLin,  and  I-Vancia  I.,  the  King  of 
Franctf.  Cliurlea,  who  was  the  gmnditoii  of  MaxiiniliiUi, 
and  the  son  o(  Philip  and  of  Joanna,  the  daughter  of  Ker- 
(liiuind  and  Isiilx^lhi,  inherited  Austria  utid  thu  Low  Coiui- 
triea,  the  crowns  of  Castile  and  Aragon,  of  NaN'arre,  of 
Naplta  und  Sicily,  togcthur  witli  the  vast  territorios  ot 
Spain  in  tlie  Uttvr  World.  The  Elinors  oili-.rud  lliu  iin> 
poriat  office  to  Frederic  of  Saxony,  a  prince  held  in 
universal  utt^ifmi  for  hia  wisdom  and  high  chiuavtvr ;  hat 
he  judged  that  tlie  resources  at  his  command  were  not 
HufUcient  to  vniihib  him  to  govern  ths  Empiro  \nth  uffi- 
cieiicy,  and  cast  his  inBuenoe  witli  decisive  elTect  in  faror 
of  CbarlcK.  TIk-  despotism  of  the  French  King  was 
feared,  and  Charles  was  preferred,  p^tly  hocauso,  from 
the  situation  of  his  hereditary  dominions  tti  Gt^rniittiy 
and  from  tho  extent  of  Lis  power,  it  was  thought  that 
be  would  prove  the  hest  defender  of  the  Empire  against 
tlio  Turku,  But  tho  princes  took  care,  in  the  **  capitu- 
lation" wtiich  iiocntniKiuied  the  cli-ctioii  of  Cliartos,  to 
intarpoaa  safc^ttards  against  encroachments  on  tlte  part 
of  the  new  EnipVDjr.  Ho  promised  not  U>  make  war  or 
poaoe,  or  to  put  any  state  under  the  ban  of  the  Empire 
without  th«  assent  of  the  Diet ;  that  hu  would  give  thu 
publio  offices  into  tiio  hiuidd  of  Germans,  fix  liis  re«- 
deooe  in  Germany,  ami  not  bring  foreign  troops  into  tiie 
oDuntry. 

The  concentration  of  so  much  power  in  a  ^nglo  indi- 
vidunl  excited  gcuumi  alarm.  Such  an  approach  to  a 
universal  inomkrchy  liad  not  b<!ensoen  in  Europe  ainue  the 
days  of  Charlemagne.  Tho  independence  of  all  other  \dng- 
doiiidi  would  Mfi'in  tip  bt!  put  in  piTil.  It  was  r>-4L«iiiaWy 
tuikn-d  tliat  Charles  woull  avail  himself  of  his  vast  strength 
to  n^lore  the  Kinpiru  to  it»  ancient  limits,  and  to  revive 
•ts  clauu   to  aupruuuuy.      This  apprehuusiuu,  of  itiKslf, 


106 


LCrmX  ASB  THE  GESUAN  BZFORMATIOII. 


;  voaU  account  for  tiro  ho«lility  of  Francis,  apart  from  Idl 

diaapptuntment   at   tliii   rojtult  of  Ui^  imperiii] 

Bnt  thfxv  n-erw  particular  cauwa  of  dlagrM* 

;  betvwn  l]i«  rival  monarclis  vliieli  oottltl  not  fail  to 

I  an  open  rupture.  In  behalf  of  tbe  Empire,  Charl«s 

Lotahardy  nud  tvpLociuily  Milan,  togftUior  with 

'■m  partkn  of  Southern  Frauce  —  the  old  kir^doni  of  Buiv 

I  guady  or  Arlia.     A»  tliv  liL-Ir  of  tho  dukes  of  l)iu]guody, 

I  Iwolainied  the  parta  of  tlio  old  dukwi^un  which  had  bMB 

;  iooorpocated  in  FraiKe.  aftor  the  death  of  Cbarlea  tho 

|BaU.     It  bad  been  tho  ambition  of  Franov,  sinco  (he 

'  KKpeJitiop  of  Charlai   VIII.,  to   est&l4iah   i(a   ponrer  in 

Itaijr.     Fmncts,  b-^idcs  his  di-torniination  to  cling  to  tho 

eoaqnetU  whicit  ho  had  lUn-jiily  made,  vlaiinrd  NiipK-a  in 

Ttitoe  of  the  tights  of  the  bouse  of  Adjoq,  which  hud 

rwTertwl  to  itui  FntiK'h  crnmi ;  htf  ctaimMl  aUo  SpiU)i)ih 

NaTatre,  whicU  had  been  aciuHl  by  Ferdinand,  and  the 

■B—tainty  of  FlandctB  und  Artds.     Tb«  scene,  as  well 

ea  the  main  prize  of  t)i»  conflict,  \ra»  to  bo  in  KortlKm 

Italy.     The  prepondemii««  of   strength  was  not  bo  do- 

cidudly  on  the  side  of  Cluirks  as  niiglit  at  liret  appoar. 

11i<;  Turks  ]M'r[WrlH:ilty  iiii-iiiwed  the  eaateni  frontiera  of 

hia  heredilitry  German  dominions,  which  were  given  over 

to  Ferdinand  his  brotlicr.     Hi«  territories  were  widely 

••■paRtted  from  one  another,  not  only  in  spooe,  butaUoin 

ljiiigti.-i'*is  local  inxtituti'tus,  and  cuKtoms.     Sevctal  of  the 

Diontries  over  which  he  reigned  weiu  in  a  atnte  of  internal 

confusion.     This  was  true  of  Spain,  as  well  aa  of  Oor- 

many. 

For  months  after  the  death  of  Maximilian,  the  Empire 
witB  without  a  head.  Frederic  of  Saxony,  wlio  was  dis- 
poaed  to  protect  nitht^r  than  rejireiaa  tlie  movement  of 
Lather,  was  regent  in  Northern  Germany.  Had  he  been 
in  middle  life  and  bc«n  cnduwl  willi  ;u»  (-iMTgy  equal  to 
his  aagnnty  ami  cjcwjlence,  he  might  hare  complii-d  with 
tho  prvfcncncQ  ot  the  clcctont  and  Umw  phwm]  himself  at 


CHARACTEB  01'  cnAIiLES  V. 


107 


I 


I 


the  UkiA  o(  thfi  Gcrintiii  nation,  n-Iiicli  was  now  conseioua 
of  III!)  (wlitig  of  natiumility,  and  full  of  asjiimtions  after 
unity  aitfl  rvrnrm.* 

Clifu-loe  V.  vfoB  not  the  man  to  assume  aach  n  position. 
Hi,*  ili;vi!l()jii><l  a  ti-natrity  of  puqjosi',  il  rt'8tl(«*  activity, 
and  a  f:ir-aigiiteil  aik'ulation,  wliicli  irori;  fi\r  in  lulvancu  of 
tiu.'  i>x]ii.>cbitionH  i-iitL'i'taincd  respecting  Iiim  in  b\a  earty 
youtli.  Itiit  Iiin  wlicili^  liiMiinp-  !«li<i\rs  tliiit  h(^  Lad  no  sdu- 
qitate  appreciation  of  tile  moral  force  of  Prot^tstaiiUiiin, 
Mis  i>craonal  Rymi>atbio-9i  were  n'itli  the  old  system  in 
wbioli  lie  had  been  educated,  and  thiftiras  more  and  inoru 
the-  CHHU  in  tlic  htttcr  part  of  his  career.  But  apart  from 
his  own  opiniitiia  nnd  pn.tlilc^^tions,  his  poaidon  an  rul«r 
of  Spain,  where  the  moat  bigoted  ty[»«  of  CaitioliciHm 
pr(?vaih-d,  wwtdd  have  Ihu  effect  to  prevent  bim  from 
Mvcring  Ilia  connection  with  tlic  K(»nmn  Church.  Afore* 
oror,  the  wholo  idea  of  tho  Empire,  as  it  lay  in  hia  mind 
and  ns  it  wiut  involved  in  nil  hi»  iimbitiotis  schftmes,  pru- 
suppnaed  the  unit}'  of  the  Charch  and  union  witli  the 
l*np!»cy.  Thi!  sncriMl  chanictcr,  tho  peculiar  BiipnMnacy 
of  the  Knipire,  rt-atod  upon  the  conception  tliat  it  was 
more  than  tho  kingdom  of  Germany,  more  tlum  a  German 
empire,  tJiat  it  wn»  tliu  ally  and  protector  of  the  entire 
Catholic  Church.  Germany  was  regarded  by  C^liarles  V. 
M  only  one  of  the  countries  over  which  ho  ruled.  The 
peculiar  interests  of  Germany  wtfi-e  HubonIiii.iti.t,  in  hiti 
tlioughte.  to  the  more  comprehensive  edieines  of  politi<.vd 
AggrandiM*ment  to  which  liiii  life  was  devot«d.  He  actt<d 
in  the  affaur  of  the  Reformation  from  political  mottvtN. 
Tht'sw.  Ht  lenst,  wctc  nppi'rmotit ,  and  accordingly  his  «m- 
iluct  varied  to  conform  to  the  interest  of  the  hour.  He 
might  deplore  the  nue  and  progress  of  I.nthenmism,  hut 
ho  di-iiin^d  stitl  Ii-hs  iJie  sui'cifis  of  Pmiicis  1.  in  the  Itnliao 
pi>ninsulii.  MuraOTor,  in  carrying  out  his  plans  for  him* 
lelf,  and  fvi-  the  nnliziition  of  tlie  idea  of  the  Empir«,  h« 


106         L0T]ii:s  A^iD  thf:  gkruan  kuoruatioh. 

might  lull  into  oonfljct  with  thu  tii>ad  of  the  Clitircli.  Tlia 
old  oonti«t  of  pope  and  cinporut-  might  l>u  ruviv«d.  TiuB 
wm  t)i«  innm  liable  to  occur  in  a  |>eriod  when  thu  pU[MM 
vriiru  Htixiotuly  labortng  for  llioir  own  tvnipoml  power, 
■nd  for  till)  lulvanwiiicnt  of  tlioir  rdativw,  in  ItJily.  A 
conibinittioii  of  all  tlio  forces  opposed  to  tJie  new  dootrite 
might  mitliw  to  crutJi  it.  Hut  would  this  combination  bo 
tilTcKitvd  ''  III  idditjon  to  tlic  jenlouaiea  tiiat  existed  be- 
twoen  Xbn  principal  |v>t4-ntjttv8.  thu  Enipi>ror,  the  Pope,  and 
tliri  ICing  »f  Fnin(N>,div!)iioiiHt»i(;hte,i.iily  aris«  nniungtho 
CittliMlii:  prini^cn  in  (Mrmuuiy,  from  the  fear,  for  example, 
et  tiiM  iiicmuiiig  i)owur  of  thu  house  of  Atistriii.  In  nddi- 
Uon  to  tliu  oonlliKtin<;  intonsiits  out  of  which  tho  I.uthi-ran 
iDovoininil  loiglit  find  it«  proiit.  Gorinany  and  tliu  &horos 
of  Um  Mudit4«rrunonn  were  incoHiuiiitly  tlireatcn^id  by  tlio 
Turks.  It  might  be  itn)»racticable  to  pei-sccute  tJie  dis- 
ciples of  the  new  doctrine,  uiid  at  tlto  sumo  limo  sccura 
tlivir  hplp  ngain&t  the  common  enemy  of  Christendom. 

Wlicn  Charlee  V.  flt*t  iirrived  in  Genminy,  I10  bad 
reasons  for  coijpcrnting  tvitli  tlie  Pope,  nm!  when  Hiis  waft 
the  case  his  own  p^.■{c^cn(^e8  seconded  tho  motive  of  pol- 
icy. Vet  Lutln-r  itiul  the  Liitlit-rau  cause  had  attnuited  n 
r«ligiouR  and  iiiiUonal  sympathy  that  was  too  strong  to 
permit  him  to  bo  eondcrauL-d  by  tJio  Em|)uror  witliuut  a 
hearinj;.  A  leas  summary  coui'^e  mti»t  be  taken  Uian 
tliat  which  tho  papal  party  urged  uj)on  him.'  Honcc  the 
ftumnioiu  which  Luther  ruvoivod  to  a]>pear  and  auawer 
for  himself  at  tho  Diet  of  Wonus,  In  this  summons  be 
rccognii-A-d  a  call  of  God  to  |^vc  testimony  to  the  trutli. 
As  he  mnde  his  journey  in  the  farmer's  wa^n  — when 
he  iver.t  to  Augsburg  to  muct  Cajctan,  h>:  hail  worn  a 
borrowed  coat  —  h<;  was  an  olij>-ct  of  univci<al  itit«reBt 
and  attention.     At  Erfurt,  thu  Univorsity  wont  out  in  a 

01  Xta  IHD  uuurioi  wlio  ml*  ttM  to  Uw  iaipcrkl  coiut.  Cunirlall  anil 
Dilvr,   Um  latter   uni    UiibI  itlitiitguithnl.      fit  Itpind  in  Ihv   niot  ol 
nu.    0(  Uliu  l^tl>«r  hii  giT«n  ■  UNulic  ilnoriplloii,  which  u  qunled  hj 
1,  lib.  1.,  x.tt.  U,  i  U. 


raS  DIET  or  WOBUS. 


10» 


procussioD  to  moot  Iiim,  somo  on  liorsoback,  with  a  gn»t 
throng  ott  foot,  aud  welcoiiK^l  him  with  ii  spi'MJi  from 
the  rector.  He  persevered  in  hia  jminiey,  ]n)tvvitliatnniJ- 
in^  iUnuiui  by  tliu  way  liiiil  many  voioos  u(  (Itscuurii^ 
ineiit  —  mingliM],  to  be  sure,  with  others  mora  cheoring 
—  nliii  ii  mot  him  lit  ovory  st^p.*  Wlioii  h>^  ix-iieliod  tU« 
liuc  stntion  ho  waa  advised  by  a  couaciltor  of  Frodorio 
not  to  gu  on  ;  tiie  fiitu  of  IIiiss,  it  wua  said,  mi|;lit  befiUl 
luin.  To  wliich  he  replied:  "Husb  has  been  bunK-d, 
bnt  not  the  tnith  with  him.  I  will  gu  in,  Uiuugh  lu  imiiiy 
JoviU  were  aiming  at  me  aa  there  are  tiles  on  tiie  roof."' 
Hu  rode  into  the  town  at  midday,  through  stnicta 
crowded  with  people  who  hiul  gathered  to  see  hun.  Od 
tln!  following  diiy.  at  four  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  hav- 
ing lirateolomnly  eoinmcndod  himitolf  to  God  iu  prayer, 
he  ;va8  escorted  by  the  iiniwrial  master  of  tlio  horee, 
Ulrich  of  Pappimhcim,  to  the  hall  of  uitdicnco.  He  waa-, 
conductetl  by  i^  private  and  ciivuitous  way  in  order 
avoid  the  pifs»  of  the  multitude ;  yet  the  window.t  and 
roofn  that  ovurlooked  tho  route  which  he  took,  wcr 
tlironged  with  spuctatoni.  As  he  entered  the  auguMt  a^\ 
lu'nibly  lie  bKhelJ  the  youthful  Kmperor  on  his  throne, 
witti  hia  brother,  the  ArcJiduko  Fi.>rdinaiHl,  at  hia  aido, 
iukI  u  brilliimt  retintie  of  prina^^  luiil  nobles,  Uiy  and 
««'Iwtiiisti<!al.  among  whom  were  his  own  Bovevoign,  Fred- 
vric  the  WisL*,  and  tliu  Landgrave,  Philip  of  tk-sse.  who 
WiiH  tli{!ii  but  aeventmiii  yetu-s  of  age,  together  %vitii  tlte 
di-putitn  of  thu  impcriiU  utic*,  foreign  ambaasadora,  and 
a  numerous  array  of  dignitaries  of  every  rank.  It  w«a 
Htiiuatod  tlittt  not  leas  tluin  fivo  tliousand  persons  wcro  I 

1  HonM  iuUnMinf  dMail*  >»  ghetn  by  Myconiu*,  BUl.  Rtformal.,  p.  St  (to 
Cyprian'*  UthtoJtit). 

■  OuncMniiis  Ihe  prtrii*  f'lnii  nt  thg  cxprfuinn,  h«  Kinkt^li  SM,  aod  hli 
ttlcrtiK*  to  lie  Wciw,  Li.  139  Hut  M|>alniin  (liiif  Ihc  •xpT*Mlan  !□  ihi  mora 
uul  fomt  in  iiUch  It  !■  ^uotali  "Ikuacr  inlr  Spolidoo  aui  (>pp«nli«l]n 
^B  Wunnlia,  ubrteba:  'Er  wolllo  r~a  Wunnbt,  veunctfich  so  vit4  Tantel 
iBriDncn  waNa,*]*  immet  X<lg«l  <U  wHrtn.'  "Jitkt^.  iva  4.  Rrf.  LMk.  (IMU 
t-  M  (In  CjrirrUa'*  (TnlaWtHj.     llu  atiivfd  <(  \iM\tir.  Ar'il  10.  II^I- 


m 


Umm   AXD  THE  GEULUC  JXTfyBMMJOtl. 


vMtKtoi  in  uid  aroond  tins  IiaI].  For  »  moim-nt  ha 
■eemsd  to  tw  lomenrluit  iLuzM  by  the  impoBuig  clutiao* 
ter  of  the  aswmbly.  lie  spoko  in  a  low  roico,  and  many 
Uiouglit  tliut  lie  ITU  ftfrnid.  In  r^ly  to  the  qaeatiMi 
wltetlier  ho  rctrncted  whitt  hu  liad  written  in  his  books, 
tlio  littuA  of  whidi  wnrv  rend,  \if  anktil  for  time  to  fnuno 
BU  luiawer  tttutable  to  ao  grave  a  question.'  Time  wni 
given  him,  iind  on  tiv:  following  evening,  at  ui  IioorBO 
lain  timt  bunju  wu«  lig)it«d,  he  was  onoe  moie  ustieKd 
into  the  anembly.  He  exhibited  no  nign  of  ttinban-gkaa* 
ment,  but  in  a  calm,  debonnincd  itmnni-r,  in  strong  and 
nanly  tom.ii  of  roioo,  declined  to  revoke  hia  opinioiit)  or 
ooodeion  his  writingB,  until  th«y  should  bo  disprorcn)  by 
■ome  otiicr  anthority  than  po[)o  or  council,  ev«n  by  clear 
btetiiaoniea  of  Scripturo  or  conclusive  argnmunbi  from 
noaon.  A  council  could  err,  be  mid ;  and  he  deolaied 
hinuelf  ready  to  prove  it.  When  a  Bnal.  dciinitu  aitswer 
to  the  quotioii  wh^'tbor  he  wmihl  r<.-«uit,  wtut  di^niiinded, 
be  replieil  that  his  conscience  would  not  pennit  him: 
"  Hvi-e  I  stand ;  I  cannot  do  otherwitKi.  God  help  me. 
Atncn."  Tltt^re  wen;  uutny  iKnid^s  tlic  Snxmi  Eleotor, 
whoso  Oerninii  hosvrts  were  tbriUod  by  tlie  noble  de- 
miMinor  of  LuIIkt  on  tliut  momentous  day.'  Tolcciui  of 
ndminition  luul  syntpatliy  wore  ttot  wanting.  Had 
violonoo  Iwcn  alti'mptol,  there  wcro  too  many  young 
knights,  armeil  to  the  teeth  and  resolved  to  protect  him, 
to  giro  to  snoh  an  xtti'tnpt  an  nsBuronco  of  sucoees.     Oni 

1  Hat  !.iilh«r  ukvd  lar<l*layt:i>  liiin  mmlt  ■  emunil  of  npi««ch  by  al- 
VtrwtiM.     Sm  ti»  uunrrr  lo  Utinibmirx,  in  SHtMinlorf,  ITIi.  I.  nfl.  M.  f  9t. 
UhM  mtuiauti  pEr|il(UilLy  lu  Vmutltiit  viittn.    So*  Widdlnirtnn,  1. 918.1 
fiU  lh«  expbuialloa  i>  l)i«l  Iwbail.  in  tS]  iitobaliillty,  uol  npeclvd  a  ptnoip* J 
tarr  d*iund  <>(  Uiii  diuuh,  mil  wUhari  i«r  iIiiNWfnmc  in  snnn*' —  wp 
dally  in  rlsw  ot  tlic  Inn  ilial  lili  wrilinK*  tsntalncil,  ■nions  Mb*r  thing 
nuof  (nnonaliilw-     'Ilia  n<|uMt  (a>  pmtfan«iu>iii   itu  Joubilna  in  arrard-l 
iiira  «ilb  tWadrke  of  JininiO  Scbarfl,  bU  Ireat  viiiluil.      its  lliii  Mpici 
lonnlir,  IV.  1. 1.f  I,  n.  Tl>.    Buks  ob»rrti>:    "Aavli  cr  naliia  di*  FSrinUcbi 
Lviioii  d-n  lki<ili»  hir  nloli  in  .lii»|>iui'1i."    iVufvli.  tiitli.,  i.  JM- 

«  S**p(rtlnK  (b«  liii)inuiun  made  tif  Liillitr  on  varriaut  (vnau,  (H  llaqlM 
I  »•  Mil. 


■ 


THK  PIKT  OP  WORMS.  ttl 

who  waa  present  teatillea  timt  Lutlicr  retiirnuti  ta  h'la 
liidf^ings.  full  of  courage  aud  clieerfulnees,  and  di>clHn>d 
llmt  luiil  he  a  Utousnnd  UnuU  lie  would  havo  tliem  all 
■truck  off  before  lio  would  make  a  reUaclion.'  Sonio 
ftilvUod  Charles  to  disregard  Ins  safe-conduct,  but  he  r^J 
nx'inbered  the  blush  of  ^jigi!(Iltund,  whun  Husb  lookud 
him  in  tlio  face  at  Constance,  and  refused.  Even  Duke 
Gi^orgn  of  Saxony  crivd  out  ngitinst  an  act  so  derogatory , 
to  German  honor.  It  is  worthy  of  iiotw,  that  thu  Etu- ' 
p«ror,  in  his  hist  days,  nt  the  ConTent  of  Yuste,  when 
siiiwretitioii  h»d  ninio  nway  ov<'r  him,  n^grctted  his  own 
fidelity  to  duty  and  honor  at  the  time  when  he  hud 
LuthcT  in  his  power.^  Wlicn  a  part  of  the  assembly  had 
gone  home,  Uw  <Iw:ii5(!  w;w  proclainiMl  that  placed  Lnthor 
ander  tJie  ban  of  the  Empire.  Bearing  the  same  date  as 
the  auitcncu  of  outlawry  against  Lim  was  a  treaty  be- 
tween Loo  X.  and  Cliarlfs  for  the  roooiK|ue«t  of  MUoD 
by  the  hitter.'  Thu  Pope  was  also  to  abstain  from  com- 
plying witli  Uie  winh  of  tJie  Spanish  Gstntca  that  hu  would 
wifteu  the  rigoi-a  of  (hu  Iiii]uisition  in  Spain,  a  ncocssary 
JnKtnum-iit  ot  ChailiVi*  tyranny.* 

Lroo  X.  had  opposed  tlie  election'  of  Charles,  an<I  ha<l 
autde  greitt  uxLTtionH  to  »Ls.iiro  tliu  elevation  of  Francia 
to  tliu  inipcriivl  .itation.  The  Pope  wns  resolvetl  to  pr«v 
vent,  if  he  could,  the  sovereignty  of  Naples  and  the  iro< 
penal  oflice  from  being  i»  Uie  name  hands.  He  tlreaded 
tJie  coiutiupienoes  to  his  own  states  and  the  effect  upon 
Italy  generally  that  would  result  from  such  an  uccomnla- 
tion  of  power.  iJut  after  Charles  had  been  chosen,  botJi 
tbe£mpi-]t)r  and  Leo  saw  the  advantages  tlmt  would  at- 
tend ujmn  their  anion,  and  the  damage  that  each  could 
indict  upon  tlie  other  in  case  tlt^  porscTOred  in  tlieiv 
boatiUty.       Accordingly  tli'^y  cuttuludwl   an   nlhanoo,   a 

t  SpakltD,  p.  4S. 

*  BolicrtMn,  HiMtary  of  ChaAa  >'.,  PrtMotC*  Apptndbt  (ill.  iM), 

*  Buka,  tttUvtjaftht  I'-imi,  i.  IB. 

*  Bank*,  ntMtl.*  GttriileUt,  I.  S». 


us 


tmVJM  AXI>  T1IE  GEKH.Uj  BEFOIHATUK. 


main   proviaion  of   vhidi  vnui  tint  tbo  pnrtiM  were  to 
divide  bctw<-«n  iIm-iii  Ibe  pUoes  to  be  conqaered  by  tha 

'  Emperor  in  Lombordy. 

I'^tiN  Luthvr  WW  pliMied  tinder  the  ban  of  the  Empire 
and  of  the  Church.     "Die  two  great  insUtuttonft,  iho  two 

l]Mt«at«t4>«,  in  n-huin  it  hntl  b4wn  imagined  tlmt  nil  an- 

fthority  oo  earth  b  embodied,  pnxKnuKod  agiuost  him. 
Tbo  moTomi'ut  Uutt  Itad  enlist«d  in  ita  support  to  so  grvAt 
Uk  extent  the  literary  and  politiaal,  as  well  as  the  dis- 
tbkOtiTely  roligiouB,  elements  of  oppoation  to  Rome,  waa 

rModauuud  by  Church  and  StAte.    It  remained  to  be  aeen 
rbetber  tlio  d«erv«  of  tbo  Diet  could  bo  carriod  into  exe- 
cution. 

Now  we  find  Luthor  in  the  War^org,  the  place  of 

^'Tefnge  tJioeon  fur  hitn  by  tbo  firm  bat  discrMt  Elector. 
It  is  a  very  flue  romiulc  of  Mr-binctbon  respectii^  the 
EUietor  to  whose  honrat  piety  and  discenting  spirit  the 
Reformation  owoa  so  niu<^ :  "  Ho  was  not  ono  of  Uiom 
who  would  stifle  cliaiigea  in  their  Tory  birth.  He  was 
Nibjcct  to  tlio  will  of  God.     Hu  read  the  writings  that 

tirere  put  forth,  and  would  not  permit  any  power  to  cntsh 
what  he  thought  true."  Here,  though  enduring  much 
phyneal  pain  oon8equi>nt  upon  neglect  of  exercLte,'  Lutlior 
IB  inoeamntly  at  work,  sending  forth  cf^troTersial  pnm- 

.  phlets,  writing  letters  of  counsel  and  onoouragcmi^nt  to 

\iu»  friends,  and  laboring  on  his  transhition  of  tlte  New 

a'Teatament,  the  firat  portion  of  tliat  vcniou  of  the  entiro 
Scriptoice,  which  is  one  of  bis  nioet  valuable  gifts  to  tlie 
Gemtan  people.'  Idiomatic,  vital  in  cwiy  part,  clothed 
In  the  racy  language  of  common  life,  it  created,  apart 

I  bom  its  religious  influence,  an  epoch  in  the  literary  dt>- 
ont  of  Uic  Uernian  nation.*    Troubles  at  Wittun* 

tUhidnrtilohliiibTdcililiMrdsn,  D*  WMte,  iL  pf.  1  IT,  V.  U.  M  ■*> 
■0»llMp»Tlra*lnMliliOTif  «lth«B)Ueinlo  Ui^  ud  !/>«  Genua,  Md 

M  ibitr  vmII  riKulalion,  Mpfd*!!/  ■raonir  lh«  bitj,  m*  llanutr*!  JU«t£*«va., 

mU  "  ttM#(h*  IKlalUfcanftuiN^ML'* 
*  Oa  dw  laralnUbb  •ivanliKV  of  Ijillm**  IBIil*  u  tuRiiiliin);  ■  "pMpla* 

Wtfe  "  —  t"  iHnilaiDmMl  work  fiir  tli*  iantnutioa  at  Ui«  pMpI*  "  —  ibM*  m% 

f»l  rmartii  tir  ll*K>).  na.  rfir  attrilthlt  t  Wtitt,  ii.  tea,  SM. 


» 


lOTHEE  AND  THE  lOOSCCLASTS. 


113 


ctiUiyS  him  forili  from  hh  retreat.  An  iconoclwitio 
movement  had  br'>kon  miL  iinilor  tho  lead  of  Carlstadt, 
for  tbe  ptirpoBQ  of  BViroe{)iQg  hsvny  in  nn  abrupt  luid  vio- 
lent  lUADoer  rites  Umt  vror«  dmrncd  iDoongruous  witb  tlie 
new  doctriue.  There  waa  n  oertain  consistency  in  this 
nulioul  niOYCiii«nt,  niid  ihimiv  of  tliu  I'lKuigos  Unit  w«rc  nt- 
teniple<l,  Latlier  and  hta  followers  tliorasetTea  effected 
niterwanis.  But  thvru  wus  a  epirit  of  cnthtuiaAin  aiid 
vioWnw,  of  which  Luthtii-  miw  the  danger ;  and  tlie  inno- 
vators were  a^sociadug  with  themselves  pretended  prophets 
from  Znickau,  who  c-hiiin«<l  a  miraculuiis  inspirntion  and 
wen;  the  a^io»tle«i  of  a.  social  revolution.  Luther  corapre- 
bended  ut  a  glanco  the  full  import  of  the  cri^d.  Should 
his  movement  issu«  in  u  sober  aitd  »aliitary  refonn,  or  run 
out  into  a  wild,  fanatical  sect  ?  It  is  a  mark  of  tlie  sound 
Gonsurvadsm  of  Luther,  or  rather  of  his  profound  Chri^ 
tioti  wUdom,  that  lie  deured  no  changca  thiit  did  not 
result  spontineously  from  an  insight  into  the  truo  princi- 
ples of  Uiv  GoR[)oI.  B(;tt<'!r,  he  thought,  to  let  obnoxiouH 
rite*  and  ceremonies  remain,  unless  they  hil  away  from 
their  perceived  inconsistency  with  the  Guspol,  as  the 
natuial  result  of  incoming  light  am)  tbe  edncation  of  con- 
science. "  If  we,"  he  said,  "  .ire  to  Iw  iconocUsts  bcciiiim 
tile  Jews  were,  tlien  liku  them  we  must  kill  all  the  un- 
believers." *  He  was  unwilling  to  have  the  attention  of 
men  drawn  away  from  the  ccntml  questions  by  an  excit»- 
mont  about  pointHof  Kulxmlinato  moment ;  and  Iik  counted 
no  changes  to  be  of  any  value,  however  reasonable  in 
tliemselvos,  which  were  brought  to  pi\a»  by  the  dictation 
of  leaden  or  by  any  form  of  external  pressure.  Seeing 
tlie  full  extent  of  the  danger,  he  resolved,  whatever  might 
iK-fidl  himseU,  to  return  to  hia  flock.  Luther  never  ap- 
pears more  grand  than  at  this  moment.  To  the  pmdent 
Elector  who  wann'tl  him  against  leaving  his  retreat,  and 
told  him  that  he  could  not  protect  him  i^inst  tbe  oon- 
I  V*  Weiu,  it  ML 


114 


I.I;T1KK  AMI)  HIE  CRRUAIJ   BEKHIIIATIOR. 


I 


HMliK-noc*  of  the  edict  of  Worms,  be  vrtobo  in  n  loft^ 
ntniiii  of  DtMirugti  iiik]  faith.  Mo  n-uiit  forLli,  lio  luuil,  un* 
ilor  for  Iiiglior  proUiction  tliiui  Uuit  oi  lli«  Elector.  Tbii 
wua  a  cauM  not  Ui  bo  nid^  or  directed  by  tliu  Hword.  Ha 
wbu  liM  mont  fnitb  will  bu  of  moat  uae.  *^  Since  I  now 
]uiri>-ivn,"  bo  wrote,  "  tliat  your  Electoral  Grace  is  BtU) 
vi-ry  wivik  in  fitith,  1  oun  by  no  means  regard  your  Eleo 
U>ral  HighnLiM  as  tlio  iiuin  wbo  ia  able  to  sbidd  or  Bavsl 
tno."  *  If  iiu  li-iil  na  pressing  businees  »t  Lei{>sic.  be  said, 
an  be  hod  at  Wittonborg,  liu  would  ride  iu  Uioru  if  it 
minod  Duko  CiivirffOt  nine  days  '. '  Arriving  at  Witteo* 
hvrg,  lia  eiit^mril  llio  pulpit  on  tb«  fullowing  Sunday,  luid 
by  a  MritM  of  oight  diiicouniua  put  an  end  to  tliu  formi- 
dable dixiJirbanci)  (l/>22). 

Itcatorttd  t"  Wittcniioi'g,  I.utlicr  i\>utinaed  Ids  bcica- 
b«n  labon  as  u  prcacli&r,  teaobvr,  and  aiitlior.  Coinmcn- 
titrica,  txaota,  lotten  npoo  all  tliQ  various  themes  omwhieh 
|i«  waH  daily  consulted  or  on  wliidi  hu  fvlt  hnpolled  to 
•)x!uk,  continually  (lowed  from  hLs  pen.  In  a  aingh  year 
hn  put  forth  not  less  than  one  linndred  and  eighty-three 
pnblications.' 

Jkfeautitno  the  Council  of  Regency,  who  manitgcd  tlio 
goTOrnmont  in  the  abeenco  of  tlte  Emperor,  steadily  de~ 
rlim<d  to  adopt  meMuroe  for  tlie  cxtir^vition  of  the  Lu- 
Llicriuia.  The  ground  was  taken  tliat  the  religtoiiit  wove* 
niont  was  too  much  a  matter  of  conscienoo  ;  it  had  token 
root  in  the  minds  of  too  great  a  number  to  nilow  of  its 
BiipprtittioD  by  force.  Ao  atteni])t  to  do  bo  would  breed 
diaturbauocfl  of  a  <huigeroii3  charaoier,  Tim  drift  of  fool- 
ing through  the  nation  was  onmistakably  iu  the  dirmtion 

t  1J«  WalU.  II.  IBS. 

>D*W*(li.U.  110, 

*  B4  My*!  "Sam  oerU  T«lad*  taendi  ol  prouUt  inMnorin  a  qua  niilii  Bull, 
(|nun  pri)inaliir,<tui(4aldMffb«.'*  LMUrloSpalatin  (Kth.  3, 1fi90):  DtWMi^] 
1. 4M.  NmAjraanlatarba  irrilM!  "  Sle  obnior  quotidia  litrrln.  ul  uionM.  WWB' 
at,  trnlirtla,  imljiiui.  (eiiHtnr,  ana,  Mttant,  el  <iuinia  plena  JBi'iaiic  liurla 
^■■•iJanlbu,  (ltt*ralU,  ^lEtioRlbiu,  ale.  In  ma  rail  M»  molo)  cci.-lHiEa>lI('a  t 
VilUlM,"«te.    Ult*rtoWaM.Iiak.(JanaM,Isn)):  Da  WaUa,  UL  471. 


MVlSIOt:  OP  GEtUlANT. 


UK 


of  rofortu.  Ailrian  VI.,  wlio  was  a  iiuid  ut  strict  tnunJit, 
tli«  suocoMor  uf  Leo.  X.,  found  Iniiiwlf  ttiuibl«  to  remedy 
the  abuses  to  wbicli  bo  attributed  the  Lutheran  uwve- 
mcnt.  Tlie  deniaiid  whidi  be  luade  by  his  lei^t^  at  the 
Diet  oi  Nurombi-rg,  in  1522,  that  tha  decree  againut 
Lutlivr  should  bo  cnfoi-ced,  wiia  loiit  by  Ui«  pnseiitatioii 
of  a  list  of  a  hundred  grievances  of  which  the  Diet  liadto 
vuiapliuii  to  thu  Roman  suu.  H is  su<x;i'ssor,  Clement  YIL, 
in  whom  tJic  old  epiric  of  worldliiieaa,  after  the  brief  in- 
terval of  Adrian's  vwga,  was  reinstated  in  tbo  papal 
chair,  fared  little  bett«r  at  the  Uiel  of  Niu-i^mWrg,  in 
1224,  when,  tbrougli  bis  legate  Campeggio,  he  demundud 
the  unoonditiuiial  Mupprunion  of  tlie  Luth«nui  tioreHy. 
The  Pn]ie  and  the  Emperor  conld  obtain  no  mora  tbao  an 
iiidefinitu  vngiigumetit  to  obser\'u  the  Worms  docree,  "aa 
foraa  powublc."  Tliis  action  was  equivalent  to  remand- 
ing the  subject  to  the  sevenil  priucoa  within  thetr  n?spec- 
tivo  territories.  It  was  cotipl«.-d  with  a  rc-fcnoncc  of  dis- 
puted matters  to  a  general  council,  and  with  a  resolution 
to  take  up  the  hundred  complaiutx  at  the  next  diet.  A 
majority  oould  not  be  obtained  against  ttie  Lutlieians  and 
in  favOT  of  the  coercive  me^urcs  demaudod  by  tliu  Pope 
and  liy  CharU-s.  And  tJie  movenient  of  refunn  was 
•ipivading  in  evei-j-  part  of  Germany. 

This  aspect  of  affairs  moved  the  papal  party  to  tlio 

adoption  uf  active  inoarares  to  turn  tlie  scale  on  the  other 

ride — mi'Jtaun.-s  which  began  the  division  of  Germ.-uiy. 

Up  to  this  i>oint  no  divbion  bad  oecttrrcd.    The  nation 

uid  moved  as  one  body  ;  it  bad  refusud  to  suppress  tlm 

new  opiiiioitM.     Now  strenuous  i^fTorls  wvr<:  put  forth  to 

oombine  the  Catholics  into  a  compact  party  for  mutual 

,  lUd  and  defense.     At  Uatiiibon  an  uUiiuiee  nf  this  cliamo- 

.  ter  was  .fm-med  by  tJie  (^thoUc  princes  and  bidiope  o( 

I  South  Germany,  by  th«  t^rms  of  which  the  Witb^nbeig 

neresy  was  to  be  cxchided  from  their  dominions,  and  they 

won  to  help  oacJi  other  in  thuir  ooiuinou  dangci».     Al 


116 


LUTHER   AXD  TIIE  <]F:BUAN  RUFOKUATIOH. 


tlio  Diet  of  Nurutnlwrg  H  Imd  1>«m'Ii  determined  to  Lnld 

imn  asBembly  shortly  after  at  Spires  for  tlic  roguljition  o( 

■  crclcsiiLStiuil  nITiiint.     T\w  iirinwis  wore  to  procure  befor&- 

hand  from  their  couucillors  and  echolara  a  statomcnt  of 

tlic  i>oiiits  in  diopntk.-.     TIiu  grinvaiioii*  <)f  tJic  nation  wi're 

to  be  sot  fortli,  aivl  remedies  were  to  be  sought  for  tbem. 

Tbe  nation  was  to  duliberate  and  net  on  tho  great  matt<-r 

rcii(jii>iis  rt'form.     Tht;  proapi-til  wiis  that  the  evangel- 

tical  party  would  be  iu  tJie  majority.     The  papal  conrt 

pMir  iiiv  dangi'r  that  was  inrolwd  in  tm  assembly  gnthnrod 

for  such  a  purpofte,  niui  determined  to  prevent  llie  meet^ 

ing.     At  this  moment  war  was   breaking  oat  between 

ChurlcM  ami  Franoiji.    (.'Imrlfj*  liad  no  inclination  ti>  offend 

the  l*ope.     He  forbade  the  assembly  at  Spiroa  and,  by 

letters  ud<ln.-**ed  to  tlic  i>rin(H«  individiinlly,  cnclravorod 

to  drive  them  into  the  execution  of  the  edict  of  Worms. 

In   eonsequcnco   of    these    threatening  movoments,   the 

Elector  of  S-ixony  and  the  l^ntlgruvc  of  Heme  enterwl 

into  the  defensive  lengue  of  Torgan,  in  which  they  were 

joined  by  sevorul  Protestant  comnttmitiex.      The  bdttlo 

of  I'avin  and  the  rupture  of  Pranris  I.  were  events  Uiat 

appeared  to  be  fraught  with  peril  to  the  Prot««taut  cause. 

In  tlie  Peace  of  Madrid  {January  14,1526)  both  sovorci^jiis 

.avowed  the  delermiiiatjon  to  suppress  heresy.     But  the 

rdangerrwis  preponderance  obtained  by  llie  EniiH-ror  crcnt<>d 

nn  alarm  throughont  Europe;  and  the  release  of  Franets 

was  followed  by  the  oiganization  of  a  confcdenicy  against 

CliBries,  of  wliich  Clement  was  the  leading  promoter. 

This  changed  the   imjterial   policy  in  reference   to  the 

Lutherans.     Tlio  Diet  of  Spires  in  lo2G  unanimously  re- 

Bolve.1  tliat,  until  th«  meeting  of  o.  general  council,  every 

L'Btate  should  act  in  regard  to  the  edict  of  Worms  iw  it 

might  answer  to  God  imd  his  imjieriiJ  mnjiifty.     Once 

more  Germany  refused  to  stifle  the  Reformation,  and 

adcf  ted  the  principle  that  each  of  the  mnipiincnt  part:*  of 

f'he  Empire  should  be  left  frw-  tt>  act  according  to  it»0WB 


THE   I'HorKST   AT  STIHES. 


117 


will.  It  vroB  a  uwmixv  of  lliu  higUoat  importjuiw  to  tlw 
Htiiso  uf  ProU'stiuitMiit.  It  is  H  griMt  liiiuliiiiirk  in  the 
liislory  of  tlie  (Jemmn  Itpformntion.  'l"he  war  of  tiie 
Empuroritnd  UiuPopc  InvulvcJ  tliu  iivco^euty  of  tolcmttii^ 
UiH  Lii(Ji(!rait3. 

In  1527,  an  iuiporial  iirniy,  composed  largt'lj  of  La- 
Uienui  infantry,  cnpttnvd  ami  Racknl  th«  city  of  Rome. 
For  seveial  months  the  I'opa  wns  Iteltl  a  i)riaonor.  For 
a  immliiT  of  yifirs  llio  position  of  Ciuidii*  with  rcHpect  to 
France  and  the  Pope,  and  the  fear  of  Turkish  iuvaaioii, 
had  openkbod  to  cmbotdi-n  and  grciitly  KtruiigtlM^n  the 
caiuc  of  Lutlior.  But  now  that  the  Emperor  had  gained 
a  complete  victory  in  Italy,  thu  Catholic  partj*  ronved  ita 
|»olicy  of  rcpriaaion;  imd  Rt  tlic  IKftt  of  Spircit,  in  1529, 
a  majority  \raa  obtained  tor  an  edict  virtually  forbidding 
thu  pragross  of  tliu  Reformation  in  thu  states  whicli  hud 
mit  accepted  it,  at  tJie  same  time  that  liberty  wa.4  givttn 
to  the  adiierents  of  the  old  confesMoii  in  the  refonned 
state*  to  «el<?hruto  their  rites  witli  freedom.  It  is  impos- 
Bible  to  describe  here  the  methods  by  wldch  a  reversal  of 
tho  national  jiolicy  was  tbu«  procured.  The  decisive  cir- 
euuwtnnce  was  tluit  (.'Ijarlea  V.,  in  consequenco  of  hia  sjin- 
patby  vrith  the  spirit  of  Spanish  Catholicism,  inatviid  of 
putting  liimtelf  at  Uic  hend  of  the  great  religious  and 
national  movement  in  Germany,  chow  to  nmiutaiti  the 
ancient  union  of  thu  Empiro  vrith  tlic  Pnpitey.  'Die  pin- 
t«*t  against  the  proceeding  of  the  Diet,  which  gave  the 
name  of  I'rotvstanttt  to  thu  rofonuing  party,  and  the  ap- 
poal  to  the  Kmpeiiir,  to  a  general  or  a  German  council,  ami 
to  all  impartial  Christian  judges,  was  signed  by  Jolm,  the 
Elector  of  Saxony,  tho  Miirgi-avu  «if  Brandenburg,  the 
Duke  of  Brunswiek-Liineburg,  tho  Landgravu  of  Hoese, 
tho  Prineo  of  Anludt ;  to  whom  were  unitj'd  fourteen 
citica,  among  which  were  Nuremberg,  Strasburg,  and  Con 
itance. 

Tho  iKirty  of  reform  did  not  consider  itself  bound  bir 


UB 


LTTTIIKR   AKD  TtIK  ar.RMAK   K^JWRUA TIOtT. 


tlie  uUon  of  Uie  Diet,  not  only  because  ita  edict  looked 
to  oompalBioii  iu  a,  maUvr  tluit  itliould  he  Ml  U>  Uw 
oonseionoc,  but  alto  Itecatiae  it  ovcrtlirew  a  policy  whicb 
had  been  solpinnly  establiBbod ;  a  policy  on  tbu  butb 
ot  wliicb  till)  [ii-incos  imil  citi«s  Unit  WL-ro  favoniblo  to 
th«  omnguliciil  muse  bad  proceeded  in  shaping  tbcir  r^ 
ligious  polity  and  worship.  Hie  cfforta  iniidu,  «^>cittl!y 
by  the  Loiid^niTO  of  He«»c,  to  ooinbiiin  tiie  aiipportera  ol 
the  Reformation  in  a  defensive  league,  were  chilled  by  tbe 
nppoflitton  of  Luther  to  mcastirvs  that  looked  lo  a  war 
with  tlie  Kiii|H.Tor,  and  RtiU  more  prevented  from  being 
(lucccfuful  by  his  determined  unwillingni^ss  to  unito  with 
the  Swiss,  on  account  of  what  ho  connidvrcd  tlicir  horeticad 
doctrine  of  the  wicriiment.  Lnther  and  liis  affioclates 
were  imbtit-d  with  a  HL-nso  of  the  obligation  of  the  subject 
to  the  powers  that  be  and  with  tlto  sacrudness  of  Uio  ICm* 
jure.  The  courao  for  the  Christian  to  take,  in  their 
judgment,  watt  tiiat  of  piwsivu  obcdiuiuu.  They  hke- 
I  wise  doomed  it  an  unlawful  thing  to  join  witli  eirorists 
—  with  men  who  rejected  material  pai-ta  of  Christian 
truth.  However  open  to  critici.im  the  position  of  tlio 
Saxon  reformers  was  on  both  of  these  points,  it  should 
not  be  forgotten  that  tlii-ir  general  motive  was  the  sub- 
lime disregard  of  mere  expnllenuy,  whieli  had  ohamctcr- 
ir.ed,  and,  wc  may  add,  had  ennobled  their  movement  at 
every  step. 

In  this  state  ol  tilings,  the  Emperor,  flushed  with  biu> 
Kwi,  met  the  repic'SiMitatives  of  tliu  Empire  in  1530,  ut 
the  mcrnurablo  Diet  of  Augsburg.  The  inconvenience 
iind  daiiger  uf  ki-i-piiig  the  Popo  in  captivity  had  caused 
Cliarles  to  wish  for  iin  aoGommodation  witJi  him.  The 
d^ire  of  Clement  VII,,  a  solf-sceking  politician,  to  have 
Florvnc-e  i-otttore^l  to  his  family,  in  connection  with  othM 
less  luHuential  considerations,  inspired  him  witli  a  like 
ftwling  ;  so  that  amity  was  reestablished.  At  tlio  same 
lime  the  Peace  of  Ounbray  terminated  for  a  time  th« 


TIB  DIKr  Ot  AUaSRDSO. 


119 


conflict  witii  France.  The  Emporor  was  freed  from  the 
einbuiTaMiiii(.-iiU  ^vhil-Jl  li:ui  lundvred  liiia  from  putting 
forth  <li-toi'iiiiii<?(l  rnili^vora  to  restore  the  uiiiiy  of  tlie 
Clmrvk.  He  had  been  cmvraed  at  Bologna,  and  -waa 
filled  with  li  ivrnc  of  liiii  rraponsibilil^  as  the  head  of  tUu 
Holy  Koinan  Em{ui«,  tlie  guardian  of  Chrbtianity  and  of 
the  Charcli.  Ho  waa  surroundud  by  the  Spanish  nobility 
M  well  AB  by  the  princes  ivnd  rcprMuiiitiitir'Ni  of  the  Em- 
pire. The  deflign  was  to  pontuade,  and,  if  Uiis  should 
prove  impracticablo,  to  ovcrawo  and  coerce  tho  Protea- 
tnntfl  into  lui  abandoiimoiit  uf  their  caiutc.  A  faith  and 
berotsm  lees  steadfast  would  have  yielded  to  the  tremen- 
dous presunre  that  was  hron^ht  to  bear  apon  tliem.  It 
waa  not  fonsidored  wim  or  safe  for  Lutlior  to  j*o  t4> 
Augsburg.  He  was  left  behind  in  the  castle  of  Coburg, 
within  the  limits  of  tim  Elector's  dominion,  hut  ho  hold 
frequent  commonication  with  the  Saxon  thciologians  who 
attondcd  tJie  Elector.  Tho  coIobrat4.>d  Coofession,  drawn 
up  by  Melftnctlion,  in  a  contiUtntory  spirit,  hut  clearly 
defining  the  essential  tenets  of  Protestantism  —  a  creed 
whidi  has  obtained  more  cnrrc-ncy  and  reMpcot  thaji  any 
other  Protealant  symbol  —  was  read  to  tlie  Assembly.  'Ilw 
reply,  composed  by  Eck  and  other  Catholic  tJieologianat 
was  also  pi-enented.  Thf^n  followed  eEforta  at  coniprotnise, 
in  whieh  Melancthon  bore  a  prominent  part,  and  showed 
a  williii};t».'«s  to  concede  everything  but  that  which  waa 
deemed  moiit  vital.  These  i^fTorta  fell  to  the  ground. 
They  could  invent  no  formulsis  on  whieli  tliey  could  agree, 
*pon  the  merit  of  works,  piimiice,  and  the  inrocation  of 
saints.  The  elaborate  and  able  Apology  by  Itlelancthon, 
in  defense  of  the  (^nfe«»ion.  vnu  not  hcanl,  but  vna 
publiahed  by  the  author.  The  majority  of  tJ)e  Diet  en- 
Jouioi)  the  rofltomtion  of  tlio  old  occleslnstical  invtitiitions, 
a31owtii^  till!  Pnittt-Htaiils  time  for  reJlection  until  the  lOth 
of  November  of  the  following  ywir;  afl«r  which,  it  was 
:mpli<Hl,  coercion  would  be  adopted.    Notliii^  in  the  hi» 


ISO 


LUnrKii  AM)  Tiii:  ckruan  RGKomiAnoR. 


tary  of  tliu  Itvfomiation  is  more  {Wtliotic  tbin  tliu  cotidud 
of  the  Kloctor  John  »t  Augsbui^,  who,  ia  Uie  full  ))r(i»- 
pM.'t  of  tile  ruiu  of  evei^-  earthly  interaBt,  and  not  nitlioot 
tlio  d«o|M'Ht  Mtnilnlity  from  hia  attoobmaat  to  the  Em- 
peror lud  to  the  pence  of  the  Empire, ne^'«^tJleleea reflolvtnl 
to  atntld  Ijy  **ttiu  imiK-risliuHv  Word  of  God."  The 
Rnfornicm  went  witling  to  release  him  from  hU  obligutiuo 
to  ]iD>u.'ct  ihcin,  to  take  whatuver  lot  I'rovidonce  might 
itciul  ui>on  tlicni  ;  but  tltiit  truir-hcjLrtvd  priwHi  rufuscd  to 
compromiBe  in  Uie  least  hia  eacred  convictions.* 

ITio  letters  writt*«n  by  Luther  daring  the  eeeeioiis  of 

'tlM  Diol  oxliibit  in  bnld  n^Iiof  the  itohWt  u»d  most  at- 
tractive sirles  of  his  character.  Hie  fine  mingling  of  jest 
uid  earnest',  t}ie  gruiid  ck-vation  of  his  fnitli.  his  serene, 
danntleaa  courage,  and  his  broad  aaf[licity,  are  never  more 
Btriking.  lie  takvtt  time  to  vrrite  a  charming  letter  to  hia 
little  son. '  To  his  friends  at  Au^burg  ho  KportJTcly  vriloa 
that  in  the  flock  of  crows  and  rooks  hnrrj-ing  to  and  fro, 

l.iuid  ncrcaining  in  n  thiclivt  before  hin  window,  ho  finds 
another  Diet,  with  il»  dukat  and  lords,  which  quite  re- 
icmbles  the  impenal  aBsonibly,  "  They  euro  not  for  large 
fanllH  and  ['aliiccs,  for  tlit-ir  hall  is  roofed  by  llie  bcantiful, 
widiwipiviwliiig  sky,  iu  floor  is  tlie  simple  turf,  its  tnbloa 
nn^  pretty  grovn  hruiichett,  and  ito  vmlls  are  as  wtdv  as 
tlio  world's  end."  ■  He  will  build  there,  in  his  seclusion, 
three  lAbeninclcs,  one  for  tliu  ])rophet»,  one  for  the  Psal- 
ter, and  another  for  ^-aop  ;  for  not  only  will  he  ox[>ouiid 
tlie  Scriptures,  ho  will  trunshito  ^sop,  too,  [or  the  in- 
Btruclion  of  his  Germans.*  Why  had  Mnster  Joucliim 
twife  written  to  him  in  Greek?  llo  would  reply  it, 
Turkish,  80  that  Master  Joiidiim  might  alto  rojidwliat  h« 

>  John  ihe  CnnatanC  ■uccerdvil  hii  bniilii<r,  Fmlorio  th*  Mfim,  in  ItU. 

■  n<  Wrila,  iv.  41. 

•  De  U'etU,  iv.  t.  8,   11-    Tlio  lt<tt«r  in  dalml  fram  "Ihe   Dirt  of  Gr«b< 
IVkfrt,"  April  3t,  15:iO.    Wriliiii;  to  Spoliliii  k  few  ^t*yt  nflar  in  (lie  Muni 
RniD,  ha  add*:  "  T(t  il  !>  in  *erioii>imt  mm)  liy  rniRpiilalun  Ihtt  I  jnt,  Uul 
migi  repd the  nflectlaii*  vliich  ruili  in  u;>i"i  '«•<,  it  imlioil  t  may  n<p«l  htm.' 
*>•  Wettc,  Iv.  II.  •  Va  Wcltc.  iv.S. 


LLTtlO'S   FMItt   AND  COUBAQE. 


131 


not  uiitkTstund.'  lie  sets  n  li-ap  to  decoy  n  fastidi- 
oua  musical  cvhk:  Into  tin  (([iprovcil  of  a  ]iicc«  which  LaUier 
luul  himself  jMirtly  compoaed,  but  wliicli  lie  contriTes  to 
have  paahed  nfF  itit  n  pcrformuncu  nt  Aiigshnrgt  to  cele- 
brate the  entrance  of  Cbarlt-a  jiiid  Kerdinaiid.^  KiifFiTing 
himaelf  fmni  pixKttrution  of  strength  nnd  from  a  tluiudoi- 
ing  in  tlie  head,  which  forced  him  to  lity  down  his  booki 
for  dny»,  lie  unjoins  Melanctboa  to  obeerre  the  rules  for 
the  care  of  hia  "  lilll«  body,"  '  H«  i^xhorts  the  anxious 
Philip  to  the  excrdae  of  greater  faith.  If  Moses  bad  i-o- 
BoLvcd  to  know  just  bow  liu  wii»  to  Dscftiw  fnim  the  army 
of  Pbantoh,  Israel  would  have  been  in  Kgypt  to-day.* 
Lei  Philip  ceoso  to  he  rector  munJi  and  let  tJio  Lonl 
im.*^  In  Ik^jiriti;^  privatif  griefs  antl  aflltcti»n»,  Philip 
the  stronger,  but  the  opposite  is  lru«.  said  Lutlior, 
tlioMt  wbiub  are  of  a  public  nnture."  If  we  fall,  lis 
ytys,  Christ  falls,  and  1  prefer  to  fall  with  Christ  Uiiui 
id  with  C.'i'«»r.^  He  rejoices  to  hare  lived  to  huvo  tlie 
Confession  road  before  tbe  Empire.^  He  bids  Melancthon, 
if  tbe  cause  is  unjust,  to  abandon  it ;  but  if  It  be  just,  to 
cast  away  \m  fears.  He  is  full  of  that  sublimo  conQ- 
dvnco  which  rang  out  in  thu  nvwl  popular  of  hi*  liymnt, 
"  the  MtiTiviiHiufle  of  the  Reformation"  — 
•■  Kill  (n.l»v(  lliirs  bl  unier  GoU"  — 

Three  hours  in  the  day  he  spent  in  prayer."    He  imtea 
to  the  Elector's  anxious  Ciianofllor ;  "  I  have  lately  swn 

I  D*  Wmm,  ir.  IS.     t  Ibid.  *  IliiJ^  p.  36.         *  Ibid.,  {>.  til. 

*  I1ii.l^  p.  5t.  ■  Ibid.,  p.  BI.       >  Ibid.,  p.  03.  *  lUd.,  p.  Tl. 

>  Vtl(  DlBlrkrh,  yho  wa*  wllh  him,  wivu  to  tltUacthsDl  "  I  cvinut  ■nffi- 
timtlj  wonder  >l  llili  nmn'i  idruiiuMe  •Icudfailnou,  chftrful  caungt,  tillh,  uid 
twpe,  In  w  iliikful  n  llim.  lie  nouttiliu  iIipm  l«n|wn,  lioirei'Dr,  by  ituilloui, 
snln^trrutdcd  mtJiiailou  ol  Gwi't  Word.  Xot  n  day  pa>H<  «-b<ii  be  d'ct  not 
<Iicad  Ihrn  lioun,  and  tbnie  b»t  niilcd  tvt  sludc,  In  priyn.  Once  I  bad  ihe 
ftod  (oRiido  la  bcai  bun  fiay.  GihhI  (End,  what  >  tailb  apptarvd  in  hil  mrdil 
Be  pnyvd  wiUi  tnrh  ivvcrrnca  llml  i>no  'a'  h«  w  lalkiiiji  wilh  tiod,  and  yrl 
villi  «uch  faitb  and  hnpa  tbst  it  nDriiinl  ai  it  ho  nia  latkiiig  with  a  (albfr  anil 
a  frirnil,  *I  know,'  hi  uid,  'Ibat  Tbou  ait  our  llud  and  >'«lbi:r.  Kii  I  am 
tvrlaiii  TbdD  wilt  bHiis  lo  tbaiu*  Ibo  penccu^on  ot  Tby  cUldrcu.  I(  Tfaou 
toMI  il  not,  tbe  baxard  ii  'niino  aa  w«il  aa  onn.    la  Irnth,  Uia  irhd«  nuRer  ia 


122 


Ltrma  and  trb  qkruak  krforuatiok. 


two  wonden,  —  first,  as  1  looked  out  of  thi-  vrindov,  I 
mw  tlis  stAK  ill  Utc  liuavotM  and  the  fiitiro  baantifal 
vnult  which  God  hia  raised  j  jRt  the  ht:av»iis  fell  not^ 
uod  the  vuuU  stiU  stands  firm.  Now  soma  woakl  hv  ghid 
to  find  thu  iiilljii-H  tlmt  nistoin  it,  and  gnisp  and  fnel 
tlum,"  "  'I1ie  utiier  was :  I  saw  great  thick  clontls  hang- 
ing abova  i»  with  such  weight,  thjkt  they  might  bt  com* 
piired  to  %  grait  b<uv  :  ntid  yet  I  hhw  no  ground  on  which 
tbwy  rusted  and  no  vessel  wherein  they  were  oontaincd  j 
yot  thny  did  n^it  full  upon  us,  but  mlutvi:)  us  uHlh  a  banb 
holt  iiik)  (Ifil  iiwny.  Aa  th«y  ]»a*w  »way,  a  niinbow  shinea 
fortli  on  thfl  gTMind  and  oii  our  roof." '  *'  All  things," 
bo  writes  in  another  plium,  "aru  in  tho  hands  of  God, 
who  MM  covar  the  sicy  with  cloiidd  imd  brigliten  it  ngata 
fa)  a  moment."  *  It  is  painful  to  him  that  God's  Word 
muAt  he  m  iiilent  at  Augsbui^  ;  for  tho  Pnitt-artant*  werft 
not  allowed  to  prOACh.'  lie  liad  a  settled  distruat  of 
Caii]]>i-ggio  aud  Uio  othur  Italiaus :  "  wheru  an  Italian  ia 
good,  ho  ia  mo«t  good,"  but  to  find  sufh  an  oi>i>  h  na 
iianl  as  to  find  a  blaok  swan.  He  w«'iit  along  with 
Mul:(n<:t}H>n  in  a  willingness  lo  mako  concessions,  pn>- 
vidod  thi'  I'Vitii^i'lii-al  doclriiirt  and  freedom  in  ]tn>jiching 
it  wen-  nut  K^unitio'^d.  Ho  had  no  BUfpidon  of  I'hilip,  aa 
some  luid.  Tiiei-a  w«T«  many  ccrcmonicft,  which  wcra 
iriili--M — Ifvlcula  —  not  worlli  disputing  about.  Yet  it 
did  not  bclmg  to  thu  m^tgistrate  to  dictate  to  the  Cliurclt 
in  these  points.*  He  would  go  ao  far,  though  not  without 
rclucUmce,  lut  to  allow  bishops  to  continue,  but  would 
IKuinit  no  subjection  U>  Uw  Pupticy.  But  Luther  li.id  no 
belief  in  the  possibility  of  a  compromise  or  reconciliation. 


TfiiMnwn;  ire  liave  bten  only  campollcd  (a  Uy  hmdt  on  il;  Tlian  niartl  U)M 
pwrd."  *«.    Coryui  B'/..  II.  16S. 

)  It*  Wrilr,  iv>  Its.  At  an  culler  Uiv,  on  Uifl  iicraiiaa  a(  )ii*  inltnii-w  irllt 
C4|(t«ii,  ill  n\t\y  CO  ()>'  quntlon  where  lit  irouM  ntund  if  lli*  Ktarlar  iliuuld  Vt 
M^ipnt  tiln,  lie  niumRsil,  "  Vatvt  dun  mlun  Illiiimel  1 " 


■  D*  Woiw,  !v,  lo(L 
*  Di  W<!U^  Iv.  310, 101 


*  tbid.,  p.  ITL 


LCTRKB'S   UAtlBtAGF^ 


128 


I 
I 


Utere  ttbs  a  Tadi(?a)  aatagDnism  that  could  not  be  bridged 
OTcr.  TluTii  could  bo  no  agriwiiiciit  in  iliKtrhiu  ;  )>oliLi* 
cal  poiu^o  nlone  was  Ut  im  nimed  at  and  Iio])ed  (or.*  Ilcnoe 
be  ntjoiood  when  iJiu  jicrilous  ncgutintioiis  bvtweon  tbe 
oiijMJsiiig  committees  of  theologians  were  biv>iight  to  ao 
end. 

Til*™  are  several  occurreii<:09  not  yet  noticed,  which 
took  place  in  the  interval  between  the  Dieta  of  Worms 
nnd  of  Aii^bui-g,  nnd  whicli  are  of  marked  importiknoo 
botli  in  tli(-ir  bearing  on  tlie  Reformation,  and  aa  illita- 
trating  the  personal  chanteter  of  LutJicr. 

One  of  tiiet*o  oventa  wna  kia  marriage,  in  1525,  to 
Catliarine  von  Bora.  lie  n>solveil  upon  this  measure,  m 
we  loam  from  IiimKclf,  partly  hccuune  he  expected  that 
bia  lifi:  would  not  flontinue  long,  and  be  was  determined 
to  leave,  in  tlie  most  imprt^'ssivu  form,  hia  testimony 
■gain»t  the  Itominh  law  of  celtlmcy.  Another  motive 
was  a  yeanling  for  the  happiiieas  of  domestic  life,  which 
his  parcntK,  who  ha<l  einbniocd  tlio  now  fuitli,  ^■ncotintgt'd. 
llie  acaitdal  that  liia  maiTiage  caused,  fint  among  his  own 
friends  and  then  tUv  world  over,  hanlly  fell  short  of  tliat 
occasioned  by  tlie  pristing  of  his  thi?«cs.  llu'  i-xtimplo 
of  Luther  was  followed  hy  many  of  liia  associates,  whtoti 
gavo  rise  to  the  olianicleristic  jest  of  Erasmus,  that  wbat 
had  liet^n  mlled  a  tnigedy  seemed  to  bu  a  cinn«<ly,  iw  it 
came  out  in  h  marriagi;.  Tliv  marrbge  of  »n  upoatnte 
dionk  mtb  A  runaway  nun  betokened,  in  tho  view  of 
the  superstitious,  tliu  coming  of  Antiuhrtat  as  th*^  fruit 
of  the  uiitiallowed  union.  Uut  it  wus  one  of  those  bold 
steps,  diaracteristic  of  Ltithur,  which,  in  the  long  run, 
proved  of  adviuitnge  to  his  cause.  It  garo  liim  the  solooo 
of  home,  in  the  intunse  oxeitdmcr.t  and  pradigioos  labors 
ID  whtdi  bo  WAS  immorsed  for  the  rest  of  his  days. 
There,  with  music,  and  song  and  frolics  with  his  cbiU 
dren,  in  the  arcle  of  hist  fricntbi.  he  poured  out  his  hornet 
'  Vt  VtlU.  Ik  uo. 


134 


Lirmtl  A!(D  THE  GI3UIAM  lU^fOflHATlON. 


and  kindly  (ccHng  \t-tthout  Btiiit.  His  divi'rting  Ifitten  to 
his  wifo  —  his  "  MiHtresA  Kato,"  "  Doctorees  Lutber,"  aa 
he  styled  her — and  the  tender  uxproutoos  of  hu  grict 
tttfaedcnthof  his  diildrvii  <s>idd  ill  be  spared  from  tlio 
ntconlii  of  this  deep-hrarted  man.' 

Among  thv«o  (.-vt-nto  nru  his  coiitrovcrwus  witli  King 
Henry  VIII.  luid  >riLh  Emsmun.  From  the  outset  It 
was  evident  tliat  Luthur  must  vltliur  givo  iip  his  cauM 
or  contend  for  it  agaiiiat  countless  adver!iarii.>fl.  His 
polemical  writings  are  thereforo  quite  utinieroua.  and  it 
■llovra  the  amjtlitiidn  of  his  mind  timt  )m  did  not  allow 
himself  to  Lc  so  far  absorbed  in  this  sort  of  work  as  to 
neglect  more  positive  hibon,  tliruiiglt  his  Bible,  cate- 
chisin.-*,  siTiiifin.s  Inw^ts,  for  the  building  up  of  the 
Church.  Ill]  hnd  to  light  his  own  friunds  wbon  t)iey 
gwervtnl  from  the  truth,  as  did  Citrlatadt,  and  idao 
Agricohi,  who  8t;t  up  ii  furni  of  Antinominnism.  Bat 
his  principiU  litoniry  battlc.s  wvre  with  Henry  VHI.  luid 
with  Erasmus.  The  iutemjwi'anoe  of  Luther's  language 
has  been  siucL',  as  it  was  tli<.-ii,  n  stibjoct  of  frequent  oin- 
sure.  It  must  ho  i-t!ineiul>ei'ed,  however,  wlmt  a  tt^mpest 
of  denunciation  fell  upon  liim ;  how  ho  stood  for  nil  bis 
lifi(  n  mark  for  the  pitiless  hostility  of  a  gi-cat  part  of  tlw 
world.  It  most  be  remembered,  too,  that  for  a  time  be 
stood  idoii«,  and  cTerylliin^  de]>ended  on  his  constan^, 
determination,  and  dauntless  zeal  in  tJie  maintenaneo  of 
bis  civiisc*.  Had  lie  wiivored,  everything  would  havu  huoo 
lost.  And  mildness  of  language,  he  sai<l.  was  not  Ids 
gift ;  he  could  not  trend  bo  softly  and  lightly  as  Melanv- 
thon,'     His  convictions  wore  too  intense  to  admit  of  nn 


1  Bm,  for«ximp1«^Uie  letUr  (to  Nir.  HaunnwiD],  Anciut  S,  ISSt,  ifWrUw 
4Mlb  et  hit  daugliler.  Vt  W*l(t,  iJi.  304.  K  mmrilcts  wvaunt  of  Lallitr'* 
doBMMic  chftnder  aDil  nlntlann  It  iti'vrn  liy  P.  G.  Ilntmsn,  JTuHarvH  fBH 
Sara,  tidtr  Or.  ilartSn  LitUr  nb  (•ultn  unit  Valtr  (t.r1[iric.  ISIS).  Thm  i> 
noch  of  InlePHi  on  Itw  ura<  (ubjiKI,  iii  ■  qiiaiiit  lilll*  txKik,  D.  .Vartim  Lm 
tkit'i  /Tf ffnrt a f »■•)«■,  Ton  M.  Julianu  Kii»Ijiui  Aiilou  (l^eipiij',  IRM). 

■  Ltttet  to  the  lOoclat  Jolin,  Dc  Walts,  Iv.  IT. 


vrnniENCE  ok  lutheb. 


135 


wprcannn  of  thera  in  auy  but  the  atrongVBt  langange ;  in 
words  thut  w«ro  blotvs.  ^t<>roovor,  liv  bt-liovcd  it  to  bo  a 
Bound  mul  wise  policy  m  IVing  avtiy  reaerv»  and  to  speak 
out,  in  tbe  moet  tmspuring  nuimier,  the  sentiuents  of  his 
Bo«l.  It  WM  not  a  dt-traiw!  to  be  cured  by  n  ptdliativo.' 
Tho  formidable  enemy  against  which  he  waa  wa^iig  war, 
WBfl  rendered  more  nnni^aitt  and  exacting  by  every  act  of 
deference  aliown  him,  and  by  every  conoeaaion.  There 
was  no  middta  coiirst^i  to  be  pursued.^  Tlioro  must  be 
•nrrondcr,  or  open,  uneompromising  war.  lleKidiis,  in  hia 
jftudyof  the  Biblu,  ho  conceived  himself  to  find  a  wax^ 
ifcnt  for  iill  his  liard  language,  in  tlie  cotirfln  taken  by  Uio 
piophetfl,  by  Christ,  and  by  Paul.*  He  felt  that  ho  waa 
in  conflict  with  the  Mime  Fhuriituioiil  thonlogy  and  othtca, 
whieh  Gidlcd  forth  tho  ten'ibln  denunciations  recordi.'d  in 
tJie  New  Testament.  If  it  was  proper  to  call  things  by 
their  rrjjht  natnes  then,  it  was  proper  now.  He  had 
been  ham|)ered  at  the  bogiiming,  ho  came  to  think,  by 
a  bbe  humility,  by  a  lingering  reverence  for  an  autlior- 
ity  tliat  deserved  no  reverence.  He  regretted  that  at 
Worms  he  had  not  taken  a  dilTerent  tone ;  ttint  he  had 
said  anything  abi>iit  retracting  in  case  he  could  be  con* 
vinced  of  his  error.  lie  would  cast  atl  sudi  qualifications 
and  cowardly  i^i-rnph-A  to  thn  winds;  he  would  «tn»d  by 
wliat  he  knew  to  be  tnith,  without  any  timid  respect  for 
'to  advciwtiri^'Jt.*      Thfsc  citifiidenttioni}  arc  not  without 

1  "  Aut  cren  ilrrpunnilitiil  Cnl  it  iter  cl  Ininiulllltilc  huJDi  nJ,  nut  t-irbum 
Mcuidum  luL"     t^llf r  tu  SlHilnlin  IFvbniar)-.  lAMl,     D«  WeUr,  U  tti. 

*  "Uviii  llaiiiK'l  l-I  tiiclit  tia  Mittdlimiilel,  ilit  ctwu  weichin  ndu' lucb* 
|t«b(n,  udvr  thih  uiiiirtnuvii  toll,  «i»  irh  Xrirr  biihtr  mthin  h»hr."  D*  WMU, 
U-  911. 

■  IIt  Rlvts  tiatuiit  lur  liin  vtli«iu«ice  in  a  Utlur  tu  \Vdiic«>I>u>  Link  (Aiigiut 
\9,  ISao).  iJc  WiOl-,  1.  4T9.  Amoni;  other  Mnxt  lie  uv->^  "  Viieo  tn\ta  •«, 
)U>  fiovtro  Air^iilii  tDKlAutuf.  max  nd«r«  In  obllvl^ncin,  Dcniln«  **  cumxtc." 
Ilri  nj  I  nli^iiiliiiri  dial  lova  and  •srcrlly  ara  Mim|iBtililr.  I^ij  VVtllo,  ii.  St9. 
Bm  alM,  pp.  a»,  a». 

<  n«n*m  teniom  I.uthct  tin  ''bellniriiij:  in  W1  Ijtiii."  Ihi[  It  wai  a  Ci* 
•llh  whicit  all  Rump«  rene  "  frvm  tliU  to  >Mo."  It4>l  be  heon  a  mta  a(  ttM 
■MnpanmcDt  of  tlsilam,  wlivrr  wuiitit  tiav*  bui  lh«  Itcf uffiiatloD  ?  Tti*  Kn* 
I  can  raldnm  (['[iraciala,  much  Imlaok  with  mmpliicency  npcn  LotilMr. 


126 


VUTBSR   AND  Tn>;  OEBIdAK  RCrORUAnON. 


weight.  A  tnan  \t1i09o  natural  wenpon  ia  a  bnttle-tun 
moat  Dot  1m  n-bukod  fur  nut  bundling  a  mpier.  Therv  is 
somfitinira  work  to  lie  done  wliidi  tlie  ligliter  oud  luuni 
gta(wftil  weapon  could  nuver  accorDpltsh.  At  tJie  same 
tim«,  wit!)  lUl  Lulhor'it  londvniuu  of  fvulin;;,  vvitli  liia 
fitiQ  iLud  even  poetic  eensibility,  there  was  a  vein  of 
crairHcniw,  ii  plvhuiun  vuhvim^nce,  which,  whtm  hu  wm 
gvidttl  by  opposition,  engendered  scurrility. 

Thti  book  of  flotnry  VIII.  wus  diroctod  a^tnst  Lii- 
J]or'a  work  on  the  »toranienU,  "  'Yliv  liiibyloniiui  Cap* 
tivity." '  It  is  marked  by  oxtrome  haughtiness  toward 
Lnthor,  ftnd  U  hardly  Iom  vitupemUvo  tlmn  tho  Kefottner's 
famous  reply.  Luther  waa  the  hound  who  had  brought 
u|)  hcn-sius  unrw  out  of  hell ;  prinvM  would  combine  to 
burn  Iiini  and  his  hooks  together.  It  was  throughout  an 
ti.p[iwtl  to  authority ;  LuthtT  h:id  ntidaciuusly  pnwtinc^l 
to  net  hiniRclf  agninat  popei  and  doi^torit  wiUinut  number. 
The  impression  of  Henry's  book  itself  wholly  depended 
oo  the  faet  Uiat  it«  nutJior  was  on«  of  th«  ru1«is  of  tlie 
earth.  Lather  probably  meant  to  neutnlizo  this  imprt-s- 
rion  by  hominug  tlie  purple  of  tliis  rugal  disputant  who 
ha<l  i«t«ppcd  forth,  with  bi.<i  cronni  on  his  head,  into  th« 
arena  of  tlicological  debate,  to  win  from  tho  I'opo,  xvhoni 
lio  ob«x]uiouHly  flattered,  the  title  of  Defender  of  tho 
Faith.  Subsequently,  when  Hunry  was  reputed  to  be 
litvomblc  to  the  I'retestont  eautic,  at  the  earnest  solicita- 
tion of  King  Christian  II.  of  Denmark  and  of  other 
friciid»,  LuthiT  wroto  to  the  King  a  bumble  apology  for 
the  violence  of  his  language  —  making  no  wtthdiawal, 
however,  of  any  portion  of  his  doctrine.  In  composing 
UiiB  upologotio  letter  ho  was  carried  away,  he  aays,  by  tho 
pioinptinga  of  others,  to  do  what  of  himsiOf  he  would  never 
bavo  done.  Yet,  ni>twilhiitiimliiig  the  ungenerous  reception 
tad  n«o  of  Uw  letter  by  Henry,  Luther  did  sot  regret 

>  A(htrllo  Stplin  Snrrnvituttrtim  ajftrpu  .V-irtlmmm   LulhrruM   fllM) 
(llt|nLbll>hello  aCcrman  mnilalion  In  Wdcti't  litl.  ul  I.ullmi't  Wrltingt. 


LtmiER  AND  CKASUIW. 


137 


tfwi  ho  luirX  nnttcn  it.  as  li«  did  n<>t  rogi-cL  the  »i;iidmg 
of  a  similar  ojiiatlo  to  Duke  George.  As  fnr  aa  his  own 
pc-rsoii  waK  cuiitx-rnvJ,  hu  suu\,  hi;  wiut  willing  t«  luimblo 
bioiself  to  a  diild ;  his  iloctrliie  he  would  not  compronrite. 
But  such  expetiences  established  hitn  in  tiie  feeling, 
which  hv  had  viittTtHinod  boforv,  tliut  hiiiiiility  waa 
throwii  away  ;  tliitt  Ii«re  was  a  mortal  oonlliot,  in  whicli 
(pmtlii  worda  were  misinterpreted,  and  therefore,  wasted, 
and  itito  which  it  was  worsu  than  folly  to  i^iitur  witli  his 
hands  tied.  Under  sacli  oircumstancea,  a  man  must 
noitlicT  Uiiuk  of  rL'trcitt  nor  of  thu  possibility  of  placat- 
ing th«  ton.  It  \riL4  mituntl  that  liift  oxpericiiocs  of  con- 
troversy, in  tlieir  action  on  a  temper  naturally  combative, 
should  c»ntributo  to  ciirry  Luthc-r  fur  beyond  tlio  bounds 
of  chnrity,  as  \v«]l  as  of  civility,  in  hia  treattncnt  of  the 
SaciBmeularinns,  the  adherents  of  Zwiugle.  Of  this 
matter,  where  \m  intemponiiicu  was  moru  mischiovonx, 
we  shall  speak  in  another  place. 

As  to  Erasmus  and  the  Sa-Tun  Reformers,  tliere  was  an 
eounciit  wish  on  both  side-t  tltiit  Im  should  not  take  part 
against  them.  Lutlier,  and  Mekncthon  etitl  more,  re- 
NjMRted  him  un  the  piitriarcli  uf  letten,  the  ri-»toi'vr  of  the 
langungeii,  ami  ttti^  ellttotive  iiutiigonist  of  funaticiam  and 
BupOTsiition.  When  Luther  published  liis  work  on  the 
Gulationa,  he  re^-itttt'd  thitt.  Eritsmus  had  not  put  forth  a 
book  on  the  same  subjer-t,  which  wotdd  tiavo  rendered  hia 
own  unnecessary.'  Enismus,  in  turn,  could  not  but  ap- 
plaud the  fii-st  movement  of  l^ithcr.  His  love  of  litent- 
ture.  not  less  timn  bis  religiotio  predilections,  would  in- 
cline him  ntrpn^ly  to  the  LnUieriui  wde.  'Die  Witten- 
berg theoh)giaii8  wei-e  earnest  champions  of  the  cause  of 
leaniiiig.  [tut  thu  eaiition  of  Entsmus  was  inanifiMt  from 
the  brginnuig.  Ho  avoi<1ed  the  neeil  of  committing  bim- 
Bi-lf  by  professing  to  his  various  corrMpoudrnts  that  he 
bod  not  rciiil  tlie  books  of  Luther.  lie  told  the  Electo* 
1  l>i  Walts  i.U». 


LUTHtni   AND  TUE  GEUt.Ut  RCFOKUATIUX. 

of  Siucoiiy,  in  ai]  inU>rview  at  Cologne,  shortly  before  tbt 
Diet  of  WorniH,  Uiut  the  two  groat  offcnoei  of  Lutlwr 
WKro  tliat  ho  faml  tourJieU  the  crown  of  the  Pope  and  the 
ht'-llics  of  tlie  monks.  The  vxprossions  of  sympathy  w-ith 
tJie  Wittoubi.-rg  iiiuvi-ini<iit  thiit  v:icii[>^(l  him,  notwith- 
&1uj)ding  liiD  prudence,  or  which  reached  the  ear  of  tho 
public  tJtrough  tho  uniuitUoriiM'd  publication  of  his  h'ltcn, 
k«pt  him  busy  in  ulliiyin^  tliv  su»tKcions  nntl  nnxietica  ol 
C-nthohc  friviids  iiiid  pntn)»».  Uut  Lnther  and  Kni»iniui 
vivm  utterly  diversu  from  ono  iinothcr  in  diitmotor  ;  and 
•>  such  nnlikee,"  as  Cok>ri<lgo  hns  wiid,  **  cud  in  disUkce." 
Erasmtis,  it  hwt  U-on  remtirkcd  with  truth,  lackoii  dfpLli 
and  fvrvor  of  rx'iigious  coiivictionii.  Ho  wm  a  typicnl 
hititiiiliiuitiiLU,  ill  tlio  t'liHt  of  Ills  luind.*  His  ab«orlHnt> 
|»uiaion  was  for  literaluru.  IIo  could  Dot  cmiceiTe  how 
any  man  <•(  tiist«  couhl  pw'fcr  Augiistiiie  to  Jerome, 
wiiile  Luther  cciukl  uotSM  how  any  man  that  lov«d  thij 
GuHpcI  could  fail  to  Mt  Auj^iistiuti,  with  hut  Utile  Grci-k 
itmt  IcsH  liubn-w,  infinitely  above  Jerome'  As  the  con- 
flict wliJL-h  f.ittliiT  luid  oxL-ttvd  gi-uw  wnrni,  atloution 
WHA  inevitably  <lrawn  away  from  tiio  pursuit  of  letters 
and  absiiibisl  in  tlK'olu};ic3d  iiitjuiry  and  controveray ;  and 
tbit*  i^haii^e  Knt.iuiu.t  dt-plon-d.  The  heat  which  Luther 
manifested  was  repii<^innt  to  his  taste.  The  Kefonnur's 
vuhcuh'iicu  and  roughnvsa  bwjune  nioro  and  moru  ofTt-ii- 
sivo  to  hini.^  Enuiniua  hatcil  i\  commotion,  and  said  him- 
self tliat  huwDuhl  Nivrificc  a  part  of  the  truth  forthuMiku 
of  peaoe,  imd  tliiit  bo  was  not  of  tJte  KttifT  wliich  innrtyia 
are  mwle  of.  I  lo  could  bo  an  Arian  or  a  Pelagian,  he  said, 
if  tho  Chtircii  had  so  mode  its  creed ;  and  yet,  in  his  in* 

'  It  i,  til*  "  mnilvriitioii "  oI  Erasniut  that  Icadi  GIblion  (rli.  lir.  n.  38)  n 
1^:  "linwiniiii  mnj-  be  niuldcivd  th«  Ulbcr  of  rBtroool  thniloQr.  A(t«r  k 
llwinlivr  ol  ail  liim^lml  ytan.  It  vat  rvvivvd  \>y  the  ArminluiB  of  Itutluiil, 
OrDliui,  I.lml»>ri.'li.  atid  I«  Clrrci  ill  Ent-lHnt)  liy  <.'liit1lnK>n>rlh.  the  tdlilu'lina- 
tUiu  o4  ('-mnbrl'lso  lltumst.  Ilift.  <(f  Miokk  Tmitt,  vol.  L  [{,  iai-leS,iMa«t 
<dlljni0,  TillM>wI>,  Clutkf,  lloa'llry,"  «l«. 

>  I)t  Welti.  I.  ft 

1  SInxM,  eirlt*  nm  IMUa,  p.  *m. 


LiniU:R  ANU    ERASUL'S. 


129 


k 


Iiciu't,  (Mid  apart  frum  tbu  feeling  tluiC  liu  must  bo 
fuichui-i^l  it<>iii(!wli(tru,  Uiu  nutliorit^-  vi  Urn  CLutob  ouuiit'^ 
for  little.  ]}eing  by  t4.>inperaincut,  by  bta  personal  rela- 
tions, und  by  lliu  ofTi.vt  of  yiuira,  iiiid,  wo  iiiiglit  add,  on 
principle,  a  tim<vs(;rvt;r,  he  found  biiiieitilf,  bciiig  nbu  tlio 
most  prominent  man  of  tbe  ugc,  in  iiii  embamissing  situ- 
lition.  lie  niiist  sUy  in  tbu  Cliurcb,  yet,  if  |*omibI«, 
offend  iieitlier  party.'  Lubber  saw  through  bim,  and  in  n 
]ett4!r  tlint  was  moint  to  be  frirndly,  be  irritated  the  gr«ttt 
adiolnr  by  inviting  him  to  be  a  tipet^ljttiii'  uf  the  magnlB- 
cent  trafjL'dy  in  wbicb  hu  was  not  fitted  to  bu  an  actor.* 
'Ilic  rttfusal  nf  Knisniiu  to  see  Ulridi  von  Hiittvn  wlittQ 
lie  visited  Itciael,  and  the  fmious  conti-overey  that  ensued 
botwoun  tlicni — Tor  Erasmus  was  pruvukud  into  tbu  nso 
of  &  style  wliirb  bn  very  much  depIon.<d  in  Lutlau',  nn 
inoonaistcncy  which  Luther  did  not  fail  to  pitjnt  out  — 
WHS  tbu  finit  ducidi-4  sic])  in  the  alienation  of  tbu  grvnt 
•diolar  from  the  evangeliuil  party.  'J'htin  KntMiiuH  nt 
length  yielded  to  tlie  pcrsua&ions  that  had  long  been  ad- 
diviued  to  him  fn^m  the  papal  Hide,  and  t^tok  tbu  tivld 
agstinst  Luther,  in  a  treatise  on  froo-will ;  in  whicli  tbe 
Uefonner  was  asGntdted  un  a  subjwit  wIuti?  bin  fxtniva- 
gitnt  laitgniigu  exposed  him  to  an  easy  attack,  itnd  on 
wliicli  Eraaiuus  could  vrrite  with  8om«  wanntb  of  oonrio- 
lion.  He  and  bin  ajwucint^-H  prt'd-rrcd  tlw  Cuvcli  llu-ology 
to  that  of  Atig(ii<tine,  on  tliiit  siibjt'ut  of  the  will.  More 
onoe  coniptainod  lliat  LntJter  "  clung  by  tooth  and  nail 
to  tho  doctrine  of  Angnstinc."  Tlieologiiina  who  cxphiin 
ditlii-nlties  by  referring  to  '"  original  sin,"  Erasnuis  had 
onee  likened  to  astrologeni  wbo  fctll  back  on  the  stum. 
Thn  inodi-niti'>n  of  tJie  penional  refercnci^s  tn  Lntber  in 
tlie  book  of  Knisiilua  did  not  restrain  the  former  (mni  tlie 
DM  of  tliu  aevervKt  ktylo  in  bin  reply.  Erasmus,  ba 
tbouglit,  bad  taken  bis  place  under  tJie  banner  of  tba 


t  Lulhtr  riDllcpK  (he  ''  tloxlttilv  "  at  En* ■,  Dr  Vr'ttiB,  I.  394. 

■  Utter  to  »un>ii)  (April,  IMl},  D«  W«tl*,  ii.  tot. 


LUTHES 

Popo ;  be  Uiul  comii  oot  on  tbe  semi-Pelagian  aide,  Erooi 
wliidi  Uie  whole  ayBtom  of  salvation  by  merit  wns  tnaop- 
amblv ;  niut  tJi«  higher  hin  itiioding  tlio  moru  uRii{>aring 
must  be  the  attack  upoii  tuni.  The  rejoiudor  of  Eruriui 
—  the  "HygtcnufpiflUx,"  thofiret  peut  of  which  iipjHunsl 
ill  l-)2o,  aiid  theseooad  Ui  IfiiTT  — catnplutcd,  if  niiv tiling 
wu  wantrJ  to  complete,  thi-ir  mntual  ostningemtiiiL^I 
FVotn  that  time  Liithur  linbitiiAlly  HjMtkit  of  him  m  a  dis*^^ 
uililoof  Ludiui.a  disci])lo  of  Epicurus,  an  enemy  of  iiiln- 
ligiona,  eBi>ccuLlIy  the  ('hmtinii,  und  fluitg  at  liim  nth 
upfKillMtioiu,  which,  if  literally  uujuat,  »oraetimt«  hiul 
trtiUi  of  li  eiirti'tilure.  Filially,  u  long  lett«r  of  Lather 
to  Ilia  friend  Nlotioliui  von  Araaalorf,  in  wliich  the  autlior 
iindurt<}uk  to  inuiiitiiin  a  chai-gu  of  ecepttcisni,  as  well  aa 
of  frivoluuH  lovity,  itguiiist  ICt»hiiiu!i,  by  reforeaoo  to  hlfl 
cotuinents  on  Scripturo,  drew  oiit  u  nipty  wliidi  is 
mnrknl  by  all  tliu  rvfinvniunt,  ingenuity,  and  wit  fur 
wkidi  Enuiniu  wait  dtw.TV(.-iUy  funioiu.  From  this  time, 
Inn  animosity  agninat  the  I'rot^fltuiit  cause  went  on 
iTrfosing,  Lutlier  more  tbuii  once  complains  that  E 
niu*  i-iiidd  make  the  »!»»  aitd  distrvM  of  Um  Cliurdi 
Ihciiiii  f(»r  jt<*ting.*  Ill  the  epistle  tu  Aiiudorf,  he  cliiuf^ 
liiiii  with  infusing  into  the  young  u  spirit  at  war  withi 
n'liglous  vmmestnviw.'' 

>  Us  Walt*,  I.  TO.    U«  tail  lautt  vilb  VJtMnvi. "  Maes  et  ttaMlgRui," 
irnliii^ucnd  Iliiauilua  Joting  wajr,  )D  a  period  "  uiigOlIoiUiI mo  Ft  IslnrioM." 
Ilwl.,  [v.  iM:  UtIcKoMk.  Aaudcrf.     Luther,  It  will  be  rc[Dciiilii.'rcil,  l>i 
■kI  lliovght  vill  ot  thK  Kplttei*  Ohtnmmm  V\ 

*  IbkL,  ir.  am.    Tb<  letlcni  oT  1^Ui«t  Mt  lortb  tfcs  riM  and  pri'srcu  at  hi) 
•^MnKWuful  from  ICramiu).    In  *  IvlUr  to  SpaUtta  lOrtabcr  I'J.  IMI) 
rxfiOMM   UU  (tiiHilE   [Rini   llici  iLlea  of  BfUniii*  tlul,   by    "wurkii   nf   I 
law,"  I'tul  Tiwaiii  c«r*Rio»Tii1  work*  alonr,  R'tm  lii«  non  rltw  <il   juiliAo*'] 
lion,  autl  vritliH  SjiaUllii  <u  l>j-  tu  slier  tb«  v  nirt  ul  Kniaiiiiit  nii  Ihii  trtfalt,] 
11*   oriu*    I"   IdiiK"  {Manli  I,    1BIT),   Ihal    »  nad>  Knunmit  — "  D(Mlnia| 
Kfwmuin,"  be  Blyl't  liim  —  liul  Ibal   bii  *M«oiii  fur  lilui  ,liiniiii>JiM  AUIj^ 
Ihal  Etumiui  Miwi'i  ■ell  llio  [gu«miict  at  primtn  ami  nionkn,  but  ila»  i 
dogll  ■otBcIantly  oa  ChtM  unit  tbo  gnte  ul  Cicul;  '■  biimaiia  pwnUnt  in  i 
flnt  •|uwu  ttlvlnn."    lie  c<iini>*  In  1lil<  a>ii<Iu>lon  rrluclAiiilj'.aBd  Ueanjul  I 
U  dlttloM  tl,  ju  onUr  nut  lu  k'io  al-l  lu  tt<a  viiMuio*  sail  rli'sli  of  I'j'iiuiua 
SiMbw'i  Miivm  ti  'be  Levity  o(  Ijaimut  iii  rahmiu.'*  to  tbe  talaiiilUta  ol  lb* 


into, 


LtrritRK  AKP    PJtASllUS. 


181 


k 


If  we  look  belov  tho  acciJttiits  of  tb«  contix)verey,  and 
out  asido  particulars  in  wliich  Lutlivr  wiut  ofu-ii  iiiuuircct, 
u  lie  tvnit  II ncliari tabic  in  lits  gciiernl  eatimnte  of  liis  an- 
tagonist, vro  must  conclude  tliat  LuUicr  was  still  in  the 
fight  in   his   juJgitifiit    mApecting   tJie   reform    of    the 

(Iliurrli  i-  trvquiintljr  npnuni'l-  KiviiKii  (A|iril  14,  IBID)  wtdU  to  i)ia  Y.hnvif 
IptUr,  ill  <rl^!l^l>  !iv  ci>ni|ilimcii(wl  l.iiilicr,  111  writing  In  Spalalln  (>Li}'  2t, 
},  l.u>li*r  ripnuvn  liin  {ntilleAtiuii.  Ou  the  2Slli  of  the  pravlaiu  Marvh, 
<r  liail  •rHilcii  *  r<--i|itctful  ti'ttiir  (o  Knumui  lUinirll,  In  wUcb  Ut  ulcuu 
MTrk'M  an  fully  upgincittiiil ;  li>  wlildi  Enumiu  Mplicd,  In  M*J,  111  gn- 
(inui  but  MulSuiw  tarnt.  RveiTtUing  ilion  lint  l^rumoi  wu  riianble  lo 
Liillifr,  liiil  dill  not  (Uam  It  mIo  to  liciniy  the  uilciit  of  b»  a^^mpatliy.  Ult 
pwllioii  l.ullisr  f  lUljr  uiidcntooJ.  •>  U  ihown  in  nuny  pii«viK«  ol  kit  Iplltra, 
Ilia  tttlor  to  Spcnglcr  (XoTcmlMr  IT,  131^1  Luthammirkt  lh«l  hr  liu  pnvala 
4i<pi>lsi  with  Mdanclhun  on  the  quctlion  hotr  far  from  lb«  riitlil  vaf  Kramin 
ii  —  JUIaacttioii,  ol  count,  being  mvic  Inmiiblc  to  iha  grmt  liiimaaiit.  In  ni- 
mac*  lo  tbe  vlvico  of  t'nuinui  iliai  Luthn  *ouIJ  bt  mora  mirdtrsto,  bo  nniu 
(lo  Spatatln,  Septaaibcr9,  tS9l)lhat  Krannu*  looki  ''dOD  ad  cniMtn.tcd  ad  pft- 
cun"i"incm!iilDu,  dual  Iii  pncfnilonc  >ii&  In  Nnvoni  TteUincotutn  denifM 
dkenl!  'glorlam  (atilo  coDlcmDil  L'hrixlanui '  —  lu  tonlo  inoii  coglUiaa  :  'O 
Kranne,  fiiDcrli.  timto.  Miintii  r»  ret  j^oriam  conlcmnerv.' "  To  Spulafin  ( Mty 
in,  1S22I,  kcchnrst*  r.r»niii>  irllb  Inlniyins,  "In  sU4  Kpliiolaritiufamij^iii-," 
hli  Mcrtc  bottility  ii>  Mm  unl  liii  'luctrino,  and  dcdana  dial  be  pnfen  ui  opca 
for  lik«  Eck  toi  ti''irivi  n-.njliiu  tu'r>'iii,  nowlViviiillrand  now  lioslile.  To  Cruf«t 
timer  (May  St,  1143),  h*  wti'/tt  that  hv  b  mirtn  lli>(  F.ni>niii«  iti->'inl>  frnm 
biin  on  predoilinaljoii,  but  lliul  lir  liaii  no  frai  of  ICrunut'*  *Idi|<ii<ii<'t  :  "  jMUa- 
l^ur  (hC  vrrlt4*  cpiaiii  i:lLhi|uvutiiL,  jHiiior  apiriluh  qottn  in^Mitiin,  tua'yir  [id«« 
i;ii*iD  rruditlo.*'  Til  (f>r,lBiii|i3ititi>  rliritr  3C,  Itt3),  be  apisiki  <if  die  rovtrt 
iMAtiUty  i>f  KruiuuH  tL>  [h<i  Luibcntii  ili-clrliiv,   and  chantcurtEo*   bini   Ihu*: 

■^Djn''^)i  tnLTTHlu-xJr,  at  a  nniliBgit  ■[(itlji»  rovwaxit.  h'drlit  I'l  lli-j  tnm  Mn« 
Iii  Ctmpcttfibibi  ^luuh  jiii^it*.'tur :  Eiain  d<l  HiflJurEt  "tMLliB{i|ijc]4l  nil  ]tk'l.itf  ni  pi-rti- 
n«t)t»"  piOTabil."  In  April.  IC34,  l.iillirf  nmu  *  Irtirro  Kni-inio,  in  "bich 
ha>makeaaa  olTor  ut  fmicv,  but  in  a  ntanimr  mi  cumlvKviulint;  and  nilJi  tmh 
plain  obHrrAlioiiA  itpan  lUo  Uniilftliiint  o(  l^ru'iiiUH  at  Ut  i-niimpi  And  di^vni' 
menl,  tliat  lio  voutd  Dot  fail  to  be  irrilotid  by  it.  In  tliii  filiKiilati'piilti',  wl>i<>li 
WM  wall  munt  but  ir*ry  ill  ^altuIatBd  in  pnHliu'n  amity,  I Jitlirr  fxiiravet  the 
Willi  lliathii  frionda  would  dcibl  from  aiuiting  Kraimun;  ■•  lliey  would  di>,  it 
b  added,  ''  ittbey  c-xiiblertd  your  ii,.1iscility  and  waisbtd  Itw  cnalnen  ul  til* 
(amr,  wbkh  lu*  Ims  *'"'*  excccdfil  IIiv  mcMun  of  your  powow."  It*  ri>n> 
Mm  with  hi*  corroipDndi'Ql  In  tIsw  at  lb*  sruil  auiuuni  of  sniuity  wbich  Km*- 
mu*  litd  exclltil  i^niDit  bimxlf,  *'  tlnce  mtre  tiun.ui  tlnuc  lueb  ■*  youn  ii 
llMaBcient  tor  tueli  butdeni."  The  l*ply  of  Rrafliius,  llioitcli  d1|^Iilul  in  Ion*, 
(bow*  liow  dotply  be  waa  offended.  In  SepHmbcr  ol  the  tame  year  be  gav* 
way  to  thii  iin|>urtiiniii»  (>(  llic  op|>oneflIa  ot  Lnlhcr  and  wmle  lil>  book  ill 
Ulem  Aitilrio,  iihiiih  wu  fulli<iTsd  lir  an  ucriininiioUK  coutroreny.     From 

Ma  llm*  lAlhei  <I«inunm  blni  Hltboul  rr->trve.  lle<iLtli  Eravniiulhat  "viHl 
rain  uima)"  (tlu  Wdle,  til.  n8|.  prtdicli  Ibal  hd  <r!i  "[all  bdwecs  w« 
rniA-  iJM..  tVii  uid cbaruUrim  him  lii  Ibe  maunei  iiakd  abort. 


188  LtrntCS  AXD  the  SERMAX  RCfVRUATlOlt. 

ChuTtth.  It  c»al4l  not  ci>nic  fruin  liti^raturo.  Krnxinua 
could  assail  Uie  outworks,  sticti  ua  the  follies  of  ttionki-r)', 
but  tlic  principlus  out  of  which  tlicsd  ubuoxiuiis  pi-acticca 
tmd  grown,  lie  would  toudi  only  m>  far  nit  it  could  be 
dona  without  danger  to  hiinaelf  mid  n-ilhout  disturbiuioo. 
lAiUii;r  Irnd  bocu  himself  Ji  monk,  iiol  like  Erasmus  fur  a 
brief  time  aitd  tbrough  compulHion,  but  of  ci)oic4>,  witli  tk 
Iinifoiinil  inward  consccrutioti.  IIoLud  personally  tested, 
with  all  sincerity  and  earncstnv.s.1,  tin;  pn^vuiling  systiMn 
of  roligioii,  uiitii  bo  disoi-rned  tlie  wrung  foundations  on 
wtiich  it  nwtwl.  He  saw  tlmt  llio  treo  must  Iw  madof^od 
buforo  the  character  of  the  fruit  could  be  ch:ing>.>d.  And 
them  wtu  still  II  vitjility  in  the  old  system  with  wbicli  the 
venpons  of  Kmsnius  wore  quite  iiiHuflicient  to  copo.  It 
ia  hnmiliatinf;  to  see  him  r<«orting  to  the  Pope's  legate, 
and  then  to  the  Pope  hinuelf,  for  leave  to  rend  tlie 
writings  of  Luther.  It  is  aofe  to  a^irm  that  tlie  Era»> 
mtan  »cho»l  would  vvcntuitUy  have  been  driven  to  the 
ToU  by  tlie  monaatio  party,  whicli  sooner  or  Uter  would 
bavo  conihuied  its  energies ;  and  that  without  the  stonier 
battle  waged  by  l.ntluT,  the  literary  reformers,  with  tlieir 
lukewarm,  equivocal  {>osition  in  relation  to  fundamentAl 
principles  v.-uuld  hiive  sueenmbed  to  the  terrors  of  the 
In([uinilioi).  Then.)  was  certjiin  to  be  an  unnuii^l,  iui- 
plttcablo  eamwtncn  on  the  papnl  side  ;  u  like  spirit  waa 
reqnirtsl  in  the  cause  of  reform.  At  the  witne  time,  jdB* 
aix  to  Erasmus  requires  tliat  ho  should  be  judged  rathet 
by  his  relation  to  the  preceding  age,  tliiui  by  cnmpari- 
toa  with  Luther.i  The  forerunner  is  not  to  be  weighed 
by  the  sUmdanU  of  the  er.i  which  he  hiu  huj^e;!  to  in- 
troduce. 

Aa  we  havo  touched  on  the  personal  traits  of  Luther  aa 

a  evntroventinlist,  it  is  well  to  a<ld  here  tliat  of  all  men 

he  may  most  easily  be  misrepresented.     A  man  of  imagi' 

nation  and  feeling,  with  intetiso  cnnvictiona  that  bumetf 

>  ainoH,  OlrilA  tern  i/slMo,  ^  4U. 


THE   I'F^&Airrs'    WAK. 


188 


for  utterance,  he  never  took  paina  to  m«a»iiru  Us  Un* 
g(uig«.  Hu  put  fortli  liis  (loclrino  in  ittartliiijj,  [laraJox* 
ical  forma,  out  of  which  a  colil-bluoiU'd  critk',  or  iirtful 
polemic  could  cwily  niiiku  coalriulictit»iiM  aiitl  ulisuidltua. 
In  this  respect,  he  was  as  artless  and  careless  as  th« 
writ«r»  uf  ilm  Biblu.  Like  l^util,  and  o>i  tlio  whm 
grouuiU,  lie  Iiha  been  ctuii^ed  with  faroriii^  an  aiiti- 
noii]iuii  laxness  and  pontive  immorality.  It  is  a  iJiarge 
which  vituuiatet  from  tgiioraiic«  or  malice.  It  is  fre-i 
qiieutly  made  by  plodders  who  are  iiiaipablt;  of  intei^ 
prcting  tlic  fwrvid  utti-raiian,  of  eiitm-iiig  into  the  pro- 
found coni'optious  of  it  man  of  genius,  but  aw  simply 
sh(><:kuil  by  them.' 

(hiii  oLlier  ev<:iit  o[  whioJi  we  have  to  apeak  is  the 
Pi*.iiHiint8'  War.    The  ]iri-iicli!iig  of  Luther  luid  Itis  iuho* 
ci^iCi'K  produced  ineTitably  a  ferment,  in  which  tendencies 
to  souiftl  dijsurtlcr  might  easily  acquire  odditioual  furcL-. 
The  discontent  of  tlin  nobU^s  or  knightit  with  the  priuc^J 
sought  to  ally  itself  with  the    new  zeal  in  behalf  of  a 
pure  Gospel ;  but  this  revolt  was  brought  to  wii  «^iid  by 
tlie  defeat  and  death  of  Fraucis  of  Sickingen.     The  di»- 
iiffoction  of  the  peitsiints,  on  account  of   tlio  opprea.iioQ 
under  irhich  they  suffered,  had  long  existed.     It  hud  iud 
in  auvcml  iiii«tuuces  to  open  insurreetton.      Long  before 
tile   Reformation   llniro  had   be«it   mingled   with   thesa^ 
{Mililtcal  tundcnciea  n  reli^oos  element.^     But  their  dis-' 
content  was  fomented  by  the  Hpriftd  uinoug  them  of  the 
I.utherui  doctrine  of  Christian  liberty,  from  which  thoy  j 
drew  uifen^-noiM   in   accord   with   their   own  lupinitions, 
and  by  the   popular  excitement  which  tJie  Reformation 
kindled.    There  was  a  secular  and  religious  side  to  Uie 
rerolt.    Heavier  burdens  had  been  laid  upon  the  laboring 
class  by  their  lay  and  ecctc«iagtical  mustere.    Tlie  forcible 

*  The  eriUcl-itm  n(  lliMmn  iipoa  Lothrr,  l<<i;rih(ir  >[lh  tha  amntaui  Mal*> 
BMU  at  Sir  Willtum  Hnuiiliun,  art  UnmiglLT  umruvd  b]r  ftirhitrrnn  Qm% 
VUiiotlkm  e/Liti\tr,  Vic.  (U  «d.,  \U*). 

*  liMk*.  I.  HIT. 


1^4 


LUniEl   AND  TBK  QUttUMi   BKFftRUATIOX. 


prarion  of  tbo  orat^Iicol  doctrioQ  wm  an  addod  grie 
Their  mil  of  coniplnitiU  c«rrk«  va  fiirWiirJ  to  the 
of  the  Freuch  Revolution ;  nor  can  it  be  qu<.<etioited 
th«t  many  of  thorn  <»llc<l  loudly  for  redress.'  Ltither 
bad  much  sympathy  with  tln-Tn  ;  he.  ndviowl  mutual  con- 
oveeiotu ;  but  ho  vcua  inflexibly  and  on  principlv  opposed 
to  a  resort  to  arm».  H«  had  cminschtd  Sickingen  and 
Huttijn  agaioBt  it.*  In  gen<>ral  he  act  hiii  tacc  aguinst 
ev«ry  attempt  to  romovu  tho  cnum  of  reform  from  the 
areua  of  dtaciiHsion  to  the  fivUX  of  battle.  What  would 
fbocome  of  schools,  of  teachii^,  of  prcAcliinL;,  hu  Kiid, 
'when  ODCO  the  sword  wiu  druirn  ?  It  wn-i  a  part  of  his 
deliberate  resolution  to  keep  the  minds  of  m«n  upon  the 
main  qui^'Stions  in  controversy,  that  thurc  might  ha  an  in- 
Lvlligont,  enhghtened,  free  adoption  of  the  truth.  The 
I  peasantn,  he  hold,  had  no  right  to  make  an  insiirroction. 
Like  tite  early  Christtanif,  he  felt  that  it  vras  a  spirit- 
oal  agency  and  not  force  that  could  gire  to  the  truth  a 
real  %-ictory.  He  wanted  to  keep  tho  can«o  of  God  dear 
of  the  entanglements  of  worldly  prudence  and  worldly 
power.  Hence,  when  their  great  roholHon  broke  out,  in 
1524  and  1525,  ho  exhorted  the  princes  to  put  it  down 
with  a  strong  hand.  He  saw,  in  tlie  event  of  the  success 
of  it,  nothing  hut  the  destruction  of  ciril  order  and  a 
wild  reign  of  fanaticism.'  The  abolition  of  all  existing 
Buthoritj-  in  Clum^Ii  and  state,  equality  in  rank  luid  in 
property,  wni-e  a  part  of  the  peasants'  creed.  If  the  fact 
of  the  revolt,  cvidwitly  occasioned  as  it  wan,  to  some  ex- 
tent, by  the  Reformation,  produced  a  t«in]>t>ntry  reaction 


t  Hteaw.  Cm*.  4.  XfiMt  <t  ft./.,  p.  103  k(\.  :  Rinkr.  AnuarAa  (•VV  1. 184. 

*  UtMT  U  Sp&litia  (January  IS.  I&3I ).  I>i>  Wrtie,  i.  &U. 

■  V^akr,  HtvUdii  Gtc}i.,i.  140.  WaddlitKloii  lil.  Ifit  H»i.),an<l  oilier  wrlun, 
ictmn  I.ulh«r  wllb  mutfa  wurerilf  t«r  hli  donimclntlon  of  tho  poauniL  Del 
LuUinr  cDiMldtNil  that  then  wa*  a  fearful  cruli,  in  Htiicli  l\xe  tnnnd*UnM«l 
<aci*l]r  vin  In  p«ril.    Tba  inmuTMUuii  wan  nrf  larmlilablc  in  nomtian  aaS 


THE  PEASANTS     WAB. 


185 


ftgtunst  it,  tliis  effect  wns  <liniiiuflhed  by  the  oatApokcn, 
8tn>nnous  oppcMitioii  wliicli  Lntlior  irnA  mrulu  to  the:  ill- 
tatfA  ciiUirpriM'..  I'tii'  Rcformntion  U  not  leapDiisil^le  for 
the  Peasants'  War.  It  would  liuvo  tnJcen  pisoe  if  tlie 
Protestant  tloctriiK^H  liail  not  bet-n  pre-ached;  and  it  woa 
cnusetl  l)y  inveterate  abuses  for  which  the  ecclesiastical 
priaccs  in  Germany,  by  tbeir  extortions  and  tyniuj, 
were  chiefly  accoontatiLo. 


CIlArTEB  V 


THE  GEBMAN  BEFOBMATtOX  TO  THS  PBACB  OF  AUOB< 
BCKO,  1555:  ZWINOI.B  AND  THE  SWISS  (OKltMAK) 
R8P0KMAT1ON. 

At  the  time  when  LntJior  wms  beginning  to  attract  the 
Btt«nti»u  ol  Kurope,  nnotJier  reformatorr  movement,  of  a 
type  Bomowhflt  pcctiliiir,  wuit  springing  up  on  ii  more  oon- 
tnoted  theatre.  In  the  llft«enth  century,  the  Snriss, 
whoso  military  strt.^ngtli  liad  boon  developiMl  in  their  long 
nntl  victorious  struggle  for  indcperidoneo,  and  who  bad 
done  mudi  to  revolutionize  the  art  of  war  by  ehowing 
tbttt  inftintry  might  be  more  than  a  match  for  cavnlry, 
were  employed  in  largo  numbera,  as  meroeiiary  soldiera, 
in  Italy.  The  Pope  and  thu  French  King  wi-rc  the  chief 
competitors  in  efforts  to  secure  these  valuable  Auxiliaries. 
The  moans  by  which  this  was  accomplished  wore  dft. 
moralizing  in  tbeir  influence  upon  the  country.  Tbe 
foreign  potentates  purcbasod,  by  bribes  and  pensions, 
the  cooperation  of  influenlial  persona  among  the  Swiss, 
and  thus  corrupted  the  spirit  of  patriotism.  The  patron- 
age of  tbe  Church  was  used  in  an  unprincipled  manner, 
for  the  furthenince  of  tliis  worldly  interest  of  the  Pope. 
Ecolesiastical  discipline  wa.s  sftcrifleed,  profcnni-nls  and 
indalgences  lavishly  bestowed,  in  order  tljat  tlie  hardy 
peasantry  might  Iw  i-iiticod  from  their  homes  to  fight  hi« 
battles  in  the  Italian  peninsula,  lliese  brought  home 
from  their  campaigns  vicious  and  lawless  habits.  At  the 
■ame  time,  in  consequence  of   what  tliey  witnessed  in 


XWINGLE'S  EDCOA-nOK. 


18T 


Italy,  much  of  tlioir  rcvcKncc  for  ttio  rulers  of  Uio  Church 
was  dispelled.    'Vbe  corrupt  adiiiuiU>Lmtioii  of  the  Church 
bnd  u  like  efTt-ct  on  their  countrymen  who  ii'inuincd  at 
homo.     Thus  there  n'as  a  combinntion  of  iigcmcioa  wliich 
operated  to  d<!ba.se  the  morals  of  the  Swiss  people,  at  th&  . 
ttame  time  that  tlioir  snpcrttitious  uw«  for  ecck-sia&tical  I 
BUpenora  was  vaiiiahing.      The  influence  of  ttie  literary 
I'liUiiro  of  the  ngi_%  niso,  mndo  itself  felt  in  Switzerland., 
High  BcliooU  had  sprung  np  in  various  eitlttH.     A  circle  of' 
men  who  were  intere«ted  ia  classical  literature  and  were 
gnnhmlly  aoqtiiriiig  moro  enUghtenod   idens  in  religion 
liitd  their  centre  in   Basel,  whero  Eraamus  took  up  hif 
ahode  in  151G  and  became  tliuir  acknowkMlgcd  ht-ad.' 

Ulricli  Zwingle,  the  founder  of  ProtestantL-im  in  Swit- 
zerland, was  horn  on  the  Ist  of  January,  1484,  in  Wild- 
hauH.  nn  obscure  town  sittuitttd  high  on  the  inountaina 
whirli  overlook  the  valley  of  Toggouburg.  He  was  only 
n  fow  wt.'fks  younger  than  Luther.  The  father  of 
Zwingle  was  the  principal  magistrate  of  tlic  town.' 
Young  Zwuigle  spont  liis  boyhood  at  home,  until  he  waaj 
iM^nt  to  school  flntt  at  Basel,  and  then  at  Berne.  ltnght>T 
tnindcd  and  eager  for  knowU-dge,  he  was  also  early  dis- 
tinguished for  his  love  of  trutli,  which  never  cciuted  t*)  l»o 
one  of  the  marked  virtues  of  his  character.  Like  Luther, 
ho  had  an  extraordinary  talent  for  music.  Ho  h-nmcd 
afterwards  to  play  on  various  instrumentti.  Among  hia 
tSBOciates  at  the  University  of  Vienna,  whore  he  was  first  j 
placed,  was  the  famous  Kck ;  an<l  at  Itiutcl.  to  whicbj 
place  be  was  transferred,  Capito  and  Loo  Juda,  who  wer 
to  bo  his  confederates  in  the  work  of  reform,  were  amon]} 
htft  fellow-students.  Here  his  principal  teacher  waa 
Thomas  Wyttonhacli,  a  iiuin  of  libenil  tundcncicH,  as  well 
M  of  devout  character,  who  predicted  the  downfall  of 

>  Th«n  vu  ■  lIKrMj  pubtl:.    Set  U»nk^  DtnUdi.  fffcA.,  U.  4D,  41. 

*  Bm  tb*  arntunc  n!  r.mmgia'*  (amllr  In  ths  ticrllonl  I>1fi)^(Aj  tt  3,0 


THE  XWtNGUAK   KKFOSMATION. 

the  Bcliotastic  theology,  and  imparted  impulace  to  lin 
pupils  wliii:Ii  oruiitiuilly  i.-arriwl  tlicm  U-yond  liis  t«rn 
podtion.  Zwingle  waa  a  zoaloug  aUideiit  of  the  LjitiD 
claKsics,  und  iiftur  becoming  a  putor  »t  Glnru»,  lie  pr 
nit«d  the  reading  of  the  Roinan  niitliorii.  pnrtly  for  tlwl 
tnith  wliich  he  loved  to  sank  ht  them,  and  partly  to  ma 
himself  an  orator.  Ht)  e»t«red,  aUio,  with  diligeiioe  upon 
thi;  study  of  Greek.  lie  uirofully  copied  with  his  own 
hand  the  epintles  of  Paul  in  th(i  Mrigitial,  tliut  he  might 
have  them  in  a  portable  volume  and  commit  them  to 
mi-mory.  More  mid  more  he  devot<>d  liiinwlf  to  tho 
exainiiuktioR  of  the  Dible  and  deferred  to  its  authority. 
He  read  the  Fnthera,  sa  eonnselors,  not  as  authorita- 
tive giiiden.  He  was  obliged  to  leave  Gtarua,  on  aecoiint 
of  hia  bold  opposition  to  the  ^tem  of  ponsiona  and  uf 
mercenary  (•ervice  under  the  French.  Zwlitgle  was  a 
thorough  putriot  from  his  early  boyhootl.  He  listened  by 
tile  lieiutli^tnno  ti.)  talcs  of  gallant  work  done  by  his  rein 
tives  and  townsmen  in  the  recent  war  against  Clinrlcs 
Burgundy.  As  he  grvw  older  ho  witnessed  the  delete  ^ 
rious  effect  of  (ho  French  influence,  to  whicli  we  h«v6 
adrerttid.  Ue  saw,  moreover,  the  low  conditi<Hi  of  morals 
■imong  the  clergy,  and  became  more  alive  to  the  dcplor> 
able  state  of  things  from  tho  bitter  compunction  which 
kbia  own  compltanco  with  temptation  in  a  single  instanoo, 
'post  htm.'  At  flrat  he  did  not  look  upon  military  service 
which  was  rendered  at  the  ciU  of  the  I'ope,  the  Head  of 
the  Chnrch,  witli  tlie  same  disjipprobation  which  he  felt 
in  regard  to  tho  French.  He  even  accompanied  his 
parLihinners  to  war,  and  was  prt-sttnt  on  the  field  of 
Marignano.  He,  moreover,  thought  it  no  wrong  to  re- 
ceive a  pension  from  the  Fope,  which  was  lirat  given  him 
for  the  purchase  of  books.      But  hia  pubhc  opposition  at 


>  Liirn  wid  A»tfcviiilt4  St\r^tn  J.  VOer  a.  Btgrimdtr  d.  R</.  KiiA*  ' 
Chtu«^«1,    BMrttA    JSittagh,   Uitm   «.    Jw^wOUm    ^dkrf^m,    LU 
dtrnt  X^tinglU,  viB-M  HO- 


ZWIKOLK  On>OS£S  TDK  SALE  OF  INDCLGCXCES. 


189 


GlaruB  to  tlie  French  piirty,  wliich  was  Ktrong  Uiere, 
obliged  hint  tu  1eKV«  and  to  tak«  tip  liia  abode  at  a 
■mailer  place,  Ein&iedeln,  where  he  took  the  oSicu  u( 
pastor  and  pn-achcr  in  thu  Church  of  thu  Virgo  Eremi- 
taiin — Virgin  of  the  Honuitage.  This  was  in  1616, 
Here  vas  a  cloister  as  well  ua  a  cliurdi,  witli  a  Htora  of 
Ic^gends.  It  was  tho  chief  rcsoi't  of  pilgrims  from  all  tlte 
odjaceat  region.  Indulgpnces  were  Ubontlly  beittowod, 
and  au  image  of  Mnr>',  of  peculiar  aanctity,  attmcted 
crowds  of  deroteea.  Zwingle,  witliouc  dlivctly  assailing 
tlie  worship  of  thu  Virgin,  preached  to  tlie  throiig  d 
Ttsiton  the  docCruie  of  salvation  by  Christ,  and  of  hii 
mercy  and  sufficiency  as  a  Saviour,  which  Iiad  beeu  mote  < 
and  mori!  imprtwcd  on  lila  mind  by  the  inveatigation  at-* 
the  Scriptures.  Ihe  people  felt  that  they  were  bettring ' 
tMiw  truth,  aiul  a  striking  effect  waa  produced  on  many. 
He  had  now  fully  made  up  bis  mind  to  go  to  the  Word 
of  Ood  a«  the  ulUmato  authority,  in  pn-furencu  to  tho 
dt^mas  of  men.  To  individuala,  to  hia  friend  Capito  and 
to  Cardina]  Sitteo,  he  stated  lltiit  li<:  found  in  tlie  Serip- 
tims  no  foundation  for  the  rule  of  the  Papacy.'  He 
even  said  to  Capito,  in  1517,  that  he  Oiought  tlio 
Papacy  most  bill.  In  liJ18,  he  jireached  against  one 
Sanuon,  who,  like  Tetzel,  was  a  peddler  of  indulgences, 
so  that  the  tnifBc  was  stopped  in  tint  Canton  of  Scliwoitz, 
and  SamsoD  obliged  to  decamp.  In  ITilO,  owing  very 
miich  to  tho  iuflucnee  of  leading  opponents  of  the  French 
party,  Zwinglo  was  traiuft^'n-od  to  tlie  Cathedral  Church 
of  Zurich,  tlien  a  city  of  about  seven  thousand  tDhabit- 
anta.  Here  bo  curried  out  his  piirjiosCi  whiob  ho  an- 
nounced  at  the  outset,  of  expounding  the  Uible  to  hia 
h«ai«r»,  and  of  inculcating  the  truth  which  ho  found  tlicnx 
To  this  way,  in  sermons  which  were  heard  by  a  innltituda 
with  eager  inter«;st,  he  went  through  the  Oo»iiel  of  Mat- 
thew. He  explained,  also,  th(<  epistles  of  Paul ;  anti  for 
I  ciui*toat^i.M. 


140 


TIIE  ZWISGLIAN   BEI'OnilATION. 


tt>tir  tliat  some  voald  Iulvo  Ion  reciXKit  for  Paul,  lu  hu 
not  OIK!  of  UiQ  twelve,  he  showed  Uic  identity  of  Fetef^i 
doctrine  by  aii  exposition  of  his  epistles.  Ho  had  great 
power  a»  a  prc-ndior :  one  of  his  hearers  said  that  it 
seemed  to  him  Uiat  Zwingto  Iteld  him  by  the  hair  of  his 
head.  When  Samson  appeared  witti  hi»  indtilgeuot'it  (in 
1519),  he  ng^n  denounced  him  nnd  his  trade,  and  was 
supported  in  lits  oppCNutiuii  by  the  Bishop  of  Constani^e, 
to  whom  Samnon  liod  neglected  to  exhibit  Iiia  credentials ; 
so  that  the  friar  was  domed  ponnisnon  to  vend  his  -vramB 
in  Znrieh.  Zwingle  was  a  man  of  rohtist  licaltli,  cheer- 
fnl  wtititonanoe  and  kindly  manners,  affable  with  all 
classes ;  a  man  of  indvfutigiible  indiisti'v,  yet  enjoying 
dom«>t(tiu  life  to  the  fuU  —  lie  was  married  in  1524  —  ai>d 
fond  of  spending  an  evening  at  the  inn,  in  familiar  con- 
versation witli  magistrates  or  leading  citlxens,  or  with 
strSDgvni  who  happened  to  be  present,'  Upright,  hmo- 
bln  before  God,  but  fearless  bufnro  mi-n,  devoted  to  the 
work  of  11  preacher  and  pastor,  but  talcing  an  active  |iart 
in  whatever  concerned  the  well-being  of  his  country, 
Zwingle  acquired  by  dcgrvcs,  tliotigh  not  without  oppo- 
ntaon  and  ocoa-tiotml  exposure  to  extreme  danger,  a  OOD- 
trolling  iuiluonce  in  Zurich.  A  turning  point  in  bis 
career  was  tlio  public  disputation,  whicli  was  held  at  his 
own  requt.-8t,  undi-r  the  auspices  of  the  government  of 
Zurich,  on  the  'iOtli  of  January,  1523,  in  the  grpat 
Council  Hall,  where  he  had  proposed  to  defend  himself 
ligaimt  all  who  clioso  to  bring  against  him  chai-ges  of 
heresy.  He  had  really  won  the  buttle  beforehand,  in 
penunding  the  Council  to  take  the  part  of  judges,  and  to 
have  all  qu^-ations  decided  by  n-fei-cnce  to  the  Scriptures 
alone.  In  an  open  space,  in  the  midst  of  an  asaembly  of 
more  tlian  i°ix  hundred  men,  he  sat  by  a  table,  on  which  he 

t"SFrlliv(  jwcii  iniwnil  vl  \iiAat:  nam  inRi'iiIo  Bmocnut,  cl  ere  JatnuuhM 
ni|nm(iiiam  diH  pcvuit,  tral.  D«in  mi»)M«  mnnii  e«irri*  inMTt.x«DCa  ptrdl- 
<)dl  ciexiRuH,  nim  nitj  ii[  inntnia  Mrii*  illh  il^faliRaloct  ncrHri  etad  •• 
auallari>din  poiMi."    Myooniiu,  rilii  ItM.  Zwinglii,  iii. 


I 

■ 

I 


3!W1XCI.F,*S  THEOLOGlCAt.  PBISCirLKS. 


141 


had  placed  th«  Helti^iw  and  C5  rtx'k  Sn-ijrturvs  wid  ib«  Latis 
»ion.  HiH  triiiinpliaiit  maintenance  of  liiH  opinioita 
linst  liLi  fl^ftIll(,'  ;i!WuiL-iiits.  rosultod  in  an  injunction  from 
tL«  Cuuncil  to  persevei'e  in  ]>rcacliiiig  from  tin;  Scriptiir«a 
alone,  nnc]  u  liko  command  to  all  the  clergy  to  t«ach 
nothing  which  Um  Soriptnrt-s  do  not  warniiit.  In  this 
corifvrciic«  bo  defended  sixty-seven  propositions  which 
were  leveled  agiiinst  the  sy»t«in  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Chiirdi.  The  authority  of  the  Gospel  is  aiibatittitvd  for 
the  authority  of  the  Church ;  the  Church  is  declared  to 
be  the  communion  of  the  faithful,  who  Iiave  no  head  but 
Christ;  snlvutioii  is  through  faith  in  Him  as  the  only 
priest  and  intercessor  ;  the  I'apftcy  and  tlie  maso,  invoca- 
tion of  saints,  justification  by  works,  fasts,  festivals,  pil- 
griinagm,  monastic  orders  and  the  priesthood,  auricular 
confession,  abaolutjon,  indulgences,  penances,  purgatory, 
imd  indeed  all  tbo  characteristic  pecub'fiiities  of  tim  Ito- 
man  C»thiilic  crimed  and  cultns  arn  n'jo<rti'.d.  Jurisdic- 
tion over  tJie  authorities  of  the  Church  is  claimed  for  the 
civil  miiRistnitcs.'  A<;tiin,  i;i  another  disputation,  bcfoni  a 
much  more  numerous  audience,  on  the  26th  of  Ot't<)lHfr 
foIlowiiij»,  he  oht:iiiH>d  a  decrrco  of  tlio  Council  against 
tlie  UM!  of  iIn[^Tcs  and  the  sacrilico  of  the  mass.  After  a 
severe  contest,  lie  «stabliHhod  tlie  prindple  tliat  the  fasts 
of  tins  Church  are  optional,  not  obligatory.  In  all  tlu> 
changes  of  tJiis  Kort,  radical  us  thoy  wcr«,  extending  even 
to  the  disuse  of  the  organ  in  the  minster,  Zwinglu  pro 
ceeded  t«mpcrutely,  with  the  same  regard  to  weak  con- 
tciences  which  LuUior  had  shown,  and  taking  care  that 
everything  alionld  be  done  in  m  oi-derly  mnntier,  and  by 
public  authority.  Like  liUther,  he  hud  a  conti^t  to  sus- 
tain witli  Anabaptist  enthuBiasts.  Zurich,  w^pnratod 
from  the  jurimUclion  of  the  lli«liop  of  Consl.-tnce,  bt>oam« 
s  Church,  at  the  head  of  which  wcru  ttin  magistrates, 
who  were  propk'r  representatives,  in  Zwinglc's  view,  of 
the  body  of  the  congTcgntion  (l**-"^)* 

•  Xirliut1t,4)»M>i,vli.  lUnus. /iMl-/.'>><^<:l.iin>";!<rliit;ti."  svilLTia 


143 


YIK  ZWDtOLUS  BSrOBJUTIUI. 


I 
I 


In  1525  Zwingle  publuli«d  bit  prinea^  work,  Ikt^ 
"  Cnmniiiotwy  cin  True  luwl  FiUae  Religion,"  wliicU 
ik<lii»t«d  to  Francis  I.;  aai,  about  the  aiDn  time, 
ln!ati««  on  nnginul  md.  In  th<«o  and  otfa«r  wrilinga  h* 
*nt  fortli  ilia  tlii-oliigiojil  ij'&tuni.  In  most  points  h^-  coin- 
<M<Ira  witb  tilt!  UHiuii  ProUatunt  doctrinu.  But,  tu  will 
bu  vxplainMl,  (i«  depurtcd  hrtbcr  from  tbe  old  Bjratea  ittj 
Ilia  ooooe^ition  of  the  sacnunenta ;  hu  ascribwl  to  thMa  a' 
Iwu  iRi|>ortiint  ruiictioQ;  and  be  conodered  original  «n 
m  rllM>r(J(-r  rather  than  a  state  inrolving  guiU.'  It  la : 
iitiirkiibln  lliat  iCwinglL-in  bis  philosophywai  a 
nnrittn  of  im  BXtnme  type,  and  anticipated  Calrintsat  io 
aroivinK  tli«  tuprabipsuniui  tuuet;  in  this  particolu  gou 
iMiyiiiid  AiiKiiAlIiii'.  litil  btf  held  that  Christ  haftrcdeotac 
thn  L-ntln'  noc,  which  liu  b«oa  lost  in  Adam ;  and  tbafc 
irifatiU,  not  only  Hiicb  lu  are  unbaptized  in  Christian 
toiwUi  but  Iht*  olTii]>riii|j  of  the  hcutben,  nUo,  are  vM 
Mived.  Monwver,  hu  (ltd  not  accept  the  prevailing  belief 
in  tlia  itnivpnuil  cnndcinnation  of  the  heathen.  Tbojfat- 
luifjcn  of  .S<;ripturu  wliich  M;cin  to  iwsert  this  ho  n^pirded 
lis  inlvndnd  to  apply  only  to  snch  as  hear  tbe  Gospel  and 
triUfully  rojiiot  it.  'Die  divine  election  and  the  illumina- 
tioD  of  the  Spirit  am  not  confined,  he  thought,  wiihin  the 
t^rele  of  revoaled  religion,  or  to  those  who  receive  the 
Word  nitd  Hoanuiiunt).  The  virtues  of  heathen  tage*  oiid 
huroen  are  due  to  divine  grace.  By  grace  they  were  led 
to  iffioruM  faitli  ill  Qud,  A  Soc-ratca.  he  says,  waa  more 
ptuna  and  hnly  tlum  all  I>omintc:ui.i  aitil  Fnuiviwwis,  On 
Uio  cntologue  of  aiiinte  with  the  patriaivhs  and  propheta 
fH  th4)  Old  TonUintont  he  associateB,  beaidis  Sovrutea,  the 
naniiii  of  tlin  Sdpios,  CaniiUus,  Ine  Catos,  Kuma,  Arista- 
df,  8<'»i>4-a,  I'ijidar,  uvvin  Thtwus  and  Hoivulus.*     The 

>  IIU  (flnlnm  nn  Itili  luVlMt  TUiad  raninrlial  >l  dillcniiE  llnas.     8m  ZiMtr, 
D»t  iknJ.  Sf$l.  Xvimi/Ut  d»fs<tUai  (Alxtnich  «hi  Jahru.  ISM,  TSmI.  JoMh 

■  nM  KtrpaM*.  Optra,  iv.  St.  *■  Kon  tuit  vir  boDiu,  Don  ttit  nvnt 
«tm  lld*11t  iiilnM,  lb  i[nq  muiiitl  uunlio  luqui  ul  (Ju*  MnaimnnA^iicsi,  ■ 
M*  il*  Mhla  lAUd  Itto  lUrwm." 


^ 


THE  REFORUATIOK  SPREADS  FHOll  ZL'BICH.  148 

lli8«MK«  of  Zwingle's  liomaiustio  cnlture  U  obvious  in 
diis  portion  of  Ma  teaching.  **  Hu  hud  busied  biiuseU," 
says  Ncaiulcr,  "  with  tbe  study  of  nntiquity,  for  whicL  h« 
had  a  predilection,  and  bad  not  tbe  right  ciiterioa  for 
dlstingu lulling  the  vUiical  stnudii^-point  uf  Ciimtiitnity 
&rom  that  of  the  ancients." ' 

Fnm  Zurich  Uw  ]t«fonnation  siiread.  lu  Tiusol  it  had 
for  A  leader  (Eoolampadiua,  who  had  belonged  to  the 
adiool  of  Eni8mu«,  voa  an  crudito  schokr  of  mild  tempOTi 
and  in  biii  general  tone  resenibled  Melanctlion.  In  tliat 
ci^  it  gained  the  upper  hand  in  1«'29.  In  Borne  it  ^vas 
eetublii^ii^d  after  a  great  public  disputation,  at  which 
Zwijigte  waA  present,  in  1628.  Tbe  same  change  toob 
place  in  St.  Gall  and  SchailhiiuKuu. 

TbtB  ecole«iastical  revolution  waa  at  th«  same  time  a 
political  one.  There  was  a  contest  between  the  republi- 
cun  and  ntfuruting  piirty  on  tbo  onu  hand,  who  were  beat 
on  purifying  the  country  from  tlie  affects  of  foreign  Ldp 
fluonce,  from  the  corruption  of  moraU  and  of  i)atriotisni 
which  had  resulted  Itota  tliat  uiurcc,  and  an  obgiLrcby, 
on  the  other,  who  clung  to  their  pcnsioos,  ajid  to  the  sys- 
tem  of  mercenary  service  with  which  their  power  was 
oooneoted.  The  party  of  Zwinglu  went  contending  for 
a  locial  and  national  reform,  on  a  religious  foundation. 
They  aimed  to  make  tbe  Ooapel  not  only  a  source  of 
hgbt  and  life  to  tlie  individual,  but  a  renovating  power  in 
the  body  politic,  for  effecting  tlic  reform  of  tbo  social  lif« 
and  of  die  civil  oi^nization  of  the  country. 

We  Imvo  now  to  coiiiudur  the  rebition  of  the  Lutbcrao 
and  Zwingban  movements  to  one  another.     There  were 

*  Oefme»jrti-h'fhIt,  IL  SU.  On  thli  Inpic  NNnilor  h*«  uritlcn  ui  abl*  di^ 
MMinn:  Bttr  Jai  VirS-llnUr  J- htBrmtelmi  EAit  otr  ClrulHtitn  i  WitMo. 
chatlt.  Abbuidliingen,  p.  1(0.  Il  bid  Dot  been  unmmmon  rnrUiv  •Iricl^tl  linmM 
CWhoba  la  bcllem  In  ihv  td  milon  of  Ariatatli.  Ot  Zntinclu,  lltiiri  iiUnia 
ujnUtUoirt  dt  Fntuft,  viil.  1M|!  "On  poul  raiuid'rnr  IVutto  >le  Zuinjfli 
wnme  le  pUu  pDlauii  rftorl  ((ui  tU  Ut  pour  unctlller  i>  K*aaiuaiic*  it  I'qqIi 
ab  8«Ionne  tn  Jteii CIiiuL" 


144 


TUB  ZWWGLLUt  RKFOllMATIM. 


grctit  (lilTiirvnovs  bvtwvcn  Ute  tvo  leadon.  Lutlier  luul, 
•o  to  flpestk,  liret)  inU)  the  system  of  the  Latin  Chuivli  to 
»  ilfgrv^  that  vnM  not  trui*  in  the  uum  of  Zwii^c,  Out 
of  profound  ftgitatinn,  through  long  mental  etrugglds,  in 
wliich  lie  roceived  little  aid  or  dirvction  from  abrtMid, 
I,utii<^r  hiul  como  out  of  tiie  old  nyatem.  It  n-as  n  prooea 
of  personal  experience  with  which  his  int«lIoct«al  i-nlight- 
cnuiiMit  k<>pt  i>:icn.  One  truth,  tJiat  of  luilvatiou  by  ^ith, 
ta  contrast  \rith  aalvation  by  the  merit  of  works,  stood 
prominently  bufore  tlie  «yos  of  Lnthw.  The  method  o( 
forgiveiieaa.  of  reconciliation  mth  God,  had  been  with 
him,  from  his  early  youth,  the  onu  engroaring  prtibleni. 
Tln^  H'lation  of  th«  individual  to  Qod  had  absorbed  his 
tlioughlu  and  moved  his  nensihilitios  to  tbfi  lowest  deptlin. 
Tim  riinuudatiou  of  tht^  authority  of  th4«  Cliiin-li  was  an 
act  to  whidi  nothing  would  have  driven  him  but  the  force 
of  hill  convictions  respncting  tho  ccntml  truth  oi  jiitttjflcn' 
tion  by  fciith  alone.  The  course  of  Zwingle's  personal 
development  had  bc«n  different.  Of  cheerful  temper  and 
foml  of  his  classics,  he  had  felt  no  inclination  to  tlie  mo- 
nastic life.  He  came  out  of  tlio  Erasmian  school.  The 
authority  of  tlio  Church  never  had  a  very  strong  hold 
npon  him,  even  before  he  erplicltly  qne«tion«l  the  validity 
of  it.  As  ho  i*ti)(livd  the  Soriptiuva  ajid  felt  th*'ir  power. 
he  «i«ly  gave  to  them  the  allegiance  of  his  mini]  and 
hcnri..  It  cost  him  little  inward  effort  to  cast  oS  what- 
ever in  the  doctrinal  or  eccleaiaiiticnl  system  of  the  Latin 
Church  appeared  to  him  at  variance  with  the  Bible  or 
with  oommoD  sense.  In  his  mind  there  n-ni«  iii>  hiird  con- 
flict vith  on  eetablishod  prejudice.  It  wauUl  be  very 
unjiMt  to  deny  to  Zwingle  religious  cHnicstiiem ;  but  the 
coarse  of  his  inward  life  waa  snch  that,  although  he 
heartily  accepted  the  priiicijdo  of  justification  by  faith, 
be  had  not  the  same  vivid  idea  of  its  tmnsccndent  impor> 
tanee  which  Lutlicr  liiid.  Zwinglr,  a  bold  and  independ 
tot  student,  took  the  Uible  for  liiit  diiirt,  nnd  wax  di> 


LOTHKR   XHl>  7.WlN()t^  OOUPARED. 


14A 


tarred  by  no  scniplea  of  latent  i-wrcrence  from  abruptly 
discarding  uitnf^vi*  wliii-h  tint  liil>l<>  <li<l  not.  ftanction.  Whilo 
Lutlier  was  disposed  to  leave  iintoi]p|i(.-d  what  tlie  Uible 
(lid  not  pmliibit,  Zwiiigb;  \viis  more  imHincd  to  reject 
what  the  Bible  did  not  nnjoin.  Closely  related  to  this 
diffoivnco  in  jxTsonal  cbnnict«>r,  is  tlio  very  iiii[K>i-t»nt  di- 
veraity  in  the  nJnis  of  the  two  reforrnerx.  Luther  \raa 
practical,  in  om;  eonso  of  the  term  ;  he  sympathized  with 
tlic  hoini^ly  foolitigA,  tut  Itc  \vn.i  inniiUtr  of  Llu;  homely  Iftn- 
goage  of  the  people.  No  man  knew  better  how  to  reach 
their  hearts.  He  wii»  n  German  who  was  inspired  with 
a  national  sentiment,  and  tndigniuitly  resented  tJie  ^vronga 
inflicted  upon  his  country.  But  his  aim  was  throughout 
n  distinctly  rftligioua  on<t.  He  di-ew  a  sharp  lino  between 
the  function  wliich  he  conceived  to  lielong  to  him,  aa  a 
preacher  and  thL^olof;iiin,  und  the  sphere  of  political  ac- 
tion. Alwrirbi'd  in  tin;  truth  which  he  considered  the  life 
and  soul  of  the  Goapel.  iind  intent  Upon  propagating  it, 
ho  had  no  speciiil  aptitude,  for  the  organization  of  the 
ChureJi ;  much  leas  did  he  meddle  witJi  the  affairs  of  civil 
govcniinent,  except  in  the  character  of  a  minister,  to  on- 
)oin  obedienoo  to  established  authority.  Zwingle's  aim 
and  work  were  so  diverse,  bis  turn  of  mind  and  his  cir- 
cumstnnc<^«  being  so  diffenjiit,  thjtl  Ltitlior  and  tlie  other 
Saxon  tlieologiana  were  slow  in  understanding  him  and  in 
doing  justice  to  liim.'  Zwingle  was  n  jiatriot  and  a  sociiil 
reformer.  The  salvation  of  his  country  from  misgovern- 
ment  and  immontlity  was  an  end,  insoparabl?,  in  his 
mint),  from  the  effort  to  bring  individuals  to  tlie  pmcticol 
acei-ptanco  of  the  Gospel.'  Tlie  Swiss  people  must  bo 
lifteil  up  from  their  degeneracy ;  and  the  instrument  of 


1  Tbar*  It  In  txcdlcnl  uiaf  liy  0nnJ«hae*n,  JTh*  Ck-tratitriilit  UlrUk 
^Vfaplfi  •-  xinn  Itr/amntitnut('ir4  mnlir  rcy'riViiiay  mil  iMlher  Dad 
(Mm.    Bladte»  n.  KrUiita.  ma.  4 

S  0(  bU  aluck  upon  tti>  lyrUni  of  r«iiiont,  hit  trirad  Mjrcoaini  tt^: 
'*  Hdoc  vidabat  CuDc  dcniiiin  ilwTriiiai  coflwti  iDciim  fu'ruum,  ub!  roiumalania 
^Mt  •xluuilui  Ddinlani."—  Vila  JTinnjlB,  ir. 
10 


rOB  ZAINGLIAN  RCPOilUATION. 

lo!tig  UiU  VIM  the  tnitb  of  tlic  Biblo,  to  bo  iippliciJ 
only  to  the  individual  iu  Lib  penonnl  relalimu  to  God, ' 
j^ut  also  to  corri->ct  abuiies  in  tliu  social  uad  civil  lifu  of  ihu 
Theec  grew  out  ot  »«iljQalutew,  au<]  tb«n)  was  ao 

'  wiri!  for  that  sate  in  the  Word  of  God,  Mter  Z^viii^le 
reuouuced  tli«  Popu'ti  pension,  und  docllnod  his  iliittvrii^ 
oSjot  to  mak*>  it  Urger,  aud  took  his  aiUuad  iigaiuai  foreign 

liulluouoe,  come  from  what  quarter  it  might,  which  at- 

'  teiood  its  ends  ut  tlie  vost  of  natiotud  corniptiou,  ho  n>- 
MMnblud  in  hi»  position,  in  his  miitgled  patriotittm  and 
piety,  tJie  old  Hebrew  prophets.  "  The  Cardinal  of  Sit- 
teii,"  he  said,  "  with  ri^ht  wuArs  a  red  liat  and  oluuk ; 
you  Imvo  only  to  wring  them  and  you  will  behold  the 
bl(;od  I'f  your  nearest  UuHinen  dripping  from  thcro!" 
Ilo  would  luivv  the  Swi«  abttnin  fi-oin  all  tlieso  dbhooo^ 
able,  pemioioua  alliances. 

The  qtuftUon  of  priority  as  to  time,  bcbweon  Lntlicr'a 
moTttiiiont  and  that  of  Zwingle.,  Itiut  oIt«iu  been  discuMud. 
Zwingle  asserted  with  truth  that  faia  opinions  concerning 
the  authority  of  tlic  ScripturcH  and  thu  method  of  salva- 
tion, wen;  formed  iudupeiideutly  of  the  induonoe  of  Luther. 
It  is  teas  tluit,  independently  of  Luther,  Zwingle,  as 
early  as  1618,  pruached  against  tho  Mtlu  of  indulgenoos. 
But  tlio  exprcssiona  of  Zwingle  on  these  topics  were  mob 
as  might  bo  hioird  ebiuwliore  from  other  good  men.  b 
lis  mAtter  he  had  the  aiti>port  of  tho  Bishop  of  Con* 
9,  and  did  not  incur  the  displeasure  of  Leo  X.,  who 
hiul,  perhaps,  learned  moderation  from  the  occurrcnciM  in 
Saxony.  The  great  point  in  Latlior's  case  wiis  his  cnlUs* 
ion  with  tho  ituUiority  ot  the  Church.  It  is  justly  claimed 
for  Luther  that  he  broke  tJte  jiath  in  this  mouuuitoua  and 
puriloWF  c'Oiillivt.  When  Luther  was  put  under  Uio  ban 
of  the  Churdi,  Zwingle  wax  still  the  rpcipimit  ot  a  im.-ii- 
5on  from  the  Pope,     When  Luther  at  Woniis,  in  the 

'1UD6  of  the  Gi?rmiui  Emjtirt-.  rcfu»L-d  to  euhmit  to  th« 
Hith<mty  of  Pope  or  Council,  Zwmgle  had  not  yet  beet 


THB  EUCUAIUSTIC  COKTKO^'EICST. 


147 


I 


■erioiuly  attuckcd.  As  Uitc  aa  1523  he  recwvctl  a  com- 
pluiientary  letter  fixim  Fopt- AtlHaii  V'l.  Zwingle  friim 
the  begbning  was  tn-ated  with  tho  utmost  forbearance, 
front  Uie  concern  of  the  p»pul  court  for  it»  political  and 
selfish  interests.  These  circumstances  involve  nothing 
ducrvditnhlc  to  Swingle,  when  tliu  wtiuli;  history  ot  his 
relations  to  the  Papacy  is  understotKl.  But  tUcy  ilcnion- 
Btratv  that  thu  distinction  of  sounding  the  trumpet  of 
revolt  aguinat  U>e  Itoinan  see  belongs  to  tlio  Snxon  ro- 
fonnct,  Luther's  voice,  which  was  heard  in  every  country 
of  Kuropc,  rtuKihcd  the  vullvys  of  Switxerhmd.  It  Avas  then 
that  Zwingle  was  chained  bj  his  enemies  with  Ixiln^  n 
foUower  of  Luther.  This  he  denied,  at  the  same  time 
that  he  avowwi  his  ngrei>ment  with  I'UtJiur  in  the  great 
points  of  doctrine,  and  courageously  spoke  of  him  in 
terms  of  warm  priu«c.  But  it  waa  tho  noise  of  tlie  battlo 
whidi  Lutlier  was  wnging  that  opuiiod  the  uyus  of  men 
to  the  real  di-ift  of  Zwingle's  teaching. 

All  unhii])py  i>vnnt  for  Uio  cuuso  of  the  Reformation 
was  the  outbreaking  of  the  great  contrDveray  hctwfun  the 
Lutherans  and  the  Swiss,  upon  iIr^  Eucharist.  In  1<'>24, 
nt  tlie  very  time  when  tlie  division  of  (leiinany  into  two 
hostile  parties,  Protestant  and  Catholic,  was  taking  place, 
tha  evnngvliciil  furccs  were  weakened  by  this  intes^n« 
conflict.'  The  doctrine  of  transuhstantiation  is  not  a  dotv 
trine  of  tlie  ancient  Clnirch.  Tlie  view  of  Augustine, 
which  was  tliat  a  spiritual  power  is  imparted  to  thu  brc»d 
and  wine,  luinlc^ua  to  the  virtue  supposed  to  inhere  in 
he  hapti»mu1  wiit«r,  long  prevailed  in  the  Latin  Church, 
even  after  the  more  extreme  opinion  had  been  broachixl 
by  John  of  Diunasciis  and  thu  Greek  theologians.  This 
b  evident  from  tlie  effect  that  was  produced  when  literal 
transubstuutiationi  or  tlio  con\x-niion  of  tho  bread  and 
wine  into  the  body  and  blooil  of  Christ,  was  adroattad 
in  the  ninth  century  by  Riidburt,  tho  Abbot  of  Corv*jr. 
>  Eukc,  Dttutk.  Ok*,  ii.  U. 


118 


THL  ZWIMOLIAM   KlirOKUAriOM. 


Hiia  theory  was  opposed  W  hU  oontemporarics,  Rabanni 
Mminu  and  by  Kutruiiiniis,  who  ndherMl  to  Uie  views  of 
Atigiiatine,  The  bread  and  wino  nourish  tlio  body,  bat 
thv  spiritual  pover  itnpurtod  to  tlieni  —  the  sjiiritual 
body  of  Cliri»i,  of  whidi  tliey  are  the  sigD — is  received 
by  fnith  nnd  nourishes  the  Boul  to  un  immortAt  life.  In 
the  cicTuntli  ootitiiry,  the  view  of  Radbcrt  hitd  so  fur 
giuncd  the  ascendency  that  Berengar,  who  di'lendud  tlie 
more  micient  thvory,  was  condcmnod,  iLlthoiigh  it  waa 
ciaimed  Uiat  lib  opinion  vas  favored  by  Ilildebnmd. 
Trutiflubstaiitintion.  the  chango  of  snbstnnce,  was  defended 
by  tilt'  Icaidin^  Mcliooliucn  of  the  tliirtocnth  century,  and 
vras  niade  an  article  of  faith  by  the  fourth  Lateran  Coiin- 
dl,  in  121>'>,  under  Innocent  HI. 

Tlio  Itoformera,  with  one  accord,  denied  this  dogma, 
together  vritli  Uiu  )t.-tMi)i:iiit^-d  doctrine  of  the  socrifitnal 
character  of  t]ie  Eucharist.  Hut  in  other  respeeta  they 
wurc  not  agreed  among  thuiusolTeB.  Luthor  afTmncd  tlie 
actual,  objecti^'e  presence  of  the  glorlfii^d  bo<:ly  and  htood 
of  Christ,  in  connection  with  the  bread  and  wine,  so  that 
the  body  and  blood,  in  sonn-  mysterious  way,  arerwjeivcd 
by  the  commuiiie.-iitt  whether  ho  be  a  believpr  or  not.  It 
is  tho  doctrine  of  two  substancM  in  tho  sacrament,  or  con- 
substnntintion.  His  <loctrine  included  a  h^■\\^•f  in  the 
tibiqutty  of  tlio  human  nnture  of  the  ascended  Christ. 
Zwingle,  on  tlie  contrary,  luid  coino  to  consider  tli«  Lonl'n 
Suppt-r  us  having  principally  a  nniemonio  significance ; 
as  a  symbol  of  Uio  atoning  death  of  Clirist  and  a  token  or 
pledge  —  as  a  ring  would  be  a  piedg»> — of  its  continual 
efficacy.'  A  middle  ^•icw,  which  waa  that  of  Calvin,  though 
BDggested  by  others  before  him,  wuh  that  of  a  rt-Jtl  but 
spiritual  reception  of  Christ,  by  the  believer  alone,  whero- 
\iy  there  is  imp!antt>d  in  the  houI  Uic  gcrin  of  a  glorified 
body  or  form  of  being  like  tliat  of  Christ.  In  tliis  view 
the  dcm<uit«  are  the  symbol,  tJio  ]ite<lge,  or  nuthentic&- 
>  Thlt  Idea  of  k  Ulua  er  plnilc*,  howervr.  1i«  nran  drappRL   Uuribobr,  L'.  Ill* 


LUTBKR  R  BOSTIUTY  TO  THE  SACRAUESTARIAKS.      149 

don  of  UiP  grace  of  God  tlin-mgli  tlm  ilvaUi  of  Citrist] 
ftnd  at  tlic  Eumn  time  to  tlie  believei-,  tlimifjh  to  no  otliei", 
dirist  iif  luiiLSeU  mysteriously  und  spirituallj  imparted, 
M  tlic  povrVT  of  R  imw  life  — the  power  of  resiirn^ticD. 
From  the  hitman  naturii  of  Christ,  which  h  now  exiilttd 
to  beaven,  or  fruin  Ilia  fleah,  there  entcra  into  thu  Houl  of 
the  buliuver  a  liff-^ving  iiifluvncc,  bo  that  ho  a  amted  in 
the  most  iiittinato  union  to  tho  Siiviotir.' 

The  vehemence  of  Luther's  hostility  to  the  Zmnglian 
doctrine  is  manifest  in  his  curnjapondencw  for  ii  considur- 
obli-  pi'riotl  nftcr  tlie  ri-ne  of  the  controversy.  There  were 
no  terms  of  opprobrium  too  violent  for  hiiii  to  apply  to 
the  t^inct  and  tlie  persons  of  tho  Stteram<.'nturiaua.  There 
vrepf  tildes  when  for  apedal  reasons  —  cliie8y  fi-om  the 
hope  that  they  were  coming  over  to  liis  opinion  —  his 
boetility  viis  Heri.tihly  abated.  But  hit  abhom^ncu  of  tlic 
Zwiiigliiin  doctrine  never  left  him.  The  rejisons  Uiat 
misled   hiJn  into  an   intolerant  and   uncharitable  conrae 


>  Lnlhn  ii4  not  bold  Ibat  (b*  hUT«nlj-  boUy  a(  ChrlBI,  whicb  it  offeni  >Dd 
rtcvivDl  In  tlio  ucrumcnl,  ocvuirin  )p«M>.  Yvt  it  i>  ncoir«il  bjrall  nlm  panake 
of  lb«  bread  intl  wliie  —  doI  a  porlion  afUia  baiy.  but  iIip  rnlin  Cliciil  bv  vacb 
flMiiiuiiniciinL  [I  It  raciiimti  in  Minv  pni[><tt  »«ii<i<,  irilli  Uir  tnnuih.  tjotnelimu 
hdiMUi-nu  fxprtuloiu  on  tbi*  poinL  Svv,  (or  iixmnplv,  Uie  in>lrucli»ni  l« 
llaUiisllloa  tor  thecMifenam  wtib  BiuriratUMwl:  "Unrl  int  tiimnui  diuunnt 
HvInuiiK,  dan  walirhaMs  lo  ^'"^  <»<(  d*in  Iln>d  dor  LfSb  Cbritti  gtnca  witd, 
alM  <la»  alio,  ni  da>  Ilrod  wirkcl  und  1«idvl,  di!r  LaibCbriui  wiilt«  and  bide, 
da»  sr  aiugDlbcltl,  ^ucn,  und  uiil  dun  Kubiicn  lubiioen  mrds.''  De  Wttle,  Iv. 
Sn.  Ho  aacrU  [hat  Iho  bodfot  Cbri't  i>  nAsMnli'iIilrT  but  not  toaililer  —  ai 
•ilisdwl  MQCCUpylof;  >t>BDs  — pnivnt.  n«  W«(U,  iv.  ST  J.  Zwlngl«,aii  ili« 
ccotnuy,  doulcd  (hat  Ihi'  body  of  Cbiial  i>  pKMDl,  in  anjr  tease,  in  the  ui-is- 
tociil.  'Itiu9  bs  itrita  to  Liilbcr  liImwK  (April,  lUtT:  j^ritig.  Ojitf.i,  rlU. 
Vt)l  "HuaqOBm  DOimnliuilobtiiirbii,  qumn  (luod  Chriill  Corpui  tiiium  In  cu'iia 
ipnoB  b)  mcntlboa  pit^iim  nnii  •llii-r  lii.  riiiam  mla  conlempliiJoiie."  Zwlugl* 
ud  hi*  followcn  were  mnn  and  mom  di«pD4tid  In  allavh  impOTIaim  U  a  t/ttrll. 
mal  ftttBMH  ol  Cbriit  in  Iha  pwnmrnt.  Thit  Calrin  Finiihatli*d  and  added 
(he  {lOtiUte  aMtrtinn  ot  n  dir*rl  inlliii-irre  iip^ii  Ihn  beliavini;  comiDiuiloanI, 
which  Qaira  (ram  Cbriil  Ibmieli  ilir  mi'iliuoi  or  intlrvuncntatiljr  of  hia  Imnui 
aatun.  Kit  fi**h  and  blonl,  lliinigU  Inm'l.v  FrparaUd,  aro  rMillir  imparled  to 
tbn  *oal  uf  Ihf-  btliiiTrr,  M  an  alF«ct  of  h!i  (ailh,  by  "  ihi<  H'crol  poini  u(  <h« 
Boly  St^Til."  liutiMri,  iv.  xtH.  0,  in,  9(!.  Au  ablo  birtorlcal  dlwiu>[«d  by 
•■do*  ItllUor,  rnMfA,VirgMeMinigJtrt,t\rtn  t.<tlXtn  un-f  C-iMiu  tttrdai 
A.  Ai*vlmiM  li  in  llilUtr'*  Dogm^litch<  ^Uiii.fluayta,  pp.  4IU-4CT. 


160 


THE  ZWniOUAK  BEfOUL^TlOS. 


vt  eonditct  it  u  not  iinpoauble  to  <]ijtcori.ir.  The  obnox- 
ious Uivory  WW  first  proposed  by  Carlstadt,  an  tuttbn- 
Biast  Mid  faoatJc  who  bad  givun  Lutlivr  tnfiaiU;  troublv. 
■od  it  wus  do(ciid<Hl  by  him  tlirmtgh  a  wi>^  derice  ol 
exc^esuk  It  was  associated  in  Lutber's  mind  with  Uio 
extreme  spirittuilisDi,  or  tb»  subjective  tcndviioy,  which 
undcrvuluud  luid  tended  to  sweep  away  the  objcctin 
means  of  grac«,  the  Word  as  wc-Il  as  thu  S3cnuncnt»,  uod 
to  substitute  for  Uieiii  u  »pt.'cinl  illuntiiiation  or  inSfiimtion 
from  the  Spirit.'  The  Word  and  Uie  Sacraments  Luther 
had  made  the  criteria  of  thu  Churcli.  On  upholding  thorn 
in  ttii-ir  just  place,  everything  that  diHtiiiguished  his  re- 
form from  enthusiasm  or  rationalism  depended.  He  had 
never  thought  of  forsaking  the  dogmatic  systutD  ol  Latin 
Oiriatiiutity  in  its  earlier  and  purer  days,  and  he  looked 
with  alarm  on  what  struck  him  as  a  rationalistic  innoTm- 
tion.  Bttsido!*,  over  niid  above  all  tbvsc  considcrtUoos,  th« 
real  objective  presence  of  Christ  in  his  human  nature, 
was  a  belief  that  Imd  taken  a  deep  hold  of  his  imagina- 
tion and  feelings.  lie  had  been  tempted  to  givii  to  the 
text  —  "this  is  my  body" — a  looser,  more  figumtive 
moaning ;  but  tliu  text,  he  declared,  was  too  strong  for 
him.  Ho  must  take  it  just  as  it  reatli.  'Hie  trutli  is 
that  hia  religious  feelings  were  intertwined  witli  tlic  httirul 
interpretation.  Being  immovably  and  on  sncb  grounds 
establiahed  in  his  opinion,  be  would  have  no  fellowship 
with  such  us  rojcctod  it.     They  denied,  aa  he  considered, 

1  Lnlbw  «■•  in  tbs  habit  ot  wlsmaliilng  ibo  Zwiagliiuia  m  "  KliirbmM'." 
m*  MHtia  at  flnl  inappoiicc,  even  u  ■  tcnn  of  opprolirlum.  Bui  t.ui]i«r  irauM 
Villi  tail  lo  tb*  e^f*'''^  Won]  and  Iho  djiclltt  ucntnicnU.  At  (hn  tnilh  «■* 
In  thii  Wc.-d  «h«a  It  onlvnd  Iha  nr  area  of  Iho  BnbcUovn;  H  it  iru  ttin  Wai4 
l(  God,  hnnertr  il  niiiflil  l>«  rercimd  i  in  «u  Chrial  in  Dio  farrnmiinlal  *l*> 
iiWDt«,  vliattMrvr  lli»b«litf«  or  fcliiiKK  ol  thi  r«lplrnl  might  b*.  Tim  iufninidat 
*■>  cninplpte,  itiilniwiidciillf  ol  lli«  (lianctcr  of  thi  mlplent,  not  1v»  llmu  iJ 
■fca  rfiaruUr  of  llir  miniiUr.  It  ow«il  Hi  coTnplrtfimi  to  thodlviiin  inalitulion: 
(OK  ■*  Iht  rajra  ol  Ilia  tun  an  (ha  nmr,  irhctlicr  they  f^lt  upon  Uio  tvn  ihu 
:an  hs  or  iipciii  llm  lilinil.  In  a  wonl,  Litbrr  fill  ilroDglr  ihal  the  Ziirlii|;IUni 
■lirlhulfd  loD  murh  In  Ibe  >nb)MtlT«  fatror,  to  f^ltli,  iind  Ihin  ncrillfKl  tbi 
l^and  objocllvt  ciltracirr  of  tba  maaiiaotinwf  —  doing  Ivthc  MCtanoau  vh«| 
A*  tnthuflaiu  did  b7  Iha  Scriptun*. 


TBE  EL-cnAwsnc  CO>mtO\'EnST. 


161 


article  uf  tlw  Clmstian  faith,  a  precious  tact  c(  Cbrift- 
tian  experience.  Tliu  union  of  the  believer  ^vith  Christ 
'^the  tini'o  mffttica — is  a  thctno  ou  which  hu  hM  vrit- 
ten  nrnrt'  iiiipi\'».'«vely,  perhaps,  thiin  upon  any  othei  topic 
of  Christian  (loctrino,*  Philosophical  ohjeotions  conntcd 
for  noUiing  with  him  Uf^ust  tho  intuitions  of  tlie  ethic*] 
or  religious  nature.  He  waa  profoundly  sensible  that  the 
truths  of  religion  transcend  tlie  liniita  of  the  understand- 
ing. Difficulties  raised  by  the  mere  understanding,  in 
however  plausibh^  form  tlu-y  might  he  presenter],  he  con- 
sidered to  be  really  superficial.  Yet,  in  defending  his 
ovn  view  he  sometimes  condescended  to  flglit  witli  wnap- 
ona  of  philosophy  which  he  had  drawn  in  mrlier  days 
from  the  tomc«  of  Occam. 

Of  coarse  the  most  urgent  exertions  would  be  nrmde  to 
heal  a  schism  that  threatened  to  breed  great  disasters  to 
tlie  I'rotestant  cause.  Not  only  was  it  a  scandal  of  which 
tlte  Roman  Catholie  party  would  only  he  too  happy  to 
make  an  abundant  use,  but  it  distracted  tlio  counsels  and 
tended  to  paralyKc  tho  physical  strength  of  the  Frotj.«tiint 
intvrirst.  The  theologian  who  wax  most  industrious  in  llio 
work  of  bringing  about  a  union,  was  Martin  llnwr,  who 
from  hia  p<»ition  at  Strasburg  was  well  situated  with  refei^ 
ence  to  both  of  the  contt-nding  parties,  nnd  who  wiw  un- 
commonly ingenious  at  frnming  compromises,  or  at  deviaing 
fonnulas  suflieiently  ambiguous  to  cover  (liiaonant  opiniona. 
Rnde  and  violent  though  Luther  sometimes  was,  he  was 
alwnys  attcrly  lion&st  and  outspokc-n,  and  for  this  reason 
proved  on  some  oecaaions  uninan-igeahle ;  and  Zwinglo, 
iwneiit  as  wn«  his  de»ire  for  pence,  was  too  sincere  and 
self-respecting  to  hiile  his  opinion  under  if^uivooal  phmse- 
ology.  At  h-a.';t,  when  it  xvns  openly  attacked,  he  would 
as  openly  stand  for  its  defense.  Of  tlie  princes  who  were 
active  in  efforts  to  pacify  the  opposing  schools  and  bring 

>  !*»•*(•*  (ram  I.iillivroii  thin  Kubjn:!  may  bo  nvt  in  IXitimr.  *"-fin»fii^ 
|M*.  d-  LtSrt  r.  J.  I'lrtat  C%rid.,  i>.  MO  Mc 


163 


THE  Zn'KGUAN  BEfOSUATIOiJI 


them  upon  some  comtnon  groimd,  PhUipt  tbo  I.ani^nva 
ot  H<«iH.>,  wiut  most  oouspiciuMu.    The  mott  mcmorabls 
attempt  of  tliis  sort  wis  the  Cooferenoe  at  HJu^org  io 
1529,  nlii-ra  tlw  Sviis  thaulugiaus  mot  Liither  aod  He- 
liftrth"p      'Ilie  former  accommodated  tliemaelves  to  tiie 
views  of  tliu  Lutiicnuis  on  tlM3  Mibji-ct  of  original  aa,  and 
i«  9nra«  otlu^  puiiita  nwpectiiig  wtticli  tlieir  orthixloxy  liul 
been  qn<.-ictiotMxi.     Tb«  only  point  of  flifferuDoe  waa  tiio 
EuiriuirUt ;  but  bvre  tbe  difTerenoe  proved  irrccoocilablo, 
Tbe  Laiidgrare  arranged  that  private  conferences  aliodd 
first  Iw  buld  bctWLicu  QScoUunpuditu  imd  Lutlii-r.  :tod  be- 
tm>t;u   Meliuiottiun   aud   Zwiugie ;   Zwinglc  aiid   Ltttliur 
being  thus  kept  apart,  and  mch  pot  by  the  &de  of  £ 
ttipolopiin   of  mild   and  conciliatory   temper.     But  Uiu 
experiment  was  fruitloes.    No  more  could  an  agreoment 
be  readied  wbvn  all  were  assembled  witli  the  Landgntv* 
and  a  select  company  of  spcctatore.     The  tlieologiaiu  sat 
by  II  table,  tliu  8:kxuu8  uti  ono  side  and  llic  Swiss  oppusile 
tbem.     Luther  uTote  upon  the  table  with  chalk  Iiis  text, 
—  "hoc  est  mvum  corpus" — and  refused  to  budge  an 
iota  front  tlic  titvnil  sviise.     Bat  lus  oi>ponRnts  would  not 
ftduiit  the  actual  presence  of  the  body  of  Christ  in  tlie 
Ku-raitictit,  or  tluit  hut  Ixjily  is  receiveil   by  uiiV- lie  vera. 
I'iiiuUy,   vrliun  it  w.-ut  vvidi.;iit  Uiat  no  common  ground 
Dould  be  reached,  Zwir>gle,  with  teai«  in  bis  eyes,  offered 
till)  liitiid   (if  fnitei-iml  ffllon'ship   to   Luther.     But  tills 
LulJicr  ixtfused  tu  take,  not  wiltiii)^,  says  Rouke,  to  reo- 
ogitize  tlK'Ut  as  of  tlte  same  coinmiiiituu.     But  inoie  was 
mi^mt  by  Uits  refusal ;  LiitlitTr  wouM  regard  the  Swiss  aa 
frii.-iidii,  but  such  wiis  the  influence  of  his  dogiiiutiv  sys- 
tem over  bis  feelings,  that  be  could  not  bring  himself  to 
regard  lliittn  us  Christian  brethren.     Luther  and  Melano- 
tbon  at  Miis  time  apjWKr  to  ban*  suppoecd  that  an  ngree> 
ro«nt  in  every  article  of  belief  is  the  neoi»8aiy  condition 
of    Olimtiait    fi'llowHhip.       BoUi    jinrties   engiij^Hl    to   be 
(ri';iMlty  to  oiw  aiiotlirr,  nml  tu  itlutain  from  irritating 


I 


TBE  EUaiARtSTIC  COKTBOVERSY 


1&3 


P 
I 

I 

I 
* 

I 


lai^iage.  They  signed  in  coninioii  fotirt«en  nrliclcji  of 
butli  n-Iitttiig  to  Uiu  grtiit  points  of  ChrisUmi  doc'triim, 
and  prfliiiiaicd  to  t-xcrcise  towiird  one  imoUier  all  the 
cluLfity  which  ia  consistent  \ritb  a  good  conscience,  lliere 
\raa  a  considemhlu  timu  during  which  Hw  acntiincnts  mid 
Umguage  of  Luther  in  relation  to  the  SacrainciitariiUiB, 
wcru  gri.':ttly  eoftt-ncd.  In  piirtiiuliir  was  this  tlio  com 
while  ho  vraa  »t  CViburg,  during  itie  so»<ion!i  of  the  Diet 
of  Aiigshurg.  Tile  imiH-riul  cities  of  Southern  Germany, 
by  tlie  agi  iicy  of  tlic  indefutij^ihlc  Iluocr,  uUhoitgh  tlicy 
aympathi»xl  with  tlio  Zwinglian  doctrine,  werw  admitted 
to  the  Ifiigtio  of  Sinulcjild.  In  15'%  the  »io»t  distin* 
guiidii^l  theolc^ans  of  Upper  Germany  joined  Luther  and 
his  followers  in  subscribing  to  tliu  Wittenberg  Concord, 
which  exprKsaed,  xvitlk  slight  ii^crvatious,  tlic  Lttthenui 
view.  But  the  Swiss  adlioi-cnts  of  Zwingle  refuaetl  to 
aunction  this  creed.'  In  134-3,  the  pubhaition  of  Zwiuglu'H 
writings  by  his  aon-in-law,  Giialtcr,  with  an  apologetic 
eeeay  from  his  pen,  once  mure  roused  tliu  iro  of  Lutheri 
nnd  ho  began  itgain  to  denounce  the  Zwingliuns  and  Uieir 
doctrine  in  the  former  x-ituperatire  strain.* 

l|t  i*au«rtt<l  ItuUtho  faodf  tuiil  Moid  of  Chriil  &nlru1irpmr.|it.  iiirl  alltni 
la  th«  ncnmcni,  •nil  ■«  ttctlTed  tiro  by  Uw  "umrorllij'."  lluwr  diitia. 
(uUhsdlfciwctn  Ills  ■'uuiT«nlijr"*i»l  "eadloB."  On  thi>  isncmoiit  hv  tb« 
■tide  "  VTIItenbtTi^r  Conconlk,"  In  Ilcnog'a  JI(Dt/><yr;I.,  iiiiil  Gii>iJ«r,  lU. 

lT.l,|T. 

*  Tha  Uery  (hat  Liiihrr,  ihortly  bctora  bl)  diutli,  ictuuiHlcituT']  lo  Up1ui«- 
lliaii  thai  bo  hud  gone  too  tni  ia  Ihc  ucFUntcnUl  conrrnvcn^.  ii  pvoi.  for  ex- 
unlit*, by Ckilsl«fl«l>  1.  331.  It  Us  flclioa;  h«  G«Ile,  VrinwA  rlitr  Chiintrlrr. 
IttSt  JfefrnMlont  alt  Tlitcliigin,  etr.,  p  fSS.  Liillior  an'l  MelAncthnn  ilcp«n<lvd 
rtry  mucb  for  their  In tonmf  inn  on  Swiwnllairtiii-Anlnnllvnaiiil  iludditt,  ud 
had  an  ImpcrlNt  conrcplivn  ot  lli*  nul  (lixnii'Iur  at  ZwInKlii'i  MrrloM  10 
nktm.  K*lther  of  lli*  iliitpiilanu  at  Matburi:  (iJlr  HTwpiul  iha  oj-inion  of 
■he  Dlhcr.  Tb«  /.•f'uic^inn'  I'flrn  iimlDnlucid  l-nllifir  In  linld  (»  a  Jwnl  prui- 
Hict,  whMT**  Ilia  T.iiili<rmn  'Inclriiis  reiU  upon  llio  Idrn  et  n  iplrlluallilng 
«f  lh(  human  aalun  nf  ('liriil,  of  nti  dicci  wrouulil  ujioii  It  tjy  It)  rvtatlon  te 
Dklnicy,  u  that  il  nn  lungir  Ulla  •jucd  or  <i  fttlcni)  bf  ipalial  rrlaClnns. 
ThB  (tiic  of  I.ulhir't  hialib,  and  Uii  parUcular  clnumttanca  nnilcir  which  b* 
■tiile.  ailfclnl  lit*  toM  mpMing  ZirlnRlp.  Thnt  wm  a  Mifain  hlunliw-*  in 
Zarinc'ir  Hkli'li  *at  oltantin  to  l.uUlcr,  and  vai  .iilrqinlnl  bv  lilm  »  fiiincinal 
Utiwpcd.    7.<r<nicl«*a  Irtlar  lo  IjiUuf   April,  IMT;    /•'■'"(-  Ofira,  viii,  SHk 


154 


TBE  ZTUflUAX  BXTtHDIATlOll. 


We  htm  jcnr  to  the  cslaatrapbti  of  the  Swiw  Unfi> 
Moo.  Then  iru  a  gnnring  hostility  between  the  fiti^ 
tnoaitlmiD  auitotu  that  remnned  Oatliolic  nnd  Uic  dU«a 
in  which  Proti^stantkai  lud  bAen  cetabli^eiL  The 
Catholic  eantotts  entered  into  a  leacne  with  Fonlinniul  iJ 
Anatria.  ProtAtant  prcadhen  who  fell  iuto  the  hiui>l# 
d{  tbe  Oatlwtics  wens  pat  to  death.  Ttic  nitw  doctritw 
was  rappnased  witliio  thw-  limita.  Tbo  districtit  thatj 
btlonged  in  oomiiMm  to  the  aevctal  oantoM  farnished  tha ' 
mwaBion  for  bitter  coBtrovfjay.  At  lengtli  Zurich  took 
ap  annK,  and  withoat  bloodshed  foroed  the  6ve  cantona 
to  tcmr  up  the  compatit  with  Austria,  to  oanosdii  that  «uh 
goventment  should  bo  (nM  to  decide  for  iteelf  upon  tlw 
r«l^ous  qaestion,  and  to  pay  the  coeta  of  ttii.-  projccU^ 
war.  The  behavior  of  the  five  amtom,  how>vnr,  was 
not  improved.  Their  threatening  attitnde  led  !!urich  to 
form  n]liaitn>s  with  tho  city  ol  Stnuilmrg  nnil  the  Land- 
grave of  Heaae.  Tite  force  of  tbe  Protestatita,  apart 
from  fon*!^  help,  was  gn-atcr  than  tliat  of  tlu'ir  admr- 
aariet.  Zwingle  recommended  bold  measures.  Ha 
tbouf^it  that  ths  comtitutton  of  tlie  Swim  Confederacy 
should  be  diiingeJ,  so  that  the  prep^ndentaoo  mi|^it  be 
given  to  the  citiM  whvrv  it  justly  bulonged,  and  tnken 
from  the  nioantain  districts  which  had  ao  Bhamefully  mis- 
ii*-d  tlwir  i>")«tr.     Tl!^'  chief  demnnds  tluU  ware  really 

tde,  were  thitt  tJio  Proteatant  doctriue,  which  was  pto- 

•r*r  tlB«rUnUui  rtvnkKi,irmai»fU4  to  Irrtuic  Ike  Stxoa  nhmaw. 
4Uttisg  I- li,  iMhtr  tpmktat  the  "lldmln  ftnd>"«(  bU  «f>|waHat  (U 
S|«UllB,  Hay  II,  lUT;  D«  WtiM,  JD.  laiv  In  *■  Mttr  lo  Bidlh«v  (iUj  II, 
UMi  Di  Wmb,  t.  3),  b*  ipMks  kiodlr  d  Zvi^l*!  "  Llbtn  tniin  dk4a: 
ZatacUaa,  foMqaiB  Hupnrfi  nihi  vWoiM  ayditui  wt,  *inua  npdaiuni  aa* 
|MU<»*f|i'n>*><KnlanpidiiuD,"Mc  H«  ifata  of  tht  ffwl  Iw  h«a  txptti- 
MndMXvlBcfo'idMllk  BM«b«BUidli(lMNMMirwncil*l,  ha<in««alB> 
Mcmt  (fiik.  S««, Im WMKpIt, a  ktUrMWiM.  Idik  IJ«w>ur ), uat.  Do 
W*a*,W.UI).  B«Zwiaale<)all>*  fUft  AMi*-l^  tntd  whioli  Im  pro- 
MMod  •(  Aoxihws— lM<t  dMfribod  LuLbfr'a  oplnloa  •*  Ikt  tawt  ol  th«M  "  «b« 
bal  hack  lu  Uiv  <f>h-vnc*  a<  Kicrr(:  "Qui  adollai  ITgjrpllail  m|iiji  laiil  " 
aa  MionHH  aa  unjoti  u  u  *mt  irriUiinK  lAat.  fU.,  9).  Lotbrr'a  laMI 
abalHiiaw.  *waali»»rt  V  f>>  li>i<IIi|[nK«  tbal  Ibr  Sraa  win  dtamxinc  hte 
'«taatMMMJa«.l'nkat<J*nu>r7i;.  IbMi  U«  W«ua,T.TTTK 


DhATn  or  zwntaur. 


156 


lnmeA  io  (lie  lowor  cantons,  hIiouU]  be  tulviiilfii]  in  Uio 
npper,  ami  tint  (lersectiHon  should  ceaae  tlium.  Ilut  tbti 
question  wiw  wli'^tln-i-  cvtin  tln-wu  duitiaiHts  would  U.-  ca- 
forowi.  Zwingle  wiis  in  fnvor  of  over|>oworiiig  llw  unt'ttiy 
b^  II  direct  Attitck,  and  uf  uxturtiiig  fruni  tliuni  just  uod- 
e(4M[4>i)ii.  Hilt  litf  ViTiK  overruled,  and  lialf  measiii'ca  wcro 
resortt^l  U>.  'I'lie  att«iii[)t  wits  iniide  to  coerce  tht;  Calliulio 
ointuiis  by  iioii-intorcoursc,  by  Uiiis  catting  off  tJieir  sup- 
plies. The  I'lTcct,  was  tlint  tli«  Cfitliolics  wi>ro  ctiablud  lo 
oollrct  tlieir  strength,  whilo  thtj  Protestftnt  citit^s  won;  di- 
vided by  jciitoaricB  and  by  diKigrocraent  as  to  wliat  might 
bv  tho  best  j)i)!i«j'  to  adoiit.  Zurich  vriui  left  without 
help,  tn  confn'nt,  ivith  hasty  and  inadequate  pr«i>ar:itiont 
Ctiu  combined  strength  of  thu  Catholic  party.  Tbe 
Zitrir-li  force  was  defealvd  at  Ciippol,  on  llic  11th  of 
Octohur,  1531,  and  Zwingle,  who  lutd  goiii;  f<jrth  lu  n 
c]i»pluin  with  hi«  p60[du  to  battle,  full.  H»  had  nntici- 
yaU^d  defi'iit  from  tlic  time  wln'ii  liIs  i:inuw('l»  wort-  disrc- 
giirdvd,  and  he  had  fonnd  it  impossiLla  to  bring  the 
niagiHtnitoa  of  Bcnm  to  a  resolution  to  net  wllli  dM.-tsioii. 
Ill  tli<>  thick  of  the  light,  he  raised  his  voice  lo  imocmnge 
bis  companions,  bnt  niado  no  iisu  I'f  Ms  weiipons.'  Aa  he 
received  bis  mortal  wound,  b«  uxclatmnd :  "  What  evil  is 
tliis  ?  tliey  Kin  kill  the  body,  hut  not  the  soul  I  "■■'  Ah  be 
by,  mill  breathing,  on  tliu  fiL-ld,  with  his  haiiiU  folded 
attd  bia  eyes  directed  to  Iieaveii.  one  or  tnom  britfad  itol* 
dierB  askod  him  to  confess  to  a  pritist,  or  to  cjill  on  M.iry 
and  tlie  taints.  Ho  abook  bis  head  in  token  of  refusal. 
'("hey  knew  not  to  whom  they  were  speaking,  but  only 
that  lie  wiu(  a  li^rolic,  and  with  a  singl<!  sword-tlinist  put 
an  end  to  Ilia  life.'  Notmthatanding  this  deft;ut,  tlie 
party  of  tho  rofonnod  might  bavo  ivlricvtHl  thoir  cuum*. 
Bnt  thtiy  Inckod  nnion  and  energy.      Zuridi  ord  htrat 

■  Harikrftr.  K.  417.  *  Itroniiiui,  ilL 

I  Tile  iIcbIIi  <'(  /winsia  ii  ■Uxri.wl  wii1i  laurhinic  liinf  (icily  by  Ut 
M  Zurwh,  IIuIliiiKPi.  K'/'-rm^li.iugtKhirliU  [X  irich  «...  ISM},  lit.  IM. 


156 


TIIK  zmSGLUS   lfK>-0BJtATr0S. 


concluded  n  luimiliutiiig  pi.-MX,  thu  cftuct  of  whicli  wna  to 
Inflict  a  sprioua  check  apo»  the  Protestant  interest  aiu]  to 
enable  tiw  Cntholics  to  rcpoisMuu  ttaMiisolves  of  portduna 
nf  the  ground  which  they  Uwi  Inat. 

The  ineiince  nddreased  by  the  CnUioIic  majority  at  Hits 
Diet  of  Augsburg  to  ttio  Proteebints,  led  to  the  forniii- 
tion  of  tJic  l*i-ot<»tikRt  I>cri;iisivu  League  of  SniiilaUd,  to 
wbicJi  the  four  imperial  cities  of  South  Germany  tJiat  held 
tliu  Zwingliun  opinioiLs,  but  wem  now  diHivimcctvd  from 
tlie  eon ft>di> racy  of  their  SwIkh  brethren,  were  ndniilted 
in  1.1:51.  Tlie  Imperial  CLimWT  had  bi;on  puiged  by 
the  oxchuion  ()f  nil  who  wen-  fluppoHed  to  ayinpntbizo  with 
tile  new  opinions.  This  tribuiini  was  to  bo  made  tho  in- 
HtniiiK-nt  of  «  legal  pciik'fution.  Tlw;  Kinpi-ror  pmciiri'd 
the  election  of  his  brother  as  Uomau  King,  in  a  inannei 
vrhicli  involved  a  violation  nf  tho  rights  of  tho  Eluc-tors, 
and  was  adapted  to  excite  the  apprehensions  of  the  I'riit 
CBtnnts.'  Th«  Wittenberg  thL-oiogians  waivud  their  op- 
podtion  to  the  project  of  witltatandlng  the  KinpiTor. 
Luther  took  the  ground  lliat,  while  as  Christians,  they 
ought  not  to  resort  to  force,  yet  the  rightH  and  duties  nf 
the  princcR  in  raferenco  to  the  Euipemr  were  a  jwhtitul 
quVBtion  for  jurists  to  d<;tvrniin<-,  and  that  ChristiMus,  us 
TaembeKi  of  the  state,  were  bound  to  take  up  arms  in 
dtift-'iiic  of  thoir  priDoes,  whi^n  tlieeo  uru  unhiwfiiUy  lu*- 
naiilted.  The  [KiUtical  ciiliiation  for  ti^u  years  after  tlio 
Dift  of  Augsburg  waa  such  as  not  only  to  disable  Charles 
Iroiii  tJke  forcible  execution  of  its  decree,  but  ul&o  sudi  an 
to  fi«vot  the  progress  of  the  Reformation.  The  League 
of  Snuilcnld,  stTt.-tigth<.-nc<l  by  u  temporary  alliance  wit!: 
the  Dukes  of  Bavaria  and  by  treaties  with  Fi-anco  and 
Denmark,  waa  tuo  furmidabte  to  be  attacked.     Tho  irrup- 

>  lUnlie.  111.  £M  H>i.  Tbt  ■<  King  at  Ihi  Koniaiu  "  wu  lh«  tjilv  nt  llu  *ac- 
(«nnr  o(  tlig  Emprrvt  iai\og  Um  ll(«iJnie  ot  Uie  lilHr,  wnl  nl  llit  Uilar  prioi 
Is  bi*  eOTDnaliiHi  ■(  Bom*-    8«c  Srycc.  ffofy  SBmon  Umpirt,  p.  104. 


nKyrESTANT  ASD  CiTCJLlC  LeAGfES. 


IW 


tion  o£  tlui  Turlcs  under  Solimaii  was  anotber  tusu]jL'niU« 
otniaclc  in  llic  way  of  tliu  repraastvo  polioy.  Hoik^o,  in 
l.'i82,  "tlie  peace  of  Nuremberg"  pporided  tliat  religiona 
affitira  Hlionid  Imi  kft  iinotum^^ed,  until  they  mu\d  hi  iid* 
juiitod  by  :i  n«vr  Diet,  or  by  a  new  Council.  Such  a  Coun- 
cil tlo  I'roivsfcintH  liiid  deinandi-'d  at  Aiigsbui;g  tiud 
i:iinrlm  had  pronii)>od  t»  prucurv.  Notwithstanding  the 
dialiirbiince  produced  by  the  Annbapllat  communists  al 
MiiuHtor,  tliu  Rufortnatiou  advanced  with  rutpid  ittridfa. 
11)0  Protwtnnt  Duke  of  WUrteinbui^  wils  I'l^established 
in  Ilia  possessions  by  the  Landgravt^  of  IIvssu,  in  153'j. 
Bntndciibiirg  and  duail  Siixony,  by  Uie  dctittli  of  the 
Elector  and  of  the  Duke,  became  Protestant.  Cutholio 
riuci-s  wt'ro  beginning  to  grant  religious  liberty  to  their 
ibjtK'tfl.  Tht>  war  with  Friuice,  which  broke  out  in  1580, 
rendered  it  impossiblo  for  the  Emperor  to  hinder  tliia 
pixigrtiss.  Tho  Smuiudd  Ltjagua  was  uxtisndtid  hy  tJie 
accession  of  more  princea  and  dtiea.  The  Protestants 
rvfusL-d  to  comply  with  tUo  summons  to  a  Council,  in 
whidi,  by  th«  t<Tins  of  tho  iitvitntiou,  their  condemnation 
v/tia  a  foregone  conclusion.  Alarmed  at  tho  gi-owing 
ilrength  of  I'nttestuntian],  tbo  leading  Catholio  vNtatoa 
united  in  a  Holy  Lengu«  at  Nurv^ntberg,  in  l.'iSH,  which, 
lika  tlio  Leaguo  of  Smalcald,  was  ostensibly  for  defense. ^ 
'n»i)  n«xt  tlirco  years  are  marked  by  efforts  to  secure 
[M-aee,  of  wliidi  tb«  Conferi^noi  luid  Di«t  of  KatLiboti,  in 

I  Tbt  cku*4  e(  Ih*  Itrtonnatioa  «u  irukcaihl  by  tlio  dixsird  ot  I'ralauuit 
|fia\>(,  i>p«>-iiUI<r  ut  Ihn  D«turgr]il  I><iko  Mnurlcf.  It  salTcnd  lUII  mors  la 
■jHUAl  iiolim  u(  the  "  (Ilipgniilion  "  which  lather  and  Mclwiclliaa^OIoil  tit* 
I'lHlcriv*  of  lf«m,  Klikli  nlhnml  liiin  \o  codIiicI  k  fccoad  nuniR^e  irkhout 
being  ilirorfcd  (roni  hu  nifu,  iika  hstl  lifconw  repuicninl  to  Mm  on  u  roiim  of 
ber  Wtll;' ■llxinlfrt  uul  prnonal  hibiu.  Tlii*  "ilnoliln  iiiarTlnico  "  bruughl 
Rproacli  upuii  IliD  TstormBt*  and  otrrirdwilh  It  piililirnl  vun>crjueni:vi  (bat  won 
liuiirouL  Sc(  K*iik*,  iv.  lU  wq.  Ciif i<<i  rnli'ii  cluiri;i'i  iKaliiit  l.iiiLiDr  In  con* 
ae<tlan  wlllx  iliJt  uiibap|iy  (VDOl,  hy  IVilratuiil  »-  wi'U  m  Cnlliollo  nirllen  — 
tn  cxxuplc,  IliBt  be  wu  aclualed  l>y  ■  Hin>h  rr^anl  (orthe  InlcrvsiB  of  ll]« 
?V>l'--*Un<  party :  \hU  he  vat  In  tiror  d(  pvlyeamy,  elc— ani  cipgicl  by 
llwc.  Vivilailioa  tj'l.u'itr,  He,  p.  lj£  k>i.  TIic  iinri'^ftii^n  ii  (ully  ncmtlal 
by  8Mk«idorf,  iiL  mtt.  21  i  Isxlx  Set  tlto.  Ileniinel,  rtiUif  V.  GntmnUv*, 
t  436,  Ii,  409. 


168 


THB  OKRUAK  nKKOBUATIOX. 


t&41.  in  tb«  mont  nnnKrknble.  On  this  ocooaion  the  Pope 
w»s  repicsciited  by  his  Legate,  Coatarini,  who  held  a 
▼iotf  of  jiisUfkation  not  diiwimtliir  to  liint  of  tho  Prot- 
eebanta.  and  was  ready  to  meet  Melanctlion  lialf-way  on 
the  patli  of  Gouccfssion.  In  thc»c  iiugotinttona  nn  actual 
Bgre«ineiit  vm  attiuiwd  in  tlie  »tHt4>ine)it  of  fntir  doc- 
trinal poiatSt  which  embraced  tho  subjects  of  thu  natuiu 
of  man,  ori^n»t  iiiti,  mdoniiitioii,  :mcl  jii^lifioittou ;  but 
upon  the  Church,  eRcrampntB,  luid  kindivd  topics,  it  van 
foimd  that  no  concord  was  iitldiniibii;.  '£Uv  King  of 
Frnnce,  front  th«  selfiah  puqxne  to  thwart  tlie  effort  for 
union,  \ntb  others  on  thu  Catliulic  side  who  wen)  noto* 
nted  by  dilTensnt  motivtoi,  complained  of  tlie  ooooeasiona 
that  had  been  made  by  the  Catholic  party ;  and  Con- 
tttrini  wa8  chvcltod  by  oitli>r9  frcwri  the  Pope.  Th<i 
Elector  of  Sasony  was  equally  diaaatiaGed  witli  tlie  pro- 
ueedings  of  Mehmcthon,  and  togetlicr  with  Luther,  who 
reg;trdc<i  the  hope  of  a  oompi'imiw-  :ia  wholly  futile,  mid 
OS  inspired  by  Satan,  vraa  grittilted  when  tlio  abortive 
ennferviica  vox  brought  to  an  end.  The  necessity  of 
getting  help  at  once  i^ninat  the  Tiirk»  oompcllml  Charles 
once  more  to  sanction  the  peace  of  Nurembct^  mtli  ad- 
■Jitionnl  provi«ioiiH  to  the  advuiita({<!  of  tlie  ProU-^laiit.i. 
His  unsuccessful  expedition  against  Algiers,  in  I>'>41.  and 
thtf  ii'iinwed  war  with  Fran<;i-,  t'iyi?lht*r  with  the  Tui'lciNh 
war  in  which  his  brot)ii<r  Ferdinand  vrn*  involved,  ohli^l 
tlie  hitter,  at  a  Diet  nt  Spinui  in  lo4'2,  to  grant  a  con- 
tinuance of  the  religious  pence.  The  iinporiul  declaration 
tit  Katisboii  wan  rutilied  by  the  Diet  of  Sinrss,  held  in 
.1544.  The  prospects  of  tlie  Protestant  cause  liad  been 
bright.  For  u  time  it  »ccincd  probiiblu  that  all  Geriniiny 
would  adopt  the  new  faith.  But  the  League  of  Sniah-:idd 
was  grievously  weakened  by  iiit^Ttial  dissension.  The 
cities  Goinphuned  of  arbitrary  procueding^  of  thu  Klector 
of  Suiony  and  ihe  Landgi'uve  of  Ifosso ;  for  example,  in 
the  expiilRion  of  the  Duke  of  Bnmswiuk  from  hi»  laiid^  4 


LAST  DATS  OF  I.UTRra. 


169 


meunre  tltat  bxought  thvni  into  conflict  with  the  imperial 
oouit.  Bnt  thd  Saial  event  was  tlie  liostility  of  ^taiirioi, 
Duko  of  Siuciiny,  to  tlic  Elector,  wlikU  rested  ou  varimij 
grounds,  and  wliich  tmd  once  httioTv  brought  them  to  the 
verge  of  vrar;  imd  the  fthandoanient  o£  Uie  League  b; 
Maurice,  iu  1542.  'Ilie  Klector  of  limndouburg  )i:id  not 
joiiied  tiie  League,  and  wns  followed  in  tJiit  coumc  by 
the  old  Elector  Palatine,  ytho  ndopted  the  Reforniatian 
in  164o.  The  Emperor  fora'd  Fnutce  to  conclude  the 
peace  of  Creapy,  in  15-14.  At  tlio  Diet  of  Woniis  iu 
March,  1&A5,  the  ProtcstautA  rcfiiflei]  to  tnke  piirt  in  th« 
Council  of  Treut.  The  hostility  of  Uio  Elector  to 
Mikorioo  prcivent^-d  the  [urinatioti  of  n  c1»m>  Klliiiitco  be* 
fenreen  tlie  two  Siucooiea  'and  Hcsae.  Maurice,  sin  adroit 
aod  utDbitious  politician,  loving  power  more  thiui  he 
loved  liiH  fiiith,  at  length  niade  hia  bargain  with  Charles, 
nod  engaged  to  unite  n-ith  him  in  making  wnr  upon  the 
£hwtor,  whose  tenritoriea  Ataurioe  ooToted,  and  upon  tlWj 
Landgrave,  the  two  princes  whom  the  Emperor  profeasadj 
to  uttaek,  not  on  religious  grountU,  but  as  oITenders  ngulnsfi] 
tlie  laws  and  peace  of  the  Empire.  While  the  Emperocj 
W118  dullying  with  the  I'lotustiuiU  that  he  might  prej 
to  strike  a  more  effective  blow,  Luther  died  at  Eisletrao, 
Uie  place  of  his  birth,  on  tlie  18th  of  Fehntiti-}-,  15-16. 
Ills  hut  (luyA  were  not  his  best.  Ilia  health  was  under- 
mined, and  he  suffered  grievously  from  various  disorders, 
especially  from  severe,  continuous  headache.  He  waa  op* 
pressed  with  a  great  variety  of  little  employments  relat- 
ing lo  public  and  private  Affair^  so  that  going  one  day 
from  his  writing<table  to  tlie  window  ho  funci«<l  that  he . 
Luw  Satan  mocking  him  for  having  to  eonsiime  hix  tima 
in  UDcles!)  buuneas.'  His  iutellet^lual  powers  were  not 
enfeebled.       His  religious  trust  continual  iirni  us  a  rook. 

>  '  llcN  lo-di^  huTE  I  bten  pwlami  •tilh  (li*  knmtric*  •nil  lint  of  ■  bakvi) 
toSBSbl  befon  ma  tor  uanc  (iIh  mii^U;  Ikuue't  fuch  muiert  couMn  Ik* 
■■gbtnjo  imihcr  ibsn  Uu  diviuf.  ftt.  If  no  una  fvit  lo  cli«,k  ilx  tbilu  al 
IbcM  b>lt«n,  «v  iliould  bava  ■  An*  iUu  of  tbintc*."  —  TUeknJai, 


160 


THB  OKRMAN  RKFOnMATIOH. 


Hia  courage  tand  iiia  aiutirAiioe  of  the  lUtimnte  victory 
of  the  truti)  never  faltci-^.  But  ho  lost  tlt<.'  chourful 
tpirits,  th«  joyous  tone,  Ihat  liad  l)efore  characteriwd 
him.  Ho  took  dark  views  of  the  wickednMe  of  the 
timvs  and  of  Hoci«ty  about  him.  H»  vni»  weary  of  the 
world,  weary  of  life,  wid  loiigoil  to  l>e  released  from  it« 
Inirduna.  He  n-aa  old,  be  said,  useless,  a  cumbur«r  of  tlio 
ground,  and  Iitf  wanted  to  go.  His  disaffection  with 
Wittenberg,  on  account  of  what  he  considered  the  lluUHCt 
of  family  govemnient  and  reprehonsiblu  fashionii  In  y^ 
speot  to  di'i-wi,  woa  Huch  that  he  determined  to  quit  the 
place,  and  he  waa  dissnaded  only  hy  tho  u»itt.^d  int«roe»- 
Bions  of  tJio  Elodor,  and  of  the  authorities  of  the  Univer- 
sity and  of  the  town.  He  fell  into  a  conflict  with  the 
jaristo  on  account  of  their  declai-ation  that  the  consent  of 
porenfca  is  not  abaolately  indiaponsahle  to  the  validity  of 
a  marriage  engagement,  and  he  attacked  them  puliliely 
from  the  pulpit,'  Tho  friendship  of  I.Hther  and  Melanc- 
thon  was  not  broken,  but  partially  chilled  in  conseqnonce 
of  theological  differences.  There  were  two  points  on 
which  Melancthon  swerved  from  his  earlier  views.  From 
the  timo  of  the  controversy  of  Luther  and  Era«niii!«, 
Melancthou  had  begun  to  modify  his  ideas  of  predestina- 
taoiit  and  to  incUno  to  the  ^-ie^r  that  wn»  afterwunls  called 
Synergiiim,  which  gives  to  the  will  an  active,  tliough  a 
Bubordinnte,  recoptiTe  agency  in  convention.  On  this  snb- 
ieot,  however,  the  practical,  if  not  the  theoretical  views  ol 
Lather  were  also  modified,  as  is  evident  from  the  letters 
vliich  he  wrote  in  reply  to  peqilexod  persons  who  ap- 
plied  to  him  for  counsel.  The  difference  on  this  subiGcf 
between  him  and  Melanctlion,  if  one  existed,  oiwasioncd 
no  breach.  It  was  not  until  after  LuUier's  deatli  that 
\i\»  foUowciK  made  this  a  ground  of  attack  on  Molano- 


>  GaKt,  t  119,  LHtfacr  wrllct  to  S|ulailn  that  In  lili  wliolg  hie  tai  in  A 
UiUbonfo.  lhsGo>[iel,  ha  hwlncT«rh>d  mare  ntixlotjr  than  during  UutjraH 
EUM).   Dv  WetM.  V.  eat. 


LAST  DAYS  OP  tunm. 


161 


tbon  and  tho  subject  of  a  Oieological  coutest.  But,  on 
tliv  I.^ril'8  Siipp<-r,  llie  iiutt<T  on  which  Ltitber  trait  most 
Bensitire,  Mttl;iiicthon,  from  altout  the  time  of  tho  Diet 
of  Augsburg,  began  to  doviatu  from  his  formor  opinion. 
The  spell  which  I.iithi^r  hiiil  cnat  over  him  in  Im  yout 
wiis  Inukoii ;  and,  influouwd  by  the  arguments  of  (Eoo 
tiuni)H<)iii8  and  by  his  own  imicpcndcnt  study  of  tltn 
Fathers,  he  really  embracod,  in  liU  own  mind,  the  CiJvin* 
iatic  doctrinL-,  which  vr.ts,  In  eubetaiiL-c,  the  opinion  advo- 
Mtcd  by  CK<;oIampa(lius  and  Bucer.  MeL-uicUioii  still 
rejected  the  Jiwinglian  theory  which  made  Christ  in  the 
■lummcnt  m-nvly  the  objuct  of  tlm  contemplative  act  ol 
&uUi ;  but  ttiii  other  hypothesix  of  a  raal  but  spiritmit  ro* 
OOption  of  Him.  in  connection  with  the  bread  and  wine, 
•otisAed  him.  Alclancthoii's  reserve  and  luixiety  to  keep 
tliv  pe»cc  eoald  not  wlxdiy  ooncoal  tins  change  of  opin- 
ion; and  persona  were  not  wanting,  of  whom  Nicholiu 
Amfitlorf  WHS  the  chief,  to  excite  as  far  as  they  could,  the 
jealousy  and  hostility  of  I.utliur.  'llio  result  \vm  that 
tlio  confidential  intimacy  of  tho  two  men  was  interrupted. 
Kor  wvend  years  Mehincthon  lived  in  di^trau  and  in 
daily  expectation  of  being  driven  from  his  pkce.' 
"  Often,"  he  says,  writing  in  Greek  as  ho  froipu-ntly  did, 
when  h»  wantLil  to  l!xpr^!Sil  something  which  he  w«« 
itfraid  to  divulge  — "  Often  Itave  I  said  that  f  di-ended  the 
old  fl{[e  of  a  nature  so  pasMonatc,  like  tliat  of  Her- 
Mles,  or  Philoctctes,  or  tho  Roman  QeneraJ,  Moritu-''^ 
In  remarks  of  this  sort  he  referred,  as  ho  explained  later, 
to  the  Tehomonce  common  to  men  of  a  heroic  make.'  Yet, 

I  Or^mi  Sf/.,  V.  471.  Gallr,  p.  112.  A  lulUr  of  UcJanillion  to  CarloviU, 
be  Councilor  of  Piiko  Maiiritn  iC'iiyiki /i^,  ri.  STS),  wriui-a  jiul  ktlnr  Iha 
itwc  ol  llic  Smklmldic  War,  in  wbiili  bt  >|>««k<  ot  ilia  f^i—nim  ol  I.ullMr, 
■ITard*  imiuf  of  (■»  uncanifnrulil*  rrUlion*  iii  wliiili  lie  liail  iIimhI  nilb  III* 
(tibtir  Ladirraa  Coun  ot  llic  KIcclur.  Tlii«  lii((ar,  wUkli  «■■  tiriilcii,  M^i 
miifcc,alut  UDjpiar^dl  motiiriiL  ifftvo,  under  tha  cifriim»LAh;^i^iiu*1  i^Hdnn 
lOlhoM  who  charuhiil  il>«  moinorj  vt  LuUisr.  Soa  ^]l«  raiiiaiki  of  lUnko,  t 
U. 


■  Okjm  Jtf/;,  r.  810.    a>ll»,  p.  IH. 

u 


*  OalU,  p.  I« 


168 


THE  CKRUAX  KF.FOBMATIOX. 


Id  pntvtoiis  yeun),  iionv  had  bvoii  iiioru  just  ainl  forbi'aring 
ill  refcrenoo  tc^  Hn)  undue  U.-iitIi-]i>^y  Ui  oiiwtMtoii  iukI  miD' 
prutuiso  <Mi  Uie  piirt  of  MelHUctUon,  tluui  Lutlicr.  For 
tho  dloi^  in  bheir  rclntiomt.  tbo  fear  mid  t-onaequcmt  nn- 
aerre  and  ahjuees  o£  Uie  one  were  nut  loss  respouaiblR 
tlina  tliu  impuriouH  dispoaiUon  of  thu  iAIkt.  It  would  t>i>ii 
mistake  to  suppose  that  Luther  lost  hla  confidence  and  love 
tuwardit  bis  younger  >u»ociiit« ;  fur  cxpiusaions  of  LuIIilt, 
in  hia  very  laftt  dnys,  prove  tlie  contrary.  It  would  bo  aa 
error,  likewise,  to  suppow  that  Melanctlion  over  came  bo 
rvgitrd  him  as  ntht;r  than  one  ol  thv  fi)i-emi»l  of  ink-it,  u 
hero,  endowed  with  noble  and  atlmimble  qualities  of 
bvart  as  well  as  mind.  But  the  originul  cuntraricl^  in 
tho  temperament  of  the  two  men,  joined  to  th«  infinn* 
ities  of  cbaiactcr  in  Lutlier,  which  were  aggravated  by 
long  ycara  of  Btrenuoua  combat  and  htbor,  luid  by  disi^utic, 
bad  tie  effect  to  cloud  (or  a  wbile  their  mutual  sympathy 
ttnd  corxUality  of  inLorcounc.  But  tJie  gruiit  soul  of  Lu- 
ther shines  out  in  tlio  last  lett«rs  he  wrote  —  several  of 
them  affectionate  opistlca  to  Melanctlion  —  and  in  the 
last  wrmons  be  prctiichcd  at  EiMlcbun ;  where,  within  a  low 
rods  of  the  house  in  which  lie  was  born,  full  of  faith  and 
of  peace,  ho  breathed  his  last  "  Ho  is  gone,"  said  Mc- 
iniicthon  to  liin  stndonba,  "  t]ie  chariot  of  Israel  luid  tho 
horsemen  thoruof,  who  ruled  tlio  Church  in  tlicee  Inst 
troubled  times."  fu  the  course  of  tlie  funeral  addresn 
whicli  Mulancthon  pronounced  over  tlie  grave  bcneatli 
thtt  pulpit  where  the  voioe  of  Luther  had  so  long  boon 
heard,  be  referred  to  the  complaint  mado  against  Luther's 
excestiTO  vclicmonco,  and  quoted  tho  fr(!<iueiit  remark  of 
Erasmus,  tliat  '*  God  has  given  to  this  last  time,  on  account 
of  tlie  grcatnesH  of  it«  disiyuR's,  a  sharp  pliyHician."  With 
grief  ami  tt-Qm,  he  said,  that  choked  his  utterance,  he  ant 
forth  the  grand  labors  of  Luther,  tho  kindness,  gcriiiality, 
and  dignity  of  Iuh  character,  his  fn!c<loni  from  puraonnl 
Bmbitioi),  tlie  wisdom  and  sobriety  that  were  mingled 


VOWKH   or   LlTTHUt.  10^ 

witli  Ilia  irreuflltble  eiiergy  aa  a  reformer.  If  even  in  thia 
addniss,  and  titill  moto  in  subseijucnt  IctUm  of  Muluno 
tli'tu,  truiiiut  of  II  partiitl  voti-iiiigoiiiciit  may  bo  detected 
in  bis  ton«,  the  effect  is  only  a  discrimiimting  in«t«iul  of  a 
blind  ndiuiriiliQii  ot  onu  wiUi  wlium  he  was  connected  by 
ail  iudissoluble  bond  of  love.' 

Lutbvr,  wluitvvur  deduction  from  bin  invrit  nutj  1m 
Buule  on  iJie  score  of  faults  and  iofimutieOi  waa  ooe  of 
ihose  uxiTdurdinary  mvu  of  whont  it  muy  bo  said,  in  uo 
Kpirit  of  bero-wunbip,  but  in  aobex  truth,  tJu^  ihax 
power,  aa  mauifeatad  in  history,  can  only  bo  compared  to 
that  oi  the  great  permujient  forws  of  tutture.  "  llti  i« 
uoe  of  those  groat  biatorioal  figures  in  wUidi  whole 
nations  recognize  their  own  type."*  A  Ufc-Iong  oppo- 
nont  of  rroteHtuiitism,  one  of  the  Tint  CuUioUc  schoUia 
of  the  age,  aaya  of  him :  "  It  was  Luther's  overpowenng 
greatooas  of  miud  and  murvisluuD  inauy-tudcdnvsK  vrbicb 
mode  bim  l,u  be  the  man  of  hiii  tiniM  and  of  hia  people ; 
and  it  is  correct  to  say  that  there  never  has  been  a  Gar- 
utaii  who  liao  so  iiituitivuly  underatood  hia  {K.-nplc,  nud  in 
Uit'ii  hiid  been  by  tlie  nation  so  perfectly  coniprehoiided, 
I  might  say,  absorbed  by  it,  as  this  Augustiuian  monk  at 
Witt4:-nl}crg.  Hi>art  and  mind  of  the  Germans  were  in 
Iiio  hand  like  the  lyre  in  tlie  haiuj  of  the  mueidan. 
Moreover,  he  lias  givun  to  his  pooplu  moro  Uian  any 
other  man  in  Cliristian  ages  liaa  ever  given  to  a  people : 
Uuguage,  manual  for  popular  instruction,  Bible,  hyniua 
iji  worship ;  and  vverytliing  which  hia  oppooeuta  in 
thi-ir  turn  liad  bo  offer  or  to  place  in  comparison  wiUi 
these,  showod  it«cl£  tamo  and  pow<.-rl<>si(  and  colorless  by 
U»e  aide  <)f  his  sweejuni;  «lo<iu<'Jic«.  They  sUunmered ; 
he  Bpoke  with  the  tongue  of  an  orator;  it  is  ho  <*ttly 
who  luM  Ht-atnpod  the  iuiiwrialiablo  ftcal  of  hia  own  aoid, 
aUke  upon  tJie  German  language  and  upon  tlic  Germai 

>  (MU,  pp.  M,  U6. 


164 


THE  GEBHAN   nEFORUATtON. 


uiiul ;  luid  CTi^D  Ukmo  Gcnniuis  wlio  nbliorred  him  as  tbi 
powui-ful  heretic  and  seducer  of  thu  natioQ,  cnunot  csitipe 
Uioy  miut  discouiM  with   Iiik   wunU,   th«y   must  think 
with  his  tlioughta."  * 

The  Smalcaldic  war  began  in  1546.  Notwitliwland- 
ing  t!i«  diftadvuiitflgiMus  situation  of  Dii;  I'rntcstautfl,  had 
fhu  mtlitai)-  roanagement  been  gootl.  Uiey  might  hart 
achieved  success.  But  a  Epint  of  indecision  and  inac- 
tivity prevailed.  'V\\a  Kli-ctor,  John  Frederic,  drove  from 
his  territory  the  forces  of  Maurice,  but  was  surprised,  do- 
fcnted,  and  captured  by  Charlus  at  Miililborgi  on  th«  S4 
of  April,  ]5'17;  and  .loon  after  the  Landgrave  surrendered' 
hima'lf  aud  Bubmitt«d  to  the  Emperor.  The  victory  of| 
Cliurlit)  Hppcjuf.d  to  be  ubuost  couipletc.  His  plan  was 
bring  the  Protestants  once  more  under  the  CatlioUc  hierar- 
cliy,  and  to  mako  thcin  content  by  the  removal  of  exter- 
nal abuses.  His  estimate  of  tho  true  cburactvr  and  moral 
Btrongtli  of  Proteetautism  was  always  superticial.  Hence 
lie  put  forth  a  provisional  formula  —  called,  after  tho 
sanction  of  it  by  tlio  Diet,  tbo  Augsburg  Interim  —  at 
the  same  time  tliat  a  scheme  for  reformation  was  by 
hi«  authority  laid  before  the  German  bishops,  in  which 
oliai)gfS  were  proposed  in  pointti  <if  external  order.  'I'ho 
work  which  he  had  thus  ooinmciioed  he  hoped  that  tha 
C'oinicil  of  'IVent  would  complete.  But  llijs  plan,  how- 
ever promising  it  seemed  to  the  Bmperor,  had  to  contend 
not  only  with  the  opposition  of  earnc-it  Prutestautif,  but 
also  with  the  diKooi'dant  ideas  and  projects  of  the  Pope. 
Charles  had  counted  npon  suppressing  Pi-olcstautUm  by 
the  joint  influence  of  his  ovrn  power  and  of  the  CoimciL 
Buttlie  Council  had  begun  its  work,  not  with  n.casurM 
Io;)kiiig  to  a  reformation,  but  wiUi  the  condemnation  o( 
tlie  Protwtant  doctrinos.  Moreover,  Pope  Paul  HI.,  al- 
though hi!  hoped  tJiat  benefit  woidd  result  to  llifi  Cburob 

>  DnlliD(-tf.   CwiMjf,    rtt,    tMnnlcli,  WW).    Sn,  tlw,  hit  Mrll*r  ojtfc 
tlnU  H.  KlftXia  (ISCI ),  p.  tM. 


THE  DfTERIU.  16fi 

Inio  Um>  Snulcoldic  vitr,  (Iraudvd  a  too  nbBolute  success 
on  tlie  part  of  Clinrles,  wliich  would  ix-iidi-r  liiin  diuigi<r- 
Otis  ill  Ilu]y.  Hence  he  wished  that  Uie  £leotor  might 
hold  out  againHt  thfi  Kinjicror,  and  «oiit  a  mossiigu  to 
Fruncis  I.  to  aid  the  former.  lie  n-itlidrftw  tlie  ill-dift- 
cij>lin(;d  troojts  with  which  he  hiid  funiishod  Charles,  and 
excited  the  Emperor's  intense  diaplcaaure  by  removing 
tiie  Coundl  to  llolo^ui.  'Die  I'opc  and  Francis  vrnre 
once  more  closely  allied,  and  at  work  ou  the  Protoatant 
tide  for  the  purposo  of  diiiiinishin}^  thu  power  of  Charles. 
The  iinpcriitl  bishops  refused  to  leave  'IVcnt,  lUid  thei 
Council  was  rendered  powerless.  Hio  measures  under- 
Inkcn  by  Cliarlcs  were,  besJdM,  considered  by  the  Pope 
and  by  zealous  Catholics  to  be  an  encroacbinont  upon  his 
spiritual  authority',  a  usurpation  of  powers  not  belonging  j 
to  a  8ccwhu-  ruler.  In  Southern  Germany  the  axMioplnucaj 
of  Uie  Interim  was  forced  upon  the  Protestant  stiites  and ' 
cities.  In  Northern  Germany  it  was  gcnemlly  rcsiMtud, 
The  city  of  Miigdebui^  especially  signalized  itself  by  its 
jiencvering  refusal  to  submit  to  the  new  Eirrangcments. 
I)iik»  Maurice  modilied  the  Interim,  retaining  the  eonen- 
tial  features  of  the  Luthenui  doctrine,  but  allowing  Catli- 
olic  rites  and  institutions,  and  tlius  framed  the  Letpsia' 
Interim.  This  proceeding,  which  was  accomplished  by 
the  aid  of  ^Iclancthon  imd  the  other  Wittenberg  tht^<ilo> 
glim!4,  led  to  a  bitter  controversy  in  the  Lutheran  Church 
on  the  same  i]nestioii  which  came  up  ulsewhore  in  conneo- 1 
tifin  with  Puritiuiism,  whctiier  these  obnoxious  rites  aiid 
U9.iges  might  be  adopted  by  the  Chureli  aa  things  morally 
indifferent  —  ndiaphom  —  when  the  mogistmte  enjoins  it, 
Melimctlion  incurred  tlie  fierce  hostibty  of  the  stricter 
Lutherans,  and  tlie  controversy  was  of  long  continu- 
ance.' 


■  That  Mcludlion  mot  to«  fwb  till  i  (innmliiiil  III  till  pill  i1  if  Di*  l>iUr>  n, 
U  tllowril  by  Jadlcloui  MeaAi  of  Iho  KtbRditlea.  8m  ftankfi,  v.  U  k^.  tl 
•hould  hr  rcincmbcnit.  bamrvT.  ill  jiUIJM  'Jt  bim,  thu  m  t>l|cniii|[  lh»  fiinalMld 


ion 


THK  craUAfl   BEPOUUTIOS. 


'riia  Council  liiul  In»u  roAe«.-iii\*l»l  nt  Ti-ftnt  by  Pope 
Juliiii  III.)  u'lto  wiiH  wlidU^v  fuvorulili!  to  Uie  Ktnj>ijrur> 
PratctUuit  iitaU'*  hod  vntomd  into  tK^tUitions  witJt  it, 
anit  it  U'iinii)d  pivbkblu  tluit  Gt^^^luny  muMt  liow  to  itfl 
autlioriiy,  wlit<n  lliv  whole  »tuatioii  was  turned  by  tJia 
bi4(l  looveniunt  of  Duko  Ikluurioo  for  the  rescuu  of  tin 
mmu  which  iiu  liatl  boon  chiefly  instrumental  in  cmahing. 
NoiwUhBluiiilin^  Unit  Ocnimny  xna  in  uppeuraiioe  \v«l)- 
ni|th  (ulbjiignUxl  to  tttv  I-'niixror,  thvro  wcro  powurful 
nU'iiiiiiitu  t>t  4>|>)>iwilion.  Thfi  Turlcs  luid  captured  'l>ip<4i 
tnm\  tli<<  KiiJ){liU  of  St.  John,  nud  kiudlud  auevr  tbe 
lUniiM  uf  ViiKT  ill  lliiDgiiry.  Ht>iiry  VlJl.,  tliu  King  ol 
Kii|;liiMd,  hiiil  diitd,  and  been  BUcceeded  by  Edward  VI., 
by  wh>-iii  I'd'tiviUtiitism  wss  ntablislied  in  tlmt  coub- 
iry.  Il4<liry  II.  u(  Fnuioe  waa  uniting  with  the  «'ncmi««''j 
itf  Ilia  Kni)iuror  in  Italy,  and  in  Septeinb<;r,  1561,  ho»«l 
Utlliw  Diic<o  more  oommouccd  bvtwuen  the  two  rival' 
iiowvri.  'II10  lioroic  rcaiataiioe  of  Mngdi-burg  had  Mtimu- 
litti'd  tliv  unUniBiaam  of  the  Protestanta  of  Nortli  Ger- 
iiiiiiiy.  The  projijct  of  Churlca  V.  to  inako  liis  son, 
rhili]' of  8|>!iin,  hia  Hucoasaor  to  the  Empire,  tuid  evon 
lJinat4)Uod  foi  a  time  to  produce  un  cfltnuigemeiit  be- 
IWMMi  the  Emperar  and  Furdinand.  Tlie  Qcrman  prinous 
WHO!  offundwl  at  tlie  prcfcrttncc  pvcu  to  Spanish  advixieri 
Mid  at  jieinowd  slight*  whiub  tliey  liad  suffered.'  'llw  con- 
lii)ii4>il  preaenoe  of  foreign  troopit  in  violation  of  the  Em- 
jM'i-or'ii  promiite  at  his  vl<-ctiun  was  offensive  to  Uio  nation. 
Maurice  had  become  an  object  of  gviu-riil  hatred  among 
UioM  whom  he  had  botrayod.  Curaea,  loud  «a  well  lu 
t\wp,  were  freely  utteix-d  against  him.  The  smfforings  of 
Urn  good  Elector,  whom  no  Uin.'jits  and  no  bribr*  would 
indiioo  to  eoinpromiiN)  his  religions  faith,  and  tlie  ccn- 


Artkl<«.  i»  hirl  B[>p«n>l<<J  Ihi  qntHdMlion  thai  (or  hlmwlf  he  wu  vilirnK,  ttl 
tb<  Mk*  tS  uiill}',  to  Kimit  *  jiirt  Immaiu  mfmiotltr  ol  tlie  rnpo  ornrMba 
Ualu>|M.  Sn  111*  Itarned  wild*  "lUUiicllwn,"  bj  tMienr,  in  lUnw* 
RtnU'Kyd.,  is. 


TBEATV  OF  PASSAU. 


1«7 


tinuod  impriaoninent  nf  the  I^andgrare,  against  the  sjiirit 
of  tile  stijtulations  given  on  the  occamon  of  hU  sitmnAar, 
for  Uii;  fulfillment  of  whidi  Maurioo  wits  Iiald  to  bo  iu)> 
mremble,  were  not  only  personally  di^leanng  to  biro, 
bat  tbey  brought  upon  him  increasing  unpopulurity.  Him 
appticnUmu  to  the  Kiiiperi:>r  for  tlic  roleoae  of  the  Laml- 
gvave,  Maurice's  father-in-law,  bad  proved  ineffeotusL 
The  SpttnliirdJi  were  threatening  Unit  the  Gurnun  prinon 
aliould  be  put  down,  nnd  intimations  that  Ifaurine  him- 
BuU  might  have  to  be  deult  Tvitli  as  the  Elector  had 
b»oii,  were  occasionally  thrown  out.  The  Mega  of  Mag- 
deburg whidi  Maurice,  who  had  luidertaken  to  execute 
tJio  impurinl  1;»in  iigauiHt  that  city,  wa»  liinguiilly  prose* 
euting,  w-.rved  as  a  cover  for  military  preparations.  Hav- 
ing secured  the  oooperatiou  of  several  Protestant  princea 
on  whom  ho  could  rely ;  having  convinced  with  difficulty 
tlie  familica  of  tlie  captive  princes  that  he  might  ba 
trusted  ;  having,  also,  negotiated  an  alliance  witli  Henry 
II.,  who  WAS  to  inake  it  divcrnon  against  Charles,  in  th« 
Netherlands;  having  come  to  an  utiderstandiug  witJi 
Ibfagdebtirg,  which  wan  to  nerve  na  a  n^fugc  in  caai  of 
defeat ;  having  made  these  and  all  other  needful  prepara- 
tions with  profound  secrecy,  he  Kuddenly  took  tlic  field, 
and  mnix'hing  at  tlie  liend  of  on  army  which  increjuied  at 

I  every  atep  of  his  lulvance,  he  crossed  the  Alps,  and  f<m^ 
tbe  Emperor,  who  whs  suffering  from  an  atUick  of  the 
gont,  to  fly  from  lunHpruck.'  Thijt  triumph  was  followed 
by  the  treaty  of  Paaaau.  Cliartes  left  hia  brotlier  Ferdi- 
nand to  negotiate  with  the  princes.  TIic  demand  of 
Mniirine  and  of  his  associates  was  that  tlie  Protestants 
should  have  an  assumnce  of  toleration  and  of  nn  equality 
of  rights  with  the  Cutholtca,  whether  the  efforts  to  secure 
religious  uininiinity  in  the  nation  should  succeed  «r  not. 
To  this  Ferdiniuiil  gave  his  itssont;   but  the  Emperor, 


'  Uauriof  illil  nol  opWra  (^bifloii  "DefaiidnocKgc,"  heuid, ' 
\hirrf"    CliirlMllnil  frsni  InnfprncV.Mij  IB  ItU: 


(or  M  tugo 


168 


mP.  GERUAS  UEFORUATinM. 


impeltnrl  nlikc  by  conecisncD  iind  by  pridu,  notwitbstand- 
ingbin  humiliating  (lo.fcjtt, co>iM  not  bi:  Itrou^bl  tooon«ut 
in  Uiix  stipiibilioii.  Tbu  Prutt^wtants  obtained  the  pl«l(;e 
of  amnesty,  of  peace,  and  equal  rights,  until  tlio  religious 
differences  should  be  settled  by  a  national  assembly  or  « 
getteml  council.  Tlie  captivv  princM  were  ec^t  iit  liberty. 
Charles  was  obliged  to  see  his  long-clierliihed  plan  for  tJie 
deatruction  of  ProtOHtuntism  tcnnituite  in  a  mortifying 
fulore.  At  the  Diet  of  Augsburg  in  16^o,  the  celebrated 
Religious  Pesico  was  concluded.  Every  prince  was  to  be 
allowed  to  choose  butweicii  ttie  Catholic  religion  and  the 
Augsburg  Confosaion,  and  the  religion  of  tlio  prince  wna 
to  bo  tliat  of  the  land  over  whiclt  he  roigni.>d.  The 
Catholics  wanted  to  except  eceleuastical  princes  from  tlie 
first  article ;  the  Protestants  objected  to  the  second.  Fi- 
nally the  ccclesia«ticn]  ruscr^'ation  vtm  adopted  into  tlio 
treaty,  according  to  which  every  prehito  on  becoming 
Protiwtaiit  shonld  resign  lits  bonulice  ;  and  by  an  accotn- 
panying  declaration  of  Ferdinand,  the  subjccta  of  ecol<»- 
aiastical  princes  were  to  enjoy  religious  liberty.  The 
Imperial  Chamber,  which  had  been  »  priitci[WLl  instru- 
ment of  oppression  in  the  tiandii  of  the  Cntliolics,  was 
reoonBtitnted  in  such  a  way  that  tlie  rights  of  llio  Prot- 
estants were  protected.  Chixrhw  took  no  part  itersonally 
in  the  proceedings  which  led  to  the  religioiui  jwaco.  It 
inToIvcd  a  concoBsion  to  Uio  adherents  of  the  Augsbui'g 
Confession  ~-  the  liberty  to  practioe  llieir  religion  with- 
ont  ino1est<itiou  or  loss  of  civil  privilcgi>s,  whether  a 
council  aliould  or  should  not  succeed  in  uniting  thi;  oppos- 
ing parties — aconceauon  wliiob  he  had  intended  never 
to  grant.  But  the  progress  of  thought  and  the  strength 
of  religious  convictions  wore  too  mighty  to  bo  oveicomo 
by  fcwoe.  Modircval  imperialism  was  obliged  to  give  way 
befi>i-e  tJie  forcta  arrayed  against  it.  The  abdication  of 
Charles,  who  felt  himself  physically  unequal  to  tlie  cares 
nf  his  office,  followed,  and  tlie  imperial  station  devolved 
m  his  brother  (15AG). 


PEACE  OF  ADOSSDBO. 


169 


Tiaa  Protestantism  obtained  a  legal  recognition.  Dur- 
ing the  nest  few  years,  the  Protestant  faith  rapidly  spread 
even  in  Bavaria  and  Austria.  Had  it  not  been  for  the 
Ecclenaatical  Reservation,  saye  Gieseler,  all  Gormanf 
would  have  aoon  become  Protestant.  ^ 


^  OicMlar,  iv.  L 1  S 11. 


CHAPTER  VI. 


THE  RCFORMATIOS   IN  THE  SCANDINAVIAN  KINGDOJU 
at  TUB  SLAVONIC   NATIONS,  AND  IN   mjNOAIlY. 

When  we  inquire  into  the  in«ina  by  whidi  Uio  Ger- 
man Reformation  extended  itself  into  the  adjacent  coun- 
tries, th«  agency  of  the  Germans  who  were  settled  in 
these  Linda  constantly  appears.  One  h  reminded  of  tha 
diHuMOti  of  the  ancient  Uehrows,  and  of  the  pnrt  taken 
by  them  in  opening  away  for  Chriiitittmty  beyond  the 
bounds  of  Palestine.  Anotlior  very  conspicuous  instru- 
ment in  the  Hprend  of  tlie  Lntheriin  doctrine  was  Witten- 
berg, the  renowned  school  to  which  yonng  men  were 
attracted  out  of  all  tlio  neighboring  lands.  The  use  of 
l^atia  as  a  vehicle  of  teaching  and  tut  the  common  lan- 
guage of  e<Iucate<i  persona  of  whatever  nationaUty,  ten- 
dtriKl  this  practicable.  But  tbe  Soandinaviniis  were  them- 
selves a  bntnch  of  tlie  great  Teutonic  family,  near  Idnsmeo* 
of  tile  Gi-ntians,  and  CDniieclotl  with  them,  besidea,  by  th« 
bonds  of  commercial  intercourse. 

In  ISOT,  the  tlirce  Scandinavian  kingdoms,  Denmark, ; 
Norway,  and  Sweden,  were  united  by  the  Union  of  Cal- 
mar,  in  which  it  was  provided  that  each  nation  should 
preserve  it«  l»w«  and  institutiona,  and  aliare  in  the  eleo* 
tiou  of  the  common  sovereign.  The  result,  however,  was 
t  long  stnt^le  for  Danish  supremacy  over  Swollen.  WHien 
the  Reformation  in  (leiinauy  l>egnn.  Christian  II.  of  Den- 
mark was  engaged  in  a  contest  for  the  Swedish  throne, 
tu  all  tbcso  countries  the  prelates  were  possesaed  of  great 


THE  BEF0MIAT10N  IK  DEKUABK. 


in 


wealth,  aiirl  v^ry  mud)  ixwtrick-d  ttit;  authority  of  tbfl 
aorereigii  -.m  wi-tl  tin  ihti  powi^r  uf  tka  nt^mlur  iiobli»i.' 

Christian  11.  \t;w  »uri-oun<lod,  in  Dcniuavk,  by  a  body 
of  advisers  who  sytiipikthixed  with  tho  LuUierim  uovo 
oiuiit  ia  SiLXony.  IIu  was  hlntsuU  disposed  todt'preas  Uie 
jKivrer  o(  tU(^  t-ccli^ftiiuitioid  nnd  luy  iLnKtouracy,  und,  for 
tbie  eixl,  tliuugb  Dot  without  tlie  admixture  of  other  tuid 
Ixittttr  niutivui,  set  to  work  to  uiiliglituD  luid  eldvate  the 
lower  olaeaes.  The  encoumgeiueiit  of  PrDteataiitisni  nc- 
oordcd  with  his  goneml  poU«y.  In  1520,  lie  scut  for  a 
Saxon  preikclivr  to  uv^rve  as  chaplain  at  hla  court  nnd  aa 
a  religious  instructor  of  tlio  pooplo,  und  subsequently  in- 
vitwl  I.uthcr  hiniiw-lf  inloliJa  kingdom.  At  U>c  luuuo  tiinu 
that  Chnstiiin  availed  hiinaelf  of  the  papal  ban  as  a  wai^ 
rant  for  his  tyranny  and  cmulty  in  Sweden,  lift  continued 
in  Deiinint'k  to  prunioto  the  e»tal>lislimi^nt  of  rrotctitnnt- 
ism.  In  1  ')'2\  he  put  fortli  a  book  of  laws,  which  contained 
enactments  of  n  Protestant  tuuduncy ;  among  ihum  on« 
to  tnouurage  tJw  iDarriage  (^  all  prelates  and  priests,  und 
another  for  diRpensing  witli  all  appoals  to  Jtuiuv.'  After 
his  gaiiguiiiaiy  procoodings  against  Sweden,  finding  that 
hi«  ciy»vu  was  in  danger,  he  retmctcd  his  reformatory 
measures,  at  the  instigation  of  n  papal  legate.  Hut  he 
w»sdopo»ed  by  tlie  prelates  and  nobles  of  Denmark,  and 
liitt  unelft,  Fredeiic  1.,  Duke  of  Schluawig  and  HoIsti.>iD, 
was  made  king,  in  15^. 

Fruilvrio  at  liis  aooeaaion,  though  personally  inclined  to 
Pi-oteatantiam,  was  obliged  to  plcdgo  himsi-lf  u>  the  Dan* 
bh  magnatw  to  resist  its  introduction,  nnd  to  grant  it  no 
tolcraUon.  The  exiled  Cltristian  iduntificd  himitelf  wiUi 
the  Protestant  catiso,  Uiough  not  witli  constano}' ;  for  if 
tbv  chargu   liu^ks  proof   tJiat,  at  Augsburg,  in  l')'H>,  iu 

1  MUattr,  JCi«i(ojrf*Jlfc*H  v.  DOotnirk  a.  Xonetft*.  Til.  I!l. ;  Oiaolif ,  i». 
k  C.  S,  t  ITi  ('rfijtf,  Uiiterji  vf  tit  Sieidii;  Metros.  JUtJ-l'iryl.,  uIlclM 
"Sctiindva,"  "  niimiDult." 

1  HUabr,  p.  H  M4. 


173 


BETORMA-nOli  M  0ISMABR. 


order  to  get  the  Ii«lp  of  the  Emperor,  ha  fomuilly  ab. 
jiirwl  tlio  evangelical  fnith,   it  iH  tnie  that  in  1581  Im 
proiiiiscd  to  uphold  tlie  Catliolic  Church  in  Norway.     He 
rfiKli-rt'd  a  good  scrric*  by  cititstng  tlio  Nuw  Tt'stainmt 
tn  l)R  trRiifllftl«d  into  Danish,  which  vraa  done  by  two  ot 
))'t6  nohlefl.     The  immcdiiito  occasion  of  tho  successftil  in- 
troduction of  I,uthi'i'»mHrn  into  Denmark  was  tlic  active 
propagation  of  it  in  the  Duchies  of  Sdileswig  and  IIol- 
st4-iii,  wliL^re,  in  1524,  Frivlcrio  iin[>ostfd  mutual  loli<ration 
on   botli  jiartivd.     In   Donmark  it^f  tlie  study  of  tlie 
Bible  was  encouraged,  a  Biblical  tlieology  waa  inculcated, 
Mid  eeclosiASticid  abuses  ccii-^urrvl  by  a  number  of  camost 
preaohen,  among  whom  was  Paul  Eliii,  of  Heyngiir,  Pro* 
vinoal  of  tlio  Cariiiolitfs,  who  worked  with  much  effect 
in  this  dirootion,  although  at  last,  like  Erosinuti,  he  clioso 
to  abide  in  the  old  Church,  and  oven  turned  his  weapons, 
with  a  bitter  antipathy,  itgaiiist  the  Rt^formors.    In  1526, 
tho  King  dedaivd  Iiininelf  in  favor  of  tho  ReforniatioOf  J 
tlie  doctrine  of  which  was  diasemiaated  rapidly  in  thoj 
oitJM.    The  most  ntalons  ndvocato  of  tlm  new  doctrine] 
win  John  Tniuiaen,  ttnuieliim-s  railed  the  Danitth  Luther, 
who  studied  at  Witteiibi-rg,  iiitd  aftiir  1:j24,  in  di-liance 
of  the  0]iiio»ition  of  thn  bishops,  prcachvd   Lntheranismj 
with  marked  cITect.*    Tlic  Danish  nobility  were  fnvorahla] 
to  th(t  Kiiif^V  Kide,  from  jealousy  of  the  power  of  tha 
prelates,  and  tho  desire  to  powdss  themttclvM  of  ecclesias- 
ticjil  property.     At  the  Diet  of  Odcnso,  in   1527,  it  was 
orriiiin<.'d  tlmt  marriage  should  ho  nllnwed  to  the  clergy, 
that  J..utheraniam  should  be  tolerated,  and  that  bishops 
should  thenceforward  abstain  from  getting  (he  piillium 
from   Rome,  but,  when   chosen   by  tho  chapter,  should 
look  to  thft  King  ajonv  for  the  ratification  of  thdr  eleo-] 
lion.    Converts  to  Lutheranisin  were  made  in  great  nam- 
bors.     Wiborg  in  Jutland,  and  Iklalniii  in  Schoiion,  were 
Uie  principal  centres,  whence  the  reformed  faith  wa*  dif 
>  roDloppiJsi,  AmiuJe*  Eid.  Dam.,  U.  TTl. 


CniHffrUS  m.   AXD  BtlOENItAGEN, 


178 


foMd  ov<ti  tin;  kingdom.  Books  and  tracts  in  ux{ 
uid  defi'DBe  of  it,  as  well  as  tlie  Bible  in  tite  remnculftf^ 
tongiic,  VK-rc  urcrywliorfi  circulated.  Tlio  Liitlicraiia 
who,  in  li>30,  prctcntod  their  ConfenHioii  of  Kaith  in 
(ortj-tbroe  Articles,  acquired  tbo  propundcranco  in  tbaj 
laiuj ;  but  iu  <!ona«qiieiu»  of  tlie  pledges  of  t'n>d«iriv 
his  accesuon,  the  bishops  were  not  dcpHvfd  of  tbeir 
power.  His  doatli,  iii  liiSS,  lud  to  a  coinbiiiod  cilortoaj 
their  part  to  abrogate  tlie  recent  eccleaiastical  oha 
and  restore  the  exclusive  domination  of  the  old  rc-ligiou. 
^li«y  accordingly  refiwed  to  sanction  the  election  of 
in.,  Frederic's  eldest  son,  who  had  bcwi  active 
In  ctrtAblishing  I'rot«Ktantixm  in  the  Dudiins;  until  Ihoir 
consent  \f»a  compelled  by  the  attempt  of  the  C-ount  of 
Oldenburg,  a  Protestant,  to  restore  the  deposed  diristtan 
II.,  wbnin  tli(!y  Mill  more  fe.trcd  and  hate<].  By  Chris* 
ttan  III.,  wlioso  admimtton  for  Lutlier  had  been  first 
kindled  at  the  Diet  of  Worms,  wlioro  this  prince  waa 
preaeiit.  the  authority  of  the  prelates  was  abolixlied,  at  •« 
Diet  at  Copenhagen,  in  153t>,  and  tlic  Ucfurmation  uai- ' 
venally  li^alizcd.  Hie  bishops  were  forced  to  ronotinoo 
their  dignities.  A  constitution  for  the  Danish  Cliureh 
wa-s  framed,  and  submitted  to  Liilhor  for  his  »imction. 
Bugenhagen,  a  prominent  &iend  of  the  Sa:(on  Reformer, 
came  into  the  kingdom,  on  the  King's  invitation,  and,  lu 
1637,  crowned  him  and  his  CJuei-n,  and  perfeotoJ  the  new 
ecclcttosticnl  arrangements.  Bishops,  or  superintendenta,  1 
were  appointed  for  the  dioceses,  and  formally  conseonitcd 
to  tlH^r  offices  by  BtigetdiAgen  himself,  ■'  ut  venia  episco- 
pus,"  as  Luther  expre^ed  it.  Tlic  University  of  Copcn- 
h:Lgi'n  W!i8  i-eorganizod,  and  other  schools  of  learning 
istabltahed  in  the  viiriniut  cities. 

This  final  triumph  of  Protestantism  in  Denmark  wai 
eniinected  with  events  of  peeiiliar  intcnwl  in  the  history 
of  the  Hefurmation.'  The  Luthei-an  doctrine  had  quiclclj 
>  8m  RjuLt,  AtHbdk.  Gi*^  tli.  SIO  Mq.,  tOt  Mq. 


1T4 


REF0RMAT1QH  IM  DSHUASK. 


I 


p«iH>tntt<!<t  into  every  plncc  where  the  Gumum  loBgna 
was  spoken.  The  dtim  at  Korlhem  Gfinnaoy,  the  mdin- 
bcrs  of  th>^  'iM  Hitn»'-ntic  Ivingiie,  gnvv  it  it  hospit4kbk9  rv 
oeption.  'Hio  strong  burgher  class  in  these  towns  lent 
a  willing  cnr  to  tito  prcMchum  from  Wittenberg.  The 
Hansa,  tit  Iho  lu^rioil  of  its  gi-oat«et  prosperity,  in  thad 
fbnrtvunth  century,  compnBed  in  its  confederacy  all 
maritime  towns  of  Ocrmwiy,  together  witli  MsgHiJii] 
fimnswick.  and  other  intermodiato  pkoca ;  and  oxertod  n 
controlling  influence  in  the  Scandinavian  kiii^loni.-).  It 
WAS  wciikcncd  by  thA  Boparation  of  tlie  Nethertanda, 
sfter  142".  The  great  value  of  the  tmdu  of  tliu  iiurth- 
em  iung<luuts,  of  llio  prodiictei  of  their  iiiiiics  and  littli- 
eries,  made  it  of  the  highest  importance  to  Liibeck,  tlie 
loading  city  of  the  (lansa,  to  keep  it»  coniriK-rcial  and 
political  Ruprema^.  ChristiaD  II.,  the  broliier-tn-law  of 
Charles  V.,  was  withstood  in  his  attempt  to  sulMlne  the 
northern  nations  by  the  Lu1>eck«>rii,  by  \vhoni  Gustav 
Vasa  was  assisted  in  gaining  the  throne  of  Sweden.  The^ 
oitie*  whieh,  like  Hamburg  and  Magdeburg,  had  a  mn^^ 
tntoy  that  waa  favorable  to  Hje  Protestant  doctrine,  re- 
ceived the  new  eystc-in  without  luiy  serious  jxjlitical  dis- 
turbance. Bat  in  some  other  towns,  as  Bremen  and 
Liibeck,  the  aceeptance  of  LutheninJsm  was  attended  by 
i;liiiiigt-»  in  the  government,  which  were  effected  by  th»' 
burghers,  and  were  democratic  in  their  character.  The 
new  BurgomnstiT,  at  LUbeck,  WuUejiwcber,  whom  thA.J 
revelation  harl  raised  to  power,  negotiate  a  treaty  of 'i 
alliance  with  the  English  King,  Henry  VIII.  The  greai 
object  of  LiiK'ck  wiw  to  keep  the  trade  hptwe<-Ji  tJie  Bnl- 
tic  an<l  the  Norlh  St^a  in  it«  own  hands.  But  the  situ- 
ation in  Denmark,  after  the  death  of  Fredcrio  I.,  wm 
Veil  timt  I.ubc-ck  reveriK-d  ila  altitude  and  espoused  the 
uiiwe  of  thii  exited  King,  Christian  11.  The  Liibedcm 
found  tliat  they  could  not  longer  count  npnn  tlie  ooopera> 
Uon  of  Drninark  in  their  ccmmerdal  policy,  find  thai 


DKMOCRATIC  MOVrJiKXTS. 


ITS 


CSimlian  1  n.,  nf  Holstein,  oould  not  be  onlbted  in  iKippart 
oi  tiunr  hcatile  unck-rtnkiRgB  ngajiist  HolLiad,  Ili'iiw, 
tbvy  put  for\vrircl  th«  (!inii)t  of  Oldenburg  an  a  dmmpioii 
of  the  banishod  soveraign.  Malmo,  Copenhagen,  and 
otliw  cilica  of  Dwrnnark,  m  woll  as  Strnlswnd,  Koatonk, 
and  other  old  cities  of  the  llausa,  at  oitce  transformed 
their  former  niimicipiil  system,  or  giiv«  to  It  «  dcmoomtie 
cost,  and  joined  handa  nil))  I^illwcU  in  bebilf  of  Cbriatian 
II.,  \v1loeo  measures,  when  hi-  was  on  tlio  throne,  had 
looked  to  an  increase  of  the  power  of  the  burgher  clnM. 
Hio  confederate  cities  Mtablish»l  their  alhancu  with 
Bnglnnd,  and  gaininl  Ut  their  fli<]e,  a  Qe.rniiui  prln<<e, 
Duko  vUbert  of  Mecklenburg.  This  combination  had  to 
b<!  ov.>rcomft  by  Christian  III.,  before  he  eonld  reign  over 
Dumuark,  HU  energetic  offorta  were  aucceasful;  and 
with  the  defeat  of  Liibock.  the  democratic  or  rorotataon- 
nry  movement,  the  Kkdionl  (>li>ment.  which  thivtatencd  to 
identify  itself  witli  the  Iteformntion,  waa  subdued.  Swe- 
den contnl«it(il  its  hcJp  to  the  attainment  of  tliiH  residt. 
Wnilenweber  himself  waa  brought  to  the  scaffold.  The 
prinni)!i!  of  l-nthtT  and  his  lutiKKrinti-it,  that  the  caiixe  of 
religion  must  be  kept  Bo[>:ir.vto  from  schemes  of  political 
or  social  rDVoliitiun,  wns  pnieticully  vJndioiitc-d.  In  Mtin- 
utor,  this  princi[)I«  had  to  be  maintained  against  a  Hocinl- 
ist  movement  in  whii?li  the  clergy  were  the  leaders.'  In 
Liilx^-ek,  it  vnu  politieiil  and  eommerctial  ambition  that 
songttt  to  identify  \vith  its  own  aspiraliona  the  Protestant 
reform.  Chritttaati  III.  wan  a'Protvstant ;  his  triumph, 
and  that  of  bis  allies,  did  not  weaken  the  Protestant 
interest,  although  tt  subverted  a  new  political  fabric 
whieh  had  liecn  si-t  up  in  connection  with  it. 

The  reception  of  Protcstautism  in  N>rway  was  a  con- 
sequence of  (he  i-ec1eaiiisttcHl  revolution  in  Denmark. 
Christian  III.  was  at  first  oppimed  in  Hint  ^'ountry;  bnt, 
in  1.W7,  the  Ari'hbishop  of  iJronlheim  th>d,  with  tlw 
treasures  of  hts  Cathedral,  t«i  tliu  Nuthurlands,  and  Hot- 


176 


BF.t'-UBHATIOK   IK  SWKUBl. 


mj  iraa  reduced  to  tbe  rank  of  a  province  at  Denmark 
III  Ictibintl,  Pn-tu»tnntistn  gaiiicd  a  lodgim-nl  Uiroog^ 
aiiiiilar  a^^ncit»,  ulUiotigh  Uio  liUhop  of  SkuUic4t,  vrhc 
bful  tH.i-n  u  etudi-nt  ut  Wittunljor^,  wns  un  active  mod  in- 
Suontiiil  teadicr  of  lliu  new  doctrine. 


A»  varly  as  1519,  two  etudcuta  wlio  Imd  sat  nt  tho  fwt 
of  I^ither  in  Wittenberg,  Oliif  and  I^wivnce  Petersen, 
begiui  to  prea<:1)  tlie  ovangelicnl  dwtriuo  in  SwmIuu.  The 
Kufoniuition  pi-vvnilixl,  hovrwvcr,  llirout^h  tliu  pulitiad  ruv* 
olution  wliich  raised  Giistavua  Vasa  to  the  lliroiio.  Cliria- 
tian  II.  of  DoDinark  was  Htipj>urtud  in  his  I'^iulcavors  to 
conquer  Swcdttn,  by  jiapnl  ciliots,  and  by  tlie  coi>|H)r,itit;n 
of  the  arclibisbop,  Giistaviis  Trolls.  Tho  SwediAli  prel- 
ates vivTv  fiivnrable  to  tliu  Daiiisli  intcrtutt.  Gnittavus  Vwm, 
a  nobtomiui  who  was  rekted  to  tho  family  of  Sturfi,  vkick 
had  furnished  sereml  adininistntturs or  n.-(;vots  to  Swmleu 
prior  to  its  conquest  by  Christian  II.,  undertook  to  Ub- 
traU'.  bin  cuuntty  from  tho  Dani&b  yoke,  and  euccvodud  in 
hi»  |iiitri()ttc  eiiti-i'prise.  Ho  vnts  faTorublu  to  Uiu  Lu- 
theiuii  doctrine,  and  was  the  more  inclined  to  secure  for 
it  tbe  atuH-iidoncVt  as  ho  cuvctcd  for  liis  inipovorisliod 
tip.'miiry  the  VMt  wenltb  viUivU  luid  b<.-i>n  aocuinulutvd  by 
the  ecclesiastics.  He  appointed  Lawrence  Andereen,  a 
convert  to  l.tilheraniom,  bin  cliiuici^llur ;  Olaf  I*uter)k;u  ho 
lUMlft  apreakclicriii  Stockbobu,  and  I^wrence  Petersen  a 
theological  prnfesttor  at  Upiuihi.  lMoI.t  nf  tbe  bisltops  'm 
behalf  of  Cliristiaa  II.  naturally  stimulated  the  pivdileo- 
tioQ  of  Ouslavus  for  the  I'nitcgtant  syMh^m.  A  publio 
disptitation  was  held  in  1524,  by  the  appointment  of  the 
king,  at  Upsala,  in  wbicb  Olaf  Peborsen  inaintuincd  th« 
Lutheran  opinions.  Tlie  pu'cuuiary  biinh-ns  wbicb  Gus- 
taruB  laid  upon  tlie  clurgy  existed  dia.-iiIection  auiung  thum. 
Finally,  at  tlie  Diet  of  WeaUiriis,  in  1527,  tlio  controvcny 
n-HN  br>mt;lit  to  a  crisis.  Gnstavus  threatened  toal>dicat« 
his  tlirone  if  hia  dvnumds  ncrv  not  complied  with.     Tba 


ESTABLISHMENT  OF  PBOTHsrASTlSU. 


177 


result  vas  tlmt  libc-rty  watt  gnuitod  "  for  Uto  prcachcn  to 
proclaim  tlio  pure  W'onl  of  God,"  a  l*rotfstant  ilpfiaitioa 
being  coupk-d  willi  this  ptinisu ;  and  tlio  property  of  the 
Cliurvli,  wiUi  thu  uutluirity  to  ragiibte  ecclvHlastidil  af- 
fairs, WM  delivered  into  tlie  hand  of  the  King.  Xfao 
cliur«:Le3  wliicli  L-tnbniccd  the  Protosttuit  faiUi  picwrved 
Uieir  revenuca.  llie  eccleiuafiticul  property  fuU  for  tho 
moat  pai-t  to  tlia  possossion  of  the  iiobii?a.  TLe  conjmon 
piioplo,  not  iiistrucl^'d  in  Uiti  iivw  d(ii.-trini>,  wvm  gcuerally 
attached  to  tho  old  reli^oiia  aystem.  Gustavus  propoaeil 
to  introduce  clinngM  gnidtiully,  and  to  provide  for  t)M 
iii»t  mot  i<}ii  of  lilt:  peiuiiLntry.  He  hiid  to  put  down  a  dan- 
gerous iuBurreclJon  which  was  excilud  Ju  part  by  priuita  I 
wlio  vrvia  Ixwtilo  to  the  religioua  inuovationa.  Ity  <le- 
gre«B  die  Swedish  nntiou  acquired  a  limi  attachutent  to 
thu  i'rotvstiuit  dootrinu  and  worship.  Gustaviu  wiu  suo*  I 
oeutled  by  Hrio  XIV.,  whoae  partiality  to  Colviniiiiii  iiia<)a 
no  inipres&ion  on  his  subjects.  Then  followed  John  III. 
(l^GS-liiOS),  who  married  a  CatlioUu  princvss  of  Poland, 
an^I  who  made  a  prolonged,  and  what  at  tiuios  seemod 
liki'ly  to  provu  a  sncccasful  elTort,  \vit)i  Uta  aid  of  luttiita 
Jc^tnta,  to  ititroduoo  a  nioilerato  typo  of  Catholicism,  and 
to  reconcile  the  nation  to  its  adoption.  Popular  fix-liug 
was  agiunitt  liiin  ;  uml  after  hU  death  the  liturgy  wlitch  ' 
he  had  eBtabli»hed  and  obstinately  niiiinlaiii«d,  was  abol- 
ished by  a  Coiuicil  at  Upsala  in  1i(^!t,  nn<l  the  Augttbiirg 
Conf^.-^ktioii  nctrcptiMl  ax  tli<-  cnwd  of  thu  National  Clmrclt. 
Sigismiuid  III.  of  Poland,  on  ac<wuDt  of  bis  CathuUcistn, 
wii»  pruTL-jitod  fri>ni  n.'ignii^;  aJid  the  crown  of  Sweden 
waa  given  tn  Giistavus  Vaaa's  ;oungeat  eon,  Charles  IX  , 
who  became  king  in  1604. 


The  dfstructiun  of  Ifuss  by  thu  Council  of  ConstanM 
in  141J>,  follxwed  in  tlie  next  year  by  tho  execution  c{ 
Jermre  of  Pmguo,  s?nt  a  thrill  of  indignation  through  tbc 


u 


1TB 


SEroBUATrotr  di  bohemia. 


greater  portion  of  tlic  Boliemian  peoplo.'  Hie  Boh0> 
miana  were  ooarerted  from  heathonism  by  two  OreA 
monks,  M<>tli<K{itis  mul  Cyril ;  but  tlic  powtT  of  tbo  Gop- 
tnuis,  coupled  witU  the  influence  of  tli«  Hoinnn  ace,  hiv 
ctirv^  tbuir  itdhcsiou  to  tli»  Latin  Cburch.  tn  the  Middle 
Ages,  however,  a  fltnif^jln  t'Mik  pliiw  butwt-i-n  th«  ror- 
nncular  und  the  Lutin  ritual.  An  application  for  leave 
bo  M»«  thi)  f<)riii"r  WM  deniiKl  in  a  puremptory  innniier  by 
Gregory  VII.  Underlying  the  ntOTement  of  wbicb  HnsB 
wiis  tbi.^  pnnd[>at  niithor,  wiu  a  nntionnl  nnd  a  religions 
feeling.  Hie  fnvorere  of  the  Hoaeite  reform  were  of  the 
Slavic  popnlation  ;  its  opponents  wcro  the  Gormiins.  Tlio 
eont«8t  of  tlie  two  pnrtlea  in  t]te  University  of  Prague  led  to 
an  academical  revolntion,  a  change  in  tbo  constitution  of 
the  Univei-sily,  wbtoh  gave  tlje  preponderance  of  powvr 
in  the  condtK-t  of  iU)  affairs  to  the  niitirm.  Hcnoc,  lite 
Oermitti  Htudi^iiU  Krft  in  a  body ;  and  out  of  this  great 
exodus  arose  the  Univei-aity  of  l^ijisio.  The  effect  of 
this  academical  (|Uuit«1  whh  Id  eAtnbliKli  the  us<r<>ndcnoy 
of  Hunnand  his  followers.  While  the  Council  of  Con- 
Btiinco  WHS  in  session,  Jacolvcllus,  priest  of  tlic  Church  of 
St.  Micbiii^l  tit  I'mgMC,  iH-gan  to  iidniintster  the  cup  to 
the  liuty  ;  and  the  practice  obtained  tbo  sanction  of  Huss 
himself.  Tilt!  cup  Inul  been  originiitly  withdmwn  from 
Inymen,  not  with  Llie  design  to  confer  a  new  distinction 
npon  tho  priestly  order,  but  simply  from  reverence  for 
the  sacramental  wine,  which  was  often  spilled  in  lh« 
dlHlribtition  of  it  through  an  assembly.'  The  custom, 
once  Bstabhalied,  became  n  6xed  rule  in  tho  Church,  and 
contributed  to  cnbajico  stilt  further  tlic  dignity  of  the 
sacerdotal  class.  'Iliomaa  Aquinas  aided  in  eonfirmti^ 
the  innovalloti  by  inctdcating  the  doctrine  of  concomitance, 
the  doctrino  that  the  whole  C^hrist  is  in  cnch  of  tlie  ete- 

■  For  wotkt  rflalini;  In  Itnlii'iiiiiii  I<i:c1'?ii>li>it  hiirtorjr,  M>*ii|>rii,  ('■HI;  lUt 
Lanfuit,  Hill.  Jt  la  Gurrtx  J.  Uauilittl  Jm  OitKih  it  SWt;  l^hrch.  0* 
NftUtt*  J.  anjfurt/rtmiil.  m  IMniiit  (IWl). 

)  Oloakr,  DogmmgrtAiihii .  \i.  !iVL 


THE  UTRAQUISra. 


17*1 


otentB,  and  is  rec&Tod,  tliereforu,  by  him  who  patlaliuv  of 

tho  breud  alunu.     llw   Utiaquubt  of  Bohvniiii  clitimod 

Chti  citp.    They  w«iit  beyond  the  pueition  of  IIuss,  and  its- 

tertwl  that  the  ruix^tion  of  both  cliMneiibi  in  vaual'utl  lo 

tlin  riiiiihly  of  t)i« sacramenL     Henl^^ful■^ral'd  t)iedein»nd 

for  tbv  clutioe  became  tlie  most  difitinguinhitig  badge  of 

tlw  lliLNsiust,  the  subject  of  a  loi^  »ii<l  U-rriblu  oontost. 

lie  Cotinoit  at  Coiistanoe  protiouiici^l  the  Uli'iu)ui8t  oj^ 

tmt»  of  the  Cliutvh  dix'trittu  hurutics. 

Fifty-four  lli>lii^niiiiti  and   MonivJaii  noblm  aent  from 

^nigiie  a  letter  to  the  Coumril  i»  which  they  n<puUud  tba 

^•caiKiitionit  of  heix'jiy  whie)i  h»d  bc>en  mndu  againxt  tlteir 

eouiitryinen,  and  denounced  in  tlte  strongest  hiiiguage  tJia 

cruel  treatment  of  Hii:^s.     Tliis  was  before  the  burning 

of  Jerome,  nn  event  th^t  i';uni^)  the  nturm  of  indignatiuii 

in  Bohemia  to  a  greater  height.     The  Prague  University 

tduclanil  fur  the  Utruqiiists,  and  their  doctrine  apeedilj 

Fguined  Uie  asstent  of  the  majnr  part  of  tlie  tuition. 

The  Council,  and  Martin  V.,  resolved  upon  forcibla 
tnn*  for  the  ti-|>re<t»i»n  of  the  Kohi^miiui  ermriat*. 
{iBoliemia  ivas  a  constituent  part  of  the  German  Empire, 
Liid  tlu^  ■■\*'ciition  of  th«80  meiwurcs  fell  to  the  lot  of  Sig> 
isiiituuU  its  heatl,  who  was  an  object  of  special  hatred  ti 
Bohemia  on  account  of  bis  agency  in  the  death  of  Hiia;* 
Hiere  noon  nruso  in  Bohemia  n  powerful  party  whicli 
went  fLir  beyond  the  Ucraquists  in  their  doctrinal  innoviW| 
,t)ons,  nn<I  in  lio8tilIty  to  the  Romisli  Church.  Ilio  Tn 
orites,  as  they  were  atyled,  gathered  in  vast  multitud 

h<'ar  pivnphiiig,  and  to  cement  their  union  with  on© 

aotber.'     Their  creed,  whioli  took  on  new  plimtoa  fi^oin 

to  time,  Mabmced  the  leading  points  of  what,  a 

■ry  later,  was  included  in  I'Toloatantism;  idtbmtglii 

tenets  vrero   not  deduced   from   simple  and  fnnd»> 

ucntal  princ>plefl,  nor  bound  together  in  a  logically  cobe- 

rant  system.     Unlike  tbo  ordinary  Utra(|uistH,  tbey  t» 

>CMi«Mks.LUr. 


180 


RErORUATIOK  IN  BOIIEMU. 


jected  tiTiimibjiUuitiatton.  TItey,  also,  Appcnli.<d  to  tha 
Bibli>,  as  alone  authoritative,  and  refused  to  submit  to  tbe 
decisions  o£  tbo  popus,  to  th«  couneiU.  or  to  tliu  futliuis. 
For  a  wliilc,  chiliastlo  and  a]>oca1yptic  tJieoriea  prevailed 
among  tlium.  Discordant  puliticnl  t^'ndL-mnus  Mpftnttod 
the  UtrnqtuHtM  (torn  tlie  'J'alinril^-fl  —  the  hitter  clieridh> 
ing  democratic  ideaa  respecting  government  and  BOt^e^. 
Thu  oppusittou  whicli  tlioy  «xpftrionc«d  wmvtrted  their 
eatliuaiasm  into  fanaljcisiu ;  and.  moved  by  a  furious 
ioonodastic  spirit,  tliey  assaulted  cImrchLis  and  convents, 
and  destruyt'd  t]io  t4%a!tun>8  which  hiul  been  gathered  by 
the  priesthood,  and  the  "implements  of  idolatry."  In 
Ziska,  tho  most  noted  of  tlieir  lojulen,  they  had  a  gnnond 
of  Rarae  and  stubborn  bravery  ;  and  under  his  guidance 
thu  force  of  the  Htitwltcs  bcc-Amo  well-nigh  irresistible. 

tn  1421,  the  nioderato  Utnir|uL<ita,  or  Oittixtines,  em- 
bodiod  their  belief  in  four  artictos.  the  Articles  of  Praguo, 
which  became  a  inttmomhlo  doetiment  in  the  hiatory  of 
the  Hussite  controvorsiea.'  They  required  that  the  Word 
of  Goil  shonld  bu  preticheil  freely  and  without  hindrance, 
by  Chriatiuii  pricsta,  throughout  the  kingdom  of  Bohe- 
mia ;  that  tlie  siicmineut  sliould  bo  adminisU'rcd,  in  botJi 
forms,  to  all  Chrixtiaua,  not  excluded  by  mortal  sin  from 
the  reception  of  it ;  tlint  priests  and  monks  sluiuld  be  di- 
vcsbod  of  their  control  over  worldly  goods ;  that  mortal 
sins,  vspeciiiUy  all  public  tnutsgressions  of  God's  law, 
whether  by  priiwti  or  laymen,  should  be  iiubjwct  to  a  reg- 
ular and  strict  discipline ;  and  that  an  end  should  be  put 
bo  nil  shindcrous  accusations  ngaumt  tlio  Bohemian  peo[de. 

On  the  relations  of  the  IJtraqnists  to  the  Taborites, 
the  moderate  to  the  radlcfd  Hussites,  thu  history  of  Ku- 
bemia  for  a  ceutury  intimately  depends.  Tlie  two  partiee 
might  unilo  in  a  crisis  involving  danger  to  both  ;  but 
they  were  often  at  war  witJi  one  unotliiu- ;  ftnd  their  com- 
mon em-my  knew  how  to  turn  to  tlie  best  account  their 
ICMrwwka,  I.  146;  QltHltr,  nt. *-.»,(  161,  n.  IS. 


TRB  COUItaL  OP  BASEL. 


181 


nmtiiAl  cIifTomn^^t^a.  Thu  ntotit  coiiftpicuDua  feature  that 
bdonj^ixl  to  them,  in  roinmon,  was  tbu  clciimtnl  tliiil  lliu 
cttp  should  bo  «dtniniHt«re<]  to  th«  lotty. 

Three  crusadeei,  undertaken  by  the  authority,  and  at 
tlio  coinnmiid  of  tJn;  Olitii-cli,  iiltcd  IJohcniiiv  n-iih  tho 
bormts  of  war ;  but  tlicy  wholly  failed  to  siibduo  the 
hc<nttia!i  who  wore  uiiitvd  to  resist  tltcni.  Vast  ni-iuti-H 
■were  heateu  and  driven  out  of  the  country.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  Bohemians  repaid  thi;  iittacka  madu  upon  tlu^ni, 
bj'  df  viwtating  iurursions  into  the  neighboring  Geminn 
ti-nilory,  rulod  by  their  enomieB, 

Conrinced,  at  la«t,  of  tlu;  futility  of  this  ftlTort  to  coii- 
qwei-  the  Hussites,  their  opponents  consented  to  treat  with 
tlitfin.  By  Uio  lulvico  of  Cardinal  Jidian  Cosarini.  who 
had  accorapanied  the  last  cniaading  army  against  them, 
and  shan^d  in  ita  disastrous  overthrow,  tlio  <E(.-uri)(iniad 
CouuHl  of  Bnael  decided  to  enter  into  negntialiniLi  with 
them.  Having  fintt  carefully  obtained  abun<lant  guanm- 
tie«  for  thi'ir  [wraonal  .safnty,  and  snWmn  plinlgi-!*  that 
they  ftliotdd  have  a  free  and  fidl  hearing,  thu  Utra^uist 
dclegnteii  —  rc'prtjN'-iitativea  of  botli  tho  IriMling  partim, 
tlto  Calixtines  and  Taborites  —  presented  themselves  at 
Basel.  At  thoir  huad  wns  Rol£y<;nua,  who  Iwlonged  to 
Uifl  moderate  party,  but  was  held  in  imi\ersal  esteem  for 
Ills  talents,  learning,  niid  moral  execllonee.  Tho  fliUisitu 
tJ»'iiIogiiin«  iiKird  their  frn;doni  to  the  full  extvnt.  Tlwy 
hanmgued  the  Council  for  days  in  defense  of  the  pn»- 
Bcribed  doctrines,  in  vindicfition  of  tho  nieniory  of  Huwi, 
and  on  Uio  ecclcwasticnl  abnaes  to  which  tliev  had  endcav- 
died  to  apply  a  remedy.  Tho  diflforence  hel.\recn  tho  two 
Boh«nu&n  parties  \Tas  brought  out  in  the  spouchcs  of 
their  respective  representatives,  and  w».t  skillfully  used  by 
C^raarini  and  tho  Coimi'il,  in  order  tn  widen  tho  9>'p»i*- 
tiou  between  tliem.  After  long  negotiations,  and  the 
M-iidiuf;  of  an  emhiissy  from  the  Coimeil  to  Bohomia,  tho 
Uuwiteti  obttiined  ocrtiitn  conoessions  whi4:h  were  set  furlli 


us 


BKrOUlAT10:«  IX  BOREHU. 


lo  8  document  tenacd  tlti>  Conijiactnta.  Tlie  eomiauiuou 
niiglit  bo  giruo  ui  both  kmtltt  to  nil  udults,  w1k>  hIiuiiIcI 
desire  it ;  but  it  rnuat,  at  the  name  dine,  be  taught  that 
Uia  whulu  Christ  is  n)<xiiv<.-(l  luider  caah  of  tho  clumonts 
Tlie  inilictloit  of  pcitidties  on  persons  guilty  of  mortal  sin, 
oil  which  thu  Utriiqiiists  iimistMl,  must  ho  loft  with  prMSt* 
in  tho  case  of  clerical  i>eraous,  mid  with  mngistnttos  in 
the  case  of  laynuii.  'I'ho  Article  in  regard  to  tbe  free 
preaching  of  the  Word  wiis  qualified  by  eoiifinitig  tin-  Hlx 
erty  to  preach,  to  persooe  tvgulariy  called,  and  authorized 
by  bishopa.  A»  to  the  control  of  projwrty,  tlit*  was  to  be 
allowed  to  w-cular  priests  only,  and  by  Uiem  to  bo  uwr- 
cjeed  according  to  tUo  pri-scribod  rule*.  The  Compactata 
mm  the  charter,  tii  defense  of  which  tlie  Utntquisbs 
waged  many  »  hard  contest;  unco  it  ynm  a  constant 
efTort  of  tho  ]>opo8  to  annul  tlio  eoooofluons  which  it  con- 
tained, and  to  reduce  aven  the  moat  moderate  of  tho 
Hussito  sects  to  an  (.'xact  conformity  to  Um  Roman  ritual, 
and  to  the  mandates  of  the  Roman  See.  Tliis  agreement 
operated  also  to  divide  the  CaUxtines  and  Taboritea 
into  mutiudly  hostile  cainpd.  An  armed  conlliut  ensued, 
in  which  ttie  Tal>oritea  were  thoroughly  vauquisliod. 
Thenctvforwnrd  the  power  rvinainod  in  Uie  hnndji  of  llie 
Utr^uists  who  were  desirous  of  approacliiiig  as  noarly  lo 
tliu  doetriuen  and  riti.«  of  the  Catholic  Church  in  other 
countries  as  their  convictions  would  fUlow.  It  waa  Eur 
froin  bring  truo  tluit  pesicu  resulted  from  the  downfall  of 
the  'i'iibijvites,  and  the  conciliivtory  proceedings  o{  the  Ca- 
iixtincK.  ITic  history  of  Bohemia,  through  tlie  lifti^^nth 
century,  is  a  I'lng  record  of  bitter  and  bloody  oonflicta, 
having  for  their  end  the  restoratiou  of  uniforinily  in  ru- 
Ugion.  *  About  tlte  middle  of  tho  contwy,  a  new  parly, 
the  Drelhren  in  Unity,  who  inherit^xl  many  of  the  doc- 
trinal ideas  of  tliu  Titboritos,  but  witli  a  more  coiuerra* 
tare  t«n«t  relalive  to  the  sacrament,  and  a  more  gentk 
and  peaceful  t«mpar,  separated  entirely  fiom  the  Churoh 


THK  COMrACTATjl. 


188 


l%8]r,  in  their  turn,  were  tlio  objects  of  pcrsocution  at  the 
hao^  of  tlie  innre  orthodox  Utraqtibts.  UHimati<ly  tlio 
Brettmn  were  joiiiud  by  eotnt;  nobles,  and  acquired  a 
greater  degree  of  iwcurity.  Tliey  were  coniMWtetl  with 
cerbun  Waldensian  Cliriatians,  and,  to  some  extent,  in* 
BuBQCVfl  by  tlitm. 

Thua  Bohemia  for  several  generations  had  really  bnon 
cngn{;;i^l  in  ii  stnij^le  to  build  up  a  nittional  chtireli  in  ojj- 
poaition  to  the  duminating  and  unifying  spirit  uf  Roiiin. 
When  Lutlicr'8  doctrine  becsmo  known,  it  waa  favorably 
received  by  tlio  Bretlircn,  and  tJiey  desired  to  connMt 
thumsflvcs  with  thL-  Siixon  roform.  At  ftrKt  Luther  vraii 
not  satiiUcd  with  their  opinionn,  <!Bpccially  on  tlte  mora- 
ni»nt ;  but,  after  eonf^-rpncea  with  them,  he  concluded  Ihiit 
llwir  fniiltH  wi^ro  chiirfly  in  expression  and  wore  owing  to 
a  want  of  theological  culture.  After  the  example  of  llio 
Liithemns  at  Augsbui^,  the  BTangeltcal  Brethren,  ili| 
irill."),  presented  to  King  Ferdinand  their  Confession. 
The  ('■alixtincs  ircro  divided  on  the  question  of  pualiing 
f(irw;ud  the  HtiHsite  reform  in  tlip  direction  indirnti'd  by 
Lulhei.  A  majority  of  the  estates  was  at  Grst  obtained 
in  favor  of  dcclnnttionn  virtually  Lntlieran,  But  the 
more  eonaervativo  IJtraquiats,  who  planted  themselves  on 
the  Compactata,  soon  nillifd  and  gained  the  upper  hand.' 
However,  tlie  Lutheran  doctrine  continneil  bo  spread  and 
to  multiply  its  adherents  among  the  Calixtines  Bs  well  as 
tho  Brethron.  The  two  pnrtji.'^,  on  embracing  Protntant- 
ism,  differed  from  one  another  chiefly  on  points  of  dis- 
cipline. When  the  Smnlcahtio  war  broke  out,  the  Utnt- 
tpists  refused  to  furnish  troops  to  Ferdinand,  in  aid 
tim  nttftmpt  of  Chnnes  V.  to  cnish  the  Protcstanta,  but 
j(Hned  the  Elector  of  Saxocy.  The  Bohemians  shared  ii| , 
full  mcasuiY'  the  disn«t«rs  which  fell  upon  the  Pnt 
party  after  their  defeat  at  Miihlberg.  Ferdinand  inflicted 
upon  tliem  severe  penalties.  Toleration  was  now  denied 
to  all  except  the  onti-Lntheran  Hussites ;  and  this  drove 


184 


Rr.l'OIUIATtON  CI  POLAXD. 


raiuiy  of  the  Brethren  into  Pnliuid  and  Pnusia.  Froni 
the  jKor  l/>52,  tli6  J<:aiiiU  who  thuti  <uimc  Intu  tho  (.-otmtry, 
ontkatvored  to  persecute  nil  whose  diBsent  from  the  Romisli 
Chord)  went  beyond  tho  standArd  of  the  Oonipadata 
In  1675.  Uie  Kvongeiical  Oalixtinos  »nd  Kmthren  iinit^d 
in  presenting  a  confession  of  f^iith  to  Maxiiniliun  II.  Aa 
lliL-  power  of  tho  Jesuits  iiicrenswj,  tli<?re  wan  no  safety 
for  the  adherents  of  the  Lutheran  or  the  Swiss  reform. 
Id  1609,  to  such  m  received  tlie  confession  of  1075  tliera 
was  granted  a  letter  patent —  or  "  letter  of  majesty  " — 
wideh  placed  them  on  a  footing  of  K-gal  oqiialit^-  wiUi  the 
Oatliulios. 


When  the  German  Reformation  hcgaii,  Poland  wna 
riung  to  that  portion  wliich  rendered  it,  a  generation 
later,  tho  moat  powerful  kingdom  Jn  Eastern  Europe. 
The  Slavonic  population  of  Poland  had  never  manifested 
any  peculiar  devotion  to  the  Roman  see.  Conflicta  be- 
tween nobkis  and  bishops,  in  which  carnal  weapons  on 
one  aide  were  often  oppaied  to  the  excoiiununication  and 
the  interdict  on  the  other,  and  contests  between  princee 
and  tho  popes  on  questions  of  prerogative,  luul  been  abun- 
dant in  Pfllisli  history  for  several  centuries.*  At  the 
Conncil  of  Constance,  Poles  were  active  in  the  party  o( 
reform.  Wvlt-fnunded  disaffection  at  the  immoral  ch»N 
noter  of  the  clei^  had  widely  prevailed.  Hence  the 
anti-saoerdotAl  sccta,  as  tlie  Wcildcnacs  and  the  Beghards, 
won  many  followers,  lUid  were  not  exterminnted  by  the 
Inquisition,  by  which,  about  the  middle  of  the  fourteenth 
ocntury,  tlieir  open  manifestation  was  suppressed.  Fu 
more  influential  were  tho  Hussites,  who  did  much  to  pre- 
pare tlie  ground  for  Proteatantisni.  Bohemian  Brctliiws, 
driTen  from  their  own  land,  naturally  took  refuge  in  Po- 
land. These  circumstances,  and  other  agencies,  such  tu 
tho  nisidoncc  of  Polisli  students  at  Wittenberg  and  th« 
>  Htraag.  Rtol-Ktufd.,  itn.  "  Polao." 


RE^'OTUrATION  IN  I'BCSSIA. 


186 


«inplo}'moi]t  of  Lutheran  teachers  nnd  preacheis  In  the 
£iimiliiut  of  nobltiH,  ugK'nix)  the  tluor  for  Uio  iiigriws  of  tha 
Protcsbuit  tlitctnite.      It  eoi'ly  gtihied  disciples,  espeobilly 
In  kbo  German  citii.'s  uf  Polish  Prussia.     In  Diuttng,  ihe 
priDcipat  city  of  tiiii*  provini.%,  it  ninile  sitdi  progress  that 
fD  1524  five  cliurcJics  woru given  up  t«  it«  adherents.'  But 
b«.*n  a  turlitilcnt  piirty  nriHic  who,  not  Mtisfiod  with  tol 
oration,  insisted  upon  driving  out  the  Catholie  wordiip,  ■ 
and  succeeded  by  violent  muusurcu  in  displacing  the  exis^^ 
ing  niagistrntra,  nnd  in  supplying  their  places  with  oflleurs 
from  their  own  nuniher.     llio  interforenco  of  the  King. 
Sigismund  I.,  waa  invokfcl,  who  n^toi-cd  the  old  order  of 
things.     Tlje  progress  of  the  Lutheran  cause,  howoTer,,] 
wus  not  stoppod,  »nd   Dnnlxig  itt  tlio  next  ruigii  Wnma 
predominantly  Proti^atiint.     Tlio  council  and  the  burghcra 
of  Elbing  accepted  the  Reformation  in  1523.     Thorn  abpj 
bivAniu  ProU;st:int..     Thu  iidviuico  of  the  Itefonnutioa  inl 
the  nnighbaring communities  made  it  impossible  to  oxcludd  I 
it  from  Polimd,  where  numerous  burghers  and  powerful 
nobles  regiirdoil  it  with  favor.     By  the  treaty  of  Thorn 
in  14C6,    the  old  Teutonic  order  of   crusading  kn!gIltl^ 
■whicli  bud  long  governed  Prussia,  suiTenderod  West  i*rui^  i 
sia  nnd  Krmeland  to  Poland,  and  retmn<3d  East  Prus»a  aa 
a  fief  of  the  Polish  crown.     At  iho  request  of  Albert  of 
Brandenburg,  tho  Grand  Master,  two  preachers  were  sent ' 
by   Liith<:-r  to  KSnigsbei^,  in  1523.     Tlio  ReformatioQ 
swiftly  spread  ;  and  when  Albort,  after  having  been  de- 
feated by   Poland,  »ccul.irii:cd  his  duchy,  in  1525,   the 
prvTalunco  of  tho  Protestant  doctrine  was  secured.     In 
1544,  he  founded  tJie  Univer^ty  of  Kiinigsberg  for  the 
education  of  prcacliers  and  tho  extension  of  tlio  new  faith. 
In   Livonia,  wliicli,  aftt-r  1521,  was  independejit  of  the 
Teutonic  Order,  the  Reformation  likewise  foimd  a  willing 

>  Kiuiniikl,  lUKgitmt  Jltiloiy  n/  ^^t  Btittonit  SMient,  p.  llAj  Hit^my  *J 
At*  Kf/ttrmallim  In  Pelond,  I.  11-2  m;  tUt  Bdtiilmli  J.  P^Uclnn  VmUm 
t—  {lUwbuix,  ITU),  I.  in. 


U6 


BEFOMIATIOK  tH   POLAND. 


•oceptance.  As  «arly  as  1524,  Lutiier  addraawd  « 
prii)t«d  leltcr  to  the  ptofwHore  of  tb«  ovanguliml  doctrJoe 
in  fiigsi  Revel,  and  Dorpat.  Citinti  in  Uio  vuriotis  pHrts 
at  Pobmd  und  familius  of  tlistinction  embraced  tho  xmvi 
&ith.  lu  1^8  a  muitttudDof  Huhviiiuui  Umthrmi,  exiles 
from  tlieir  country,  cnme  iu  to  slrengtheii  tlio  I'rcit««tu»t 
inlCKKt.  In  this  yc-ar  Sigisinuiid  I.  died,  aiid  was  sou- 
oeeded  by  hia  son,  Sigiaiitund  II.,  or  Sigismund  Augnft- 
tns,  who  was  friendly  t^i  tbe  evAngitUcnl  iloctrinv.  Cal* 
yin  dedicated  to  him  hia  Commentary  on  the  Kpiatle  to 
the  Ilebrowa,  and  gnbsequently  correeponded  with  hiui. 
Iu  the  Diet  of  l£u2,  strong  indigiuitiou  vma  muialtsted 
sgniiiHt  tti«  clergy  on  noconnt  of  the  proceedings  of  an 
eocleBJaatical  tribuniil  agiiiiist  Studnicki.an  eminent  noble- 
ntan.  Ttie  clurgy  wero  furUiddvn  to  inflict  imy  temporal 
punialim(!nt  on  tboHc  whom  they  miglit  pronounce  liet«n>> 
dox.*  At  a  Diet  at  Piotrkow  in  1555,  a  national  council 
for  tlic  settlement  of  religious  diderenevs  wa«  duniandod, 
and  was  prevented  from  aaeembling  only  by  the  streniioui 
exeitions  of  thu  Pope.  Religious  freedom  was  granted 
fay  tho  king  to  th«  cities  of  Dantzic,  Thorn,  luid  Elbing ; 
and  also  to  Lirouia  in  the  treaty  of  1561,  by  whicli  it 
was  annexed  to  Poland.  Disst^'a-uoii  among  Protestanta 
tlramsclres  vras  the  cluvf  lilndrance  iu  the  way  of  tlio 
eomplete  diiluition  of  the  Protestant  faith,  which  at  thia 
time  had  penetrated  all  nmk!i  of  tOMet^.  The  Calvinuits 
were  numerals ;  they  organized  themselves  according  to 
the  Preahyberion  form,  and  a  union  between  thorn  and  the 
Brethren,  in  rcspct  to  doctrine,  was  cemented  at  a  ayiK 
in  1655.  Opposed  to  these  were  the  Lutherans,  who^ 
mse  moetly  Germans,  and  who  took  little  painit  to  prop- 
agate th«r  system  through  the  instrumentality  of  an; 
otlier  language  than  their  own.  The  Unitarians  formed 
a  third  party,  which  found  a  leader  in  the  erudite  Italian, 

>  Knwintkf,  RtSf.  Hitt.  rf  Ikt  SliKonie  Kationt,  pp.  133,  133,    Iti^MiTal 
I,  flul.  Ertti:  fihtfutimrum  (ISM),  p.  300. 


JOmi  A  LASCO. 


18T 


fWustuH  Sociniu,  !iti<]  Ixicnnic  Rtnin^,  in  particniftr  amonf 
Uio  higlior  oUiAses.  Tlio  intoetini!  diTisions  uniong  tin 
FniMobmlit  tifTunliv)  in  viirioiM  «-u>rii  »  gn'vtt  n<1imnti\^ 
U>  tli«ir  iiiilHgonista.  An  able,  aoGomplished,  and  intlc- 
[atignl>le  ilc-foiidor  nf  Catholicism  waa  found  in  Huaiuit, 
Bixhop  of  Culm,  and,  tiftvr  1551,  of  Ivrm«land.  On  the 
Protectant  ftido,  conH])ictiou»  for  his  cIToriA  in  betinlf  nt 
nnkm,  as  well  as  for  bis  genemJ  character  and  divereified , 
utbon,  wiu  John  %  Lancu.  Born  of  a  wealthy  and  ani 
tocntjo  family  in  Poland,  he  waa  destined  for  thu  prirat- 
faood,  and  after  coinpli>43iig  his  studies  in  bia  nativn 
eountiy,  he  rcHOrtpJ  to  foreign  tinirersities,  ecpodally  I^n> 
Tftiniind  Basel.  At  Basel  ho  waa  intimate  mth  Erasmus, 
ftnd  for  a  time  on  inmate  of  his  liouHC.  For  vlcvfiti  yimni, 
trttm  the  year  1520,  he  labored  to  eatabtiah  in  Poland  n 
mlomuition  af U*r  th«  Enismian  type.  Finding  lua  exertions 
fruitless,  he  left  his  countr}',  took  u  more  diMndi>(l  positior 
on  tlw  Protestant  side,  and  for  a  number  of  years  superin- 
tended the  or^iiiii'xiition  of  the  Pi-otiistant  Cluiri-h  in  East 
Fii«6]and.  After  the  Smalcaldio  war  and  the  passage  of 
tlie  Interim,  he  went  to  England,  wliero  he  waa  brought 
into  a  cioao  relation  with  Craumor,  and  took  t-harge  o( 
the  church  o(  foreign  ri-Jsidentx,  first  in  I^ndon  and  theai, 
from  1558  to  1556,  in  Frankfort.  After  the  Polish  Diet 
in  155G  bad  granted  a  free  exercise  of  the  Prottwtant  r©^ 
li|*ion  in  the  houses  of  individual  noblemen,  I.n»co 
called  back  to  hia  country  by  King  Sigismund.  Here  he 
labored  to  promote  unit}'  between  the  Cftlvinistfl  and 
LutJicrans.  and  for  the  apread  (4  the  Protestant  faith. 
He  <iied  in  l.'iCO.  Ten  years  after,  tho  Lutlicrona,  ir- 
fluenced  by  coiuisol  from  Wittenberg,  where  Uie  sebool  of 
Mehinotlion  then  liad  away,  joined  with  tlie  Swiaa  and 
thfl  DretJiran,  at  the  Synod  of  Sendomir,  in  the  adoption 
of  a  common  creed,  litis  Confcwion  is  oonsonnnt  with 
the  Calvitiitttic  view  of  the  sacrament,  but  it  carefully 
avoids  Uinguage  that  might  g>\*e  off«itM>  to  Lnthentm- 


188 


BKfOniTATJON  IS  HUHHABT. 


and  it  includes  nn  explicit  sanction  of  the  Siucon  Confea* 
«ioD,  wliidi  hiid  been  prepared  to  be  sent  to  tlie  Council 
of  Tntut.'  After  tlio  diiiUi  of  SigiHinnml  ia  167*2,  the 
ci-oivu  became  elective,  and  the  eovereigns  were  obliged  to 
tuiocnt  to  Uiu  "Piuc  Di»stdi-ntiiini,"  vrliich  guarnntMcl 
ei]iudiQ'  of  rights  to  all  cliurvKes  in  tbe  kingdom.  Under 
Uiu  term  "  Disitidonts "  were  tncliidod  tlio  Catholics  M 
well  IIS  tb«  oUier  religious  bodicA.  The  Duke  of  Aiijoti, 
aftorwarda  Henry  III.  of  France,  on  being  elected  King  of 
Poliuid,  in  15 1 U,  found  it  impossible  to  escape  from  diking 
solemn  oatlui  to  |)rot«ct  the  Protestant  religion  agwngt 
pereecuUon  and  aggression.  But  t\w  royul  power  vras  so 
much  wmkeiwd  that,  iJtlioii^  Uiu  iitonurclid  might  uSn-t 
much  by  Uie  bestowal  of  bonora  and  oSioes.  the  fate  of 
PiatusUuitism  di.rpL-iidod  mainly  on  tJio  dtspotution  of  tlus 
nobles.  To  detach  (heae  hom  the  Protc9t.int  side  and  to 
gain  them  over  to  the  Catholic  Cfaurch,  through  institu- 
tiona  of  education  and  by  other  influences,  foriiinl  one 
prime  object  of  the  Jesuits ;  to  whom,  in  connection  wiUi 
tile  fatal  divigious  and  qnarrvls  of  ProUrstantji,  tlic  Qtth- 
olic  reaction  was  to  be  indebted  for  its  great  success  in 
Pohmd. 


Nomeroua  Germans  were  settled  in  Hungary,  by  whom 
the  doctrinos  and  the  writings  of  Luther  won)  brought  into 
that  country.  Uohemian  Brethren,  and  Waldcnses  yet 
moru,  contributed  to  the  favorable  reception  of  i*n>t(«- 
lAntisin  by  tJio  pco]>Io  among  whom  they  dwelt.  Hun* 
garian  students  not  only  resorted  to  tlie  unirersities  of 
Poland,  but  went  to  Wittenberg  also,  and  rvtunu'td  to 
diiiseminate  the  principles  vrhicJi  tJiey  had  learned  from 
Lutlter  HuJ  Xclanctlion.  It  n-as  in  vain  that  the  new  fhith 
was  forbidden.  A  savage  law  agniatt  Lutherans,  which 
was  passed  at  the  Diet  of  Ofen,  in  1523,  did  not  stop  tfa« 

>  Hw  Ohihihvi  f\Jamm  or  Stt^amirnuu  li  in  Kiwntjm,  Cellttlif  OtV*** 
f,  us.    Kniioiki,  aim.  of  A*  Ktf.  in  Poibwl,  t.  c  U. 


dVn.   WASS  IN   DDKOART. 


189 


[HxigivBs  of  the  Protcstniit  movomciit.  It.  t'lniitutUril  from 
Uio  iHtiijili!,  imd  nlvntly  sproad  witli  great  rapidity.  In 
1623,  the  Prot«8t«nt8  were  llic  prevailing  port)-  in  ilcr- 
RUUtnstadt,  and  two  years  after,  tlie  five  toyal  free  cities 
in  Upper  Hungary  adopted  thu  Rcfonniition.'  The  acw 
vicH-s  \Tere  t-mbraced  aJso  by  powerfiU  nobles.  At  the 
beg^ning  of  ttie  .lixtc^eiitli  ct^ttury,  princus  u(  thu  Sluvank 
House  of  Jagellon  reigned  in  tJie  three  kingdoms  of  Po- 
Und,  Hoheiniu,  luid  Hungary.  But  they  found  it  for  their 
btore&t  to  connect  tlicmsclvcK,  by  nmtrimonial  ollianoes, 
with  the  ruling  family  in  Austrui.*  ].rf>ui»  II.,  in  15*2G, 
attempted  to  stem  the  great  invasion  of  the  Turka,  under 
Solimnn,  with  an  Sui^utrincnt  force,  and  pcrialicd  iifUT  liia 
grcjit  defeiit  at  Moliacs.  Ferdinand  of  Austria  claimed 
thi;  throiiu!  of  Bohemia  and  Hun{;ary,  whit^  the  dwth 
of  Louis  left  vacant.  By  prudent  imini^nient,  lie  aui>K] 
wcded  in  procuring  Iub  election  as  King  of  DohemiOif 
ngfumt  hia  ambilioiia  compi;titor,  the  Duke  of  Bavaria. 
In  Hungary  h«  entered  into  war  with  a  rival  aspirant  to 
th«  crown,  one  of  Ukj  grwit  niagnntta,  John  of  ZApolyii, 
voivode  of  Transylvania.  liotli  Ferdinand  and  Zdiwlya 
found  it  expedient  to  dtuiouneu  Uie  I'roteatants,  in  order  to 
MCure  Uio  support  of  the  bishops.  But  neilhor  found  It 
poamble,  in  the  circunurtuncfis  in  which  tliey  were  plaoed^J 
to  cngago  in  pcrsnculion.  During  this  domestic  conflict^* 
the  Keformation  advanced  in  the  portions  of  iiungury 
not  occupied  by  tlio  Turks.  By  the  peace  of  153S,  Ferdi- 
nand gtuned  the  tlirone.  John  was  to  retain  Transylva- 
nia, and  a  part  of  Upper  Hungary,  during  his  life.  After 
his  dcatli,  his  Qucon,  Isabella,  clung  to  his  posscss'ons, 
uid  this  was  the  occasion  of  n  continuance  of  war.  The 
whole  Saxon  popuUition  of  Tnuisylvania  adopted  tlw 
Augsburg  Confession  ;  the  Sj-uod  of  ErdiJd,  in  Hungary, 
bsued  a  like  decliiviition.  Even  tiw  widow  uf  Lotus 
favored  the  Lntlieran  doctrine.  Queen  Isabella,  in  1557, 
I  (iiftUT.  IV.  i.  t,  {  !<-  *  "■'•<'•.  Oulttk.  OttcXitiU,  U.  3M  wq. 


IM 


TBI  BEFOniLMIOX   IK    UUNCART. 


gtmated  to  tbe  adberants  of  tJbe  Augsborg  Confceeitm 
eqoal  political  xif^hUs  with  tlm  Catliolis.  Hinigiiry,  liln 
Polaml,  waa  n  severe  sufferer  through  the  strife  of 
Protestants  among  tlwrnselTts.  Tk«  Svim  doctriiin  d 
tfaa  Encharut  found  favor,  espedally  among  the  native 
Hangariaas.  It  derived  increusi-d  popakrity  nfter  the 
■doplion  of  it  bj-  Matlhvw  I>omy,  n^io  wu  the  nic«t 
eminent  of  the  Protastaot  leaden.'  After  studying  at 
Ctaoow,  ho  rended  for  a  tiniu  At  WttbeiiWrf;,  in  tlie  loin- 
ilj  of  LotJier ;  and,  after  bin  return  to  his  wuiitry,  became 
a  rery  sooceasfnl  preacher  of  the  Latfaeran  doctrines.  He 
me  mo(«  than  onoe  impriaonod,  but  did  not  ooase,  by 
prmching  and  by  his  publicationA,  to  promote  tlie  Prot- 
eetant  cause.  In  1533,  bo  published  a  Magj-ar  tranela^ 
tii»  of  the  Kpistles  of  .St.  Paul,  nnd  thrw  yt^rs  after- 
wards, a  version  of  the  (Jroapels.  Devay  had  been  inti- 
matewitb  Melancthon,  wbo  pn-avlu-d  in  Latin  tn  bim  and 
toother  stadi.-nt.t  who  <lii)  not  iiiidcrHtaiul  Gi'-rnian ;  and  be 
wae  well  acquainted  with  Grymeus  nnd  other  Swiai  Re- 
looners.  About  tbc  ywir  1540.  Dcvay  bt^n  to  promnl- 
gato  tlie  ColvintHtie  view  of  tlie  Saciameiit,  to  the  amnsc^ 
ment  and  disgust  of  Luther,  who  expressed  his  snrpi-ise  in 
lettecR  to  Uungoriaiu.  In  1>>.^7,  or  15Si^  a  Cnlvinis 
oreed  vne  adopted  by  a  Synod  at  Ozenger.*  The  Cnlvin^l 
istie  doctrine  ultimately  prevailed  and  vetablisbed  itself 
among  the  Magyar  Protestants.  In  'I>An»y]vw)ia, 
Unitarians  were  numerous,  and  tliey  were  granted  tole 
tkm  in  1571 ;  bo  that  four  legahzed  forms  of  rcli^ 
exiBted  there.  Notwithstanding  tbe  unhappy  oontest  of ' 
Lntherans  and  Calvinists,  Protestantism  continued  to . 
gain  ground  in  Htingiuy,  tJirough  the  reigns  of  Ferdinar 
I.  and  Maximilian  TL,  and  for  a  long  timit  under  Rudol[ 

<  Utrrcg^  Jti(«A/><yrt,  vol.  xls.    Lunpo,  IfiiL  F,ttL  lb/,  (m  /Tonffmrtit  rfi) 
IVn^bMb  <179S),  p.  72. 

•  emraA  Offri*',  b  NbMTTr,  p.  Ml.    !■  UM  d  W  Um  Ili^Hia 
Cdtfaitek  ehunbn  lubnincd  to  th*  Cdh/ok)  ttttntiet. 


rilKVALENCK  O*"  MOTESrASTlSM. 


191 


H.  Only  tliree  magiintcs  ivmniiiMl  in  the  old  Church. 
But  Huiig-<iry  -mia  to  [lu'iiiK.!)  n  livid  «n  wliiclt  Uiu  CutlioUc 
Reaction,  under  the  management  of  the  Jeeoits,  would 
exert  its  povrur  with  uuirkcd  succLtiS.' 

I  At  »a  Mrly  dalt.  llicr*  wen  numcrDui  tollumn  (it  Latbar  In  lli«  N4lt»r- 
Undni  but  It  will  bo  morn  conwaiaiit  to  uutiU  Uic  prtiertM  o(  ProUiUntiia 
h  «tb*r  counlrlea,  ■JtEi  ducriblag  Uw  riw  q(  CAtrlalini 


CHAPTER  Vn. 

JOHN  OALVIN   AKD  THZ  OEKBVAN   BKFOBUATIOII. 

The  Reformation  wa«  firmly  (■«tiiV>lm1ic(l  in  Germany 
before  it  li:i<l  taken  root  or  bad  found  an  acknowlodgod^ 
leader  among  the  Romanic  nations.    Sncb  a  leader 
Ii>nKtli  appeared  in  tbo  iwnton  nf  John  Ciilvin.  wboM  in- ' 
fluence  vras  d<!atined  to  extend  much  bt-yond  tJie  bounds 
of  tlio  ]^tin  nations,  and  wIiohc  name  was  to  go  dovn  to 
posterity  in  frequent  association  witJi   Uiat  of    Lutlmr.* 
Calvin  nils  born  at  Koyon.  in  I'lcardy,  on  the  lOtb  of 
July,  1509.     Ho  was  only  eight  year*  old  wlien  Lntbur 
pc^stod  his  tliesea.     He  belongs  to  the  second  genenitiooJ 
of  rffonnci-s,  and  tins  ciri'umstanoo  is  important  lui  affec^i 
ing  both  his  own  personal  history  and  the  character  of  hit 
work.     When  lie  furived  at  manhood,  tbo  open  war  upon 
the  old  Church  had  already  been  wiiyKd  for  ii  score  of 
years.     Th«  family  of  Calvin  had  been  of  humble  rank, 
but   it   was   advanced  by  lus  father,  who  held   TuxiontJ 
offices,  including  that  of  notary  in  the  ecclesiastical  court' 
at  Noyon,  and  fiocrotary  to  tlie  bishopric    The  physical 
constitution  of  Calvin  was  nut  strong,  but  IiIh  uncommoO'J 
inti'Uectual  power  waa  early  manifest.     Attracting  the  ro<1 


1  Tilt  lifi  ^  Collin,  bf  Tbcodare  D«m.  ti  Ui«  worlc  of  i  coBlcmponFT-  mat 
(rl»ntl;  ihu  Liitu  JcAam  CiMMf.  nn  Paul  llcnrv  (Ilimbar^,  ISISt.  R 
Ihuraimh,  bill  itiSuirly  irritUn  blognptay;  JiJimwi  C>>'na,  tmt  KinXt  «.  i 
ShiM  in  UtM/,  na  V.  W.  R«mpidiilllc,  Enirr  Bunil  It^Jpilf,  tSCg).  Kuof 
•cliultn  i>  *  Koiiuui  C«llialic,  thoraogh  In  hii  mcAKbn  and  <I[tpan)nnat«,  but' 
Dul  frii'iiilly  10  Oilvln.  IIciut'  and  Kainp«bults  taay  b>  pnllliibt.r  rexl 
logoUiri.  J-h-ituir4  Cilri",  f.titn  ■.  mitgcieiilU  8ehri/ltn,  rod  i>r.  I.  SlSbolio 
lElliFrfclit,  11103).  Till!  I>  the  b»l  of  lb«  Gorman  livra  of  Ui*  rntoiiMr.  i 
rtlMbb,  Itnptrtlal  l^t  </  CaMn  U  thai  of  D^rcr  (Landon,  ItU)- 


THE   EpaCATIOK   or  OALVIM. 


198 


gard  of  tlie  uoble  family  of  Mommor,  residing  at  Noyon, 
be  vas  tak(;t)  tmUer  tbi^ir  i>utroii(igu  uiid  instructwl  with 
their  «liildren.  He  had  no  experience  of  the  rough  con- 
Bict  with  penury  which  many  of  thi;  Gvmuui  and  Swuis 
reformvn  weix'  obligtHl  in  their  youth  to  undergo.  W'hoii 
only  twelve  years  old,  he  was  made  the  redpient  of  the 
inocou  of  a  ch>pbkiacy,  to  which,  a  few  years  «f tern-arda, 
&8  income  ot  another  beuefice  was  added.  At  the  outaet 
his  father  intended  that  ho  ulioiild  be  a  priest.  Tnui»- 
feiied  to  Paris,  be  was  firat  in  the  College  de  la  Marche, 
where  he  was  taught  Latin  by  a  cultjvat<.-d  Humanist, 
Matiirin  Ct>rclier,  better  known  under  the  name  of  Cor> 
dcriu»,  for  whom  he  cherialied  a  life-loug  attaclmunil,  and 
whom  he  succeeded  in  placing  in  charge  of  his  school  at 
Genera.  He  al»o  studied  in  tJio  College  Kfoiitaigit,  where 
he  wa-t  train«Kl  in  sclioUtstio  logic  under  a  leanii.-«i  Span- 
iard, wlio  afterwards,  in  the  same  school,  guided  the 
Btndica  of  Igiuttius  Ivt>yobi.'  Tlioro  Calrin  oiu-pafscd  bi« 
oorapaiiions  in  assiduity  and  aptitude  to  learn ;  but  he 
8]H;nt  uuich  of  the  time  by  hintM^lf,  and  fniin  bis  s>;rioiu, 
and,  perhaps,  severe  turn  of  mind,  (vas  nicknamed  "  The 
Accusative  Cnsc."  '  Ho  had  reached  his  eightocutli  yt.-ar, 
had  received  the  tonsure,  and  even  preached  oocastonally, 
hot  had  not  taken  orders,  when  hifl  father,  from  ambitious 
motives,  changed  his  plan  and  condudod  to  <)U»Iify  hia 
BOO  for  the  |irofoa^on  of  a  jurist.*  He  accordingly  prose- 
cuted his  legal  studies  under  colcbratud  tcaclivm  at  Or- 
leans and  Bourges.  As  a  Htudi^nt  of  biw  he.  ntt.tiu<t1  the 
h^lieat  profldeiicy  an<l  distinction.  Ho  undermined  bis 
health  by  studying  late  into  the  night,  in  order  to 
arrangfi  and  digest  the  contents  of  tJio  loctures  which  lie 
bad  heard  during  tlie  day.*     Garly   in  the  nioniing  he 

t  Kwnl»rliDlIc,  1.  3JS.  ■  Guitot,  St.  lituii  and  Cilei;  p.  lU. 

*  Oilrin  ujraef  blifalboi:  "  Qnum  Tldctrt  tgum  idfOCluo  powim  vigtt* 
«#■  (utiuns  opfliiu,  (pu  Qli  rvpcnM  Mun  hnpuUt  ad  muUudDm  conilllDm." 
—  rr^f.Ki  to  lit  Pwlmf. 

*  Beu,  I'abi/ul'nsu  CWrfiti,  ii,  "  Somir  p'lii!  nnlliut,"  wij^  Beu  Id  hli 
tlodng  rtniaika  upon  Cilinn,  xszL 

13 


IM     JOnU  CALVIS  AXD  TUB  CESCVAS   BKFOBUATIOK. 

wotUd  uwake  to  rupout  to  lumsolf  what  li«  bitd  tbiw  n- 
diuMxl  to  ordoi".  He  never  required  but  a  tf.w  Iioura  for 
■loop,  aiid.  as  vtka  also  lk«  case  witli  MvInDctlion,  his  tif 
tcauo  ini-ntal  activitj-  frequently  kept  him  awoku  throagb 
Ui«  oiglit.  S<>  liighjy  was  he  eate^Ded  by  Iiia  instrticion 
tbiit  often  when  tliey  were  tcrapomiily  abeont  bo  took 
tbeii-  plum.  At  the  same  time  h«  indulged  lilt  taste  for 
Ul<*Tivturt>,  an<I  l«-ariiixl  Grt-uk  from  the  German  ProfeoBUV 
of  Uuit  liiii{juage,  Melchior  Wolmiir,  who  hud  adoptnd 
Protestant  upinions  and  whose  inflaenoe  would  naturally 
tond  to  remove  prejudiws  of  his  pupil  against  thtt  new 
dootnne.  Before  thia  time,  nt  the  iir^jjcnt  ix'qunst  of  a 
Probntant  rolatave,  Peter  Olivetan,  afterwarda  the  first 
Proteatiuit  translntor  of  the  Btblo  into  Fmnch,  ho  had 
directed  hia  attention  to  the  study  of  the  Sciipttiroi.  In 
1580,  having  completed  his  law  studies,  bo  returned  to 
Paria,  ami  ^vl•  h»vo  little  knowlodgo  of  him  up  to  1532, 
tlic  date  of  tiis  Uret  publication,  an  annotated  edition  ol 
SoQMti's  triMilnse  on  **  Clemency."  It  baa  been  orroneously 
snppoM^l  Lliat  hi'  liop<.-<l  by  this  work  to  move  KnuicU  I. 
bo  adopt  a  mildtr  policy  towards  the  persecutod  Prot^ 
ostants.  No  such  dcuiigii  np])cnm  in  the  book.*  On  tlie 
contrary,  at  Uun  liinc,  Calvin  had  no  other  plui  than  that 
of  pursuing  tbe  oareei'  of  a  Hunuinist,  and  aiini.'ot  U*  bring 
himself  into  notice  as  a  sclinlar  and  autlior.  It  is  prob- 
able that  hia  notions  of  reform  were  in  synipiitliy  with 
tboM  of  Rouehlin  and  Ernsniii».    He  writes  to  hia  friends 

t  Th>l  Uw  cemmtnUry  oa  SfncG*  vru  dedfni'il  to  ailcct  111*  Pmich  Kinx  in 
Ihtii  *nT,  and  «»  oaiupoird.  Ilierttorc,  sfict  Calrln'a  <aaTVnioo,  {>  uauimil  b* 
uiuir,  aiHunit  wliua  Dm  Ilcnf7i  I.  M,  and  llcnoj:  in  tliii  art.  *'  Catrm"  in  tin 
Rrat.  f^tfyeL  iL  Tlltol,,  edited  by  Iiinuclf :  alio  by  GolioC,  Si.  L<vii  imJ  Cnltit, 
p.  Hi.  t'nr  Ilia  sviilcnci  to  Iho  conlraiy,  iie  StnbolLD,  I.  14.  Tbc  d«dk>Cinn 
(U  ttw  AlibM  et  Si.  Eloyj  b  iatxi  April  i.  1331  Sthhelin  n^tw  ISJ3  ■*  l&« 
daUof  hi*  eoavcninn.  licit  wt  harr  a  Icltcr  ol  CalrtntoBunr,  clulfd  SrjitUBb*! 
I,  tan.  Calvin  aaya  IPr^aa  to  Ik4  Pmlmt)  that  in  It**  thaa  ■  ft^i  aftw  hl> 
WDT«nIoD  Cho  ]>ralMlBDti  WBN  lotUog  I*  bin  lor  inilTuetian.  Tbit  nli|[lniu 
cbuc*  niuil  bar*  bMn  tborlly  *ntr  lbs  publlnlitm  of  Ssntra'i  Irvatit*.  Tliii 
npip**l(iDn  htm  accordi  with  Bna'a  (Uumcnt.  Vita  Calnfi,  iU 


THE  COSVEItSIOS  OP  CALVM. 


195 


to  aid  in  eircuUtiiig  bia  book  and  in  mllinf;  ntu-iittun  to 
it,  II  jHirt  of  liU  iiiotiTe  being,  however,  to  reimburse  biin- 
kU  for  tiio  cost  uf  the  pubticatJOD.'  UlS  notes  on  Senccn 
diow  liis  wide  acquaintance  witli  the  dauics,  hia  <]iv^ni> 
inatjon  and  hia  powor  of  tucid  etatcment.  It  vnta  abonly 
after  tho  issno  of  this  work,  that  hw  "  tiudden  convcraton," 
to  UKC  bin  i>wn  »9ti)i'i»sioii.  took  pUico.  Hi'  writ«« :  "  Aft«T 
tay  heart  had  long  been  prepared  for  the  most  earoeat 
i^-examination,  on  a  Budduii  tliv  full  kiiowlcdgv  of  the 
truth,  hkc  ti  brifi^ht  light,  discloaed  to  mo  the  abyM  ol 
errura  in  which  I  waa  woltering,  the  sin  and  shame  M'itb 
which  I  was  dt-filud,  A  horror  neiMd  on  my  soiil,  wln-n 
I  bct-jtmi;  <Mn.-s(-iouft  of  niy  wretdiedness  and  of  tlie  more 
terrible,  misery  that  was  buforw  m«.  And  whiit  wiu»  k-ft, 
O  Lord,  for  m«.  iiiistindile  and  abject,  Imt,  with  U'orn  and 
cries  of  supphcation  to  abjure  tho  old  life  which  Thou 
oondemiied,  and  to  iloo  into  Tliy  p^th  ? "  lie  di-scriboH 
himself  lis  having  Htri^'cn  in  vain  to  attain  inward  pciioo 
by  the  methoda  aet  forth  in  the  teaching  of  tlie  Church. 
Unt  the  mora  he  hiu!  diracUnl  his  eye  invratd,  or  upwiird 
to  God,  tlie  more  did  bia  oonadetMe  torment  turn.  "  Only 
une  haven  of  salvatioii  ia  thoru  for  otir  souls,"  lie  sayi, 
"and  Uint  is  tho  compassion  of  (<od,  whicli  ia  ofFered  to 
us  in  CbriBt " :  "  We  are  saved  by  grace,  not  by  oar 
merits,  not  by  our  works.  Sinou  wo  ombmco  Christ  by 
faith,  imd,  iLi'it  went,  cnt«r  into  his  fellowsliip,  wfl 
call  this,  in  the  language  of  Scripture,  '  juatillcation 
by  CaitJj.'"  Althongb  wo  know  less  of  Calvin's  in- 
ward experience,  yot  its  essential  identity  with  tltnt 
of  Luther,  is  obvious,  Calvin  had  hesitatotl  about  be- 
ooming  a  Protuttunt,  out  of  reverence  for  tito  Churdi, 
But  he  80  moiliried  his  conception  of  the  Church  as  to 
perceive  that  the  change  did  not  involve  a  rvnunciiition 
of  U>'     Mumbcnihi)>  in  tho  true  Church  whs  oonsiatcnt 

1  B(niiwl,£«n*fW«rCH'nit,l.7.S. 

»  l^iM.  ad  BmltUl.    lV«n<*l.  K«UM«»l.l,v«l-T.18»Mq. 


1%      JOHK   CALVIK    AXD  THE  GRKCVAK   BEFORMATIOR. 

with  nutnuncing  tbe  rale  of  the  Roman  Catholic  pruljicy 
lot  the  Churclt,  in  ita  osaciicu  iuvUibk-,  csittU  in  ii  tnie 
frtnn  whi'TOvcr  th«  (uwpcJ  is  fciithfwlly  preached  aiid  the 
Biicrami^utii  a^miniatered  confoi-nubly  to  the  directiona  ol 
Chriiit.  Ciilvin  was  niitunilly  rvscrvfid  and  even  biuhfiil ; 
he  nspirpd  ii(tcr  nothing  higher,  cither  after  or  before  hiB , 
conversion,  than  tlie  opportunity  to  piirsuo  his  utudioa  ; 
ntironicnt.  Ho  had  an  inirtjiictivo  rt-pugnaoce  to  pub- 
licity and  conflict.  His  former  studies,  to  be  sure,  had 
now  a  secondary  phico  ;  his  wholo  bouI  vrss  iihsorbnl  in 
the  cxHDitimtion  of  t)ie  Itiblo  iumI  in  thi>  inresCigAtion  of 
religious  trnlli.'  But  Htill  he  craved  secUisicm  and  qoieb. 
He  found,  however,  that,  iiotwitlifitanding  his  youUi,  in 
tbe  company  of  the  i)er»e«uU>d  Protoatants  at  Paris  he 
■vna  quickly  regarded  as  n  leader,  and  his  coonsel  was 
sought  by  all  who  tiad  nwA  of  religions  inutruction.  But 
this  sort  of  Lihor  wiut  of  xliort  continniui(!o.  Hn  wrot«  for 
liis  fnend,  Nicholas  Cop,  who  had  been  made  Rector  of 
the  Univcisity,  an  opening  address,  in  which  were  intro- 
duced llie  idww  of  the  Rcfonnntinn  ;  mid  the  excitcto* 
Umt  was  produced  by  the  delivery  of  it  obliged  both 
them  to  fly  in  order  to  escape  um«t.  Calrin  first  wont  to 
AngoolJine,  where  he  enjoyed  tlie  «ociety  of  his  friend 
LoiiiB  do  Tillet  and  tbe  use  of  a  good  Ubniry,  which  he 
tarn<^  to  tlic  best  acvount.  I1te»  li«  viKtlcd  B^^am, 
and  at  the  court  of  Margaret,  the  Queen  of  Kavarre,  sister 
of  FranoiH  I.,  he  met  liio  aged  Lefdvre,  the  father  of  the 
Reformation  in  Franco.  He  went  to  Noyon,  where  he 
parted  with  the  benefices,  tlie  income  of  which  he  could 
not  conscientiou»1y  retain,  and  then  rctumod  to  Paris, 
Tbe  imprudent  zeal  of  tlie  Protestants,  in  postirg  plncardi 
against  the  mils'?,  stirred  up  the  anger  of  the  court,  and 
Calvin  was  iigiiin  obliged  to  fly.     Not  witb:)ut  an  inward 

)  "Allqnn  rtne  pkuii*  fpiiia  Imbuliii,  UdU  proflclvodl  itudta  oxanl,  n' 
nliqoa  iloilii  iiuamria  atm  abjiccnm,  fiigidiu  tanita  laolutr."  —  Pr^.  Ic  lAi 


THE  "  ISSTITUTES. 


lOT 


straggle  and  tears  he  bade  farewell  to  Ills  country.'  About 
tliis  tiuK.1.  hi;  jnit  forth  hU  first Un-ulojjicivl  piiblicalbn,  :li« 
"  I'wycliDimiiiiyeliia,"  n  polemical  book  agniiist  the  doii- 
trino  which  was  professed  by  Aiiabuptislit,  that  the  soul 
slcc]H  bctwowi  ib-atli  iuhI  the  tv^iiri-cotiini.  At  Sttaa- 
burg  he  was  waniily  received  by  Bm;er,  and  wt  Baeol  by 
Gryiiiuiis  uiid  Ca])ito.  At  Basul  he  Wgiui  to  iicquiie  *be 
Hebrew  language,  and  was  able  to  gi-atify  his  strong  ill* 
cliuution  for  nsdmmcut  tiod  study.  It  was  h«re  that  he 
wrot«  his  "  Inst4tut«8."  The  &rat  edition  was  only  the 
germ  of  the  work,  which  grew  in  succuMiro  issikm  to  its 
present  »ix«.^  ^Vhat  moved  liini  to  the  compoAition  of  it 
wiift  the  cruel  persecution  to  which  his  brothron  were  sub- 
JMt  in  France.  He  wished  to  TL-niovu  the  impression  tlint 
tluty  were  funatJoil  Anabaptiittfl,  seeking  the  overthrow 
of  eiTil  order,  which  their  oppresBors,  in  order  to  pacify 
the  dispU'Usnrii  of  German  I.uthcnins,  industriously  prop- 
ugated.'  Hi!  was  desirous  of  bringing  Fnuiciit  I.  into 
sympathy  with  the  new  doctrine.  For  this  last  end,  the 
dotlti'nttoii  to  tlm  Wmg,  which  luis  boon  genv^niUy  iidinir(fd 
for  its  literary  merit,  and  as  a  condensed  and  powerful 
vindication  of  the  Protestant  cause,  wis  coniposod.  This 
eloqueut  appeal  to  the  justice  of  the  king  concludes  thus: 

'  B»t  if  your  oiini  aru  so  prooccupiod  with  the  whispers  of 
'Jie  malevolent  as  to  leave  no  opjjortunity  for  tJio  aeciuod  j 
to  speak  for  themselves,  and  if  ihoan  outrageous  furiosi 

with  yoor  connix'ancf,  contiuuu  to  persecute  with  impris- 
onments, scout^'A,  tortures,  coiifiscations,  and  flumes,  w« 
shall  indood,  like  Bbc«p  deetinod  to  the  slaughter,  be  ra> 

1  Hntiry,  i.  int. 

'  Tim  IntrniliiiK  lUtnry  igugilioD  ii  to  Itia  bnpiipi  In  vtiich  it  Ant  >)» 
pttnd.  *hvlli«r  l-atin  or  Frtncli,  iivay .  pi*rhii|n,  W  rTi;anlrd  u  kI|J«iI-     It  wu  , 
flnl  loinlfd  io  I.dllni  tad  ib«  «»ih»r'F  nnme  Huttilnohvd  to  It.  S««  ihaProlDg-l 
•nun*  tD  Ih*  new  •diiinn  of  Cilvin'*  <cn[[ni:i>,  4ilit«d  hj  Ilium,  CuqIu,  nni' 
BwiBi  and  SlOicliD,  i.  ill.     Cuitoi,  Liw«tft,  (till  holiti  thai  \h»  Snl  »ditiaa 
m*  in  Fnnch-     ^'-  l-o<tii  and  fnlnn,  p,  ITS.     It  niiiiMml  ia  lUO, 

*  llili  be  HTi  naj  h'u  wIb  niolivc;  "  ^«l)n•  ia  A  lun  l!a«n,"  tie.    Pti/.  K 
A«  Pulm*. 


196     JOnK  CALVIN   AKti  TIIF.  GCSeVAK   KErOKUATlOK. 

doocd  to  tbfl  greatest  extremities.  Yet  shall  we  in  pn- 
iientK  j>o«»oi»  our  boiiIh,  ntid  wnit  for  thv  mi^ily  Itiuid  of 
t>i«  Lord,  which  undoubtedly  ivill  in  time  appenr,  and 
bIiow  it*(?lf  ariniMl  for  flic  dulivomnoe  ot  tho  poor  fmin 
their  afQictJon,  and  for  the  punishment  of  th«ir  dMpiaers, 
who  now  vxult  in  audi  porfijct  secuiity.  May  t]i«  Lord, 
tlie  King  of  KingH,  oatAhHsh  yin:i-  throne  with  rit;IiU'iiu»- 
n«s8,  and  youi  kingdom  vith  equity."  Altliougli  tiiis 
famous  mnnual  vnw  much  ainpliliL-d  from  tiiiK^  to  time, 
nntil  it  appeared  with  the  nutlior's  hileat  eliangcii  ni'>d 
additions  in  1669,  yet  tlie  doctrine  of  it  underwent  no 
altenktion,  and  tlic  identity  of  the  work  was  always  jire- 
flerved.'  We  may  notice  in  this  place  some  of  Calvhia 
ehaniet4>riMtir»  o»  »  writer  and  a  mini.  Hit  diroct  in- 
fluence was  predominantly  and  almost  exclusively  u|Hin 
tlitt  liigtier  diiMM  of  Docietj-.  He  and  liia  system  acted 
powerfully  upon  the  peojile,  but  indirectly  tlirongli  (h« 
Agency  of  otlitrs.  He  was  a  patrician  in  liia  tempera- 
ment. By  his  early  aaNociatioiis,  and  as  an  elTect  of  hit) 
culture,  he  iioquired  a  certain  reBnement  and  decided  af- 
finitaee  for  the  cinas  olevatwl  by  birtli  or  education.  This 
«M  one  of  his  point.-t  of  diKumiiarity  to  Luther:  he  was 
not  fitted,  like  Uie  German  reformer,  to  come  home  to 
"tJie  liiisincss  and  lio«H>tim"of  common  men.  He  had 
not  the  popular  eloquence  of  Luther,  nor  bad  he  the  genius 
ttiat  Ii;ft  itH  impress  on  tlm  words  and  works  of  th«  Saxon 
reformer;  but  ho  mis  a  more  exact  and  finished  scholar 
tliau  Latlicr.  Tlie  Latin  style  of  Calvin  has  been  uni- 
Tonnlly  praised  for  it*  cla«ucal  purity.  He  was  a  terse 
vritar,  hating  diffiiseness.  He  was  master  of  a  logical 
metliod,  a  great  lover  of  neatness  and  order.  In  all  bis 
wor<li  tJiere  glows  the  fire  of  an  intense  conviction.  The 
*'  Institutva  "  are  iu  truUi  a  continuous  oration,  in  wLncI; 
the  stream  of  ditouwon  rolls  onward  witli  an  impetuoui 


>  A  Ubniar  Tivw  of  th«  ctuuieM  In  the  (ucMnIre  cdtUoiu  it  t ' 
!•■  •dlHon  of  Cftlvln'i  wrillusf  (Bciu*  ct  *].),  vol- 1. 


mtti  In  Ihi 


THE  "1SST1TUTE&. 


19i) 


ean«Rt,  yet  always  keeps  within  iU  dduiecl  ohaoiiel.  Tlie> 
work,  ill  its  wliolu  ttno,  \»  wuunad  tts  fitr  us  [lusMiblv irtym 
tJii-  dry  tniiitiacs  of  scholastic  theology,  with  which  it  lioa 
uftcn  been  classutl.  In  [urmiiig  an  i-slimato  at  Calvin,  ua  a 
Uiinkvr,  Uic  lirst  thing  to  oUervo  i»  that  h«  vnis  a  KniK-h- 
Hiiin  and  a  lan'yei'.  Ilia  nature  and  hia  tnuning  oonspitvd 
to  innko  hiin  cminviitly  logical  and  systematic.  Tiuit 
tuliuil  for  organ! tation  wlucii  is  ascribed  to  liis  ootmtryroen 
DS  u  nutionul  trait,  iKtUnigud  to  him  in  an  vminvnt  degree. 
It  was  nianifcetcd  in  the  products  of  hiit  inU^Um't,  not 
less  thitn  in  liiit  practiuil  activity.  lie  cam«  forward  at  a 
tixriiiunt  wlien  tlie  id<-a.H  of  tlie  Kt-foruiation  vroi'ci  widely 
diUused,  but  ^vheii  no  adequ»to  reductiou  of  tlicin  to  a 
sj'Htvmutlc  form  had  b^ri^n  achieved.  Tho  dogmatiu  trva- 
tiai:  of  Mtilanctliun,  meritorious  tlioitgh  it  bn,  van  of  ooin- 
purativvly  Uuiited  scope.  The  field  wna  for  tlie  inost 
part  oj>en ;  and  wlivn  Calvin  uppcurud  upon  it,  liu  was 
at  OOice  recognixed  as  f\dly  competent  for  his  task,  an<l 
greeted  by  Molancthou  himself  aa  "  tho  tiiwjlogian." 
By  tlic  enoniiea  of  I*iotestanti&m  hia  work  was  stj'h'd 
"  the  Komn  uf  thu  he^<^tic8."  Of  the  clwmicn,  cober^ice, 
luid  symnK-trj-  of  all  its  diHoussions,  th«re  is  no  need  to 
speak.  It  is  remarkable  that  the  thvologtcal  opinions  n( 
Calvin  remained  unelinngud  from  tlic  tinio  of  his  iimvvr- 
sion  to  his  d>iitb.'  This,  it  is  well  known,  ixns  far  from 
bluing  true  of  LutJier,orof  Melanetlioii.orewnef  2wiiigU>. 
Oiiu  prime  chiimcteristic  of  lus  sj'>;t«^'m  is  tlw  steiulfiut, 
coiiHlrjteut  luloption  of  tlio  Itible  as  the  sole  standard  of 
dootriue.  He  soouts  tlie  doi^trine  that  tlio  trath  of  the 
Bible  rests  on  tlio  authority  of  the  Clnirch.  'llie  Dirine 
rulliority  of  Utu  Uible  can  be  proved  by  muson ;  BMtiirod 
ooDTictionof  the  trntliof  theOoapcl  andaspiiitual  iusigbt 

■  Bh>  hu  Mticail  Mt  fMt  —  VU*  CWMW,  uxl.  hnky  ( ll'-Mtj  >/'  ib. 
liwaBwi,  i.  I|3)  uj'*>  •poikiaiiat  lb*  •iwharidif  (onltvtan<r:  "Calrio  on  r 
nrtred  it  hia  final  titm  iflTC  ■  long  nrit*  i*  mtitUllQiii.''  Tliit  a  quit*  cm- 
B«U9  i  lhL>rc  U  nn  rauna  for  thmkinf  Ikat  Calvin  ant  h&it  but  mw  ^pinioi  <m 
thit  HibJHi,  afl»r  hiaMonnion. 


£00     JOitK  CU.VIN  JiSO  THE   GGXEVAX   KEFOBUATIOM 


uxi  iinpoi-Uxl  by  tliu  Holy  GhosU  What  onnuot  vvrify 
iUtcIf  by  tiio  exjilicit  atitliority  of  Scriptnra  counts  fot 
noUiing.  TUat  inbred  ivriii-uuoe  t>n  Uiu  uiicicnt  Chureb 
iitwl  tliivt  LiifluciiM  of  Ohriatiim  aiiti<iiuty,  whidi  are  m-vn 
ill  Luther,  were  entirely  foreign  to  Calvin.  Ho  hoMs 
thu  Fathvn^  eepeciully  Augustine,  in  twtisiiu  ;  but  lie 
:imkw  no  apotogicis  (or  aliiirply  contnuUcting  them  all,  in 
COM  h«  deems  them  nt  vartAnce  vitli  Holy  Writ.  For 
tlio  PapAcy,  and  for  th«  tenets  ttnd  rites  which  ho  con* 
tidcn  the  "impiouj)  inrcntioHS  ol  men,"  wltJioiit  \ifarr.int 
froHi  tho  \Vord  of  God,  he  feels  an  intense  hatrwJ,  not 
unmingled  with  scorn.  Yet,  probably,  none  of  thu  R«* 
fonneni  E{ieidc  ho  often  and  nnth  so  much  deference  of  tlifl 
Church.  Rut  by  th<:  Church  Un  mt-aiu  Humotbing  diffvr- 
ent  from  the  flacordotal  or;giinization  of  the  Krimiui  Catholia 
body.  Itc  holdi)  to  thi^  Ohuruh  invisiblo,  compoRedof  true 
bidierers ;  and  to  the  Cluirch  \'iaibh',  the  criteria  of  which 
an  the  right  adininiHtmtion  of  the  Sacraments,  and  the 
teadiing  of  the  Word.  For  the  Ttsiblu  Chun.'li,  :i8  thus  con- 
Btitnted,  lie  feels  the  doopeet  nsvenmoe, and  liold^  Utat  out 
of  it  there  is  noaalTBlion.  The  schismatic  cnts  himself 
iilT  from  Christ.  For  the  Churcli,  as  establis]ii-d  afu.-r  thu 
ino-iut  of  the  Now  Teatament,  ho  demands  a  subiniw<i'>n 
little  short  of  t)mt  which  the  Konian  Cat^ioHc  pays  to  the 
autliortiWHl  .•xpowudcrs  of  his  faith.'  Bat  the  strikii^,^ 
the  peculiar  feature  of  Calvin's  system,  is  the  doctrinfl 
of  Prcdi.'slination.  Thi*  doctrine,  at  tlic  outset,  indi-ed, 
was  common  to  all  of  the  Reformers.  Prodeatina^on  igj 
Msertcd  by  I.uther,  in  his  book  on  tho  "  Servitude  if  th< 
Will,"  even  in  n-lnlion  to  wickedness,  in  t*!nn?  more 
emphatic  tluin  the  uioat  extn^me  statements  of  C*lvin. 
MeliuKthon,  for  a  considerable  period,  wrote  in  tho  \ua* 
strain,  iiwingh-,  in  hiit  mn tiiphysic.il  theory,  did  not  >ttf- 
far  from   bia  brother  Rrftinm^rs.     'nmy  were  imitod  in 

I  Sm,  t«r  vxamptt,  Wt  Atta  S$mili  riWiMiiM  tarn  JmUelo  (IMT'    • 
BMir7,  U.  IIS. 


THE  BOcritKE  OP  PSEDKSTISATTOII. 


201 


I 


rvviving  tliu  Augti«tinian  Uicology,  in  oppuaition  to  tiia 
Pelagiua  doctrine,  wlticli  nfFected  in  a  greater  or  lets  de- 
gTUe  nil  tho  schooLt  of  CnthoUo  Uicolugy.  It  U  wry  im- 
portnnt  to  understand  tlic.  inotiv<!S  of  tlie  Itofonnera  iu  tliia 
proceeding.  Calvin  was  not  a  speculative  phllosoiihor 
who  tbouglit  out  a  ncoussiCariuii  tlicury  itnd  defended  it 
for  the  reason  that  he  conudered  it  ca|)abte  of  being 
It^tcully  cittublixlied.  It  is  tnin  Unit  Uic  koy>iiot<;  in  tiis 
ayiitem  was  a  profound  Bentte  of  the  exaltation  of  Go(\ 
Nothing  cuuld  be  udinittvi  tliut  scumed  to  clash  in  tho 
least  with  His  universal  control,  or  to  cast  a  shade  upon  Ilia 
omniscionco  and  onmijwtcncc.  But  tho  direct  grotnid*  oti 
sources  of  his  duutriiic  were  pi-iicticnl.  i*re<lestin:ttion  to- 
him  is  the  correlate  of  human  dependence ;  the  count«r- 
part  of  tho  doctrine  of  gtacv;  the  iintitlx^iia  toBnlvatiouv 
by  iniirit ;  tho  implied  cons^uence  of  man's  completa 
bondage  to  sin.  In  electiou,  it  is  involved  thnt  lusn'i 
Stilviitiou  is  not  his  own  work,  but,  wholly,  the  work  of 
the  grace  of  God ;  and  m  election,  also,  there  is  laid  a  sure 
fotindution  for  tlio  believer's  wcutity  under  all  the  «»• 
aiiults  of  temptation.  It  is  pnictiesd  interests  which  Cal- 
vin in  sedulous  to  guard;  lie  clings  to  the  doctrine  for 
what  ho  coiuiideis  its  religious  value ,  and  it  is  no  more 
than  justice  to  tiim  to  n'menibttr  timt  he  habttuiiily  stylesJ 
Uio  tenet,  which  proved  to  be  sfi  obno.\iou.i,  iin  imf»tlioni-1 
iible  mystery,  an  abyw  into  which  no  mortal  mind  caa 
descend.  And,  whellier  consistently  or  not,  there  is  tli« 
mo«t  eonu'ftt  ansertion  of  tli<^  moral  iind  rvsponsible  iiaturu 
of  man.  Augustine  had  held  tliat  in  the  fall  of  Adam 
the  entire  race  were  involved  in  a  common  net  und  a 
common  catasti-ophe.  The  will  is  not  destroyed  j  it  is 
Btill  free  to  sin,  hut  is  ntlerly  disabled  na  regnrds  hoU> 
neiw.  Out  of  tlio  mass  of  mankind,  all  of  whom  ar© 
alike  guilty,  Goil  chocws  a  pint  U»  be  tlie  ru(:i|iii'iits  of 
his  mercy,  whom  He  puriHes  br  an  irresietiblc  inilueucie, 
but  lenvea  the  rust  to  suiVer  the  |K-nulty  which   thoy  have 


SOS      JOHM   CALVtX  AND  THE  QEXEVAK   BETOSMAnOH. 

jiuU;  brouglit  upou  t]icmi««Iv«ii.  In  the  "  Institiitua,'  OtiA 
▼in  iloGB  what  Lutl)«r  tiiul  done  in  bia  bo»k  against  £»•■ 
mas ;  he  makes  th«  FkU  itseU,  tbo  primal  tnuiKgnuukni. 
the  obji>ct  of  ui  efficifiit  <lcicrvu.  In  tliis  {Kirtlculiir  bo 
goes  beyond  Augustine,  and  apparently  affords  »  eancUoti 
to  tlw  extzvino,  vr  Nii|irii-lii{Miiri*n  type  of  tttooJogy,  which 
Kftervrords  found  imineroiu  defenden —  wluoh  traces  am 
to  tlto  dirwt  agency  of  God,  niid  even  fotiuds  tlic  distia^ 
tioii  of  right  nnd  nix>iig  ultiiiiiittily  on  biH  oiiini|)ol«iit  wilL' 
But  whan  Citlvin  was  inllud  upon  to  define  bin  docCriiM 
uioru  ojin-fully,  tm  in  tlie  Contunsu*  OetuveHnU,  be  oonfinea 
himaelf  to tbe  assertion  of  apemussivo  decreo — avoUtiTO 
pennission  —  in  tbu  cvaa  of  tbo  lir»t  mil  In  othia'  worda, 
be  does  not  overstep  the  Augu&tinian  position.  lie  ex- 
plicitly uwn  thiit  (ivt-ry  d«cn-e  of  ttio  Almighty  oprini?* 
from  reasons  wliicb,  tJiough  bidden  from  uBi  are  good  find 
utifficicQt;  that  is  to  siiy,  )iv  founds  ^vill  upon  riglit,  uimI 
not  right  upon  wiW*  He  differs,  however,  both  from  A«- 
i;iistiiiu  and  LutbiT,  in  aJhrming  that  none  who  are  onoe 
converted  fall  from  a  »tii,tu  of  gmcot  the  nuinbvr  of  be- 
lievers being  ooexteiLiive  with  tlio  nunilwr  of  the  electa 
Thv  miua  peculiarity  of  Calvin's  treatment  of  this  Bob- 
jwti  us  ixMiipiirvd  m\h  tbu  iwuroe  pursuud  by  tbo  other 
Reformers,  la  tlie  greater  prominence  wlueb  he  gives  to 
Pi-itlrAtiuution.  It  staiida  in  the  foreground  ;  it  is  never 
left  out  of  eiglit.  Luther's  pnii:^ca]  handling  of  tliis 
dogma  was  c^uite  different.  Under  his  influfiii-o  it  re- 
treated more  and  more  into  the  backgroiuid,  until  not 
only  in  SJelancthon's  syrtcm,  but  also  in  tlie  later  Ln- 
tberun  theology,  imconditional  Predestination  disappeared 
altngi-tber. 

A^  a  commentator,  the  ability  of  Calvin  is  very  great. 
Tbp  first  of  his  series  of  works  in  this  department  —  hii 


■  /■■(.  at.  xillL  t  ttf. 

*  Optra  (Aintt.  ti.),  Ioiq-  rni.  SIS.    "Clsi*  ■JDma  nihil  dc«m(n  ila 
«plin»  (Biuai  (|ii*  •!  hoille  oaliU  IucukhIo  M,  ul'lmo  'Ut  t«iei><i-" 


OALVDt  AS  A  COMUENTATOB. 


303 


work  on  the  EpUtlu  tu  Uio  Roinnnfl  —  was  liHufid  wliile 
be  wiia  at  Stnisburg,  after  IiU  expulsion  from  Gciicvii. 
Tlio  pn-pitrdtioii  of  his  couiitteutariea  xna  nlwnya  tJia 
most  ooDgeiiial  of  bis  occupatioiiB.  If  \m  renders,  liu  onvu 
Mid,  gnthvrcd  as  much  prolit  fi-inn  the  perusitl,  as  hn  did 
frnm  tli«  compositiou  of  them,  lie  eliould  have  no  reason 
to  regret  the  labor  wbich  ibey  had  cost.  He  was  pos- 
Kssed  of  «n  exegetical  tact  which  few  have  eqiiided.  He 
has  the  true  spirit  of  n,  scholar.  He  duteets  irrelevmit 
tiillf  upou  It  jxissaige,  but  unfolds  its  mciuiing  in  coiioiiw 
ftiid  pointed  tomui.  Ho  ts  manly,  norur  evades  difBctd- 
tittt,  but  nlwtvy.t  grapples  with  thcnt;  iuid  he  Li  ciuidid. 
He  iiiakes,  on  i>ointa  of  dogma,  qualiiicationa  and  own- 
uuiiid  c-onee:>«tous  which  niv  gencridly  left  out  of  hi«  poIeiii> 
iuit  l[\-ati»i^,  but  wliii'b  are  indtspeusable  to  a  eorrcc-t 
appreciation  of  his  opiniona.  It  ho  created  an  cpwb  iu 
ductrinul  theology,  it  is  equally  true  that  he  did  much  to 
found  a  new  era,  for  which,  however,  Meliuiclhoii  and 
others  had  pavwl  Uic  w;ty,  in  tin;  t-xvgoitis  of  tlie  Scri[>- 
tures.  Lather  eeited  on  tlio  main  idea  of  a  passage,  bnt 
irns  len  precise  as  a  philological  critic.  Ttii;  paltn  be- 
longs to  Luther,  as  a  tnuisUtor;  to  Calvin,  as  uii  inter- 
preter of  tlie  Word. 

Xotwitfafttttitding  tlie  radical  principles  of  Culvin,  it  de- 
serves to  be  remarked  that  as  a  pmclicd  Rcfunner,  he 
was,  ip  some  marked  j>articulars,  not  the  extremist  w1ii<>h 
be  ia  commonly  sappoeod  to  have  bc«n.  Ho  did  not  f;tvor 
Uie  ioouooloiStie  mcasuroa  of  men  Itku  Knox.  He  was  not 
even  hostile  to  bishops  as  a  jure  humane  arrangement.' 
He  would  not  havw  eared  to  aV^lish  thu  four  Chrisliiin 
festivals,  which  the  Genevan  Church,  without  his  agency, 
early  discarded.  In  his  epistles  to  Sonieimit,  the  Protoo- 
tor  in  the  time  of  Edward  VI.,  and  to  tJie  English  Re- 
(onners,  ho  criticizes  fix-<'ty  the  Anglicau  Churdi.  Too 
viiidi,  he  Kaidi  vraa  conceded  to  weak  brethren,  to  Im»t 
I  Hvitrf ,  u.  us,  m. 


204        JOHN  CALVIH   AKD   TUK  QKXEVAN'   BKrORlUTKHf. 

with  the  weak  does  not  ni«ui  Uiat  "vre  are  to  hunuit 
blookboAds  who  wish  for  tills  or  (luit)  witlioiit  knowing 
why."  Ilu  tlioiight  it  n  bcuiiiIhI,  ho  \vrot«  to  Crannier 
that  6U  uixuy  pnpal  cuiruptionii  reuuun  j  for  example, 
that  "  idle  glultutu  :ir«  suppoi-U-tl  to  duuit  vespun  in  *n 
Ilnkno^vll  tongue."  lliit  lie  was  iudiffereot  respiting 
variotis  cusLotnn  and  curunioiiicii,  ^vhicJi  a.  iiioro  rigid  Purip 
tanism  mado  it  a  point  of  oonsdence  to  iibjure. 

Tliiirc  are  marked  pfrsonal  traits  of  Cidvin,  which  cz- 
hibit  theiiuelvi^H  in  \m  \tflU\rs  hikI  oilier  writingn,  and 
which  wo  shall  lind  ilhiatrated  in  the  course  of  liis  life. 
Instcnid  of  tlit^  j^^jiiulity,  wliii-h  in  one  of  tlio  native  quuli- 
tics  of  Luther,  we  find  an  aceiltity,  which  is  felt  more 
easily  than  di^oeribe-d,  uud  which,  mor«  Uuui  anything 
else,  hfis  inspired  raultjtudcs  with  aversion  to  him. 
Beia,  his  disciple,  friond,  and  hiogniphvr,  utak's  that  in 
bis  boyhood  be  was  the  censor  of  the  faults  of  hia  mates.' 
Throngh  life,  he  had  a  torn:,  in  itimindtng  men  of  their 
real  or  supposed  deliiK]ueticios,  which  provoked  ruscnt- 
moDt.  To  thoso  much  older  than  himself,  to  men  like 
Cnuimer  and  Melanctlion,  lie  wrote  in  this  iint-onscioasly 
cutting  style.  Tliero  \ras  iniidi  in  the  ti'utlifuluess,  fidel- 
ity, and  coiuitgv,  which  he  manifcHta  even  in  his  rvpruo&, 
to  ooniniiind  respect  Yet,  there  Wiis  n  tart  quaUty  which, 
ooupU-d  with  bis  unyielding  tuiiiicity  of  opinion,  wiw 
adapttfd  to  pix>voke  disesteem.  Wo  leani  from  Citlvia 
himself,  thiit  Melancthoii,  mild  as  ho  was  naturally,  wm 
•o  olTendi-d  at  tlii>  style  of  one  of  his  admonitory  opiatke, 
that  lie  tore  it  in  pieces.  The  wi-etched  health  of  Cnlrtn, 
nith  till!  (-normouH  burdens  of  labor  Uiat  rested  upon  him 
for  years,  had  an  unfavoi-ablc  eflect  u]>i>ri  a  temper  nat- 
urally irritable.  Ha  vm  occwionally  so  ciuried  away  by 
gusta  (if  passion,  tliat  he  lost  all  self-control.^     He  ao- 

'  II  ***  >  lunvat  iiImM  M  GcnovB  i  "  lleucr  lolt  Dcs*  in  dcT  llillfi  ■)•  Mil 
C*I>iii  tin  Kimiiid,"     lUiirf,  1,  171. 

*  St  l>i>  Leiitt  la  FakI  (April.  lUD).  llaaiy,  i.  tM.  Sec  ■!»,  p.  43B  t^. 
B.4a.  "Tlio  mui  i-l  liliixcupul<ilu,"C«lt1iiwr»,  "hadcenllnpMl  lilin  inM 
nhabU  liftlill."     llmry.  i.  4Ct. 


CALVra'S  PKRSONAI.   CtlAttACTESISTICS. 


206 


kaowledgra  this  fault  with  the  utmcet  fronkiivsa  ;  li«  had 
fariNl  b  vain,  be  says,  bo  tnine  "  the  wild  bi»ut  of  bis  aa- 
f^r ; "  nii(t  on  biH  death-bod  be  taked  pardon  of  tb«  Sfln- 
ute  of  Gonuvii  fur  outbuntbi  cif  pwuion,  wbilu  at  tlw  wtrae 
eii)ie  lie  thanked  them  for  tbeir  forbearance.  The  biter  bt- 
i>;'ni[ihcr8  of  Calvui,  vvl-u  each  mi  iitUnin;  Iiini  niost,  liave 
ii'miirkiid  tliat  hU  piety  wns  unduly  tingt^d  with  the  Old 
TustMUwut  ftpint.  It  U  tugnificaiit  tlutt  the  gn.-at  miijority 
fif  tliu  lexta  of  his  boniilios  luid  aermnnfl,  iih  far  lut  ttiey  have 
Ik-vu  |jn»»rrud,  nrv  from  the  aociont  Scriptuii.-it.  Iloinago 
lo  law  ia  a  part  of  bis  beii^.  To  bring  Uiougbt,  feeling, 
and  will.  t4>  bring  his  o^m  life,  and  tbe  Utus  of  utboni.  to 
bring  Churi.-h  nnd  St^ito  into  subjection  to  law,  is  his 
pnncipal  aim.  lie  ia  overoome  with  awe  at  the  inoon- 
odvabltt  pt»wer  and  holiiiCM  of  God.  T1it«  ttiou^bt  ia 
oppermoBt  in  his  mind.  Of  his  oonversii>n,  he  uTttes : 
**  God  suddejily  ]>roduced  it ;  he  middonly  subduod  my 
heart  to  the  obedience  of  Hia  will."  To  oln^y  th«  will  of 
UihI  was  bis  supremo  purpose  in  life,  nnd  in  tliie  piirpoM 
hifl  soul  was  undivided ;  no  mutinoiu  feelitig  was  sufTered 
to  iiitarrjHKW  a  mtimciitary  resistanoe.  But  the  t<-iid<.'r, 
lilial  temper  often  seenis  lost  in  tJie  feeling  of  the  siibjtvrt 
tuwnrd  liis  biwful  Ruler.  A  acnse  of  the  exaltation  of 
God  not  only  takes  away  all  fear  of  men,  but  seems  to  be 
attended  with  eoinu  toss  of  Hensibility  with  ivgurd  to 
lluHr  lot.  To  promote  tlio  honor  of  God,  and  to  Mci)r« 
that  end  at  ull  hazards,  is  the  cluef  object  in  riew. 
Wh»tt;vcr,  in  hia  judgment,  brings  diidiunor  upon  the 
Almighty,  as.  for  example,  attacks  made  upon  tbe  tratb, 
moves  bis  indignation,  and  he  ftH'ls  twund,  in  coiuici^noA, 
to  confront  such  attacks  with  a  pitiless  hostility.  He  con- 
siders it  an  imperative  duty,  na  he  fxprcaaly  d«d«rea,  to 
hate  the  onemiwi  of  God.  lu  reference  to  them,  be  euys : 
"  I  would  rather  be  crazed,  than  not  Iw  nngry." '  Hfi)c«>, 
though  not  consciously  viniictive,  and  thou)jlt  really 
>  Vmty.  i.  Mi. 


806       J01IK  CALVm  JkSD  Tm  CDIKVA5  KETORMATION. 

pbcabto  ill  Tuioiu  iiutnncfs  wheru  b*>  was  puisonaUjr 
wiODged,  he  VM  on  fire  tliu  uuniuMit  Uiat  lie  oonocirod 
tha  hofwr  of  Go«l  to  bo  aasulod.  Ilun-  difficult  it  iivuuld 
be  for  saoti  u  mau  to  discriiniiuiUi  iHanw^n  [Htntotud  twl- 
ing  Mwl  nnl  for  a  otose  vritl)  which  he  ftU  liimself  to  bo 
tlionxighly  iduntiflMl,  it  in  uisy  to  n»U4T6t»iu).  Calria 
did  nut  toudi  hiunau  life,  at  w  nuiiiy  imiiite,  as  did  Luther ; 
and  hnviugaloM  bratdeyiiiiuthy  hiiiist^'lf.ltohiuiatttiicU-d 
Imb  syinjmtlty  from  otlio-ra.  Tli«  poetic  iuspiratioii  that 
gav.  Inrth  to  tho  etirrlug  hymua  uf  thu  GiTinuii  Ki^-fonnor, 
was  not  nmuitg  lu«  giftit.  He  wrotv  a  poem  in  I^iLiii  hcx" 
antetdTB,  on  tJio  triumpli  of  Cbiist,  which  vra»  composed 
at  Worina  duiiitg  the  Coiiftjn'iK'i)  tliero  —  in  whioh  h« 
doBoribcA  Eok,  CochL'cus,  and  other  Catholic  comlutanta, 
as  dng^ped  after  th«  cluiriot  of  Uio  victorioiu  lU-doenicr. 
A  tavr  hymns,  mostly  rei'moita  of  Paalms,  haTe  lately  bwii 
traced  to  his  pen.'  It  haii  been  nuticetl  that  although  hu 
spent  thu  most  uf  hia  Vita  on  tho  borders  of  tiia  I^e  of 
Geneva,  tiu  nowliure  alhidea  to  tho  beautiful  scenery  about 
bim.  Yet,  th«rt!  is  something  improssivo,  though  it  bo  « 
di'fi*ct,  in  this  exclusive  abtiorptioii  of  his  tuiikd  tti  thin^ 
inviHibli'.  When  vn:  look  nt  his  extraordinary  intellect, 
at  his  oulttin; — which  oppouents.  liku  lioestivt,  liave  bmn 
forcc<l  to  iwmmend  —  iit  tJie invincible  energy  which  m.-wlu 
him  viidun!  with  more  than  Htoical  fortitude  infirniitiea  of 
body  under  which  most  mun  would  bavo  Bunk,  and  to 
iwrfonii,  in  the  midst  «l  ih.-m,  an  incri.iUblo  amount  of 
tnontal  tabor;  whon  wc  sco  him.  a  sclioUtr  naturally  fond 
of  seclusion,  physically  timid,  and  recoiling  from  uotori- 
uty  and  Btrifc,  abjtu'ing  the  career  tlint  was  moxt  to  his 
taste,  and  plui^ng  with  u  single-hearted,  dbuiterested  zeal, , 
and  an  indomitable  will,  into  a  hard,  protmctud  contort 
and  when  we  follow  his  steps,  and  see  what  things  lia 


>  Sm  Ciilrint  Optm,  IBcuW  st  al.)  vol.  vt  Otu  of  ihae  byTom.  tniuiMtt 
bj  1D>-  H.  U.  SmiUi,  ii  ia  Sebatt'i  callMCioi  ot  Tellgleua  fotitf,  CkrU  is  Stmg 
UN). 


OALMK   ARSIVGfl  AT  OENEVA. 


£07 


effected,  vre  cannot  deny  him  the  attribates  oi  gnatuete. 
Tho  SviiuU.-  <A  Gvnovo,  uftvr  his  dcuUi,  qwke  of  "  Uiv 
mnjesty  "  of  Ills  character. 

Calrin  puhluthcd  the  lint  odition  of  the  InsUtates,  iritli- 
ont  the  knowledge  of  any  one,  at  RobcI,  so  aTcrae  itm  he 
to  notoriety.  Apart  from  thu  ropute  of  thia  work,  bis 
fainu  iiA  an  acute,  promUing  Uwologian  vnt»  extondin^. 
)la%'tng  visited  Italy,  and  remained  for  a  wiiile  at  Ferrara, 
at  the  court  of  ttw  acoompILsIied  l>uoliei<»,  thi;  ilatigliU-r  of 
Louis  XII.,  and  tJie  protector  of  the  Protestants,  with 
whom  he  k<-pt  up  n  corrc.tpondencc  afterwanls,  he  n> 
turned  to  Itiiscl.  and  tUcnc«  made  a  secret  visit  to  France, 
and  to  bin  nativii  piaoc.  On  nccoimt  of  the  ohstmction 
of  tlifi  route  through  Lorraine,  by  the  array  of  Charles  V., 
he  set  oat  to  return  by  the  way  of  Genera.  There  lie 
arrived  on  tlic  5tli  of  Aiigiuit,  1.530,  wiUi  the  design  of 
tarrying  but  a  single  night ;  after  which  he  expected  to 
porsue  lits  journey  to  Basel.  Ilerv  oocurrod  tho  event 
tluit  sluipcil  tlie  future  course  of  liis  hfe. 

Tho  war  of  Cnppel,  in  which  Zwinglu  had  fallen,  had 
left  the  preponderance  in  tlie  Swiss  Confederacy  in  tlie 
hands  of  tliu  Cntliolio«.  They  ti.^c<l  tht-ir  power  to 
bumilintc  tii«ir  a^lvcrsaries  in  various  ways,  and  to  re- 
estabtiali  tJie  old  i-ellgiou  ui  some  districts  from  which  it 
had  been  cxpellwl  or  in  which  the  people  were  divided. 
The  Iwuling  cities  of  Zurich,  Berne,  and  Basel,  howerer, 
remained  faithful  to  the  Reformation.  A  mixtnre  of 
poIiticjLl  oirctini.itanoi^  and  religious  influences  nt  length 
created  a  new  seat  for  Protestantism  at  Genvra. 

Geneva,  lutuated  on  the  bonhtr  of  Lake  Ionian,  waa  a 
bngment  of  tho  old  Kingdom  of  Burgundy,  and  waa 
govcnieil  for  many  oentuiiea  by  tlie  lusliop,  who  waa 
clKOon  by  the  canons  of  tho  Cnthedmt.  Tho  bisliop,  by 
an  arrangement  witJi  tlie  neighboring  Counts  of  <irncva, 
dad  committed  to  them  lua  civil  jurisdiction ;  but  on 
weeding  to  offivc,  he  always  swore  to  maintain  tho  (ran- 


208         tOBS  OALVni  AND  THX  OEXKV.VX  SKt'OttUATtON. 


ehiacH  And  customs  of  Uie  citixeDK.  The  counts  liuld  t]i« 
GMtle  on  the  Isle  of  the  Rlione.  Towanl  tJio  end  of  the 
tbirteentli  century,  this  office  of  Vklanie  or  Vioe-regent, 
tn»  ttanafenvd  from  them  to  the  Dukea  of  Savov.  lliu 
city  for  the  moat  port  rulctl  itsulf  nfter  a  republtcwi  fonn, 
and  the  Emporoira  Fmdei-ic  Uarbaroasa,  Charles  IV., 
eno  Sigismund,  as  a  menns  of  protcctmg  it  ftgiiinsl  «»• 
ORHuhmenbi  on  thu  purt  of  Suvoy  mid  of  Uic  <-o(mta  of 
Qaoeva,  recognized  the  plnce  as  a  city  of  tbo  Empin.\ 
Tirioe  a  year  the  four  syndics  who  pmoticnlly  muta^^t  tlio 
govrrnmeiit  were  chosen  liy  the  iisiHMiibly  of  cititens.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth  <»>nt4iry,  the  ninlnttous 
projects  of  tbo  Vidftro<a  led  Uio  Genevaws  to  look  for  ttelp 
and  support  to  the  Swiaacnnbons.  Charles  III.,  who  became 
Duke  of  SnToy  in  l&O't,  entered  into  a  stnigglc,  for  the 
siibjugntian  of  Geneva,  which  continued  twenty  yeanB. 
Finding  it  imposrible  to  Mcuro  bis  end  by  artful  negolia- 
tion  with  tli«  citizens,  he,  with  the  lusistancc  of  Pope 
Len  X.,  forced  upon  them,  in  151;),  John,  the  Bastard  of 
Savoy,  who  became  bishop  under  the  stipuhition  thiit  he 
would  give  the  control  ot  the  city,  as  far  as  civil  iiffniri 
wcn>  concunied,  into  the  hands  of  the  Duke.  The  citizens, 
nnder  the  lead  of  Bonivard.  Berthelicr,  and  otlivr  patriota, 
made  a  Iwftve  resistance.-.  Tho  Duke  acquired  the  roastery, 
and  Berthelier  was  put  to  di'atli.  Tlie  revolution  which 
flberati.'id  the  dty  from  the  tyranny  of  Savoy  and  restond 
its  freedom,  was  nchivvcd  by  the  aid  of  Borne  and  Pret- 
borg.  Tlio  Genevans  were  divided  into  two  pi.\rtios,  the 
Confodetntcn  (  Kidg^'nussen),  who  were  for  striking  haiida 
with  tho  Swiss,  and  the  Mnmolnkos,  or  adherents  of  the 
Dnko.  The  former  were  successful,  llio  oll'uv^  of  Vi- 
dame  vrna  abolished,  and  civil  and  military  power  passed 
from  the  bisliop  into  the  hands  of  tlio  people  (!■'>^!■'l). 

The  civil  was  followed  by  an  eccleuasticol  rerolutioo. 
Bemn  bi^came  Hroti-«tn«t ;  Freiburg  remained  Catliotio 
From  Berne  a  Protestant  influence  was  exerted  tn  Geo 


PKOTESTAXTISU  ESTACUSllKD  DI  QKKEVA. 


SOS 


na.  Tito  young  people  intulv  um  of  their  liberty  ta  dis- 
regard tile  prcscrijjtious  of  the  Charch  in  respect  to  ab- 
itinonco  from  oicat  on  fast  diiys,  nnd  disputoa  oroBe 
bctwiwn  tbo  citizens  and  Uic  in^ek'siiistics.  Some  effort 
was  made  to  correct  the  dissolute  babits  of  the  prieets,  of 
whuiii  tliuro  word  throe  Imndrv-d  in  OoiiOTa,  in  ordi;r  to 
tako  IV  [Kitt'iit  M-eapmi  out  of  the  handa  of  the  reformers. 
But  PrutfistanCism,  by  tliu  offorts  of  Farel  and  otliur 
preacbeni,  gained  ground,  until  at  length,  iti  loS5,  wiLti 
the  aid  of  Borne,  a  svcoud  revulutiun  took  ploco,  in  which 
tlie  bUhop  WHS  expclli'd,  and  FrotestJintisin  was  o»tab> 
lisb«d.  In  connection  with  this  change,  tbe  adjacent  ter- 
ritory was  tionquL-ri'il,  fuid  witli  it  tbu  cnat1c«  wbich  bad 
Berved  a»  strongholds  of  the  Dulcc,  and  as  convenient 
ptaoes  of  shelter  for  fngitivcs,  and  for  tbe  organization  of 
attacks  u])on  tlio  city.  Geneva  weis  reformed,  and  at  tlie 
B»ine  tinip  gained  it«  independence.' 

The  princii>al  agent  in  planting  the  new  doctrino  in 
Gunevtt  had  l)oen  Wiltiain  Farul,  born  in  1489,  of  a.  noblt 
family  in  Gap,  in  Dauphin^ ;  a  convert  to  Protestantism, 
driven  out  of  France  by  pcmocution,  and  woIeoiiiu<]  to 
Switzerland  as  one  able  to  preach  to  tlio  Frcncb  popnla- 
tion  in  their  own  language.  Hontist  and  fearless,  but  in> 
tempemte  in  langoage  and  conduct,  he  fulminated  against 
tbe  tenets  and  practices  uf  Home,  in  city  and  country,  iu 
tdie  cburche*  or  by  tlie  wayside,  wherever  he  could  find 
an  andience.  Wherever  he  preached  his  stentorian  voice 
rose  above  tbu  loudest  tumnlt  that  was  raiM.-d  to  drown 
it.  On  one  occaiuan  he  seized  the  relics  from  tbe  hand  of 
a  priest  iu  a  procession,  nnd  flung  them  into  an  adjacent 
river.     He  wiui  frequently  beaten  and  his  life  put  in  immi- 

■  Tliv  rvTOlulinn*  in  Gtntra  Md  Iha  i>tl«ductian  «f  ttu  Vitlvnntikn  m«  d»- 
'.ritHnl  br  Riirhni,  llitlmrt  •!*  la  Jttf-yrmatiui  </«  b  SitiiH,  neuvuno  (A,.  T  toIk. 
Sj(>n,IKIfr-IKM:  »lrt>ityKampviniiU,JiihamiGtlfttt.ttt.,viH.  I.:  sail  bgxM 
iMaUbr  llM<«t>'AnUtn«,  tridaqf  it/lMtnifii-maliai  •■  Knrcpt  l»  lAi  Tim  if/ 
OiMn.  St*, al», HIj^M'*  E*mj  <a  Oilrtaluv  in  Ocasvi;  Ximiirt  /liM. 
M*d.,  ParI>,lSU]. 

U 


210        JOHN   CAU'IX   AXD  THS  OEKKVAK  REKORUAnOX. 

cent  peril.  He  waa  Kiitl  U>  tuivo  denounced  Eraamua  it 
Baxvl  U6  anothtT  Baluum,  and  Eroeinus  ivpnid  thu  compU* 
inuiit  by  du$<Tibing  Iiiin,  in  a  letter,  n»  t\u:  mmt  iirrogitnt, 
abuaive,  and  gbainelesa  man  he  li:id  ever  met  witlt.'  Tet 
Furul  did  not  limit  Liinsulf  to  dcnuiiciittion.  Ho  nnder- 
slood  well,  and  knew  how  to  inculcate  eloquently,  tlie  dis- 
tinctive doctrines  of  the  Protestant  faJtli.  IIIb  i.'»-lii!st  at> 
Lfinpt  in  Uvnera  was  in  15S2,  iuimcdiat«Iy  aCtur  tJic  fint 
Tevolution.  He  was  then  driven  from  th^  cit}',  and  owed 
Iiis  IHv  to  Um  bnnttiug  of  a  gim  tliiit  was  aiuiod  at  lunt.' 
TIio  wtoond  time  lie  u'aa  more  anccctuifut.  The  nuw  doe-, 
trine  was  eagerly  heard  and  won  numerous  diaciplee. . 
At  tJio  political  revolution,  whicli  c-xpellMl  tlio  bishop, , 
the  Prutvstant  fiuth  was  adopted  by  the  solemn  act  of  th« 
citizens.  The  general  council,  or  the  aaecrobly  of  citizens, 
li'galiKcil  the  new  order  of  divine  Bcrvicc,  which  included 
the  adminiBtration  of  tho  Supper  thrice  in  the  year; 
abolishixl  all  Uio  foativab  excejit  Sunday,  and  prohibited 
worldly  sports,  such  as  dances  and  masquerades.  Th«; 
citizens  took  tux  oatli  to  cost  off  tho  Romish  doctrine  and 
to  live  according  to  the  rule  of  the  Gospel.  Bnt  signs  of 
diaaffeotion  soon  appeared.  A  lai^  portion  of  the  !»• 
bubitants  of  this  prosperous,  luxurious,  and  pleasure- 
bving  city,  soon  grew  impatient  of  the  new  restraints 
which  they  had  accepted  in  tho  moment  of  exhilaration 
over  tlieir  newly  giuned  political  indeitcndenov.  Tlioy 
cried  out  openly  agfunst  the  preachers  and  demanded 
ireodoim. 

'lliere  is  no  reason  to  doubt  that  t]ie  morals  of  Giin«vm 
were  in  a  ]ow  state.  Tho  Savoyards  had  sought  to  secure 
the  adherence  of  tlw  yoang  men  by  means  of  dancca  and 
oonvivial  entertainments ;  and  Berthelier  endeavored  to 
bafllo  this  purpose  by  joining  with  tliem  himself  in  their 
vcttsy  bamjui'ls  and  licentious  animn-ments.  The  pricstc 
uid  monks,  according  to  trustworthy  contemponiry  ao- 
>  <^«ra,IB.U3.    Klnlihortr,  iW  £«((■  IT.  furrib,  c  iv. 


PAKKI,  S  CALL  TO  OALTDI. 


Sll 


eouBto.  vrtsTG  uxoeptionally  profligate.*  Tlio  prratitut«a, 
OT«r  vrlioin  there  waa  placml  n  qu4-c-ii  who  \raa  regiilirly 
BWorn  to  the  fiilGllmcnt  of  prcBcribetl  funotionif.  wore  fur 
Irom  Ix-iiig  oontined  to  the  qiuilvr  of  tho  city  which  vaa 
Bjiecinlly  assigned  to  tliem.  Gambling-hoiiscs  and  wiiu>* 
simps  wiTii  w;itt<>ifil  over  tlie  town.  Tiii>  ^^lrilHl»  tnotives 
of  opposition  to  tho  now  systom  were  sufRcicnt  to  de* 
Tt'Iop  ft  ponwrfiil  party  thnt  dcinnndivl  thv  old  customs 
and  tho  formor  liberty.  They  clamoped  for  deliverance 
from  the  yoki-  of  th«  ptviichen. 

Geneva  vma  in  tim  factions,  confused  state  when  Cut- 
vin  HirivM  then-,  and  took  liis  lodgings  at  wi  iiui,  with 
the  intention  «f  remaining  only  for  the  ntght.  In  his 
Preface  to  tho  Commentary  on  the  Psahna,  which  oon- 
tiiins  the  most  ititt-n'-tting  pa88i^;c«  of  autobio^iphy  that 
we  poaeeas  from  his  |)en,  he  gives  an  account  of  his  inter- 
view wilJi  Fnrtfl,  to  whom  his  lurival  had  been  reported  by 
hb  frii*nd,  Dii  Tillet.  Farrl  1>osoiight  him  to  remain  and 
assist  him  in  his  work.  Cnlvin  declined,  pleading  his  un- 
wiltiiigneas  to  hind  himself  to  any  one  phioe,  and  hifldmiro 
to  prosocutv  his  HtiidivK.  Seeing  that  his  pcrsuauons  wero . 
rniittras,  Fare]  told  bun  that  he  might  put  forward  hi* ' 
studies  as  a  pmt4-xt,  btit  Uiat  Hit  cuntc  of  God  wonld  Uglit 
on  him  if  hi>  refuited  to  etigii^  in  His  work.  Oalvin  often 
refers  to  this  declaration,  uttered  with  the  ferror  of  «' 
ptophct.  Ho  Miys  that  ho  vnrn  stmok  with  terror,  und 
fi.<lt  as  if  tlie  hand  of  the  Almighty  had  Iteen  Htn!t<-li4Hl 
lut  fmm  hvnvi-n  nn4l  hiid  upon  him.  Ho  gave  ap  his  op- 
position. "  Fare]/'  it  has  been  said,  "  garo  Genera  to 
tlie  Reformation,  and  Calvin  to  Geneva."  Ho  at  onea 
Ifegiin  his  work,  not  taking  the  jxwt  of  a  preacher  nt  Bntt, 
hut  giving  theological  lectures  of  nn  exegetieal  sort  In  the 
Church  of  St,  Peter.  Ho  eomposed  hitstily  a  cateehimn 
for  the  inHtnictionof  thv  youn^,  which  bo  deemed  »  thing 
essential  in  the  guidance  of  a  church.  A  confe.'wion  of 
Eaith,  drawn  up  by  Farel,  vw  presented  to  all  the  people, 
>  KiD)wbulU,  L  M  M4. 


112     JOHN  CALVIN   /lSD  TflE  aBNKVAN  KEFORUATIOK. 

and  hy  tJieni  formally  adapted.  A  body  of  regitli 
relating  to  diitrch  SLi'viocw  aiid  discipline,  rontJiiiiiog  strin* 
gviit  jimvinidits,  wait  liketnae  r.ititled  and  put  in  nj)CTtt> 
tiou.  Op]>o«it>on  to  tbe  doctrines  and  deviation  from  Ihe 
prnctiom  thus  aanotioni^d,  went  jx-nul  (ilTrnses.  A  liaii 
dreaaer,  for  example,  for  arranging  a  bride's  liair  in  wlmt' 
ms  deemed  un  iinsmmly  mannc-r,  was  imprisonod  for  tiro 
dftyo ;  niid  Die  motlier,  with  two  female  fri<-iid»,  who  had 
aided  in  tlio  prucfisit,  sulTt-rcd  the  snrao  penalty.  Dancing 
•ltd  card-playing  wcro  also  pumidied  by  tlw  tniigiittnibi!. 
Tbey  were  not  wrong  in  thoniBolres,  Calvin  siud,  but 
they  bad  bnm  bo  abiwcd  Uiut  Uiuru  wa«  no  other  count , 
but  to  prohibit  tbem  Altogether.  He  who  ao  dreaded 
tumnlt,  not.  only  had  to  vnconntur  Aniibitptist  fanatic 
who  appeared  in  Genera,  but  aoon  found  liiniHolf,  witb' 
hta  aB0o<antast  in  conflict  ^vith  th»  government,  and  with 
tho  majority  of  the  dozens  who  n'lHtllwl  agninitt  the  strict- 
new  of  tho  now  n^imo.'  At  the  head  of  tlie  party  of  op- 
poution,  or  of  tiie  LibortincR,  m  they  vnin  staled  by  tlin 
Mpportera  of  Calvin,  were  Amy  Porrin,  Vmuh'!,  luid  Jtsui 
PhiUppu.  who  hud  bccu  among  tht-  first  advocates  of  the 
Ref'innation.  In  tlieir  nuika  were  many  of  thu  Confed* 
eratca,  or  Eidgettotten,  wlio  had  foiight  for  the  indepen- 
dence.of  tli»  city,  j^t  G(■Jluvl^  Uie  lmpti«mid  font,  tho 
four  festivak  of  Cliri&troas,  New  Year's  Day,  the  Annun- 
nialaon,  and  the  Ascension,  vav\  the  ms«  of  niilcjivon<^l 
bread  in  the  Sacrament,  all  of  which  were  retained  in 
Berne,  hwl  been  discarded.  TIio  opponenti  of  tite  new 
system  called  for  the  restoration  of  the  Bi'riiese  cer 
monies.  Finding  them»elvc«  thwarted  by  the  autliorittesl 
ia  the  enforcement  of  ohurcli  discipline,  on  Eaxter  Snn* 
day  (1588),  tlio  ministers,  Cal%'in,  Farel,  and  Virot, 

*  lit  wu  niiiiiH'Iktl,  much  la  lili  mdnlflcklioa.  to  triMuland  an  Ulack  of  ■ 
{UfbrtBl  kiiul  f iKOi  aiiollio  iguiricr.  lltowchkrevl  wllh  AtianlunuidSiiM- 
ILuiiun.  S«*  Uenrf,  I.  lit  Hi|.  Cali-ln  ku  {■iilloiu  u  [o  tha  icnn*  wbiA; 
h*  UMd  oil  llio  •ubjn.-l  of  Ibc  Trlnily,  &nil  ilid  not  jnilit  on  Uie  iroMl  , 
See  tuMmItt,  h.  L  Ktli.  A,  V'nr  till  opinion  of  th>  At'wnuian  ctshI, 
SwnpMfcolI*.  i.  3»T, 


B&NISItUENT  OP  TRG  PBKACHEBft. 


218 


preaclu3(l  in  spitu  of  ih«  proliibition  of  tlio  flyndiui,  iuid 
ftlso  U)ok  tlifl  bold  atep  of  rofunng  to  administer  th«  mcni- 
mont,  Tliercupon.  Iiy  ii  vutv  of  tlic  Council,  which  vrtm 
continiK^  ihe  next  diiy  by  the  general  aasembly  of  the 
citizens,  tliey  were  bftnisliL-d  from  tbu  city.  Failing  in 
tlinirclTortA  to  Ko^-iire  the  iiitt-rvi-uttoti  of  Berne,  an<l  in 
other  n^gotiationa  having  tL-forence  to  thoir  restoration. 
tLi.-y  ptirtod  from  one  aiiuther,  Farel  went  to  Nwifchfilel, 
and  Calvin  found  a  cordial  reception  in  Stroabnrg.  It 
■wna  a  gcnoral  fvding.  in  wliich  Calvin  liimst-H  nhnrod, 
that  the  preachers  bad  gone  im]>rudGntIy  far  in  their  re- 
quiromonbs.  But  the  joy  ot  Cidvin  at  being  di;!ivcrM 
from  the  aiisielieii  wtkieli  be  bud  atiffered,  and  in  finding 
himself  at  liberty  to  derote  hiuuoU  to  bis  booki),  was 
grt-ntcT,  he  xiiyM,  than  under  the  drcumstancea  was  be- 
coming. But  soon  he  was  solicited  by  Bocer  to  take 
cliurgu  of  the  church  of  French  refugees  who  were  nt 
Stranbui^.  Once  more  he  wm  intiinidated  by  Buirc-r's 
uirncst  !kpj}calt  who  reminded  liim  of  tbo  example  of  the 
furtive  prophet  Jonah.  'I'liouglt  bts  )>eciiniar)'  support 
was  small,  eo  that  lie  \ra»  comjiellcd  to  tuku  lodgers  and 
even  to  sell  bis  books  to  get  the  means  of  living,  ba 
was  satisfied  and  happy.  While  at  Strasburg,  bo  was 
brought  into  intercourse  with  tlie  Saxon  theologians  at 
the  religious  conferencue  hold  between  the  years  1539 
and  1&41,  at  Frankfort,  at  Worms,  and  at  Hiig«nnu,  and 
in  connection  with  the  Diet  at  Itatisbon,  where  Contnrini 
o])peared  as  the  representative  of  the  Pope.  Like  Luther, 
Cidvin  bml  no  faitJi  in  the  practicnbleness  of  a  compromise 
with  the  Ciitholics,  and  tbe  negotiations  became  more  ai>d 
more  irksome  to  bin].  His  ignorance  of  the  German  lan- 
guage occasioned  bim  some  embarrassment.  His  talents 
and  learning  were  fully  recognized  by  the  Oennan  theo- 
logians, and  witli  MeUmctbon  he  formed  a  fiiendship 
which  continued  with  «  temjiorary,  partial  interruption, 
until  they  were  separated  by  dcaMi.    To  the  compromiwi 


S14      JOHN   CALVm   AXD   TITR  GKXEVAX  RT^tlSUATIOX. 

of  tlio  Lcipsic  Intt^riiu,  Cnlrtn  wan  inflexibly  opposed. 
On  tho  gr»at  controverted  point  of  tbc  EucbririEt,  L«  and 
Meluni:thi>a  wore  iigruiHl,  iiiid  tlifi  liittw  I'oiifijwi  to  liim 
tbc  nnxietJGfl  nhicb  weighed  heavily  npon  him  on  account 
of  the  jealousy  on  the  LutJicriui  mXv,  whicJi  was  awitkened 
bj  \m  change  of  opinion.  With  LuUier,  Calviu  nerer 
came  into  pfnoiial  coutiict ;  but  ho  wiu  delight^xl  to  hear 
that  Uie  Snxon  loa<ler  had  read  Home  of  kin  books  with 
'*  singuliir  satisfaction,"  bud  betrayed  no  irritation  at  his 
dllluTvnce  on  tlie  question  of  the  Supi>cr,  and  had  ex- 
pvennved  a  high  degree  of  confidence  in  his  ability  to  be  ub6- 
ful  to  the  Cliiircb.  Ho  thought  Luther  a  miicli  grcabir  man 
than  Zwiiiglc,  but  that  botli  were  one^oided  and  too  much 
under  tlie  sway  of  prejudice  in  tboir  combat  npon  the 
Eucharist.  He  vxcluinui  Ituit  lie  nhould  never  cntso  to 
revere  Lather,  if  Lutbi-r  were  to  call  him  a  devil.'  When 
called  upon  at  a  later  day,  after  tlie  dcAth  of  Melancthon, 
to  tike  the  field  against  bigoted  Lutherans,  he  brenka 
oat  with  tho  exclamation  :  "  O  PhiUp  Melancthon,  I  dt- 
rwt  my  words  to  thee  who  now  livest  bofore  Go<l  with 
Jesus  Christ,  and  there  art  \vaiting  for  iia  till  we  are 
gathorvd  with  tlioe  to  that  blc!tti-d  tvstl  A  hundred 
tiiiuia  hiist  tlioa  said,  when,  wearied  with  labor  and  op- 
proBSu-d  with  anxii^tios,  thou  hast  hiid  thy  head  affection- 
ately upon  my  bosom :  *  O  that,  O  that  I  mi^it  die  upon 
this  boeom  ! ' "  But  itotwitlistanding  their  friendship, 
Mehincthon  could  not  be  prevailed  on  to  exim"**  himself 
in  favor  of  Calvin's  doctruie  of  predestination,  though  the 
lattvr  dedicated  to  him,  in  flattering  terms,  a  treatise  on 
the  subject,  and  by  letters  sought  to  enlist  hi^  support. 
Calvin  was  bringing  in,  Melancthon  wrote  to  a  friend, 
till'  8toiu  doL'trine  of  fate.^  When  RoUi^o  wait  taken  into 
custody  for  vehemently  attackmg  this  doctrine  in  public, 
BifelaQothon  wrote  to  Cainorarius  that  tJicy  had  ptit  a 


CALVIX   AT  STRASBUTtO. 


tu 


man  in  priaon  at  Geneva  for  not  agreeing  with  Zeno.* 
The  rcUitionii  of  Culvin  to  the  friondu  of  Zwingic  and  to 
the  churches  which  had  been  established  under  his  ana- 
picvft,  wore  far  n  wliilu  uiuettlod.  Ciilvin's  Bucharistio 
doctrine  differed  from  that  of  the  Zurioh  reformer,  aiid 
he  was  suspcctoti  of  iin  itiU-ntion  to  introduce  thi-  Luthoraa 
theory.  He  succeeded  in  convincing  them  that  lht8  sus> 
picion  was  gTOundIl^sR,  und  in  bringing  about  a  union 
through  the  acceptance  of  common  formularies.  The  6u:t 
lliiit  /wingh;  luid  rather  profoMcd  tim  doctrine  of  predes- 
tination as  a  philosophical  theorem,  than  brought  it  for- 
ward in  popular  tcadiiiig,  rcqtiircd  special  exertions  on  tlio 
part  of  Calviu  to  quiet  the  nusgivinga  of  the  Swiss  respeot- 
ing  tliis  point  also.'  In  this  olTort  he  was  likewise  suf^esa- 
ful.  Yet  Heme,  partly  from  the  diHfavor  which  it  felt 
towards  minor  peculiarities  of  tJie  Genevan  cultiis,  but 
obicfly  owing  to  the  disappointment  of  political  Bchomea, 
never  treated  Calvin  with  entire  confidence  and  friendli- 
nen. 

While  at  Strashiu^,  Calvin  was  married  to  the  widow  of 
fU)  Anabaptist  pn^acher  whom  be  bad  converted.  Sereral 
previous  attempts  to  negotiate  a  marriage,  in  which  be 
bad  proceeded  in  a  quite  basuie«»-liko  npirit,  with  no  out- 
lay of  sentiment,  bad  from  various  causes  proved  abortive. 
The  lady  whom  he  married  aiq>ear8  to  have  been  a  person 
of  rare  worth,  his  life  with  her  was  one  of  unintemipt»d 
harmony ;  and  when,  nine  years  after  tlielr  manioge,  alio 
died,  his  deep  grief  proved  tlio  tenderness  of  his  attocb- 


t  Hglancltion  HJil  that  Ihty  tuul  nrlred  Uia  (aUlIitlo  docUiot  ol  I^unatlnl 
Tail*.    Thii,  ■!«,  wtM  on*  of  Ihg  moat  oOnuIvs  iMUMtfont  o(  DoIh<o. 

1  Olrin  crilirlua  Ztriti^f'f  Irtamtnt  of  (hit  doclriaa,  jn  >  li^llrr  In  fliilSn. 
);vilB«nn«t.rclxxxix.l.  Tlir  hik*nnnQmo(  tb*  Strim  (hitirliiv  in  the  nH 
of  IIoImt  wu  irrjr  ttxalioat  (o  Olrin,  ■*  IhiB  and  olhn  iMun  thtxf.  71w 
Mm>p<)nil*nM  on  Uiii  ru*  Sii>lnicllT*l}>  •xhroll*  Iho  unnritliniciieM  et  (ha 
Zwtnliliin  churHwt  (o  ptoa  Ui*  docMiw  el  pmlntlnallDa,  an  CaJvhi  w^uU 
Willi.  Thriir  njiif  iuin  ut  •yiiipiUhy  ntn  'try  qualUt«d  and  conmraltwd- 
Iliil'luK''r  lixik  <|uito  anoUier  loni  lu  rrFonrntc  la  ScrrtliU,  when  Ih«  iloctriaa  U 
(hi  TTini(y  wiu  uuitud. 


MM     JOBK  CALVI.N   AXU  1'IIK  OtUiKVAH  RKroRjIA'nO!). 

nwnt.  Ilift  only  ctiUd,  a  son,  lived  but  a  short  time.  It 
may  b«  iwiuBrkcil  Ii.'-re  tlint  CiUviii  »-iig  fur  from  bi'-iug  un- 
uuAovptibli'  to  Iriendfibip.  Witli  Farel  and  Viret  he  vna 
uuiteil  ill  llie  clmeat  bond*  of  intJiuiicy.  Tltough  scboolod 
to  submission,  when  be  hears  of  t)te  death  of  one  after 
another  of  lu»  friends,  lie  gives  expression  to  his  sorrovr, 
BonietJioee  in  pathetic  hinguage.  Bexa  loved  hira  oh  i 
intiwr. 

Three  years  after  hia  expulsion  he  was  recalled  to 
Gcatova  by  the  united  voiol-b  of  the  goremment  nud 
people.  'Hie  distracted  coixiitioti  of  the  city  oaused  nil 
eyes  to  turn  to  him  as  the  only  hope.  Disorder  and  vice 
hod  boen  on  the  iiK-re<u»e:.  Scenes  of  liccntimisncss  and 
▼iolenee  were  witnessed  by  day  and  by  night  in  the  streets. 
1^  Catiiolicft  were  hoping  to  see  tliv  old  ri'ligion  ru< 
stored.  There  w.-u  a  proe|)ect  that  Itenie  would  find  its 
profit  in'tht!  aniirdiicnl  situation  of  its  neighbor,  and  v*- 
taltlisli  itA  control  in  Genera.  Of  the  four  Syndics  who 
had  been  active  in  the  banishment  of  the  preachers,  one 
had  broken  bin  m^k  by  n  fall  from  a  win<ll>^v,  aiiolluT 
had  been  executed  for  murder,  and  the  i-eniaining  two 
had  been  biiiiishcd  on  suspicion  of  ticason.  Tim  eon* 
e«ieiico>t  of  nuiiiy  wer«  alarmed  at  tlteae  owiirriTiicoa. 
Meantime  Cardinal  Sadolct.  Bisliop  of  Curpciitr:ia,  ad- 
drcsw^l  to  the  Senate  a  very  peiwiasivo  letter,  free  from 
all  acrimony,  imd  couched  in  a  flattering  style,  for  the 
purpoHe  of  bringing  tlwi  city  back  to  the  told  of  the 
CatJiotic  Church.  To  this  documer.t  CaJvin  published 
a  ma»terly  rc]ily,  in  wliieli  be  expressed  his  undying 
interest  in  the  welfare  of  the  Genevan  Church,  and  re- 
viewed the  Protectant  controversy  with  singular  (oree 
iind  cletixnem.  *'  Here  is  a  work,"  said  Lutlier,  on  read- 
ing it.  "  that  lias  hands  and  feet."  The  personal  n-min- 
iaeonoes  relating  to  his  conversion,  which  are  interwoven, 
make  it,  as  a  contribution  to  his  biogrnpliy.  only  si'cond 
In  importance  to  the  Pn-faoe  to  the  Panlms.      It  made 


CALVIN'S  Rcnmn  ro  aexBvA. 


2r 


ft.  moet  favorable  impression  at  Qen«va,  and  au  edl- 
tion  of  it  was  publishMl  by  thti  autliuritiue.  Tbv  city, 
tom  b;  Action,  vritli  a  guvonitiuiut  too  w(-ak  to  uxfireiae 
effective  control,  turucd  to  the  baiusheii  preacher,  who 
had  n«vcr  been  without  a  body  ot  wurin  lulhurviit*,  liow- 
aver  orerbome  in  the  excitement  that  attended  hia  expul- 
uon.  Hore  wiis  aiiuUi<.r  JiiHttUKW  in  nbich  Providane« 
Boemed  to  intcrpoee  to  baffle  his  cherished  plans,  and  to 
uan  him  for  a  purpoae  not  his  own.  H«  could  nut  tliiiik 
of  going  back,  without  a  sliuddor.  The  recollection  of 
his  conjlicts  there,  iui<l  of  thu  troublt's  of  coiiiu.<ionco  ho 
had  Buffered,  vaa  dreadful  to  him.*  I)ut  be  oould  iwt 
lotjg  vitlisUind  tbo  iinfinimouH  opinion  of  his  frionds  and 
tiw  earttedt  imjiortunitii'-a  of  the  (Jcncviui  Scniiti.t  and 
pooj-lo.  To  the  eoUdtjttioos  of  the  deputies  who  followed 
him  from  Stninbiirg  to  Wonns,  ha  answered  moro  with 
tears  than  words.  His  consent  wan  at  longtli  obtained, 
tmd  once  inoru  lio  t'wk  vt]}  his  abode  in  Genera,  there  to 
live  for  the  reniaiiido.r  of  his  days. 

Of  the  syHtunt  of  cculcHastioul  and  ctvil  order  which 
was  formed  under  bis  inflneiice,  only  the  onlUnes  can  hero 
bo  given.  His  idea  whh  tliat  thu  Church  idiould  bo  dis- 
tinct from  the  State,  but  that  botli  should  be  intimately 
connoctod  and  mutually  coiipenitivo  for  a  commort  end  — 
the  rcAlixation  of  tlic  kingdom  of  God  in  tlic  lives  of  the 
people.  The  Church  was  to  infuse  a  religious  spirit  into 
Uiu  State ;  the  State  was  to  uphold  and  (oeter  the  inter- 
ests of  llie  Church.  For  tlie  inftlructtoii  of  tlio  pectin, 
pCMt^ers,  wIioM  qualiBcations  have  been  put  to  a  thorough 
test,  mu&t  be  appointed,  and  R!S[>i>c-t  for  them  and  atten- 
tion to  tlieir  niinistmtioiis  niuat  be  enforced  by  law.  So 
the  training  of  the  cbildr<.-n  in  Uk'  ciiLuchiKin  i»  indis- 
pensable, and  this  muiit  likewise  be  secured,  if  necessary, 
by  the  intervention  of  tbo  luagistriitf^'.  The  Tln-eoOouii- 
oUb,  or  Senator,  the  Little  Council,  or  Council  of  Twenty- 
>  Sm  hi*  Utlon,  BcncM  1. 143,  irt,  907,  S44. 


218      JOIDi  CALVIS   AND  THE  GKSKVAS  ItEFOMLltlON. 


five.  th«  Council  of  Sixty,  and  Uio  Council  of  Two  Hon* 
dn-d.  which  hml  cxislvd  before,  were  not  Ebolishec),  but 
their  functions  and  relative  prerogatives  w  ore  nmteri&Uy 
changed.  Thv  drift  of  nil  tliv  political  clmnges  was  to 
concentrate  power  in  the  bands  of  the  I^ittle  Council,  und 
to  udce  it  away  bom  tlic  other  hodivA,  iind  iwpecially  from 
the  General  Council,  or  popular  assembly  of  the  citizens. 
Eookaiastical  discipline  wus  in  tlio  hnnds  of  the  COH- 
8UT0BY,  a  body  composed  of  the  preachers,  who  at  6r»t 
were  six  in  iiuniVH.T,und  of  Iwiou  lis  ntiuiy  If)yin<;ii ;  thu  Itty- 
men  being  nomtimtod  by  the  preachers  and  dioson  an- 
nually by  tlie  Little  Council,  but  the  Genenil  Council 
having  ft  veto  upon  their  ii  p  point  men  t.  Calvin  thus  n>- 
rived,  under  a  peculiar  form,  tlie  Eldership  in  the  Chwrch. 
It  had  existed,  to  bo  snro,  in  some  of  the  ilwinglinn 
Cburelies,  but  not  as  an  effective  organization.  The 
prx^iicliorfl  were  cliosen  by  tlie  ministers  nirendy  in  oflico  ; 
they  gave  proof  of  their  qualifications  by  publicly  prea«li- 
iiig  H  Mormon,  at  which  two  members  of  tbo  Little  Cotincil ' 
were  present.  If  the  ininittters  approved  of  the  learningof 
the  candidate,  they  presented  him  to  the  Council,  and  his 
election  Iniving  been  6»nclioned  by  that  body,  eight  days 
were  given  to  tlie  |>eople,  in  which  they  might  bring  fo^ 
ward  oltjcclioiw  if  they  had  any,  to  bis  appointment.  The 
(^onaifilory  hml  jurindiction  in  matrimonial  aiuses.  To 
this  bcdy  was  committed  a  moral  cmsoi'sltip  that  ex- 
hmdeil  ove-T  the  entire  life  of  every  inhabitant.  It  wna 
a  court  before  which  any  one  might  be  summoned,  and 
whicli  could  not  be  trcntcd  with  contumacy  or  disro- 
sppot  without  bringing  upon  the  offender  c^vil  penal- 
ties. The  power  of  excommunication  was  in  its  hands ; 
iuid  oxenmmunication,  if  it  continued  beyond  a  cer> 
tain  time,  was  likenrise  followed  by  penal  eonsequenecs, 
'JTioiigh  ostensibly  purely  H{)iritunl  in  its  function,  the 
Conastory  might  hand  over  to  the  magistrate  traos- 
gressom  whose  otTenscs  irere  deemed  to  bo  grave,  or  vihc 


TlIE  GEKEVAK   LAWS 


219 


nluMd  tu  Bubmit  to  correction.  Tko  city  was  divided 
into  districU,  and  in  each  of  theni  a  preoclter  siud  cider 
had  super! ntundonoo,  thu  ordiiiitnco  being  tluit  nt  leust 
once  in  a  yenr  every  ^mily  must  be  x-iaited,  and  receive 
ftucb  admonitioQ,  counsel,  or  comfort,  a»  its  condition 
miglit  cilU  for.  Kv«ry  sick  person  was  required  to  send 
(or  Ibe  minister.  From  this  \-igiIiuit,  stringout,  univer- 
sal .(upcrvisinn  Uiere  was  no  eicnpo.  Tliore  was  iio 
reapect  for  persons ;  the  high  and  the  low,  the  rich  and 
tlie  poor,  were  alike  subjected  to  one  inilexiblu  rul«.  In 
the  Consistory,  by  tacit  consent,  Calvin  took  the  post  of 
Ttcdident.  'llio  nuaistora  —  tho  Vknebarlr  Company, 
as  they  were  styled  —  met  together  onoo  a  month  for 
mutual  fraternal  censure.  CandidatoM  for  the  mlni&try 
were  examined  luul  ordained  by  tliem.  'I'hi^y  w<;re  to  bo 
kept  up  to  a  high  standard  of  professional  qu-tlitications 
antt  of  conduct.  Calvin,  it  may  be  obsur\'cd,  fi-lt  the  im- 
portance of  an  effective  delivery  :  he  speaks  against  the 
reading  of  sermons.' 

In  the  fnuniug  of  the  civil  laws,  Calvin  hod  a  control!- 
ii^  tnflucnco.  Mis  K-gid  t^duattion  qualified  him  for  such 
a  work,  and  so  gi'cat  was  the  respect  entertained  for  him 
that  he  wne  made,  not  by  any  effort  of  his  own,  the  vir- 
tual l<>gi«hitor  of  the  city.  The  minutest  affairs  ei^aged 
his  attention.  Recitations  for  the  watching  of  tlte  gates, 
and  for  Uie  suppression  of  fires,  nro  found  in  his  hand- 
writing. An  examiiiKtion  of  t]>e  Ciciicvon  code  shows  tliu 
strong  influence  of  the  Mosaic  legislation  on  Calvin's  con- 
ception of  a  wt'Il-(>«lorc<)  community-.  BoUi  tlie  spcci:d 
statutes  and  the  general  theocratjo  cliaracter  of  the  lie- 
brew  commonwealth  wcru  never  out  of  lughU'  In  all 
points  Calvm  did  not  find  it  practicable  to  coulunu  to 
bis  own  tlioorii.li.  One  of  his  canlinid  principles  is  Uiat 
to  Uto  oongrt^tion  belongs  *he  obwce  of  its  religiona 
teadiers ;  but  it  was  provided  at  Gcm^va  that  the  Col- 
>  0007,  d.  Ub.  *  KmiMballa.  L  *1T. 


tons  OALNIU   AND  TIUI  OKNRVAX   KKFOKilATIOM. 

Wgiam,  or  Society  of  Preadien,  should  select  persona  to 
fill  vacandes,  and  to  the  congregation  waa  loft  only  a 
veto,  which  wu  rogurck-d  mon;  m  u  iuim\nn\  tliitii  a  niii 
prorogatiTe.  Whalevsr  may  have  been  the  iiiflLicitcu  of 
CnlvinUm  on  society,  Calvin  Iiimaelf  vrus  unfavorable  to 
domoorjcy.*  It  is  reinarkstble  tliat  almost  at  the  beghl- 
ning  of  his  earliest  writiiig,  the  Comuiontary  on  Seoeca, 
tliore  its  nu  vxprvs^oit  of  contempt  for  Uu!  populnco.  Ilia 
experit-nocs  at  Geneva,  and  especi&lly  the  diitigors  to 
which  his  dvil  as  w«ll  its  eccksStMical  ayst«tii  would  b6 
liablv  if  it  were  at  tlic  diRposal  of  s  popular  aaaembly, 
oonfirmed  his  inclination  to  an  aristocratic  or  oligarchic 
oonstitution. 

Cnlviii  luul  iK^giin,  after  h:a  return,  with  moderation, 
with  no  miiDtfvstution  of  vindictlvcness,  and  without  nn- 
d«rtjtkitig  to  1-emovc  the  other  prenchcnt  who  hud  been  ap- 
pointed by  the  opposite  party  in  Itis  abaenoe.  But  symp- 
toma  of  disaffcetion  went  not  long  in  appearing.  The 
mon  the  new  system  was  dev«loi>i:!d  in  its  diaraoteristic 
futtures,  tlte  more  loud  grew  the  opposition.  Let  us 
glance  At  the  ]>artioj<  in  this  long  continued  oonfliot. 
Against  Calvin  were  the  I.il>erlinra,  as  they  were  styled. 
They  oonsisted  of  two  different  classes.  There  were  tlio 
fanaticnl  Antinoiniaiis,  iin  ofltdioot  from  the  sect  of  tlio 
I'rce  Spirit,  who  combined  pantheistic  theology  with  a 
kx  morality,  in  which  the  marriagu  rolation  was  pnieti* 
oally  sabvortod  and  a  theory  allied  to  the  modern  '*  free 
love"  was  more  or  Ins  openly  avowed  and  pnuiticwl. 
Their  number  was  sufficient  to  form  n  diingi-rous  faction, 
and  it  appears  to  bo  proved  that  among  them  were  per- 
sons in  affluent  circumstances  and  pOMCncd  of  much  in- 
fluence. United  with  the  "  Spirituels,"  as  this  class  of 
Libertines  was  tinned,  ^verc  tlie  I'litrints,  as  they  Rt>'led 
tbetnsolvt.'S ;  those  who  were  for  maintaining  the  demo- 
<mio  oonstitution,  and  jealouH  of   tlio  Fronchinen  and 

>  Fm  hi<  npinion  at  ■'tbaii<m[il«."  •»  KiiiiiT>eliiilt«,  L  US. 


PAKTIES  IN   GENEVA. 


221 


other  toniptitn  wlio  had  migrntod  in  Ivgo  nambcn  to 
QenevA,  and  to  whom  tho  aupporten  of  Cnlnn  were  foi 
girti^  the  rights  of  oitjzena.  Tlie  licentious  free-thinkvra, 
Um  njitivo  Ocnevmo  of  democratic  |>rocIt\'it4e8  and  «]>- 
pnaed  to  the  grantiiig  of  potittciU  power  to  the  tmmigrjuits, 
and  thv  multitude  who  chafed  iiuder  the  nov  rfstriUDta 
put  upon  Uieni,  gnidmdly  oombinwl  itgninnt  the  new  ay*- 
t«m  and  the  man  who  wa«  its  principal  author.  On  tho 
other  ndo  were  tlHUHt  who  preferred  tho  order,  indepon- 
d«nco,  moralitj,  and  temporal  prosperity  which  werv  tho 
fruit  of  the  new  order  of  tilings,  nnd,  in  tlio  exi&tjng  dr- 
ciimstances,  were  inseparable  from  it.  and  especially  ull 
who  tlioroughly  accuptctl  thfr  Protestant  syatem  of  doc- 
trine as  expounded  by  CalTin.  Id  the  ranks  of  this  party, 
which  maintained  its  ascendency,  Uiongh  not  wiliiout 
perilous  struggles,  were  tlie  numurous  forcipncm,  who  had 
been,  for  the  most  part,  driven  from  th<jr  homes  by  persa- 
cuCiun,  and  had  been  drawn  to  Geneva  by  the  presence  of 
Gftlvin  and  by  tho  reli^ouR  wfstem  catabltHht^d  tlierc.  On 
a  sini^W  oouuion  not  k-ea  than  Ihreo  hnndrcd  of  these  wore 
natuiaUzed.  That  wide-spread  dimlfcctiou  dliould  exist, 
was  inevitable.  Tlie  attempt  wns  mode  to  extend  orur  a 
city  of  tNventy  tJioisand  tnlutbitant^,  wonted  to  freedom 
and  little  fond  of  restraint,  the  strict  discipline  of  a  Cal- 
rinistic  diurch.  Not  only  protnnuness  imd  dninkcnncfls, 
biit  ix'crriitioitji  which  hud  boon  eonndared  innocent,  and 
diveigent  tbeolc^cal  doctrines,  if  the  effort  was  made  to 
diueminiitii  th(rm,  went  severely  puniBhcd.  In  156S, 
aodur  the  atom  code  whidi  was  eatubltHbni  tuider  the 
mispioes  of  Calvin,  a  child  was  bohoadud  for  striking  its 
father  and  mother.  A  child  sixteen  years  old  for  attempU 
intj  to  strike  its  mother,  wiui  santaDoed  to  death,  but,  on 
aaconnt  of  its  youth,  the  senteaoR  was  ooinmuted,  and 
baring  boon  publicly  whipiM«d,  with  a  coni  nbont  its  neck, 
U  was  banisbed  from  the  city.  In  l.Vt.5  a  woman  was 
duutisud  with  rods  for  finging  secular  Bongs  to  Uto  melody 


222      JOHN   CAI-VIS   AJTD   THE  CENEVAS  BCTO»[ATION. 


of  tlio  Pealms.     In  1579  a  cultivated  gnntleman  vae  im- 
pi'intiiHsl  for  twc lit)'- four  hours  becauso  he  was  found  rtr.id 
iiiff  Poggio,  anil  having  been  compell<^  to  bum  tli<t  book 
he  WHS  ux|)cUed  from  the  city.     Dancing,  and  the  man- 1 
nfiicture  or  titto  of  conb,  tmd  of  iitne-pina,  brought  dowai 
upon  die  delinffuent  the  rengeanoe  of  the  laws.      Eron 
tho«e  who  looked  tipon  a  thinoo  were  not  exempt  from 
pnnishment.     The  prevalence  of   gambling  and  the  in- 
(leoeot  oceumnccs  at  bulls  fumtshcd  tho  ground  for  these 
Btringent  enactinenta.     To  give  the  nikntM  of  Catholiol 
Mints  to  children  was  a  penal  offense.     In  criminal  pro-| 
oeases,  torture  was  fn^ely  used.  According  to  tJie  custoiai 
of  tiie  times,  to  elicit  testimony  and  confession  ;  and  doAtli  j 
by  fire  was  the  penalty  of  hcrtisy.    It  la  no  tvonder  thatij 
the  prisons  became  filled  and  the  executioner  was  kept 
busv.' 

The  RupprcAAion  of  outspoken  religious  dissent  by  force 
was  an  ineintabie  result  of  the  principles  on  which  the 
Genevan  stato  was  established.  Tliu  Rcforinors  can  never 
be  fiurly  judgexl  unli^ss  it  is  kept  in  mind  that  they  were 
strangers  to  tJie  limited  idea  of  the  proper  function  of  the 
sl^ito,  whicti  has  come  into  vogne  in  mort^  recent  times. 
The  ancient  religions  wore  all  slate  reli^ona.  It  was 
a  universal  conception  that  a  nation,  like  a  family,  must 
profi^js  but  one  faith,  and  practice  the  same  religious 
rites.  The  toleration  of  the  ancients,  which  Itas  been 
lauilod  by  modem  sceptical  writers,  was  only  such  as 
polythiiism  ri'rquiros.  The  wonthip  of  a  nation  ^vas  sa- 
cred williin  its  territory,  and  among  its  own  people.  halbA 
to  introduce  foreign  rites,  or  make  proselytes  of  Roman 
citizens,  wiM  contrary  to  Rom-in  law,  and  was  scTorely 
punished.  Tliia  policy  was  conformed  to  the  general 
feelin<;  of  antt<iuity.  'llic  early  ChriHtliui  fathers,  as 
Tertullian  and  Cyprian,  spoak  against  coercion  in  lantleTS 
of  religion.^     After  the  downfall  of  hcatlionism,  the  au> 


I  XunpHlialm  II.  m,  4t«j  kIvu  (UliilN*. 

*  Tti«  pUBi}^  art  gLTcn  in  I jmbordi,  ItiUmit  /ujmMlUmt,  u  IL 


BCLIGtUUS  PEBSEaiTKM. 


228 


Wpoip  of  Coii8tanuno  enforced  conformity  to  the  religion 
of  thi;  Eiupiro ;  und  CoiwtAnttn«  l)ini»:lf  did  tlLo  eiintu 
vritbin  the  pale  of  the  Christian  Church,  as  is  sevii  in  titu 
Arian  controvtrsy.  Tht^'O  was  persecution  both  oii  tJia 
orthodoxiiiuloit  the  Arian  »de.  Serere  Uwh  wt^rrt  unnotitd 
against  the  Manichsuis  and  Doniitists.  Augustine,  who 
in  his  ««rlior  vrritinga  had  opposed  iha  \uni  of  foivu  for  thu 
spread  of  trutii,  or  Uio  extirpatitm  of  wror,  altered  hia 
vicw.i  in  Uut  DoiiatiHt  conlroversy.  He  would  not  liava 
capitul  piini«htiivnt  intlictetl,  butwoutd  uonfiiio  the  penal- 
tiea  of  Itt-TVHy  to  i  iii  prison  men  t  or  banishment,  tlie  oouliA- 
catiun  of  goods  and  civil  disabilities.  ThvoLlosius  has  Iho 
uiwnvinblo  distinction  of  tncoqwrnting  the  tliuory  of  per- 
aecution  in  an  elaborate  code,  wliich  threatened  death  to 
hcri^tics ;  and  in  his  reign  tltu  tvrm  InquUitor*  of  tbo 
faitli  first  appears.'  The  fet'ling  of  the  necoaaity  of  uni- 
formity in  rehgiotis  boUcf  and  worslup,  and  of  the  obligii- 
tion  of  rulera  to  puninh  and  to  oxt«riuiiuit«  iotidelity  and 
heresy  witliin  their  dominions,  was  universal  in  tlie  Mid- 
dle Ages.  Imiuccnt  III.  ooforc^d  this  obligation  ti[ion 
princL-s  under  thr  threat  of  cxcoinmtinicsition,  and  of  tho 
forfeiture  of  their  crowns  and  dominions.  In  120(1  ho 
established  thu  Inquisition.  It  is  trtiu  that  tho  Cborcli 
kept  up  the  custom  of  asking  the  magistrate  to  spare  the 
life  of  the  condemuud  heretjc ;  but  it  was  un  pmpty  [or- 
mality.  1l\k  Church  inculcntcd  the  bixrluUtcM  of  the 
BSTerest  pmiialim<!nt8  in  auoh  cases.  Leo  X.,  in  his  Hull 
iiguinst  LtiUicr,  in  16S0,  oxplicltly  condemns  the  propoeu- 
tioa :  "  Haxeticoa  comburere  cat  contra  voluiitatem  Spiri- 
tos."  No  historical  ntudent  n«eds  to  be  told  wluit  an  in- 
calculable amount  of  evil  lias  been  xvrought  by  Catholioa 
and  by  Protestants,  from  n  mislnkcn  belief  in  IhrpiTpotual 
validity  of  tliw  Mosaic  civil  K-gislatton,  and  from  a  oon- 


>  Btr  Ibthutoiy  a(pcna:uii«ii.K«  Umb^rdi,  t.  lili  GIbbvn,  «b.  XKrtl.i  1h« 
Ml.  "  B>rMia  "  in  llanai;,  Bnt-Stfif.  J-  TAmI.  ;  httky,  ItiUmry  rf  ttaiimml 
faM  ii  Eunft,  th.  It.  (U.). 


S24      JOHN  CALVIN   AMD  TUB  GRdnrAH   KEFOIUtATIOK. 

lutinding  of  tb«  spint  ot  Uio  old  dispensatjon  with  tliat  oi 
thu  iititv — ail  overlooking  of  th«  progrufttirc  dnuuoter  of 
Divine  It«veUtion,  The  Re{onn«ra  beM  that  offotueai 
agiuiittt  Uiu  first  table  of  the  liitv,  nut  luw  thiui  tho  seocmd, 
fall  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  magistrate.  To  protect 
anil  fijelcr  pure  rt-ligion,  and  to  put  down  fulau  reU^oa,j 
vaa  that  [ii^ii't  ol  his  otUce  to  wbich  lie  was  moat  aociedlj 
buitnd.  Uc'.':Mton;d  uttorunctt,  it  ia  tni«,  which  aeem] 
liiirhingi^i'h  uf  a  bt-ttor  dity,  full  from  tJie  lips  of  Prot 
«etju)t  li'iidcrs.  Zwiiiglo  was  not  disposed  to  perseoution 
LutlMir  uaid,  in  rt^rvruiKHi  to  Uio  prohibition  of  liis  rvrsiv 
of  tho  New  Toatanieiit :  "  Over  the  eouU  of  men,  Gc 
can  and  will  have  no  one  rule,  save  Iliuuulf  alone  j "  audi 
in  bin  buok  iig.uiu(t  the  Anabaptiats,  be  saya:  "It  is  not 
right  that  tliey  sliould  bo  shockingly  murder,  burn,  andj 
cru<;lly  slay  nucli  wretched  people ;  tliey  ahouKl  let  eve 
one  believe  what  he  will ;  with  the  Sdipture  and  Qod'l 
Word,  tliey  should  vheck  and  withatoud  them ;  wiUi  Are 
tliuy  will  accomplish  little.  The  exeontioners  on  this 
plan  woaUl  be  tlio  most  Ivnrnvd  doctors."*  But  the 
noblu  words  mther  exprctfi  tliQ  diotate«  ot  Luther's  hu- 
mane impulflBS  than  definite  principle))  by  nhit^h  he  would 
comixlently  abide.  It  is  often  charged  upon  ttie  Protes- 
tants tlieuiKclvtw  ns  a  flngnint  inconsistency  tliitt  whilst 
tlii^>y  wt-ie  pci^ccuUid  th<.-Tii»<.-lvi'«,  they  wore  willing,  and 
Bumctiintst  eager,  to  persecute  otJiera.  So  far  is  Culrtn 
from  bemg  impraised  witii  this  incunj^-iiity.  that  ho  writee: 
"  Seeing  that  tbe  defenders  of  the  Papacy  are  so  Imtter 
and  bold  in  behalf  of  thvir  superstitions,  that  in  thetr 
tttrocaons  fury  they  sliud  tlie  blood  ol  the  innocvnt,  it 
dioald  aliame  Chrisdiin  magistrates  that  in  the  protection 
of  otrtein  truth,  thvy  nn;  entinrly  d<-stitnte  of  spirit."* 
The  repressive  mensures  of  Catholi«  rulen  trern  an  exam- 
ple for  Protestant  rulers  to  cinulivto !  There  were  voices 
Docauonally  riused  in  fav>r  of  toleration.     The  case  o* 

1  Walcb,  X.  (HI,  :<TI.  '  Boiuiet,  letLcrMMXT. 


cojrrMis  or  calvik. 


SS6 


Serretua,  prolmbly,  Icitdcti  more  Umn  any  singls  cveot  to 
produce  wiser  and  more  charitable  vievs  on  this  subject. 
Free-thi  likely,  who  Jifttl  no  cuiiviutious  for  which  tb«j 
would  die  themselves  —  the  apostles  of  indifferenon  — 
mtn  uittumlly  eariy  in  the  field  in  fuvor  erf  the  righta  of 
opinion.  Bat  religious  toIeraUon  could  never  ohtiiiu  n 
gununtl  sn'j»y,  until  the  limitatioQs  of  human  responsi- 
bility, and  the  limited  function  to  which  the  State  ia 
[>n>pcrly  rc^triottKl,  wcru  butter  understood.  A  more  en- 
lightened charity,  which  makes  larger  allowatioc  for  diver- 
sitios  of  intvllvctu;U  view,  is  doubtless  »  powerful  auxil- 
iary in  effecting  tliis  salutary  chsingi>.' 

The  conQicts  through  which  Ctdvin  bad  to  pass  in  up- 
holding and  firmly  establtsbing  the  Gcnurwi  Uieocncj, 
would  have  broken  down  any  other  than  a  miui  of  iron. 
I'lTSonuI  indignitii-s  wcru  hctpod  upon  him.  The  dogs 
in  the  street  were  nanuHl  after  bitn.  Every  ilevico  was 
undcrtakon  in  order  to  intimidate  him.  As  he  sat  fit  his 
study  tabic  liitir  ut  night,  n  gun  would  he  dutohni^'d  under 
his  window.  In  ono  night  fifty  shots  were  lii-ed  before 
his  houae.  On  one  occasion  he  walke<l  into  tlte  midst  o( 
an  oxcitvd  mob  and  olTvrcd  his  breast  to  th«ir  tlAggers. 

The  case  of  Iloboc,  who  was  arrested  and  Ixkuijilicd  foi' 
violently  attacking  the  preachers  on  tlie  subject  of  pro- 
dcstimitiou,  fans  alriwly  been  rvf'irrcd  to.     Another  in- 

I  Lk^T,  in  cDiBinnn  with  other  wrilan  al  llui  prcMnl  i»y,  mikr*  |i«rttoiilinB 
Aa  MOM**}'  tnull  of  unilaubllntt  toBvldioni  <ai  ih*  >ubjecl  (d  f«li|tiMl,  «onpM 
wilt  ■  btlM  tbal  luonl  aliliquily  b  invotvnl  In  hulding  oppotlU  vfl«s.  TbcM 
irrlwn  would  nuke  tccpilcliin  hmdiUI  la  ib«  rxtrclM  of  tolrrsllon.  8*a 
LKk^'a  (inataUaa  (n>iu  C.  J.  fcs  (i-ot  lip, ;»).  But  it  lhi>  b«  ln>«,  bow  diatl 
W9  trtouM  for  the  oppositlaa  to  Ilia  ipirit  ol  penrcu;(lon,  sliich  tk«(c  vct^  wr((- 
«n  altrlbut*  to  tbs  foiinJenot  ChriitianilJ  —  toCliritt  ui<l  IhoAposiin?  Mixfa 
Uul  l>  awriboH  to  (h«  inlliivno*  o(  "  Batianiliini  *'  <■  k.iD  v  due  lo  Urn  Incrau- 
iiiR  (Hnrrr  nf  ChridiaDltir,  anil  la  Ilia  loilKr  unil<'r>landint;  ol  iln  gmctpts,  and 
ji  the  llinlla  «(  llw  nxpiMultiillly  of  aacitly  tor  ths  tTiinioni  and  clianrtn'  vl  lli 
nHnbcrt.  Thtr*  an  two  anlidoto  M  nDtbarltablanea  Mid  namiwDBO.  Tlia 
MM  ii  lilttal  culluro;  Iba  olber  la  itiat  AijiA  rf«ytTt  at  religion  — of  charllf  — 
wblch  It  duliueattd  by  St.  I'aul  lo  I  Corinlbiuu  xili.  Rithcrat  thew  nmadlot 
^IMn>i  intoluaotc  la  cmatsIcDt  wUb  a  liiuiK,  eamal  taiU. 
U 


!I26     JOns  CA1.VIK  and  the  ORKEVAS  BCrOIUATK«. 

■tance  somewliat  uniilar  waa  tbe  controrersy  with  Cm* 
tdlio.  CtuU-llio  was  a  liigltly  ctiUivated  vcholar  wlioir 
Calvin  bad  brought  front  Stniaburg  to  take  chaigo  ot  the 
Gfiicva  school,  llu  was  dc^iroiiA  of  bocomiDg  a  iniiiiutor, 
bdt  Calriii  objficteil  oti  account  of  IiIa  views  on  the  Soiig 
of  SotomoD,  which  hv  thought  slioitld  be  struck  from  thv 
ciLnoi),  and  his  oppoaitiuii  to  the  [Husa^u  of  tli«  creed  n^ 
Bpecttng  tho  deecont  of  Cbriat  into  hell.  Tbe  result  vnu 
that  Costellio  nt  length  mndu  a  jiubliu  ntUick  upon  Uie 
preooben,  charging  them  with  intolerance,  and  less  justlyi 
witJi  oUier  grave  faults.  He  accused  Cidvin  of  a  love  o( 
jwwer.  WhwtliiT  the  charge  were  tnie,  Calvin  wrote  to 
Farel,  he  was  willing  to  leave  it  to  God  to  judge.  The 
rcgult  was  ttiat  Civitulliu,  who  bad  many  points  of  oxoel- 
leQc«,  wiia  expelled  from  Gejieva,  an<l  afterwarda  proBu- 
cuttid  in  print  a  heated  controversy  with  Calvin  and  Bcwt.' 
Hut  Uiesc  and  all  other  in-ntuiu'cs  of  alleged  pentecution  are 
ovcroliadowtMl  by  tbe  more  notorious  case  of  Servehis. 
AIi<.-hiu'l  Servettia  was  bom  at  Villwioiive,  lu  Spain,  in 
1509,  and  vma  therefore  of  the  same  age  as  Oalrin.  Ac- 
cording to  his  own  stat^-'nient,  ho  was  nttiichud,  (or  a 
while,  when  a  youth,  to  the  mirvictfot  QuintiUia,  Ihediap- 
lain  of  Charlee  V.,  and  witncflsed  the  stately  ccromonie* 
nt  tho  coronation  of  the  Emperor  at  Bologtm.  I^Io  vtm 
suDt  by  bis  father  to  Toulonsu  to  etndy  law ;  but  his  mind 
turned  to  theological  specuhition,  and,  in  connectioti  with 
other  schobini  of  his  iu:i|uuitit.-inoe,  be  read  tbe  Scripttiren 
iind  ttie  Fathen*.  espw'iiiliy  tho  writers  of  tho  ante-Niceno 
period,  lie  also  delved  in  jadicial  astrology,  in  which 
ho  was  a  boUovcr.  Of  an  original,  inqiilsitive  mind,  ad- 
rcRturous  and  indeiwiidcnt  in  hla  thiuUing,  ho  convinced 

'  Wlwn  Cklvin  *n>  ixcilnl,  lie  mti  ■  match  for  haittrr  In  the  uw  ot  vltajiW' 
■tlT*  eplltwU-  Tho  opfirabrioui  nunc*  wliich  he  npplici  lo  Culrltla  (he  liilifit 
OoIImU  ia  a  lenji  lixt.  The  orlein  of  Cnlvln't  il^iiUos  nllh  Oulclllo  — Calrio'i 
di— liiif»rtioa  with  bis  Uuululnii  of  the  New  Tentkincnl  —  1*  Kivon  In  the  leiu* 
i»  VInl,  BannH,  L  3M.    St*.  *lto.  I IIS,  STB.  SDS.     A  fur  t^ouM  «i  Ilia  csu 


THE  CARBm  OF  SBSVETVS. 


227 


binaelf  of  t!io  groundli-SMiv^s  of  tlio  cLiitua  of  tlio  Roiiuu) 
CatlioUc  Churcli ;  but  lie  waa  not  Ratis6«d  mtii  the  Prot- 
■•ntaiit  lliooloj^y,  cspc-ciutly  nii  tlio  Biil)je<:t  of  tiic  Triuity. 
Goii^  to  Ua^el  lift  formed  aii  acquiiintniioe  %ritli  (Kcolaiit- 
padios,  who  uxpn^mcU  »  einrng  dialike  of  bta  notiotu. 
Zwingle,  whona  <£coliiiii[)i»(liiui  (^ol)NllIt>-<l,  wiid  tliut  mw\ 
notioiM  would  subTOrt  the  Christian  religion,  but  aeeniB  to 
hare  (Uscuuntenanoed  a  nsort  to  forco  foi  th«  tHipprciwinn 
of  thorn.*  The  book  of  Servetua  on  the  "  Errors  of  Ihe 
Trinity,"  nppcim.'d  in  1531.  In  it  Uo  defended  a  view 
closely  allied  to  the  SabelUan  theory,  nod  an  idea  of  the 
incurnatiou  in  which  tho  common  belief  of  two  nattirt'R  in 
Christ  had  no  pluce.  Hm  i-n<lejivored  to  draw  Calvin  into 
n  coiTespoodenco,  but  became  angry  at  tlie  manner  in 
n'liieh  Calvin  trual«d  him  and  his  speculations.  Ue  rrrote 
Calvin  a  number  of  IctU-i-s  wdl  stored  with  invectives 
against  the  pi-ovalent  coneoptionH  of  Clmatian  dot-trim^ 
an  wvU  as  ngninst  Calvin  persotudly.  At  length  he  re- 
turned to  I'aria,  where  he  had  pntviou^ly  ftlitdicd  at  thu 
snme  time  that  Calvin  wna  tliere,  and  under  the  aaanraed 
nani4^  of  ViUanoviia,  derived  friini  the  vilhigti  wliens  ho 
was  bom,  bu  prusccutod  his  stiulit^'H  in  untuml  science  and 
mi?dicine,  for  wlucli  he  Inul  u  ivmiirkablc  ajititudu.  He 
divined  the  true  method  of  the  circulatioTi  of  tln>  blood, 
almost  anticipating  thu  later  discover)-  of  llarvcy.'  As 
a  imiotitioncr  of  niodicinu  l)c  stooi,!  in  hif^i  r«p»t49.  After 
lepeatedly  changing  hU  name  and  n-flidenoe,  he  finally 
took  up  his  abodo  in  Vienne,  in  tliu  south  of  FWiw, 
where  ho  was  hospitably  r«^ved  by  the  Ardibishop,  and 
long  lived  in  tho  lucrative  practice  of  his  profession.  Dur- 
ing all  tliis  time,  in  tho  aj^jn-gnto  nion;  thim  twvnty 
years,  he  conformed  outwardly  to  iho  C^itholic  Churcti, 
attended  mass,  and  w:ut  not  suMpicletl  of  heresy.  Here 
h'l  Hnished  a  book,  not  Imis  obnoxinus  lliiui  i\w  first,  <m 

I  Hnlwiin,  C'WbiHb-  arrrOt,  p.  IT. 
*  U«iirr.  JUInt  CWniu.  lii,  Ocil.  Hk 


828    JORS  cAt.mi  and  the  o)l\rvam  sefouiatiox. 

titled  '*  Tbe  Itotitoration  of  ChnHtiiLDity  "  —  ChnstJKn* 
ismi  Rc^stitiitio  —  niid  not  K'iug  able  to  get  it  printed  in 
Kiisol,  he  bribed  tbt>  Arclibiitboji'H  own  iirintcr  and  two  oil 
liis  afisiiitiitits,  to  [>riiit  it  for  him  eeoretly.  Hk  j^itucrin-^ 
t«ndi;(]  tliv  prcita,  auul  wnt  co|iii.>ii  of  tho  anonymous  book 
to  rarious  places  for  sale,  not  fot^ettiiig  to  di^MjuitiJi  ono 
or  moru  copti-s  as  pivscnta  to  tbu  (junt^viui  tlioologians.  In 
thin  work  his  conception  of  the  jwreon  of  Christ  \a  Hom^ 
wluit  modified  ;  its  doctrino  uiiiki.>a  a  ncnret  a{)proAch  to 
pMiititi-ii<lic  thL«>ri<^'  TIio  two  grand  biudninoi.-s  iu  tho 
way  of  Uie  ^read  of  Christianity  were  declared  to  be  the 
doctrine;  of  tliu  Trinity  luid  tluit  of  Infant  Baptism.  The 
iiLaiitiHcript  of  th(!  Jlntt  dnift  of  iJie  work  luu)  bi'itn  sunt  to 
Calvin  at  an  oarlier  day.  A  French  refugee  residing  ut 
Qftiiovn,  by  thu  name  of  (iuillaunm  Trie,  in  n  letter  to  An-j 
toine  Anipys,  a  Itomau  Catholic  relative  at  Lyons,  ini 
ruferencu  to  Scn'ctus  lut  thu  author  of  this  pestiferou 
book,  and  a*,  nevertbfiless,  enjoying  immunity  in  a 
Church  tliat  pretended  to  be  xcalotis  for  the  extirpiati[>ii 
of  hcriMy.  Arneys  airriod  thu  infonnation  to  th«  Atcb- 
bishop  of  l^yom.  Svrvetus  wns  amated  ;  and  h»  «ccIc«- 
astical  court  was  constituted  for  his  trLil.  ^(fine  [nages  of 
an  annotated  copy  of  tliu  "  Institutes,"  wliicii  ho  liiul  long 
bvforv  Mt-nl  to  Oih'in,  and  a  parcel  of  hie  letlera  vrfrt 
tr.ioanuttod  fi-om  Gcn«\ii  by  Trit-,  for  tlio  purpoeu  of  cs- 
tabliKhiiig  the  charge  which  he  had  indirectly  caustH]  to 
bo  made.  Trie  prevailed  on  Calvin  to  grant  him  this 
additional  evidence.  Ser\-otus,  luid  the  printcra  with  him^ 
luid  »wom  that  tJiey  knew  nothing  of  the  b<Mtk  which  I 
tboy  had  published.  Servetua  also  swore  tliat  he  was 
not  the  jK-rson  who  luul  written  the  book  on  tliu  "  Erron 
of  the  Trinity."     Ktit  when  the  Genevan  documenta  ar- 

■  ■■  Hi  clbl  k>nin  «ln  aDdcm  System.  <!u  lO  Hfar«ic<latS«n'«t*a1i«iD  p*ntb» 
litktua  buHkhoKi  ui  v«rdon  renlicnt  In  <lcm  ic**<~>hstld)  mil  diHun  WaiM 
nrbnndcBon  Sinn."  —  Bur.  Dit  driilL  U)>rt  t.  d.  Dniii'^tk,  au-,  tU.Lt 


ft.K 


SERVXTUS  AT  CRNKVA. 


239 


rivvd,  lt(!  Mw  that  coitvictiou  w»a  iiteritablo,  iiru)  contrived 
to  escape  from  IiU  jailer.  The  Vionne  couit  IiW  to  con- 
toot  itsvlf  with  seizing  Iiis  properly  uiiil  buniing  liia 
efllgy.  \V«  knnw  Citlviira  <)iR}>ositioii  towiirdii  him;  for 
ill  A  letter  to  Farel  lie  Imtl  oiK-e  said  tJiat  if  liig  aatitority 
wiut  of  uny  ii%iiil,  in  uiev  SirvKtUH  wero  to  oome  to 
(■cTi(>Ta,  1)6  aliould  not  go  away  alive.' 

ServetiiSt  having  cscapml  from  Vivnn«,  aft<.-r  u  tov 
nuinthfl  notualiy  npjie-ared  in  Goiiovii  nii'l  took  lodgings  in 
an  inn  near  one  of  ttie  gat«B.  He  liad  be<m  tht-fe  for  a 
montli  without  being  rccognJzod.wh^'i)  Cnlrin  wm inforrnnd 
of  hiii  presence,  and  procured  hia  arrost.  A  scribe  of  Caf- 
Tin  made  the  aceuaation.  Ultimately,  Calvin  und  all  thj 
other  pri>nch«is  were  bronglit  face  to  face  with  the  prw- 
oner,  before  the  Senate  which  waa  to  ait  in  jitdgiiient  upon 
biro.  In  th«  subec^ncnt  proceedings  he  defended  Ids 
tltoologiml  opiniona  with  much  ncuteni.'sa,  but  witli  n 
strange  onCpoiU'ing  of  violent  denniidalioii.'  His  propo- 
iitt<>n»  relative'  to  the  {Kirticipation  of  nil  things  in  thi? 
Ddty,  and  the  identity  of  tlie  world  with  God,  alttiough 
litt  made  thw  einbodimi'iit  of  tlio  primordial  (■dscin-e  in 
tliB  world  to  spring  from  a  volition,  w«rn  couchi-'I  in 
pliraseology  which  made  tliem  si'em  to  Ida  accuaera  in  the 
his?Iii-Kt  di-gnn-  diiMgenmfi  and  n-pnUivi-.'  He  cariratiin-d 
the  (liiiin-Ii  ili*trine  of  the  'I'rinity  by  the  moat  offenaive 
comparisons.  His  idcns  were  out  of  relation  to  tho  exist- 
ing philottopliy  and  theology,  and  wi-ro  an  lUitieijwiHon  of 
phfisi-s  of  speculation  of  a  much  later  date.    Hia  physical 


>  Ffbniaiy  33, 1U«.    Uooiri,  0.  )D, 

I  I'yci,  a  RTilec  DDl  *1  all  diipowd  In  «xvuM  Calvin,  MVi  <p.  3)7J  «(  tb*  ^ 
dDndiiMilt  made  by  ShtcIui  hi  the  lUC  ot  t!iiriy-v!g1>t  htrvUval  prapMJIIi  M 
wtilcfa  CuIvJD  luil  Mtmclcd  frain  hli  writtne*  i  "llu  RpUu  of  Strrclui  lo 
Uiii  ilociinitnt  tn  vrtv  inrnlrnt,  and  turn  almpil  like  •he  pnidurlion*  lA  ■  iiiail- 
nan."     Thna  nplJM  majr  be  read  In  lli*  new  edilkn  oT  CaWfai'i  UTorte,  vlH, 

l»*M]. 

■  "  Kan  kiDD  ileb  dabrr  nltfcc  wundarn,  dan  aiit>li  il'n  Gvnn-  aa  dlann  « 
iSui  tor  AuRDD  li*i;HiileD  ChantUr  Jc*  Syil^  lau  gtiMtM  AsalM  oat 
MB-"  — Baur.  ;«U.,  p.  lot. 


S80     JOBS  CALMN   AND  TttE  GEXEVAK  Brj'MMATimi. 

tlioorin  were  iDtvnrovoii  ivilh  his  thoology.  IIU  maxim, 
Uial  "»D  force  aviA  (!XC(-|)t  by  contact,"  was  liiiuipcUkI 
M'i()i  Ilia  ductritw  of  Uiu  subsUintial  communicnUoti  of  the 
IXnty  to  all  lliiiigit;  awl  Iio  told  Calvin  conteniptlioiiBty 
Unit  if  lie  only  undeFStood  natural  scicnoo,  he  cotdd  com- 
pnTliviid  Uii)i  subject.  Wbilu  lu>  wa»  undt>i]going  liio 
trial,  n  inessengei-  arrived  from  Uie  tiibuual  at  Vienne  to 
di-iuund  tlicir  escaped  prisoner.  Itivru  was  no  safi-ty  for 
bUii  witli  I'i4pi.tt  or  I'rut<.-tttHiit !  H<!  clicoe  to  remain  and 
talco  his  chance  wliei-o  he  was.  It  is  not  improbable 
his  butdnuw  and  vvliemvtico  w«ru  iiuptred  by  siiggvettc 
from  Uiu  Libertint!  party,  and  tliat  be  felt  that  tliuy  i 
lit  liis  back.'  Calvin  wuti  far  front  bdng  oiniii|>utt>nt  in 
<Ji'n(;vu  i\t  Uiia  time,  lie  wno,  in  fact,  in  the  very  eriua 
(>(  Wts  cutiflict  with  bin  advorHarios,  It  was  on  tiie  STtli 
wf  .'Viigust,  15->:J,  lliftl  be  denoinu-ud  ServittUH  fn>m  lli« 
pulpit;  be  bad  be^>n  arrested  on  Uio  13Ut  of  tliu  same 
month.  On  the  3d  of  Septi-niWr,  Cnlviii  rofusud  Uie 
Lord's  Supper  to  the  younger  Ik-rtlielicj-,  a  leodvr  of  tfaa 
Libertines.  So  strong  wa*  (Lis  parly,  that  had  tbe  i 
of  Scrvetus  been  carrli-d,  iiM  wna  iittcmptod,  to  tho  Cottudl 
if  One  Ilniidrcd,  Si-rvetiia  would  have  escaped.  He 
\nu  uxtranu-ly  bold,  and  ilviiiaiidcd  that  Calvin  should  bej 
banisli»<l  for  brining  a  inalicioua  accusation,  and  that  bii 
property  slioidd  bo  bunded  over  to  him.  Contrary  to  bis 
expectatiun,  hi;  wis  condemned.  He  ealloil  Calvin  to  hia 
priaoM,  and  asked  ]K»nion  for  his  personal  treatment  of 
bim  ;  but  all  utt^-inpls  to  extort  from  him  a  rotrsctioE 
"f  liiM  doctrines,  wlnaber  niadw  by  Calvin  or  by  Kiuel ' 
before  th«  execution  of  the  sentence,  were  ineffectnaL 
Ho  adhered  to  bin  opinions  with  heroic  constaitcy,  and 
was  burned  nt  tliu  stake  on  Uic  morning  of  Uie  27tb  uf 
October,  15iJ8. 

<  (iuliioi  pxpmm  Uit  dcfidnl  opinion  tliM  StrvMiii  nnl  U  dctwra  tilflwl 
m  Iha  UWrtlLB*,  uiJ  iliai  |li«^  ex|McM  (uppM  fnnn  hte.  Bl.  UaU  »S* 
Ctirm,  ^  *is     Hui  iu„„  \t  p„  g,„j  ertdeac*  at  tny  pnriout  Hodenlaoiltaf 

bMWHO  hUB  Mill  llMIU. 


CALVIK   AMD  SEKVETtlB. 


281 


On  tho  Olio  hand,  it  is  not  true  that  Calvin  armnged 
that  tlie  mode  of  liis  dMitJi  should  be  n«<Hllt;«8ly  painful. 
Ho  made  the  atteinjit  to  have  it  niitig;at4>d ;  piohabiy 
tliftt  thu  sword  might  In-  used  Instead  of  tliu  fagot.  And 
notwithstanding  the  previoiia  tJireat,  to  which  refi>reiic« 
b»»  }x«n  iitndv,  it  is  likely  that  he  expected,  and  he  Inid 
n>aaon  to  expect,  that  Servetus  would  rocnnt.  On  tlii> 
otlier  hand,  it  cannot  ho  denied  that  he  yielded  to  the 
solicitation  of  Trit^,  Hn<l  HiippIitHl  the  documentary  evi- 
dence wliich  wont  from  Geneva  to  the  court  at  Vienne. 
H«  caused  tho  arrest  of  Scrvctui  nt  Gcocvn,  and  it  is  u 
violation  of  historical  truth  to  say  that  he  did  not  desire 
his  cjcocution.i  Tim  inQiction  c^  cttpitiil  punisliment  on 
one  whom  ho  conadercd  n  bhisph«iner,  aa  well  as  an  a»- 
Boilant  of  the  fundamental  truths  of  Christianity,  was  in 
his  judgment  right.  In  the  defense  of  the  <Ioctrino  of 
tli«  Trinity  against  Scn'«tus,  whidt  Calvin  published  in 
1554,  he  enters  into  a  femuil  argument  in  favor  of  the 
capital  puni»hincnt  of  couttimacious  licrctics  by  the  civil 
authority.  He  tJiinks  that  if  Roman  Catholic  rulers  slay 
tlio  innocent,  this  is  no  renson  why  bettor  and  more  ou- 
light<-ned  inagisti-atea  should  spare  the  guilty.  The  whole 
discufision  proves  that  the  arguments  for  toleration,  both 
(pom  Scripture  and  reason,  were  not  unknown  to  liiin,  for 
he  tries  to  answer  them.  He  makes  his  appeal,  in  groat 
part,  to  the  Old  Testament.  GuiiKit  thns  prunount-«s  uixin 
die  case  of  Servctus  and  Calvin  :  "  It  was  their  tragical 
Jeatiny  to  enter  into  mortal  combat  as  the  champions  of 
two  great  causes.  It  is  my  profound  conviction  that 
Calvin's  cause  was  the  good  one ;  that  it  was  the  cause 
of   morality,   of   social   order,  of  civilization,     Servetua 

>  Wc  bin  (Irudy  dud  Ui  l«tte>  to  Fartl,  of  Fclinwrr  U,  1S4A.  AtUr  tha  w 
■Ml  of  Scntiui,  LVtvln  wraic  to  FanI  (Auenil  SO,  ISAfl],  uj'iiigi  "I  liopt 
{fpM«)ll>c  H-ni«nnwm  ai  Itail  bcapHalibnldwurvih*  unx]ji)r<rflbat">ii>*ti- 
nMBllube  tbitciL"  lie  withnl  faim  lu lir  p'Jl  to  i1a*tb,  but  not  hy  drt.  Calvin 
pdbUtbBl  an  (labont?  mrk  in  ddeiue  ot  tha  pncNding.  Iltnij  bai  m» 
Mnilal«it  Uic  aboTt  pauigti  at*  Dr*T.  Lyi  nf  Cnlrte,  p.  339. 


232     JOaX  CAI.VIN   AND   nrE  GEHKVAN   BKPOItUATIOH. 

waa  the  repi-eeentatiTe  ot  n  syBtcm  fal«s  in  itself,  Hupc^ 
ficiiil  under  the  prot«ivfc  of  sciuiiCM!,  luu)  destniclive  aUike 
of  sociui  dignity  in  the  individual,  and  of  moral  order  in 
bunian  society.  In  tlicir  disastrous  citcouiitvr,  Calvin 
ms  conscientiously  faithful  to  what  h«  l>cli<,!V«d  to  be 
truth  nnd  duty ;  but  he  wan  hard,  much  more  influenced 
by  riolent  animosity  thiin  hu  imagined,  and  dvvuid  nliku 
of  sympftthy  and  generosity.  Scrvvtu.1  wm  sincere  iind 
resolute  in  his  coniHction,  but  he  was  &  fnvolinis,  pre- 
Kunptuons,  Tsin,  and  envious  man,  capable,  in  time  of 
need,  o(  resorting  to  nrtificu  and  untruth.  Sorvetus  ob- 
tatnod  tho  honor  of  boin;;  one  of  the  few  nmrtyn  to  in- 
telloctiinl  lilx^rty ;  whilst  Calvin,  who  wns  undoubtedly 
ooe  of  tliose  who  did  most  toward  the  eetabliahment  of 
religious  liberty,  had  the  misfortune  to  ignore  his  advcr- 
Miry's  right  to  liberty  of  belief."'  'Ilie  forbearance  of 
Calvin  toward  L«lius  Socinus  has  been  sometimes  con- 
flidcred  a  proof  that,  ho  wns  actuated  by  poisonal  vindic- 
dvenens  in  relation  tn  Serretus.  Rut  Calvin,  widely  m 
he  might  differ  from  Socinus,  recognized  in  him  a  sobriety, 
A  moral  reepoctabitity,  which  he  wholly  missed  in  the 
resUcAS,  visionary,  paaaiounte  physician  of  Villcncuvc. 
It  waa  tho  diversity  of  ohnracter  in  the  two  men,  and  tlie 
different  methods  which  they  adopted  to  spread  their 
.toctrioes,  much  more  than  any  resentment  which  CtWin 
might  feel  in  consequence  of  the  attacks  of  Sorvetus  — 
whom  he  looked  4lo\rn  upon  as  a  wild,  misohicvons 
dreamer  —  that  made  him  ao  courteous  and  lenient  to 
Socinus. 

The  execution  of  S<frvetii»,  with  n  few  notable  excep- 
tions, was  ajiprovod  by  the  Christian  M-orld,  Bullingcr, 
tho  friend  and  succecsor  of  Zwingle,  justified  it.  Even 
Melancthon  gave  it  his  sanction.  'Hie  rise  of  infidel  and 
fanatical  sect*  in  the  path  of  Uio  Reformation,  aa  an  inci- 
dental consequence  of  tlie  movement,  and  the  disposition 

1  Bl.  Loait  and  OaM^  o.  xix.  p-W. 


ooxFLicrs  or  calvih, 

of  opponents  to  identify  it  \rtth  these  manifestations, 
Bttdv  tliu  ProtvittiuiU  tlic  i»ui'u  MilicitAUs  to  d«i»un«tT»ta 
their  boMtlity  to  tJuiin,  mnl  their  fiiMity  to  the  |)nnd{«al 
artioles  of  the  Cliristian  fuitli.  In  rejecting  iofaat  luip- 
tisRi,  and  in  tJie  t«rms  of  \m  piiii>(>nili»n  n'Spocting  the 
idtatity  of  the  world  witli  (iod,  Servetus  was  at  one  with 
tlio  Liburtinv  frcv-thinkcra.  "  Uu  hvld  with  tlm  Anii- 
bi^tiAt»,"  mid  the  Oenevxn  Senate,  iuk)  inn»t  mtlTcr ;  *  sJ- 
tliDUgli  Scrvoltis  asM-rtcd  that  ho  h»d  nlwaj's  condetnntHi 
the  oppoeiitiim  niiidu  by  tlie  Anabiipttsts  to  the  d\-il 
niAtpatrute. 

'J'h«  fonflict  with  the  I.ibortine  fnction  did  not  i-nd  ^vith 
tlie  tailzie m nation  of  triervetus.  The  oonrAge  arid  deterini- 
nati&D  of  a  Hildi>bmnd  were  rc<)tiired  to  atom  the  oppoai- 
lion  which  Cidvin  had  to  moot.  A»  attempt  to  oTt>iihrnw 
the  power  of  tfao  Consistory,  by  interpoaing  the  aulhorit}^ 
o(  tiie  Senate,  was  only  baiBod  by  his  i-esolute  refusal 
to  adntic  to  th«  nncnuiK'Tit  persons  judged  to  be  unworthy, 
finally,  tJie  efforts  of  the  Liborciite  party  culminated 
in  15&5,  in  an  umK-d  conspiracy  under  tjie  l«ad  of  Perrin, 
who  had  held  the  highest  ofGces  in  tb<:  oity ;  and  the 
oomplcto  overthrow  of  this  in»urrcctiDn  w»s  tlio  death- 
blow of  the  party.  In  the  preface  to  iiie  Psahiiji.  Calvin 
nuikos  a  pathetic  reference  to  tho  stormy  scieiics  n-hioh  he 
—  by  nature  "  unwarlike  and  timorous  "  —  had  bc<m 
compelled  to  pom  through ;  to  tlie  sorrow  whirJi  lie  felt 
in  lh<?  dustruction  of  tlioso  whom  he  would  have  pre- 
ferred to  save ;  and  to  the  multiplied  calumnios  that  his 
Bnemies  persistently  heaped  upon  him.'    "  To  my  power," 

>  V\rin  tb*  UU  and  nplnionr  of  Stnvliu,  Aid  llw  tirtuauUntf  of  bi>  trial 
MdOuth,  iM  UwJioim,  KttfrsadlitiU.  H.dTM,.  *ad  A'mm  ^.ic&riiAfni  <■■ 
rfm  ttrdtaff*  y>iiL  Arttt,  if.  Srrrtlo  (ITAO)i  Tnrliwl,  Bit  Amii-irimilaritr, 
tai  UL  *^t«rr*t"  lalhrmtt"*  Ki»l-Kiu.{  Dyvt,  IJ/r  a/CtMit.rli'.it.miiK.i 
Utary,  Lfi<mCtinm,ni.\.;  bar,  DitiiriML  ttltrtnmii.  I>r<ititlftiil,rti., 
kULp-UMq.;  Vomt,  Knl«ltU<m^i,  J.  Ltir*  rtm  J. /'rrmmChriiti,  a.  0*3 
M^  "nxlMtnot  (kntlDK  to Oalvin, loitBltTr  iriib  di*  UiaM**e(  UtIVial 
M  Gansra,  an  (iian  )n  )Ii<  now  olttion  of  Itw  fVerkii  of  Cotvin  <by  Itaum, 
Cinbt,  and  K«iui>,  vol.  riii.  (1870). 

■  Kaiiip>cliiilu>lalMtti*t«lioDllMpn£l«)K«iv*'*<  fljntvaln  1Mt,CUTli 


234     JOatt   CALVIX   iXD  THE  CENKVAN   REroUlATIOM. 

he  says,  "  which  Uioy  oiivy  —  O  tliat  tb«y  wciv  tliu  bhc- 
cvanunl"  ''If  ]  miiDut  jmrsutule  thttiii  while  I  am 
alive  that  I  am  not  a%'miciouB,  my  death,  at  least,  will 
CODvinco  thcua  o(  it."  His  viitiro  pmperly  after  his  death 
lunouiited  to  leas  tlitvit  two  ImiidrtMt  dollui-s  1 

At  the  same  time  that  he  was  wuging  this  domostio 
contest,  \u)  was  exerting  n  vast  iiiflucnoc  as  a  religinui 
teacher  witliin  tlie  citf  and  over  all  Enrope.  BesidM 
preaching  every  day  cf  ottcli  alCcrnatu  weok,  hu  gnvo 
weekly  thme  tlieologicat  lectures.  His  memory  was  ^o 
extensive  that  if  lio  had  once  seen  a  jiurson.  he  rccogniwd 
him  itntnutliatvly  yean  nftiT\v:in1»,  imJ  if  interniptcd 
while  dictuting,  he  ccmld  resume  hi^  task,  after  an  inter- 
val of  hours,  at  thv  point  where  he  had  left  it,  willioiit 
(tid  from  liia  atiiiuiuc-iisia.  Hence,  he  was  able  to  dis- 
ooarse,  even  upon  the  prophets,  where  numerous  histori- 
cd  i-tifurcnccs  wcj*  involved,  without  the  aid  of  a  scnip  of 
paper,  and  with  nothing  before  him  but  the  text.  Hiding 
troubled  with  asthma,  ho  spoke  slowly,  so  that  his  le 
tuna,  as  well  aa  many  of  his  aernionx,  wore  tnken  down,^ 
word  for  word,  as  they  were  delivered.  Hiindivdn  of 
auditoiB  from  tlie  various  countries  of  Europe  flocked  to 
Gi^'neva  to  lijiten  to  his  instructiona.  Protcstiint  cxiUw  in 
gi*at  numbers,  many  of  whom  were  men  of  influence,  at 
whom  Kdox  was  one,  found  a  refuge  there,  luul  wrnt  back 
to  their  hoine^  bearing  the  impress  which  lie  had  stamped 
upon  thuui.  Under  Calvin's  influence,  Geneva  became  to 
the  Romanic,  what  Wittenberg  wan  to  the  Lullieian 
nations.  The  school  of  which  Oastellio  was  the  head  did 
not  ilotiriid)  after  he  left  it ;  but,  in  1^5S,  a  gymnasium 
vras  established,  and  in  the  following  year  the  Academy 

ItctiiKil,  livji  tttt.  w  go  lo  tbo  peil-hoiuc  lo  mluutn  lo  Uio  tick  and  djinf 
IJnlfrMt  CdJn'n,  1. 4Si.)  But  I!cu,  (lian  whoin  thorc  la  no  teller  wllnou,  dau* 
Ihnl  ''alr!n  ollorvl  bimtclt  lor  tbli  acrvlc*,  bat  tlio  Sentte  WuM  iinl  t"!"" 
'::ri  If  uiiil*rUh«  It;  I'Jfii  Calrtnl,  Ix.  For  ulhci  i!Ontaniporu}r  (iraof.  t«  Bon> 
Ht,  LtUirt  ■/  CWiM,  I.  8U,  n.  3.  See  alw  UcCit-,  II.  U.  Rut  K>Tnp>r1i'r1li 
btniMlf  qnott*  Ihfl  acl  o!  Ihe  Council,  vUhbDldlng  Cilvin  from  thfa  wntic^ 
wblck  InvolTed  ■IroofI  coruln  ilcnih  (p.  480,  n.  3). 


LAST  DAYS  OV  CALVTS. 


235 


ei  Tlieolflgy  vsa  founded,  and  JierA  placed  over  it.  TIiq 
writiu)j8  of  Culvin  were  cirvulatvd  in  ovury  couulrv  of 
Buropo.  By  hia  correspondonce,  moreover,  hia  powi-rfiil 
tnflaenoe  wtis  brought  to  be»r  directly  npou  tliu  lenders  of 
thu  rafonository  tnovettient  everyvhtfe.  In  En^tnd  uiid 
France,  in  Scotland  nud  Poland  and  Italy,  on  the  rcU  of 
bis  corrctpondents  vicra  princes  ancl  nobles,  as  woll  ae 
ttieolo^ana.  Uis  oounsuU  were  called  for  and  prized  in 
nuittont  of  critjcnl  iroporliuiw.  IIo  wribea  to  Edward  VI. 
and  KHzabeth,  to  Somerset  and  Oranmer.  Hut  cspocially 
in  tlie  affaini  of  tho  Reformation  in  Frldco  his  a^ncy 
va»  prcilomiiuint.  Geneva  vnt»  Uic  Iiejirthston«  of  French 
Protestantiam.  tt  was  tlioi'e  tliat  ita  preacben  trere 
trainod.  Th«  principal  men  in  the  Ilnguunot  party 
looked  up  to  Calvin  as  to  an  ornolo.  Utit  be  vrrnt 
strongly  averse  to  a  resort  to  arms  and  to  a  dependence 
on  political  Ag«»CT«ii  and  expedk^t«.  Hit  instincts  woro, 
in  this  respect,  in  full  accord  with  tliosu  of  Lutlier.  It 
would  bo  impott-tihti:  to  describe  his  connection  witli  tho 
Hnguenot  struggle,  without  narrating  the  entire  history  of 
the  French  Itcfurimition. 

In  the  conchidiiig  yeara  of  Calvin's  life,  h«  had  the 
satisfaction  of  seeing  Geneva  delivered  from  hotion,  and 
the  institutionR  of  education,  which  he  had  planted,  in  a 
flouritihing  condition.  The  grievous  miilitdifs  that  uflliete<l 
him  did  not  move  him  to  diminish  the  prodigious  labors 
whtcb,  to  other  men  in  like  circtimslnnces,  would  have  been 
uneu<lurable.  It  had  been  his  habit  when  tho  day  bad 
been  consumed  in  giving  sermons  and  lectures ;  in  the  ses- 
sions of  the  consistory  over  which  he  presided :  in  attend- 
ing upon  the  Senate,  at  their  retjucst,  to  take  p«rt  in  their 
debbi^rationa ;  in  receiving  and  answering  lettvrs  that 
»urod  in  upon  him  from  every  quarter ;  in  conferring  witli 
the  numerous  viiiiton  who  wnghl  his  advicooreame  to 
liim  from  different  oountriea — it  had  been  his  Itiibit, 
when  ni9;bt  came,  to  duvoto  liimsitif,  with  a  sense  of  relief, 


236    ionn  cal\ts  axd  thk  ceskvan  kkfobmatios. 

to  tliK  8tU(]iRR  which  were  ever  roost  aoconbint  with  bu 
toBte,  and  to  th«  conipoHitiuii  ol  hia  books.  For  ii  lung 
timo,  in  tliv  oWliig  jx^vioil  o(  hiH  lid;,  lie  took  but  on« 
meal  iii  a  day,  and  t]ii§  was  oft«n  omitted.  He  studied 
for  hours  in  the  morning,  preach«<l  and  thvii  Itx'tarod,  be- 
fom  titking  a  morsel  of  food.  Too  w«ak  to  sit  up,  he  die ' 
tatod  to  an  ainaniii.-n«ii  from  \m  ht-d,  or  tntnsactci  biui' 
ncw(  \ntU  those  who  came  to  conatitt  him.  When  his 
body  waa  utterly  fcublo,  wlii>n  ho  was  reduced  to  a  shad- 
uw,  his  mind  lo«t  none  of  its  oli!«m«s9  or  energy.  No 
complaint  in  reference  to  his  physioal  sufferings  waa  beard 
from  him.  His  lofty  and  intrupid  spirit  triumphed  ovar 
nil  phy!ti<-At  initrmity.  From  his  sick-bed,  he  roguhited 
the  affairs  of  the  French  Iteformation.  When  he  conid 
no  iong>.>r  stuiul  upon  hi-i  foot,  ho  ww  carried  to  church  to 
pfirtake  of  the  Lord's  Supper,  and  to  a  MMMi  of  the 
Senate.  Seeing  that  his  end  was  near,  he  defflred  to  meet 
this  body  for  the  hist  time.  A  cclcbmtcd  artist  lias  d«* 
picted  the  interview  upon  the  canvas.  Tlie  oouncilon 
gatherod  about  bis  bod,  and  ho  nddrossed  them.  Ho 
tlianked  them  for  tlie  tokens  of  honor  wliieli  they  lutd 
granted  to  liim,  and  cniv«d  their  forgix-oneas  for  outbreak- 
ings  of  anger  which  tJicy  had  tn^kl^-d  with  so  much  for- 
bearance. He  could  say  with  truth,  that  whatever  might 
be  his  faults,  ho  had  served  their  rc])ublic  witli  lus  whohj 
soul.  He  had  taught,  he  said,  with  no  feeUng  of  uncer- 
tainty respecting  Itis  doctrine,  but  einocrely  and  honestly, 
aoeot'ding  to  the  Word  of  God.  "Were  it  not  so,"  h« 
vdded,  "  I  well  know  that  the  wratli  of  God  would  im- 
ipend  over  my  head."  Courteously  and  solentnly,  in  a 
piit«rnnl  tone,  he  warned  th^^ni  of  tlie  nee<l  of  himiility 
and  of  faitliful  vigilance  to  keep  off  the  dangers  that 
might  tJirL^iten  tlic  Slate.  "  I  know,"  he  said,  "tlie  mind 
Bud  walk  of  eacli  one  of  you,  and  know  tJiat  ye  have  at) 
need  of  admonition.  Much  is  wanting  even  tn  the  best 
of  you."     He  cot-eluded  wjlh  a  fervent  prayer,  and  took 


LAST  PATS  or  CAI.VIN. 


23T 


mJi  mtu  \-y  the  liiincl.  as  willi  tears  they  parted  from  liim. 
Two  days  aftcrwai-ds,  h'--  nn:t  tlie  clergy  of  tlio  city  and  of 
tlic  iivitjliburUujd.  Ilu  siit  iij)  in  liia  U-d  and,  having 
offered  prayer,  spoke  to  tliein.  He  begun  by  saying  tliat 
it  might  Ixi  Utotifrht  thiit  im  vms  not  in  so  bad  a  cam  na 
he  euppoat-d.  "  But  1  naanrti  you."  he  added,  "ia  all  my 
former  iUneeaes  and  siiSoriiigs,  I  huvu  acxov  felt  mynclf 
•0  weak  and  unking  iih  mow.  When  they  hiy  me  down 
upon  tbe  bed,  my  senses  fnil  and  I  become  faint."  He 
referrtnl  to  hia  past  cni-eor  in  Uenevn.  When  he  cume  to 
this  Church  there  vaa  pi'eaching,  and  lliat  was  all.  They 
bunted  up  the  images  iind  burnt  them,  but  of  ii  lU-'forma- 
tion  tlieru  wiu  nothing ;  all  waa  iinuiborclination  and  di»- 
order.  lie  bad  been  obliged  to  go  through  tremendous 
conlltcta.  Soiaetiinea  in  the  nigiii,  lie  ^Kiid,  to  t'^rrify  him, 
fif^  or  sixty  sliots  liad  been  tired  before  bia  duor. 
"  Think,"  he  said,  "  what  an  impression  that  must  mnk« 
open  ft  poor  scbolur,  «hy  and  timid  as  I  Uu-n  isu*,  and  ut 
tlie  bottom  have  ahvays  been."  Thb  last  atsteraent  re- 
specting his  n:itniid  dia{KMiti(in,  he  repeated  two  or  three 
times  with  ompliasis.  He  adverted  to  bis  baniabuiont 
and  stay  in  Strasbui^,  but  on  hi^  return  the  diffa-ulties 
weri"!  not  diminished.  They  had  set  their  dogs  on  him, 
with  tliu  cry :  "  Suixu  him  !  seize  him  I "  and  his  clothes 
and  his  fleidi  hiul  Ixicn  torn  by  tliem.  "  Altho*^  [  am 
nothing,"  he  proceeded  to  say.  "  I  know  that  I  biwo  ]>n>- 
vented  more  than  three  hundred  riotii  which  would  biivK 
dosohited  (ienevii."  He  asked  their  p*rdon  for  his  niuny 
faults;  in  particular  for  his  quickness,  vehemenci\  ami 
readiness  to  be  angry.  In  regitrd  to  hi*  teaching  and  his 
writings,  he  could  ny  that  Go<l  had  given  him  tlto  grace 
to  go  to  work  eumeetly  and  «ystemntiadly,  bo  that  he  had 
not  knowingly  perverted  or  erroneously  interpivtnd  « 
single  passage  of  the  Scriptures,  fie  had  written  for  no 
perso  till  end,  but  only  to  promote  tl>e  honor  of  God.  Hu 
gave  Uieni  Tarions  exhortalims   relating  to  the  obliga 


IZft     JOBK   CALVm   AMD  TOE  GENE\'AM  BCrOKUATIOX. 

tions  of  thuir  office ;  tbvii  took  tiium  «ach  l>y  the  Iinod 
auid  "  we  imirt^d  from  him,"  sAyn  Hem,  "  w^itb  our  eye* 
buthed  in  teftrs,  and  our  hi^arts  fall  of  unspcukublo  grief." 
Ho  died  on  tli«  27Ui  of  M»y,  1564.  Ilia  pivri-^ing  ayt 
rftained  ita  brillianoy  to  the  ta«t.  Apart  from  this,  Im 
faoe  hud  loii^  worn  tho  look  of  do:ith,  und  its  iippcamuou, 
na  we  an^  iiifomied  by  lleza,  was  not  perceptibly  changed 
uft«r  the  spirit  h&d  loft  the  body.  Ilia  last  tlays  wctc  of 
u  pioot!  with  his  life.  Hia  whole  omirsc  hns  bceii  com- 
pared by  Viuet  to  the  growth  of  one  rind  of  ft  tree  from 
■mother,  or  to  a  chain  of  logical  eeqnc-ncos.  lie  avhh  en- 
dued with  a  marvcloiin  power  of  und«nt«Dding,  altltoitgh 
the  inuigiiiation  and  sentiments  were  lees  roundly  de- 
veloped. His  systviiuitic  spirit  fitt«d  him  to  bo  tlio 
founder  of  an  enduring  sdiool  of  tliought.  In  tJiis  char- 
nctoriatic  ho  inuy  bo  compared  with  Aquiiius.  Ho  has 
been  appropriately  styled  the  Aristotle  of  the  Keforma- 
ttoo.  He  was  a  perfectly  boneat  man.  He  subjected  his 
will  to  the  eternal  nilo  of  right,  us  far  as  he  coiild  dis- 
cover it.  His  motives  were  pure.  He  folt  that  God  was 
near  him,  and  sacrificed  everything  to  obey  the  direction 
:>f  Providence.  Tlie  fear  of  God  ruk'd  in  his  soul ;  not 
ft  slavish  fear,  bat  a  principle  sucli  its  animated  the 
prophets  of  the  Old  Covenant.  The  combination  of  his 
quolttice  was  such,  that  he  could  not  fail  to  attract  pro- 
'oand  admiration  and  revcronoo  from  one  class  of  minds, 
und  vxcibc  intonae  antipathy  in  another.  Tlteru  is  no 
one  of  the  Reformers  who  is  spoken  of,  ut  this  late  day, 
with  so  much  personal  feeling,  either  of  regard  or  aver- 
sion. Bat  whoever  studios  his  life  and  writings,  espeaally 
^le  few  passage  in  which  he  lela  tiii  into  his  confidence 
an<l  appears  to  invit«>  our  sjnnpathy,  \vill  acquire  a  grow- 
ing sense  of  his  intellectual  and  moml  greatness,  ami  a 
tender  consideration  for  his  errors. 

In  Calviniiim,  considered  ag  »  theolr^cal  system,  and 
contraated  with  other  types  of  Protestant  theology,  thwt 


OALVtKISM  ASD  OrVtt  UBESTT 


289 


b  WW  el)arn«t«ri8tic,  pcrviuUng  priiiciple.  It  t»  that  of 
the  sovereignty  of  God  ;  not  only  hia  unlimited  control, 
within  the  sjihc-re  of  mind,  on  woU  aa  of  mntti'r,  but  tho 
determination  of  His  will,  ob  the  ultimate  cause  of  the 
Balvation  of  somo,  and  of  the  abandonment  of  others  to 
perdition. 

In  the  constitution  which  CaU-in  created  at  Geneva,  aa 
tt  is  Been  in  the  light  which  the  lapso  of  three  centuries 
oaata  npon  it,  were  two  capital  errors.  Firat,  the  juri»- 
divUon  of  the  Church,  its  discipline  over  its  members,  waa 
carried  into  th»  dt-taiU  of  conduct,  oxt«ndi>d  over  porsoniil 
ind  domestic  hfe,  to  such  a  degree  aa  unwarrantably  to 
curtail  individual  liberty.  Secondly,  the  power  of  coer- 
cion that  was  given  to  the  civil  autliority  subverted 
fn-edom  in  n.^ligiou5  opiuiou  and  worehip. 

How  in  it^  then,  that  Calviniain  is  acknowledged,  even 
by  its  foes,  to  have  promoted  powerfully  the  cause  of 
civil  liberty  ?  One  rciUKitt  lies  in  the  boundary  line  which 
*t  drew  between  Church  and  State.  CalviniAm  would 
lot  surrendt-r  the  peculiar  functions  of  the  Church  to  the 
civil  anthority.'  Whether  Uie  Churdi,  or  tlic  Govern- 
ment, sliould  ri^lato  the  adininistnition  of  the  Sacra- 
ment, and  admit  or  reject  communicants,  wa.i  the  ([wm- 
tion  which  Ciilvin  fought  out  with  th«  uuthoriUea  at  Gen- 
eva. In  this  feature,  CulviniMn  differed  from  the  rela- 
tion of  the  ciipnl  rulers  to  the  Cbnrcli,  as  established 
under  the  auspices  of  Zwingle,  as  well  aa  of  Lutlier,  and 
from  tJie  Anglican  sj-stom  whicli  originated  under  Henry 
Vlll.  In  its  theory  of  the  respective  powers  of  the 
Church,  and  of  the  Magijitrate,  Calvinism  approximated 
to  the  traditional  view  of  tlie  Catholic  Church.  In 
Fmnoe,  in  lliilliujd,  in  Sirotland.  in  England,  wherever 
Calviuiiim  was  planted,  it  had  no  scruples  about  resisting 
the  tyranny  of  civil  rulors.     This  principle,  in  the  loi^ 

•  (UtId  Fon'tfwn,  llcnty  V1t|.  lot  MfllDg  hlmiclf  tba  twail  or  thf  AnKlirig 
'Jhanb.    KamiMchutM,  1.  S7I. 


240     JOUX  CALVIN  AMI)  TlIK  GILVKVAM   IU:»'(liUIAT10M 

nm,  would  inevitably  conduce  to  Uio  prof^sB  of  civil 
^eodom.  It  it  ccrtaui  Unit  tho  distiiiotiou  bctwoen 
Cliurcb  and  State,  which  was  recognized  from  the  con- 
version  of  C»nst<intin«,  iiotwith»t:Lii(liiig  tiw  long  ugcs  uf 
intolerance  and  persecution  tliat  were  to  follow,  was  the 
flnt  step,  tku  iic<H>witry  condition,  in  thi^  devulopinont  ol 
religious  liberty.  First,  it  must  bo  settled  that  the  Sinttt 
ihidl  not  Htrct«h  its  power  over  the  Chnrcli.  within  iU 
proper  spliere ;  next,  that  the  State  shall  not  tend  it« 
power  to  tiiu  Church,  ux  an  executioner  of  cccleeiaetical 
laws. 

A  s(!cond  reason  why  Calvinism  has  been  favorable  to 
civil  liberty,  is  found  in  the  rci>uhtic»n  chnmcter  of  its 
clinrch  oi^niyjitioii.  [jnyinen  shared  power  wiUi  niin- 
ieters.  The  people,  tho  body  of  the  congpcgntion,  took 
on  active  ami  responsible  part  in  th«  dioioo  of  theclorgy, 
and  of  alt  otlier  officers.  At  Geneva,  the  alliance  of  the 
Cliurdi  mth  tliu  civil  authority,  and  th«  circiinistancivt 
in  which  Calvin  ^vas  placed,  reduced  to  a  oonwderablo 
extent  tho  m^il  power  of  thu  people  in  clinnJi  affairs. 
Calvin  did  not  realinu  his  own  tlicory.  Itiit  elsewhero, 
especially  in  countries  where  Calvinism  had  to  encounter 
the  hostility  of  the  State,  the  dciuocnitte  tuidonoics  of 
tlio  system  had  full  room  for  development.  Men  who 
were  accustomed  to  rule  themselves  in  tho  Churdi,  ivould 
jhiiin  the  same  privilege  in  tho  commonwealth. 

Another  soui'ce  of  the  tnQuenoe  of  Calviniain,  in  ad- 
vancing the  cause  of  civil  liberty,  has  been  derived  from 
its  thoology.  Tho  sciiso  of  tho  exaltation  of  the  Al- 
mighty Ruler,  and  of  his  intimate  connection  ^vith  the 
minutest  incidents  and  obligations  of  human  lifo,  which 
is  fosti'i-i'd  by  tills  tlieolt^y,  dwarfs  all  eartlily  potentates. 
An  intense  spirituality,  a  consciousiioss  tliiit  this  life  is 
hut  an  in&nitcsimal  fraction  of  humiut  existence,  dissipates 
Uie  feeUng  of  personal  homago  (or  men,  however  high 
their  station,  ami  dulls  the  lustre  of  all  ivirllily  grandeur 


CALVralSM  AXD  CIVIL   UBEBTT. 


Ul 


ColTiniam  and  Romanism  are  tbo  antipodes  of  each 
other.  Yvt,  it  is  curious  to  obst-rvi;  tbat  tltc  effv«t  of 
tlieae  opposite  8yst«iiui  upon  the  attitude  of  ineu  towards 
the  civil  autbority,  bos  oftvo  boon  not  dissimilar.  But 
the  Calriniat,  unlike  tlie  KoinaiiiHt,  dispenses  with  a  bu- 
itum  prieetbood,  which  Iiaa  not  only  often  proved  n  power- 
ful direct  auxiliary  to  temporal  rulers,  but  haa  educated 
the  sentiments  to  a  habit  of  subjection,  vUcb  renders 
Hiibiuit)»ion  to  euob  rulers  more  tuilei  tiid  le«  euy  to 
■hake  off. 


Ott,lPTER  Vllt 


■118  EEFORSIATION  IS   FKANOB. 


I'SB  long  contest  for  Gallicau  rigliU  had  lowered  tbt 
prcBtige  of  the  popes  in  France,  but  it  had  not  woakooed 
the  Catholic  Churcli,  whicli  wiia  oldor  tlian  Uic  niotiurcliy 
itself,  and,  in  the  fecUng  of  tlie  people,  vras  indiesolubly 
uaoctaU'<l  with  it.'  The  CoUc^  of  tli«  Sorbonnc,  or  tho 
riieolngical  Faculty  at  Paris,  and  the  Parliament,  which 
hiul  togvthur  maintained  GalHcan  liberty,  wore  united  in 
stem  hostility  toall  doctrimd  innovations.  The  Concordat 
coucludud  botwecMt  Friinuis  1.  and  Leo  X.,  after  Uio  battle 
of  iMiirignano,  gave  to  the  King  the  right  of  prceeutation 
to  vacant  benefices;  to  the  Pope,  tlie  first-fruits.  It  ex- 
cittiil  profound  diseoiituit,  and  was  only  ivgistered  by 
Parliiiinetit  after  prolonged  rcraatonce  <um1  under  a  pro- 
test, It  abolished  tho  Pragmatic  Sanction,  whicli  bad 
been  dwmcd  tho  charter  of  <j!nllican  iiidop<.'ndenc«;  but 
it  weakened  the  Catholic  Chuiv:h,  only  as  it  led  to  the 
introduction  of  iiicompctunt,  unworthy  pcntons,  favorites  of 
the  court,  into  ecclesiastical  otlices,  and  thus  increased  tlic 
neccHsity  for  reform."  In  So'.ithem  Franco  a  remnant  of 
the  Waldenacs  bad  iturvivnd,  and  the  recollection  of  tho 
Calharists  Vfoa  still  preserved  in  popular  songs  and  leg* 
en(U.  IJut  the  fir^t  movements  towardx  reform  emanated 
Emm  Uie  Humanist  culture. 

A  literary  nnd  scientific  spirit  was  awakened  in  Franco 

>  Rulus  frawMtcAt  Ottckickl*  ttmtimtidt  tm  la.  u.  IT.  Ja/iriumtrl.  i.  110. 
*  On  ilir  cnii»i>iiun  canu'tusiit  upou  tli«  CuaconUl,  ms  IUiiIm.  /VuHUabal* 


JACOltES  tXFkVBS. 


248 


tbrougli  thit  lively  intcrcourM  witli  Italy,  wliicb  subsisted 
tind«r  Louis  XII.  and  Praiicis  I.  ])y  Frnitm  cspcclAlly, 
Itnlian  scholiLn  nnd  lu-Lists  vn-.re  induced  in  large  num- 
bers to  take  up  their  abode  in  Franco.  Krencbmen  like- 
wiso  visited  It.-\ly  and  brought  homo  tbo  classical  culture 
which  they  actiiiired  tJiere.  Among  tbo  scltolars  who 
cuUivKtod  Urifk  was  Budanis,  th«;  foremost  of  tbetn, 
whom  Krasmua  styled  the  "wonder  of  Franco."  After 
tbu  "  l*«io«  of  the  Damta  "  waa  concluded  at  Canibray, 
in  i^'I'J,  when  Francis  Hurrendered  Italy  to  Cburlvs  V., 
a  tluvng  of  patriotic  Italinns  who  feared  or  bated  thu 
Spanisli  rulo,  strtiamed  over  tlie  Aljw  and  gave  n  iww 
impulse  to  literature  and  art.  Poets,  artists,  and  scliolars 
found  in  tbo  king  a  libcntl  and  cntiitisiastJc  patron.  The 
now  studi««,  (-s|HH:ially  Hebrew  and  Greek,  were  oppowd 
by  all  tJie  might  of  Uie  Sorboone,  the  leader  of  which  waa 
the  Syndic,  Itcda,  JUo  and  his  associates  were  on  the 
wiitch  fur  heresy,  and  every  author  who  was  suspucted  of 
overstepping  tlie  bounds  of  ortbodoxy,  was  immediately 
accused  M.nd  subjected  to  persecution.  Thus  two  jiartiva 
were  formed,  the  one  favonvble  to  tliu  new  learning,  and 
the  otiicr  iniiuicjil  to  it  and  rigidly  wedded  to  the  tra<U- 
tional  tJieology.' 

The  Fatbvr  of  tbo  French  Reformation,  or  tlio  one 
morti  ontitU<d  to  this  distinction  tlian  any  other,  is 
Ja«:ques  Let^vre,  wlio  was  bom  at  Ltaples,  a  little  vil- 
lage of  Picanly,  about  the  year  1405,  proa(.'cut>.H]  bis 
studies  at  the  University  of  Paris,  and  having  become  a 
mn&ttrr  of  arts  and  a  pncst.  spent  some  time  tn  It^dy, 
After  Ilia  return  he  taught  mathematics  and  philosophy 
lit  Paris,  was  nctivu  in  publishing  and  commenting  on  the 
works  of  Ariiitotle,  which  ho  bad  studied  in  the  original 
in  Italy,  as  \fell  as  in  printing  books  of  nntnent  tnaUiema- 
UctaiiA,  writings  of  tlie  Fathers,  and  mystical  productions 

1  VcW.  Cuch^Uieht   DarHtllunf   d.  CoiriwMHu    &■    rirhOUmM  am 
ftaal,  p.  U  Mq. 


S44 


TQ£  RKFORMATtOM  IK   nUNCE. 


ot  the  Middle  Ages.  Le(d\Te  was  honored  nntong  tbe 
Huniimists  ns  tho  ratonr  of  pliiluso])!)];  uiid  Kienuo  in 
the  Uuivei-aty.  Deeply  imbued  with  a  religions  spirit, 
in  150D  liv  put  forth  u  commuiituiy  ou  tlic  Fsoliiut,  aiiil 
In  ir>12  a  conintetitnry  on  the  Epbtles  of  I'noL  As  early 
na  about  1612.  he  said  to  his  pupil  Karvl:  "God  will 
renovnU;  Uie  world,  and  you  will  bo  a  witnoss  of  it;" 
nnd  in  the  la&t  named  work,  he  says  that  the  sigus  of  Hin 
tiinc-s  holokcn  that  »  rvjiovntton  of  1li'>  Chtiruh  is  uojir  at 
hand,  lie  teaches  tlie  doctrine  of  gratuitous  justificntion, 
luid  dirftls  with  tlio  Scriptures  as  the  iuipren>s  ttiid  sufli- 
nient  nutliorily.  Itut  u  m^tttioiil,  nilher  than  a  polemical 
vein  i:luiraotcriz«.-8  Iiim ;  and  while  this  pr^veiitvd  hlra 
from  bnniking  with  Uie  Chnrcli,  it  alao  blunl«d  the  aliarp- 
mesa  of  tlie  opposition  which  his  opinions  w(.tc  ndaptod 
to  produce.  One  of  his  pupils  vmh  Bri^oinwt,  liishop  of 
Meaux,  who  held  the  sitmo  view  of  justification  with  Le< 
fdrre.  and  fostered  the  ernngelic.tl  doctrine  in  his  diocCM, . 
The  i?nniity  of  the  Sorbonuo  to  Lefcvre  and  his  iichool ' 
took  a  more  ag^ctsive  fonn  when  tlie  writings  of  Lnthec 
lK<gnn  to  bo  rend  in  the  Univvi'sity  and  olsewherv.  Tha 
tlicold^riuiis  of  the  Sorboime  si-t  tLcir  taCMa  against  every 
deviation  from  tiio  dogmatic  system  of  Ar|iunas.  Ueuch- 
lin,  having  been  a  student  at  I'liris  h.td  hoped  for  »np* 
|K)rt  then;  in  liiii  oonllictwith  the  Dominiams of  Cologne; 
but  the  I'lins  facolty  declared  ugainflt  him.  In  1621  thoy 
«nt  in  judgment  on  Luther  and  condemned  him  as  a  her- 
tic  and  blasphemer.'  Heresy  wm  treated  by  them  as  an 
orTunso  iif^iiut  the  State ;  and  tlic  Parliament,  tho  higliesk 
judici:d  tribunal,  allowed  itself  prompt  to  ean-y  out  their 
decrees  by  the  inftietion  of  the  usual  |K'nnltivii.  Tho 
Sorhonne  fonnally  condemned  a  dissertation  of  l.effivra 
on  a  point  of  tJie  evangelicnl  higtory,  in  whii-h  he  had 
contrnvert<*d  the  traditional  opinion.  1  le,  %rith  Karel,  Ge- 
rard Itoussel,  and  othei  prencliers,  found  an  asylum  witlt 
>  Mcluicttwi  nplird.    SiKkdidarf,  I.  Uh 


HABOABET  Or  HAVARKE. 


Hih 


Bri{onii«t..  I^d'ivi-o  traimLiUd  tlm  Now  TcfttiWUMit  tiom 
til©  Vulgate,  and,  in  a  commontary  on  tlic  GosixsU,  explic- 
itly pronuuiK-uil  the  Bible  Uiu  sulo  rule  of  faith,  which  the 
individual  might  interpret  for  biinseU,  and  duchirvd  jitsti- 
fKation  to  bo  through  faitli  slono,  witliutit  huiiuui  worlu 
or  merit.  It  seiimeil  lu  if  Mi-nux  aspired  to  become  an- 
other \Vitt«nbeig.'  At  lengtli  a  cmmiiiianon  of  I*iirl><i- 
meiit  wait  iippoiiitvd  to  take  cogiiimiiw  of  htiretics  iu  that 
district.  Bri^onuet,  either  intimidated,  aa  Ucza  assorts, 
or  rvctuiiinf^at  the  sight  of  an  actual  sc>»»9iuii  fivm  Uie 
Church,  joiucd  in  the  condemnation  of  Luther  and  of  bia 
opinions,  and  even  acquiesced  iu  tbo  persecution  wbicli 
(ell  upon  Protest^mtism  vrithin  bis  diocese.*  Leftivra 
(led  to  Stnwhurg,  vriis  aftvrwards  vwyiUftd  by  Fnuicia  I., 
but  uUiraately  took  up  hia  abode  in  the  court  of  the 
King's  sistt>T,  Maigaret,  tbe  Queen  of  Navnrre.* 

>Iaignr«t,  from  tlie  Qrst,  was  favomlily  inclined  to  tbo 
new  docti-ines.  There  were  two  poi'tiea  at  tlie  court 
The  moUier  of  Uio  King,  LouiHn  of  Savoy,  aiul  the  Cliim- 
coUor  l>uprst,  were  aUiea  of  the  Sorbontie.  They  were 
ii(  tbo  cbiw  of  pt^rsims,  nuinorous  in  that  ngr,  who  en- 
deavor to  Atona  for  private  vices  by  bigotry,  and  by  tlie 
persecution  of  heterodox  opinions.  Maiigarot,  on  tlie 
contrary,  a  venatilo  and  accomplish'-d  prinocM,  clieriBhed 
a  mystical  devotion  which  carried  her  beyond  Bri^onnet 
in  her  aec«ptAnoe  of  the  teaching  of  the  Reformers.  But 
tiiis  very  spirit  of  mysticism,  or  quietism,  produced  in  her 
mind  an   indiilerence  as  to  external  lites  and  fonua  of 


■  Ilmri  HtntD,  IliUvin  lU  /V«ae<,  riiL  lit. 

*  Bn*.  tliiimn  JCaL  J.  iflmt  R^.  an  JSgyniuM  Jt  Ftaft.  Ilvn  I.  (lUD). 
rii*  law  biwlu  ot  llii*  urork  *r<  hy  nn&lhtT  hud,  buC  writEim  unil«r  ch«  )*«r. 
light  uf  ttitA,     H*n)iK,  Rtal-KtiiyiL  *rt.  '*  Ilna," 

■  Tlw  iniildl*  ]uUi  vlili-li  liiiuuul  anil  olhvn,  wlio  BCKpttd  Hit  dodriu*  ot 
JustiAcBliiiil  bj-  fblh,  but  rf-inilntfil  in  tlifl  Kucnan  CaEliutk  Oburch,  CDdwrOc^ 
O  tikp,  it  (xliibllAl  by  iH'hmidI  in  lii*  nutk,  tiirwrd  AuiuK^  /iFUStaliitr  Jl 
U  AiiiM  MariflHriii  Jt  Karurtt  IISU),  aud  iu  Ihi  articlu,  by  llw  Min«>ul!iur, 
ta  lUnog't  RtatJCMytt.,  "  UHtouV.,"  "  Qiivi  KoumL"  luiil  "  Uir),ir>Ui« 
•WO  OriiMll«  " 


S16 


THE  ttEPORUATIOK  M  FKAKCK. 


ecelcciiwllcnl  order ;  bo  tLut  while  she  roccivod  the  Pio(> 
estant  idea  of  salvation  by  faitli,  and  of  tliu  <liroi:t  pet- 
Boiial  communion  of  the  soul  with  Christ,  she  was  not 
moTed  to  withdraw  frum  the  maiu,  or  Bcpurato  formally 
from  tile  old  Church.  There  was  a  warm  friendUneaa  for 
the  l{>-forinitig  proachura,  a  disposition  to  protect  th«m 
DgaiitBt  their  enemies,  a  type  of  piety  Uint  no  longer  rel- 
'lihcil  tlie  invocation  of  WLinte,  and  of  the  Virgin,  and  vari- 
ous otiier  ptH-iiliaritics  of  Ui«  Catholic  Ritual,  yut  left  tlia 
Bacmments  and  the  polity  of  the  Church  unass^led.  The 
possioiiiitc  attuolimcnt  uf  Mnrgarc-t  to  her  brother,  of 
which  so  mtich  has  been  said,  illusti'atcs  her  nature,  in 
which  «cnHibility  had  so  Urge  a  place'  The  autkorBSs  of 
a  religious  po<>in,  the  "  Mirror  of  tlic  Sinful  Soul,"  which 
was  BO  Protestant  in  its  tone  as  to  exdte  the  wrath  of 
tlie  Sorboniie,  and  of  inany  devotional  hymns;  she  alM 
compoeed,  when  in  middle  life,  the  "  Hfpl;uneron,"  a 
•(^ri(-»  nf  (aled  iit  the  tttyle  of  Boccaccio,  in  which  the 
moral  rcHectiona  and  wamingn  arc  n  weak  antidote  to 
the  natural  influence  of  tlie  narratives  themselves.'  lie- 
fore  the  death  of  her  first  husband,  the  Duke  of  Alen^on, 
and  while  she  was  n  widow,  she  exert^nl  her  inllu(>nce  to 
the  full  extent  in  behalf  of  the  persecuted  Protestants, 
and  in  opj^osition  to  Uie  Sorbonne.  Aft«r  her  inarriago 
to  Hnnry  d'Albret,  the  King  of  Navarre,  she  continued, 
in  hvr  own  littlv  court  and  prin<upality,  to  favor  the  ro- 
foruK^  doctrine,  and  itA  professiHS.  Occasionally  her 
peculiar  temperament  led   her  to   enlortiun   hospitably 

>  !;««  (bo  Juillcioiii  nmflrJu  uf  Ucnri  M>nb,  rtjl.  S3,  d.  4.  M.  (icnln,  In  Ui 
Stf^imiitt  i  la  itolift  iw  JTorjnitrAe  J' AtigouUm,  wbldi  tomi  IJia  pretw  to 
OM  IfatrtBtt  Irtlrti  de  li  BiUt  <f(  la  tt'nntrrf,  hu  ffiTca  ao  Improbable  nr- 
•Ion  of  tliU*'(rl>wnrfiJtT,"  which  uirtliuUia culpable  Inlcotion  tothodiltr. 
Kn  jfijiuiU  tIcW  I«  preMulod  by  Mil■b^lcl.  J-a  iU/ortai,  p.  ITS. 

>  Sot  (b*  brict  bill  adnilnble  nniarki  of  Vrattwar  Keilry,  in  lib  iat^mt- 
Wf  biofn^y  •>(  CttmcDl  Maml  (Undon.  IgTI),  i,  an.  It  li  n  curieiu  illiu- 
IrUlon  of  Ibc  miuinrn  of  (he  TRUch  nobUlIf  it  Ihji  timr,  tbnl  Marciri'l  ihouln 
b«  Ibn  vriirr  i.f  iIich  dorlsi.  anil  Ibil  licr  ila<ichli>r,  tht  virtciDii*  iiiit  nnbU 
iMRiir  il/llmrl,  <li(iulil  luirc  piibllihol  llimi  in  Ihn  (inl  rnmNl  oiliUoii.  K«t 
Harl<  ■i^^     'gnr^,  ll'uto<y  v/ Ikt  K'/vrm-iliim  in  iLt  Timt  o/Caltin,  ii.  ITO. 


ft£UG10L'3  -itIIiDOCIKS  01''   t'RAKCtS  I. 


247 


aotbuuaBts  who  ooitcvaled  an  antinoiniaa  license  uudor  a 
DyttJcol  tlteury  of  goqwl  lib<;i-tj-.  Ciilviii  nrutu  tu  Iiur 
OD  the  subject,  in  oonsetjuouce  of  her  complaint  respecting 
tim  langiiiigv  of  his  book  iigniiist  tluH  suet.'  IIo  MOtnu- 
where  speaks  of  her  attuclimout,  itnd  that  of  her  friends, 
to  tho  Gmtp^-l,  U.H  II  phiUniio  lovo.  Yut<  thu  drift  uf  hvr 
influcuco  sppeani  iu  the  chaiucter  of  lier  diiugUU^r,  lUo 
licroiu  Jmiiiik!  d'Albrct,  tho  mother  of  llvurj  IV.,  and  in 
the  residinras  of  tho  people,  ovtr  wboiu  Mitrguret  iiniim> 
dtiitvly  rulixl,  U>  ri'oeivu  tho  ProtvKtaiit  fititJi.  [ler  mar- 
ringo  to  tile  King  of  Navarre,  and  retirement  from  thu 
Fn-iirli  roiirt  w<-re  proc<Hl<'d  liy  lit*;  mturu  to  Eiigluiid  uf 
one  uf  tbe  young  ladies  in  Iter  service,  Anne  Itoleyn, 
whose  tnigicat  history  is  so  intimately  cuuiiectvd  with  tho 
introduction  of  ProtL-»tuiiti»iti  into  I^ngland.' 

Francis  I.,  whose  generotts  patronage  of  artists  luitl 
men  of  Icttun^  gavo  bim  tins  title  of  "  Futhcr  of  Soi- 
ence,"  lind  no  love  for  (lie  fSoibonne,  for  the  I'urliameuti 
or  for  tho  niookfi.  Uo  entcrtiiioud  thu  plim  of  bringing 
Erasmus  to  t'aris,  and  placing  him  at  the  liead  of  an  in- 
stitutiuii  of  K^^u-iiing.  Ho  rood  Uiu  Bible  with  his  mother 
and  sister,  and  felt  no  superstitious  averaioii  to  tlio  load- 
om  of  rcfonn.  IIw  tistubbsbed  tho  college  of  "  the  three 
lauguiig<!»,"  in  definnco  of  tlio  Sorboimo.  Hie  Fiiculty  of 
Hieology,  and  tlie  Fariiament,  found  in  tlio  King  and 
court  a  hiodrunco  to  thoir  persecuting  policy.  It  was  in 
the  fiiai  of  hiH  opjKwitioa  timt  the  Sorbonnc  put  the  trea- 
tise of  Lefilvro  on  their  list  of  prohibited  hooka.  It  wm 
not  t]iTOUgh  luiy  ngimcy  of  tho  King  that  tbv  company 
of  reforming  pi-eaebers  in  Mi>jmx  was  dispiu'iteiL  The 
revolt  of    (he  Constable  Ituurbou    made  it  nen-ssury  for 

>  Tb*  tiwtb*,  CpMt*  ti  StM  ftrntnf!^*  tt  f^ritmt  <Ut  Libtrtmn  jai  m 
Aim  SpMlutU  (IM4).    Calvia'i  Lclltr  ix  in  BnnnM.  >.  4». 

*  Tfi*  1^1*1*  al  Maripinl  hnia  bixn  jiuliIinhMl  b/  II.  Ci^niii,  Lcllrtt  Ja  itar- 

Tn  the  llrnl  of  llirxi  calli'irintKi  l>  prrflicil  A  full  bia|nv|'bii-iil  tiiinHliiclJoD 
Her  elianctfr  *i>d  otttet  u«  dctcilUvil  hy  \ut  I'oUui,  Gnk.iL  t'ramiitiMli 
l*rvf..  I.  m  Wf. 


248 


TUG  ItEroiEMATIOX  IK  FSAHCE. 


Fraiicia  to  ooncUiato  the  clergy ;  and  Ute  LuUlu  of  Patu 
follo^wJ  by  the  captivity  of  the  King,  and  the  regency  ol 
hia  mother,  gave  a  free  roin  to  the  pcnujuton.  An  in- 
qiiisitoi-LiI  court,  compos^Hl  ])artly  of  Inyinvii,  wus  ordained 
by  Parliament.  Heretics  were  burned  at  Paris,  aod  in 
tht.-  pruviiiovR.  Lutiis  dc  lti.-n]tiin,  who  combined  a  cul- 
tiin^  whicli  yvtm  tlie  iidininUion  of  Krasinus,  with  tho 
ruligious  enmestnetis  of  Luther,  was  tlirawn  into  prison. 
T]i>-  Kiii^,  liowi-viT,  on  \m  rt-tiini  from  S[)«iii,  At  tlia 
eiu'iH-Ht  iiitei-cesaion  of  Margaret,  set  Iiim  free.  The  fail- 
oro  of  Frauds,  in  litu  ruKwcd  struggle  in  Itdy,  enibold 
KhvA  the  ])i'r!te«nting  party.  I{eii|uin,  ^vho  liad  com- 
nu-noed  a  prosecutioa  against  Ik^drt,  llic  Iwider  of  the 
hen-ity-huutiiig  ooniiniiMioiieni  appointed  by  the  ^orbonito, 
was  agnin  taken  into  custody,  and  this  time  pcirisbed, 
before  the  King  wmi-i  interpoAO  to  save  him.  The  tlieo- 
logical  antagonists  of  Reform  went  so  far  as  to  endeavor 
to  put  rratrictionK  upon  tha  profciaBors  in  the  college  for 
the  aneient  langnag«s,  and  even  to  lampoon,  in  a  adiolas* 
tic  comedy,  tlie  King's  sister,  against  whom  they  threw 
nut  chaq^  of  hen-«y,  hi-Jtides  condemniDg  licr  book,  tliu 
"  Mirror  of  the  Sinful  Soul."  Francis  was,  at  tliis  time, 
holding  a  eonf<.-rL-ncc  witli  Cluniviit  VII.,  in  ProvencCi  and 
on  hia  n>tnrii  was  extremely  imUgiiant  at  tlie  treatment 
vf  bis  sister,  lie  HitUicirix«d  G^-runl  Uoussel  to  pnxtch 
fn.t'ly  iu  Paria ;  nud  when  lleiLt  raised  au  outcry  against 
Uis  sermons,  Fnmc-is  causnl  lioda  to  be  banished  and 
ptOMoutud  for  sedition.     He  died  in  prinon,  in  ].!>87. 

At  tliis  moment  it  seemed  doubtful  what  course  France 
would  take  in  the  groat  religious  conflict  of  tho  period. 
Li  1531,  llciiry  Vni.separatcil  Knglimd  from  tliePajwcy, 
and  made  himself  the  liead  of  the  Englisli  Church.  This 
event  made  a  profound  inipn^wtioit  throii!;h')Ut  OiinAten- 
doin.  Since  Uio  Diet  of  ^VorI^8,  the  Papacy  hud  lost 
tiio  hnlf  of  Germany  ami  of  Swit7.erhin4),  then  DeunLarii 
(in  1526),  tlicn  Sweden  (in  1.527),  and  now  England 


BOUe,  TUK  KOAISSANCR,   THK  BKrOBUATtON. 


^9 


Tbe  NetlicrlaiidB  were  deeply  sgitnted,  and  tliH  ctiifln- 
gtaUon  whicli  Lutlicr  hail  kinilk-<l  wsk  ^roiuling  into 
Italy  and  Spain.  The  leiitoiiic  portion  of  CIiviKtomlom 
was  lust  to  Itomui  what  would  bo  tho  decision  of  tlio 
Romanic  nati(»M?  It  was  inevitable  thiit  all  vycs  should 
be  tiirnod  to  France,  and  to  itft  Kiog.'  Early  iu  lolt-t, 
the  Landgrave  of  Heeee  came  to  negotiate  in  ixifitoii  with 
t'raucis.  Margarvt  oorrcspondod  with  Melancthoit,  whotb 
die  was  deBurons  of  bringing  to  Fninco.  'II10  1<andgni7o 
rmtiwed  tlie  Duku  of  Wiirtcmborg  to  his  poBwesioiis,  iuid 
iu  "tt'urtemberg  the  two  forms  of  wonOiip,  I.uthunin  and 
Catholic,  were  made  free.  Fmncia  I.  had  appmiohoil 
nmror  to  tint  I'rutcstaiiti) ;  mid  Uio  di-nth  of  Cluuipot 
VII.,  in  September  of  this  year  (15M),  had  relwiM-d 
Francis  from  his  political  ties  with  Ute  Medici  and  the 
Papacy.  The  violent  »pii-it  of  the  diatnpiom  of  tlio 
Papacy  in  i'aris,  the  offensive  proceedings  of  monks  in 
Orleans  and  elscwhorv,  luid  produced  »  reaction  unfavor- 
able to  their  cause. 

An  eminent  modern  historian  of  Franco  luis  depicted 
the  three  rival  systems,  Rome,  the  Kenaiasiuice,  and  the 
Ucfonnalion,  which  were  pmciited  tu  the  clioiou  of 
Fmttce,  nnd  were  represented  in  three  individiuds.  wlio 
ha[q>ened  to  ho  togeUier  fora  moment  in  Paris  —  Calvin, 
Rabelais,  Loyola.^  Thts  inlt^n-sting  pawage  of  Martin 
Mggeats  a  few  observations  whicli,  however,  are  not 
wliully  in  riorord  with  his  own.  Calvinism  was  S  product 
of  tin;  Froiidi  mind.  In  its  sharp  imd  logical  structure 
it  eonx-spondwl  to  the  peculiarities  of  tho  French  intcl- 
h'ct.  In  it^  nuiral  earnestuess,  in  its  demuud  for  Ihn 
reform  of  ecck-siasticid  abases,  it  found  a  response  in 
tbe  oonscienow  of  ^od  men.  But  Calvinism  vns  the 
rtidinil  ty|>e  of  l^rotestantism ;  it  broke  nliruptly  and 
abeoKitcly  with  the  jiiist.  and  must  for  tJiis  rejLton  «n> 
ootmter  a  vast  might  of  opposition  fi-om  traditioml  feel* 
>  Bwri  Utnim.  riii.  ISO.  >  lbi<L.  IM. 


250 


THE  BEFOBMATIOS  DJ  FHANCE. 


ingn,  from  sucrvd  or  sujicntitious  nmocLatiou».  Tbe 
dc^im  of  predestination,  which  Calvinism  put  in  th« 
ton-front  of  ito  thvuloi^',  would  stir  up  thu  liostility  o( 
iiK'u  in  whom  Uie  spirit  of  the  ItenaisEauoe  waa  prcdutn- 
iitiinl,  not  to  Hpoak  of  other  cliuwcs.  It  vrtus,  inoreori,>r,  ii 
di-fi'ct,  that  C'ldvtiiisin  did  nut  rise  to-tJie  lev«^l  of  religious 
tuK-nition.  In  thu  midst  of  tlieirowo  stifTcrittg)!,  tliu  ChI- 
vini.tlic  ]iri,-iic-lifr»  of  Kraiico  invulfed  tJie  tirni  of  tlie  magi^ 
trnte  to  l^upp^l■8a  luid  punish  vVnutrnptists,  Serrottanaf 
und  the  likt-,  not  u-t  diKUirbt-nt  of  civil  order,  bud  u 
heretiea.  Itut  atrniiger  Uiiin  any  otlier  obstacle  in  the 
way  of  tiie  Calvinistic  Refonii  wa«  the  auieiidnicnt  ol 
Itfu  which  it  rciiiiirvd.  It  wns  too  st«ni,  uuit^h-uting  a 
foe  of  son&uality  to  make  itself  tolL>nihIu  to  a  raultitudo 
of  men  and  women,  in  the  court  atid  out  of  it,  wlio 
could  liave  endured  eiuily  its  doctrinal  formulns  and  have 
suhinittcd  to  its  method  of  worship.  At  thu  oppoftitv  ux- 
treinc  from  Calviniiiiu  was  tliu  iipirit  of  Spanish  Catliol- 
icism,  tlie  reawakened  xeal  for  the  traditions,  the  au- 
thority, the  imaginative  worship  of  the  old  religion  ;  tlia 
Kpirit  of  tliu  Culliolic  Reaction,  whii-li  found  un  embodi- 
ment in  Loyola  and  his  famous  society.  With  tliis 
spirit  Franco  aa  a  nation.  Franco  left  to  it»  natural  im> 
pulnes  and  aiSnities.  did  not  sympittlilze.  Between  these 
mighty  contending  forces,  which  more  and  mont  wcro 
coming  into  conflict,  wkh  tlko  litt-mry,  philosophical,  scep- 
tical temper  of  the  Kenaissance,  which  found  an  t^xproa- 
won  in  that  strungost  ol  writers,  Itabehiis,  whose  ejctrsior. 
DiLi-y  genius  has  been  acknowledged  by  the  profoundest 
'Students  of  Uterature,  who»e  influence  upon  tiie  Frendi 
language  liaa  been  conipp.rL'd  to  that  of  Dante  upon  the 
Itjdiau.nnd  who  veiled  uadi-raniimkof  Imrlo^uc  fiction-^ 
of  filth  and  ribaldry,  too,  we  must  add  —  hia  ideas  npoo 
human  nnttin>,  society,  education,  tmd  religion,  Tlie 
follies  of  monks  and  priests,  tJie  sophistry  and  fero.:ity 
of   thu  Sorbitnne,  he  iii.-d)i»  to  siiclt  an  extent  tliat  he 


KQUIVOCAL  P0S111JX  Of  IftlXXClS   L 


S51 


needed  powerful  ^rotwUira  to  sctvu  liim  frum  tbdr  wcutli. 
Hia  own  rcligiuti  doeti  noc  extutid  bu^ond  »  tb«iHin,  in 
wbicli  uv.:a  iMji-ftonal  iti)iiiorta1itj>'  Iihh  no  clear  recngiiitJon. 
It  is  doiibtliTss  truu  tluit  onv  type  of  ibouj^it  luiil  fitTliug 
in  It'nincc  »t  tliat  day  ia  rdlccted  un  tho  pa^s  of  Gar- 
gantuu  and  Pantagruvl.     A  little  Intur,  a  isoepticisin  <A 
d  »<>iiiuwhu.t  iiii>dilit.Hl  type,  yut  a,  genuiue  product,  like- 
wiae,  of  the  Reuaissance,  appeara  iu  Moatuigne.     Wbal^ 
evvr  attrnc^oiu  this  Kpccivs  of  philuDpliicui  soeptiutiiiiit 
or  of  natural  reli^on,  may  hare  for  the  French  mind,  it 
was  too  iuliuigiblu  in  form,  it  had  too  Uttlo  of  cantcstncti] 
and  courage,  to  nindiMte  btitwcon  the  two  ri»olute  cont- 
biitituts  who  were  to  contend  for  the  poesoesion  of  France, 
Mu^Jli  if  not  cvvrytliing,  dcpeiidvd  ou  the  piitli  whieh 
tlie  besltiitinj^  inonai-cli,   Francis  I.,  would  conclude  to 
tuko.     The  Fn.-iK'It  iiiuniii'chy,  it  bun  been  siiid,  wlii(.-li  tuid 
been  emancipated  politictlly  fioui  Koine  sinoe  I'ltilip  Ihu 
Fair,  hiid  nutliing  l«  jpiiii  by  becoming  Proteatunl.'     KuC 
ut  leuut  it  biut  niuJi  to  gitiu  by  prcjH-rviiig  its  iiidupi-iid- 
enco ;  by  refusing  to  eiitist  in  the  reacUouary,  repreniTe 
pijliuy  of  Spuniftli  Catiioliciain  ;  by  declining  to  jLtrtidcu  in 
a  work  in  which  the  IIouso  of  Austria  h:td  tukeu  tlie 
leading  part.     But  Francis  I.  did  »ot  aaituniti  n  distinct 
iind  independent  puaition.     lie  did  not  embrace  !'rolea>  ^ 
Uuiti^ni;  be  ilid  nut  consiiitvntly  Uiruw  biuisetf  ujwa  the 
side  of  ultraiiiontiuio  CittholieiHiu.     Now  {Mu-tially  toUi- 
atiug  the  Itefonnation,  and  now  pereeoiting  it  with  bosa 
crut;lty,  he  adhered  to  no  definite  policy.     By  tliis  »n-  '■ 
decided    and  rHcillating  attitude  be  brongbt  upon  bis 
country  incalculable  tniserieH,  civil  warv  in  wbiob  Fnine« 
bcuame  *•  not  the  arbiter,  but  the  prey,  of  Europe,"  anj  i 
it«  soil  "  tho  frightful  tbeiitre  at  the  buttle  of  Mcta  ani^ 
natljaa."     "  His  dynasty  perished  in  blood  and  mire," 
uhI  Fnuice  would  have  periidied  witli  it,  liad  not  thia 
tate  been  nrreated   by  a  alalesmau  and  warrior  whoiRi, 
t'liiTubni-e  ruim'd  up  tt>  miligiit>!  Oiv  lot  of  his  country.* 
■  UiKOM.  quowd  by  btatl  Hulin,  ri!i.  SU.  *  Hartin.  p-  SI' 


268 


THE  KEFORIIAHOX  tX  FIUKOE. 


Notvritlifttitiuliiig  liU  friun  lly  profoesions  to  tlic  Lucli«r> 
BDS,  it  soon  appeared  that  iF  FranciH  would  haTe  been 
glad  to  ecu  a  Ui'fin-matioii  aftvr  tlio  EnLsminu  type,  he 
had  no  sj'iiipiitliy  with  nlt^kckii  upon  the  doclrino  of  tJi« 
Socramonts  or  upon  tho  bienirchiiNkl  system  of  the  Chiu-cli. 
tlic  to{Ho«  whi<;h  lil.i  «istcr,  in  h>-r  writings,  bud  nvokk-d. 
Nor  Imd  be  any  disposttjon  to  counlenanoo  movemeuts 
Uut  involTed  a  religious  divuuon  in  his  kingdom.  As 
long  tin  I'clic^ouH  dlaseut  w;i8  oonRned  to  men  of  r:ink  itnd 
education,  tJie  King  might  discounti-nanee  tlie  use  of 
Corc«  to  reprcwi  il ;  but  wln^n  it  penetrated  into  tbn  lowvr 
rankii  of  the  people,  the  easu  was  different.  Unity  in 
religion  wa»  an  ck-ment  in  the  strengtli  of  his  monarchy, 
of  which  hu  booHR-d.  He  prixud  tlio  old  maxim,  "  Un  roi* 
un  foi,  im  loi,"  When,  tiiorefore,  in  OctoWr,  1534.  in- 
considvr.itu  i^-aloU  posted  at  the  coment  of  tho  streets 
in  i'nris,  and  even  on  tim  door  of  the  King's  chamber  at 
Blois,  phicurds  denouncing  the  mass,  bo  signalized  bia 
duvotion  to  tli«  Catholic  reiijpon  by  ooming  to  I*ari«  to 
take  part  in  solemn  religious  procesuons,  and  in  the 
buniiug,  with  circumstances  of  ntrociotis  cruelty,  of 
iHghtne.n  heretics.  Yet  again  he  showed  himself  auxioua 
to  oemeut  a  political  alliance  with  the  Genniin  Protes- 
tants, utid  uvcii  entered  into  negotiations  looking  to  a 
union  of  the  oppaiing  religions  pasties.  He  went  so  far 
RS  to  invite  M«!ancthon  to  Puria  to  help  forward  tho  en- 
terprise. H<!  claimed  llmt  tJio  persons  who  had  been  put 
to  death  were  fanatics  and  seditious  people,  whom  tJie 
Nifuty  of  the  State  n^ndcred  it  necessary  to  destroy.  In 
truth,  the  Grand  ^faster,  Montmorend,  and  the  Cardinal 
de  Toiinton,  active  promoters  of  petsecution,  hud  per- 
suadeil  him  that  tho  posting  of  the  placards  was  tlie  first 
st«p  in  u  gri'jit  ]>lot  of  Aiial)Aptist«,  who  deigned  to  do 
in  Fi-aneu  what  tliey  had  done  in  Miinster.'  Bat  th« 
tutvrillingnMS  of  Fiuncis  to  produce  a  schism,  or  to  place 
■  Ucoii  Uutin.  -ml  SU. 


Tm:  INl'LUKKCE  Oe   OEKEVA. 


258 


himself  in  antaigoniam  to  tlie  C/iitliolio  Churcli  4jb1igcd  him 
to  giTi)  htB  uppruval  to  a  rigid  statement  of  doctrino,  iu 
opposition  to  tliQ  FivtOHtiinl  views,  wbtdi  l2iO  Sorbonne 
put  forlb,  in  the  form  ot  a  directiui)  to  pi-eactiers.'  lie 
uvcn  diii  not  lift  a  fiiigtir,  iti  154j,  t<>  pruveiit  tliu  wliolu* 
aale  sUugbter  of  lus  unoffending  Waldensian  subjects. 
His  ^"vcniitig  nitii  waj*  to  tipbold  tlic  powi-r  ot  Fnuiw,  and 
lo  witlisUind  iiiitt  reduce  thc!  powf  r  of  llii-  lOmperor.  Henoe 
be  cTdtirtitod  tbv  friviideltip  and  ;iKHLstt.-d  tbu  cuusu  of  tliu 
Protestants  in  Gcniuiny,  wbile  he  wiia  inflicting  im|>nB- 
ounifiiit  tuid  dratli  upon  tht.-ir  bratiiron  in  Fmiicd.  It  wan 
not  partiaUty  for  l*rot«stAntiun,  but  hostility  to  Cbarlea, 
tJiat  moved  him ;  and  so  strong  XFa&  this  sentiment,  that 
be  did  not  heaitatv  to  iiuiko  common  ciiusv  witb  the  Turkfl, 
for  tlie  sake  of  venkening  liis  adveraitry.  On  tbe  whole, 
during  the  roign  of  Francis,  Protostiuit  o[)iniona  found 
not  u  littlu  favor  among  tbe  bightir  olassca.  For  a  while, 
it  was  Luthurimism  that  whs  adopted.  Hut  Luther  nTis 
tiK)  tliorougfaly  a  Uerniiui  to  be  congeninl  to  tbe  French 
mind.  It  was  Oalvinism,  as  soon  as  Calvinism  arosu, 
which  attracted  the  sympatJiies  of  tho  Frenchmen  who 
Accepted  thu  Protestant  faiUi. 

Farol  and  Calrin  were  botli  fugitive*  from  jwduv 
cutiun  in  Fiance.  Calvin  returned  to  Geneva  from  his 
bAUtsbnicnt  in  1541.  Moru  and  moro  Geneva  bocnmn 
iin  iiHvlutii  for  Frenchmen  whom  intolerance  <lrove  from 
tlunr  country.  Many  of  them  came,  wearing  tbe  scars 
nhidi  tlie  inxtniment*  of  tortiirn  bad  left  upon  thorn. 
As  the  victims  of  religious  cruelty  emerged  from  the 
|UUMa  ot  the  Jura  and  caught  nght  of  Uio  holy  city, 
they  fell  on  their  kneos  with  thanksgivings  to  God.* 
From  thirty  printing-offloM  of  Gvneva,  Prot«6tiint  works 
were  sent  forth)  which  were  w-lltt4^^ed  over  Fmuoe  by 
colporteurs  at  the  peril  of  their  lives.  Tho  Dibl«  in 
Frcndi  was  iswicd  in  a  little  volume,  which  it  was  ensy 

>  BMJt*,  LIU.  >  ^Dioadi,  Hideir*  Ut*  t'nmfnk,  aiii.  S4  m^. 


S54 


m  nPOItUATION   IH   FtAKCE. 


to  hide;  ateo,  ths  Psalms,  in  tlie  version  of  Clenusl 
Marot,  with  tho  interlineur  inuiuc  of  GouditiK-l.*  C«lTia 
WIS  iiulefatigtible  in  exhortiDg  and  encouraging  bis  oomk- 
trymen  by  bis  luttera.  PtMcbon  wli»  vnirc  trained  at 
hii«  Hid<«  ri4unii'<I  to  tUeir  ix>iintry  and  uiiniat«red  ta  tfa( 
little  churdictB  wIiilIi  long  held  ibuir  worabip  in  secret.^ 
Tlic  Itcfornitttiuu  K|iTe»d  nijiidly,  cispeoially  in  tbo  SoatJi 
of  France.  Tbe  B[*eL4aul<i  of  godly  iin-n  of  pure  Ui 
lud  to  the  stake,  wbile  iitlieiaU  and  AcolTura  vreiM  tolc 
if  tboy  would  go  to  tbe  mass,  alienated  many  irom  tlia 
old  religion. 

l{<;nry  11.,  who  Kucceeded  bis  fatlier  in  1547,  hud  no 
lyinpathy  with  ProtcstaatiKm.  He  might  support  the 
l*r»t<-«tnnt^  abroiul  wlieti  a  poHtiail  objtMt  was  to  be 
gained,  as  wlien  he  entered  into  u  tn^ty  \ritb  Kfaurioe  at 
tlio  time  when  tho  lattor  was  about  to  tnko  up  hdiib 
a^inst  the  Emperor ;  bnt  at  home  be  cofiperat«J  with 
the  SorboRiie,  wlio  wer«  more  end  more  busy  in  their 
woric  of  QXtirpatang  false  docti-ine  by  buniing  the  boc 
and  persons  of  its  proftmfjni.  Thu  nigo  of  tlia  oommou' 
lK'i)|ilii,  anil  even  thw  holy  horror  of  licentious  oourtisni, 
were  excited  by  lictitious  tah»  of  abominable  vice  wliick 
wiM  Ktiid  to  ku)  i>nictiticd  in  Uic  meetings  of  the  HugiH>* 
nirts.  To  bo  objects  of  this  sort  of  calumny  baa  been' 
a  common  ex]>eriei)ee  of  tuxUi  whiuh  hare  boon  obliged  to 
conduct  their  rites  In  secn-cy.' 

Yet  in  tbta  rKign  Ute  I'rotestiuit  opinions  made  great 
progress.     In  1558,  it  was  estimated  that  tJiere  were  tv 
tbouaand    places    of    reformed   wnrship    scatterud    orer^ 
France,  and  congregations  numbering  four  hundred  tliou- 
snnrl.     Tliey  wears  orgnnixcd  after  the  Presbyterian  form, 
and  were  adberenta  of  the  Genevan  type  of  doctrine.     la 

I  8m  ID  vioqiiaiil  ia<u|^on  thg  ioflI)^ncc  iif  Gcnota  in  UlpbeUl,  OMivwtfa 

°  Sucb  krruuiJnn*  mm  braiiRhi  a^Dtt  J«in  in  Ihc  Mi'ldl'i  Agw.  lAt 
riiarKM  Bcrc  bniii(;lit  kCkinil  till  «arly  CIiriMIan*  In  Ihq  Roman  Enipii«.  Olb 
kOO,  U.  tk.ZT. 


ransBcunoN  bt  nrsst  a. 


S56 


16S9  Uio;  voiiturod  to  hold  ii  gencnd  Bjrnod  ia  P«ris, 
wli«Tft  Uiey  adojtCed  Dimv  confesaiou  of  faitli  Aiid  duter- 
toin^  tlie  method  of  thrir  church  organizatian. 

Aitw  Henry  coiv^Iuded  tlie  dUiuiirouH  pt-noo  of  Cntcaa* 
Cambresia,  by  n-liicli  bis  conqucflts  in  Italy  aod  in  tb« 
Nc-tluulanda  were  given  up  to  Spain,  jhkI  hi«  diiiight^T, 
Elizabeth,  WHS  to  be  mnrricd  to  Philip  II.,  and  his  nistcr, 
Miiryai-et,  to  tJie  [>iilco  of  Snvoy,  \in  oommi-nccd  with 
frush  vigor  Uio  w«rk  of  perscoation.  It  was  involved  in 
thin  treaty  tluit  th«  two  kings  nhouM  unit«  in  the  aup- 
presBion  of  heresy.  "  The  King  of  France,  whicli,  nincc 
till!  revorsts  of  Cbnrlc!)  V.,  hiwl  U,'«n  tlio  first  power  in 
Europe,  tmiigbt,  at  t)i«  price  of  niany  provinws,  tlio  nttik 
of  Lieutenant  of  thv  King  of  Spnin  ii]  the  Cathottu 
purty."  I  Ho  unexpectedly  prcnciit^d  hiniw^If  in  a  section 
of  Parliament,  where  a  milder  policy  bad  iK^n  to  finil 
idTOcates,  and  ordi^re*!  tlio  two  members  who  bad  ex- 
prcfwod  tlicniflclveo  most  emphatically  nn  that  nido  to  bo 
sluit  up  in  the  Ba«tile.  He  dwki-ud  that  ho  would  make 
th«  extirpation  of  liereay  bis  principal  busliteM,  aud  by 
letter  threatcnod  the  Par!iami?nt  and  inferior  courts  in 
case  tlicy  nliowed  any  Inniencr  to  heretics.  But  in  n  tilt 
which  formed  n  part  of  tbu  fostivats  in  honor  of  the  mar- 
riagei,  a  Hplint«r  from  tlie  spejir  of  Mont^jomiTy,  the 
Captain  of  his  Guards,  etruck  bis  eye  and  inflicted  n 
deadly  wound.  It  seemed  to  the  Protvstants  tliat  in  the 
m<:inient  of  extreme  peril  the  liand  of  the  Almighty  wus 
•tretdiod  out  to  deliver  them  (1659). 

Thus  far  pcniecution  bad  failvd  of  its  dtitign.  "  Tho 
fanatics  and  the  politicians  bad  thought  to  annihilate 
heresy  by  the  niitDbcr  and  atrority  of  Uto  puninhmenta : 
tliey  perceived  with  dismay  that  the  liydra  molUplied 
Hself  undi'r  tbt-ir  Mows.  They  had  only  inic<t^'<h'<l  in 
Mtalting  to  a  dogroc  unhMird  of  before,  all  that  there  arg 
of  heroic  jmwera  in  the  banian  soul.     For  one  mart^ 

>  IhJiia,  riii.  UO. 


266 


ntt  uittMATios  Et  runaL 


ir»*« 


wbo  dukpfwated  in  the  flamM,  dMn  ^WMOulaJ  Ihwnwily 
R  boDtbcd  mora :  men,  woDcn,  duUxeo.  BMrcbed  to  tbdr 
pouilinwot,  napag  Un  Ptalms  oi  Mttrnt,  or  tba  C«Btid«  * 

Uuiy  egpiigd  in  eotwj,  inseosibte  to  the  refined  cmeW 
ttM  of  tbo  aavages  wbo  iav*ntod  toTtan.-s  to  prolac^  tbeir  ' 
•goojr.    More  than  one  judge  died  of  oonstamation  or  re- 
^m      none.  OtlienembrMedtbebitli  oftboeeiriiomUioysttt. 
^B     to  the  8caffc4d.    The  execatiaaer  at  Dijoa  wu  ooDvertod  ' 
^B     ai  the  foot  of  tlie  p^.    All  the  great  pbeBotneoa.  in  the 
^^      iiHSt  TMt  proportiono,  of  tbe  first  days  of  CbrutiaBi^, 
mm  aeeo  to  reappoar.    Most  of  the  Tictinu  died  with 
tfan  nye  turned  towards  that  New  Jprosaleni.  that  holy  city 

»of  tb»  Alps,  where  Bom«  liad  b««n  to  seek,  whcaoo  othon 
hiul  received  the  Word  of  God.  Not  a  preacher,  not  a 
niinoDary  was  oootlpinnMl  who  did  not  salute  Calvin 
from  abr,  thanking  liiin  for  luiving  prepared  hita  for  so 
boaotifnl  an  eod.  They  no  more  thought  of  reproaching 
Calvin  for  not  following  them  into  France  than  a  miUllor 
reproDcliM  ills  general  for  not  pliingii^  into  the  mfJife."  * 
r^—^^  Wo  have  now  to  refer  to  the  circoinscanceB  that  can- 
TertMl  the  HngnonotB  into  a  political  party.     With  Uie 

Iaocesnon  of  Francis  II.,  a  boy  of  sixteen,  Catharine  <la 
Hedid,  the  widow  of  the  late  king  and  tii«  moth«r  ot 
his  moceaaor,  hoped  to  gratify  her  ambition  by  ruling  tlia 
kingdom.  Tlio  daughter  of  Lorenzo  II.,  of  Florence,  and 
the  nieoe  of  Clement  VII.,  her  childhood  had  been  pnaaed 
In  an  atmosphfrv  of  duplicity,  and  she  hud  thoroughly 
imbibed  tin!  uupriuciplud  maximit  of  tho  ItaUnii  ttcliool  ol 
politics.  The  death  of  the  Dauphin  had  made  her  husband 
thn  Iiiiir  of  thu  throne  ;  but  his  aversion  to  her  waa  snob 
tli^it,  nt  an  i-arlicr  day,  when  it  was  supjKised  that  r.o  cliil< 
dren  would  spring  from  her  marriitg«,  there  was  an  idea 
1  Htitia.  tS.  mo. 


CATIUBINE  DE  MllDICI  AKD  TUB  OOTSBS. 


257 


of  wiKliug  her  bock  to  Italy.  S)ic  lisui  to  pay  iias'idiiouB 
Mart  to  tlie  iiiiaLraeaeA  of  her  fztthor-iii-lnw  tuid  licr  hua- 
baitJ.  Bvon  after  tlio  Ijirth  of  Iior  cliil^lrcn  and  after  lic-r 
biLibniid  aaociidct)  tli«  thrum?,  sho  did  not  twwipc  from  li«r 
liumiliating  p^ition.  Sh«  was  dependent  upon  tlie  good 
offioRo  of  Diaiift  of  foiticrs,  Iloiiry's  niutreiu*.  for  tho 
muinteuftiici'  of  ri-Litiuiu  witli  licr  husband,  whose  repug- 
nance to  b«r  was  partly  fouuded  on  phyucal  pocidiaritles, 
wbicti  woro  (li.-rivod  from  livr  proQigata  father  mid  which 
entailed  a  diseased  ooiistitution  u|wn  her  dtildn^u.'  Ac- 
customed from  early  childliood  to  bido  her  thoughts  and 
fiteliii^ ;  without  ooaAdenot^  niid  aiiuoi^t  witliout  a  henrt ; 
curing  little  for  rehgioi)  except  to  hate  ita  restrainu, 
CdUiariiit:  hail  nur^i.^!  her  drcnm  of  ambition  in  secret.' 
But  the  faet  that  Fixtncia  was  legally  of  age,  though  pncti- 
niUy  in  his  minority,  disiipjK>intetI  hor  hope.  It  iinme* 
dintely  nppt^ared  titat  tho  young  King  w»9  entirely  under 
th«  control  of  t]ie  family  of  Guise.  Claude  of  Gniso  tuuJ 
bo«n  a  we-altiiy  un<]  prominent  nobleman  of  Lornune. 
who  }iad  diatinguished  himself  at  Mangnano,  and  in  the 
8til)SiS)uent  contxvttA  with  Charles  V,  Two  of  hi»  »one, 
Francis,  Duke  of  Guise,  and  Charles,  Cardinal  of  I^or- 
ralne>,  had  acquired  great  power  under  Ilunry  H. :  tlie 
I>uke  A9  a  military  leader,  especially  by  the  Ruooiwtfui 
defense  of  Metz  aud  the  taking  of  Calais ;  and  the  Cnr- 
dinal  as  Coufoaaor  of  Uiu  King,  whose  coiucionoti,  Bc^sa 
saya,  ho  carried  in  hta  sleeve.  Their  «ster  had  married 
Jatuvs  V,  of  Scotland ;  and  her  daughter,  Mary  Stuart, 
who  was  to  play  so  prominent  a  part  in  tho  history  of  the 
OgB,  waa  wedded  io  the  youtliful  King,  l''riincis  II.  He  \vaa 
weak  in  mind  and  body,  mid  it  woa  not  dillicult  for  the 
Cardinal  and  the  Duke,  both  of  them  aspiring  and  adroit 

>  HIcbtlM.  0*irrttj,  Siliiv.*,  p.  (3. 

■  Anqncdl  ptrlvn  lo  piliit  Cuibirio*,  in  ttma  poioli,  la  «  Itw  untairanUa 
(gbt.    i,'i'^r!l  ill  la  Li-pt4,  \.  U.     Sh«  in  dunclariird  hy  the  Puc  d'Aumalt 
u  iMlkg  "wlilioni  anpciloDi,  wlltioDt  priatiplea.  aait  withmit  •uuploL'*     /n» 
Hry  qflitt  Priiua  of  Canity  L  H, 
IT 


£58 


TBC  Ri;i-OIUIATIOX  tK  I'BAKCI. 


men,  with  the  aid  oE  the  vigorous  and  betintifal  yv 
Qatxtn,  to  iniilntttui  a  oiujili^tv  nnccndeno;  orer  bit 
The  Cnnlinsl  wna  supreme  in  the  alTiLin  of  StAto,  tiw 
Duko  in  thfi  tnilitnry  di'^partment.  It  vm  an  amociAtion 
(if  the  ttoldiiM*  iind  the  diplomatist,  the  liop  and  the  faz^ 
f'lr  their  common  AggrandizpmcmtH  Tlio  Gtiiiw*  wt  thpm- 
fi(lv4>«  up  (u  tliu  diampioni*  ot  tlio  ol<l  ivIigiDii.  aUIiou 
tliey  at  first  adopted  the  policy  of  withstanding  C3iari( 
V,  through  an  allianoc  with  Ch«  Pope.  Hicy  had  h 
h<»pes  nf  acquiring  power  in  Italy,  and  assumed  to  inherit ^ 
tlie  clium  o!  the  hooao  of  Anjon  to  Nuplva.  On  tite  ao- 
cenon  of  Francis  their  first  step  wivt  to  induce  t)io  King 
to  give  n  courteous  diamiaaal  to  the  Grand  Constable,' 
Montmorcnd,  who,  with  his  numerous  n.4atiT(«,  had  bccD 
the  rivals  of  tlie  GuUes  and  had  aliared  with  them  the 
uffioiA  and  honors  of  the  kingdom,  tt  was  by  thu 
port  of  Diana  of  Poiti<;rK,  one  of  whose  daught«ra  ha 
marrifd  their  brother,  that  the  Guises  were  enabled  firet 
to  tiiokv  th(.rm»olvcs  the  equals  and  then  tlie  sup^-rinn  of 
Montmorend,  whom  tliey  greatly  outstripped  in  political 
■Bgataty.' 

It  was  not  to  he  expected  tltat  Uie  givat  nohlca  of 
Prance  would  quietly  see  the  control  of  the  government 
practically  uKiirpcd  by  persons  whom  they  consiih-ri'd  ni^j 
starts,  who  had  seized  on  places  that  did  not  belong  tA- 
them  by  the  laws  and  customs  of  tlio  realm.     The  oppis 
silTun  to  the  Guises  centered  in  two  families,  the  housefej 
of  itimrbon  and  Clintillon.     The  three   brothers  of  tl*' 
furmer  house  were  princes  of  tlie  bloot),  being  deooended 
by  a  collatcml  lino  from  Louis  IX.    Anthony  ot  Von* 
dome,  the  eldeet,  who  by  his  marriage  with  Jeanne  d'Al< 
brut,  the  daughter  of  Moif^rot,  wore  the  title  of  King  of 
Naviurrt-,  bad  been  niOTivI  to  take  the  Mdu  at  the  Prot«»<j 
tatits,  but  was  a  roan  of  vreak  and  vacillating  ebaracter.' 
He  had  no  loftier  hope  thjui  to  get  back  from  Si>ain  tui 
■  Btmi  Uanin,  riO.  Ml 


TKK  HlxmBHOTS  A  POUTICAL  fAtTY. 


259 


principality  of  KavHjre,  or  to  provide  liinuclf  with  ad 
eqniv&lcnt  tlomiiiion  flit^wlierc.  Th«  ftt>o»nd  bruthflr, 
Charlea,  the  Cardinal  of  Roaen,  was  of  a  similar  tempor- 
Hraent.  The  thin),  I/miH,  Prinw  of  Cond*;,  was  a  braw 
DiMi,  not  without  noble  qualitiea,  bat  nt^  in  «aanae!,  and 
not  proof  ngninst  tlio  enticements  of  Hensitul  pk-neuro. 
The.  Proti-staiit  wives  of  these  ro«n,  the  Qneen  of  Navarre 
and  the  I'rineoss  of  Cond^,  a.  niece  of  the  Constablo,  had 
nior^  flrmiiMBOf  religioun  conviction  than  tlielr  liuabiuida. 
TUe  three  brothc-rs  of  the  house  of  ChatiUoa,  sons  of 
L'^iiisn  of  Montniorenct,  tJie  rister  of  the  Constable,  were 
iiieti  of  a  nobler  make.  These  were  Odot,  Cardinul  of 
Chatitlon,  Admirul  Coligny,  awl  I >and<? lot.  Colonel  of  the 
Cisalpine  infantrj-.  Coligny  had  acquired  great  credit  by 
introducing  strict  discipline  into  thu  French  infantry,  and 
by  valor  nt  St.  QuentJu  and  elaeTChere.  In  all  tlie  quali- 
ties of  mind  and  character  that  constitute  human  f^reat- 
nejn,  lie  \raa  witiiout  a  peer.  Hix  attachment  to  tlie 
Prot4:-»tant  cauw)  was  lunoeiQ  and  tninio\-nblc. 
-  'Ilint  the  Hourbona  and  tiio  great  nobles  who  were  oon 
ncctcd  with  them  stmidd  seek  the  sup])ort  of  (ho  perse- 
cuted Calvinists,  and  that  the  latter,  in  turn,  ^lould  M«k 
for  dclivonincu  through  thcni,  wtui  natural.'  The  Giiiaes 
were  virtual  a»tir]>er8,  who  had  taken  the  station  that  be- 
long<!d  to  the  princes  of  the  blood,  and,  at  tlic  same  time, 
were  pentecntors.  Hie  noblee,  their  antngonists,  and  their 
Protestant  ro-religionist«  had  a  comntoii  cause.  There 
was  a  union  of  political  and  religions  motiven  to  bind 
ihem  all  togi'thcr.  If  pnlittcul  conuderations  had  a  gov- 
erning weight  with  Anthony  of  Navarro  an<I  aome  otiier 
li'jidi-rit,  this  wits  the  inixfortuno,  and  a  heavy  misfortune 
it  prored,  of  the  Huguenots;  but  it  was  not  their  fault. 
Whilo  it  is  vain  to  ignore  the  influence  of  political 
aspirations,  it  is  a  greater  error  of  aomo  writers,  like 
Darila,  to  ascribe  tlio  whole  movement  of  the  Huguenot 

>ltMk«,l.  IH. 


260 


TOT.  HETORUATION   IK   niANfX. 


kad^ra  to  tDotivcs  of  tliis  chonu'ter.*  'Hicre  whs  oh  ttittii 
part  a  tliorongh  oppogition  to  the  cruel  peisocutioD  of  the 
Calvinists,  and  an  iittoolimeiit  to  tiwir  cauho,  whicli,  if  it 
frail  iiicoiuUmt  in  some  cases,  proved  in  others  a  profound 
luid  (growing  cunvtction,  siidi  uk  no  terrors  iind  no  sa^-'iiSoea 
could  wt^iikoii. 

Calvin,  like  the  Luthumn  reformere,  preached  the  doo- 
trincof  obodionoo  to  rulerit,  and  uuaiiiipliiiuingsubinijBioD 
to  Buffering  and  death.*  For  forty  ycurs  tlie  unoffending 
Huguenots  had  actiid  on  tliia  principle  an<l  AubniittMl  to 
indescribable  indignities  and  cmelties,  inflicted  often  by 
mvn  who  in  tlicir  own  dnily  liv<ut  viol»tv<l  «v(.-ry  comniaud- 
ment  of  the  decalogue.  Hut  even  Calvin  held  that  Cliris- 
tiinis  might  l.ivrfully  takii  up  iirmK,  undvr  authorized 
luadero,  to  overthrow  usurpation.  M'e  shall  see,  more- 
over, tliat  it  wM  the  undieekud  atrociticK.  not  of  niagis- 
teates,  but  of  their  enhjecte,  acting  without  color  of  law, 
that  kindled  the  flames  of  civil  war.  Kut  in  France,  as 
in  Gcniiaiiy,  during  this  pei-iod,  the  I'eluctiUicv  of  tlio 
ProtOHtnuts  to  abandon  the  ground  of  pas^ve  reustance 
and  in  riwi  iifjuinHt  thdr  oppressors,  Iho  iiidcdtuoii  of  tlio 
Protestants  on  thin  (jiieslJon,  mare  than  onoe  cost  tlicm 
dear. 

Thu  consjiiruoy  of  A  mboisu  wits  a  plot,  of  which  a  Frtiuch 
gentleman.  La  Rcnaudie,  was  thv  most  activo  contriver, 
to  diHiNnscsK  the  Gui.'M!ii  of  their  jMsttion  by  force  and  to 

>  OaTilii  ttUria  delit  Otum  Cttill  di  Fromcit)  dMcrlbti  t,  rarmal  mestlnit  in 
TeluloniA,  al  whldi  Conil'  mil  otlien  advouktcd  in  open  ncur.  Iiul  CoUgay 
emudol  dwin  M  adoiil  •  mors  cniiy  polJcy.  DariU  inaku  Xhn  faoip\racy 
jt  JUnbotM  ihB  nolle  ef  thb  fonformw,  llui  It  l«  not  emUblctlMt  inch  ■ 
MnfcicoM  vw  B<r«r  held.  See  the  nuiihlDg  crliulnn  ol  D«rll«  bj  Kuike, 
Frtuu.  OtitM-iU,  V.  S  Hi|. 

'  Sc<  UcuT'i  0<  AI8.  Bnil  Brfl..  |i.  IM  Mq.  Speaking  ot  iLe  rouanl  which 
M  fftf*  In  nfenom  tn  tba  AmbtriN  wriujnnc}',  Culrtn  tMjti  "  dpondnnt  Im 
hnwntallciiu  Mliiycal  mnniln  de  rinhuiniinii<<  <iunn  excrvail  iraiir  aljniic  li 
I«D(ll<ni:  nKKOic  initorv  tn  hfurr  on  nllpndnil  nnc  tiotribtv  Imurbcriv.  pmii 
nUrnilnOT  luui  Ir*  ptrrnv  Dilctvt."  IIi  Kit's  tlial  li«  niilM,  tlml  it  a  linRlt 
li^ot  Uooil  mra  ab*il,  ritm  af  l>looil  i«»jlil  lliiw  nv*r  E«ro|Mi  moitonr 
4X1  il  ]*  Ullor  *'  lor  lit  all  Is  jipritli  *  hiiiiiln^il  liiim,  Ihiii  Ihal  lli«  nuM  illhl 
uKanni*  uf  tlir  G«p«J  tliunld  be  aipowl  la  turli  u|i|>KibHum." 


I 


TKE   EDICT  OV  ROUOKAXTIN 

place  the  coulrol  of  the  goTOrnment  in  tliu  hnnds  oF  tho 
prim-cs  of  tli«  t>ivi»L  <\>ii(l«;  itppitunt  to  luivc  bovrn  iirivy 
to  it.  Coligny  rc^f used  to  take  part  in  it ;  Calvin  tried  to 
(lissuiul<.'  Lii  lU-tiiiiKlic  ii-om  vxcculhig  hi«  projuct,  vrliich 
the  Kftformer  aternly  diaapprovetl,  uniess  the  princes  nf 
the  blood,  not  Coiidt!  aloms  Itut  tliu  fint  of  thuiii  \u  rniik, 
vrero  to  sanction  it,  niul  Parliameut  were  to  join  with 
thein.'  The  Quiscs  wero  for>.'n-arni-d  and  forvarmud,  und 
took  !i  sarage  rorenge,  not  only  upon  the  oonspimtors,  but  ^ 
upon  iL  groat  number  of  imioccat  Protesttuite,  whom  the  I 
conapiratora  had  invited  to  the  coart  to  pr«wnt  their 
petitions,  but  who  hud  no  furtbvr  couipUci^  in  the 
undcriiikiiig  (1^360).  ■ 

Tlie  commotion  of  which  tJiis  abortive  scheme  was  un 
impressive  sign,  bad  the  effect  to  moderate  for  the  mo- 
ment tlie  policy  of  the  Cardinal,  'llie  prisonti  ^rore 
opened  and  the  Prot«6tant8  sot  at  liberty'.  The  Edict  of 
Romoi-iuitin,  in  I->Gt),  still  forbade  all  Protestaut  assem- 
blies for  worstiip,  but  proceedings  against  individuiiU  o» 
secmiiil  of  tbeir  faith  were  to  be  dro(>ped.  The  tareSf  it 
WHS  Hitid,  bud  Wvome  too  strong  to  bo  Dndlcated  from  the 
field,  'i'he  PniteAtanta  made  an  appeal  for  liberty  t« 
meet  together  for  worship.     Their  petition  was  boldly 

I  Set  Calvln't  Icltrr,  cJItJ  aborc.  «a  tlu  nbjtcl  {April  IS,  lUl),  in  IlMnj, 
lU.  11;  Bdl, ))-  IM.  Tbcre  rtn  be  no  dnibi  UiU  t«  lUundia  rvprantiiud 
OsdjK  to  be  ili«  uti^nt  Ickjcr  o(  (be  CDlcrprbc  Ttxit  be  vu  t)  gvntmlly  m. 
•nmeJ.  and  |.n>tiBt>ly  u  ;!)i  Inith-  Henri  Hnrlin.  rill.  31  Kq.  SlHUOirili,  .?^ 
Mn.^(t  rmiipau,  xvllJ.  IN.  Vat  i' KumtW,  llUlary  e/ tk4  Priitctt «/ C'l-^*. 
I.  tW>.  h  1)  M  MiU*!  t?  Ihu, /yulnn  ■'"  >'ji^'  Mf--  <■  9M.  Ruilie  uy*: 
"  Uil  kMoriMliar  ItaNlmmlbeil  Iwt  •■!&  tdbal  sicht  raKtn  ob  1^  Rruii^lF 
«kh  mil  VotAi  VMibrtil*!  liallK."  (i.  1(T.)  Hani*  adrvrlx  la  Ihf  dgnlal  4» 
CauM;  bnl  hn  onlr  4«n(rd  Ibal  be  hail  htm  a  parlir  In  aay  cnrvrpriM  ejaaai* 
llnK^trllu  St»it.  Ilg)r«iatiluat  haYpadiniilvdihal  Ihn  (VMfiiac^  «t  Am. 
bolu  wa>  ilirvruil  nj;*''"!  *l<b(r.  Rn  Un.  Uar^'i  InlcrtiUng  warii.  Tit  frm 
Krf.  in  fVoBH  II-omIm),  ISIT,,  i.  Ill,  D.  UrantOnt,  who  rbe*  to  Hiintllilac 
A*  unlMiiIjun)  La  pnlilnit  ihr  ritloa  ot  Coligny,  My*  ih<i  tb*  cnmplruon  iwr* 
|itvT«iiUd  ly  bla  itnsM-D  pnbily  ana  KnM  c(  hannr  from  liiifartM^  to  blni  th)M 
MrnL  tf*  lloaKHf  IS-tlni,  I  til.  XX. 'il.  'Admtnl  iloCbutitlon).  Bru- 
ta»  conpifM  CtUpiy  and  GuIm,  u  lapidarin  h*  Mya)  plara  lOf^har  tv* 
dlBBOndi  of  oaqnlallt  bMOl* 


J 


263 


TBB  REFORMATION  Ut  FRjJlCR. 


prc8ont«d  to  th«  King  in  nn  A«M<>jnb1y  of  NotAb1«8  si 
Fontauieblenu  by  Coliguy,  who  had  eispauspd,  but  not  yet 
jnibltdy  profvssod,  the  m-w  opiiiioiis.  At  thu  mmo  limn, 
a  deiruiiid  was  made  for  a  meeting  of  tho  Stat^^s  Gonornl, ' 
to  considor  the  finiLnoo:!  of  the  kiugdom,  aiid  for  a  Xattonal 
-  ^Tftntn-n  to  rcgiilale  t!ie  iiffaira  of  n>ligion,  'llie  Cnrdinal 
^^^Kta  obltgt'd  to  aL-f^uii'scKv^TIi"  Guises  now  oxtrt^d  all 
their  infltieiice  to  combine  nn  overwlinlming  party  ugntnat 
tli8  Prot«stant«  and  the  Bourbon  princes.  Calvin  ad*j 
hcrcd  to  hu  prinoiplc  und  discomit^'nancod  nil  vEoIcace  VA* 
the  side  of  the  I'rot«stant3,  wl]o  were  inclined  to  tak« 
poBMenon  of  clmrchc« ;  but  he  HOiight  to  pvnuade  the 
prinoeti  to  collect  the  nobles  of  Provence,  I.angvedoOt' 
and  Normandy,  and  make  Hueh  a  demonstration  vi  would 
of  itself,  witliout  bloodshed,  break  down  the  power  of 
their  antiigonists.  The  frivolotts  Antbony  of  Na>-ftm) 
was  not  equal  to  ao  manly  an  undertaking.  Summonod 
by  the  court  to  Orloan*,  ho  wont  with  Coiid<!.  They 
went,  aware  of  tlie  peril  in  which  tliey  placed  tliemsclvoa, 
and  in  opposition  to  the  adnce  of  their  friends  and  the  i 
entreaties  of  Ihoir  wivos.  Cond6  waa  put  under  arrest, 
on  the  ohai^e  of  complicity  in  the  Amboisc;  Conspiracy. 
The  King  <A  Navarre  was  di^rived  of  hia  officers  and 
giULrds,  and  surroundi^d  with  soldiers  and  apiea.  Tho 
Deputies  of  the  E8tat«a,  as  they  arrived,  found  everything 
in  ttic  hands  of  tlie  Cardinal ;  and  were  to  be  compelled, 
fit  the  oiit»!t.,  to  sign  a  Catholic  creed.  The  same  test 
vna  to  be  presented  to  tlie  chevalien  of  the  Order  of  St. 
Michael,  the  French  cardinals,  tlie  prelates,  the  nobles, 
and  the  royal  officers  pr«acnC  at  Orleans.  Tiiu  laymen 
who  should  refuse  to  wgn  this  formularj-  were  to  be  de- 
priv<?d  of  all  their  ofHci'S  and  estatCK,  and  the  next  day 
Bent  to  the  stake.  ICcclesiastica  were  to  be  remanded  to 
their  own  order  for  trial  and  judgment.  It  was  cxpi-cteC 
that  Coligny  and  Dandelot,  and  probably  tlieir  brother 
lfa«  CMdiiial,  would  bo  involved  in  this  destruction  of  til* 


THE   AOCESSKW  OF  OHARLRS  IX. 


268 


Protestunt  Icndon.  The  mmo  orcnd  vox  to  1>e  imposed 
im  nil  offidftld  imd  pnatora  throughout  the  kingdom,  and 
Uie  requireratnt  \ms  to  be  cnfnrocil  by  Ixwtiiw  of  noldiers, 
who  were  to  march  through  the  land.  The  dominion  of 
tJie  Catholic  Church  w-iu  to  be  At  once  establi'thi.'d.  The 
(iuMM  pniihed  forivun),  u'ith  all  {Masihle  rapidity,  thf 
process  agunst  Condv,  who  was  charged  with  high  tren- 
•on.'  He  wiui  condcmnnl,  and  the  10^  of  December  \vm 
the  duy  fixud  for  hix  oxvuntion.  Just  then,  on  the  oth  of 
Dijcember,  1660,  the  young  King  suddenly  diod,  Ono« 
more  the  I'rotostnnts  felt  that  »n  intviposition  of  Prori* 
dvnco  had  sarod  thcin.  "  Wlmti  all  was  Io«t,"  «wd  Beta, 
"  behold  the  Lord  our  God  awoke  1 " 

The  (^portunity  of  the  <jno<»n  Mother  had  come  at 
last.  Th«  question  whetlier  her  second  son,  Chnr1o»  IX., 
was  in  his  minority,  could  not  bo  donbtful.  She  assumed 
the  proctioflt  gn-irdianship  of  him,  nnd  with  it  a  rirttinl 
regency.  Tlie  plan  of  the  Gniscs  to  crnah  the  house  ol 
Bourbon,  and  thoir  .^U])poi-t«r«,  by  a  oingle  blow,  had 
(ailed.  L'HospilAl  cAsily  oonvinced  the  Queen  that  it 
wxH  for  hot  iiiterost  ti>  liliorate  CundS,  and  Ut  put  a  olieck 
upon  the  power  of  the  opposite  party,  which  had  barely 
failed  of  attaining  to  «b«o1ut«  oontrol.  Tli«  l>iikc  was 
boo  wiie  to  attempt  to  retain  the  supremaey,  wliieh  the 
Cardinal,  his  brother,  was  not  disposed  to  relinquisli.  The 
King  of  Navarre  beeatne  Lieotenant-geneml.     Tlie  Con- 

'  Tlisl  lli«  «xitleiKe  of  llilt  plal  «u  cmlitril  hj  Ihg  Hnpirnnt  Irailfn  nd- 
niiutrf  nti  dnuM.  fartho  cTidonro  ut  tt>  riMlUr,  wliich  appvanla  IwasfliHtQl, 
•e*  II«nH  U*rUn,  ix.  M.  n.  Ksnk#t*yt:  "  liti  IuiIh  nmnclm  i^funilMi,  wo- 
dimh  iU«M  U«luu|itUDgsii "  —  (lia  rqmtu  ut  Ihtvontpiney  —  "  bnit jiiift,  nidiU 
wodntibdftSMMAiiMn  Zonllct  gaitut  wOrdtn."  i.  IM.  Manlnun:  "Th* 
Mlhantkltjr  at  th^  pint,  tn  lo  lii  ■riMlann.  k  not  doublfol.  t^e  Culw*  Rnt  u 
br  It  THrk*7  lo  Indiira  tlie  Snilan  net  la  blndsr,  b^  any  dlnnlon  oKnlnil  lln 
AMlrlnii  Slam,  Itwimrk  nf  tbu  ilpalraclliui  of  hcMlr*.  The  Intprmliialilt 
dileiuiiaiu  la  tn  dr*  prviiiviliialiAn  (.1  .Si.  RirlMfttmie,  ln(trpil)ii|;  fntm  abb. 
hfrical  Jiofnt  nf  view,  anr  ^xlrmiclr  vain  from  Uia  moral  p<i1n(  n(  rirw.  Pit 
St.  JI*r(tiA>Hr  "■  —  that  !•  K>  njr.lht  (xErrnnnalion  at  llic  Iwrrlin  by  fi-nwi 
ffpfn  or  villi  lli«  *1>1  a(  tlrttasfni  —  liad  alway*  burn  in  Ih*  hrmii  uf  lh«  <hi«f>  of 
"ba  pcrHcutinii  paity.    Thsy  oimanvi,  wbcn  Ibay  cotild,  Joal  a>  tbeybuiMd" 


164 


Till-:  SKKOKltAI'tOX   IM  FKANCR. 


Btuble  MontniorflQci  recovered  the  direction  of  militarf 
al?iiir:ii,  hut  Uiu  ttuisi'if  kept  tlmir  pWiM  in  tiiv  Coiiiidl, 
and  Duko  FranctH  retiuitad  tJie  po6t  of  inoaber  of  the 
royid  lioutH.i1i<^d-'  II10  Uuf^mQotK,  its  tliuj-  camo  to  be 
y^caHed^  were  powerful  in  mimbers,  and  still  more  in  the 
.'  eharacti'r  uf  tlioir  jxirty.  Kiitiru  ci>uiitio«  wor«  uhuost 
wholly  Frotestaiit.  They  were  atroag  iiniong  tlie  iiohlea 
and  cdticatad  cliiss.  Xany  ricli  mtTckiiut*  adherod  to 
thviu.  lint  their  hii^Jtt  support  vriu  from  tlm  intelligent 
middle  classce,  the  artiaana  in  the  cities ;  although  not  n 
few  of  the  lowur  orders,  wiio  hod  aeen  the  world,  nud 
were  pnwUccd  in  bearing  arins,  wero  in  the  Hugtieitot 
ranks.  'In  a  reprcsentiLtion  mado  to  the  Pope,  in  1661. 
hy  the  nilddli!  party  of  Fri>neb  prelates,  it  wiu  otubid 
tliat  a  quarter  of  the  eutiro  jupulation  of  the  kuigdom 
w«itt  Protestants.  Tbat  it  wonid  bu  inipracticabla  to 
i>xtorn)iii»te  them,  and  timt  botli  parties  should  make  up 
tlieir  minds  to  live  logclher  in  ]n-in'c,  was  tlio  couvicti'^a 
of  A  few  dispaaaionato  luid  far^ightcd  men,  among  whom 
\vas  the  Chnncullor  L'llospilul,  who  bad  lieon  called  to 
hii;  oflUv  aft.i.T  lh<'  Ci>n!ii>iinoy  of  Amlwise,  and  whfi  put 
forlb  liis  bt^st  oxet'tions  U>  recommend  this  wiae  and  hu- 
mane policy.  His  tok-raiit  views  weru  reflected  in  Lslicts 
of  the  Htntos  (ii'iuti-iil  at  Orlcuns,  where,  also,  sound  n<- 
forms  were  odoptod  in  the  administnvtion  of  justicu  ;  but 
thcM  measures  were  r«si3t«d  by  I'arliament,  and  by  the 
Ofttholits  attached  to  tbu  Gniscs.  The  Duko  of  Guiae 
WHS  joini.>d  by  Montmoreiici ;  and  they,  with  tlie  Manihal 


>  BcEU  wtplwo*  lh«  orifin  of  l)i«  dum  HocuMinc*  (i.  980).  Al  Toon  tbttt 
wsi  ■  (Mpentilioa*  btlJcit  Ihsl  (ha  mtiiM  ut  HuRh  Otpcl  rMmfd  tImuiA  th« 
city  at  aighb  Ai  tha  PrMtatsols  livid  tbiir  mcviiiuit  in  Ika  nielil,  [hey  wtn 
iMUrt\f  called  ITuciinitt*,  M 11  tliay  wran  tli«  Iraop  at  KIdk  llivb.  Ai  lb* 
GiNUi|0fiicT  of  AniTioiKi  wB>  il^AcoruNtl  at  T«ur«,  Ihin  namtf  ut  Ihjit  tirao  oh* 
l«in«d  tiirrrarr-  Iliifi  v>|<luuli>iii  i»  uimi  liy  Uu  Thnn,  luxiv.  *41.  OlhM 
wriEorv,  vnnniE  Ibom  Mcrlc  <1'A  bbuj;ii<^  1L  SS^^  dorivt  tt  ttvta  KiJfitmuitt  iht 
nunr  p"a  10  (l»  fiuty  at  froMlnni  al  liqiin-n.  Htiii  irtn  lai  an  alJiuire  <r)th 
Ui*  Swiv.  iUnin  (viii,  20)  millm  Iwih  tx|iUnatioat.  Utlri  {Dili,  Primfitm 
•do|<U  ovilhrr,  bill  cuim<.ttt  Ilia  irmi  inilli  Iba  oaiiis  ot  a  (icnoii. 


TOE  COLLOQUY  AT  P0IS3T. 


S6d 


id  Saint  AiidrlE,  formed  ttiu  Trimnviratu  with  which  Uie 
feoble  Kiug  of  Navarre  was  uiie()uiilly  matched.  Strife 
aro«o  >n  tb«  Cutuioil,  bc-twi-vii  the  two  partica.  -if^iS^ 
BRAnged,  mitUi  to  tlie  joy  of  tlie  I'rutaitaut&,  that  a  great 
nsligiuuB  oonfurimcfl  eliould  be  held  at  Foissy  to  Mv  if  Uio 
two  parlies  could  ooino  to  lui  :igrv:oiui'iiL.  In  tliis  measure 
tlie  Cardiiial  of  Lorraine  conciUTed,  iii  the  cxpecUtioB  tUiit 
he  slioiild  be  able  to  bring  out  the  dilTercnceo  Itelween  the 
t^alvinis'a  juid  Uie  Lutlierana,  and  deprive  the  former  oj 
their  iiutiiriil  nllius  in  the  event  of  a  ix-liglou»  war,  whidi 
he  probably  anticipated.  'I'he  elections  from  Uie  nobiht^ 
and  the  third  estate  fur  the  States  Gouoral,  which  firat  us 
•oinbled,  in  1601,  at  I'ontoise,  and  afterwards  ndjounitd 
to  Potssy,  were  extremely  unfavorable  to  the  Guise  fac- 
tion. This  meeting  was  really  a  crisis  in  the  hiotory  t-f 
France.'  The  tioblesM!  u»d  the  eonmionally  ivero  iiniU'd 
against  the  clergj*,  and  presented  measures  of  oonstitu- 
tioniil  reform  of  a  riturtliiig  chiu-ueter,  suclt,  liad  they 
biteu  carried  through,  lu  would  hnve  brought  the  French 
sj'stem  of  government  into  a  striking  reaemblancn  to  tliat 
of  England,  wntild  hnvu  tHrrii-«l  tho  nation  along  in  one 
path,  and  prevented  tlie  civil  warn.  Tlie  Fopei  tlto 
clergy,  an<l  Uie  King  of  Speun,  united  in  ei[orls  to  stem 
the  prevailing  current  liwariht  ooniprrmiise  or  pcaoo  be- 
tween the  opposing  coufes^uns.  But  the  religions  collo- 
quy \Tns  held.  It  was  in  the  autumn  of  1.1G1.  In  Uie 
great  Refectory  of  the  Beiiedictioea  at  Poissy,  the  young 
King  sat  in  the  midst  of  the  aristocracy  of  Franco  — 
Catharine  do  Medici,  the  King  of  Navarre,  and  Uie  I'rincu 
ftf  Conde,  Ute  great  lords  and  ladies  of  tho  Court,  canti< 
nals,  bisliopK,  and  iihbots,  doctors  of  Uio  Sorhonnc,  and 
a  nunu'i\>ua  company  of  ksser  noblos,  willi  Uicir  wives 
»nd  daughters.  In  this  brilliant  concourse,  Theodore 
Bttxa  appoured  at  Ute  head  of  the  priuichers  and  uldera 
deputed  by  the  Huguenots  to  represent  their  c»U))e,  and 
t  Bankt,  i.  Ki,  tM.    Utori  Mwtlti,  be  M. 


2«6 


TRB  tEPOKUATtOH  IN   FRJUICK. 


oltKjLieiitly  Ret  forth  the  doctrinos  of  tli«  party  of  rvkmk 
Hwa  was  n  innti  of  high  hirth,  of  prepotmeflaing  appeals 
nnce,  of  graceful  and  polished  maniiprB,  who  was  at  hi« 
cast'  in  Uio  nocicty  of  the  court,  «nd,  prior  to  th«  puhlio 
confetenoo,  vron  the  respect  and  favor  of  many  of  his  an- 
ditors  by  his  iittroctivvnoMt  in  social  intercourse.'  It  vtm  , 
scnif^ttitng  gaiued  for  Protestantiam,  when  such  a  man, 
with  vhom  there  could  bo  no  rcluctanou  to  asHOcinto  on 
equal  tormit,  wna  neim  to  comn  fortranl  in  its  defense. 
Bnt  Bezn.  bcsidex  being  an  impressive  speaker,  was  an 
eni(liti>sofii>lar,\rith  his  h'flniingao  perfectly  at  command,  j 
thai  hv  couhl  not  be  pcq>lcx«l  by  his  a(l\*cn<aric«.  At 
one  time  tJiere  was  same  pvoapect  of  an  agreement,  even 
in  «  g<-iii'ral  definition  of  tlio  Km-lianHt.  'IHie  final  result 
of  ihc  interviews,  public  and  private,  that  took  place  tn 
connection  with  the  inference,  was  to  convince  both 
parties  that  no  compromise  on  the  points  of  tlteological 
difference  was  pnicticablc. 

On  the  17th  of  January,  15G2,  was  issued  the  tmpor* 
tant  F^dict  of  St.  Germain.  It  gave  np  the  policy,  which 
had  boon  pursuod  for  forty  ycar^  of  extirpating  religions 
disMTnt.  It  granted  a  measure  of  tolorntion.  'J'lie  IVit- 
estaiits  were  to  surrender  churz:lu-s  of  which  they  had 
taken  possiwrion  and  wet's  to  build  no  more.  On  tlio 
,)ther  hand,  they  might,  until  further  order  should  be 
titki-n,  hold  their  religious  meetings  outside  of  the  \nl\M 
of  cities,  by  daylight,  without  arms  in  their  hands ;  and 
tlicii  nmotinga  wore  to  be  protected  by  the  police.  Thoy 
were  to  pay  regard  to  tho  festival  days  of  the  Catholic 
Church,  wwo  to  a.<t.<iemble  no  consistories  or  synods  with- 
oui  permisMon,  were  not  to  enter  into  any  military  oi^an* 
ization  or  levy  taxes  npoa  one  iinother,  and  were  to  teach 
iieconling  to  the  Scriptures,  witliout  insuUii^  the  mass  and 
tther  Catholic  institntions.    It  was  a  restricted  toleration, 

>  Ikta'n  letter  loGalvia  (Augunt  2S,  ISCt),  ilnKriUnc  hit  iBlroiliictloa  totki 
L  MU1.  b  gWeii  by  the  Uac  d'Aumale,  I.  App.  p.  3T1. 


MOISKISO  OF  TOR  CIVIL  WAHS. 


S9T 


fiat  tlio  pmrtif^o  had  bv«n  to  givo  to  wlicts  of  tbis  iia- 
turt'  iinnio  !alitti<lo  of  cMiutntctioi).  Cwlvin  ngoiccd  in  it) 
end  tlie  Calviniela  felt  that  n»cl«r  it  th#y  conU  oonTert 
tJii!  nation  In  tho  I'mti-ntaiit  fuitfa.  But  tlie  (■(iil^  wtw 
not  long  obfiervwl.  The  pApal  i^ato  and  Uie  Ci\tJiolic 
efaiofs  Htifc«rdud  in  inducing  tlio  King  of  Naviirrc  to  aban- 
<i<>»  the  I'rolwttant  caime.  Ha  was  toU\  tlint  tlio  l*«p« 
would  Einniil  his  marriage,  and  that  \w  oouM  thon  vwl 
Mary,  tlw  yonng  Queen  of  Sootland.  Ke  n-aa  not  bMo 
enoitgli  to  oniinti^niince  tliis  proposal.'  Tlie  tlironu  of 
Sardinia  nan  held  out  t»  him  as  a  coropenaatioii  for  tlio 
■dm  of  Navarre.  Tbe  only  hope  for  the  Bnocem  of  the 
tolerant  policy  of  L'Hovpitnl  had  rosted  in  tlin  iinEoit  of 
the  Queen  Mother  with  Uie  priiiceii  of  the  blood ;  and 
tliis  union  was  now  broken. 

Thtt  leaders  of  the  Catholic  p<iHy  were  resolved  not  to 
acq<ui.i4rw  in  a  policy  nf  toleration,  not  to  give  tip  tJu*  idiii 
of  obtaining  uniformity  by  merdon.  Th«  massacre  df 
Vawy  was  the  event  that  oc^easioned  war.  On  Sunday 
morning,  Ute  ftntt  of  Man'b,  1.^62,  tlu)  T>iik<>  of  Guiau  ar- 
rived at  the  TiUago  of  Vaasy  on  his  way  to  Parin,  at  tint 
hwd  of  a  retinue  of  Be\-pral  hundns)  nobles  ami  mldiers. 
The  Protestants  were  holding  their  religious  servieii  in  a 
spacious  bnrn.  Thither  h«  aont  Boran  of  lus  men,  who 
provoked  a  eonfliet.  The  rest  of  the  troop  cann;  to  Ihe 
■pot,  ton  off  tb«  door,  and  with  guns  and  sabres  slitugli- 
tt-nvt  and  wntinde<l  a  large  number  of  th«  unarmed,  do- 
(enselesB  eongrvgntion.  and  plundered  tlieir  houmii.  (itiiw 
looked  on  and  did  not  hinder  thi;  work.  In  fact,  he  luu] 
come  to  thu  town  with  the  design  of  putting  an  end  to 
the  Hngii<n)ot  wornhip  thore.*''  'Ilwir  preacher,  bleeding 
from  his  woimds,  he  earried  off  as  a  prii^mer.  Thn  Dnke 
waa  roceived,  oapcciaUy  in  Piuia,  with  aeelamations.  Tlie 
Protestants  throagfaout  Fmnee  justly  amxid'-r"  !  '  ■-  rleod 
■  wanton  and  ntrocioux  \-iolution  of  the  l{eli;j  <  .lOt, 

*  Doo  d'Aumal^  L  H.  *  Itaifl  tUnlo,  Iz.  lU. 


THE  BEFOSMAltOK  IS  PBAMOB. 


Will  flew  to  annii.  In  crcry  piirisli  a  cnuiidd  ms  proncliod 
Mguinst  the  Hugucnobi,  and  tlie  scenes  of  cruelty  that  fal- 
lowed have  been  Btyli'd,  by  a  Froncli  liiBtorian.  tlia  St. 
Bnrtliolomcw  ol  1662.  Tim  Trhmivirs  s^'iic-d  tiu-.  in-ifium 
of  Uie  Queen  Motlier  and  the  King,  And,  eitlier  with  or 
without  Uuir  oou».'til,  oouwyfil  tln-m  to  Purls,  whoro  lliu 
triiole  population  were  full  of  hiitred  to  the  hi>retica.  An- 
ot]]er  nuissacro  at  Sons,  uvun  moro  a-uel  timn  tlint  of 
Viiwty,  WAS  the  aigiial  for  an  oiilliui'at  of  ioonocliLitii;  fury 
on  theftido  of  the  Huguenots,  whicti  was  attended  with  a 
greitt  dustrurtion  of  nioininicntv  of  »rt  luid  the  profiination 
of  sepulchres.  It  \v;ia  true  of  the  lliigiienots  that,  "leas 
barbarous,  in  gcneritl,  than  tliolr  adversaries,  toward  mon, 
iLcir  wigo  wits  implacable  again.'iL  tilings" — against  wliat> 
ever  they  conaideped  objects  or  signs  of  idolatry.' 
.'"Tbus  began  the  scriest  of  terrible  warn,  which  only  ter- 
uiituited  with  tlie  accession  of  Henry  IV.  to  tlie  throne. 
In  tJie  devastation  whicli  tlioy  eaused  tliey  may  be  com- 
pared to  th«  Thirty  Veant'  War  in  Germany,  Franco 
was  a  prey  to  religions  and  political  fanattoism.  The 
paadonB  that  are  always  kindled  in  civil  wan  were  made 
tho  more  fierce  from  the  r«^'Hgioas  eonKCcration  wliioh  vim 
tinparlod  to  tlieni.  Otlier  nations,  as  was  inevitable, 
mingled  in  the  frightful  conttwt,  and  Franco  had  well-nigh 
loAt  its  iudcpciKli-nce.  It  must  be  admitted  that  the 
Huguenots  acted  in  solf-defcnsB.  As  we  have  «aid,  their 
connection  with  »  political  party,  whatever  evils  were  in- 
cidental to  it,  was  the  unavoidable  result  of  the  courae 
taken  by  their  antagonists,  who  attacked  at  once  the 
Pioteatant  religion  and  the  rights  of  the  princes  who  pro- 
FsBBed  it.  But  it  was  private  violence  countenanced  by 
thvjiutliorities,  against  which  the  Huguenots  ro%a  in  anna. 
"Agr.ppii  d'Aubignii,  the  Huguenot  historian  of  the  six- 
teentli  century,  Kiys ;  "  It  Ik  to  be  forever  ohwrveii,  that 
•along  us  Uicy  put  the  reformed  to  de.ith  under  llie  forms  li 
>  H«iui  UuiiD,  ix.  114. 


THE  EDICT  OV  AlOOUE. 


269 


fntiOb.  Hnwevvr  ini<|nitaiis  und  cniol  JL  vriw,  tivty  stl-fttdied 
ont  tbcir  nrcks,  but  not  tlHiir  liitinU;  but  \f  lien  the  publio 
authority,  tlie  niHgistrat«8,  weary  of  tlioir  biiniiiigv,  tlircw 
tlio  knif«  into  the  bimtk  of  Uie  crowd,  mad  by  tumults  and 
great  roassacrea  took  away  tlw  venerable  face  of  justiou, 
nod  causctl  iioiglibor  to  bo  eluin  by  neighbor  to  Uie  sound 
of  tminpets  and  dnina,  who  conid  prevent  the  miserable 
TictiniB  from  opposing  arm  to  arm, steel  to  Etoel,  uml  from 
taking  th«  contagion  of  li  just  fury  fi-om  ii  fury  witliout 
juttoe?  ....  L(!t  forttign  nations  judg«  whether  we  or 
our  enemies  liavu  the  guilt  of  war  upon  Uic  fonhvud."  \ 

Rou«ii  wafto.iplur^N)  by  ttie  C^iUiolica  and  sacked.  There 
tile  King  of  Navarre,  lighting  on  the  Catholic  Bid«,  ro- 
ocived  a  mortal  wound.  In  th»  battio  of  Druux,  the 
Proteatanta,  led  by  Coligny  aud  Cond^,  were  woreilod,  but 
tlieir  powfir  waa  not  broken.  Shortly  after,  the  Duke  of 
Guiih;,  who  was  endeavoring  to  tnku  Orl<SuJiB,  was  afsaa- 
■iiiaUid  by  a  Huguenot  Lioblemtiu.  Thu  act  was  coit- 
demnod  by  Calvin,  nor  had  it  the  sancllon  of  any  of  the 
Protectant  leodoiVi  however  tht^^y  may  have  refritint'^d  from 
exerting  theinaelrca  to  hinder  iL  Coligny  declared  that 
he  had  prevented  the  execution  of  similar  plots  before, 
tJiat  he  hiid  no  agency  in  tlii.i,  but  that  for  tiie  six  monttui 
previous,  from  the  time  when  he  had  heard  that  tlie  Dukt* 
and  his  brotlier,  the  Cardinal,  had  formed  the  diwign  to 
destroy  him  and  his  family,  ho  hud  oetiAod  to  exert  him- 
mU  to  save  the  Duke.  A  yeai-  after  the  mossuoni  of 
Vnasy,  tho  Edict  of  Amboisi?  reestablished  peaee  on  terras 
more  favonbli;  to  tho  high  nobler  on  tho  I'rotestaut  side 
tliun  tlio  preceding  edict,  but  leas  favorable  to  tliu  smaller 
gt^utry  and  to  the  town!!,  imisniuch  as  they  were  allowed 
but  a  single  place  of  worship  In  a  dititrict  or  bailUago. 
Paris  was  cxct^pted :  there  Protestant  worship  was  not  to 
be  tolerated.      The  ciipiLal   became  more  and  mrre  n 

'  Afitipp*  •I'AnliiRn'.  fliti-  Vnivt'ittlt  |1I1^-IS)■     d-  il«  Fjllca,  Bin.  it, 
AMXnWxb  Fnun,  p.  100. 


1 


ro 


TOK  BEFOMJATION  IN   PBAKCK. 


Btrongliold  of  Chtliotic  fa&ftticism.  The  acUlemont  wm 
nt^-gollated  by  Cond^,  but  Coligny  rcfiued  to  givA  hii 
itfiiii'Uim  u>  iu  provisions,  \rhich  wor^  most  unacceptable 
to  the  body  of  the  Protestantn,  who  were  confident  tliat 
boM<T  torms  miglit  have  been  made. 

1'tiis  piwiliaitloa  could  not  be  of  long  ondnranoe.  The 
Huguenots  saw  hum  the  UtKAtening  nttitudo  of  the 
U(>urt  nnd  tliu  hosHlu  movem«nt0  of  their  adrersaries  that 
there  was  no  intention  to  ob»i5r*-e  it.  Tlioy  anticipated 
t\w  iittHck  by  theniselves  resorting  to  anna ;  u  nwiwnrc 
wliich  tlie  leaders  frit  nbligud  to  adopt,  though  not  with- 
out  grave  misgivings.  They  extorted  tiie  l*rai«c  of  Lmig- 
juiin'^ii  (l.'.t;h).  whifh.  however.  re^Btablishcd  sobstai)- 
tia!!y  tlie  Ediot  of  PucificnUou.  Cond<<'B  Inck  of  jndgment 
was  bitrdly  less  conspicuous  than  his  ralor  in  thi-  fic-ld.' 

CIuirlcB  IX.  wa«  filled  with  chagrin  ami  indignation  nt 
b«dng  driv«n  U*  make  an  accommodation  with  his  subjects 
in  arms.  Th«  bitter  unimomty  of  the  Catholi'-  ilir  n^jh 
the  country  \<ma  ctirrml  up  ngainitt  the  HugU"u<r.H,  Hut 
ft  few  months  before,  the  Dnko  of  Alva  had  executed 
E^ont  und  Horn  in  tho  Netherlands.  At  Bayomio, 
whcTt!  Alva  li»d  mot  the  Qiuwn  MotJier  and  her  daughter, 
Elisabeth  of  Spain,  ho  had  spared  no  pains  to  induce  tha 
Pronch  court  to  proofed  to  i^xtntme  meaaaies  against  the 
Huguenots.  Out  the  young  King  was  then  arcrsc  to  the 
renewal  of  the  n-ar  mid  to  ft  resort  to  cruel  persecution, 
and  ihe  Queen  Mother  refaaod  to  give  way  to  Alva's  per- 
suasions.^ Hor  ttim  was  to  balance  the  parlies  against 
each  other,  oo  tliat  neither  of  them  could  be  in  a  position 
to  endanger  her  own  power.  Tim  words  of  Alva,  how- 
ever. TUiulv  a  «trong«r  impnsnon  on  ^[ontpen1U(Ir,  Mont< 
luo,  and  other  Catholic  nobles.  The  last  conflict,  which 
the  Huguenots  had  bogun,  had  ii]ca«{)orfttcd  all  who  wore 

1  Hid  Iht.  i'XumaSt,  wlio  dchndi  lh«  Hjlict  at  Amboisp,  *dai!t*  Clial  in  thb 
Uwt  lir»ty  (.Vin<l<  midc  >  luhe  ilpp.  and  ndrit;  "II  mud  b»  ■lluir*il  thai  Ui 
Mart  wH  Urj;rr  llun  Mi  Intdlcul."    1.  %l. 

*  Ttw  (uual  oppaiitn  rcpniciiUtioti  jn  correcMd  hj  ILuik«i  !■  US- 


nUTV  OP  ST.  OEBUAIII. 


271 


Dot  o(  tlii^ir  party.  The  Cabltolic  countoi--ni((>niijitiijn 
ma  in  progniaa,  aii<l  Jowit  pre»di<^r3  inflamed  Uiu  migi^'r 
of  tlie  Cuttwiic  population.  Philip  imd  Alva  rv'icwvU 
tbeir  «ffMrt»,  whicli  wvru  ewoutlvd  by  the  CHnlinMl  uf  U-|w 
luinu  in  the  Coumil.  The  Huguenots,  tlie  kin^;  wiw  tuld, 
vuru  nibol* ;  if  they  weco  not  siilxliitd  Iiu  coulil  iiut  bw 
the  ruler  of  tbu  Uuiii.  Thus  war  vras  onix  ukito  reuewiid, 
undur  SpoiiUh  influenoi!  imd  coiipDrntion.  The  Hugtuv 
nota  wi^ru  now  in  uims  to  di^feud  tlh-ir  libortit-s  iigaiimt  a 
poff&dions  couAptrvoy.  The  Prince  of  CoikI^  unl  liw  Ad- 
niml  CoUgny  hafl  found  sikfety  iti  RiMihi-lln,  ihu  town 
vliich  oft«u  provt.'<l  tlie  bulwiirk  of  the  Pnitt^»tiUit  caiiwj, 
ftod  more  thiui  oiu.i.<  wivimI  it  from  faint  duHii)it(.-r.  The 
Edict  of  Pacificution  waa  siumlU-d.  Tlic  llii;;ti>;ni)t)i  w«;rB 
beaten  at  Jamiic  iji  IG6D,  wht'i-u  Cotidu  ft-U,  li^uving  hui 
I  taaat  to  his  eldest  son  llejiry,  a  youth  of  seventeen  ;  luid 
pibfi  Baine  year  (hoy  woro  dufvat«d  again  at  Moo«onU>ur. 
'Xov  RochcUe  proved  it*  vuloe  to  tliu  Protvutiuita,  who, 
under  CoUgny,  sucoiwefully  defended  the  city  againat  the 
viotoriooa  enemy. 

It  scAma  strange  that  the  court  should  have  hecn  m- 
ctiued  to  make  iKtatx:  at  thi:i  time.  But  tlic  war  was  not 
like  the  former  conteeta,  a  local  i>u<.'.  It  waa  a  gt-nvral 
war,  in  which  foreign  nations  were  concerned.  Tim 
Uuguvuots  were  aidvd  by  monvy  from  England  and  troops 
Irom  Germany.  When  tlu>y  had  been  .ihut  up  in  Hochflln, 
wbciT!  tlio  Qutjen  of  Navuno  held  her  court,  they  fittud 
out  a  small  fleet  which  they  used  witJi  mucli  cffw-'t  alonn 
tlw  ooaot.  It  wiLH  A  cliaractenstic  uf  Cotigny  that,  tliough 
often  beaten  in  the  field,  he  was  able,  after  defeat,  to  keep 
togetlwr  his  foroaa  and  nMumv  hostilities.  He  was  aoott 
ftroog  enough  to  sally  forth  fntm  Rochtrllo  and  to  trav- 
flrae  PraxKe  at  the  lieud  ^f  a  body  of  tlireu  tJiouatiid 
.tome,  Um  atost  of  whom  were  Germans,  And  whnao  pn>- 
fress,  especially  us  it  was  known  that  tlie  yowig  priuoca, 
Navarre  and  Condi!,  werv  umoiiff  thum.  amdcenoJ  entlin- 


272 


THE  KEroRUAnOH  IN  IHAXCE. 


siaem  wherever  they  appeare<l.  The  peraeveriince  ot  toe 
HiigiK-iioU  luid  tlivir  continued  stretij^,  utivxliuustod  by 
defeat,  oaiiatitutitd  Aiioaf  t}ii>  ai^tmir-ntii  for  pcaot*.  JeaU 
uutiy  of  S|>ain  was  tJie  other,  'llie  nmbitioii  u[  Philip  ex- 
cited nlarm  ammig  th«  Freiicli.  Hi?  Un(\  n  Rchitmu  for 
etlucting  tJie  liberation  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scota  and  of  mar- 
i')ing  h«r  to  Don  John  of  Atutlriii,  )m  ltaU<bruth«r,  by 
whieh  be  bo)>cd  to  bring  Scotlanc),  and  ultimately  Eng- 
lund,  under  Spanish  control.  He  proposed  to  marry  hia 
slf  tei  to  tiie  yonng  King  of  Franco.  If  tboau  plans  ^ouM 
Ue  <urried  out,  England,  Scotland.  France,  ami  the  Nethor- 
hindx  might,  Hku  Italy,  \>i  iniuli;  finbnrdinato  Ut  .Spain- 
It  M'lis  fi'lt,  moreover.  Uiat  lie  waa  taking  pai-t  in  the  war 
iigniiist  the  IIii-^iienotH  iniunly  to  [>rontot«  his  selfish  in- 
teitst,  and  ihiit  he  rendered  lesa  assiatanoo  than  the  enemy 
gained  from  Uivir  German  uUicfl.  Tho  court,  in  1570, 
agreed  to  tlio  treaty-  of  St.  Germain,  by  which  the  pio- 
viHions  of  th«  Edict  of  I':iL-ificutir>ti  wcKt  rorived,  aod  four 
fortilied  towns,  of  which  ItocJielli!  wax  ono,  vruto  put  tor 
two  years  into  tlie  hands  of  the  Hngiienota,  as  a  guanuitee 
for  their  safety  and  for  thu  fiilfillinvnt  of  the  stipulations. 

'HiUB  the  obstinate  n^fnsiil  to  grant  a  niodonit-!  degnse 
of  rvli(^(HiM  liburty  led  to  the  necosuty  of  a  vastly  great^jr 
ooiicoitsioii,  through  which  tlie  kii^Iom  vrs»  divided 
against  itself —  another  kingdom  being,  ux  it  were,  estab- 
lished witliiii  it.  Yet  it  wasu  measure  which  Uie  Hugue- 
nots, .ifter  tJieir  exporieiico  of  the  iwrfidy  of  tlio  C'mrt, 
biiii  no  alternative  bnt  to  demand. 

The  eonclitsion  of  this  pence  witli  the  Huguenot* 
brought  upon  th«  European  Htatca  a  political  crisis  of 
grrat  moment.  It  seemed  likely  that  France  would  Inko 
pert  in  a  couiition  against  Philip  H.  Tlio  state  of  things 
ia  Umt  Netlierhitida  at  thi»t  junetiire  wait  favorable  for  such 
an  alliance.  The  union  of  Philip  with  Venice  and  with  tlie 
P(»pv\  mid  thn  victory  of  Lcpnnto,  incTca»l^d  the  jealousy 
witli  which  France  and  England  looked  on  Ids  ambitiouR 


MABSACBE  OK  ST.   BABTHOIjOMEW. 


27a 


N 


» 


I 


deeigna.     It  was  proposed  tliat  tlie  Duke  of  Aujou,  the 
heir  of  th<;  French  crown,  should  marry  Quven  Eliziilioth, 
ud,  when  Uiifl  negotiation  vms  broken  off,  that  his  younger 
brother,  the  Duke  d'Ak'ii<;oii,  should  imtrry  hur.      The 
Qaeen  Mother  was  in  apparent,  and  probahly,  ainooro 
Record  miii  tfiis  new  policy.      Hie  tons  of  tint  Constahle 
Moiitmorenci  wer«  then  powoi-ful  at  oourt,  nnd  it  was 
one  of  them,  tiw  Mai^lial  Prancia,  who  suggested  the 
u:in-iage  of   the  yotuigcftt  <liiughtcr  of    Ciitliaritie,  Mnr- 
giirut  of   Valoia,   to  Henry   of   Navarre.      TUu    Quoen 
Mother  UM  in  with  tlio  propomi,  nnd  thu  HugnvtioU  vntn) 
not  averse  to  it.     At  about  tlie  same  timu  Condi  was 
married  to  a  ]>niioum  of  the  liouiw  of  Cleve.     So  anient 
were  the  hopra  of  tlio  I'roteslants  that  Coligny  liiniM-lf 
came  to  the  court  and  vrua  warmly  roeinvod  by  Catliariiie. 
HovM  a  niAi)  of  tlic  purest  aitd  htflivst  oharucU'i-.    On 
his  own  estate,  he  punctually  attended,  ^vitb  hia  family 
and  depcndi^tnln,  (he  Culvinisttc  worship;   and  at   «u;h 
recurrence  of  the  Lord's  Supper,  be  w:u  at  pitina  to  heal 
kU  quarrels  nnd  differcnvi^s  aiuong  bis  i>coplc.    FIc  entered 
into  the  civil  wars  wiUi  the  utmost  re]u(?tnnc6  and  soi-- 
row,  ill  oWdience  to  tlie  iiniH-i-ative  cull  of  duty,  and  hi 
compliance  with  tlie  counaela  of   hia  wife,  who  equalod 
him  in  pivty  and  in  noblunciss  of  soul.     lie  di<l  not  allow 
the  spirit  of   a  patriot  t»  sink  in   that  of   a  piirtJsau. 
Notwithstanding  tlint  be  stood  at  tho  bvnd  of  a  powerful 
party,  and,  tboitgh  a  Kubjix-t^  wm  ubic  to  make  pc*ce  or 
wiu*,  be  was  broitil  atid  itisintereated  in  all  hia  plana. 
Gmvo  in   lita   deport mt-nt,  inflvxiblo   in   hia   pruiciplra, 
blameless  in  his  morals,  with  an  immutable  trust  in  God, 
bo  preMnts  a  commiuKling  figuro  in  the  mithit  of  the  con- 
fusion and  corruption  of  the  times.     It  was  tlio  hatred  of 
Catharine  de  AK'dici  to  Coligny  tliat  led  to  the  imuwiurn; 
of  St.  BartholoRiew.      She  saw  bow  deeply  the    King 
(ras  impressed  with  bis  abilitioa  and  "XiX-lloitce.     ChariM 
IX.,  uokly  in  bo<1y,  like  the  otb^r  sous  of  H«itry  II.,  nnd 
u 


yT4  THE  RM'dRMATIOM  IX   PRA!(GI. 

^Uh  Mt  unbenUhy,  miit;gtiliiti>il  uitlure— all  the  bwl 
lionuM  oi  wXtkh  hiul  U'^'ii  (•wu-ivil  ui  llie  Iwoe  anil  till 
lute  society  iu  wbicb  lie  lind  boeii  reared,  and  by  tli* 
iiiQucitcu  of  bis  mutbttTi  wIh^bo  »upn>iim  purp««i!  wiut  to 
]tmi\}  up  liei'  own  aacenduuoy  ovitr  liini — now  felt  for  tbe 
fint  time  the  iui4>irii4;  iufluiMicu  of  a  man  who  cutiM 
uw»ki?ii  ill  bim  soinetliiii|r  u(  mverenca  and  love.  TIim 
Quoeu  saw  thut  diiy  b_v  day  bbu  was  bcc<Hiiii]g  su]>pbinlod, 
tiitiply  by  the  luihu-ul  iiiij>ro>si»:i  wliicli  Coligtiy  tniide  opon 
bor  son.  'I'lie  beat  bo[n-!i  wfi«  awakened  in  Cobguy'a 
ii-mi  mind  by  tbe  almoHt  lilial  ivgard  with  wbicb  iJiu  Kiiig 
listuncd  to  liim.  He  urged  most  earnestly  tliat  vmr 
sliould  bt-  dodared  against  Spain,  and  *tie  Kiug  wa«  in- 
clined t<i  take  tbu  nU;^.  Ilowwcr  Outbarinu  inigltt  bu 
disposed  to  prevent  l*bilip  fi'oui  acquirii^  a  power  in 
France  tbut  euiild  be  dnngi^nxiM  to  herself,  &be  was  not  of 
a  mind  to  enter  into  a  wai'  against  bim  ;  a  war,  too,  tbat 
i»u»t  inciduiibdly  add  to  tlin  pnM|>crity  of  the  Huguenots, 
aud  conQrin  tlie  influence  nf  Coligny  ovisr  tbc  King. 
Wliom  would  bo  follow,  Catluirine  or  Co%ny  ?  Wiirm 
wonU  passed  between  Coli^iiy  und  tlie  Queen  Motber,  in 
the  prcfiunoo  of  Charles.  Tbe  Admiral  said  tbat  tlie 
Kinj;  might  be  involved  in  wai*,  even  aguinst  bin  will 
—  niferring  to  the  coiillict  in  the  NeUierlaods,  inUi  whidi 
C'obgny  was  nrging  bim  Ui  enter.  It  was  pretended  alte*^ 
warda  tbat  ho  liutl  thrown  out  a  tliroat  of  rebellion. 
Catharine  determuied  to  dcjitroy  him.  She  called  in  the 
aid  uf  (lie  Guises,  bis  implacable  eaumiea,  who  lungvd  to 
avenge  ujion  him  tJie  aaaassination  of  tlieir  ntlutive. 
Hersucond  son,  the  Duke  of  Anjou,  afterwards  Henry  HI., 
on  whom  the  doted  and  who  whs  equally  alarmed  at  the 
feeling  which  the  King  mnnifested  to  Coligny,  engaged 
cordially  in  the  plot.  Tbti  Diichcn  of  Nemours,  the 
widow  of  Francis,  and  the  nioUier  of  Henry  of  (tuise, 
willingly  aided  in  devising  and  carrying  out  tJio  diaboU 
eal  eclieme.     Cutigiiy  was  wounded  by  a  shot  from  a 


tU&SACKE  Of  ST.   BAKTaOLX>MEW. 


ZTd 


window  of  mi  ncUi«rcnt  o(  tlie  Giii»ca.  Tiua  niu  on  tke 
22d  of  Auguat,  l''>72.  Tlie  wouud  \raa  not  tlitngei-oos, 
lUid  tliu  plot  luul  inim'urrivil.  'llic  failure  inviilv«(I  tlw 
iDOce  peril  to  the  authors  of  it,  from  the  H}'iii])athy  with 
the  Admiral  which  tlic  King  vxpruxeed.  ttnd  from  his  iii- 
digiuitioii  at  tii«  Guiaoti,  who  w^re  known  to  be  at  Ihtt 
bottom  of  it.  In  a  visit  to  Coligiiy,  in  which  th«  Qnw« 
Motlter  iLCooiiipiinied  the  King,  the  wounded  veteran, 
trho  at  that  time  thought  that  the  huUets  which  had 
struck  him  might  hiivu  bcim  poit!Oflcd,  called  him  to  th« 
bed-side,  and,  In  an  nndertone,  cautioned  him  sguinst 
yii'lding  to  thi'  counsolii  of  Ciitharino  and  Hits  fuctioii  with 
nliicU  nlie  IiikI  all!<.-(l  herself,  lly  Ui«  moHt  importuiiiita 
ui-^iig,  she  extorted  Erom  Cliorles  a  statement  of  whut 
iIh-  Admiral  hati  said. 

'riinreupon  the  plan  of  a  gttnnral  maafucre  was  matured. 
Hud  it  been  thought  of  bofore  ?  Puins  hiul  bet-u  tskta 
U)  ooliect  the  Huguenots  from  nil  quarters  into  thu  cit^> 
Cathitrinc  had  innistvd  thiit  the  uiiirrin^u  tdiould  tuke  plaoel 
then-,  'lliere  is  evidence  that  the  idea  of  seiziug  on  this 
oci;asion  to  cut  oB  mma  of  the  Huguenot  h'n<l(;rs  was  not 
new  &>  the  Queen's  mind.  It  is  impoaaiblu  to  trace  out 
tilt!  sinuositieB  o[  a  naturu  hu  niiulu  up  of  dec>.rit.'  Shoj 
vras  fully  ca]]ablo  o(  weaving  two  tu-henies  siiuultanoously,-^ 
and  of  availing  herself  of  either  as  eirvninstaoces  might 
dictate.  At  all  events,  the  fuiltLru  in  the  Gnri.  attempt 
upon  Coligny  moved  her  and  her  confederatee  to  under- 
take a  general  massacre.  Uem-y  III.,  who  was  on«  of 
llu-m,  iiaserti^d  tliat  the  King  hinmelf,  when  he  had  bent 
prevuiliKl  upon  to  ucquicsce  tn  Uii»  munlcr  of  Coligny.  de- 
manded t^ut  the  HngneDOta  should  hU  be  struck  down,  m 
lli»t  none  slioidd  hn  left  to  cry  nut  itgiiiniit  liia  diwd.  'Die 
oourt  had  been  absorbed  in  the  festivitifs  attending  tlw 

>  ■■  CoU«  (tBuiw  taM  le  mcawnf^i  mfiBc  >t  Ton  k  peri  data  I'aliline  do  m 
Iiiiucl^."  nuirl  llatlla.  U.  S>t.  Uii-hclut.  la  th>  wiinc  o(  hla  tl>>i|iiial  ntr 
Vllvn  v(  Ihe  Si.  Ktntinlmuew  plal,  ■>}->  uf  Culturiai:  "  Ello  4UU  doablt  il] 
biuw  axe  inut,  ••«(  «l*o.M^>."     Gmtmt  4t  lUlriitn,  p.  tW. 


JOT  AT  MADRID  AND  BOUX. 


sn 


ftaii  won',  kitk-d  in  P*rts>  uitd  im  niuny  nil  twenty  tboa* 
Blind  in  tlie  ivst  nf  Fmn(M>.  Niivarra  and  Cond£  were  at 
k-ngth  obligLtl  to  conform  to  ttio  Ciitlioltc  Chiircbt  to  savo 
tbfiir  Uvea,  Tlio  news  of  Lli«  grvai  iniwsucre  excltvd  a 
tumult  of  joy  at  Madrid  and  at  Kotue.  It  is  said  titab 
I'hili))  IJ.,  for  thv  fiMt  time  iu  bis  life,  lttu<;)ii>d  nloiid. 
Tbu  I'ope  ordered  a  IV  Deittn,  and  by  proceasiona  and  ju- 1 
bilaiit  tliuiiksgivings  Uiv  P}L|)ul  court  signifiud  ihc  s&tis-' 
faction  witli  which  the  intelligence  wa^  reccivod.  A 
tnudul  was  struck,  litiring  on  onu  side  tho  imiige  of  Grep- 
ory  Xin.,  and  on  Uio  thn  uthci-,  Uio  deatruying  iuigul, 
with  the  woi-ds  :  Sugottotorum  ttraget  (maseacro  of  thai 
Hii^^iit'Jiota).  Tho  Pope  onh-ri'd  Vasai-i  to  paint  an<! 
bung  up  in  the  Vatican,  a  jiictnro  which  should  represent 
tiiv  sbiughter  of  the  Huguenots,  and  bear  tho  inwriptioa : 
"  J'ontifex  Vnli'jnu  nf<xm  prohat"  (tlio  Pope  uppravcBJ 
ttie  Hlnying  of  Coligny).  Among  the  lictitioas  apologies 
which  thu  French  Court  put  forlL,  that  which  ch;irgod 
u{ron  the  Huguenots  a  plot  agniimt  thi;  King  and  govern- 
nK-ut,  met  with  little,  it  any,  credence.  Everywhere, 
exoept  lit  MiuIHd  nnd  Romv,  in  tlie  Catholic  aa  well  as 
Protestant  iintionn,  the  atrodotu  crime  was  regarded  with 
hurixir  itixl  with  detestation  of  its  pcrpotrabn-s. 

The  Protcsti^nts  were  not  subdued  by  the  temblfl  kiss 
which  they  had  suffered,  Tho  burning  wrath  which  it 
pxl■it^'d  among  tlivm  was  a  new  wmrci;  of  sljvngth.  Ro- 
chellu  BtiU  hold  out.  Nor  did  the  Queen  Mother  desert 
b>T  pivvioiw  piitli  or  sliiiw  liereclf  disposed  to  it  close  iiUi- 
mico  witii  Philip.  She  even  sought  to  keep  up  negotiations 
In  tho  ntarnngtt  of  Alcn^on  n-ilh  Elizabeth. 

A  new  turn  was  given  to  affairs  by  the  separation  (rf 
the  '*  Pohtifiues,"  or  liberal  Cntholics.who  were  in  fiivor  o( 
toleration,  from  tluiir  fiuinticn.{  brethrt'ti.  The  wisdom  and 
mi-wwity  of  tlio  poUcy  whit-li  L'floapital  bad  niinly  reo 
oroniendi^,  were  now  rcoognix«d  by  a  strong  party.  In 
1674  the  wrutched  life  of  Charlea  IX.  came  to  an  end. 


re 


THE  REPORUATION   IN   rRAXCE. 


auuniogti  of  Uoni-y  of  Kavurrc,  The  fanaticism  ol  Uit 
peoj-Ie  of  Paris  was  iiiflninwi  liy  th«  pr«M;ne«  of  tbo 
ProhfttunU  among  tbem,  and  ulToTta  were  necemary  to 
prevcQt  oiilbi't^Lkiiif^s  of  violciim.  It  wus  only  ncoeesary 
to  un>'linin  the  jiaaaioiiA  oE  the  CnUiulic  poj>iiIao«,  niul  the 
work  ■»£  dcatli  could  be  dmiu.  The  feeble,  impulsive,  im- 
petuous, half-distraol^xl  kin^r,  wiut  luiaurod  tliut  n  plot, 
with  Coligtty  at  its  head,  liad  been  formed  ngiutist  liim, 
and  was  plied  with  eiitrL-utii'it,  nrgumruts,  thi-cats.  until 
lus  opposition  tvas  broken  down,  imd  ho  yieldi-d  biniscK 
U  a  pueive  instrument  into  the  bands  of  tlie  conaj]ir«- 
tore.'  In  tlic  night  of  the  24tli  of  Auj^iitt,  at  n  odiirtTlt'd 
signal,  the  murdeivrs  fell  upon  the  victims,  the  desti-uctiou 
of  till)  most  eminent  of  whom  liad  hewn  previously  »l]ott4^d 
to  uidividuals,  the  Duke  of  Ouiso  having  taken  it  in  chai^ 
to  d(«|}ntoh  Coligny.  An  IndiiKritninutv  shiuglitvr  of  the 
Huguenots  followetl.  'Hie  raiserable  King  vrua  seen  to 
Gro  upon  tbem  from  liis  window.  Couriers  were  sent 
through  t)ie  cotmtrj',  mid  in  the  other  tovmH  the  8amo 
frightful  scenoH  were  ennctfid.     Not  leas  tluin  two  thou- 

■  On  Ihi  much  eanlravrrfdil  iiumtiaD,  whclhtr  Iha  fnupxcn  dI  $l  Itartholo- 
IMW  w«i  prrnwiliuiw],  {wa  bt  Ihn  *blm  iiiodnni  liiilorMni,  tUnk*  and  lUnrl 
Kutin,  nn  niili'lsntlilly  Hftiviol.  The  niaUrlal  paint*  ol  llMit  tIcw  an  Indl< 
Baud  abovd.  Snn  lUiikr,  I-  'JI3  >ri|.,  and  bli  (Ximlnailoii  |v.  OT  irq.)  vt  iba 
wetk  ol  Capoflsuo:  HiMolrt  dt  h  JU/i<rmr,  it  kt  1a^4  tl  <U  Utnrs  IV, 
Capoflffni  t(  oaa  ot  tlis  iniun  who  iroi^  make  tha  murmcn  iprioic  whaHj 
famn  Uie  Inturlalod  MXnol  Catholic  Iwliim  in  Parir,  of  whicli  tbf  iniliii.luol* 
CMUwrned  In  ll  freni  the  more  lotlninimri,  Martin  (i«.  8M)  lonwUpr*  Ihiit  !n 
incMIng  IliU  tlio  miUTintn  of  ^ararre  ihouU  be  at  I'arii,  tliBn  niu  in  [hn  mind 
el  iTiH  Qunn  Uothcr  "  ilaon  un  )int|cr,  au  mold*,  nil*  anitro-iwntia  linlam.'' 
niien  Caihsriao  (inl  horwll  opruly  at  tha  hnd  e*  <h«  party  of  ptaeo.  ••  la  vajje 
prnKc  qui  arail  tan  joun  flolto  dani  *an  « tprit  H  tlx« ;  Is  lanl^mB  da  meiirirr  I'nal 
K-qui  1  ■  cUc  llcnl  orntiM  de  as  dtfaira  da  I' Amirat  ■  I  Man.  ilt  Tawmiti,  p.  38R ). " 
Unilla,  |L  3(11.  Ilinry  Itl.'i  narralira  ot  SL  BBftholooicw  li  contiilfrcd  ptn  iilot 
byUanloCp.  DOB,  n-)  IlBpnuinanOMUiduubtcdfcr  UuiIeb.  Tbf  Tfcwof  lUokv 
and  Haitln  u  to  tho  oriKin  of  tha  inauacra,  not  to  a  plot  deRninlv  Irainol  long 
b*I«f*i  but  in  Ihc  lerror  anrl  lanallciMu  exdlodbylhcfallunof  U>c  iltcinpl  toai- 
t«aloaI«Otl)^r,Jsa>Iopti>dbir  Sil'Inii,  Kfinlriirli  u  rf«  fttWA'^/nwiAi*  NikAi 
by  tteatr  Whllv,  in  hi>  Ini1y  Ictnicd  m  wi<11  oi  naiUblo  voih  on  Iho  CivU  Wan 
nt  ttamatrt  tf  St.  B'irf>iiiliimt<r,»ud'\/y  other  iuikioatwrHtn.  Browiiitiu.  in 
Ui  talMblo  Hianrg  <•/  li*  Ha^tnaU  (ell.  xxvli.),  rm  in  attributloB  to  Charlai 
tX.  tb«  imrpoae  la  dwo?  iba  Iluuuetiot  loadon  to  rart  in  ordar  lo  cut  ibam  oA 


JOT  AT  MADRID  AXD  SOUK. 


«n 


■nd  veie  killed  in  Paris,  and  iis  many  as  twenty  tboo- 
Mod  in  tliu  riiit  of  Fnincu.  Nu%']irro  and  CondtJ  wuro  at 
length  obliged  to  oonEonn  to  tlie  Catliolio  Clitircb,  to  satb 
tli«ir  lives.  The  nowB  of  the  great  innssacro  excited 
tiiiiiiilt  of  joy  at  Madnd  luid  at  l^>lllt^  It  is  said  tba 
I'liiliji  11,,  for  tlie  first  time  in  his  life,  laughed  aloud. 
Th«  Po])!!  ordered  a  Te  Dtum,  luid  by  proM-Mions  and  ju- 
biliuit  tbaiiksgivinga  the  Papal  court  signiGod  tbo  aatia- 
hctton  vriUi  which  tlie  int<-llig«iice  witH  rciceiwd.  A 
medal  w»a  atruck,  having  on  one  aide  the  image  of  Greg- 
ory XIII.,  and  on  tlie  ttiu  other,  thu  di'stroying  augcl, 
with  the  wordH :  /fuf/onotorum  »trage$  (niaasiicre  of  tho 
HiigiienotH).  The  Pope  ordered  Vasari  to  paint  and 
huii^  lip  iti  thu  VnticAi),  a  picture  whidi  xhould  rc-prf«cnt 
tilt?  fllaughter  of  the  Huguenots,  ami  bear  the  insoription:! 
"  J'onllt'ex  Vtlignii  neeem  pro^itt"  (the  Pope  appruToaJ 
till!  ithiyiiig  of  Oolignj).  Among  the  fictitious  npologie 
which  the  French  Court  put  forth,  that  which  charged 
u]mn  the  Iliigti<>nota  a  plot  aguiuttt  thy  King  and  govcni- 
ntent,  met  with  Uttle,  if  any,  credence.  Everywhere, 
except  at  Matlrid  mid  Rome,  in  Ui«  Catholic  n»  well  aaJ 
Protestant  nationn,  the  atrocious  crime  was  regarded  with' 
horror  and  with  dvt«station  of  ito  perpolrator«. 

'I'ho  Protestanta  were  not  subdued  by  the  terrible  loss 
whicli  they  h:ul  Buffi'nxl.  The  burning  wnit]i  which  it 
^xcitttl  among  them  waa  a  new  source  of  strcngtJt.  R<>- 
chi-lle  still  bold  out.  Nor  did  the  Queen  Mother  desert 
hiT  previouH  {unth  or  aliow  iK^raoU  diitpoficd  to  a  cloeo  nlU- 
ruico  with  Philip.  She  even  Bought  to  keep  up  iiegotiaUons 
for  the  murriago  of  Alcii^on  with  Elizabeth. 

A  new  turn  was  given  to  affairs  by  the  separation  of 
tlu)  "  Politiqucs,"  or  liberal  Ciithohca,  who  wore  in  favor  of 
toleration,  from  tlieir  fanatical  brvtlirvn.  'llm  wiHilom  and 
Decccsity  of  the  policy  which  L'lloapitat  had  vainly  reo- 
omntended,  were  now  recognized  by  n  strong  party.  In 
tS74  the  wretched  life  of  Charles  IX.  came  to  an  end. 


278 


Tm:  BCKORUATIOM   IN  >KAKOX. 


(lis  brother  and  eucoeesor,  Hemy  III.,  the  favorite  of  b>ti 
niotlivr,  luid  most  fully  unbuod  with  hor  ideas,  and  who 
bad  been  actiTo  in  contjiving  Uie  mmaacre  of  Hi.  Biirtli»l> 
omew,  was  wholly  incoiiiiH;tcnt  to  govern  a  country  that 
was  torn  by  raligiouD  factions,  a  country  wlioso  truiaury 
was  exhaUBti'd,  aiid  whoso  people  were  damomua  for  de- 
hvcnuicv  friiiii  tli^tir  h<.uivy  buixluoA  of   tiixatJun,  at  the 
aajuo  time  tliat  a  strong  patty  was  demanding  radical  po-  ] 
litJcol  rcfonoit.     The  King  viidi>nvorcd  to  nutkv  liis  way 
by  oiitft  and  dnuble-dt;aling,  but  lost  tlio  confidence  of 
both  of  tlie  religious  particH.     In  Alay,  16T6,  ho  niiidu  Ilia 
IKiuxi  with  tbv  united  Huguenots  inid  l*olitiqu«u,  giving 
to  tlie  fonner  unrestricted  ifligious  freedom,  witli  tlia 
exception  of  Paris,  and  an  nqual  vligiblciieiHi  to  all  ofBcca ' 
and  dignities. 

With  the  cooiK'nition  of  Spiun,  Ucnry  of  Guise  organ- j 
17.11(1  the  Catlioliu   lyciiguc,  for  tlie  inaintcnanoc  of   tlusj 
Cathohc  religion  and  for  the  extirpation  of  l*roteetnnUBni,J 
'Hie  Kfltatci)  at  Bloiit  in  1^76  dcinaiuk-d  Unit  thvru  sliould  j 
he  h[it  one  reli^on  in  tlie  kingdom.    The  unpopuhirlty  of  i 
Henry  lunong  tliu  extreme  Catholics  was  nut  only  uwhig  | 
to  liiit  flhuUling  counto  on  the  reli^oua  iiucHtii^ii,  but  uIm) 
to  bis  advancement  of  personal  favoritfs  to  Uie  highest 
ul1ic«-(i,  and  liis  stdijoction  to  Uieir  iiiQuenco,  in  disrivgiml 
of  tho  cliuins  of   tbo  grt^at  nobloe.     Tlie   Li.'^ignu  cont- 
mencod  another  war,  the  sixth  in  the  aeries,  for  the  at- 
tainment of  their  ends,  and  drew  the  irntsolutc  mid  hclp- 
leita  King  along  with  iht^in.     'Ilie  result  was  the  securing 
to  the  UugucRotH  of  whut  tuul  been  gninti'^d  tlioin  in  157ti ; 
but  tlto  seventh  win-,  tliat  soon  followed,  e-ndcd  in  tha 
adoption  of  the  first  Edict  of  Toleration.     In  ln84,  the 
Duke  of  vVk-n^on,  who,  after  the  accewion  of  Henry  to 
tlie  throne,  had  woni  the  title  of  tho  Duke  of  Anjoo, 
died.     Thus  nenrj'  of  Navarra  was  left  tlte  next  hiur  tc 
the  throne.     The  I>eague,  witli  Sjiain  and  Konte  at  itt 
back,  resolved  that  he  should  nvvvr  wear  tho  gtqwil 


TBX  CA'raOUC  LIIAOCR. 


aw 


Siztiu  v.,  shortly  after  liis  aocesrion  to  the  Papnl  zbajr, 
bsued  a  bull,  iii  wtiich  tli<;  two  I'riuccs,  Xavjkrn.-  niid 
Condi!,  us  livretics,  and  leaders  aiid  promoters  of  lieresv, 
vfeire  declared  to  liiivo  furfeiti-d  tlieir  dignities  and  pos«.-»- 
sions,  inclading  all  title  to  tlie  Krencb  tJirone.  In  tlie 
wi\r  of  the  "  three  Hcnriwt,"  lui  it  was  called,  Henry  of 
Navarro  vma  supported  by  Kngliuid  and  by  troops  fix>in 
Germany  and  Switxeriantl.  The  King,  on  his  return  to 
I'nris,  found  that  Henry  of  Guiae  wna  greeted  by  the 
oiultitude  as  tlie  hero  of  Uto  war.  The  attempt  of  the 
King  to  introduce  bodtai  of  ti'oo[>a  devoted  to  himself,  • 
was  met  by  Uiu  erection  of  biuricades  in  the  streets  of 
the  <uty,  and  be  was  obliged  to  nialte  a  liumitintin)r  ap- 
peal to  GuitH)  to  quiet  tlie  disorder.  The  Assoinbty  of 
the  States  Geneiid  at  Itloin,  in  1588,  brought  forward  i 
projects  of  const! bitional  reform  wliioh  reduced  the  power 
of  the  King  to  a  low  point,  liix  mortifieation,  r<.<suut- 
ment,  and  impationco  at  the  restrictions  laid  upon  him, 
htu\  now  reikcheil  tliuir  hei^^tt.  llu  cauAxl  tho  Duko  of 
Guise  to  he  oasnssinated  by  the  ro^-al  body-boards,  and 
Uie  Duke's  brother,  the  Cardinal  of  Lorminc,  to  bo  di»- 
patchod  the  same  day. 

Henry  III.  liad  now  brought  on  himaulf  the  implacable 
hostility  of  the  League.     The  fanatical  preacliers  of  I'aiis 
held  him  up  to  thu  execration  of  tlie  people.    The  doctora 
of  the  Sorbonne  hastened  to  declare  that  he  had  incurred 
tlio  penalty  of  excommunication,  and  that  hia  lubjectaj 
tv<!rc  of  right  absnlved  from  tJieir  allegiance.     The  actual^ 
excommunication  from  the  Pope  followed.     It  waa  for' 
tuiiate  for  tlio  King  lliat  tln^re  w-as  an  army  of  Prot<-8- 
tanls  in  the  field,  umler  I'rince  Henry  of  Navarre,     Tiie 
King  joined  liiinself  to  the  Prince.     Tlio  army,  made 
■tr'>ng  by  the  union  of  the  l^Iuguenols  and  the  Potitiquotj 
—  the  libcnil  Calhotica  who  were  KtiU  loyal  to  the  sorer- 
ngn— drew  nenr  to  Fai'is.     It  vraa  thought  advisable  in 
tbe  city  to  set  a  watch  upon  the  Calholicn  who  were  not 


2A0 


Tint  RKFOUtATlON   IN  FBAKCS. 


of  tbo  Lcsigue.  At  Uint  time,  when  tiie  royal  cauec^ 
faithfully  supported  by  Navan-o,  was  gaining  grotuid,  a 
fiiiiatk-ul  priest,  Cl(Jiiio»t  by  namu,  made  hia  way  into  tlie 
camp  and  elew  the  ICiog  (li)8d). 

Henry  IV.  woa  now  tiie  aovereign  of  France  ty  right 
of  inliei-itance ;  but  he  had  boon  declared  ineligible  by 
tbc  Popu,  and  bu  hud  his  kingdom  to  win.  The  League 
were  dietposotl  to  put  IiVance  under  the  protection  ot 
Pliilip  II.  The  Duke  ot  Mayi-nne,  tlio  brother  of  the 
GaiscK  who  were  a><4ait!un:it«d  by  onler  of  the  King,  wiw 
at  tlie  bead  of  the  government  which  the  Leagne  provis- 
ionally c'stjibliahod.  Ihv  itiUtrcata  of  S]viin  were  carod 
for  by  tlie  anibnasador,  Mendoza,  an  astute  diplomatist, 
whom  Elizabeth  had  found  it  inconsistent  witli  her  safety 
and  titiit  of  Iiftr  kingdom  to  Huffe.r  to  rcniitin  in  Rngl»nd. 
Diilip  II.  aspired  to  unite  the  Catholic  nations  under  hia 
rule,  and  Uic  l<caguc  were  so  loHt  to  the  fueling  of  pat- 
riotism as  to  wi&b  him  success.  The  project  of  Uie  union 
of  Fnuicu  and  Spain  failed,  as  far  as  the  League  was 
oonoemed,  only  by  the  jealousy  of  the  Duke  of  Mayonne, 
who  refused  to  consent  that  bis  nephew,  whom  it  wn( 
proposed  to  marry  to  Philip's  daughter,  should  wear  the 
orowii.  Tlie  gallantry  of  Henry  of  Navarre  was  con- 
spicuously displayed.  In  the  batllo  of  Ivry,  on  the  14th 
of  Mardi,  l.'jyO,  lie  gained  a  brilliant  victory,  wliiuli  was 
chiefly  due  to  his  personal  valor.  The  strategy  of  Alex- 
ander of  Parma,  one  of  tlie  ablest  generals  of  the  age, 
Qeutrolizcd  his  buvcc«si.^h  until  that  commander  died.* 
Besides  tlie  discord  in  the  League,  which  haa  been  nottevd, 
other  circumstances  giadoally  tmned  to  the  advantage  of 
Hom^.  The  great  obstacle  in  the  way  of  hia  crashing 
opposition  was  the  fact  that  he  was  a  Protestant.     When 

'  Sm  the  remarki  ot  Due  d'AunuIa  on  llcnry'i  Diilllnry  Ulonli,  il.  110.  Th* 
Klnic  WM  miulfr  of  taclic*,  but  not  >  iiratii-lsr.  D'Aumale'i  mrk  1*  tprriMf 
'jMimtiy*  In  nUTtnc*  to  Uic  caauliotlon  of  the  •rniiot  huI  U»  mUifij  ■r>al* 
«l  Ui<  ttiril  mn. 


THB  ABJURATIOS  Of  IlKSRV  IV. 


281 


tugoA  to  bucomo  a  Cntholic*,  iintnodiiitely  nfter  the  death 
of  Henry  III.,  he  hiul  refiiBei),  but  in  such  terms  ns  to 
in»])irc  thi>  hope  tbnt  he  mi^ht  iiUiimt1>)ty  KoeiKle  to  tlia 
propoa»I.  Tlifl  |i(irtji)u  i>f  the  Oatholio  body  tbiit  had 
given  hiiH  tlieir  support,  would  not  consont  to  thv  olcvation 
of  a  I'l-otwntimt  to  itm  tliront-.  It  was  not  personal  am- 
bition alone,  nor  vraa  it  the  desire  of  repoae  for  }iiinspU, 
whidi  hv  fvlt  after  ko  long  a  connivt ;  it  was  tb«  oppor- 
tunitj'  that  wan  given  hini  to  restore  pejioo  to  France,  that 
at  leiigUi  inovi^d  him  to  couforni  to  iho  Catholic  Chtiroh. 
It  liiul  been  itrged  ii[K>n  him,  that  Uie  conntitutioa  of  th« 
kingdom  was  such  tiiat  ha  was  morally  bound  to  be  a 
mi-mb<.-r  of  the  old  Chun?!].  As  ICing,  ho  Ix-Uevcd  tliAt  ill' 
C30ul(l  shichl  th«  HufTiiviiotA  from  pumectition,  t\a  well  aa 
brii^  to  an  end  the  terrible  calamities  nnder  whichj 
Fmnoo  wiw  groaning.  Ae  long  as  Im  n;niiiined  oiit«id*1 
of  the  Catliolic  Church,  he  oould  not  win  the  oitiea 
w  his  cause,  and  ho  could  not  hope  to  Ycign  bj*  the  aidj 
of  the  nobility  alono.  IW-  had  no  doubt  that  snlvadonf 
was  poasibla  in  the  old  Church.  Sully,  who  dwells  with 
much  self-complaooncy  on  the  part  which  \w  took  in 
leading  the  King  to  abjure  I'roteatantiflm,  nssnrod  him 
tliftt  it  vaa  not  a  change  of  religion  ;  that  the  foiuidalion 
oi  the  two  BysteiDS  was  the  siitne.'  Itiit  Du  Perron,  who 
luid  beforu  retturned  to  the  Catholic  Church,  and  whom 
Uenry  aftvrwards  made  Bishop  of  Evruux,  hud  at  least 
ut  equal  inflaonoo  in  persuading  the  King  to  follov-  his 
£Uunple.  Spocifio  articles  of  faith  that  were  presented 
to  him,  he  teftiaed  to  algn.  Bnt  he  went  into  tho  Church  of 
St.  Oenis  and  kneeling  before  the  Archbishop  of  IJcmrgcs, 
solemnly  declared  that  bo  would  livu  and  die  in  the  Ciith- 
olio  Cbiird),  which  ho  promised  to  protect  and  defend.  Aa 
be  had  not  really  altered  his  opinions,  tho  8t4.-p  that  he  took 
inu  one  which  admits  of  no  moral  justification.  Bcxa, 
who  was  theu  near  tiie  end  of  his  life,  wroto  to  him  • 

I  Mtl»irt,  b.  V. 


282 


THE  RKI'OIUL^TIOK    Ul   FKAKOE. 


patb^dc  and  solemn  wiLi-n!i)g  nguimt  it,*  W«  ciintiot 
ixKtccLvo  of  a  man  like  CoUgny  consenting  to  iibjure  his 
n-Iigious  profc«non  from  nny  oonsitVmttion  of  cxpedi- 
uncy.  Men  of  tiie  highest  typo  of  clmrai^tcr  do  right  and 
Irare  consequences  to  Proridt-nco.  But  lleniy  had  been 
reared  in  tJie  cainp ;  he  liad  n<>itlier  the  slivngth  of 
I'ciligious  GODvictioiia  nor  tlie  purity  of  lifu  whiL'h  nnswered 
to  the  standard  of  the  earnest  Hiiguennta.  Tlius  his 
fiiult*  pallia.t«  the  guilt  of  an  act  which,  if  done  by  a  man 
of  a  liigher  moral  tone,  would  Imve  l>ccn  Attended  by  an 
utter  ruin  of  character.  The  nation  was  now  easily  woo 
to  his  cauHU.  It  U  gratifying  to  lind  the  most  eminent  of 
the  recent  writers  on  French  history  dissentit^  from  tlie 
popular  viuw  whicli  iissuiul-s  that  it  was  demonstrably  im- 
possible for  flenry  to  att;un  to  the  throne  without  aliiui- 
doning  his  faith.  Tho  samo  writ«r  agrees  with  distin- 
guiiilied  individual  in  the  Catholic  Church,  who  oven  at 
tluit  dity  profeiTod  that  the  King  should  remain  an  honest 
I'rotestant  than  become  a  prut«ndvd  Catholic.^  It  is  un- 
quoBtionable,  however,  that  the  immediate  effect  was  to 
opi-u  his  way  to  tlie  throne  and  to  put  an  end  to  the  hor- 
rors of  civil  vnir.  He  rode  into  Paris,  wwu-ing  the  whito 
plume  which  had  often  waved  in  tlie  tliiok  of  t)ie  light. 

TIm)  abjuration  of  Henry  might  ho  approved  by  a  Prot- 
ustant  like  Sully,  in  whom  religion  was  subunlinnta  to 
jiohtica;  but  it  brought  consternation  and  grief  to  the 
grxuit  body  of  his  faithful  Huguenot  adherents  wlio  hud 
citood  by  htm  In  the  darkest  hours,  and  who  now  saw  tlu) 
foundations  on  which  they  stood  as  a  party,  struck  from 
luider  their  feet.  It  is  remai'lcable  that  he  n^tained,  to  so 
great  an  extent,  the  affection  of  those  wlio  most  deplored 
his  diango  of  religion.  His  captivating  qinditicH  gave 
him  an  almost  irresistible  ascendency  over  the  hearts  ol 
men.    Tho  abjum^ou  of  Henry  was  not  the  only  evi, 

'  Pot  Um  iriUDDitmncM  of  otli^r  IVnloUnU,  M*  the  tborauol)  ««rk  nf  SiS 
tulin.  r>er  tHrrlrill  KOtif  aitHrididu  Viirfta  (Uu«>,  ItOt),  p.  OtiX 
*  MwtiD,  X.  1:19. 


THR  Ar>UtNISTRATIOM  OF  HENSY  tV. 


281 


lAIelt  Uio  HiigiiunoU  wcro  d«stifw(l  to  «xpciioiMw  as  • 
CODsequeQcte  of  being  a  poliUcal  part}'.  Others,  especially 
nobles,  aotight  untt  found  personal  lulvanceinent  by  fol> 
lowing  the  example  of  their  cliief.  Tlitt  leadership  ot 
the  Huguenot  party  vra£  coToted  by  persons  more  emi- 
iiviit  for  Ui«ir  nuik  than  for  thoir  ilovotion  to  religion, 
'i'he  continued  persecution,  of  whtcli  tlie  Hiiguoiiota  were ' 
the  victims,  oiinblud  tht-in  to  ruUy  and  pi-eserTo  tbeir  poUt- 
iiol  organ i/ittion ;  and  the  strength  whidi  tlti^y  still  iniuti« 
fostod,  indirectly  aided  the  King  in  carrying  into  effect 
tbu  jioUcy  of  pentio  uid  tolenitton.  Uc  turned  to  mode- , 
rate  the  polemical  anlor  of  the  Huguenot  chniupioiifl, 
iuid  did  not  conceal  his  suti^faction  vhen  his  old  friend, 
Du  I'h-wiA  Mornay,  was  convicted,  in  n  disputation  with 
I)u  Perron,  at  Funtainebleaii,  of  having  unwittingly  used 
inacciu-ate  citations  from  the  ooctesinstical  writors.* 

Thu  luirniiiitttnttion  of  Hiniry,  though  cut  short  hy  the 
dagger  of  Kavaillao,  was  of  ini^ileuluble  iidvunlwge  to 
Pvunoe.  Witli  the  ussistanoe  of  tlie  astute  Sully,  he  re- 
orgiuiixcd  the  imlufttry,  and  restored  the  prOMi>i.-rity  of  the 
country.  lie  mude  war  upon  Spain,  and  in  the  txeikty  uf 
Vorvina,  in  1598,  he  rocoven-d  the  phices  whteli  had  been 
conquered  fi-om  France,  both  by  Philip,  and  by  the  Duke 
of  Savoy.  The  Pope  waa  compelled  to  conclude  j>eacet 
and  to  luinul  his  vatious  fulminatioiu  against  Henry, 
while  the  latter  refused  to  luiike  any  dechiriitioa  except 
lliat  he  hud  returned  tu  Uie  Cfttholic  Church ;  and  he  ud- 
henn)  to  liis  promise  to  protect  both  religions,  'ftie  idea 
of  hia  foicign  policy,  wluch  was  that  of  weakening  tho 
power  of  Sjiain,  and  of  Unpsbiirg,  luid  of  extending  the 
boundaries  of  France,  vma  afterward*  taken  up  by  Kidte- 
lieu,  and  fully  rciili»Hl.  In  the  Ediet  uf  Nantes,  in  liSdS, 
tieiiry  secured  to  the  Huguenots  that  measure  of  religions 
iberty,  and  the  guanuiteea  of  it,  for  which  they  had  con- 

1  A  fi^nrable  vIdW  oI  llie  King'i  policy  in  dullng  vllh  [lie  IIusaimM*  li 
tfrta  bj  Ituikts  II.  Tt  »q. :  ■  loM  favanUo  risv  by  SlUidin.  p.  IIT  xq. 


284 


TIIK  RKt'OttMATlUN   tK    FKANCK. 


tendod.  It  left  fortified  <utie«  iu  tlieir  liands,  Uitis  per- 
pctuutiDg  tlie  cxistonco  of  ud  orgnni»Kl  power  witlua  tho 
State;  but  this  waa  a  n^cetisity  of  the  tiroea.  ^Vith  thia 
excoption,  his  domeetic  policy  involTcd  thu  coiiOL-ntrution 
of  power  in  the  monarch ;  and  in  this  Ktpcct,  Kidielieii 
followed  in  Itia  footsteps.  But  if  tlie  accession  of  Ileiiry 
IV.  brongbt  a  comparative  aecurity  to  the  CalviuiftU  of 
Franco,  this  wnn  tJio  limit  of  its  advantu^^o  to  th»iii. 
fVom  a  religious  body,  animated  witli  Uie  puq>oae  to 
bring  the  whole  country  to  the  adoption  of  tbeir  piinci- 
plce,  they  were  ruducvd  to  tJio  oondition  of  a,  dtiteusivis 
party,  oonlinod  by  nieles  and  bounds,  whidi  it  could  Jiot 
orerpass ;  a  party  more  and  more  separated  from  tlie 
Catholic  populiition,  and  uxjwsi-d,  be«dL>s,  to  the  vviU 
coiiSL^4itcat  on  keeping  up  a  ]>oliticftl  and  military  organi- 
lation.  From  thi«  moment,  Protestantism  in  Fiaace 
ixaMxI  to  grow. 


CHAPTEK  IX. 


TBB  EEFOBMATION  IN  THB  KBTHBBbAKDe. 


The  Netherlands  formed  a  most  valuable  portion  of  the 
inlicrik-d  domiiiioiis  of  Clinrl<»  V.  'Ilio  Diikea  of  Bur- 
gundy, the  descendants  of  iCing  John  of  Franoe,  taking 
adrautogu  of  the  weuknojs  of  thu  French  cro^vn  and  of 
the  w«ra  between  Franco  and  England,  had  built  up  l>y 
marriage,  purcha«c,  mid  conquust,  or  by  inoro  culpable 
means,  a  ricli  and  powerful  dominion.  The  Diirhy  of 
Biirgimdy  gradually  i-xtonded  its  confines,  until,  in  th*- 
reign  of  (lifti-les  V.,  it  conipriaitd  sMivitntcwi  jnovinoi-*,  and 
was  nearly  cocxtensivo  with  the  territory  included  in  the 
pneseut  kingdoms  of  Holland  and  Hulfpum.  Alt  of  theold 
writers  describe  in  glowing  language  the  unequaled  pros- 
perity and  thrift  of  the  Low  Countri(?s,  and  tbft  jikili  and 
intelligi-ncc  of  the  pi-oplc'  Agriculture,  mauufaclnres, 
and  commcroe,  were  equally  flourishing  and  lucrutivo, 
I  There  were  three  hundred  and  fifty  cities,  some  of  them 
'the  largcBtand  busiest  in  Europe.  Antwerp,  with  a  pop- 
ulation of  one  hundred  thou»and  inliuhitunts,  at  a  time 
when  I^ondoit  lind  only  one  hundred  and  fifty  tliotisand, 
was  the  resort  of  merchants  from  vvery  quarter,  and  hiid 
A  trade  snrpnasing  that  of  any  other  European  city.  Tlio 
pe3ple  of  tlie  Netherlands  were  noted  not  \vm  for  tlivir 

1  Sindi,  Dt  BMtSttfiea.tMa.  I.  Fori  dnrripliaii  ot  the  tiau  o(  tlir  Low 
CowtlriBt,  te*  lIHuMfr,  Ctd.  d.  ZtCtott.  d.  Kt/„  p.S38Mq.  Pr«M"ll,  //i*<f.  </ 
lt«  Ftifn  ^Philip  11..  b.  ii. ch.  I:  Motlxr,  Rin^lit  i>i>'<A  StimUie.  I. •!  toq,,, 
Th.  Jutl«,  Hil.  •(>  I*  JUtvL  At  Pajt-aiu,  Mn.  L  L  v.  ItuUwaitii,  Dtr  M 
fnlt  d.  Si'dtriSwSrr  (S  vul«.,  1SM-T9).  TIm  faoU  'rt  dnvD  Irom  Ouiociatdin 
Mjioa  DiKTiiMio  (lOal),  itln'a,  UralCt,  Amtaltdts  PnrlmMt-Utli  (ITl*) 
Md  «Uwr  ■auna. 


TBE  BETOIUIATItN  IS    THE  NirniF.RULXDS. 


liigAfluity  sliovrii  in  the  invontion  of  macbiiics  and  iinplo> 
mentB,  and  for  tlioir  proficiency  id  Bcivnco  und  IvUui-s,  Uian 
for  tlniir  upuk-titx'  a»d  «nU:rpriHe.     It  was  th«ir  l>oiast  Uuit 
■.ommoii  labortTS,  urvu  the  li8lierniL'n  who  dwelt  in  the 
liulN  of  Fi-ioidaiid,  could  rx^iid  and  write,  nnd  discoM  tbc 
interpretation  of  Scripture.      Local  self-goTernment  ex 
iiitt?d  to  u  rL-iiinrkitLlo  vxteiit  tlirun^lioiit  tliu  scveotwa* 
proviiiix«.     Eaiih  Iiad  it^  owii  chartered  riglitd,  privilt^es^J 
and  imiDUtiitics,  and  it«  immemorial  custoais,  vltich  th*. 
Bovcnt^  WAS  bound  to  keep  invioInU-.    'Ilic  jwophi  lored 
their  freedom.     Charles  V.,  with  all  the  adrantagee  dA> 
rived  from  his  vnst  power,  could  not  amalguoiate  the 
provinces,  or  fuse  them  under  a  common  Dytitcm,  and  vroa 
obiigod  to  aatisfy  himself  witli  hoing  the  bead  of  a  cou- 
fodoracy  of  little  tttpublics.    But  nt  the  Diet  of  Augsburg, 
in  154tj,  ho  succeeded  in  legalizing  tlie  separation  of  tJie  , 
Nctiiorlands  into  a  distinct.,  united  portion  of  the  Empire, 
paj'ing  its  own  tax, in  a  gross  amount,  into  the  trvusury  ; 
kanug  certain  special  rights  in  the  Diet ;  entitled  to  pro- 
twtiou,  but  exempt  from  the  jurisdiction  of  the  imperial 
judidary,  to  whiclt  otlicr  ^mrts  of  Uie  Empire  were  sub- 
ject. 

In  such  a  population,  among  tho  countrymen  of  Eraa- 
tnus,  where,  too,  in  previous  ages,  various  forma  of  inuo* 
Tatiun  and  dissent  had  uri»en,  the  ductTint'Jt  of  Luther 
inuxt  inevitably  find  an  entrance.  They  were  brought  in 
by  foreign  merchants,  "togetJicr  with  whose  commodities," 
vrit<!8  the  old  Jesuit  historian  Stxada,  >'  this  plague  oft«:n 
Bails."  They  were  introduced  witli  the  German  luid 
Swiss  soldiers,  whom  Cliarlw  V.  had  occasion  to  bring  inlti 
ttie  oountrj'.  Prcitest;intisni  was  also  transplanU.-d  from 
England  by  numerous  exiles  irho  lied  from  the  pei-aecu- 
on  of  Ktary.  The  contiguity  of  the  country  to  Gunnaoy 
und  Franco  provided  abundant  avenues  for  tlio  incoming 
of  the  new  opinions.  "  Nor  did  the  lUiino  fi  om  Ger 
many,  or  the  Meuse  from  Francei     to  quote  tlic  rvgntfo. 


THB  "H-ACARnS"   01*  CUABLRS  V. 


287 


liuiguagft  of  Strnda,  "  send  more  water  into  the  Low 
Cotuitrii's,  ibnii  by  the  one  the  conlugion  of  Kiillier,  by  , 
the  other  of  Cnlviii,  vma  iitii>orted  ipto  the  earae  Belgio 
prormoes.*' '  The  spirit  and  oocnpatifMis  of  tliv  puople, 
Uie  whole  ntmo«phere  <if  tho  country,  were  aingutarly 
propitioDB  for  the  spread  of  the  Protestftnt  movement. 
The  citiM  of  Fliind«n  und  Bnilmnt,  especially  Antwerp, 
very  early  foniiBhed  profa-iaors  of  the  new  faiUi.  Charlea 
V.  iMuoiI,  in  1521,  from  Worms,  un  cdiot,  the  first  of  a 
aeries  of  barbarottn  eiiactinenta  or  **  placardx,"  for  tlie 
extingiiiBlung  of  heresy  in  the  Netherlands;  nnd  it  did, 
not  reiniiin  n  dead  letti.-r.'  In  1523,  two  AujpiHtiniui 
monks  were  Ininied  nt  tlie  atakc  iu  Brussels.  After  the 
fire  was  kindled,  they  repeated  the  Apostle's  creed,  and 
iMiiijj  ibw  Te  Drum  htutiamu*.*  This  execution  drew  from 
Liitlicr  an  innpiriting  letter  to  the  persecuted  Christians 
of  Hiilland  and  Ilrabant,  and  moved  him  to  write  a  stir- 
ring hynui  — beginningi  "  Ein  neuea  Lied  wir  hvben  an," 
—of  which  the  following  is  one  of  the  stanxas :  ^ 

■'UuIelUiiiraibo  wilt  nallic 
Dill  •fftltind  fur  and  am, 
Stnam.  dmi|^-un.  bull,  ud  graro  iatj, 
TUtlt  lurmii/i  iliame  and  fear. 
Tluxe  wUom  iVite  Ihe  ijraat'a  vrangs 
To  ailviU'f  could  (ubcliii!, 
il*  niuil,  nliondviU,  Id  tln|t  II>b  toagt 
Wtik'li  ill  ill  laniiiuii;!-*  ind  loncuw, 
lltRiuii'l  lli«  iriit«  mtM  thrangh."* 

>  Smda,  SUpUlon**  Inntliulaa  (IMT),  |l  311.     On  lb*  e*hm  of  Ih«  nfld 
■piMd  «t  PmlBflanlimi  Id  Itit  Iaw  Counlilca,  *h  Tb.  JaMa^  1.  SH^  HP.    jMtl 

■•  ft  molanto  Calbolle,  and  wrlua  wlih  tinpanlaliiir. 

•  Tlie  main  pan*  «f  Ibc  Ont  -  I'larard  "  vs  ^vto  UyVnail,  niilarytftS» 
t^armalitm  m  tkt  Lot  Catmtriii,  Hi.  *  Ibll.,  p.  (L 

*  •  "Ke  AKhtn  will  nlcbt  laasn  lb, 
?I«  FlauU  in  illcr  I^ndni. 
Ilic  iiilft  kcin  nxb,  IjKh.  Grub  nocb  Qtmb| 

Hie  mii'lii  r!i>n  Prini)  m  Sduddes 
Dig  er  im  LpWn  iliinb  den  Hn4 
Zu  whwriRTn  hni  Rfldnmem 
Die  moia  cr  (odl  id  allpm  Ort 

Ilk  allFt  Sliinni',  iin J  Zangcn 
OMhflilMlaaaMitingw."    OlHritr,  ir.  L  ( |  H. 


28S 


Tim  BEFOUUATICHC  IM  IHS  NmiEltLANDS. 


Thu  cmUcIs  ugminat  heresy  wcru  imperi octly  executed.  Tha 
Itegeut,  Matgaret  of  Saroy,  vtm  lukuwann  in  the  biuincM 
of  {wnecation ;  and  her  Buccessor,  Maria,  tbe  Emperor's 
sister,  thu  ^dowcd  Qtieivii  of  Hungury,  wiu  still  more 
lenieally  diaposcd.  'llie  Proteetanta  rapidly  increaacd  iu 
number.  CulviuiHiu,  from  tliu  inilucDco  of  Francci,  unid  of 
Geiiova  wlieru  young  men  were  sent  to  be  educated,  canio 
to  pnivail  among  tkom.  Auabaptists  and  otJier  tioenUuiis 
or  fauutical  •cctarics,  such  as  a])peun}d  ebcwburu  in  tlto 
waka  of  tbe  Kelormation,  were  numerous ;  and  their  ex- 
OMSM  tiffordi-d  H  pluusiblo  prvti-'xt  fur  violvut  mi-afiuroa  of 
repression  ngiuii-it  nil  who  de[>art«d  from  tJie  old  ftiitli.' 
In  1550,  Cliarlca  V.  issued  a  new  Pluford,  in  which  the 
fonner  pL-i'»ecutiiig  edicts  wvtti  cuiifirmud,  luid  iu  whieii  a 
reference  vas  made  to  Inquintora  of  the  faith,  as  well  aa 
to  the  ordliuiry  judgvs  of  th«  bishops.  Tliiii  pxcitod  great 
alann,  since  tbe  InquisiHon  was  an  object  of  exbvmo 
aversion  and  dread.  Thu  foreign  merchants  prepared  to 
leave  Antwerp,  prices  ft-ll,  tnido  was  to  a  great  «xt«ait 
suspended ;  and  such  was  the  dbuiEfection  excitv^l,  that  the 
Rc^nt  Maria  interceded  for  some  modification  of  tbo  ob- 
noxious decree.  Verbal  changes  were  made,  but  the  fears 
of  the  people  were  not  quieted  ;  and  it  was  published  at 
Antwerp  in  conn«ction  witJi  a  protest  of  tiie  inafpstratcs 
in  behalf  of  the  Uberties  which  were  put  in  peril  by  a 
tribuuiil  of  the  vhnracter  threatened.  "  And,"  says  tliu 
learned  Arminlxui  historian,  "■  »s  this  afTair  of  tlic  tnquisi- 
tion  and  the  opprcsuon  from  Spain  prevailed  mure  and 
more,  all  men  l>cgun  to  bo  oonvinci-d  that  they  were  des- 
tined to  perpetual  slavery."  Although  there  was  much 
persecution  tn  the  Netherlands  during  tbe  long  reign  of 

>  Tba  Aiwtuipllat  attonw*  i^nat  lUceney  >nd  onlimiT  nttunlly  •I'n'U  upon 
Ij  wilMn  dlapofcd  to  apola|[lu  for  tbe  |Kn#cul>on>  rn  llio  Nuilirrlaiiiiii  ai 
I>M^  ZMmmiJ  OmthMli,  Kl.  .1ST  reti.:  mui  in  Uitmriiut  tititk,X v^il/ DadtH 
JHufcrtoriM*  Gtitiidtle.  Hut  (ho  tuxt  uvl  clnunittiiu(pi  art  ilu  («ilb 
tullr  dMallcd  bjr  Bnodl  uid  aOtet  writan  »b«ac  «ynip*ibi«i  we  on  the  otlM 
•Id*. 


SPIRIT   A!<0  I'OLICT  CP  PIDUP  U. 


Cliarles,  yet  the  uumber  of  martyrs  could  not  luivo  Iweo 
«o  great  as  RfU-  thousiind,  tbi;  number  meoUon«d  tty  ooai 
wvitvr,  iiiiich  IcnH  one  hundred  tliousaud,  tbe  namber  giTUi] 
by  Grotiua.' 

In  1555,  Charlca  V.,  enfeebled  by  hia  Ufe-lang  enemy, 
till!  gout,  which  was  a^^ravated  by  revoraus  of  fortune — 
mindful,  too,  it  ia  »aid,  of  n  former  tnying  of  onu  of  bis 
oommnitdi'iH,  that  "  between  the  basinet  of  life,  and  Uie 
day  of  death,  a  space  ought  to  be  interpusud  "  —  resigned 
hts  throne,  aiid  devolved  upon  hia  son,  Philip  II.,  the 
government  of  the  Netherlands,  together  with  the  rest  o( , 
hi§  w'vXo  dominions  in  Sixtiii,  Itjily,  and  tiv:  Xew  Worhl, 
Political  and  religioiiii  absolutism  was  the  main  article  of 
Philip's  cToed.  His  ideas  wore  fAv  in  number,  but  ho 
clung  to  thcni  with  the  more  unyielding  tenacity.  Tho 
liberties  of  Spain  liad  been  destroyed  at  the  begimiing  ot  I 
Charles's  reign  ;  and  tho  iib«oluto  ByBtt>m  that  was  estab-  \ 
lished  tJjertj,  Pliilip  considered  the  only  tnie  or  tolerablo  ' 
fonu  of  government.  To  rule,  as  I»r  as  possible,  accord- 
ing to  this  method,  wherever  lio  luid  uuUiority,  was  an 
established  purpose  in  his  mind.  At  the  same  time,  he 
was  resolvod  to  stand  forth  as  the  champion  of  tho  Ro- 
man Ciitholic  Churcli,  and  tJie  unrelenting  foe  of  heresy, 
wherever  ho  ooald  reacli  it.  Tho  Spanish  monarchy  had 
worn  a  ri'Iij^oiis  clianicter  from  the  days  of  Ferdinand  i 
and  Is:ilK-lIa.  Its  discovei'ies  and  conquests  in  the  Xcw 
World  had  been  pushed  in  the  spirit  of  religious  propa- 
gAiuliftm.  Tliti  crusade  aguinst  the  Moorsi  had  wliett«d 
the  fanatieal  zaal  against  heresy.  In  Spcun,  the  Inqnisi- 
tion  vran  an  essential  instrument  of  tho  oiril  administra- 
don.  By  nature,  and  by  tlie  influence  of  the  ciroum- 
s(iUir«s  in  vvliicli  he  was  placed,  Philip  was  thv  implao- 
able  enemy  of  n-ligious  dUsent.  Kforeover,  he  knew  tliot 
if  lie  granted  liber^  of  oonscivoco   in   one   part  of  hii 

■  ■•K*in|K»t  umlfltatahtmlniuii  nm  ntont  rtDton  nulla,"  (K.— 
X  fftri.  rf«  Kttiu  Bftj;  I.  i  p.  11 
ID 


3fW  1I1K   lUJ'OR^IATlON  IN  TUK  METHERLAifPS. 

dominiuns,  hu  might  luirc  to  moct  n  simiW  demiuid  in 
iDOtbcr —  ill  S[)niii  itaeU.  'I'be  counsola  of  his  father,  in 
wbom,  OB  he  ndvnnovd  in  yvara,  siip^mtitioii  luMjuired  ui 
bcruuiing  svruy,  couflrmcil  Philip  in  his  intolerant  btg- 
otiy.'  Tliere  had  been  iv  innhml  Iov«  bctwuvn  ChiirK-* 
and  tliB  people  of  the  Ni;tiiorIni;ii,i.  'IIikv  wftre  pix>ud  of 
him  as  a  countryman,  and  bis  afTable  manners  in  intur- 
couise  with  them  kept  up  his  popularity.  Hia  [wreeou- 
(jon  of  th«  Protcsbinti,  and  hia  cruelty  after  the  euppres- 
Bton  of  tJie  insurrection  nt  Ghent,  did  not  »tifli<!0  tn  lUi^tn- 
uti>  tlie  loyal  and  afFeotionnte  regard  of  his  suhji'ctit.  Uut 
Philip  waa  a  Spaniard,  and  showed  it  in  all  hia  demeanor 
tnwnrdo  them.  *'  He  spoke  seldom,  and  then  nit  Sinuiah." 
ills  mingled  sliyneas  and  arrogance  repelled  and  diagusted 
tliitni.  In  the  nxim  of  conlially  ine«ting  their  oxpromions  of 
entJm^tasin,  he  seemed  desirona  of  escaping  from  tliem.* 

Among  this  wcaltlty>  spii'itvd,  cultivated  people,  Philip 
seemed  inclined  to  inLroiIuco  hia  despotic  i^yHtoin.  'INiv 
great  nobles  of  the  country,  of  whom  William,  Pnnoo  of 
Orruige,  and  the  Counts  ^mont  and  Horn,  wore  tho 

I  Tlia  bii^tiy  n(  thi  t*in[wrar,  iw  wtl  u  other  IraJU  which  he  nMnlftdvtl  after 
UsiMitatlan.iiTHl  lorthin  Iti*  hiaMy  iotcnttinn  irork  of  Stlrlia^,  Tit  CV.>Ml<r 
/.iji  ofChnrtft  V,  Tha  alh«r  wriltr*  nn  ttio  aubirrt  an  Gichard,  Rtlnilt  tf 
Jforf  J4  Chntlif  QalHl;  Mi/^tiC,  Vknrirt  (ti«U,  *«i  ^iiioin'Mi,  (mi  S^tmr  M 
•■  Mori  mu  StaialrTf  <tt  ymtr.  Tlitm  million  «T«  r«ri«w«d  by  Pnteatt, 
Hitlory  if  P^iBp  If.  lirn<l  of  b.  I.];  and  In  Ui»  diUtloa  of  BobtrUan'*  IlinCn; 
of  Chitrin  V.,  iil.  I3f  hi).,  in  cfuuiHtian  with  PrkoII'i  owu  hliloricil  MMij'oa 
Um  Mm*  Ihitnm.  Clf  vouns  Oid  Kmperor  ncvei  madr  Uis  itinark  atlf n  sttrib. 
u(fl  Id  h!ni.  thai  bit  hurl  hggii  foollth  In  Xrying  to  prodnce  unifonnllj'  of  ojqa- 
ioE  liclHDin  irtit.  Hlii^n  he  could  not  mike  two  clodu  Or  waUliM  SOOOri. 
M*t'«u1a}'  IraHt  the  Hi.vlrig  to  •  nA«Ilan  of  Simla,  who  obwrmt  llialChaHM 
Rnvfimtd  the  uliocit  of  ctdckii  niilcr  than  toriunt.  fiVhol  Crmcn  it  to  Vta 
Utia,  f'liarlvi'ii  I«ltn  Sccntiij,  by  Hhoni  an  obwrralj'iin  of  Scnfc»,  mp«M> 
iniC  lli«  di*[<u!u>  I'f  iitinninphen,  b  bomwDil  and  applied  (o  Ihcronlravtnltaot 
doclnn.  I'irhiil,  Chrot^e  dl  i'Xnrtet  (lumt  l\fAI),  toI.  i.  p-  iU.  Tlio  Imb- 
ptnr'a  mprvK-inn  of  rriptt  tlint  h^  liad  n<il  biimfd  l.iillicr  nt  Wonn»,  thowi 
lit  rml  iniod-  Jii'le.  i.  UK.  Pmiwnn't  H.>»ii^«<in,  ill.  it«.  From  Tn>t«  b» 
iddr*Hnl  tn  Ih*  Rpuiiih  Inqntillon  and  to  lliiiip  i-xliorlalin)  to  ctiii>I|t 
Ibid^  t>p.  Mn,  tat.  Ilia  tanailcitm  and  intolanoc*  appaar  in  bit  oMlitil,  la  Ui 
nJacL-nnni  to  Philifh 

*  Jiuti.  I.  !»■ 


nu  BBOBKCY  OF  ItARGABCT  OF  I'AIOIA. 


291 


chief,  might  luktiimllir  expect  to  bo  intrusted  witli  thf 
prindpnl  iiiAnageni«iit  of  tlie  gnveninient  tinder  th«  ICing. 
Williiiin,  tliougli  honi  of  Lutliomit  parents.  Lad  been 
bri'iiglit  up  TrDin  bin  linyliCKxl  in  tin:  oturt  of  Churlcx  V., 
and  was  a  CatJiolic  by  profusaioo,  but  opposed  to  peraecn- 
Ijoit.  His  vxtntnritinary  nbiliticii  had  miulu  bim  a  favorite 
of  the  Kraperor,  who  gav'e  bim  nwpouBible  cmployiiients 
and  stf^iliuil  liis  piirticuUr  rcgiird  by  leaning  npnn  his 
sliouldt^r.  at  the  oereraony  of  the  abdicition,  nnd  by 
■electing  liim  to  conrpy  th<;  tmporiul  crown  to  hia  brother 
FerdinaiKi.  Kginont,  wiLli  fnr  \caa  depUi  of  sagiuuty  aod^ 
eteadiness  of  chanicter  tlian  Orange,  was  a  nobleman  ■ 
brilliiint  <x>unig<;  and  attractive  niannr-nt,  and  liad.woAj 
high  fiimo  in  connection  mtb  the  ^■icto^iefl  of  Gravclincs 
and  St.  Quentin.  II10  nobles,  both  thosd  and  others  of 
inferior  nuilc,  wm'i;  lu^turionH  in  tlieir  styli;  of  living,  nnd  ^ 
their  lavish  cxpenditiirefl  bad  brought  on  many  of  tlieiu 
heavy  burdens  of  debt. 

PhiUp  did  not  select  his  Regent  from  the  ftr'isl«om''y 
of  till!  country,  nor  did  he  appoint  any  other  whom  the 
nobles  would  Imvo  preferred ;  but  he  apjminted  to  tliis 
office  Margaret  of  Parma,  tliv  ilU-gitimatu  dMngbti.'r  of 
Charles  V..  a  person  of  uncommon  talents  and  i^n^rgy, 
and  utterly  devoted  to  the  will  of  her  brother.  She  was 
nocoinplisliei)  in  tlio  art  of  dixsimiibition  and  donble-denl- 
ing,  whii:h  formed  an  t>8sential  part  of  Philip's  method  of 
governing.  She  nourished  tlie  King's  jealousy  of  ()riin|^> 
and  Rgmont.  In  Uw  flnt  net  of  solectinga  Regent.  Philip 
showed  a  caution  that  partook  of  suaiiicion.  At  her  side 
io  pIiM«!d.  as  Ikt  principitl  adviser.  Onuivelle.  the  Bishop 
of  Arras.  His  father  was  of  humble  birth,  but  had  raiM-d 
lumsolf  to  an  important  station  under  thu  Emperor,  by 
whom  the  talenta  of  the  son  were  also  discerned.  Gran- 
vello,  the  younger,  was  an  ablo  and  accomplished  man 
and  well  aetinainted  with  the  country,  but  .servilely  d»- 
foted  to  the  King.     The  threo  nobles  were  placed  in  th« 


gffSl  TUB  RErORMATlOX  IK  TIIK  NETHEBLAilDS. 

Counctl,  but  Ui«  Rcorct  diroctions  of  Philip  to  tli«  Regent 
were  such  that  Uie  ooiiduct  of  affaira  ^vas  really  in  the 
liandH  of  Gmnvellc  (ISJid). 

Ill  tlte  midat  of  tlio  murntura  bikI  fcara  whidi  tbe  orgiin- 
txation  of  tbe  goveroment  escdt«d,  the  attempt  niw  mm\v 
to  mtiiin  ill  tlie  Netlierliuidn  sevoml  regiments  of  Spniiitili 
soldiura.  Tliia  mivisuni  waa  uiidertakcQ  when  tJicru  wiui 
110  fligii  of  ait  insurrection.  It  won  in  vioUittoii  of  the 
ancient  vighta  of  the  I'mvinces,  and  imposed  a  burd«n 
vhich  VM  tlifi  mor«  onerous,  since,  in  Uio  previous  year, 
tbons  luid  been  universal  soffering  from  tlie  scarcity  o( 
provUionit.  l*liili|i  liad  plvdgi-d  Wis  woi-d,  on  li.yiving  the 
Netherliuid»,  that  Uie  troops  should  be  withdrawn  within 
four  monthd ;  but  tliiit  plcdgt-  wna  tlisregnrded.  'i'he  dia- 
nfTot^tinn  incn>aa(>d  to  such  a  degree,  that  the  Regent  at 
Uiigth  nvaikid  hvnu;lf  of  a  convenient  pi-otcxt  for  Hfiuling 
tlieni  away.  Philip  reluctantly  aoqniesced  in  what  alie 
pronounced  an  akeolute  necejtiuty,  if  tho  country  was  to 
be  sared  from  insurrection. 

The  second  of  tlicse  irritating  measures  wna  tho  crea- 
tion of  El  hirgii  numljor  of  new  bi8hoi)ric!*.  Whatever 
plausible  reasons  might  be  urged  in  favor  of  tliis  meaann?, 
from  the  gTx-»t  size  of  llic  existing  dioveM-s,  and  Uicii'  in- 
oonvenient  relatiDus  to  tlie  contiguous  German  bishoprics, 
the  reid  design  of  it  was  not  miHiuidei-stou(l.>  It  wiu  a 
part  of  the  machinery  tc  be  employed  for  tightening  the 
cords  of  Church  disciplia';,  and  for  tlic  oxt^-rminaUou  of 
heresy.  The  new  bishops  were  to  be  clothed  with  inquis- 
itorial powers.  The  cro»tion  of  bo  iiuiny  im]iortaiit  |H?r- 
tonngcs,  dftYot«d,  of  course,  to  the  sovereign,  was  couuteti 
a  disadvantage  to  tho  old  hereditary  uristocnicy  of  tb« 
country. 

The  two  measures  of  the  retention  of  the  troops,  and 
the  iinpoitiUon  of  the  bisliops — mi>astiri.4  having  an  oinin- 
OTW  relation  to  one  another  —  revealed  unmistakably  th« 
>  Jiuu,  0.  ]«e,  tT9. 


AC4I11C3SIOXS  OV  miLIP  II. 


298 


{MUof  of  Philip.    The  apologia^  of  the  Kii^  cImi^  th« 
troablos  thnt  ensued  upon  the  ambition  of  the  noblus, 
espocinlly  of  WiUiiun,  who,  it  i«  saiil,  vrjintod  to  govern 
the  country  thenuelvee,  and  aid  uU  thoy  could  to  excite 
disaffection.     It  may  hi;  ginnted  Unit  thoy  were  »ot  free 
from  Uit!  influencB  of  personal  motives,  and  chiifcd  undoTj 
the  arrangements  whidi  deprived  tiKim  of  tlicir  niiturall 
uid  legitimate  place  in  the  coatrol  of  public  affairs.    Th«| 
chfti^  that  cither  of  tJK^m  aimed  at  a  mvulutioii  is  desti- 
tute of  proof.     In  the  midst  of  all  thnt  is  aubjtxtt  to  ooa-j 
troversy.  two  things  cfuiuot  reasonably  be  disputed.    Oo»1 
ifl  that  foreign  domination,  that  is,  the  nile  of  Spanish] 
ofiSoera.  and  the  presonots  of  Spanish  soldiery,  were 
hateful  to  the  NetluTliindora  as  they  were  tx>  the  Gcnnnns.] 
It  waa  wluit  contributed  most  to  the  reaction  against 
Charles  v.,  nftiT  the  Smalculdic  war,  and  to  the  triumph 
of  Mnuric<^.    The  other  fact  is.  that  perKCutJon,  tlie  for 
bio  repression  of  heresy,  after  the  manner  of  Spanish  Cath- 
olicism, wa.t  ropugnaiit  to  tlie  general  focling  of  the  p40<l 
pie  —  of  the  Catholic  population  —  of  the  Low  Countries. 
There  was  an  ntmoAplicro  of  freedom,  and  a  slato  of  ]>ub* 
lie  opinion,  to  which  the  poUey  of  Philip  was  thoroughlj 
oppos<Kl.     Willinm  afliTwnriLi  dei-lareJ  that,  while  huDt*| 
ing  in  oomjicuiy  witli  llonry  II.  of  France,  that  monarch.] 
had  incantiousty  revealed  to  him  the  secret  designs 
hinseif  and  Philip  for  the  extirpation  of  herexy  in  their 
dominions.     In  Philip's  scheme  for  the  increase  of  bish- 
ops, and  in  his  detention  of  tlie  troops,  William  saw  the 
beginning  of  tho  execution  of  the  plot ;  and  he  di'ler. 
mined,  he  says,  tliat  he  would  do  wliat  ho  could  to  rid 
the  land  of  "  tho  Spanish  vernun."    That  William  looked 
about  for  a  high  matrinioiiuil  connection,  docs  not  indi- 
cate any  deep-laid  plan  of  unlawful  personal  advancement, 
nor  in  liis  marriiigo  with  Anna,  of  Saxony,  was  there  nnj 
serious  attempt  to  mislead  Philip  aa  to  tJie  religion  tc 


tH 


Ttie  BKrORUATION  IK  THE  VmtF.Kt.AKDS. 


be  adopted  hy  bia  bride.'  William  was  cbargod  with 
dicrishiiig  Mucchinvt'lliaii  priudptes  ;  but  tltu  ugu  was 
UntichiaTelliftii,  aiul  Uc.  do^  not  apjtenr  to  liave  ri(ii,-i) 
bansgreaaed  the  bounds  of  morality  in  tlio  use  of  that 
profound  Hiigiicity  by  which  h«  coped  with  uiiKcrupiiloiu 
adTorsnries. 

Philip  ronowc<l  tlie  persecuting  odicte  of  Charles  V.  It 
waa  forbiitdtMi  to  print,  copy,  Icnep,  hide,  buy,  or  8«11  any 
writing  of  Luther,  Zwingle,  (Bctilampadius,  Bucer,  Cal- 
rin,  or  of  any  oUwr  luii-oUc ;  to  break  or  to  injure  imy 
image  of  the  \^Ii^ii,  or  of  tlie  Sainta  ;  to  hold  or  to  attend 
any  heretical  convonticle.  LH^'meu  wero  proHbitod  from 
reading  the  Si^riptii )■«•!«,  or  taking  part  in  conferenoes  upon 
disputed  points  of  doctrine.  Triuiagressors,  in  case  tbey 
)}iouId  recaut,  wcn«,  if  they  were  men,  to  Im  bcboitded  ;  if 
women,  to  bo  buried  alive.  If  obstinate,  ihey  were  to  be 
burnt  alive,  and,  in  citlicr  cose,  th«ir  propi^rty  was  to  be 
oonfbcated.  To  omit  to  inform  against  suspicioRs  per- 
sons, to  enti-rtiiin,  lodge^  food,  or  clotho  thern,  was  to  b« 
guilty  of  heresy.  Pfiianns  who,  for  lli»  reason  tliat  they 
were  su^cted,  were  condemned  to  abjure  hereay,  w«t«, 
in  case  Uii^y  rimdc'red  themselves  again  suspicions,  to  Iw 
dealt  with  as  heretics.  Every  accuser,  in  caae  of  convic- 
tion, was  to  receive  a  large  »hivro  of  tlio  oonfiscat'td  goods. 
Jndges  were  alwohitely  forbidden  to  diminisli  in  any  way 
tb«  prescribed  penalties.  Scrorc  pftnalties  wwro  ijircat- 
med  agiunat  any  who  sliould  intercede  for  heretics  or 
present  a  petition  in  bolialf  of  them.  To  carr}-  out  these 
roactmente,  Ctinrli.'«  had  establiahed  an  Inquiaition,  which 
«ras  not  only  independent  of  the  chirgy  of  the  country, 
but  to  wbich  ihcy  were  lUI,  from  tbo  hlg^wt  to  the  lowest, 
answonvble.  This  was  not  the  SpanUk  Inquisition,  but 
'♦.  waa  sufficiently  rigoroua  to  lead  Philip  to  pronounce  it 
mor«  pitiletm  than  that  of  Spain.'     But,  terrible  aa  tlie 

>  Conifun  PmhoU,  i.  438,  ttllh  MiilW.  i,  300  hi).    WIIIIriii'*  •ri(«  «M  U 
*l>nciUiaUcillT," 
■  ■■  C*  qu'sr*  iiblta  tar  I'lnteoUou  ilu  Rol  d'«Ub1li  aux  Vuvt  Bu  I'lnquul 


ron'LAK  DISAFFEcnW. 


2»i 


luqmsitioii  in  t'nc  NcthcrluniLs  vtoa,  it  wubiitvil  sumv  of  tlw 
barbarouii  ftfuttires  that  Ittilonged  to  the  Holy  Otiice  in 
Spain.  It  was  said  by  Ptiilip,  and  lias  buen  iirgL-d  by  hi« 
(lefcndi.'irs  »iiicv,  tliiit  tin:  pi-rst'cntiiig  iidicts  were  tlie  work 
of  Charles,  and  tliat  bia  ouccesBor  einiply  continued  tL«m 
ill  upomtioii.  This  ittat^jniuiit  ovvrtookst  tin;  <:irctimstiLnc<^ 
that  tliey  put  the  authority  of  Charles,  popular  though 
he  wu»,  tu  n  Hcvi^i'u  tvst ;  tlint  tht^y  vri-rv  iiol  sysbuiiuiticaUy 
enforced  ;  that  the  crtieltica  intlicted  under  them  had  mora 
and  uioru  nwukunvd  thu  hostility  of  tlit;  puoplu  to  huuL 
meuanrea ;  an<l  that  in  Llie  tnt«rval  between  tiie  promul- 
gation of  thc-m  by  Charles  and  tbo  roaewal  of  thvm  by 
Philip,  the  new  opinion*  luu)  gjiinod  a  wider  accc-ptanoe.' 

Ab  tJie  Inquiflition  proceeded  witli  ita  Woody  work,  tha 
indignation  of  tlio  puopio  found  ulttimnuu  through  (Jnuige 
and  Kginont,  who  remontitrat^d  against  the  cruelties 
which  were  infUct<:d.  and  complained  to  tho  King  of  Gran- 
velleiOD  vrhoin  tliey  laid  tlio  I'OHpontubility  of  eTeryUat^j 
that  was  done. 

OnitiTclln  is  cixculpati^d  by  Pliilip  from   all  rvKponju- 

bility  for  Uio  introduction  of  the  now  bishops;  and  Im 

did  not  origituitv  iK>mo  otbvr  obnoxious  mvasuivM  whidi 

were  laid  to  his  credit.^     Hia  impulses  were  not  cruel. 

Hut  tile   lords   wuru   not  out  of  thu  way  in  fuidini;   in 

him   the  embodiinont  of  tlie  foreign  domination  which 

tlon  il'KtfiigiM,  «alic*1"»vpl  l—ix;  jnniiit  lo  oanlind  na  lul  af«il  tetU  piop- 
lallkii),  iii  Iul-ia4n»  n'v  ■  jh'iiW.  D'silWun  I'lnqnltilion  den  Pmji-Bu  Mt 
pitu  Impltof  kb-cija*  0(ll<  (t'K>]aipi«."  Udchuil,  CuTupBtidanct  Je  PtJIifyii 
H.,  i.  «T. 

'  OraogB  kIi  (oith  nmo  of  Uicm  ftlloml  (Inuniftincai  !n  a  UtMr  lo  lb*  K» 
l^nl  (Januur  M,  tHtO}.  Uc  ipatlu  tt  llw  I'lAotnli  ■>  "  (tuclriunrob  llmlM  «l 
nnn  votuirla  \  \»  Ti|i*ur,  m^ima  en  Icnipi  quo  ta  iiii..^  uDivtnelli  n'eilalt  A 
■fpraoomme  mtlnltuat  «t  Dolii  pcnplc.  par  IniiUliuii  ot  practloiUM  de  no* 
nUiu^  non  taut  rnclia  a  nordUCi^,"  clc  He  di-picu  pUlnly  ihe  tttti  rotum- 
qu*nM*  tlial  *ill  ratiik  fren  pfnvnnnM  in  tlic  tnen  pulley  o(  llii  King. 
tnta  Van  IMontfivr,  Ardiirt*  <h  k  Jfnum  fOnmyf-Jtrntnu,  ttnu*  ii.  p.  19 

>  TliT  puliiu  Bu  olilcli  (iranveUft  wm  wmneinulj  aetUMd  an  lontiictil  bj 
(rjtlunl,  t'lrrnpfrH't-imf,  ttf,,  r.  clxx.  wq.  (I'Tfliminoij'  JK-vycrl).  Unt  oT 
Uiu  wural  Iliini;!  Ilinl  tlnnrglla  did  wa»li>  rrcnnimcDil  (he  kiiliisppinicnf  U'llt 
lata't  uii,  itliu  Hiu  laktn  fmin  Ijiavatu,  *li-n  he  wot  iliidylaK,  mil  <arri«llf 
Spain.  Tlwn  hi  «w  k«pt,  and  Iniatd  ap  in  th*  CaiboUi:  nUifldn. 


206 


THE  KEFOItMATION   IS  TQ£  NSTaKSLANDS. 


wm  ati-iUing  at  the  liberties  of  the  counby.  Whatavm 
0])i>ik)ii  hu  iniglit  privutvly  hold  us  to  Uiu  wiwlom  of  soino 
jf  the  meaeiii'es  of  Philip,  hu  m-viT  fiilCurud  in  lus  olio- 
(liig)cv.  Ho  knvn*  no  high«.'r  law  thim  the  will  of  hit 
nuster.  I'he  nuw  arnutg«in«nt  of  diocv«i.i.s  abridged  his 
own  v]tbcopal  power,  and  woiUd  natiirsilly  ho  unwclizoinu ; 
lull  wlum  he  WM  iniido  Archbuhop  of  Mi.-c)iliii,  aiid  tlimi, 
at  Uie  interceeiuon  of  tliu  Kt^^t,  reoeired  from  Rome  the 
i.nh1in:tri)  hut,  tlie  pt-nwiial  disliki)  of  thv  lonis  to  him  as 
ail  ujiHtiirt.  »iid  tlK-Ir  iiiiLri<>li<;  oppueitioii  In  lliu  i>oIiuy  of 
whiuit  he  was  th«  chief  executor,  re»ch«d  thvir  cUiuilx. 
Thi;  clli-ot  of  tti<;  L-uiiipluiiiU  of  thu  iiohlut  »g:iiii»t;  Uie  car- 
dinal Wiia  to  kitidlu  ill  I'liilijt'a  mind  aii  mextiugitishuble 
bostilit}'  to  thvm.'  At  Wtigth  tlic  Kt-gL-iit,  imptitiunt  of 
her  di-pt-iidfiit  position  n-itli  rt-feixtiicu  to  Gmnvi^llf.  and 
willing  tliiit  1k'  should  huar  all  thu  odium,  took  sldus 
Ngntnst  him.  I'lir  cxcit^Miifiit  bccuiiiu  ho  formidublu  Uiut 
Philip  found  a  pretext  for  removing  him  from  the  coun- 
try, M  if  lit  his  own  ri.4pii-st ;  but  the  liiquitiition  wunt 
forwiml  witli  evtjii  gri:»ti.u'  eiiei^jj-  in  the  work  of  htiming 
and  burying  alive  its  victims.  It  oven  put  to  dt-ath  those 
who  vrniv  iiiertOy  BUs]H.-ctvd  of  liarboiing  hvrvticul  opinions, 
'i'h*^  great  lonU,  who  on  thd  depnrtun>  of  the  Cardinal 
h.id  rutiirned  to  tliL-  Council,  fium  which  tiicy  luul  provi- 
ounly  withdrawn,  felt  tluit  tht>y  were  deemed  to  be  in 
part  auawer.ihlo  fur  tliu  iuiiuNtuint  munlorM  pvrpetmtvd  in 
tlic  name  of  juntiei!  un<l  it-ligioii ;  and  when  i'liili))  d^ 
tenniued  to  promulgate  the  dtiei-eea  of  Tn-nt,  the  I'rinoe 
of  Omngv  bixiko  through  hiit  n^servo  and  atnrtk-d  tli« 
Council  by  a  bold  and  jiowerful  speech  upon  tiie  unright- 
QOUB  and  dangi'rotu  poUcy  which  the  govvrnmunt  w»a 
pursuing,  'llie  general  sense  of  tlie  country  recoiled  from 
that  strict  eccle^astical  discipline,  wliich  tho  reactionary 

I  la  lli«  IcIUr  in  wliicli  h«  dinled  tbe  tmlb  of  nrtAin  allrj^alioiii  ■pkinil 
GlwmllB,  h*  •uerti  thai  (hit  ininiMtr  Itjil  iieycr  uivltnl  liim  to  (Kitify  ih* 
•ouaby  bj  outUog  off  ■  halt  iluton  hn<l>i  but  Thilip  kdtli  lo  tlie  dtoU 
"  Qiwiqu*  Hnl(  iMul^lCn  pu  mtl  i*  naurit  h  m  hojviI'"    Gauhud.  i  SOT 


TOR  COUPKOUI&E. 


sn 


I        '2 


CattioUo  pmtj  In  Earop«  vnira  seeking  to  ustal>liHli.  It 
waa  determined  to  (lia[Kit«li  Egiuoiit  to  Atiulrid  to  open 
th<t  oyv»  of  tlm  King  to  tlie  reiit  sittuition.  The  cordiality 
with  wbicU  lit?  xvua  n-eaivviU  luid  iJie  honors  thitt  wvro 
renclvrad  him  in  tho  Spanish  court,  made  liim  aatisBed 
^vith  tlio  sinootli  but  vitgiiu  und  uniiiL-tiniiig  iu>sitnttiuc8  ot 
Pliilip.  EgmoDt  was  the  more  incensed,  when,  aftftr  hi?! 
tuUini,  he  Jound  th;it  hv  liiul  been  dupod.  luid  that  the  old 
«dict8  were  to  be  sharply  enfoi-ced  without  a  jot  of  ooncM- 
■iou.'  The  iuuioiinci-ni(<iit  that  the  pcreecution  WU8  to  go 
on  witliotit  ihe  lea.it  initigution,  filb^d  tho  land  wiOt  con- 
Bt«mation.  The  foreign  merchants  fled,  as  from  a  pesti- 
lence, und  Antvrvrp,  thu  priiidpiil  luart,  wiui  silent.  TUt 
irribition  of  the  people  found  a  vent  in  n  multitude  of 
uiigry  or  satirical  piiblicjitioiis,  which  no  vigilanco  of  tho 
Inquisition  could  jirevont  from  swing  the  light.' 

About  five  hundred  nobles,  to  whom  burghera  were 
afterwards  addi-d,  unit<'d  in  un  ngreomciit  called  the  C'o^n- 
irromitt,  by  which  they  pledged  tlieniiu-lviia  to  \vitli»lunil 
the  Spanish  tynuuiy,  tho  Inqtiisition  that  was  a'uahiiig 
tlie  country,  and  every  violent  act  which  should  be  nn- 
dcrliiken  iigniiutt  any  one  of  their  number.  In  this  league 
went  Count  Louis  of  NiL<uiau,  a  man  of  liigh  courage, 
Irut  more  excitable  and  radical  than  his  brother ;  the 
uccouijtlishfd  St.  Aldugonde,  und  Iticdcrotlc,  whofio  char- 
r  wiut  Wnn  c  II  tit  led   to  respet^t,  but  who  wiui  full  of 

irit  and  daring.  They  conteniplatod  at  the  outset  only 
legnl  mean*  ot  rv«ikta»c«.     l!ut  in  their  ranks  were  found 


I  Tti*  cnul  onlcn  of  I'blUp  kn>  gtvoo  In  lil*  ttmoat  dbpakb  (rum  Um  lanal 
of  B^gaiit,  (OcMlxr  IT.  lUI].    G^dunl,  I  cixliu 

*  <lr*iivcUa'(  carr«i|)Mi<l(a»  btui  conituit  vUoeii  i«  (bo  ({cntnil  anilpallkjr 
tawanln  llw  Spanknli —  "  L*  mmiralH  volont^  que  I'on  l^niolf^e  III  unlv«S 
•dltDUotBtoUil**  BcpasoatB,"  u  h«  itTlct  it.  inooc  p\ate  (P'tfiin  d'tUatdn 
Var^inatd*  Granrill*,  Uma  vU.,  p.  M],  HiU  uiiiv*iliy  ha  aliilbuta  to  the  ■»• 
luttrjr  ol  [he  lordi  In  (mpamlja^  nlunniM  In  rciard  to  tit*  InUntton  vf  tin 
KlnK  u  liiiag  in  ilic  Spuniih  taiiui^lion,  to  mis  thai*  a*  fat  roM  in  Italir.  Mo. 
(inurelle  ncnmniMidx  llif  bnln«*l  »(  titKctt  anil  ilixlinrtianr  >uch  ■<  pliM* 
.1  Iruil  in  llaljr,  upflD  NslbTrlanilarF,  if.  iinkr  Co  «na(a  a  Sjunnli  iMlinj;  ainoof 
Iho  IrlcDib  ol  pcnwiK  Ihni  hnnxwl.  and  amiKig  upiracti  Inr  liltf  tann. 


£96 


TUF.  lUOORlIATfOX  Dt  THE  XCTHESLAKUiS. 


KMue  who  hoped  to  mend  their  fortunes  by  politicnl  otini' 
motion.  The  grvut  Dubloi  stood  aloof  ixotn  the  aa»o<-ia> 
lion.  Willumi  uepecially  waa  wise  enough  to  p«!r<.'civii 
that  it  would  uccoinphkh  nothing  vUvctual,  but  nUior  im* 
]K-riI  Uiit  caii^c  which  tdl  had  at  heart.  The  mi>mlN>ra 
resolved  oa  a  givut  public  dutnonntnition,  mid  wait(.-d  uu 
tli«  R«ginit  in  a  body  witli  a  petition  that,  until  a  repeal 
of  the  edicts  could  be  pi-ocurL-d,  sUe  would  suspend  the 
ttxecutiou  of  them.  Sh«;  bridUil  licr  iudignatloii,  but  Uar- 
LiyiDout,  one  of  the  Council,  \vaa  known  to  have  s^tod 
(hi;m  "  u  biuid  of  bc^rgurs."  They  iiccv]it<-(l  the  title  aud 
iidupkid  thi!  beggar'fi  sack  iuid  bowl  for  their  eymbola. 
Multitud<»  of  people  began  now  tu  iLWvmblu  uU  over  the 
open  cjuntry,  for  Uit!  jiurjMse  of  liHU.'iitig  to  tliu  Cnlviniitt 
preachui-s  and  of  wonjliippiiig  accuixliiig  to  thoir  own 
|)ref*:ryii»:e.  From  t«n  to  twenty  thounand  pi-rsons  would 
gitther,  tli<3  women  iiud  children  being  plac^^d  for  safety 
in  tile  oi.nilre,  iLn<l  the  whole  iifseinbly  being  encircled  by 
armed  men,  with  watchmen  stiitioned  to  give  warning  of 
nppi-uuehing  danger.  Tliey  listened  to  a  sermon,  sung 
pHiUnis,  iuid  uKod  the  opporlitnity  to  perform  the  ntv  of 
baptism,  or  the  marringe  avr^'ice  where  it  wm  desired. 
Omnge  obUiiiied  fruni  the  Ilegent  the  allowuucu  that  the 
piiMicliiiig  in  the  coiiiury,  oiit^do  of  the  cities,  nhuuld  not 
bu  disturbed.  Tliu  popuUr  morument  waa  so  powerful 
that  she  found  herself  helplees  (^15t(6^. 

Philip  h;td  stiibbondy  rufuxud  toeoinply  with  the  ur(;cnt 
re<{ueat8  of  the  Itegent  that  tlie  edicts  might  b«  Rofteued. 
Two  noblos,  Bergheu  and  Moiitigny.  were  sent  to  repre. 
sent  to  him  thti  couditiun  of  the  country',  and  th»  extent  of 
the  populiu'  indignation.  'Hie  King  at  length  n^oogniiHid 
Uie  perils  of  the  situation,  and  wrote  to  the  Kt-gent.  thut 
the  Inquisition  inight  ct^^iM-,  provided  the  iil'W  bi&liopKi  wer« 
Buffered  to  exercise  their  ftinutionn  freely  ;  that  he  witH  dis- 
poKc-4l  to  modentte  tlit;  rUcards,  but  that  time  woidd  be  re- 
qnired  to  mature  the  nK-atturu  ;  and  tluil  the  lU-gv^nt  might 


ICOXOCWSM. 


890 


give,  not  oiily  tliit  C<>iif«Iunile«,  bwt  othors  iiliw,  nn  nsaar- 
anco  of  pardon.  At  tlto  Raine  tim«,  on  the  Oth  uf  August, 
1666,  ill  the  pn?^^!!!;.!!  uf  ii  iiotiiiy,  mid  buforti  tht-  Dnku  of 
Alva  uiil  other  witnoiMca,  lie  aigiicd  »  Hccret  tlevliu^tion 
that,  notwithsUiiidiiig  tlio  aMurani-c  given  to  tlie  Duchwa 
of  Parma,  since  Im  hml  not  jwti'J  in  tlii.t  niiUtor  freely  iwnJ 
Rpuntaneoiisly,  he  did  not  consider  himself  bound  by  tlu.t 
proiiiiKc.  but  reserved  to  himself  the  right  to  punish  titu 
guilt;'  parties,  »nd  especially  the  authors  and  fonieiKera 
of  Uie  eedition.'  Uo  wrotunlsoto  the  Nuncio  of  the  Tupo, 
with  uji  injunction  of  secrecy, mi  cxprcs^onof  his  purpusa 
to  maintain  the  Inquisitioa  and  the  edicts  in  all  tlieir 
rigor.'  Philip  h»n  thus  left  behind  liim  the  docuiiientury 
proof  of  bis  perfidy,  of  his  deliberate  design  to  bividc  hU 
tvurd  to  a  nation. 

While  the  country  wim  thiiJt  agitated,  la  Ui«  fnimmcr  of 
1564!,  there  burst  forth  the  storm  of  icnnoclitsin  that 
swept  over  tbo  land,  dt-stroying  the  paintings,  iniugt-ti, 
iiiid  other  symbols  and  instruments  of  Catholic  wofship, 
from  thoei-.  which  adomc<l  the  grcsit  cxtliodnd  of  Antwerp, 
to  suflli  as  decorated  tbo  htimblcst  chapels  and  i-nnveiita, 
]n  I'landcnt  alone  more  than  four  lunulixil  chnn^hfe  were 
lucked.  'Vlw.  work  of  di^nictioii  was  «ccoraplislied  liy 
mobs  hastily  gathoifd,  and  v-'xi  one  fruit  (if  the  exeite- 
nicnt  and  cmispfmliiiu  provtki-d  by  (hw  ti'i-ribln  [■vnrocu- 
tton.  M^atratcs  and  burghers,  whether  Catliolto  or 
Proteetaut,  looked  on,  offering  no  rc«istaticn  to  the  prog- 
re*»  ol  tlio  ttimpest.  However  it  inny  be  ooudeiiiiicd,  it 
WHS  not  axactly  liku  tho  invasion  of  the  temples  of  one 
reUgi<mt  dcnoiniimtiim  by  winther.  TIm^so  (Klifiees  wortt 
felt  to  belong  to  the  people  in  common  ;  all  had  soma 
ngbt   in   tLcm.      Gdvinistx  at    that   ^x-riod   hnbitnully 

>  llarhonl.  l.e»xIIL4Ui. 

<  llii<l.,  ti3.  f(o«  abo  H«Iliy,  I.  Alt  Tlie  Kundo,  Uio  Arrhblihop  ol  S•^ 
truln.  Iiail  liri-n  u-ni  Id  ibo  NclhctlaiiiU  Himilblir  la  look  tlrtr  ihf  ntonattiim 
•t  ill*  <<-fri:y  -  n*\W,  M  ttia  wcnl  rarnipanikaM  itaon,  in  reftnoct  Ic  ll|« 
loifuitilian  aiiil  llu  exUr|Hillaii  ol  bcruf. 


800 


THE  ItlliOBllATlOX   Dt  TIIR  NTTBEB LANDS. 


looked  upou  tlie  um  of  iniiigcn  iit  worship,  aiid  upoo  the  i 
mass,  as  forms  o£  idolatry-,  uf  »  sio  explicitly  forbidden 
ill  Uio  di-mlogiie.     Siniilu-  tiprivin^  uf  lliv  populuuu  took 
plnoe  ill  France  and  in  Scotland,   and  fi-oni  tlio  auita 
causoa.     The  Prot««taat  nunisUm  and  the  Prince  of 
Onu^,  with  Dtlier  chiefs  of  Uie  liberal  party,  g<-iti-ntlly 
denounced  the  ima^hruulung.'    Thv  ulluct  <^  it  was  dis- 
xtUous.     Wli:it  tlw  icoiiDclo-ttit  iTuiitttdcrcd  Uiu  di-xtruction 
of  tlie  inipleiueats  of  an  impious  idolatry,  Uie  CatlioUcs 
aUiorred  as  sacrilc^     TUu   imtrioti«  piirty  wus  dividud, 
iiiid  hi<sido«  this  tulvuntnj^  g&iuod  by  the  goY«ruitif4it,  a 
pliuisible  pretext  was  afforded  for  the  most  sanguinary 
rotalia.tion.     Tliu  Itogvnt  wiu  obligeil,  liowDvcr,  to  nt^o 
a  ti-ucni  witli  tlie  Confederacy  of  nobles,  in  whii^h  it  was 
AgTved  that  thv  litiiuinition  nIioiiU  hv  given  up  and  lil>- 
erty  allowed  to  the  new  doctrine,  while  the  cotifederatRK 
in  return,  sn  loii^  lut  Uiu  proinis^-a  to  th«in  should  ho  kept, 
wvrt!  to  abandon  their  asocliiLiou.     Oraiigu  undertook  to 
quell  the  disturbances  in  Antwerp,  and  Egmont  in  Fhm- 
dvn;  the  hiltrr  iniiuKi.'sttiug  his  loyalty  to  CnUiultdsm 
and  bia  nii^ir  at  the  iconoclasts,  by  brutal  severitiee.   The 
iiegHHl  exliibitod  tJie  utmost  onorgy  in  repressing  disonler, 
and  ill  punishing  tlie  olIendcrH.     Vulenciimncit,  wliicli  en- 
(ti'MVOi'ud  to  stand  a  siege,  was  tiikeii  and  heiivily  puii- 
lehed.     Order  was  everywhere  restored.    Orange  foresaw  1 
what  course  Philip  would  punuo.    lie  would  nut  take  tiisj 
uath  of   unlimiU-d   obedieuce   to  \yhat  the  King   lui^tj 
choose  to  cnmmand,  und  supaniting  regretfully  from  £g>| 
uiout  and   Horn,  w)io  Iiud  more  confidence  in  Philip,  ha] 
retired  to  Dillenlxirg,  in  Nassau,  the  ancietit  seat  of  his ' 
ainily.    From  the  moment  when  PHlip  heard  the  naws.j 


>  UollVt  '■  STUi    Wlwlltor  Iho  popuUr  ludfn  cnmimRcd  i£r  Imagc-brcak- 
bl  or  not,  it  one  of  tlit  lUrpatol  polnU.    Thnl  itioy  ili>l  b  niakulni^  by  Kocb 
UmmfAuitytii  Stcr  Jit  t:mi)inmf  <•■  dm  Aifali  4.  .VimlirtaiMff  *am  SfianUm  ] 
llVllp.lltKiq.   Juosill- IglilieiaatliKanlnirjrvflkM*.    Kixh  wriiu  In  i 
pelciiilml,  pariliui  (piiil,  Inl  loan  a(  hi*  cnlkbot  uj/am  llMlvf  in  imakt 


THK  OOUtXC  OF   ALVA. 


801 


the  iconodiwtic  ili&tiirbAuoo*,  he  had  uo  thougltt  but 
that  of  urmed  coercion  and  vfiij^-wncf!.  Wliiki  ho  wiw 
pre]iuriug  n  mi^tory  force  no  strong  lluit  lie  expected  to 
out  oS  all  bope  of  ivdstanoe,  ti«  wik-d  hU  <U«igin  b;  M* 
miniooi'«  to  the  Rcgt-nt  »iiil  to  tlio  Coutidl  tlint  his  jialiuj' 
was  to  be  ono  oE  inildnvae,  cl«mcnc}~,  nnd  gruc«,  mth  the 
uvuidaiico  of  all  barslmeitt.1  It  wan  fijrtuimt^  tliat  tltera 
wnB  UI14  man  whom  he  could  not  deceive. 

What  tliu  Regent  most  dtiprccutvd  wiie  the  sending  of 
the  Uuke  of  Alva  to  the  Netberlauds,  to  whom  rIio  luid 
u  strong  pentomd  luitjpiithj',  and  whose  ooiniag,  us  hIio 
tWt  would  undo  nt  once  the  work  of  pitciflciLtion,  which 
I  fionodered  herself,  through  her  resolute  proceedings, 
luivo  nmrly  urcoDipUstiM).  But  in  nccordanco  with 
AlvA*9  ad^^ce,  I'liilip  had  resolved  on  a  scliome  of  aavi^ 
npreseion  and  punishmeut,  nnd  Atva  was  tlie  person  so- 
l«ctiHl  t»  Rirry  it  utit.  His  ropiitation  was  very  higli  lu 
a  military  inaD,  although  his  talents  seem  not  to  have 
fitted  him  for  Uio  ntaiiHgumtuit  of  lar)^  urroi<«  ;  he  hn«l  a 
coDtractod,  but  clear  and  craf^  intellect,  iimneasnrahle 
orrogaoee,  inflvxiblu  ubittinacy,  and  a  lt<firt  of  aUmv, 
CVminliation  and  mercy  were  terms  not  found  in  bis  vo- 
cubului^'.  Hia  theory,  Wkv  tliat  of  I'hilip,  wax  tliat  the 
gn!»t  loids  were  at  the  bottom  of  the  disatfTectioii  of  tin 
infurior  nobility,  and  that  these  in  turn  wero  th<<  movers 
of  xedltion  among  the  [Mopl«.  Mutlier  thu  Kin);  nor 
his  Geoeml  could  compnrbesid  a  spontaneous,  common 
•uiilimvnt,  pnrvnding  a  nation.  Alva  concuiwd  that  the 
groat  uiataka  ol  diaries  V.  had  been  in  s[uirin^  t)i<!  <np- 
Uvc  hiaden  in  the  Smabaildic  war.  From  tlie  Emperor's 
ex[)erience  he  (Wired  a  ooncliuuve  argument  against  every 
fniticy  but  tlmt  of  unrelenting  severity  in  dealing  with 
nibejn  and  hcrc-tica.  Such  was  Um  tmtn  who  vim  choacii 
to  settle  the  disturbances  in  the  Netherlands.  Ue  coo- 
iuctcd  a  body  of  ten  tltousoiid  Sjianltih  troo[;9  from  Italy 
>  GMfavd,  r.  slriii.  487,  MS. 


SOS 


THB  nWORMATIOS  IS  TBE  NETHERLANDS. 


to  tAnt  cmintTy.  As  )iis  cmunio  lay  Dutr  to  Goucva,  Pi>pa 
PiuA  V.  detitnxl  bim  to  turn  rvsiili)  and  exterminate  tbta 
"  nest  of  daxHii  and  apoetjitcs."  Bui  he  dcclinod  to  d«vi- 
fttc  from  Lis  diOKcn  ruuti.%  nuitntuiiod  {^crfi^t  discipline 
among  hid  soldiera  during  tht>  long  and  ]>erilous  uiurch, 
ftnd  OTOD  gave  u  sort  of  oi^auiiation  to  tho  hundreds  of 
oourtv«ans  who  followed  his  nriny.  On  hi»  arrival,  he 
nndeavared  tr>  disarm  auapicion,  aud  gmdually  made 
kuowu  thu  uxtvnt  of  the  utithonly  coiiiinittiKl  to  litm, 
which  n'lui  «quiviU«nt  to  tliat  of  a  dictator.  The  R«geat 
finuid  litraelf  wholly  divotcd  of  real  power.  Egmont  iinil 
Hont  weru  decoyed  to  Bruxsiiltt  by  graciou:*  an<l  Matter- 
ing words,  and  then  treacherously  arrested  and  cast  into 
prison,  'riiu  terrihlv  tribunal  wiw  oroctud,  which  was  ai>- 
piojiriiitcly  named  by  the  people!,  '*  the  Coiindl  of  Blood," 
nod  the  work  of  death  began.  Soon  the  prisons  wore 
crowded  with  inniatco,  not  a  few  of  whom  trcre  <im^Ml 
from  their  beds  at  midnight.  Tlie  executjouers  wure 
busy  from  inoriiing  till  evening.  Among  the  violims,  tlte 
ridi  were  specially  nuinerxui!*,  since  utie  end  which  Alva 
kept  iji  viow,  vms  the  jjroviding  of  a  revenue  for  liis 
master.  Every  one  who  had  taken  part  in  the  petitioits 
BgWiiHt  the  new  bialioprictt  or  the<  Iiiqitiaition,  or  in  favor 
of  softcniug  tiiu  odiets  of  iHTseciitton,  was  di-clan-d  guilty 
of  high  treason.  Every  nobleman  who  had  been  concernetl 
in  pwwnting  tlie  petitiimn,  or  liiul  approved  of  them  ;  all 
nobles  and  officers  who,  under  the  ploa  of  a  pressure  of 
eircamstancus,  had  pi*nnitl<.-d  the  sormons;  evoty  one 
who  had  bnJceti  part,  in  any  way,  in  th<-  hcn>ticid  mast 
meetings,  and  had  not  hindered  tlie  deatruetion  of  the 
iraage«;  all  who  had  expr<^«»L-d  the  opinion  that  the  King 
had  no  right  to  tnko  from  t)ie  ])roviiic-*'M  tlioir  lilterty,  or 
tluit  the  present  tribunal  was  rt-wtricted  by  any  laws  or 
privUegee,  were  likewise  made  guilty  of  treason.  Death 
and  low  of  property,  were  the  invariable  penalty.  In 
three  months  eighteen  luiudred  men  were  i^-nlto  thescaf 


i. 


THB  MEASUB£S  Or  ALVA. 


fold.  PttrEOiis  wore  coiideninod  for  singing  the  songs  of  thfl 
Oueux,  or  for  at.ti^iuling  ii  Ciilviiiistio  Imriiil  vwir*  U-f(in; ; 
one  for  sayiug  tluit  in  SpEiin,  also,  tlie  new  doctrine  woulJ 
spruad ;  Had  unoUii'^r  for  saying  tbat  one  iiiiist  obey  God 
rattier  than  man.  Finally,  on  tl>«  ICth  of  FubriLiry, 
1668,  all  the  inhabittmta  of  the  Netlierkuds,  with  a  few 
ex<.'i>pti<itiK  ttmt  werct  niiiiu'd,  wci-u  actuuUy  condemiioil  to 
dontb  as  lierotics ! 

Orango  wus  active  in  dcvi«iiig  menna  of  deliverance. 
His  brother,  Loub  of  Nassau,  ento-n'd  Fricitland,  in  April, 
1568,  at  the  lifsul  of  an  army,  iind  g^ncd  a  victory  over 
tlic  forces  oomnifindod  by  Count  /\roiul>crg.  In  order  to 
strike  terror  aiid  to  secure  Mmself  in  the  rear,  Alva  hur- 
ried through  ihu  prfjci-sH  »g:iiiist  Eginont  and  Iloni,  and 
tliey  were  beheaded  in  the  great  s({iiare  at  BruiucU.  Ahii 
then  marched  against  tho  army  of  Louis,  which  ho  de- 
feated and  <li.'<pi^riH>d.  Hu  »ucc<x-dctl,  nUo,  by  iivoiding  u 
combat,  in  baffling  William,  whose  array  was  composed  of 
mut^^ritiU  tiiut  could  not  long  bv  kt^>pt  together.  The  rule 
of  Alva  was  the  more  firmly  established  by  tlie  unsuc- 
cessful attempts  to  ovcrtlirow  it,  and  Iil-  jmiitued  for  scvorai 
yearn  longer  his  murderoufl  work.  The  ejitiro  number  of 
judicial  boniici<Ics  under  his  admiiii»tration,  he  rcvkoned 
himself  at  eighteen  tliousand.  Miiltitudi's  emigratxid  from 
the  eoantry ;  tnannfactories  wore  deserted,  and  businesa 
was  paralyzed.  In  1509,  he  determiiii'd  to  put  in  opera- 
tion a  system  of  taxation  tliat  should  fill  the  coffers  of  the 
King.  U«  ordained  that  un  extraordinary  tax  should  be 
levied,  of  one  per  crnt.  on  property  of  all  kinds ;  and  that 
a  permanent  tax  slionld  be  paid,  of  five  per  cent,  on  every 
sale  of  real  estate,  and  ton  per  cont.  on  every  k\\p.  of  mn- 
cliandute.  This  scheme,  as  ill  calculated  for  its  end  as  it 
was  barbarous  in  its  opprcwuvenow,  rai.'«cd  such  a  storm  of 
jp]Knitioti,  tlint  Alva  hinuelf  \vas  moved  to  make  a  com> 
promise,  which  consisted  ui  postponing  tbe  ex«'ution  ot  it 
(or  two  ypju-s.     His  enemies,  Granvelle  and  othora,  wers 


TiiK  RxroRUAiioN  IX  TiiE  xeniBKUuns. 


huxt  whiu  tiMy  bad  to  dread  from  SpanUh  domiaution. 
Hie  Doble*  of  Flundvn  uiul  Itiubiuit,  iruiUnd  of  wekiiig 
Iwlp  from  Philip,  applied  to  Oningo  uimI  tlie  Dortben 
jiruviuca ;  and  in  tiw  pindtuMiion  of  GlR-ot,  for  tlio  fint 
time,  the  NetherloiMlit  wcrw  unitvd  in  »tt  ii;^r««iiieiit  Ui 
tu(|iol  tbu  Spaniards,  and  to  niiuutain  rvli);ioua  toleration. 
Don  John,  of  Aiintria,  tlia  suocc«Bor  of  Kuqaoaooft,  was 
bnmgfat  to  the  point  of  iuuing  an  edict  which  cooceded 
the  pomts  contiUned  iu  the  Ghent  pacificuti'ui.  The  re- 
jwtion  of  UicM  tenns  by  Williiun  oE  Oratig«  Itsis  been 
cooadored,  by  his  adrenaries,  proof  poeitivu  tliut  lunbi* 
tion,  not  patiiutiiun,  was  bis  ruling  motivu.  Hut  Uio  con- 
ooMHona  of  Don  John  inrolved  th«  exclusion  of  the  publto 
proloHion  of  Pntestaatisin  from  all  place*  where  it  wai 
flOt  MtaUiibod  at  th«  datij  of  tho  i>ii«ific*tion ;  and,  con- 
MicjucuUy,  Uie  banisbmont  from  their  homes  of  thonMudl 
ot  (MMuoftil  fiiiDilics,  US  wdU  aa  tbc  iuKccurity  of  Uio  prov- 
laec*  witvTw  l*r>jte»tantism  wn»  iillowed  to  continue.  Moru 
tJiati  all,  William  distrusted  the  unoerity  of  SiMun,  and 
Ua  MHpioiooii,  vrbiob  had  tliuir  ground  in  former  experi- 
MM9M  of  bHao  dealiDg,  were  atrengtheiied  by  infonimtion 
aoi|turi!d  from  intercepted  letters.'  It  wus  too  late  for  a 
nHwnoiliation  with  Pbibp.  Rut  the  Flemish  and  Bra- 
bant noblL'*  were  jealous  of  the  eminence  conceded  to  tlie 
I'rinoa  of  Omnge.  The  Union  was  weakened,  and  the 
war  broke  uat  affiia,  in  which  the  troops  of  Don  John 
(piinvd  the  victory.  But  the  same  year,  on  the  Itti  of 
October,  IfiTS,  their  lender  died,  wuu-icd  with  the  difli- 
iiolliot  of  hia  office,  and  dUhearteited  by  the  treittineut 
whkd)  be  bad  mccived  at  the  bands  of  Philip. 

AbxaDder  of  Punna,  [icrhnps  the  ablest  genoml  of  the 
tuna,  waa  next  untnute*!  with  the  reins  of  (^vcminent. 
Experience  had  shown  the  patnoUc  jutrty  that  the  nobil- 
ity of  t3ie  southern  provinces  were  not  to  be  ivlicd  on 
•ad,  in  January,  1579,  there  vraa  formed,  in  tho  North 
>  Uod«7,  lU.  IH. 


ArOLOGT  OF  WILLIAlf. 


807 


Utrcelit  Union,  in  whidi  were  combineil  Holland^ 
aland,  iiud  live  other  provinc«8.  It  vras  a  confederacy 
for  oomiiiun  dcf<;iiBtf,  iind  vrm  tlie  g«nit  of  t1i«  l)iiU:li 
Republic.  It  vas  formed  "  in  Uie  iiame  of  the  King;" 
but  two  ycitrs  aftorwnrdft,  thi^  fiction  vnt&  dropped,  and  in- 
ilujwndvncfi  d^tclitrwl.  In  March,  1580,  Pliilip  [)roi:'Ltiin(>d 
William  an  outlaw,  and  Bet  a  price  on  hU  head.  Philip 
liixod  liini  with  ingmtitvdu  for  Uio  furors  which  hitd  boca 
be&towed  on  him  by  Charles  V.,  charged  luni  witli  hav- 
ing fomented  all  heresy  aild  sedition,  with  baring  ac- 
tively countenanced  Uie  plundciing  of  Uie  clinrcliea  and 
cloisters ;  in  fine,  with  bdng  responeiblo  for  all  the  mis- 
citiea  of  tin?  cftuntry.  Tlie  document  furtlicr  charged 
him  with  chorLibing  jealoiuiy  and  mistrust,  like  Cain  and 
Judas,  and  from  the  same  cause,  nn  evil  consdcnco. 
Any  one  who  would  delircr  him,  doad  or  alive,  waa  to 
receive  twenty-five  thousand  crowns,  to  have  pardon  for 
nil  ofTcnscit.  and,  in  msi?  Iii^  bdnngiKl  to  the  burgher  clnsi, 
to  be  elevated  to  the  rank  of  a  nobleman.  In  response 
to  tlwww  uccu#ation»,  William  published  his  "Apology," 
or  deft^nae.  He  counted  this  outlnn-ry  and  aooomulation 
of  charges  ngainst  biin,  a^  the  greatest  honor,  ^oo  tliey 
allowed  that  he  had  done  all  in  hia  power  to  eetabliali  the 
freedom  of  a  noble  nation,  and  to  deliver  it  from  a  god- 
less tjTiinny.  Ho  respected  Clutrli>!t  V.,  but  the  favors 
which  be  bad  received  from  the  Emperor  luid  been  re- 
turned iu  full  incasuro  by  the  public  services  which  Will- 
iam had  rendered  at  great  cost.  To  the  unfounded 
aspersions  of  a  personal  nature  which  Philip  had  inter- 
woven with  his  indictment,  Williiun  n^ttirtod  with  nccu> 
saliona  cqtuilly  gmro  against  the  piivatc  life  of  tho  K'ng. 
Philip  ha<l  atigniatized  him  a»  a  foreigner,  Ixwauso  ho 
bapponvd  to  have  first  scon  the  light  in  Gormanv ;  but 
hu  aocestont  vrvm  of  bigh<'r  iiuik  than  tivxM  uf  Philip, 
and  had  held  piwer  in  the  Xetberlands  for  seven  gcner» 
tioas.     Philip  bad  sot  out  to  tniraple   under  foot  ihr 


H    boas,     r 


SOS 


THK   lllH-OIOtATlON   IN   TWl.  KETIIEELANM. 


ng^ta  and  institutioDB  of  the  oouiitry.  Iln  tjdkMl  oulj  o| 
nnoHiditioiuil  ob)xlian<:i%  as  it  the  peopk-  ttt  the  Mvtlietv 
taiKln  were  NiM[K>)itana,  or  MibuivM^,  or  mvugc  Indiniu. 
The  Emiwror  Cburk'n  had  predicted  tlio  eviU  timt  vroald 
rcAiilt  fixim  Uiu  8piU)tHh  i»-i(lD  mid  irunlviioo  of  )u8  ma ; 
but  neither  the  ndiuonitioo  o^  ao  great  ii  father,  nor 
jiuticc,  nor  his  o:ith,  cn<ild  chnngu  hit)  natun;,  or  curb  liis 
tyraiiiiural  will.  Ha  h»d  beaten  the  Frenoh  by  means  of 
WiUianiB  oouiitnim'n,  and  owed  the  treat)'  of  pcac«,  in 
gooil  part,  to  WUiiiun  biniAttU ;  but  so  fsir  vvaa  Philip 
from  feeling  any  emotion  of  gratitude,  that  William,  to 
his  amnzfMncut,  hud  heard  from  t\w  lips  of  Henry  H.,  of 
Alvu'a  itecret  conferences  vvilh  him  upon  the  extennina- 
tion  of  all  Protestanbi,  in  both  countricx.  William,  tuiioe 
hi^  boyhood,  bod  given  little  attention  to  muttei-iiof  faith, 
and  of  tho  Church  ;  but,  h<!  says,  from  his  compassion  for 
the  victims  of  the  Inqaiaition,  and  liin  indtguation  at  the 
tyranny  practjocd  against  Iiis  country,  he  had  resolved  to 
exert  ;U1  his  |)OW«rv  to  ri-move  tlic  Spiviiiards  out  of  it, 
and  to  fliippren  the  bloody  ti-ibuuiils.  He  had  n<!V«r  ap* 
proved  of  the  iconodasm,  and  umilar  outbrealdngs  of  vio- 
lence. Tliai  ))o  had  sufficient  reason  for  flying  from  tim 
country,  wiia  fully  evinced  by  the  execution  of  Hgmont 
and  Horn,  ttm  carrjnug  of  liis  iun"i7i-iit  son,  who  wns  a 
studf'nt  at  Lonvain,  to  Spain,  by  J'hilip's  order,  the  con- 
fiscation of  his  property,  and  tbo  Mntcnoe  nf  dcatii  pro- 
iKiiiuoed  against  him.  Everywhere,  said  William,  Philip 
has  trodden  under  foot  our  rif^hts  and  broken  liix  oath  ; 
wo  must,  therefore,  riac  in  fleH-<lef<-nAe  n^nst  liiin  and 
repel  this  unparalleled  tjiaimy.  As  for  miHti-ust,  D» 
iao8tlicn(«  in<:'ulciit<-d  that  aM  the  tstrongi^t  btilwnrk  i4^iinst 
tyranny ;  and  yet  the  Macedonian  PhiUp  was  a  feeble 
novioe  in  tyranny  compared  with  th?  Spanish  Philip. 

There  is  no  mmon  to  quntion  Uie  siuoerity  of  William's 

palriutiam.*     His  indifference  respecting  the  eontrovcrttsi 

t  WriMf*  who  woulil  mate  ainbltlon  (h>  movlag  iprlos  of  lili  chuwvr.  di 


ABKASSINATIO.'*  OK   VnLLIAM. 


8M 


quc^t^iHU  (if  rclij^un  n-as  broken  up  by  tbe  aigbt  of  tl 
atrocious  cnieltiea  iiilli<;tcic]  by  the  luqutHitioii  upon  bis 
Rpunlrynicii.  He  exaniiiied  tlie  qaestions  at  isauo,  Aod 
pmotinJly,  iis  well  ew  tliuNrL-tiuilly,  emlaviced  tbe  Protee- ' 
tant  fttitl).  It  is  no  reproaoh  to  bim  tli:tt  ]ik  mrly  pviuv 
tintc-d  tlie  dionetcr  of  ihc  gloomy  •Mtd  iiertidioua  i'ult.-ir 
vlio  \fM  bciit  on  enskring  tbe  Netherhinils  to  btinn'lf 
iukI  to  Uie  Pope ;  and  tbut  ho  bod  km  and  less  bope  of 
Una  pmirticablpnt^SB  of  procuring  nny  anioliomtion  of  bin 
policy.  But  Williiuii,  in  tbe  iiidpivrnt  stiigm  of  tlie  con- 
flict, vas  wisely  reeoWed  to  keep  witltiu  the  Uinita  of  Uiu 
liiw,  iind  tn  nvoid  uxtrenio  iind  violent  mpasuroa,  bo  lon^  ' 
as  this  modenition  eibould  he  jiuenible.'  If,  itt  tiw  out«ot 
of  Ilia  dirucr,  he  was  not  free  from  ambition,  his  chariictor 
was  more  and  more  parifivd  by  diingvr  and  Bntfcriiij;. 
Ho  muAt  bd  allowed  a  place  among  patriots  like  Hpum- 
inondfui  and  Wiuhington,  and  bo  di«ervca  to  be  called  th« 
futlier  of  a  niitimi.  At  Icngtli,  iiftM  nix  inittfi-ctunl  wt- 
t(--mpta  of  the  sort,  a  fanaticnl  Catliolic  ancceeded,  on  the 
I8tb  of  July,  li'>8-l,  in  iiKOiutinating  Wilbnin.  It  warn. 
charact*riatic  of  Pbibp  to  pay  grudgingly  to  Ui«  beirg  ol 
Uiu  munh-rrr  lln?  jirDmiMid  rewiin). 

Upon  the  fonuatiwn  of  th«  Utrecht  Union,  the  greater 
part  of  tht!  Catholic  provinces  in  tbe  South  entered  into 
an  arrangement  uritb  Parma.  Parma  gnuited  libera) 
terms  to  the  cities  which,  ono  after  another,  foil  into  bis 
haiuli<.  Ant\Tor|>  waa  pronii«H>  tliat  its  citarlcl  Hhould 
not  bo  repaired ;  that  a  Spanish  gan-ison  abould  not  be 

Full  JliMle*  b>  Ilia  tiigh  Inullectiul  pawcn.    8*0,  lot  (cunple^  Dmtivcgtiii. 
D>Ai  Ouirri  ill  FSaHfira,  \.  IT,  III.  UO. 

>  Horn*  wiiid  biaUiri«t»^  u  Jiut«  and  PrsMalt,  Hud  ■  dl<«j;iwibl«  Uacchl«> 
Ttlllan  danivnt  in  IIl*  <ihni*ilns«  and  mtrve  of  WIILi*in<  to  othfn.  ikl« 
nuL'lly  ilr>ai  iinl  p«*>  ilit  lioundiof  ■  lUlmnvi'.llH  •a);>clty  uiil  a  jualinatilt 
pniikii«a.  Goethi!.  In  hli  plnjr  at  "BKnoM,"  makfi  Ui«  Itp|:mt  ujr  of  lilnr 
"Onmlcminni  nlchti  Odiai  Min*  Otdaabii  ra'clion  in<)it<  FvriH^  tr  ht  htlm* 
Bcb,"  *tc.\  and  Ornncp  «j^  (nEf^ont:  "Irh  tnwe  vW»  JkliM  htTilIa  V*r. 
'lUnUM  ■m  Ilcnc^.  Ii.>h  rlrhv  iiimrr  win  libK  tinrni  8cliarti>i'lal(  uiid  tultt 
Mloeo  Zue  del  GcKDrn  fllr  initivilviiUnd." 


BIO 


THE  BEFOaMAllOX  W  THE  KETnOtlASM. 


qturtcrvd  on  \3ii-:  iitluibitiuiU.  On  tliix  oii«  caiulitioii  Uu 
King  insisted,  Uiat  Uie  Catliolic  wonJiip  should  be  rnitored, 
auJ  I'roh-HtuntiHm  be  abolishc-d.  Tliu  utmost  tlitit  bo 
could  bo  pei'suiidt'd  to  gr»nt  vaa  tluit  two  years  should 
bu  Kllowpd  thv  iababitAnts  of  every  place  ciUicr  to  bocotne 
Catholic  or  to  ijuit  tUo  country.  Bnvbaiit  and  Fliindcn 
were  TOCovcred  to  Spaiu. 

Tb«  archives  of  Simaiicas  Imvc  disclosed  thv  fact, 
tvbicli  was  not  knonn  to  Parma  htmaielf,  in  «onaoqueiM» 
of  hill  death  bL-foru  the  4>xiKut!on  of  the  design,  that 
Philip  was  on  tlio  point  of  removing  liim  from  his  cora-< 
mand.  Inatigated,  perhaps,  by  jealousy,  on  the  alleged 
ground  tbnt  Piimm  had  giv<-n  too  littJ«  authority  to  Span* 
iuitls,  and  for  other  reasons  of  even  less  vrelghtt  Philip  had 
actually  dL'tcniiinod  to  diaplnoc  the  general  who  hud  nv 
conquored  for  him  the  southern  pro^TUcea  of  the  Netlier- 
lands,  aini  twicti  curried  his  victorious  anus  into  France, 
forcing  Henry  IV.  to  raise  the  wege  of  Paris  and  of 
Rouen.  The  King  did  not  shrink  from  the  ingratitude 
involved  in  such  an  act^  and  from  the  indigniint  condemna- 
tion which  the  public  opinion  of  Europe  would  have  pro- 
uounecd  upon  it.'  It  was  characterielic  of  Philip  to 
seek  the  aocomplislinicnt  of  his  ends  by  indirection  and 
falsehood. 

The  deatli  of  William  did  not  destroy  the  Itcpublio 
wliicli  he  had  culled  into  bdng.  In  Miuiricc,  his  8-.^cond 
son  ^  for  his  eldest  son  was  detained  in  Spain  and 
brought  up  to  serve  tho  Spanish  government  —  the  party 
of  liberty  found  a  hnnd  who  was  potsesscd  of  distin- 
guished military  ability.  The  new  oommonwe^-ilth  grew 
in  power.  The  Dutcli  sailors  ciiptiired  the  vessels  of 
Spain  on  every  sea  where  they  apix^red,  nnd  iittiiokcd 
her  remotest  colonics.  Tho  magnificent  schemes  of  Pliilip 
were  doomed  to  on  tgnomintouA  failure.  His  dcspotie 
tystem  hod  full  sway  in  Spain,  but  it  brought  ruin  upon 

1  Owhud.  u.  IxuL 


REUOIOUS  rASTlES. 


811 


Uie  coantrj*.  His  oolooal  annada,  wliidi  vas  slowly 
[irvparwl  at  cnormotu  cost,  for  ihe  oouqucat  of  Eiiglnod, 
wuj*  slwtterod  in  pifwu.  Hfi  had  platuiM  to  turn  tVanoe 
into  a  Spanish  province,  but  he  was  forced  to  conclude 
the  pence  of  Vcrvins  i*-ith  Henry  IV.,  and  tlwreby  to 
concede  the  superiority  of  the  French  power.  Un<ler 
FLLlip  HI.,  his  imbecile  succoxsor,  Spiun  wta  driven  to 
conclude  a  truce  of  twelve  years  with  tJie  revolted  Metli* 
vrlonds ;  and  finnlly,  in  tlio  Vvac«  of  Westphalia,  waa 
obliged  to  acknowledge  their  independence. 

Tlio  absorbing  int^mat  of  the  gri-:ikt  strtigglo  with  Spain 
leaves  in  the  baclcgroand  the  distinctively  religi<Nts  and 
tlieologiLvd  side  of  the  Rcfonuatiou  in  the  Netherlands. 
An»b(t])tist«  weru  numerous,  but  thiur  wild  and  discv*  < 
gauidng  theories  received  a  check  through  Uie  intliu-n^^ 
of  Meimo,  who,  iift^r  tht;  y«ar  1&36,  exerted  a  wholesome 
influence  among   them,  organizing  churches  which  he 
taught  and  regulated  for  many  years.     The  Menuonitxv 
weiv  fru«  fi'«>n)  the  lici-ntious  and  niTcihitionary  principles 
which  Iiad  covered  the  name  of  Anabaptist  with  reproach.' 
Apart  fmni  theii"  pecu!i.irity  rc^^cUng  baptiisin,  tJioir  re- 
jection of  oaths,  and  their  refusal  to  servo  in  >vai'  and  in 
civil  offices,  togotiicr  witli   the  ascetio  disdpline  which 
they  adopted  —  a  point  on  which  they  became  divided 
among  themselves  —  they  were  not  distinguished  from 
ordinary  Protestants.     Yet  they  continuctl  to  be  con- 
founded  with  the  fanatical  AnslK^ptists,  and  were  ohjeota . 
of  a  ferocious  pcrsocutiflu,  which  t)K>y  oiidured  with  henna . 
patience.    The  Calviuists  gradually  obtained  a  decided ' 
preponderance  over  the  Lutherans.    In  1501,  Guido  da 

tBres  and  a  few  otlier  ministers  composed  the  "  Confo-ssio 
Belgica,"  which  was  revised  and  adopted  by  a  Synod  at 
Antwerp  in  loCfi.  lliis  creed  difTfrs  from  the  "  Confcssio 
Oallioa"  chiefly  in  its  more  full  exposition  of  llaptism,  with 
: 


BIS 


me  RcroRMA'noN  \s  toe  KRTticnLAvos. 


qwciul  n-ftironce  to  th«i  AuabftptUt  opinions.  Tlio  An*- 
baptiete  are  expressly  condemned  in  another  Article.  The 
CulviniHfai  !MmL  u  copy  of  tliisir  SyinlK>l,  with  u  LvUcr, 
to  tke  King  c>f  Spain,  in  tho  vntti  iiope  lo  aoften  bis  ani- 
imnity  agiunst  them.  They  say  in  their  Lotbor  tJist 
"  they  wero  never  found  in  ni-m.')  or  plotting  ngsinst  their 
•OTeroign;  tjiat  the  exconiniunications,  iniprisoiimuuts, 
bcuiiiihnibntiii,  nioiu,  nnd  tortiiri.'A,  and  oUier  numberh-iw 
oppreMJons  which  Uiey  had  imdergono,  phualy  dvmoii- 
ltrnt«  thnt  thuir  dwuivD  and  opinions  hk  not  cortial ; " 
"  but  that  Imiing  the  fear  of  God  before  their  eyes,  luid 
being  terrified  by  the  threatening  of  Christ,  who  liud  do- 
clitred  in  thu  (JoHpc-l  tliat  lie  would  deny  them  before 
God  the  Father,  in  rase  tliey  denied  him  W-forc  men, 
tliay  thurefore  oflercd  their  backs  to  iitripe!),  iheir  toiiguirs 
to  knives,  their  mouths  to  gags,  and  their  whole  bodies  to 
the  fire."  > 

Yet  the  Calrinista  of  the  Netherlands,  notwithstAnding 
ihwr  own  dn-jtdful  sufTcring*,  did  not  tliPntselvc*  ri-lin- 
quish  tho  df^nn  that  liere.iy  may  be  suppressed  by  the 
tnagislnit^'.  Their  difference  from  their  opponenUi  was 
not  oil  Uw  question  whi-tbor  herwty  i»  to  l>e  piiniwhi'd,  but 
bow  liereay  is  to  be  dL>Bnod.  Tliis  dogma  tlicy  introduce 
into  tho  H^-Igic  Confoxtion,'  atid  into  their  lett'.-r  Ui  tJio 
King.  They  were  disposed,  whem  they  hud  tlie  power, 
to  inflict  disabilities  and  peoitlties  on  the  Aiiiibaptist«, 
even  when  they  wero  peaceful  subjcctn.  It  niUKt  not  be 
!or]gott«n  that  nt  tlie  very  time  when  Philip's  agents  worv 
ioiiig  their  terrible  work  in  the  NetlierliindB,  Queen  Eliz- 
abeth was  likuwiitc  striving  to  enforce  uniformity  iu  Trot* 
cstant  Kngland.  With  ono  hand  she  helped  tlie  Calvin- 
istic  subjiwt^  uf  Philiji ;  with  the  oth«r  sh*  thrust  Iht  own 
Pui-Ititu  subjects  into  loathsome  dungeons.  Kot  tluit 
Protestants  on  either  side  of  tlio  sea  wore  capable  of  the 
ttrocities  for  which  Philip  was  responnble.  And  a  dit , 
1  nruidl,  i.  im.  *  Art.  x»vl.  -D«  Maslnmii." 


itcucious  njia»iTTKnc 


8M 


teronoft  nf  degree  in  tlte  exorciBeof  the  iiilimiunity,  wbicb 
was  the  fruit  of  a  fnlso  principle.  i»  ii  circuiusta»c«  of  Uie 
highiist  imiKirtaiKe.  [tut  tho  priiicijilo  was  at  tJie  root 
Uie  Bam«.  Hence  the  doctrine  of  rdif^oua  toleration, 
which  vu»  avowed  wul  pructiced  by  William  of  Omt^ 
and  A  purt  of  hie  supporters,  is  tbe  more  honorahle  to  J 
them,  in  cuiitiawt  with  th«  prevalent  intolenuKje  of  tlitt 
age.  As  earty  as  1560,  in  his  speech  before  the  Regent 
and  th>^  CoitiK'il,  Williuui  dcnoHDcod  peiMCUtioD  umftitile, 
and  conlirnied  tiis  nsaertion  by  an  appeal  to  experienoo.  to 
historical  examplos,  andent  and  n.-ceitt.  "Forco,"  he 
said, "  01111  iii:iku  no  imprewioD  on  the  conscience." 
compared  inquisitors  to  physidana  who,  instead  of  aaii 
mild  and  gentle  medicines,  uro  *'  for  immediately  l>ai*n- 
ing  or  cutting  off  the  infectod  juart."  "  'Iliis  is  the 
tMitiire  of  heresy,"  he  added,  "if  it  reata,  it  nista;  but 
he  that  rubs  it,  wliet*  it." '  At  n  later  time,  he  had 
lo  n-itliHtond  the  importunities  of  his  frinnds,  who  wiidii^C 
tn  use  force  nguinst  thu  AtuihaptistH.  St.  Aldegondo  ny 
port-t  that  to  his  ai^uments  in  behalf  of  aucJi  n  mcuKtiro, 
his  ilUistiions  chief  '*  replied  ])retty  shurply,"  that  tlie 
uffintiation  of  the  adherents  of  tliat  sect  might  tiOcc  tl»e 
plaea  of  an  oath,  and  that  "  tc  ought  not  to  press  this 
matter  further,  iinksn  wo  would  own  at  the  somo  time, 
that  th<t  l*»pi»ls  were  in  tlie  right,  in  foi-cing  us  to  a  nv 
ligion  that  was  incompatible  with  our  conscioncce,"  '*  And 
apon  tJiis  occ«moii,"  adds  St.  Aldegonde,  "  he  commended ' 
I  the  Baying  of  a  monk  that  was  here  not  long  since,  wlio,,^ 

r  opon  nevi^nil  ohjoctions  brotight  against  Iits  religion,  an- 

I  Rwcred ;  *  that  onr  pot  had  not  been  an  long  u)>on  the  fire 

^^  as  tliuirs.  whom  we  so  mnch  blaineil ;  hut  tliat  he  plainly 
^B  forosav  that  in  tlte  course  of  a  pair  of  hundred  yean,j 
^H  jookeiastical  dominion  would  he  upon  an  equal  toot  id 
^H  Mth  chnrulicjt.'"  St.  Alde^ndo  himself  states  that  t 
^H  nnltitude  of  nobles  and  of  common  people  kept  away 
^^^^  >  Bnndt,  I.  HH. 


SH 


THE  uu'onjtA'noN  rM  mi:  NKTiii-:r.i.AiU)9. 


(pom  the  Calvinistic  anembliiM  from  the  (ear  "  of  u  uew 
tj'mnnyKnd  yoke  nf  «pirituM  dominion."  The  Gomintut, 
es|>edaiUy,  he  eaya,  join  the  heterodox  "  becaose  they 
dnmd  our  instifTorable  rigidn<>i(8."  >  In  1578,  the  Nntioiuij 
Synod  of  all  the  reformed  churches  sent  up  to  th«  Coundl 
n  {ivtition  for  n*ligioii»  tulersition,  whi<'h  thvy  dmtrcd  for 
themselrea  and  pledged  to  Roman  CitlioUca.  "  The  ex- 
j>fn<-i»;o  of  piwt  yours,"  s;iy  tlio  Synod,  "  had  taught  th«m 
that  by  reason  of  their  sius  Uiey  could  not  all  be  redaoed 
to  one  and  th«  same  ruli^on ;  "  and  that  without  motual 
tolonttion,  tliey  could  not  throw  off  tlie  Spanbh  tyranny.' 
They  refer  to  tlio  rivom  of  blood  tliut  luu)  bot-n  nhed  in 
Franc*  to  no  purpose,  in  the  effort  to  procure  nnanimity 
in  religion. 

Tlicrtt  wiM  another  quo»tion  wlileli  gave  riao  to  divinon 
among  the  reformed,  Uie  question  of  the  relation  of  the 
Church  to  tho  civil  nuthority.  llie  Calvinists  in^stfld  on 
their  iirindple  of  the  autonomy  of  the  Church,  and  re- 
jected vccluiiasticul  crontrol  on  Ute  part  of  the  State.  Ai 
in  Gpneva  and  in  Scotland,  they  demanded  that  the 
Churcli  fihould  be  not  scpiirutc,  but  distinct.  On  the 
oontmry,  n  jjii':if,  [Kirt  of  the  mngiatiutes,  and  witli  Uicm 
an  iiiduentiiil  portion  of  the  lai^,  especially  Bueh  aa 
little  for  the  poculinritic*  of  Calvinism  us  distinguislic 
from  l.iithernntiim,  resisted  this  demand.  These  daime 
'that  tliii  civil  Huthority  nJiould  have  power  in  tho  app(nnt-  ' 
(ment  of  ministers  and  in  the  administration  of  Church 
uvernmcnt.  In  157(>,  under  tho  nuKpiccsof  William  of 
Orange,  a  programme  of  forty  eoclesiastical  kvrs  vran 
drawn  up,  in  <»)iiformity  with  this  principle."  The  second 
Synod  (ti  Oort,  in  1578,  endeavored  to  roidize  the  idea  < 
ecclesiastical  autonomy,  through  a  system  of  presbyterioS'' 
vid  of  proviiicLil  and  national  synods.  Hut  tho  rctiult  of 
ihe  strife  was  that  the  Churdi  Avas  limited  to  a  prorinoia' 
xgnniiation,  tho  provinces  bcin;;  subdivided  into  ctoasea 

>  Baadl,I.S13.  ■IbiiL.I.UO.  Mind.,!.  SIS. 


UBEBAL3   AND   CALVLNtSTS. 


815 


fttid  (Midi  oongrogation  being  govcnicd  nccording  to  tho 
Pieabytei'Iaa  order.  Tlie  germs  of  the  ArminisB  contro> 
veray  un  obvioiu  i»  Uio  l»«t  qitiirter  of  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury. The  party  which  called  for  full  tolei-at!on,  mid 
were  impiitieiit  of  strict  ereeds  and  a  rigid  discipline,  con- 
t«iMl«d,  alfti>,  for  the  union  of  Churcli  «n<l  StAte.  TIio 
Spniiisli  persecution  confirmed  tho  Liberals  in  the  fear 
that  the  Clitirch  would  subject  the  Stuta  to  an  e^clesias- 
ticul  lynuiny  ;  it  cuiitirmcd  tho  Calvinists  in  the  fear  that 
tUe  State  ivould  Hubject  the  Church  to  u  politiod  de*- 
policm. 


CUAPTEK  X. 

TOE   REFOnMATIOK   IS   BNQLAXD  AND  BOOTIOItD. 

TnBBB  u  reason  b>  boliuro  tint  the  Lolluxd«,  as  ihe 
dlociplcH  of  WickliiTn  vrere  cnlled,  were  still  niimerotw 
Btuong  till)  rustic  populution  of  Kiigland  at  tlie  banning 
of  tlio  sixt«(Tiklli  century.  We  liAve  records  of  tlte  re- 
cantation of  some  and  the  burning  of  oth<>r  udhcrL-nts  of 
this  sect  in  tlic  f:iHy  i>at't  of  the  rpiyn  of  Henry  VIII.' 
When  John  Knox  prwiched  in  tlie  North  of  England  and 
tho  SohUi  of  Scotland,  h«  found  a  cordial  reception  for 
his  doctrine  in  diatncta  where  Uie  Lolhirds  lived.  The 
revival  of  k-aruing  had  also  prepiired  a  very  diili-Tcut 
dnas  in  English  society  for  ecclciiiaslinl  reform.  LingiuA* 
tic  and  patristic  studies  had  begun  to  flonrisJi  under  the 
iiiQuencc  of  'lliomna  More,  Colot,  Dean  of  St.  I'liiil's, 
Warbnm,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  and  other  friends 
of  EniKituiit,  and  uiidL-r  tlic  jKtrsonal  inOiiencc  of  Erasmus 
hiniaelf.'  Wolaey,  whatever  may  have  been  Iiis  faults, 
was  a  liberal  patron  of  learning.  He  obtiuncd  Icikvo  to 
Bttppress  not  leas  than  twenty  nmnlltT  nionaiiteries,  and  to 
ueo  tlieir  property  for  tbe  eatablisliinent  of  a  noble  col- 
lege, Christ  Churdi,  at  Oxford,  ati<l  of  anotiier  college 
as  a  iniraery  for  it,  at  Ipswich.  His  fall  from  power  pre- 
vented tht>  full  accomplishment  of  tlio  Mutt  educational 
phuiB  which  form  his  best  title  to  esteem.  Wobej'  was 
disi]icline<l  to  pcr^'ctition,  and  preferred  to  bum  heretical 


>  BoFMl,  Biliary  of  lA<  RtformnliB*  it,  (A«  Ckvrtt,  •/  F.ii^mii  (mI   ISH 
I  Mia.).  \.  ST.    Itilloin,  Cmil.  llUt-iry  «f  Jv^gl'ml,  ch.  11. 
•  O-  Wrbcr,  Of  jrAiVU*  4.  Xfrritin/imiiiii'Mi  it  'IrattMiMittii,  i,  1 44, 


PBCULIAIUTY   or  Till!  BNOLIStl   KEFOBUATIOH. 


311 


books,  ratlier  tiuui  heretics  themselves.*  Most  of  Uie 
bounds  of  "  the  new  lenming"  were  dispoeed  to  rcnutl^ 
ctwliviijiHtiuLl  niKLtua.'  Tho  writingn  of  Litther  early  found 
n[^roving  reodera,  cspecuiUy  nmong  the  young  tiivn  ut 
Oxford  and  Cttnibvidge.  The  yoiuiger  genersUon  of 
Ilunuinists  did  not  stop  nt  thi-  point  rciiclK-d  by  Colut  tuid 
Mure.  'lyndtilu  imd  FritJi,  both  al  whoin  jwrUht;*!  an  mar- 
tyrs, And  their  asawiatcs.  read  tlie  Gcrmiui  buoka  with 
aviditj'.'  Tyiidjilo's  version  of  Uiw  Now  Tftntnment  vma  ■ 
cin^ulatcd  in  spito  of  the  efforts  of  the  govomment  to 
•iipproKH  it.*  It  wu  irapouiblo  thnt  Uic  fermeot  tJikt  ex* 
lEted  on  tlie  continent  sbonid  fnil  to  eKtend  itaelf  acroai  i 
tlio  chaiinul.  Yet  at  finst  tlm  Htgna  were  Dot  atuptdofM 
for  tJie  new  doctrine.  King  Henry  Vlll.apiieaired  in  the 
lists  as  an  antagonist  of  Lnther,  and  received  from  Leo 
X.,  in  return  for  hi»  ptfli-miciil  book  iipon  tlw  Sacmmenta, 
the  title  of  "  Dcfenchrr  of  tliv  Faith."'  Littlo  did  citiicr 
of  them  iuia<^ni?  tliitl  tin-  same  nionnreh  vould  ahortly 
■tiike  one  of  the  ht-avicst  IiIoh-m  at  llie  Pu[)id  dominion. 

Tho  pootdini-it)-  of  tlie  Enghsli  Refarmation  Uea,  not  to 
the  wpiircitton  of  a  |Hilttiral  eomiiiitnity — in  this  cu«o  a, 
powprfid  nation  —  from  tlte  papal  see ;  for  the  same  thing  ' 
took  place  gent-rall;  whore  th«  Reformation  prevailed ; 
but  it  lies  in  the  fact  that  it  involved  immetUatcly  »o  UtUa 
departure  from  thv  dogmatic  systom  of  tiie  mediaeval 

lllluat,  i7UMy^fJt«JI^aniHtflMAa£aytMd(train  MU  t»I»n),e<v«i  M 
Inlartitln^  ■MoanI,  lod  ytmuti  •  talttibig  Mtlmalo,  of  lb*  wrrlow  •( 

*  Sm  Iha  ikclofa  ot  Coltl**  wnnan  taton  ihe  ConrooulMi  a(  CuUHtaij 
(lATai  In  SMlrahn,  Tkt  Or/i^  Jb/inMn^/'tMSi  dn  In  BloM,  p.  Ut  Hit 
DUD.  AiHutli  af&t.  Pmtt;  ch.  i\,,  iprM  «n  bUnoriiv  •toUb  at  Cbltt'i  IJfe. 

*  f'rilli  wM  bumad  u  Smithiuiil  ia  1513.  Tysdilt  wu  MnofsM  and  bunicd 
BMr  Ilrujovli  in  l&M. 

*  Gnumiu,  lu  »  UUrt  lo  LiMhar,iqtuk*o(  tlin  mrai  m;«plioii  n(  hi*  irntin||i 
In  SBgl*»L  Kraimi  Opera,  111.  4U.  Warhun,  in  *  Idler  to  WvUty,  uiid*r  iUm 
tt  Uacth  S,  inll,  l«p«tU  in  whM  txUM  Lalbmui  booU  hid  (uand  rMdcM  M 
Oxfofd.    Blimi.  f.  74. 

*  Tbli  tlilc  Witt  lalndtd  br  Unuclt  panotMlljr,  bnl  wm  nutatt\  a(Mr  Uii 
etMch  wlih  Itomr,  ud  tmwmlUad  to  fab  m»«b»ow.    IJa^fil,  i/Uvfy  rf\ 


TOE  RCrORUA-nOH  DI  EMOUXD  AKD  SOOTLAMD. 

Cliurdi.  At  tli«  oiiUot,  tho  croud,  oiid,  to  a  great  vxtvnt, 
Uie  polity  and  ritual,  of  tho  Cliitrch  in  England  remained 
intact.  Tlitu  in  the  groniti  of  thu  English  Itcfoimution, 
there  vere  t\ro  factors,  the  one,  in  a  sense,  politicad ;  thn 
oUiOT.  doctrinjd  or  religious.  Tbcco  two  ngentaes  miglit 
eooleaoe  oi  miglit  cln-sh  with  one  another.  Thny  could 
D3t  Uul  to  act  upon  ono  another  with  gfL-at  cUfct.  They 
moved  upon  di(Ior<>nt  tinea ;  yet  there  were  oertain 
principal  ends,  which,  from  the  beginning,  they  had  in 
common. 

Owing  to  this  pocniiai-ity,  tlte  leadera  of  English  Re- 
form on  the  spiritual  sido  did  not  play  tlie  proininvmt 
part  wliicli  woa  taken  by  llie  Reformers  in  Scotland  and 
on  the  Continent.  In  other  cnuntriea,  the  political  ad- 
heronts  of  I*rot«!ttantiHm  were  auxiliaries  ratlio-r  than 
priocipala.  Tho  foreground  was  occupied  by  men  lUie 
I<uth<T,  Citlvin,  and  Knox.  In  England  there  wvrc  indi> 
vidkiala  of  marked  lenming.  energy,  and  courage ;  but  to  a 
consideniblc  oxti-nt  UiL-y  wcru  cast  into  tho  sbudv  by  tho 
oontroUing  poetitton  which  waa  assumed  by  rulers  and 
atateemen.  Tho  EnglJiili  Reformation,  instead  of  puratt- 
ing  ita  c::trse  as  a  religious  ami  intollcctiial  movement, 
waa  subject,  in  an  important  degree,  to  the  disturbing 
(orc«  of  gov«Tnmoti(al  authority,  of  worldly  policy.' 

Henry  VIII.  had  been  man-ied.  in  his  twelfth  year,  to 
Catharine  of  Aragon,  the  widow  of  his  (U!cchko<1  brotlicr 
Arthur,  and  the  aunt  of  the  Emperor  Charles  V.  A 
dispensation  hiul  been  obtxinod  soon  ufk-r  fnim  Popit 
Julius  II.,  marriage  witJi  a  deceased  brotlier's  wife  bebig 
oontrury  to  tlio  canon  hiw.  Scniplcs  had  been  entertained 
early  by  some  in  regard  to  the  validity  of  the  dispensa- 
tion, and,  consi-quontly,  of  tlio  marriage.  Whether 
Henry  himself  shared  these  scmplos  prior  to  his  tuy 
qimintance  with  Anne  Bulcyn,  it  may  not  be  easy  to  do- 
termir.R.     Nor  can  we  say  how  far  his  disappo'ntmcnt  hi 


DIV08CK  OF  HESBY  VIII. 


81« 


oat  liAvitig  11  nuilc  Leir  to  bU  tlironc  niiiy  have  promjtted 
bin)  to  eveic  for  a  dirorce.  It  is  not  improbable  tliat  tbo 
iIoaUi  of  Im  cbildrun  vxcitvd  in  lii«  mind  n  Hiiiu-i-ntitioiia 
feeling  respecting  tbe  lawfiiUieBa  of  liia  connection  witU 
Cattiarinc.  Yet  According  to  bur  Bnli^nin  testimony,  iniulo 
in  IiSh  presence,  tlie  marriage  witb  Arthui*  had  not  been 
ram^ummuted ;  nnd  if  ho,  tbv  main  gromid  of  thvm  al- 
leged mis^vinga  and  of  the  application  for  tlie  annuUii^ 
of  tbc  mniriago  had  no  rcidity.  IIih  iippliaiUon  to 
Clement  VII.  for  the  annulling  of  tlio  tnarriage,  vna 
fuiutd(^  on  two  groimds :  first,  that  it  ia  not  competuut 
fur  the  Pope  to  grant  a  dispeiisatiou  in  sueli  a  case ;  and 
secondly,  that  it  was  grantud  on  tbu  busls  of  erroneous 
n'pri.'&entAtionit.  Henry's  pnasion  for  Anne  Boleyn  made 
tlie  delay  ajid  vacillation  of  Clement  in  regard  to  tbe 
divoreo  the  moro  luibcArablo.  The  Pope  might  nutiiiiUly 
slirink  &x>m  annulling  the  net  of  liin  predecessor  by  a 
decree  which  would  involve,  at  Uio  same  time,  a  reebio- 
tioti  of  the  pajml  piHirogiitive.  Hut  tiie  real  and  obrioos 
motive  of  bis  procrastinating  and  evasive  conduct  vrsa  bia 
ruluctance  to  ofron<l  Cluirlfs  V.  'l"liia  temporizing  coiirae 
in  one  whoso  esuiltcd  ofTmu  implied  a  proportionate  moral 
indepcndcnoi',  was  not  iu1hi)U'iI  to  iiienyuw  the  loyalty  of 
the  King  or  of  his  people  to  the  Papacy,  By  the  anhnoe 
of  Cniniiier.  Hcnrj'  hiid  titu  qui^tion  of  tho  validity  of 
tbe  diJtpCDWition  before  tlie  utiiversitieA  of  ICuroix*,  n<^ 
abstaining,  however,  from  the  use  of  laribery  abrosid,  and 
of  iuciincc«  at  home.  Mi'ttntimu  ho  ])roc^vded  to  the 
adoption  of  measures  for  reducing  the  power  of  the  Pope 
and  of  tlio  clergy  in  England.  Jcalcnsy  in  regard  to  tho 
wealtii  and  the  utinrpations  of  the  hiemrclucal  body,  which 
bad  long  been  a  growing  feeling,  prepared  tlte  niktion  for 
Ui'JM^  bold  measures.  One  nign  of  tliLs  feeling  was  the 
satiBfaetton  whicli  had  been  felt  at  tbo  n-stniinbt  laid  upon 
die  privilef^*  of  clerical  exemption  from  n-aponxibility  to 
tbe  rivil  tribunals.     In  tbe  preceding  reign,  a  bisliop  had 


SSO      TUK  REt'OIUIATlOX   IK  ENOUUiD  AND  SCOTUKD. 

■aid  llint  bucIi  vntu  ttiu  projudico  of  u  Loudon  jury  Bgaioit 
tliu  ulerg}',  Uiitt  it  would  coovict  Abel  of  the  murder  ol 
Ciun.  TUo  /wll  of  Wolsey.  who  waa  ruined  by  tho  fuUun 
cf  Um  nvgotiutidiis  with  Koiuu  fur  tUu  divorcv,  oiid  bj'  tlto 
enmity  of  Aua«  Boleyn,  iiitiiuidnt«d  tlio  whole  clerical 
body,  imd  niudi;  Uii'm  tm  avfy  proy  to  Uiu  King's  n^UMat^ . 
"The  nutliority  of  thia  Cui-diniU,**  wtys  Hftll,  the  old 
dirouicter,  "  eet  tJie  clergie  in  such  n  pride  tliat  they  di»- 
diuiiud  ult  men,  whrruforu  when  hu  wiw  fuUoti  they  fol- 
DWed  iifU-r."  '  Karty  in  li'ittl,  Henry  ruvivcil  an  old 
statute  of  Kichard  II.,  and  accused  tliu  clci^jv  of  hiLVtng 
incurred  the  peiuillivs  of  pnvmutiire  —  forfoiturv  <>(  idl 
movnble  goods  and  iuijirisonmeiit  tX  discretion  —  for  sub- 
mittjnt,'  t')  Wolei-y  in  his  chanu^tur  of  piipal  Ic^^tit.  A»- 
Beiublfd  in  eonvocaUoii,  tliey  were  obliged  to  implore  Ills 
pardon,  und  ubbiined  it  only  in  roturu  fur  a  hirge  sum  of 
money.  In  Uutir  petition,  liu  wax  styled  "  the  Protector 
and  Supreme  Head  of  the  Church  and  Clergj-  of  England," 
to  which  was  addixl,  itftcr  long  debate,  the  qualifying 
phrase:  "aa  far  o»  iit  ]it^rmiit4Ml  by  the  law  of  Christ." 
Act«  of  Parliiiment  took  away  the  fu-st-fi'iiits  from  the 
1*»{)0,  ]>ruhibit<-d  appuais  from  oeclesiiistiojil  courts  to  I{om«, 
tuid,  after  Die  coiiHciMiilion  of  Ci'anmer,  ns  Aruhbtiihop  of 
Cimtorbury,  ordained  that  henceforward  the  ctxiBuonittoa 
of  nil  bixhojiK  luid  anOdjishopn  should  be  cutiKummnted 
without  :ip|)ltoatJo»  to  the  Pope.  Henry  was  nmrried  to 
Annv  Boteyn  on  the  Hth  of  Novoinber,  1532.  On  the 
HUi  of  tlib  pn-ceding  July,at  Windsor,  he  •awCntliarina 
for  tlie  last  time,  who  had  been  his  faithful  wife  for 
twenty-tlirci>  ymnt.  Eloicn  wiH-ktt  lif bcr  tfau  marringo,  the 
king  authorized  Craumer  to  decide  the  question  of  the 
dirorce  without  fear  or  ta^'or !  Of  courae  the  divorce  was 
decreed.  In  lo^  Uio  King  wxs  rtxjuiivd  by  iho  Pope  to 
takB  back  Catharine,  on  penalty  of  excoininunication.  On 
the  9tJi  of  June  of  that  yiiir,  a  rryul  odict  wus  issiiod. 

I  It.  774. 


ACT  OP  SUPBKUACr. 


831 


■boliBhing  tliv  Pope's  authority  in  England.  FnirUanwnt 
poaud  tlic  act  of  8ii{iruinuc)-,  "Tiiiit  thu  King,  our  Miv* 
ev^gn  iord,  liia  Uain  nnd  aucccsaora,  kings  of  tills  renlm. 
ahull  bu  tuki^'ii,  H(x.-ci>tk'(].  und  rt-jiutod  tliu  only  miiiii-niu 
he«d  in  eartli  of  Uie  </hurch  of  EughinJ,  called  tlie  An 
gUoiUia  Ecclusiit."  This  wiut  foUuwud  by  ilhuHkt  greiLl 
iDeaoore  for  the  further  humbling  of  docleaiusttciil  puwer 
—  Urn  aboliahing  of  tho  cloistcni  und  the  ooofiecation  of 
their  property  —  iii  I&IIG.  I'lib  f^^ll,  Lo  :t  gnwt  t-xt«iit,  into 
thv  hnuds  of  tho  nuhlfs  tiud  gentry,  and  luid  u  puwurful 
effect  in  binding  lln-ni  to  tlic  policy  of  the  king.  Subae* 
quontly,  tJio  laiger  niona&teriea,  wliich  had  been  sjuirod  ut 
fiist,  Bluut-il  tliu  fnlu  of  Uic  infui'iur  vKtHbli^iiuimUt ;  luul 
by  the  expuhuou  of  the  mitred  »bbota  from  the  upper 
House,  thi>  prt-jMndcnuiee  <ii  power  niu  left  witli  the 
seuuIoT  lords. 

ThuB  the  kingdom  of  Enghmd  was  severed  from  the 
Fu]>iicy,  und  U)v  Church  of  England  brought  intosubjeo 
tion  to  tite  cinII  authority.  The  old  Knglisli  feeling  of 
dislike  of  foreign  eoelonutacal  oontrot  hnd  at  hist  ripened 
into  a  verification  of  the  words  which  Shnkespcare  puU 
into  tliu  niouth  of  King  John,  n»  a.  mismttigu  to  I'upo  Intw 
leatlll.:  — 

"Ttllhini  U>l)l«ln;  and  f ram  tlu  aioulb  of  UngUnd, 
AiU  Uiit  uiui-Ji  uuirc,  —  lliBI  na  Ilalinii  |>rreit 
Sliall  tlihe  or  toll  In  uur  ilonilnlonii; 
Bill  ta  w>  snilcr  fltuVFn  uo  lupmnc  licotl, 
So  wiiIm  kiiD,  IliU  Knot  lUiiKinaiT-, 
Wlim  m  >lu  tvlga,  nr  will  kIliIic  utilioU. 
Without  the  anitUnca  ut  «  iiKirliil  hand. 
3a  l*l[  (ha  IVpo :  all  raTfnnn  let  apart, 
Tu  hiai  ODil  bn  utiirpttl  ftitborily."' 

Tboro  had  beun  no  renunciatioa  of  Catholic  doctrines. 
Th«  hieroichy  still  existed  as  of  old,  but  with  the  King 
in  the  room  of  the  Pope,  as  its  e&rtlily  head.  There  were 
two  iiartivn  nidi;  by  nido  in  thv  e[n»c<>pitl  ofBcc*  and  in  the 
Council  ■  one  of  tiiem  diaposod  to  press  forward  to  otbct 

'  King  Jolia,  act  in.,  M.  L 
U 


TH£  lUVOniATtOSI   IH   EKOLAIJD  Am>  SOOTUND. 

dunges  in  tlio  direction  of  ProteatanUam ;  Uie  other  bent 
QQ  upholding;  tliu  luuiient  creed  in  it«  integrity.  Tlic  Act 
of  Supremacy,  as  fur  as  it  had  the  dYin)Kitl)y  of  Uie  j>e<y 
[ilv,  <.-i.i(iUl  not  fail  tu  sliiiki?  thvir  rvvi>n.-Bou  for  tko  untin* 
Bystem  of  which  the  Pajiacy  liad  been  deemed  ut  esen- 
tial  parti  uid  to  incltnt>  many  to  substitute  tlio  nuthr>rity 
of  the  Bible  for  that  of  the  C'liuri'li ;  for  to  ttH'  IVMr  the 
appeal  had  bvvn  made  in  the  matter  oi  the  King's  di- 
vnnx-.  uiid  Uie  Itihle  and  the  ooiiiilitulicn.  of  Uie  priinitirtt 
Church  had  fiirnithod  the  grounda  for  the  overthrow  of 
pufNil  Hiipn^niivy.  At  Ui«  h«id  of  Uie  party  disposml  to 
ICeforin,  among  the  bi%hopa,  was  Cmnnier,  vrho  bud  qMUt 
some  time  in  Gerniiiny,  und  biul  married  for  bis  second 
wife  a  niece  of  a  Lutlieran  theologian,  Osiiuid<.'r.  Crui- 
iner  is  well  characterized  by  Itanke  as  *'  one  of  tlioao 
natures  which  niiLit  Imve  tlie  i>u])pt)rt  of  the  snpivme  ao- 
thority,  in  order  to  carry  out  their  own  opinioiM  to  their 
oousequenecs  ;  as  then  ttivy  a[>]H-nr  enterprising  and  spir- 
ited, BO  do  they  become  pliant  and  yielding,  wlivii  thia 
favor  in  withdrawn  from  them ;  they  do  not  shine  by 
reason  of  any  moral  greatnean,  hut  tliey  are  well  uihtpt«>J 
lo  save  a  cause  in  difEcult  circuinstancea  for  a  more  favur- 
ahle  time."  *  I.4itinier,  who  bcutme  Bishop  of  Worcester, 
was  made  of  sterner  stuff.  Among  the  other  binliops  of 
Prutcstant  tendencies,  was  Edwant  I'ox,  who.  at  Smatcald, 
had  declared  the  Pope  to  be  Antichrist,  'llie  Ituulur  of 
the  Protestant  party  was  Thomas  Cromwell,  who  \na 
made  the  Iving's  Vicegerent  in  ecc1eua»tiad  affuii's,  who 
bad  couducted  the  visitation  of  the  monast«riee  which 
preceded  Utc  dostniction  of  them,  and  was  an  ndJten^nt  n( 
the  reformed  doctrine.     On  the  other  side  was  Oanlit»er, 


t  SnglueAt  UitfUr.iU,  1. 904.  A  nTEni  nol  lo  uj*  hanb.  toimil*  of  Cnn. 
M(*  U  glTen  W  Mucuuliy,  flitt.  r/  fJnfiinit.  I.  U:  Rtrifit  <^ HaStam  (fauy*. 
I.  MS).  "ir,"uj-i  llallam,  "  vc  wvlKh  Iki  i^baiBcttr  d  llii>  pniMr  in  H 
M^l  talanoti  hr  «lll  ipptor  far  liidcnl  r«iiaT(4  from  llio  tiir|i>luili'  Imr  >l«l  U 
hbalQr  bib  catoi'iff^i  jt\  aat  tiitlili-d  to  anr  «ztiaonluiafT  Tratniion."    Camt 


TtCe  IKX  ABTICLES. 


823 


I 
I 


ibop  of  Windicttcr,  vrlio  uplicM  tliti  Kii)g  b  Supruio- 
tcy,  but  woA  ait  unbfmilmg  advocate  of  tliv  C'atliolic  theol- 
ogy ;  together  witii  TuiisUl  of  Uurbuut,  mid  oUtcr  bLH]ii>[M. 
Tlio  King  ubowed  luiiLat.'lf.  at  first,  faTomble  to  tbe 
I'rotestant  party.  Tbc  Kiiglixb  ISibks  wbicb  wiut  iiuumhI 
uiiJrr  his  autliority,  and  a  copy  of  which  vraa  to  be  placed 
ill  ever}'  cliurcli,  bud  tipoii  tliu  litlu-pugc  tlio  inscripti^m, 
i«tiiiiig  from  liia  moatli :  "  Thy  word  iB  a  lantern  unto  tiiy 
feet'."  ^  In  luS6,  t«n  article*  werv  laid  bt-foru  Coiivooitton, 
lulopted  by  titat  body,  and  sent,  by  the  King's  order,  to 
nil  pastors  as  a  guide  for  tlivir  teaching.  The  Biblo  and 
the  tiirue  iincicnt  croetLs  won^  made  the  staiiilitrd  of  doc- 
trine. 8alvation  is  by  faith  and  without  bumiui  in<-ritB. 
Tlio  sacriimvut  of  tliti  altar  is  dvflned  in  iDtiM  to  which 
Luther  would  not  Imve  objected.  Tlio  use  of  imagra  and 
riirious  other  ei'n.-nK>iiiii>,  auricular  confutuiioi),  and  llitii 
iuvociition  of  saints,  ai«  approved,  but  cuutloiis  ani  given 
,^^hi»t  v.buaes  connected  with  ttiL-se  tilings.  The  luhniif 
rimi  tluit  there  is  a  I'ui^itory  m  coupled  witli  the  doiiinl 
of  any  power  in  tho  Pope  to  deliver  bouU  froiu  it,  and 
witJi  tlie  rejection  of  other  superstitions  connected  with 
the  old  doctrine.  IlivM  Hrtieles,  tinsutinfactory  us  they 
were,  in  many  respects,  to  the  Protestants,  were  still  re* 
garded  by  them  an  a  long  stej)  in  tku  right  <lirection. 
'llie  Catholio  party  were  offended.  A  niDJorily  of  tlie 
nation  still  clung  to  the  andent  religion.  Tbe  ouppreB- 
sion  and  apoltution  of  the  iiioniusteneS,  wliieli  weru  pri/A-d 
as  dispenserB  of  hospitality  and  sources  of  {K-cuuiary 
advantjtgu  to  tlio  nutlc  populutiou,  liad  excited  much 
discontent,  especially  in  tlie  Norlli  and  West,  when) 
the  Cutholics  wcro  most  numerous.  'Iha  disaffection, 
which  was  heightened  by  the  leaning  of  tlio  govern* 
mcnt  towards  Protestant  doctrine,  broke  out  in  the  rebel- 
Uou  of  1.5ilC,  wliidt,  nithougb  it  was  put  down  without 
toncossiona  to  tbe  promoters  of  it,  was  succeeded  by  s 
'  On  Uie  Kagllah  rcnlotu  «(  Uie  D  fie,  •••  ABdcnon,  Aanait  af  At  AhuI 


an      THE  RFJiQIOUTIOK  tS  ESCiAMD  A.VD  SOOTUUTO. 

cihang»  in  tliv  King's  oodmiiwdcal  policy.  Tli«  OntlioUo 
hetioa  gniiied  tbu  asoendency,  aud,  notwitlistiuKling  tlie 
opftosition  of  Cmntiuo'  iind  lii«  friends,  th«  Six  Artiulea 
(or  "abolishing  divers!^  of  opiniona"  in  religion,  wcra 
fruiiH'd  into  u  \nvf.  TIk-ni^)  ()ts.'m.-d  tnin«ubshmtintioii,  tjie 
necdlefWDfles  of  coinniuniou  in  botli  kiud^,  the  celib«cy  of 
tite  priuUhood,  tliu  obllfjiition  of  vows  of  chnstity,  the 
noceasity  and  value  of  private  ninases  and  of  aiincul>r 
oonfvesion.  WJioovur  dvuicd  trunmbsUinUatioo  vroa  to 
.be  biinu'd  at  tlt«  stakti  aa  a  heretio.  Whoever  should 
publicly  attack  oitlirr  of  tti<?  otbur  uticles  was  to  sufTer 
dvatb  as  a  felon,  without  k>enetit  of  clergy.  Imprison- 
ment,  conGsuatiuu  of  gDod».  nod  death  were  tlircntviied  to 
exprmxions  of  diisncut  from  tlie  lust  live  of  ttie  articles, 
acoortUug  to  its  form  nod  dvgroe.  The  execution  of 
Aoiie  Botoyn  nod  the  marrii^  of  tiie  King  to  Jaito  S^- 
mour(ljiSC);  luidntill  more,  tbv  fall  of  CroiiiwoU  (]>'>40), 
tlw  groat  8U|i]iort  of  tlie  Protestant  interest,  wlitcb  fot< 
lorred  upon  tbe  marringu  u(  Henry  to  a  Protestant  prin- 
Ctm,  Anna  of  Cleve,  and  bis  immediate  divorce,  incivasnd 
Uie  strvnglh  of  th«  persecuting  fnclion.  llioeo  who  de- 
niod  tbv  King*8  «u]>rcniiicy  and  tliose  who  denied  truntiub* 
atatiti:ilion  were  dragged  on  tbc  same  btmlle  to  tbe  place 
of  exueiitiun.'  Karnwt  biidiopn,  its  Latimer  unil  l^ltuxton, 
were  imprisoned  in  the  Tower.  Cmoinur  was  protected 
oy  his  own  prudence  ainl  the  King's  favor.^ 


>  The  unuunl  ul  pnnscutinn  under  tli#  SU  AitidN  1*  iliMunnl  by  Ualllutd, 
Emiyt  m  iKt  Ui/urauilinn  (I^iilIuii.  ISU). 

*  Tb]>  u  niH  U»  jiIm*  io  dlKOM  at  Ungth  th«  pononal  chanclar  ol  Iti-nry 
VIU.  ^ir  Janwt  Maiklntutb,  iifler  KcvuaUng  Uie  wueuliooi  ol  Hun  wid 
Aaae.  njl-  "1"  (I>mo  Ino  dlicful  itccja  Ilnnry  aiiiiroubcil,  iwrlu|»,  u  imrty 
So  A*  idral  tttadoni  ul  pcrftct  wlcke-lnos  u  (he  iDflimlUm  at  hnnian  narun 
will  allow."  aiiltry  </  K^luiitl.  n.  ch.  vll.  M*c*nl*y  |ir«nauof«>  Um  "• 
kinfc  vboM  thuot'tCT  niKT  be  Vmi  ilcjtcriboil  b^  UTln^i  that  be  hm  itc*fiuil»ia 
llMlf  (Mmonlfli'd."  {Ittriitf  ih/ lliiltnm-)  Burnet  cini  ■  milder  juileniilili  "T 
d«  not  doDjr  Uul  be  li  is  be  numbeicd  laumn  llia  iti  prin«r,  f*l  1  tuniwl  rank 
lilin  wiih  the  iiT<>nt."  Ilitl.  "/  'ki  It^f.,  i.  It.  i.  ti.  iii.  Lord  llfrhrrt,  a(te< 
tlieikiiiR  of  hla  willfiiluoH  nnJ  iFklouiy,  Mf*;  'ThTM  oondUion*,  ni^iiiii  brinf 
vauil  wiU)  fowtr,  praduMd  tucb  tmiMa  iJtrH  — WyWd  biR>,atro«l  ud  ■ 


SEFOSX  tniDER  KDWAKD  VI. 


Thft  flcnth  of  Henry  put  an  eml  to  this  pcrBi-ciiiion. 
lie  kiid  attempted  to  eetablish  an  Anglican  Chtirch  nliicb 
•Itould  bo  neither  Prot«>Btaat  nor  Konian  Catholic,  but 
whi'.'h  should  differ  fronrt  tb«  Roniim  Citttiutic  Bjrstem  only 
in  till!  nrticlK  of  th(>  Royal  Supremnoy.  Hia  Bocoess  ms 
r«in<(rkabl«,  and  h«s  bocn  ascribc-d  corr«;tty  to  tho  axtmor- 
dinnry  force  of  his  charartcr,  tlie  advantagt-ous  poaitJon 
uf  l-'iiglaDd  with  reference  to  fwri-ign  powci*,  thi?  i<normotis ' 
walth  wliidi  tlie  confiscatioa  of  the  religioua  homea 
placed  at  his  disposal,  and  tlio  inppurt  of  the  neutral, 
nndocidfid  clnm  wlio  embraced  neither  npiitiun.'  With 
the  deatli  of  Henry,  the  two  parties,  as  if  rcli-ascd  from 
n  strong  limid,  iiMiittiitl  Ihi-ir  natural  antftgoninm.  'Hio 
governnKnt  could  maiut^in  its  independence  of  the  Papacy 
nnly  by  obtaininf;  tliP  support  of  the  I'rotcstants.  (lenry, 
with  tJia  aBHent  of  l^rliaim-nt,  had  determim^d  tlio  ortler  , 
of  thu  HiicccGsion,  giving  prrcoilciK-c  to  Edward,  his  son 
by  Jane  Seymour,  over  the  two  princessea,  ^!arJ',  the 
(lunghter  of  Cathariiio,  and  Elizabetli,  the  daiiglitcr  of 
Anne  Uoleyn.  Kdw;ird  VI.  wiui  Ws  than  t<^n  vea»  old  at 
his  accession  in  164T  ;  but  as  an  example  of  intvllcctital 
precocity  he  lias  Eehlora,  if  ever,  l)epn  snr]>nf«ed.  He 
was  tirmly  iitt^ichcd  to  the  Protestant  laith.  A  Regi-ney 
wiv*  t:»tablishcd,  in  which  SonierHtrt,  the  King's  unelc,  wna 
chivf,  and  at  tlie  bead  of  a  Prot«etant  majority.  The 
Six  Artioh*  were  repealei).      It  vm»  the  period  of  tlio 

bniiko,  Itr  rho  oune  of  frmrt;  whjch  hImi  lurdlj  nn  l>«  ai~<yiJ^-"  U/i  9md 
H<iy^  llt-Kj  ritl..p.tn.  llr.Fniud*,  ia  bU  ffiWtry^f'iifAiwt/nWi 
Mi  f'nlt-i/  ir<-jMji  fa  ikt  Dr/tal  oflXt  SpataA  ArmaJa,  hu  |inliimiil  ■  1 
bnt  ipi'loey  for  IIV1117  Vllt,  Rul  ha  fiila  U  offrr  *ay  tAtr[tnX»  dtfSBM  1 
Iha  •xwutian  of  Uoi*  taA  of  »1>!ivr,  <n  act  «f  (ninllj  Ihsl  il  Ihn  liiiic  wv  rap- 
nbaird  •raijrwbfni  and  ilill  Ism  Ivr  Um  ilnUruction  of  CmniT'.'lJ,  wIioh 
hsud*,  whether  jutll;  or  doi,  prtltH  up  <■>  the  nty  foot  of  the  h-anuld. 
Inn  if  Ana«  Bnlnyn  hs  MppoKd  n>  b*  cuHlr  of  Ih*  (hargu  lironghl  u;>>iul  tier, 
Ih0*  *M  >  hniUlilj'  fa  the  flrriimitiiiRi  of  t»r  InprWnmcol  ind  vioculloa, 
Ud  in  Ihg  iiiarriat^  irtth  Jans  Stjrmour  Ihe  VBr*  am  iKf,  irblch  It  li  Impoulbla 
to  »]icu».  Hid  (UnWiRpararln  of  Wtnrf  mr«  ri^bl  \a  dIsllnKuiitiln);  Um 
MrUir  Irom  Uu  iMltr  pactka  ol  bis  rrin  Afler  (Iw  (all  ol  VToIh;,  h«  b* 
lang  uiuto  and  fuuit  willful,  m>|Mii>iM,  and  cmt- 
Uacaula^,  llitloni  r/  Eoglimf,  I   44. 


826     TliK  iiKrriRMATiox  n  i^solaxd  and  5<.-0T[.AXD. 

StnaiciiUlic  war  lutd  of  the  Interim  in  Gerntany.  nuA  IIm 
bands  ol  Cnmtner  and  Ridley  woru  strengthened  by  tiieo* 
kgiitns  from  Uia  coiiUuent.  Peter  Martyr  and  Ochino 
wvTv  niude  profcMont  at  Oxford  ill  1547,  and  Marttn 
Bucer  and  I'litil  Fagius  were  culled  to  Cambridge  in  1S49. 
The  "  Book  of  lIumiUo«  "  »i>[K-iired  in  1547  ^<'xpo«utioci^ 
uf  C')iri«tiHii  docU'intj  whic)i  wt^re  to  bo  reud  by  the  clergj 
tn  th^r  cbutvhea  every  Sunday.  Communion  liad  bvoi  i 
ordered  to  he  adminislorcd  in  both  lands.  Tr4n9ub8tan> 
tiation  was  iioh'  foniially  abandoned  ;  the  iH.-iwnd  priaciptil 
sti'p,  after  tho  declaruiion  of  llie  Koyul  Supreitutcy,  iu 
the  progwiM  of  the  I-'ngh»li  Reformation.  Thc«o  changes 
gave  rise  to  a  nuw  ■•  Oriler  of  Communion;"  but  U» 
lattiir  wiut  ftupcrseded,  in  loi^,  by  the  "  Rook  of  Cotnmon 
Pi-aycr,"  which  was  revisCKl  in  1652,  when  tile  iim;  of  coo- 
Hocmted  oil,  prayers  for  tlie  dead,  and  nuriculai'  confea> 
Bioa.  were  uholiHhifd.  In  1552.  the  ^Vrticles  n-iTo  framed, 
at  flrat  forty-two  in  number.  ThiiH  Ihi;  Anghum  Oiurch 
ubtuined  a  definite  constitution  and  a  ritual.  Able  and 
ib^aloii-H  prwifhere.  amon^  whtmi  wi-iv  Miittlu-w  rark«r, 
I^timer,  and  Jolm  Knox,  made  many  converts  to  tha 
Protuiliint  ductriiR'.  Tlio  progrewi  of  innovation,  kow- 
erer,  waa  somewhat  too  rapid  for  the  genei-al  sen3e  of  tfie 
nation.  Thv  spoliation  of  Church  i>ropurty  for  tlie  prD6t 
of  iudividuiUa,  in  which  Somerset  waa  consfneuouit,  gava 
just  olTenso.  Anxious  to  carry  out  the  plan  of  Henry 
VIM,,  for  the  man-i.iyu  of  llio  young  Qm-en  Mary  of 
Scotlimd  to  Edward,  and  desirous  of  imiting  tha  two 
eountrics  in  one  great  I'rototant  power,  SoHii-rset  innidvd 
Scotland ;  but,  though  his  arms  were  auceeaaful,  the  an- 
tipathy of  the  Scots  to  tin-  domination  of  the  English  waa 
too  strong  to  be  overcome;  and  Mary  waa  taken  to 
France,  there  to  be  married  to  the  Daupliin.  A  Catholic 
rebellion  in  Cornwall  and  Devonshire  was  supprcdacd 
but  tlic  opposition  to  Somerset  on  various  grounds,  whidi 
was  led  by  tlie  Duke  of  Nortlmmberiand,  finally  broogbl 


gaav  OP  vwi. 


821 


llie  Protector  to  tlin  xca/Fold  ;  and  Noi-Uiumberliiii^,  who 
was  now  at  the  liead  of  affaira,  concluded  a  peace  with 
Fmnw;,  in  wlnoli  the  project  ol  n  marriagir  of  Edward 
witU  Mary  was  virtually  renounced.  Under  Cranmer'g 
»mx'rintj'ndeno«  a  reviiwl  of  tiw  cccIcKiiislicul  (itiit;t<<'B, 
including  tliose  for  tbe  punialkment  of  Iiereay.  was  under 
laki'n;  liut  Uk' work  wiwnot  finixliud  when  tbu  King  died, 
dt  tlic  ttffn  of  sixteen  (1.W3). 

llm  rcncck>nary  inoromcnt  that  utt«ndt><l  tlio  aox'ssiun 
of  Mary  to  tlic  thmne,  was  heightened  by  the  abortive  al-- 
b^mpt  of  North umbi^-rliind  to  doprivu  bar  of  it  by  porstiad 
ing  tlie  dying  King  to  bMjueatli  tbe  cTown  to  Liidy  Jane 
Grey,  a  descendant  of  Henry's  suter,  and  a  Protestant, 
whom  NorlliiiiubcrUind  liiul  itutrriiHl  to  hii*  son.  'l1io  party 
which  tbtiH  sought  to  overthrow  tbe  order  of  Miccosaion  that 
had  been  fixod  by  uci  of  i'arhaniviit,  fouixj  that  it  wns  f<;c- 
bly  mipport«d,  soon  became  dividu<)  and  efTcctcd  nothing. 
Tbe  insurrection  under  Wyat  was  punished  by  tbe  death 
of  it»  leader^  and  \w\  to  the  execution  of  I^tdy  Jane 
Groy.  Mary  was  narrow,  with  the  obstinate  will  of  her 
father,  and  Kujicrstitioiisly  attacbod  to  tJio  religion  of  bor 
mother.  She  proceeded  i\s  expoditiously  as  her  more 
prudent  advisers  —  of  whom  I'hilipof  Spain  was  Uie chief 
—  would  permit,  to  restore  the  Calliolio  8i,-fltem.  SIio 
Boon  dislod^d  the  laarriiMl  clergy  from  their  places,  Tbe 
Prayer  Book  wiui  alHilinbed.  Dbdaining  the  suggestion 
that  she  should  marry  an  Englishman,  she  gave  her  hand 
to  Philip  with  a  dcvotiuTi  in  which  xi'itl  for  the  Catholic 
faith  was  indistinguishably  mingled  with  personal  reganl. 
Tlio  point  on  which  Parliament  showed  most  hotttation 
wi\s  the  matter  of  tlio  Supremacy.  The  opposition  to 
papal  control  wiut  raor<>  general  and  better  established 
Ihon  tbe  ant-igonisra  to  Roman  Catholic  doctrine.  Par- 
tiament  insisted  tliat  tin;  guanuilce  of  tlto  abbey  lands  to 
their  new  possewtota  should  be  incorporated  in  the  very 
ftct  which  rocstabliHlKil  papal  auUiority.    Reginald  Pole, 


V2B      THE  REIORMATION   IK   IS<GLAKD  AKO   SCOTLAND. 

vbo  vaa  made  legate  of  Uie  Pope  in  1554.  moil  sucCL^c-ded 
Cnmmur  in  th«  urchliisliopric,  ynia  iiui  (jueen'a  upiritoid 
ooanselor.      Hie  fourtb  of  tbe  great  measures  fur  the 
dwtructioa  of  Protcstajitism  »ils  tlm  unforcumviit  of  tUo 
iwt  againft  humay.    tiardtnor  lost  no  time  iu  abandoning 
lie  doctrine  of  the  King's  Biipromac)-,  wliich  it  is  difficult 
to  beliuTf)  Uiftt  liu  oxbt  ^mwrvly  Im-IiI.     He  and  Itotmi-r, 
the.  new  Rifiliop  of  London,  were  active  in  persccation. 
Thu  forei^  tlieologianfi  were  drivvn  out  of  tlu)  kiugdomt 
Mtd  llic-  furt!((^n  ciingn-f^iiliotiH  dittpened.     Not  leas  than 
eight  hundred  Kngliahmen,  whose  livea  were  in  danger  at 
home,  found  an  iisylum  among  their  bnitbrcu  in  tiermaojiJ 
and  SuitM-rliiiid.    Tlx;  noble  foKitiide  irith  which  Hooper^ 
Latimer,  Kidley,  and  nnmerous  other  nartjn*,  endured 
the  Hn,',  did  mtii-h  to  atrtingtbvn  thu  Protestant  rutiso  and 
to  break  down  tbe  [Mimlarity  of  Mary.     Cninnier,  from 
ibe  day  when  ho  «m  from  hie  priBon-tower  tlie  burning 
of  lii«  conipaniontt,   Kidluy  niid  Latimer,  el-cuis  to  hav%i 
lost  hiH  spirit.     IIb  was  persuaded  to  make  au  abject  re*l 
Miitatioii ;  but,  nol:withetanding  this  act.,  it  was  d«ter>l 
mined  that  he  ttliotild  die.     What  course  he  would  haT4| 
puisucd  liad  he  been  permitted  to  lire,  it  is  impassible  toj 
tell ;  but,  in  the  prottpoct  of  certain  death,  his  coot 
rcvirod,  and  ho  exhibited  nt  the  end  a  dignity  and  oon-1 
Btaiicy  which  have  gone  far  in  tb<:  eKtitu:itiMn  of  ptwteril^ ' 
to  atone  fur  his  previous  intirmitiea.     Tbe  fault  of  Cran- 
mer  was  a  time-Aerving  spirit ;  an  imdue  subservience  to 
power ;    a  timidity,  vrbich  is  not  compatible  wiLli  tlm 
highest  type  of  manly  honesty.    An  example  of  this  u 
■ie«n  in  tlie  conrse  he  adopted  on  taking  the  oatlts  of  csn- 
nonical  obedience   tu   the  Pope,  at   his   consecj^tion  as 
Archbishop ;  wbvn  he  satisfied  his  c^Hwdenoe  by  a  pro- 
tost  to  the  effect  that  he  did  not  consider  himmlf  bound 
to  alMtuin   from   measures  for   tbe  reformation   of  the 
Church.'     Ifis  jMirticipution  in  tbe  oondonuiatlon  of  John 

t  Thii  pnrtMtatiim  wmt  a-il  oimtniinicaMi)  U  llic  Ptipc.    Sn  Iliill«iii*(  i» 
^ut*  up«D  il,  CdiiM.  IHmL,  cIi.  i>.    inarrnpi'  Atn-  *>!-,  pp-  ti,  99  ud  D.) 


DEATH  OP  CRAKHES. 


329 


Fritb,  who  wna  burnt  at  Smitlifiuld  in  1£83  for  oenyiiig 
Uie  corporal  piv«cno»  of  Clirist  in  the  Sacrament ;  nnd 
Mill  mon^  hU  part  in  tho  execution  of  Jean  Boudier,  or 
Joan  of  Kent,  who  irit*  ctiXUnl  lui  Aunlxtptiflt,  and  wiui 
bnrn<H.l,  in  the  r^gn  of  Edward,  for  an  heretical  opinion 
respecting  tJio  Incamittion  —  t>ot  to  RgK-nk  of  other  cx- 
Mnples  of  Ik  liitt:  iiitoleisnce  —  are  a  blot  upon  hia  Diatnory. 
tn  th<.-  iHflt  davH  of  Edwtird.  Cruoiner  and  his  assodatei 
weic  oiigaf^il  in  tiliaping  )awa  for  tlie  punishment  ot  be> 
lievers  in  doctiinw  whitJi  lie  had  hitnsolf  hold  not  long 
before,  and  for  dixlwlicnng  in  whidi  he  had  ani»tod  in 
bringing  Frith  and  others  to  the  stake.  The  Protestant 
biceps,  says  ]>ing»rd,  the  Catholic  hi»torian, "  penahed  in 
fliuiMw  which  they  had  prepared  for  tlieir  advcrsariw."  > 
Yet  Cranmer,  aa  Burnet  haa  justly  said,  was  instigated 
by  no  cruelty  of  temper.  lii;  wiut  under  the  »way  of  the 
id«M,  that  thero  must  he  uniformity,  and  that  the  magifr 
Crate  must  be  responsible  for  securing  it.  This  idea  it 
was,  in  connection  with  the  pliunt  dbtposition  whioli  \m>- 
longed  to  him  by  nature,  which  moved  him,  in  the  laat 
years  of  Henry  VIII.,  to  an  unjustifiable  conocalmaat  or 
oompromiso  of  hia  opinions.  It  must  be  set  down  to  hii 
ondit  that  ho  raised  hb  Toic«  af^inst  ih«  adoption  ot  the 
Six  Article*,  and  interceded,  when  interoeasion,  in  how- 
Sror  cautious  a  form,  was  haiardons,  for  the  lives  of  Anne 
Boleyn  am)  Cromwell.  But  tlie  burning  of  a  man  of  his 
Tonerable  age,  who  bad  filled  so  large  a  space  in  ilic  pub- 
lid  ey«,  whom  hand  hud  boon  pressed  by  Henry  Vlli. 
when  he  was  dying,  and  whom  own  deatli  took  plaoo  un- 
dor  circumstmiCM  bo  affeeting,  could  not  fail  to  react  to 
tlie  dimdvftntagc  of  the  Queen  and  of  her  creed.  Variooa 
other  Mustw  conspired  to  render  her  nnpnpular.  In  15i>5 
Paul  IV.,  a  violent  bigiit,  and  witlml  hostile  to  the  Spaniab* 
Austrian  House,  beesmio  I'o])e.     He  insisted  on  a  restflnir 

>  IliU  i*  wmtnlHt  too  nvciv,  u  [lio  Umpord  p«oallla  of  hcmy  wen  to  b* 
1«*JI  br  I*>rliaintD<.  SviUillKn,  CVwt.  ffut.  <;/A'«}Ai>uriUl«r«<)iiloiM]«k.B 


£30      TRK   REFORMATIOS   IS   CXGLAKD  AND  SCOTUKO. 

tioii  of  tjio  Cliurcb  prnporty  in  Eiiglund.  llu  would  ban 
h''U)«  niUMid  moofisteriua  once  more  t«iuuiUKl  by  Uie  monka. 
Tliat  is  to  nj,  ho  wns  rasolvtrd  to  annul  the  condition  on 
iHiidi  al<»ie  Parliament  bail  ootiMiiited  to  rvstoru  Uio  [uipiLl 
Hipiynuivy.  Moroovor,  England  was  brought,  tbrougb 
Fbilip,  to  take  purt  in  the  war  of  Spaio  ngainst  Fnuioe, 
wrbich  gave  tho  victory  of  St.  Quentin  to  the  Spanish 
king,  but  tnadtf  the  English  snuirt  under  the  Ion  of  Calaia. 
']*liu  Queen,  who&e  w'.ioie  houI  w;ui  bound  tip  wilb  tba 
CMian  of  tbo  Cutbolic  Church  and  who  looked  upon  Philip 
as  its  diampion,  wait  forocti  to  vritnowt  Uie  hostility  of  the 
Pope  to  her  busbnnd,  and  to  see  Pole,  who  belonged  t-o 
ttbat  section  of  the  Cntliollcs  which  wue  inclined  to  Prot- 
^eatant  views  of  jnfttification,  and  for  this  reason  was  dis- 
liked by  Paul  IV.,  dt-privwl  of  the  Icgntinc  office.  To 
add  to  tlie  periU  of  tho  iiituuLion,  Fnuice  was  in  alliance 
with  Seotland.  Mary  died  on  tho  17th  of  Kovember, 
1 'i.^tj.  The  next  night.  Cardinal  Pole  died.  It  is  reiuiurk- 
ablo  that  within  a  short  time  before  or  after  the  Queen's 
dvatli,  not  leas  than  tliirteou  of  hor  bishops  died  also. 

Tito  nation  vreloomed  Kiizabetli  to  tlie  throne.  Her 
Etias,  whicli  resulted  from  her  education  and  her  native 
habit  of  feeling,  was  towanlt  n  highly  conservative  Prot- 
aintisin.  The  point  to  which  she  was  irrevocably  at< 
lied  was  that  of  the  sovereign's  supreinaey.  Her  own 
Ivgitimocj  and  title  to  the  throne  depended  on  it,  and  tier 
natural  love  of  power  confirmed  her  attuuliment  to  it. 
She  did  not  reject  the  Protestant  doctrines  i-csjiecting 
gratuitous  salvation  and  tJic  supreme  authority  of  the 
Scriptures,  but  she  was  disposed  to  retain  as  much  as  po*> 
sible  of  Uie  ancient  ritual.  Sbo  had  a  decided  repugnance 
to  the  marriagi'!  of  the  clergy,  and  was  with  difliculty  dia- 
4ua<le<]  from  absolutely  forbidding  it  She  kept  on  tlie 
altar  of  her  own  piivnto  chapel  a  oruetfix  and  a  burning 
candle.  On  her  accession,  she  is  said  to  have  notific 
Paul  IV.  of  the  iact ;  but  this  fanatical  prelate  hatiiihttl;^ 


roiJcr  OP  ujuheth. 


S81 


replied  that  site  must  submit  lier  cUims  to  Ida  decision. 
At  n  Inter  duy,  when  Piu»  IV.  olTered  ta  make  important 
coQcesNona,  such  lui  the  grnntiug  of  (he  cup  to  the  laity 
and  U)v  hih^  of  the  Englittli  Liturgy,  the  propositi  was  ro- 
fused.  In  the  revision  of  thti  Litui^,  tlie  pasiiage  in  the 
Litfttiy  rt'lalivi*  to  tho  "  tyranny  of  tho  Biehop  of  Romo 
nnd  idl  his  deti-stahle  enormities"  was  »mttt«<),  ns  well  its 
lb«  «xphmation  of  tho  nibric  that  by  kneeling  in  tho 
S;wTaroent  no  ador.ition  in  intendi><l  for  any  corpoml  prei* 
ODoo  of  Climt.  Th«  Forty-two  Articlei  were  nsdoced  to 
Thirty-nine,  in  tlie  reviiiion  by  ConrocatJon  in  1563  ;  and 
its  act  waa  poiifirmed  by  Parliament  in  1571,  The  Act 
of  Suprf^miu^  ]iliu-rd  (icolwinstical  powor  in  tlic  hands  ol 
the  Queen,  and  tlie  Aot  of  Uniformity  made  diaaent  in 
public  tt-aohiiig  and  in  IIib  cvramonies  of  wonjiip,  unlaw- 
ful. A  Ojurl  of  High  Commtwiion  was  c«t»blislird  and 
furnidied  witli  ample  powers  for  enfoi-cing  unifonnity, 
and  KupprcMsing  and  ptmishtng  heresy  and  dissont. 

The  two  claaees  of  subjeiHa  against  whom  tlieae  powers 
were  to  be  «xert«i  wore  the  Catholics,  nnd  tho  party 
which  was  growing  up  under  the  name  of  Funlans.  'Hint 
the  persecution  to  whicli  Catliolics  were  suhjeot  duriug 
tliis  reign  waa  palliated,  and  that  the  severe  prm.'ocdingi 
against  them  vrrrv  in  some  cases  justified,  by  the  political 
hoetiiity  whieh  wus  often  inscpaniWy  minglud  with  their 
religions  faith,  is  tme.  When  the  Protestantism  of  tlie 
Quvcn  was  miulo  the  ground  of  attack  upon  her  on  the 
pitrt  of  foreign  powen,  and  of  conspiracifH  against  her 
lifr* ;  when  at  length  she  was  deposed  by  a  buU  of  Pins 
v.,  and  her  subjepis  reh'MMl  ittna  their  all'-j^anw.  it  was 
ititttmd  tliiit  severity  should  be  tmed  towariU  lliat  imrtion 
at  her  subjects  who  were  looked  upon  as  tho  natural  allies 
of  her  ononiics.  Yet  it  is  likewise  true  timt  repn-ssive 
measures  were  ndopt•^d  agninst  tho  Catholics  iu  inimy 
niM-s  where  justice  aa  well  as  Boan<l  policy  would  have 
dictated  a  dilTvrciit  oounm. 


it82     TRi:  RF.I--OltUATION   IS   KNOLASD  AHO  SCOTLAXD. 


■ 


A  oon^deration  ot  Uw  geucnii  fliuractcr  of  tlie  Aiiglicao 
Cliutvli,  lis  (hat  WM  detortnined  afler  the  aw^^ion  of 
Eii/abeth,  will  qualify  ua  to  uwioraland  tlio  Puritan  oon- 
tr»vcniy.  Tlii;  (t-Mtiii'v  ihmt  il  lit  ling  iiiifitvd  tlit;  Englitih 
Cliiiroh  from  tlie  reformed  cliurdtes  oil  the  Coiitiaent, 
vrus  iht'  i-ttt^iitioii  in  its  polity  nml  wui^hip  of  so  much 
Uinl  liiul  bttlonged  to  tlie  Catbolic  system.  The  first 
step  tti  the  English  Refuruuitiun  wiis  the  lutsvrtion  of  tha  | 
Itoyul  Suiin.'nia(!y.  At  the  Ixigiiiiiing  this  iiit^int  ii  di*l«r- 
tttion  of  tlie  nation's  indepeudencu  of  Rome,  But  the 
poeitivo  chnnwti-T  of  this  eujircmacy  van  not  vluiirly  d^ 
HiiimI.  In  till!  tinii^  of  Ilent-y  V'lII.,  und  in  tlie  beginning 
of  Kiiwaid's  reign,  Crannier  and  Uie  bialiops,  like  civil 
oiTiMtre,  lutld  (lifir  comnitssions  at  tbv  King's  pleoaiiro. 
On  the  deatli  <)f  Henry,  Cronmer  considered  the  arch- 
bi»liopnc  uf  Cniitvi'liury  vuctuit  iintU  ho  should  be  sup- 
plied with  a  new  appointment.  A«  tlie  hcnd  of  the 
Cburch,  tbo  King  could  make  und  deprive  biabopa,  as  he 
Muld  appoint  M»d  dogmdi^  nil  oUicr  oHicers  in  the  king- 
4)0111.  The  episcopal  polity  was  retted,  partly  because 
the  bishops  generally  fell  in  with  the  pruci'^odings  of  IloUry 
VIII.  and  Ivdwurd  for  tlie  reform  of  the  CliunJi,  and  on 
account  of  the  compact  organization  of  the  monarohy,  in 
consoquuncu  of  which  the  luitloii  itct<rd  as  one  body.  But 
in  the  tlrat  age  of  the  Reformation,  and  until  the  rise  n( 
PuritaniBic  as  a  distinct  party,  there  was  ItttJo  con> 
troYcrsy  among  Proteitants  in  relation  to  epiawpiwy. 
Not  only  wiifi  Melauctbon  willing  to  ullovf  bishops  with  a 
jttrt  humano  auUtority,  but  l.uthcr  nnd  Calvin  were  idso  1 
of  the  same  mind.  The  episcopal  constitution  of  the 
Englisl)  Churcli  for  a  long  perioil  put  no  barrier  in  ttia 
wny  of  the  inoitt  free  and  fraternal  relations  betwei^n  that 
Dody  and  tlio  Protestant  c)mrche«  on  the  continent.  At 
we  liave  hccii,  Oranmer  placed  foreign  divinen  in  rery  r6 
sponsible  places  in  the  English  Churcli.  Ministera  wha 
hiwl  reonvod  Pruibytorian  ordinstioii  werv  admitted  to 


THK  KflSCOI-AL  QUESnOX. 


818 


take  chai^go  of  EiiglUh  pnriHiice  witliout  a  question  as  to 
the  iifilidity  of  their  orders.  We  fiod  Ci'unmur,  Tk[.-lano- 
thi'i),  and  C^liiii  iitorn  lli:iti  onco  in  vorn;.4|iniidotioi;  with 
OHO  anotlior,  in  regard  to  iho  calling  of  a  general  Protec- 
tant Council,  to  counli-ract  tli«  influence  of  Truiit.  Ilio 
gi-cat  English  divini-s  were  in  constant  corresjmndenoe 
with  tho  Hiilvi.'tic  M-fiirmum,  to  whont  thvy  lookod  for 
counsel  and  sympathy,  and  whom  tliey  addressed  iii  a. 
defun^ntiiil  luid  nlTDotioiMt«  stylo.  Tho  piuttom  of  Zurich, 
BiiUinger  tho  suooeasor,  and  Gualter  the  aon-iu-law  of 
Zwinglc,  wcro  tlioir  intiniatu  and  trusted  tuivisors.  It 
was  a  common  opinion  that  there  is  a  parity  between 
bishops  and  prrahyt^tnt ;  th»t  thv  diflen^uou  is  one  of  ofhca 
■»d  not  of  order.  Ttus  had  been  a  prevailing  view 
umong  the  acJiooImeu  in  the  Middlo  Agvs.  Though  it 
hutongttd  to  bii^iops  to  orditin  and  (in  tlie  Latin  Churoh) 
to  conJirra ;  yet  the  priest,  not  less  than  the  bishop,  per- 
formed the  ininiclu  of  the  EuohnnsL,  tho  litghiHit  clerical 
act.  Crannier  distinctly  assorted  the  paiity  of  tlie  two 
chtiwvH  of  clergy.  Tho  samu  thing  is  found  in  the  "  Bish- 
ops' Uook,"  or  Imtituthn  of  a  Cfiriatian  Man,  whiclt  was 
put  fortli  by  uuLliority  in  1537.'  But  Crannier  has  left 
on  record  an  explicit  assert4on  of  his  opinion.'     Jewel, 


I  Burnft  1.4M(A<Uloiid«).  HuraM  mj-j  that  it  wu  "l)i«  «ommon  itjleel 
thM  tgt "  —  ilvrirci]  from  lb*  uboolmin  —  "to  rtekon  b iihopi  >ni)  primi*  w 
the  pamo  olSet."  Aflor  Uia  'IVldtiitin*  C«uneU,  the  cloetrina  ol  lli«  i»ilHiitif 
tHriiM  tJ  bi>lio|H  pm-allnl  ia  Uw  Calholio  Cliunh.  Sm  UiMtiM',  t.  i.  9. 
t  SO.  n.  i. 

■  Bo«  nani«t,L  |t>.)C«llBCllana(  Bvoordi,  zxl.      TIk*  Xtpluii^iu^ttrmt 

Uan  10,    Wlwlbar  Uttupi  or  pi(Mt*  mr*  llM?   awl  U   Ilia  ptiaru  ini, 
Ibca  th»  prinUi  mndc  Ihf  hlihop."  OnniBcr>n»r«ii  " Tfa«  falihapa Mtd  ptt«a I 
wen  U  Olio  lioic,  anil  irecc  no  two  thing*,  hut  both  (ng  oIBm  In  titt  bcRlaillaC  j 
ot  ('liruCa  nlisldn."     "QutMioa  It.  Wbdhor  In  the  K«ir  IViIainnii  he  n*  j 
qulrcj  anv  capKvnMlon  of  Utlup  or  pri«*u,  or  only  appoiatinK  in  il,r  oIHm  bs  1 
luindfiit?"     <?ranmeraiii«-eni  "  tn  Ihv  Xfw  Tdlamenl.  h«  llial  i>  appi>lnl«4i  I 
to  bi>  D  hiihop  or  ptlo^t,  nmlclh  iw  rail««nliaa  bjr  ilia  6<ripturr.  fnr  pirctlail 
or  appnlnlinj;  thcrcla  >•  •uflltlnit."    In  anairtr  in  qoatli'in  M,  (•mntnt*  nyi 
'hal  "It  I*  not  rodjiilikn  hjr  Gwl**  law,"  ft  all  tho  Unhopi  anil  pri(*M  in  ■ 
tr^m  vera  4»ar1,  thai   "th*  KIiir  of  Ikal  rKiM  ahould  «iak>  blahoria  «,4 


THE  »:rOSUATKi!(   IN  ENGLA.VD    AXD  SCOTLAKD. 

I  of  tlic  great  ligliU  of  tlio  Engliali  Citardi  in  cfae  wdy 
.  of  thv  roign  of  Elizabetli,  appears  to  liold  this  view, 
'iliincroft,   Uie  successor  of   Whitgift  as  Archbisliop  of 
Canterbory.  is  thoogtit  to  baro  been  the  first  to  iriMUtiun 
tile  iic«c«rity  of  Lishopft,  or  tlio  jur«  divino  doctrine.^ 
There  b  no   trace  of   siich  a  doctrine  in  tha  **  Apology 
for  tfa«  Cburcli  of  Englimd."  und  in  tlio  "  Dflfonse  of  the 
Apolog}'/*  by  Jewd,  which  linve  lieen  regnrded  by  An- 
glicans with  juat  pride  as  an  ablo  refutation  of  Roman 
oUo  uccuiKitiotui  ngoinst  their  system.     At  a  much 
cr  time.  Lord  Bacon,  in  his  *'  Advertisompnt  oonccni 
ContrOTCTuea  of  tlie  Chnrdi  of  England,"  q>eaka  of 
ti«  stiff  di-(cndors  of   ali  Uie  orders  of  the  Chmdi,  aa 
pgioning  to  condemn    their  opponents    as  "a   bmL" 
Yen,  and  some  indiiwrevt  pt^raoiis  linTc  K-en  bold  in 
open  preadung  to  use  dishonorable  and  derogatory  speei^ 
ocnsuro  of  tho  churches  abroad ;  and  that  so  far,  as 
ome  of  oar  men,  as  I  have  beard,  onlained  tn  foreign 
B,  have  b«cn  pronounced  to  be  no  bwfnl  minist«n. 
That  ire  aee  tlic  beginnings  -vrere  modt-st,  but   the  «cc> 
tremes  were  Tiolent,"'      Near  the   end   of  Eliiftbeth's 
reign.  Hooker,  in  hia  celebrated  work  in  defense  of  th« 
iChurdi  of  England,  fully  coiKcdes  tlie  validity  of  Pres- 
'bytcriau  ordination ;  with  tacit  reference,  aa  Keble,  Iiis 
modem  e<litor,  concedea,  to   the  continentJ   Clmrches. 


bMMio,  wlik  OoiawtlL    RnmM,  lUH.    A-Ufia  V.    Alter 
iflilllbilaBcti(Mia«f  llMc)«rBjr, itliM»l:  "TliUcaks,  (bi*  powr  and  ■! 
hj'.  WW  tmomUMA  anA  ^Ttn  tij  CllriiC  ■*!  hi*  ApoMlu  ■Dto 
ana  anlf,  thai  b  to  My,  nnU  pilNt*  Or  blAapii,  vhooi  llity  £d  •lert, 
ladBttlbncaotoferUidriiniyarawid  ImpAKlilAn  o(  liondi."    "Thaimhte, 
1 1*  du  Kcw  TMairMM  ttwx  k  no  weiilivD  iiiatla  ct  any  JaBrrti  or  ditUo^ 
I  bi  ivdvn,  but  only  nr  dMMOi  m  inlnl'Im,  and  of  priMta  or 

Uibopa,  vkh  ■  gnmt  na«t«r  ol  olber  rcclnitrtkiv  Mbacribtd 

I  HaUaa  think*  Uial  not  trao  BaMTofl  taught  this  rlew,  wbtre  it  b  i 

bjr  many  to  t*  found,  In  hlawnnoiiat  8t.panl'aCT«aa(IA><).     Carf" 
»^f.9t  (tUifm'  Am.  tA.y. 
«  iror*>Oiontac«-i  •!.]*«-«■ 


THV   POCTBIXE  OF  PBEDE8T1SATI0N. 


888 


Laud  vraa  roproved  in  1604  for  maintaiRin^  in  his  exer- 
ciso  for  Bachelor  of  Dirinity  at  Oxford  that  thuro  could 
be  no  true  cburcb  witliont  bishops  ;  "  wliidi  whs  thought 
to  cast  a  bone  of  contention  between  the  Ghnrdi  of 
England  and  tho  Ruforniod  on  the  Continent."  Erun  ns 
late  09  161^,  in  the  reign  of  Jamea  I.,  an  Engliah  bishop 
and  Bvvcral  Anglican  clergymen  itat  in  tho  Synod  of  D'jrt. 
with  a  presbyter  for  its  motlerator. 

Thn  Anglican  Church  agreed  with  tlio  Protestsnl 
churches  on  the  continent,  on  the  nubject  of  prcdestinn- 
taon.  On  this  subject,  for  n  long  period,  tho  Protestants 
generally  were  iinit<.>4l  in  opinion.  They  wlopted  Uie 
Augiistinian  tenet.  The  impotcncy  of  the  will  is  af- 
firmed by  I.utbcr  »s  strongly  an  by  Calvin.  Molancthon's 
gradual  moditiration  of  the  doctrine,  which  allowed  to 
the  will  a  cooperative  agency  in  conversion,  only  affected 
a  portion  «f  tiie  LntJieran  Church.  The  U>3idpn(  of  tho 
English  Refomiation,  from  the  time  when  tho  death  of 
H(niry  Ylll.  placed  Uicm  firmly  upon  Protestant  ground, 
profess  the  doctrine  of  absolute,  as  distinguished  from 
conditional,  prcd instillation,  which  is  llic  essential  fwititrc 
of  boUi  tlie  Augustinian  and  Cah-inistic  systems.  It  ia 
tnio  tliat  Cranmcr,  Ridley,  and  Latimer  have  not  left  so 
lnit«  oxpreawons  or  tliia  subject  in  tlieir  writings  ns 
!«8  is  the  case  with  tlie  I.  lizabethan  bisliops.  But  the  eeven- 
tettnth  of  the  Articli'«  cannot  fturly  be  interpreted  in  any- 
other  sense  than  that  of  unconditional  election ;  and  the 
cautious  which  are  appended,  instead  of  being  opposed  to 
this  interpretation,  demonstrate  the  coireclitcss  of  it ;  for 
who  was  oTor  "  thrust  into  despeiataon,  or  into  ^v^etchIeB8- 
ncos  of  most  unclean  living,"  by  tlio  opposito  dm^trim'?' 

>  It  fi  ImporUnt  U  obum,  IW  In  tht  lni)Dli7  whether  Itie  AltldM  WB 
"  Cklvioinlic  "  or  onl.  Ililf  lenn  Ii  ukiI  id  toDl^dlntlaclion  to  Armmiin.  Among 
Ih*  ■«»»  in  ilcliniv  ol  tlicir  DonX'al'-inittrctbanclaruAKbbii'lii)]!  Liwrtiio*, 
An^itm  Lttturtt  (ISM).  Oa  tbe  Mma  liila,  with  *oma  buiMtinn,  U  Bitbop 
lUnli]  Ilrvini*,  who  mlMn  (be  raatrortn^r.  A»  K^idi,  i^  0-t  **xn.  Ar' 
•Um  lisaa.)    Diihop  Bsinct,  biiiw>V  >  l.alltiiiliiurun,  io  fait  dlffiaMioiwU  il'» 


U6      THE  KEtOSMAIIO.V  IN   OiCIJLXO  AMD  SCOTLAND. 

Brftdforil  wliun  in  prison  in  London  diaputeU  on  Utis  tiibJMt 
with  certain  '*  froe-wilI«nt,"  of  whom  he  wi-ot«  to  his  fel- 
low*iniu:tyr8  then  at  Oxionl.  Ridley*s  telU^r  in  rvj>ly  oer- 
taJnly  iinplifji  Bym^iaUiy  wtUi  Lih  friend  in  tlua  opinion  ' 
Strj'pt;  savs  tiint  Ridley  and  Bradfonl  wrot4>  on  pmlL-sti 
Dutiuii,  und  that  Bnidfoi-d's  treatise  vas  approved  liy 
Ci-annier,  Uidlt^y,  luid  Lnliincr.  The  n.-lation8  of  Cruu^ 
nior  to  Ituccr  and  Peter  Martyr  throw  light  on  hiw  opiitiuii 
ralativu  to  this  question.  Bucisr,  bc:for«  he  vra&  called  to 
Englimd,  had  dedicated  his  exposition  of  the  Rommus,  in 
which  he  sets  fortli  the  doctrine  of  absolute  predeatinntiun, 
to  CrunincT.  I'vtvr  Martyr  chiborutoly  defended  this 
t«nut  at  Oxford,  and  repUed  to  the  anti-CwIviniKtic  trea- 
dses  of  Smith,  liis  pn>dccessor.  and  of  Pigliiua,  the  oppo- 
nent of  Culviu.  It  wiis  during  the  rt-sidcncc  of  Martyr 
at  Oxford,  that  the  Articles  were  framed.*  Ou  the  au- 
-CWtdon  of  Mary,  Criuimer  offered  to  d<- fend,  in  coujono 
tion  witli  liis  friend  Martyr,  in  a  public  diitputation,  tli« 
doctrines  which  had  boen  estahliiihed  in  the  previous  reign. 
It  a  imposnhla  to  belivvv  thut  they  nuitvriidly  diflii-rt.-d 
on  this  promiDoiit  point  of  theolo^cal  belief.*  'Iliere  ia 
more  ground  for  the  assurtion  thut  tlio  fornmlarie«  of  the 
Churcli  of  England  are  Augiiatinian,  in  distinction  fcom 

J  CBWian  of  Uis«uliJ»:i.  mjt:  "tt  )<  not  be  drn].  I  tliat  Ihe  Artid*  [xrli.]  hnh 
IB  b*  ftanud  UMMling  to  St.  AiMJn't  daelrine."  "  11  jt  vny  pntbtbl*  Ihit 
dMM  wlio  jiaiaei  It  niNUil  that  the  deem  la  abwlutt."  liJiiiitUiim  ij  ti* 
MXMIX.  Arlielit  (Art-  ktIi-I. 

>  Tbc  ni(^rnilbn  lA  Vi-Wvf  !•  inilintnl  in  th«  mnvk  llul  ht  <tan«  not  wtllt 
MhenrUc  on  thli  Bubitct  "  lliin  th«  vttj  Coxl  iloUt,  M  St  w«T*,  |M>1  in*  br  Um 
hMd."    Work*  (rarknSoc^).  p-  368. 

*  "  la  du,  ren  der  Leodontr  8}-natI«  im  Jihr  US/l,  aur^fuats  Claubant- 
bckMOtnla  der  BsgllMilMii  Kicli*.  wunloo  dia  t.«lin>  tun  dgr  KriMUndr,  in 
riMiilii>ltn*[1nii.  and  dtr  BwbtfulJKunii.  >iif|[*noniin(n,  M  Hit  Uart.rr,  mid 
nit  ihni  iklb  glcicliiFiilllfftn  prDlmliiiiiiKiliiin  Tticaio^fu  in  Fln^Und  lU  U\tt- 
BciItUi  tiaKMi."  Dr.  &  Srhmiilt,  Pitir  Marlgr  I'trmlili,  Ltbtn  ■•  -HugatMl, 
Bdrifltn,  p.  117. 

•  ttpon  ihc  Cdvinlsm  of  Cniiiinfr,  Ridley,  and  Latlmor,  te  llonl.  lUCflomi 
Ti«tfli  >■  Knffbin-f,  i.  Si.  Iluiil  ratnn  to  Cninmer'i  nnta  on  tb«  Gnat  BiUs 
ta  MtllinjE  the  point  Ibat  h*  vu  a  "  modaratr  Catrlolrt." 


JILVKISU  IX  KSGUHD. 


StT 


■ 


Cftlvinistic.i  Yet  it  i»  iu]i»itt«il  by  CMidUl  acholiLn  QaA 
at  the  l)L-ginning  of  EliiabeUi's  reign  "  CaUinistio  teaich- 
iug  gvttvnilly  pixsvuilud."  >  But  tliroiigli  tliu  wliulc  reign 
of  Edward,  ubo,  Calviii'a  pereoiial  uitlueiict;  vaut  gtaat  in 
England.  ll\»  coiitroviiray  with  t*ig)iiii»,  und  the  expiil- 
Hion  of  Uolaec  from  O^nevn  in  lui'l,  oicitt.-d  gcncml  ftt* 
t«nt^on.  It  wiu  about  this  time  that  election  and  kindled 
tO(>ica  be^ui  to  be  agitated  in  England.  Undvr  date  ol 
September  10,  1562,  Bartliolomew  Trabtiron  wntte  to 
Bidlingur :  "  1  am  exceedingly  dusirout  to  know  wbtl  you 

1  Ttie  partlculnn  in  wliidi  Caliin  Tirlril  (rom  Au|>iullne  ftre  thiK.  Au^n**- 
Una  mitlf  tb«  full  oi  AiUfn,  (b*  linl  tin,  the  obj«(  o(  n  pcrmlHlce  rinrrr. 
OllTin  WM  not  HilidlKl  itllii  n  lurt,  |wwir(  pannlMian  on  tlic  plrL  of  God,  wid 
Dukoa  Btalenuintf  whicli  liml  l<i  i)ic  •iiimljp.nntiii  i>laa.(Sfiifiipr>.p.  ^fDS.)  Thit 
rtew  ««■  dcreloind  bj  Bta  iml  a  iKlInn  nf  Ihc  (.'•li-jni-la.  Bui  inlnUparlan 
or  Aoguniniu  Cnlviniitn  hu  lud  iba  auSrivw  <it  ■  iuj<iriiir.  It  ii  fnund  In  il» 
WeiUsUiiUr  Contuiian,  and  sivd  iIm  <rtml  o(  ih(  Si-iimi  ol  l>orI  ila«  uol  ga 
hcfvni  it.  Anmttina  h«l'l  la  l)i«  pnrlvriliua,  in^lfad  o(  Iht  repratNUlon  ol 
tbr  wi«k*i);  or  rethfr  In  Ihpir  nprabuion,  not  to  (in,  but  tothr  pnnfduntnt  of  iln 
(l^ot  ibo  puM|[«»  KV  UiioMbtr,  OngntmattdUiM,  i.  40i. )  lligb  Cdvlniil* 
btlil  lu  •  (Kiiiiiro  ikcna  a(  npnilHliiiii,  uuloipiat  la  (list  nl  cluctloni  jttt 
dtnii^i  tlul  (tod  In  til*  autliot  of  ain.  Caliio  ililbml  Imiii  Auj^Miiiia  in  boi>l- 
iUK  Is  Iba  perMvmnoa  of  all  bsliavart;  Ihat  U,  Uib(  iinnu  but  Ihg  iltiul  ctet 
MvniM  Mt'iii);  faltli.  Auguitioa  atlributuil  to  Uia  Mcnuaaotaa  (paaMralUH 
nil  ttii:  tiun-flrcL  TIiui  be  bald  ibat  atl  baptimt  Inlanta  an  urtil.  lUa  my 
mnaiilal  Iwift  taolun  dacland  to  Im  a  ttatora  of  Ida  Anglican  lytKia,  at  op- 
piwail  to  Ibat  <■(  Calvin.  tSoi,  i.  g^Biaal,  OleL  •/ Oa«r.  anliiiit.  TlnaL.p. 
lOS.)  BbI  (Uvin  (oaibM,  tint  indunl  that  a  wring  moMura  of  gnn  i*  f^ttti 
loallbapIlHddilMnn;  bcii  iilll  ilini  all  >ucb  arc  "mgntud  lalo  iba  bod^  id 
thadiurtb,"  -aoaplad  a*  Itli  (()ud'*|  cblldnn  hy  ib«  aolmn  ajnbal  «t  adop- 
lloD,"  ud  Ibat  "  Uoi!  ba*  bia  dllleniK  di^fno  (d  trK*n«niii[i|  thoM  irhirm  lis 
ha*  adopted."  I*mI^  iv.  xtI.  9,  31.  lie  itscbci  tbal  gnet  ia  impannt,  la 
aoina  rjtual,  to  non-elert  adulu,  Dba  an  tbui  midcrad  mor*  laMcciiMblr. 
Tbe  M  optr*  iqurata  tbooiy  of  llie  Hunmeatis  the  Uumj  <d  IJiaJr  iotriixii 
eflideoqr,  huttpandtnlly  ol  Iha  tcaUng  ol  Iba  raefplont,  la  daninl  —  in  iln 
11  n  Arllclm,  tipmaljr  —  and  "the  wholcaamo  effctl  op  operaliciu "  of  iliam 
1>  confined  "foanch  enly  ■•  aroRblly  nnlrt  the  wme."  Arllvia  xra.  affiroia 
Dial  "  we  miitl  f«Bii'*  Owl'i  pmnitta  in  luch  «■•>  u  ihoy  b*  ganerallj  Mt 
fortb  to  lu  in  Itoly  Sriiplura."  Tb<*  l>  MmallmiB  md  to  be  Hltl-Calvlnlillc 
Hut  (Uvin ray* liim  "111?  vui<.'C  nl  ibe (iut|wil addrama all  nan  jtBUWVlljr',"  aiM 
Jiat  "the  promiiu  aronffcnd  t>|iuiJlylo  tbt  Itllbful  and  die  implfnii."  /««., 
tn.  xxll.  10,  and  u.  v.  10.  Tlie  Anicio  Impllta  tbe  C^lrlni>ilc  o  Ai^wtiaiar 
Jiltlnrlian  between  the  "itciTt  will,"  «!  purpeaB,  and  "Uut  irill  H  (iod* 
Vblcb  li  fipTMslj'  d»clarwl- 

*  UloBt,  OM.'/ /todr.  aid  HilttrUal  nal^  IT.  "Oalrlniaa."  p.  IIU. 


no     THE   BKVOBUATIOK   IK   KNULANO  AUU  (iCOTLAHD. 


troY&sy  among  Protestants  in  the  early  stages  of  tha 
Rulurtii&tioii,  WHS  Uiu  I/ord'it  Suppur.  On  thJN  Hubjitct. 
Uie  Church  of  England  allie<l  itaeU  to  the  Refonned  or 
Culviiiistic  bntnch  of  tlm  Protest&iit  family.  It  must  be 
reinembei-i:il  tb:it  llticer  and  Ciilvin  had  atruck  out  » 
middle  path  between  the  Lutheran  idoa  of  the  local  pn;*- 
cncc  Af  vbv  liody  of  Christ  in  th«  Cudiuut,  im<l  th«  idea 
of  a  mere  commemoration,  which  was  the  oiigiual  view 
of  Zwinglt^  This  middle  dtx:triitL<  denied  the  l^utliurun 
liypotbiaiB  of  tUe  ubiq[uity  of  Chrutt*s  body,  aaa«rted  that 
it  is  now  confined  to  heaven,  but  nt  tlic  samo  time  RiGrniAd 
ft  real,  though  n>y»tvri»u.-(  and  puri'ly  npIriliuU  reception 
of  Chriat  by  believers  alone,  by  virtue  of  vhicb  a  vital- 
izing powor  is  conimiinicutuil  to  thu  n^jiiont,  «ven  (roin 
His  body.  With  this  hypotlieais  of  a  real,  but  spir- 
itual prusviiec  irnd  reception  of  Chriist,  the  Zwingliaos 
were  satiaBed.  Even  Zwingle  and  CEoolainpiidius  were 
not  disposed  to  contend  ngainst  It;  and  it  formed  the 
biui«  of  union  between  Calviit  and  his  followers,  and  the 
Zwinglian  Churobes.  At  the  outset,  after  giving  up 
transubstantlation,  Cruiimer  adopted  the  Luthenui  doc- 
trine of  consubelantiHtioi) ;  but  Itidley  eiubi-a«:ed  tlia 
Surias  doctrine,  in  its  later  form,  ajid  Cranmor  avonred 
bimsclt  of  thi;  mmv  mind.  On  th«  Slst  i>f  IX-oember, 
154$,  Bartholomew  Tralieron  writes  to  BuUlnger  ol  tha 
nispntiition  which  Iiiid  ju«t  boon  held  in  London,  on  tho 
EuchariBt,  "  in  the  presence  of  alinoat  all  tlte  nobility  ol 
England."  Ho  says:  "the  Archbishop  of  Onntcrbury, 
contrary  to  general  especlation,  most  openly,  firmly,  and 
k'anicdly  imunt^incd  your  opinion  upon  tliis  subject. 
His  arguments  were  as  follows :  Tlio  body  of  Clirixt  wns 
taken  up  from  ua  into  heaven.  Christ  has  left  the  world. 
*  Yo  have  the  poor  always  with  you.  but  me  ye  have  not 
always,'  etc  Next  followed  the  Iti»hop  of  Riwhe-sler  * 
[Ridley].  "The  trutll  never  obtained  a  more  brillijin^ 
Tictor}-  among  ns  "  —  tliat  is,  in  ooiiflict  with  the  Pnpista. 


I 
I 


THE  DOCTRINE  OF  THE  LORD'S  SUPPKB. 


841 


^m  **  I  peiveire  tluiC  it  is  all  over  witL  Luthemuiflm,  non 
H  tbftt  tluiBe  wiio  were  considered  iU  priQcipal  and  almost 
"  only  siip}>ort<;ri>,  liwvc  iilti>K«tthtT  eomtf  over  to  our  dido."  * 
Tlie  exiliM  who  (lod  from  Ktigland  on  the  dentil  of  Ed- 
ward, %vero  iuhoepitabty  rvcL-iwd  lu  Gunniuiy  on  account 
iol  thiiir  Cnlvinistr..  lu  15G2,  iifier  the  iintdnptloi)  of  Uifi 
Articles  und«r  Ehzubiitli,  Jewel  MTote  to  l'et«r  Alai't^T: 
**  As  for  matters  of  doctrine,  we  hnve  pared  cverytliiiig 
away  to  the  quick,  and  do  not  differ  Civ)iii  your  dodriao 
by  a  nail'i  broadth ;  for  us  to  the  ubiquiturian  theory  "  — 
the  Lutheran  view™"  there  is  no  dangur  in  tUi»  countrf, 

IOpiitions  of  that  kiiid  can  only  gain  admittance  where 
the  stones  have  M'-nKC." '  But  tlium  ia  no  ueod  of  bring- 
ing forward  furtlier  eridenco  on  tliiii  point,  Minco  the  Arti- 
cles explicitly  aaaert  the  CalviniBtio  view.  In  speaking 
of  the  English  Rpfomicrs  oc  CalvinUtic.  it  is  not  implied 
tliot  tJiey  derived  tlieir  o])iuionit  from  Calvin  exclusively, 
^m    or  received  them  on  bis  authority.     They  were  able  and 


I  Cruuncr  tiiinwif  Hji,  nfrrrind  l«  hia  Iranditioni  ill  th«  lint  jmr  of  Kd- 
Vknt,  of  tb«  Lulhonn  (^IwIiIkiii  of  JuXiu  Juciiu,  in  vrliidi  it  li  alfirmfd  Ih*t 
til*  (x-ly  Mill  liliHvl  n(  Uio  fisvUmt  *Tt  nniind  by  Uu  inoalb:  "KM  toeg  ht- 
ivn  I  wrote  lh«  Mill  r*luclili'iii,  I  vai>  ta  tl>kl  omiT  of  the  nkl  prcwam,  m  I 
wui  tamjr  yi«n  pail,  in  dinn  otiicr  emn,  h  trui*ub«Uiill*llDa  "  —  bnv 
fau  ennmtraic*  aih«r  papal  doEtriau  which  be  bad  mm  held.  Cnniner,  Trtal- 
HM  «•  tha  laril'l  Sti/ifitr  (Farker  Soc-t,  p-  STi.  In  Um  dbcuMien*  riywi- 
Idr  tbo  K^ouaaol,  prlur  to  ili«  pnt«Klina  cf  llio  xi.it  Aitlclu  at  I5U| 
Bocer  (bought  Mirti  t  tiw  7wiii|[hnn.  Km  C.  Schmidl.  J*tltr  Xartyr 
VrmlfUi  Ltkn  m.  iHU'ftirMki  Seit^/Un,  p.  103  wr).:  Uaalii,  Oipin  «. 
Banr,  /rfAfH,  ate,  p.  Ut;  lludvkk,  Ultfn^  <{f  rA<  Artidtt  of  Xttigbm, 
p.  'M.  Dill  Ibli  1«l  Id  no  Mrloui  diMgraomeDt.  Bucer  u)d  Slutirr  onn  l><)lh 
tubslaallillj- Ctlvlnlillc  The  Idol  that  Cnnmer  vn  dUlnellnMl  (oili«  "SwIm 
dootrina  "  u  contradltMd  bjrhli  ovu  wordii  "  Doom  dlwaaleth  In  nathlaH  Iruin 
fXoiUinpadiiu  and  Zviocliua,"  r*r  iniW'i  SufftrlFiAtr  Sot.)  p.  t2S>  llu 
chanint  in  Uio  Onlrr  of  Comnusloii,  in  the  IbTliian  of  lOS).  lire  Zwlni^lan  (a 
IJHir  tunc.  Sm>  TiSnlirfin,  tliMary  (/  Om/tnmt**  and  «(ltr  PrtntJifgi  tut. 
lueltJ<i-iilt  llf  lUmitm  of  lit  Bovk  ffCriaunt  Prv^r.  pp.  i,b.  KinK  Kdwanft 
('■lfl<'hS-in  for  aM  ^diitulinakUn  Ui  L«aicb|  \t  lUAnit^ly  anli 'Lutheran.  The  Mm* 
manioniili-a  tld«  of  the  Kiicbariil  14  rnplianlxal.  PaJlh  ii  ilnuribRl  a*  tha 
mnath  of  the  apirit  far  iMaiviag  Chriit.  Set  /.tly^git*  «f  King  EiieATi 
IPukit  See. )  pp.  ilfl,  tlT-  lli»k:p  Uo-^nlal^  Iba  filvad  of  Cnuvtr,  tnr» 
a  wi^tinji  at  Calria  on  tha  Sacramsnt. 

•  lUfaaiy T, IMt.    Zuri.li  I.rlian(gaMn(iii,p.lH. 


B4S     THE  RCrORJIATtOH   IX  EXOLAND  XTOt   SOOTLAMD. 


(iwnied  mt^ii,  and  vxplonrd  Uio  S^^ripturc*  aiu]  tbo  patriatk 
writ«rfi  for  tbeinaielvcs.  Yet  no  name  was  held  in  Iiighcf 
tioiior  among  tlicm  tluin  thnt  of  tlie  Gi-Duvaii  Rvfomier. 

A  oontroveray  of  greater  tnoment  for  the  subsequent 
coclesiaBlicsvl  us  vriOl  as  polJtinil  bistoiy  of  England,  vui 
that  betveen  the  Angliciins  and  I'uritans.  From  tJic 
boginning,  there  were  some  in  England  who  viebed  to 
introdure  more  nulirjtl  <^Iuin|ri<i«  and  to  conform  tlto  English 
Uefot  miition  to  tlio  typo  which  it  had  readied  among  tltc 
Reformed  or  CalviniKtie  ChiircJies  on  the  C>onttnont. 
Tbiti  diajHMltion  gaint-d  force  through  the  residenoe  of  tlie 
foreign  divines  in  England  in  the  time  of  Edward,  and 
•till  more  by  the  n>tum  of  the  exiles  after  tlic  aocoMion 
of  Eliiiabetl).  The  great  obatncies  in  the  way  of  obtain- 
ing  tlio  changes  which  tliey  desirt-d,  livcro  the  etreqgth 
of  tlie  Catholic  party  awl  tlic  conserratism  of  Qaoon 
Kliz»V>C!th.  Tito  controverBT  first  had  respect  to  the  use 
of  the  TiMlinvnts,  ■.■j^pocJaUy  the  cap  and  surptioe,  and 
extended  to  other  peculiarities  of  tlie  ritual.  The  ground 
of  the  Puritan  objoctlon  was  that  tliose  things  were  iden- 
tified in  the  [in|)iilar  mind  witli  the  pujud  notion  of  n 
particular  priesthood.  Tliey  were  badges  of  Popery,  and 
for  this  reason  should  Ix-  dismrdt-d.  Wli<-n  tt  was  nsplied, 
Unit  the  surplice,  tlie  croait  in  baptism,  kneeling  at  tlio 
Sacrament,  are  things  indilTorcut  in  their  natnrc,  the  re- 
joinikT  n-ns  miulo  that  since  they  ait!  misleading  in  thoir 
influence,  they  are  not  indifferent,  in  the  moral  sense , 
but  that  if  tliey  are  indifferent,  the  magistrate  has  no 
right  to  impose  them  upon  Christian  people:  it  is  an  to- 
Cringemeut  of  Christian  liberty,  In  tbia  last  affirmntion 
was  involved  an  idea  with  regard  to  the  Siipremney  whidl 
miiNt  lend  to  a  diffi>rence  of  a  more  nulical  cliaraoter. 
Hooper,  who  is  often  styled  tlio  father  of  the  Puritans 
had  spent  some  time  at  Zurich  while  the  Adiapboiistie 
controversy,  which  related  to  the  same  subject  of  cer» 
monieSi  was  laging  in  Germany.      Being  cliosun  tmdet 


I 
I 


K3S  or  POBITANUU. 


Ui 


Etlwuril,  itt  15iJ0,  to  tlie  bift1iu]jno  of  Ulouccstwr,  Iiu  n- 

Ifuaed  U>  vreoi'  ihe  v«Atine»t3  at  bis  coiiHecratioii.  Finnlly, 
after  lie  had  U.-ea  iniprisonet],  tho  diOiculty  wa»  sultlisj 
by  ft  wn)])roiiiiiH%  Tliey  wen-,  ui  fuct,  very  iiiticli  ItiiJ 
Mide  during  this  reign.  At  the  begiimijig  uf  EJiznbetlt'a 
leign  tbeio  wus  a  goiicriU  feuJing  uinuiig  livr  iiwwly  ap- 
pointed biabops,  moat  of  whom  bad  been  abroad  dimn|j 

Htliu  pentecutions  undvr  M»ry,  in  fuvur  of  tlto  disuse  at 
tlie  vestments  and  of  the  otiFensive  ceremonies.  Tbis  waa 
thu  wish  of  JttWL-l,  of  Nowell,  of  Saiidyi^  afterwards 
Archtrisliop  of  Vorlc,  of  Grindid,  wlio  succeeded  I'uikcr 
in  tbe  archbishopric  of  Canterbury.  Only  Co:c,  the 
BiHliop  of  KJy,  who,  tii  thu  cburcb  of  tliu  cxiKw  at 
Fmnkfort,  bad  led  thtt  poily  which  clung  to  the  English 
Liturgy,  and  Park*rr,  who  ]ind  n-mmncd  iu  England 
during  tlio  bilu  rtM^fii,  wure  uii  tltu  oth«^  Hidu  ;  ulthuugb 

H  Porker  appears,  at  the  outnet,  to  have  looked  witJi  doubt 
or  disbvor  upon  thu  vcstmvnts.'  Burleigh,  Walsingtiiim, 
Leicester,  w«ru  in  favor  of  giving  Uiviu  up,  w  of   not 

H>inaking  their  use  compulsory.  EngUab  prvktes,  iu  tbeir 
owreepondeuce,  Bptfuk  of  thvm  in  tlie  snuio  tvrma  of  dt>- 
rision  Mid  conloinpt  us  the  Puritan  leaders  uft<'i-wurdii 
employed.  For  example.  Juwvl  Bnys  in  uuo  of  his  letten 
to  I'vtor  Martyr :  "  Now  tiiut  tbo  full  light  of  thu  Gvepel 
btm  .shouM  forth,  tlie  vi*ry  vestiges  of  error  must,  na  far 

Has  possible,  be  removed,  together  with  the  rubbish,  and, 
u  Um  aayii^;  iN  with  tlie  very  du.'it-  And  I  wisli  we 
could  effect  this  in  r«spet-t  to  that  linen  surplice.*'  The 
statements  of  Miu:uulay  aru  sufilained  by  the  correepond- 
enoe  of  tlie  HngUsli  with  the  Swin  Kefonnets,  and  by 
other  evidence :  "  Tho  English  Reformers  were  eager  to 
go  08  fitr  as  their  bn.'tlin:n  on  tho  continuiit.  'llioy 
unanimously  condemned  as  anti-Obristian  numeniua  dng- 
ouuand  practices  to  which  Henry  hud  stubbornly  iidliered 
which  Klizabcth  rchictatitly  abandoned.  Many  full 
3b«n.  Oitlery  ttftJu  Omxi  ^'l^^tmi,  p.  IW. 


M4     Tm  RETOSU-MIOS  U  ENGLAND  AXD  SOOTLAXO. 


a  strong  rcptr^iance  «veii  to  thing*  inditTi-rviit,  wliicb  haJ 
formed  part  of  the  jwlity  or  ritiiiil  of  the  myaticHl  Uab]^- 
lou.  l^tis  Bishop  lloopur,  vho  diud  mnnfiillj  At  Glottoe*- 
t«r  for  hix  religion,  loiig  n^fiiflnd  to  wear  tlio  ^boop*! 
%'estinents.  UUbop  tUdIo}-,  »  martyr  of  stiU  grttUcr  re- 
nown, ptiiliH)  down  thu  nncii-iit  a1Uu9  of  hw  diootw,  and 
nnli<r(>d  th«  Kiirlmrist  to  be  administered  in  this  middle  of 
:^turcheB,  iit  t^ibk'S  ivhicb  the  Papist*  irr<.-V4.'rently  t>.Tin«>d 
uytitiT-WirdA.  Ktt))iop  J»wel  pronouiK't-d  (lii;  t'J<>ricnl  gnrb 
to  be  n  stngw  dread,  a  fool's  coat,  n  relic  of  the  Amoritm, 
and  promis«*()  that  be  wottld  sjiiiro  no  labor  to  NXtirjMto 
■neb  dt^nulin^  iibsunliliits.  Arulibishop  Grindal  loi^ 
b«sitntod  nboiit  acccptin);  a  mitro,  from  divliki'^  of  what 
be  l«gnn|iNl  an  tlm  iiiiiinnKiy  of  conflOcratJoil.  Uidhop 
Parithurst  uttcrwl  a  fervent  prayer  that  tlte  Church  of 
Eiij^lhiid  wntih]  pro{Kisu  to  hursolf  thu  Chiiroh  uf  Zurich 
aa  the  absolute  pnttem  of  a  ClinHtiiin  community.''  >  Uut 
the  (^noL-n,  to  whom  tlie  Royal  Supremacy  wa«  the  moat 
rahiJiblo  part  of  ProtiMtnntisin,  wiw  inflt^xibly  opposad  to 
the  proposed  changes.  Not  witlmut  dillicnlty  did  the  new 
hialiopB  eucceed  in  procuring  thu  removal  of  imagva 
fmin  tho  churches,  Tlie  grwtt  fear  of  the  I*rat4»ta»t 
leader!*  wiw  that  the  Queen  would  be  driven  over  to  the 
Catholic  Church,  in  chm  th«y  undertook  to  withstand 

■  Hittarf  tf  A'NjifinW.  I.  IT.  Stfvp*  ur*  that  whan  Qrimlal  WM  appoloMd 
IHitiop  at  Lmi'luii,  lig  ■'  rniiiaiiivil  uii<1,<r  H)iiia  HTiiplM  or  coiudslmateulMat 
tbtogai  eapccltlljr  Itu  hnlilu  aiHl  cctlaln  cifi'itmniui  miuliwl  lo  b*  uMd«f  •olh 
w  ««re  Uduipb  Kor  Uie  ttetuniiad  in  lliov  lliiwi  ([ciitnll}'  wiut  u|ie*  Um 
tCnund,  thil,  <d  order  lo  tho  complcdi  tnx'iiiK  uF  llio  Cliuicli  u[  Qirltl  Inxu  Ite 
trron  wa-\  cocriiplloii>  of  Ronit,  arvry  u-ni^i  mid  i-'uiilDin  prnctiRri  liv  Uutl  BpM- 
Ulc  anil  IdoUlniiu  (.tuKlt  thould  \t  ab^Uniiod,  unil  Ibat  Iha  Mrnt*  of  Utd 
tbould  be  aiMl  ilaiplu,  ilrlpt  <i(  all  ihal  •liov,  |k>iii|i,  aiid  at>[>caniii»,  thai  h«i 
btcn  cutlamarlli'  uvd  liutv^nv  fKlri-minjc  all  (hat  lo  lie  no  IwlKr  llian  MtpnvU- 
daw  >:id  aiit>-<21iri«llait."  i^ft  n/  tiri»iliU,  p.  tS.  In  thu  niga  of  IMitanl, 
Martin  Uuvar,  mUiiiK  uudtr  tVanou'i'iL  tool  at  {.arabtth,  undir  date«f  Apffl 
H,  IMli,  upaalu  of  iIid  nlidliuii  uf  tli<  lolnitiila,  cbrlmi.  tin.,  hi  Ihe  Anfillcaa 
HIuol,  Biid  aajr*!  "Thcr  aRlrin  Itial  then  1*  no  mprnlllhia  in  ihoe  thla^i^ 
■ad  Uiac  tlioy  am  «ii1y  to  tia  ntains'I  ttt  a  Umc,  Icat  the  people,  not  iMftag  }V 
tarntd  l.'hfiit,  tlumltl  ba  detinnt  by  im>  ciUmiTo  InnavRtloni  from  tmbradai 
lia  nllcion,"  tK.    Origtaal  IMUrt.  IL  U». 


1 


I 
I 

I 


b 


DCrELOI'MICMT  OF   rURfTAXISU. 


34fi 


t 
I 

I 

■ 

I 

I 


bit  wisbee.  Moat  of  the  eminent  foreign  di\-inra  on  th« 
coDtin^-nt,  whom  tlicy  coDKulteJ,  couiwili^d  them  to  re- 
in iha  Cburcli,  and  not  iles-^rt  their  offices,  but  to 
>r  pHtivntly  t*i  vffviH  tli«  ruforms  to  which  tti«  Qiio.-n 
would  not  then  eonaetit.  Itut  many  of  the  clergy  did  not 
conform  to  tlio  obnoxious  parts  of  the  ritanl.  This  oo* 
ciunoned  much  disorder  in  wonthii*,  iuk),  im  Uie  Puritans 
wero  not  at  all  disposed  to  follow  their  own  ways  in  u- 
tence,  itgnvc  ri»o  also  to  inuoli  conl4!iitiiiii.  The  Queen 
resolved  to  enforce  unifonnity,  and  rei^Hired  her  hiBhopa, 
WpeciaUy  Piu-Iccr,  to  prosecute  tlie  delinqni.>nt«.  At 
length,  the  I'liritaiis  lM>g:in  to  organize  in  Be|Ktr.vte  con- 
venticles. Bs  their  meetings  were  stylod  by  their  iuIvut^ 
saries,  in  order  to  worship  itcoording  to  the  method  which 
they  approved.  They  were  nomeroiis ;  Iheir  clet^-  were 
Irarnvd  and  t-ffecliw  pri^^aclivrs,  ajid  holU  clvrgy  iind  peo- 
ple were  willing  to  suffer  for  the  Rake  of  conscience.  The 
cruel,  but  iiH^fTctottuil,  porsccntion  of  tliom,  darkcnit  tlie 
reign  of  Elizabeth,  especially  tlie  lnlt<>r  part  of  it. 
Among  th«>  other  ends  for  which  the  Puritans  werv  nlwuy* 
XMlo\iai  were  stricter  discipline  in  the  CImnrh,  ain)  an 
educated,  «amc«t  ministry,  to  take  the  pluo*?  of  the 
thousands  of  notoriously  incompeUmt  clei^ymen.' 

If  Hooper  was  the  parent  of  Puritanism  in  its  incipient 
fonn,  a  IJko  relation  to  I'untanism,  na  a  njx;  and  dt^vcl- 
aped  system,  belongs  to  Thomus  ('artwright.  Lady  Mar- 
garet's Profeaaor  of  Divinity  at  Cambridi^.  About  (ho 
year  1570,  he  began  to  Mt  forth  Ou'  ptinclplit*  respecting 
the  polity  of  the  Church  and  tlie  proper  relation  of  the 
Church  to  the  State,  which  formecl  tho  cre(>d  of  the  body 
of  the  Puritan  party  afterwards.  The  first  point  in  his 
B}-st4-m  is  that  the  Scriptures  are  not  only  the  rule  of 
faith,  but  also  the  rule  for  the  government  and  disci- 
pline  of  tlie  Church.     Tbey  present  a  sclieme  of  polity 


'  Till  cbirctioni  of  Ch*  Puiiunt  l«  tha  Aagllcaa  BltuU  h*  •t*l«d  aod  W 
»I*iMd  br  NmI.  Iliilaiy  of  At  Puritamt,  L  ch.  v. 


iVi      -COB  KEFOBUATIUS   tN   OGIJIMD  AtO  SCOTLARDl 

[roni  which  tli«  CltiinJi  is  uot  at  liberty  to  deport.  71m 
second  point  is  that  the  iiuiDAgcmvnt  of  Chardi  aflain 
bulougs  to  thv  Church  itwU  and  its  officers,  and  not  to 
civil  magistrates.  Cartwriglit  held  to  the  old  vtvw  of  tli« 
distiDOliuii  lietwccn  Bc-ek>«iiuicical  and  civil  society.  Wliil« 
Uiti  iDigistrato  may  not  dictate  to  tbo  Chtir<:h  in  luatlm 
pttttaitung  to  doctrim;  and  discipline,  he  stilt  is  bound  to 
protect  and  defond  the  Chiuvh.  and  see  that  it«  d«<aruos 
sin  i-xfcutod.  Caitwright  wiia  no  adrouate  of  toleration. 
hi  hi«  system,  Chiuvh  and  State  are  indissolubly  linked, 
and  there  must  bu  uuifonuity  in  rt^-ligion.  But  what  tiiat 
tyBtem  vt  roligioii  and  worsbi])  aliaJI  be,  wliicb  it  bekufc* 
to  the  ma^trato  to  mainUun,  it  is  fur  the  Clmrch  in  its 
own  uwumbliu*,  and  not  for  hitn  to  decide.  Moreorer, 
Cartwriglit  cuitcnded  tliiit  Uie  sj'stem  of  polity-  which  tliv 
Scrlj>tun-j>  orvliiiti  iit  thu  Prmbylvriaii,  and  tlutt  jirulaoy  is* 
therefore,  unlawful. 

This  was,  of  course,  a  blow  at  tbo  Quwn's  Supremacy, 
aa  it  had  been  luidei-sUtixl  aud  exerciacd.  It  is  true  that 
Elizabeth  disclaimed  the  title  of  Head  of  tliu  Ghar«h  and 
oalltHl  btTBclf  it«  Govurnor.  Th«  tliirty-seventli  Article, 
wliiuh  wn.1  framed  under  KlizalKtIi.  expressly  denies  to 
ihu  civil  magistrate  tbu  riglit  tu  ailnjintstvr  the  W'^ocd  or 
Die  saorantenU.  Itut  her  viHitiitorial  power  had  no  defined 
liniite.  She  did  not  bt-sitato  to  prc«oribo  what  should  be 
preached  and  what  should  not  bo,  and  wliat  i  itee  should 
bo  practioed  and  what  omitted,  in  a  style  wbi.b  reminds 
one  of  the  Byzantine  emperoi-s  in  tltc  age  of  Justiniiui. 
She  was  not  eatisfied  with  disposing  of  ecclesiastical  poa- 
sessiona  at  her  will.  Sir  Christopher  Hatton.  one  of  tlie 
Qoeen 'a  favorites,  built  his  house  in  the  garden  of  Cox, 
the  Bishop  of  Ely  j  and  when  bo  attempcod  to  prevent 
the  spoliation,  slie  wrote  him  a  laconic  note,  in  which  sha 
threatened  with  an  oath  to  "  unfrock  "  bim  if  lio  did  not 
instantly  comply  with  her  bebeat.  She  forbade,  in  ttut 
raost  peremptory  loujincr,  the  meetings  of  clergjTaen  foi 


THK  fCDKr^NUeSTS. 


347 


I 


diautuaion  aud  mutiuil  improvement,  aiUi-d  '*  piupht^- 
injjs."  When  Arclibi-iltup  tirindul  obj<-cU.>tl  U>  liur  urdiT 
and  renunded  her  ttuit  tUc  reguhtioii  »f  sucb  luattvre 
bvlongs  bo  tlio  Clitirch  liavU  mid  to  its  bishop*,  sbti  kvpc 
him  suspended  from  his  oiEue  for  n  iimnber  of  ycaiB. 
Tbo  dcfctrinc  of  Ciuiivrigltt  :iiinibil»U:(l  mieh  pix.-tuiv>i<>itli. 
IJut  tlie  L-ontroversy  whidi  it  uptMii-il  upon  Uio  proper  coti* 
sLtutioa  of  th«  Churdi,  oapcually  upon  the  questions  relnt- 
tn^  U>  opjaoopaoy,  waa  destined  to  ftltiiko  Uio  ICngliHb  Church 
toitefoundfttJoiH.  He  found  a  Tigorous  opponent  in  W)iit< 
gift ;  and  tlmra  were  not  wanting  many  uUier  IcnrniHl  lutd 
ouger  diaputaute  on  each  side.  Before  the  end  of  Eiizo- 
iK-th's  rvign  n  divisiun  iippi.>urod  umonj^  the  Ptu'iliinit, 
tlimiigli  tJio  rise  of  the  Independents.'  Tliey  took  tho 
gronitd  that  uatjomil  chui-chL-a  havo  no  rightful  existence, 
i'huy  differed  from  tlie  oUu-r  Piiritauit  in  huing  Supam- 
tistB.  According  to  their  Bystera,  as  it  is  explained  li»li*r 
by  John  Robiiuan,  th<:ir  ]>r>n<.-i])(rtl  Iiuidur,  tliv  local  Chnrch 
is  iiuh'pL-ndtnt ;  autonomic  in  ite  polity  ;  its  inemUtra 
being  bound  togctliur  by  a  ooveinuit ;  its  teacliun  l>viiig 
ulvoted,  und  its  discipline  managed  by  popular  vote.  The 
Independents  di<l  not  tvcngtiize  the  Church  of  Knghmd, 
iu  its  national  fuvm,  aa  a  true  Chimili ;  but  tlie  separate 
parish  churchi-K  or^guiiiiwd  under  it,  might  be  true  chureboa 
of  Christ.  Their  prime  f:iult  was  the  neglect  of  diaoi- 
pline,  in  oonaequence  of  which  some  other  proof  of  Chm* 
tian  ehamcter  must  be  required,  bestdra  inembeiship  in 
tltem.  During  the  reign  of  Elixabeth,  tlie  litdepeitduuU 
had  acquired  no  considerable  power,  although  they  were 
tliu  victims  of  cruel  jierMOUtion. 

About  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  century,  a  new  turn 
was  given  to  tite  Puritan  oonti-ovcny  by  the  grmt  work 
ut  Hooker,  the  tn^dsc  on  ICocIesiasticul  Polity.     The 

■  Huiliury.  FI!mi.  MnumaU  rtlalttfe  <U  Iti  ludtffJ'mu  (3  vili.  Ijiniloa. 
13S9].  WaJ.llnKlon,  C-mi^rtgiUiimal  Clurdt  UtlUrjtfivm  Ik*  Jt^firmalirm  b 
l«l.    (Ijiii.l.-n.  ISatk 


K    l«l.     (Ij>ii.l 


S48      im  REFOBUATION  IN   ENOLAXD   AXD  SOOTtABD. 

•bnit^^I  Umn  n{  iliiti  wtirk,  cotnlnncd  n-itli  its  vigoroM 
nasonliig  and  its  eloquetiL'^,  seemed  to  tuke  up  tbe  eoU' 
trOToray  into  a  higlier  utni<j«|tlicre.'  Hookur  <-iuleavors  to 
go  to  tlie  l)utt'>iii  of  the  subject  by  inTeetigatiDg  tlie  nii- 
ttirv  of  lu\TH  mid  tlie  origin  of  initliohty.  One  ol  his  fon- 
tbim^iiiUtt  pnipQsitioas  Is  that  the  Clitircli  is  endued  wiOi 
a  legisbitivo  authority  by  its  Founder,  within  the  limits 
Kit  hy  Him.  It  miiy  vary  its  (iT]g»iiizjttioii  iind  riietliodaol 
vrorsbip,  and  it  b  shut  down  to  no  preaci-ibed  syntem.  He 
liolcU  Hint  EpL8co]xu.'y  is  tut  upvetolical  instatotion,  and  is 
tlie  U-Nt  form  of  guvvniiuiMit;  hut  ho  ni^wRn  to  Uiink 
th>tt  the  genoni!  Churoh,  "  as  Uie  highest  subject  of 
poweri"  is  not  Hh6ulut4;Iy  hound  to  adhvra  to  tliis  system, 
Knoe  tlio  Clitirch  at  thus  iin  uiithoriz«d  Inwgiver,  it  la 
fu<'tiouB  to  disoboy  the  regulations  vrhich  the  Church  €»- 
tubltsliL-s.  whero  tlioy  do  not  contravene  the  laws  of  its 
Fouiiiler.  Haol(i;r  iditntifii'ii  Cliurch  and  State,  coiaider- 
ing  ^e  two  as  di^erent  aspocts  or  functions  of  one  and 
tile  same  society.  Tlie  suprvmacy  of  tlie  king  ov^^r  tlifl 
Church  is  tlte  higical  corollary.  It  is  remarkable  that  be 
answers  the  oomphiint  that  Christian  people  nro  dtfpnv«l 
of  &  voice  in  the  choice  of  their  officers,  hy  bringing  for- 
ward the  theory  of  tlie  social  compact,  tlie  same  theory  u 
that  wliich  Locke  aftcnvurds  presented.  In  Irntli,  thil 
theory  is  one  of  the  i.':in1iiial  jiriticiplcs  of  Hooker.  It  la 
X  government  of  laws,  and  not  a  deiipotism,  which  Iiv  nd* 
TOcntc*  both  for  the  Stjite  and  for  the  C3im-ch.  His  ocm- 
oeption  of  a  limited  monarchy  was  one  not  agreeable  to 
the  theory  or  practice  of  the  Tiidors.  But  ho  curiously 
applies  this  theory  to  justify  suoh  customs  as  the  eontr^ 
exerciwd  hy  patrons  in  the  appointment  of  the  oiei^. 

Ab  we  look  bitck  to  the  In-^^nnings  of  the  Pnritan  eon> 
trovcrey  in  tlio  rcigu  of  Kdward  and  at  the  arcesaion  of 

>  Tbs  liinptT  at  lliji'lcr  amy  l>>>  jml^rl  Frain  Ihn  (ot]o<aioii  n'-liln  wiilcnrc 
"Tlienwill  voai-  *  tiinr  vl>«ii  throe  words,  uiwml  vilh  chirn^  aiid  mcFkiuu 
(hall  rtniv*  a  fir  inon  hla««d  r*>nr<J  ihuu  three  [hoiu&nd  tdIiiidoi  mtttci 
•iUi  tltldtinf ul  tlutiiiiMi  ot  wit."    Kichtimt,  PoSlgi  Prtfatt. 


•rllB  rUBTTAN  COXIBOVEISr. 


840 


Elimbftli,  it  BAutns  pluin  that  tliu  qiiiwti^/ntf  vn-m  ihoM 
nit  wliidi  good  mid  wise  nieii  among  the  Prott.'staati , 
might  differ,  lluli  of  th«  niition  vrsa  Cuthotio.  Thtt  I 
ul«rgy  were  of  Htiith  h  chiir.ictei'  DutC  out  o(  Ic-n  thousand 
not  Dioro  tbiui  a  fcw  hundred  clioeo  to  leavu  tht-ir  p'i.icoa 
nith<>r  tJinn  oouforni  to  th«  Protmtiint  aytttem  of  Ed^ 
w^ivl,  A  great  part  of  them  wcro  extremely  ignorant^ 
Hnd  on  a^qiinl  luiinWr  ]>r<.ifuri'<:d  thv  Ituiiitvn  Cutliolio  sjs- ' 
Una  to  any  other.  I  low  ciui  the  people  ever  be  woo 
fnim  p"pi'ry,  tho  Puritims  diMiiiuid"<],  if  no  vi-ry  jktcojh 
tiblo  ctniige  is  made  in  tho  niodue  of  wonJiip  :ind  in  tbol 
ttpparul  of  thu  ministry?  If  tlic  distinctivu  cmblrms  nod 
bwlgvH  of  pi'p'-ry  an?  h>ft,  how  hIuiII  Uio  ppoplp  be  brought 
out  of  that  systoin,  and  bu  lod  to  give  u]>  tho  wholv  tlii-ory 
of  priMlly  inudiutioii  ?  Hut  the  fttiito  of  tliiiitrs  thnt  mov«d 
nno  [Kirty  to  lulopl  tUh  ronchiHion,  li-.u\  an  opposite  effect 
njKtn  the  judgiHL'nt  of  th«ir  opponents.  Protestantism 
niiiy  (ail  nItogt'Uicr.  Ihwy  arjjiiocl,  if  it  breaka  too  abrn|)tly 
with  the  tnulilioaal  customs  to  which  a  great  part  of  the 
nation  nrv  ottAcliitd.  Better  to  retain  whatever  is  any- 
wiso  compatible  with  thn  «<mentiA)»  of  Protmtanlism,  mA 
\v«an  th»  |»-o])1e  from  tlieir  old  supentitioos  by  &  gentler 
pixincsf.  IIi>ld  on  to  ttiu  nppard  and  the  oeremoaics,  bat 
nirnfiilly  instruct  the  people  ns  to  tJieir  real  signilicance. 
TIniH  l\w  true  doctriiie  will  bo  saved ;  and,  moreover,  the 
n'ligi'iiL*  lift!  of  tho  nation  will  prcacTve,  in  a  dcgiin',  it* 
continuity  and  connection  with  the  post.  The  tract  of 
I*ord  fiiicon  on  tin-  "  Piunficittion  of  thu  Chnrch,"  which 
was  written  in  tho  reign  of  tho  succeasor  of  Elimbcth,  is 
«  calm  and  inoderute  tvviuw  of  tho  Puritan  oontrovcrsy, 
in  which  botli  parties  oomo  in  for  .ibont  on  equal  share  ol 
ecnMl.Ti.'  llc!  comphiiitit  of  tin*  Pnritnn».  anioTig  other 
things,  for  insisting  that  there  is  one  prescribed  form  of 
dtwupline  for  all  ohurchi'ii  and  foi'  all  tinn).  Hv  iL<Mnrta 
that  there  are  "  the  general  riles  of  govemmiint :  but  fot 

)  Bkdh'i  irorit  (Uoclagg'a  «■!.),  *U.  •!  •s«. 


160     THE  tCFOTOAIICRI  Ut  ESOJUOI  UtD  SCOIUUID. 


litM  and  cvremonin,  and  for  Uie  particular  liiertuvbiei^ 
poUcdes,  and  diMiplinea  of  churctuen,  they  bi>  left  nt  l&rge." 
Ho  compbuiu  of  '*  the  p«rti&l  affcctatioo  and  imitutioai* 
by  tlw  PiiriUuifl,  "  of  ttu!  foreiga  cliiirvhnt."  But  ia  !<&• 
ipect  to  many  of  lh<!  ovila  n|*aitifit  wtticfa  tlio  pDritaos  pn^ 
terted,  such  lui  non-rf^dcjicv,  pliimlitiui,  luid  Uic  igno* 
nmco  of  the  clerg}*,  he  U  in  symputhy  with  them.  lie 
Utinks  that  hhcrty  should  havo  Iwuu  fjmnti.'d  in  vuioiu 
things  which  were  nllowod  by  the  luUng  party  to  be  in- 
diffcrunt'.  IIu  would  give  up  this  required  un  of  tLo  ring 
in  nuirringv ;  would  give  liborty  in  rcnjwct  lo  themirjdioe ; 
and  he  would  not  exact  sabecriptions  for  rit«s  and  oei»- 
moniiM,  lui  for  urticlvs  of  doctrine.  At  tlio  tine  wboi 
Bacon  wrote,  tlie  opponenta  of  the  Puritans  wete  begii^ 
ning  to  look  witli  favor  on  a  thuory  wliicli  had  tkot  bMD 
held  by  tfaetn  before,  tliat  the  vpuNwpiil  [Kility  ia  aeceasarf 
to  the  exUtence  of  a  church.  Thua  the  Episcopkliana,  as 
troll  ftB  tlie  I'rMbylcrliuis,  contended  (dike  for  tlia  exekp 
aire  lawfubiess  of  their  respective  avBtems. 

The  coiitroTorBy  of  Churcliinun  and  Piiritun  is  not  cx> 
Unci ;  but  however  opiniom  nuiy  differ  in  regard  to  the 
Kngil§h  Keformation  and  tbc  rnvrita  of  thu  principal  ucton 
in  it,  i;vvvy  inin  iit  the  present  tltiy  inuat  ivjoico  tliat  no 
teinpcftt  of  iiMnocbism  ever  swept  over  England.  Wlio- 
ever  lottkit  on  tliouc 

"  SiMlini;  hillt  ■D4  tpodout  plaiaa, 

Bmpraiii  I  ruin  ution  u  than  vrldi  (t«*p)»^<irtn," 

can  partake  of  a  brilliant  French  writer's  admiration  for 
'  thnt  pnivtauil  good  KcnsL-  whioli  has  cITocIimI  rvrolutiuna 
without  committing  i-avages  ;  which,  while  reforming  in 
•U  directions,  has  destroyed  nothing ;  whicli  has  pniM^rved 
both  ita  trees  and  its  conatitulion,  which  has  lopped  off 
Uio  dead  brauchcs  without  levcUng  the   trunk ;   which 

I  "1,  tor  iny  iintl,  ilu  contoM.that.  In  r*vii1viii|i  the  Scriptum,  I  could  mtv 
Ind  uiy  auch  lliliitt:  bat  tlul  God  liail  Inn  tlic  Ilka  llliDrty  la  tlit  Chunb  piv 
MnmiMt  M  be  had  dun*  U  Ui«  di^  Kuveremuit,"  bis.  —  Ikcu'i  tt'urit,  vJI.M 


n 


ooKomos  or  scotlakd. 


■lone,  in  onr  days,  among  all  nations,  is  in  tlie  enjoyt&eot 
not  only  of  thtt  preiunt  but  the  past" ' 

Tlie  IiUtory  of  tht'  Scottish  Rcrurmntion  is  closely  inter- 
iffoven  with  tbat  of  Klizabotli'a  reign.  Uer  Hi.'Ciinty 
depiuided  on  tliB  dix'ifiioRs  of  lior  oniinicSi  on  tbo  mutual 
jeatousieA  of  Uie  Catholic  powers.  To  pnivciit  tliecii  frumJ 
nuiking  coniman  cuu8(>  ugainst  her,  was  ono  of  thti  prio-l 
oipal  eluiueiils  of  bur  pi>licy.  It  n-us,  uUo,  iMMtntiid  Uutt 
neither  of  titam  should  acquire  such  Blrengtli  and  liberty . 
of  uctjou  H8  would  uudiuger  h«r  iafety.  Scothind,  tbe 
(dd  enemy  of  Kiif^land,  and  the  old  ally  of  France,  was 
the  point  from  wliich.  an  aha  fL-mred  and  her  cnemiea 
hopt^^l,  thv  must  duugurouH  iiMsiilt  might. bn  iniulv  ujmn 
her  and  upon  Engliali  Protasbtntiaffl.  The  peril  waa 
much  augmented  by  th«  position  of  Mary,  Queen  of 
Scots,  in  rulHtion  to  ilic  Catholic  gowrninuntii,  and  by 
the  schemes  and  aspiiAtious  that  grew  out  of  her  claima 
to  thu  Eiiglisli  throne. 

In  Sei^ttlaiid  tlie  spirit  of  feudalism  vraa  not  reduced,  us 
it  waa  in  KngUnd:  tbo  fueling  uf  clanship  wax  strong, 
and  th<!  tiobliut  folt  none  of  tliiit  defei-oncu  to  tlie  Bover> 
elgn  wbid)  was  manifeeted  in  the  neighbor  country  anil  I 
in  Franco,     'ilio   ScottieJi  I'Ling  was  without  a  Btonding} 
army  or  even  a  body-guard,  and  must  depend  for  liia  pw-\ 
Bonal  protccrion,  us  well  ils  for  liift  support  in  war,  on  th* ' 
feudal  militia  of  tlie  country,  who  took  tlie  field  under 
tbcir  own  lords.     TIio  natural  roughn«ss  of  tlic  aristoo- 
ncy  of  Sciitland  was  little  softened,  except  in  a  few  in- 
ctances,  by  tlicir  intercourse  witli  tbe  polite  nobility  of 
France.     On  the  contrary,  "  their  dress  waa  that  of  the 
ounp  or  stable :  they  were  dirty  in  person,  and  ul>rupt 
nnd  dinospectfnl  in  manner,  carri~ing  on  their  disputes, 
4nd  even  fighting  out  their  fierce  qiuirreU,  in  tlio  prvaemw 
uf   royalty,  which  had  by  iio  means  accompliahod  Um 


652      THE  RKFOIOIATION   IN    EIKC.LAKD  ASD  SCOTLAIID. 

aOTene,  impenal  tsoUtioit  wliidi  Uie  sovereigns  of  France 
hud  nchifvcd  iiincu  th«  dnjrit  of  Francis  I.  With  tti«  ex< 
caption  of  oiii!  or  two  castlea,  which  had  been  built  in  tlip 
Frcncti  etylo,  tlic  beet  (amilin  vrvrv  crow(b->)  iiitii  narrow 
squiin)  towers,  in  which  all  availiU>Ie  monns  had  been  (uc- 
liaustcd  in  etrengtJi,  leaving  notliing  for  conifort  or 
beauty." '  'llic  royal  n.midon<ra,  wiUi  the  exocpliuti  of  the 
new  palace,  Ilotyrood,  were  Uttle  better.  Th«  common 
people,  pffor  but  prond,  self-willt^  nnd  b(nMcn>ua  in  thoir 
maimers,  could  not,  lui  in  France,  be  kept  at  a  distaitce  from 
royalty.  In  tlie  reign  of  James  V.,  and  gCrncraUy  dunng 
the  r(>g*'n<^y  of  his  Queen,  the  clergy  and  the  sovereign 
were  allied  by  n  common  dosiro  to  curb  the  power  of  the 
nobility.  Hio  clergy  prufit^tl  by  the  forfeitures  and  pen- 
alties inflicted  on  the  aristocracy.  This  was  one  renaon 
why  the  nobles  were  inclined  to  favor  Protc«tanttHm. 
Ilie  lay  gentry  bad  their  eyes  fixed  on  the  vast  estates  of 
their  clerical  rivals."  The  Protestant  tendency,  however, 
was  opposed  by  tlie  Jlxed,  hereditary  feclii^  of  hostility 
to  England  and  to  the  predominanoe  of  Englt&b  inlluence, 
IVrhaps  there  was  no  coimtry  wlmre  Uie  Churdi  nUmd 
in  greater  need  of  reformatjon,  than  Scotland.  The  clergy 
wera  geDeratly  illit«nito.  In  the  fifteenth  century,  threo 
niuveraities  had  been  founded  in  Scotland  —  St.  Andrews, 
Glasgow,  and  Aberdeen ;  but  they  appear  to  liuvc  ao- 
conipliflhed  little  in  elevating  the  cluimetcr  of  tiie  ctei^gy, 
•Itliotigli  they  aroso  in  time  to  Ber\'e  effectually  the  caaaa 
ol  the  Iteformation.  In  Scotinnd,  tlic  Reformation  wai 
not  preceded,  but  followed,  by  the  revival  of  letteni. 
Kot  only  was  the  law  of  celJbaey  practically  abolisliM]. 
bat  the  priestly  order  waa  extremely  <1ts!iolute.  Half  of 
tlie  property  of  the  kingdom  was  in  their  himds.  The 
eoretoiianeRs  of  the  lay  lords  and  a  prevalent  jnat  indtg^ 
nation  at  llio  profligacy  of  the  cli^rical  body  were  the 
moving  forces  of  the  llj-formation      It  diould  be  moD 

1  BoUdo,  niMmy  qf  BcMUnJ,  iv.  1T3.  •  BurtcD,  fr.  M. 


THE  KEGESr   MART. 


£511 


I 


I 


dtmnd  that  praiseworthy,  but  iiiofr«ctiw),  ntt«iiipta  were 
made  by  thu  old  Church  to  abolish  the  most  cryiitg 
abu!tefl.>  After  the  Protestant  spirit  begun  to  loanifeAt 
it««U,  wlicn  the  clui^  met  Uiw  rubukeu  that  were  ad- 
draased  to  them  with  cruel  penMciitioti,  the  populiir  indig- 
nation acqiiind  a  donlilo  iiitenttity.  Wo  litid,  throughout 
tlie  Scottinh  R«foi'i nation,  it  tone  of  unrelenting  boetility 
to  the  papal  syBtem  of  religion ;  a  tempor  idtrnticnl  with 
that  of  Ihfl  propliitlH  of  Uie  Old  Ti^lAimtnt  in  mforence 
to  formalism  and  idolutry  in  the  Jen-ig]i  Cliuroh. 
■  There  were  martyrs  to  tJio  Information  in  the  reigii  of 
JamE«  v.,  the  most  noted  of  whom  \ra&  Patrick  Hamilton, 
who  hiul  hwn  a  stndi'nt  lit  Miirbur)^,  lUid  wh080  dootll 
made  a  profound  inipresaion.  Under  tlio  rc^ncy  of  Uia 
widow  of  Jamea,  after  the  afisaasination  of  Cardinal  Bea- 
ton, thi^  prini'ipul  in«ti{^tor  of  pcreocution,  thero  was,  for  il 
long  time,  a  initd  policy  in  tlie  treatment  of  hereHy.  'Die 
Earl  of  Arran,  tho  Lord  Protector,  at  fint  favon-d  tlie 
Protestant  aide.  During  the  roigti  of  Miiry  of  Englnnd, 
the  hostility  of  France  to  Philip  of  Spain  and  to  lus 
£nglieh  Qnwn,  oporat4>d  to  secure  a  lenient  trcntruotit  in 
Scotland  for  Protestant  refngooa  from  a^^nwa  tho  border. 
Tlie  CoiMfHiaey  of  ^mboiso  luid  not  then  taken  pbico, 
and  the  Guises,  the  brothers  of  the  Itegent,  had  not  fairly 
enterijd  on  tlioir  grand  crusEidu  against  the  Huguenots 
and  tho  Houm  of  Bourbon.  IJut  Afiiry  of  Englimd  di<>d 
in  November,  1558,  and  was  sitcceeded  by  Elizaltelh. 
Evonts  wfre  hastening  toward  a  religious  war  in  France : 
the  Conspiracy  of  Amboiw)  wa«  formed  in  IfiCO.  At  tlie 
instigation  of  her  brothers,  as  it  is  anpposed,  tlte  Itegent 
clianged  her  coume,  nnd  iiiulcrtoulc  to  carry  out  reprvwive 
mvasnro&.  It  was  in  IfloO  that  John  Knox  returned  to 
Bcotlaitd  from  the  Continent,  and  the  crisis  oS  tim  SooUish 
Reformation  soon  ensued. 

1  Buitsa,  It.  40.    Lee,  LWmretmtk*  mnarf  f^O*  Chiral  ^Bcatiand, 
■.TSk<|. 


S54      THE  REFORMATtCKt'  IN   KKOt.AXD   AXD  SOmjUO). 

IdUle  is  known  of  tlie  imnntago  of  Kiiox.  At  Af 
DtuTonit;  of  Glasgow,  lie  was  a  contompomry  of  tlie  <m^ 
ebrate<l  solioliu-  niid  hisU>ri«n,  Georg';  ItucbanHii ;  and  Im 
had  among  bis  tcachen  John  Mair,or  Major,  w]io  had  been 
in  tilts  Univorsitv  of  Puris,  and  liiul  brouglit  hoDvi  witlt 
biiii  the.  Gallicaii  Uteory  of  cliurcli  govcmmoiit,  together 
with  radical  opinions  upon  the  right  of  revolution,  and  tb« 
derivation  of  kingly  iiutiiority  from  popuhir  oousi'nL.  Ma- 
jor had  also  imbibed  tie  opinion  of  tlio  ancaents  that  ty- 
nuinicido  ia  a  vu-tne.  Hu  trax  not  an  ubiu  iimn ;  yot  Iw 
nuiy  bnYO  <:ontribut«<l  somewhat  to  the  development  of 
kindred  opinions  in  t)iu  mind  of  Knox.'  Knox  read  dili- 
I'rgOQtly  AugiiHtint^  mid  J(Toni«,  and  lienrtily  cmbracfsl  th« 
Keform«d  faith.  Deaton  vraa  aassssbated  in  1546  by  oon- 
Kpiratorw,  noino  of  n-hnni  wero  moved  by  re.-kcntiiiont  for 
private  iujurics,  and  aomo  by  a  deure  to  deliver  the  exMntry 
Irotn  lib  crucltii'S.  Knox  himself  professes  to  acqiiiwoe 
in  thiii  event,  so  far  as  it  van  |>rovidential,  or  llio  act  ol 
God  i  though  it  is  evident,  likewise,  that  be  has  Uttio,  if 
any,  ropuj^anco  ton'ard»  it,  eonsidcrcil  na  tiio  aot  of 
inau.  ThA  enenitvs  of  Heaton  took  refuge  in  tlio  Castle 
of  St.  Andrews.  Knox  joined  them,  with  privuto  pupiK 
whom  ho  was  then  instructing,  llierc  he  was  rallt^l  to 
pn.'skch,  and  n^hiotaiitly  oompUod  witli  the  imperative 
summons  of  his  brethren.  But  tho  castle  was  taken  by 
(he  French  ;  he  waa  carried  as  a  captive  to  France,  and 
experienced  hnrd  usagu  tlicru.  Aftor  his  release,  he  was 
actively  employed  in  preaoVung,  ]iriiicipally  in  tho  North 
of  England,  and  produced  a  great  effect  by  his  honesty, 
MmestliMt.  and  blunt  uloqnencv.  Not  fully  satasflod  with 
the  oocleoaatjcal  system  established  by  Cranmer,  he  de- 
clined a  bishopric  in  tint  Englisli  Churdi.  During  th« 
reign  of  Mary,  Iw  was  for  a  while  at  Frankfort,  and  thwB 
led  the  iwrty  in  the  Church  of  the  exiles,  who  were  op- 


r(eUt«4.,]S3»V^X>.   M>irutUknltdbjB(uih4i» 


IMOX  AND  TJU:   LUBDS  Of   THE  CUNGREQATtCHI 

pu«cd  to  the  ou  of  tbe  Eaglisb  Prayer-book,  vithout 
eertoin  lUtanttiotis  which  tlivy  dcnuuidcd.  Thv  iiKMt  of 
thia  period  he  spent  at  Geuera.  in  the  eoctety  of  Calvin 
luid  thu  <)4h(>r  Genvvuji  prvRcticrs,  uii<]  in  uotivc  labor  as 
pnator  of  a  church  composed  of  Eiigli^i  and  Scotch  reai- 
duiits.  It  ntis  lit  Geneva  that  lio  put  forth  liin  unlucky 
publication.  entitJtul  tin-  "  t'init  Blit«t  of  Un?  Ttiinipot 
agninst  the  Moustrotu  Regimen  of  Womeu;"  a  work 
whicii  was  Hjieoiiilly  ainiLtl,  n<t  lit-  aftemnrcln  cxpluinetl  to 
£liuy  of  Sc-utliuid  itiid  to  Eliziibcth,  at  "  the  bloody  Joze- 
bet "  who  wiia  tlien  reigiui^  in  Etiglwid,  hut  which  denied 
the  right  of  women  to  rule  national  as  a  geoeral  proportion 
in  etiiicH.     NotniilinUuiditig  the  inoonvvnieoce  whidi  this 

H  doctrine  occauoned  him  aftenvarda,  he  had  the  manUness 
to  refuM  to  retract  it.  f!is  cluinay  attempt*  at  apology, 
for  lie  wan  even  more  awkward  in  fmntiit^  apolcfpc*  thaa 

H      Luther,  did  not  coneilinte  tJie  good-will  of  Elizabeth. 

Durint;  Ui>i  nrign  of  Mai-}-  of  E)i(;liiii<l,  whilt;  Uirre  wn» 
war  between  France  and  Sirain,  the  Scottiih  exilt-a  were 

I  able  to  oome  biwk  to  tlH>ir  oouiitry.  Knox  ri'ttirnecl  in 
loAS,  and  ill  the  following  year  the  Scottish  Protestant 
lords  uuitv^  in  a  Holemn  Cuvitnant  to  tli'fimd  their  retig- 
ton  against  jiereecution.  The  goverament  once  more 
renewitl  it«  rcprvMiivo  miiasurus,  and  Ivnox,  who  had  held 
his  meeting*  in  vuriotu  piaeve  with  much  elTect,  was  agun 
forced  to  Leave.  The  Scottish  '*  Lords  of  the  Coi^p^ga- 
tioa  "  DOW  rcaolvud  nt  overy  luiuuxl  to  put  nn  end  to  tlic 
penecntion.     The  jealous  feeling  which  was  nwnkenod 

Irwpoctiiig  thi>  deingns  of  Fnince  upon  Scotland,  and  which 
was  aiignieutod  by  tlie  marriage  of  Mnry  to  tl»e  Dauphin, 
umbini.'d  u  powerful   party  oi^nst   tliu   Regent.      The 
lords  and  the  l*it>t«stant  pruaoben  stood  In  <>p|tiwition  to 

Lthe  Quoan  and  tlie  Catholic  clergy.  Knox  relnrned  an<I 
thundered  in  the  pulpit  agninMt  the  idolatry  ol  tlw;  Itomiali 
wonlup.  In  Pertli  a  Mnnon  in  denmctutiou  of  tlie  wor- 
iLip  of  imitgeM  was  followed  bj  a  rising  of  wliut  Knoi 


i60      THE  RKFOBUATIOM   IX  OGI.AXD  AND  SCOTLAn). 

calls  "  tlw  roACiil  multitude/*  ivli'idi  <]einoliahed  them,  auJ 
puUinl  down  tbe  monastoripj.  Tlio  eamu  thing  \rn»  done 
ebewhere ;  aiiil  this  iconoclasm  U  oitc  of  tlie  diaracU^r- 
tstic  (euturfs  of  the  Scottish  Reform.  In  th«  urtnt-J  con- 
test  thitt  enmted,  the  Ri-giMit  giiinvd  such  udvanUiges  Uiat 
BUzabeth  waa  reluctsmllj-  obliged  to  furnish  open  amist- 
BUC«  to  tli«  Prottstiint  (tarty,  to  save  Sci>timiil  frnra  folliDg 
into  the  hands  of  the  Krenirh.  >Ier  position  waa  an  «u- 
barniwting  ono  to  hcreelf.  Slio  (ltftcat4.-(l  Knox  and  hii 
prineiplps.  Slie  nl^inrred,  ectpecially,  the  political  theory 
n-Iiich  tho  Scottish  Protestants  avowed  and  put  \a  pno* 
tii'fi,  th«t  tnibjocts  may  take  up  iirm«  ngninst  their  aore- 
reign.  Yet  the  political  situatjon  waa  such  that  aho  wbb 
obliged,  an  ii  choice  of  criU,  to  render  Umm  ud.  This 
■he  bad  done  before  chuidastinely.  But  nov  tiie  peril 
was  BO  ImminiMit,  that  slie  wiu  torcisl  to  oomc  out  in  lira 
facQ  of  day  and  aend  her  troopa  to  tha  niteii<(tano«  of  tlw 
lordn.  ICvcn  the  King  of  Spain,  tho  champion  of  Catbol- 
iciatn,  Tvas  ao  unwilling  to  aeo  the  Kn-m^h  miiMors  of 
Scotland,  that  Im  rejotovd  in  the  siKveaa  of  Elirabetli'a 
int«rfcrenco.  Tlic  'IV-aty  of  Kdiiilmrfjli,  by  whitJi  tlio 
French  were  to  evacuate  Leith  and  leave  the  country, 
limitAd  MSftDtially  titc  prcro^itivos  of  thu  Scottish  sove- 
reign :  war  and  peace  oould  not  be  made  without  tlie  con- 
sent of  tho  Kstatctt.  Tlio  Quecn-rcgent  died  on  the  lOlh 
Df  June,  1660.  The  Kstitea  convened  in  August.  The 
Calvinistic  Confession  of  Faith  was  np])rovcd,  the  Roman 
ClathoUo  religion  was  abolinlied,  and  the  ndiiiini.'tt«ring  of 
tile  man,  or  attendance  upon  it,  was  forbidden  —  the 
penalty  for  tho  third  oiTunno  being  dcuth.  "  On  tJio 
moniing  of  the  2otli  of  August,  1560,  the  Rombih  hier- 
archy was  Kupreiw;;  in  th«  evening  of  the  same  day, 
f^lriniatic  I'roteatanCiam  waa  eatiibiiiihed  in  its  st«ad." ' 
But  whctlier  tho  Acts  of  Parliament  would  nlndo  and 
be  elTiwtual  or  not,  "  depetidetl  on  events  yet  to  come," 
'  BurUn,  Ir.  99. 


Aca:sstoN  or  mast. 


WT 


Knox  aud  liii)  fellow'tniniaicra  founil  t)ieiu§elvea  at  t»- 
rianoe  with  thoir  lay  HtipportcrB  on  th«  quration  of  Uio 
iulii)iliii»  of  tlie  "  Kirst  IJixik  of  Disdjiline,"  the  reatraitita 
of  (rhich  wvru  not  at  all  iiL-tx-jttiihiu  to  thv  lords  luid  luirda 
wlio  lukd  received  the  CalriiiiatiR  doctrines  witli  »hu<jrity. 
TIiotowiiB  involved  in  this  dispute  another  question  whidi 
camo  up  M-|)iir»li.-ly ' —  tiiitt  of  th«  disposition  to  be  mode  of 
■eoclesiastical  property.  Knox  an<l  the  preachers  wer 
Ixint  upon  derotJRg  it  to  the  nuw  Church,  for  the  uti 
tenance  of  ministen,  Bclioola,  and  unirei-aities.  To  tbisl 
TD<!U»uro  the  lords  of  the  eonpircgation,  among  whoni  the 
dcture  for  Uie  lands  and  poa-iessioRa  whicli  they  were  aWe 
to  appropriate  at  the  overthro^v  of  the  old  ruli^oii,  viva 
quite  us  potent  as  religiouit  xeiU,  would  not  connent.  The 
Dew  Church  was  obliged  to  content  itself  with  a  portion 
of  the  pruiN'rty  that  lind  belonged  Ui  the  old.  Knox, 
who  waa  skillful  in  penetmting  the  poUtical  sehemea  of  his 
advi^rsikrios,  gjive  hits  lay  friends  credit  for  more  sincerity 
and  diaintereeitediii-^  tlian  they  nmlly  had.  It  waa  a 
woiikness  tliut  s))r.tng  out  of  his  own  si mplo -hearted  hon- 
esty Had  ]!«al.  Uut  in  this  matter  of  the  "  Book  of  Dis- 
cipline "  luid  the  Church  property,  he  saw  their  motives, 
and  gave  free  utterance  to  hia  wrath. 

Francis  II.,  the  yoang  husband  of  Queen  Mary,  diedj 
on  the  5th  of  December,  1.560.  By  this  event,  Catll 
rine  de  Medici,  who  hated  Mary,  ae^nuM>d  power,  and  set 
alxxit  the  work  of  medittliiig  between  the  two  contending 
parties  that  divided  France,  that  she  might  control  then; 
both.  Scotland  was  relioreJ  from  danger  arising  out  of 
the  ambitious  plans  of  the  Guiites.  Mary  returned  to  her 
native  kingdom  to  assume  hor  crown.  Wo  nocl  not  giv^ 
credence  to  the  extravagant  pniseti  of  such  .-ulinirers  as 
tttiintouie,  who  accompanied  her  on  her  voyngo  to  Snvl- 
bind ;  but  tliat  she  was  beuutiful  in  person,  of  gmo'fu) 
md  winning  mannent,  quick-witted,  accom]ilished,  with 
t  boundlcftt  fnnd  of   energy,  there  is  no  doubt.      .SIm 


358      THE  RKKORUATION   IN   |:^;UI.AKD   AND  SDOTUUID. 

Iind  grown  ap  in  tlio  atmoapltere  of  deceit  aixl  corruption 
whicib  siuTouDdud  the  Krencli  court,  in  tlie  Bod«ty,  if  not 
iiiulor  tho  inllueiioR,  of  Cnthnrinft  de  Medici.  Bmntorae 
IliiUEieU,  the  liuentious  chronicler,  and  Chfitelar,  tlie  ill- 
M«rr«d  jwxrt,  anotli^r  of  her  French  uttr^ndnnta,  who  ww 
nfti-rwanis  bvhended  for  ludiiig  himself  nmlcr  hor  )xs1, 
^it^est  in  part  the  chantctcr  of  the  assoctationa  in 
n'liich  shu  hud  hMn  placed.  She  came  to  rvtgn  »ti>i-  b 
kingilom  whore  tlto  stnctoat  form  nf  OalvinMin  liad  bceu 
made  the  law  of  Uie  land.  No  contrast  can  bo  more 
•triking  Hum  ttutt  presented  by  this  youthful  Qiicon,  fresh 
from  the  gayetiea  of  her  "  dear  France  "  antl  froni  the 
homage  of  the  courtiers  that  throngctl  li«r  etflpH,  and  the 
honiely  and  austere  aitrroundings  of  her  new  abode. 
Bnintomc  records  that  shu  wept  for  hour«  togotlier  ou  the 
voya^  ;  and  when  alio  saw  the  hortes  that  Itod  been  s(^^t 
to  oonvey  her  from  Loith  to  Ilolyrood,  she  again  bnrat 
into  t«9US.  Tltv  situation  was  «ucli  tluLany  activu  oppo- 
sition to  the  newly  established  religion  would  liare  been 
futilo  and  disastrous  to  herself.  The  Guises  were  ab- 
sorbed in  the  civil  contest  in  Fmiicft,  and  could  not  undo 
the  work  which  the  Protestants  in  Scotland  had  effected. 
\\'tint«vcr  hopo»  Mary  Iiiwl  of  vitlier  suocovding  or  sup- 
planting Elizabeth  would  have  been  dcatroyod  by  a  pre- 
mnturo  exhibition  of  nn  nnti- Protestant  policy.  Mary 
contented  herself  witJi  celebrating  mniw  in  her  own 
chApel  imd  in  other  places  where  she  sojonmed.  The 
principal  direction  of  affairs  was  left  in  thv  hands  of  Ikt 
balf-brotlier,  the  £arl  of  'Murray,  tlie  leader  o!  tlie 
Protestant  nobloi.  She  ermi  united  with  Murray  in 
crushing  the  Earl  of  Huntley,  the  ricliest  and  most 
|>')wi-rful  of  the  Colliotic  lonls,  who,  boweTer,  had  not 
sl^owii  biinaulf  a  at<tady  or  diaintereateKl  friend  of  the  old 
reti^on.  The  enthusiastic  admirers  and  apologists  of 
Mary  mnintain  that  fJie  was  siin-eroly  in  favor  of  tolsn* 
tion.    They  would  make  her  a  kind  of  apostle  of  religooa 


rOLIOT   or  MART. 


UbM^.  It  is  nil  unrMBortaUfl  stretcb  ot  charity,  tio«^ 
errer,  tosappose  that  she  would  not  from  the  begiiming 
bvn  rojoict-d  in  thn  rmtomtinn,  atid,  had  it  been  feasible, 
die  fombte  r^Htorntion  of  the  old  rcligioD.  It  is  onv  of 
h«r  ffioti  pointK  lUitt  ohc  noritr  forsook  her  own  faith 
from  motives  of  Bi>lf-int«rest,  and  never  swerved  from  h«r 
fidelity  to  it,  save  in  one  instance  and  for  n  brief  interval, 
when  she  was  carried  away  by  her  passion  for  Bothvrell, 
I'lmt  flhn  shotild  "  servo  tlic  time  und  still  commode  her- 
self  discreetly  and  gently  with  lier  own  subject^"  and 
"  in  effect  to  repose  mi>at  on  thern  of  the  reformed  relig* 
ion,"  wns  the  policy  which  had  been  sketched  for  her  in 
Fnincei  as  we  learn  from  lier  faithful  friend.  Sir  Jumes 
Melville.'  Her  lettots  to  Pope  Pins  IV.,  and  to  her 
uncle,  the  Cardiniil  of  Lomune,  in  1563,  plainly  dedare 
her  inelinnlion  to  bring  back  tlie  old  religious  system  to 
its  former  auj)rGmacy.  She  steadfastly  withheld  her  os- 
Bunt  from  tlic  ticts  of  Purliament  which  changed  the  ru- 
li^OQ  of  the  country ;  and  it  wan  an  unsettled  cotLititu- 
tional  qucstiiin  whether  iicts  of  tliis  nature  were  valid 
without  the  sovereign's  approval.  Murray  conducted  tlut , 
government  'n'ith  n  view  to  keep  in  check  both  of  the 
ligiauR  parties,  to  maintain  the  Protestant  eiitablialnnent, 
but  at  the  suuiu  IJme  to  protect  Mary  in  the  personal  en- 
joyment of  licr  own  worship. 

The  resolution  of  the  Queen  to  have  mass  in  )rerdi.ipel, 
mid  the  secret  dsttgn,  wliidi  Knox  more  and  more  believed 
her  to  cherish,  to  re&itnblirii  popery,  foiiml  in  Utnt  reformer 
(ui  imniovahle  anti^nist.  His  '■  History  of  the  Iteforma- 
faon  of  Religion  in  Scotland,"  tliat  qnnint  anil  originid 
work,  io  whicli  he  describes  his  own  career,  namites  tho 
riaeuid  projfreM  of  tlie  great  oonllii't,  in  which  thi-  Q-.Tci-n, 
with  her  mra  poweraof  fascination  andin6ueiice,  st^xxl  on 
one  side,  and  he  on  tho  otlier.  When  tlie  pre]inmti(>n8  for 
tbe  first  mass  were  perceived  (on  the  24th  of  Arguat, 

)  iTMHfot,  p.  M. 


rue  K):>'oiut.\no.v  ix  kkulaxii  a\*d  scotlaxd. 

1501),  "  the  hL-arte  ot  iiU  Uie  godly,"  be  says,  **  began  to 
boldeu;  aiiil  nK-ii  Ix^aii  op«tily  to  ^|>ea}:,  'iliall  thai 
Idol  be  suffered  again  to  take  pUce  within  tbi»  realm  ? 
It  hIuiII  not.' "  >  It  WI18  proposed  tlwt  tb«  "  idolut<<!r  priost 
■abould  die  the  death  according  to  God'a  law."  But  Mur- 
ray guarded  tbe  t-tuipol  duur  "  that  non«  should  have  en- 
traace  to  trouble  ^le  prie.it."  Murmy's  excuae  ww, 
howcnrer,  "  tbat  ha  would  stop  all  Scotsmen  to  eotur  tbv 
ttuuii."  Aft4:r  a  littlo  while,  tliw  Frut<>^tant  lords,  out  of 
respect  to  tlio  Queen's  declaration  that  her  oonBoiMion 
bound  hor  to  ndhure  to  the  obiioxioos  ritv,  were  diaposod 
to  permit  bor  to  do  so.  'I1ii-y  were  bewitched,  as  Knox 
thought,  by  the  vncUunti-css ;  and  bo  inveighed  in  his 
pulpit  iigoinst  iilotulry,  ili'i'lm-ing  tlint  one  nuiBS  \ns 
"  more  fearful  unto  him  tluin  if  ten  thousand  arinud  eo- 
uuira  were  landed  in  nny  pivrt  of  tlte  realm,  of  purpose 
to  suppress  the  holy  religion."  The  Queen  resolvwl  to 
try  tbe  cflMt  of  a  puntonal  intvrrii-w,  and  of  lier  iiliill  in 
roaaoniug,  upon  Uiia  most  intnietable  kimI  powerfid  of  all 
tbe  profesHors  of  tbe<  now  faitb.  Nonu  woro  pivsont, 
witliin  iKfiriug,  hut  Murray.  It  vniH  tbti  linit  of  tJic 
memorable  confei-(>nc«8  or  debates  which  Knox  had  with 
tbo  Queen.  Wo  folIoiT  luaowu  narmtive.  "  Thi!  Quf-n," 
be  saya,  "  accused  him,  that  he  had  raised  a  part  of  Iiei 
subjects  against  her  motlicr  and  agaiiut  benelf  ;  that  he 
ibod  written  a  book  agauist  tier  just  authority  —  she 
:  meant  tho  Trcutisu  aj^iiuit  the  Itcgitnon  uf  Wutnen  — 
which  she  had  and  aliould  onuse  the  most  icArned  in 
Eurupe  to  writo  against  it ;  (but  ho  was  tho  cause  of  grout 
MHlitii>ii  tuid  gri'gtt  Hbrnghti-r  in  Engbmd  ;  and  that  it  vni» 
udil  to  her  tliat  all  Uiat  he  did  ^Tas  by  necix>mancy.  To 
which  the  said  John  anjtwervKl.  *  M;tdatn,  it  iii;ty  please 
your  majesty  ]>atiently  to  hear  my  aiinple  answers.  And 
Grst,'  said  be, '  if  to  t««cb  the  tnitb  of  God  iu  uocerity, 
if  to  robuko  idolatry,  and  to  will  a  people  to  worsliip  Gos 

>  Knox.  Ifiitorf,  cU.  IQImro*.  18»h  p-  *iJ- 


KZtOX  AND  QL'KKX  MART. 


361 


■ovording  tv  Hu  Wunl,  be  to  nu«c  subject*  nguinst  that 
princca,  then  cannot  1  be  eiLCUsed ;  for  it  baa  pleased  God 
of  UiB  iDvrcy  to  iQxkc  mo  otio,  among  many,  to  disctwe 
)inlo  tlju  rciilm  the  viuiity  of  Lli<t  p»])Uticitl  religion,  lutd 
the  deceit,  pride,  and  tyntnny  of  Ibat  Roman  AntJuhrist.' " 
H«  lH!gnn  with  this  perspicuous  statement  of  hia  position, 
lie  ^reut  ou  to  E-jy  tliat  the  tnio  kiiowledgo  uf  God  pro- 
motes ulM'divuL'O  to  rulers,  niid  tiiat  M:try  hud  n:<'eive>cl  w 
nnfeignod  obudiuncti  from  *' such  lU  pru[«»t!i  Chritit  J(.-»uh,  " 
as  ever  her  ancestors  luid  received  from  their  bisho])s.  As 
to  liis  book,  hu  wiM  ready  to  rolnict  if  ho  oould  bu  con- 
futed, but  be  felt  able  to  sustain  its  doctrmes  against 
any  ten  who  might  attempt  to  impugn  them.  Knox  bad 
an  unbi>uiidKd  coniiduiii.'e  in  hJs  cause,  and  no  dixlrust  of 
his  ovra  prowess  in  the  defense  of  it.  "  Vou  think,"  said 
Mary,  "  that  I  have  no  just  authority  ?  "  To  this  direct 
intguiry.  he  replied  by  referring  to  I'lato'a  "  Ucpublic,"  in 
wbioh  the  ])htlosoplier  "  diimned  many  thiiigs  llmt  then 
were  mmntaimrd  in  lliu  wmld  ; "  yut  this  did  not  pmveut 
him  from  living  quietly  under  the  systems  of  governiniMit 
whidi  be  found  existing.  "  1  havu  eommunicated,"  be 
added,  "  my  judgmi-iit  to  tbu  world  ;  if  tlie  reidm  finds 
no  incunveiiivncy  in  tlie  regimen  uf  a  >roman,  that  '.vliich 
lliey  approve  I  shall  not  further  disallow,  tJkan  within 
my  own  hi'arti  but  sludl  bo  as  well  content  to  lire  under 
your  grace,  as  Paul  was  to  live  un<lcr  Nero.  And  my 
hope  is  that  as  long  as  that  ye  deGle  not  your  hands  witli 
Ihe  blood  of  tlia  sainU  of  God,  tliat  neitbur  I  nor  that 
book  ehalt  either  hurt  you  or  your  authority  ;  for,  in  very 
(IcmkI,  mudain,  tbnt  book  wiui  written  moat  eapociaJIy 
against  tbut  ^Ticked  Jetebol  of  England.*'  "  But,"  swd 
the  Queen,  "  yu  s)>cak  of  women  in  geiiorid."  To  tbia 
^  Knox  responded  that  be  eould  be  obarged  with  luak- 
^H  og  no  disturbance,  but  tbat  bis  preucliing  in  England  and 
^H  el*cwb<'ra  ha<l  pmnioted  quiL'tness.  As  to  the  charge  of 
^V      necromancy,  lie  oould  endure  tbat,  tcving  that  lus  Mastei 


862      TDK   RKFORIIATION  IX  XNCLAXD   AXD  SCOTLAND. 


WM  iu.-ou)iix]  of  being  "  potaenoed  wiUi  fleelwbab."  I<mT- 
ing  Khox'h  of[^iisiv«  book,  Muiy  reinindeMl  him  tbat  Uotl 
mtiiniaiulK  ftiibjiwts  U>  ob«y  Uivir  jiriiioeis  and  nsketl  him 
bow  he  rceonciled  his  conduct  in  pereiutdijig  Uiu  [iiM>{>le 
"  to  recfiTO  niiottici-  raligioii  timii  tlu'ir  i)riiiceii  can  allow," 
vitli  that  precept.  Knox  implied  tliat  sabjeots  are  not 
**  bound  to  fraruo  tLoir  rcligiou  according  to  tho  ft{qpetita 
nf  tlivir  pi-inc(!H."  luid  (ipp«iUod  to  tlic  exmnple  of  the 
Israelites  in  Egyiit,  and  to  tlie  example  of  Danivl.  on 
wbich  be  dilfllcil  At  wmo  Iniigtli.  *'  Ywi,"  «iid  she ; 
"  none  of  tbem  rstiaed  the  sn-ord  against  tlicir  princBs." 
Knox  answered  that  ftUll  tboy  denied  obodiciicc  to  tlieir 
mandate.  Mary  was  not  to  be  driven  from  her  point, 
and  rp]ilied :  "  But  yet  tlioy  rcsistwl  n&t  by  ttio  .sword." 
"  God,"  Hitid  lio,  "  Mndnin,  lind  nut  given  Uieni  tbe  power 
and  the  meaiiB."  "  lliink  ye,"  gaid  she,  "  that  subjects 
having  power  may  resist  Uieir  prini\«  ?  "  "If  llwir  prinona 
es(«ed  their  bounds,"  said  he,  "  Madam,  and  do  against 
that  whercftttt;  thi-y  sliuuld  \ki  oWyed,  it  is  no  dmibt  but 
thoy  may  be  reusted,  oven  by  jmwer ;  "  and  ho  compared 
this  rraistance  to  the  restraint  imposed  by  children  upon  a 
frviiziod  fatlivr.  "  At  Xhv»v  wordit,  the  Queen  stood,  M  It 
were,  nmaKi'd,  more  than  a  tiuarter  of  an  hoar  j  her  coon- 
tAnanou  iLlten;il,  so  that  Lord  James  bt^ao  to  dntreat  her, 
and  to  demand, '  What  has  offended  you.  Madam  ? '  At 
length  »h«  miiil,  '  Well,  then,  I  perceive  that  my  snbjeets 
ihall  obey  you,  and  not  ui«  ;  and  Hhall  do  what  thoy  list, 
and  not  what  I  command :  and  so  must  I  he  subject  to 
them,  luwi  not  they  to  me.' "  Knox  demurred  to  thb 
conclusion.  "  My  travail  is  that  both  pHnceJi  and  sub- 
jeeta  obey  God."  Kings  and  queens  were  to  be  foster* 
dithers  and  nurses  to  the  Kirk.  Kxoited  by  the  debate, 
Miiry  went,  perhaps,  further  than  xhe  had  designod. 
"  But  ye  arc  not  the  Kirk  that  I  will  nurse.  I  will  defiraid 
(he  Kirk  of  Korao,  for  it  is,  I  think,  the  true  Kirk  at 
God."     "  Your  will,"  said  he,  "  Madam,  ia  no  reatoo 


4 

I 


KKOX    AMI  QUIXX  UASY. 


sea 


oeilh<n-  doth  yonr  thought  make  tli^it  Romiiii  liurlot  to  be 
the  trao  and  imniuciiliito  xpoDso  of  Jv*u»  Christ.  And 
woudor  not,  MiuKtiTi.  tliut  I  call  Kome  a  liarlot ;  for  that 
Kirk  is  nitogtfthor  p<tlhitod  with  all  kind  of  sptrittinl  for- 
ni«ntion,  lu  wult  in  doftriuo  lu  in  niBiniii>rs."  He  offered 
to  prove  that  tlie  "  Kirk  of  the  Jowg,"  when  it  cnniificd 
Jcmis.  wm  nut  so  fiir  nrniovod  from  truu  rcli^on  "  hh  tliat 
Kirk  of  Rome  b  denliiiod."  "  My  conwioitoc,"  Miid 
Manr,  "  h  not  eo."  Comoiuoco,  liu  anxwored,  requires 
knowledge ;  and  \w.  proceeded  to  tmy  tluit  Khi-  liiul  eli- 
ded D3  true  teacliing.  Descending  to  pkrticulars,  lie 
proiiounood  tito  mowi  "  tlio  invoiitioii  of  msm"  luid  tliero- 
(uro  "  on  abomination  before  Ond."  To  his  harangue, 
Miuy  Mud :  "  If  tlHty  wi>ru  here  whotn  1  Imve  ht ard.  tb^ 
would  answor  you."  Kkkx  rxprvi^MHl  the  winli  that  this 
**  most  learned  Papist  in  Kuro|»e  "  were  present,  Uiat  slie 
miglit  U-am  "  the  ranity  of  the  pdptstioal  rcli^^on,"  wid 
how  little  gi»mi<l  it  hiu)  in  the  Word  of  Goil.  Knox  de- 
parted, wishing  thitt  vlu!  might  hv-  lu  ijrcsit  ii  hlussing  to 
Boothmd  "  as  ever  l)ehoi-al)  was  in  the  commonwealtli  of 
Lintel."  He  rcinnrkii  tiiat  Hh«  *'  continued  in  her  m:iesing ; 
and  deepiseil  and  quiet!  v  mocked  all  exhortation."  living 
naked  by  his  friends  at  thu  time  what  bu  thought  of  her, 
be  iwid:  "  If  thinxs  be  wot  in  her  a  proud  mind,  a  cnifty 
wit,  and  an  indurate  heart  against  God  and  hia  tnith,  my 
judgment  tiiiletJi  mo."  In  Knox,  its  he  uppcitrs  in  these 
uiti;rviews,  one  may  behold  tlie  incarnation  of  the  demcn 
cnitiu spirit  of  CahiniKm. 

On  nnotlier  occii&ion  ho  wax  siiintnoned  to  the  pruu>n<u 
of  the  Queen,  in  consoquencs  of  his  preaching  about  tJie 
daiidng  at  Hol^Tood.  Knox  said  that  in  tlie  pretunvu  ul 
her  Cotineil  she  was  gmve,  but  "  how  soon  soever  tlw 

L French  fiUocks,  fiddlera,  and  others  of  tliat  band  gat  into 
the  house  ftlouc,  tJien  might  Ik-  wten  skippmg  not  very 
Di)me!y  for  hooeat  women."  It  must  be  temarkett  that 
the  dances  in  vogue  then  would  not  now  be  doomed  verj 
.^ : 


» 


3t»4     TKI  SKrORUATION  TX  1:Xi;LANI>  and  SCOTLAND. 


cumelj,  even  by  liberal  oridcs.'  '*  Ho  was  calk-tl  and 
*<MnjHi^,  itx  uiie  that  luul  irrovcrenUy  »jx>keti  of  tlie  Qiieea, 
And  tbst  travniled  to  bring  lier  into  hnti-ed  and  contempt 
of  tbo  futopk*."  "Tlio  Queen,"  be  Kiy*.  "  miuie  a  bmt; 
banui^iic,"  to  wliicb  he  n^plicd  by  repeating  exactly  wUxi 
be  liai^  Kviil  in  the  pul]>it.  In  tlie  oourso  of  the  coiivei^- 
•atton  he  freely  expressed  bis  opinion  of  her  iiiiclui, 
wiioni  he  stjled  "  enemies  tu  God  iind  unto  Iiih  Son  .lisiti 
Chrisl,"  and  deelini-d  her  re<|nest  ibnt  lie  would  come  and 
make  what  criticisma  ho  liad  to  make  upon  her  conduct, 
to  her  poraonally.  Ho  could  not  wiut  upon  individnali, 
bat  it  vrnft  liin  function  *'  to  rebuke  the  una  and  viees  of 
all"  in  hia  sermons,  wbidi  hu  invitod  bcr  to  coma  and 
hettr.  He  n-ita  too  Hlirowd  to  coiiaent  to  ha  .itlent  in  pubUo 
for  the  sake  of  the  privilege  of  conversing  with  her  in 
private.  She  Bhowod  lior  displeasure.  Uut  *Mhe  said 
John  departed  with  a  nfji-^oniibte  merry  countenance ; 
wherwit  Home  Papists,  oSended,  said. '  Ho  18  not  afmid ; ' 
which  h«u'd  of  iiim,  he  answert^d,  '  Why  should  tiie 
pleasing  face  of  a  gentlewoman  fear  me  ?  I  have  locked 
in  the  faces  of  many  an<^y  mun,  and  y6t  tuivu  not  been 
ufnid  above  measure.'" 

The  mass  and  auricular  confession  were  not  wholly 
given  up,  e^pocially  in  the  weeteni  (listrictH  south  of  this 
Clyde.  "  nie  bretiiren,"  aaya  Knox,  "  determined  to 
put  to  their  own  han<U,"  and  no  longer  wait  for  King  or 
Council,  but  "  execute  the  puuisliment  Uiat  God  hud  ap- 
|x>int<^d  to  idolaters  in  bis  law,  by  such  means  as  tliey 
might,  wherever  they  nhould  be  apprehended."  The 
(rethren  had  begun  this  work  of  executing  tJio  law  for 
Jicmselve.-",  when  the  Quwm,  wlio  was  at  Lochlcven,  sent 
for  Knox,  He  defended  the  proceeding.  Where  king* 
negki.4  their  duty  of  executing  tlie  laxra,  the  people  may 
do  it  for  them,  and  even  restrain  kingtt,  bo  added,  in  cnsc 
U»i^  spare  the  wicked  and  oppreaa  the  Innocent.  "  The 
>  Bartms  It.  SOS. 


KKOX  AXD  qCKd  U&IT. 


965 


^ 
^ 


h(.  Kiiid,  "  are  oridcBt,  for  Samuel  tetnd  not 
,  tb«  fut  and  delioate  Kinf;  oE  AnuUek,  wliom 
Kiii|;  Siiul  had  saved :  noitliLT  Bpurud  Elias  Jet«bel'e  'alu 
prophets  :uk)  Kiuil'a  pric»t«,  albeit  that  King  Aliab  was 
present.  Pliincas  was  no  roagiatrote,  and  yet  [eared  he 
not  to  Ktrikc  Offibi  mid  /imri  "  —  oimI  Iiu  H]>ccififd  in  tbo 
plainest  words  the  sin  of  whioh  tliey  wirre  guilty.  He 
iiifnnm'd  Miiry  th.it  ttlio  niitst  [iilfiU  her  purt  of  "  the 
mutual  contract,"  if  nhe  expected  to  get  oWltenco  from 
hcT  HibJMt^l  "  The  said  John  left  IiL<r,"  bnt,  iniicb  to 
Ilia  auqirisc,  cwly  tlio  iifrxt  morning,  iiliu  »iMit  fi>r  Itim 
again.  Ho  met  her  '*  nt  the  hawking,  by  West  Kincroes. 
AVhcthtY  it  WAD  tJic  nif^it's  sl«cp,  or  dt-op  diiwimulatioii, 
that  in.^de  Iict  to  forgut  ht>r  former  angor,  vnae  incn  ttMj 
doubt."  She  conversed  with  bim  in  a  faniiliar  and  confi. 
dential  style,  aslcinc;  his  good  oUices  to  restoru  peaco  be- 
tween the  Earl  of  .\rgylft  and  IiU  wife;  and  womid  up 
the  oonferenoo  by  alluding  to  the  interview  of  the  pre- 
vioiiR  night,  and  by  [imtiiliiing  "  to  iniiiiiitiT  jtiitLicc "  bs 
be  had  required,  ilany  arrests  were  actually  made,  ap- 
ptircntly  in  ptu-suiuKO  of  iMn*  proniiw.  Iltit  froin  alioul 
this  time  (l.'>l!S),  sN'mptoms  of  n  llomish  n-action  were 
manifest.  The  Quofii'i*  inHuenvi;  liogan  to  luive  ito  <*iIecU 
Knox  vraa  not  ignorant  of  her  conununtcationa  with 
France,  Spain,  and  the  Papal  Court ;  for  ho  had  his  own 
eorrcepondeneo  on  the  contineut.*  From  this  tinto  Knox 
ftnd  the  Queen  were  rwdly  engaged  in  a  contest,  raich  for 
the  extermination  of  the  otJier.'  When  it  was  known 
that  she  inn  considi^ring  the  question  of  a  marringo  vitti 
the  Archduke  of  Austria,  or  with  Don  Carlos,  the  son  of 
Philip  n..  and  when  Knox  found  tbe  Proteatant  nobles 
luk'-wafTii  or  iiMlifTcn-nt  on  the  suhj^rat,  Iio  did  not  heri* 
tate  to  thimder  in  tlie  pnlpit  agninst  the  nnhomc,  and  to 
predict  direful  consequencoit,  should  the  nohles  idlow  it  to 
be  carried  out.    ExaKp<\mted  at  tliis  now  inberfviv-tboo, 

>  ITulorj.  p.  m.  *  Baf.io.  \r.  tt*.  •  IbU 


866      TUK  BEFOIUIATIO!!   D!  ENUUUtD  AXD  SOOTUUID. 

the  Quo«n  eummonud  him  to  her  preseoce,  ami  with  pa» 
•tonnte  outbunte  of  wiwpiiif;,  dviioiincL-d  h'm  itnpcrtioenl 
tnetldling  with  aftaira  that  did  not  bdoug  tn  him.  Kiiux 
maintained  his  tmpertarlNiblc  coolness,  altiiough  he  de- 
olarvd  thnt  he  hwl  no  pleuwuro  in  aodng  hor  wuep,  *ui«0 
titat  lit.'  could  not.  vritbout  paiit,  see  Uie  tears  of  tiis  own 
boys  nhci)  liu  chastisod  ihctn.  Diamiascd  from  the 
Quoi'n's  pNe<-nce,  he  wax  detained  for  a  while  in  the  ttdJA> 
ecnt  room,  whore  he  "  merrily  "  uttered  a  quaint  homily 
to  the  Isjies  of  thu  court  on  Uio-ir  "  f^y  ^-ur  "  and  on  lliv 
hATOc  that  death  would  make  with  their  Qeeii  and  nil 
their  li»i>ry ;  a  apeech  in  u  tone  that  hat  bcon  aptly 
Ukeiii'd  U>  thot  of  the  sulilociuy  of  the  gnivc-digger  in 
Hamlet. 

In  Uio  summer  of  15G3,  dumg  the  absenco  of  tliB 
Qaeen  fivtm  Bdiuburgh,  hor  followers  who  were  left  b^ 
liiiu),  uttomptcd  to  hold  mass  in  tha  (itapel  at  Uolyrood. 
An  unuBiial  niniiber  from  the  town  joined  them.  "  Diven 
of  the  bret)m-n,  b«ing  sore  olTended,  consulted  how  to  ro- 
dre«H  that  enonnity."  They  resorted  to  the  spot  in  order 
to  note  down  the  names  of  aiicli  na  might  come  t»  partici- 
pate in  the  unlawful  rite.  It  appe^rB  that  the  chapel  door 
WM  burst  open,  "  whereat,  tJie  priv«t  atwl  the  I'Veuch 
damM,  beinf;  affmyixl,  tnade  the  shout  to  be  sent  to  the 
towii."  Two  of  the  party  were  indict^^l  "  for  carrying 
pistols  within  the  burgh,  conveuUon  of  hegee  at  tlto 
pnlnee,  and  invasion  of  the  Qaeen's  scn.'ajita."  Knox, 
who  had  been  elotlied  with  auUiority  to  numinon  the 
faitlifnl  t<^eUier  in  any  grave  emergency,  issued  a  circular 
calling  upon  them  to  bo  tn  Edinlmrgh  on  the  day  whtcli 
had  been  desi[;nuti.-<l  for  the  trint.  The  Queen  imagined 
timt  she  hiul  now  oangfat  him  in  a  plain  violation  of  tha 
law.  He  wae  required  to  appear  before  her  and  the 
Privy  Council,  ti>  which  were  joined  a  considemUu  utmi- 
l>er  of  gnveriimeiit  officers  a;it]  nobles.  He  gives  a 
graphic  description  of   the  aceue  and  of   tlie  ooUoquie* 


Ksox  AXi)  qva^s  maki-. 


867 


that  toot  plaop.  He  stutee  also  that  **  the  bi'iiit  tmag  m 
the  town  that  John  Iviiux  wiw  Miit  for  by  the  Qucun,  t]i« 
bretbrea  of  tha  Kirk  foUowiKl  in  siicb  number  that  the 
iiui«r  cloM  vns  full,  iind  nil  tbu  Htiiire,  vn-n  to  thu  chum- 
ber  docH-  where  the  Quoen  nnd  Council  tint."  This  gatlier> 
ing  of  his  supporti'ra  \rould,  of  itMlf,  (lisincliue  tlio  Cuitn* 
dl  to  molent  him ;  but,  iiKlojieiideiitly  of  tliu  •niineiliiite 
danger  attending  such  a  step,  the  Protesimit  'oitU,  the 
subtle  ami  unpiinciiilfil  L<')liiii^l«ii,  for  i-xiiniplv,  liowuver 
they  might  cliiirgp  liiin  with  {[LUnticisin,  wltb  not  at  all 
dUp'W^d  to  luutumo  a  poHition  of  hostility  tuwiinlii  him. 
Be  had  leave  to  depart,  but  did  not  go  luitil  he  had 
turned  to  tlic  Qucun  and  prayed  tluit  "  God  would  purge 
her  heart  from  Popi>ry  and  presctrve  her  from  the  counsel 
of  flatterers."  It  ia  a  mark  of  tha  steadfast  boiK-sty  of 
Knox  that  he  broke  oH  intvroour»o,  for  a  long  tiiiits  with 
Murray,  whom  he  honored  and  loved,  but  whom  ho 
blamed,  in  oonjanction  with  the  other  lords,  for  neglee^ 
ing,  in  the  Parliament  of  \-W-i,  llie  lirst  Parliament  after 
the  Queen's  arrival,  to  ratify  the  treaty  of  peace  made  in 
liJGO,  nnd  the  establishment  of  thu  Prot*mtiint  ndigioit.* 
'I'he  principal  bnfiuees  done  at  that  session  was  to  give 
■  legal  security  to  the  appropriations  tliat  hiul  buen  i»ad« 
of  the  chuK'li  IhtkIh,  by  which  tiie  nobles  hitd  sn  much 
profited.  It  was  a  short  time  after  this  meeting  of  Par- 
liamient  that  Knox  ])riiiulie<l  tho  famous  sermon  to  which 
we  have  refm-red,  on  the  Queen's  marriage. 

The  gloomy  pmspocta  of  the  cause  of  reform  led  Knox 
to  adopt  a  form  of  public  pruy«r  for  tlie  Queen,  in  which 
:he  Almighty  was  besought  to  "  deliver  her  from  the 
bondage  and  tliral<liim  of  Satan."  and  thuD  nave  Uie  rvalm 
"  from  t3uit  plague  and  vengeance  tliat  inevitably  follows 
idolatry,"  as  well  as  her  own  notil  from  "th.it  eternal 
temnatioti  which  abitlcJi  all  obftinate  and  tmpeuitent  onto 
iie  end."    At  an  assembly  of  the  Kirk  in  thi-  inimniar  t4 

>  llcOrU,p.lM. 


868      7HK  lU'l'OKlIATlOX   IN    EXGLAMD  AND  SOOftlMOh 

1.S64,  iho  propriety  of  thia  piayercame  up  for  discusaioa. 
At  tliin  nioctiii*;  lliv  liiy  lorxU,  MurrMy,  Hninitton.  Argyle. 
Morton,  Ijethiiigton,  aud  otiiers,  entered  into  cl<?b(iti.t  witli 
the  clericul  lc:idvr»  on  this  question  au<l  on  the  proper 
treatment  of  the  Queen.  But  Knox  iuid  his  ussvciatw 
usscrled  ihat  the  mass  b  idohitry,  »nd,  by  Uld  Te»ta> 
niunt  law  itntl  pix-i-odeiitA,  iniLit  be  piiiuKhnil  with  dcitth. 
No  vote  vaa  taken  ;  but  it  waa  soon  evident  to  tlie  hiy 
ktulvrs  that  tht^rv  wns  no  room  for  n  middle  pu^Ti 
sind  no  hope  that  tlie  Queen  would  abandon  her  "  idol- 
atry." 

It  is  obvions  UiiLt  Knox  and  his  followorH  wvic  no  dia- 
cipk-s  of  tlie  doctrine  o[  toleration.  Two  tilings,  ht-w 
ever,  dwHJiTc  to  be  iioliocil.  First,  tUsro  was  no  kingdom 
where  Itoinnn  CiitboUca  having  the  relative  »ln.-iij^  of 
the  CaiTtiiists  of  Sootlitnd  would  huvo  endured  for  a 
momi'nt  a  Protestant  noviToign.  The  story  o£  Uenry 
IV.  of  Fronei'  sho\v»  whnt  the  Catholii;  party  demanded, 
even  when  theru  vras  n  powK>rful  minority  opposed  to 
them,  ^ocoiidlj'i  Knox  uiid  hbt  u.«sn(.riutcs  weru  well  con- 
viticod  that  tlie  Qut-eii,  notwithataniling  her  fair  profvH- 
sion§.  only  waited  for  a  favomble  opportunity  to  extirpate 
tlicm  iind  to  bring  biicic  the  papu.!  Hyxlcm,  tho  ulwHtton 
of  whidi  ahe  did  not  concede  to  be  legal,  llut,  ujart 
from  these  eonsidcnitioiii*,  thu  Itoman  Catholic  riteSi  lu 
the  eyea  of  Knox,  were  idolatry  which  inuat  be  capitally 
putiiahed  and  utterly  suppressed  ;  othcnrlse  the  judgnieali) 
of  he.iven  would  fall  on  the  hind.  Ho  ultributcd  the 
partial  failure  of  tlie  crops  to  the  wrath  of  (iod  at  lbs 
Quc^tcu's  mass. 

The  Pi-otestanta  had  a  feeling  of  insecurity,  ;t  dretiug 
tfaot  then-  cause  was  being  cautiously  undermined.  They 
TTtttcht^  with  eager  attention  thu  various  nvgotiationa 
hftving  respect  to  the  Queen's  marriage.  Had  they  been 
fally  aware  of  tliu  efforts  that  wore  made  to  effect  a  niar- 
<>^  between  Mary  and  Don  Ciirlos   of   S|)iun,   whicb 


THE  QDKKNS  UAIUUAGK   Vrmr  PARXI.RY. 


8Dtt 


I 


wifr«  defeated  by  tint  tnocliitutlioiiH  of  Catlmriuo  de 
Medici,  througU  her  jealousy  of  the  house  of  Guise,  they 
would  Ituvo  biwn  filled  wttli  iibirm  nnd  iudignution.  The 
propositions  of  ICli/abctii,  including  llint  of  n  mnrriago 
of  Mary  to  LoiccsU-r,  fell  to  tlio  ground.  How  far  the 
Eugtish  Queen  vaa  sincere  in  them  it  is  impoasibltt  to 
ti\j,  fitnco  even  her  mort  eagacjouB  admera  oould  not 
f:iClioiii  her  du]ilicity.  Oiii;  obstacle  in  tliu  way  of  Bliui- 
beth's  luatriinoTiial  scliemes  for  Mary  was  the  Bt«ndy  re< 
fuaal  of  tile  furmer  definitely  to  guarantee  tlio  succession 
to  her  sisti^r  of  Scolluud.  SIio  inouit  to  rutaiu  this  »tdi> 
guard  for  her  life  in  hero\ni  hands.  All  plans  of  this  sort* 
cut  oil  by  Jfary's  niitrrisgu  with  D»mley.    It  was  a 

of  mutual  love  ut  first  sight.  Duruley  was  iMitry'i 
usin,  and  the  gr.iiidaon  of  Margnret,  tho  ustor  of  Henry 
VIII.,  aud  of  thu  Enrl  of  vVngus,  whom  ehc  initrriod  after 
tlie  death  of  ht:r  fn-st  liiiabHud,  James  IV.  Mai-y  was 
charmed  wilJi  his  personal  appear.ince  —  hia  tall  form. 
Uio  bn.'udth  of  hlti  sliouldcm,  and  bis  sniootli,  handsomu 
faee.    Dariduy  wa3  a  CathoUc.     Murray  and  tlie  I'rot- 

ita  opposed  tho  mivrriii^  as  a  decisivo  stop  towttrda 
rastonitidu  <if  Uie  old  ri.*li)^ioii.  They  complained  tliiit 
tho  laws  iigaiust  idolatry  were  not  enforced.  Mary  had 
taken  a  hiubstud  wttlmut  eonHiiltiug  hi^r  i'arliiuneut,  which 
!l  not  illegal,  was  indecorous ;  and  she  had  proclaimed 
him  as  King  of  Scute,  which  was  considered  an  uncunsti- 
tutiuiud  out.'  Tho  Qucou  hud  ninrricd  against  the  rcinon- 
of  Eliiabuth  and  Lid  incurred  her  displeasure. 

bopes  of  &I»ry  centered  in  tht!  King  of  Spain  and  her 
nther  frienits  on  the  continent.  The  disoontcnted  barons, 
with  Murray  at  their  head,  took  up  arms,  but  not  reci^iv* 
ing  tlie  prouiisi.Hl  itid  from  England,  their  forces  were  dis- 
persed, and  the  leaders  were  compelled  to  fly  across  thn 
border.  Just  at  this  juncture,  it  was  apprehended  that 
France  and  Spain  would  joiu  hands  in  a  common  attack 
^H  ■  Burton    r.  179. 


U 


870     THE   RETORMATrOX   IS  ESC^A:ct)   AKD  SCOTIAKD. 

npon  Protettantiam.'  It  waa  supposed,  thoi^  eiroiie-' 
oitaly,  that  Cutbarino  do  ^tvdici  and  licrson  liud  iiign«d  a 
lekguu  aL  Huyoniio,  al  tbe  instigation  of  Alva,  for  tliJi 
end.  It  was  believed,  also,  tliat  Mary  had  formally  at- 
tacb«d  tier  si^^iiLture  to  tb^t  nanio  boml.  'I1ii-  ]Hilitical  sit- 
nation  was  so  perilous  for  EnjjLand  and  English  Protoa- 
Uuitism  tbat  Eliir^ibctJi  wiut  led  falKcIy  to  dimrow  all  ooo* 
nection  ivitb  MuiTay  and  bis  enterprise.  Had  Darnley 
be«a  :ui  able  man,  iiiid  liad  bis  Quoeu  be«n  poaoowcd  oE  a 
wiwdom  luid  sulf-i-onlrol  uijiia)  to  her  acut«ncaa  and  Tivac- 
ity,  tbe  subsequent  history  of  Scotland,  and  of  Englaud 
too,  would  tuivo  biMin  fttauntially  alUTi-d.  But  it  took  but 
a  sliort  time  for  the  incompatibility  between  Mary  and 
Davnley  to  niiuiifest  itself.  Elated  by  liia  elevation,  he  of- 
fended tbi;  iiubU-H  l>y  bid  inMukniee  and  ;iirs  nf  snporiority. 
Hia  dcuidceiiness  and  other  low  vii^ra  itoon  liiaguateti,  and  at 
length  completely  alienated  bia  wife.  Mary  was  impni- 
di^ut  enough  to  bi.^tow  so  many  marks  of  favor  ou  ItizsJo^ 
an  Italian  whom  she  bad  miide  her  Secretary,  tJiat  he  b«> 
caina  an  objeut  of  bitter  b:itred  to  tbe  nobility.  Tliey  d&- 
Bpiscd  him  Btf  un  upstart  und  an  adventurer  who  had 
tL^itrjKHl  tluvt  |>tiu'e  in  llie  counsels  and  good  gracea  of  tho 
Queen  which  belonged  to  themselves.  Rizao  bad  pro- 
moted thu  tnarritigo  witti  Uaridey.  Ho  was  eomtidcrvd 
one  of  tlie  props  of  the  Roman  Catholic  faction.  Pariia- 
meiit  was  about  to  usitvimble,  *'  the  spiritual  estate,"  tc 
quote  from  a  letter  of  Mary  herself,  "  being  placed  there 
in  the  imcicnt  manner,  tending  to  have  done  some  good 
aiient  restoring  tbe  uuld  n-llgion,  and  to  have  procaeded 
i^;ainst  our  rebels  according  to  their  demerits."  '  The 
estates  of  Murray  and  his  confederates  wen;  to  hr  for- 
fk^itiMl.  On  tlie  Dlh  of  March,  lo6t>,  Kizuo  was  muiw 
dared  as  the  result  of  a  plot  of  which  Damley  on  the  ooe 

I  Munr  liiul  uppllcil  la  tlic  King  ot  SpalD  (or  help  ■glliut  bcT  )ub}KU.  Bm 
■Dk,  J^iirjr  iiiul  htr  jl<eat<rt,  1.  114. 

1  LaClor  uf  Mary  la  liar  Cuiinvillor,  Ills  Ilbbop  of  Sam,  Id  L«buiaff,  I  MS 
Sm  Barton,  Iv.  ML 


TITE  MCRDO  OK  BIZZIO. 


871 


piwt,  who  was  moved  by  jeiilousy  of  Kizzjo,  and  Riithren 
And  oUu'i-  Prci'i'stnrt  lertls  on  the  otiier,  who  wur«  enraged 
at  the  intiuence  aequiiet]  by  ItizKio,  were  the  aulhora  and 
exeuut^irs.  Damlcy  was  aiigry  that  the  crown  mutri- 
tnonial  was  withheld  fi-'Hii  him.  It  wan  stijiuhttod  in  a 
iM^'rct  iigrppiucnt  of  Diirnlcy  with  the  lords  that  tho  haa- 
ishi^d  nobloa  jihoiihl  Imj  niBloicti  aud  the  Protcslaiit  rvligiuii 
niaintaiued.  Rizzio  was  dragged  out  of  the  apaitmeiit 
ill  whiiili  the  Quocu  was  siippiug,  and  Hiaiii  in  thu  adja- 
cent room.  Il  was  only  three  months  before  the  birth 
of  tho  Queen's  son,  afterwards  Jainc»  VI.,  whoxo  life,  a» 
vt^ll  aa  Uic  lifo  of  hin  mother,  were  exposed  to  irnmi* 
iK-nt  peril  bv  this  scene  of  brutal  violence.  The  Queen's 
power  of  diiK>«nibliitg  now  served  her  well.  She  won  tho 
fveble  Darnley  to  a  cixiperation  with  her  scheme,  and  es- 
caping on  Monday,  at  midnight,  from  HoljTood  —  tho 
murder  of  Rizzio  wiw  on  Saturdiiy  evening  —  she  nule  for 
five  houra  on  horseback,  and  reached  the  strong  torta-eas 
of  Dunbar  at  daylight.  The  bauislii^d  lords  had  npii"'4in^^d 
in  Edinburgh  on  Sunday,  the  day  after  the  murder.  The 
DOW  turn  that  wus  given  tu  affiiirs  by  the  Queen's  bold 
Hti<]  sucecesfnl  nioveniftnt  ohligt^d  Morton,  and  the  other 
lords  who  had  been  directly  participant  in  the  destruction 
of  Rizzio,  to  take  n-fuge  for  a  while  iu  England,  llie 
others,  including  Murray,  witiv  received  into  favor.  From 
this  time,  aa  we  follow  this  tragic  history,  wo  trcyid  at 
alinccb  every  st«p  upon  disputed  ground.  Around  these 
transactions  there  Imvo  gathered  the  conQicfang  sym[»i- 
thies  of  religion.*  parties,  not  to  apeak  of  the  personal  feel- 
ings whicli  cluster  about  events  of  pathetic  interest,  ©vcnta 
which  have  been  selected  by  great  poets  as  an  appropi-iate 
theiiin  for  tile  drama.  But  there  are  some  leading  facts 
that  arc  fully  ascertained,  and  whether  they  are  in  evety 
asc  adiTiitl^d  or  not,  they  cannot  plaufflbly  be  diluted. 
i.>ne  of  these  facts  is  the  cuinplcto  c«tniiigi-ment  of  tin 
Qui-cn  from  Darnley.     H«  had  l)een  mean  and  treachcrr 


BT2     THE  BEFORHATIOX  IN  KKGUKD  AKD  SCCrtLAJOK. 

ou  en<mgh  to  appear  before  thu  council  nod  solenmly  to 
ofBrro,  what  ererj-body  knev  to  be  bHae,  that  be  h«d  Bud 
no  coDcvni  in  tbo  slaying  of  Rizxio,  He  inctured  the 
TindicHvi!  hatred  ol  all  who  bad  been  EU  confederates  in 
tlio  coniinIi<^tri)  of  tbat  uct.  ]tut  Mary  took  no  piiios  to 
conceal,  sJie  ratlier  took  pains  to  manifest  pabliely,  her 
thoruiigli  dislike^  and  coatctiipt  for  htm.  lie  was  despised 
and  sbuniied  by  all.  I'lie  birth  of  his  Bon,  nftcrvrunla 
James  VI.  of  Scotland  and  Jitnies  I.  of  England,  whidi 
took  pinw!  in  Edinburgh  Oust lo,  on  the  19th  of  June, 
IfiUG,  did  not  affect  the  relations  of  hia  parents  to  ouo 
8noth«.'r.  Tlic  ropognancD  with  which  Mary  regarded 
DaniK-y  was  known  to  evwryboily,  and  was  rvjmrU'd  to 
foreign  courts.  Another  fact  U  her  growing  fondness  for 
llotlivvt.'!!,  which  wiut,  al.-ui,  u  niatti-r  of  eoninion  obtfcrra- 
tion,  and  was  manifested  by  uuniiBtakable  signs,  lloth- 
well  was  a  brave,  ad  venturous,  resolute  man,  with  some 
exterior  polish  acquireil  at  the  court  of  France,  but  un- 
Bcrupulous  antl  unprincipled.  Though  connected  with 
the  I^rote^tant  side,  he  had  stood  faithfully  by  tlto  Queen 
Rfgi'nt,  Mary's  mother,  and  by  Mary  herself.  He  hail 
taken  no  part  in  the  murder  of  Rizzio,  but  on  that  ooca- 
Bion  had  himself  escaped  from  Ilolyrood,  and  hiul  lunt 
hep  timely  and  effective  assistance.  Although  the  fact 
is  still  (iiicstioiii'd  by  Mary's  enthusiastic  dvdt-nijfrs,  it  is 
nevertheless  establLihed  that  her  attachment  to  him  grew 
into  an  overpowering  passion.*  Ilothwell  had  a  wife  to 
whom  he  had  not  Uiitg  Iieen  married ;  Mary  had  a  hn«- 
band.  Sudi  were  the  hindrances  in  the  way  of  tlieir 
union.  It  was  affirmed  .■(ubsctiiutntly  by  Argyle  and 
Huntley  that  they,  together  witli  Bothwell,  Murray,  and 
Letliingtou.  used  thu  disaffection  of  the  Queen  towards  bei 
liiiKbund  us  a  means  of  obtaining  her  consent  to  the  |inr> 
don  and  return  of  IMurUjn  sud  others,  who  were  in  banish- 
ment on  account  of  their  agency  in  tlie  deatli  uf  KitztTi 
1  Buiicii,  W.  aU  M<q. 


THR  UUHDER   OF   OARHLKT. 


878 


I 


Ihey  begiiQ  by  proposuif;  to  hvr  a  divoroo,  but  "  tlic-  oitP 
thing  clear  a  that  a  promise  was  made  to  rid  tho  Queen  of 
her  uuendurable  busband,  and  that  without  it  divorce."  * 
Morton  was  alluw«d  Ui  rttturn,  but  rvfiiKotl  to  tuku  im  iictire 
jnirt  in  the  plot,  unless  he  were  fumiiihed  with  a  written 
itiitliorizution  from  M:iry,  which  could  not  bo  procured.^ 
Murray  clairae<!  with  truth  tliat  he  never  entere<l  into  an 
vi^;up;uiL-nt  for  thw  niurdur  of  Darnk-y  ;  but  LetJiington, 
according  to  tlie  statement  of  Argylo  itiul  Huntley,  lutd 
said  that  Murray  would  **  look  through  .hia  Qngi-rs  "  — 
tJiat  Ls,sland  niT  and  not  interfere.  Wliether  Murray  was 
aware  of  the  plot,  aiid  waa  willing  to  have  it  succeed  by 
othor  hands  tliun  his  own,  is  a  question  wbioh  cannot  bu 
dolurniincd.  Thi.!  Quii-u,  ju.tt  before,  gavo  a  strilciiig 
proof  of  lier  affection  for  Dothwell  by  paying  hioi  a  riait 
whvn  he  woji  it!,  at  the  pvril  of  lior  own  life.  Dumluy 
liad  bcftn  taken  ill  and  went  to  Gbisgow,  where  be  wm 
cared  for  under  the  direction  uf  his  fatlier,  the  old  Earl  of 
Lennox,  'ilio  Qum-n  announood  her  purpone  to  vi«t 
him.  She  made  tbn  visit,  and  after  they  met,  a  oonver- 
•ation  wecurred  betwei^u  Oaruley  and  Crawford,  a  gentlo* 
man  in  the  service  of  Lennox,  whom  the  latter  had  in- 
structed  to  observe  and  repoit  whatever  he  saw  and  heard. 
T h«  Queen  ha*)  arrangeil  with  Darnley  that  he  .ihoiild 
bo  taken  to  Cnugniillar  Cattle  and  there  receive  medic.il 
treatment.  Botli  Crawford  and  Darnley  expressed  to 
one  another  tlicir  dlitlike  of  this  arnuigementi  in  sucli 
terms  as  imjtly  a  suspicion  tttat  evil,  even  murder,  might 
ponibly  bo  intended.  ]>ariilcy  exprcucd  to  Mary  hi« 
penitence,  and  his  ardent  desire  for  the  restoration  of  the 
old  relatione  between  tJiem.  She  mot  hut  mlvanci^s  ap- 
parently  in  a  friendly  spirit,  and  gave  him  fair  promises. 
A  fow  daya  later  he  was  runiovvd  to  Edinburgh,  but  in* 

t  Set  Buitan.  iv.  319  Mq> 

>  MoRoD.  In  11i«  conftHlon  Uut  he  aadi  bolofV  hi*  •xtcDtipD,  ownsd  Uiot  b* 
wt*  mgtd  bj  BolhirtU  to  lobl  to  the  plol,  and  —ii,  U  ■  Romi  for  Dot  Mnal 
be  It  U>  Ibc  QaNO  ]  "  She  wu  iho  doer  thcRvf." 


8T4      THE  RUOK^IATION   IS   tXQtJiXD   AKD  &C0T1JUID. 

atead  of  being  taken  to  Craiginillar,  or  to  Hnlyrood,  he 
WlU  coiivvyt.xl  to  H  plttcc  cIoHO  to  tbe  city  vrall,  culled  th« 
Kirk-of-flelii,  to  ui  uiiiiiliabitval  liouw  Ibut  bclongvil  to 
Roburt  Qalfour,  a  dependant  of  Botbwell,  several  rooms 
of  wbiult  Uiiil  bccit  littcd  lip  fur  tho  King's  reception.  Tha 
Quoen  fllept  soveml  nigbts  in  tliu  room  under  Darnloy's 
Bpartmunt ;  but  on  Sumlay  evening,  the  dtb  of  Fobmary, 
16G7,  slic  Ivft  liiit  buiUido  to  attend  Uio  fi-stivitics  oun- 
Deoted  mtb  ibo  n'ed<liiig  of  on«  of  her  tterraiita  at  Hoty> 
rood.  That  uight  tJie  house  was  blown  up  with  guupowder, 
which  Itothvrvll  nud  his  foUowcn  bad  pluvcd  iii  tho 
Queen 'h  bedrouni,  uudftr  Divniley.  His  body  was  found 
,t  some  distance  from  the  house.  Whwtbur  ho  waa  stran- 
;glcd,  or  otlicrwinu  killvd,  before  tbc  oxplosion  or  not,  ia 
a  controverted  point.  The  conspimtors  liad  provided 
lenuelvca  witli  fulsu  keys  and  bad  deliberately  perfected 
nil  Uieir  arriuigenient«.  Whetlier  or  not  this  Queen  vruB 
privy  to  the  murder,  her  conduct  afUtrwnrds  vrm  aulll- 
ciontly  imprudent  to  confirm  tho  worst  suspicions.  Both- 
Wtvll,  wlm  wiu  known  to  bu  tbo  pnucipiU  criminal,  wiis 
sbieldvd  by  a  tiiid  »»  conthictod  as  to  bo  nothing  otiort  of 
a  mockery  of  justico.'  Instead  of  experiencing  her  dis- 
pleasure, he  rusu  still  biglier  In  her  favor,  and  vnts  honored 
witli  an  accuniuliitli>ii  uf  oflioes  which  rendered  him  tbe 
most  powerful  man  in  tho  kingdom.  The  next  great 
event  ia  the  abduction  of  the  Qiievn  by  Botliwetl,  who, 
at  the  hood  of  a  body  of  reUunem,  stopped  her  on  her 
way,  and  without  any  reustanco  on  her  part,  conductitl 
ti«r  to  Stirling  Castle.  Previously,  at  a  supper  which  It 
gave  in  Edinburgli,  p(j&tibly  tlirough  tlie  fear  tliat  he  ii 
spired,  ho  had  proviulod  on  most  of  tlie  first  men  of  Soot- 
bind  to  sign  a  paper  rccom intruding  the  Queen  to  marry 
him.  In  Mury'a  own  account  of  her  capture  nnd  of  tl)« 
vccurrcucos   at  Stirling,  slio  represents  tliat  force  wa» 

>  Uttrillo  u,vi  liM  evtrjbodf  luiiwclstl  Ikdliircll  ot  tbc  murlcr.    M*nttl% 
p-W. 


HART   A  rmSONFJI. 


8T6 


r 


M*^,  bnt  nicrvly  to  sucli  »  dcgrw,  and  aooompanial  with 
diidi  protcfftatioiifl  of  love  —  which  had  tho  more  L-ffoct 
from  her  seuae  of  the  grout  surTiccs  lio  bad  rcndcnnt  her 
—  tbftt  nho  coahl  only  forgive  her  suitor  for  Uiia  exoesa 
and  impatience  of  nllGction.  Sir  James  Molvillf,  her ' 
fititlifiil  friend,  who  luid  warned  her,  nt  tlie  risk  of  \m 
life,  agninat  marrying  Bothwell,  waa  vritli  her  when  sha 
WDD  stoji]H;d  by  hiiu ;  nnd  ho  dryly  ruinarks  thut  Cit{>- 
tain  UUckader,  who  captured  him,  told  him  "  Uiat  it  wm 
with  UioQuofn's  own  consent."*  Sjiottiswootlo,  who  wrote 
his  hUtor)*  At  t)io  n^qncgt  of  Jamea  I.,  her  son,  says  that 
**  Ko  men  doubted  but  this  was  done  by  her  own  liking 
and  eonsoiit."'  DotliwvU  was  divorced  from  his  wife, 
and  the  public  wedding  that  united  him  to  the  Queen 
followed.  He  now  governed  with  a  high  hand.  Mary 
herat'tf,  to  h«r  own  cost,  soon  bocamo  more  fully  ac- 
quainted witli  his  coarse  and  despotic  nature,  and  \ra8 
an  unhappy  wife-.  Meantime  thu  principal  barons  were 
combining  and  preparing  to  crush  Botbw<'ll,  nnd  thoy 
onturud  into  communication  with  Klizabeth,  from  whom 
they  sought  tuHistanco.  At  Carbcrry  Hill  tliu  forces  of 
Bothwell  and  the  army  colloct^^d  by  the  lords  were  ar- 
myed  against  oai^li  oth<>r.  But  »  biiltlo  was  avoided  by 
the  surrender  of  Mary,  after  a  long  parley  and  in  ptirsa* 
anoe  of  an  arrangement  which  permitted  the  escape  of 
Bothwell.  Shu  was  led  to  Edinburgh,  nnd  treated  with 
great  personal  indignity,  especially  by  tho  people,  who 
generally  believed  in  her  criminality.  Prom  Uu^ro  hIm 
waa  taken,  na  a  prisoner  to  Lochleven.  The  lords  had  in- 
tercepted a  letter,  as  tliey  asscrteil,  from  Mary  to  Both- 
well,  whioh  showed  that  her  passion  for  him  had  not 
abated.  Sir  James  Melville,  siMUiking  of  a  liTtt*'r  to  the 
Queen  from  the  Lainl  of  Grange,  written  at  ibis  time,| 
euys :  "  It  contained  many  otlicr  loving  and  bumble  wl- 

1  itrfuim,  f.  lot. 

•  ffitfory  if  Ik*  Ciirti  tf  SMiJml  <P.dii)b.  ti.,  18t1 ),  IL  »!. 


376      TOE  RJ-IORMATION   U)  ENGLAND  AKD  SCOTLAKD. 


montUoiis,  which  raiulo  hvv  bitterly  to  wcopt/m*  *he  couU 
not  do  that  to  haatUy  tehich  procttt  of  tiuu  miffhi  haw 
aeeomplithed,"  that  a," put  him  [Bothwell]  <Uan  out  of 
Mt»(J."'  'Iliifl  i&  one  among  the  abundant  proofs  that 
vliatever  oonstiaiot  bad  botin  put  upon  h«r  morvnienU 
b;  BotbwcU,  Uic  cbuu  tliat  bound  her  to  him  was  tlie 
infatuation  of  hor  ovn  heart. 

Tbo  statQmvnts  in  thv  forcing  akctcb  rest  upon  evi- 
dence whielt  iit  indcipendont  of  tlie  fanioiu  "  ca&ket  k-t- 
ten  "  —  the  letters  and  lr>vu-fiouni.-tH  oddn-Mk.'d  by  Alary 
to  Bothwoll,  togi'tliiT  irith  uoDtrncts  of  mamage  between 
th«in,  wlili-li,  it  wiiA  allc<gcd,  were  found  in  a  silver  casket, 
that  Bothwell,  after  bis  Qigbt,  vainly  endeuvorod  to  pfft- 
uuro  from  Uie  Cnstlo  of  Edinburgh.  If  the  onsket  letteta 
are  genuine,  they  prove  incontcatably  tbat  in  the  murder 
of  I)m-iiU>y,  Miiry  wtw  an  nccoinplicc  before  the  net. 
The  gonuinenesfl  of  them  has  been  more  or  less  elab- 
orately discussed,  and  hits  bocn  miuntainod  by  tliu  most 
eminent  liiatorLins,  aa  Hume,  Robertson,  Laing,  Burton, 
Mnckiutosb,  Mignet,  tianke.  Their  genuinences  bus  btten 
defended  ktely  by  Mr.  Krondc,  in  bi«  "  History  of 
England."  liie  most  acute  of  the  writers  on  tlie 
otJior  8ido  is  Mr.  Hosaek,  thv  author  of  n  recent  work 
upon  Mary  and  her  accusers.^  No  candid  ciitio  can  dony, 
wbntuvcr  may  be  his  fmnl  verdict,  tbat  the  letters  coutain 
many  internal  marks  of  genuineness  which  it  would  bo 
exceedingly  difGcult  for  a  counterfeiter  to  invent,  and  that 
the  scrutiny  to  ivhich  they  worw  subjected  in  the  Seotti»b 
Privy  Council,  the  Scottish  Parliament,  and  tlie  English 
Privy  Cotmcil  wiie  such  that,  if  thoy  were  forged,  it  \s 
jArd  to  account  for  tlie  failure  to  detect  tlie  imposture, 
Moreover,  tlio  cliaraotor  of  Murray,  although  it  may  be 
admitt«d  tlint  he  was  not  the  immiiculuto  per^ton  tluit  ho  ii 
tometimes  coosidercd  to  have  been,  must  have  been  black 
1  Mfuirt,  p.  IG3. 

H  tdilion.    S  THAU.    I.oadnn,  IKO. 


I 


I 

I 


THE  CASKET   IXTTERS.  877 

tndoed  if  th««e  documents,  wbicli  lio  brotigbt  forwunl  to 
prove  the  guilt  of  liis  sister,  wcru  furgetl.  But  Murray  ia 
prused  not  only  by  his  perftoiuil  mlberents  and  by  lus  par^, 
bat  by  men  like  SpottiswooUe  and  Melville.'  Banke,  who 
eoBudoTS  the  letters  to  bo  genuine,  though  somewlint  aU 
tered  in  piassing  tliroiigh  tho  various  translations,  litjll 
1ictiuit(»  to  pi-ouotince  ii  dvcision  in  n^ganl  to  the  QAievn'i 
foreknov ledge  of  tho  murder.  Another  interpretition  u( 
tJic  miittur  wAB  broaclicd  —  tliat  Miirj'  wm  actually  be- 
coining  dniwn  to  her  jieuitent  litiabiuid,  that  their  recon- 
ciliation vras  sincere  ;  and  that  Butliwoll,8ecing  the  danger 
that  hi.-*  prize  would  sUp  from  his  grasp,  hnittonfid  the 
oonsumiiiation  of  his  plot.  Ranke  observes  that  tho  so- 
lution of  tlio  probti;m  belongs  to  the  poet  who  can  oper. 
up  Uic  di^plhs  of  the  hiutrt,  those  ttbysscs  in  which  the 
fltorms  of  passion  rage,  and  actions  are  born  which 
hid  defianoo  to  law  ojid  to  luoi-ality,  and  yet  luiv* 
deep  i-ools  in  the  human  soul.'  It  does  not  appear, 
however,  in  what  way  it  ia  possible  to  reconcile  the 
genuineness  of  the  casket  Ictlen,  as  Hanke  uitirms  it, 
with  any  other  mipposition  tlian  Mary's  ■.wnijtlicity  in 
tho  plot  in  which  Bothwell  was  the;  chief  uctor.  Tht-rc 
is  decisive  proof  that  tliey  Iiave  not  'ueen  materially  in- 
terpolated.' 

>  "A  man  (ruir  god,  and  wortJij  to  be  rankfit  ■moncil  lb*  tietl  cnvtmnn 
Hot  tlii*  k!a|[d(im  fasth  *njo]r*il,  nil,  UicrFfai*,  lo  Ibit  ilaf  honored  villi  Ilia 
littaat  'ttiei^iodRrintii.'"  — SfoiiIiwomIi,  ifiaWry  it^iltt  Cltvrti  iff  Sotitmil, 

a.  m. 

>  i:»stlt<*4  OidL,  l  so;.  Ot  IIi*  abducUon  of  Uaiy,  R«nk«  mjn  "  llatt 
ttviriUiic  halb  (CMwiininio,  {■'''■'I'l  ■"  >■■  mIos  Grwalt,  und  iladnrdi  in  iii 
N'uchwrndi],-k*it,  iKm  Uin  Itontl  la  s^htn  "  <p.  SBA). 

*  Jlurtui,  V.  lit.  Ai  tDtli*T«Mdqiinlianio(lli«eiiilt  or  innwcuiranf  M«3r, 
anil  ot  Uit  crniiSiwiiiiM  ot  thv  rukvl  docunrala.  qiieaUoii*  UiM  lUll  lnt<nai 
iLa  mindi  nt  mtn,  nolwiltnlin.liiiK  Mr.  Il«rb«rt  Spaneei**  Judcmrot  uiwa 
llta  frirolllj  »f  the  vliula  inquiry,  llit  rvcrol  urorki  at  BBdoD  on  Iho  one  *i4*i 
and  at  lloiack  on  tba  o^rnr,  (oiiuniiul^  pmrnt  Ihe  utt  w  adoquattt^  thai 
im^Madar  can  tuTiii  a  canctiulao  fol  blmMK.  La»Mu'i  cdllloD  of  UiiUop 
Ktilb'i  ltUorji/ll.t  Aff-irf/Churrk  ami  SLtit  in  5m().iij.f  (prinlcd  (ot  Hi* 
BpaUIi*  ciiMh  S>>c.,U4&),  a  work  lavorablo  to  Ma.~y,  itntenl*  In  llta  tvUlar'i 
n>pir«*  noWi  a  lars*  wiiuunl  of  valuable  maleflal,    Uucbaoan,  In  hit  Iflilitf 


US      THE  REFORMATTO:t   IX   RNOLAXn   AX[>   SCOTLAXPl 

At  LodileviMi,  Mary  nigiied  two  docunipjita,  the  au' 
abdicnting  tliv  tliratw,  tliu  other  Appointing  Marrav  Re-' 
g«nt  tluriiig  UiP  minority  of  her  oliiM.  From  thijt  date., 
in  pubUc  recorda,  tlie  reign  of  James  VI.  oomni<-qau 
Tbo  infant  King  wtw  crown«d  at  Stirling,  on  tho  29^H 
July,  15C7.  ^ 

In  I>(M:ciDbcr,  a  Parlismont  nssoinhlcd,  witicb  oonfir 
Uie  Acta  of  1560  for  tlie  «8t»I>lishnieiit  of  ProtcKtimG 
From  thiB  time  the  nex  Kirk  was  able  to  wt  on  fo 
moro  ctnciont  diHciphni}  than  had  b*'cn  posnblo 
One  sign  of  llie  cliango  was  the  e«!le4iiaiitical  ccusti 
which  all  publications  were  subji-cttsd.  lu  the  cons^ 
tion  and  government  of  tliu  Scuttisli  Churdi,  tbo  Uyj 
cldorship  lia«  a  prominent  place.  In  15T8,  the  "  Secouil  I 
Book  of  Discipline  "  embodied  tlie  complete  Pn-ybytcrian  , 
hicmrdiy,  njioendtng  from  the  poriidi  sessiona  (hn^ugli 
preslnieries  and  provincial  synods  up  to  the  General , 
■enibly,  whii-Ii  was  siipri'mo.  Siipcrint^'uiU-nU  wcro 
tained,  whose  function  it  was  tn  carry  out  the  me 
of  tlie  Asttonibly.     At  Frankfort,  Knox  had  compose 

but  etptdiUjr  in  big  IMfttl-m  nf  Iht  A^a»t  of  Uary  Q)tm  'fSntt,  ' 
waa  «Tilt*n  BodcT  lfa«  aurpico)  of  Miicny,  inailt  ■  tliTtnria*!,  y«t  pcnnfall 
rHocliri  atlack,  xhich  rcecdi  llie  pr>pulir  (wtInK,  uIvriM  to  Marj,  (tal  «• 
Ixifil  at  iha  lime  in  SiN>llanil.  I^;'*  D^^mt  t/ltii  Itanerof  iliuy,  b^  OM 
at  lier  msIoiu  xlhtmiU,  wi*  ■  ptra  uii  tlio  (<thu[  fi<l«.  I!t  "m  lallowtti  hef 
olli«railmx'BlMol  Uary  on  Chtrnnliixiil.  l1«11iDU,  liie  grtal  l*T*nrh  hliMriaa, 
luillav«d  with  Iliichaaan,  and  could  nut  br  induotd  by  J*tii«  I.  t«  rvlnM  hit 
renliot  i^nii  th<  King*!  mntligt.  C'lnidvn,  Ibo  KnsU>h  butonia  u(  lli*  , 
MVCDtfanlb  ««ntuiy,  inalnUiDtid  lict  IniirK^ncc.  Andcrun  and  otliin  (lub- 
M»i  (h*  dMUinaal*.  Kaillt  and  Goodall  wrots  In  lamr  id  Hary.  lyiler, 
tVliiiAkvr,  anil  <7halini>n,  aricutd  on  Uiu  nolo  Me.  Itobenun  apptHdoJ  (o  ib4  ' 
lliird  iiihinn  lA  hl«  llitlmy  n/ Si-.<lL:iiJ  a  curlullir  iludlcd  DitKrMivit  iM 
King  llinry't  Hardtt,  lo  wliicli  liv  riNniilcn  ibal  Mary  yna  fAfjt  and  lliinx 
nainlainwl  thtaain*  cicwla  hit  fotirtb  rnluinr.  In  ihg  text  sad  in  an  vlibom* 
■Ota.  Roth  ccnlnd  tot  ilia  stnui(ici>»ta  t,i  Ihc  ratkal  ilocunii;nl>-  Gilbert 
8111U-.  TCpliad  to  Bobettaoit.  An  Mt«n*iT«  diiwiinlan,  in  ^[Rnn«i)t  wiili  tha 
tiew*  of  Hum*  and  lldbrrlaon,  lUtt  lirn  i-nlniwo*  of  Malcolni  Ijiinc't  //ia 
b>r|i  ofRtMbmi.  I*rinE«  Alvxaodar  I^banoJI  (luliliibcd,  in  l£4t,  a  i.'ulln.-iioD 
!o  MvvD  raluman,  ot  QuMn  tfarj'i  LvtCen.  Mr.  Fruudg'n  midoniiintlnn  til 
Mary  tiaji  latrly  nviviid  Ilia  ccmlrovfinf .  J/nry  <Jaet»  ofScoU  ami  hir  Ulrm 
Kttglith  Hidorian,  by  Jaiuai  t.  Mallns  (Xcw  Tork,  1872),  b  ■  [lolaitiii'al  wort 
^^inac  Proud*. 


POUTY  ANT)  WOnSHIP  OF  THE  SCOTTISH  KOK 


379 


I 


k 


book  ot  ilcvotion  for  public  worship,  wliidi  liu  »8i»l  in  his 
tliurcli  »t  (leiievft  ;  "  Tli«  Fomio  of  Pmyura  and  Mini» 
tnitioii  of  the  Sacs^mcnts,  Ac,  oaed  in  tlie  Knglisb  Con- 
^■gution  ut  Ooiicvo,  nii<l  A[>provt:d  by  ibu  fuiiioiis  mid 
godly  lenniod  nuin,  Jolm  Calvin."  Tbia,  with  a  few 
cbiiDgts.  txritiino  thu  "  Book  of  Common  Order  "  for  tliu 
Soottiah  Church.  It  contnins  no  form  of  iibHolutioii.  It 
tiichidfs  a  ConfiwMon  of  Faitb,  which  difEcrs  from  that 
which  Pnrlinment  and  Uie  Gcnoral  AtWPinbly  ndopt«'l. 
This  now  Coufeadon  is  derived  from  Calvin's  Catecbiam, 
r^kting  to  Ibc  A]M»t1o'«  Creed.  Tliu  doctrine  of  Uio 
Sacrament  is  identical  with  Uiat  of  Catrin,  as  distin- 
giiifibcd  from  the  Lntbcran  and  tlie  oarlier  Zwiiigliao 
theory,  lliero  w:is  n  general  form  of  cxpulrtion  of  un- 
worthy persons  from  tlie  Lord's  table,  in  connection  n-ith 
the  ministration  of  the  Sacrament.  This  was  i.'alltHi 
exoommunication  or  "  fencing  of  the  tiihlen."  ManiagM, 
as  well  as  biiptisnia,  were  colcbrfited  in  chiu'ch  and  on 
Sundays.  Thin  "  Hook  of  Cotniiiou  Order  "  continued  in 
nse  for  about  a  hundred  yeare,  when  it  was  dropped,  in 
coimoction  with  the  content  sgninat  the  ICngli^th  Pmyer 
Book.  After  the  Presbyterian  system  Iwd  been  estab- 
lishcd  by  the  Assembly,  the  ohl  pohty  of  Uic  Church  ro- 
niained  as  a  matter  of  law.  There  were  bishops,  and  ahw 
abbota  and  priors ;  thcsu  places  being  iUlcd,  after  1560, 
by  Prote«lant«,  and  sometimes  by  laymen.  In  167^  it 
mw  Bgreed  between  tlie  ecde^aatical  and  civil  auUioHtiet 
Ant  the  old  iinmea  and  titles  of  nrchbisliops  and  bishopa 
^ould  continue,  although  tlie  incumbents  were  to  have 
no  power  greater  than  that  of  superintendents,  and  wore 
to  be  subject  to  the  Kirk  and  General  Asaerably  in  spiiit- 
tiul  thing«  IIS  they  were  to  the  King  in  things  temporal. 
Tlie  temporalitii<s  of  tli«  sees  h.id  mostly  flowed  into  tlie 
hands  of  laymen.  This  was  what  Knox  condemned ;  the 
raviml  of  episcopacy,  in  the  shadowy  form  juiit  4lescnl>ed, 
appears  to  have  excited  in  him  little  or  no  oppo^tinn.' 
■  Compare  UcCrlc.  p.  3!M  wq.,  wkh  Ourlaa.  v.  3IS     Tlu  ilucumsnli  ntj 


880     TKE  REFORUATIOK  IX  EKCLAKD  AHO  SCOTLAXD. 

Ait«r  about  twenty  yuan,  tlio  PivHl>yt«n»n  ■ystom.  pan 
und  »mpl«,  wu  ertablialietl,  utiiler  die  nuspicet*  of  Aiidnw 
Melville.  Subsequently,  tlie  attompte  of  James  VI.  tc 
vHliibliali  Uic  royul  suprunucj,  uut  to  introduce  not  only 
tlie  Anglican  polity,  but  the  AngUcan  ritual,  also,  begin 
tluit  coQtitKt  botvrvvn  tbu  Tbromi  and  thv  Kirk,  wU<:b  aig- 
niLlix<<:d  th«  next  reign,  and  brought  Charles  I.  to  tl»e 
Bcaffold.' 

Tbc  Queen  of  England  profesacd,  and  probably  wtUi 
Binoirity,  lier  high  indignation  at  tbe  treatment  of  Mary 
by  ber  subjocte.  It  wiu  a  fliigront  disn^ard  of  EUa- 
beUi's  grukt  political  maxim  **  tliat  the  head  aliould  not 
be  subject  to  the  foot."  But  in  Murray  she  bod  a  pei^ 
spicucious  Biul  linu  man  to  di'-id  witli.  It  wa«  evidunt  to 
tlia  couneellore  of  Elizabetb  and  to  I^zabetli  herself,  that 
i£  abe  iiitorposed  to  put  don-n  Ibo  Protciibuit  lords,  who 
bad  imprisoned  Mary  and  comjielKtl  her  .ibdiration,  they 
would  make  common  cause  witli  Kranoe,  and  ber  ovn 
tlironu  would  be  sluken.  This  concloaion,  bowoTer,  was 
not  reached  at  once.  Mary  woajied  fruin  Lodilovien  on 
tbe  2d  of  May,  15GS,  and  an  army  quickly  nOlicd  to  ber 
Btaodord.  It  was  then  tbe  n-iub  of  Elizabeth  and  Imt 
Cabinet  to  restore  her  to  licr  tlin.tni.%  without  any  inter- 
vention of  tbe  French,  and  under  such  drcumflUuicex  na 
would  diectually  iw^urv  the  Hiilety  uf  Enffliind  and  tbe 

be  fau::il  In  CUiJannwd,  HitUny  </ lii  Kirl  n/.V^dnrf  I  WMlrmr  Swid)-),  U. 
1*0  *>).    S*>  •Iw  Prinolpil  I^,  llutiiry  <iflhf  Chunk  o/Srol^md,  L  300,  L 

t  !%«  Jtt  ityttt  Knox  <nn  Dot  tnt  tnm  peril  and  Mufllnt  When 
tloMs'upktiy^iUiMdllMianoiUnajCln  lall)  in  F.ditiliHr):h,  ho  ratlnd  I 
AndnirfL  JunMU«lTilli,a(w««KU*inIniiCrr,  tlioii  >  ttuilcni  in  Uie  colli 
In  Itft  ■  TKry  InMrMlinji  dtKriptiMl  of  lilm,  i,  ibtcnjiU  old  innn,  wlUi  moftM 
fur  abnul  lili  iwck,  wtth  ■  *U1I  in  liaml,  *nd  lielgiFd  ulniit;  Ibc  !im«(  l._v  hit 
UUituI  Mnruil,  Bidiud  IhtnniUynK,  "anil  bj  Iho  Nud  Hicliiinl  auil  Uullu* 
NTvanl  lidad  up  U  Ui«  pulpil,  whiin  hv  buharil  lo  Itan  al  hu  tint  eutry;  bid 
m  b*  had  ilnii*  willi  lili  •rniinn,  hi*  ir»  m  aclln  and  rlcorou,,  tlial  Im  wm 
ilkalr  (o  dhif;  llii>  piilpU  rii  hlmU  and  11}-  nul  of  il."  (McCric,  p.  330.}  Baa- 
oaixno  "TOlu  iiiti'inliiiH  Attm-iriali  of  Knux.  Knox  died  op  Iho  Sldi  o(  S* 
rtmbfT.  liTl.  lIuiKiii  uiil,  nvtr  Ui'  i^yt,  "Ihal  he  nsllhcr  IfattJ  nor  lUt 
uiwl  anir  ll»li,'-    lllntton,  r.  JS7.) 


I 


OOKrLtCT  OP  EXCLAHb  AND  SPAIK. 


881 


•utoutidmicy  of  Eltznbctli  m  her  ooitntols.  But  Marj's 
anny  was  defeated  at  Lnngside,  when  8he  was  att«mpt- 
iiit;  tu  mureli  tn  numlinrlon  Castle,  aiid  hIi«^  i>«cii]>C(l  l>y  n 
prucij)Uat«  Qight  into  England,  where  she  threw  hciBvlf 
on  Uiu  protijction  of  EliziibetJt.  Thu  ardent  and  j^wne- 
vering  solicitations  of  Mary  for  an  interview  with  the 
English  QuGvn  were  put  off  uutil  slic  should  liv  ck-itivil 
of  the  crime  that  was  itnput«d  to  her.  Murray  and  his 
luwociiktcs  were  callL-d  u]>on  to  justify  their  prociHtlingii, 
and  brought  forward  Uic  "  casket  dooumenta,"  to  substan- 
tiate their  charges. 

Klixab(>th  might  dmlike  the  reli^poua  s^-steni  of  the  vic- 
torious party  in  Scothind  and  abhor  tlietr  political  max- 
ims; but  they  were,  in  the  existing  situation  o(  Barop«, 
her  alticft,  and  to  put  Mary  back  upon  her  throne  would 
]m\K  been  an  act  of  suicide.  It  must  bo  rumemlx'rcd  that 
she  never  renounced  her  claim  to  tlie  crown  of  England. 
At  this  juncturt-,  it  was  fortunate  that  the  slow  and  cau- 
tioits  I'hilip  cicvliiiitl  tiic  offeustve  alliance  that  wim  of- 
fered liim  by  Franoe.  In  1569.  the  victory  over  the  IIu- 
gnenota  in  I'nincc  was  followed  by  a  Catltolio  rebt-Ilion 
in  thu  Xortli  of  England.  The  domand  was  that  Mary's 
title  to  the  sticctsaion  should  be  aolcnowledgt^d.  I1ie  ex* 
oommunicatian  of  Elizabeth  by  Pius  V.  suwcoded. 
"Xlteimfonninl,  all  who  synipathixi,Hl  with  tlic  spirit  of  the 
Oatholio  reaction  in  Europe,  and  acknowledged  the  Popc*a 
autbori^,  were  under  Uio  strongest  temptation  tu  trout 
EliiiahetJi  as  a  usuq>cr  who  onght  to  be  actually  dethroned. 
The  rebellion,  under  tho  lead  of  Norfolk,  was  undertaken 
with  tho  express  iind  warm  approlmtion  of  tlie  I'ope,  and 
Philip  was  only  deterred  by  prudential  motives  from 
Bending  his  forces  in  aid  of  it ;  lie  preferred  to  wait  tmtil 
the  insui-gentH  should  liAve  seized  on  the  pcrDon  of  the 
Queen.  The  current  of  events  was  gnulnaily  hsuliiig  to 
%a  open  conllicl  with  Sjiain,  whi<li  both  tho  Queen  aivd 
Philip  were  reluctant  to  bep'n.      For  her  own  wnirity 


883      THE   REKORUATIOK   IX   KKOLAUD  AMD   SOOTUUCD. 

■lie  aecretly  proviJnt  nawatunce  to  the  rorollud  wtbjeeU 

of  Pliilij)  in  tiie  XctbcrlAnds,  nliidi  plensetl  FVance,  u 

her  aid  to  Um  SooUisK  ivbols  had  gralifiMl  Philip.     Tbt 

OORBOqncnoe  wm  that  favorable  terms  were  granted  to  the 

Netlierliutdit  In  Uio  Puciltuntiou  of   Ghent,  In   1676,     It 

.was  aaturinl  to  her  inteivaU  tliat  the  Huguenot*  should 

^MOt  be  »ubdui-d,  and  sho  covurtly  gave  thorn  h«Ip  while 

■he  was  in  friendly  relations  with  lliu  Frencli  {rovoTDiiwnt 

.that  was  Meking  to  crush  them.    At  length  the  desperate 

ooudition  of  the  Protestants  in  the  MeUi<-r]:uids  impoeed 

on  her  the  necessity,  in  1685,  of  openly  sending  her 

L  trCM^fM,  undor  the  command  of  LoioHt^.  for  Uicir  dclirer- 

^Kaoe.    Shortly  after,  Dnike  appeared  before  Su  IX)iulngu 

and  took  jiosseasion  of  tliat  island. 

Mary  Sinnrt  wm  the  ccQtiX!  of  tlio  hopes  of  the  ene- 
DUOS  of  Protestant  England  and  of  ElltabeUi.  Thoir 
plots  looked  to  the  elevation  of  >fary  to  tlm  throne  wliich 
Blizab«th  filled.  Political  ninbition  and  religious  ftuiati- 
dm  wvro  linked  together  in  this  great  scheme.  Mary'^ 
life  was  regarded  by  tho  \TiHCst  of  tlic  EDgluth  stotosmeii 
aa  a  standing  menace.  A^Hion  her  complicity  with  ths 
0(MU[nTacy  of  Babington,  wlticli  involved  a  Spanish  inva- 
sion and  tlio  ileUironcintMit  tuul  dciith  of  fUixabetli  was 
proved,  the  execution  of  Mary  followed  (1587). 

Apart  from  the  intorfcrenco  of  Klizalictli  in  tho  N«ther- 
laads,  England  and  Spain  had  long  been  engaged  in  a  des- 
iiltoit7  warfare  on  tho  ocean,  whcro  the  treasure  ships  of 
Philip  wore  captured  by  Drake  and  his  compeers,  nnd 
the  Spanish  colonics  harassed  by  tbotr  attacks.  The 
cruelty  of  the  Inquisition  to  English  sailors  in  Sp:tin 
qoickftniMl  the  relish  of  the  great  English  mariners  f»r 
Uiis  kind  of  retaliation.  Tlic  soiling  of  tho  invincible 
Armada  for  the  con(iuc«t  of  England  was  at  once  the  cul< 
nunatioa  of  this  prolonged,  indetinit4>  conflict,  and  the 
nipremo  effort  of  the  Catholic  reaction  to  annihilate  tha 
Protestant  strength.    Tlie  valor  of  the  English  seamen 


PBOTI'STANTISH   IM   IBKLAKD. 


888 


N 


wid)  Uie  winds  for  their  allies,  dispersed  and  destro^ped 
tite  mighty  fleet,  and  "  tiro  northern  ocean  ©ren  to  the 
frozen  Thiile  wa«  ecattored  with  tlic  prond  ftlii[>wnHJt.i  of 
tlje  Spanish  Armada."  '  A  deatli-blow  was  given  to  tbo 
hopes  ot  tho  cnoraiea  of  Protootant  England  (1588). 

A  sketch  of  tho  Reformation  in  Great  Britaiu  vrould  be 
incomplete  wthout  some  notice  of  the  attempts  to  phint 
I'rotestantjgm  in  Ireland.  Ireland,  one  of  the  last  of  tiM 
oountrics  to  bow  to  Ihc  siipivmai^y  of  the  Holy  See,  has 
been  equaled  hy  none  in  its  deTotloii  to  the  Roman 
Church,  although  tho  independence  of  the  country  was 
wrested  from  it  uiidur  Uie  warrant  of  a  bull  of  Adrian 
IV.,  which  gave  it  to  Henry  II.  Protestantism  waa  asso- 
ciated with  the  hated  domination  of  foreignero,  and  was 
propagated  according  to  methods  reuogniiEcd  in  tliat  age 
as  lawful  to  the  conqueror.'  Invaders  who  were  engaged 
in  an  almost  perpetual  conflict  with  a  subject  race,  tli« 
oouree  of  which  was  marked  by  horrible  massacrea,  could 
hardly  hope  to  coiive-rt  their  eneniiea  to  tlicir  own  ntUg- 
ious  faith.  Henry  VIII.,  having  made  himself  the  head 
of  the  English  Church,  proceeded  to  establisli  his  uccle- 
siasticiil  auprcinacy  in  the  neighboring  island.  TliU  was 
ordained  by  the  Irish  rarliamont  in  IdST,  bat  was  re- 
sisted by  11  groat  part  of  the  clergy,  with  the  Arcltbishop 
of  Armagh  at  their  head.  George  Browne,  »  willing 
agent  of  the  King,  who  had  bucn  Provincial  of  tho 
AuguKtine  fnnm  in  England,  wna  made  Archbishop  of 
Dublin.  The  Protestant  hierarchy  was  constituted,  but 
the  people  remained  Catholic.  The  mistaken  policy  of 
Moking  to  Anglicize  the  country  was  pursued,  nud  tlie  ser- 
Tioes  of  religion  were  conducted  in  a  tongue  whidi  they 
^d  not  undejTstand.  TIte  Prayer  Book,  which  was  intro- 
duceil  in  l.'>iJ1,  was  not  rendered  into  Irish,  but  vna  to 

>  MiltOD,  0/  yir/VniAthM  in  KKftniul.  b.  if. 
•  lljilom,  Cam.  ffid.,  ih  xriQ 


884     TUr.  ItKKOlUIA'nUX  ts  i^nulaxd  asd  BoanASO, 

be  rviidcriMl  into  Latin,  for  the  sake  of  ecclesinatioa  mid 
otben  who  were  not  aoquiunU.'(l  witli  English  t  On  the 
■coomEod  of  Mary,  tJio  net?  fabric  which  had  b«en  nu»od 
by  Henry  V'lII.  and  his  mtn,  full  to  piecoi  without  resiftb- 
aacv.  As  the  Catholic  KeaotiMi  became  orgnniud  in 
Eiin>|H^  and  began  Ut  vnxff'  its  contost  with  Qui.'«n  EtizA- 
betli,  the  Iriali  wlio  liad  to  some  extent  itttended  the 
BngliMh  st-rvico,  gtin<Mally  dcsorted  it.  rrot«8tan(ism 
had  no  footing  outside  of  Uic  Palo,  or  whcru  English 
soldiers  were  not  pn^cnt  to  protect  it  or  foroe  it  uprm 
tlu)  people.  The  Episcopal  Church  in  Ireland  wore  a 
•omewhat  Puritanic  caat,  and  in  its  fonnularics  set  forth 
prominently  the  Calvinistic  theology.  The  New  Teat»- 
ment  ints  not  tnui!tlat4.-d  into  Irish  until  ItiOS;  tnd  the 
Prayer  Book,  though  transLated  earlier,  was  not  uao* 
tioned  by  ptihlie  uiitltority,  and  was  Uttlo  usod.^  Amon^ 
various  wise  snggcstions  in  liord  B«oon's  tnu^t,  written  io 
1501,  entitled  "  Considurations  tooohing  tJie  Queen's  ser- 
vice in  Ireland,"  is  a  i-i!Con>incndiition  to  take  care  "  of 
the  versions  of  Bibles  and  cateditsms,  and  oilier  booki 
f  instruction,  into  the  Irish  language."'  Witli  equal 
«.igacity  and  good  feeling,  he  connsels  the  establish nu^nt 
of  colonies  or  plantations,  the  sending  out  of  fer\'ent, 
]K>piiIiir  prvaclivn  and  of  pious  and  learned  hishops,  and 
the  fostering  of  education.  He  roconunends  mildnc^ 
and  tolei-ation  rather  than  tIl(^  iwe  of  tlio  t«inponil  sword 
But  the  policy-  which  the  great  philosopher  and  stale» 
Dan  marked  out,  was  very  iniperfoctly  followed. 

'  lUrdwIck,  WiWwy  tffiXt  Ite/ormalion,  p,  JJO. 

■  Thl*  met  It  la  vol  <r.  ol  Uonusu'i  tdltion  at  IUnq'*  vrltlaii 


I 
I 


CIIAPTEU  XJ. 


' 


THE  BKFWRMATION  EN  ITALY  AKD  IN  8PAIW!  THB 
CODlITEB-ICICE'OltUATION  Dt  TOE  BOMAN  CA7H0U0 
CHUBCH. 

PK0TESTA^TIBM,  vrhifih  in  tlie  oourae  of  one  g<.'iieni- 
ticm  spread  ovur  n  gri.>at  pcirt  of  Cviitriil  nnil  Noiihom 
Europe,  penetrated  boyond  the  Alps  and  the  PyroDees. 
But  liore,  in  the  Italian  and  Spunlsb  peninsular,  it  en-J 
wnntorcd  thv  firet  vflfcctual  reustancc.  I{«tc  wore  m^^a- 
JTcd  the  foroea  titat  -were  to  arrest  its  march,  and  evon  to 
reconquer  territory  wliioli  liod  been  surrendered  to  tlie 
new  faith. 

Ait«r  the  omanvipution  of  Ittily  from  the  control  of  tlia 
Gt-rman  empcrorB,  by  the  downfall  of  the  Ilohen^taufen 
line,  in  thu  middle  of  tin;  tiiirtwntli  ci^iitury,  a  pc-rif>d  of 
two  centuries  and  a  Iialf  elapsed  prior  to  the  invasion  of 
Charlea  VIII.  Tlii'n  Italy  Iwcame  tho  fuM  and  the  prize 
of  tJiG  conflict  K'twoon  the  Spanish- Austrian  house  and 
France.  The  loi^  interral  of  independence  preceding 
this  epoeh,  notwithstanding^  thi>  tiirbuli^nce  and  (wnfiislnn 
that  marked  the  political  history  of  Italy,  was  tliu  vm  in 
which  art,  letters,  trade,  and  commerce  flourished  nuMtlj 
th«  period  in  which  the  iutellectnal  superiority  of  Italy  I 
uaonij  the  European  nations  was  moftt  conspicQOns.  Hut ' 
muniajial  liberty  was  gmdually  lost.  The  conflicts,  in 
the  northern  and  oontnil  <-iti«s,  In'tnis-n  tJin  nobhw  and 
the  conmumN,  (jciii-raUy  ituucd  in  (he  triumph  of  the  lat- 
ter ;  hut  the  uest  sU'p  was  the  grasping  of  supreme  ptmui 
by  a  single  family.     The  dominicm  of  a  tyrant  ot  lord 


u» 


TBS  SEPOUMATIOM   IN   FTALT  AXD  EPAIM. 


wufl  built  Up  on  tbv  niins  of  rupublicanism.     FloroncM 
[ollovn-d  t)i4>  fat<^  of  other  <!itiei<,  nn>\  fell  nt  liut  under  tlie 
rule  of  tic  Mi-dici.'     Tlie  divmon  of  lUily  into  states,  at 
tbc  beginning  of  ihft  flft«i;ntli  coiitury  —  of  which  Naplc*, 
tlie  Papal  Kingdom,  Florence,  Mthin.  and  Venice,  were 
tbc  oIiit.'f  —  was  fnTorobla  to  thv  Ruformation.  Tboro  wu 
no  one  central  govcmipent  with  pover  to  crush  the  navt 
opinions.     It  might  bo  possible  for  those  who  woro  peno* 
cutcd  in  one  dty  to  flee  into  nuothor.     On  tlie  otIi«r  h 
the  decline  of  the  epint  of  liberty,  which  took  place 
the  ago  before  the  Itvforntatiun,  tlie  brilliant  nge  of  li 
ature  and  art,  was  an  inauspicious  «vent. 

Italy  was  a  uoar  Hpix:tator  of  the  vcnaUty  and  p 
gacy  of  tho  lionian  curLi,  and  tlie  victim  in  tlie  strife  tl 
»ikB  kindled  by  the  ninbition  of  the  pontiffs  to  cxto 
their  temporal  dominion  and  to  aggmndiz«  th^r  relativi 
Hie  robulces  that  wore  thundered  from  the  palplt  of  S 
Tonar^Ia  w«re  not  ittrippfd  uf  their  infiuenoe  in  conaequi 
of  his  death,  for  whicli  tlie  enmity  of  Alexander  VI. 
largely  responsible.    In  the  Cooncil  of  the  Latonui, 
1&12,  iGgii^iui,  Oencral  of  the  Aogustnuian  Order,  and 
Count  of  Minmdola,  among  others,  denounced  the  abases 
tliat  meniicod  the  Chnrch  and  religion  itself  witli  ruin. 
The  arraignment  of  the  papal  administration  by  the     „ 
'niuufdpiiio  ntfonncrs  would  naturally  meet  with  a  synu^| 
pathetic  response  in  Italy.      Yet  there  was  a  nationw^ 
prido  oonneetod  with  tiiu  Papacy;  and  this soutiment  was 
•trengthened  by  tbe  circumstance  that  the  Papacy  waa 
oft«u  attacked  as  an  Italian  institution,  and  tn  a  style  tha^^ 
was  adapted  to  wound  Italian  foehng.  ^^ 

As  far  ba<>k  ss  tbe  twelfth  century,  Arnold  of  Brescia, 
inspired  by  the  to^icliings  of  Abclunl  mtb  a  love  of  truth, 
and  catching  the  spirit  which  the  at  niggle  for  munidpat 

1  On  Uro  cnadltlon  e(  lutr  In  tha  ISUi  c«ntui7,  hi  Slsmondl,  Bill.  d.  M^ult^ 
llaLd.  ilVftnAs*,\n-A.X.;  TUIlun,  Kvnjii  Jurmgllit  ttUJU  J/^A.\   ' 


THi:  RKuaiovs  i>os^lIl>^'  of  dante.  887 

liber^  wnk  i>«gini)iiig  to  nourUli,  demanded  ihat  the 
clergy  should  Knouiict!  their  worldly  pot^scMtons  and  tein> 
pond  power,  and  return  to  a  life  o:  ai>06tolio  siinplicily. 
I-'or  a  time  his  i^loquoKHj  carrivd  Uio  day  in  Roui«  itcolf. 
Ilti  pcrislied  at  htst,  a  niart^T  to  bis  principles.*  The 
follies  and  vicea  of  Utu  olvrgy,  ev«ii  tfao  iniquitotu  doings 
of  Pu|w«,  \md  been  caatigated  by  Italian  writers  from  tlie 
dawn  of  the  Temnculiir  litvnitun).  Tbo  lofty  nnd  bitter 
invuctivi-s  of  Dante  are  aimed  at  the  tenipoml  ambition 
and  at  ]iiirtioiiliir  misilixidH  of  incumbunbi  of  tltu  Iluly  Sl-c. 
At  the  very  opening  of  the  "  Inferno,"  he  paints  the  ex- 
isting Church,  clotliixl  vntb  tcmpond  power,  fu)  — 

'*  A  th»>i«i>if,  ihiii  wiih  »1I  hunctrinaii, 
SMnwd  In  Ih'  Uitvn  in  her  niMKivnns, 
And  mnn;  fulk  hu  caunml  (D  lin  farkn]."  * 

Pope  An.istiuiius  lie  cliargcs  with  heresy  and  places  among 
the  lost;^  I'opt.-  Ccl{^«tine  V.,  for  abdtciiting  the  papal 
chair  to  give  room  for  Boniface  VIII.,  lies  at  the  mnutli 
of  hcil  among  tIio«e  n-hoin  tnercy  and  justice  both  disdiiin ;  * 
and  Boniface  hinuielf  expinti>fl  his  crimes  in  adee|>ernbyas 
of  ]>erditiuD.''  The  l*o{}es  luid  turned  from  sheplii^rds  into 
wolves,  nud  ncgVuUng  tlie  (lospels  and  the  Fatliers,  had 
only  conned  the  Det^etals !  — 

"  ThriJ  mnlltallana  r«tli  nol  Smftlh."  • 

Manfred,  tlie  son  of  the  Kinpenir  Frederic  II.,  died  ex- 
communimte  ;  but  in  Purgatory  he  was  found  havii^  the 
prtimiaB  of  ewrlastiiig  happiness :  — 

"  Bjr  niiliion  of  (hnn  ii  irot  to  bxl 
Elcnul  lavr,  Ihal  it  nnnot  ntam. 
So  IcDKU  hop*  bfaan^rllilaE  nf  rtevii.'*  ' 

Bnt  Dante  reeaTee  the  dogman  of  the  Church ;  his  wlioUt 
work  is  cast  in  tlie  mould  .>f  tlic  tnditional  tlicology  ;  he 

■  Vm  th«  lileralmv  n*|i«cttaK  Arnold  of  DnKia,  wa  Scfamfdt'i  Dtld*  tl 
(Unng-^  ArrtAA'iwyc/..  I MT. 
<  /m/fne,  \.  tt-ht.         •  lUd.,  si.  S.  *  Wi.,  UL  SO. 

*  lUd,  six.  ».  •  Pitn^llf,  it.  Itr.  I  fmrfat^n»,  Iji.  HS-tlM 


388 


TDK  RKrORUATlOX   lH    FTALY  AND  ttPAn). 


(daoee  in  tJie  joys  of  Paradise,  in  "  thv  bvuTrn  of  thf 
KUii,"  Aquiiuw,  BoIULVvtltu^^  AJbortiis  ^[ag1lua,  Petet 
Lnmbard,  and  Uie  otlier  great  ligbte  of  orthodoxy.'  Her- 
miaruhs  groan  ondvr  a  doom  from  which  th«re  is  no  do* 
liv«ntnop.  *  It  is  thn  » bom  illations  in  the  oonduut  »( 
i9CuU«ii\6tio8.  and  espt^cinlly  tbvir  w.^iziir«;  of  worldlj  do- 
minion, willi  tliv  w(!aIi1i  iiuil  ]>ride  which  accompany  it, 
tliwt  move  the  Bolomn  poet's  ire.  Against  this  f<.'niponil 
rtdi-  nnil  pitrty  spirit  of  liis  succewoTS,  St.  l*et>tr  iitvoigbn 
in  ParadijHi.     He  oxdainu :  — 

"  In  etth  dl  tlinfilwnlt  tha  rAptetou  mttrw 
itt  MM)  (mm  bvra  «t>ava  o'a  kll  tha  pMon*-"  * 

Donte'a  ideal  \s  tlie  empire  restored  to  universal  rule  and 
Iiaving  its  stikt  ui  Italy.  This  theory  of  n  monarclty  is 
the  aubj<!cL  nf  Iiis  politit'jd  troatiae.*  Petrardi  takes  tlie 
BAiiio  grnvml  poKilinn,  nlthotigli  bis  doniinciatioiu  of  the 
pollution  of  tlie  l^apal  curia,  tlie  mystSail  Babylon  of  tbo 
Apocalypst",  surpiiss  in  intensity  the  most  fiery  dcdama- 
tion  of  i'rot^^HtiiiiUi  iu  btt«r  times.  Boooncdo  goes  »  Kt«p 
further.  His  trratmont  of  the  Church,  had  we  no  other 
kuotvledge  of  him  than  what  tho  Decameronc  affords, 
would  even  lead  to  tlie  conclu§ion  that  he  had  no  rever- 
ence for  its  tciicbing.  Et:i'lusiii8tival  ptiisoiis  are  miule  to 
figure  in  ludicrous  iind  WTanilnloua  ttitiuiUoua.  Cite  of  lua 
tiji«,  for  uxample,  is  tbo  story  of  a  Jew  whom  a  friend 
endeavored  to  convert  to  the  Cliriittian  fcaitli.     The  Jew 

I  rnrtuKia,  x.  08.  DD,  lOTt  sit  I37> 

*  In/ema,  x.  *  P^mdUa.KXvW.  U-M. 

*  A  cUu  ot  crilio  li4Tc  cniacccMtalV  aitomplcd  to  chow  tlitl  Duw  «m 
nsnjr  bmtilB  la  U»  (^ritual  wnnifpiljr  of  lli«  Pope*.  Dug  Uwoij  U,  IbM  tfet 
prlnoIpAl  pwti  or  Ihtt  »k*  Iwlonjivd  te  »Mnl  anti-«iu«rd«lal  anociBliani.  TU« 
Hnotj  b  hlTocalad  bi-  Ckibriala  RomMI]  :  B^lla  SpirUa  trntifapalt  tAi  prtJlnt 
I)  n^DTxii),  tt«.,  Irau'luril  into  luislidi  ti7''t'"^'<"^Itjoniliin,  IftU).  Amtag 
till.  inKtmctivrwurka upon  Ilanl*  !■  iIiaI  nt  Frnf.  T.  Ilnlti,  IXimlt ai Ptiilimfliir, 
Pilrial,  'ind  Foil,  Naw  York,  IMS.  A  valuable  titi  at  wnrki  on  t>aiit«,  tnnu 
at  whSdi  r«1al*  Aittttlj  to  hi>  lli«nln|ir.  ii  ffivpn  liT  Pr'if.  Alii^uiT  >n  k'*  V^^uj 
Dt't  liir  Jir  lliriAt!pttil  II.  •lie  um/rr.ehilv-hm  0niA>Ulir  i«  tUaii't  jMt 
CbatMTa,  la  llu  Jalirt.  it.  driiUthiit  /Jnn(>.CV»'.Wi.if),  (..  |>.  IW,  n.  B«| 
■Im  PmL  J.  It.  txvirclt'i  Icanif d  artidc  uii  l)aair,  A'.  A.  Bttint,  Julj-,  mt 


I 


INrHIJlXCK  OV    rilK   HCMAXISTS. 


889 


I 


reBolrce  to  go  from  Paris  to  Rome  in  order  to  ee«  Chiw- 
tUnity  at  iw  liuul-qiuirtATB  —  a  purpouc  tliiit  strike  vith 
diRinay  Ills  CbrieLian  friend,  who  doubbi  not  that  tlie  in- 
iquitous Wvvn  of  t]iii  Pupc,  of  his  cardinal^  itnd  court,  will 
^hnae  from  the  levr'a  mind  all  thouglita  of  convorsion. 
But  in  duo  timu  ho  coincx  buck  a  Christian  beliorei, 
and  explains  to  hia  astonislied  frii>iid  that  tlit-  Kpi'c-tn^'le 
wliidi  bo  had  K-liuId  in  tho  capital  of  Christianity  had 
oonrinccd  Ir'm  that  tb«  Christian  mlifpon  must  linvo  a 
mpfrnatunil  origin  and  divine  support ;  else  it  would 
have  lieon  driron  out  of  the  world  by  the  profligacy  and 
folly  of  ita  goardiaos.' 

It  ia  generally  conceded  that  after  tlio  timu  of  Dante, 
Petrarch,  and  Boccaccio,  tlie  passionate  study  of  tlio  an- 
cients, wliii^  these  grent  writers  had  fasten^,  suspcjided 
in  a  rcmarkiiblo  degree  tlio  durclopntcnt  of  Italian  Ut- 
entnrc,  in  the  patli  of  original  production.'  The  Re- 
naissance was  iintiqu:inan  and  critical  in  its  spirit.  Alt 
tiiat  could  be  done  for  ii  long  tiin<!  was  to  count  and  weigh 
tho  treasures  of  antiquity  which  enthusinatic  explorers 
dietcovercd  witliin  tho  walls  of  moiitistcrics,  or  bTOught 
from  the  East,  The  revival  of  letters  led  to  tlie  exposure 
of  iictions,  like  tlio  protended  donation  of  Constantine, 
which  Laurentiti.4  ^^nlla,  whom  Bellannine  called  a  pre- 
cursor of  the  LutlKTans,  disproved  in  a  treatise  Uiat  pro- 
<lucc4l  n  gfiteral  excitement.  Tlie  soopttual  tone  of  Italian 
Ilumaiitsm  reduced  to  a  low  point  the  authority  of  th« 
Chtin-h  luuong  tltu  cultivated  class.  But  the  Ilumaniata 
seldom  posscHaed  tlie  heroic  qualities  of  cliaractcr  whicli 
qiialifii'd  tlicm  to  endure  suffuring  for  tho  cjiuso  of  tnitli. 
The  lore  of  fame,  a  passion  which  the  Christian  spirit  in 

■  TV*  ]«M  b  triirBdiir^  in  n  ilifffmil  Bhiiw  br  Vollatn^  wlia  wri  ot  "ma 
nllfka":  "KbMiriurtiriinBlilriliTlnafHnMwrrtntmctnturinof  Imposlim 
h4  babttilitjr  Kat«  not  i1«ilniT*il  tl-"  (JuiiCbl  bjr  Uorlff,  Vallairt,  p.  IW 
On  Boecicria'*  ImikUiiriit  ul  tnlMlaMita  ui£  nt  rnlijfinn,  im  OiB|[aBD#,  Ilkl 
UHfmlrt  <!'  IliHt.  iii.  110  mi| 

*  Sitmoixll,  !ti».  t'lMpf^lAt  L(l  o/Hi  FmUh  >/ Furopr,  i.  SM. 


3M 


Tin  MMMIATIOS  IS  rTALT  ASD  SPAIN. 


the  Middl«  Agi^a  luid  kept  i»  check,  re-appeared,  in  an  ej^ 
oeaaive  meonire,  in  Uic  <,icvot«cs  of  piigun  litorature.  Tlie; 
burned  ittcenaa  to  tbe  great  on  vliom  they  depended  foi 
pntroiiu|ri;  iiiid  advunoement,  bat  carried  into  their  dls- 
pates  with  one  nnoUicr  an  acrimony  and  fieroeneea  vitb* 
out  previous  vxiiniplc.  Pof^io,  one  of  thu  principal  m»n 
of  lotti^rs  in  Uie  first  htUf  of  the  fifteenth  century,  infused 
into  his  [tolontical  writings  a  fvrocity  which  is  only  1ms 
fcpulwve  than  tbe  groas  obscenity  that  deflles  other  -vtoAa 
from  his  pen.'  Tlie  Ituliiin  I1iiniaiii«ls  did  a  vaiit  \rork 
of  a  iic^tive  sort  in  sweeping  away  auperstition,  and  in 
UDdormining  tlio  credit  of  ccclcsiastice  and  of  their  dogmas. 
Thttr  positive  nervices  in  behalf  of  a  more  enlightened 
religion  nre  of  Ion  account.  Yet  good  fruit  ofu-n  grew 
ont  of  the  attention  Uiat  was  given  to  tlie  Scripturea.' 
Aondemies,  or  private  literary  assodationa,  sprang  up  in 
tli«  principal  cities ;  and  in  tliem  tlieological  topics  v«t« 
discussed  with  freedom.  The  wide-spncuid  culture  formed 
a  soil  in  which  the  »ci'.d  of  the  new  doctrine,  under  Itkvor- 
able  circumstances,  might  germinate.' 

At  an  early  day,  tlie  writings  of  bitUier  and  of  the 
other  Reformers  were  widely  dissemiitnted  in  Italy. 
Tliuy  went  circulated  under  fictitious  namcM,  luid  tlius 

1  TInlxAclii,  Sloria  diUa  I,ttltntliira  Itat.,  \t.  lOiT  Mq.  On  PnRido.  M* 
•ImIIiiIUri,  /•ifr.(n(*(/,iV.<//;i.n7i»,  I.eo.  Sh»phm!,  S.i/tifP^sii'.^iVt. 
Shafibcnl  H.vt  of  lili  uiilecmcf  ■ml  UvJtjr,  dial  tiity  «*re  "  ntber  Tlon  «(  tbt 
tliriM  llianof  tb«  iiimi." 

>  l!|>iin  Ibc  nintsl  «iid  rrlijfiou'  tone,  m  well  u  upon  tha  otber  I'liivtf luriillet 
at  (liD  tti-ntiwanc*,  Ihen  An  inlsruliog  lUleniaiiu  In  Uunkhanll,  IH*  Caimr 
iL  fttnimanei  it  lUi&t  n  (  IUmI,  UldU).  An  exccUcDl  iketcli  nt  11m  BendiMliM 
Ib  lltXy,  la  lu  t'rloui  (uluirs,  it  fS^ta  \if  Gieifatvyhu,  GtitXiAlt  J.  AUdI 
Jton  im  J/lUflaitr.  tol.  vli.  c.  tI.    (Slultsun.  UTO.) 

*  Ocrdtiluc,  Spreivum  tiatia  lir/i'malm  (Lugd.  BaL,  USD).  Aa  exc«lleBl 
Wdfhon  Uic  IkformMiaii  in  tUir  !■  Hint  of  Dr>  MfCric,  ttiHary  i>f  l\*  Prtfi^m 
mJ  SupprtmiM  tif  iht  Ut/^rmnihm  in  /lulji  (nvirvdition,  IBM).  Tbis,  U)|c*tItM 
«l>h  (ha  IMuty  '•/  Int  Rtfvtnaliait  in  Sfran,  by  Iba  uma  ftuUior,  bi*  MiMng 
Iht  mod  vktiialila  nt  tba  manoKntih*  raUiiaK  la  lb*  pniod  of  Uia  t{cianMUo& 
Bcnkc  Ifitivry  «/  Iha  Pofitt  0/  Kane  darinf  tkt  IQlA  aid  VilK  CtMmU^ 
|l^o  ■H|iirt  nT  nn  carlW  »otk,  Dit  fUitltn  ■-  \'Slktr  taita^  Emrtftt, 
Mnu  iMch  tildiUoDd  luaUei  al  exItciim  vaLuc. 


4 


CHABACTen  OP  ITAUAK  ritOTESTAMTlSy. 


391 


. 


stnded  Uic  vigilimcc  of  the  coclesiuetical  autborilies.' 
Tbti  wav  between  Charles  V.  and  tbe  Pope,  that  broke 
out  til '  15*26,  brought  a  host  of  Luthcmn  soldiers  luto 
luUy,  iiuuiy  of  whom,  nhur  Utc  stick  of  Route,  TViuaJited 
long  nt  Kapl«8.  Not  onj^  by  Ui«ir  direct  influence,  bat 
by  the  fruodom  which  thvir  preaenoe  occnstmcd  duriii(> 
the  progreBS  of  hostilitiei),  Uie  new  do(^iie  wus  discsiMiii* 
nub^.  Tho  Augustinian  theology  took  root  in  many 
minds,  and  produced  a  gnatvr  or  h-ss  srinpiitliy  witli  tliti 
Protvstiuit  inovoment,  Th«  peculiarity  in  Uie  caao  of  It- 
aly, and,  stJll  morv,  of  Spniii,  is,  that  Prot<-etiuiti»in  cuitld 
not  avow  ilself  without  being  inatantly  smotberwl.  He- 
oided  ProteHtitnti.tin  coutd  not  hvo  except  in  cuncouhneut. 
Protestant  norHhippera  couhl  ^^xittt  only  M  secret  Bocieties. 
In  considering  the  Ilcfonnntion  in  these  countries,  wo 
nitiHt  take  into  viuw  the  rviil  but  unuvowl^d  Protestant* 
bm ;  and  also  the  letintngs  toirard  tlie  Protestant  syftteni 
which  wiire  not  Buifioiciit  to  prompt  to  a  renunciation  of 
the  old  (^liunrl),  iir  m-oi-o  rejiresaetl  befopw  tln-y  <-otdd  ripeo 
into  full  convictions.  There  were  eome  who  only  hoped 
fi'i'  thf  ixriiioriil  of  th<-  corruption  that  •-xiflted  in  tli»  Papid 
court  and  througliuut  tha  CiithoUc  Chuich.  Another 
chuM  Kymputhi)'^  with  the  Rcfonncn  in  nintten  uf  doo- 
trint:,  <-HpeciiiIly  on  Ihu  subject  of  Ja.ttilication,  but  were 
not  disposed  to  altor  materially  tho  existing  polity  or 
fonoa  of  woreliip.  Still  nnothcr  clu«8  were  detcirod  by 
timidity,  or  lack  of  earnc^lnf.aa,  or  some  more  commend- 
able motive,  from  d«^'i;luriiig  in  favor  of  tho  Protestant 
lystein  whidi  they,  at  heart,  adopted.'  Prote«tantiam 
m  Italy  was  thus  u  thbg  of  degrees ;  and  in  it«  earlier 
atngea  developed  itself  in  connection  with  tendencies 
which    diverged    into    the   reactionary,   defensive,   and 

t  UetuKtboD'n  Led  I'ommyiut  titm  priDtsd  al  Vtulot,  Uui  nun*  of  tbo  ■D' 
Uur  beln|{  i^vbii  un  tlis  tlllc-iKU*,  u  //gt^la  rf*  f  crra  jViyna,  U  :Cno,  p.  3B 
Km  sIm  (^tu,  Sr«ria  JtOi  Lttt.  Jbd..  *  VT. 

■  McCri*.  p.  102. 


S92 


Tlir.  UEJtMUIATION  IS  (TALY  AND  SVAIK. 


ngpreenvB  furcu  to  which  Uiu  Cntliolio  Church  owod  iti 

Before  Uk>  dcutU  of  Ia<u  X.,  a  reverent,  devotional -spirit, 
uppOBed  to  till!  »(,'(!)>ticiLl  niid  t>|>ioiiivaii  toiw  of  nociuty, 
manifested  itself  among  a  cla^s  of  educat«!d  Italians. 
Fifty  or  sixty  peraonn  iiiiitL-d  ut  Rutuu  in  what  th»j 
called  the  Oratory-  uf  Divine  Imv«-,  tind  htthl  lueetitigB  for 
woivhi])  imd  mutuiil  (.-dificatiua.  Among  them  woro  men 
wiio  itfu-rniLi'ds  it-itclictl  llio  liight^st  disUnclion,  but  xrero 
dvKtined  tu  i>e|Kirato  from  one  another  in  their  riewa  of 
Ib;funn :  CamfTu,  Cunlariiit,  Siidok-t,  Oilx^rto,  all  uf  whom 
were  Aubiiequeiitly  niatle  <:aKliiuilH.  Tlie  oouiiuou  bond 
among  them  wsia  the  iiiiriM-st  de«ro  for  tho  nmioviil  ol 
ttbuMMi,  and  for  tlit?  mmid  n- for  ma  I  ion  of  tJm  Chun-Ji  in 
its  head  and  members.  Coutarini  may  bo  considered  the 
head  of  tho«u  who  e»puuHO(i  a  doctrine  of  Justification, 
.  materially  dietingiiijihetl  from  Uiat  of  I.iithi-r.  With 
wore  found,  a  few  yean  httcr,  at  Venice,  besides 
former  asBodatm,  Fhuniiito,  a  thorough  bulioTcr  in  tiiu 
eviuigelical  idea  of  gratuitous  siilvation,  and  Kegimdd 
Pule,  wlio  udopti'd  the  suinu  o])iiiiun.  lliis  iiurty  of 
Kvungelind  CulJiniii-ti  went  devoted  to  tlte  Catholic 
Church,  iuid  to  iho  unity  of  it.  Their  aim  vru«  to  purify 
Uie  existing  body ;  but  in  their  viuw»  uf  thu  gixiat  doc- 
trine, which  formed  Uie  original  ground  of  controversy, 
Lbey  stood  in  u  |Mj«ition  u>  inuot  and  oonciliiitu  the  I'rot- 
ratanta.  Their  docLi-ine  of  JuAtiliaition,  bringing  with 
it  a  greater  or  less  ineliuation  to  other  doctrin^  cliangca 
•u  keeping  with  it,  Apn-ad  among  the  intclligoit  cIomm 
throughout  Italy. 

In  Fcrrara,  the  reformed  opinions  were  cneoumgiKl 
and  protected  by  Ren<!e  or  lienata,  the  wife  of  Hercules 
II.,  who  w»«  equally  distinguished  for  her  lourniug  and 
her  personal  attractions.  At  her  Conrt  the  French  poet, 
Clement  Marot,  foimd  u  i-efuge ;  and  hero  Culvin  resided 
Mt  some  months,  under  an  aatsuuuxl  DUm«.     Among  tb* 


PROQKESS  OP  rBOTESTAMTISU  lH  ITALY. 


S98 


pruftMoni  ill  Uiu  University  at  Fcrrani  was  SrfortttM,  tlw 
ffttiier  of  tlie  oelebmt^Hl  Ol^mpin  Momts,  aiitl,  like  Iier, 
imbuod  witJi  ovaiigclical  opinions.  At  Modeiia,  wliicli 
waa  rc»oxirii«(l  lor  tin;  culturis  of  iw  iiiluibitiuiU,  the  new 
doctrine  found  a  liuspitabla  reception  ;  especially  among 
tbo  meiiibcra  of  Uic  ncaduiiiy,  wbo  lookod  witli  coiiuunpt 
on  tJie  pricsta  and  monks.  Cardinal  Morone,  tbe  Bisbop 
of  Modeiia,  wUo  had  buuii  absent  in  Gcnnany  on  iuifi»ioiu 
from  tho  Pope,  writes,  iu  1542:  "Wherever  I  go,  and 
from  all  quurters,  I  hoar  that  tlio  cit^  has  bucomo 
Latberan." '  In  Floreiioe,  tbougb  it  was  the  seat  of  th» 
Modici,  iind  fiirnlsbcd  in  this  agu  two  popes,  Loo  X.  and 
Clement  Vll.,  iiiiuiy  ciiibrucud  tho  Protcstiuit  fuitb. 
fcniong  tliein  was  Urucioli,  who  published,  at  Venice,  a 
tninslitlion  of  lliu  SoripturcMi,  and  a  commentary  on  tlio 
whole  Ilible.  Not  lc»a  than  three  transUtonof  the  flible 
ID  this  period  were  bom  at  Florence.  At  Qologna, 
MoUio,  n  ccli'bratfd  tciiohiir  in  th«  Univcntity,  aftvr  tho 
year  1633  taught  the  I'rotcetant  views  on  Justification 
Olid  other  ]>oint)^  until  ho  waa  rvujovcd  from  Ms  office  by 
ordfr  of  the  Pope.  Subsequently,  through  a  letter  to  the 
I'rotv'stunts  of  Bologna,  from  Buccr,  and  tlirough  another 
letter  from  thum,  wu  Ivstrn  that  they  were  numerout. 
Venice,  wht-re  printing  and  the  book-tntde  flourished, 
.lad  wlivru  ttio  internal  |H>lico  was  lu«s  ativcru  tli»n  vht- 
vvliui'e,  offered  tlio  best  advantages  both  for  the  safe 
r<K!eption  and  ui-tive  tlifluiuoii  of  tho  reformed  doctrines. 
"  Vou  give  niu  joy,"  siiid  Luther,  iu  1528,  "  by  what  you 
write  of  the  Venetians  receiving  tlie  word  of  God." 
PiL'tro  Carnvsoccbi,  who  nfterwwla  died  for  hia  faJlli, 
Lupetino,  provincial  of  tbo  Frandscans,  who  also  per- 
iahcd  OS  a  martyr,  and  Balda«nr«  Altieri,  who  acted  na 
agent  of  the  Pi-otestant  princes  in  Germany,  were  among 
the  most  cffictcot  in  dilTusing  the  Protcstunt  opinions.' 
Padua,  Verona,  end  otlier  places  within  the  Venetian 
I  HtCrir,  p.  M  ■  HcCrk,  p.  M. 


894 


TItK  BRiOHllATIOS   IN  ITALY   AND  SVAtS. 


territory,  likomsw  fiiniishod  EidhiTt.-iit8  of  tLo  iicw  hitfa. 
'I'lie  mnw  wns  true  of  thn  Milnnnto,  where  the  ciintigiiit; 
to  Switzeilaiid,  and  Uio  political  changes  in  the  ducb^r, 
opeiiud  uvi^niK-j)  for  the  intn>(hictii)n  of  liercs}'. 

Ill  Nnj>lft».  Juan  Valdeii,  a  Spaiiinrd,  Seci-etary  of  tJie 
Viceroy  of  Charles  V.,  wiix  an  eloiguent  nnd  iiiflu<.-nti:il 
8U|)[Kirtcr  uf  the  eviuigelioal  iloctriiie,  luul  vron  t»  the 
full  or  partial  adoptioa  «f  it  many  persons  of  diBtinetion; 
iitchidin^.  It  is  ihoiight,  Vitti)ri.iCi>lomia  nnd  otlier  ineiii- 
bora  of  the  Coloiina  family.'  In  many  other  places,  a 
good  Wgiiming  wn«  nnide  in  tlie  Bame  direction.  Not  n 
few  among  tlie  numerous  gifted  and  cultivated  women  in 
t)i»t  age,  when  zeal  for  Uie  rttmly  of  tlic  unetent  authors 
had  become  a  per^'adUig  passion,  were  nttraeted  to  the 
evang^cal  doctrine.  This  doetrine  gained  many  onn- 
verta  among  the  middle  cln-sseM.  In  a  decree  of  the  In- 
quisition, three  tlionsaud  6choo1-ma£tera  were  said  to  huvn 
esiwiiw-d  it.  ('■iimffrt  infimm-d  PhhI  III.  that  *'  Uio  whole 
of  Itjtly  waa  infected  witti  tlie  I.titheran  liertvy,  which 
had  been  exlensively  embraced  both  by  stuteamen  and 
ecflosismtics."  '  **  Wlioh^  lihn»rie.s,"  «iys  Melancthon,  ill 
u  letter  written  probjibly  in  l.'>40,  "  have  been  ei>rri<'<| 
from  the  htte  fair  into  Italy.''  There  a  no  doubt  that 
tli«  ovnngehcid  dtietrino  ww  fiivorably  reg«i-ded  by 
u  large  boily  of  educated  persons,  for  it  vraa  almost 
oxclosiroly  among  Uieee  that  it  found  ^mpathy.  Tho 
nn»t  eminent  preacher  in  Italy,  BernaiOino  Ochino, 
General  of  the  Capuchinx,  who  drew  crowds  of  admiring 
Kuditun  nt  Venice,  and  wherever  else  he  nppe4ireil  in  the 
pulpit,  and  Peter  Martyr  Vermigli,  an  honored  mem- 
ber of  the  AuguHtinian  order,  who  was  hardly  leas  distin- 
guished, and  a  niurh  nbler  theologian,  were  of  this  nuiu> 

t  lira  Hid  Intndd  arlEi'le  on  Valilcx  by  llr.  t!il.  Iliiliiaiir.  ill  Itcntv^.  Itft- 
Kitiyrl.  J.  Tkrol.  Tbert  went  Iwn  brullicn,  Allanao  uiil  luui.  AUonM  iiu  ■)« 
bronblo  U  Ihc  Kcfanuallon.  Ur.  U^'bmtr  prawnM  a  full  docriptlon  U  \ht 
wiiillDK*  uul  opInloDi  ol  Juan  VaMii. 

«  QuaUO  \,y  McCHe,  p.  IIJ. 


THB  ORATORY   OF  DIVIDE  I.OVI?.  896 

bar.  Cbififly  owiiig  to  tlio  labonof  Murtyr,  Iauvh  hnd, 
perbApo,  mora  converta  to  tba  erai^Iicat  f;iitli  ihan  uny 
other  Itali;ui  cit;.  Ttic  little  troattao  ou  lt>c  "  BonvliU  of 
Ctuist,"  wliidi  wus  coinpoevd  by  Palenrio,  \Tna  circulated 
in  tliousands  of  cupira.'  Wu  bavi.'  tltu  t^-stimony  oF  I'opo 
element  VII.  to  the  vido  pravalonce,  in  dilTerant  |Kirt(i 
of  lUily,  of  "  tho  pcstifurotn  beresy  of  Lutliur,"  not  only 
among  seouUr  penoooB,  but  also  among  titu  nK-r^.^ 

In  Venice  and  Nnpl««,  tliQ  Reformed  Cliorcbes  were 
(iif;>u)i)u^  \vith  paaton,  and  held  tbetr  secret  ineutiiigs. 
Uiibiippily,  ttw  Sttcramentarian  quairel  broke  out  in  the 
formor  plaM,  and  won  aggrarMtod  by  an  intolenmt  letter 
of  Luther,  in  wbicb  lie  declared  his  preferance  of  tnin> 
su)>atuutiation  to  tliu  ZwiiiglJaii  doctrioo :  a  letter,  vrbieh 
>[vlaiictlion,  iu  his  epistluo  to  friviidx,  noticed  with  strong 
l<-na3  of  oondemnattoii. 

Paul  ni.,wlioBUcctttb;d  Clement VU.,  in  1SS4,  showed 
btioMcIf  friendly  to  the  Cntliolio  roforming  par^.  H« 
mittli-  Contarini  cardinal)  and  elevated  to  the  same  rank 
CanUTu,  Pole,  Sadolot,  aiid  others,  moat  of  whom  luid 
iielonged  to  the  Oratory  of  Dirioe  Love,  and  some  of 
whom  wero  friendly  to  tbo  Prtiteatant  doctrino  of  salva- 
tioii.  Ho  appointed  Gimmta^ona  of  Reform,  whose 
bu^esa  it  was  to  point  oat  and  romovo  abuses  in  tlie 
Roman  curia,  unch  m  had  t^citvd  ev«r)-where  ja»t  oom- 
plnint.  A  cominisston,  to  which  Sndolet  and  Caiaifa 
belonged,  met  at  Bologna  tn  1337,  and  presented  to  tho 
Pope  u  c<onii7iii7n,  or  opinion,  in  which  they  dt-wribed  the 
abuses  in  the  administnttion  of  tlu-  Cliiirdi  as  amounting 
to  "  a  pii»tiferou«  miiliidy.*  Their  »dm-u  wns  approved 
by  Puol  III.,  and  printed   by  his  direetion.     Ridicule, 

khow«iv«r,  was  cscitod  in  Ocnminy   whon  it  wns  known 
<  For  ■  tall  aceoant  of  PalM>(^  •»  U.  Ymne,  l^a  tf  Ptttaria  i  UStL  ^ 
IfSw  It^/iirmtn  lalkt  itli  CrttDff.    t  vd*.    Itiaion,  IBM.)    Titr.rkli 
ikluabi*  *■  lUiulntitc  o!  tlu  atmlivg  of  UtOW. 
>  UtVtlt,  II.  ti.  • 


896 


T)(K   UKt'OBMATIO^t   IM   ITALY  AHO  Sl'AIX. 


thnt  oDfi  of  Uio  intiiiuu'c«  ixicoiitmeiKilfitl  l)y  th«  uocom- 
pLisked  S;i<lali^t,  in  coniiectiou  villi  liia  ofwociatc*,  \va»  ibu 
excliuion  of  tlie  Collaqnies  of  Erasmus  fi-om  seminariea 
of  IcArniitg.  'llio  hopt-sof  Contnrini  mid  his  fric-nds  wcra 
sangaina ;  and  it  seemed  not  im|X)ssible  that  An  grent  oon- 
ccwionii  Riigtit  be  made  tliitt  titu  l*ruU«tuiili;  would  onoe 
more  unite  themselves  wiUi  Die  Church.  At  tht;  Confer- 
vucu  at  Ratiabon,  iu  1^41,  Contarin!  appeared  as  Leguta 
of  UiR  Popo.  and  inut,  uti  tJic  othor  eidv,  lluc«r  and  Me- 
lancthoR,  the  most  moilernte  and  Welding  of  all  the  Prot* 
eetiutt  twuleni.  Thu  |>oliticul  tutuntion  wns  euch,  tlutt 
tho  Kinp*tror  ftxitrtcd  himself  to  tlie  utmost  to  bring  nbout 
an  accommodation  between  the  two  parties.  On  th«  tour 
great  article!),  uf  tJiD  niiturc  of  man,  original  sin,  redemp- 
tion and  jn<)t)t)cation,  tliey  actually  came  to  an  agreo 
meiit.  The  Primacy  of  tbe  Pojw,  and  tho  Eucharist, 
■ntre  Uie  two  great  points  tliaC  rciimined.  But  the  proj- 
ect of  union  mefe  ^th  opposition  from  vartons  quarters. 
i'Viutcts  1.  raised  on  ont<;ry  against  it,  us  a  snnviider  of 
the  Catholic  faith,  hia  motive  being  the  fear  of  augment- 
ing  the  power  of  Charles.  Luther  was  disautiafiod  with 
tlu;  phtforni,  on  account  of  its  want  of  definitenon,  nnd 
bad  no  confidence  in  the  practicubleness  of  a  union.  On 
tlie  opposite  side,  the  sume  fct-ling  tiiiuiif<.^Ht^-d  itself: 
Caraffa  did  not  approve  of  the  terms  of  the  agreement 
wliidi  Contarini  Imd  sanctiuncd,  (.-Jipecially  in  regiird  to 
justification,  and  Paul  III.  took  the  aanie  viciv.  'I'herc 
was  jeiilousy  of  Charli>s  nt  Rome:  nil  of  his  eucmioa 
oombine<l  agniunt  tlic  vcliome.  Thus  the  great  pn>)Mt 
fell  to  tlie  gi-oimd. 

Tliis  event  mnrk»  the  division  of  tlie  CathoUo  reform- 
ing party.  Caraflb,  while  severe  and  earnest  tn  his  tlo> 
mand  fur  practical  n-iurins  which  KlHxild  purify  tin 
idmiuistnttion  of  the  Church,  from  the  Pope  downwards 
was  sternly  and  inflexibly  bustile  to  every  modiSeatioa 
of  the  dognmtic  system.     He  stoo<l  forth  as  tlic  repr^ 


4 

I 

I 
I 

I 


THE  OHDEB  OP  JBSDm. 


897 


•entutive  and  k-iMliT  nf  llioe««  wlio  were  rcsolvwl  U>  defend 
CO  the  last  tlie  polity  aiid  doj^uia  of  tbe  Churcii,  agiiinst 
nil  innovation,  whila  nt  tbfl  samo  time  thoy  aimed  to 
infui^e  a.  Hjiirit  of  strict  luid  even  aatvtic  purity  nnd  zeal 
into  all  it!)  officem,  from  tltu  liigliest  to  tlie  lowest.  It 
vma  tlii.-i  party  tluit  revived  the  tone  of  tEi«  Ciitholia 
Cliurcli,  mllied  its  diHor^nized  forces,  und  turned  upon 
its  udveraariefi  with  a  renewed  lUtd  fori iiidii bio  energy. 

There  were  two  principal  instruments  by  which  this  in- 
ternml  Tcnoration  ami  ;4^rf*tiv«  niovenii-iit.  of  tin-  CiUiolio 
Church  were  aocompliahud.  Tbeso  wei-u  tlio  rise  of  new 
orderB,  mpcciolly  tlin  order  of  Jesuits,  lutd  tliu  Oouitcil 
at  Trent. 

A  revival  of  zeal  lo  (hu  Cittliolic  Church  has  ulwaya 
been  signalized  by  tlie  uppt^umuce  of  new  d«velopraenta 
of  the  monastic  spirit.  In  truth,  inonasttdau  arose  at 
the  outset  from  ii  feeling  of  weuriness  nnd  disgust  at  tlw 
worldliiietui  which  liad  iu\'ndcd  the  Church.  When  the 
societies  tmder  tho  Ui.-nedicliiio  rule  hipned  trom  their 
atriotneas  of  di»cipliiii!  and  purity  of  life,  new  fratomi- 
tius,  us  that  of  Clugiii,  iiprnng  up,  in  wlileli  inona»tio 
j(ini[)lt(!ity  nnd  S(!V<-rity  were  restored.  As  these  in  turn 
felt  the  encn-.iting  inlliicncu  of  w«<i]tli,  thi}  grvitt  inendi- 
«iul  ordont,  the  Uomini<-.'ins  and  Knuiciscans,  were  efitab> 
liahed,  the  offspring  of  a  more  earnest  e^Hrit.  One 
ptt3puble  ngit  of  the  re^tiuwitation  of  tJte  Catliolie  body 
was  the  formation  of  new  monastic  fraternities,  like  the 
Theatins,  who  vrvn  organized  under  tlio  aitspiees  of 
CiirntTa  —  priests  with  monnstio  vowa,  who  <lid  not  call 
themselves  monks,  however,  and  adopted  no  austerities 
which  interfered  with  their  practicnt  labors  in  prenching, 
administering  the  sacraments,  and  tending  tlio  sick. 
Their  fervid  ad<lrcfls<<8  from  the  [Kilpit  wcrw  tlto  mora 
impressive  from  tlio  knowledge  which  tl  eir  auditois  had 
.if  tlietr  devoted  livcai.  Tliey  wen;  gnidiially  trtuis- 
foriuiNl  into  a  seminary  for  the  traiuing  of  priests.     But 


iiiNi 


THE  REFOBUATION   IK   n'ALT   XXD  SPjUM. 


thii  and  othur  new  onlvcv,  signiSfiant  ukl  eSoctire  aa 
Uiey  were,  were  oooii  edixiaeJ  by  Uiu  more  r«no«m«(I  aad 
indui-ntiiil  Society  of  Jeeiis.  Ignatius  LoyoLn,  a  Spauiab 
aoMier  of  noblo  btrtli,  blciidiug  vrith  ibv  lovu  of  kia 
profcesioa  souetbiiig  of  the  relJgioiui  spirit  that  had 
characterized  tlio  iiivdiMivnl  cliivalry,  reoutvMl  iii  t3ic  wiir 
against  Uie  Frencli,  ut  tb«  »i«^u  of  Piun{)uiunu.  woiuHhi 
in  both  bis  legs,  wtucli  disabled  him  from  military  svr- 
viee.  In  liiit  i»i»lit<Uion»  during  iii«  illn<!»«,  tb4«  divunu 
of  ditvniry  were  curiously  mingled  with  devotional  aa- 
[Hfutlons,  Tliu  glory  of  St.  Dt'iiiiiiic,  St.  Fnuicis,  and 
other  heroes  of  the  fiutli,  Heizixi  on  hia  imagination .' 
More  and  more  the  visions  of  a,  sucular  knighthood  trans- 
formed tbentselTea  into  vutioDS  of  u  apiritiiHl  knigbUiood 
under  Christ  lu  tlto  Leader,  lie  exchanged  the  ramaDoe 
of  Amadia  for  thu  IIvo-k  of  lliu  siuntx.  Tbo  romantic 
devotion  of  a  knight  to  his  lady  turned  into  an  analogous 
GODSCOnition  to  the  Virgin,  before  wlioee  imagu  he  hung 
up  Ilia  lance  and  sltiiild.  Tormented  for  a  long  tiiuu 
with  remorse  and  despondency,  wiUi  alternations  of 
peace  and  joy,  bo  ut  length  found  relief  in  tlw  convio 
tion  that  Ills  gloomy  feelings  were  ins[unitious  of  tltu 
evil  spirit,  and  therefore  to  be  trampled  under  foot  atMl 
cast  out.  He  did  not  escupu  from  liiit  nivnUl  distix-sa,  as 
Luther  did,  by  restmg  on  the  Word  of  Gotl  and  the  i«- 
Tcaled  melltod  of  forgiveness,  but  in  n  way  more  cou- 
aonant  with  tlie  singular  iharact^-risUus  of  liiit  mind.' 
The  legal  system  of  tho  Middlo  Ages  had  aKvaya  pro- 
iuoed  a  yearning  for  rapturous,  eostnlio  expcriimces, 
which  might  afford  that  inward  aasuranoa  of  salvation 
which  tliu  iu:cu])ted  theory  of  Juctilication  coiitd  not  yield. 
At  Paris,  wliere  Ignatius  went  to  study  theol<^,  ba 
bmnight  completely  under  his  Influt-noe  Ijis  two  oompan- 
KUIB,  Fabur  mid  l-'iiincis  Xuviur.     In  a  wll  of  tJie  Cul 


i(»UTn:s  LOT«u. 


SM 


I 


kgt>  of  St.  Barbara,  the  first  steps  vcro  takon  in  the 
fonnntioii  of  tltis  powerful  aai  wli^bnited  Booiety.  'llirea 
otlwr  Spaniards  joiiMd  the  same  enthusiastic  cin-'tB. 
Tbey  took  upon  th«ni  the  vow  of  cbtistity,  swore  to 
spend  their  Uves,  if  possible,  at  Jemsalem,  in  absolote 
poTcrt}',  iu  Uio  can  of  Christians,  or  in  vllorts  to  conTLtt 
the  Samcena ;  or,  if  this  should  not  be  pemtitted  tliem, 
Uwy  engaged  to  oGTvr  thcmsolTos  to  ilto  Pope,  to  be  sent 
wherever  he  i^ould  wisli,  and  to  do  whatorur  he  sLioitld 
uonmiaiid.  In  Venice,  thej  went  ordained  as  priests, 
and  here  it  beciunc  evtdeitt  llmt  tlie  appointed  Ui«atj« 
of  their  labors  was  Europe,  and  not  the  East.  In  VAO 
tlieir  order  wm  sanctioned ;  in  l'>18,  uncondilioniUly. 
Tbey  chose  Ignatius  for  their  President.  The  new  order 
H'iih  exempt  from  tJtose  monastic  exercises  which  con- 
Bunie  the  time  of  monk.s  generally,  and  was  left  froe 
for  practical  labors.  These  were  principally  preaching, 
bearing  OoiifcsKion,  and  direetin<;  individaiil  consciences, 
and  the  ednoation  of  youth,  a  pai-t  of  tlioir  work  whieli 
tliey  n>g)mh>d,  from  the  beaming,  as  in  the  highcat 
ilegiee  essential.  The  "  Spiritual  Exercises  "  of  Ignatius 
was  the  U;xt-bo»lc,  on  which  the  inward  life  of  the  mem- 
ben  was  moulded,  and  which  served  ao  a  guide  in  t)i« 
manitgemeiit  of  tbe  confessionid.  The  iibfiolute  detach- 
ing of  the  «onl  from  tho  worUl,  and  from  all  its  objecta  ot 
deaim,  and  the  aliaolute  renunciation  of  self,  are  a  cardi- 
nal ehrmctit  in  tho  spiritual  drill  set  forth  in  this  manual. 

It  iei  a  course  of  sovere  aod  prolonged  introspoetioii,  nnd 
of  forced,  continuous  attention  to  certain  themes  oi 
thought ;  the  dmgn  of  tli«  whole  being  to  bitul  the  mil 

nunoTably  in  the  path  of  religious  oonsecratJon.  This 
^cct  is  prodnciNl  by  cxoiting,  and,  at  Uh;  same  time, 
•nhjngatiiig  the  imagination.  It  is  tho  narratives,  not 
the  doctrinoB,  of  the  Gospel,  to  which  Uio  mind  is 
riveti^l  in  prolonged  contemplation.     The  mm  is  to  give 

to  tJie  mental  perceptions  the  vividness  of  external  visiou. 


400 


TBE  BEI'X>RUATIOS  IM  ITALY  AKD  SPADT. 


Ignutitu  uuries  tliu  "  niign  of  Uie  senaBS  within 
sphere  oE  the  soal."  To  the  imugioativ'e  pie^  of  tiie 
Middle  AgoB,  ttiat  rovelod  iii  uxtitcit^  imd  nkpttircs,  ha 
giris  a  Hysbcinatie  fonti,  »  di-Cnitc  direction.  'Itie  effect 
of  a  diw^pUne  like  tliU,  where  reason  give*  up  the  throne 
to  imiiginittton,  which  is  ever  uxcilcd  and  at  tlie  aexia 
time  eualiivod,  uouhl  not  be  otherwise  than  deleterioua 
opon  the  nionl  nature.  Yet  there  is  a  wide  ooatiwtt  ho- 
twi^en  the  Ji^suitism  of  Loyola  mid  the  degenerate  Jesuit- 
ism d<>piot4>d  in  the  "  Provincial  Letters."  ' 

The  compact  oi-guaization  of  the  Soci«^  of  Jesuft,  n'itb 
its  throe  grades  of  nieiuWt^hip,  included  provisions  for 
mutuiil  oversight  of  such  a  character,  that  the  General 
even,  notwithutjuiding  his  wvll<nigh  unlimited  power, 
might  be  udinonislied,  and,  on  iule<)nate  grouniLi,  deposed 
from  hia  station.  Tltu  one  coinprt^hcnsive  obligation  to 
whidi  the  membitn*  wero  bound,  was  that  of  instuit,  uo^ 
questioning,  unqnalilicd  obedience.  To  go  wliere  they 
wen  sL-nt,  if  it  were  to  a  tribe  of  savagee  in  the  re- 
motest piirt  of  the  globe ;  to  do  wh»t  they  were  bidden, 
without  di^Iiiy  and  without  a  murmur,  in  a  spirit  of  abso* 
Into  Bolf-surronder,  "  utque  aidaver,"  wiis  the  primal  duty. 
Huch  vnts  the  origin  and  general  cltuacter  of  the  Soocty 
which  was  destined  to  wield  an  incalculable  influence  in 
HHinscitating  Ciitholicisut,  as  well  us  in  weakening,  and,  in 
aojne  quarters,  anitihiLiting  Uie  jKtwer  of  its  advcnariea. 

The  KoconJ  of  thf  great  agencies  of  Catholic  renovation 
was  tlie  Tridentine  Council.^     For  a  long  period,  the 

>  Hanin,  llin,  d*  Fhbuh,  riii.  SOB. 

*  Till  lilHorf  <<l  ilia  Onundl  o[  Tmnt  hu  bxen  vrfChn  by  two  aullMn «(  is 
i>^Mitii  temper,  ■''nilier  Paul  Sujri,  an  imi'iiiy  n(  ilio  Pijial  pover,  nail  PttUri- 
tlal,  it*  •lotciiiti^r  and  apoloKlnt.  lUulio  tui  mlijwMil  ilium  impQitMi  iratk*  W 
BtuKliinij  triticUm  Mii  cointwrlwn.  <n  Ilie  A[ij>iiiulix  |]  U,)  of  Itis  Itiiterf  of 
A«  PofHA  IlaNir*:  "Holh  of  Ulam  ore  compLoM  |inniiaiii,  and  an  <Iafld«nl 
In  ihaaplritot  an  hUlerSan,  wbidiMixuui»nciKum>rntcnianilabJecU  iatfaiit 
hiU  tnitli.  auJ  liriiigi  llirin  diiUncily  in  i  itw.  SJir]u  liad  llic  power  to  dd  *•, 
bnl  hit  only  aim  wiu  lu  iil!4ck:  fiUaiicini  liail  Innnllaly  Ivm  oF  tli*  r*qulatu 
Al«lt,  an<l  bii  DblectmaladntaolIhlaparlyatallbuaTda."    (II  Saipi,  Rank* 


I 


I 


Tlli':  COinia].   OF  TROtT. 


491 


I 


k 


piojoct  of  a  Cotiuci],  which  was  a  btrorite  oiui  wiUi  the 
Reformers  for  eoni«  tiino,  and  whidi  thu  EnipLTor  insisted 
on,  vms  repugnant  in  the  highest  degree  to  the  wishes  of 
tlic  l*o|>ea.  A  general  council  was  their  droud.  It  WW 
something,  liowowr,  which  it  was  more  and  mon  difBcnlt 
to  avoid.  Tho  spread  of  ht^reay,  evcti  in  Italy,  was  one 
motive  vliich  nude  Paul  III.  \TiIling  to  convolce  such  on 
aiaombly.  Tho  Council  of  Trent  was  formally  opened 
in  Decembflr,  1545.  Tho  great  (joestion  was  whether  it 
nlioald  bfginwith  tlio  ivform  of  tliu  PuiMicy,  or  with  diifl- 
nitions  of  dogma.  In  otli«r  words,  what  attitude  shoold 
tlio  Council  take  towards  tbu  Protestants?  A  concilia- 
tory or  antugonistic  one  ?  Curaffa  was  sustaiitod  in  his 
]M>licy  by  tlio  Jesuits.  I1te  Papal  influence  predominated, 
and  having  defined  tho  sources  of  knowledge  of  Revealed 
Religion  in  terms  that  li;(t  tJio  authority  of  tradition  un- 
impairod,  witli  luistliemns  against  tlic  Protestant  doctrine 
of  the  exclusive  authority  of  the  Scripttires,  the  Council 
pnceedad  to  coixlenm  Um  I'r»t<t((^it  doctrine  nf  JuhUH- 
eatioai  disregarding  the  arguments  of  the  evangelical 
Catholic  party  of  Contai-ini,  whidi  was  cfTcctively  rep- 
rcaeated  in  tlio  debate.  The  suoces  which  Charles  V. 
was  gaining  in  tlio  Smalcaldic  war,  emboldened  tho  ruling 
par^  at  Trent  to  assert  the  old  dogmas  witJiout  abato- 
meot  or  coi)<yuu>ion.  The  theory  of  gradual  justification 
tnd  of  merit  was  followed  by  an  e({ually  poettiva  asser- 
tion of  tho  old  doctrine  of  the  Sacramento.  Tho  liiittory 
of  the  Council  is  inseparably  connected  with  the  rehttions 
of  tho  Pojw  to  Charles  V.  Tho  fullness  of  tlio  Emp«v 
ror'fl  triumph,  so  mudi  beyond  tho  desiros  of  Paul  III., 
leil  to  the  attcniptiMl  transfuronce  of  the  Council  to  Bo- 
logna ;  and  the  joidanity  that  was  felt  on  account  of  tb« 


•UnrMacain:  "TbiaiiilK'rllHi*  an  bnueAt  M>c<ilMr  wiili  dilinsMo,  m«  vdl 
kvKU'J.  anil  iu*il  aith  c«uiiunniatii  talriii;  WDonoM  uy  thai  Ik* y  ar*  EaU. 
ficil,  (.>  iliU  lh*)r  an  ri«i|u*nrly  <ir  malmally  allived;  but  Ilia  wImI*  work  k 
•aliTi'l  iritlia  lioxe  «f  datlM  aumitr' M  lh«  Papal  pMrar." 


MS 


THE  REPOBUATIOX  IX  IIALV  AKI>  SI'AQ). 


grMtaOM  of  Uio  pow«r  ucqmrcd  hy  Cfanrliw  nl  the  end  ol 
th«  war,  mhI  on  ncwunt  of  tbe  InttfHm  anil  the  reat  ol 
liii  M^emes  ol  pacification,  dofuitcJ  tbu  unda  wliiolt  Uio 
Ktnperor  hnil  boped  to  acoomplish.  Not  to  piinuc  tbo  tmb- 
jccrt  into  its  <li.-tails,  the  Ksult  of  all  of  the  Degotuttiona 
atid  stniggb^  of  the  Council  wiw  Uiiit  tlic  Pn[Ki)  |>»wiir 
escaped  witliout  curbulment.  Efforts  to  reduce  the  pi-e- 
rogntiTca  of  tliu  Popo  wurv  ingitaiously  biitllL-d.  The 
Pro/etm  Fideu  or  brief  formula  of  aubscription  to  the 
Tlidontiuo  Creed,  contained  a  promise  of  obcdionou  tu  tbe 
Pope.  To  tilts  foriuulitty  all  oiH4«Miistic8  luid  l«iichcri 
arc  required  to  give  their  assent.  The  Koman  Oatecbism 
waa  prepared  and  pubUahed  under  the  direction  of  tha 
Pope,  by  tJio  uutliority  rif  the  Conncil ;  the  Vulgate, 
which  had  been  declai-ed  aiitlioritative  in  controvKmiL-s, 
wfus  tssuud  in  an  uuUiorixed  c<Iition,  and  a  Breviary  aitd  a 
Aliiiral  put  forth  for  universal  use,  'ITie  Council  of  Trent 
did  a  great  vmrk  for  the  education  of  the  clergy,  the 
better  oi^unization  of  tlic  whole  hicniroliicAl  body,  mA 
the  discipline  of  the  Ohnrch.  Its  canons  of  reform  rwgu- 
Utod  the  duties  of  the  suculur  and  rvguLir  prieatlinoi),  in> 
culcuted  tliu  obligntJoiiR  of  bishops,  and  intro<luccd  a  nevr 
order  and  efliciency  in  the  manageini'nt  of  parishes. 

The  Crei'd  of  Trout  was  definite  and  int«IUgibIe  in 
ita  denial  of  the  distinguishing  points  of  FrotestaotiBni ; 
but  im  i^w  qucstions'in  dispiitu  between  Augustinian  and 
temi-PeUigian  parties  in  the  Church,  it  was  indefinite  and 
•tudioualy  auibiguoua.  But  tko  Council,  both  by  its  doc- 
trinal formithui  and  its  ri-fonimtory  canons,  oontrihntod 
very  mach  to  the  consolidation  of  the  Church  in  a  com- 
(wct  body.  It  was  no  longer  nocccHuy  to  seek  for  the 
atjiTidard  of  orthodoxy  in  the  various  and  confliotJng  writ- 
ings of  fathers  and  schoolmen,  or  in  tlm  multiplied  dicUir- 
itions  of  the  Pope*.  Siiolt  a  standard  was  now  presontod 
LU  a  condensed  form  and  with  direct  reference  to  tlie  an- 
tngonittic  doctrines  of  the  time. 


THS  DIQUISITIOS. 

Bnt  tliore  mw  nnothsr  Hgonc;  of  n  different  cbaraotar, 
nliicli  wu9  s«t  in  inntion  for  the  porpose  of  cnulit^tiiig 
hurray.  This  -n-m  Uib  Inqiii«ition.  It  %nui  ivcirganised 
in  Italy  oii  the  recomineiKlation  of  CariifTa ;  he  vrus  pluoed 
at  the  bnad  of  it ;  and  in  1555,  th«  prime  niitJior  and 
UiC9t«rn  clitef  of  thiH  tribunal  became  Pope  under  tho  nama 
of  Paul  IV,  The  Inqnisition  was  &a  iustitution  wtiich 
had  ltd  origin  in  th«  early  dnys  of  the  thirteenth  eentnry, 
for  thv  extirpation  of  the  Alhigvnfiian  heroey.  It  is  n 
amrt,  th«  peculiarity  of  which  liea  in  the  hict  Uiat  it  ia 
expresBly  comtitnted  for  the  det«otion  »nd  pnni»hm«nt  of 
hen^tics,  and  supersedm,  vrholly  or  in  part,  in  the  dift> 
charge  of  this  function,  the  bishops  or  ordinary  tiuthor- 
itics  of  the  Chnri.-li.  It  is  tlina  nn  oxtnurdiiuiry  trihiinal, 
vith  ill)  own  rultM  and  methods  of  proceeding,  ita  own 
modes  of  eliciting  evidence.  The  Spamsti  Intjuisition,  in 
It«  peculiar  form,  wjw  set  up  nndcr  Fenitniin<l  mid  laa- 
belLa,  in  the  6rat  instance  for  the  purpose  of  discoverii^ 
Mtd  punixiring  the  oonvcrtti  from  Jnthtimn  who  ii^tnnii.>d 
to  their  former  creed.  The  atrocitaes  of  which  it  was 
(^ilty  undvr  'J'oniucmathi  m«ke  a  dark  and  bloody  pl^^ 
of  Spanish  history.*     It  grew  into  an  institution  coex- 

>  IJorenlr,  niil.  CriH^i  dc  P  fnyvUititm  J'  E<pnr/ni  (1R1T-1SV  Llnniiicinu 
liseivUitj'  of  Uio  InqoldiKtn,  and  hkvini:  had  the  bcil  oppcriiiaKia  lor  the  In- 
MUlgtttoa  «t  1E>  hlituir,  tpoil  MVBnl  ^nn  la  ih«  prcparutlon  ot  hit  iKtffr. 
'Hi*  Pnnth  tnniUlIon  of  IVnitT  «•»  mmlo  ondtT  llic  nulhor'*  cj-t.  UoronW 
iru  ■  tlbcral  pilcal,  lu  qnnpDiliy  wtlb  ihe  ilnw  u(  lli«  I'nnch  Kmlutian,  and 
t  vijifoTixt  ol  the  BsniTOM*  rul«  in  8|Mln.  lie  lollevnl  Ihs  laqulitlliHi  to  b« 
"  vidinvia  )■•  Drlncjplp,  ia  Im  («iutihiliMi.  and  inttilan"  (I>nj^|i.x.).  and 
he  hail  no  ipcdal  rM^nnc«  for  (bo  Popt*.  Tel  at  tba  tbav  o(  (be  coinpoailloa 
ot  ibia  worii,  hit  nIaHoa  to  lb*  Oathalle  niuKh  wu  not,  ■*  It  ahcnrardji  Iw- 
tam»,  anMffoiuatic.  Tha  work  ot  Uonutf  La*  bien  uiifaTonbljr  (irlticlk»<l  hy 
Bomtn  Calhotic  writcni  opcciall;  hf  IlEfcIc,  Drr  Cardin-U  Ximtmii,  tU.  (%l 
td.,  IMI  I,  p.  941  feq.  Hefola  lnu«E>,  in  Iho  flnl  pinic,  that  Iho  Sjuniili  Iminl. 
aitlon  wot  prwloiBinanllr  an  in*tniinrnl  »f  iho  ROTonimiat.  and  thai  Ihe  IVipc* 
•ndatroriiil  to  <h*tk  tb*  arrvrilJca  of  (Ho  Itolj  Offlmt  and,  aMondlr.  thai  Ilia 
rhaiffM  ot  Mualif  hnachi  acaiani  tht  InquiiiiloD  h>ir*  twtn  enwlT  Fxa;;R«at(d. 
Uttah'a  prindfai  point  H  UuimtiN  allfoid  mliMleBlalian  at  the  number  ol  <-;» 
thnu  i-f  lli«  Iiuinidtlon.  It  i*  lo  as  olnffrai  thai  moM  of  Mi  aaimidvtnliini 
npnn  l.lnn-nl*,  Hi'Fi'Id  it  Aliliipd  cotiueain  bplnfonnalianirhiiih  Uonntc  hlmulf 
IvDlilM*.    ll<{cI>conild«nlbatl*rt«atl  hMtmd  in  amne  partfeaUn,  tbronKl 


-1 


104 


THE  BKKOIIUATIOV  tS   ITALT    \XU  SPAIN. 


t«n)uv«  viUt  tile  kingdom,  with  an  uxtrvoiely  tymuaical 
and  cruel  system  o(  iidiiiinUlntlioii ;  mid  wu9  bo  intei^ 
woven  wicb  tlio  ci^nl  goverDmeat.  nfter  the  bumbling  of 
the  noblca  and  tli€  destntction  iif  libi^rty  in  tbe  citioa, 
Uiat  tilt!  dtispolic  rule  of  (^hnrlea  V.  and  of  Pliilip  II.  could 
liardly  have  boon  maintainud  without  it.  It  was  an  en- 
ginQ  for  stilling  M^ditioii  A-t  wt-Il  as  ht^nuy.  Hcnw  it  wim 
defended  by  tlic  Spanish  eoveroigns  ngainst  objections  and 
complaints  of  the  Popi».  Tlio  IiKjuisition,  in  Uio  form 
wliicii  it  itssuin<;d  in  Italy,  under  tlie  auspices  of  CanUTa. 
differed  from  the  correBpouding  institution  in  Spain,  in 
some  respects,  but  it  rv^cmblud  Uio  latter  in  mjwrsodiiiff 
tlio  ordiiiiiry  tribunals  for  tbe  exercise  of  discipline,  and 
was  founded  on  tlic  same  guucntl  principlos.  Six  curdi- 
nnU  wer«  madw  iminisitors  general,  with  povror  to  onmiti- 
tnt«  inferior  tribunals,  and  with  authority,  on  both  sidn 
of  the  Alps,  to  iiicarcvratu  and  try  all  suspected  pvrgons 
of  wliatovm-  nuik  or  order.  Tlio  terrible  ntacliinery  ii( 
this  cotu-t  was  at  once  set  in  motion  in  the  States  of  the 
CluirL-h.  and  aUliougb  rosixtanou  was  offered  iu  Vonioe 
and  iji  otlior  pitrtt  of  Italy,  tlie  Inquisition  gnulually  ux- 
tended  its  sway  over  the  whole  peninsula.  Tbe  result 
van  that  thu  ojien  proft^Msiun  of  I'rotesbuttiani  was  in- 
stantly Huppresaed.  In  \aiii,  prior  to  the  formal  estab- 
lishment of  tbe  Holy  Office,  Ochino  and  Peter  Martyr, 
nnwilling  longer  to  coneeal  their  ndlu^on  to  the  Protes- 
tant faitb,  ajid  being  no  longer  safe  in  Italy,  had  Inft  their 
country  and  found  rcfuga  with  the  Protestants  nortli  ol 
khc  Al\».  I'^tpial  ninaxcmcnt  was  oeciwionod  when,  in 
1£48,  Vergerio,  bishop  of  Capo  d'Istria>  a  man  of  dis> 
nnction.  who  had  been  employed  in  important  embasaiet 

Itac  Iiij9u«nre  of  IJnnnlf-  Pmmtl't  aMDunt  nf  lh«  Inriulillloii  U  ID  Ui  J7Mivf 
a;  til*  Rrig"  '/  FifUmmut  ami  Ipittlta,  t,  ch.  vll.  IIctfl>  hM  much  Hi  iKf  at 
Oie  diipoiition  of  thr  Jtrm  to  nofcc  pFMolytfi,  whicli  hp  oMUldon  ■  patlllMlM 
)(  UiB  tnant  lakNi  by  Ihp  Iiiqciiiltlnn,  Bui  ihc  tmi  lumber  a(  Inalnni* 
M>  rOBvota  ID  Clirwiunily.  who  furnisb«d  builncE*  (o  Ihc  Inqiitdllon, 
"tm  Iha  "  pfairiyUn-iniu-liMiii "  w>i  not  $o  murh  an  tbo  *idr  at  lb«  Jok 


1 

■ 

I 
I 


4 


E»Jmr      ^ 
I,  pmv«     ^H 


TUE  LVQUISmOK. 


MB 


by  the  Pope,  followed  their  example.  A  tnullUucte  of 
siU|)et]bed  [)ci80tit  fled  to  tho  Grisoim  und  to  othvr  ]ku1m  oCJ 
SwitiKrIuid.  Tlie  acodEmues  at  Kfodena  and  ebonhere 
^rore  broki-n  uji.  Tlio  Ditdiuos  of  KorrarA  Tras  rompvlled 
to  port  from  all  of  her  Protestant  fricnttfl,  and  dependantis 
nnd  was  LvracU  siibj<.-ctctl  U>  uuiistruint  I))'  hvr  htisUuid. 
The  Protestant  church  of  Locarno  was  diiven  oud  undor 
nrcuuutaDocs  of  grvat  ImnLship,  and  found  ao  asylum  in 
Stritzerland.  Imprisonment,  torture,  nnd  tJie  flaincs  vcn) 
UTun'nrbun)  employed  for  the  destruction  of  heterodox 
opinions.  At  Venice  Uie  practice  was  to  take  the  iinliappy 
victim  out  upon  the  eea  nt  midnight  itnd  to  place  him  un  » 
plank,  between  two  boats,  which  were  rowed  in  opposito 
directions,  leaving  him  to  sink  beneath  the  waves.  Many 
diHtit^tshed  men  were  banished  ;  «t)ii:i^  tui  Aonio  Pak-a- 
rio  and  Carneseodit,  were  put  to  deatli.  The  Walden^an 
^settlement  in  Calabria  was  barbarously  massacred.  One 
envntlal  port  of  tho  work  of  the  IiKjiii.tltiDii,  and  a  [)art 
in  wliidi  it  nttauicd  to  surprising  success,  was  the  sup- 
preesion  of  heretiL-nl  bouk^.  'I1ie  boolutoUers  were  obhged 
to  purge  their  stock  to  an  extent  that  was  almost  ruinona 
to  their  business.  So  Tigikint  was  tho  detective  police  of 
Uie  Inquisition,  thiit  of  the  thousands  of  copies  of  Uw 
evangelical  book  on  tho  "  Uenefils  of  Christ,"  it  was  long 
supposed  that  not  one  was  left.*  It  is  only  within  a  r« 
ci-nt  peri<Al  tliat  a  few  surviving  coptoi  have  come  to  light. 
As  a  part  of  the  repressive  sy»tein  of  CnrafTiV,  tho  '•  In- 
dex **  of  prohibited  books  was  established.  Bewdrii  thit 
particnlar  authors  and  books  which  were  condemnod,  tlu're 
was  a  list  of  more  tlian  sixty  printers,  all  of  whose  pub- 
lications were  prohibited.  Caraffa  put  upon  the  Index 
the  Contilium  or  AJcicf,  which  in  connection  witli  Sadolut 
,md  olIierK  he  hin>s<'If  had  offvn-d  to  Paul  III.,  on  tli« 
Rubject  of  a  reformation,  and  in  whicli  coclesiaatical  abtues 

•■  Muaular.  in  lii«  ««('••  «/  Rt'-ii'i  nM»ryo/-it  PtyiutEtl.  JI*r,,  tSlOl 
Wd  «t  (hi*  b«ok:  '  li  U  mw  u  bopclMclf  l<»t  u  lb*  MoMd  d*c*d«  of  Urr." 


106 


THE  ItI!F0flUAT10<t  IN  ITALT  AND  51  UH. 


bad  been  frevly  I'l'nsunH].'  Tiiitvr,  nndor  Ulc  antpiow  of 
BixtUH  v.,  t\w  "  hiilox  Eximrgatoriua  "  arose,  for  the  oon- 
demoation,  not  of  entire  works,  but  of  peirti<:alar  passages 
in  pormiltt^l  bodui.  Th<;  sweqniig  persecution  which  was 
tinticrtaln^ii  hy  the  Catholic  Itieaction  did  not  eparo  the 
erangulical  CuUmliL-ts  whcisu  views  of  Juetificfttion  ^rc^6 
t)lmoxious  to  the  faction  that  bad  gained  the  ascendency. 
They  were  regarded  und  trcutvd  as  little  bvtti^r  than 
iivowod  ciwniibs  of  the  Chiirdi.  Even  Cardinal  Pole, 
vbo  had  forsaken  England  rather  than  accede  to  the 
measnres  of  Henry  VITI..  and  had  l>cen  raado  Fapul  Log' 
atu  and  Ardibisbop  of  Caiit'erbury  under  Afary,  was  in 
(liagraoe  at  the  time  of  his  death,  which  was  sunoltoneoaa 
with  tluit  i>f  llni  Qiii'cn.  Cardinal  Morone,  the  Aroh- 
btabop  of  Modena,  cbai^d  with  circulating  Paleario'a 
book  on  tlie  Atonement,  with  denying  the  merit  of  good 
wcirifs,  and  with  like  olTenaea,  was  imprisoned  for  abont 
two  yeara,  until  the  den,tli  of  Paul  IV.,  in  1659,  set  htm 
bee.  The  characteristic  spirit  of  l3ie  domitiant  party  is 
Meo  in  the  impracticable  demand  of  tliLs  Pope  that  the 
Hc{lie6t4!n'd  property  of  tho  monasteries  in  Engbind  should 
be  restored.  Tliis  pai-ty  succeeded  in  rirtualty  extin- 
guishing Protestantism  in  Italy. 


In  SjKun  a  literary  spirit  had  early  arisen  from  tliu  in- 
fioeoce  of  the  Amble  schools,"  The  Bnismian  eult.(iro 
found  a  cordial  n^oeption.  "llin  Cftniplutcnsian  Poly- 
glot **  was  an  edition  of  the  Scriptures  that  rellectii  mudi 
entlit  n[ion  Ouxllnal  Ximenes,  by  whom  it  was  issued. 
Yet,  lie  wiis  <q>poaed  to  rendering  the  Ilible  into  the  i'«r- 
nodilar  of  the  people,  and  was  a  supporter  of  the  Id> 
qnisition.  The  resentment  which  this  odious  tribunal 
awakened,  wherever  a  lo\-e  of  freedom  lingered,  predis- 

>  F«r  Ui«  pn»t  a(  tbit,  te  McCrie,  p.  4t. 

*  McCrio,  //iucry  f/  iht  Pngna  omd  Sa/rradm  ^  de  Ruf^rma^im  h 
4pMa  fa  ikt  fiirir*w«  CnKury  (mw  «d.,  \Vt«\.  nia  vorfc  li  Uw  eonfaaks 
rf  du  a\ttar%  nf  tkt  ^t^/^armalim  in  lUt^,  ind  of  MWMly  I«m  nla*. 


SPASBII  I'BOTESTANTS. 


«n 


poeed  sntno  to  Hie  acceptance  ot  the  iloctrinc  wlitdi  it 
pcrMcuted.  The  intorcourBo  with  QcrrDan;  and  the 
Netberknds,  into  wlitdi  nruiny  Spaniards,  both  laymim 
and  clcTf^,  vfcm  bionglit  Irom  tbe  common  rvlutiua  of 
theae  countries  to  Cliarli.4  V.,  tiuulo  tlic  Prot<^tant  doc- 
trinM  fumiliitr  to  iniuiy,  of  whom  not  a  few  regarded 
them  with  favor.  It  was  otiM^rvwI  that  Spunidi  cocJesias- 
ti«  who  sojourned  in  Englaml  after  the  mamagB  of 
Philip  II.  to  Mary,  i;am«  back  to  tlieir  country,  tinged 
with  the  horesy  which  they  had  gone  forth  to  oppose. 
The  war  of  Chark-s  V.  agiiinst  Cli-mt'iU  VII.,  which  led 
to  the  Back  of  Rome  and  the  imprisonment  of  th«  Pon- 
tiff, and  the  proscnoc  of  a  great  body  of  Spanish  olc^ 
and  nobloa  at  the  I>ii>t  of  Aiigsbnrg,  where  the  Protes- 
tants presented  their  noble  confes^on.  were  uvonts  not 
witlinnt  a  favomblo  toflucnce  in  the  same  diroctaon.  An 
early  aa  1519,  tlie  fainouH  priiiter  of  Basel,  John  Proben, 
sent  to  Spain  a  collection  of  Luther's  tracts  in  Latin,  and 
daring  the  ni.>.xt  year  the  Ri'fonner'et  commentaiy  on  th« 
Gatatians,  in  which  bis  doctrine  was  folly  exhibited, 
was  tnuishited  into  Spanish.  Spanish  transhitions  of  the 
Bible  were  printed  at  Antwerp  and  Venice,  and  notwith- 
standii^  the  watchfulness  of  the  Inquisition,  copies  of 
thom,  as  well  us  other  publications  of  the  Protestaiita, 
wer«  intToduce<)  into  Spain  in  large  numbers.  Some 
Spaniards  perished  abroad,  martyrs  to  the  Protestant 
fnitli ;  as  Jayme  Enzinas,  a  cnltivatfd  scholar,  who  was 
bamed  at  Rome  in  154t>,  and  Juan  Diar,  who  was  as9as> 
sinatcd  in  Germany  by  a  fanatical  brother,  who  had  trii^l 
in  Yatn  to  convert  him.  and  who,  having  accomplished  his 
■ot  of  bloody  fratricide,  escaped  into  Italy  and  was  pio- 
toetcd  from  punishment.  It  was  at  Si^villo  and  Valla- 
dolid  that  ProtfRtantisin  obtained  most  adherents.  Those 
who  adopted  the  reformed  intcrjjrotntJon  of  tbe  Goipcl, 
gmcnlly  content4.>d  tlmmselres  with  promulgating  it, 
witliout  an  open  attack  on  tite  Catholic  theology  or  the 


TOE    KCrOUUTIOX  tX  fTALt    AXO  SPACC. 

Cliorch.  It  was  Uie  dodrioe  of  justifiuitiun  by  faith 
ilone  whkh,  liere  as  in  Italy,  gained  most  cumukcy.  In 
Uw  cnrugebcal  \ivvrt  «cre  introduoetl  bv  Rod- 
<  de  Valero,  a  man  of  rank  and  fashion,  nbose  char- 
acter had  biwn  truufortned  by  thu  rccoptiou  of  Unm,  and 
who  promulgated  tlieni  in  coni-enslion  and  in  eocpositioDS 
of  tbe  Scriptare  to  private  drclea.  He  was  savod  Iroin 
the  flatocs  ooly  by  tb<;  fiivor  of  penons  in  anthority,  but 
was  imprisoned  in  a  convent.  Tb«  most  aminent  preach- 
on  of  Utu  city,  Dr.  Ji^in  Egidiits,  and  Consbmtino  Ponce 
de  la  Fuente,  who  had  been  chaplain  ol  the  Emperor, 
L'nlisted  in  tho  new  movement.  The  prvdominoat  opinion 
in  SvvlUc  was  on  the  side  of  tbi^t  rual,  Uiough  covert 
ProtestantiBm.  It  found  a  reception,  also,  in  cloisteis  of 
tlic  city,  CHpcciuIly  in  one  l>i-Iiiii<png  to  tlie  Hifronyniitos. 
Uoth  in  S«Yille  and  Volladolid  tiii-ro  wero  aocmt  cliurdm, 
fully  organised,  and  meeting  in  priracy  for  Protestant 
wurahip.  Tn  ViilLuIolid  Urn  Protestant  catue  had  a  dis- 
tii^iahed  leader  in  tUa  person  of  Augustine  Cuxalla,  the 
Imperial  chaplain,  who  waa  put  to  death  by  the  Inquisi- 
tion in  l'55d.  Tiicrc  wi^rc  pmb:>bly  two  thousand  porsons 
in  varioiia  parU  of  Spain  who  wera  united  in  the  ProU 
stont  faith  and  held  private  meetings  for  a  number  of 
ycitrs.  A  l:trgu  proportion  of  them  were  pcraoiiii  dia- 
tuigiiisltcd  for  their  rank  or  learning.  The  discovery  o( 
these  seon't  luuiociutions  at  ScTille  »n(l  Vallndulid  stimu- 
liitod  tho  Iiiquiailion  to  redoubled  exertion*.  The  flight 
of  iDiiny  fiu:ilitattM]  thi«  detection  of  others  who  ri-inain>.-d. 
The  dungeons  were  filled  and  the  terrible  implements  of 
torture  were  used  to  extort  coofossionx  not  only  from  men, 
but  from  rofinod  and  delicately  trained  women.  In  1569 
and  1560,  two  great  auten  da/i  wore  held  tn  th«  two 
dtioBwhftro  horasy  tuid  tidcen  tlie  linuest  root.  Tlic  cittc- 
monies  were  arranged  with  a  riow  to  strike  terror  to  the 
hearts  of  tho  sufferers  tlicmselves  and  of  Uic  great  IfiroQfp 
that  gatliercd  as  spectators  of  the  scene.    The  condemned 


BXTISTATIOK  Or  PROTEST  AN  rt5U  IN  SPAU. 


400 


woro  l>utiied  alive,  thoeo  who  woald  aoct-pt  the  offices  d 
a  prient,  Iwvrcvt-r,  hiiviiig  tliv-  priviloyu  of  Itiiiig  stnmgled 
before  tho'tr  IxKliea  were  cast  iiitu  Uio  lire.  The  King 
Bitd  ruyul  lututly,  the  gnat  pcrscmuges  Oif  tlic  court,  of 
botli  Acxes,  giive  fiouiitenonoo  to  (he  proceedings  by  their 
pRscncc,  .Similux  autOM  rfa/rf  occurred  m  varioua  other 
plsurea,  with  every  ctrcuDiAtancc  mlciilutvtl  to  iiiapiro  feai 
in  the  boIioUk-iu.  Thu  officers  of  the  Iiii)iiiBitiDD  were  so 
active  aiid  vigilitiit,  mid  m  inercilesa,  tlint  tliere  wiu  mt 
hope  for  any  who  were  inchned  to  Proteetant  opiniona, 
fvtvi.^  in  (light ;  uitd  ovimi  this  wu«  dlfTieiilt.  Covk-tousncd* 
allied  iUelf  to  fanaticisin,  for  the  forfeituro  of  all  prop- 
erty tvas  a  part  of  thu  ptn^ilty  invmiahly  vi»it«<l  upon 
lit-n-^y.  'Hiiis  Protttstantism  was  «iadic;tt«d.'  The  re* , 
BlmiiiU  laid  upon  hherty  of  teaching  amoUiered  the  intel* 
kctual  life  of  tho  country. 

Ill  Spain,  as  in  Italy,  tho  pcrscoution  did  not  spare  th« , 
Kviingi-litNil  CatholicR.  Among  tlieae  was  Bartolom£  do 
Curmttza,  Archbishop  of  Toledo  and  Primate  of  Spain, 
wliii  had  stood  among  iLo  iuIvociitv-4  of  gmtiiitoii-i  juatili- 
cation  at  tho  Council  of  Trent.  He  had  accompanied 
Philip  II.  to  England  and  taken  j^art  in  examining  Prot- 
estants who  perislied  at  tho  stake  tinder  M:u:y.  Ho 
was  denoonood  to  the  Inquisition  and  imprisoned  at  Valla- 
dolid.  His  iuttnucy  with  Pole,  and  witli  Morono,  Fla- 
iiiiiiio,  and  other  eminent  Itiiliatis  who  wcru  iiicltnoJ  to 
evangelica]  doctrine,  was  one  fact  brought  upngainst  him. 
Hi«  ateoliism,  partly  for  its  allegod  Icauing,  in  some 
pointa,  to  the  Lutheran  theology,  and  portly  bocaiute  il 
WHS  written  in  tlio  vulgar  tongue,  was  tlie  principal  baaia 
of  the  aeciLsation.  He  was  charged  with  not  lta\-ing  ao 
cuscU  boforo  tho  Holy  Office  leading  Spanish  Protestanta, 
of  whose  Hcntimetita  lie  had  ])riv:)ti.'ly  c.\[>n-it!K^l  his  disap- 
probation.    At  the  end  of  seven  years  ho  was  taken  to 

I  For  doUlbof  ptntcaUtm,  >t«  Db  CuUm,  SpaniA  Pntttl'Bd*  (I^odIak 
USlt. 


410 


THE  rcrniiiiATios  nc  halt  akd  srjuir. 


Rome,  and  after  varioua  dchys,  Orogory  XII!..  in  1 
pronoaiKed  ecntdnoc,  flodiiig  him  violently  s: 
bexeaj,  prohibiting  his  cat«cbtsm,  roquiring  him  tn  %\ 
eixtcon  Lnthcnm  articli.'s.  ami  snspending  him  frrmi  bit 
olBoc  for  fivft  ywjra.  At  the  expiration  of  tlii«  lira*;,  afu-r 
havii^  been  for  eighteen  years  under  eomv  species  of  con- 
fincrat-nt,  he  died.  A  p(vrt  of  thf^  material  of  accusation 
ngatnitt  Camiiui  vriw  <)eri\-('il  from  the  words  of  coiisol;^* 
don  wliich  he  had  addressed  to  the  dying  Emperor, 
Charles  V.,  at  tJio  convvnt  of  Yuste.  Kiieoling  at  his 
bodflidn,  the  Archbishop,  holding  np  a  cracifix,  t'-xclaiinci]  ,- 
"  Behold  Him  who  answers  for  all !  There  is  no  more 
sin ;  all  is  for^ven '.  "  His  words  gaT«  offenw  to  somu 
iriio  wi-re  present.  Vilkbra,  the  Emperor's  favorite 
preadier,  wlio  followed,  reminded  his  royal  master  that  as 
he  wn.4  iKirn  on  the  d»y  nf  St.  Miitthw,  so  Ite  waa  to  di« 
on  that  of  St.  Matthias.  With  each  intercee«ois,  it  waa 
addc<I,  he  hiul  nothing  to  fvar.  "  Thus,"  writes  Migaet, 
"tl»e  two  doctriiipa  th.it  divided  the  world  in  tlie  age  of 
Charles  V.,  were  once  more  brought  before  him  on  the  i 
bod  of  death."'  Bcrades  the  Archbishop  of  Toledo,  not' 
leas  than  eight  S[>Anish  btshnjis,  of  whom  Uie  moat  had 
snt  in  the  Council  ol  T^nt,  and  twenty-five  doctors  of 
theology,  among  wliom  wcro  persons  of  the  higbeat  emi- 1 
nence  for  learning,  were  likewise  arraigned,  and  most  of ; 
them  obligt-d  to  m.iko  somu  retraction  or  submit  fe 
public  humiliation. 

It  is  E  remarkable  evidence  of  the  vitality  of  ttie 
olic  reaction  that  it  went  forward  in  spite  of  tli«  want  of  i 
active  sympathy  on  the  part  of  ecrtain  popes  witli  itaj 
favorite  miuisiires,  or  the  incoonatency  of  their  policy  with  ' 
its  spirit  nn<l  aims.  What  tlie  new  movement  reqtii 
and  the  result  towards  which  it  tended,  was  the  onioa' 
the  Cutholic  powers;  especially  an  nllinnwof  tin-  Pc^ 
vtd  Spain.     When  Caraffii  at  die  age  of  seventj-nine 

>  Klbtmon,  /rU.  </ Ckarlu  r.  (Pfwtan'fMLh  iU.  191,  ISl 


n  II II 


THE  CATHOUC  ItEAOTIOM. 


411 


oeoded  tti«  Papal  iJirt>nc.  Iits  strongust  pnmion  seutned  to 
ue  liin  hatred  of  Clinvka  V.  and  the  Sjnaniardo.  With  all 
his  zcat  for  tha  rvfonn  of  which  h«  hful  ho«ii  <mo  of  the 
earhest  pminotera,  he  mlviuiceil  hb  relntirr^  to  high  sbt- 
tJoiLs,  not  from  that  solGsh  ambition  front  whicli  oepotiam 
had  previoaaly  sprung,  but  in  onlor  to  carry  out  hii 
sch4!niiM  of  hostility  to  Spain.  His  stoutest  defenders 
agiunst  Alva  wore  (iermiins,  most  of  whom  wcr«  Protes- 
tnnts  ;  ha  <.'vorn  invoked  the  help  of  the  Turks,  The  d©* 
feat  of  his  Fronch  allien  at  St.  Qucntin,  followwl  by  the 
complete  success  of  Alva,  forced  Hpon  him  a  changn  of 
polioy.  Forthwith  ho  resumni  with  absorbing  energy  his 
enterpriaeti  of  reform,  and  discarded  hi<i  relations,  whom 
tit;  had  found  to  bo  txeudicrouK.  Tliia  was  the  end  of  the 
nepotism  whicli  m  long  Itad  brought  disgnuw  and  weak- 
ness upon  the  Papal  oflice.  But  tlie  war  that  ho  kiudlud 
aidod  the  eauM  of  Proto«tantiem  in  France  and  in  the 
Netherlands,  and  also  in  Kiigland.  His  political  Kchemea 
wars  partly  rmponsiblu  for  his  arrogant  treatment  of  Klirjt- 
beth.  whom  he  <]id  not  wish  to  marry  E'hilip.  and  whom  he 
did  wish  Mary  Stuart,  the  candidate  of  the  Guises,  to  sup- 
plant. In  Pius  IV.  (1559-06)  we  hare  a  pontifT  who  poi^ 
Bonally  did  not  sympathize  maoh  with  the  Inquisition,  yet 
left  it  to  pursue  its  nouise  unhindered.  He  labored  to 
unite  the  Catliolic  world,  and  succeeded  in  pacifying  tKo 
divi-ti'ms  in  the  Coimdl  of  Trent  by  »killful  ne^tiations 
with  the  different  sovereigns.  Pins  V.  (15(5(1-72)  was  a 
devoted  rcprosontative  of  the  ri^d  party,  was  zealous  on 
the  one  hand  for  the  reformation  of  th«  Pitpal  <^urt,  and 
on  the  other  for  the  dcstmction  of  licretioa.  Ho  induced 
Duke  Cosmo  of  IHoreiiee  to  deliver  up  to  him  Oamcsoccjtl, 
an  accomplish  lid  literary  man,  who,  irifliK'nt-ed  by  Vnldei, 
lad  early  favored  I'roCcatantiam,  Bn<l  hud  him  brriuglit  to 
Roino,  wbete  he  was  beheaded  and  his  body  committed  tc 
Uie  flames.'     Me  approveil  of  Alva's  doings  En  tin  I7«tb* 


419 


THK   RCKOIUtATIOii   IN   ITALY    UID  STADI. 


erUiitU.  Gradually  th«  Papacy  ciuu^  to  jom  bauds  viUi 
Si>»in  in  tlic  gntad  olTort  to  ov«n»me  I^roteflbintism. 
Sixtus  V.  exoammuoicated  Hoory  IV.  of  Fmic«  (1585). 
lie  lunt  bis  BK«t  tarocst  ouupunition  to  tko  eftorl  to  con* 
quer  Ei^Iaitd  by  tbe  Arnuula.  He  \ras  benrt  and  booI 
with  GuiHe  and  tbe  Laa^e,  aud  upoa  the  ■amwiioBtioa  ot 
GuiM,  uxcumiiiuiiioalcd  Henry  III.  If  be  listeited  Earor- 
ably  to  the  efforts  made  to  induce  him  to  absolve  and 
n-cii^izc  Henry  ot  Navum-,  bis  inclinatioitt  in  litis  di* 
ruction  wi-ro  ovci-comc  by  tbe  eiiergetio  remonstraticea  of 
Philip.'  It  was  tbe  hostile  attitude  of  tbe  Papacy  that 
strongly  uffoctt.-^  tbt;  CttUi'ilii^  ndheivntd  of  NuTam»,  and 
oourinned  tbem  in  Uie  di&poeiliou  to  require  of  bim  a  jiro- 
feesion  of  tlie  Ciitbolie  f^utli. 

Notliing  cnn  \v  more  ati-iking  than  tbe  change  in  tlio 
intellectual  apirtt  of  Italy,  as  va  approach  tbo  (^ik]  of  the 
sixtcontli  ocntury.^  Tbo  old  ardor  in  the  study  and  imt- 
taiion  of  tlio  ancienlR  has  [x-uw-d  away.  Even  tbo  rovor- 
enee  that  spared  the  ardiitectural  i-enuuns  of  antiquity  is 
Bupplant«],  in  the  mind  of  Sixtua  V.,  for  example,  by  tbe 
dwire  to  rear  odiiicci  that  may  rival  them.  A  zeal  for 
independent  invcatlgation,  cepcdally  in  natuiul  science, 
takes  tbe  place  of  antiquAriiLa  acfaolanliip ;  but  this  aenr 
ecientific  spirit,  vrhich  often  took  a  speculatave  turn,  wna 
cheeked  and  rupri.-»»ed  by  tbo  •'oclcsiiuticid  mlero.  Loy* 
tity  to  Uie  Church,  and  a  n^li^ous  tenijier,  in  llie  ttriot 
form  \rbidi  tbe  Catholic  restoration  engendorvd.  pen^ 
trated  sodety.  Poctrj',  painting,  and  music  were  at  onee 
r«!4io\'atud  and  moulded  by  the  religious  influence.  Tosso, 
wlio  eliose  a  pious  crusader  for  the  huro  nf  bis  )>m-in,  tbe 
aobo(»l  of  Carucci,  Domcniohino,  and  Guido  Reni,  I'alea- 
trina,  tl>e  great  composer,  Riiggi.4t  the  rvvohition  in  paUic 
feeling  and  taste  in  tliis  age,  in  contmst  witli  tlie  ago  of 

'  Ranke,  nlttoTy  o/Ht  Popu,  t.  331  Kq.,  li.  ISSnii-.  Hi.  II»  Ni|.    VfibQM 
■  lUake,  Bia.  <•/  Ut  P^a,  1. 4B3. 


ISFtUEKCK  OP  TOE  JEStiTTS. 


■118 


tlie  Runaissancu.  TIiu  papal  cuurt,  in  iu  ruftloreil  Btrict- 
oeSB  and  sobriety,  inanifest«{l  ibt  eiitiro  subjection  to  the 
new  movt-inent.  In  a  character  like  Carlo  BonxniiCO,  iht 
coanter-i-cfonnatjon  nppi^wrtt  in  a  chantct^nntiQ  but  pe> 
cnliiirly  attractive  light.  Of  noble  birtli.  and  with  temp- 
ULtioiia  to  sensual  indulguDou  thrown  in  hi«  paUi,  lie  do- 
vutiid  Itinuwlf  U>  a  rt:li|;iou£i  life  \nth  unwaveritig  iidelit}'. 
The  ue[diew  of  Pius  V.^  odicus  of  the  higlu'^t  ro^puiwi- 
bility  vera  forced  upna  him,  vrbidi  he  di£whurg«d  with  ao 
exemplary  diligence  and  faithfulness,  that  sucli  as  worn 
inclined  to  euvy  or  to  censure  were  oompcUed  to  applau<l. 
But  hfi  welooined  the  day  when  lie  oould  lay  tlicm  down, 
and  ^ve  himself  wholly  to  Uls  dtoucsu  of  Milan,  wtiere  lt« 
was  arrlibisliop.  His  untiring  jici'severanco  in  wiirltit  of 
charity  and  rtLfnrm,  bis  visitations  to  remote,  mountaiiioua 
Tilla^s,  in  the  core  of  his  flock,  his  zoid  for  education,  lus 
dovoutnoss.  musixl  liiiu  to  be  atyletl,  in  the  bull  Uiat  can* 
Diiiittul  him,  an  angel  iu  human  form.  Ilis  exertions  in 
making  prosL-lytirs,  mid  Iuh  willlngm-jts  to  puntccuto  horosy, 
are  lesa  agreonble  to  oontemplata  j  but  they  were  esAGutiiU 
featurea  of  tbo  Catholic  miction. 

Th«  JenuiU  first  establisliod  themsekea  in  force  in  Italyt 
and  in  Portugal,  Spain,  and  their  oolonies.  "  Out  of  th« 
Tisionary  scJicnK*^  of  Ignatius,"  says  Rankc, "  arose  an  in- 
stitution of  singularly  practical  tendency ;  out  of  the  ood> 
Tersions  wrought  by  his  asceticism,  an  institution  horned 
witli  all  tlto  ju»t  and  accurate  calculation  of  worldly  pru- 
dence." The  education  of  youth,  especially  tlioae  of 
higher  rank,  quickly  fell,  to  a  largo  uxtcnt,  into  tJtoir 
hands.  Their  system  of  intellectual  training  was  acoor«l> 
ing  to  a  strict  method ;  but  their  schools  were  pervaded 
by  tlieir  peculiar  religious  aptrit.  It  was  larg«dy  througit 
Jheir  influence  tliat  tho  profane  or  secular  tone  of  culturv, 
'hat  hod  proTtuled  in  tho  cities  of  Italy,  was  siip«n(od4Ht 
ity  a  culture  in  which  reverence  for  religion  an<l  the 
Church  was  n  vitid  ctcmont.     From  the  two  puninsulaa 


tu 


TUB  REFOIUIATIOK   IN  ITALY   AKU  SPADI. 


th«  now  ordor  extended  ito  inflnpnc*  into  die  otlwr  coos' 
tries  of  Europe,  Thoy  fDrniixcl  a  gnwt  ttandii^  nrmy,  ia 
th«  (tCTviw!  of  th«  Pope,  for  tb«  prapngstion  of  Catboli- 
^isiu.  The  Uniri>r«itj  of  Vionnn  -mix  pInotiJ  under  tbeir 
direction ;  the;  established  tJieiiiBelvea  at  Cologne  and 
Ingoliitndt  tind  Pnigtii.',  nnd  (mm  tlicM  centras  opcntpd 
witli  great  HUc«eea  in  the  Austrian  domimona,  the  Rhen- 
ish provinces,  and  other  part*  of  Gf-muiny.  TIiv  Duke 
of  Bavaria,  partly  from  woridiy  and  partly  from  religious 
motives,  enKsted  warmly  in  the  caiiso  of  the  Catholic  re- 
a4!tion,  and  inndo  liiinM>lf  ifc.4  ohanipion.  In  the  ecvlcsia^ 
tical  Btatc«  of  GermanVi  the  spirit  of  Catholiasm  was 
rcAwakonnI,  niul  thi>  lolcratJon  proiniwd  to  Protestiinta 
by  the  Peace  of  Augsburg,  was  fre<]uently  violated, 
llie  Popi.**,  in  thift  period,  nvro  lihvral  in  thrir  oonoo»- 
nonR  to  tlio  Cittliolio  prlnct^,  who  found  their  prrjfit  in 
helping  forward  the  reactionary  movement.  In  tbe  last 
qanriiT  of  tJie  Hixtt'Onth  century,  mainly  by  the  hibora  of 
tlie  Jesuits,  and  by  the  violent  m<-asures  vhJcli  tliey  in* 
MJgated,  the  tide  was  turned  against  Fn>tcatantism  in 
Southern  Gcnnajiy,  in  Bobeinin,  JMoravin,  Poland,  and 
Hujigary.  In  these  countries,  Protestantism  ha<l,  on 
th<!  whole,  gained  the  aKwndf*ncy.  Togctlier  with  Bel- 
gium imd  FVaiioe,  they  oonadtuted  "  the  great  debatubln 
laud,"  where  the  two  confessions  stmgglod  for  the 
mnfltery.  In  all  of  them,  Cnthollciam,  witli  its  now 
forces,  was  triumphant,  Tlio  Jesuits  did  much  to  pro 
mote  that  incrcaiicd  excitement  of  Catholic  (vAling  in 
FVnnce,  which  showed  itself  in  the  slaughter  of  St. 
Bai'tholomew  and  the  want  of  tho  League.  From 
I)<jUay,  the  RAtablisbmcnt  founded  by  Cardinal  William 
Allen,  they  sent  out  their  emissaries  into  England. 
Tiio  order  wii«  active  in  Sweden,  and,  fur  n  time,  bad 
•oitiB  prospect  of  winning  that  kingdom  back  to  Uw 
Catholic  fold.  Wherever  thi^y  did  not  provail,  they 
•luLTpcned  the  mutual  ant^Lgonism  of  tite  rival  confe» 


I 


AMBXST  Oif  TttK  PKOGBEStl  OV  l>HOTliSI'AKTL<i».       416 

•ioiis.  The  progreoH  of  the  Catholic  restomtioa  wm 
luilud,  cApc-ciidly  in  Gt'rinuiiy,  by  tliv  <{ti:tiTrU  uf  Pnttob- 
tMti  tli«ulogiaua.  Tbe  mutual  hostility  of  Lutheran 
and  Calviuist  uppeitrvd.  in  soma  cumw,  to  outweigh  tlivir 
ctiiiiiuoii  op]M;Aili(>»  to  Itonie. 

Tli«  quMitiou  lius  often  bceu  iwki^d,  \t\iy,  aHm  so  rupid 
ail  atlvaiice  of  I'rot^ielaJitisu)  for  a  half  century',  a  limit 
biwuld  then  havo  he«ii  sot  to  its  progi^ess  ?  Why  wun  it 
uuable  to  ovensLep  the  bomi<l9  which  it  leaohei]  in  the  tLrat 
ago  of  it8  vxiitftcnoo  ?  Muokuluy  haa  buudU'd  tlus  qiios- 
tiua  tn  11  »pii-itvd  i4my,  in  which,  witit  ocrttun  rcuwn», 
which  aie  pertiiieut  and  valuable,  is  coupled  a  singidar  de- 
tiiul  that  lJtukiiowliid(;u  of  n<li^iu»  is  prugrussivv,  or  at  all 
^■pcJidcHt  tii>on  tb«  i^-nvrul  eiilighl>Miiucut  of  the  huiiuia 
mind.  Apart  front  bis  paivdoxioul  s{mculattoa  on  this 
but  poiut,  hia  »ttttuniunt  of  the  grounds  of  thu  orroet  of 
the  progRM  of  Protv»tui)tiiMii,  Uiough  eloquent  uu] 
Tuliuible,  ia  quite  inoompluto.  The  prindpat  causes  of 
tliia  ovuiit  vre  deem  to  be  tho  following:  — 

1.  The  fennent  Uiat  attended  the  rbe  of  Piotostantisni 
mufit  uvoiituaUy  lead  to  a  <;n,-Bt(dluuug  of  partiuM ;  aud 
this  must  ruiau  up  a  ban-Uii-  in  the  way  of  the  further 
apniiul  of  the  new  doctiine.  Prot^^stantism  was  a  move- 
mrnt  of  reform,  arising  within  the  Church.  At  tlia  out- 
•el,  multitudes  stood,  in  rt-L-ition  to  it,  in  the  attitude  of 
inquirurs.  TLoy  wore  more  or  Itss  favorably  inclined  to 
it.  What  Doiir«ct  tiwy  would  take,  might  depeud  on  the 
influences  to  which  th«y  would  happeu  to  be  exposed. 
'I'hey  were  not  iniinovably  nttuehod  to  the  old  system ; 
^  they  w«re  open  to  peniiasiou.  But  as  the  conflict  became 
H  wnnn,  in«i)  were  more  maii  more  promptud  to  take  sidei, 
^B  and  to  range  tliemselvcn  tinder  one  or  the  other  buuner. 
H  This  period  of  fluctuation  and  conversion  would  naturally 
^^  eonie  to  an  end.  As  soon  as  the  spirit  of  pnrty  was  tboa 
^^     iwaki-ned|il  formed  an  obstnclx  to  the  further  pit^gtvssof 


416 


THE  iu:>'(HtuA'not)  ni  italy  and  spaih. 


the  n«w  opiuiona ;  for  tliis  sfHrit  oommuiiicutiid  iUcU  from 
fntliLT  to  son. 

2.  Tliv  ]viliti('ul  amiDgeineiitx  which  mn  adopted  in 
diffei-ent  countries,  in  consequence  oi  the  mligious  divtiuoit, 
uU  t«ii(lud  to  cuiifiiie  Protestantism  witliin  the  limits  which 
il  Imd  varly  iiltniiittl.  TliU  in  a  puint  of  griMit  iinportancei 
and  is  not  noticed  by  Macauliiy.  In  Gemintiy,  tlto  nf^> 
tiiitions  nnd  disputes  producud  by  tho  religions  contest, 
iwiH-d  ill  tlie  udoptitm  of  the  principli;,  "  ctijtis  rrglo,  pjas 
rcligio;"  tho  n-Iigion  of  tho  State  shall  conform  to  tiutl 
of  thv  prinoc.  Thi»  principle,  hon-evw,  would  not  lmv« 
availed  to  arrest  Protestantism.  Hut  the  '*  eci'lcsiiist  ical 
roserTation"  did  thus  aviiil,  Hinin  the  conversion  of  an 
eccleitiuHticnl  ruler  to  the  new  faith  was  attended  witli  no 
important  gaiin  to  tliu  Prot4.-stunt  cuuse ;  he  must  vacate 
hia  ofliL-«.  The  wholo  tcnik'noy  of  political  arrangcntunts 
tn  Germany  was  to  build  up  a  wall  of  aoparation  bctwocii 
the  two  con fi-K-i ions,  luid  to  protect  the  territory  of  each 
from  Uiii  cncrtnu-h incuts  <>[  th«  other.  It  must  Iw  remem- 
bered that  the  spirit  of  propngan<1iflm  did  ttot,  generally 
apeaking.  chamctcrize  Protestantism.  The  Protestants, 
especially  in  Gerniiuiy,  weiv!  suti^nvd  if  tlwy  ooald  \k  latt 
to  dev'el<^,  without  interference,  their  own  system.  The 
utmost  limit  of  their  demnnd  was  room  (or  its  natural 
cxpaiision.i  In  th<>  NctlK-rliuuls,  the  scpunttion  of  Uiu 
Walloon  pronnces  from  the  other  states,  and  the  ad- 
Iion-nw  of  till-  fornuT  to  Spain,  could  Lave  no  other  result 
than  to  pi-rpt'ttiate  tlu-tr  conncirtion  with  tlie  Catliolio 
Church.  Ill  Fnmoo,  the  civil  wars  and  the  political  aet- 
tlenioiit  to  which  they  led,  rvwHlled  in  the  formation  ol 
the  Huguenots  into  a  compact  body,  formidable  for 
defense,  but  [wnx-rk-ss  for  the  propagation  of  their  Eaith. 

■  "  W!e  wir  oiler  lMin«TkI,  Ji<r  I'mlalantliinui  tsl  nicbt  Imkcbniiilcr  Kmut 
bwlnl  lich  jtdn  Btilrill*,  dcr  ftiu  licbeneui^ing  pnliiprinel,  ■.!>  tant*  FoN- 
(Bncm  Minvr  Kvtm  Sache  treucnt  (onit  ■bu  Hhon  lulrioden  (tin,  msa  ■■ 
•*lb*r  v«nt»llr[  ixt,  (icli  uugdm  wn  fnmilur  tium'ukiiag  tu  •iilarklwlB 
Itin  war  w*.  ■■•iiiK'li  Jill  Evaiii,TliiF]icn  PttnttD  vsai  rrdtu  Augvalitcli  la  Unb 
!u."  —  Baiikv.  licutuht  CtKlkitKii.  \.  Tt. 


I 


TUB  FBOeiESS  OP  PR0reSTANT15)(.       417 

8.  The  coiintcr-rcfoniiiitioii  in  theCatliolicCUurch,  by 
removing  tlK'-gTo».i  »t)ii.-«.t(  wliidi  Imd  bcun  l!ic  ubjiwt  of 
rigbteouii  complaint,  took  a  formidable  xreapon  from  tbe 
liands  of  the  Protctlaiit.*.  At  llic  same  tlmo,  tiic  nj-iithy 
of  tbe  old  Ctiiirch  waA  broken  tip,  tlie  attention  of  ita 
nilcrs  was  no  longer  ubBorbut]  in  iimbiUoos  achemea  01 
politics,  or  in  the  gi'attlii-Dtioii  of  a  lit«mry  tnstts  wliidi 
made  the  Papal  court  a  rendezvous  of  authors  and  artists ; 
but  a  profound  zeal  (nr  tlio  doctrines  and  forms  of  the 
Roniitn  Catholic  religion  pervaded  and  united  all  ranks 
uf  its  diaciplee. 

4.   Wtulo    tliia    couccntmtion   of    forces   was    tilting 
place  on  the  Catholic  side,  Protcstanta  more  and  more 
wosUid    their  strength    in   conti-sts  vrith   one  unothttr. 
Their  inutiuit  intolenmee  fadlitated  Uie  advance  of  tlicir 
emuDOD  enemy.     Moreover,  the  warm,  religious  feeling 
'  ttnA'Ahiinat^-d  tliv  curly  Kt.-form(;rs  and  the  princi-s  who 
defended    their   cause,  passed    away  to  a  considerable 
degree,  and  was  succeeded  by  a  tLeological  rigidness,  or 
a  ecifUli,  politiciJ  spirit.     'Hie  appearance  of  siidi  u  char- 
acter as  Maurice  of  Saxony,  in  bo  marked  contnist  with 
;tiu   Electors  who  listt-m-d  to  tli«  voitw  of  LuthtT,  imd 
wen  with  tlio  I^aiidgrave  Philip  of  Hesse,  indicates  tbe 
adviiiit  of  an  ith.  when  a  more  politie  and  selilsli  temper 
diflpLices   tlie   sirtiiilicity  *if  religions   principle.      Queen 
Eliziibcth,  with  hfr  lukewarm  attachment  to  the  Refor- 
mation, and  bur  mendnciouit,  cn)oke(l  policy,  is  a  pooi 
representative  of  the  religious  character  of  Protestantism. 
How  much  more  intense  and  consistent  was  tlic  religioua 
B   zen(  of   tJie  secular  leader  of   tbe  Catholic  restoration, 
I        Phihp  H.  1     Tlie  ardor  of    Protestants  spent   itwilf  in 
doRieslio  discord,  at   the  very  time  when  tlie  anlor  of 
Catholicism  was  exerted,  with  undivided  energy,  against 
^    tJicm. 

^M       5.   Tbe  better  orgimization  of  tbe  Catliolic  Church  was 
H    *   signal   advant4i^u   in   the   battle  ^rith    Protestuntitm 

I- 


118  OOUXIKI-BBVOUUTrOK  IM  TIIF.  CATROUO  SHfBCH. 

wliicli  was  diviilvd  into  on  nuiny  clinrobes  aj  Uiero  wm 
[lolitical  com lu unities  that  etnbraoed  the  new  ductrijw 
On  tliu  Oiitltoli<!  oitlu  tlioni  oould  bu  ii  plati  of  opuraciuna, 
liuviiig  n^pect  not  to  a  single  couutri)'  alone,  n  aeporatv 
[lorbtou  of  tliu  liclJ  of  conibiit,  but  tormvd  upon  a  »ar\Kj 
ol  tJe  wlmle  situation,  ontl  cairif^d  out  with  soli;  refereniK 
to  a  anitod  su<xu«g, 

C.  Aiiutlioi'  source  of  paw«r  in  the  CUUiotia  Chmeli 
grew  out  of  the  habit  of  availing  iUelf  of  uU  variotiM 
of  rvligiotiB  tuuipeniuiunt,  of  turning  to  tlic  bvftt  acvoiiot 
tli(!  wide  diversity  of  talents  and  character  which  ia  de- 
veloped wittiin  it«  fold.  Thu  ditsjwssioiiutv  And  ustntu 
{wliliciiiti,  tlii;  LiboriouM  s^^olar,  tJie  subtlt;  aiid  akiUIol 
polunitc,  the  fiery  cntliusiast,  are  noao  of  them  rejected, 
but  all  of  llittni  ussigiiud  to  a  work  su)t«d  to  tlieir  n»pOG- 
tive  capacities.  Men  as  dissimilar  as  Bellarmine  lutd 
Ij^ntius  vrtTc  engogi^^  in  a  common  cause,  and  were 
even  within  tbe  same  fraternity,  'lliis  custom  at  tho 
Cutbolic  Church  in  often  attributed  to  a  profound  polioy. 
Hut  wlmluver  sagacity  it  may  iudicatt.',  it  is  probably  due 
lesa  to  tlie  calculations  of  a  fai>sigliCed  policy,  tliiui  U» 
un  luibitiuil  principle,  or  way  of  tliinkiuj;  iu  religion, 
whii-li  JA  iiilieri'Ut  in  tbe  genius  uf  Ciitliolidsm.  It  luw 
U>cn  justly  observed  that  men  of  the  type  of  ^ViMloy, 
wlio,  among  I'rotestants,  tuivc  been  forcvd  to  bcuome 
t)i»  fotiudvr»  of  distinct  religious  bodies,  would  luive 
found  within  the  Ciitholic  ChuixL,  ha<l  tlwy  been  boni 
tUeni,  hospitable  treatment  and  congenial  employment 
The  Lost  tliiit  viiis  umrshidlcd  under  the  command  ot 
the  Pope,  fur  the  dcfonst-  of  CutlioUcism,  was  Like  on 
nnny  that  includes  Ught-armod  skirmislicra  and  heavy- 
anned  ariilh-rynivn,  ^tnift mvulry,  and  spiua  who  can  pen 
Utiute  the  camp  and  pry  into  the  couuseln  of  the  eneuiy, 

7>  It  cannot  be  denied  that  iu  Southern  Europe  then 
was  munifealed  a  ntot«  rooted  attachment  to  tlie  Roman 
ii^iulie  systvm,  tbaii  ouabed  amung  th»  nations  whiofa 


I 
I 


I 


I 
I 


TflK  CATnOLIC  UFJ^CIIOK. 


419 


idoptoti  tlio  Reformation.  In  Gcrmnny,  the  common 
p<'0[)!c  gliullj-  honrd  Ibc  teiwhing  of  Lutlicr.  Pmtes- 
toiitlsiu  there  li:id  miicit  of  tlie  diaracU^r  of  a  mitionnt 
movumfrnt.  lu  Italy  »nd  Sjiain,  it  waa  maioly  tlie  U*. 
t«rc(l  class  Umt  rewiivcd  th«  new  doctrine.  Below  s 
certain  grade  of  culture,  few  were  affected  by  It.  Even 
in  Fraiiofr,  wliidi  had  aorat-tJting  like  a  middlu  position 
between  the  two  currents  of  opinion,  it  w»a  tho  intel- 
ligent middle  cImk,  together  with  scholars  and  nobica, 
that  funiistied  to  Protestant iniu  it»  lullivrttiitJi.  In  Italy 
and  Sp;un,  the  new  doctrine  did  not  reach  down  to  tlie 
springs  of  national  life.  Moiuovur,  it  is  remarkable  that 
In  theeo  nations  which  remained  Catholic,  so  many  who 
went  so  far  as  to  receive  tlie  evangelical  doctrine  substan* 
tially  as  it  was  Ik-M  by  ttie  Protestants,  weni  not  im- 
pelled to  cast  off  the  polity  or  worship  of  the  old 
Church.  'Itiis  circuiitstjutcu  is  far  from  being  wholly 
due  to  timidity.  The  outward  forms  of  Protestaiitisiu 
were  leas  necessary,  lew  coi^cnial  to  them ;  the  oatward 
forma  of  Cntholiciitm  were  leas  obnoxious.  Even  in 
FVuice,  this  same  phenomenon  appeared  in  the  circle 
that  eurly  gatlicred  about  Ijcf^vrc  and  Uri^onuct,  and 
especially  in  Margaret  of  Navarre  and  her  followers. 
The  doctrine  of  gratuitous  salvation  through  the  merits 
of  Christ,  tlie  iuwardncfls  of  piety,  as  fosUtrcd  by  tlia 
evangelical  doctrine,  were  grateful  to  them ;  but  they 
were  not  moved  to  renounoo  Ihi!  government  or  the 
sacnimcuts  of  tlie  Church,  or  to  alBtiate  themselves  with 

[the  Protestant  body. 
Wlii-ii  all  (Ik'SC  circumstancfts  ore  contemplated,  it  will 
c«a»o  to  he  a  matter  of  wonder  that  Protestantism,  after 
its  first  great  victories  wcro  won.  halted  in  its  course  and 
was  at  length  ittiut  up  within  fixed  boundaries. 
But  the  Catholic  party  wen:  destiued  to  suffer  from 
int«nuil  (liwroni.    Before  the  close  of  the  century,  tlie  fol- 


420  OOlt^TTER-liU'OrjrATIOM  IX  TIt£  CATHOLIC  CRUItca. 


ology,  became  involvod  Id  a  hot  strife  tnth  the  Dutninicans, 
wlio  in  common  \TitU  ttmr  niMter,  Aqutnas,  wcra  aoarer 
to  Augustine  in  their  view  of  tbo  idation  of  gruoe  to  free- 
will. The  tb4!ologi«»l  conflict  that  was  tlitia  kiudlud,  wae 
of  long  continuance,  and  brought  aerioos  disasters  upon 
tba  CaUiulic  Cilurch,  and,  in  it«  altimate  effect,  upon  the 
Jesuit  order.  This  was  one  of  a  number  of  adverse  in- 
fliwnoes  which  conspired  fmitUy  to  puiilyzo  tlto  CiUllotio 
Reaction,  and  to  stop  the  progceas  ot  tliecoantor-rafonMt- 


« 


CHAPTER  Xn. 


FHK     BTRCGGLK    OF    PCOrBSTAKTISM    tN    THE    SEVEN 
TEBKTH    OESTCTtY'. 

The  Catholic  Reaction,  of  which  the  Pope  Traa  the 
i|iirituu],  luid  Philip  II.  Uie  Bpcular  chief,  cxp^l^i^'lH■^o<^  i» 
tenible  reverse  in  the  ruin  of  the  Spanish  Armada,  and 
the  fitihiru  of  that  gi;^,intio  project  for  the  wnii|ni.-»t  of 
Flnglnnd.  The  eslabliRliiuent  of  Henry  IV.  on  the  throne 
of  France  was  a  atiU  more  tliBcouriaging  blow.  Franco, 
tho  Nvtherlfiiitia,  and  On'w.t  llritain  wem  tho  pritici|«l 
tlientro  of  the  efforts  nbich  had  for  their  end  the  political 
prodoininan<;v  of  tiie  Spanii»!»  inonardiy  and  tin}  Rpivittud 
fliipreniacy  of  Rome.  The  stniggte  of  ProteBtantism  con- 
tinues through  Ihfi  grcat«r  part  of  the  aevcntt^tnth  cca- 
lory.  Gradually  tho  Catholic  Reaction  expended  ite 
forc>-,  and  political  motives  and  ideas  Bul>ordinitt«d  t3i« 
inipulHes  of  fanatjciam. 

The  priiK-4]Hil  lo]>ics  to  bo  considered  arc  the  tliirty 
years'  WT»r ;  the  English  revolnliona ;  the  domentic  and 
foreign  policy  of  Uicliolieii  and  of  Louis  XIV.  'ITie  reign 
of  Louis  XIV.  fall*  principally  in  tlio  latter  half  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  or  the  period  following  the  great 
Enn>[K-an  settlement,  the  Pivwe  of  Wcstphalin.  Yet  domo 
notice  of  this  rejgn  is  requisite  for  a  full  view  of  the 
oooHict  of  Protestantism  and  Catholicism.' 

Ctmrles  V.  had  found  himself  deceived  in  his  political 

1  tlluuer,  ffMotiMM  il**  ZiUattrrt  d.  Ki/anuilim  (lBltl^    Ton  Baimtr, 
rhIeIkU  AWilaui  HiV  d.  JD^  d.  i\  Jair.,  Rkl.  tli.     IjlUNnl.  Lil  tfntii»>J. 
.(.ch.  Iv.    lUiA*.(!it€iitUt^aBiiuU!nt[3i*i-,i*Ti.   Ctljit,  HiiUrt 
krie  II.,  tol.  I,  b.  lit,  tbap*.  xn,,  xvi 


432    rnoTRSTArrnsu  rx  ihe  scvExnxxTn  ckstltbt. 


ealculations,  iiiul  biiffli-d  by  tbc  moral  force  of  Uie  Ptot* 
mbmt  fHilIi  !it  (icrtniuiy.  Hta  fliiiil  dcfuit  in  ibu  attenipt 
to  subjugutit  tlie  Protestouts  left  Uie  Empire  woitt:.  It 
18  nol  triio  tiiiit  Gcrmftny  lost  it«  political  unity  through 
the  Kcfoi-niiitiuii,  for  tJili  unity  vms  pi-actically  gone 
libefore :  rather  is  it  true  that  thon  it  aaf rificed  tlm  o[^i^ 
tiitiity  of  rv'covuring  its  unity  and  of  plitcuig  it  on  aa  eik 
dtuing  foundation.  Tlic  Reformation  tn  Qeniinny,  mora 
tiuia  iu  any  other  ixtuntry,  omau:itM]  not  from  stutosmen 
knd  rulc»,  but  from  the  bcartd  of  the  people.  It  vrui 
liindered  from  being  uuivctsal  by  the  obetaclea  out  in  ite 
wiiy  and  by  its  own  iittvriial  divisions. 

The  I'uacc  of  Augsburg,  unsatiafactory  !l<<  it<t  provift- 
iom  wcru  to  botli  [iiu-Uqh,  uITwImI  it«  i-nd  iis  long  as 
the  eiiiproTS  wero  impartial  tn  their  admini^tnitioD. 
Tliia  was  true  of  Ferdiniuid  I.,  wltose  aoct:d»ion  was 
rvHiattid  by  Piuil  IV.,  tlio  i:iicmy  of  Ills  House ;  and  it 
vaa  true  eapedally  of  Maximilian  II.,  who  wait  hiinaL<tf 
Btrongly  indinod  to  Protestant  opinions,  and  \vaa  oja-nly 
charged  witli  hcnjsy  by  Catliolic  z«akit».  Under  hia 
tolerant  sway,  Protestantism  spread  ovtx  Austria,  with 
tlM  exception  of  tho  niriil  and  secluded  valleys  of  the 
Tj'rol.  Clinrlojt  V.  hud  hinni  obligud  to  rclioquish 
his  wish  to  Iiand  down  the  imperial  crown  to  his  too 
Philip.  Pliilip,  in  his  fanatical  i>xurtion;t  ugainst  Protes- 
tunliittu,  did  nol  receivu  couiitunaiictt  or  BU))|>ort  from  the 
Austrian  branch  of  hia  family,  'llio  cruelties  of  Alva  in 
tliu  Nulhurliuids,  and  thu  iimssacro  of  St.  BarLhuluinew 
ytmv  condemned  and  dcplorcnl  by  the  ICtnpcror.  Pliilip 
waa  80  afraid  tlutt  Masitnilian  himself  would  join  the 
Protestants,  titnt  ha  deemed  it  necessary  to  di.'uundo  him, 
by  the  most  pressing  cxliortiitions,  from  taking  such  a 
ttep.  Wltilu  tilt!  <:uiit^>st  wns  raging  in  the  Netherlands, 
Mid  between  tlit-  Huguenots  and  their  enemies  in  Fniiiit) 
tJiu  l.utlK-mns  of  Germany  remained  tor  the  most  pan 
neutial.     Tlwir  hostility  to  Calvini.fm  had  much  to  tU 


CAUSES  or  T^  Toutrr  vcabs'  was. 


438 


In  determining  tlieir  powtlon.  Thuy  woro  warned  by 
Williiini  (tf  Or.tiigt!  aiii  otli«r  l*roii.-stj*iit»  ubroiid,  Uiut ' 
the  cause  was  one,  and  tbat  U  Catholio  £uiaticiaiii 
vmn:  nut  chwkcd,  Gcnniiny  would  lio  tlie  next  victim. 
Ti)  tJie  latter  ]>ortioii  of  M:iximil!.iii's  reigii,  whidi  waa 
from  lGf>4  U)  lt>Ti>,  tliv  Ji-HtiiU  came  lu,  nud  disturboncea 
aroae.  Itudolph  II.,  hia  snccc-iuiur,  hiid  l>eat  Woiiglit 
up  ill  Spjiin,  imd  n-as  under  tlio  InQuuiico  of  this  Order. 
Tlio  same  spirit  ohamcterlzftd  MatLliia&,  who  followed 
noxt.  In  pon8i-(jaenoc  of  the  incompetenoe  of  Rudolph, 
till!  gov<'nitn<^^itt  of  Aiiittna  and  Huii^piry  luid,  during  his 
life,  boon  tukou  from  him  and  glrun  to  Mattbiaa,  and  he 
in  turn  gave  way,  in  like  manner,  to  hia  coiisin  Ardi* 
dukc^Vrdiimml.of  Styiiii,a  liigubud  Catholic  (1619-3J). 
Ferdinand  an<1  Maximilian,  Duke  of  Bavaria,  wvra  the 
tluvoti'd  champions  of  tlio  Catliolic  Reaction.  Matthiiu 
hiid  bfi'n  coinpcllal  to  gi-ant  a  Icttvr  patent  to  the 
Rohemians,  which  gave  them  full  religious  tolunttioD 
Kiid  i*<|tiiil  rigliti  with  tlio  Catholics.  Violations  of  the 
Religious  Peace  in  Germany  on  the  side  of  the  CathoIicB 
wei-o  fiiHiiicnt.  Bishops  and  Catholic  cities  drove  ontJ 
their  Protestant  subjects  and  abolished  Protestant  wor- 
ship.  'lliB  indignation  of  the  ProtestanU  throughout 
<!erniiuiy  waa  excited  by  the  treatment  of  the  fr«c  olt/i 
of  Dcinauworth,  which  was  exclusively  Protestant,  and 
refused  to  allow  processions  from  a  Catholic  convent, 
tliese  beti^  inconsistent  n-itli  a  former  agreement.  Tliu 
dty  was  phuied  under  tliu  bun  of  t]io  Empire,  and  the 
Bavarian  Duke  marched  against  it  "^'ith  an  overwliehniitg 
force,  excluded  Protestant  worehip,  and  incorporated  the 
ttiU'ii  wilh  his  own  territories  (IGOT}.  Complaints  were 
made  on  the  Catholic  ude  of  infractions  of  the  Eocleaiiui* 
ti»'al  Provi«),  which  ordttined  that  benefices  should  bo 
vaunted  by  incuitdH'nts  who  should  embnico  Pmtealiint- 
tsm.  The  Protestants  had  penuittcd  the  EmjMror,  in 
tbe  Peace  of  Augnburg,  on  his  own  authority,  to  niSnD 


ISA     rHOIESTASTISJI  Ci  THE  SE\TSTEESTn  CESTTRT. 

the  i*rovi80,  whidt  tJicy  thcinst^lros  nt  the  ramo  U 
finnly  tvfiiMil  in  iidopt ;  jiist  a.-*  this  impHrtit]  decliimti(_ 
for  tbe  protraction  of  Proteetant  oomimmitii-fl  within  the 
iiirixdiL-tion  of  CiithoUo  prclnO-s,  liml  bi^^'ii  pvnnitU'U 
Uxi  otlmr  i»irty.  Protestant  princra  hod  given  to 
fici-s  lying  nvixi  tht-in,  which  kml  iilreody  bovii  gained 
thfi  Rvforniution,  hishojiA  or  administrators  trora 
own  kinsmen  ;  and  nt  the  diets  llioy  iirgi-d  ibn  cotnpli 
uboUshinvnt  of  all  midi  ratrictioiui  ui>on  religious  f: 
dom.*  But  the  Proviso  was  rigidly  enforced  in  Uio 
of  the  Elector  of  Cologne,  who  went  orur  to  Protwtaiit- 
ism  in  1582.  Tlic  outrage  perpetistcHl  against  Dot: 
wiSrth  led  to  the  formation  of  tho  ETnngeliad  Ui 
(1608),  a  League  into  which,  however,  all  tho  Pro! 
tant  States  did  not  ent«r,  and  which  from  the  beginning 
^vas  w«akly  orgimisced.  But  the  Ctttholtc  Lou^^e,  W. 
was  formed  to  oppose  it,  under  the  Icadersbip  of  Mi 
miliaa  of  Bavaria,  was  firmly  cemented  and  .fnll 
cuoigy.  On  the  Prot«8tant  iiide,  in  addition  to  o 
■onrceB  of  tUsconI,  tlio  hostili^  of  tlie  Htrict  Lnthemns 
to  tile  Oalvinists  was  a  continual  und  fruitful  cause  of 
divi»ou.  Tlio  Bohciniann  revolted  aguiiist  Fordtniuid 
II.  in  1018,  when  their  religious  liberties  were  violated, 
and  "  acii>rding  to  tho  good  old  Bohemian  L'twtom,"  as 
uiie  of  tlie  nobles  expressed  it,  flnng  two  of  the  im 
councilors  out  of  the  window.  Wbon,  shortly  after, 
tlie  death  of  Matthias,  Fcrdinantl  l>ecamc  his  bu 
tlia  Bohemians  refused  to  acknowledge  him  as  thi 
king,  and  gave  the  crown  of  Bohemia  to  Fn^detic 
tbt-  Elector  Palntinc,  and  the  son-iu-liiw  of  Jameft 
of  England.  Fcrdiniutd,  a  nnraling  of  the  Jeeuits,  wj 
had  early  taken  a  vow  to  extirpate  heresy  in  bis 
miniona,  which  h»  had  kept,  up  to  the  measure  of 


)  Gliatlar.  iv.  i,  l,f  II,   Cjoa  ihcUnaqrMttalMiiMMtlunot  tlrn  Kcdt 
lit*)  lUwrral  ion.  m  Uuike,  Dnlteht  QaelMiU,  v.  SSS,  014  nq.  ( If  trt*,  i 
TNq.VGimlv,tv.i.l,(9  uda.U. 


OPKKISO  OF  TOE  THIRTY    YEABS'  WAR. 


425 


ability,  thrmv  litniself,  .ia  mucb  from  neoesaity  as  tnym 
uboiL-c,  into  tiiu  urms  of  Uio  Cuthulic  Lt-aguo.  Hu  inAni> 
ff«t«-(l  liis  Ardor  in  the  Cntliolic  ciusi!  by  ou  asuduotts 
att«ntioa  to  retigious  serviceH.  For  example,  he  took 
pnrt  in  a  prooeasion  in  the  niiilst  uf  n  stonn  of  min, 
emulating  thus  the  zcfd  which  the  Emperor  Julian  dls- 
plnyed  in  celebrating  thv  ritvs  of  h^iitheuisni.  Thus  Uie 
Austrian  imperial  house  took  up  th«  work  whicl)  bad 
been  Lild  down  by  Charlcii  V.,  of  defending  and  propa- 
gating Catholicism,  in  ullianco  with  the  Church.  TIm 
Catholio  Reaction,  which  had  fouu<l  a  rt^prcifutative  iu 
Philip  n,,  found  another  leader  in  the  Emperor  j  and 
the  two  bmncho8  of  tin-  Hapuburii  family  wore  more 
Imited  iu  religious  sympathies.  The  Elector.  Frederic, 
with  his  obtrusiro  Calvinism,  and  with  a  court,  whose 
customs  and  manners  were  not  congenL-U  with  Uoh4>mian 
fiK-ling  —  receiving  little  support,  moreover,  from  the 
Protestant  princes  or  from  England — miffered  a  com- 
plete defeat.  Lutheran  prejudices  and  the  fear  of  conn- 
t«nnnoiug  re.brrlliini  :uid  thb  revolutionary  spirit,  di-privod 
him  rtf  hia  natural  olUes.  The  result  was  that  Bohemia 
was  abandoned  to  fire  ftn<l  sword.  Iu  the  frightful  perse- 
cution which  had  for  its  object  tJie  enulication  of  Prot(«- 
tontism,  aud  in  the  protracted  wars  that  ensued  upon 
it,  the  population  was  reduced  from  about  four  millions 
to  between  seven  and  eight  hundred  thousand  !  It  was 
only  when  tlio  Pidattnate  was  conquered  and  dem»< 
tated ; '  when  the  electoral  rank  was  tmnsferred  to  the 
Oukw  of  Bavaria,  and  with  it  tJie  territoriett  of  Frederic, 
except  what  was  given  to  Spain ;  and  when  the  enter- 
prise of  biuiiehing  Protestantism  was  actively  undcrtokao 
by  the  combined  agency  of  Uie  troops  of  the  League  aad 
sf  Jestut  priftsts,  that  the  Protf-stant  powers  took  up 
tlie  rauttc  of  tlie  fugitive  Kleotor.  In  1625,  England, 
Holland,  and  Denmark  entered  in^o  an  alliance  for  bis 

*  Ths  IT«l<lrIlKfs  Llhrii]-  tu  <wncd  off  ta  Bom*. 


136     PROTESrASnsH  in  THI:  SK%-KSTEESni  CENTDBT. 


rcetorotioii.  ClirUtiiuj  IV.  of  Dciimark  vna  dvlcattrd, 
knd  the  Danish  iuterveution  failed.  By  robbuig  Fred- 
eric of  thfi  vlocUiiul  dignity  and  ciDiift;rriiig  it  on  the 
BaTarian  Uuke,  a  majority  in  the  olectoral  body  wiu 
■oqutied  by  the  Catholics.  Bnt  tUu  powor  aiid  station 
which  Uic  Duke  gitincd,  ac]Mirat«d,  in  important  portic- 
ulan,  his  intm-csts  from  those  of  F«rdinauJ.  It  wia 
tliruugh  the  aid  at  Widlciuttviii  and  lii:«  coiuuinniat« 
ability  in  colltictiiig  nud  ^gaitizing,  as  veil  na  leading 
au  anuy,  tluit  Fordinaad  \nw  ubli.!  to  cmanciputd  himself 
from  the  virtual  control  cd  Alivximilian  and  the  league' 
WiUlijustcin  \vas  a  Boheimion  noble,  proud,  able,  and 
strayed  by  dreams  of  ainbitiun  ;  iinscrapuloiu  in  ro^pcct 
to  the  mi.-iuiM  wliicli  might  be  required  for  tlie  fulliUini'iit 
of  bia  daring  schemes.  He  had  rendered  %'almible  mili- 
tary 8«-rviu»  Ui  Fvrdiiuuid ;  and,  on  Uie  supprcsaion  of 
the  Dohemian  revolt,  liad  acquired  vaet  wealth  by  th^ 
purcliaao  of  confiscated  property.  lie  offered  to  nuso 
an  lu-iny  and  to  Kuxtain  it.  He  made  it  supjtort  itaoU  by 
[Milage.  It  wiut  a  period  of  trausitiou  in  the  method  of 
prcaecuting  ivar,  when  the  old  eystvm  of  feudal  inilitiA 
bad  passed  uway,  and  tlio  modem  sy-stcm  of  natioual 
loiccs  or  Htouding  armies  had  not  arisen.  Aruuus  were 
made  up  of  luroling*  of  all  iiations,  who  prosecuted  vnu 
as  a  trade  wherever  the  richest  booty  vas  to  be  gained  ; 
considering  iadiscriuunat«  robbory  a  lugitimjito  incident 
ot  warfare.  The  ineffable  niisi^ries  of  Uie  protDctiid 
straggle  in  Gurianny  were  due,  to  a  coDaiderablo  exteut, 
to  this  comixtsittoii  of  the  armiiis.  Bands  cl  oi^uii^nl 
plunderers,  with  arms  in  Uieir  hands,  were  let  loose  upon 
an  uiipvutcctcd  population,  captured  cities  buuig  given 
Bp  to  the  unbritUed  poasioos  of  a  fierce  and  lawlewi 
soldiery.  The  unarmed  people  dre»ded  their  friends 
urdly  h-8S  tlion  their  foos.     Tlio  good  behavior  of   tJit 

I  bnk*,  0«KAMf«  IfaUmKiJiu  (3il  td^  ISTl).  Tlili  Uognplijr,  m  mtiftl  b« 
wpKUd,  1*  lilgUj  liulniMIir*  Ml  Ihu  «l)ol«  aabjod  o(  ths  iMrqr  ]r««n' «». 


I 

I 

I 
I 


TllE  CMOT   or   8£3TlTUTI0tl. 


417 


Swedes  -KM  a  ninrvcil  to  Uie  iiiLabiUuita  with  whom  thejr 
cnine  in  contact ;  and  even  the  Swedes,  aftur  Uio  dmitb 
of  their  great  luadvr,  sunk  down  towiirda  th«  level  ot  th« 
rest  of  till)  combatants  in  this  fi'ightful  conflict.  It  is 
no  wonder  that  Gormnny,  tnivcrsiid  and  tranipli-d  for  a 
whulu  ijuiicration  by  Ibeao  \iosi»  of  tniiraHdi.iKi,  wua  re- 
ducud  almost  to  a  dosert ;  that  it  endured  calamitiiM 
from  wLicb  it  buu  tivv«r  entirely  rvcovcrvd. 

Victory  attended  tlie  arms  of  Wallenstein  and  of 
TUly,  the  General  of  the  Leagae.  Bruns\rtck  and  Hum- 
i}ri.-r,  Silcuiu,  Suhle«wig  und  IloUtviii,  (ell  into  their 
power.  'Hie  dukes  of  Mecklenbui'g  were  pnt  under  the 
ban  of  the  Empirv,  and  tbcir  tt>rritory  given,  iw  ft  re- 
ward, to  Wallensteiu  (1627).  lie  was  anxious  to  reduce 
tile  German  towns  on  the  Baltic.  But  StraUund  oGFuri>d 
&  stubborn  rcsiHluiicu  which  he  eonid  not  overcome,  al- 
tiinngli  lie  vowed  U>at  he  would  have  the  town  if  it 
were  bound  to  the  sky  by  chains  of  adamant.  His  am- 
bitious schemes  vn-va  quite  independent  of  Uie  schemes 
of  the  League,  which  could  not  count  upon  bis  stipport. 
Such  wiut  thoir  jeulou.sy  and  animosity  towards  the  com- 
mander who  had  made  Ferdinand  free  from  thetr  dicta- 
tion, that  tb(.^y  Induced  IiUn  to  reinove  Wallunstciu  from 
liis  commund.  Shortly  before  Uus,  however,  they  had 
moved  the  Emperor  to  the  adoption  of  a  measure  equally 
dangAroiiA  to  bis  cause,  and  onu  that  put  far  distant  the 
ho[«s  of  peacK-.  This  was  the  fainou:*  Kdict  of  Iti-ittitutiou 
(1029),  which  duularod  that  the  Pi-otestaiit  States,  afU-r 
tile  Ticat>'  of  Ptuisau,  luul  no  riglit  to  approjmute  ttu; 
ecctesiafiticEil  benctiees  w^icli  were  under  their  lordsbip, 
Hud  that  ovt^iry  act  of  secularisation  of  this  oatitrc  was 
null ;  that  all  archbislioprica  and  bisltoprica  which  had 
b<!Coinc  ProtMtant  since  that  Xtvaty,  must  bu  surrvn- 
derod  ;  tliat  the  Ceclaratimi  of  Fei-dinand  I.,  gi^'ing  liberty 
to  the  ProtoHtaut  subjeoCs  of  ocolesiastical  prioccs,  was 
invalid,  and  tliat  mich  subjects  might  be  forced  to  beconia 


I2S      FBOrESTAN-rtSlI   XS   TFIK  Sn'OrrEENTTl   CEirrTBT. 

'  CfttlioBcs,  or  espcllisl  from  Uivir  homes.  T)mt  is,  ibt 
'  parU  of  tlte  Keli^oua  Pe;ico  that  wexe  odious  to  the 
!Frotu8tiuibt  wiTL-  tn  1)0  cnfcrcdl,  ucoordiDg  to  tlio  otrict- 
■est  cottstructioii,  wliilu  tlie  parts  obnoxious  to  th«  Catho- 
lics were  to  be  abn>giit«d.  )!oreov6r,  thv  Edict  onLuiiL-d 
titiit  U>6  Religious  t'cHot;  iJiould  not  ttvnil  for  Uie  protoo- 
(ton  of  CulvitiiiiL'i,  ZwiiiglioDS,  or  any  other  diss^nlcrSt 
.save  the  adherents  of  tliu  Augsbuig  Confeniou.  TIih 
cbaiigM  tbat  hul  token  pln^  since  tho  Pnssau  Treaty 
were  of  such  a  character,  tliat  tho  execution  ol  tho  Edict 
would  have  brought  a  swooping  and  violent  rerolution 
in  the  I'rotVAtant  eommtmities.  It  iras  evident  that 
nothing  lees  \Tas  umed  at  tlian  the  entire  extinction  ol 
Priit<^')tbmtiBin.  Tho  must  lukewarm  of  t?io  Princes, 
including  tlio  Electors  of  Bmndenbnrg  and  Saxony, 
wero  roused  by  this  measnre  to  a  seinso  of  the  common 
dangtrr.  TIius  tho  Edict  of  Itostitiition  un<I  tho  romoval 
of  Wallenst«in  from  his  command,  the  two  measorea 
dictated  by  the  League,  ^ded  tho  Protesbint  causo  ;  the 
firet  by  awiikcning  and  combining  its  supportera,  and 
tho  flecond  by  weakening  the  military  strength  of  their 
ndversarieB.  Wallenstcin  was  a  sacriGce  to  tho  League 
nnd  to  tho  ambition  of  Miiximiliun. 

In  the  second  act  of  this  long  drama,  Gustavus  Adol- 
phns,  of  Swo^cn,  is  tlio  hero.  It  hiid  been  hb  aim  in 
a  conflict  of  eighteen  years,  with  Denmark,  Poland,  and 
Russia,  to  control  the  Baltic  Sou.  Not  only  was  this 
political  aitn  imperiled  by  the  imperial  conquests,  but 
tlioy  inrolvod  the  danger  of  a  Catholic  reaction  in  Sweden 
Itself.  Bvsides  this  motive,  tlio  Swediitli  King  was  im- 
pelled to  inten-eno  by  a  genuine  attachment  to  Protes- 
tantism, KHch  as  had  inspired  German  princes,  like  PV-d- 
eric  of  Saxony,  and  Philip  of  Ilesse,  in  the  first  age  of 
tho  Ki^oniLHtion.  He  was  not  a  crusader,  who  8>  night 
to  extenutuat<!  tliu  opposing  faith.  Kathe-r  did  he  wish 
ttoth  religions  parties  to  respect  each  others'  rights,  and 


DRATH  OF  5C8TAVV8  AOTLririfg. 


129 


diroll  in  amity.  IJia  intprposilion,  full  of  peril  to  Iiim- 
■elf,  was  reganltul  by  limndi'nbnrg  itiid  8axouy  with 
jealousy  and  repugiunoe.  It  waa  not  until  tlic  barbaroua 
mick  ami  hiiming  of  Sliigdi-lmrg  by  tlic  Kiviigw  troops  of 
Tilly  (1681),  that  the  neutral  party  vim  forced  to  wdo 
irith  Sweden.  The  victory  of  Gustiivtw  ovt-r  Tilly,  and 
(he  tiiuniphant  advance  of  the  Swedes  into  tins  South 
of  (jerniuiiy,  prostrated  Uic  power  of  the  League.  We 
find  that  Gnstavua  was  regarded  with  susptoion  by  tho 
priaocs  but  with  cordiality  by  the  German  cities.  Whether 
his  plan  of  peace,  whicli  embracod  tiie  re])eul  of  tho 
Edict  of  Restitution,  tho  toleration  everywhere  of  both 
religions,  the  restoration  of  the  Kleetor  Palatine  t«  his 
territories  and  to  the  electoral  dignity,  and  the  baniali- 
ment  of  the  Jesuits,  contemplated  his  on-n  elevation  to 
the  rank  of  King  of  Rome,  must  remain  nuccrtain.  No 
alternative  was  left  to  Ferdinand  but  to  eall  back  Wallen- 
atein  from  hia  estates,  and  give  him  absolute  powers  in 
tlic  conduct  of  tlic  war —  [Wwitm  whieli  miule  him  inde- 
pendent of  all  control,  and  exempt  from  liability  to 
ajtother  removal.  The  battle  of  Lutzen,  in  16S2,  waa  a 
groat  defeat  of  Wallenstein,  and  a  glorious  victory  for  tho 
Swedes  ;  but  it  cost  them  the  life  of  tlieir  king. 

In  tlie  new  phase  which  the  war  assumed  aft«r  tho 
fall  of  GnittavtiK,  the  influence  of  Richelien  becomes  ruom 
and  more  prodimiiuant.  The  policy  of  the  Cardinid  was 
to  attain  the  end,  whioli  French  politics  had  so  long  pui^ 
sued,  of  breaking  down  the  power  of  Hapsburg,  and,  ut 
the  same  time,  of  profiting  by  the  intestine  conflict  in 
Germany,  by  extending  the  French  frontier  on  the  East. 

The  ground  on  which  Riclielii-n  vindicjited  himself  for 
leiKling  aid  to  Protestants,  was,  tliat  tho  war  was  not  a 
religious,  hnt  a  polititnl  ono.  It  was  the  old  contest  of 
Pi-ance  ngidiist  tho  nntbitious  effort  of  the  bouse  of  IIpp». 
Qurg,  to  dotbroy  the  indopend«nc«  of  other  nations,  and 
build  up  a  nniversid  monnn^hy.    This  imputation  was  in 


tSO    nurTF-STAMtisH  m  the  »ev£a-[eemiu  jcNnvr. 


s  ^H 


digiiiuitly  dvnied  ;  nor  is  Uturo  ruuMJtl  to  tliiiik  tlut  audi  a 
dtiHign  wiu  nvriouifj;,-  (uiUsrUuuud  l>y  tite  EtnjMror  ood  liit 
pardsauft.  Y«t  a  complete  BUocees  in  their  Diixcd  paliUcsl 
And  religious  eiiWq)rLM.*i  wouKI  kiivv  giviiu  ihviii  il  danger' 
ous  propondttnuice.  In  the  warfare  of  Phibp  11.  agiiioet 
FrotestanLifitn,  tJto  iHi{>n]muoy  uf  Sptiiii  uiul  tbc  trJur 
of  tlie  CutlioUc  ciuisu  WLTo  iLukud  toguther  in  liis  uitl 
Richelieu,  in  turn,  was  charged  with  chenslun};  uoi  ^\^ 
uiibitioii  iu  bcliulf  of  Frauoo.  The  accu»atiou  h«i 
mudi  of  tnitb,  Uiut  lio,  duubt]c«,  uiuiud  to  nuso  bi»^ 
eountry  to  Uic  ltta<li»g  place  among  the  £iu-ope:ui  natia 
HolLuid  helped  the  anti-Attstrtaa  toaguo  by  cairrying 
it«  own  <xiat4.'»t  iigiiiiint  tlie  troojis  of  Spain,  but  wM 
det«rred  from  eiiteving  further  into  the  war  by  a[ 
hciuuoiis  iu  ri'ifurvnoo  to  France,  and  the  coiisoquciu 
Uiat  would  follow  Uui  uugmeutatioK  of  Fn^iidi  pov 
Richeheu  had  refrained  from  engaging  in  the  Gc 
war,  until  tlie  quelling  of  the  lIugUL-nuts,  and  the  cupt 
of  Rodielle  left  hlii  liiuidii  inns.  In  return  for  tliv  M 
sidiee  which  he  funiiahed  Gustavuft,  he  had  been  able  to 
gain  from  thv  wury  monaJXih  no  sharu  in  the  control] 
the  war,  but  only  the  pli^dge  Uiut  no  attack  slwuld  i 
made  upon  the  Catholic  reUgion  aa  such.  Oxenatie 
the  Swedish  Ciuiiicellor,  on  wliom  tlio  principal  condc 
of  offairB  now  devolved,  was  oarcful  to  rot:un  for  thQ 
Swedw  thu  Hupienic  diruciiun  of  the  war,  wludi  woa 
iu  the  Heilbronn  Treaty  of  16SS,  when  France  cnt«( 
into  an  alliance  with  Sweden  and  the  I'rotestant  Stat 
^ValIlIn8t«itl  bccnnie  more  and  more  un  object  of  i 
hia  imperial  master,  aa  well  aa  to  the  League.  The  CG 
nuindur,  whom  it  was  now  iitipcDwible  ettlier  to  removoj 
to  control,  wua  plotting  lo  arnuige  for  a  peace,  in  wl^ 
h«  should  eettlo  witli  Franco  and  Sweden,  natisfy  tlie  Pr 
eAtanttt,  and  [irubably  n<siiTvu  Bolmiiiiii.  na  ti  reward  fnr 
bimai-lf.  lie  hml  s'^uiKU'd  hia  olliut^iH,  and  coufide<l  ia 
their  fidelity  to  their  louder,     'fhe  murder  of  Vi 


rRKDOUISAMCE  OF  UOIIEUinJ.  jtfl 

(1634^  iviiA  the  m^iuis  chosen  to  punish  his  treiison,  and 
ftreit  tb«  threatened  danger. 

Tlio  imjji;ri:U  victory  in  the  battle  of  Nordlmgen,  in 
16u4,  liad  till!  effect  to  give  to  Richelieu  the  priMlouiiuauce 
vhii;h  he  had  long  uspirwl  nftvr.  Thu  Swirdisli  force  nrM 
hroken.  'I'he  aid  of  Frnnw  Iind  now  become  a  ueceesity.i 
France  imd  Sweden  wore  thcjioefonmrd  to  have  an  equal 
part  in  Uie  timnsgcniont  of  the  war.  Uniitdcnburg  wid 
Saxony,  to  whom  the  cotmection  with  Sweden  Imd  ulways 
beea  repugnant,  mado  for  themselves  u  sepomtc  treaty 
vith  the  Empetor,  by  which  the  Edict  of  Restitation,  as 
fnr  lu  they  were  concerned,  waa  nbrogated.  Tho  treaty 
between  Saxony  and  tlie  Eiitperor  wna  oonoluded  at 
Prugue,  in  16S5.  That  the  Elector  should  enter  into 
tliis  dL<(gnicicful  arrangement  vroB  owing,  in  part,  U-  lib 
jealousy  of  Sweden,  and,  in  part,  to  tlio  bigoted  hostility 
to  Calvinism,  tliat  prevailed  in  his  court.  Ittchulieu'a 
di-sire  to  build  up  a  Fivtich  party  among  the  Gi'i-maM 
KCcnKHl  to  ho  nccom])1:!>lii-d,  when  Uemard,  of  Weimar, 
thdr  foremost  general,  was  taken  into  tho  pay  of  Fntnce. 
Yet  ncmanl  could  not  be  relied  on  to  consent  to  a  pep- 
maiieut  cession  of  torntory  to  that  country :  in  liu  te** 
tainent,  he  expressly  declared  against  it.  The  death  of 
BerniirrI  in  1G.S9  pbux-d  the  Cardiiuil  at  thu  gutd  of  all  his 
efforts;  for  the  pmgFCtitinn  of  tlitt  wnr  mia  l>-[t  in  Ute 
hands  of  the  French,  and  the  armies  cam<'  under  the  lead 
of  French  officers.  The  character  of  tin-  wnrhiid  entirely 
changi>d.  Protestant  states  were  figliting  on  the  impiirial 
side,  and  paying  u  hvuvy  price  U>r  tlicir  desertion  of  their 
tormiT  allicti.  Eight  more  years  of  war  wirrt  rwjuirod  to 
bring  lh>-  Oiiirt  of  Vii-nna  to  coiia<.-iit  to  a  full  amnesty 
and  to  the  restoratioti  of  the  nOigious  [>eHno,  involving  the 
nirrenchtr  nf  the  Edict  of  )ti«til(itioc  :  moasurce  which 
were  indispen^tblo  to  the  tvrminiiliou  of  t)ii<  wcnry  con* 
QicL  An  ac<iuit!HceDce  in  these  necessary  tejins  of  peace 
waa  at  butt  wrung  from  tho  Emperor  by  hts  mJUtatT 
ruvcrM-s. 


482    pftonBTA-msM  is  tup.  seventeenth  tmrnrnT. 

The  cnivlties  inflictoJ  diirii)^;  this  vnr,  espedally  daring 
'tbe  last  yeara  of  it,  upon  rlie  deft.'[iaelcs9  people,  are  iode- 
Bcribablft.  Tlio  popultition  of  Germany  is  siiid  to  liava 
diniinifiheit  in  Uiirty  yp^ra  from  twenty  to  lifty  per  cent. 
TIiu  poptihition  of  Augsburg  vms  roduoi-d  from  cigbty 
tlioii.taiul  to  clglit^ei]  tliouBand.  Of  ttic  four  tiundrcd 
tliouBaiid  inhubitants  of  Wurtomburg  as  late  aa  IG-ll, 
only  forty-light  tlioiisand  were  loft.  Citii>»,  villager, 
cafltles,  and  boiisca  innumerable  had  been  burned  to  the 
ground.  The  burc  HtHtistJn  of  tbo  dostniotion  of  life  and 
projwrt^'  lire  appalling. 

The  Peace  of  Westphalia,  in  1648,  oonfirmed  the  Ecole- 
'tfagticnl  Rcsi^vntion  —  fixing,  howcror,  1624  naUiCDOmul 
year,  to  decide  which  faith  should  possess  ecc1<3BiRatical 
properties.  It  niodifit-d  tlie  j'tts  r^ormandi,  according  to 
Trhich  the  religion  of  vs\k\\  »tat<t  was  to  bo  dct^rininMl  by 
that  o£  the  prince ;  and  in  this  matter,  also,  IC24  was 
made  tJiu  norintd  y4.':ir.  Thitt  ix  to  say,  wbaturer  might 
be  the  fuith  of  the  prince,  tlie  religion  of  each  state  wu 
to  bo  Catholic  or  Protestant,  according  to  its  position  at 
thtit  date.  As  to  tlioir  share  in  tlic  imperial  Adminiittration, 
the  two  rcli^ons  were  placed  on  a  footing  of  Bubstantial 
equality.  Religious  frccdora  and  civil  equality  wore  also 
extended  to  tlic  Calvinists;  only  these  Uiree  fomm  of 
religion  wore  to  bo  tolerated  in  Uie  Empire.  Bot  the 
Empire  was  reduced  to  a  sliiidow  by  the  giving  of  tho 
power  to  decide,  inatead  of  a<lvising,  in  all  matters  of 
peace,  war,  taxation,  and  the  like,  to  Uio  Diet,  and  by  tlia 
allowance  granted  to  members  of  the  Diet  to  oontnict  »1- 
lianoee  with  one  another  and  with  foreign  powers,  pro- 
Tided  no  prejudice  should  como  thereby  to  the  Empire  or 
the  Emperor.  The  independence  of  Holland  and  of 
Switzerland  was  formally  acknowledged.  Sweden  ob- 
tained the  territory  about  the  Haltic,  which  Gustavus  had 
wauled,  in  nddition  to  othfr  important  phices  aUnit  tJie 
North  Sea,  inid  the  montliB  of  the  Oder,  the  Weser,  and 


KKGLANO  CSKEB  JAMES  I. 


MS 


die  Elb« ;  in  coDseqitunco  of  which  ceasion  Sweden,  be- 
came a  inemlwr  of  the  Gennan  Diet.  Among  the  ac- 
quisiUons  of  Fnmce  were  the  three  iHidioprics,  M<>tz,  Tool, 
and  Verduu,  aud  the  landgraviate  of  Upper  and  Lower 
AImuvc  ;  France  thuH  gikiiiiiig  iicot«s  to  the  Rhine.  Both 
Sweden  and  France,  by  becoming  guarantees  of  the  peace, 
obtained  Uic  riglit  to  intorferv  in  the  iiitiMnal  affiiira  of 
Germany.  So  great  was  the  penalty  jmid  for  civil 
discord. 


England,  daring  t]ie  reign  of  the  Stuart  kings,  de 
Rcenilcd  from  the  lofty  pusition  whidi  it  liiid  held  among 
the  European  etttea,  aa  a  bulwark  of  Protesttuitisro. 
JaniCA  I.  (1603-lC2iJ)  brought  to  the  throne  the  highest 
notions  of  kingly  authority,  and  in  connection  with  them, 
a  cordial  hatred  of  Pi-eBbytartaniam,  which  his  exjwrieucea 
in  Scotland  led  him  to  rogard  ua  a  nnturul  ally  of  popnlur 
gOTemment.  lie  expreaeed  his  conviction  in  tlie  maxim, 
"  No  bishop,  no  king."  Tlie  contrast  between  obBwiiilows 
prcUtes  on  tlieir  knees  K>fon>  Iiim,  and  the  ministers  of 
tlie  Kirk  who  pulled  his  sleeve  as  tliey  ndininistcred  tlimr 
blnnt  rebukes,  delighted  his  soal.  lie  foond  himself  not 
only  delivered  fruiii  his  tormcntorH,  but  an  object  of  adnta- 
tiou.  He  had  ouee  siud  of  the  "  neighbor  Kirk  in  Eng- 
land "  tJiat  "  it  is  an  evil-said  mass  lu  English ; " '  but 
be  was  onred  of  this  avcmion,  if  it  wns  over  seriously 
enbvitiuncd.  During  the  reign  of  James,  the  giilf  be- 
tween the  Anglican  Church  tuid  the  Puritans  was  widened, 
cbieBy  in  consequence  of  two  clianges  xrhich  took  place  la 
the  former.  The  «])iscopal  polity  which  httd  been  regarded, 
in  the  age  of  Elizabeth,  aa  one  among  vni'ioua  ndmisnhle 
fonns  of  Chnrch  government,  came  to  bo  more  and  mora 
considered  a  divine  ordinance,  nn<l  in<lU(p(>nHftbltt  to  the 
MnsUtutton  of  a  Church ;  so  that,  as  Macaulay  expresses 
it,  a  Churdi  might  as  well  be  without  the  doctrioe  of  the 

<  OiMuirooil,  V.  10»,  1».  Ilurtoii,  i-).  CU 


I 


iM      PkMESTAHTl^SI   IX  TUK  SEVENTEEMTll  CENTt'BT. 

Trinity  or  the  Incamution,  as  without  bishops.  Tba 
oUier  cltango  waa  tite  spiy-nU  in  Uiu  AngliCMi  Ix^dj-,  of  &*M 
Artulniiui  tlieology,  which  introduced  a  doctriiuU  differ-^ 
enci;  Unit  hud  nut  (;xi»t'.-d  Ix-furc,  butwocn  thi;  utitiiblisbpii 
Church  nad  the  I'liritana.'  As  thecoininonouenij',  whidi  ■ 
Anglican  and  Puritan  <;onil>inud  to  oppose,  became  leas  ™ 
(orniidiible,  ttinco  tlift  great  majority  of  the  nation  \wtv 
now  hostile  to  the  Catliolic  Church,  the  two  Protefltunt 
parties  wi?:ru  lc»  rcstrfttnwl  from  mutunl  cont4>ntJon,  and 
nrere  led  by  Uie  very  influence  of  their  oooflict  with  one 
uiothor  to  sharpen  their  clmractvrifitic  points  of  difference. 
James  lost  tio  time  in  ovincing  his  hostility  to  tlie  Puri- 
iana.  On  his  way  to  I^ndou,  the  Millenary  petition, 
signed  by  nearly  a  thousand  niinixtcni,  who  iiskcd  for  the 
abolishment  of  usages  most  obnoxious  to  the  Puritans, 
was  not  only  rvcoivud  mth  no  favor,  but  ten  of  tliow) 
who  had  presented  the  pirtition  wcro  octuiiUy  iiiipri]«on<>d 
by  tho  Star  Chainhor,  on  the  groiuid  that  Uieir  act  tt^idod 
to  sedition  and  treason.  The  pt'titioni^r9  were  nut  Scpa- 
ratisls;  they  made  no  objection  to  epiacopaey.  They 
complained  of  uon-residouce,  pluralities,  and  Uke  nbui«s, 
an<l  of  tliu  cross  in  baptiJtm,  Ui«  cikp  and  Kui'])IioL-.  and  a 
few  other  ceremonial  pecuUaritiea.*  'flic  o])pi)rtunity  was 
prtscnted  for  a  scheme  of  Conipn-ht-naion,  which,  Iiad  it 
been  ad()pt4Ml,  would  have  hiul  Uk!  most  important  conso* 
qucnoes ;  but  that  opportunity  was  not  embraced.  In  tho 
Hampton  Court  Conference,  whcrw  a  fow  Puritan  divines 
met   the   bishops,   the   King    treated    t}i(>   former   wttJt 

'  JwOMKiicdelQgUaUllMSj'nMlof  Uiirt,wliORiuIg  lu  him  full  npotUot  iU 
ptMi^dlagL  8«IM  of  Ibem  ho  mraidad  widi  prainnlion  In  thn  Cliorrb.  Hn. 
HotdLlnsoii.  wifdng  ol  tba  InWrval  lMl<r<>«n  leia  anil  1941,  iu  tho  Mxt  niga, 
ttyt  ol  tlie  docUlno  it  {mdMliiiaUaD :  "At  lliat  liiup  tin*  ipul  ilottcin*  gnw 
taac^  oul  ot  Utbioii  wltli  llio  fnitttt,  but  iti»  gfiienllj  fmlimtid  b^  atl  nJl^ 
Um  and  boty  ii«r*on*  In  Uic  liud."  I,lfi  iff  Cat.  lUiAiumi,  p.  M  fllolm't 
•d.).  Tlin  admitsblc  pivlura  u<  t'uriUii  cbinKtrr  )i(*»MitDl  is  Uii*  ininwcr  '9 
maiTed  aikl/  bj  Ha  wriicr'i  ilruuK  (injudira  ■(;<><<■''  Cniinmll.  Tim  litrntun 
ja  Ui«  hliLaijr  ot  ArmlnUnliin  In  Uin  HngUth  Chmvh  U  glTCn  bjr  CaealogfeMk 
n<  OtfMnurtmd  tit  Thtalogy  •/lis  Af/onutwis  p.  IM  Kq> 
«  HaUam,  <b.  ti.  (p.  171). 


KKGLAMD   USDEIt  J.UIES  I.  4i^ 

DiifainiL'it^  luiil  uiKoIuiicc.  II«  plumet]  b!msoU  on  tlie  tlio* 
ologtcal  learoiiig  M\d  aouiiii'!ii  wliich  In-  fiiiickHl  Iiimifo-lf  to 
poaeeSB,  and  wlitch  furnitMl  ou(>  of  liis  titles  to  tlie  cliatino- 
tioD,  which  his  flutt«rers  gave  liim,  of  being  tho  Solomon 
of  hi8  agy.  Tlio  praises  I;ivishod  on  him  by  tlic  hishojis, 
—one  of  \vho»i  declRrwl  thut  li«  iuiil<mlttf<lly  nji'tki-  hj-  iha 
direct  iiispiratton  of  the  Uol)'  Ghoiit  —  in  wnnection  with 
tbctr  cxtraviigant  tb(roiy  of  royal  nutliority,  utid  of  the 
eubmisuon  owed  by  tlie  subject,  filled  liiiii  with  duliglit. 
T\m  Conferuucu  bad  ono  Tuliuiblw  resiUt.  Dr.  Rej-nolda, 
gae  of  tliv  Puritan  representatives,  and  [>i;rliit]is  tho  most . 
leornod  nmn  in  the  kingdom,  recommetukd  that  a  new  or ' 
Rvised  vtiTuoii  of  the  Scriptures  &liotild  Im  prepared  ;  and 
this  snggestion  Jitnies,  who  complaiiu'd  of  c«rtitin  iiuus 
giitul  observations  in  "  the  Gcncvw  Bible,"  which  were 
unfavoruble  to  the  Aikcrediicss  of  royalty,  attif^ht  ap  and 
caused  to  bo  carried  out.'  The  desire  of  tlie  clergy  to 
cjiluuicc  their  own  autliority  by  exulting  that  of  the 
crown,  appears  in  the  ambitious  scbemes  of  llivncroft,  tJis 
Arcbbishop  of  Canterbury,  whicli  encounttsred  tbe  resist* 
ance  of  CoUe,  the  great  champion  of  the  conuiion  law. 
As  long  as  Cecil  was  in  i>ower,  the  foi-eigii  politics  of  James 
were  not  defttitiihi  of  spuit ;  but  the  timidity  of  the  King, 
jomcd  with  his  dodre  to  marry  his  son  to  a  Spanish  prin- 
cess, pravonUld  him  from  cftlciuiitly  supporting  lus  son-iii- 
lnw,  tho  Elector  I'alatine,  at  the  outbreaking  of  tl\f  thirty 
ycora'  war,  and  moved  blm  basely  to  sacrifice  Raleigh  io 
lie  vengeance  of  Spain.  His  want  of  common  sfnsV'  was 
nsnifestcd  in  his  attempt  to  impose  episcopacy  upon  the 
Scottish  Church.  His  arbitrary  principles  of  govenimcot, 
wliicb  he  had  not  prudence  enough  to  pi-eveut  biin  from 

I  Tlia  Hunjiieii  Cuurt  Contannca  !■  in'jtrttiins  ind  Imporuul,  u  prnMntins 
tba  tlianicl<ti>lli'>  n(  ilin  lira  ccclulxtiut  pinlci  anil  ot  ihc  v>vHvt(ii.  KM 
a(  llie  onnunt*  ut  it  ire  ilerivtd  lima  Vt.  Barlow'*  r(-|»tt.  nha  wai  on  Ui* 
•ml.l'urUoii  ^«.  Set  Futltr,  Cliir^  l/iiiorf,  r.  3GC  i  Xnal,  p-  li.,  ch.  1. 1  C«d- 
ir*U,  Wifc'-irj  1/  fc-Zcnoi'M.  p.  HI !  Bartod,  irt^orj  </  Sopllui,  t1,  Ut  m\ 
UiilUiu  iComi.  Iliii ,  cb.  rl,}  hai  .indli)  lai  ]oft  rnnarlu  on  '.Iib  bcbarlcral 
lia  king  vkI  ot  tlie  bUbop*. 


186      rSOTESTANTlSM  IN  THE  SEVENTEENIU  CEXtTUSt. 


ooDBtantly  proclaiming,  prepared  the  n-ay  for  tbe  greni 
dvil  contest  that  l>r<))c«  out  in  Uio  next  n>ign. 

Charles  I.  (1(>2.5-1(;4!)>  mnde  the  deliberate  attempt 
to  gorvTD  Kngland  without  it  Pari  turn  viit.  Thcro  is  no 
d'^itht  tlint  it  Willi  hU  dvsagn  to  umvert  the  limited  mooar- 
diy  into  an  absolute  one.  Although  a  siocere  I'rotes- 
tsnt,  hi;  sympatliixed  fully  witL  what  may  he  tenned  th« 
RomaDtzinj^  party  in  the  Eugliah  Church,  or  the  par^ 
which  »tood  at  the  ^tlii<«t  romove  from  Puritanism,  and 
nearest  to  the  religious  system  of  tJie  Church  of  Rome. 
CltarleB*a  treatment  of  the  Papists  was  Tacillating.  Now 
the  kws  woidd  be  cxucutvd  aguimt  thf  m,  luid  now  lliu 
execution  of  them  would  be  illegally  siLipended  by  the 
King's  decree.  But  the  oocasionnl  scrcritit-s  of  the  gor- 
emment  towai'da  them  could  not  efface  the  impresNOn 
which  had  bccu  madti  by  the  sejiding  of  an  English  fleet  to 
aid  in  the  blockade  c^  RocliolU-  (ir>2ii),  which  the  F^endi 
King  was  seeking  to  wtchC  from  the  Ilii^ii'iiots.  Ijiitid.  an 
honest  but  nurrow-mindcd  and  superatitious  mas,  became 
Archbishop  of  CaQt<.Tbury,  in  ItiSS.  To  advance,  in  re- 
spect til  doctrine  and  ceremonies,  lui  near  w*  jjo^blii  to  tlia 
Roman  Catholic  eystom,  without  accepting  tlie  juris<^c> 
tion  of  the  Pope,  was  Iiijt  muiufcst  inclination.  Ue  re- 
oorda  liis  dreama  in  hia  diary.  On  one  iKcnsiou  be 
dreamed  that  he  wiw  lucunvcrtcd  to  the  Church  of 
Rome.*  It  was  an  unpleasant  dream,  since  it  related  to 
a  dimgcr  that,  as  he  donbUoas  felt,  attended  his  mtwa* 
urea,  but  which  he  lueunt  to  escape.  His  impracticabla 
cliaracter  and  Uick  of  tact,  eren  James  1.  accurately  dia- 
cemed.  "  'Flic  plain  truth  is  that  I  keep  Laud  bade  from 
all  place  of  rule  and  autliority,  because  I  find  that  lie 
bath  a  restless  spirit,  and  cannot  see  when  inntbuis  an 
well,  but  loves  to  U'ss  and  ohuDge,  ajid  to  bring  ihii^  to 
a  pitch  of  reformation,  floatiug  in  liin  own  brain,  which 
may  endimger  the  steadfastness  of  that  tvhicli  is  in  a 

1  Butoa.  niM.  •jfSedlaifl,  vi.  300. 


I 

I 
I 


TUB  WESTMINSTEB  ASSEMULT. 


4VI 


I 


pass."  Of  Lund's  plans  respecting  the  Scots,  James 
"  He  ktinws  not  tin?  Htoiniioli  of  tJiat  peopto." ' 
By  means  of  tlie  Court  of  High  Commiaelnii,  a  sjiecitis 
of  ProtestADt  Inquisition,  tic  engaged  vr'ith  a  vigilant  and 
merciless  zeal  in  the  persecaUon  of  Puritans.  Tlury  w-i-c 
even  pro«cc»tvd  for  not  complying  with  new  oeremonie« 
wliii-h  Laud  himself  liad  introduc('d,  and  for  prcacliing 
Calvinism  ;  and  they  wore  panislied  for  declining  to  tvm\ 
in  tlie  churchws  tlie  "  Book  of  Sports,"  which  rvcoromended 
gamea  and  pastiinoR,  of  which  tlioy  did  not  apj>rovo. 
Tho  Star-Cbainhjr,  and  the  High  Commission,  are  em- 
blems, as  Uiey  wcro  effective  iiiatrumcnta,  of  th«  (wclesi- 
Bsticat  and  <uvil  tyranny  to  which  tho  English  peoplu 
w«ro  subjcct«d.  Tlie  ondcjivor  l«  force  the  English 
Prayer-book  upon  Scotland,  called  out,  in  1638,  tho 
Solemn  League  and  Cuvenunt  of  the  Scots  for  tho  de> 
ten»(-  of  Preshyt«rianiam.  In  1*112,  hostilities  began 
between  the  Long  Parliament  and  the  King,  tJie  imine« 
diftte  oci-swiun  l>eing  tlio  abortivi.-  itttumiA  of  Charles,  in 
violation  of  Ilia  ple<lges,  to  arrest  Pyin  and  hia  associatea, 
lo  the  House  of  CommODS.  I'lie  samo  year  Parliament 
CODTokod  tho  Weatminater  Assembly  to  adviiie  Uieni  in 
the  matter  of  reconstructing  tho  Church  of  England.  At 
tl)c  outset,  a  majority  of  its  memlHTrs  were  not  only  con- 
forming Diinistcrt,  but  would  liave  been  coiiti.-nt  with  a 
moderate  episcopacy.  It  has  been  said  wiUi  truth  that 
moderate  Episcopalians  of  the  school  of  Usher,  and  mod- 
fl^ate  Pr<-»byt<!rians  of  tlie  stamp  of  Baxter,  had  little  dif- 
''flcnl^  in  finding  a  common  grotmd  on  which  they  eoold 
unites  A  second  party  which,  if  not  numerous  in  tlte 
Assembly,  was  growing  in  the  nation,  was  that  of  the 
Independents  who  held  to  tJic  scU-govoTning  jiower  of 
tho  local  congregation  or  cburob,  into  the  communion  of 
^B     which  they  would  rec«iv«  none  wlio  did  not  give  proof  of 

I: 


I 


1  Tb*  auUiDrity  lorthli  •utemaul  uf  Junu  !•  lUiliopJobn  Hacktt-    BntMk 
*LI3S. 


(3A    i>sai>:sTA.STi&H  vs  teie  si:v>:xTEE:NTn  centubt. 


n 


being  spirittiul  or  regenerated  pvrsons.  Itujetiting  Um 
govenitnuQt  nf  prelates  and  of  synods,  Oiey  favored  rol- 
nntar;  aasociutioDs  for  counsel,  and  for  the  prosecution, 
in  concert,  of  Cliristiiin  work.  The  Indi'iiciiilt'nUi  vren 
denied  Uie  liberty  which  Uiey  stroTe  to  obtain  at  tfaa 
bandii  of  tbu  Prvsbytvritms ;  aiid  Uio  rvjccUon  hy  thorn  of 
■afibeme  of  comprehension,  whidi  would  have  united  both 
BoctioDs  of  the  Puritan  piiriy,  has  been  deplored,  even  by 
^cal  and  Baxtvr,  adr^icut«8  of  the  Prc»b}U'ri;tu  nystvin. 
The  Enuitiniifl,  among  whom  in  tlie  Assembly  were 
Ligbtfoot  and  Selden,  of  all  the  mombBra  the  most  emi- 
nent for  tlivtr  litiiming,  wi-ro.  in  favor  of  giving  the  n^< 
latton  of  .ill  eoclefiiafltical  affairs  to  the  state.  The  infla- 
enoo  of  the  Scotji,  and  the  necessity  of  a  uni<in  witb  them, 
in  order  auoxreiiii<fiilly  to  witb.itaud  Charles,  were  jKiwer- 
ful  considerations  with  the  whole  Puritan  body.  Parlia- 
ment adopted  the  Sntttixli  Covenant,  and  tlio  AsHembly 
tliu  Presbyterian  polity.  But  ParlLiment  steadily  Re- 
fused to  concede  to  tiiis  system  a  divine  tight,  or  to  yield 
Mj>  its  own  iiiipn-inney,  iia  a  c<nirt  of  ultimate  nppckL 
The  Cainniatic  theory  of  the  Church,  as  a  dietiiiot  poweTt 
luwiug  the  complete  right  to  excommmiictitc  its  members, 
(tr  to  iiitrrdict  communion,  was  not  allowed.  It  was  t> 
^int  which  tlie  Scottish  influence  was  not  strong  enoagh 
to  carry.  The  Confession  un<]  C»t«chism,  pn-itared  by 
the  Assembly,  were  made  the  Creed  of  the  Church  of 
£ngliuid,  and  their  "  Directory  "  was  put  fortli  by  au- 
thority of  Parliament,  for  tlie  r^pilatlon  of  vraraliip,  in 
the  room  of  the  Prayer-book.  Between  one  and  two 
thousand  ministers  who  refused  the  new  autiiwripliona, 
v«rc  deprived  of  tlieir  placea.'  The  Presbyterian  system, 
similar  to  that  in  Scotland,  witli  the  ex*^<']>rn)n  that  ap- 
peals might  be  tiikon  from  Uie  highest  e<'Lle8ia8tical  tri- 
bauab   to  Parliament,  was  now  Ivgally  estalilishod   It 

>  A>  lo  the  namlMT  and  chnwtM  el  lh«  tJocM  niubtcn^  *m  Vsi  jjitm 
eafSA  KtoonifirtHilf,  p.  1ST. 


I 
I 


TBI   nCDEPKNDC^TS. 


489 


Englitiu).  K»t  ihnrtly  ntter  the  new  regulations  were 
pasaed,  the  Independents,  of  whom  Cromwell  wiw  tbo 
elitpf,  »ttaini.-d  tn  Kupn-ine  powiir  in  tli«  stnt«.  Tlie  con- 
HnqiK'noe  was,  that  Presbyterian  Ism  waa  never  fully  la- 
tablislicd  in  mora  tlum  two  oouiilii':^,  Midill^-m'-x  und  I^n- 
aialiire.  ('roinwcll  sot  up  a  Hoard  of  "  Triers  "  'or  the 
cxiiniinatiou  and  approval  of  candidates  for  biMiefio>» , 
and  without  tiie  ccrtilicat«  of  this  Botu^l,  composed  n^o&tly 
ot  Independent  divines,  no  pci^on  cotdd  takw  iiu  ece1<;st- 
nstictti  ofRoc.  'riieir  certificate  was  a  eubstituto  fur  ituti- 
tution  and  induction.  But  tlie  Purltana,  wlivn  tliey 
found  tlicmselvcj*  in  posse^oii  of  power,  inti-rdii-tcd  tlm 
ufta  of  tile  Prayer-book  in  private  houses  aa  well  iut  in 
elinrches,  and  iniituted,  but  too  sticoessfully,  tJic  pcrsitcut- 
ing  spirit  of  their  opponents.  Cromwell  lilniself,  in  com- 
parison with  the  Puritan  leaders  generally,  was  ot  a  lib- 
eral and  tolerant  spirit.  The  Independents  vtero^  gcn«> 
ally  speaking,  favorable  to  religious  toleration.  YeU 
it  was  only  a  few,  at  lii'xt,  who  fully  ixIoptiHl  tlio  princi* 
pic  tliat  the  ma^trato  should  use  no  coercion  whatever 
in  mutt«rs  of  religious  belief,  or  the  jirinciplu  thiLt  tbo 
state  should  leave  entirely  to  the  congregations  the  pecu- 
niary supjwrt  of  the  ministry.  Th«  doctrino  o!  religious 
liberty  found,  at  that  day,  some  warm  odvoentOH,  such 
Its  Vane,  ami  John  Milton,  the  ornament  of  the  Indepen- 
dent party. 

The  settlement  of  New  EnglaiKl  was  u  result  of  tlio 
relipous  conflicts  among  tlio  Pi-otestants  of  England. 
[n  the  reign  of  James  I.,  a  oongn-giitloti  of  IndepiMulents 
escaped  from  iKTsecution  in  England,  under  eircum- 
stancos  of  great  difficulty  and  hardship,  and  found  an 
asylum  in  Holhind.  A  portion  of  tins  church  of  erai- 
gnuits,  at  Lcyden,  having  itivived  thv  Iwncdiction  t>f  their 
'  jiUstor,  John  Robinson,  crossed  the  Attantia  in  tlie  May- 
flowi^r.  and  in  Pi-c«mb(T,  1620,  liognn  the  settlement  of 
Plymouth.    Afterwartb,  in  th«  reign  of  Cluirtus  I.,  bujidt 


t40     mOTESTANTlSJJ   LS  TOE  SEVUSIIESTII  CKKnTBT. 

of  nuD-ooiiforniiHta  tnim  Eiiglniid,  oiganizccl  the  oolunj 
M  MussadiaaettB.  The  Plymouth  aettlcn  vtmu  Supmm* 
tistii ;  tlin  MuHttiu'liiiMttfl  Mttlors  were  not.  But  as  Rob- 
inson had  pivdicted,  "  uiiconfomuihlv  ChmtiiuiM  "  of  btitJi 
claaaea,  fount)  ou  dUBimlty  iu  agruving  io  Chtuvli  principlt^. 
u  soon  lis  th«y  found  Uicmsolves  out  of  tlu<  knigdum  <4 
England,  and  at  full  liberty  to  regulate  thoir  n-clctsinKtiinil 
alTairs  fui-  tlti^uuclviiit.  Ttivy  ndoptvd  in  vumuiuii  tin-  Con- 
grc^tjonal  system  of  Clinrdi  gorcrnment  Tiie  settlen 
of  Mcv.-Kutcbusi.-Lts  orgauizcd  a  StiiU.-  us  wll  as  u  Church. 
I1i«y  fouiidtrd  u  religious  common wenlth ;  a  cummuriity  in 
wliii:li  all  political  power  wits  placed  tn  the  bunds  of  mem- 
bt'rs  of  tho  Cliiirch  ;  a  tli«ocmti«  State.  Tb«y  lmv«  been 
censured  for  the  practice  of  intolerance  towards  oppoueuls 
of  tlM^ir  inx'i'd,  and  of  their  cvdcsiastical  and  political 
order.  On  this  point,  a  distinction  is  to  be  luade  bctwe<-n 
the  settlers  of  Ikfnssachusctts  and  thoso  uf  Plymouth. 
Among  the  latter,  rcli^ouk  liberty  was  cherished.  It  is 
important  to  remember  that  the  Massoclins&tte  colony 
wns  iiot  a  full-blovm  commonwealth,  but  a  society  or- 
ganized under  a  charter ;  at  most,  an  incipient  Stat«. 
Whiit  muy  be  safe  and  tolerable  in  a  muttiru.  fully 
est,nbli»hi-d  political  community,  may  be  unsafe  :uk1  do- 
BtruotiTe  in  an  infant  so««ty  of  this  character ;  espocially 
in  an  age  of  r<^ligioti3  f(-ri)ii>nt  and  violent  agitation,  Ytrt 
it  most  not  bo  supposed  tliat  tlio  founders  oE  MflaBadia-  , 
setu  and  of  Uio  other  New  Eiighmd  oolodlea, 
Rhode  Island,  wbioh  ^rere  soon  after  formed,  were  ad- 
rocab!«  of  "  libertj-  of  conscience."  They  gcueiiiUy 
liercd  thnl  it  belongs  to  the  eivil  magistrate  to  protect] 
orthodoxy.  They  had  not  advanced  to  the  more  liberal 
doctrine  us  to  the  rights  of  the  in<liviilti;kl,  to  thit  more  ro«  i 
■Cricted  notion  of  the  province  of  the  stato,  which  Inde- 
pendents of  the  school  of  Milton  and  Vane  expressed,  audi 
which  foi-ini.*d  one  of  the  iK'culLu'itii':*  i>f  l^)gHr  Williimis.*' 
<  AsDnit  lb(  mulUlurlt  of  boulu  na  the  (iriacipla* <d  Ui*  (uonJMsal  H«* 


KEiGK  or  CHABLES  o. 

Uiulcr  tlio  Protector,  Eo^juid  once  more  took  Ute  high 
Mid  coraniiuiding  pliico  in  Europe,  wliich  nlio  liixl  lost 
since  tLc  death  of  Elizabutb.  Heavy  blows  were  struck 
ftt  tlie  SpnniBli  monordty.  Protcsbuits.  ^v)M^^cve^  tliey 
wiTe  Of^pceeoed,  found  in  the  English  Kuler  a  defender 
whose  nrm  vrm  long  Miotigli  to  Binico  tbvir  luaculiinto. 

Tlio  English  people,  after  the  dcatli  of  Cromwell 
(t068),  \rvrv  morv  and  morv  impatk'ut  of  thu  rule  of 
the  anny,  and  yearned  for  Uieir  old  iitsUtulioiui  of  gov- 
emisent.  Uonoe  they  gave  a  cordial  welcome  to  Charles 
II.  (1660).  The  fatal  ini.-tt»kv  was  mode  of  ^v^^utnl^ 
from  him  no  formal  guaranties  of  civil  and  religious 
libor^.  The  rmtoration  una  effected  by  »  combinod 
effort  of  the  Presbyterianfl  and  Ui»  Episcopalians.'  'Hie 
Presbyterians  had  stood  aloof  from  the  extreme  meas- 
ures of  the  reigning  party  under  the  commonwoalt]) : 
the  Prtahyteri.iu  members  ha<l  been  expelled  from  Pa^ 
liamcnt  before  the  trial  of  the  King.  This  party  had 
warm  hopes,  not  only  from  the  ngoney  which  thuy  hftd 
exerted  in  briogbg  back  the  King,  but  also  from  his 
promi«c».  In  the  Declaration  fmm  Bruda,  prior  to  his 
return,  Charles  had  declared  that  no  man  should  "be 
disquieted  or  called  in  question  for  diiTorvnces  of  opinion 
in  religion  vrhich  do  not  diHttirb  the  pence  of  tlie  king- 
dom." He  had  promised  "a  liberty  to  tender  con- 
sciences "  and  "  an  indulgence "  to  bo  socttrcd  by  Act 
of  Parliament.  The  Worcester  House  I>eclamtion  of 
tlie  King,  shortly  after  the  Restoration,  more  than  eon- 
firmed  these  pledges ;  but  they  wore  all  to  be  fabiifiwi. 

England,  ws  mcj  nt«r  m  Piilny't  tciarnkt  uul  abU  ffUorj  ^  lt*m  E»glaa4, 
wl.  1. 1  U  the  LMtnrti  of  |ir.  UcorKfi  K.  t3li*  on  Tit  Almi  Mit  i^ryoM*  ^ 
|A<  fWoifer*  tf  JfamthiutUi,  uiil  TIktIr  Tr»altnit  <^  tMndm  ami  D» 
tMiHUM,  and  lo  IliiKtriaH  DUtnuna,  \rf  LmuuM  Bmoii  (IS»). 

•  Var^m,  L\ft  0/  OonavD,  In  Un  gtulam»»  ^  At  ONHMBvuitt,  roU.  til. 
Hid  IT.;  T.  <^tvl«,  Luitn  ami  SfitAtt  ^  Olhtr  CWawrit  (3d  M..  IMT). 
Uau'dw  Iha  Eaulinb  liUIutiuui.  Uime,  Cbrandan,  RiiititiD,  XacanUy.  *n.l  lii* 
•(ban.  *•  ttn,  on  Ibb  prrloil,  tlu  •ork<  of  Uuiiot.  Hiif^ty  of  14*  /ajlTdl 
AauiwfiM,  aod  /An.  t^  Vrm<nU,  Ui  C>-M«v'>-r'u''A,  ■■■*<  I**  lUMtntku 
<1SA4-»TI. 


442    pRtnESTAXTrssi  ra  the  sETESTEEvni  cesttist. 


n 


The  PrMliyu-ritns  found  thoniM-lvos  docoived.  Charlw 
wiu  liiiuM-lf  »  good-nnturod  wnaiiaUat,  secretly  fond  ol 
the  Romisli  Cliiircli,  to  whirl]  ho  dmfonnud  on  jiis  dcntb- 
had.  But  had  he  been  disposed  to  be  imlnlgetit  ta  Pnri- 
(anism,  tlie  vruxe  at  the  AngHoun  Rravtion,  whicb  nae 
higher  diiy  by  thiy ;  llm  lli-iirtimi  in  whirJi  n  ttindrtr  mnti* 
ment  ot  loyalty  to  the  fiunily  of  the  King  was  mingled  with 
reoentment  aguimtt  tlio  juirty  by  wlio«o  iiwtnmientiility 
his  fiitlKT  hud  been  brought  to  the  block,  and  uilh  lot'o 
to  tba  Church,  which  hud  fallen  with  the  throne,  might 
liiLvc  binderoci  him  from  mrrying  out  his  inclinntion.  Tho 
otiti-Fiiritaa  nieaamva  had  the  ]>otcnt  stij»iwrt  of  Clar 
endon.  The  Suvoy  Conferciioe,  in  Mny,  1661,  betwMtt 
twenty-one  Anglit'^i,  and  sa  many  Presbyterian  diriniM, 
after  acrimonious  deb:it<.-)!,  in  which  tlte  Chnrciimen 
xliowvd  no  dis])(j»ition  to  ccHne  to  an  nccoinmodiitiou 
with  tlieir  opponents,  which  would  luive  retained  in  the 
Church  a  vnst  number  of  itblo  and  useful  ministers,  broke 
up  without  any  result.  Thus  niiotlier  great  npporiuui^ 
(or  Comprehension,  for  converting  the  Anglican  establuih- 
meut  into  a  Broitd  Church,  in  whit-ti.  with  uuifunnity  in 
emcjitiaU,  there  aliould  bo  room  for  diver«ty  in  thiiigx  of 
leas  moment,  wa*  thrown  away.  The  Episcopal  eyiitem 
was  r»-iastatcd  by  Parliament.  It  was  renuin-d  that  nil 
miuistora  who  had  not  been  ordained  by  bishops  should 
reeeivR  epincopnl  ordination ;  that  all  winisten  should 
make  a  declaration  of  unfeigned  assent  and  oonmiit  to 
the  PrayLT-l«>()k  and  to  the  whole  system  of  the  Churdi 
uf  England,  should  take  the  o»th  of  canoniual  ribi-<lience. 
abjure  the  Solemn  League  and  Covenant,  and,  moroorer, 
solemnly  abjure  tJie  doctrine  of  the  lawfulness  of  taking  wp 
arma  against  the  King  or  any  commissioned  by  him,  on  an; 
pretense  wluitaoever.  Two  thousand  ministers  —  mauy 
at  whom  were  among  the  best  in  the  kingiiom,  men  Uln 
Ricliard  Baxter  —  who  refused  to  comply  mth  the  terms 
rf  tiie  Aet  of  Unifonnity,  were  in  one  tlay,  in  Mi&i,  ejeetec 


RJCCnOli  OF   CUKIT.Ul   UlKISl'EKS.  448 

from  Uieir  livings.'  Thia  bard  meaAiuv  may,  to  Iw  mre, 
be  looked  npon  as  a  rctnliatioti  for  wliat  utM  done  to  tlio 
Episuupal  dJurgy  iindur  llie  Ijoiig  ParlL-inieiit.  But  thoBe 
who  rojected  tbe  Coveoant  i-eeetvcd  a  fifth  of  iiw  iiicomo 
of  Uifir  place*,  for  Uic  iHipi>)y  of  tlivir  iii»[iMliat«  nec^asi* 
ties.  In  their  case,  also,  tliero  was  a  great  political  di- 
Ttaion,  n  civil  war  in  wliieh  tlic  ej<!Ctcd  ministers  werv 
agiiiiiNt  titc  I'lu-liaiueut ;  wlule  tb«  miulsten  who  wcro 
ilnven  from  thoir  pariaJiet  in  1662  wcro  loyal  support^TB 
of  Charles,  nithout  wliom  he  might  never  have  obtained 
his  throne. 

Whoever  would  form  a  vivid  idrJi  of  the  diimorali7-*tioa 
of  tlie  Knglish  Court,  shoitld  road  the  Diaries  of  Pepj-s 
ami  Ev<-]yn,  both  of  thvni  Royatistx,  and  the  l.'ttter  n  man 
<>t  i'levHted  eltaract«r,  as  welt  aa  of  high  ctilturc.  Men 
who  had  riaked  tlieir  Uvea  for  the  fallett  dynasty,  bat  who 
retiiinvd  i««n«  rcapwrt  for  morality  and  de<.*»cy,  wero 
ooRii»elle(l  to  hide  their  heads  witli  mortiticatioa  ac  the 
Hlutiaelras  profligacy  that  was  ciicoiinigcd  by  the  cxnitipio 
of  tlie  King. 

In  1070,  Charles  11.  ontvred  into  the  •ccret  trcnty  vritli 
Loim  XIV.,  which  hnii  bi^n  described  as  "a coalition 
against  the  Protestant  faltli  and  tho  Ubortic*  of  Eiimpi'." 

■  It  was  agreed  that  CharloK,  »l  tlie  fittiot;  tinu-,  ]«hoid<) 
avow  himself  a  Catholic,  and,  with  tiiu  help  of  I/iius, 
establish  the  Cntliolic  religion  inid  a1i»'>tutc  government 

I  DnaiiMMt  ntaliaff  lo  lit  StilUmtml  ifti*  ChvrA  i/  Knghtul  if  (Ir  Art 
•/ CTiifAmAy,  ISn.  iLoodan,  1B0S-)  Tbia  Sa  i  valuiblt  compllnijuii.  An 
mirllml  monucnpli  on  tti*  Italnralioii  in  ilr  mluiiiMJnl  nipvaW,  w  tb*  work 
Pt  !U«Licli1'>ii,  C^t•lvi  omt  5Mf«  Tvo  l/yiulrrJ  I'ran  Agi :  fn-m  1«M  I* 
liiSa  llWii.  n»  l^t  nitrf  TT-Mii>/  RlfkirJ  finz«r,  <•  >  in«<l  IcHmrliTt 
•u'l  rrilvrtiiainji  voDlentpvninmiiii  ■ultiiinlj'.  HaiTn'  pliycd  *  |iRiniiiw«l 
|fan  111  iba  CTtnlt  of  th*  pofod.  U  hit  n;hoIuth>i>  wu  nut  iceuralo,  bit  nad- 
\ag  ma  i-wt.  Hi*  miud  vu  icul*  anil  IvrHlv,  lod  hU  fiitv  wm  hDnorad  (y 
lii>  iili-fruriai.  Bui  ID  puUlv  alUEn,  ba  xu  •iof^luty  dtililiiU  of  lacl,  wrf 
b<  bail  ■  Diott  tttattnt^i  talib  iu  th*  tittetejr  at  illKpulaUoiM  ud  id  "» (nt 
nrninur}-  diatiiii.-llnni'."  *hin  biHlilc  partto  wen  ta  ba  tecoidlMt.  On  tW 
InttniMit  et  Rtxint  and  lilt  iMoeiaui  ia  WU,  tlwrv  «M  (tod  nanailu  br  Col» 
^H     lidx*  ill  bii  Nutwon  th*  Dill  I'iviniu  ':] 'tag  imlini:  K'^tt  em  BatUr'i  Lfft  ^ 

t 


■ 


I 


M4      flOtlSTA-VIISJI  IS  THE  SEVENiraXTH  CENTUHT. 

in  Engliuii].     Ill  n;tuni,  ClinrlM  wm  to  lit'lp  Louis  in  tui 
aiubitioua  tltimgiis  upou  the  Meth«rliai)ds.    'J'hu  tluiniiiioni 
of  Spa.ii)  ill  Amorica  -wn,  if  practicable,  at  .1  laUiV  day,      . 
to  bo  dividfti  between  the  two  oootnciin^;  powura.     It  ii^| 
liardly  jirobable  that  Louis  expected  to  coi-rj*  imt  tin*  plut^^ 
oontiiiued  in  this  trmty,  »»  far  lut  tltu  forcible  establioii- 
meot  of  tltit  ('.itholto  T«lt^ioii  in  Engliiiid  ia  cuncunio;!.  ^| 
It  was  enough  for  him,  if   tbu    King  and    Pitrliuuii;nC  ^ 
reniniuvd  in  u  coiwtiint  diugroemimt,  und  if    Eiij^luod 
could  be  at  leaat  preveiitnl  fnHn   interfering  iritli   iiis  fl 
ecbemcB  of  conqufxt.     TIr>  hositutiim  uf  ('harlira  nboat       > 
profening  bis  CuUioUci»tn  retarded  Lbtt  uiovoniiitil  for  tlm 
ocoDropUshmeat  of  tlto  treaty.     Strenuous  oppumtioii  bad 
Kprung  tip  in  I'arltaineiit  to  tliv  Kin-;,  nud  vai>t;ciivll>-  to  bi« 
brotlior,  tlie  Duke  of  York,  who  was  an  avowed  Ciitholio. 
Fr(«h  sovvritius  against  Dlsseiitcra  wcru  undi^rtukun,  for 
the  purpose  of  oonciliaLing  tiie  Anglicau  clergy.    Tliu  nrad 
deeiguH  and  policy  of  Charles  became  evident,  after  the 
oouuneDcemi'iit  of  tliv  war  against  floUaiid.     lu  16T3,  a 
Dodaration  of   Indulguuco,  Rtispeiiding   tlie   penal    Uws 
agiuusl  Dineiitera,  vraa  issued,  for  tbo  purpuso  of  winning 
tiieir  support,  or  of  deluding  them  into  a  fnlae  aonao  of 
•ecurity.     Cliarlijs  H.  died  in  1C86. 

JatDt's  IL,  with  the  same  subsei-vicncti  U>  foreign  poir- 
ew,  and  tlm  sainv  aibitmry  notions  of  govonnnent  wliicb 
had  belonged  to  his  brolhcr,  was  of  a  slower  and  mor« 
obntinabo  mind,  iind  differed  from  Cliiirli's  iu  chvrinliing 
»  siiicere  and  bigoted  atlachnient  to  tJie  Catholic  religion. 
In  1686,  the  Court  of  High  Commission,  which  Itad  hc^m 
abolished  forever  by  the  Long  Parliament,  was  roviviid, 
and  the  notorious  Jeffreys  placL'd  at  its  head.  Finding 
that  the  Epbcoiwlians  wi-ri>:  not  to  bu  won  by  Ibo  p<>r- 
iii>vuti(>n  »f  iliK  [*uritans,  the  Declaration  for  Liberty  oi 
Conscience  vtaa  issued  in  16S7,  for  the  sake  of  enlisting 
Ui4i  Diseientery  in  Imhulf  of  his  scJtemc  of  arbitrary  govcro- 
tivnt.     flowcver  junt  the  measure  might  be,  it  tnToIvetJ 


BKVOLU-riOK   OF    1«8I. 


446 


in  itaelf  IV  violent  stretch  of  prepogativ*.  But  it  was  rocog- 
nizctd  HI)  a  part  of  u  sehcitw,  wliioli,  if  accoinplisbed,  would 
bring  upon  Nout^onfnrmista  and  Cliui-chmtJii  alike  u  ro* 
Dewa]  of  pwrei'ciitiou  in  the  mostt  min!li>i>tiiiy  forra.  The 
combinutjon  of  parties,  which  was  produced  by  thu  plot 
of  Jamt-B  for  eubverting  thu  Prot'-slsmt  religion  and 
eeLibliabiiig  Popery,  gave  rise  to  thit  Ut?volution  of  tGSS, 
and  tliu  fstublisliinvnt  of  William  of  Oningu  npoti  Uto 
Uiriine,  who  bad  mnrriiKl  ttie  eldt-iit  daughter  of  James, 
»nd  bad  defended  Holland  and  Pmtestanlisin  agiiiuKt  th« 
ftfSHults  of  Louis  XIV.  At  tliu  nciTKKiuu  of  Wiiliam  and 
illary,  saya  Ilallain,  "  the  Act  of  Toleration  was  passed 
with  little  dilliculty,  though  not  without  inurmunt  of  tin 
bigoteil  ChnrcbtiuMi.  It  exempts  from  the  penalties  of 
existing  Btatutea  against  separate  conventicles,  or  absenoo 
from  till!  osUiblisbcd  worship,  eucli  ikS  •bould  take  the 
oath  of  allegiance  and  subscribe  to  the  iJeclaration 
against  Popery,  and  such  ministers  of  »i;]3aratu  con- 
gregations as  ^botild  Htdtacribe  the  thirty-nine  Articles  of 
tJie  Cbtirdi  of  England,  except  tbruu,  und  u  part  of  a 
fonrth.  It  gives,  alao,  an  indulgtince  to  (junkers,  nith- 
out  this  condition.  Meeting-houses  aru  required  to  bo 
roistered,  and  nre  proti-ctiHl  fmin  insult  by  a  peimlty. 
No  part  of  this  toleration  is  extended  to  Papists,  or  such 
BH  deny  thi>  Trinity."  Tbo  subscription  to  tho  Artidea 
of  Kaitli  was  praetieuUy  ilispcnmd  with  ;  "  tbougli,"  wills 
Ilallam,  "such  a  genuine  toleration  as  Chriatianity  and 
philoflophy  alike  demand,  had  no  phico  In  onr  statutu 
book  before  the  reign  of  George  HI." 

The  ministry  of  William  III.,  wben  they  introduce 
the  Toleration  Act,  introduced,  also,  u  (\>nipr«'ben^^i(i 
Itilt,  which  releiisod  Noticonformists  fi-om  the  neoesMty 
uf  Duliscrihing  th«  Articlos  luid  H<»tiilii-s,  and  delivered 
'bem  from  the  obligalion  to  fidfiU  <wr(3ui  ceremontus  tlmt 
wev:  ni(i«tt  obnoxiouH.  Hud  this  scheme  been  adopted, 
Presbyterians  would  liav«  betii  iulmttti>d  U>  tlie  diiu^gtt 


446      PlIorESrAHTIMt  tN   the  SCVENTK£2irrH   OBMTntr. 

of  pariahM  mthout  ro-ordinotioo.    It  foiled  b>'  tbo  fonN 

of  Utu  oppunttion  U>  it  i»  C<)iivoc»t!on.  to  wliidi  it  vnt 
reierivd.  Modecitto  cburchiiiea,  Uku  TtUutsuii,  Uurnet, 
Stilliiiglloot,  Patxick,  and  Bevtridgc  wisro  outJiumbvred 
by  tbofte  who  weiv  reAolutely  arerse  to  uny  modiUcationti 
of  iLi!  Pruyer-book.  Tbc  rucuwuru  wa»  lost,  jiurtl^  fi(>iil 
the  stroiiglli  of  Uum  Aiiti-FiiriUui  feeling,  jiiii-tly  froia 
tbfl  fuct  that  IndcpciideiiU,  UaptUta.  uiid  QiULkiini  were 
left  out  of  thu  uxraii<;iMiiont,  whiUt  wiut  )(lui]H:d  for  thu 
benefit  of  the  I'resbyteriAn  ministvn  exduatroly.  The 
fear  uf  strengtbL'iiing  tliu  Chureli  too  nucli,  which  vnut 
apt  to  l)«  nil  ttlly  wf  aibitrary  goveriiiu«Dt,  uiflueuced,  in 
Boinv  degree,  the  minds  of  certain  etatcsnivn.  The  great 
danger  couiiuctvd  with  this  meiuiun!,  u  danger  that  wu 
better  appreciated  afterwarda,  waa  Uutt  of  giving  a  gre&t 
tftugmentuion  of  Htrengtli  to  tlw  party  of  non-jun>n(,  who 
bad  forfeited  their  benefices  rather  than  acknowledge  tlifl 
new  dynudty,  and  who,  bad  tho  Liturgy  bci^n  remodeled, 
might  have  grown  'mto  n  povrci'ful  Hoct.  It  is  nUited, 
aIiK>,  by  Hallain  and  Macaulay,  that  the  I'roebytertiui 
niinistvrs,  who  ut  thu  head  of  largu  diiirohi-si  in  lyondon, 
bad  a  much  higher  and  more  comfortable  station  tlum 
full  to  tb«  lot  of  tlio  (]<^'geiierate  anil  ofleii  ill-trvsited 
parish  clvrgy,  were  hikewann  in  favoring  llie  adojttjon 
of  tho  sclieme.  If  not  decidedly  opposed  to  it-  That  thwy 
took  thifl  position  is,  however,  qiK^tioiiud  by  other  well- 
totonned  writers.' 

The  Revolution  of  16S8  lod  to  tim  peniianent  estub- 
lishmcnt  of  the  I're«>byteriait  ns  the  national  Churt:b  of 
SootliJld.'  Undur  CbarW  U.,  KpUcojuwy  was  I'Sbtb- 
Ufibed  by  law  in  Scotland,  altliougb  tioinn  hititiule  wiu 
granted,  under  the  name  of  Indulgence,  with  rt^{pu-d  to 
Uie  fonns  of  public  worship.    A  fieivu  rr.-sisUii)oe  was  niad« 

I  Vku^han,  f.  Ul.  Hm  cbwMtw  a(  tlie  •clifmc  and  the  pRiNediNCi  » 
CooToailua  an  tiMj  dMcribod  b^  Uiciutn/,  Ui.  U(  pih\. 

■  Sm  lUIIain,  Caul,  //ui.,  cli.  xrlL  Munulny.  Illn.  1/ i:HfUtJ  tOtpm 
iH.«4.).  lITli  II.  loaMq-t  IUM)-,  loi:  ki.3ti.im. 


^ 


» 


fWSCh;  AFTBB  THE  DEATH   OF  HENBT  17.  447 

hry  adlier«iit«  «f  tlra  CoTcmant  during  this  reign  and  in 
the  reign  of  .T.im(>a  II.,  at  wliosc  inntiinco  it  was  made  a 
uapitul  offfDHc  to  preach  iu  a  Presbytemu  conventicle, 
or  to  att«nd  nicb  a  meeting  in  the  open  air.  Jamea 
wanted  to  have  the  Koman  Catholioii  delivered  from  the 
opeiRtion  of  ponid  laves,  but  to  allow  no  favor  to  tlic 
Covenanters.  'Ilie  conces-tionfl  which  he  wsh  at  Inst  cont- 
pellcil  to  make  to  them  were  reduced  to  the  narroweat 
compftas.  But  thej-  otood  by  their  cauao  with  etubbom 
InaverT,  through  all  those  troubled 

VThuM  tclio  riagi  Uitou^  ScoUiuiil  U>  Ibii  hour." 

In  1690,  the  system  which  was  obnoxious  to  tho  body 
of  thv.  Scottisli  pc-ople  wns  abolished,  and  the  synodica) 
polity  established  iu  ibi  ])L'u;e.  In  Uie  conrm  of  Uiis 
revolution,  the  vindictive  fury  of  the  populace  was  ex- 
presBcd  in  outrages  upon  the  E]>iscopal  clergy,  who 
Boffered  numerous  indtguittte.  lit  tJie  hmguage  of  the 
time,  they  were  "  rabbled." 

Henry  IV.,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  was  jnst  ready  to 
intervene  in  the  afTain  of  Germnny,  in  purtunnce  of  the 
traditional  Prendi  policy,  whicli  looked  to  the  reduction 
of  the  power  of  Austria,  and  Uiu  enhirgenient  of  the 
boundaries  of  France.  In  tlio  ten  years  Uiat  followed  hi* 
death,  after  Sully  bad  retired  from  office,  when  the 
government  was  in  the  hand*  of  Mnry  de  Medici,  tlta 
factions  which  had  been  held  in  restraint,  were  once  mora 
let  loose,  and  the  path  which  Henry  Lad  entered  w&t  for 
the  time  abandon^. 

To  maintain  an  alliance  witl)  Speun,  which  was  to  be 
oemented  by  a  double  matrimoninJ  connection,  was  the 
purpose  of  the  Queen.  Noble*  who  were  disaffected  with 
the  government,  conrted  tlio  support  of  the  Huguenots, 
from  interested  motives.  Those  influences,  in  ccmjuno- 
tinn  with  tho  various  sort*  of  peneoution  to  which  thej 


PBOTBSTANTBU  IX  TUK  SKVETTEESTH  CETTITBT. 

wen  ooaatantly  subject,  by  Ute  pflnuianon,  if  not  St  tht 
Instigatkiii  (if  ibo  gorenuneni,  aod  througli  tho  IiostUe 
preaching  of  the  Jesuits,  kept  tJie  Hugueaot  <diarcliee 
in  »  statu  (jf  pt.T]>ctuu]  ahirni  aiid  difiooolcnt.  rhair 
ooiiitflelfl  were  divided,  soiiio  advUing  a  reoort  to  anosi 
aud  others,  like  tho  agud  Da  Plossis  Moiuay,  advicbg 
liatk-i)C«.  The  iiivaj<ioD  of  Lower  Navarre  aitd  Bciare 
)>7  the  King,  in  1020,  the  seinire  of  Churdi  property, 
which  hiul  long  bvcn  in  the  hiuids  of  tli«  ProUwtante. 
and  tlie  infliction  of  atrocious  cruelties  iii>on  then:  moved 
the  Natioua)  Synod,  In  1621,  by  a  small  mnjaity,  to 
docidc  npoii  war.  Tliv  Hugiu>iiat<t,  u  gnsat  part  of  wbon 
remained  poatuve  and  neutral,  were  worsted,  but  tlie  sue- 
cessfu}  reastance  of  Moataubon,  and*  in  the  nvxX  year, 
o(  MontpellittT,  led  to  n  treaty  in  which  the  Protes- 
tants were  i:oDfirmed  in  the  possession  of  (heir  tvligioiu 
rights,  and  Montnuban  and  RochcUe  were  still  left  in 
their  hands.  Their  pecultiir  circunutanuca  gave  them 
more  and  more  the  chara-'ler  of  a  political  party,  with 
wlticli  maluontonUi  of  all  shudtut  wuuld  naturally  ally 
tlieuiwttvcs  within  the  Icin^li'in,  and  which  would  borrow 
Btivngtli  by  a  connection  wiUi  the  Prot«itiiiit«  o(  other 
coiintTicH.  A  epirit  of  hrwlilitv  to  tiw  Crown  and  a  love 
of  indepondence  woidd  naturally  grow  in  tlie  Huguenot 
tBXiks ;  and  this  took  placu  at  the  mPi'  time  when  the 
Crown  was  entering  upon  the  work  of  fully  subjugating 
feudalism.' 

With  the  reign  of  I^ouU  XTII.,  and  the  adniinistrati3ii 
of  Rialielieiu  tiiere  was  a  return,  at  rt^ards  fordgn  affairs, 
to  the  policy  of  Henry  IV.  The  lUm  of  Ilichelieu  (1634 
42),  a£  far  i\6  the  government  of  Fmnce  was  concerned, 
vas  to  consolidate  the  monarchy,  by  briiiying  thw  ari«toc- 
mcy  into  thorough  subjection  to  the  ICiug,  and  by  inflicting 
ft  dmdly  blow  on  tho  old  npirit  of  fcudjit  iudoiwndoni<e. 
Under  him  began  the  prooeu  of  oentrnlizntion,  of  ofhcen 

>  D«  Filic«,  li;tl.  d.  Pnl.  a.  Fr^mtt,  p.  SOT. 


TnS  CnARACTEB  AMD  fOUCC  Ot    KICDEUEU. 


449 


» 


I 

I 


» 


ApptMutcd  iuiil  piud  by  tlio  gorvniment,  wliioli  woa  Ml; 
d«v<!lopc(l  in  KranoH  after  tlio  great  Ilt-volntioii.  BU 
policy  involved  ilia  annihilation  of  tlic  Huguenot  party, 
AS  11  (lUtinct  p»liticnl  orgnnimtioit,  a  stutu  witliiu  tli« 
elate ;  and  Uiis  ho  accomplishod  nlien  La  RochoUe,  the 
lost  of  thi'ir  tovmti.  fell  into  his  humlH  (1628). 

Thf!  foreign  policy  of  KichelJBu  rei«iv»'a  tho  gcn«nil 
npplauso  of  Fi-onchmpn  ;  not  so  his  domestic  rule.  Tho 
inlt-roKti*  of  the  State  nuiBt  ]>revaii  owr  ovcry  other  eon- 
nideration.  This  was  his  &rat  maxim.  To  tliLs  end, 
ulusoliite  obvclienoe  must  he  exacted  of  uU  orders  of  men, 
and  dieiobniience  be  puiiiiihod  with  nnivlenting  severity. 
The  Prince  must  allow  no  interference  of  tho  Church  or 
the  Popo  with  the  rights  of  the  civil  authority.  Nobles 
inn»t  h<:  jirevciited  from  oppresning  the  jwople,  and  muwt 
eer%'e  tlie  State  in  war.  The  Judges  in  Parliament  must 
he  kept  from  interfi-ring  with  the  pKTogntJvwi  of  tl« 
Crown.  The  people  must  be  kept  in  absolute  aubjection, 
and  bo  subject  to  burdoiu  not  so  heavy  iw  to  crush  them, 
nor  BO  light  aa  to  induce  them  to  fotget  their  subordi- 
nation. Care  diould  nitlier  be  had  for  tho  culture  and  in- 
stnitrtion  of  a  part  of  the  nation,  tlian  trf  the  whole,  which 
might  be  mischievous.'  Ilieholieu  aboUsbfid  anarchy,  but 
he  ni:ulu  tt  poxetble  for  thtr  selfish  and  ruinous  dnpotism 
of  Lonifl  XiV.  to  arise  in  its  phioe.  His  d«8tntction  of 
the  political  power  of  tho  Huguenots  left  them  open  to 
the  deadly  assaidtJt  of  rulers  mon;  funaticul  than  Iiimaelf. 
Hud  be  been  inclined,  or  if  inclined,  had  he  l>c«n  able,  to 
draw  the  Huguenot  power  on  his  side,  and  to  use  it 
Hgninst  Spain,  t]te  final  result  might  have  bwn  happier 
fur  France.'  In  tnith,  the  capture  of  La  Roclielle  gave 
an  impulse  to  the  emigmtiou  of  Protcstunte,  and  France 

I  KIcluUeu't  [nllrlMl  TslamMit  I*  well  tpltmniiad  bj  lUaMtT.  p.  OSO.  M 
tbc  put  uiin  liy  RIphFllpu  In  tbt  compel tioD  of  tlir  TwtipHiit  ud  Uetntlri, 
■a  lUnkr,  T.  137  Kq.,  llirt-o.  xl.  MI  aeq. 

*  Hartin  ■■f*  ol   On    Uaaataal   inrly    ihal    it  tcliinlr>t   Ibc  rnvroaoliiag 

■an  o(  dNpctUm.    "lli«ux  eUI  vtlu  luctr  In  Bwlitlob  lut  I  K«pw9t  pbi 


ioO     PEOIvaTAKTISM   IS  THE  SKVISTIKKSTH   CE^^^CRT. 

to  loae  tbe  most  valuable  portion  of  iU  popiilutioii.' 
rAbroad,  lUchelieu  juuti'd  with  Sweden  and  with  the  Prot- 
Mtmnb  of  Uvrniatiy  in  uutking  war  upon  iho  IIap»biu]g 
dj'nas^,  and  succeeded  in  bis  double  purpose  of  biviiking 
down  the  imperial  powwr,  uud  oinplifyiiig  the  territory  of 
Fiaiice.  Tlie  wm-k  of  Richelieu  was  carrivd  forward  iD 
the  same  spirit  by  Maxarin,  in  the  early  part  of  the  rei; 
of  Louis  X.IV.  'i1ie  dosigit  of  tbis  inoiiarvb  was  to  vaakt 
biinseU  an  absolute  ruler  in  France,  even  in  ecclesiastii 
affairs,  without  an  actual  svpaiatitm  from  the  Papowy ;  in 
otliur  words,  to  imitate  Henry  VIII.,  aa  far  as  was  compat- 
ible with  miuntaioiDg  Uie  coimectitm  of  the  Frciiefa 
Church  with  Rome  ;  and,  in  rebition  to  foreign  powers,  be 
aspirTMl  to  hn  the  dictator  in  tlie  European  comntonwooltb. 
Ilifi  qujuTol  with  the  Popo,  his  pcnecution  of  the  J.an9en- 
ista,  und  liis  persecution  of  tliu  Huguenots,  uiu  tho  tbiee 
principal  events  in  bis  domestic  religious  policy.  His  coa- 
trovcrey  with  Innocent  X.,  grew  out  of  tbe  King*e  attempt 
to  iixtt-ud  thv  right  called  la  r£gah  —  Uiat  is,  tbe  rigbt  to 
appropriate  the  revenues  <^  a  see  and  temporarily  fill  tlie 
vacancy,  until  a  new  incumbent  should  take  tho  oath  i^ 
fidelity  to  tbo  King —  to  extentl  tliis  pren^tjvu  over  Bur- 
gundy, the  old  English  portion  of  France,  and  portions  otj 
the  kingdom,  wWro  tho  privib-ge  in  question  boi 
to  tbe  local  eccle^astical  authorities.  Ho  required  the  Ti 
■als'  oath  of  Uic  bishops  in  tbeso  districts,  and  tbey  were-' 
Mipportcd  in  their  refusal  to  grant  it  by  the  Pope.  Under 
tbe  pontificate  of  Innocent  XI^  the  jVaserably  of  the 
French  Clcrgj',  ui  1GS2,  supporting  the  views  of  the 
King,  pa.ssed  the  famoos   four  propositions  irf  Gallioan 

iIq  lt»  il'tniiN.  Kldidltu  n'abiua  putiild*  m  vlcloit*.  miiU  II  nndit  fadbl  na 
uilM  il'mi  nbuwr  »\ii^t  luh  La  Koclictlc  debnut,  ou  n'cfli  onf  ruUunr  I'tndM 
pmii'ivllnru  cl  riviiqiicr  I'Mii  tie  Nsnlei."  li.  3DT.  Mii:twlct  obiWr»««  llul 
Baiir^  IV.  uid  Klclidku  both  aliDsd  ax  nMiontl  unilj,  bul  I17  dWcmil  niunt 
—  tJi>  llnl  hv  iliD  UK,  Ui«  Mcond  by  tbe  iluInicUon  ul  tbe  viul  lopcta.  B(A 
Jt  fnMct.  ji.  Ml-  I'poo  Eidicllca*'  pcnwniJ  Inuu,  Mt  SlunimEli,  .7uf.  lia 
fnujau.  xxIiL.  1  Mq.  Kaolin  Jaitgu  liim  inura  (avonU/. 
1  Dmiliti,  TJn  Uvgatnott  in  Knglund,  «U:.,  1S8T. 


JAMBDQSll. 


461 


.iberty :  tlmt  Uie  Pope  has  aatbority  on]y  in  spintnal 
piatbera,  not  over  kiiig»  luid  prinvra;  tluit  tlic  notliorit^ 
ol  u  Gotiftral  Council  ia  above  that  of  the  Pope  ;  that  llio 
Pope  ia  bound  by  thu  Cliurch  biw»,  and  by  the  particular 
itiHtitu Lions  and  uafiges  of  the  French  Church  ;  and  that 
the  doctiina]  decisions  of  tho  Pop<>  are  not  irrcfonnable, 
luili-w  they  arc  supporbKl  by  tlte  concurrence  of  the 
whole  Church.  The  long  controversy  was  at  langth 
iidjuftt4>d  by  on  aocotnmodiition,  undvr  Innocent  XII.,  in 
vhich  Louis  retained  his  prerogative,  which  had  formiMl 
the  original  subject  of  dixpiite,  but  gave  up  tlie  four 
pi-opottitions.  He  allowed  biHhops  to  retract  Uieir  assent 
to  them,  bnt  would  not  suffer  them  to  be  compelled  to  do 
m,  Bo«sn«t  tud  awiitncd  the  j>otit  of  a  Ut«niry  cluiinpion 
of  tike  Gallican  theory,  in  behalf  of  the  King;  but,  tn 
conscquenco  of  the  settlement  just  rvfvrrcd  to,  hi«  oelc* 
bratcd  work  against  the  ultramontane  type  of  Catholicism 
did  not  see  the  light  until  1780. 

Jansenism  was  a  reaction  within  the  Catholic  Church, 
agninst  the  theology,  casuictry,  and  gcuursil  spirit  of  tiio 
Jesuit  order.  Molina  and  other  tlieologians  set  up  a  mid- 
dle type  of  doctnne,  between  the  system  of  Augustine 
and  that  of  Pttlitgius.  The  MoUnists  ingeniously  resorted 
to  the  will  a  cooperative  part  in  converahn.  Jansenism  was 
A  njvjvml  of  thu  Augustinian  tenets  u[)on  the  inability  o( 
the  fallen  will  and  upon  efiicaciotui  grace.  In  this  respect, 
thu  Jansouists  were  on  the  same  path  us  the  Iteformers  . 
but,  unlike  these,  instead  of  going  bn«k  of  tlio  Fatlien 
in  order  to  abide  by  the  teaching  of  Scripture,  they 
TOstod  tipoii  {wtristic  authority  and  were  content  to  follow 
tnplidtly  the  great  founder  of  Latin  theology.'  Bajua, 
prof'.-ssor  at  Louvain,  towards  the  end  of  the  sixteentll 
century,  led  the  way  in  this  re-asaertion  of  Angnstinian 
principles.  Bat  it  was  Jansentus,  also  a  professor  at 
Uouvain  and  Bislwp  of  Ypres,  and  his  teUow>sttideaL, 

■  Uukc.  ITuUfS  Iff  At  P^M,  lit.  143  nq- 


162     rKOTCSTAXTISlt   IM  TOE  SEX'BTTEENTII   CGNTDIT. 


N 


Duv(n;^cr,  Abbot  uf  St.  Cyrun,  who  sulMequontly  g»v« 
a  new  impetus  to  the  movement.  St.  Cyrati,  Pascal,  Ar- 
nwild,  Nicole,  itm)  tlivir  muodutcs,  wbo  were  calltni  Port 
Boyalists,  from  tJietr  relation  to  the  cloister  of  tiiat  name, 
become  the  letulers  of  t[iu  purfy.  If  we  glance  ^  the 
Jesuit  fraternity  a^  it  waa  in  the  middle  of  the  soTentPcDtb 
century,  tre  find  thut  its  eliiinicler  bud  iiltvrcd  for  tlie 
vone.*  ItB  profcflsed  membeni  were  no  longer  confined 
to  spii'itual  duties,  but  shar>_-^l  with  the  coadjutors  tbo 
niaiiiigcmcnt  of  (.'ollo;^  and  tlio  udminiiitrfttion  of  sucuJur 
nffnira.  'llie  religiou.i  fervor  that  hod  existed  earlier,  waa 
vory  much  cooled.  The  obligation  to  renounce  property, 
as  a  private  poe»'NUon,  wiia  i^vadcti.  A  "  mercantilo 
spirit "  crept  even  into  tlie  inBtit^itions  of  education  which 
hrwl  been  cjttablisln-.l  by  thi-  urdi'r.  In  tlie  room  of  do- 
fending  Uic  I'apacy,  it  guiitrraliy  Aided  witli  Franco  in  tbo 
contests  with  the  Holy  See.  By  the  policy  adopted  in  ita 
Asiatic  miHMit>n.t,  tin-  .U-nixl  ordi-r  nt  length  camo  into  con- 
flict with  the  Capiichina  and  Franciscans,  as  it  had  of- 
fended the  Dominicuns  by  opposing  the  doctrinee  of 
Thomas  Aqniiuut.  'Ilie  Jcttiits  gmduaUy  ceucd  to  b«J 
absorbed  in  a  great  object,  the  restoration  of  the  Papalf 
dominion  and  the  extviwon  of  it  over  the  globe,  and  di- 
rodt.^  tlieir  ciiergicfl  to  tlii!  presiu'viitlon  of  thi^ir  own 
power.  But  it  was  their  lax  ethical  maxims,  which  mora 
than  any  other  cause,  undermined  Uieir  reputation.  The 
"  Provincial  Letters  "  of  Pascal,  in  which  their  loose  ciwu* 
istry  was  cbaHtiHod  nnth  the  kecut^t  satire,  inflicted  upon 
tiicm  a  deadly  wound.  While  the  Jansenists,  who  wwe  io 
favor  of  the  independence  of  the  Churcb,  in  opposition  to 
alti«montanc  iisiirpntions,  sujiportx'd  the  King  in  liis  con- 
flict witli  the  Pope,  they  enjoyed  the  royal  favor;  but 
wlien  tbey  set  tliemselvi-s  against.  bt»  elTort  to  bring  tlie 
Church  under  liLs  feet,  he  turned  against  ihetn  irid  gave  hit 
ear  to  tlie  inimical  suggestions  of  the  Jesuits.  Finally,  ic 
>  KanhA,  HI.  til  wq. 


PEBsectrriox  of  the  uccuoors. 


408 


ITlOi  lio  |tiiUud  tlunni  the  cloister  of  Port  Royul,  und  bcm* 
iabed  Che  JiiiiM-nittt  Imdent.  In  1708,  Cl^niftit  XI.  liud 
i»«ed  a  bull,  prohibiting  the  "Moral  RoflectionB"  nf 
Qufsiicl,  It  work  wliicli  Iiiul  L>ut;n  npprorod  by  BoBsuct  ttiid 
by  Nosiillefl,  the  Ardibiithap  of  Paris.  Thia  was  follon't'd 
by  a  heavier  blow  at  iLo  Jaiisuuist  party  in  1713,  in  the 
[onn  of  the  famous  bull,  l/nifftrnitut,  whidi  explicitly  con* 
demiied  one  hundred  and  one  propottttiona  of  the  samaj 
Iwok.  The  Pope  wiw  fonx'd  into  this  action  by  t)M 
French  Court,  under  the  influence  of  Father  Le  Telhcr, 
who  had  declared  that  there  were  more  than  a  hundred  i 
n-nsurahle  propositions  in  thit  hook.  Clem<^nt  was  obliged 
to  make  good  the  declaration  by  condemning  one  hundi-ed 
and  one.  It  vita  not  tlid  Jansenists  alonr,  but  all  true 
Citdlicans,  who  were  attaeltml  ui  these  proceedings.  This 
controversy  was  continued  in  the  next  reign,  after  the 
death  of  Louis  XIV.,  between  t!ie  Oppotunt*  or  Apprll' 
anta  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  Aeaeptantt  or  C'omiilulion- 
aire»,  tJio  udversnries  of  the  Jaiiscnista,  on  tlic  otliw. 
The  Papal  authority  was  brought  to  bear  against  the 
Junsenist  opinions,  in  ttubscrvieiipv  to  tht;  dictation  of  tliu 
Court,  and  tliia  coercion  had  n  demoraliidng  effect  npon 
tlie  French  clergy,  nuiny  of  whom  wore  forced  into  a  de- 
nial of  their  real  oonviotions.  The  Jansoniata  aurvivitl  in 
the  aeparatist  archieptscopal  Church  of  Utrecht,  and  still 
Rtoru  in  comhtnutioTi  with  the  t^ndfncies  to  libi>r»lt!*Hi, 
out  of  whicli  grew  the  political  and  reli^oos  revolutiona 
that  marked  the  clote  of  thu  last  ovntury.' 

TL4-  Hugiienotx,  under  Kichelicu  and  Mazarin,  had  beea 
protected  in  their  religioua  froedom.  It  was  only  as  a' 
political  organization  that  thew  stntntmeu  had  made  mr  j 
npon  tlKDi.  After  the  death  of  MnKirin,  in  IGCl,  a 
party  that  naa  hostile  to  the  Pr<>teHt;uits  gained  an  in- 
rrvauug  inllnejio,'  orcr  ih"  King,  whose  jiersoual  vicet'l 
IFOTO  attended  with  forebodings  of  remorse,  and  with  8i»- 


4&4     ntOTESTANTCSM  IN  TRK  SEVKKTllKNTU  CKKTUST. 

pentitiouii  H»xi<-tivjt  that  sought  relief  in  the  p&rBot.iituu! 
at  heresy.  Ho  fi'U  uiidor  tli»  inQuBDou  of  h'w  Jiwitit  Con* 
fessor,  La  CliiLtsi',  wiUi  whom  were  joiiwd  tlie  war-minift- 
ti-r,  lii«  MarijiuA  du  [^uvois,  and  eren  Madam  Maint 
lu5  wife,  formerly  a  I'roU-sUiitt.  Henoe  Uie  great  attemf 
tu  nink«  proselytei  by  tttn  use  of  nil  variotiae  of  cruelly'. 
"  For  many  yean,"  says  Martin,  tho  govcmmi^nt  of  Lnaif 
XIV.  "Iiad  been  acting  towmrda  tl»  Reformiitioo  aa 
tuH-arda  n  victim  entangled  in  a  nooeo,  wluch  i»  dntt 
tighter  and  tighter  till  it  8tnu)gle«  its  prey."  Declara- 
tioiiK  und  vdioU  of  tlie  moat  Of^raBsire  chAiacter  liod  fol- 
lowed one  another  in  rapid  siictxwsion.  At  length  tliu 
atrocious  ocbumc  of  the  draffonad«,  or  the  billeting  of 
BotdJcra  tu  Huguenot  familiea,  was  rusorbed  to.  Over  tlie 
pretended  coQTorHion&  uftvctcd  by  sueli  means,  th«  protli- 
gate  rulera  of  France  sang  pruaes  to  God.  Lotiia  XIV, 
tiudi'STori'd  to  quivt  bis  own  foar  of  bell  by  making  a 
bell  for  bis  unoiTending  subjects.  The  penalty  of 
was  denounced  against  atl  converts  who  relafMed  to  tiie^ 
Huguenot  fitiUi.  In  tliu  course  of  tlinw  ymrs,  fifty  tliou- 
mnd  families  had  fled  from  the  country.  In  1685,  tlio 
Edict  of  Nantes,  the  great  charter  of  Protestant  tiglita, 
was  revoked.  Tbo  cliurchcs  of  the  Huguenots  wer« 
■eixed ;  and  altliougb  emigration  was  forbidden  to  tlie 
laity,  not  far  fi-om  a  quarter  of  a  million  of  refogeea  ea- 
caped,  to  enricli  Frotestimt  countries  to  which  they  nv 
moTvd,  by  their  skill  and  indnstry.  Many  remained  firm 
onder  tlie  seven^t  trials,  and  nseembled  in  fonnts  and  by- 
places  to  celebrate  their  worship.  It  was  not  until  1T88 
that  their  marriages,  which  had  been  treated  aa  invalid, 
were  pronoanocd  legal ;  and  they  did  not  gain  th<»r  rights 
in  full,  luitil  the  Revolution. 

"  Fnmco  was  impoverished,"  writes  Martin,  "  not  only 
It.  I<>enchmeii  who  exiled  themselves,  but  in  tlioso  mucki 
mora  numerous,  who  remained  in  spite  of  themseli 
dis(!Ourag(id,  ruined,  whether  they  openly  resisted  perso- 


■nm-jiriis  and  OErsAT  w  loois  xiv. 


I 

I 
I 

I 


eaUon,  or  sulTei-ed  some  external  obserranoea  of  Catholi- 
cism to  1m)  w-niiii;  fn>m  th*in,  all  Imviiig  iii^itlicr  cm-irgy  in 
TCorlc,  or  secnrity  in  life ;  it  was  r«aUy  the  aotivity  of 
more  than  a  millioa  of  men  tliuc  Franco  lost',  and  of  the 
million  that  pi-odnced  most."  It  in  n  »igniflcant  fact, 
in  tliu  light  of  recent  vvvute.  that  many  of  the  ];efng<.'oa 
were  leomved  by  tlie  Elector  Frwlfric,  luid  helped  to  boild 
np  Berlin,  then  a  small  city  of  twelve  tJioiiaand  inhiib- 
itSLoU. 

After  the  close  of  the  vna-  o(  the  SpiiniAh  Sucoottoion 
(1713),  nt  the  inst^^on  of  I^e  Tellier,  who  had  suc- 
ceeded i/a  Chaise  as  a  kind  of  miniKt^r  of  ix-cU-tuiuttical 
affaira,  tlie  pcraecution  agninst  thv  Protestantti  was  t«- 
newed,  in  forms  of  aggravated  and  ingenioua  cruelty. 

In  Jiis  foreign  policy,  Louis  XIV.  siicoueded  brilliantly 
for  ft  time,  but  was  doomed  to  berrihlo  disapiwintmeiit 
and  defeat.  He  made  himself  as  formiilable  by  his 
power  and  ambition  as  Philip  II.  hiul  been  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  preceding  century  ;  and  like  him  he  wits  di^»- 
tint^d  to  experience  a  mortifying;  failure,  as  well  as  to  lay 
the  foundation  of  untold  caUiniilies  for  his  nation.  His 
attack  on  the  Spanish  Netherlands,  vrtuch  were  regarded 
by  Holhuid  ns  a  bulwark  against  his  inroads  and  aggr^M* 
sion,  led  to  the  triple  alliance  of  Holland,  England,  and 
Sweden,  in  1668,  the  object  of  which  was  to  compel  him 
to  conclude  a  pence  wiUi  Spain.  The  same  year  he  con- 
cluded with  Spain  the  Peaoo  of  Aix  la  Cfaapelle.  The 
mcntmunt  of  Louis  against  Holland,  tod  him  to  form, 
in  16T0,  the  secret  treaty  with  CImrles  II.,  in  behalf 
)f  Catholicism  and  absolutism.  Bat  the  unpopularity 
of  thtt  war  agninst  Holland  among  the  Engtbb,  and  the 
Deoeamty  undi^r  which  Charles  was  placed,  of  making 
peace  with  the  DutcK  together  witli  a  like  couixo  on 
the  part  of  other  allies  of  Louis,  led  to  toe  Treaty  of 
Kimeguen  in  16T8-9,  by  whi:h  he  gained  a  numbei  oi 
iowns  and  fortresses  in    the    Netherlands,   be«de«  oer 


4.^    rR'iiiJiTAXTKM  IN  TUG  sEVxxrER^rni  cmmm'. 

tain  Germnn  plaoeo.  IloUanit  was  tcft  in  Uiu  snmu  state 
I  as  boforv  tJi«  vmr.  Tlie  continoed  Kggreuions  of  I^iiti 
lOccBuonixl  Uic  grand  allltnce  of  the  European  jHiwi-n 
against  bim.  anil  thv  wui-  of  tvn  yuuni,  in  which  WiliLiin 
o(  Onuigv  wu  th«  foromwt  leader  amos^  the  aUiM.  In 
the  early  part  of  the  proviotn  mr,  wbon  Holland  mis 
ov«miu  by  tlio  Frvndi  imnjes  and  nduocd  almost  to 
deBi^air,  the  llepublican  magistnitcs  vera  overtlirown 
and  tti«  govomnicnt  placed  in  tlie  hnnds  of  Williitm. 
By  him  tlui  OHimgi'  of  tlio  nation  hud  been  r»u»ed,  tui<), 
AS  the  only  means  of  defense,  they  had  cut  tbroagh  tlio 
dikes  and  inundabid  the  OMiutTy.  Tliencefonrurd  Will- 
iatn  wait  the  iiinst  determined  and  dangerous  nntogonixt 
of  Louis,  and  thu  moring  spirit  of  tho  coalitions  fonn<^ 
BgninKl.  liim.  In  Uie  Peace  of  Uyawick,  in  1697,  I*oHia 
renounoctd  liia  support  of  the  Stuarts,  and  adrailtiHl 
William  HI.  to  bo  tho  rightfid  king  of  Great  Uritiiin 
iind  Iri'land.  Tlic  war  of  liie  S]ianii*li  succc«on,  in 
wliicl)  Louis  sought  to  supplant  the  Austrian  Houw  in 
Spain  and  to  combine  Sp^n  with  Franoe,  by  placing  hid 
gntnd.tan,  Philip,  Duke  of  Anjou,  on  the  Spanisli  tJirutic, 
was  closed  in  1713,  by  tlie  Pcaco  of  Dtreobt.  It  wjui 
pruvidc-il  that  France  and  Spain  sliould  never  he  united 
under  one  sovereign ;  the  Spanish  Netherlands  iverc 
transforrod  to  Austria ;  aud  tho  Bourbon  Prince  was  litft 
on  llie  throne  of  Spain,  and  his  title  was  nt^nowlvdgeil 
by  tho  albes,  in  1714.  The  '•  grand  monnrdi "  cuine 
out  of  tho  wars  which  had  l>cen  kindled  by  his  ambition, 
tltwarted  and  reduced  to  distreax.  A  signifleant  foatnre 
of  the  Peace  of  Utrecht  waa  the  recognition  of  the 
Ek-etor  of  Brandenburg  ua  king  of  Prussia.  As  Sweden 
tack  down  from  the  eminence  which  it  hehl  for  n  time, 
V  the  leading  Pi-otestant  power  in  the  North,  Pruaaia 
was  rising  to  tnkc  her  jilnvtt. 

The  reign  of  LouU  XIV.  effected  the  utter  imntlysii 
and  prostntti»n   ot   tbe  Catliolic  Rruotion.     Tlie  Popes 


TKOSTBATION  OF  PAPJLl,  AUTIIOKtrY. 


457 


touiid  tliciiinc-lvoH  unable  to  fionLciid  wiUi  tlic  terapovml 
power.'  I'he  ilUpoeition  of  several  poiitiffa  to  favor  tbe 
Midv  of  Sj)uin  nnd  Atutri:i,  sliarpuuud  tli«  autagoiiuiia 
betweoii  Uiem  aiid  the  t'rencli  king,  and  ttiibjecled  Uiem 
to  Lumittatioii.  Wken  Ckununt  XI.  abandoned  tim  nnti- 
Fi-uiicli  jiolicy,  liu  wua  oblige]  to  auccmnb  Ui  tit*'  Uir»iU 
irf  the  impenaliste.  Treaties  of  peace  were  cmxtludod 
betn'iM.11  thu  EurojiLMin  nations,  in  which  th';  tntvrctita 
and  even  lights  of  tJio  I'opes  were  iuvolviHl,  but  in  re- 
ganl  to  which  they  M'ere  not  consulted.  The  Cliurch  of 
Fi-anoc  remuned  Catholic ;  it  wns  «vv»  guilty  ol  a  ra- 
voltti^  persecution ;  but  it  united  wiUi  the  monarch  in 
ttbridguig  Uiu  power  oad  tliwarting  thu  dougns  of  tho 
Holy  See.  Xot  only  was  tlie  Catliolic  world  dividc<l 
into  two  parties,  the  Austrian  and  Frencli,  which  the 
I'upo  could  not  control,  but  tlio  Frot4.-»t«Lnt  States  ac- 
t]uired  a  preponderance  of  power ;  jind  the  Court  erf 
Innocent  XI.  miturutly  isyinjuithizt'd  with  the  coalition, 
oltliougli  its  forces  were  predoniiniuitly  Protestant,  tlw 
nnt]  of  which  wiut  to  curb  Uie  iimbition  of  Louis  XIV. 

Even  the  persecuting  measures  whicli  Ix)uis  XIV. 
vlopted  oet^mubly  in  behalf  of  the  Catholic  religion, 
\nK  in  the  highest  degree  harmful  to  it ;  for  tJic  liatred 
of  tJieso  atrocious  proceedings  contributed  to  swell  th« 
cumiat  of  antipathy  to  the  Church  and  to  religion, 
which  was  gatliering  force  in  the  inind-i  of  men.  The 
Bull  Uniffen&vi,  hs  it  condemned  Jansenism  and  Aug* 
UMtitiiaii  doctrine,  brought  the  Jetiuits  into  alliance  witli 
tile  Papal  See.  But  this  Bull,  ^vith  the  oognat«  meia». 
iirt«,  ttividcd  the  clcrgj'  luid  excited  all  the  elements  of 
njipoaition  to  the  Papal  supremacy  over  the  Oallican 
Church.  The  Janscnists  became  virtual  auxiluirics  of 
thv  rising  party,  in  whom  the  spirit  of  innovatioa  bflrd 
f-ill  away. 

Louis  XIV.  died  in  ITlfi.  Voluurc  wiu  tlieii  aboat 
>  Bnkl^  iU.  U«. 


468      PBOTESTAimSM  IN  lUK  SmSTCSKTB   CENTtFlT. 

twenty-one  yeara  old.  The  age  of  philosopliy  and  illiint* 
inisiu,  of  religious  iind  ijolitii-al  revolutions,  waa  approach- 
ing,    llic  third  <atnt<',  tli«  iniddlu  clujw,  mid*  prepiiring  to 

'  grasp  the  power  which  had  been  ^vrested  from  the  nobles 
cuid  co&C49]trattfd  in  the  Uirono.  Frccthinkii^,  tmns- 
plonted  from  Rngtand,  waa  bildng  root  and  spreading 
through  ull  orders  of  Frvneh  sodety»  theucc  to  be  dif- 

I'fuaed  over  Europe.  The  fabric  of  political  and  retigioiu 
despotism  whidi  Louis  XJV.  liad  erected,  waa  to  go 
Aawa  befon  the  end  of  the  century,  io  ik  r«Tclutw>iiuj 
tempeat. 


. 


CHAITEB  Xin. 

THE  PK0TE8TAST  THEOLOGY. 

Pbotestantism,  under  wluitover  divvrritios  of  form 
it  ft[^wurecl,  nti<l  iiotwitlLttanding  tlie  varieties  of  charactftr 
and  of  opinion  wbicli  aro  observed  among  its  leaders,  ia 
distmguished  m  a  HysUtm  of  belief  by  two  prijidplc*. 
Tltese  are  justification  by  foitb  alone,  and  tbo  exdusive 
wtbority  of  the  Sfriptiinss.' 

The  subject  round  wliicb  tbe  Protestant  diacuasioiu  ro> 
Tolved,  and  out  of  which  thi>y  originiiUy  eprang.  is  the 
rccondliation  of  man  to  God.  The  coutrovvrsy  willi  tht.* 
Uoman  Catholics  did  not  relate  to  the  branches  of  tlieoU 
ogj'  on  whtcli  Ihd  iiiicient  oounoils  had  xpoUi'ti.  Tlie 
Apostolio  symbol,  thu  creeds  of  NicK»   and  Clialcedon, 

■  AmoDK  tht  booki  of  r«fBr«D«*  rMpectloit  U>«  rratcntaot  knd  (h*CalboUa 
rheoloKr,  an  Ili>  CotUdion*  ol  Cnedi;  tb*  Lulharaa  (nllud  bjr  IUmi,  1US)i 
rtiB  Itftomed  (liT  Nifmaytr,  ISIO];  Tli*  Konua  Utlwlie  (lir  Stitftvolt  o. 
KIcnw,  1040).  C>tviii'«  iiuliliLUi  na<l  UoUni^aii'ii  Lori  Cvmmuntt  tn 
Cha  principal  doclrind  iKttiia  on  (ht  I'romUDl  ililc,  in  the  ag*  ot  lbs  IIr4- 
onsBtiun.  Uallanalna  I*  ilill  Uiv  ablcat  csaironnlalM  on  tlu  Calbalio  aid* 
ai»>  tlia  TriUoDlina  CaudiIIi  OilpulatiiMU  dt  CmU-attniit  C^riMlotm  FidA 
aJt  htffm  TtmpirrltSmrtUtoiiHame,lM\,Viti,VM\  Hie abtni •ntafraiMi 
ut  UutlarmlDt  wen  Martin  L'hemnlii,  £aaa«B  CmtS.  Tri4.  (UOt-TS|,  aa>l  iti« 
IIUKUCUOl  Ibtologlar,  ChAioisr,  /'juA^Uh  CaAMia,  ttf.  CUtnora,  1030; 
Knakforli  lOSSX  A  (OPTenlmt  manual  o[  CalboUc  TliwIoRy  li  IVmrna, 
FraUt&nm  TJUofcyini  (U  tdIi.,  1817)-  Amoac  tlie  modimi  wuks  oa  I'nrc- 
MUnt  nMkKr  K*  I'lanck,  CwA.  d.  jml.  Lf\r*rgriji  ilTSl  th'tt)i  G«M, 
Stdi.Apral.  Dofmatit  ili^aji  A.  9cliw«i«(,  Dit  prvi.  Ctatmt^uymit  hmtr- 
LiUJ.p^/.  Kinht{l$itil  Utpft,  DaffitiHil  d.  JtuUtk  /Vur.  llSiTli  Datncr, 
ffxA-  d.pni.  nm}L  (U«I]i  Scbmkal.  A»  n'wia  •'■  Prt*.  11»M|.  Set  alw 
W<nur,  Gtth.  d.  talk.  TUot.  tiit  d.  Trid.  Cant.  (IMe).  T*  thoaa  am  u>  b< 
tditod  DBniirau  woAm  wotka  on  Rrnibolin  and  on  Um  IIUiott  tt  DoctriMi 
bj  Keaiuler,  KIm  [Bomao  CmIi.1,  Baumnirtvii-Cradiu,  Uastnbacb.  Baw, 
Hilhbr  iKom  CatlD.llilurh,  Wliui,Sb*dd,n«. 


4C0 


TItK  ntOTESTAKT   rnEOLOOT. 


were  accoptcd  ui  ooinition  by  boUt  purties.  Tn  respect  to 
tilt)  Trinity  nnd  Uie  jwrsoii  of  Cbri&t,  they  etood  on  the 
Bame  groimd.  On  tlic  subjwt  o(  Anthropology,  tlio  doc- 
trine of  (un.itiii  trae  Uint  tliu  Befonnera  carnetitty  iie.sert«d 
the  AuguBtiatau  tIcwb,  in  oppoation  to  tliut  moditicit  opin- 
ion, less  hoetilt!  to  tUv  I'olugiiui  tviiet,  whidi  liiul  botrti  dt» 
tioctly  uspoiMed  by  ono  of  tlic  luiuliiig  raediiDvnJ  achoola 
the  foUowvTS  of  Scotus,  and  had  affected  uU  of  tlie 
Hcliulustic  9y»tcni3.  It  watt  ia  thuir  profound  mom  of  the 
n-iility  of  Htn,  aiid  of  its  dominion  in  the  human  will, 
tJint  till!  ProU-stjints  laid  tlie  fonndiitions  of  tlwir  Iheol- 
eg}-,  itwiiigli-  ftlonc,  of  itU  thfl  foromoctt  Itcformen,  called 
in  (jui'stiou  Uie  fact  of  native  guilt,  as  this  u  MMSrted  in 
tliu  Au^utiniiui  th<»>log)- ;  luid  even  Iio  did  not  ndbrra 
uniformly  to  his  theory.  But  the  doctiine  (rf  sin  vmii 
only  indirectly  and  subordinately  brou^'lit  into  the  do- 
bate.'  The  wnine  might  bo  said  of  tJio  At4»MMncnt,  sinM 
the  body  of  the  rcformera  rested  on  tlie  Anselmic  idea  of 
satisfaction,  wliicli  likewise  formed  a  part  of  tlio  opposing 
creed.'  The  point  of  diffen-nco  wot  on  Hit.  vital  queattton 
how  the  soul,  burdened  ^rith  fwlf-condemnation,  ia  to  ob* 
tain  the  forgivcaeas  of  tuna  and  peaceful  reunion  to  God 
in  tliu  character  of  a  reooucilvd  futlicr.  In  tiw  toacbings, 
injunctions,  services,  certmonies  of  tlie  Church,  the  Re- 

>  The  I'raloUaCi  held  Xhal  (lie  maral  pcrfcclioni  —  tlut  U,  Uu  tellntM  — ol 
llii  lint  man  m  concnUfd ;  lli*  CallioUvf ,  Ihut  liinj  an  •up«raddtd  gifla  ot 
Itncs.  Col.  Aim,.,  i.  ii.  cju.  19.  Tlili  do«trin«  of  (ha  itomum  mfurmatmalt  l§ 
dnm  out  IB  full  liy  BtllanniDc,  Onti.  frimi  IIuh.,  11.  lliacftMtot  lb*  hit  (• 
•iiiil  lij  iliK  CsllioIIrt  (0  Iw  UiS  Inn  <if  Ilia  ifainiin  t<ipfrKatnntlt,  Mud  a  ronse- 
qurnl,  llmuKh  indtrrcd  vnkoninEor  llic  ntlunil  powtn  (n/«(n,  Madira)!  Iht 
Ihfl  l^l«,IanU  it  *rM  hcH  tn  be  a  poBtir*  dFiffBralion  of  hunuui  nalun.  Bel- 
Urmina,  AttU.  Grul^  ttl.  i-i  Can/.  Aui/ul ,  p.  t;Ap0L  Aujtul.  Coaf:,f.Ut 
Car^f.  ITtIr*!.,  n.  <r.  viii.,  ix. 

*  Tba  d^odina  wmmontn  Anatim  «nd  Ailninaslhnt  Iha nliiitafliiiBcf  ChiiU 
la  abaolula  U  It>r1t,  and  Snfinrlr,  <■»  d«nird  nnlf  hy  lire  acbmil  «t  SmIb*,  vbe 
bald  (bal  it  i*  flnlc«,  Imt  1>  (r<>T|riv(l  hy  the  divine  will  —  itcerptihtla  —  fer  IBM* 
tkofi  It*  inlnnHlo  wnrEli.  Tlix  1>ideiiliiip  t'tev'l  il«-ni^  IliHt  |iittlffn  ^srrin*  v^ft 
it  (he  remiHinii  t>t  all  pMnJ4hiiient;  bnl  a^wiiji  itutT  Tlie  lAtlpfAcijon  rrtiHlrm|  bj 
^  •Innnr  iaiiTa>1alil>>  fiilr  l^cn<l|;b  llie  wliffai'lliin  vf  OiriaL  SOM  Kir.  a 
viii.    i'-tn  liAauignntU'Criinuit,  Hvgmtngfei^  ii.  STl.  ii.  n. 


I 

I 

I 


I 


jusTmcATroh'  by  faith. 


461 


I 


tortnem  had  aoiigtil  for  tliU  iiifinJU!  gnod  in  vam.  Thejr 
found  it  ill  tliB  (loctrino  of  gratuitous  pardon,  from  tlifi 
biiro  int-n^v  of  G<hI,  tliruu^li  Uiu  mediation  of  Cliiiflt;  a 
pardon  iJiat  wniU  for  nottiing  but  acoepUnoe  on  the  pait 
of  tlie  soiil  —  tJiQ  bulicf,  tliu  trust,  tJio  faitli  of  the  pen- 
it«iit.  BvcryUiing  of  tli«  nivtiire  of  sntisfuntion  or  merit 
on  tlwj  part  of  the  offender  is  precluded,  by  tlio  utterly 
fi^iituitoos  nnturo  of  tbc  gi(t,  by  tlm  sulBcii^ncy  of  tlto 
Kedeenier'n  expiation.  Kvery  nitacrtion  of  llic  nnoetuity 
of  works  or  merit  on  tlio  side  of  the  offender,  us  the 
ground  of  forgivonos*.  is  it  didpanigomiMit  of  tbe  Ro« 
deemer'a  mercy  aod  of  \\vi  expiatory  oHice.  Faith,  thua 
Iitying  hold  of  a  frcu  forgirencss  and  rccounouting  tJio 
soul  with  God,  is  Ui6  fountain  of  a  new  Uf«  of  holinesH, 
which  depends  not  on  inar  and  homage  to  hiw,  but  on 
gnttitu<]t!  and  on  liliivl  sentiments.  CI>ri«t  himxclf  nour* 
i&liea  this  new  life  by  Rpintual  influences  tluit  flow  into 
the  Hiul  ttirough  tho  channel  of  its  fellowship  with  Ilim. 
Justification  is  thus  a  forenaic  t«rm  ;  it  Is  equivalent  to 
tho  rumisuon  of  Bins.  To  justify,  signiiics  not  to  make 
the  offender  ngbteouft,  but  to  ti«at  him  as  if  ho  were 
righteous,  to  deliver  him  from  thu  ucctisation  of  tho  law 
by  the  bestowal  of  a.  pardon.  Sating  faith  is  not  n  vir- 
tae  to  be  rewarded,  but  an  apprehensive  act ;  the  hand 
that  tulccit  tho  true  gift.  Such,  in  ii  brief  ittutemviit,  was 
the  cardinal  prineiple  of  the  Protestant  interpretation  of 
the  Gospul.'  Tho  Christian  lifo  has  its  centre  in  this  ex- 
perience of  forgiwiu'M,  Virtues  of  ohaructcr  and  lio* 
tones  orer  temptation  grow  out  of  it.  Christian  ethics 
Rrc  unitod  to  Christian  theology  by  this  vital  bond. 

Uut  to  what  authority  could  the  Keformcra  appeal  in 
tchalf  of  thoir  proposition  ?  What  assurance  had  thoy 
vl  it.t  truth?     flow  did  tliey  arrive  at  th<;  bno'xl<;dgc  of 

1  Tlii*  SiUa  lit  Jiutifluliiiii  ii  lb*  ktjr-noU  in  Luilirr'i  OniinoiiUry  «n  tlw 
E.p[iitli]  Id  tb«  Otlui&nt,  anil  ic  UnlmeUuMi'i  ComniMitiiry  an  llig  Kjilillv  to  lln 
Ki'iniiiii.    II  it  UiB  dittinctira  ((atioii  ot  Uie  rraiounl  cx*i(b«u  >f  ilin  wriUoiti 


402 


TlIK   PIIOTESTANT  THEOI.OOT. 


It?  Hiiay  Imil  found  tliU  obscured  and  half-for^uttea 
tmth  n.-corded,  as  tbey  believed,  vith  peifeici  cl(3inuM»,  is 
tiiu  Scripttirus,  Tbo  atithorit}-  of  ttic  Scriptures  was  fuiljr 
ackr.jwiedged  by  the  Cbtirch  in  which  tlicy  luul  btwn 
Inuoixl,  howuvur  it  mlglit  saperadd  to  them  other  autbori- 
tafre  •ouroes  of  knowledge,  ftiid  hnwovcr  it  might  denjr 
iJie  competence  of  tlie  indiridunl  to  interpret  Un  BibU) 
fur  biuutclf.  Tliut  Chrtist  spoLi;  in  tlie  Scriptures,  all  ad- 
mitted. Wlint  his  voice  wm  the  K<-formora  coald  no) 
doubt ;  for  tlie  truth  that  ho  uttured  was  ooe  of  which 
tlioy  Itiid  itn  immediate,  spiritiuil  rocognitioa.  Thuir  iji 
terpretation  TeriSed  itself  to  their  hearta  by  tlie  U^it,  luid 
pcAL-e  which  that  truth  brought  with  it,  as  woll  as  to  their 
iindunitaiKliiigtt  on  a  critical  examinntion  of  llie  text. 
Ttte  Church,  then,  that  denied  their  tnterpretatioa  and 
oommandi^d  thfini  to  ubiindon  it,  was  in  error ;  it  could 
not  be  ^e  authorized,  infallible  iut«rpn>t«r  of  Holy  Writ. 
Thtu  the  tTAditiooal  belief  in  the  authori^  of  the  Roman 
ChunJi  gave  vrny,  and  the  prJndple  of  th<»  excluinve 
aatbority  of  the  Scriptures,  as  tlie  rule  of  faith,  took  its 
placH.  By  this  procvss  the  Mcond  of  the  diatinctiTe 
priiicJiili^  of  Protostantism  was  reached.  That  the  inenn- 
ing  of  the  Bible  is  Biifficiontly  plain  and  intelligible  wai 
implied  in  this  cotK-lu^ion.  l^vnco,  tlic  right  of  privat* 
judgment  ts  another  side  of  the  same  doctrine. 

In  tiu!  adoption  of  this,  which  has  been  called  the  fot^ 
mal,  in  distinction  from  the  lir«t,  which  is  termed  the 
material  principle  of  Prote»tiintisin,  tliere  was  no  iliucnt 
among  the  churches  of  tlm  reformed  faith.  Thus  tha 
Anglican  body,  which  sur[i:iSNed  all  other  Protestant 
ehurchefl  in  its  deference  to  the  fathen  and  to  the  flr»t  oeo- 
turies,  aflirms  this  principle.  It  ncccpts,  in  the  «ghtli 
>  article,  tlic  ancient  creeda,  on  the  gi-ound  tliat  they  may 
be  pri^ved  by  most  certain  ^varmnts  of  Holy  Rcripltim 
it  declares,  in  the  iiiiict^-entb  artidc,  that  tlic  Church  oi 
Borne,  as  well  aa  thase  of  Jerusalem,  A lexajidria, and  Afr 


ROMAS  CATllOUC  DOCTRINE  OP  JUSrUTCAl  lOM. 


4oa 


I 
I 

I 


tiocli  Imvr  cnvil  in  mutters  of  fiutli ;  and  ia  tlie  twcaty- 
Gret  article  it  asaerts  tbat  general  oouncjls  may  err  luitl 
Itavv  t'lTud  in  thiiigs  jicrtnininj;  to  tLo  rule-  of  pit-ty,  luid 
that  their  decreca  are  to  be  accepted  nu  fartlier  than  thuy 
am  bu  ahown  to  ha  eonfonnablo  to  the  sacrud  writiiigv. 

Tb'e  two  prineiplee  ate  onited  in  the  funijaniental  :d<n 
of  tliu  direct  rvhitiuii  of  Christ  to  the  believer  as  hi«  pur 
soiial  Itedeemer  and  Guide. 

The  KuDian  Catholic  theory  of  Justification  may  bo  ec 
Ktntitd  UH  to  twcm  to  approxiumte  cliMoly  to  that  uf  the 
Proteatants ;  but  on  a  close  examination,  the  two  Aoa- 
triiies  lire  eceii  to  bo  disoordant  with  ono  another.  In 
tlie  formula  which  dehiiea  the  condition  of  ealviition  to 
be  faith  formed  by  love  —  fides  formats,  euritute  — a 
ticptirittidn  bctwvi'ii  faith  and  lovo  is  conceived  of,  in 
which  the  latter  becomes  the  adjunct  of  the  former  ;  and 
inuAinueli  as  love  is  tlie  injunction  of  Uie  law,  a  door  ia 
open  for  a  theory  of  works  and  human  merit,  and  for  all 
the  discomforts  of  that  legal  and  iiitrospvvtive  piuly  from 
which  the  evangelical  doctrine  furnished  the  means  of 
(itivaiHi.  Faith,  in  the  Protestant  view,  ia  necessarily  tlie 
■OaniAof  good  works,  which  (low  from  it  as  a  etreauu  from 
11  fountjtin;  which  grow  from  it  as  fruit  from  a  tree. 
I'tie  tendency  of  the  Catholic  system  is  to  conjoin  works 
with  faith,  and  tlius  to  rvsulvu  good  works  into  a  form  of 
legal  obedience.  Moreovi;r,  JiiatJIicatioii  doea  not  be^n, 
as  u)  the  Protetstant  tbeoLogj-,  witli  tlie  forgiveness  of 
siiw ;  but  tile  &r«t  element  in  JuatificatioQ  i«  the  infusion 
of  inward,  peraooal  rightcousneas,  and  pardon  follows. 
•Itifltilication  a  gradtial.'  By  this  indpicnt  excellence  of 
character,  tlie  Cbriatian  fs  mftde  capable  of  meritiiig 
grace;  and  bowuver  this  doctrine  may  hu  qiialifiod  and 
gtuirilod  by  fmuiditig  iiU  merit  iiltit.-.ately  on  the  merits 
of  Christ,  from  which  the  sanctification  of  the  disdpla 
6ovn,  the  legal  cliarHeteriittie  ch-aves  to  the  doelrine 
I  CmmII-  TnttfDt  ScM.  VI.  a.  z. 


464 


TUK  I'BOTEsrAST  TIIEOI-OCy, 


But  Uic  widx  i1ilTi<rKUon  of  tl]o  Cutliolio  ooiKx-ptlviu  troa 
tliu  PruUiBtant  becomis  uvid<Mit,  wbvii  it  la  rvuiouitwnid 
thtit  nccordiii^  to  ili«  funnvr,  for  all  siitx  uommitted  after 
baptism,  Uio  nfTeiid^r  owes  und  roust  niiilor  satisfaction^ 
u  HaliafuctiuD  tltut  ilerivus  ilJi  vfRvticy.  to  bo  siiru,  from 
tliat  iitade  by  Cbrist,  but  yet  is  uot  tliu  k-ss  indi»peilsatla 
and  roul.     Aiid   liow  i»   JuHtificiitiun   iinpiirtt'd  ?     ]io«p 
does  it  begiu '!     It   ia  «)ininunil:atfd  througli  haptbm 
aod,  hence,  generally,  in  infancy.     It  in  JuHtiGcatbn  by 
biiptii^iii  laUicr  tJiuii  by  fikith ;  nnd  for  all  sins  mbso 
i^uently  commitUtd,  penances  ore  duo;  sutiJifaotioii  must 
bo  offered   by  this   tnin»({rvHsor  biinMlf.     W'a  ori*   tbus 
brought  to  tlm  wliule  tlu^trj  of  tJie  Church  and  of  tliu 
Sacramenta,  in  which  the  discrepunvy  bctwcun  the  twn 
thcologira  is  niovt  ntiuufist. 

If  tho  coullict  of  the  two  theok^es  were  liimt«(l  to  tfaia 
topic  of  Jiurtjfimtioii,  and  of  tbu  rehitioii  of  fuith  to  works ; 
if  the  dispute  eould  be  shut  up  to  subtle  rjitctttiotut  rikI 
tenuous  distinotioos  of  theolo^cal  scicnoc,  it  might  bu 
moro  €!uuly  suttl<>d.  On  tiiusv  quustionji  a  nii>etinK-|>uiut 
might  iN)mib]y  be  found.  Uut  tito  Protestant  inti'rpr^- 
tation  of  the  OonpL-l  involvotl  ii  duiiial  of  tJic  prorogativos 
ol  tliu  vsut  InHtiliitiiiii  wliidi  asauinrd  to  int«rTi-iiu  ber< 
tvoctt  tlie  iH^ul  luid  God,  as  the  almoner  of  grace  nnd  the 
rulor  of  the  beliefs  and  live*  of  men. 

The  Ri-ionnvrs,  in  hnnnnny  witli  tlteir  idea  of  thv  way 
of  ealTntion  which  has  been  described,  brought  forward 
the  conception  of  the  invisible  Chnn-h.  TIio  tru"  Chiirrh, 
they  s:iid,  is  compowKl  of  all  believers  in  Chrifil,  uU  nlio 
are  s{>iritu:tlly  united  to  Hini ;  nnd  of  thu  Churuh  oa  tliai 
dviincil,  lit!  in  t)ii>  Hi-ad.  'I1ita  is  Uie  Holy  Catliolio 
Cfc'irch,  to  which  the  AposlW  Creed  r«fer»,  and  in 
which  the  disciple  profvMus  his  lucliuf ;  "  for  wu  buliovn,'' 
said  LntJior,  n-fcrring  to  this  passa^  of  '  -vrd,  "not 
m  n-hat  we  see,  but  in  wlutt  is  invisibl  I|b  vi«ibU 

Church,  on  tho  contrary,  Ig  a  oongniga  tvan 


DO(7TR[!l£  REfiPtCrrNd    TOE  CHUBCtt. 


466 


» 


in  whicli  the  ivonl  of  God  U  proEic)i«(l  and  tlie  eaora- 
ateatt  n  ImiiiisUtrvd  cKscnttallj-  ii»  tliey  were  iiwtitutud 
by  Christ.  But  no  single  visible  body  of  Ctiriatians  caii 
jiutly  iuHtutR<!  to  bi;  thu  ciitiixi  Cliiireli ;  mucb  less  Qxclii<le 
Emm  the  pale  of  galviUion  all  who  nre  not  incliidod  in 
Uiuir  imiubcr.  'I'hu  tiniu  Cburch  is  lui  idi*aU  wliiulj  it 
realized  but  imperfectly  iii  auy  vxixtiiig  orgauizution. 
External  sodeties  of  CbrisUaus  are  more  or  leas  pure 
ihuy  approximate,  ia  dilTcrvnt  dfrpvus,  to  a  conformity 
to  tlie  idea  of  tbe  real  or  iiiviailile  coininuuity.  Tho 
Protestants  cnrffully  mfiaiticd  from  arroguting  for  the 
bodies  wbicb  tli<:y  orgunized  iiii  excluiiiw  titlu  to  be  con- 
sidered the  Cburcb.  When  charged  with  being  apostates 
fi'om  tlko  Cliiirch,  aiid  when  tlivn»u^Ivi;ii  donounulng  the 
Papacy  as  tlie  enibodiineiit  of  Aiiticlirist,  they  never 
doniud  that  tbo  tnio  Church  of  Cbrist  was  on  tbe  side  of 
Lbcir  upponcntti,  na  well  lut  with  themselves.  "Isuy," 
mid  Luther,  "  that  undtjr  tlie  Popo  is  real  Christianity, 
ye»  tlie  U-ue  p«ttcm  of  Cbn»tittnity,  and  many  pious, 
great  stunts."  Calvin  baa  similar  oxpressions;  for  ez< 
iini])le,  in  his  noted  I^etter  to  fjadolot. 

'l*be  Roman  Catholic  theory  affixes  the  attributes  <* 
unity,  bulincsx,  eutbolicity.  and  apuatoiivity  to  tho  cxter- 
iial,  vtiiible  aociety  of  which  the  Bishop  of  Konio  is  Uia 
cbief,  and  dodarea  tliat  outside  of  tliis  body  there  ia  no 
wdvation.  The  noU-s  of  tlio  tru«  ChtiivJi  beliMig  to  this 
society  ;  and  accordingly  the  promises  made  in  ibi-  Ni-'w 
Testament  to  tlio  Cburcli,  and  the  privileges  thvru 
iiscribetl  to  it,  are  claimed  for  this  body  exclusively. 
Thu  Church,  says  Bclbirtnine,  is  something  as  tangible 
OS  tlie  Republic  o£  Venice.  In  opposition  to  tlitt  sccoih] 
of  thv  Protestant  prinriples,  tbe  traditions  of  the  nml 
teaching  of  Chrint  and  of  tlie  Apostles,  which,  it  ia 
claimed  ore  infallibly  preserved  ir.  tbo  Cburch,  through 
thu  supernatural  aid  of  the  indwelling  Spirit,  nre  put 
rel  wi>h  Scripture  :  aitd  vt  Scripture  itself,  clue 


iGQ 


THE  PfiOTCSTASTT    tliKOUKir. 


Cbitrcli  19  the  sppointed,  anextiog  expoandtr.  It 
uot  an  oDoommuD  t}iin{;  in  the  )liddl«  Agoi  for  do» 
trioes  to  be  attributed  to  rerebtiona  tnsde  to  thm 
Cliurcb,  Bubeequent  to  thu  Apostolic  ag« ;  doctriB»  not 
•uppOKd  to  be  oontoitied  in  the  Scripturo.  Bot  tb« 
prQTailing  Catholic  doctrine  ouoe  the  Rcformatkn  Batis 
I  be  eittiiv  revelatioD  as  •  ooiD|4ete  depont,  in  tfae  writSan 
and  oral  teaching  of  Christ  and  tbe  Apostles.  The  ooo- 
Doutioa  of  tho  individiuil  with  Christ  is  Dot  powiU^. 
except  tfaroogh  hia  connection  with  the  Church.  Id  the 
Catholic  theory',  the  invisible  Church  is  not  only  included 
in  the  visible  orgitniuttiuii  in  communion  with  the  I'ujmI 
seCt  but  it  cannot  exist  out  of  it  or  apart  from  it.* 

Aa  an  insepausUo  port  of  tho  Catholic  theory  of  tb« 
Church  stands  the  doctrine  of  a  particular  prieatfaood 
uad  of  thu  sacnuDc-nts.  The  idcsa  of  tho  sacnuDimts  waa 
fully  ditveloiwxl  by  tlie  Schoolmvn,  and  thu  number, 
whicJi  bod  been  indefinite  and  variable,  waa  flxod  at 
auveu.  It  is  cssL-ntial  to  tlui  cxmccptton  of  the  sacrament 
that  it  should  efBdenlly  vonwy  thu  hiddirn  gift  of  graco 
which  it  symbolizes.  It  is  the  channel  throu^  whidi 
tht*  gruoe  is  communicated  ;  tha  Ofxlaincd  and  indispona- 
abU:  v<>hiclii  by  which  it  poascs  to  the  individual ;  th« 
instniment  by  tho  direct  opcmtiou  of  which  tho  divine 
ucroj  r««ohes  tiie  soul.'  Hence  the  efhcacy  of  a  sacf^ 
ni«nt  is  indupcEidont  of   the  poraonul  chancter  of   the 

I  la  llu  Ular  cditiani  ot  hit  L^ti,  MtluieUiDu  Inju  of  tba  rlilble  church 
•toil*.  He  <ra*  l«d  to  Ihit  ooum,  not  hy  ■  cbwigt  vt  opinwn  nvpoctlns  tha 
rpalllf  ot  Ibi  cOiKvptloQ  of  (ho  invkibln  chunb,  but  ip  uaDHqucoM  al  itaa 
■btrntivni,  111  ■  ■iiiritiuIitUc  dln«(i<ii>,  ol  Ilia  AubaptliU.  lie  1*  cnneMiMd  W 
guard  itiiiiut  the  nriloii  ilwi  ili<  iiiritibla  ehuitb  l>  ■  men  Hta\,  w  1,  la  b* 
noicbc  (oroiiuUDtl  all  <xuiini;rMlfw«jitinlai^»litiua  — ■  mtn  I'luiuulc 
npnblic     Hu«  Juliui  Mallur,  Dos/iii.nMit  MhatiilUmifni  (Die  nniiihlban 

■  "  par  i|U«  oniiili  vm  Juitltin  t^  tiinlpll,  t*l  tmrita  auiplur,  -ni  Mfitan 
rrfanHiu."  CocicU.  Ti\A.  8m.  ill.  I*n»mii»n.  "Si  <)iiii  itiKoril  McnnMBta 
M»  IvEt*  *»*■  <■■*  *d  aBluuoi  nitwriiit "  "  i-l  q<i»  ilixtril,  ptr  ipu  anm 
kcu  MCfMBWU  «x  opn*  opttBto  niu  cuuftrri  icrui  tin,  uiaUiiima  rlL"  lUd, 
ir.vUk 


I 

I 


SOUAH  CATHOUC  POCTWKE  OK  TMK  SACK  IM ESI S.      Wl 

admiuLstrator,  provided  ho  Iiave  the  intention  to  perform 
the  EacTamentul  act;  for  such  an  iQt(>nti<>n  is  nx]tiiAit«. 
The  siiCTumi^nt,  moreover,  impnrtd  a  dirinn  gift  whioh  is 
not  involved  in,  nor  producvd  by,  tha  failh  of  tho  rocij*- 
ient :  it  in  tz  opere  operato.  "Vhv  ffTftct  is  wrotiglit,  in 
ram  the  reci[Ment  iuterposes  no  obgtacle.'  The  sacro' 
mflnts  are  tho  meuu  of  gnoc,  and  are  cKsontial  V)  tli<i 
beginning  and  growth  of  the  ChriAtiim  life ;  they  meet 
the  indiTtdiml  at  his  birtli,  and  attend  him  to  his  bnrial. 
They  arc  to  the  soul  and  the  roligioiw  life,  wliat  brwid  is 
to  the  body ;  nor  \s  their  effect  confined  to  the  soul ;  it 
extends  evun  to  tho  physiml  nature.  In  the  Sacntmvnt 
of  tlie  Altar,  the  body  and  blood  of  Christ  are  literally 
present.  Christ  is  once  more  offered,  an  onbloody  ancri- 
6oe,  through  which  tho  bcneflt«  of  the  luu-nfico  on  tlio 


t  "ndilXhadeclantkinof  tli«OiniiKniiifTnnt<Mu.Tli.  can.  i4.1i  "Sl<|uli 
dlxortt  Mcnmanta  nova  la^it  ma  contiiMr*  itnliwui  qiuLm  u^iScali  kol 
pul>m  i|wam  non  pontotiliiu  ubiorm  non  rnnr«m  ....  uiatliniiii  >il."  Tht 
lain-  B(iboaloi»n  lausfac  IhM  Iho  ■uminanlji  art  ffflrwiaiii^  taXtm  •  moMal 
tin  ci«al<B  an  blntacU  tn  d»  tAj  <d  Uw  workiiiK  at  di«ii]i>  gnat.  Uuiu  Sco- 
tiu  <Li*.  d-  l.ciii.  6)  %»y\  "Xonreiialrilur  1I>I  btiiiut  iiiuiua  uiiuriw,  <|iii  iii*r«a- 
lur  sntlun."  tee.  Qabiitt  Bid  (SfnHaff,  I.  Ir.  d.  I.  qu.  i.\  mnintaim  ilw 
MHM  ptopMltton.  [I  U  UiU  unet  which  (he  Betonncti  allackod.  AfUr  lh« 
BctoriDatioo,  BglUnalno  lay*  ( Ar  Bacr.,  il.  l.)i  "  VqIobUu, fldca (t  pMniuntIa 
la  tiudfiknla  adulta  ucniurio  ri'itiuruulnr  tx  p>no  iiitijnrll,''  ciu.  Ui.hJor 
(Sy«>Mtt^«<1r.{ ttkrBiiIlRiuUuilait4acn1iic.  Onoof  Ihc Snt prvpMltioM 
which  Cajilaii  nqolnd  Ladwr  U  nMct  mai  Niui  faeiinwnnna,  Mil  iUm  ik 
Mcnn«nM  Jiwtlllut.  tiu  ai«41fivallun  e(  the  Catbullc  npnMnUtkdi  on  tUt 
polnl  linn  the  Kcformatlon,  If  nttmi  (o  hy  Wfotr,  ComfUMdn  Dtnl'Uny, 
p,  laSi  UaH,/'nx./'t<Jinia',p,aKi«(|,  Sfl«al(aNiUMb.Pn«.JItMKrm<riwv 
ni/ JfdAiir  (fiiBiNsa  a.  Kriiiltn,  IMi,  p.OI).  ll  li  Mill  M  Iw  obMfTtd,  bn* 
•nr,  Itut  Uw  "  fldia,"  which  Ilcllannlnc  Kquirc*  In  Ibc  rucltileot  o(  th*  M  n 
nrnl,  li  not  tallh.  In  Iha  Prolaatanl  miud,  hut  Ihe  nmtat  M  dwirtBtl  Irulh. 

Aiu>llie"lul*ntloil"ln(hapriMt«hklii>  tt>|a'^<«tolh*vaU>lli7fll  Ibsiac 
ninrDl.  trmt  maki  it  txlcnut  —an  inttntlon  to  do,  ai  to  ihe  oiilnanl  (unn  A  (Ih 
iecrMncuC,  whal  Iho  church  dora;  whllv  ntbm  mak*  l(  "Inlinul  "—an  InUutlOv 
ii  talUll  th*  OBd  w  detiKn  (4  lh«  larranirat.  The  C'onnrll  of  Trenl  Itavm  lb' 
pohll  ilouhlfuL  SoM.  VII.  xi.  firrvna,  tnamt  Ui*  must  cmlnciil  ol  Uie  iNtci 
Calliolic  lb>vlnitiuu,  hiJib  to  th*  oocwiily  «{  tho  "  iulimtl "  U.tciriMUi  iV« 
bMiWia  Ttfi«g.,  il.  lU  (p.  VS..  Tbti(*tM«a  mniini-Dly  Moililtfcd  la  ti 
oiuTt  cwuHiant  with  tho  rtidonUna  dioUnlion.  KIm,  tHymnist*fUfkt4,  i. 
.n.  'riiuii  a  af«ol  inUMioc  of  Ih*  (nioal  lu}'  d*-nl<v  th«  rofiphal  at  Ika 
bMattat  a  naetuonL 


168 


TUE  nOnSTAXT  TUfO/Mir. 


does  ore  obUiiiibd  uid  uppro|)riatcd.     lu  tlitt  < 
■ubHt4Uicu  uf  Uia  wafer,  the  n-cipieiit  iK'tuallj  paituk''*  of 
tbe  Kedeomei's  body.     Thi:  wtcriCoo  of  Uio  Mius  b  the 
ocntral  act  of  wortdiip. 

Of  course,  this  coac«pUoit  of  th«  tucraiucnts 
poaea  u  wtiMwrmtod  imiistJiuod,  n  hierurchical 
which  is  auUiorized  to  dis|>«nso  tlioui.  TUojr  al 
the  poMition  of  tncdiaUm,  fruiit  wliosci  bands  tbe  mnua 
of  salvitUon  must  be  ivccired;  by  wbum,  licUiig 
judicuil  capacity  ptjtuiHWH,  or  tliu  tvniporol  puni.<diiui 
due  to  inoi-tnl  wn  after  repentance  and  cuiifi'Asiou, 
appointed  ;  and  who  buvo  it  in  thuir  power  to  prutiu 
Mgiunst  oontumucious  ollmidera  tlio  iiwfal  Muuteni 
oxoomntuoiontion,  whidi  blots  their  names  out  of 
book  of  life.  Bctwoon  thu  individiud  iu)d  Clirist  at 
a  fuUy  orgiinizu(],  ftelf>p«rpe  tun  ting  body  of  pri 
tluough  whose  offices  alone  the  soul  ooo  oome  into  tbu 
pOBwmion  of  the  bk-^fingt  of  Mllvntion.  It  U  tnm  that 
baptismi  without  whidi  one  cuuiot  be  saved  —  utilvM, 
indeed,  the  intention  to  recviro  it  is  pravcnttfd  from  bei 
carri^^d  out*  without  the  cnndidAle's  fiiull  —  may  bu 
formed  by  uiicouseciatod  hands,  in  eraergeocius  w 
no  priest  can  tw  summoned.  But  tltu  othvr  Bncnun< 
CoiiGrniiitioi),  thu  I^ml's  SupiH^r,  tliu  oUulinenL  of  Pi 
ance  and  Absolution,  Marriagi.%  Ordination,  Bx 
Uncttou,  belong  oxcltuirely  to  the  priest,  and  Imvu 
validity  unless  performed  by  him.  Standing  cLiis,  uot 
AS  a  member  on  a  level  witli  tlio  gvneral  congn*^tion  »( 
believers,  but  as  an  intermediate  Ujik  between  the  bodj 
of  beliovors  and  God,  the  priest  is  natumlly  siibj<.-ot  to 
the  nilu  of  mlibitey.  He  stiind«  ulool  froni  thu  onlii: 
relations  c^  this  earthly  Ufe.' 

In  dirvct  opposition  to  this  theory  of  a  ea<.-i'rdotal  d 
the  Prut«atJUits  nmiut-uned  the  doctrine  of  tht>  univi 
priesthood  of  bi'liuniis.     Tbe  Utity  stand  in  no  snub  d» 

'  MMSlUr,  CalJUitirwinu  u.  PrvUtaadmmi,  p.  tUL 


PROTKSTAMT  DOCTRIHB  Qt  TUE   SXCKAMILS'TS. 


169 


pend«tiCQ  on  a  pnestly  order.  Every  disciple  ku  th« 
rif^Iit  of  iintiicdiMtft  access  to  God;  uoiie  can  debar  him 
from  a  direct  approach  lo  tlw  Itcdixmvr.  Tiio  oiriocni 
oE  tlic  CliiLTch  ore  aet  apart  among  Uieir  brelliren,  for 
tliu  performanca  of  certain  dutaw;  but  tUo  olergy  aro 
It'll  II  distinct  and  xuiterior  onder,  clotli«d  witli  tiivdinloriul 
functions.  The  idea  ol  the  direct  relation  of  tho  soul  to 
Christ,  which  is  iDVolrcd  in  tho  dcKtrinu  of  jutttilicutioo 
by  faith  alone,  and  in  that  of  tho  genoralt  as  opposed  to 
ft  particular  pi-icnthood,  carried  with  it  an  ustiitijd  nxMli- 
iieation  of  the  previons  doctnite  of  the  aucnuuents.  Tho 
HufliuicDvy  of  tho  soctt&cc  once  mEule,  dispensed  with 
such  n  supplement  as  n'as  sought  in  the  repeated  sacrilice 
of  the  Mass ;  and  transubsUuitintJon  waa  rvjuctcd  a»  a 
gross  perversion  of  tho  Soriptural  am]  primitiw  doctrine. 
The  sacraments  were  declared  to  be  but  two  in  niimbec^ 
Baptism  and  tlio  Lord's  Su^^jci'.  'lliu  other  firo  hud 
Wen  added  to  the  number  without  warmut  of  Scripture. 
Of  these,  t^'xtrvniu  uncliou  was  si.-t  iviidu  as  na  unauthor- 
ized superstition.  Marriage  might  be  concluded  without 
the  iatorvention  of  n  privst.  P*nMiooa  vuui»hi-d  n-itU 
thft  doctrine  of  human  merit;  and  auricular  confessiont 
mstead  of  buing  u  duty  owud  to  tho  priest,  an  obligation 
to  recount  to  hini  all  remembered  aina  of  »  Iteiiioiu 
character,  waa  resolved  into  tJio  geuenil  privilego  which 
disciples  unjoy<  of  confnsing  to  one  anothur  their  faults, 
for  t]ie  puq)Oi«e  of  receiving  from  brethren  mbuket 
coansel,  and  comfort.  Morvovi-r  tho  effi<»cy  of  tlia  stto> 
ramcnts  was  made  dependent  on  the  spiritttal  state  of 
the  oommunicwit,  or  tho  disiiosition  with  which  they 
woro  rnvtuvod.  Everything  like  a  magical  elfieiency  waa 
denied  to  them  ;  without  faith,  the  sacrament  of  tlw 
Sup[M>i  brought  no  bonoflt.'    U»t  wliibi  tho  rrotr«tiinta 


>  r«(  b«lb  Lalfc«r«*  nd  CtMnkU  Ihm  ttiti  tn   h«  WMUDMb  tb*  «l*ut 
rign  nprwMUi  Iha  ia*»rd  optntlvnul    '  -    'll.i>Uafc»l««iiailH  ■•• 

inaal  it*  dkKf.     Htm  In  tS«  Cnnf  ■  %r-  I  ikt 


470 


TUR  rilOTi:ST.\VT  TIIEOLOGT. 


hvM  that  tho  vBlidity  und  tuo  of  the  sacraments  am  not 
dtiiifjidoiit  on  till!  pvnonal  charn«tor  of  tbe  ollidating 
minister,  tbejr  also  asserted  that  they  are  equally  ind&- 
p«'nclrnt  of  hilt  wcrot  inUiiition.  They  recoiled  from  Ui« 
doctrine  that  the  priest,  by  a  contrary  inteatinn,  may 
annul  ttiv  ciToct  of  tlio  sacraments ;  whoreby  it  is  always 
left  in  some  degree  unccrtniD  wli«tli«r  they  are  in  fact 
received. 

With  t]»e  Catholic  doctrine  of  pcnanoe,  or  tvmpurul 
punishments  following  npon  the  remisrion  of  mortal  sio, 
the  doctrino  of  purgatory  also  distippcarvd,  and  {.•onaa- 
(juenlly  tliat  of  tlto  lawfalnc«a  or  neefl  of  prayexs  for  the 
dead.  The  invocation  of  th«  Viif^  and  of  the  saints 
was  connoctt-d  witli  ideas  ooiioeriiing  the  character  of 
ChriHt,  which  were  at  variance  with  the  Protectant  con- 
ception of  Ills  conipnasioiiiitv  fueling  and  mediatorial  rela- 
tion ;  and  such  practice<i  diHappcarcd,  ahnost  of  llienuolTW. 
It  is  only  in  rccvnt  times  that  the  immactUate  oonoeptioo 
of  tile  Virgin  lias  been  prooUumed  as  a  dogma ;  but  tho 
coitus  of  Mary,  in  the  Middle  Ages,  especially  under  the 
anspices  uf  thi.^  Franciscans,  had  been  carriwl  to  a  pnrten* 
tous  height;  and  this<!xnlted  service  ofTered  to  the  motlM>r 
of  Jcitus  tho  Kcformeni  discarded.  Tho  wonhtpof  imagus, 
or  that  homa^'ti  to  imngi^s  which  the  C'atholic  theology 
permits,  and  thv  vcnoratiou  of  tlie  rvlies  of  saints,  van- 
ished with  t)ie  worship  of  titu  saintA  tlicniuolrea,  and  was 
njnoutiwd  likewise  as  a  species  of  idolatry,  or  as  involving 
a  temptation  to  an  idolatri^ut  service.  Pilgrimages  And  a 
great  variety  of  aacetic  usages  were  given  op  from  their 
perceived  inconsistency  with  th«  Protestant  doctrine  c( 
justification,  aitd  of  the  liberty  from  ceremonial  onlinanoea 

MKikumtai  "For  qon  otu  media  <teiu  vImdIi  iplriiai  wncti  in  aobi*  np«r». 
tu."  In  thn  Conl.  Hclv.  II.  (lix.)  Ii  li  utd  or  thr  uvtuavnta:  "Siitaa  « 
fW  lignlilcU*  Inlcr  te  ucriTnenlallliir  coajungunKir.  conji>iie"nlur,  iiii)u»ii,  T« 
Mdntnr  per  tlKnUIcaiiunem  myillcani  ec  nlunuum  vrl  raniftium  ejii*,  qo 
MciamintaconUllDll."  &e*  Urn  €••«/■  A*fl,an-%sr.;C-'*/.Oall.,ti%  IXXlV 
0M.  Otmtr^  p.  bit. 


HOflASTlCJSil   AND  crLrBACT. 


471 


I 


whldi  is  a  corolliiiy  of  Uiat  doctrine.  It  a  a  atziking 
proof  that  the  ceutral  principle  of  Protestantism  is  logi- 
ailly  inconsistent  nitli  tiicwc  praotiocw,  that  tlicy  dropjietl 
off  from  the  Bystem  of  worship  without  any  atniggle  k 
bohulf  of  thum,  wherever  Unit  principle  wm  int^^lligontl; 
received  and  professed.  Monasticbm,  together  witli  the 
celibacy  of  tJiv  cU-rgy,  ai;  ii  conipnisury  ralv,  shared  the 
same  fate  and  on  the  same  ground.  As  the  Catholic  the- 
ology iiiudu  u  distinction  botwven  mortal  and  wnial  stns, 
nting  thus  a  quantitative  ralltcr  than  a  qualitative 
,ndard  of  conduct,  which  Protestantism  rejected,  so  that 
thcolofjy  mado  a  ilistinction  between  two  types  of  Chris- 
tian character,  Uio  one  being  a  salvnble  de^^ree  of  excel- 
lence stich  as  is  gained  by  com[>Iyiiig  witli  the  ciiniinand* 
menta  of  Uie  Gospel,  the  other  being  tlie  more  exalted 
type  of  excellence,  which  is  rwichod  through  compliance 
with  the  counsels  or  rocommendationH  of  the  (toxjml.  On 
this  distinction  was  founded  the  monastic  system,  with  its 
throe  vown  of  poverty,  chastity  (including  ccliliocy),  and 
obedience.  The  Protestants  rejected  the  distinction  as 
belonging  to  a  legal  vyBteai  at  vrm  with  tliA  .ignrit  of  Chris* 
tian  ethics,  where  the  fundamental  characteristic  is  not  obe- 
dience to  tliat  whicli  is  exacted,  hut  a  free  unt]  willing  and 
grateful  self-eonaocratioa ;  where  tlie  question  is  not  "  how 
mnch  must  I."  but  "  how  mnch  can  I  "  do  for  the  Saviour  ? 
For  this  reason  they  cost  a^vay  also  tho  rule  of  ceUhacy  for 
the  clergy,  and  for  the  additional  reasons  that  it  was  one 
of  the  artifldal  harriers  whidi  had  been  xet  up  to  give  a 
greater  sanotity  to  the  priesthood  than  of  right  belongs 
to  tlie  Christiaii  ministry ;  that  it  puts  a  stigma  upon  tiie 
nmntagc  institntion  ;  and  tliat  it  had  proved  a  sotmM  o( 
oormption  in  the  Church.  Works  of  sii])crerogAtio«  and 
the  idcA  of  a  tronsury  of  supererogatory  merits  of  saints 
were  cast  away,  as  human  inventions,  wh><4i  hud  sprungout 
of  an  eclipwi  of  the  trutJi  timt  the  meri^' 
■olo  and  sufficient  ground  of  Mlmtio) 


472 


THE  PKOTESTAST  THEOI-OOT. 


gation  of  pennnet^  iinii  willi  tbnduuialof  pni^'ir^-,  then 
was  no  room  left  for  indulgences  or  for  slwotution,  con* 
uidered  aa  a  judi<uaL  act  of  Uic  priont.  Alwolotion,  w1i<t« 
it  mu  T«tAiii«d  by  the  Protestants,  was  a  dedanition  of 
tile  foi^Teoees  of  tlta  Gospel,  not  ta  ho  indMidiin)  )>y 
hiuiHt-lf,  but  to  the  asitemblj  of  belierera,  and  wiL-t  f<Miii[]<>(J 
on  a  general,  not  a  dutailtMl,  on  a  common,  not  an  aoricu- 
lar  or  private  ooufnnioii  of  tun. 

Of  the  theok^oal  divisions  among  the  Protestants,  the 
carlio«t  and  most  notoworthy  was  tlis  Saeramentarian  con- 
tniv<-n4y  bctwoeti  (lie  Lutberani)  on  the  fine  hand,  and  the 
ZvingUans  first,  and  then  the  Oilrinists,  on  the  other ; 
tlio  cuntro%-eniy  that  rngi-d  in  tli«  first  age  of  the  Roforma- 
tiou.  This  hm  been  described  in  pceoeding  pages.  'Hie 
Armininn  cuntrovcmy,  nhich  i»,  perhaps,  next  in  impoit- 
ance,  related  to  the  subject  of  predestinatJan,  and  itrosA 
towards  the  clow  of  the  sixteenth  oentory.  The  Kiifonn* 
en  had  followixi  Augustine  in  the  awcrtiou  of  uncondi- 
tional predestination  and  election,  which  they  assumed  to 
bu  tliu  correlate  of  salvation  by  gmvo  alone.  By  Besa* 
till!  pupil  of  Culrin,  who  succeeded  him  at  Geneva,  tlds 
doctrine  was  taught  in  the  extreme,  or  what  was  onllsd 
tlic  supni-hip!«H,rian  form.  Cnlrtn,  to  say  tlio  least,  bad 
not  nnifomUy  inculcated  this  phase  of  tlie  doctrine,  ac- 
cording to  whiclt  tiie  first  nu  of  man  is  the  object  of  an 
efficient  decree ;  the  aaJvation  of  some  niid  tlie  oondctn- 
nation  of  others  being  the  snpi-eme  end  in  reference  to 
which  all  the  rest  of  the  divine  deorocs  are  subordinate. 
Bnt  this  type  of  doctrine  spread  extenairely  in  the  Ko- 
formod  or  CulviniHtio  branch  of  the  Protestant  Clinnth. 
The  followers  of  Melanctlion  adopted  the  doctrine  of  con- 
ditional prcdcstinalioii,  in  tlic  room  of  tbe  Aagiutiniui 
view,  and  the  I.iit.henuia  at  lengtli  pmctioally  aeqntMoed 
in  the  same  opinion.  In  Holland,  therefore,  where  tbf 
I.utliiTnii  ti'inrhing  was  «irly  introtliicod,  tin'tv  had  bwn 
before  the  time  of  ArminiuB,  more  or  leas  dissent  frois 


4 


TOE  sxsrtM  OP  ABMisros. 


419 


the  Calviiiistic  dogma.  But  this  dUscnt  (iiitt  »c(iiiii«d 
Btmngth  tlirniigli  hU  infliKinoe.  Jnmcii  Armiiiius,  born 
Rt  Oud«watcr,  in  l-'>60,  was  one  of  the  most  Icanit^  Rnd 
ROiioniplifihod  th4y)1ogian»  of  hh  ngi>.  He  ntti<lied  at  tlie 
UniversUy  of  Loydon,  bat  received  his  education  piinci- 
pally  nt  Geneva,  wIkto  lie  was  under  the  instruclaon  of 
Bma.  After  trayelling  in  Italy,  he  returned  to  hia  natiTe 
country,  and  in  1603  bwamc  Professor  of  Theology  at 
l^yden.  and  a  coUi^uc  of  OomaniH,  a  sti-cnaoua  advo- 
cate of  the  supra-lapsnrian  theory.  This  viuw  Anniniiia 
hml  b(.'i'n  called  npon  to  defend  agninsit  the  preaihera of 
Delft,  who  liad  avowed  their  adhesion  to  th«  milder,  or 
iiifra-Iapsarinn  fonn  of  the  doctrine,  nwording  to  n-liicli 
election  has  reapnirt  to  men  already  fallen  into  a  statu  of 
sin.  Rut  in  th«  examination  of  the  Hiibject,  into  wfiidi 
AnniniuH  waa  thu-i  led,  ho  came  to  Rympathize  w!Ui  the 
opinion  which  he  waa  set  to  oppose,  and  at  length  to  go 
beyond  it,  and  nyect  uncon<]itioiial  election  altogether. 
In  short,  ho  gave  up  what  had  come  to  be  conadered  tho 
cliaraoteristic  dogma  of  Calvinism.  A  dispute  arose  be- 
tween him  and  Gomnrus.  and  the  debate  ftpread  through 
Holland.  Episcopiua,  the  learned  successor  of  Arminius 
at  Loyden,  and  Uytenbogacrt,  who  Lad  been  a  fellow- 
pupil  of  Uie  former  at  Geneva,  bocninc  the  leaders  of  the 
partT  which  the  movement  of  Arminius  had  called  into 
being.  The  main  pocoliaritics  of  their  creed  were  con- 
tained in  the  Remonstranco  —  which  gaw  the  name  rif 
ItumonHtraota  to  the  party  —  that  waa  oddresacd  to  the 
states  of  Holland  and  West  Friesland  in  IfilO.  Thia 
document  embraces  five  points,  namely.  Election  baced 
on  the  foreknowledge  of  faith,  universal  Atonement,  in 
the  room  of  Atoncmf-nt  m.i<ie  for  the  elect  only,  tho 
resistibility  of  Grace,  in  connection  with  tJio  need  of  R»- 
generation  by  the  Spirit,  and  tlvc  doubtfulness  of  the  Cot- 
viniKtic  tvtiet  of  the  perseverance  of  all  bflievera, 
A  great  political  lino  of  diviuon  was  also  run  between 


174 


THK  fROTESTASr  TBBOUWT. 


the  two  theological  parties.  The  Amuniaus  wvre  Repute 
lic9Uift|  und  in  favor  of  a  closer  uninu  of  Church  luxl  State, 
or  n  partial  control  of  the  State  over  the  Chui>Dh.  Th« 
Calvinists  adhered  to  thu  boiisc  ut  Or.'ingi-,  aiid  wcru  fur 
llu)  inilc[Htiid«nce  of  Uic  Cliiudi  Id  rehitioii  to  tlie  State. 
In  the  pTogrties  of  tJie  conflict,  Olden  Barnevcldt  was 
bi-hi^dt.'i),  and  Orotiiu,  the  illustrious  ornament  of  (ho 
iVrminiaa  party,  waa  baniBlied.  The  S^-nod  of  Dort  wis 
MBembliM],  in  1610,  foe  tfai>  piirpoto  of  giving  judgOK^t 
upon  tliis  llieologioal  controversy.  While  this  Synod 
ieclined  to  give  an  express  sanction  to  the  Bupra-lapKariiin 
vicwa  of  Gomnnui,  it  declared  ita  judgment  in  oppoaition 
to  the  Arminians,  on  a!)  the  characteristic  points  of  their 
•ystem,  and  put  forth,  by  way  of  antitlicsia,  vliat  have 
been  called  the  Gve  points  of  high  Calvinism:  uncoudi- 
tioiial  election  ;  limited  atoiuMiiciit  (designed  for  the  L-lcct 
alone)  ;  tJie  complete  impotency  of  tho  fallcu  will ;  Irre- 
sistible grace ;  and  the  pcntoverance  of  believers.  The 
Arimaians  introduced  into  Uieir  theology  other  duviationa 
from  the  current  system.  In  particular,  they  modilit'd 
the  iicccptcd  doctrine  of  Original  Sm.  excluding  niitive 
guilt  in  the  literal  and  proper  senae  of  tlio  term ;  and 
througli  tile  celebrated  treatise  of  Grotius  in  answer  to 
Socinu»,  and  in  the  vrritings  of  oilier  cniiiii;nt  tlieolo- 
gians  of  the  party,  tliey  substituted  for  the  Anselnuo 
iloctriiic  of  tjie  Atoncincut  what  hatt  been  tcnnt-J  tho 
governmcutul  view.'     llie  Arminian  part),  from  the  out- 

■  litntiui  niMU  Ou  otijiicliana  ot  Soviniu  lijr  ilmj^ing  iImc  KMnomgnt  or  titia- 
(ii.-lioii  ii  tbr  p«f  mam  nf  ■  ilelii.  Tbs  rnlar  i>  M  libanjr  la  iMrtnn,  (inxridnl 
tiiililji:  i7Jtr  it  nnt  enilant^nd.  Tlis  mil  ot  paniitimEnt  U  lli*  pntTcnlwi  o( 
lulurt  InutcnulDlKi  OT  Ui«  Mcsrilj  of  Uio  conunoDWMllh.  Ttiir  dulb  b' 
ClL-ij!,  ill  il*  iuoT*l  tllvcli  M  •  mn::!  to  llii*  end,  ii  rqiiralvnt  (n  tJie  ki:>l  jmU' 
ilty,  fino«  it  Hgullr  tninlfMU  God'*  botrei  ot  tin.  llcuco  it  (imuil*  Ul* 
Hilar  to  lumloB,  on  titch  M>n<l!i1oai  m  h*  fiMjr  Ju<]|i«  il  v!**  to  irniimr.  Th* 
Mtdt  uf  111*  tiratinn  iloririno  »ra  in  th«  StvliM  th<nAogy,  vhich  aflinncil  Uul  Ui* 
■bnianvnl  in  nut  infn'iin'oil^  Uie  ti}iiir*laol  ot  Ui*  pfiishy,  bul  uLca  iu  |)1a(* 
fej*  (hs  dMiw  aivvputnc*  oceonMnt  (aeccpUloUo):  Ihuugb  Unilim,  od  ttriwl  tiii 
li«luilt«l|[roundi,npDdiMMthi(Uiiii.  D^ftatt*  FUti  CalitL  d*  Stll^altM 
OnMi  adt.  F,  Soeim-n  (ISIT).    Omtil  Ojftra,  It.BT. 


TETC  AKADAJ^'fSn. 


475 


^ 


Set,  cultivtitod  Biblical  studies  wiUi  ait  eomegt,  sulioWlj 
ftptriti  Hid  nuule  imi)orlaut  conlrilmttoiiA  in  tltiii  branch  of 
tliaologtcal  science.  TUcy  wei-e  markod,  partly  us  a  natu- 
ral consequi'iieti  of  the  pucution  of  clictr  parly  mid  o[  tim 
penecntion  to  wbich  tliey  were  subject,  by  a  tibenU  aud 
tolerant  dispottiUon.  'Ilioy  vrvr«  in  fiivor  of  redndug  tlw 
doctrinal  te^ts  at  the  foundation  of  Cbmtiaa  union,  to 
thu  bricfL«t  iKiRsil)l<;  oumpiiss.  Indmkl,  a  coiiipamtivc  in* 
diffeivrce  in  reapeizt  to  creeds,  or  a  low  estimate  of  their 
value,  was  one  of  tlioir  chanctfiristiQ  traits.  T)i<.<  Ar* 
miniau  tlieology,  besides  the  progroiu  which  it  made  in 
the  couutry  where  it  had  its  origin,  by  degrem  stipplunt4;d 
Cnlviniim,  for  tlio  most  part,  in  Ui«  Engtiith  Hi)iiioopal 
Church.  It  was  adopted  substantially  by  John  Wesley, 
thti  principal  foundor  of  Methodism,  and  in  tliis  way  woii 
a  nuHu'rous  and  piiworfiU  body  of  udh<>rents. 

In  Uio  fennent  of  tliougfat  and  discussion  which  was 
pirodiioixl  by  the  Protmtont  movement,  a  n«w  imp^ttus,  as 
well  as  liberty,  was  given  to  speculation.  Slumbering 
t<indanci«a  of  opinion  were  awakened  to  ix^sii  lif<>,  and 
nev  eeots  sprang  up,  wbich  were  oqxinlly  dissatialied  witli 
the  old  Church  and  witlt  tlio  position  taken  by  the  Re> 
formers. 

Among  the  advocates  of  more  radical  cliajig««  who 
conAid<>recI  tliat  U)c  Prot««tAnt  leaders  hnd  slopped  linlf- 
way  in  their  work,  is  tlial  numerous  and  widely  scattered 
slflM,  wbich  coniprehvndud  under  it«elf  many  subordinntc 
diTiaions,  but  which  was  known  by  the  name  of  Anabap- 
tists.' Tbcy  received  this  title  from  their  rcjuction,  in 
oonunoii,  of  (lie  baptism  of  infants,  and  from  tlieir  in»st- 
tng  that  tlioso  who  joined  tbcm  should  be  baptixi^d  anew. 
One  prevailing  feature  of  thfir  system  was  a  belief  in 
'mmediate  or  prophetic  inspiration,  which,  if  it  did  not 
Mipcnodv  tJio  written  Word,  asKimibited  tliem  to  ita  iui< 

>  KibVtm,OrK*tiiitJ.pna.  Sttitnlm.Z4llalu4.ll^.(aai.  Doraer.JVU 


«76 


T1IE  PnOTlXlAST  iHiwuwr. 


thnn.     'I'hia  was  the  pn^itton  of  tlio  propliets  wli© 
up  tba  (.-oiDuiotititi  ut  Witu-nWrg,  whilv  Liit)it*r  mis 
Wartbui^,  anil  wlio  gained  over  Carlatatlt  to  tlit'lr  muimJ 
Ono  ci>nscM|Ui<Ri.'c  of  this  form  of  (^'ntliasi&sm  was  a 
t^inpl  for  liuiiiitii  U'liniitig  niii)  fi>r  otudy.    Thu  inmn 
teaching  n{  tbe  Spirit  retKlers  tbfl  laborious  exfrti' 
tbu  int(41iy;t  iin[)erfla<Nn.     Another  nf  th«-ir  tvncts 
belief  in  the  visible  kuigclom  of  Chmt.  wliii^Ii  iru 
eract«(l  on  the  mins  of  Chiir«)i  and  ScbM.     Io  some 
Uiey  hoiil  tliat  temporal  ruin  bAtot^  to  t]i<>  aniots 
and  earned  out  tlteir  fanaticjil  theory  by  soizing  on 
dty  of  Mtinster  and  dwposHMing  Hw  miig]str»ti«. 
dmee  their  eonduct  'was  nuu-ked  by  an  asoetdo  mo: 
and  sometimes  by  licontioos  nuixims  and  pnictio(.>s  ;  oppo- 
site pheiioniena  which  h«qently  oocmt  in  aec&l  of  Ojia 
iiatiirv.     Thi-y  nppcar  to  tutTo  ^npmlly  held  a  p<*c«ilisir 
notion  about  the  Incamalion  ;  that  tii»  iMxly  of  Clirist  ia 
not  formed  tvom  tliat  of  the  Virgin,  is  diflforent  from  the  ' 
Benh  and  blood  of  othi>r  men,  and  wha  d<>tfit<I   at   the ' 
Asoonsion.     Such  a  doetrinu  was  lieltl  by  J«»n  Uomrher. 
who  wa*  put  to  distil  in  England,  after  Iw'ing  uxaminMl  | 
by  Cranmer.    Such  was  the  opinion  ahto  of  tlie  myntk', 
Caspar  Schwenkfuld,  n  Ornnjin  nobleman  of  pious  aoil 
zonloun  cluiracter,  a  leader  of  one  of  tlie  most  vrortlt; 
die  Anabaptist  B(.-ct8,  who  died  not  far  froiD  1&61. 
was  in  Holhin<l  that  the  Anaba]iti!tlK  were  nn^t  numc: 
Many  of  thirm  vti^rv  guilty  of  extraragani.'eH  whtoh  alTi 
a  fair  pretext,  tbotigb  no  just  H)M>log>-,  for  treating 
with  extreme  suvority.     After  tlio  disturbances  oonnecCed 
jrith  llie  seizure  of  Munst<-r,  the  more  tobur  class  o£ 
OApdsta  found  a  leader  in  the  person  of  Meiiao,  who 
elK^d   from    jilace    to    phuw,   luid   organised    them    into 
churches.    They  were  a  simple  and  honest  [teople,  aiming 
to  shape  their  lives  aceonltng  to  the  ])n.>04>pt»  of  the 
iiscarding  infant  baptism,  the  oittli,  and  the  um*  of 
admitting  that  civil  magistrates  are  aecesEnry  i 


aiming 
BiUU 


THK   ANTmtlNITARUNS. 


477 


ent  condition  uf  tbe  vorld,  but  refimiiig  for  tlu^tnwlTmi 
to  hoM  civil  oSioe.  Behveen  the  followers  of  Mtxnr^r, 
who  «iiU'K;(l  into  ih*  rubiiUioii  cjilli'<i  Uio  I'liwnnis'  win, 
in  whom  a  reli^oiu  entbusiasm  vrbicb  had  been  kindled 
[MTtly  by  the  LuUiumtt  movvnicot,  wh*  inini^k-d  with  the 
dtwire  to  delirer  theinae!v«e  from  tJio  op|>ri>asion  of  the 
German  princo  —  between  thvM  lintlinsinsts  and  the 
biunbl<!  Atvd  pious  Mennonitcti  of  thn  Nt-thcrlnndx,  who 
abjured  tbe  usu  of  force  nltogethor,  there  was  a  ver}'  ^rido 
dIIT«r«>jic«  ;  and  j*«t  both  were  brano)i««  fniin  a  cotniiion 
stock.  Both  were  fryitfl  of  a  widely  diffused  religions 
txcitctn^-itt,  wliicli,  in  \ta  diventtt  phaws,  retained  ccrtiiiu 
common  diaracterisUcs. 

Vsry  different  in  mitny  of  their  truit«,  imd  yet  cu- 
riously connected  with  ttio  Annbnptists,  were  the  Anti- 
trinitarinns  of  the  age  of  ttie  Reformation.'  It  vroB  in 
Italy,  among  the  cuUurwl  clnwi,  in  men  of  in<)tii$itivtf 
and  cultivated  mind^,  that  the  Autilrinttariitns  npjwm-od. 
The  pocnliar  bone  of  the  belhwdcttrcii  eultnru  tliat  fol- 
lowed upon  the  raviral  of  learning  was  often  congenial 
with  thi-«e  new  opinions.  'Hiere  was  it  tliRpo.-Htion  to 
exnmiue  the  foundations  of  religion,  to  cid)  in  question 
the  traditioiuil  doctrines  of  the  Chutoh,  and  to  nift  the 
entire  creed  by  the  application  of  reason  to  its  cont<>nt?. 
The  writings  of  Servetus  doubtless  bttd  much  iiiflueura 
in  diffusing  antitrinitimnn  opinionii;  but  ntost  of  the 
coii»pi<'Uous  Unitarians  who  first  appear,  are  of  Italtnii 
birth  ;  generally  exiles  from  their  conntry  ou  account  of 
their  belief.  After  the  publicatinn  of  the  antitrinitanan 
w^n-k  of  Servetns.  in  l.'iSl,  it  is  said  tJiat  tvot  liws  thjin 
forty  educated  men  in  Vicena*  and  Uie  neighbotltood 
werv  nAtle«l  in  a  private  association,  alt  of  whom  hi'ld 
Unitarian  opinions.  The  Unitarian  rloctrinn  was  found 
in  Uie  cburclios  of  Italinu  refofjoca  at  Ooueva  uid  lit 

Of  Bitttiimlmm  [IMI ). 


178  Tut.  rmiKSTxyj  TiuwLOGr. 

Kuticb.  Blandritta,  »  learned  pliytiidau  and  ftftorwardi 
ail  iiidtmntiiU  {im[inguti.>r  of  Uiiiliiriani&ni  in  Poland 
and  obuwbure,  w;is  tlioir  Itfadlng  adliorvut  at  the  former 
placu;  while  at  Zitridi  the  vininent  preacher,  Bemup* 
dino  Ochino.  erohmocd  the  mme  theology.  Gentili  was 
put  to  dvuth  in  Dvniu  in  16C6,  for  hu  opinions.  Aldatt, 
u:  associate  of  niandrata  at  Geneva,  found  an  asjluiu 
ill  Poland.  But  tho  most  eminent  of  this  don  of  mi>n, 
and  the  one  who  gave  a  name  to  the  adherents  of  llni- 
tariunism,  was  Fuustns  Socinus.  Bom  of  a  noble  family 
at  Siennit,  in  16Si),  and  cnduvd  with  imcommon  talents, 
he  devoted  himself  first  to  Uie  study  of  law.  He  had 
been  loft  an  orphan,  and  Ills  education  hud  been  negli- 
gently conducted.  He  snon  inaiiifist^rd  on  lutcroit  in 
theology,  and  was  guided  by  the  letters  and  conversa- 
tions of  his  uncle,  Livliiu  Soctnus,  a  man  of  an  inquire 
ing  mind,  versed  in  classical  learning,  trlio  soi^ght  tho 
Eoui(;ty  of  the  Kcformcre  in  various  countries,  and  cau- 
tioualy  betrayed  hiii  predik'Ction  for  Unitarian  teaets. 
The  persc.;ution  to  which  his  family  were  o-!i:p«(tcd  com- 
IwUvd  Ffiuatus  to  kiav©  Italy.  Alter  spending  three 
y«ftTS  in  Lyons  be  wont  to  iCurich  to  bdce  possession  of 
the  manuscripts  of  hia  deceased  uncle,  wliieli,  lliough  con- 
sisting of  frskginL-ittary  papers,  fumUbud  bim  with  bints 
and  observations  of  mach  value.  Fur  twelve  years  ho 
rusided  at  Uiu  court  of  Francis  de  Medici  at  Florence, 
and  enjoyed  high  lionors  tuid  favors,  but  was  drawn 
away  from  the  study  of  theology  to  wliich  be  was 
strongly  inclined.  LcjLviug  Florence,  ho  spent  four  years 
ut  Basel,  where  he  labored  on  bis  tbeologtral  system,  and 
diffused  bis  opinions  by  conversation  and  by  bb  writ^ 
Ings.  At  leii^i  be  i-eeorted  to  Poland  (1579),  where  tlie 
remainder  of  his  life  was  spent.  At  first  he  was  not 
received  by  the  Unituriaiis  into  tb<ur  church,  bccaiiso  be 
refused  to  be  rebapdzed.  His  own  view  was  Ihat  Chri^ 
tiuD  Iiaptism  was  intended  only  for  converts  from  beatb- 


aooHDS  AKD  m$  srsmt. 


470 


I  of  int 

■       [ng  hi 


eniam.  But  Uio  Polish  UIlitariat]l^  Like  their  brothren 
in  ItiUy  luid  like  SurvctiLi,  were  oppoaed  to  the  practioa 
of  iaiant  baptism.  Soclniis  tiimUy  succeeded  in  iinprues- 
[ng  his  Tiewa  upon  the  UnitiiriHiia  about  him,  luid  book 
post,  for  which  hia  talenta  flUed  him,  of  an  acluiowl> 
Icodttr.  His  intellectual  power  itnd  liL<»  polialied 
inannera  oomtnended  him  to  tlie  favor  of  the  Polish 
nobloa ;  and  his  inllaonoe  was  augmented  by  lus  miurioge 
with  a  daughter  of  one  of  them.  Ity  Sooinua  and  by 
the  Bcliolars  who  were  trained  in  the  Polish  schools,  of 
whom  Crell  is  the  most  distinguishi^^d,  the  Unitariaii 
>yst«m  of  dootrino  was  ably  sUiuni  and  defended. 
LkUus  Socinoa,  from  whom  Faiistua  derived  his  funda- 
mental principles,  hud  too  much  gtintintl  rcvcronc^  for 
religion  to  bu  tuitislied  witJi  tlie  Dei&m  ;ind  Atlieism 
whicli  were  so  common  among  cultivut«d  Italians  about 
him.  But  hu  first  stiidivd  the  Bible  to  iind  principles 
which  be  could  pliiicv  at  the  foundation  of  a  aymtiini  of 
juri^rudence.  'Iheru  vms  no  definite  centre  from  whicli 
his  rcligioiiii  life  ematiiited ;  no  crisis  of  rcligiouH  •.■x]m> 
rience.  ri«  resorted  to  the  Scriptures  as  a  text-book  ol 
rcTtvled  doctrine,  and  brought  to  Uieir  interpretation  the 
rationalistic  temper  which  was  the  natural  result  of  hJs 
studies  and  associations.  Hence  his  sapcniutundism 
stood  in  no  -ritul  conne-ction  with  his  inward  life,  and 
WAS  tlierefore  something,  as  it  wore,  apart,  having  no 
hving  roots  within  the  soul.'     It  secma  at  first  remark- 


■  }ltauilsr.  DtfvunyittMdilf,  ii.  ISO  xq,  II  ft  launMlnff  lo  nhtetttbam 
llM  t^po  a(  OiMlonr,  Ihe  iatcrpratallon  of  th*  Goipel,  raritB  doCMdlog  m  sua 
bm  or  havB  nol  a  dsOnlle  ctntn  of  nlisioui  lift,  a  crtdi  or  tDniin(C.polal| 

I'JU.  Tir  cMni[>lc,  M  LulJirc  liacl.  Tbli  divmity  may  bo  teto  nber*  Itirrt  b 
«a  nl.  <UKn>|>uicy  in  doccrinc:  tun  in  thv  Aportolk-  ikv.  bgta-HU  I"!!!]  uiil 
tSt  illKlplci  irbn  irtrc  giibJFct  li>  •  i;radii*1  minlnc*  It  apj-iun,  in  viaic  da- 
pec,  tn  tbc  conlnul  brlwrcn  Znineln  «nd  IhciIlirrRrra:  ICfrnringn,  l.nUicrH  1 
^vla.  It  ii  Mill  oiorf  murkivl  in  iu  rnnRquKiutt  in  Fjuimui  anil  la  iMny  of 
Um  kaniRl  Aiminian*  at  ItiilUiid.  wlivii  tvinpuvil  wiili  their  oppoDcnU.  !■ 
Om  SMlnUoi,  tbb  didcrenM  in  llifoltiuy.  bli'infc  lU  tour.'c  In  llw  pNGltoridM 
tt  nllcioai  aipMifimi  na«bcd  iU  cl'iaax 


THE  PBOTKSTAMT  TIIEOLOOf. 

nblv,  and  yvt  it  is  dianwtflriitic  of  the  Sonntan  tone  ol 
tlxnigbt,    that  supeninturalisin   waa   puslie<l    to   (ui   ex^H 
tivine  I  that  tb«  argumeDta  of  natnral  religion,  «v«ii  for^ 
the  Ihmd);  of  God,  w«r«  bvlil  in  light  ixtncm,  ftnd  ReTuI»> 
tion  yroB  ilecliirLtl  to  be  the  source  of  our  knowlird^i 
evon  in  the  caw  of  the  first  tmths  of  rcl^on.     Rerelif 
lion,  it  wa»  hi.-1'l,  mny  c-nntnin  things  ftbore  noMn,  but 
nothing  oontrary  to  reason :  and  this  canon  was   ao  ap- 
pliLid   in   Hio   inUu'pivUition  of   the   Bibl«,  Uuit  vmrimn 
dnctrin4«,  eKptwially  the  Trinity,  were  exchid«d  on  tin 
ground   of    tlieir    allcgad    inconsistcmey   with    tntnitii 
knowledge.     Tlie  prinio   charaoterititio   of   Uio   Sooiniaill 
theology  waa  Uio  dt^nial  of  the  divinity  and  ntisfiictioaj 
of  Chriat.     IIo  is  a  teacher  and  h-giitlator,  tlio  apiwintedl 
it<!)ul  of  II  (iptrittiiil  kingdom  ;  hat  while  kia  prophetic 
kingly  ofliceii  are  hold,  his  priestly  or  expiatory  functic 
is  denied,  or  it  is  Uinttvt]  to  the  vrork  of  intvrccsMry  i 
plication.     The  chnnch  doctrine  of  ori^iial  nn  in  mn 
rially  modified.    Tlie  image  of  God  m  man  is  said  to  be' 
identical   with   his  dominion   ovor  tlio   Iow<t  ordere   of 
CTx-iilinn,  and  the  effect  of  the  first  sin  is  made  to  be  Uitt^ 
propagation  of  physicid  mortality.     Tlin  doctrine  o(  tlitt^| 
annihilation    of   Uio   wicked   in  substituted   for   tliat  of 
eternal  punishment.     The  Bep:iralion  of  ethics  from  re- 
ligion, tlio  dtHJmiotioii  of  ethical  character   from  Chrift- 
tiaii  faith,  was  a  characteristic  tendency  of  the  Sot-iniiui 
type  of   Uiinking,  and  n  coroUai-y  of  th«  extromc,  but 
ono^ded  Bupcniatunilisin,  to  which  wo  have  advcrtod. 
The  logical  and  exegetical  ability  of  the  Sonnian  loaderaj 
giive  11  wide  currency  to  their  doctrine.     Whfin  persecn* 
tioti  BToee  against  the  Unitarians  of   Poland,  in  oonse-^ 
quenc«  of   ttiv  Cntbolic    Reaction   and   the  acts  of  tha 
Jennita,  many  fli>d  into  Holhmd,  and  came  into  friendly^ 
relations  with   the   Amitnians.      Scm«   alco  jmned   the^| 
churches  of  the  Moiiiioiiites.     It  wan  lIio  ingenious  and 
foi-roidable  attack  of  Fimstua  Sovinus  upon  thv  Ansvlmit 


I 


PttOJKCTS  OP  REtJNIOH. 


481 


I 


Aeory  ul  llic  Atoiiemont,  wliicli  gum  rbe  to  the  trentiae 
of  Orotiua,  and  mc^reotly  oc«aaion«d  a  modification  o( 
the  orthodox  doctrino,  which  biu  found  a  wide  nccopt- 
uioc. 

'Hie  difference  between  the  I,uthemn  and  CalvinisUc 
creeds  wA«  not  so  gnyiit  na  tn  prccludo  clTurtK  to  unit«  th« 
two  parties.'  The  chief  hindrance  to  Uieir  sncoeaa  was 
the  intulorant  projiidicc  of  rigid  LulliL'niDH,  Mpcdall)' 
after  thi-ir  triumph  over  the  I'hilippixtv,  the  adherents  o( 
the  milder  Uieology  of  Melancthou.  The  abandonment 
of  Ltitlieranlsni  l)y  screru.1  of  tiie  Qvrmim  stut««,  among 
wliieh  wiut  the  Palatinate,  and  Hie  oppresition  to  which 
l.iitheran  preachers  went  eornvtiinen  subject,  in  coiisc- 
quenoe  of  the  adoption  of  Calvinism  liy  their  rulers, 
ombittercd  the  opposition  to  a  union.  Earnest  and  iong- 
eontinued  efforts  in  this  direction  were  made,  from  tbo 
esirly  part  of  the  Bcvent^K-ntli  w-nlury,  by  the  tbeologiaiis 
of  Helimitudt.  of  whom  Calixtus  was  the  most  eminent.' 
The  H«i<jiK-not  Synods  of  FmnoB  wcro  dijitingiiislicd  for 
ttieir  liberal  and  friendly  course  in  reference  to  nego> 
liations  witti  tlic  LutJierans. 

]*ruj«'tH  for  the  reunion  of  the  entire  body  of  I'rotea- 
tants  with  the  Roman  Catholics  mot  with  no  better  buc- 
co».'     On  various  oocasioiw,  as  at  Augitburf^,  in  1630, 

>  Tlie  yarm  of  Catford  (liSfl,  llaa*.  p.  KO)  wt*  forlb  tha  Luthcnn 
Ibfolog}',  in  otip«^lion  to  lb*  n-risni  of  MvUnnllinn,  and  In  lootnit  villi  Cal- 
vlidau.  It  daniM  Sjnvrxin  ud  all  pomv  ia  xaaa  \a  niipvnl*  In  bia  oooTfr- 
WDDi  bat  11  kin  donin  imtiuilil*  jiiM*,  auributn  tha  ivjVlion  of  Chri<t  in 
Iha  ndnuM  tA  nUB  to  111*  Ildj^  Spirit,  aoA  ■Olniu  Hi*  univtmlitr  nf  th» 
(An  of  Ihfl  tiMpal.  KitrytliiDjt  Kk«  KcfmbMlon  it  ndodfil.  Tlii*  Icvkall]- 
■oioODla  la  ■'«iiililinn*i  |<R<l">lii<alinii,  wlildi  iiu  mil*  Ilm  l.uUMraD  dortriaa 
in  Ih?  17lU  (I'liliirr.  Tlii»  «••  llw  fin.t  |kmuI  o(  <lilIiinn-4  with  ilif  tUlvinitt*. 
1\f  Mbrr  pQintt  mw*  thv  l.ollivnti  Can>ub«tMtm>i<in,  iriita  which  wrri  roii- 
BK'iJ  tli«  comniiinicalinii  u(  diving  itlri^iutM  to  llM  bumtil  Mtarr  a(  Jcam^ 
mH  I)>B  utiiiiullyoF  hi»  iKidr;  tn|^(htc  irilb  the  om  ol  piotuna  and  othor  miner 
pH-ulruritid  of  ITi«  riliml. 

*  FiiT  an  anount  of  thno  luttawtra  fCorU,  wo  Ilcrlna,  0*4.  i'.  HniA. 
Vti..»if*rt»A,^t4.R*f.\%stAt.\'Ati.  XMov,  PT  W,  Bin  ifq  Gid* 
<r,  IV.  ili.  0. 1,  t. 

CIntkT,  VI.  \.  I  Ili.  H  »t.  n- 
M 


483 


THE   PBOTRSTAMT   TltECHXOT. 


4 

a  bod 
mperor 
i  to  tlifl 

GeorgdB 

LtM 

bor 

rbe 

'1 


on  th«  ocoiMon  of  tho  Diet,  in  tbe  ConfpreDOc  at  Rati»- 
bnn,  and  in   tliu  Augsburg  lotenm,  tbo  Catholics  bod 
evinced  n  disiwsitiou  to  iiinkc  oomoMioiu.    The  Kmperor^ 
Fcrdiniuid  I.,  reuoiDinended  conciliatory  measures 
Council  of  Treiit  in  156*2  ;  and,  failiiii^  in  liif  purjiose, 
«DcounigL-d  th«  tbtKiIogians  n«ir  bim,  in  jkuUcuW  < 
Caaaajider,  by  their  writbga   and  panonal   intercoutM 
with  leading  rroUistuntfl,  in  diffcTfiit  coiintrips,  to  labor 
Cor  the  reconciliation  of  tb«  two  contcndinj*  juartiM.     TIml 
position  of  Ei-aunue,  tliat  thv  creed  tltonld  be  confined  ' 
fundaiDontal  articles,  and  tbat  no  agreement  should 
required  on  msttera  of   lias  moment,  was  )»tili»tuntiaU 
taken  by  most  of  Uio  advocates  of  reunion.     Cassande 
proposed  to  go  back  to  tbe  Scriptures,  and  to  tbo  Cfaurcb' 
of  tbe  Hmt  live  centuries.     Calixtns  adopte<1    Uie  mms 
principle.      Irenical   movementa  of    this   character    ar^H 
spedally  interesting  from   tbe  part  that  was  taken  Id 
them,  by  two  of  Ute  ablest  mm  in  tbu  I'rotcstunt  body, 
GrotJus  and  Leibnitz.      'I'be  latitudinarian  tendency  a|H 
Erasmus,   and    tlie  ctvu'iliaLory   spirit  and   opinions  of 
Mclanctlion    ouoe   mure    found   strong    repn-sentativea. 
The  persecution  which  Grotiua  suffered  at  the  handa 
of  bid  ProtiHttant  brctlirun,   llie  Calvinists  of  HoUaod ; 
his  observation  of  the  rigid  attachment  of  the  Piotaitiint 
■octw  to  minor  pecub»ritii.'8  uf  doctrine,  and  their  bitte^fl 
dieological  strife  among  themsolvca ;  his  sorrow  at  th* 
distracted  condition  of  Europe  in  the  early  part  of  the 
Berenteenth  century,  and  at  tlic  calamities  rosidting  from 
the  won  of  religion,  inclined  him  to  set  a  high  value  upon 
tbo  restoration  of   ecclesiostiojil  unity.     His  inberoourse 
with  moderate  and  enlightened  Cntliolics  in  Franco  coi^H 
firmed  this  disposition.     The   differences  among  Cbri»^^ 
tiana  appeared   to  him   small    in   comparison  witli   the 


points  on  which  they  were  united.  The  tendencies  cjH 
thought  peculiar  1«  bim  as  a  Htnt^wman,  a  scholar,  and  i^^ 
tbeoUigiau,  conspired  to  make  him  an  advocate  of  ooifr 


cnonnB> 


4S$ 


ptomiae  and  union  among  t-cclesiaBtical  parties.  It  is  not 
Borpriffliig  that  now  lie  was  cluirgvJ  witli  SociiiiaiiLini, 
ami  now  ticoisi^l  oi  b<;i»g  a  Koinaii  Ciitliolto.  He  em- 
ployed his  vast  erudition  in  tJie  endeavor  to  softtto  Protc** 
tnnt  antipaUiic*  to  tim  Ciitholic  Cliurcli  iui<)  iU  docti'inm. 
He  wrote  a  treatise  to  prove  that  the  Pope  was  called 
Antictirist  through  a  miiuiiborprctiition  ot  tiiu  Apocih* 
Ijpae.i  In  tlitn  a»d  in  otlier  [Kililioulioim,  lie  asHumed 
Uio  poMtion  of  an  apologist  for  tlie  Catholic  theology.' 
In  his  idealized  intcqjntbitiou,  Le  finds  it  {KHtsiblv  orcu  to 
aaae^rtmiBubstantiatioD ;  he  doea  not  consider  tlie  use 
ttfUUgii  in  worship  abeolutely  unlawful,  though  hu 
Vej^aii  tho jibtum  connected  with  it ;  *  he  thinlui  that  the 
invocation  of  shunts  and  prayers  for  the  dead  are  not 
inadmissible ;  and  finds  great  advantages  in  cpi»L-opal 
govcniniont,  luid  in  tlie  primacy  of  Uio  I'opc.  Evvn  the 
interference  of  tlie  Popes  with  the  elciction  of  Gmperon, 
has  s  ground  in  the  fact  that  tlio  Popes  muy  bo  considered 
the  representative!!  of  tlie  Koman  people.  Grotius  givtia 
a  place  to  tradition  in  the  exegesis  of  Scripture.  Ills 
real  position  is,  tliat  tlie  propoaidona  on  which  all  Chri». 
tians  can  unite,  are  to  be  ascerbdncd  by  u  universal 
ooundl,  composed  of  nil  parties,  and  tlint  the  oonclusiona 

1  Grelii  Opera  (BucI,  l;32l.  It.  1}T  »q. 

>   I'liliiiii  pro  Pmi-  tal.  eonlnt  txamtm  A.  Riftli,  lUd.,  p.  Ut,  I'ia  aj  Paeem 

leriL,  Ibid.,  p.  MB,  ttc. 

*  U«  dcDlca  (lie  unlrciml  Talldltgr  of  tk»  DtKtloguv  nndef  111*  ntii  ilI«p*iiM- 
Hod.  He  appcul)  to  tbc  ooniiD4i>dm<m  rcipcciln^  ll>o  Saliluih.  wlilch  I.utlitr, 
Ctfvln.  Uilancilion.  Zw!n);le,  anil  tbs  olbcr  KcfoniiFn,  uiil(«t  In  •ieuy\iif  to  bt 
••  far  aUlgatai7  thai  Ihc  ebKrvDon  ol  on*  da;:  to  t»<fra  l(,  on  the  tr"'i"'l  ^ 
ll,  nquind  at  Chriillaiu.  Calvin.  Imlilalit.  li.  B,  38,  M.  Lnllicr,  OtftcJtw- 
nut  mnjvtt  in  Itup.  Lihri  StymMiei,  p.  -I'Jt.  Mtlanclbon,  Lod  f-iitmHiw*, 
lErtau^TD.  IftMl,  pp.  124.  IM.  ZwinKle  Ihluki  il  Uilcr  to  oidw.  tut,  bgw,  or 
Is  do  DthiT  tiKwurr  work  wliich  the  aoanii  dMnjn-U.  a(l*r  dicine  wonhip, 
Ulan  lab«UI*l  "foTlbi  bcliovtr  isalwr*  theSabliiUi."  Wtrhi,  i.  SIT.  Sucb 
(roth  b  ncommtndtd  in  ih*  anU  ot  th*  Synoil  ot  Hontbgrc^  in  llua*.  on  Iha 
•BiMCnmnda.  llaMmikanip.  Attfo  T. /rfnatfrta^  p.13.  71m  I'liriUu*  uwrUd 
tlM>  pnpttaal  validity  ol  tbe  (cortb  «OT>imuid<i>i>nt,  onlf  thn  III*  ilay  i*  clunf*  1 
hj  diTiM  auiliorlix-  On  lfa«  hltioiy  <*'  'ti*  obomnn  ot  Suodajr,  m*  llwii 
t  IM  LMfNTM  tlBDO).    UiUam,  f7«iMt.  ttUlt  sb.  vii. 


484 


TRK  PBOrr^AXT  THKCa^JT. 


of  Boch  a  coniicil  aro  tmstwarthy.  The  canoii  of  Vincent 
oi  L«riR9  —  that  what  is  accepted  always,  everywhnre, 
nni]  l>y  all,  ia  Oatliolic  tnith  —  is  laid  hold  of  by  Gnitiin 
to  BPi've  aa  a  basis  for  his  sdieme  of  comprehension  and 
latitudiuarian  rathodoxy.' 

In  fhft  liittfr  jiart  of  the  sPTMitM^ntli  wnliiry,  Spinola, 
anotlier  theologian  from  tho  Court  of  Vieiiiin,  wlm  had 
been  a  Fiandscnn  Om<>rtil  in  Spain,  signuliu-d  htimoU 
by  a  pA«tfio  undertaking  similar  to  that  of  Cassander. 
In  the  course  of  his  lubom  at  the  Hanovurian  conrt,  in 
bchnlf  of  sjiierctism,  as  tlie  projected  union  at  the  divt-nte 
rell^oDs  bodies  nus  termed,  he  had  much  intereoune 
"^vith  the  Lutheran  tiirolo|pnii,  Molanu^ ;  and  a  rnTTe»|H>tid- 
encc  RKHte  betwoeu  ?bIoIanna,  and,  afterwards,  Ixiibnitz,  On 
the  one  aide,  and  Boesuct  on  tbo  other.^  Leibnitz  cod- 
durUnl  a  long  corrcspondenoft  also,  inuoli  of  whicli  relates 
to  the  same  subject,  with  the  Landgrave  Ernest,  of  Hi-sae- 
Rheinfels,  who  had  gone  over  to  tiie  Catbo]ic  Church,  in 
1652.'  Tlid  p(i!iitii!ii  tukcn  by  Ldbnitz  cloaoly  rcsemblea 
that  of  Orotiiis.  l-^ach  brought  vast  stares  of  learning, 
and  a  mnrvclons  outlay  of  philosophical  acnteneaa  to  the 
tiuik  of  hiirmoniitiiit;  c^intiifting  dugiitiut.  Ix-jbnitx  found 
tlie  di^na  of  trail Bid»tnntiati on  harder  to  deal  with  than 
any  other  article  of  the  o[ipo8ing  cri-ed ;  but  in  the 
aleinbio  of  bis  siibth-  crilifrisni,  discordant  opinions  w«re 
mado  to  assume  a  likeness  to  one  another,  lie  lays  great 
Streas  on  tlie  founthition^  of  rellfjion,  and  d<rlares  (hat  the 
i|Ui?etio&  whether  the  love  of  God  is  neoaianry  for  salva- 
tion, is  inc>oin)i!imb1y  more  important  than  the  question 
wliotlirr  the  substance  of  thu  bread  remains  iu  tin*  Em^in- 
hat,  or  tlie  question  whether  souls  must  be  pnrifiwi  before 

I  Thai  Omliua  tlii'<l,  »  kn  had  livnl,  in  llio  PnitiiKjint  CliuRti,  hi  prortil,  U 
amat  nrn  ncrounry.  bv  IJio  n*millvi  nt  llin  I.nlhsnin  rliirvTinnn  wlm  ittioilfd 
aim  In  hi<  1i»l  houn.  Sen  tlnvlu't  Pit-tianic^,  art.  "Umliui;"  xii'1  l.iMen 
tlaffo  Ciioffiif  nnol  icinm  Stiieinlin  u.  firhrl/tn  (UtIIh,  ISlW.t,  ji.  S.IS  mi|- 

•  Too  RcDiincI,  LiiMn  u.  /..imfjro/  t'rrut  n>n  tfrarrh  tt^tinfili.  SH 
tmstdntttJfr  Ifrliftctctitt,  ric    1  toIi.  (KfaiilKiifl.  181T). 

■  On  (bo  oart  Ukcn  bf  L«1bnilt,  sm  Harins,  n.  KA  ioq. 


I.ICIBNITZ  AKD  BOSSUCT. 


4» 


bebg  admitted  to  the  riition  of  God.  The  qiiostioris  in 
dispute^  beOvfoi.  Rome  and  Aiigshiirg  he  aflinns  to  ba  of 
k«s  c'uiitscciiK-noo  ttiuQ  ttiL-  points  in  debate  between  the 
JanBeniatfi  and  their  opponents,  within  the  pale  of  Iho 
Catholic  Chwrch.'  He  WL>nt  so  far  as  to  adifiit  the  rif{ht- 
ful  pritnacy  of  the  Bislmp  of  Romv,  and  h«  profwwud  liiin- 
eeU  to  stand  in  an  inward  connection,  though  not  in 
«xtvnial  unioD,  witli  tim  Roinnn  Church.'  Btit  in  reply 
to  presnng  inritatioos  to  conform  oulwaixlly  to  thia 
Church,  he  dL'cline<l,  on  the  ground  that  witbin  its  [old 
he  could  not  hold  in  peace  his  philnMipliii-nl  ojnniong, 
with  wliicli.  in  reality,  the  Chnrcb  had  no  right  to 
meddle ;  he  dunit'd  tJiat  he  vrni  a  schinuatie,  tlierefont, 
by  hid  own  fault,  and  mainl»ined  the  tame  ground  ia 
respect  to  Liitbcr  and  tht-  Prottstants  generally.'  The 
Church  iinivcrsnl,  iiecording  to  LeibnitK,  erur  hoUU  and 
in  anthoiiiEed  to  te-och  tlie  esaentials  of  religion  ;  but  it  ia 
not  Muthorizod  to  go  beyond  this  limit.  In  ca$e  it  doee 
BO,  and  thna  invades  the  rights  of  conscience,  an  tn- 
diTtdual,  or  n  h'Kly  of  individuiilx,  nro  not  bijurod  by 
excommunication  ;  and,  when  tliey  fiu<l  theniaelvefi,  with- 
out their  fault,  in  tlitx  posidon,  their  ministry  md  their 
luhninintTntion  of  the  s.-\cramentB  become  ^idid  and  accept- 
able  to  God.  His  niniody  for  the  divisiona  of  Cbriston- 
dom,  was  a  general  coundl,  in  wbioh  alt  parties  should 
appear,  and  by  which  their  common  faith  should  be  de- 
fined ;  evorytbing  cl»c  Ix^ng  left  to  tlui  free  judgment  of 
individoals,  and  ot  national  churches.  The  pcnnt  on  which 
Leibnitz  and  Boe«uot  could  not  uniti.',  wax  tho  authority 
it  thu  Couiioil  of  Trent,  lS<is.'«n't  iL*e«trt'-tl  tliat  the  Cath- 
:dic  Cbnrdi  could  make  explanations,  hut  no  retractioiu ; 
stnd  tluit  the  creed  of  'IVent  eould  not  be  niterwd.*  Ijcib- 
oitx  did  not  allow  that  the  Tridentine  Council  i»  an  oicU' 


1  Ton  ttommel.  I!.  RST.  *  llil<l.,  p.  19.  ■  m^^  U.  301. 

<  It  U  tntormilnit  Id  noUn  lb*t  Dr.  I'uny'i  iwent  Mrguitwel  for  union,  Ja 
Xtmlcvw,  ttc.  <lBaii},  WM  iMl  hf  Ardiblthop  Uannins  irtib  Ilia  nmo  ilminJ 


486 


TnE  pnOTESTAUT  THEOLOGT. 


meniciil  l»dy  ;  And  h«  obJL-ctod  to  some  of  its  detcrmina* 
tiona :  for  example,  to  tliose  relating  lo  umrringe.*  Tlift 
ontlii-cukirig  of  tbv  Janseaist  persecutiun,  imd  the  tyraany 
an<l  pcnicvutjng  policy  of  Louis  XI V^  dnslied  in  piece* 
whatovor  lio(tee  of  union  sangdne  pereona  may  bavc  been 
\tid  to  ontcrtjiin,  in  vonitoqnonM  ot  these  GuufeKDce* 
betvr^en  Protestant  and  Catliolic  leadera. 

lor  lb*  KkoawleilgniniC  ot  Itio  TrldrDtina  CaunclL  But  thi  nfVBiuulJoa* 
of  Ronun  Catliolle  thmlogT  by  Dim  Ukc  Bouiici  utA  U>lilcr  man  b«  nt4  fili 
the  nvollcclioii  ihit  lliere  li  a  drlctor  Orttuidai}'  than  It  (ound  in  Ihcm. 

)  Lfibnllz  wTtita  "a  Ilicoln);!!!!  i^lnn  "  kliout  Uin  Jtai  lHi,whi(h  purport* 
toliD  tnnif  ihi  handpt  a  I'm  hot  ic.  lib  darfcD  vu  lo  nhlUt  lAat  noteBIa 
type  «f  €ailiollF<>m  which  niuit  ba  odorad  on  tbt  Cilliatle  lid*  M  ■  bMl*  of 
noi;«CiHlion>  (or  nuniiin.  In  regard  lo  hii  Dim  ptntliun  he  ujVi  in  a  Itilvr  lo 
T.  Buraci,  la  I7UB:  "On  ■  ou  l>  m(oa  opinion  dt  mo!  [m  at  Omtln*],  lonquo 
y*l  enpUqai!  in  bona*  part  cotklnw  opinion*  dM  dorUun  da  l'fi(U«  Ramaino 
contr*  In  airuutioni  oWr'sada  no*  rmu-  Uaia  qiund  an  a  tooIu  pMon*  plni 
Bvanl  It  mo  (aim  accroirrv  <|"o  I<  (torai*  dann  m*  ranKpt  rhra  «ax.  J*  Irar  ■! 
bicn  tnuntnf  qua  j'en  itait  toit  floipf."  8m  Miedner,  Kirelimgitli^  p.  8U> 
On  Ctaf  Buabaritl,  L*ibnlt«  «rrlt«:  'Quasi  k  mri  (puliquc  rou*  on  domasdu 
msn  •mtimanl,  Homlanr),  j*  tn*  tianr  a  UConffwion  d'Aui[BlH>iirK,qul  mttBnt 
pr<<Hr>c«  n<«ll*  du  corpt  do  >'rau>  Cbritt,  CI  rtconnait  quvlquc  chon  it  nrit*- 
lienz  dam  m  Socnuncnl."  I^tMr  toU.  I'rliMnn  (iritbuut  d*t«)>  >•< 
(^(mi,  «d.  DatNu,  i  TIB. 


CHAPTEB    XIV. 


THE  cossTiTtrriON  OF  THE  PKOTESTANT  ciiuiicaEa 

AMU  TU£LB  BEIATION  TO  THE  CIVH,  AUTHOBITV.l 

In  Scotland  and  Geneva  tlie  Il«formatioD  was  estab- 
HsiIhhI  by  public  nutUority,  lui  ibo  result  of  ft  poliUntl  h-t- 
olution  ;  in  moet  other  ptacea,  ako,  it  xras  introduced  by 
Uiu  free  Oct  of  prinLVM  or  inunicipslitiuSi  who  acted  M 
the  organs  of  the  popular  nil).  In  {■Vance,  and  wherever 
the  government  was  not  carried  into  the  new  movement, 
it  W11.S  orgnni/^l  iadfipuitdently  of  tbw  civil  authority.  In 
aome  countries  —  in  England,  for  example  —  eivil  nilera 
took  a  more  active  and  controlling  part  than  ols(»whcro  in 
fthiLping,  as  in  briajpng  in,  the  new  order  of  things.  More 
o(  the  previous  ecclunasticaJ  system  was  retainud  in  some 
of  tlie  regions  where  IV>testantiain  prevailed  tliaa  in 
others.  In  short,  the  circumatfuicvs  under  vrhtch  the  revo- 
lution wiM  effutited,  HA  well  a*  the  viuind  <:har»ct<^r  of  tlia 
oommunitiea  in  which  it  took  place,  bad  an  important 
effect  on  the  form  of  tho  n«w  institutions. 

>  Dpon  tb«  topici  or  lbs  Ouplrr.  th*  prlacl|iU  CaUiollc  nunnd  I<  Ifallsr, 
JTirvAtandlt  (Utb  od.,ia)I);  tht  prlaclptLll'nitadWil  irorkortllkcctuuMMrlt 
RicliUr,  Lti/huh  </.  talk  ■,  pral.  Kir<*emrt*iU,  UlpilR,  ISIil).  Sot  itw 
(i.  J.  I-Iwick,  0*dt.  rf.  £>uifJt«ay  ■.  JwMUbajr  rf.  tArUlL  tirtiL  GiilUelu^flt- 
Ttr/<tim»s,  ISOl  KrU;  S  itiU.;  Rkhur.  GiA.  d.  tra»p.  Kiniitirer/ttniitg  l» 
D(ateU„tSMi  tcthltr.  Gtti.J.  rrttiylrrial-Vtr/'unns.ltiH.  TbeT«««val- 
n4lile  OfllFlu  bjr  jMohMii  jn  Itcnoc'i  A*«l-£ac.  it.  TKmt.,  tix  ,  Ciinilcrinl- 
nr/unay  (rol.  ilf.).  OBtgialitMtm  (irol.  \i\  Efithipobjiltm  \vtA.  lv.)i 
7VrrJii-rin%i''H  (t«1.  xt.).  Sta  >tM>  Itolteck  n.  W*Ick«r,  BlaaU  l^rHvH,  art. 
Klrdu,  Kir(Aimnr/.umm!f.  A  ««a<U«  dinunlgn  ol  Ibo  poMJl)!*  ftad  4cRl& 
nidlont  dt  Chunh  uid  6ut«  i*  icir«n  jf  RliiBtMUi,  Blaalineki.  u.  tM.  Sn 
alM  Von  Uobl.  SlaoltntU,  VtOtmell  u.  nJUO,  G.  111.  unl  Uunnt.  VSgltm 


488     oossTrriTios  or  int  ntoresTAyr  aiviicriEs. 


Tlic  Rtrfonnt'n  (jciH'ntUy  agreinl  in  dJacimlUit;  tb«  lu< 
mivliical  idea,  nud  in  liolding  tbat  ttw  budjr  of  Lbu  Cliuroli 
i»  tbc  origiiiiil  ivpuMitury  of  ecclrajaatioil  auLbority.  It 
wiu  goYei-iinifiiit  by  the  laity,  in  distinoUon  from  goTuiii- 
iBont  by  a  priestly  dim.  Tbis  tundkiiu'titii]  pi-iiicijilo 
woa  idhcred  to,  nnd  Dowhere  more  tban  in  England,  vbere 
the  &bric  of  tin'  old  polity  nu  l«»t  ultcred.  Tlie  Ro 
foTioers  g(M\cnilly  held,  slIso,  tbat  Cburcb  auid  Stale  an 
BO  fur  distiuct  tbat  Doitbvr  Is  subject  U>  thti  absolute  con- 
trol of  tbo  oUicr,  or  m»  tiiorge  i»  tlt«  cMtf-r  itoovm  cxis* 
(eooe.  't'liey  (^ipoeed,  on  tlie  one  liand,  I'^utbuuasta  niiil 
fan&tJM,  wbo  cIiunui'Ml  for  the  Htibordiiuition  or  surn-iiilut 
of  EieiMilMi-  ndo  to  "  the  aainU,"  luul  thus  for  the  estab* 
liisbinent  of  a  thvouracy ;  tbt^'y  oppoeud.  on  tjie  otbi-T  band, 
an  iibitorption  nf  oooleAtastical  jmwer  in  tbo  State,  sucli  aa 
miirki-d  tht;  Roiiiiin  Empire  under  heatlieuiiun,  nu<l  Uia 
Gn^i^k  Km))ire  in  C'hmtiun  ages. 

Thu  Lutheran  KeforruerB  profesEted  priuciplra  upon  Ui» 
govvniniuit  of  tbv  Cburub  and  upon  its  relatian  to  tlta 
ci^il  autliority,  wbieli  Uiey  con:iiidcnxl  it  impniotieiiblu  to 
n-alize.  Lutber  duckrvd  tb»t  all  power  residea  in  the 
oongn^gntjon,  or  bi-iiy  o£  iMtticvere  —  tb«  Cliiircb  oollflot- 
fve.  In  tb^ir  bands  are  the  k«ys,  or  the  right  to  exeiv-iae 
Church  diMoiplinv,  the  sucnunents,  and  uU  the  pon-uni  of 
gorerument.  Tlie  clergy'  are  comuiiaaloned  by  the  [>coplu 
to  )M>i-foi-m  ofRcw  wliiub  lKtlun|;  to  all  in  common,  but 
whii'li  all  rannot  discharge.  They  are  therefore  coin  mitt  vlI 
by  the  voice  of  thft  <'ommumty  to  snch  as  are  qualified  to 
fuliill  thetii.  The  sacrament  of  ordination  ia  notbiiig  but 
the  rite  xtbervby  pi;r»oiiJ(  nro  put  into  tho  miniitti^ ;  but 
they  are  not  constituted  an  order  of  priests.  The  ehurclioa 
have  the  powur  to  elect  sind  otdain  their  ministei^  for  it 
b  the  churehra  to  whom  the  wmniitud  is  nddirssed  to 
preach  the  GoBpfl.  The  Chiu'ch  is  endued  witli  tlie  ri^t 
^  gowrn   itttelf ;  tlie  right  of  excommunication  belonci 


I 


ECCLSSUSTICAI.    PUKCTIOK  OF  CIVIL  Bi;L1:IIS. 


489 


I 


not  to  a  body  of  eccIeBiastics,  but  to  the  congregatioii  :tt>d 
its  cbosea  paaton.' 

But  tbuee  abstract  dncti-inea  Luther  and  bis  aiiscici.i'.«9 
thonght  tlieiiuclvuft  pn;vi;iit<--d  by  circunutiincL-jt  from  utr- 
ryiog  into  practice.  They  ivcre  led,  also,  by  the  aituiitioii 
in  vrbieh  tbej  wcro  plai^ct],  to  modify,  in  important  par- 
ticulars, these  theoretical  stalenieiits,  cjipocixdly  on  thu 
point  of  thu  rulittions  of  thu  civil  authority  to  the  Chuvcb. 
The  Gerniaiis,  LutJier  siiiil,  were  too  rough,  wild,  iind 
turbnlent^  and  too  unpracticed  in  suU-gorummont,  to  take 
eccle&iasticjil  powvr,  in  litis  way,  into  tlioir  houda  iit  oner, 
nrithtiut  producing  infinite  disorders  and  confusion.  The 
pctooeft  must  toko  tbo  lead  iu  ecclvxiiuticiU  urrungvnicuts, 
and  the  pcoplo  must  conform  to  their  whulesonie  iUTHngi.- 
nienti!.  Thu  uutliority  of  civil  rul«rH  in  tbe  ecclesia»- 
ticat  flphuro,  wiia  prououiiiivd  to  ivst  partly  ou  tlio  old 
right  of  patrons,  and  on  kindred  prerogatives  which  h»d 
bi-vn  vnjoyvd  by  tbo  socuhir  guurdiaus  of  thu  Chtirdi,  iuid 
partly  on  the  principle  that  princes  and  magistrates,  a» 
HiK  principal  members  of  the  Church,  arv  ojititlcd  to  be 
heard  with  reiipoct ;  a  doctrine  quite  comjiatihle  with  tlio 
general  theory  that  Church  government  ]N^rlainii  not  to 
th«  ol«rgy  alonii,  but  to  the  biitj-,  to  the  whole  Longrogn- 
tion.  It  ivas  held,  moreover,  that  it  belongs  to  civil 
rulers  to  maintain  order,  by  the  regulation  evrn  of  thu  ex- 
ternals of  wondiip.  This  indclinito  function  thus  conceded 
to  the  State,  was  viiriously  iittcr[>n.-l';d  ;  but  tiui  tendency 
of  events  was  to  inducu  the  Kefonnei'S  to  amplify  rather 
than  abridge  it.  Tlie  pcawintA'  nitr  and  Ihe  subsi-qiient 
Hirifo  with  the  AniibnptiAU,  in  whicli  the  coercive  agency 
of  the  princes  was  necessarily  called  in,  were  infliienttal 
in  tills  direction.  Thero  waji  a  tttmi^  reaction  against  the 
extreme  view  of  the  enthtisiasts  who  propOMxl  to  diveiit 
the  magistrate  of  every  kind  of  authority.     Luther  is  at 

•  For  liie  (>M»C**  FrDmLattavudfmatluAagibiugCoBrtMraa,  ■*•€■>» 
kr.  IT.  1. 3, 1  U. 


190       COKSTITUnON   or  the  PBOTT^TAMT   CaURCBE 


I 


timrs  potut^'o  in  tlio  nseortian  tliat  tliu  jiiri))dicti 
Eivil  rult^n  ia  ruAtricti-J  bo  IcDipnml  nffain^  to  Uie  pit 
ti<m  of  lUf  and  pro|M>rty.     Tbis  is  tfao  dofinilton  of 
AtigHl)iirg  Confei^tion.      Yet,  aa  apccinl  queationa  a 
both   Lutlier  and  MelanoUioa  attribute  to  the  Sta' 
■nudi  liirgvr  luvusurc  of  pttn-cr  in  innttcn  of  reli^on  1 
these  terms  would  naturaltjr  suggest.     Villages  and  a 
should    bu   compuUud,   tliuy  say,   to  hare  acliools 
prenchere,  jiut  as  tliey  are  compelled  to  construct  bri< 
and  roads.     But  tliis  is  not  alL     It  would  be  rigltt  for 
Bk'otor  to  enjoin  Uie  use  of  Uic  C«t«dit»m,  witJioutwi 
tlie  people  would  not  learn  wliat  it  b  to  be  a  Christ 
Thuy  proofed  further  and  declare  that  the  civil  ma 
trate  slioidd  take  cognisance  of  offenses  against  tho  i 
as  well  OS  ngainst  tliu  second  table  of  the  law.     B 
mondiv  bound  to  suppres  and  punish  blaspbeoij ; 
this  function,  us  the  Koformation  tnado  prognoB, 
held  to  etnbraoo  tlie  right  imd  duty  of  abolisliing 
mass.     Suuh  Is  the  teaching  of  Melancthon  in  his  i 
trinal  treatim,  the  *>  Loci  Commun<>»,"  and  such  was 
jndgin<r»t  of  Imth  Reformers  in  response  to  speeial  incjui 
addrt:ssed  to  them  by  princes.     Luther,  writing  in  1 
to  the  Margmve,  George  of  Brandenburg,  refers  hia 
Uio  exiimplo  of  tl>e  Hebrew   King,  Ileieldab,  ^o 
right  in  br<.-uking  in  pieces  the  bniz«n  serpent  of  Mo 
nlthoiigh  liLi  act  gf  ive  tlie  Riiiue  otTense  to  [leople  as  tlx^  a 
ishing  of  the  maaa  would  give.   The  Reformers  rocmTw 
the  instance  of  Convliuitiiie,  who,  in  his  ofGro  of  protwi 
(rf  the  Church,  was  disposed  to  quell  Uie  Arian  coik 
versy.'and  to  this  end  convoked  the  Council  of   Kit 
Yet    Luther,   as    well  iut   Alelnnctbon,   foresaw  that 
Chureli  w<iutd  be  liuhlo  to  oppression  at  tJte  hands  of 
State  ;  that  wli'-rcus  the  Stale,  nndei-  thu  old  system, 
been  stripped  of  its  rightful  powers  and  influence,  an  i 
ju»t  llie  reve-TSU  was  now  likely  to  uuierge,  fmilK  tho  in 
meddbng  aitd  tyranny  of  civil  rulers.     Heuce,  t>oth  n 


A 


TUB  LVTDBHAH  FOUTT 


491 


I 


I 


I 


willing  timt  tu  tho  Protestant  orgiuiizutiuu  biskopM  eliould 
be  retaitiMl  or  a(>poi»t«<l,  who  should  have  only  a  jur«  hu- 
mano  authority,  but  who  might  surve  us  ii  cou]ttiT)x>isu  to 
the  foritiiiliiblu  tufluenco  of  the  Stati;.  Thu  fwittiris  how- 
ever, was  not  introduced  into  the  Luthentn  organization. 
Tibe  bifthops  gvuuriLlly  iiot  taking  Uiu  side  of  nform,  othur 
inoviDions  had  to  be  made  for  the  mauagcmeut  of  ohuriJi 
afhiit.  The  political  iirraDgvtnoDts,  especially  after  the 
Peace  of  Au^htii'^.  whidi  fluspended  the  spiritiKil  jnntK 
diction  of  lionum  Cathohc  prelates  over  tliu  adhi.-i-cut«  of 
the  Aug^uig  Confeasion,  and  made  the  religion  of  eacb 
voctilar  st;tt«  dependent  upon  tliat  of  its  rulor,  had  tlie 
eiTect  to  pill,  into  thu  hundsof  prinovs  nior«  and  niurv  con- 
trol in  ecclesiastical  nfTaii-^. 

T\\f  tvfo  princip*!  cbaructoristics  of  tho  Lutltenw 
polity,  afl  it  was  formed  in  Saxouy  and  most  l^uUtcmn 
commuDities,  were  tite  superinteudeutd  and  cousUtoriea. 
SuperinbcudcntK  vivra  first  appointed  in  thu  C'hiuvli  of 
Strulsimdt  and  nost  by  the  Sector  of  Saxony,  in  tha  in* 
•tructiooa  to  the  Viutora  who  were  aent,  at  tho  ri'qtifst  of 
the  tlteologiana,  to  the  Saxon  chuTche«,  in  lo2T.'  The 
Hupcrintcndeats,  in  tht-ir  rc!tpix.-tivu  districts,  took  tlui 
[dace  of  bishops,  and  exercised  an  oversight  upon  the  doo- 
trino  and  the  wonship  of  the  churches,  and  upon  the  paa- 
tors.  The  consistorica  aro!u>  from  Uie  nei'd  of  »  ooiupo- 
tent  tribunal  to  adjudicate  upon  queetioos  reUting  *u 
nian-inge  and  diTorcv.  With  the  abotiRbini;  of  thu  cnntHi 
law.  nuuiy  of  the  provisions  of  whidi  chiahetl  n-iib  I'nit^ 
iwtiint  principlea,  and  witli  tho  lom  of  the  old  opiscopiil 
tribunals,  numcroiLi  and  often  per|)Iexin|;  question*  w<«r< 
broiij^ht  before  tho  Lu^crun  pastors.     Kot  n  few  of  tin 

>  11w  "  IiuUiKllaDa  to  Vbltora  "  wen  diavn  up  by  MdUiiciIidr.  IVy  la 
dddod  ■  dhtctol]'  f«T  dirina  »(ma)|i  and  (or  (tw  IniimtfUon  of  llw  p*opl* 
Dwf  wuUlillAd  a  DBlfbrni  >;M*m  '.n  tht  govtnimgnt  uiil  ircnUp  o(  Ih 
Saaon  fliuirhiH.  the  ignnnoi-E  at  Uio  |>toplr  and  of  Ihtia  letuhtn  te  im 
;juKd  l.uthrr.  tbai  he  ■■•  M  to  toinpow  Mi  Calwbliuu.  Tb*  tjtttm  tttafc 
Ikbadbr  a*  VbluUtD  macarrlodoaibrfgiM*!  law. 


49S      OONSriTUTlON  0»   1IEE  rftOTESTAKT  CtlimrJHES. 


H 


ttled_ 


lettvn  of  Lutlicr  liiniiwlf  iind  of  liit  lUwociuUv  ara  £d 
^onse  to  jK'titioiis  fi>rn(Ivic>e  froiu  princes  ouJ  \mVMta  per 
■ons,  Kspectmg  marriagt}  anil  divorce.     Tbu  uiuei 
Tiev«  on  Uiis  subject — tin;  Mtnbc  of    tbingit   inontal>l 
GoRsecjui.'nt   nii   the  r«iiiindation   of   tlie  old   system  of 
«ocl«suutdcii'.  laws,  wliicb  in  raoiiy  points  Uiu  Ri'formera 
judged  to  be  unacriptumi  and  unreasonable  —  must   be     ,, 
tiikun  into  ttoconnti  in  cuiiaidvring  tho  oooduct  of  Uiv  Wit-^^ 
teuborg  Ro(orm«n  in  tlit;  vnsit  of  Lbe  scaiidaluiu  diiuble-^^ 
maniage  of  the  Landgrave  of  Hesse.    But  marriage  waa 
partly  a  svcidar  nin(U-r,  fiilling  tindor  thv  cognizance 
tlie  civil  tribuniiU,  and  partly  ethical  and  religious,  >uul 
BO  cotniug  withiu  tbe  province  of  the  Cbarcli  and  clergy. 
Honci!  mixed  tribuuub,  coinpoiMMi  jxirliy  of  cleigj-  and 
partly  of  jun8t«,  vrore  constituted  by  the  dvil  authorityf, 
and  into  tlie  Itmids  of  tliesc  bodied,  ciUod  coasia)orie»,  tin 
same  name  which  tlie  former  cpisoopal  conrta  bail  bc/me* 
tbe  wbolo  eoclesiitfiticul  administration,  inoladiiig  the  right 
of   cxoommutucution,  wan  eonimittod.     The  only  right 
left  to  the  churched  in  tbe  election  of  pastors,  WM  that 
of  confirming  or  rejecting  the  nominations  made  by  Ui* 
patrons. 

In  Brandenbui'g  and  Prussia,  where  the  bishops  we 
not  uTerso  to  the  Protestant  movement,  the  episcopal 
system  lingirri'd  until   ITiSi.      In  I>(inmark  it  was  sup- 
pressed in  1536 ;  tlie  Danish  superintendents  being  a 
pointed  by  Ute  king.     Swwlen   ulonc  of    tliu   Lntbtiiut 
countncs  has  continued  the  episcopal  orgaiiiuition. 

A  remurkuble  att4>inpt  wits  mude  in  Ilesso  to  cstubijah 
a  chuTuli  system  of  a  quite  different  character.  Iliifl  was 
mode  under  the  auspices  of  Philip,  Lnndgruve  of  He»e, 
who  was  governed  by  tbe  advice  of  Kr.incu  Liiinbert.,  a 
converted  Franciscan,  a  native  of  Avignon,  who  bad  em- 
bmccd  Protestjintitiin,  lunl  had  resided  firet  mth  Swingle 
at  Zurich  and  then  at  Wittenberg,  Tbe  Church  oonati 
tution,  to  whicli  we  refer,  was  devised  at  a  synod  ul 


TJIE  STNOD  OF  IIOMBEM. 


498 


I 


I 


lIotnl>org,  in  li>2C,  an<]  was  (loinm-rralic  in  iUt  i>rin<.-I|>]r«. 
Tliti  Gospel  waa  to  be  preached  iu  every  place,  and  then 
a  Churcli  was  to  bu  orgaoiEvd,  U>  i-oiisut  of  trtie  buliuvers 
wlio  were  willing  to  unite  in  a  common  sabjoction  to  the 
mice  of  dieciplino.  The  body  thus  camposed  was  to  choose 
itM  owu  pastors,  who  were  callf^d  bisbops,  and  might  bo 
Diken  from  any  proft-ssion,  and  to  exercise  self-govemtnent 
including  tlie  tuloiiiustntjoti  of  ft  ttrict  dlMctpItnv  and  of  ex- 
communication where  it  should  bo  required.  Every  year 
Mich  Churcli  vm  to  bo  represented  by  binhops  tind  dulu- 
gates  in  a  general  aynod,  where  all  complaints  were  to 
be  heard,  and  duubtful  questions  solved.  Tb«  business  of 
tlie  synod  wns  to  be  prepared  beforehand  by  a  commit' 
tee  of  thirteen ;  an<l  nt  each  meeting  three  visitora  were 
to  bo  chosen  to  investigate  the  condition  of  each  Chuivb. 
llifi  plan  may  be  described  as  the  Congregational  sys* 
tem  with  an  infuaion  of  Presbyterian  elements.  "  The 
features  <if  it,"  sayM  Uanke,  "  arc  tho  Kfime  as  those  on 
whicli  tho  French,  the  Scottish,  and  the  American  Church 
W.W  afti'rvnirdit  ontiililuibcd  \  u|">n  tliciii,  one  maysay,  tlto 
existence,  tho  development  of  North  America  rests.  They 
bare  aii  immeasurable,  worId-hi.ttnriaJ  importunoc.  At 
the  first  esporiment,  they  appear  in  a  complete  form:  a 
little  Gci-mari  synod  adopted  them." 

liiither  conHi<Ii-i-t-d  tht-  ]H'[>pIe  quite  unpri'juired  for  such 
an'n line m I'll t.8.      IT     ■  '  complained    of    the    indncile 

roiiginn/iM  and  oliii.  nf  the  ni»li«t,  who  i*>u]d  not 

be  brought  to  undertake  the  support  of  their  own  minis- 
U-is.  Before  tlie  Homborg  Synoil  he  bad  become  con- 
vinced tliat  Church  arrangements,  so  much  at  vm-iance 
witti  those  with  which  the  Germans  Irnd  bi.-en  famil- 
inr,  would  prove  impracticable  and  iilMrtive.  Artificial 
legislation,  not  a  liistorical  growth,  was  I'ontrary  to  bis 
ideas :  even  Moacs,  he  said,  had  set  down  what  was  cus- 
tomary and  traditional  among  bis  people.  In  all  sacb 
mattun  he  held  Utat  wo  mac  prooovd  witli  slow  stepa 


t94     coicsTiTunox  of  the  r&OTE&rAST  cauBCiUA 

"  Little  aud  well "  was  tlie  motto  which  he  adopted 
Sueb  a  mtiH  ol  new  Uws,  be  wrote  to  thv  Landgraw,  be 
eould  not  approve  of :  it  was  a  gieat  tlm^  i<j  make  a 
laWt  and  without  tliu  Spirit  of  Qod  ao  good  ouuld  come 
of  it.  Pitrtly  troin  Luther's  oppoeitioii,  and  atiU  mor* 
ftom  tbo  influL<nco  of  tbo  causes  on  wbich  his  objecUcos 
vere  founded,  the  Hesaian  oomUtutiou  was  uuvwr  fuU^ 
Bt  in  operation. 

The  counw  of  ovouta  in  Gennanj  bad  broufHit  the 
goveninient  of  the  Church  into  Uio  linnds  of  tlii;  Pn>u-«- 
tant  princes  within  their  respective  states.  Theologians 
and  juriitts  proposed  various  theories  in  oxpUiuUion  or 
jiutificatioii  of  thifl  facL  At  the  beginning  of  the  aevcu- 
t«>nth  century,  the  "  ^iscopal  system "  was  advocated, 

^acvordiug  to  wbidi  the  civil  rulurs  were  hvld  to  biivo 
uivcd  their  eccU'siastical  powers  from  the  Eiuperor, 
Uib  Treaty  of  Puamu  and  tho  Peace  of  Augsbqujg. 

'  Some  lield  timt  thcae  powers  wcro  provisionally  b»- 
stowed,  by  "devolution,"  until  the  ojiposing  <jiureb(w 
should  be  reunited ;  otliers,  that  they  were  now  restoretl 
to  thv  pliK'c  where  thuy  had  originally  and  rightfully  be- 
longed. At  thu  end  of  the  seventec.utli  euntiir}',  tho 
"territorial  system"  was  set  up,  in  which  episcopal 
autlinrity  —  jus  i;pisi:o[«iIc  —  was  iduiitiSed  with  Uio  coo- 
ccdwd  right  oi  the  princes  to  reform  abuses  in  religion  — 
the  "jus  reformandi."  This  system  m:ule  tho  goveni- 
meot  of  the  Church,  not  including,  however,  th«  detor- 
minatioQ  of  doctrinal  disputes,  a  part  of  the  prince's 
proper  function,  as  the  ruler  of  the  Slatt^  'ITiis  theory 
wus  advanced  by  Tbomasius,  whose  opinion  was  shared 
for  suln^taiice  by  Grotius,  and  by  Selden,  the  English  d»- 
lender  of  the  th'^ory  wbich  denies  Uke  autonomy  of  the 
Churcli,  and  U  kuown  under  tho  uamo  of  Erastianism 
Prof<^-<8ed  at  fli^L  in  tho  interest  of  toleration,  Uw  "  tcii> 
;orial  system  "  became  the  potent  iostrumeut  of  tyranny. 
Another  theory,  the  "  collvgial  syst«ni,"  was  chiboratod 


^ 


» 


PftLtn  W  THE  CAIVIKISTIC  cmmcHEs. 


at 


by  Paffciwlorf  and  Pfaff.  This  mode  tlie  Church  o.igi- 
nally  on  i»i1«pondvnt  socivtv,  ■grltkh  durolvcd,  by  coittract, 
ejiiMopiil  autliority  v^nn  the  civil  rulers.  The  oppression 
of  the  Church  by  thi;  Stjitc  —  wliiit  tbo  Gcrmana  call 
C(v»iiro-/)<tj>t*mus  —  has  boen  a  prolific  sonroe  of  evil  in 
Ltit1i<!ran  communities. 

Itt  t.Iifl  U»fiirin«d  bnuich  of  the  Proteatont  fnmily  tliore 

was  the  sam©  theory  reacting  the  rights  of  the  Church 

to  govern  itself,  iind  respecting   th«  r<.^Ution  of  Churc^i 

fijid   State   as   auxiliary   to    one    another.      Tlie   inde 

pondcncu  of   tho   Church   upon   scmilar  control  ^tob   in 

general    maintains]   with   mucJi   more   distinctneas   and 

tenacity,  partly  from  tho   circnmstanou   tJiiLt  aovcnil  of 

tiM  Oali'inintic  Churdica  —  for  example,  tlic  diurolies  ci( 

France,  Scotland,  and  the  Netherlands  —  framed  their 

organization  as  secta,  ^th  no  sympiuhy  from  the  civil 

rulfltfl.     ThiA  fact  wnA  not  witliout  its  influence  in  slump- 

tng  more  n^pulJlican  features  upon  their  polity.     In  Zii- 

rieh,  Zwittgle  aair,  ns  Luther  had  aeen,  tluit  the  body  of 

the  pt-oplu  were  not  ripe  for  self-govemmont  according  to 

a  popular  method  ;  and  accordingly  eoolesiaatii^l  author^ 

ity  n-as  plaoed  in  tho  hands  of  tho  great  Council,  which 

govenn^d  the  dty,  and  was  considered  to  reprcacni  tho 

eccleaiastical  as  well   as  ravil   commoni^.     The  clergy 

were  nominated   or   prc»cnU-d   by   Uio   magititrucy,  t3ia 

privile^  being  given  to  the  people,  who  were  convened 

for  the  purpose,  of  objecting  to  the  CRuitdates.     Zwingle 

Iteld,  idflo,  tliat  exoommtinication  ithould  ho  left  to  (Jio 

Christian  magistiacj',  as  long  aa  they  did   not   neglect 

thvir  duty  in  thiii  pnrticniar.     In  l.'>25,  u  coart  compcwed 

of  pastors  and  civilinnH  was  oonatitated  for  the  dedaion 

ft  qiii.'stions  pertaining  to  marriage  Mid  divorcer.     The 

infliction  of  all  punishments  was  relegated  to  the  cirit 

authority.     T\k  principli!  of  tho  punty  of  the  clergy  waa 

•irictly  adlierrd  to.     (Kcolantpadius  at  Basel  endeavomi 

*o  reeboie  diurch  discipline  to  the  Church  itself,  but  faia 


496    THE  coxsTtnmuN  op  tub  rtorTsrxsr  covBcaxs. 

efforte  in  tliU  (lir«etioa,  tboogh  pattinJly  succcafol  ior 
a  time,  soon  failed ;  and  tlio  Zuik-li  ^ysuun,  in  ita  es- 
Hiitial  cbuiaoterUtica,  vns  ud(iiit«d  id  the  other  Swu^ 
Can  tons. 

Thu  doctrinu  of  Calvin  with  regard  to  the  proper  co^ 
Riitutivti  of  tUi:  Cliitrcli  ttnd  tlio  connection  of  CborcJi  and 
State,  i3  set  forth  with  his  usual  clearness  in  the  Insli- 
tatfw.  The  oQiiicni  of  thu  Chtirdi  lire,  besidea  deacMts, 
lay  eldeis  who,  in  conjunction  with  the  clergy,  bare 
diarge  of  church  discipUno.  Tho  ^quality  (^  the  deigy, 
or  tho  identity  of  presbyters  and  hishope,  in  affirmcvd. 
The  officers  are  to  be  chosen  by  the  oongrogation,  under 
the  lead  and  prcwdcncy  of  tlio  ofEoen  already  existing. 
Calvin,  in  speaking  of  tlie  con&titution  of  tho  State,  does 
not  oonocal  bis  partiality  for  an  luistocmtic  form  iiiuditiud 
by  democratio  elements ;  and  this  letting,  notwithstand- 
ing Ilia  view  ttiat  jmwcr  resides  iilttmatcly  in  tho  congro* 
'  gation,  betrays  itself  in  his  remarks  on  tho  proper  method 
of  elucting  officers  of  the  Church.  Tho  Church  has  no 
authority  to  uae  foroo  or  inflict  ciTil  punishmi^ntjt  of  any 
sort.  Its  functions  are  purely  spiritual.  On  tlie  oilier 
hand,  tho  Stato  has  no  moral  ri^t  to  intrude  within  the 
jurisdiction  of  tlie  Church  or  to  diminlih  its  liberty. 
Kevcrthi'Icss,  tlio  Stato  is  bound  to  cuciperuto  with  the 
Church,  and  to  aid  it  by  tho  efficient  use  of  distinctly 
<avil  inBtrumentalitiea.  Calvin  rejects  the  thoorj-  tliat 
the  Stato  has  cognizance  only  of  thu  worldly  ooncems  of 
DKIL.  It  is  the  first  and  moat  imperative  duty  of  the 
mogiatrato  to  foster  religion,  and  benco  bo  is  solemnly 
bound  to  punLiIi  luid  cxtiqwto  heresy.  He  s.iys  tliut  if 
**  the  Scripture  did  not  teadi  that  this  offic»  (of  the 
mngistrao}')  extonds  to  both  tables  of  the  law,  wo  mif<:ht 
learn  it  from  heathen  writers ;  for  not  one  of  llu'in  lias 
treated  of  tho  office  of  ma^trates,  of  legislation,  and 
livil  government,  without  be(J■■^nill{;  with  religion  and 
dhrine  worship."     It  belongs  to  govenunent  to  aeo  *'  that 


CALVIWSTS  ON  OOSUKtTlOX  OF  CUtfRCII  ASD  STATS.    4OT 


I 
I 


(dntatry,  sacrileges  ag^^Jist  thu  iiamo  of  Ood,  blasphviaiw 
aguinst  big  truth,  and  otbur  oflvnscs  ngaiiist  religion,  ma.j  , 
not  oponly  npptuu  and  be  disaeminated  among  tbo  peo* ' 
pie."  **CU'il  government  i»  dt-sigDed,  lui  long  &■  wo  live 
in  tbiii  trorld,  to  dierlsb  and  support  the  external  vrot- 
ahip  ot  God,  to  preaerro  the  piiro  doctrino  of  rcligicnj, 
to  defend  tlie  coDAtitution  of  tbc  Cburcli,"  03  well  aa  to ' 
promote  the  temporal  interests  of  men.  Tliis  idea  of 
iiw  rcbitioD  of  govornmtiiit  bo  rt;ligiuti  piwiiilud  itmong 
Calvinista ;  it  is  distinctly  assorted  in  the  Confession  of 
Ui«  Westminster  Assembly.  Nor  wus  it  poculiiir  to 
them ;  it  ia  stated  by  Melanctlion  in  language  similar  to 
that  employed  by  Calvin.  It  ia  subHtikntially  tlie  viev 
wliicli  bad  been  beld  in  tlie  Catliolic  Church.  It  lias 
been  E:ki(]  of  Culvin  with  truth,  that  "  ho  labonxl  to  pro- 
duce in  men  a  deeper  revercuco  (or  religious  ucla  and 
|>ersQna,  to  make  them  conscious  of  the  mystic  union  tliat 
Mulmists  umong  all  true  hcticvorx,  and  especially  to  invest 
the  doctrine  of  the  visible  Church  with  new  significance, 
on  tlic  gi-ound  that  it  is  inHtituted,  nut  na  any  meru  con- 
ventional establish  men  t,  but  for  the  training  and  matur- 
ing of  human  Boula  in  faith  and  holiness."  Ho  fought 
a  battU-  in  defense  of  the  prt^ogatlvi-  of  tJie  Churcli  bo 
exiiumnmnicate  oflfending  members,  and  to  deny  the 
EtieliariHt  to  tbo  unvrorthy  ;  and  ho  vindicated  this  right 
againitt  the  interfetunce  of  the  civil  uutliority.  Ufl  first 
(«tablishod  the  eldersliip  in  full  vigor,  committing  the 
regulation  of  doctrine  and  discipline  to  a  body  of  clerical 
and  lay  p-iators,  there  being  twiou  as  many  laymen  M 
ministera  on  the  board.  Geneva  being  so  small  a  terri- 
tory, the  synoiliit  constitution  could  nut  be  devclojicil  aa 
it  was  in  other  Calvuiistic  churches.  The  jxtwerfi  that 
wero  attribntt^d  to  the  ('liurcli  by  Gdvin's  theory  tcndud 
to  give  tbo  entire  system  of  governnieut  nt  Gcnovn  tho 
tbaractcr  of  a  thoocrney  ;  but  this  tendency  vas  modi- 
ted  in  its  clTcct  by  tlie  ugoncy  giwu  to  thu  C>unci)s  m 


498  THR  COKSTnvnOH  OF  TBE  PltCfnSTKST  OnURCDES. 


Uie  selectiou  of  oboKb  officcre,  an*!  by  oUier  fratura 
in  wliidi  tboro  wiui  a  dopartunt  from  the  strict  ptinapla 
of  iiide|>ende»ce  and  Belf-goTenunent  od  tb*  part  of  th» 
Cburuh. 

Tbu  Pn»bytcruu]  ooDHtitutioD  vit»  idt^'d,  vritb  special 
iiuieties  of  form,  in  the  Protestant  diurabvw  of  Seotland, 
Fnuice,  and  tliu  Ni^Uiurlaiitls.  In  Sootbind,  there  wia 
at  fint  an  upiiroximation,  on  one  itoint,  at  loarti  to  tbe  j 
Lutheran  system  ;  8iav«  in  lo31,  supenntendcnta  xrare 
appoinUxl,  tbuir  jnnMdiotion  being  cooxtcnaivu  with  die 
anoient  diocesan  dtnaioos.  But  tliia  ima  a  tnuiaimit 
arrangement.  Nowhere  did  the  hatred  of  fmiaay,  and  of 
•v<.Tytliiiig  thitt  looked  like  it,  become  moro  fommt  than 
in  Scotland.  The  Presbyterian  system  iras  fully  cstal>> 
linliod,  and  al£rin«d  to  exist  by  divini^  right.  Thvr^  were 
two  ohfiaes  of  eldeis  constituted  —  ruling,  or  luy  vlders, 
and  (xrcaobing  elders  —  vho  togrthcr  formed  the  Kirk- 
■cmou  and  cxorcimed  goTpnimont  in  tliv  Church.  Vacan- 
cies in  the  lay  part  of  the  session  weiti  Ullod  by  tlic  body 
tt«cK,  on  the  uominatjon  of  tli«  pastor.  The  highest  triba> 
tuil  for  the  exeroiHR  of  Cliiireb  atiUmrity  wa.t  thu  General 
Assembly  or  National  Synod,  in  n-liicb  the  minitterial 
ro[>rc!tM]ntutiTai  waro  on  a  footing  of  perfect  equali^.  In 
Fmioe,  tlie  churches  being  separately  organixcd,  were  at 
first  autonomic  in  their  polity,  the  preacher  \Tith  tbe  lay- 
elders  and  deacons  forming  the  consiatory  or  M.'niit«,  tbo 
goreming  body.  WTiile  in  Geneva,  the  elders  wens  cho- 
sen for  lifi.',  in  Franoe  they  were  ek-cted  only  for  a  tenn 
ot  jtan.  Vacancies  were  filled  on  tli«  notninatioa  of 
tbe  consistory  itself.  In  France  the  elders  oon6nod  them- 
iK-lves  to  the  exercise  of  government  itn<l  discipline,  anu 
did  not,  as  at  Geneva,  visit  the  bouses  w  coSpernte  offi- 
cially with  the  pastoni  in  tlio  cure  of  souls.  This  anxiU 
iairy  servtoe  was  devolved  on  the  deaoons.  in  ir>.'>',>,  tbe 
synodal  constitiition  was  introduced,  by  which  the  no* 
tborify  that  bad  resided  in  the  consistories  wtis  limited 


CBimOH  AMD  STATE  M  ECGLASD. 


4W 


I 


mpn-mo  jurisdiction  Iwing  pluoc<l  in  tli«  Nntionnl  Sjiiod, 
wliioh  fnrinecl  the  liiglic-st  court,  and  exercised  a  general 
supenatendence  in  matters  of  doctrino  ami  disoipliDu.' 
Tlwj  Presbyterians  hnre  always  nuinifcBbcd  a  jmlousy  o( 
at«te-control  and  a  dUposition  to  k«ep  tho  government  of 
the  Chnruli  in  its  own  IiandH.  Bat  in  Engliitid,  at  the 
epodi  of  thc>  I^ng  Parliament  and  t]te  Westminster  As- 
sembly, concossionu  Liid  to  be  made,  in  «onfiequonco  of 
the  vmat  of  unnnimity  iti  the  adoption  of  Pre^ibyteriaa 
priudples  and  the  refosal  of  Parliament  to  surrendw 
the  supreme  poorer  in  occlomusticiil  nffoin.* 

The  relation  of  tlie  establislied  Church  to  tbe  State  in 
England,  where  the  principal  control  in  occk-aiwitioft]  of- 
ban  vox  luwumed  by  Uie  civil  nntlmrity,  Iia«  benn  vari- 
ously deflnotl.  For  a  while,  the  Bysiuitine  theorj',  whieli 
conceives  of  the  King  as  poMeMcd  of  A  sort  of  prii'fftJy 

*  A  ■uiau*  dlipuU  broka  eat  In  \bt  Ft«uc1i  Cbiireh  In  IGTl  batir«aii  th«  ad- 
TOcdu  at  A  type  a(  Canifregtllaiiallun,  of  mliom  tli«  cclcliratcd  lUniui  iru 
one.  mud  tb«  dcfendcn  o(  iha  nitabllilicil  lydaai,  whJcb  loJ^d  (l>r  poirrra  at 
KOVfrsaiCDt  in  tha  Cvnililorjr.  The  Maiucre  el  St.  Dullialonicw  r«wvd  Dm 
(Ul>jci>(  to  lin  ri-rKOllio.  Fcr  iiMkivi  at  ihi*  InUrutine  cnntrorcnjr,  ««  Uirlio, 
HU.if4  /'>vnM,ix.3n,n.9i  Vft^yet,  DtrutOiimf  4.  Cn/rimnnw,  p,  tOn.;  Too 
m\aa,  GmAkiit  0.  /nmaSAek.  CaJ>..  1. 4^^708;  Schhnnr,  jMm  Sm,  f. 
SIS. 

■  Tbe  (nI«ro[  nirsliip  wbich  imt  i)')<>['tf<]  in  lli«  Jillartnl  Rfronnrd  Churchta 
iru  in  ■fvard  «ltb  thrlr  Tctpcdint  liInMoC  ilndrlno  ■ml  piAilj.  Lndwrtv 
lalmd  nwnj  vt  Ih«  lacicnt  fonnsi  but  b«  jt>rv  to  ilit  wrmon  »  jiUn  ot  Miiinl 
tinpntaons  *ntl  wa*  tanfiil  lo  Intltl  Ui*t  Ihq  ■mne«meali  of  Uia  WitWn- 
bmg  Senice  Ikmk  •.hmilil  n>i(  )iv  inipufr'l  oD  nlticn.  Wt  niiitl  be  muUn  Ol 
tenuMDisi —  nnl  lr\  Ihpcn  bn  miiMor*  oi  m  —  wa*  \m  (ncille.  Th*  ihg^iqt  *( 
hirmiu  (HunKd  «  immlmnt  pUm  in  I.ullionn  w.>r>hip.  Th««hanunD(  Zirln- 
f^t  «V1*  mOcH  moi^  rttlirfll.  In  Znttdi,  church  nintftjiK  wu  ;;ivrn  up  anlD 
IMS.  Al  HoM-l  uid  fom*  ulh«r  Swiu  tnwius,  hrjwmr.  On  Oftmiia  IVialinii  mtt 
•unit-  Tbn  (!burr1i  a(  Qtniva  fullrivrinl  mibataiiliilly  llm  Xnrtcli  aarrio*,  but 
ihhI  (I>k  I'ltncli  nnion*  of  Uie  rulnii,  by  Sdiuvl  and  Kata,  Tbt  Ocatvaa 
SflrvirH  Itouk  urrtd  u  a  modal  tor  viirlou*  olbtr  Ibtocmcil  (.liuX'bDi.  Ou  Uili 
wbnifi  inbjocl,  ne  (furttUr,  W.  i.  3,  {  4T,  uliort  Ibc  Illtnlura  li  givan.  TlM 
IJturjtj  of  ftp  .Inslimn  fhureli  ir«>  tarpi..*  drawn  (roni  Iho  n\i  wri-tc«-ba*k<. 
e**  K.  ProMer.^  ;/«:ar)r./(»<  B«p*fl/0<m»o»/'roj(r(Tlii«d.,X™ToA, 
mi).  A.  J.  Kicphixii,  rif  IimU'  «/  C'(iM«ni  Prayer,  fM  nolil,  ttftl  rnkV  lb. 
itrital  nuoi.  n*.  UaiktU,  TAa  UKdVM  JUiw»  ^lt(  Cl«rA^f>Hh*l 
M  •>!.,  lal«^  C.  W,  SUrJita,  7A«  Am*  ^Ctmnon  Proftr,  w  <Mie«r<rf  A* 
wa  11  ai.  Didntt  i  ttiA  •  tffac  a*d  ^jhnfjaal  TVnKm  llKIi 


600  THE  COSSTITCTIOX  OF  THK  PROItSTAST  CSfBCHES. 


I 


fonctiou,  us  being  aii  eoclesiastkal  as  well  as  n  civil  put^ 

■on,  seems  to  hare  been  tacitly  hold.    Uia  hendahi))  ovet 

tba  Cbiirvh  mid  oootral  in  ficclca&stical  govenuoBnt  w.tv 

justified  on  Ibis  bjpoUiems.    TLu  Erutiun  doctrine,  oo* 

oonting  to  wbicb  tUo  Cliurcb,  m  suab,  has  none  of  tlia 

pNTOgatives  of  governinout,  whicli  inlicro  wboUy  in  tlio 

Ststo,  had  ita  udhcrcntx  in  EngliUM),  nnd  iutt  iu  influeiice 

upon  iliB  English  polity.     It  was  the  theory  of  Hooker 

that  the  Church  of  any  jmrticulor  country,  iiud  tbo  State 

Urate  oxistiiigi  oro  ono  and  the  nune  society.     They  are 

not  two  distinct  societies  which  nnito  or  ctttlflsoe  in  a  dt- 

gree ;  but  they  ara  onv  and  ihi:  suinu  tocinl  body,  which, 

AS  related  to  temporal  concerns,  and  all   things  except 

true  reli^on.  ia  the  commonwealth ;  as  ruhit^l  to  ndigion^ 

is  tlie  Cluii'ch.'     Tiio  i«u])r<-in.HCy  of  the  King,  if  the  gOT- 

amment  is  monarchical,  over  the  Church,  is  the  corollary  of 

this  propnuition.     Among  the  modern  adrocahn  of  this 

hypotheais,  one  of  the  ablest  is  th«  late  Dr.  ^Vrnold.     In 

idea,  the  Church  and  State,  he  tliinks,  are  identical.   Their 

end,  their  ergon,  is  Hits  same,     lie  rejects,  with  all  hia 

heart,  the  modern  tiieory  tltat  Uie  design  of  the  State  ia 

limited  to  the  protection  ol  body  and  goods.    The  State, 

in  it«  Tory  idea,  is  religioi»,  an<]  ia  hound  to  iiim  at  tho 

promotion  of  religion.     Rejecting,  also,  the  doctrine  of 

apostolic  mcccAsioii  and  of  a  priestly  order,  Arnold  Rnds 

in  tho  King's  supremacy  an  emblem  and  a  reali2ation  of 

tlw)  truth  that  tliw  liiity  hiivo  a  right  to  govern  in  Llto  ^ 

Church.    The  more  the  State  is  pervaded  by  the  kpirit  of  ^| 

Chmtianity,  the  more  is  tho  Church,  as  a  separate  body, 

I  EerJrmil.  Pvlity,  b.  Till.  *'  Wo  ny  thai  tlic  ittv  ol  rrli^eo  being  cam- 
man  lo  all  locictlM  politic,  autb  WMdMlM  W  do  tnilmiia  thv  true  Kllglun  havt 
Hit  aaiae  of  Chunh  ffrta  unto  evnyaae  of  ihcm  fc<r  iliiiiaollon  tfim  :1m 
mt."  "  Wbm  we  optiwoi  Ihcrefon,  ilii  Cluinili  and  Cflinnioaneixllli.  hiQiri*- 
^di  lOrlFly,  w«  mean  by  Uia  Cainin(inwi>Bllh  Uut  Mcicty  with  TalMfam  I*  al 
(tla  piibllo  Bflnin  thprfvf,  only  (he  tnntlar  <tt  Iruv  nliinun  fxrapledi  by  tiM 
Cbnrah,  Ihv  Min«  pirlcty  wjtb  only  rifrrciicr  unto  llio  miittr  ol  tru*  rtUglaE 
■Ubcul  Uiy  alliurt  bcililM." 


THEOBIKS   or  WABOURTyN   AND  COLESIDGB.  601 

MpeneJed.     Tbc  ideal  towards  which  we  lire  to  strive  ii 
Hio  identiScatioD  of  the  tvro.> 

Tlie  theory  t>{  \Viir1>urtoii  proceeds  upon  a  denial  of 
the  identity  of  Church  and  State.*  Tliuy  are  in  Utir 
own  nitturo  aiid  originally,  distinct  and  separal«  aociotien. 
But  thia  mutual  independence  does  not  of  ncwssity  con- 
tinue. They  nuy  vnter  into  nn  iilliiiiira  with  onu  another 
U[>an  certain  terms,  the  result  of  which  is  a  connectitMi 
and  mutual  dependence  of  thu  two.  Tlio  Chui'di  «ntvni 
into  a  relation  of  a uliorih nation  to  the  State,  Uio  State 
making  stipulationfi  which  bind  it  to  support  the  Clmrdi. 
There  is  a  contract  with  conditions  to  be  tuUillcd  on 
either  nde.  If  the  State  should  fail  to  fulfill  these  oii- 
giigemcnts,  the  Church  may  withdraw  from  the  connection, 
and  then  falb  hacic  upon  ita  original  condition  of  inde-  | 
pendence. 

Coleridge  has  HUggeatcd   a   theory  aomewhat  diverse 

from  that  of  Waiburton.*     The  hypothesis  of  Coleridge, 

■a  tar  M  it  is  peculiar,  is  fonmUul  on  a  distinction  between 

the  Tiaible  Church  of  Christ,  as  it  may  be  found  in  any 

particular  country,  and  the  national  or  established  Church 

of  that  country.     The  visible  Chnrcli  is  a  kingdom  not  of 

this  world  ;  it  mamiges  )t«  own  nlTiiint,  npptiinta  an<l  stip- 

porta  ita  own  ministera.     The  State  is  competent  neither 

to  appoint  nor  to  displace  tlieso  ministers,  nor  is  it  n* 

B])onMil)Ie  for  their  ranintcnance.     The  mitional  Church, 

on  Uie  contrary,  is  a  public  and  risible  community,  having 

ministers  whom  Uie  nation,  through  tJw  agency  of  a  con* 

stitiidon,  has  created  tmsteea  of  a  reserved  national  fund, 

upon  fixed  terms,  and  witL  defined  duties,  aitd  whom  in  the 

caac  of  breach  of  those  tenna,  or  dereliction  of  those  du- 

I  Sm  Amnl<r«  tJ/<  ami  Carntptnittt*  <t7  Slanloy),  ptmvi  i  ud  AnioU'i 
J/fKvUunnu  irrfriH^  lLB«niliWD(  Gtrmiin  IhMloglaii,  RHhe,  hu  kdvKalcd 
k  nlmilar  tlMiiiy,  ill  ht>  CkrUBekt  £Ml!,  Mid  In  bli  |i**tliuniau>  Dti*ilik, 

*  Thu  Mid  nUiar  I^MriM  •»  ili«Kh*4  Id  ttio  Pntac*  to  Co1trid|{«'i  tUkwd 
MtfjnMt,brH.ir.  C«l«rid8*.    ColciUse'i  Vn^*  (e<t.  SUdd),  *<>t.  tL 
■  IF0rl»,  tdI.  vU 


M2    TBE  c<H{5rmmox  of  rns  PBorssTAHT  oiiubuhu. 


'Xpedi-    J 

m 


ties,  the  nation,  through  tlio  same  ngom^,  may  <Iit(charg«." 
But  tlii^  iiiiaiat(ir»  of  the  one  Cbnrdi  msy  iiUo  I>e  the  mJu 
iaien  of  the  otlior;  the  minittin*  of  the  vi«ble  Obnreb 
uf  Chriitt  may  be,  iiLio,  thn  tniniRterti  of  the  nntiomil  nr 
established  Church.     This  ia,  for  niuiy  reasons,  expedi' 
fint,  and  b  actunlly  tlto  emu.    Thus  the  titlcit,  «: 
mODts,  and  political  power  of  the  clergy,  belong  to  t 
not  M  niimHturs  of  thu  Chureli  of  Chrixt,  which  h 
ii.ittonitl  or  locnl,  but  as  an  eatato  of  the  realm  ;  im  a  body 
oluirgt-d  with  the  vast  responsibility  of   preeerring  and 
promoting  the  moral  cultun;  of  the  peopln.     Id  thi«  fl>- 
padty  they  may  nit  in  Parliament,  which  ia  tbo  grrnt 
Council  of  the  nittiou. 

Mr.  Ghulatoms  in  Iiir  work  on  "  Church  and  State," 
aome  of  the  doctrines  of  which  he  hna  since  renounoe^ 
does  not  differ  inutcriuUy  fivui  Cokridgo.*  Mr.  Glod- 
Btone  holds,  that  tbo  State  is  a  moral  person,  boiuid  to  act 
in  tlie  iiiiine  of  Cttrist  and  (or  tlio  glon,'  of  God,  and  to 
make  religion  the  paramount  r*n<i  iti  guiding  and  govero^^ 
ing  Uio  nation.  But  be  cliiims  that  the  true  Ohun-b^^ 
whtuh  has  in  it  thv  n|)ostolic  gucoemion,  most  bo  tbo  body 
ehosen  by  tlie  nation  for  the  performanoe  of  this  hig^ 
office.  Ho  admittt  that  tltcrv  may  bo  a  conditJon  ot 
religious  opinion,  where  tJiis  alliance  of  the  State  widi 
the  Clitu'ch  is  impnicticiiblo,  as  ia  tbo  cafie  in  tbo  United 
States ;  but  in  nil  xuch  cominunitiea,  be  considers  the  life 
of  the  Slate  muimed,  imperfect,  conrentionaL 

Clialraera  mnintatns  that  an  ostablisbment  is  neoeerary 
to  the  proper  effect  of  Christianity  upon  a  people.'  Tlio 
State,  be  thinks,  is  boimd  to  aeloct  and  support  some  oii^^H 
denomination,  and  maintain  its  religions  teachcn.  Ti^^ 
mvJ;ing  the  selection,  the  State  must  be  governed,  if  tbti 
bo  pnictirtiblc,  by  a  coiisidcnttion  of  the  tmtb  or  error 
the  tenets  of  the  various  religious  bodies.     It  must  ! 


1  TA4  Suit  tr>  (.-MHMcnlM  tiM  Ih*  CS-nlt  (Uk  %U  XMl). 
•  ffWU  ToL  srIL 


TnEORIKS  or  AN  BSTABUSinit'IXT. 


not 


I 


quire,  what  is  trnth.  But  if  religtoiu  <^inioa  ia  eo 
diTided,  or  Uie  circumstance^  are  sack,  that  tlus  cannot 
l»  iniulc  th«  sole  criterion,  BOnie  ona  "  I*rot«»tant," 
**  evangelical  "  denomination  must  be  cJioscn. 

Mocaiilny,  in  his  nsview  of  Gladstone's  book,  ieprf>" 
seats  the  lowest,  or  most  iDo<lerate  ^-pe  of  opinion  amonj; 
the  advocittoK  of  nn  EstubUshmcnt,'  He  deiii<^»  tluit  tlm 
direct  end  of  government  is  the  propagation  of  religion. 
The  direct  end  of  govenim<.*nta  i»  tin;  protection  of  life 
propertv.  This  is  the  proper  and  only  essential 
of  the  State.  But  while  |>nrsiiiii|;  this  end,  the 
iBwy  and  should,  as  a  collateral  object,  liavn  in  view 
the  moral  and  rdi^oos  improvement  of  the  people. 
EapociaUy  may  public  «dncRtion  be  defi^ndcd  as  tk>co*- 
8ai7  to  the  si^ety  of  tho  State.  Th«  promotion  of  re> 
ligion  IB  an  incidental,  not  a  direct  or  main  hnsineaa  of 
ths  cAt'iI  organization.  In  selecting  its  Church,  or  th« 
religioas  instractora  of  the  people,  the  State  or  govern- 
ment must  bfl  dct^Tinim-d,  not,  ind<N:-d,  by  thi?  mere  will 
of  a  majoribf,  but  not  by  its  own  views  of  truth  exdu- 
dvoty ;  bnt  must  net  in  snch  a  vny  W)  to  secure  tbo 
largest  proportion  of  truth  vrith  the  emalleet  admixtore 
of  error.  Hence  the  religioiM  views  mid  prejudice*  tlmt 
prevail  in  the  commnnity  most  always  be  oonsnlted  and 
rvjpected. 

In  the  English  system,  tlic  filling  of  all  high  occlmi- 
siftical  offices  devolves  on  the  aovoreign,  the  ecokmastical 
bodiM  not  being  at  liberty  to  refuse  the  formal  concur- 
renoe  which  ia  required  to  ftillill  tho  election.  Th«  two 
-provinces  of  York  and  Cant^'rbtury  have  each  its  Convo- 
c'litivn,  eompowd  of  two  houseii,  Uic  flmt  conHiating  of  thn 
biahopa,  and  the  Beoond.  of  tliu  rest  of  tho  clci;gy  ;  and 
the  two  Convocations  may  comlnne.  But  Convooation 
cMLnot  oBBemble  witlioot  aathori^  from  Parliament,  nor 
u  it  piXB>bl«  for  any  ocolcs]a<rtloal  laws  or  canons  to  b« 

1  Uacnuliiy'*  KlUJI,  v«l.  hr. 


MX    TBB  ooKnmmox  or  thk  pboibstant  cnuttcmES. 

pMicd  vitliout  Uie  consent  of  I'arluuntuit.  TItu  rentU 
has  been  that  for  n«arly  two  oontariee,  Convocation  tuu 
had  littlo  mora  thun  u  noiiiinal  cxlstonoe.  To  tliiB  exk-at 
has  synodal  govemmeut  vaiiislicd  in  the  Etigli.sli  Ctiunlu 
nnd  tiiu  govi-i-nnicnt  of  the  Cburob  boca  eurrentlered  tn 
the  StatA.' 


t.iV 


Ttirning  to  the  Catholic  Churvh,  wu  find,  in  the  latter 

part  of  ilto  sixteenth  century,  a  singular  development  ul 

ioctrine   on   the   origin   and  nature  of   civil    autlionty- 

Uigh  viovrs  of  Pujml  authority,  ns  extendins  over  mui>- 

dano  aflaim,  were  proiimlgated  by  the  l*op«s  tliumselvn, 

nnd  by  the  Cattu^  theologians,  capKially  thosw  of  th* 

JoHuit  order.    The  oentnUiiation  of  Euroim,  which  gai*^^ 

such  increoaed  vigor  to  national  feeling  and  to  tvinfion^l 

autliorit)-,  made  it  for  the  intcrost  of  t]i«  Piijwil  Sm?  l«" 

divtMt  tlmt  iiuUiority  of  a  portion  of  its  aanctity.     itetlar-, 

mine  adopted  the  figure  which  had  been  us«l  by  Thoma 

Aquiuna  to  dofine  the  distinction,  but  close  connectJoiv| 

of  the  civil  and  tho  Papal  authority.    The  former  ia  M 

the  latter  as  the  body  to  tlie  soul.     The  two  aro  nut  th« 

lamo,  but  the  ouo  is  inferior  and  vubortlinato  to  the  ntJinr;a 

at  tlie  aaine  time  tliot  the  body  hua  fonotions  of  it«  own.  V 

Beltamiiue  ofErmed  only  an  indirect  control  on  tho  part 

of  till!  Piipc  over  tho  t«ii]poml  ]iowit.     The  Pope  do» 

ilot  imuiediately  loglsUte  in  tempunil  afTairs.     Yvt  lu  tht 

'  CMvocntlon,  Id  lOfili,  *umn<lar«<B  th«  priT^iip)  of  taxtac  *^'  '^•'KT'i  wUet 
b*l  Man  piirMiao4  to  it,  W  tb*  Hobh  ot  CoiuinuiuL  Wilfcla  Ida  InM  turisl* 
fMn  aiuiiipu  hava  bMo  nuulatonrvivoCtanrni'iition.aiiilMliKctdiiiiUi  imih 
no.  function.  Bomrnll  rocnrfii  a  vicatniu  «i)a«iiiilcin  of  l>r.  JuliMfon.  Oa  thl< 
■alMT,  auiier  iaiv  nf  Aukujii  3,  ITOS:  "  I  bad  (ha  miirarmw  txian  »«  piuwd 
(ft  Mw*  him  uiiiaUiiitiDiiallj'.  I  iiitniiunfiA  to  bira  bow  comiDon  )l  wnh  in  Ihi 
world  Id  avrlho  tn  him  tvry  itnuigtv  Mving*.  Joiinos.  —  'What  du  UtrJ 
Buha  ma  nj.  tir?  '  Boiwiaj-  — '  Whr,  »ir,  an  butanes  nnr  ilimiiKB  fai- 
datd  [laaic1iinuli'mniIjuIii]ioli*)-  Ilaviil  tlum*tbld  mn  jrou  Mill  tliai  j^oii  iruuU 
•lanil  Man  a  b^tu-ry  of  uiiitnii  to  n*(or*  {rotiToralloD  lo  lu  full  psmn.' 
TJiUf  •IIiI  t  ipTiTrlunil  Ihnt  hn  luii!  actually  tald  thi>:  but  I  wai  bod  raiiTiDoal 
■f  mjr  nror;  fgr,  villi  ■  ilalnnnini^d  louk,  lie  UiunOtml  out!  'And  wooU  . 
Ut,  tirT  Shall  thf  Prnbrtiman  Kirt  ot  ScnUand  ban  it*  Ocoeral  I  wnirttl 
Miit  tbi  Chotch  uf  Kniflanil  b*  Uaulad  iuUi>nv«calItio7"' 


ilSUn   DOCtRlXE  OF   rOPDLAB  SOVKBttltiXTY. 


WS 


^ 


^ 


tn  of  religion  and  morals,  he  may  iulerfurc  to  pie- 
T«nt  the  passing  or  oxocution  of  a  bud  Inw.  He  may 
absulvu  Hiibjix^Ut  from  tlieir  nllcigiance  to  a  lioretical 
or  unworthy  king.  A  vast  aiid  swoopiug,  though,  in 
form,  an  indirect  prcrogntivu,  in  refervoue  to  tlifi  govcrn- 
mont  of  States,  is  tliua  attributed  to  him.  'llie  right  tc 
rubel  against  heretical  ttowroIgnH,  and  b>  dvtliroiiu  th«in, 
was  tftught  by  the  Jc«uittt,  William  All»ii  and  Parsons, 
who  were  laboring  to  ovorthi-ow  Elizabeth,  and  hy  other 
Catholic  teachers  in  tho  timo  of  tlic  Lcjigtic,  and  of  tJvo 
oaeiuwinntion  of  Henry  III.  The  right  of  lebellion,  in  the 
Cftse  BuppoBed,  was  sok-mly  iiflirniod  by  Uio  Sorbonnv. 
Tim  first  dcfcjwe  of  re^^cide  liad  come  from  a  pri«st, 
Jean  Petit,  who  delivered  a  discourse  in  1408,  defending 
the  niorder  of  the  Duke  of  Orleans  by  the  Dulcu  ul  Ititr- 
gnndy.  It  had  required  the  strenuous  exertions  aitd 
repeated  harangni's  of  Gcrvon,  nt  the  Council  of  Con- 
sUuicc,  to  procure  from  tliat  body  a  condemnation  of  Uiu 
doctrine  of  Petit.  Tho  attempt  of  tlm  Poles  to  obtain 
from  ^Eartin  V.,  and  from  the  Council,  a  condemnation 
of  the  hook  of  Falkonberg,  which  was  of  kindi-ed  tenor, 
and  wliich  aimed  to  stir  up  insurrection  in  Poland,  en- 
tirely failed.  The  Jesuits  were  expelled  from  Paris  in  tho 
early  days  of  Henry  IV.,  on  tho  ciuirgo  of  inculcating 
tho  right  to  slay,  by  pri\-nte  hands,  a  bortttical  ruler. 
The  old  doctrine  of  tyrannicide  assumed  a  new  form,  and 
found  adlicronte  among  doctors  of  ttio  Churclt.  But  in 
the  theory  of  popular  Bovcroignty,  and  of  the  social  com- 
pact, the  pecoliar  tendencies  of  CathoUc  theology  an 
most  appiirvnt.  This  wn*  atlToeated  by  Lnincz,  Ch« 
second  General  of  the  Jesuit  Order,  by  tlie  eminent 
Spanish  Jesuit,  Mariana,  and  by  ildliu-nune.  It  is  th*- 
doctrine  that  power,  as  far  as  temporal  rule  is  concerned, 
miginally  resides,  hy  the  gift  and  apjiointmL'nt  of  God.  in 
tlie  pooplo.  Goveniinent  is  a  divine  ordinance,  hut  wiiat 
'orra  tliat  government  ^all  take,  and  in  whom  it  shall  b« 


606     THE  OOSSTITUriOX  OK  TflK  MWTESTAIfT  CinTBf^ES. 

TMbKl,  it  a  for  llm  pivtple  to  rtetertnine.  What  the  Piwt- 
estants  uaserted  respecting  Lvck-suisticnl  govtmuatmt,  tin 
JcHiiita  d«ctAr«(l  of  civil  gnvcnimcnt.  As  tho  fomai 
tnuglit  that  eerlMiastieal  power  is  originally  df  poeited  in 
the  body  oi  tlie  Cliurch,  thu  latter  doelnrt^  tliAt  Itiinponil 
power  inheres,  originnlly,  in  the  body  of  thu  pooplf. 
Tlie  politiral  theory  of  the  Jmuits  had  tlir>  ailvmi(ag« 
ol  placing  lli«  iintliority  nf  thv  PofW  and  Ills  I4^iur«  oi 
office,  oa  &  more  «o)id  foundHtioii  than  that  of  tbe  powtr 
o(  any  particular  dynasty  or  king.  Ttw  nilo  of  the  Pope 
WM  pven  bim  directly  from  God,  and,  therefore,  coitld 
neither  be  qoeationed  nor  wrested  from  him  bj-  men.  Tbe 
authority  of  the  king,  on  the  contrary,  came  to  him 
ln(^diatuIy,  through  the  people,  and  might  be  recalled  at 
tJioir  inll.  This  political  doctrine,  mor«ov«r,  furnished  a 
anfBcient  defense  for  n  piii)ul;u'  ruhellion,  especially  if  it 
were  undertaken  with  the  sanction  of  the  Pope.  It  ia 
curious  to  obaerro  tlmt  the  radical  spccnlations  of  Locke, 
RooBseau,  and  Jefferaon.  as  to  the  origin  of  govenimt-nt, 
and  the  right  of  revolution,  vrere  anticipated  by  the 
Jcfluit  flchoUtrs  of  the  sixteenth  oonlory.  Ifc  is  rotnnrk- 
able,  moreover,  that,  in  opposition  to  these  novel  dogmas, 
tlicrv  uppourcd,  on  the  I'rot^vtJint  tide,  a  theory  of  tbe 
divine  right  of  kings,  and  the  related  doctrine  of  pooive 
obedience,  a  theory  not  known  to  the  cnltimtcd  heAtlMai 
nations  of  antiquity,  and  dmwing  no  real  aiuietion  from 
Ik-brcw  history,  Tbe  extreme  devotees  of  the  principle 
of  Mithority  stand  forth  as  the  champions  of  tlie  most 
libentl,  and  even  revolutionary  notions,  in  politics ;  tbt* 
adx-ocatcji  of  freedom  and  of  revolt  against  apiritnal  Author* 
ity,  are  equally  atrenuou.i  for  slftvttth  maxims  <i  pottttcal 
obedience. 

Tronqilantcd  to  America,  the  vuions  ecdesQiiBticfU 
systems  were  furnished  with  a  new  tbeatrc  for  tbe  niiuii- 
festation  of  their  chsracteristic  featurce,  but  underwent 
changes,  from   tlie  cffi-ct  of   th«  new  dreumstancoa  ia 


IHV.  serri'LERS  op  new  iuiolakd. 


&07 


I 

I 


wbicji  they  were  placed.  The  followers  ol  John  Robin- 
ton,  who  scitlod  PJyinoutli,  -wvn  Indi!p«mJ«nt8.  Their 
canliti:il  priiioiiilfts  were,  firet  that  tlie  local  Cliutcli  is 
elothod  with  oomplct«  powon  of  Bcl(-gDveniin<-nt,  in  the 
soiue  that  no  Synod  or  Cotincil  has  any  inrisdirtjin  over 
it ;  and  eeoondly,  tltnt  none  uro  1u  be  ndtntttiHl  to  iho 
Lord's  Supper,  except  on  thn  crwliWe  jirofetLiiun  of  in- 
ward [wotT  ;  that  is,  that  the  Churcli  ahoiiM  be  composed 
of  true  twiieverit  only.  1'ii«!  liberal  and  ptiil<w>phiciil 
mind  of  Robinson  had  attained  to  principles  ^vhich  ap- 
pronoh,  though  they  do  not  rcocJi,  the  modem  doctriiw 
of  toleration  and  of  the  limited  sphere  of  the  State.  He 
hw  aogacioiiB  observittions  on  Uiu  inexpodiency  and  mis- 
chtcrouft  con-sequencea  of  coertuon  by  the  niitgistntto  in 
matters  of  religion,  and  confutes  the  popular  argument 
for  it,  wliicli  n-iis  foanded  on  the  example  of  the  Hebrew 
kings.  He  shrewdly  conunenta  on  the  differcnee  in  the 
(rntiment  rospootiiig  tolenttion,  which  is  felt  by  the  ad- 
herents of  a  creed  when  tliey  are  in  power,  tram  that 
wliioh  they  feel  when  tliey  form  mi  oppressed  minority.* 
rhe  oolony  of  Plymouth  was  honorably  distinguished 
from  the  other  Now  England  government*  — with  tlic  ex- 
ception of  Kliode  Island^ by  a  greater  liberality  in  the 
treatment  of  religious  diasent.  Tlie  settlers  of  Klassa- 
chuectts  iJay  were  not  SeparnliNta,  likit  the  Ix^yden  im- 
migrants, who  had  preceded  them ;  but  still  the  settlers 
of  MUiachn«etbs  fmding  themiielvcti  on  ground  of  tiieir 
own,  and  at  liberty  to  shape  their  jmllty  to  miit  thi>ir  pref 
orenoca,  oatablished  the  system  of  Congregationalism. 
in  full  agreement  with  the  Church  oonstitution  of  I'lym- 
onth.  But  A(a«nchiisutts  set  up  a  sort  of  theoerutical 
system,  in  which  members  of  eliurdira  were  endued  vnth 
Ibe  exclusive  privilege  of  holding  rivil  offices  and  exer- 
cising thii  right  of  suffrage;  in  which,  moreover,  t)» 
dvil  authority  was  authorized  and  obliged  to  puniil) 
1  nVb  a/  AoUuM  tBoMen,  USl],  L  10. 


"in  coxsrmmoN  or  the  pbotestast  cucbches. 


heresy  und  schism,  and  to  socurc  untft  nnitr  in  worship 
aiu)  io  Xiif-  public  profession  of  religion,  'llio  same  Sf»- 
teni  was  establialied  in  the  colony  of  New  Haven ;  but 
in  CoiuuTc-ttcut,  civil  riglitx  were  not  tbug  liinilvd  tu 
church  tni^mbcjs.  The  piinciple  of  the  inde{>endencc  ol 
the  local  Church  as  to  government,  one  of  the  two  cardi- 
nal elements  of  tJte  ci-ecil  of  Llie  Iiidopeiiili-iilA,  was  re- 
tained in  the  Congr^ational  churches  of  Kew  Kngland, 
as  ha  as  tho  relation  of  one  ohnreh  to  otbiT  churches  u 
goiicrrn<'il.  'ITie  offico  of  other  diurchea  was  Uuiiteil  to 
giving  counsel.  But  the  autonomy  of  the  local  Church 
was  materiully  ahridged  in  another  direction,  in  the  co- 
vruivu  power  granted  to  the  civil  ino^stracy,  and  the 
intimate  union  of  Church  and  State.  Roger  Williams 
brouglit  forward  tlie  new  d(>;Lrine  as  to  the  Slate,  which 
limits  the  function  of  the  uiagistrato  to  the  cognizance 
of  oSciwca  against  the  second  table  of  the  law.  This 
doctrine  involres  tho  toleration  of  all  forms  of  religious 
belief  and  worship,  as  far  as  they  do  not  dii-ectly  disturb 
the  peace  of  society,  or  impinge  on  the  authority  of  the 
uiiigistnitu  in  his  own  pn>]«T  itplu^rc.  'Flic  principle  ol 
ri^li|riou3  Uberty,  which  Williams  asserted  in  Massachn- 
Betta,  -waa  iaoorporatctl  in  the  government  of  the  colony 
which  lie  founded  in  Klmdo  I^buid,  and  is  the  principle 
to  which  the  American  sTstema  erf  governmcDt  hHvo 
gnidually  conformed.'  In  this  comitry,  nothing  of  the 
nature  of  an  estab bailment  now  exists.  But  with  re- 
gard to  tJic  relation  of  the  <avil  authority  to  Christianity, 
a  distinction  is  to  be  imido  bctwct-n  tJio  Federal  Go\'em- 
ment,  and  the  several  Stalest,  csjHtcially  Uie  older  States, 
that  compose  the  Republic,  The  General  Ooveronicut 
was  crcati-d  iirlificially,  for  certain  purposes,  and  with  a 

t  In  Mntylaiiil,  fi>an<1<<^l  liy  I/ml  FSallTmnrc,!  tInmM)Calholit^|IR''tt).  althoa^ 
Ihdni  itMn  rtOiifiouM  fn^ffilihrn  (-ft  ill  "  wlin  bfliiiTi^  in  Christ/'  ihrn>  w&v  an  f» 
latititlmiffiiE.  Suf'b  H  rolciny,  t»fiji^ct  Io  ECuElard,  vroulit  Lmvp  IpTiHJ^bt  lultx  Cm 
itittXt  hy  atttDiplUtg  Ut  purvM'uIti  l^ruEtutmiU,  IXni  r1,  prvffvivil  prmciplr^  wm 
truly  Iibi>rii1  Ii>r  tint  S(.-h.  tins  Dsncnft,  /Alt.  i/Ut  Viittd  SUtr;  i.  913,  2(4 
lUldnlh,  IL'tt.  n/tKt  Utilrd  Sl^r,,  i.  3(8, 


THR  CHURCH   IN  THE   UN1T>3>  SFATIS. 


609 


I 
I 


led  drclfl  of  powora.  I1i(!  National  Consiitution  con- 
tiuns  no  Qxplicit  rL-cogiiitioa  u£  diriHtumityt  and  Ivnds  no 
■pecud  etuicUon  to  any  form  of  i«ligioii.  On  Ui«  contrary, 
a  general  rpcognition  of  Cliriatiiuiity  lingers  in  the  const!  ■ 
tiitioitH  i}t  niiuiy  of  tliv  oldvr  Stutvit,  ut  k-ast>  and  i»  iio* 
plied  in  various  statutes ;  ao  that  ChriBtianitj*  moat  bo 
constdt'rt-d,  in  HOmu  suiihu,  a  imrt  of  tlii'ir  public  law. 

Both  tlie  Episcopal  and  the  Presbyterian  Churches, 
as  orgauizod  in  this  country,  modify  nsspectivcly  Uieir 
eacly  formularies,  so  that  the  control  of  Ihi?  niAgifttnioy 
in  respect  to  Bynods  and  ecokffiastical  aSuirs  gcnL-rully, 
ia  luft  out;  and  thu  governing  boilivH  in  iIicmj  dunoinina^ 
tJOiiH  aro  free,  of  course,  to  exordse  Church  authority, 
indt-'pondontly  of  the  State. 

Thu  Roinun  Oitlioiio  Churdi,  in  the  United  StaUui,  is 
consistent  with  its  (logiiias  and  tradJlioni*  in  advocating 
tJie  distinction  between  Churcii  and  State.  So  fur,  the 
Amerieuii  Kysbun  may  be,  and  is,  appi-ovod  and  lauded 
by  theologians  of  tliat  body.  They  join  with  American 
ProtexUints  in  oppiMitig  religious  ustablinluni^its,  and)  as 
exist  in  other  Protestant  countrieB.  Thoy  do  not,  how- 
ever, Knounco  the  old  doctrine  of  the  subordination  of  the 
Stut«  to  the  Church,  and  of  the  authority  <i{  tJie  L-ittvr 
in  matters  of  civil  government  and  le^Hlatiou.  So  fur 
from  this,  tho  right  of  thu  Roman  ("athotio  Churdi  to 
f  xercifle  this  sort  of  control  is  frankly  and  boldly  tueerted.* 

'  fio(,  tot  uumple,  ibe  flm  •relcU  in"  ThtCiUmlle  World"  for  July.  IBrt 
'nawriMfMi^i  "WUb  iho  mom  of  In<Lul  intcmRV"'  (ommunicalion  u-d 
raplil  InaiporlalioD,  It  li  sot  ut  Isipaulliillljr  lo  hope  Ihat  tit*  hetii  nf  ilic 
Church  ouj  tgibi  btcoiuc  tbo  ■cknowk'^uvd  ht»i  of  th«  rt^uoilvd  HniUjr  ft 
ChiiiUan  mUobii  lluarblUr  idiI  jailgs  twlw<«u  [i.  into  and  pMtilM,  bK**M 
tuvimuicnt  and  gatcirBinaC,  ihe  «>|r-.iiciu  o(  lli«  tupmn*  juaticn  tai  lb* 
alGhul  lav,  la  all  ImporUnt  qwnkiai  affHCins  tho  n)[Ui>.  il>v  iii'tmt*.  ut.l 
tka  i><lli>«  vl  commmitiM  aoJ  iodlndaiU."  Tha  rljtlil  of  Hit  Cbnrdi  »« 
i^wlat*  cduiatloa  and  iiianim«  U  affinn«d.  *'  niiil*  lit*  Sut*  Iim  tig.\it%,  tb* 
hM  them  rnilj  in  rirtito  anil  bjr  ptminioc  fit  ibo  lufariar  aatliodl;',  ani  thai 
aathorlty  cui  onlr  be  oiprnwad  through  tbaChaNb;  Ibal  i*.  Uina^  tl»  «r- 
pinio  law,  intatlibly  annonnrwl  and  luirfianewhly  MNNed,  ngtrtltut  M  r«« 
pen!  lonwqiirnMfc"  Tto  iilra.  niiirfmarj"  ot  Iho  Chanki  It  '■  "** 
wtlhlD  the  pmrrft  (ho  balk.,  wltMod  bjr  CMuik  htait,"  •«#*> 


CHAPTER    XV. 

THE    EELATIOS  OT  I'UOTESTANTISM  TO  Cn.TOEtt     UlD 
CIVILIZATION. 

la  order  to  judge  riglitly  of  the  tendendcs  of  Prot 
tMafeiP  iu  relation  to  cultura  end  civitization,  or  to 
pore  Protcnhmtism,  in  tbit  rapeot,  with  the  Church 
Rome,  something  more  is  reqi]jsit«  than  a  bare  enunicni- 
tion  of  historical  tncta.    Fncta  in  this  cnsc  can  form  Uic 
besifl  of  induction,  onl;r  ^^  f^r  tiB  tliev  are  fairly  tmeoU)! 
to  the  intrinsic  character  of  the  respective  sj>BtemB.     It  i 
the  grtniuA  of  tlm  nyMti-ms  r«8pvctivi.4y,  as  it  Itaa  revealed) 
itaelf  in  their  nctual  opemtion,  which  we  haw  to  ini-Mti'-j 
gate. 

Protcntiintisin  and  the  Church  of  Kome  hftve  itood  taoaii 
to  fftce,  now  for  more  Chan  three  hundred  yeiun.    Wt 
can  look  at  the  histonr  and  nt  th<>  condition  of  the 
erttint  nations  and  of  the  Roman  (^tholic  nationa.     TlttJ 
immediate  impression  made  by  a  general  comparison 
this  sort  upon  a  candid  obsen't^r  \»  dillicult  to  bo  rMtsted.) 
What  this  impression  is,  may  be  stated  in  the  Linguage^ 
of   two   modem   English   hintnrians,    who  at   loAst  are 
warped  by  no  partisan  attachment  to  the  dermatic  sys- 
tem of  tho  I'rote«tant  churohe*.     Mocaulay,  while  con- 
w;ding  tliat  the  Church  of  Rome  conferred  great  benefits-^ 
on  society  in  the  Middlu  Ages,  by  instructing  the  igno-l 
rant,  by  curbing  th<?  [jassuons  of  tymnnioal  civil  rulers,  mi  j 
by  affording  protection  to  their  subjects,  pl»cea  in  strong] 
oontmst  the  influence  of  the  Church  of  Kome  during  th«' 
last  threv  centitrii.'s,  when  she  has  been  struggling  U  per-j 


ntOnSTAltT  AND  CAraOLlO  KATKHCS  OOUPAKRD.    611 

ato  n  sway  uhid)  tho  dovelopod  iat«ll>gviic«  of  nuiu< 
kind  liiul  oiit^rowu.  "llio  loveliest  and  mtwt  fertile 
proviiicee  of  Europe  Ii&ve,  under  her  rul«,  been  8un1c  tn 
poverty,  tn  poUticail  Horvitudc,  a>nd  in  iiitvUuctiuil  turpor. 
wbile  Proteatant  countrie«,  onoe  proverbittl  for  stci-iUty 
and  barburifitu,  huve  been  tiiroed  by  skill  and  indiutiy 
into  gurdcns,  and  can  boast  of  a  long  list  of  liei-oea  and 
itatesmen,  philoaopliers  and  pocte.  \Miocvor,  knowing 
wluit  luily  aad  ScutlaJid  luitnrully  nrv,  »tid  wlut,  four 
Imndrvd  yenrd  ago,  they  iictually  were,  aball  now  com- 
pare iht;  cuuiitry  ruiitid  Kuiiio  uitli  tliu  country  tuiuid 
Edinburgh,  will  bo  able  to  fonn  some  judgment  as  to  tbe 
tendency  of  Papal  domination.  Tlie  dctfcuut  of  Spain, 
onw  tbti  tii-st  among  mouurchivs,  to  tbe  lowest  depUis  of 
d^ntdoUon ;  Uia  elevation  of  HoUand,  in  spita  of  many 
natural  disadvantages,  to  a  position  sucb  as  no  common- 
woaith  DO  smuU  has  «vvr  ruaLiii'd,  L«adi  tbo  huho  luxson. 
Wlioever  passes  iu  Germany  from  n  Rumaik  Catbulio  to  a 
Prol(»Uuit  prin<upality,  iu  Switzerland  from  a  Roman 
Catbolio  to  a  Protestant  canton,  in  Ireland  from  a  Itomoa 
Catbolio  to  a  PrutwUnt  county,  (inde  tbat  bo  has  passed 
Ctom  a  lower  U>  a  higher  grade  of  civilLuitioo.  On  tlio 
otlier  side  of  tbe  Atlantic  tlic  same  law  pr«vu]a.  Tho 
Protcxtautfl  of  thu  Unitvd  Statn  lutve  left  far  bijiind 
tbem  the  Roman  Catholi<s  of  Mexico,  Peru,  and  Brazil. 
Tbe  Roman  Catholics  of  Lower  Canada  remain  inurt, 
whilu  titu  wliole  continent  round  tliem  is  in  a  ferment 
with  Protestant  activity  and  enterprise.  The  Fi«ncb 
have  doubtltM  shown  an  «nergy  and  on  intelligence 
which,  even  when  misdirected,  have  justly  entitled  Uiom 
u>  be  called  a  great  p«opk-.  But  Uiis  apparent  exception, 
when  examined,  will  be  found  to  couGrro  the  rule ;  for  in 
no  country  that  is  calloil  Roman  Catliolic  haa  tbu  RomsJa 
Catbolio  ('liurch  during  sever.d  generations,  pr«SGSsied  so 
little  authority  aa  in  Friuico."  '     Caclyle,  in  lii^  quiunt 


n 


512  THF,  RELATrOS  OF  PftOTESTAKTlSM  TO  CIVILKATIOS. 

oik)  vivi;l  iiiitiiiter,  tbtiii  writes  ot  the  peoples  wiio  threw 
off  thoii-  ^Ih^inncc  tx>  lioine,  in  contr&Bt  with  tlioM  wluoh 
rt.<j<M.-ti.->(I  tliu  Ki!f(jnriati(in.  "Once  risen  into  this  di 
wiiit«  liiMit  of  temper,  were  it  oolj  for  a  seuson,  nnd 
aguin,  the  nation  is  tLo tin- forth  cHMiilerable  through 
itft  n-iiiiiiniiig  liL!<l<iry.  Wlmt  iminensitiea  of  dro*i  ai 
L'typtopoisoiious  matter  wi]l  it  not  bum  out  of  itaeU 
iJiat  high  tcmpcnitiiiv  in  thv  course  of  a  fow  yvun  I  Wi 
noes  CromwiiU  uml  liiii  Puritans  making  England  linUi 
ble,  erou  under  tbo  Charles-Second  terms,  for  ■  conple 
wntiiriL-s  more.  Nations  ftri>  bi-iivfitwl,  1  twIioTu.  t 
ngt'^,  fur  Lx'iiig  Uiruvru  onou  into  divine  wUiti>  heat  in  thg 
manner ;  and  no  nation  that  has  not  had  such  divine 
oxysms  nt  fiuy  tiniu  in  apt  Ut  cniiii>  t'l  much,"  "  Aiutri 
Spain,  Italy,  Kr.ince,  PolaiKl  —  the  offer  of  the  Itefonn: 
tion  watt  made  ewrywhi-ro,  uid  it  is  tmriotis  to  seo  w 
)i:i8  hraotne  of  tliK  nations  tliat  would  not  hear  it.  In 
countries  were  some  that  accepted ;  but  in  miuiy  thi- 
wcM  not  wnou^li.  and  the  rest,  alowly  or  swiftly,  with 
fatal,  diflicult  industry,  contrired  to  burn  thitin  out.  Aos- 
tria  was  onco  full  of  ProteetanlA,  but  tlie  hidc-bound 
Flemish -Spnoish  K»!«(^r-<r1ument  pi*eaiding  over  it,  obsti* 
DBtely  for  two  oputiu-ies,  kept  wtyiiifj, 'No;  wv,  with 
our  dull,  obstinatu,  Cimburgis  uuder-lip,  and  huty  eyM» 
with  our  ()ond<^rous  Austrian  depth  of  Habituality, 
indolence  of  Intellect,  we  prefer  steady  ditrkncas  to 
rtirtain  uvw  Light  I '  and  all  men  mny  «.■«  where  Anstri. 
now  is.  Spain  still  more ;  poor  Spain  going  about  at  this 
titiie,  making  its  '  prcmimcianientoa.' "  "Italy  too  had 
itjt  I'nitivitiiiil.i;  but  lUtly  killtHl  them  —  managed  to  ex- 
tinguish I'rotestantism.  Italy  put  up  with  practical  liw 
of  all  kinds,  nnd,  xhntf^ing  its  sliouldent,  preferred  going 
into  Dilettanti^ui  :iik1  tlie  Fine  Art».  ThiT  Ituliana,  in-, 
st^fid  of  tho  sarred  service  of  Fact  and  IV-rforiuance,  dli 
Music,  I'niiiliiig,  and  thu  like,  till  utcu  that  lias  beooin* 
Qpossible  for  them ;  and  no  noble  natiun,  sunk  I 


* 


lUt-LUKKCK  or   ntOTKSTASTISM  CPCS   UBEBTY.       !}\i 

toe  to  virti,  ever  ofTtrecI  sinrli  ii  sp*^rtacli!  Wforo."  "  But 
slutrpoBt-cut  osample  is  Fnuioe,  to  wliicli  we  constantly 
retiini  for  illtistrHtioii.  Knincis  with  ita  kt^en  intellect, 
saw  t)ie  truth,  aiul  saw  the  falsity,  in  Uioso  Protcotant 
times,  and,  with  its  ardor  of  genuruus  impolse,  nraa  proiiu 
enough  to  adopt  the  former.  France  wu  within  a  hair's 
brwidCh  of  bwoining  aclually  Protestant;  but  Fnin»^w 
Haw  good  to  massacru  I^rutoftUtntixn),  and  on<l  it  in  the 
night  of  St.  Bartliolomew.  1572."  "  The  Genius  of  Fact 
and  Vi-niclty  nccordiiifily  withdrew,  wa«  Htavcd  oil,  got 
ktpt  away  for  two  liuudred  years.  But  the  Writ  of  Suiu- 
moiu  had  been  eervi'd ;  UcaTon'a  moasunger  could  not 
rtay  Mray  forowr ;  no,  he  returned  duly,  witli  accounts 
run  up,  on  compound  interest,  to  the  actual  )tour,  iu 
1792;  and  tlion,  at  last,  there  had  to  bo  n  *  Proteetaiit- 
fam,*  and  we  know  of  what  kind  that  wiw," ' 

Exception  may,  perhaps,  be  taken  to  some  particulars 
in  tho  fori^goiiig  vxtnicl ;  but  still  Uiu  iipcctaclo  of  the 
physical  power,  the  iudiutry  and  thrift,  the  iiitolligonve, 
good  gOTcmniont,  and  avonigu  morality  of  the  Protes- 
tant nations,  is  in  tlie  highest  degree  significant  and  im> 
prcsaive. 

The  influence  of  Protcstantiiitn  upon  civil  and  religious 
liberty  is  one  point  of  importanco.  in  the  pre^uiit  inquiry. 
Sinc«  Protcsatantiiim  involves  an  asaertiou  of  the  i-ight«  of 
the  iiidividtml  in  the  most  luomuntotis  of  all  concerns,  we 
should  expect  tliat  its  effect  would  b»  generally  favorublo 
to  liberty.  In  considering  tliis  question,  it  is  proper  to 
glanoe  at  the  political  oonsequeiiocs  of  tlic  lU^fonnution.* 

Tho  firet  purioJ  after  tho  bediming  of  tJie  liefortna- 
tioi)  (1517-lf).^6)  is  marked  by  the  rivalry  of  Francis  I. 
and  Charles  V.  Neither  ccpoumd  tho  I'rotcsbtnt  rauso ; 
but  th«ir  tnutnal  enmi^  left  it  room  to  exist  and  t»  d^ 

1  llul.>'/  frttlrtid!  Iki  A(utul(llirr>cn'cd,V  i.  109  Kq. 
*  Iltvrtn,  iriilontal  Trtatiti*,  (Ixford,  l$W.     Ilui  dtKAOlo^Ml  <!tvltiaoi  ol 
Btwn  w*  (all'»(>d  ibiiT*. 


614    TlIK  BELATION  OF  PROTESTAKTtSil  TO  CIVILIZATKHI. 


f 


velop  its  Btreogtb.     Nolwith3tan<ling  the  religious  di\t» 
loo,  a  now  cncrgj-  and  ritaUty  w<.-ri>  iiifusod  into  tUu  coo* 
•lituont  parts  of  tbe  Gennaii  Kmpire.     The  second  pe>. 
nod  (1566-m03)  is  signalized  by  tho  ruroU  of  the  Ne' 
crbuula.     Fnuic«,  a.  kiiigdum  diviilod  ngainat  itiulf,  wh*' 
reduced  for  a  time  to  a  Bubordiaate  position.    Spain  aii< 
EugUkn'i  wore  iiow  tlio  contending  powcn :  th«  Pro: 
tnnt  interest  in  Kuropo   lieiiig  I^d  by  £bzab«th,  and  tlie 
Catholic  iiiturrat  being  munhalcd  uudvr  Philip  II.     Eliz- 
abeth btneU  was  jealous  of  ii«r  prca-c^tivc  and  bad 
love  for  popular  righta ;  but  tlio  Proteatant  party  was^' 
iiovurtliflu.w,  idirutififd  with  thu  caueu  of  libi-rty,  and  tha 
lloman  Catliolic  party  with   {political  abeolutiain.     Sh« 
was  obliged,  for  her  own  safety,  to  give  aid  to  the  itisur- 
geuts  in  the  Netherlands  and  in  Scotland.     During  hor 
long  reigii,  in  England  itself,  under  the  inspiring  influenra 
of  I'rolestantiam,  there  was  an  agitatiun  of  coastitntkmal 
r|ucetion8,  which  augured  well  for  tltu  futun:-.     'Ilie  great 
Protestant  commurcial  Republic  of  Holland  arose,  as  it 
were,  out  of  thft  aea.     In  the  third  periinl  (1003-1648> 
France,  under  Henry  IV.,  for  a  while  reg-.uua  itd  iiiitural 
(Hteition   in  Euroiie,  but  loses  it  by  his  untjmely  death, 
England,  on  the  contrary,  und(-r  the  Stuarts,  with  their 
rvactloDary  oeclosiastidsm  and  eubsorvienicy   to  Spain, 
s;K-rifice8  in  great  part  her  political  inSuenoe.    It  ia  tho  era 
of  Uic  Thirty  Yoirs'  War ;  at  first;  a  ci\'il  war  of  Au»: 
against  Bohemia ;  then  nnjuinng  wider  dimensions  b; 
the  oonquest  of  the  Palatinate ;  and  finally,  upon  the 
aewal  of  the  cotibcnt  bctwui^n  Spain  and  tlio  Netherlands 
in  1021,  interesting  all  Europe.     The  restored  coCipura- 
tion  tLDd  religious  sympathy  of  Austria  aud  Spain,  iU' 
volved  peril  not  only  for  I'roto^tantism,  but  for  the  bal- 
ancu  of  power  in  Europe,  wliicli  was  now  ao  object 
pursuit.     Prance,  resuming  its  )>oaition  under  tho  gtiid- 
nnce  of  Richelieu,  joined  hands  with  Sweden  in  lending. 
BupiKirt  to  thia  Genuiui  l*rat«3ttants.    Sweden,  by  tiio  part 


iiaV 


n 


I 


I 


mtlTUUL  KFFIKTS  OF  TUB  RErOKUATIUN. 


.115 


whicli  it  took  in  tliis  great  war,  and  by  tlie  treaty  wliiojj 
foUow«<I  it,  ncquirotl  a  ]N>UticiiI  stAnditif;  vtiiivh  il  huil  not 
before  pisseesed.  By  tJiis  war.  tJie  uortlieni  powers  were 
brought  into  coiinoction  witli  lite  n-st  uf  Europe,  ho  Mint 
KuTope,  for  the  first  time,  formed  one  political  8j'st«iti.' 
Tli«  Ti-eiity  of  WoatpluiIJa  is  tlio  inoDutoi-nt  of  tliia  cvvnt. 
It  established  a  balance  of  [>owei-  anil  tiTUH  of  petioe  tio* 
tw»uD  the  religiouB  parties  in  Germany.  During  th« 
fourth  period  (1C48-1702),  I-ouis  XIV.  appears  i«(  tJiu 
champion  c^  absolutism,  and  William  III.  oomes  forwatxt 
us  the  leader  of  Protostantism  and  of  thii  cauHo  of  liWr- 
ty.  Under  his  auspices.  consUtntJoniU  freedom  ia  finally 
etttablixhvd  in  Cngliind.  Pi'iimin,  wltich  iK-gun  its  politi- 
cal career  at  the  Reformation,  rose  in  importance  under 
"the  Great  Elector"  (lGW-1688),  and  at  length  took 
the  pliu»!  of  S\r«dcn,  as  the  Ursl  of  tho  northern  pow- 
ers. It  WBB  in  the  serenteentli  century,  during  tlie  rcij^i 
of  the  Stuart«,  that  the  Knglisit  colomc«  in  North  Anif  r- 
ica  were  planted,  and  tlie  foundations  were  laid  for  Die 
future  Republic  of  thfi  United  States.  Without  tliu  vic- 
tory of  constitutional  liberty  in  Enghmd,  and  without  the 
poliUcal  example  of  Holhind,  Uic  Xurtb  Amerit;an  Re- 
public could  not  bare  arisen.  Among  the  political  cfTccta 
of  llio  Ucforination,  miut  be  reckoned  the  upbuilding  of 
Sweden  and  of  Pnutsia.  Rut  when  we  are  imiuiringinto 
tho  influenou  of  PrutMtantism  upon  political  liberty,  it 
<uui  be  wud  with  truth,  that  tho  Reformation  mude  the 
free  Netherlands ;  the  Reformation  made  fivii  ICngland, 
or  wax  an  ^-HK-ntial  agent  in  this  work  ;  the  Reformatiuu 
niadi;  Uie  free  Republic  of  America.  "  'rhegrfati>Ht  jiort 
of  Itritish  America,"  mya  Do  Toajneville,  *'  was  peoplod 
by  men  who,  after  having  xhiiken  off  the  authority  of  tlio 
Pope,  acknowledged  no  ether  religious  supremaey.  They 
brought  witli  tJicm  into  '.be  New  Worid  u  form  of  Chri»- 
tjanity,  whid:  1  cannot  better  deac-ribc  than  by  styling  It 

■  Ilnwp.  p.  t 


n 


616    THR  RELATION  OF  FBOtCSTAKTISJI  TO  aVIUZATIDK. 

ft  democratic  and  republinw  nligion.  Tbia  wniributed 
poverfully  to  tli«  eatablubmeat  of  a  r<.<[>ublii>  aod  a  de- 
mocracy in  public  aflaiis ;  aod  frum  tbe  liegiikiung,  pul> 
Uia  uni]  rvligioti  oontiacUHl  on  ulUaaoo  wliicJi  has  oev 
been  dissolved/'^  The  town  syftteiD  awl  ihi-  ''lown 
spirit,"  in  whidt  this  sagacious  WTit«-rooDgniz«!>the(;enii 
pf  our  political  institutions,  stood  iu  intini&te  conuocti 
vitli  tliu  control  of  tbe  laity  in  Clinrcli  afiairs,  and  wi 
Uic  religious  ]>olity  of  the  early  eolonisls.  It  i*  tru«, 
this  same  writer  has  rvmarknl,  that  the  Roman  Ca: 
«yst«in  is  not  unfrit'Jidly  U>  dt;mociacy,  in  a  curtjun 
ot  the  t«nn ;  in  tlie  aeuso  of  au  equality  of  Condi' 
But  this  oqoiility  of  condition  is  tbe  result  of  a  oo 
subjection  of  the  high  oiid  the  low  to  tho  piiiwthood ;  saiA 
it  is  alteudod,  therefore,  with  two  dangcra:  fintt,  UuU  a 
liiibit  of  tniiid  will  be  fanned,  wliich  is  unfavorable  to 
soiud  independonce,  and  tJierofore  to  tlio  malntenanoe 
political  frL-e^luin ;  niid  secondly,  that  ihn  ecdesi: 
rulers  will  bo  impelled  to  fortify  their  sway  by  an 
aitce  with  absolutism  in  the  State. 

In  opposition  to  the  claim  tlmt  Protcstantisiu  is  friendly 
to  rvli^ioti^  liberty,  an  appeal  is  sometimes  made  to  facts. 
It  ia  said  that  the  hlstui^  of  Protestant  States  ctiutuiiw 
many  instauccs  of  religious  intolvraiioo  and  peisecutioo. 
This  must  ho  conceded.  I'ho  first  effect  of  the  Uefonna- 
tion  wns  to  augment  Uio  power  of  princus.  Tbe  cle 
stood  in  au  altered  relation  to  tlio  ci%'i1  authority,  ui 
were  deprived  of  u  shield  wludi  had  given  thorn  a  mci 
ure  of  protection  against  its  eucroiu-hnients.  Tliu  old 
idea  that  tliere  should  be,  in  a  political  couiraunity,  auU- 
stantial  uniformity  in  tJie  profession  of  religion  and  in 
worship,  wiui  at  tirnt  prevident,  and  has  slowly  been  nbai 
doned.  Catholic  has  been  pciwcuted  by  Prot«stant 
tunong  Protcstiuits,  Lutheran  has  Ut-n  pcrsecut«d 
Calvinist,  and  Calvinist  by  Lutheran ;  ParitAO  by  Clia: 

I  Dtmotratf  i»  AmtriM,  U  «h>  SvU 


UuU  a 
tope^ 
lanoeo^l 

iiasti>:i^| 
anaiufl 


3 

ca»a 


p 


I 


\ 


rSOTE&TANT  INTOLR1IAK0B.  611 


man,  aiid  Clittrcliiiuui  by  Puritan.  Peokl  liiws  iif^iiiMl 
Ciitholics,  or  ugaiost  the  eserciw  of  Catholic  vroi-ship, 
luivo  vxUU-J  iu  iiiMtt  ProtostHiit  vniiili'tttit.  ^tudi  cuii  W 
said  in  defense  of  sucb  euactinente  at  the  Lime  of  the 
Cutlutlic  lU'JtcUuii.  wliea  Itonmn  Cotliuliot  woru  liiindiM] 
togellier  in  Europe  for  the  fi>r<:tbli;  d<:>iJ lUcLioii  of  the 
I'rstaatant  rulipon.  At  that  period,  the  Jisuit  order  in* 
•Ugated  Catholic  rulers  in  dillorent  cutintri^ui  U>  tnulti* 
plied  nctfi  of  violence  Rgainst  Uieir  ProtefiUuit  subjects. 
MorcoTcr,  the  doctrine  wm  pmi«Lwl  tliut  it  vt  hiwdd  fur 
Hubjects  to  revolt  againat  hervticnl  aovereicns  and  to  de- 
tlirime  Uifm.  Protestant  rulers  might  naturuUy  appre- 
bend  danfjer  from  those  who  liclciiowlodgcii  a  foruifpi  juri«> 
dieUoR.  the  limits  of  wfaieb  were  not  defined,  but  whicli 
mu  oftun  aiwiTtvd  to  override  Uiu  oblif^itioii  uf  obedience 
to  the  civil  autttority.  Tlie  expuUion  of  tha  Jeiiuits  from 
Catholic,  oven  luoro  than  from  Protvstiiiit  comitriM, 
{tartly  on  political  grounds,  in  the  laot  ociiitnry,  ia  nut  to 
bu  deumcd  un  act  of  ivligious  persi'cution  ;  any  more  than 
tlw  eutire  uboUtion  of  that  Order  by  ('lenient  XIV'., 
in  17T3.  It  must  not  bo  forgottvii,  however,  that  not 
unrr<!<)uent]y,  in  tinioa  past,  penal  lawa  ngaiiiat  Honuu 
Catholics  or  their  worship  have  hovn  fi»u«d  on  other  than 
politicul  grounds.  Th«  fact  that  they  avknovrlixigu  mtm 
other  authority  in  religion  than  tlie  Bible,  or  that  their 
rites  are  considered  idohiirouii,  lias  huen  tlio  ruU  and  the 
avowed  reason  for  enactments  of  thiit  cfaaract^ir.  Let  it 
ho  observed,  however,  of  these  and  other  instances  of  re- 
ligious intolerance,  whidi  stain  Uiu  luiiwU  of  ProUwtunt- 
ism,  that  even  by  the  conoeswon  of  its  adversaries,  they 
arc  incongnious  witli  its  principlwtand  wilh  itAtnicKpirit. 
What  is  the  charge  commonly  mado  against  Proteetanta? 
I'hat,  whilo  claiming  liberty  for  tliomsAivcs  nud  a  right 
of  priMite  judgment,  they  have  at  timns  proved  them- 
selves rculy  to  deny  thuao  privilr{;es  to  Catholics  and  tc 
one  auolhor.    Iu  a  word,  they  are  chaigi.tl  wiUi  inoouci*- 


518    THE  BTXATIOX  OF  PBOTESTANTISU  TO  OVtLIUTHnr. 

briwy,  witb  iiifldelity  to  their  own  tiioory,  Tbo  cbargi 
is  ttqtUTalent  to  tlio  admiasion  that  iho  genius  of  Protes- 
tostisni  in  iidvene  to  intolGronce  and  detnands  libvrtj'  ut  ^^ 
Boosdence.  If  this  be  truo,  then  vrc  should  axpoct  that  ^M 
till)  forcu  of  Ivgic,  and  the  monil  spirit  iiiliereiit  in  the 
Prot«Atnnt  system,  wotild  cventnitUy  work  out  tliuir  l(^t- 
imnte  rceults.  TliU  wo  lind  to  be  the  fnct.  Auiuug 
Protestant  nations  there  baa  been  a  growing  boom  oF  ob- 
ligation to  respect  conscienoc  and  to  abstnin  from  the  um 
of  coor^on  in  Ruitti.'rs  of  rehgioua  faith.  How  does  an 
enlightened  Protestant  look  apon  tlte  rooords  of  rcligioux 
intoleiuace  in  the  pniit,  aniong  proferaed  disciples  of  tlu; 
Rcfornuition  ?  lie  does  not  jostify  acts  of  tltb  naturu ; 
he  reprobate*  or  dvplorcH  them.  He  ncknowleclgea  (hat 
tlicy  n-<!r«  wrong  ;  that  deeds  of  this  kind,  if  done  now, 
would  duscrve  nbhorronce,  uud  that  the  giiilt  of  those 
wlio  wore  concerned  in  them  is  only  mitigat>?d  by  tlietr 
oomparatire  igiionmee.  This  preraleut  fouling  among 
ProtCBtonts  at  tlio  present  day  indicates  the  true  g>'jiins 
and  the  ultimate  opcmtiou  of  the  systotu.  Proteatan 
bjure  the  principles  on  which  the  codes  of  iiitolomnce 
^ere  framed.  How  is  it  with  tlielr  opponents?  It  is 
true  that  thousands  of  Romiin  Calholica  would  dwlarg.. 
themselves  oi>po«od  to  thi-ao  niwwuiw  whicli  the  Protec- 
tant condeiiuis.  Their  humane  feelings  would  be  shocked 
at  II  proi>o.Hiti»n  to  revive  the  dungeon  and  tJie  fagot  aa 
instruments  for  crushing  dogmatic  error  or  an  obnoxious 
ritual.  But  tlio  nutlientifs  of  the  Church  of  Rome  do 
not  profesa  any  compunction  for  the  employment  of  these 
instrument£  of  ooorcton,  in  past  ages ;  nor  do  tliey  r^a- 
diato  the  principles  from  which  persecution  arose  and  on 
which  it  was  justifii'd.  So  far  from  this,  one  of  tJie  pea- 
tilent  error*  of  the  iig»r,  \vhi<Ji  is  thought  worthy  of  spo- 
dnl  denunciation  from  the  Chair  of  Peter,  is  the  doctrin 
uf  IiW>rty  of  i-onxcicni-e.'     The  massacre  of  St.  Bartlicdo-'i 

'lalhaEiKjrtliiBlUtUraffiiu  IX.l[>K«nilMr(,)Hll,a>1diMMd  Uall  B» 


4 

^ 


F 


I 

I 
I 


DTFLITNCE  OF  pnOTESTASTISlI  UrOH  LITEBATUBE.      519 

mevr  and  tlio  flri'M  ol  Sitiitlilioltl  will  ci>usu  to  be  justly 
diiirguablu  upon  tlie  Church  of  Rome  w1i«n  tliiii  Cliurct) 
autJiorlUtivuly  dUaTOwa  and  condemns  the  principle  of 
coemng  the  conscience  and  of  inflicting  pcnnltiM  upon 
wliat  in  judgtd  to  bis  roli^ou^  error,  which  waa  at  tJie 
bottom  of  these  and  of  a  long  cat«logiio  of  hkc  enmities. 
If  tJic  truo  t«iidcncy  of  Protestantism  liaa  evinced  it- 
self as  friendly  to  religious  nnd  civil  liberty,  the  Reforma- 
tion bits  nevei'tlieless  not  fostered  an  undue  license  nnd 
revolutionary  disorder.  The  [no<iern  history  of  England 
luid  of  tho  United  States  exhibits  the  gradu:il  and  whole- 
some growth  tii  frvu  jwlitical  Institutions.  With  comjutr- 
atively  little  blood&lied,  Rnglinb  liberty  went  thrinigh  tho 
crisis  in  which  it  won  its  victory,  and  embodied  itself  in 
the  urguniu  luw.  In  recent  times  it  is  the  Rum»n  Cuth- 
oHc  luida,  in  tJie  Old  World  and  in  tlie  New  —  Fnuwc, 
Spiiiti,  Ilaly,  Mexico, th«  South  American  States  —  which 
have  been  the  tlieatre  of  most  freipient  revolutions. 

We  turn  to  the  influence  whicli  Uic  Iteformntion  luia 
exerted  upon  the  intellect,  or  its  reLition  to  literature  and 
■cionoc.       Rcfen;nce  is  fn^piently   miide   by   jwlemicnl 

mu  CatlulicfaSiiht^thcopIaEon  li  donounnd  a*  amni'oua  and  idmi  ptrnidoiu^ 
thai  "  liberty  at  tontcltiica  and  of  « onhlp  S*  the  riitht  dI  *r«nr  man ;  anil  OM 
Mt  ilshi  ousIk.  Ill  tvay  WBU-gOTDnicd  atuW,  (a  Iw  pncUiiiud  uiil  uMitMl 
hj  law."  Tha  Tacyflital  ol  Pa|w  On/^orT'  XVI.  ti  <|ui>t»<l.  In  which  t!ii>  npin- 
loii  b  callod  an  ioia&lljr— "dnllniincnlura."  It  I*  among  Ifcg  fmn  wliivh, 
Hut  IX.  doclaru,  an  to  be  abbonvd,  iliunnsd,  ai  the  lonlaglon  of  a  pvatilvar*. 
^li  Hgim  ot  a  contagion  or  a  pla(^f  bu  aluain  b«n  imd  a*  a  ilocripiion  at 
attttf,  and  lay  at  tbe  (aundatlnn  o(  tliv  Irutmcnt  ol  hrntlci  |  vltb  tlia  dUCtr- 
(ncn  tlM  In  thi>  «tm  the  diHaK  vai  held  to  be  Knllty,  and  dutrvlne  of  cjctrtnio 
ptnaltle*.  1^  Sif\UiMt«t  Hai  IX.,  conD«((d  with  Uic  Fjicj-dic&l  (x-Tt), 
fondimiu,  in  Muntriei  whtn  Ihe  Cilholio  Church  ■•  tho  •ttatilifbnl  Taitli,  iha 
allovTintc  lo  oLhcr*  Uian  CalhnliM  lo  "enjoy  (he  puMic  exenlM  of  their  o«* 
wonhlp."  Tho  Syllabiu  [x.  TS)  dennoiicM  M  n>rru|ilinjti  lie  opinion  tliat  (iril 
.ISEity  ahcuU  be  unnled  to  trtry  moda  of  wDrehip,  and  il>ai  iIkt*  alinuld  he 
batdem  of  ipoMb  and  <d  Ihe  prvM,  iHlh  itganl  to  roligtan.  Tliiv  Ihtilia  Jt*- 
■M*  (Jan.  ins,  p.  S),  ipMlL*  of  the  oppontinn  of  liberal  Caibolic*  la  «liat  ii 
tailed  "penaration;  (,  e.,  the  lava  rnaclad  and  enloKad.  tor  Mpmrion  ol 
Vreay,  durini;lhea|.-waf  faiiti."  llio  /tiriii*  aitdi.  ■■  Xuir  il  it  und  rniabU 
Aat  Iw  lfc«  ulMeBoe  ol  audi  law«,  tlie  cbarth  It  mainly  nipouiUe." 


620  TU£  RELATtOX  OF  l-DOTCSTAtmSH  TO  ariUIAT1<». 

wriU-ni  on  tin-  Ciitliuli<!  s\ie  ta  ooniplninta  w)iic4  Eramiil 
Qtt«ted,  especially  in  U»  last  turelTO  yc&ra  nt  hU  lif*, 
ntpeeting  tbe  diimaiKliii]  inb>n>»t  in  libvmturfs  which  h« 
•tttiboted  to  the  deleteriaus  agency  of  Protesbuitum. 
Tite  lUtOTMoits  tif  EnumtM  ut  thut  time,  vfhrn  bit  fettl* 
I VKK  ovahitif-Todt  an*  to  bo  received  witli  allowMic«. 
Tet  it  18  tm«  that  there  vnis  a  period  wkea  tho  stadiM 
in  Tvhich  Kmioatu  and  the  HnmiuiiRt*  look  specuU  de- 
light, were  regarded  with  a  legs  lively  intflrost,  and  that 
this  may  be  m>t  down  lu  an  effect  uf  th«  Liithvnm  moTi>- 
ment.  It  ia  the  ordinary  oomplaiiit  of  m^n  of  letters 
that  in  timca  of  public  apladon  concornii)^  tbo  high««t 
tnterats  of  mankind,  grammar  and  rhetoric  are  n^lfc- 
ted.  EvGo  tho  true  interests  of  learning  in  ffueh  f^ras 
tinny  nufli^r  a  tompomry  tons.  In  the  old  age  uf  Bnaniint, 
tlie  minds  of  men  were  intensely  absorbed  in  religioua 
invcBtigation  and  controversy ;  and,  u  a  aulural  result, 
purely  literary'  puraiiitH  wore  for  ii  while,  evva  to  a  harm- 
tul  dtigrt'c,  eclipsed  by  other  and  more  exciting  studies. 

In  Spain,  Pr»t««tantiMn  was  trampled  out  and  the 
Catholic  Bystem  had  uniimitcd  sway.  The  golden  age 
of  Spanish  liteniton-,  when  the  niott  oelelnatcd  niithors — 
Cerrantee,  Lope  de  Vega,  Calderon  —  flourislied,  dates 
from  th<;  middle  of  the  sixtoenth  century.  This  may 
seem  to  speak  well  for  the  ecclesiastical  system  to  wliich 
the  Sjkanish  pi»>ple  were  subjected.  Butthts,  if  it  was  tbe 
bloK^oming,  was  also  tiie  expiring  era  of  Spnnbh  lt*ttcni. 
A  dwitli-liko  tcUiargy,  the  inevitable  resultof  suporstitioa 
and  ecclesiaatjcal  tyranny,  was  creeping  oror  the  nation. 
This  decline  of  the  Spanish  int'.-llect,  and  the  caiiaf^s  which 
prodooed  it,  have  bwn  wv^U  il<;MCribod  by  the  Historiiui  of 
Spanish  Ht4.Tatarc.  "  That  generous  and  manly  ^irit," 
lays  Tidcuor,  '*  which  is  the  brviith  of  iuti.'llcctual  lif(.>  to 
any  people,  was  restrained  and  stifled.  Some  departments 
of  literature,  sucli  as  forensic  eloquence  and  eloquence  of 
tho  polfnt,  satirical  poetry,  and  elegant  didactic  proso 


DKfUMK  OP  THE  SPANtSB  ISTELUOT. 


521 


I 


ly  npiwaiv'd  »t  «1I ;  otlicis.  like  ci>ic  poo(ry,  wcra 
stranguly  pen'erteil  and  misUin-cU^d ;  while  yut  otli«rs,  lika 
tlie  dmmn,  ttiu  balliuls,  and  Uii;  li-;litcr  fortitH  of  lyrical 
vetse,  suemed  to  grow  exuberant  and  lawless,  from  the 
v«ry  rvHtraintH  im|>ost:d  on  tliv  ruMt ;  i-v«tnu)its  which  in 
fart  forced  poetical  genius  into  dinnnela  wliei-o  it  would 
othi  rwino  Iiavo  flowod  much  mow  scantily  and  witli  mucli 
Ipsh  luxurLint  rcaults."  Of  tlio  books  publLalwd  iti  Uita 
period,  Ticknor  adds :  they  "  bore  eTcrywhore  markft  of 
the  «ubjpction  to  which  the  press  and  t\w»-  who  wrote  for 
it  wer^  alike  reduced.  From  the  abject  title-pages  und 
dedimtioiw  of  the  author*  UiumHclves,  through  tlio  crowd 
of  oertificateB  collect«fl  from  their  frienda  to  cstabliah  the 
orthodoxy  of  works  that  were  oftc-n  a»  little  councctcd 
with  religion  as  faiiy  tales,  down  to  the  colophon,  sup- 
pliwiting  panlon  fornny  unconscious  neglect  of  tho  author- 
ity of  tho  Cimrcli,  or  luiy  too  frcu  uil(^  of  cJaauoal  myLliol- 
ogy,  wu  are  continually  oppressed  with  ]minful  proob, 
not  only  how  completely  the  hnniitn  mind  wils  enahiveil 
in  Spain,  but  how  grievously  tt  hud  hocoine  crnrapcd  tuid 
crippled  by  the  ch^ns  it  had  so  long  worn." '  These 
effects  were  oot  due  solely  to  tho  action  of  tho  Inquisition 
or  of  the  despotic  civil  government,  but  to  tliat  supersti- 
tions habit  of  the  nation,  that  uniq\ie  mingling  <^  relig- 
ion and  chivalrous  loyalty  to  the  king,  whielk  rendered 
this  whole  system  of  intellectual  tymimy  possible.  It 
was  this  pcrwndon  of  natural  fvelliig  which  moved  oven 
Lnpe  de  Vega  ailcl  Orr-tntc^  to  exult  when  six  hundred 
thotiaood  indnstaious  and  uuoRending  Mooia  were  driven 
out  of  their  native  country.'  The  eume  stem  eensore 
«rho  visited  u-ith  death  the  least  taint  of  heresy,  tolorated 
I.  dmina  more  immomi  tluin  it  had  cv«r  been  before 
Thtt  willing  submission  of  the  people  to  the  yoke  ot  th« 
InquiKilion  i^xtingnished  the  butt  ri-nmininfj  spiirka  of  iudtt 
pi-ndence  nnil  of  tnt«Ueotual  frvedoiu.  As  wo  approiub 
iho  coDO  *  century,  ■*  tlie  Irninisi 

1  A  ■  lUL.  p  «n. 


i^a 


522     THE  BELATIOH  OF  TTIOTESTANTIMI  TO  CtXTtTE. 


tion  and  tlio  cIc«potttm  swm  ta  be  aTei^-whvro  present 
anil  to  have  cast  tJieir  bligbt  over  evearything."' ' 

Tb«)  bistoiy  of  the  Italian  people  hnd  been  of  such  a 
eharacter.tbat  A  degradation  like  tbat  Tvliicb  befi^ll  Spnin, 
could  not  happen  to  Italy,  Yet,  from  tlie  middle  of  tbej 
tuxtevntb  otntury,  litcrahiru  doclinud,  and  tliti  )nt«llevtaa 
rigor  of  the  nation  appeared  to  waAt«  aw&y.'  The  (]«> 
striiirtion  of  republican  liberty  and  tbc  dreadful  calami- 
tieji  under  which  the  ccantr)'  had  «u(TerMl  during  tlie  luUf 
century  which  followed  the  invasion  of  Charles  VIII.,  are 
partly  n.'S{)onEibIc  tor  this  result.  The  Spanish  dominion^ 
which  was  nxtonded  over  a  great  part  of  the  peninsula, 
waa  fatal  to  all  free  and  manly  exertion.  Bat  the 
Cliurcli,  etimulated  by  tlie  spirit  of  the  Catholic  Reactioo, 
contributed  directly  to  the  repression  of  that  mental  ao* 
livitj-  and  power,  wliicli  bad  madii  Italy  the  [Honiwr  for 
otJter  nations  in  the  path  of  culture  and  learning.  In 
this  long  p^'riod,  extending  through  the  serenteenth  cen- 
tury, only  one  greal;  name  —  that  of  Tosso,  who  pub- 
liiihed  Iii»  principal  work  in  1581 — appears;  and  Tamo 
is  not  a  poet  of  the  first  order.  Art  revived,  for  a  time, 
in  the  school  of  the  Cariicci ;  but  Art,  too,  liud  passed  ita 
nieri<lian,  and  ita  glory  waa  departing.  The  writers  of 
the  Sieve nt*.'^ nth  centur)'  uro  called  by  the  Italians  the 
*'  Si-iccnlisU,"  a  term  which  cari-ii»  witli  it  an  atutociation 
of  inferioritj'.  lu  tlua  period  there  abounded  wliat  the  Ital- 
ians aptly  name  dilettantism  ;  lui  indication  that  a  lit«rft- 
lure  has  entered  into  the  period  of  decay.  The  zeal  for 
claB«cal  leai-ning  biul  grown  cold.  The  Uttle  regard  felt 
even  for  iierfw-tion  of  literary  form  is  )llustnitt^>d  by 
snob  a  work  —  which  was  one  of  the  principal  historical 
productions  of  th«  time  —  as  the  Annals  of  Baroiuua, 
Yet  in  two  directions  signs  of  a  fretdi  inbelle«tua]  energy 


■  Itblvty  iff  SpaiiUh  Liternlart,  \a.  SDS. 
*  lUiiawiMli,  /Ktf.  it*  Rlpviil  UoL,  xti.  9IT  **q. 

■  Buikf,  liidorf  of  ikt  Papa,  i.  4M. 


Hit.  c/  tit.  n  Saiiitn , 


nuictrrtoH  in  tTALY. 


62fl 


appeared.  A  daaa  of  pliiloeophent  nroae,  who  renounced 
Uio  uuUiontj'  of  Anstotle.  nod  plungvil  into  bold  h]h-<:uU' 
lions  tipoti  tho  nuture  of  Uie  uhiyorae.  Tbis  tcndt-iicy 
vn%a  chocked  W  th^  uuthoritios  of  tbeCliurcb.  Giord-nno 
Itruiio  vfxt»  uarried  to  l^itiie  and  burned  at  the  stake,  in 
ItiOO.  There  was,  however,  a  curiosity  for  physical  rc- 
aearch,  wliich  kept  within  sober  limits,  and  promised  the 
bi-8t  fniits  to  science.  But  the  heavy  hand  of  tho  Inqui- 
sition was  laid  upon  tlintc  attmctive  oiiidies.  Tho  perste- 
cntioii  of  Galileo  did  not  crush  them  ;  they  continued  for 
a  long  timo  to  bo  the  chief  province  in  which  the  Italian 
mind  was  diatingoiBbed ;  but  that  event  checked  and  dia- 
oounigcd  them.  Galileo,  a  man  of  genius,  whoso  emi- 
nence as  a  dincoverc-T  In  science  had  been  well  cartitid,  wiu 
directed  by  Pope  Paul  V..  in  1816,  through  Cai^inal 
BcUarmino,  to  give  up  tho  dovtrino  of  titc  earth's  motion 
round  tlie  sun,  to  teach  it  no  more,  and  to  write  no  more 
on  tlie  subjoct.i  At  tho  snnio  time,  the  Congregation  of 
the  Inquisition  declared  tJiU  opiniou  to  be  livrcticol.  Oo- 
pemicuM  was  a  Roman  Cnthulic  ai]d  had  dedicated  hiB 
book  to  Paul  III. ;  but  orthodoxy  bad  now  grown  more 
timid  and  jralous  of  sdentiGc  researches.  For  6ftcen 
yean  GiUileo  nltstaimsl  from  publisliiug  anything  furtlior 
on  the  subject :  but  in  1632  ho  put  forth  liis  L)iul»giiivi 
relatiTo  to  the  two  cotunical  Kystcms  of  Ptolomania  and 
Copernicus;  having  previously  taken  tlie  prtKaution  to 
submit  it  to  ocelcnastical  censorship  at  Rome  and  at  Flor- 
onoo.  This  publication,  notwitlitlanding  tho  fonnvr  in- 
junction laid  upon  him,  was  tho  occasion  of  his  subse- 
quent tTOublcH.  The  old  philosopher  was  obliged  to  rci»iii 
to  Rome  and  answer  before  tlie  Tribunal  of  the  luqui* 

I  A.  Von  ttmmott,  BtiirHgt  >  iinl  AmIi'cAM,  1, 30»-IIS  (Cii/I/«'u.  Ana.), 
Von  Uoinoni  U  ■  iHincd  CaUioli«  Kliolir.  Sc*,  ilta.  Tit  Prinut  Lifttg 
GilUri  iLanden,  ISTO)-  Tba  prabibillon  ot  rani  V.wu:  "Cl  opinbotM, 
toad  H>1  ill  ttolnun  moadi  at  immobilU,  tt  Icm  moToacar,  omnloo  nllB^ojtt 
Hc  MD  ill  Kten  quorls  mods  tmtal,  datnl,  luldolcndtl  nrtio  lit  (Ctiptl** 
Tod  BeiinoDt,  p.  3)7. 


624   TUE  RCLATION  OP  rHOTtXTA-tTlSlI  TO  CIVIUZAnOX. 

dtion.     Popo  Urban   VIII.  instated  that  tbe  ubonximM 

opinion  must  he  forbtddaa,  m  caatnirr  t<i  Uiu  SmptUTM.' 

Tlin  ifxphiiAtjoiiM  of  OuUl«o,  Hun  be  dkl  not  intend  ir. 

vidate  the  former  |>robibitioa.  nnd  thnt  hn  hmi  pruscDted 

tbu  Cop»rnican  cloctrim)  only  na  an  hTpotbeaU,  won  vt 

no  Avail.     He  was  n-qoired  to  abjure  this  (lootfilio  OQ  ha* 

ICDMB,  M  false,  and  wan  wntftnocd  to  impriitoninnnC  llu^ 

ing  t)in  Pope's  pleasure.     Although  he  vns  not  aliat  up 

in  a  cell,  but  wu«  pormittcd  to  runde  with  (rieudt,  naA  in 

bjf  own  viilii,  he  vra»  still  subjected  to  unoomfortable  sad 

huniiliattiig  restrictions,  and  to  tlio  repeated  axurdao  ol 

an   annoying  survi-il lance.      Hut  itgv*!   limb*   wero   not 

ttrotchod  upoo  tliu  nu-k ;  but  there  waa  a  moral  torture 

in  being  forced  to  deny  what  ho  beliei'od  to  bu  tlia  tmth. 

Of  the  (Iveji  distress  which  tJiis  inexorable  demand  ocofc* 

sioned  him  wo  haro  amplo  proof.*     It  is  tmo  that  pe^ 

■onal  enmities  ~-t]ie  hatred  of  Galileo's  scientific  enemioa, 

the  feeling  of  the  Uarberini  towards  the  Medici  -^  bwl 

uu  agency  in  tbu  procoedings  agwnst  Galiloo,  and   that 

the  Pope  imagined  htmitelf  to  be  covertly  ridiculed  in  the 

condemned  Dialogue  ;  but  these  hostile  iuflaeaoes  would 

hare  been  poworlow,  had  not  a  prevnihng  spirit  of  intol* 

emnee  boon  ready  to  lend  itself  to  tlie  persecution.   Much 

is  said,  by  a  class  of  writers,  of  the  "  impntdenn;  *'  of 

Qivliloo   in   attcmptiiig  to  liannoniKo  bis  doctrine  witli 

Scripture,  and  in  entering  at  all  into  the  province  of  qxo> 

gcais.     Bui  the  most  that  ho  did  in  tliis  way,  was  to  af- 

Ann  that  the  Itibleacoommodateattalanguitge  tocommoo 

notions  and  does  not  aim  to  teach  scientilio  truth  ;  and 

bis  vxpliinatiom  of  HibliciU  paswigi-9  wvrv,  as  tlic  Iiiqoi- 

sition,  in  tlie  Act  of  Condemnatioi],  testifies,  in  answer  to 

objections  sllcgi-d  iigjvinst  his  theory.'     Ho  must  not  so^ 

I  Von  UouDUinl,  |i.  380. 

■  Ton  Utunwiit,  p.  3U1.    VTbcwc)!  tatliely  cm  In  vUu  1u  ■>**  <i  tb«  moat 
«f  OaltltO  —IM  It  lb«M  vitiiU  win  uol  till  by  lilm  U  b(  loiioiu.     Cufury  of 

'  "  And  that,  to  llir  objoctiun*  ;iut  lorUi  to  Ihta  M  farioiu  tioMB,  tiMtd  at 


I 
I 


F 


I 

I 


LITERATtniE  IK  FRAKCK.  52fi 


\ 


g»Bt  n  difli.-n-nt  intKrjircUittoit  of  tliu  Scriptiiml  pasaagw 
by  wliicli  ilia  advorsariee  were  permitted  to  coiittit<)  his 
opioiiui '.  'rh«  crimn  of  liis  pvnx^ciitors  is  nut  oxtonuatedf 
but  aggnivati^),  if  their  accusation  is  redaced  to  thb 
trivia]  clmrge  of  iniprudL-iic«. 

Of  all  the  countries  tn  whicli  Uie  Kofurmation  fiiilinl, 
FnHKa  was  the  only  ono  in  vrbicli  litcTivtiii-u  was  not 
Llight«<].  Ill  Fmiicu,  this  ruign  of  Ixmis  XIV,  i»  cotH 
■idered  the  Augustan  age  of  lett«jrs.  Tlirco  elements  en- 
tered into  the  creation  of  this  britltiint  era  — the  inonttivhy , 
antiquity,  and  religion.*  The  splendor  of  the  throne,  the 
prido  awakvnud  by  tho  conquosl's  of  ttio  King  and  by  tho 
ai^Muent  power  of  Knuioe,  klnilted  the  intellect  of  th« 
mtiou.'  The  monaroh  vus  tho  sun,  luid  the  tnun  of  au- 
tbon  ir«h>  aa  ptiuH>t4  ino\-ing  about  Ititu,  nnd  busking  in 
^  rays.  Moreover,  the  classical  tone  of  the  Renaissance 
fekd  survived  in  full  power.  Most  of  the  literary  men 
looked  to  antiquity  for  their  models  and  rales  of  oouiposi- 
tion.  With  the  poein  and  criticH,  the  iinitira  of  the  uncient 
dram:t  were  laws  to  be  siiereJly  observed.  If  we  look  at  the 
religi'jiM  vVnieut,  we  m^t  the  dev{>  traocft  of  the  R«;formutiQii 
in  the  Janscnist  school,  from  which  emanated  the  I'r»vi»< 
dal  Letters  of  Pascul,  pronounced  by  Voltaire  the  finost 
apedinen  of  French  proao  in  thU  whole  period.  Tlic  grait 
figure  in  the  religious  world  is  Bossuet,  the  champion 
of  flallican  against  ultnunoiitauu  C»tliolici«ni,  and  tlie 
author  of  tho  most  liberal  and  the  legist  obnoxious  exp^ 
sition  of  llie  Catholic  crucd.    Tlie  com[innitivo  fnt-d'ira 

uid  ilraMii  (ram  Holy  Scrljiturc,  lliou  iljdsc  umrcr.  conuasntlnj;  upon  udJ  ut- 
pUliiiRK  III*  ulil  SrripCun  &ftrr  Ihr  ovn  ItMtn."  lA/f,  p,  300l  Ths  Icltcr 
of  Uiillleo  In  Cailrlli  \Lift,  p.  T4t  cxpiiundt  m  >  Tvry  MDubl*  vay  hit  iilMot 
Ibit  Ttlslixi  nt  tW  IliMc  lq  «iii'Rr>;.  Itu  E*r<  cm*!  nllfnM  bjr  a  piuaif*  in 
ftni-''.^r  lvi:<<r  \\\  whirh  litf  Mfk!  E^iar  h^  \\tt\  liciajil  ftnfRiii>«j)Crrcl<«tvUff^GBI^ 
dlt  J  Umniii*  ■■•  Uir  iwrwui  inwuil  —  iiv  'bat  Uic  Iloljr  UlHUt  liiid  Ar-AautA 
to  iliuw  ui  hqw  to  (III  lu  li'-mii,  iiol  bo«  bturcn  iuuvMi  Voii  Uruiniml,  p 
Hi,  Uui  th>  KBlcme  of  tliB  Inqnliltlon  cqnlciiiiii  Uu  Oopcmlcui  ^octria  i  h 
•(•Ik  ULdcwUniy  En  Uic  llo^  Sir>|Mna." 
1  rillcmaln.  /.jl.  «■  DUXtUikmt  SMr,  L  t 
«y(un).  V»f.^«b£if.  Pni<if.,i.cb.rll.iLJf  UO. 


S3B  THE  KEUATION  Of  fBOTKSTAKTrSU  TO  aVtLIZATIC 


uf  cbcKiglit  Uiut  ronuuned  in  Franco  va»  nn  (vaoat 
dlUon  oE  its  literary  activity.  In  tlie  last  days  of 
XIV.,  liU'rnliirY!  dwlincd.  As  \tq  pasta  beyond  liu 
wc  ent«r  ttio  era  in  wliich  a  sceptical  pluloeopliy  pevailad 
und  In  vhicL  lit«mturc  \vtis  divorced  not  only  from  Ua 
Chutvh,  hut  iiIao  from  f^tth  in  tJie  Chriitliiui  Rorulntion 

Id  order  to  apprL-4:iutv  the  influence  of  Uie  Cliurcb  ui 
Rome,  JiJtfr  Uic  Kerunnutioii,  upon  Koivnce  luid  cnttnnj 
it  is  necessary  to  take  into  i-iew  tlie  sysbenuttio  oon«x>r8lii| 
of  IkmIh,  wliicli  that  Cliurcli  Mtublisliftd,  and  the  liteian 
and  »]ncaUonal  inilnenoe  of  tho  Order  of  Jivnits.  U 
1S46,  Cbarle*  V.  obtained  from  the  tlieologiatl  fnculty  d 
I^uvnin  a  cjttalogui;  of  ptdilicntions  wLidi  tliu  peopla 
were  to  he  prohilHted  from  reading ;  bis  design  l>eing  t4| 
Ktnp  the  profi^ss  of  lu-rcKy  in  the  NotLorlnnda.  His  ex^ 
ample  wiid  followed  by  t'nul  I\',,  who  published,  in  1&59J 
li  list  of  tbu  Willie  Icind,  with  a  denunciation  of  penaltiei 
against  all  who  sliould  disrogArd  its  rigid  pruliibitioosj 
Under  the  ausploea  of  the  CMincil  of  Trent,  tber«  ws^ 
issni'd  by  the  authority  of  Piua  IV,,  in  1SC4,  imothe^ 
Pmbibitory  Indt'x,  whicli  bns  ainoo  been  frMpit^ntly  piibi 
Ushed  with  successive  enlargements.  Tbo  i'robibitor^j 
Indexes  proocnbo  autlion  or  entire  works,  witlioiit  roaen 
vation  ;  the  Kxpurgatoiy  Indexes,  whetbor  united  wttb 
those  or  not.  specify  passuges  to  be  exptmgi-d  or  altered) 
The  Index  of  1.'')(!4  contained  lot  atiingcni  rules  rmf 
ing  forbidden  books,  and  the  inRpection  of  printing-offic 
and  book-!iho{Ht ;  lo  which,  on  various  <>ccaHO«i 
regnlnttons  have  been  added.  

The  long  Prohibitory  Catalogue,  althongh  it  oompna 
muny  of  liiL-  i)rincipal  works  in  history,  geiioj-al  titi^'nittire, 
and  philosophy,  ns  well  as  in  theology  and  morals,  wliiel^ 
have  been  produced 
quftte  idea  of  tlie 
nsioo  in  tile 


in  modem  times,  conveys  no  ad«* 


l>ower  of  sudt  a  tjTannicd  supoiy 
oountries  where  it  was  carried  out  witli 


THE  PRRS3  DC  VltOTESTAKT  LAXDS. 


527 


I 


rigor,  to  fetter  the  intellect  and  to  imralj-xe  its  enei:gieB.> 
Milton  introducoa  into  tli«  "  Areop»gitica,"  a  remmis* 
cciisu  of  hk  ititcrcoune  witli  the  lenrnod  men  of  Itttly, 
\f  ho  "  (lid  nothing  but  beinnnti  tlio  servile  condition  into 
which  learning  umonget  them  wna  brought ;  that  this  wus 
it  vrhich  luid  damped  tbo  glory  of  Italian  wits;  Uint 
nothing  had  there  been  written  now,  these  many  ycAn, 
bnt  flattery  ttnd  fustinn.  Tlicrc  it  wks  tliat  I  found  and 
visited  the  fiunouit  Onlili^o  ^own  oM,  a  prisoner  to  the 
InquiMtiont  for  thinking  in  nstronomy  otherwise  tliftn  Hit 
Fhuidscan  and  Uominiciiu  licensers  thought."' 

Violations  of  tJie  liberty  of  opinion  and  of  Cho  pr«M 
are  not  excluairoly  the  sinn  of  Itoman  Catholics.  In 
Trotestaiit  countries,  aft«r  the  Reformntion,  the  Hupur^'iK- 
ion  of  Uio  printing  uiid  drculation  of  books,  devolved  on 
the  State.  A  teasing  and  meddlescHne  censorship,  and 
sometimes  a  severe  penal  code,  were  established  by  vari- 
ous governments.  In  Kiiglaiid,  in  the  reigu  of  Elimbelh, 
printers  and  bookaellors  were  restricted  by  ngorons  en- 
actments, and  tlie  importation  of  books  was  regulated  by 
proclamations  from  tbu  Coundl.  The  law  inflicted  penal- 
ties on  the  Bale,  or  even  the  jioaseauon,  oE  learned  works 
of  Catholic  theology.      In  some  cases,  UbrarieB  were 

I  On  th«  tnJra  LiUvnin  rrvkHilimat  (19T0]<  uv  Uie  naiDM  of  lucb  hlitcriuu 
•1  lUlliiD,  Dumcl,  Ilunir,  Glblwa.  llMh«lm,  SlMntmill,  Baj-1<,  rrideuix, 
Boiu,  Svpl,  Konkei  ol  >ucb  pbllo*a|<hlMl  writm  u  UAltbranchs,  Splnota, 
Kint,  Locke,  Otron,  Un  CaR».  H'lKtcIf .  Couiln :  of  publltliti  tlk(  Monle*. 
quigu  ud  Grolliif  I  of  Fmininl  pocU.  ■•  Aii«Ia  ami  Klllton.  71i«  mitlusn  tf 
Uio  Bcfertnen,  Pratuunt  i-inioiu  of  the  filble,  kll  VnHMal  ww«l>iim,  fnMb, 
tmblicBlioa*  of  ijmodiil  Htt,  of  Mmfntim*  lail  ol  iliqiutal]i>n>,litai:cica>  %ln 
lUelioairica  ind  Isxicont  —  lilt*  lbs  luioon  of  Slvphuwl  —  unloa  I1i*t  havi 
Uto  fnriev^j  pun;*!  «t  hncliul  punff**,  iM  probtbiUd  •■  noH. 

*ll  wuhii  own  Titit  tu  Gif.UcD  Hi  ArMtri  (liat  ininiMtd  U  Hiiloa  If  «< 
MTMOD  a(  Iba  iliigld  nf  I.uciftr  In 

'lb*  nu»a,  wbvw orb 

ThmuEb  npil«  icUiii,  On  Tvaem  aiUM  vtom 
At  tnninit  [Mm  iIm  top  of  FoaoM, 
Or  Id  Valilirno,  to  d«M7  mv  Lind*, 
Siror*  <r  motnlaini^  bi  tur  «Ntl7  grlobo." 


628  TK  RELATION  OF  PROTCSTAKTISM  TO  avttlZATlO!!. 

•MTcbed,  uad  IkwIcs,  obnoxioua  only  on  at'i-ount  of  tfa«h 
doctrinea,  were  Beu«d.  Wbitglft  cAuacd  the  peual  mlet 
OD  this  whole  Babject  to  be  BbaTpen«d.  luul  i-x«rdsnd 
vigilance  in  enforcing  them.  Ooc  of  tlio  vhorgea  ogaintt 
Laud  at  his  impoiwhiiicnl,  iii  1&44,  was,  that  he  had  aap- 
lirewed  tb«  Qenevn  Bible,  and  other  books  in  which 
popery  was  uttackcd.  Itut  tiiu  tnauagois  of  the  impeach  ■ 
in«iit  ooupted  witli  thin  cluirge  the  necusatioD  that  be  bad 
permitted  to  be  introduced  and  sold  works  in  which  Ar< 
minian  and  Itomon  Cutliolic  ojiinions  wurc  oonntenaooed.* 
It  was  not  Iiui  duppreasion  of  books,  bat  of  a  partieolar 
daes  uf  books,  whidt  constituled  his  offonse.  In  the  anmo 
year,  Milton  di;dic»ti:Kl  to  I'arliamenl  his  ringing  speech 
(or  the  Liberty  of  Unlicensed  Printing,  thu  "  Aroopagit- 
ka,"  which  ho  litly  prcfauml  by  lines  from  Euripidoe, 
beginning :  -^ 

"  DiJa  ti  true  liberty,  wfaen  trMbgis  mt^ 
Uavin);  to  advln  the  jiablic,  iMf  ipMk  ftta, 
Whkli  1m  who  cftu,  and  will,  A«*am*  high  pnlM."  ■ 

Bnt  even  Milton,  it  niny  bo  ob««rr«d  hero,  did  not  cairy 
his  doctrine  of  liberty  of  conscience  so  far  as  to  Imd 
him  to  faror  the  tolnnition  of  the  muss  nnd  other  cere- 
monies  of  Ronian  Catholic  worship,  whicii,  ns  being 
Idolatrous,  he  thought  should  be  forbidden.^  Parliameut, 
m  the  Puritan  period,  passed  sevore  ordinancns  and  laws 
for  (iie  rvstmint  of  printing.*     liut  the  Restomtinn  re- 

'  KmI,  tlittrs  ..flht  Purilunt,  il.  SIS  uq. 

*  (>n»  ot  Milton'*  Br);iiinenl>  li  that  "  tbo  iolcclton,  wblch  It  from  b««k>  « 
>«itn>i'«T]riaraliGion,"iiinoiradanginiiu(D(he  iBontdlhui  loHiciKnamili 
■ii'l  li«  Trim  In  lh«  acula  Arraminn,  wbo  "iru  pontrtHl"  b]r  nadlnff  "• 
viiiii'Ii-'a  ilWnurw,  wriltFn  at  Pilfl."  It  ti  curioui  that  HlUon,  m  hi*  tuaflw 
vn  VliriMian  IladriH  {irovw,  tiimtcK  biwaine  an  Armlnlan,  vut  10  Ariui  bn> 
tiili'L  Wlivn  111!  )iuli]iilivd  "PlradiH  L»C,"  In  ISOT,  lie  had  tutoe  diAcalty  It 
pRiFiiriiiii  >  liT4iiM  ;  ptrtlf  M  acsounl  of  Ui«  llliuintioii,  b  Ibo  OM  bMk|  (f 
U>i*(Up«*,lbat 

— "wltbleuotchtaft* 
FvrplsxM  maiiaralu." 

■  Sw  bit  Trut.  O/  Tnu  Atll^'ua,  JTinis.  Srtiim,  Ti>ltniUiim,  ttt.  lUTtV 

•  Hbjt,  CoiuI.  UiHorg  k/ tMjhnJ,  U.  IW. 


« 


EDUCATION  BY  THE   JESUITS. 


629 


I 
I 


I 


newo]  i\w  ifxUvm&  severity  of  ttie  old  t^iiaoLnieuta,  aiid 
tlio  i.iceiiaing  Act  plnced  all  printing  under  tlie  wintrol 
of  tlie  govtinimunt.  Uudvr  tb«  jud^cH  Scno^pi  and  Jef- 
fries, tlii'ii;  wa«  a  cruel  euforcement  of  the  hateful  pro- 
visioua  of  this  act.  It  was  not  uatjl  uf lur  tlit;  Uvvululinn, 
wlivii  farliameiiti  in  169S,  refuaed  to  renew  tiua  measure, 
Uiat  die  censorship  of  tb«  press  was  given  up  by  tliv  k>*  of 
En^lund,  T{i«i-v  might  be  oontinued  pei^ecutiou,  thruu^h 
the  wide  exteusion  given  to  the  law  of  libel ;  but  there 
was  a  gi&dual  progn-iw  towards  tlio  abolition  of  uU  tinjuMt 
reatrictioriA  npon  tiie  publioaUon  of  printed  ufttter.  'X1ie 
multipU-ing  of  newapapera  waa  a  practical  assertion  of 
tins  liberty.  Thus  it  uppeura  that  undur  Protu«titnt  in- 
Btitiilionti,  although  the  freedom  of  discuadon  and  of  the 
press  wiLS  not  at  onco  attained,  altliougb  tyranninil  laws 
were  fivnied  and  exc-cutvd,  the  tvuduiicy  luis  ittiU  bcut  in 
the  direction  of  an  emanciptition  of  the  minds  of  men 
from  this  ns  from  otlicr  kinds  of  unjuHtiSable  rvstiiunt. 
That  the  genius  of  Protestantism  requires  this  liberty,  is 
now  fdmoHt  univcmdly  concetk-d. 

Prom  tlw  latter  part  of  the  aixteenth  century,  educa- 
tion in  Catholic  countriiM  fell  VL-ry  mucli  into  t^o  bauds 
of  the  Jesuits.  Among  the  members  of  thia  society,  and 
among  the  pupiU  who  w«ru  trained  by  it,  tLore  is  in- 
tlud(?d  a  long  list  of  men  who  are  distinguislietl  for  s«r- 
vices  rendered  to  scieiice  and  learning.  But,  generally 
B|>enkiug,  it  \»  in  inathemativs,  physical  sctvncu,  and  aitti- 
qimrian  research  —  tlepartments  standing  in  no  close 
ri'lation  to  Uicir  nionil  aud  dogmntic  system  — tluU  Uicy 
hare  won  tbeir  eminenoe.  The  Jesuit  Society  haa  pro- 
duced acutu  writers  in  casutstryund  polumiuil  theology; 
sucii  mnn  as  Suarez  ;utd  Uellarmine.  Itut  it  haa  aocom- 
pliabed  little  in  tliu  higher  walks  of  litemturu  and  phUoso- 
l^y,  which  require  the  genial  atniiMphere  of  fifcdoin: 
and  the  efTi^it  of  its  tnutung.  as  u  rule,  bas  not  been  to 


fiSO  THE  lELATtON   OF  ftUnCSrAXTlSU  TO  aVIl  JZATICW. 


•titnulatc  luid  fnictify  Uic  mind,  and  to  pat  it  od  the  patb 
of  original  actiri^  and  pr<xliiotion. 

In  all  ProtatMit  lutd.t,  tln^  uniTcna]  difTuaion  of  tbt 
Bible  in  tlie  vernacular  tongues,  baa  proved  an  instrument 
of  culture  of  iiMMtimnbla  valuu.  Apart  trunt  its  direct 
rdigious  inllnenoe,  tbc  Bible  haa  earned  into  the  faoose- 
holcb,  even  of  the  humblest  cLassM,  a  moM  effective  imiUB 
of  mental  fttimulation  and  iiistruelion.  Uy  its  liistor;-, 
pOAtrjr,  SthicD.  tliM)lof;<r.  it  lias  cxpandvd  tlic  iutoHoct  ol 
oommoi)  ntcn,  mid  roused  them  to  reflection  on  theme* 
<^  the  highest  moment.  Tho  scone  which  Burnii  depicts 
in  "  The  Cotter's  Saturday  Night"  suggests  not  only  Uie 
rehgiona  power  of  the  Bible  in  the  homes  of  th«  poor,  but 
aIiu>  ito  olu%-at]iig  and  inspiring  inllucnco  within  the  entin 
sphere  of  mental  action.  The  Church  oi  Rome  luw 
never,  by  n  gcncnil  prohibition,  interdicted  tlie  uso  of  the 
Bible  to  the  laity ;  but  it  hiis  done  little  to  protnoto  it. 
On  the  contrary,  the  too  Rules  relating  to  the  oenaonhip 
of  books,  wltich  «mnn»t«d  from  the  Coiinvit  of  Tn>nt,  ini< 
pose  severe  restrictions  upon  Uie  circulatiou  ainl  rcodii^ 
of  Uie  Scriptures  in  the  veroncniar  languages.  ^  Inas- 
niiieb,"  they  say,  "  ns  it  is  miuiifest  from  cxpcriiMioc,  that 
if  ttiQ  Holy  Bible,  translated  into  the  vulgar  tougiio,  be 
indiscrimiitatGly  allowt-d  to  every  one,  the  temerity  of 
men  will  cause  more  evil  tlian  good  to  ariao  from  it ;  it  is, 
on  tLis  point,  referred  to  the  judgment  of  the  bishops  or 
inquisitors,  who  may,  by  tJic  advice  of  tlie  priost  or  con- 
fessor, permit  the  reading  of  the  Bible,  translated  into 
the  vulgar  tongue  by  Catholic  authors,  to  those  persons 
whose  faith  and  piety,  they  apprehend,  will  be  augineuted, 
and  not  injured  by  it ;  and  thia  permission  they  mast 
liuvc  in  writing.  But  if  any  one  shall  have  the  presum^ 
ticn  to  read  or  possess  it  without  such  written  permission 
he  shall  not  receivo  absolution  until  he  have  first  dfr- 
liveied  up  such  Bible  to  the  orilioHry.  Bookselk-rs,  tiow 
ever,  who  bIioII  sell,  or  othermse  dispose  of  Biblea  in  th« 


I 


IXFLUEKCE  OP  THE  BIBLE. 


581 


H  fulgnT  tongue,  to  pertjonii  uot  having  such  ptirmlBsioQj 
■ball  farK^it  the  ralue  of  iJie  hooks,  to  be  applied  by  the 
btalxip  to  some  pious  use ;  and  Ik:  mibjcctixl  to  sii«h 
oHusv  petialti*!8  as  thu  hishoj)  shull  judge  proper,  acoonl- 
hig  to  the  quiility  o(  tho  ofTuiidd.  Bill.  n'giiliirM  Khull  nei- 
ther read  nor  purchase  such  Bibk's  \rithi>nt  ii  special 
license  from  thiiir  superiors." '     This  ruW  f»!rly  indtcutos 

•  the  policy  of  the  Cbarcb  of  Rome  since  the  Tridentiiie 
Coundl.  This  policy  hod  its  origin  aft«r  thu  inuvoinunt^ 
of  the  laity,  in  Uomanic  countries,  in  the  twelfth  century, 
ttgunst  eccleiiastical  ahusus,  when  t3io  Wnldciisuii  iind 
other  sects  resorted  to  tlie  Bible,  and  encouraged  the 
reading  of  it.  lu  England  tho  opposition  to  Wickliffe 
hnd  a  similar  ctTcct  in  Iciuling  the  nutliorities  of  tlie 
Church  to  discountenance  the  use  of  tho  Bible  in  the 
valgiu-  tongue.  The  Jnn»unL»te,  ArnAulcl  and  hts  iisso* 
ciateft,  advocated  a  more  free  i-eoding  of  the  Scriptures  by 
Uic  laity ;  but  they  wore  combated  on  this  point,  as  on 
tilt&r  peculiarities  of  their  system.  ISren  in  recent  times 
futminations  have  been  sent  forth  from  the  Vatican 
against  Bible  societies ;  and  this  hostility  is  not  only 
directed  against  transhttions  made  by  Protestants,  but 
against  tho  unri>stri<:t«?d  circulation  of  any  versions  in  the 
language  of  the  people.  Bai:k  of  all  tliciao  rules  and  pi-o* 
liibitions,  however,  there  is  another  formidable  hindrance 

tin  the  way  of  tlie  general  reading  of  the  Bible  among 
Komaii  Catholic  laymen.  It  arisi.'S  from  the  doctrine  that 
they  arc  inca|>able  of  interpreting  it.     In  the  early  ages 

»of  tho  Church,  tho  Scriptur^vi  vrvni  ri.-nderi*d  into  thu  Ian- 
gnagOB  of  the  tribes  to  whom  the  Gospel  was  carried. 
Tho  Fath«>rs  were  not  opposed  to  tho  leading  of  them  by 

I  the  people.  Even  oa  late  as  Gregory  1.  tliey  recommend  it. 
But  tho  practice  began  to  fall  into  disuse  in  consciiuence 
jf  the  pntvalcnt  belief  Unit  laymen  are  incompetent  to  »»• 

■  App.  i-  ai  Cmcll.  Trld.  Dt  lUrit  prriH,  Krg.  W.    Tht  rule,  tn  tntu 
attd  by  Uendluw,  TU  i-Utnttj  PvUtj  tjfllM  Ckrnnk  ^Hamt,  p.  U  Mq 


632  THE  BliLAlJOX   OK  I'BOTKSTASTlSa  TO  CIVIUZATIOW. 


lantuud  it  —  inci^iable  of  deciphenng  its  meaning  foi 
theiuwlvus.  Protosbuit  teachers,  on  ilic  cxintnirj',  bkvc 
deehrtid  lltnt  the  Bible  is  intelligible  to  jiliin  ini^n.  And 
luLvn  imivursnlly  in<:iil«»t4>d  upon  all  tho  uUigsliou  tc 
reiul  il  liabituitlly.  Tin-  KnglUli  voraion  Mid  llio  timnftl** 
tioii  of  Iiuther  bavo  eiitomd  inio  the  intellectual  life  of 
Uic-  luitionit  to  n-liidi  Uicy  »cven>lly  belong,  witJt  an  ex* 
citing  and  tratiaformijig  eni^rgy,  tim  xrbolesome  effect  snd 
fall  uxttiit  of  whicli  it  is  iinimwiiblu  to  ostimatv.  To  any 
nothing  of  a  strictly  religious  influcAce,  if  w  could  sub* 
tnict  from  tlie  Gcnnun  mind  tbo  vfToct,  rpgitnliid  only 
friHii  nil  iiitdlv«tuul  jwint  of  vi«w,  of  I^itlier'a  llible,  niid 
do  Uie  same  in  tlie  case  of  our  version  in  it^  relation  to  tho 
EiigliHli-eiKiiilcin;;  racv,  liuw  inmlctilable  would  Im)  the  toes  I 
Tbu  i-lX-.!V.t  (if  the  Itcforiiiution  upon  literature  in  Kn^- 
lond  18  gunvmtly  undur»to<Kl.  Tho  ago  of  Elixiibotb,  the 
em  of  Spender  and  Uulcigb,  of  Baoon  and  Sbukespcare, 
was  tho  period  iu  which  the  fennent  caused  by  tin;  Itof- 
oniiation  was  at  iU  liotght,  and  when  I*Tot«staQtisia 
c«tabl!»]ied  iU  atipreinacy  over  tbe  Kngli^b  mind.  That 
ProtestantJsni  vas  u  life-giving  clemeDt  in  the  aUiiwiphorB 
in  which  the  ctnincnt  uutlinrs  of  tliJit  and  of  Uiu  follow- 
ing agea  drew  their  inspimtion.  admits  of  no  rcHaonuble 
doubt.  Wo  bavo  only  to  iimigitio  tbnt  the  mign  of  Mary 
iitid  her  religious  system  had  continued  through  tlio  aix- 
tvcntli  cvnttiry,  and  wc  ahall  upprcciate  the  indispensable 
part  which  Protostantisin  took  in  tiio  crcftliim  of  tliat 
gniat  liU'niry  ^-poch.  'Hio  gtmt  writers  of  tho  Kliz.f 
iH'tliiui  [leriod  have  been  called  "  nteii  of  tin*  KeniuMnnce, 
not  men  of  tbe  Reformation."  ^  A  brilliant  FrencJi  au- 
thor biui  oven  gi-oupod  them  togetlier  un<ii>r  tlio  title  o( 
the  "  Pagan  KcnaiiuuuK-o."  '  It  is  quite  true  that  tiioy 
dorivwil  Uivir  mutcriala  largi-ly  from  the  poeta  and  novel* 
«ts  of  Italy  ;  tliat  tho  inlluenco  of  the  Italian  culture  if 

'  Mitlhsir  Amnl'l,  SrAettU  iiml  Cninr/i'IiM  un  lAi  Contiminl,  p,  )M> 
■  Talcr,  iliAliay  tf  Kngti'A  LiUrnlart,  l  Ht  tiy. 


n 


LrrKKATcm:  is  exglakd. 

tnanifrnt  in  Uieir  works.  Kroin  this  point  of  view,  tho 
alaasificatioR  just  mvittionvd  is  itot  ta  iavorrMi.  Muro* 
aver,  the  Kngtuh  writera  of  tlii»  gmnd  <;ra  were  trne  to 
themselves ;  ihey  are  nmrk<.-(l  by  a  frosh  vigor  and  gcaa- 
iDK  nAturuliics!.  At  tho  wituo  tiinc,  Uioir  veiicmtioii  fot 
the  grciit  truths  of  roUgion,  tkoir  profound,  uoACFected 
faitli,  am  equally  conHpiciiouA ;  nnd  by  this  qtuility  they 
arc  distiiigiiiidtRd  frcMn  the  school  of  the  Iteuaiiianilou  in 
Southern  Earopo.  Tho  Kime  French  critic  to  whom  w« 
havo  n-fi-rrvd,  advert*,  in  anothf^r  ]):ut9nge,  to  the  oomtant 
iufluotice  of  **  the  grave  and  grand  idea  "  of  reli^on,  uul 
adds :  "  In  the  grc^ntoflt  \vmao  writers,  Uauon,  Burton,  Sir 
Thomafl  Ilrowne.  Raleigh,  we  see  the  fruits  of  veneration, 
II  Buttled  btrlii-f  in  tliv  obscure  beyond ;  in  short,  faith  and 
prayer.  Several  pntyerti  written  by  Haoon  aro  ainoiigst 
the  Itn^t  known  ;  and  the  oourtier  Raleigh,  whilst  writ- 
ing of  tlin  fall  of  empiri'K,  and  how  the  bartiaroas  nations 
bad  destroyed  this  grand  and  magnificent  Roman  Empin, 
ended  his  book  with  the  id'tiM  nnd  t^mu  of  a  B(j«siiet."  ' 
It  b  not  more  true  that  ShiLkespearo  rises  above  all  the 
narrow  oonfinot  o(  sivt,  than  that  his  dnuiius  ruveul  a 
deep  ^th  in  a  snpeniatural  order,  and  are  pervaded  witli 
the  fundamental  vi.Titit-.H  of  tliu  Chrifltinii  religion.  The 
botdneits  and  inilependenoe  of  the  Elimbetliaii  writurs, 
their  fearlcaa  and  earnest  pursuit  of  trutli,  and  tiieir 
sidenin  Kcnso;  of  rvligitni,  apart  from  all  luccttc^uo  and 
au[>entition,  are  among  the  eflfects  of  the  Ki'formution.' 
'riiis  is  ivgnally  trite  of  them  as  it  ia  of  Milton  and  ot 
the  greatest  of  their  sncnemon.  Nothing  save  tiio  >m- 
pnlso  n'btch  Protestantism  gave  to  the  English  mind,  and 
thi»  intellectual  ferment  wbieh  was  engenderud  by  it.  will 
account  for  the  Utemry  phetwmena  of  tlie  Elitabethan 
timeik 

<  L  na.  Tb*  ptiMtigii  of  lUttlgh  b  (IH  tpgtfffpbr,  Mgjumiag:  "O,  tl>- 
•■nit,}ut,«ad  oiJgbllalHadit" 

*  A  Jiut  view  a(  Uili  nui*r  biirtitMal  br  lliiirn,  t.r<lrrtf»U*  Dmmalk 
Ltt.  ^lit  Aft  i(f  JLl^aka  <lc(t.  I.),  wtire  ib>   iHsaDco  of  At  HtfomMlM 

•Joqanollr  Mceil. 


684  TBK  IDUATIOX  OP  raOTESTANTISU  TO  CIV1L1ZATI0X. 


The  Reforroatiun  in  Ocnnuny  traiujeired  literary  ao- 
Cirity  from  Uic  Stnitli  to  tliw  North.'  Since  Lbnt  tiim^ 
tlio  liteniry  acbievements  on  the  Catholic  Bide  have  betfn. 
In  compamxoii  with  Uioso  of  the  I'rot«Uants,  insignificant. 
A  laamed  ('»thotic  schoLix  iuis  stated  tlic  difficulty  whitJi 
he  experioaovd  in  finding  CutlioUu  names  vrorthy  of  note, 
wh«n  he  undertook  tlie  task '  of  describmg  tlie  state  ot 
itMirtiing  in  Germany  in  tho  periud  tittor  the  Italormatjon.* 
He  attributea  this  int^llccluiil  dearth  tu  tlie  luvlhoda  of  ^ 
vdocation  adopted  by  the  Josuita,  who  obtained  so  cxten-  fl 
»iv«  a  control  over  tli«  instrmrtion  of  tlie  young.  In  llio 
seventeenth  centurj',  theological  controversy  and  the  (]e»- 
olattng  offocts  of  war  prurentcd  Gcrmiiny  from  omulatin^ 
Bti|;land  in  tlie  path  of  science  and  literature.  But  tho 
eighteenth  centiu-y  opens  with  thv  illustrioos  nanio  of 
Leibnitz;  and  from  that  tJnie,  es|)ecially  from  the  mid- 
dle of  that  century,  the  achievements  of  the  GennUi 
mind  in  all  bruiichi.'s  of  human  kiiowtedgo  have  suipaaaod 
those  of  any  otiier  nation,  ancient  or  modern.  Ovnnany 
haa  earned  the  distinction  of  being  tlie  land  of  scliolim. 
It  u])pi-ajis  tliat  in  England,  iinniodi»wly  after  thv  Uefor- 
mation,  the  cause  of  learning  auETered  in  oon3G<|uenoo  of 
the  injury  dono  to  sohools  by  lliu  confiscations  of  Ilenry 
VIII.,  and  by  tlie  rapacity  of  his  courtiers  and  tiiose  of 
Edward.'  The  attention  given  to  theological  disputes  in 
Uii;  Uiiivcmitieit  l«tide<l  for  a  while  to  the  same  result. 
In  (iermany,  moat  of  tlie  Protestant  leaders  were  devoted 
Ilnmaiiists.  In  the  ferment  excited  at  first  by  tliu  Wi^ 
tenbcrg  Iteform,  there  was  danger  that  science  and  edu- 
cation would  be  negh-ctoil ;  and  of  this  danger  MeIaiio> 
tliun  was  painfiUly  sensible.*     He  made  schools  an  object 

*  CFn-inii*.  Gtrli.  a. pinlUdi.y>it!(-*al-LU.,'Th.  la.  XK 

*  Diilinipr,  i'ertrige,  tto.  (Ilun1i;li,  IS13). 

*  WaitiiR,  Uiiion/  vf  Xni/UA  I^tttrg,  i.  f  sxsvi.;  AiaoliI,  SeKtxA  ami  UmU 
Ittrrilia,  «(&,  p.  ISS. 

*  The  aniletr  of  tlvlincUioa  on  Ihti  MtbJtcE,  a  Tow  vnn  afur  ih«  I.ulbans 
Biot-f iiiiml  tonuiMac«l,  aaJ  Um  (Sort*  in  twhalf  of  nlurAtiun  In  wlilcb  b*  wa> 

•n  dcnrlboil  lijr  0>I1*,  Ch^ntliriilili  Uil.iKiakn'iit.  \i.  IIP. 


I 

I 
I 
i 


A 


PROrESTANTlSlI  IM  DOLLAND  AND  SCOTLAND.         585 

'  eiLrD«Bt  caro.  For  his  iter^-icM  in  this  direction  lie  liiu 
worn  since  the  Lonorable  title  o(  "Pro(Mi>tor  of  iiat- 
many." 

In  no  Protestunt  countri*^  vrua  the  particular  ofTect  ot 
the  Keformatiou  tvhidi  we  are  now  coiiMidering,  more 
Btriking,  than  in  Holland  and  in  Scotland.  Iloltund,  lu 
it  emerged  victorioua  from  its  Ktriiggitt  with  Simin,  be- 
oamu  everywhere  fumous  for  Uie  nunihwr  and  eruditioD 
of  it«  Bcliolars,  and  for  tlie  tmtviTsal  intelligence  of  it« 
people.  In  the  early  part  of  tlie  at^ventcenth  century, 
Lcydcii,  wliicli  owed  its  UnivcrUty  to  the  victorj'  which 
it  giiinMl  over  its  besiegers  in  1574,  was  the  ino»t  re- 
nowned scat  of  learning  in  Western  Europe,  Twothou- 
Kind  pupils  rnsortcd  to  it  at  on«  time,  and  sdiolant  like 
Scaliger  weire  drawn  into  the  ranks  of  ils  teachers.  In 
the  vnlor  of  its  inhabitants  and  their  cntture,  in  connec- 
tion with  the  diminutive  size  of  its  turritory,  Holland  n- 
semhlod  tho  Greece  W  ancient  times.  Even  more  con- 
Bpiiuiotis  is  the  intellectual  influence  of  Prott-stantism 
upon  Scotland.  Holland  was  not  wanting  in  intellectual 
activity  Ixrforc  tlie  Reformation;  but  ScotlaiKl  owes  al- 
most everything  to  the  religious  reform.  Before,  tivi 
DlBBof  tLe  people  were  ignonuit  and  in  a  Htute  of  ser- 
vile (tepcndenoe  on  the  nobles.  The  preacliing  of  Knox 
struck  a  deep  root  in  the  heart  of  the  Scotch  commons. 
\Vh<-n  the  nobles  faltered,  or  ooniiulted  expediency  or 
•elfish  interest,  it  was  found  that  the  middling  and  lower 
orders  of  the  people,  who  hod  embnicc<l  tlie  Protestant 
doctrine,  could  not  be  managed,  but  were  steadfast  in  de- 
fense of  tlteir  liberty  and  religion.'  'I1ie  fro<>dom  of 
Scotland,  its  general  intelligenee,  and  the  literary  emi- 
nence which  n  grout  array  of  distingtiishod  names  in 
•dencc  and  letters  luive  given  it,  are  the  result  of  the 


)  mi«ltwto(thiltrfana*lioiili»rllwtfDnbbrltr.  Frouilp,  jSWiAwKm 
m  Ort»l  S«fr'(t<^  P'  I3t  |T1»  Indui'-ir*  >t  ibe  lEatoRniiiiaii  un  ilw  licMI'ih 


inoK  m 


'JUTTBll  TO  CTTILIZA' 


TW 

by  a>  III  iiiiJiw  <rf  grfigw  qowtiBM.     Aa 
>  crMt*«l  b)  vUcfa  tb*  IraiU  of  gmha  mnd 


I 
I 


tU  'nWaiBW  on  philiMnfiy-  TIm  Sfhohatic  UMslogy  and 
«thKs  ««•  iiilMt»I— d  «kk  tfa*  >;ttn  of  AiistQd#. 
lbs  nbncMO  of  Ui  nptioMf,  n  he  was  tnterpraled 
•ad  as  kk  netbod  was  emplojcd  bj-  tbe  S^toabuiCD,  io« 
nind  tita  attbniw  *A  th«  sboi*  Uaio  iriuch  thoy  bwl 
oonaliaelad  fay  Ua  aid,  and  aaa  aa  indi^wnaablii  iocaos 
Id  tbis  and.  Tbis  pbik«o|ibkal  reralotkn  was  began  1^ 
ibo  HoataiustB,  aad  eoanuunatad  at  lbs  Rafaraaticm. 
Bj*  tbn  iwfiraet  effect  of  PiotcataatiHn,  tben  atsao 
inadnr  pbilMopbical  DMsdxjd,  oo  Uw  togndatioo  ot  which 
the  Biodeni  acboob  of  aietafbjnisi  tatL 

The  pub  was  broken  for  tba  imiiilt  npoa  Ibe  S<:liolaa> 
tic  AnttoUo,  b]r   the  |)ata  Anstotrliaas,  as  tbay  wom 
called;  Uxsa  ItaUan  niinruuuala  in  the  first  ball  of  the 
■ixteeath  ocuturr,  who  sot  np  the  idea*  whidi  they  pr»>       < 
(eaaed  to  detivo  ftom  the  origioal  text  of  the  Sta^rito,  ^| 
■gunsi  the  Schobtstic  inteipretations  of  him.     Tbe  riee  ^^ 
of  a  Khool  of  PUtoniBts  \r«a  not  vithout  aa  inflaenoe  in 
the  ■ame  dinctioa.     Th?  Retortncn  directly  aesanlted 
the  princijik'S  of  tlie  ArinUitfliaii  «thi(»,  lu  for  04  thoy 
wi-m  enilxnlii-d  in  the  Pelugian  theology,  and  likewise 
bis  dialoctical  method  nx  uadcrlyii^  the  cndlcas  subUoUce 
and  beiriMvnag  caauistry  of  the  cnodiieTul  ^benu.     ]t 
■a  a  mistake,  howovor,  to  suppose  thnt  Lolher  aras  abso< 
lately  hoatilo  to  ptiiloaopby.    Ilia  decbmatiaa  agiiiiist 
An.itotle  is  oa  the  grouncLt  just  stated,  ilikI  '»  ({unlinml 
by  other  oxprvssioita  of  a  different  tenor.*     Molancthou 

I  "I  woaU  ■flliBctjr,"  lu  MlU,  "kMpAifalMli'i  bo*b  on  kctc,  A«t*ili^ 
wd  fottk*,  or  lur*  llwiu  tlrri<lg*d.  ii*  lliry  can  \->  mil  «ilh  pntll,  anil  *xtt 
dN  fanos  raoyi*  in  (ftakins  >»•]  pnaihini;  •nil;  bol  tb«  coniuMiiB  wU 
alnulo  ili*(>luii>  liad  Wutr  U  kfl  otT"  -in  <'<%  linKL  Aid,  (ISSK)  Ftf 
Mbar  »^hi;m  'mm  Lullift,  at  *  lik*  I*n«,  •»«  (lioHlir,  I.  II.  S,  |  (H.  m.  k 


I 


KFTECT  OF  PBOTESrASTISM  ON   PHlLOSOrilT. 


S8T 


me  moi-e  and  raoru  irDjimtsMl  with  the  iu?cC«Kity  of  a 
caniful  tind  tborougli  tiMiuiiig  for  niiniatcr»,  luid  of  buikl- 
big  tip  tliu  study  [>f  i>liiliwi>iiliy  lut  wull  uh  of  olassiual  lib- 
uj-iLturo  in  tlio  Geniuiii  scltouU.  Acconlingly  ti<!  prepared 
t4!Xt-l](xik»  on  thu  hiisw  cif  tin;  tri^tiitiMfi  of  ArSsbollo,  n'lii<-li 
long  beld  tlisir  place.  Among  the  I'rotcstaiit  tlieoWigiiin*, 
Aristotle,  i»  the  shape  in  which  hu  wiut  iiuw  etiidii-d,  i-i>- 
giuned  his  aothori^ ;  so  tlmt  vrlioii  Tet^r  ItHnios  uttiwikcd 
Ilia  logical  >yst«m  aiid  endeavored  to  auppUmt  it,  the  n«w 
adieme  was  considunxl  by  many,  among  whom  wus  lit^ui, 
a  dangeroua  innovation. 

'I'Tic  ground  which  had  bwn  huld  by  Arietotlo  cuuld 
not  be  left  unoccupied.  I'hiloaopliy  must  be  rcoou> 
■tructod.  Yot  a  ni-vr  itystcm  would  Iuito  to  fight  ita 
way  to  acceptance;  for  AmtoCle,  notwitlistandirig  the 
attocka  of  tlm  Iliimaaisbi  and  of  tiw  Ileformei-s.  still 
maintained  hi-s  bold  in  the  Cutholic  univvntttii'A — in 
Paris,  for  examplo,  and  ui  the  uiiivertiities  of  Italy  ;  and 
waa  dofendet]  a»  the  prop  of  orthodox  tbeolugy.  '11i« 
two  cuDOVStore  of  philosophy  are  Bncon  aud  I>os  Curt«8. 
Hie  ^stenu  of  both  are  ituUreutly  the  product  of  tiie 
Reformation.  Bacon  'a  not  the  originator  of  a  now 
method,  much  Ism  of  a  ucw  tm-tHphysic  ;  but  in  Iiim  rig- 
oroua  aaaault  upon  the  scientific  procedure  of  the  School- 
men, which  was  identiiicd  with  tb4^  name  of  Aristotle, 
.  .ttu)  in  bi»  wcJglity  appeal  agaiuat  the  authority  of  tradi- 
tion in  physical  study,  and  in  behalf  of  independent 
investigation  by  the  inductive  process,  ho  harmonized 
^vith  tlie  spirit  and  iivincvil  the  intbioiico  of  Protestant- 
ism. Ilie  name  of  Uea  Cartes  is  more  properly  oon- 
nected  will)  the  new  metliod  whicli  ohiuruct4T'ix«t(  io<Klem, 
as  distinguished  tn>iu  mediajval  philosophy.'  In  the 
■cholaatio  period,  pliilooophy  \s*»  siiVtMTrvicnt  tu  liii^logy, 
PliiliMopby  had  ito  tusk  set ;  it  must  aaaume  the  tnitb  of 

t  BmiiHl«r,  HiM.  di  h  PiiUitv^it  Omtena'  (arnli.  I«M);  lUllIal,  la  Vlt 
rti  flW»if«r*  19  vol*.  IIBlH  KlUtT,  Oni.  H.  <krini  Ptil^  vii.  1  (Ml. 


CSS  TBE  RELATtOK  Of  PROTeSTAMTUM  TO  ClVlLtZATNM. 


ft  great  body  of  propoBitions,  and,  as  Tar  as  it  wiis  ablc^ 
rindicato  tbrin  on  mtioiml  {rn>tiiida.  As  a  coiii^:i{U4>oce, 
phUoanphy  nnd  theology  ^v«re  mingled  togfthor,  iu  a  way 
])rojudicial  to  «icb.  Th«  melbod  with  wliioh  the  nanie 
of  l)t^  CftrtcA  is  linked  is  utterly  disainiilor ;  first,  in 
■oparating  pbilosopby,  as  a  distinct  deiiiirtm«nti  from 
t)wol<^' ;  sooomlly,  in  casting  out  all  aasumptiona,  all 
propoutions  borroircd  from  othvr  eourocs,  sll  atithority, 
Slid  in  sUirtbig  witEi  the  min<l'a  own  primitivv  intuitiona, 
on  tlie  foundation  of  whidi,  nitli  the  aid  of  logic,  the 
trhole  suiKTstnicturw  is  riwrwl.  Tin;  »iin|il(?  thesis,  '*  t 
thiiilc,  tbvrcforu  I  am,"  is  found,  it  may  be,  in  Augustine ; 
and  it  may  have  been  derived  from  blm ;  but  tbo  01%- 
iriiility  of  Des  Carles  llt-s  in  hit  n^je<;tion  of  itil  extranL>ou8 
and  incongruous  matter,  and  in  hi§  pLiciug  this  brief  but 
pregnant  iiffirmalioii  iu  the  fori^frout  of  bis  system.  On 
this  foundiition  he  seeks  to  ronstrnct  a  pmof  of  God, 
of  iJie  soul's  distinct  existence,  nnd  of  its  inimortalit}~. 
PhiloBophy  thus  lakes  notliing  for  granted,  is  no  longer 
"  tbo  handmaid  "  of  any  other  brunch  of  knowledge,  but 
bringtt  up  everything  to  bo  tested  at  its  oivii  tribunal. 
WI10  can  fail  to  detect  in  this  trauaformatioti  in  Ui« 
ehanirtiT  and  posilion  of  philosophy  t,lie  ngunoy  of  tha 
Kefonuation,  preoedetl  and  supported,  to  be  sore,  by 
lltimnniHm  ? 

Des  Curtea  was  himnolf  a  Koman  Catliolio  and  oda- 
(wted  in  a  Jesuit  school.  Ho  made  a  constant  effort  to 
avoid  every  sort  of  conflict  with  the  Churdi  and  witli  the 
cfaampions  of  orthodoxy.  Prudently,  for  the  sake  of  liia 
own  quiet,  h"'  made-  his  residence  in  Holland  and  iu  Swe- 
den. He  carefully  disavowed  the  intention  to  interfere 
with  the  tilings  of  faith ;  adopting,  iu  tliis  matter,  liiu- 
guiige  similar  to  that  of  Moutaigno  and  his  foUoweia  in 
the  sixteenth,  and  of  the  free-thinkers  of  tlie  eightocntb 
century.  In  their  case,  these  professions  were  ironicaL 
and  were  made  for  the  sake  of  arnidini'  tu^  vsplictt  ait 


I 
I 


DES  CjUtTES. 


689 


I 


tagonism  to  tlio  ChristiiLD  faith  and  its  adhorcnbi.  Doe 
Outes  wu  more  serious  niid  i.!arni>»t  in  liU  iiiiivicttons; 
yet  tlie  oourw  that  h«  took  was  ({uite  s»  mii<:li  prompted 
hy  deivnatoa  to  »  settled  iiolicy  a»  by  the  diotiitxM  of 
conscience.  It  wua  ohMacteristtc  of  him,  as  bood  as  he 
liuid'd  o(  thi:  oouduinniitiMi  of  Gatilv),  to  euppnas  bis 
owu  work  on  "The  World,"  in  which  be  hnd  lulvocalod 
tlio  Copornicun  x-iow,  und  wliich  \r.\s  prcp&red  for  Iho 
])t'i-H8.  Hut  nil  the  wniiiRitii  mid  piiiiutaking  of  Dot 
Cartt"s  did  not  avail.  The  empire  of  Scholasticism,  ol 
which  tilt:  Anittotulinn  sy»1i-ui  ^nut  n  niniii  [nUar,  could 
not  he  HO  easily  undermined.  The  Cartesian  system  mu 
dciiounoetl  by  the  Sorhoiinu,  and  in  16'24  h  di^crcv  of 
I':irliaimtht  wim  pn»cutx-d  ii^ain»t  it.  ItM  piiitiijiKl  iidro> 
cuti'S  WL're  the  gifted  men  of  tJie  Jaiiaenist  bcIiooI.  Pro- 
hibitions and  donunciiitioiui  of  the  new  philoooplir  wi-itt 
forth  from  tlw  Oiuncil  of  the  Kii^,  Uw  Aivhhialiop  nt 
I'm-'m,  thv  univonitics,  iiiHl  from  mo«t  of  tlm  rolif^ioiui 
oi-dera,  antil  near  the  end  of  the  seventeentfa  century.' 
Thu  JvHuitA,  whom  Dot  Oartvs  had  tried  liant  to  condliikto^ 
were  his  irreconcilable  opponents.  One  of  them,  Valois, 
in  th«  prvsL-tice  of  the  aMcmblcd  clui;gy  of  Fnmco,  de- 
noiinofid  him  and  his  followers  as  favorers  of  Cnlviii.'  In 
1663,  his  •*  Meditations,"  with  some  of  his  other  n-riliiigs, 
were  placed  on  the  Proliihitory  Index  al  Koiuo,  "dutti-o 
ixnrrigantnr  ;"  and  there  hb  name  still  stands,  with  the 
namw  of  Loclci;,  Itiicon,  Kant,  Cousin,  im<l  olhuf  h-adcrs 
in  philiMopluo  thought.  The  Smrhooue  imulit  a  aoi-oiul 
attempt  to  obtaui  from  Parliament  a  condemnatory  <)<.- 
cfce  against  tlio  Cartusiiui  systom,  and  wi;re  otily  hititU-d 
by  the  wit  of  Boileau,  combined  with  the  reasoning  of 
Amuuld.*  After  this  timv,  the  ph;to«n])hy  of  Diis  Curtiw 
gitin^l  favor  with  llie  more  fn-o-niinded  scholars  and 
aulhors — not  excepting  Boaatiet —  who  adorned  tJie  lit. 
emliiii'  of  Franco  in  thi«  pvriwl. 

•  Ihioitliir.  I.  Kii.  ■  Ibul.,     <«*  ■  Ibid.,  i.*Utm- 


jreas  to  ita, 

on   uid  ^H 
I!  ami  co^l 


640  TUK  iRU^TlON  or  fiOnSTAXnSU   TO  dVlLDUTTOM. 


It  wotitil  be  iDtsresUng  to  tmcu  thu  eflToct  of  tba  Bet 
armutioa  upon  tbo  dtrrdopment  ot  other  bnincfac*  el 
kjiiiwk'(lg<!.  Ttifi  adrance  of  tiu>  •denoe  of  tntcmatuiBil 
Ltw  in  modem  timea  is  connected  with  tho  tuune  ol 
Qrotitu ;  suid  the  rise  of  ]iulitira]  «»iioiiir  with  Ilie 
uumeaof  Uitme  and  of  Adam  StiiJUi.  Tlie  nntarvl  and 
jdiVMcnl  adencot  owe  their  uu(-x»mplcd  pnigreas  to  iht 
freedom  with  trhich  ()»-ir  in\'<'stigatt(>tis  am 
and  to  the  muUiod  uf  IndvjtendMit  observ-utioa 
pcriiui-tit  wbicli  haul  diiiitlitiwl  tbo  daducti«*u 
jectural  procednro  of  a  fonner  n^.  Hut  then  is  oat 
do[Ktrtmi>nt  with  nigard  to  whk-h  I'rutesUuitiBiu  i»  oft 
clwrgnd  with  vxc-rting  «  chilling  influonoo,  ]t  is  that 
Uie  fine  arts.  'ITiis  im]>utntion,  however,  \viU  banDv 
niiidt:  i'(»iH%ting  music  niid  [xKtr^'.  Nor,  siiico  the 
ation  oE  the  Gothic  arcbitcctora — a  genuinu  product 
tlio  Middio  Afjiys  and  of  the  Gei-mnii  miiid  -~  is  there 
type  of  biiiMiiig  \vhich  can  \w  iittribiilnl  to  the  Chi 
c^  Home,  as  au  offsjmng  of  its  peculiar  spirit.  It  is  oat 
in  respect  to  painting  and  scalpturi}'.  in  whidi  thi*  tile 
of  Art  are  embodied  in  risible  form,  that  litis  objuctJoi 
nan  be  brought  against  Prottstantism  with  nnj  plao 
htlity.  It  is  unqiirotifniahh*  thai  tbv  Kpecial  chnnu:tcri 
Art  vurivs  with  Uic  nature  and  eh-ctim&tiuicea  of  the 
pies  among  whom  it  spnngs  ioto  being.  It  ia  also  true 
iliat.  tlii^  ii'irthcrn  raoen  of  the  fli-rm.'ui  stock  are,  on  tb* 
one  hand,  li-s»  demonstrati%'e.  le»s  impelled  by  un  in> 
'jnpulse  to  give  Tinblo  expression  to  thoir  concfipttona 
and  more  pnmp  to  abstract  Ihmijrht  and  quiet  rpB<<<-tion(1 
tlum  the  l^tin  peoples,  especially  the  Ituliiuu.'  Tl; 
innate  diflunnico  is  not  without  its  vlTuct  in  producing  iai 
tli<-  KTHithcni  mces  a  greater  aatisfaetion  witli  a  ntual  thatl 
strikes  the  denaes  ;  and  this  samo  peimliarity  is  as8odnte<ll 
with  all  artistic  impuhHs  imd  skill.     Wt  tboio  on  not  tl 

■  Tliit  Mttanuu*  u  i>orUj*>l  In  k  ip!rit«<]  wv  bjr  Tkia*.    8r»  4rl  ia 
VaktrbMl*,  pp.  31  M<i.,  04. 


EKTKCT.Or  THE  BKrOKMAIION   ON   ItKt.lQtON. 


Ml 


I 


exclusive  poeiScsBioii  of  any  single  branch  of  Uie  liuiiian 
family.  The  Teutonic  race  has,  UkewtBe,  pven  evidcnoe 
of  itx  ciiiuicity  for  the  lujjhi-st  iu:1iti.n-ctnetits  in  tirL,  ns 
well  tis  for  tho  HpprMriation  and  enjoyment  uf  its  noblest 
products.  Italian  puinliug  und  sculpture  n-uru  tho  eiv 
iitimi  of  lh»  Renaisitance ;  and  th<3  Art  of  lliu  Keiiaisannce 
was  largely  pagan.  With  thfl  ruvival  of  Catholidsm  Art 
ilfclin«d.  In  the  N«th(irl.in<b*  Un-rt;  iipiK-iinrd  »  twvr  and 
origmol  development  of  Art;  and  in  !]ot!and,  witli  ita 
monotonous  scenery  and  cloudy  skies  —  a  it>tnilry  in 
which  Prob^stantisni  reigned  —  there  arose  a  achool  of 
patiiti-rs,  iinioii(;  whom  is  found  ono  of  thi;  most  original 
and  inipn^snive  of  all  urtiatA,  Rembrandt. 

Tho  most  important  topic  connected  with  the  present 
di»ciis»ion  remains  to  bu  eonKi<tercd.  It  is  Uto  bearing  of 
the  Iteforination  on  religion.  Religion  is  etuential  to 
the  penmineiicu  and  ])ro(;ress  of  ci\'iliziition,  not  only  iis 
affording  motives  for  thu  rvatriiint  of  luimitn  ])iia.<U(tii!t  and 
tlio  oountvniction  of  sellt5lmes»,  but  lut  indittpensuble  to 
the  healthful  and  fruitful  exertion  of  tho  intelleetual  fac- 
ulties. "  When  tlii^  i-eligion  of  a  [veoplc  is  desinjyed," 
writes  Do  Toequevillc,  "\loiibt  gets  hold  of  the  hight-r 
powers  of  the  intvlterti  and  half  pantly/es  all  tJie  others. 
Every  man  lurcnatoins  himself  to  have  only  confu.si,Hl  and 
changing  notions  ou  the  subjects  most  interesting  to  his 
fellow-crt-!ituPi's  and  liimwlf."  "  Stieli  a  eomlition  cannot 
but  enervate  the  eotil,  relax  tJie  springs  of  ihu  will,  and 
prepare  a  people  for  servitude."  *'  I  am  inclined  to  Ihtiik 
Unit  if  fiiitli  be  ivnnting  in  man,  be  must  be  subject ;  and 
if  he  he  frc«,  bu  must  believe."  *  It  is  nut  stningo  that 
tliu  right  which  Protestantism  gives  to  tlie  individual 
mtli  regard  to  his  religious  belief,  should  bu  thought  by 
some  to  put  tb«  inti'ireists  of  religion  in  [H^rit.  Hut  tliis 
right  is,  in  another  aspect,  also  a  duty  ;  this  freedom  im- 
poses a  ivsponsibilitj ;  and  in  relegating  religion  more  to 


542     TBS  KEUTION  OF  PROTEST AXTtSSI   TO  OULrUVK. 


tb«  iiiJividuol,  ProleAlaiitisiu  docs  not  call  ia  iiDdadoo 
tli4^  viiliility  of  I'vligious  fvi-lings  ancl  oLligatiotts.  Pro^ 
i-»t»iitii<iii  fiist^ru  1^  Hi)irit  of  inquiry  ;  bat  u  religion 
wliicb,  like  Cliristiunity,  relive  upon  perauaaoo,  hoiI 
upjii-iLls  to  tlic  nuuon  luid  oonsciviiw,  is  in  th'-  loug  run 
|*rolite(l  by  tlie  full  iiivfietigatiou  of  ite  cLaima  an<I  doc- 
binvS)  wliutcvKT  U>ni]>orury  erUa  may  iiriw  from  Uui  pw 
verae  or  auiH-rlii-iiil  iipplioadon  of  tlio  umleratandiiig  tc 
qu«dou3  ill  Uie  sulutiou  of  which  moral  nml  ntligtooa 
feeling  mtist  liuar  a  ]»irt.  A  brief  hiHturiont  reviuw  will 
show  that  the  Kefontiation  is  ii»t  itjajtonEible  for  tondon- 
I'Jun  to  Eccptici^iii  mid  uiibcliirf  wtiicli  liuve  rcvsnlud 
thoRisclvcfl  ill  modern  society.  Tbeae  tendeociet  (li»^ 
COTwed  tlieuiHulvos  buforo  Froteetautisui  appcnrvd.  The 
BenaiMance  iii  Italy  wax  sceptical  iu  iU  BpiriU  PontpcH 
nntiua  expressed  thu  opiiiiou  that  Christianity,  Uko  otiier 
r^ilig^iotiN  which  hud  ]>ivcudt>d  it,  hiid  poseod  throiigb  the 
periodfl  of  youth  and  niulurily  uiid  hiul  arri%\>d  at  tlio 
stagu  of  obBok«cence  and  decay.  Mursilias  Ficinus  saw 
no  hvlp  for  rvtligiwi  for  tliu  tiinv.  and  until  God  sliould 
apjiear  by  tMinio  niiriuMilous  maiiifeeUtion,  save  in  tlui 
iK^tvriug  aid  of  pliilosoiihy  and  from  tho  tenota  ot  Pisr 
toiiiam.i  'I'his  Iiitidelity  itpraug  up  in  lli»  boaom  of  tlio 
Roinun  CntlK^iu  Chuivht  partly  us  e.  rMwtion  ogalost 
nipcTstitioiu  doctrines  luid  prucUccs  which  tho  Cbui-di 
couutcnaiicod,  partly  from  the  Epicurean  lives  of  eoclost- 
aatica  aiitl  Uiu  woi'ldliiK-.ss  which  hud  coiruptvd  tb«  piot^ 
of  the  official  guardians  of  religion.  Lid^qwDdonUy  ^ 
th««o  negative  influt;iicos,  however,  there  bid  come  a 
time  when  reason,  oonsdoua  of  iUulf  and  uf  its  inuturp 
atrcngth,  rose  up  to  scrutiniie  the  traditions  whidi  it  had 
accr]it4'd  without  a  qui.'«t40U,  and  to  tost  thw  foundutiona 
on  wlik'h  faith  hnd  rested.  Such  an  epoch  oooura  in  Uie 
history  of  other  ri'^ligion^.  Had  practical  mligion  existed 
in  greater  power,  tliis  natural  ci-isiB  and  period  of  Umnai 

'  Meuwitr,  a'iuautlk-f/iL  jtUtamiL  p.  119. 


I 


wvnuiui  iH  rrnoPE. 


643 


I 
I 


bon  might  hn,ve  been  safely  pasaed,  mid  the  restilt  wutild 
huve  been  at  onoe  a  more  onligtitoned  sixl  u  more  assuri>il 
faitli.  Prot«atiinti)tin,  witli  the  warm  mligiou*  li(«  nluch 
attended  its  riw,  did  actually  interpose  nn  effectual  bar- 
rier to  thfi  Bpreail  of  infidelity,  and  for  tin;  time  ftinoth- 
erod  itB  gcrmfl-  But  tlie  latent  tendencies  to  which  wo 
have  advfftt^d  re-iippoiUf-d,  iuid,  aftiir  the  tidu  i>f  leUgioua 
eni-nnstnesa  in  vliiub  the  Reformation  began  bait  tuib- 
Bidvd ;  altur  practical  religion  wait  lost,  in  a  mcasute,  in 
the  turmoil  of  tlieological  controversy,  and  by  the  (le* 
mendizing  effect  of  long  and  Ktngitiiiiiry  wars,  tbesQ 
tmdendcs  bad  full  play.  Mui-cover,  Pruteabuitiain  vnu 
guilty  of  a  degree  ot  unfaitbfulneaa  to  one  of  its  own  car- 
diiml  principint.  Tb«  rigid  mforwmcnt  of  dogmutio 
conformity,  in  connection  witb  punctilious  tests  of  ortho- 
doxy, witfain  the  SL>vi<ral  Protectant  cominuniuns,  was  fell 
to  be  nt  vmriKDoe  wiU)  tlia  Protestant  principle  of  liWrty. 
Among  the  adhereitte  of  the  RefornnBtioo  a  new  scholss> 
ticiun  itnwe.  A  new  yoke  wits  imposed,  liardly  li.«s  onov 
oua  than  that  vbich  the  Rufonnatioii  had  cast  uff.  Henca 
there  ensued  a  revolt,  nn  extennre  reaction,  in  behalf  of 
this  ne^tive  principle  of  opposition  to  human  authority 
in  rQligiouD  concerns.  Such  n  reaction,  in  Uiu  ulisenui!  of 
an  nde<iu»U>  check,  vraa  pushed  to  an  extreme ;  ao  tliat 
the  positiw,  or  t«Hgiotu  dement  ot  Protestuntisin  was 
ncrificed.  'JTho  cause  of  liberty  of  tbought  became  idea- 
tiiie<l  n-itli  doubt  or  disbelief.  Modem  unbelief  first 
took  the  form  of  Deism,  wliicli  spread  in  Europe  until  it 
became  tlio  ftisliionable  rvligiou  of  tiie  eighteenth  oen- 
tury.  In  England,  the  wearisome  ooitflict  of  tlieological 
parties  impelled  some  to  explore  for  a  fundamental  n- 
ligion  underlying  these  diffeivuoes,  for  a  creed  wbieh  was 
held  by  bU  in  common.  This  cmtributtHl  to  the  ri»e  at 
Free-thinklug,  or  Deism,  of  which  Lord  Herbert  of 
Cherlmry  was  the  first  tulvocmte  of  diHtinctiou.  It  found 
the  most  congenial   liome  in   tVanoe,  whence  it  spread 


644  im:  sklatws  op  PBOTEsrASTisu  to  cniuuinni. 

among  otiier  natiuns,  wliich  thMi  looked  to  Fnuica 

their  opinions  im  woll   lu   tlieir  nuuiners  and   fasliion*. 

The  ci-e«(l  of  Deisni  wus  mi  heirloom  (rom  Christianity. 

The  sense  of  th«  supcrnnttmLl,  wciikmied  though  it  wbji, 

Rtill  HUfUtineJ  thii  belief  in  a  pei'sonal  God,  hoireTer  be 

might  be  set »  distauc«  from  tnpn.    i'nnUioism  was  .1  suc- 

oud  Ivgittmatn  stop  in  the  mtroe  patli.     It  is  the  deaifti  ol 

the  8Upernattiral  nltt^ether ;  it  mcrgtw  the  Creator  in  iho 

firojition,  or  ruthur   iii   nAturv,  which  is  amxidi^rcd  th« 

manifestation   of   lui   iropcrsonal   force  or  lav.     Theao 

types  of  unbelief   nfFcctfd  the  Cntliolic  and  Prot««tatit 

nations   alike.     Unt   Pnknce,  Catholic    Fnuioc,  mw   Uut 

prinoipiU  centre  of  soepticiam  in  the  Inst  centorr.     ETim 

in  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.,  Mt-nenne,  the  friond  ot  Dea 

Carter,  said  tliat  ttit^m  vero  fifty  tbousitnd  Atheists  in 

Pnris.     It  ivas  doubtless  an  exaggemted  statomont ;  y 

th<4  number  of  Iho  neutral  class,  irhich  accepted  ncithw 

Catholiciam  nor  ProU!»t4Uiti!im,  vrns  largo ;  and  this  oloaa 

either  denied  or  doubted  the  trath  of  ReTeUitioo.*  Dmm, 

Mid  finullr  Mat4>rialism  and  Atlieism,  became  the  creed  of 

the  philaioptieRi  and  of  the  iNJucatod  daas.     AVhpn  the 

great  Revolution  burst  forth,  there  was  no  prinoiplij   o£ 

religion  in  the  hivu-ttt  of  the  people  to  chasten  luid  direct 

the  paasions  which  had  been  excited  to  fury  by  n  lung 

eoarso  of  misgovenimvnt  and  oppression.     The  perseea> 

tlou  of  the  Janscnista  aixl  tlin  expulsion  of  the  Murpif.>nots, 

bad  deprived  Pmnoe  of  a  moral  force  wliicb  might  hnva 

tared  it  from  nnspoakablo  culiunitaes.     At  thu  present 

day  tJie  religious  scepticifim  of  the  educated  classes  in 

Italy,  Spain,  and   France  is  a  notorious  fact.     History 

demonstrates   that   tlie   principle  of  authority,  as  it  is 

maintained  by  the  Church  of  Rome,  constitutes  no  aafe- 

gtiAi-d  against  infidelity  and  irrcligton.     On  tlie  cootraiy 

I  8alolB  Bean  tajt  ct  th«  ni^n  ot  Logis  XIV.,  thai  it  wm  '*inlB«d'*  trf 
iBSdalilj:  "  La  tficat  At  I.aal*  XIV.  m  nt  commit  n^nt."  Pprt  Jbyof,  HI  Wl 
Barls'*  Dlctlonai7  apprand  in  IWT)  andlbli  nur  b*  Mtuidn»4 S  UiMl-nul 
n  Ibc  i1cTcto|iiniiii  at  tcc^ti^im. 


I 

lOlS 


SERUAK  BATIONAUSU. 


64fi 


I 


tbe  iittempc  to  exert  an  uimIua  control  over  reason  xai 
oonacieDce,  t^nds  to  awukon  a  spirit  o£  rt'lwlliwn,  wliicb  ia 
linlilu  not  only  to  reject  the  yoke  that  ia  Hotiglit  to  bo  im- 
poiie<],  but  vri\h  it,  also,  tlio  writtcH  of  ivligion,  TliH 
spectiiclt;  of  mipoMtitioiia  beliefs  ami  eiistoijw,  rotaiiipd  in 
ail  enlightened  era,  liaa  a  like  effect.  NeitJier  Protca- 
tantUm  nor  Catlioliciitni  con  itfTord  an  ninolittfi  guarant«9 
•gainst  tlie  incoming  and  spread  of  iin1>elii>f.  But  ns  far 
BB  phenomena  of  this  Hurt  can  1>o  tnict-d  to  Protestantism, 
it  is  to  a  Prot«Rt«ntisni  which  is  di&loyat  to  its  own  prin- 
ciples. Experience  proves  that  coercion  13  not  adapted 
to  jtroouro  conviction.  No  souiidur  wiiclom,  rvspo<:ting 
lb*  tnatnicnt  of  dissent,  has  ever  been  dtacovere<l  Uian 
that  of  Gamaliel :  "  Rofrnin  fiv>ni  tinina  men  and  tot  them 
klono  i  for  if  tbia  coin»el  or  tliis  work  be  of  men,  it  will 
«omtt  to  nought." 

Gimuui  Rationalism  lias  assumed  two  forms,  s  critical 
unA  n  philaiophiciil.  On  the  one  hand,  in  a  movomi>nt 
tliat  began  with  the  Anniniaii  scholars  of  Holland,  but 
whidt  diit«B  in  Germany  from  (ho  theologian  Semh-r, 
there  has  appeared  an  activity  in  Bibhcal  :u]d  hUtorica) 
criticism  without  a  parallel.  In<i(iiries  of  this  nature, 
vhich  hare  to  do  with  the  origin  of  the  several  books  of 
the  Bible,  their  dato  and  authorship,  and  their  true  in- 
terpretation, with  the  history  of  the  canon,  oud  with  thu 
itattce  of  Inspiration,  and  of  Iho  authority  confwrred  by 
it,  are  cousunaiit  with  thu  spirit  of  Protestantism,  and  iir« 
eren  required  by  its  principles.  Ecclcsiiutical  tradition 
cannot  be  blindly  accepted,  hot  must  be  subjected  to  ex- 
amination. Luther  set  Die  example  of  such  criticism  in  tlw 
judgments — whatever exoeptioiui  maybe  justly  taken  to 
their  soundness  —  which  hu  passed  upon  canonical  book?, 
and  in  his  comment*  upon  vimous  portions  of  yeri])lun;  j 
iUdiot^,  at  the  Bimo  time,  bts  mind  was  imbued  with  the 
doepoitt  reven?nt>?  for  tho  Wonl  of  God.  TIio  investiga- 
tions of  German  scholatship  for  the  last  century,  wluitevut 
a» 


M<]  THE  BELATIOH  OF  rROnSTASmSlI   TO  avlLU.\T10K. 

uuMint  of  error  and  gniiuKll«w  bypoUiMis  tenj  b»ve  bean 
inrtdvntal  to  th«m,  Imve  »Jcl«4  raaCly  to  our  knowladg* 
of  tlw  Bible  and  uf  Cbristua  Aottqnity.  In  the  |ibik»> 
•ophical  dlri^ctioD,  Ktttionalunj  wa«  nt  fint  I>e4stie ;  tt 
adopted  for  ite  cmed  tbe  tliree  facts  of  God.  ft«e-wiU,  wmd 
iui mortality,  wltu.it  K:mt  (l<-rivud  from  tlio  practical  nift- 
BOtL  In  the  BUccessors  of  Kiuit,  ttta  influence  of  S|ntK>ni 
WW  mingled  with  that  of  tli«  phUoeopber  of  Kikiigsberg. 
PftDtbedstio  fpocalatioK  auppl«Dt«d  Dcbm,  und  gar*  riM 
to  a  new  phase  in  Biblical  and  historical  criticism.  Eicb- 
bom  aud  Pttului  wore  laooocdwl  by  Straon  ntid  Baor. 
Id  the  field  of  pbiloaopby,  tlio  Acliool  of  mnWrialUm  liaa 
also  bad  its  adherents.  It  is  far  from  being  tns  that 
Gcniiiui  wit-iiiM  hits  liven  utiifonnly  iilliod  to  aooptkim 
and  unbelief.  In  ^hleitirinaclier,  deep  religious  feeling 
up[)Oiiri?d  in  union  with  tbo  liighvst  degree  of  critical  and 
^loao])hi«al  acuuipji.  He  oonuounioatsd  ns  impulso  to 
muny  who  dissent  from  bis  opinions.  Through  bisi  tliero 
liiu  orison  a  great  body  of  ttdioluH,  who  respect  (be  chums 
boll)  of  BcieooG  and  of  the  Christian  faith,  and  liave  uzi- 
dertaken,  in  a  free  and  unbiased  ^irit,  which  Protvetant- 
ism  demands,  to  «xpU>re  the  piut  aad  to  investigate  the 
documents  of  the  Christian  faitli,  at  the  asune  time  that 
tlicy  have  rucu^'nisvd  the  indestructible  [oiindutioas  o£ 
ivligion,  wliich  are  laid  in  tlie  intnitions  aad  neoewities  ot 
tha  HOal,  and  in  the  facta  of  history.  The  origin  of  B»> 
tlooaUsm,  and  its  relation  to  the  Kuforiniitioa,  have  been 
thus  described  by  Neonder :  "  The  first  liYiag  derelop* 
inont  of  Protcataiitism  was  sucoeudvd,  in  the  sizbMnth 
■md  seventeenth  centuries,  by  a  stagnation.  Tlie  Cath^ic 
Church  lay  bcnumbod  in  its  external  eoulosiastjcism  ;  the 
Protestant  in  its  onesided  engrossment  in  doctrinal  ab- 
stractions. Since  the  ruling  form  of  doctrine  was  stiffly 
hold,  in  oppositaoD  to  all  tno  deTolopment,  stich  as  the 
principle  of  Protestantism  demaoda,  reaotioua  of  this 
ari^nul  principle  were  called  forth  in  thu  iMtluirxi  aid 


1 


I 


ns  iniLTiPi.Tn(a  of  sect& 


MT 


Reformed  Chtirohcs.  'ITiut  rcuctioniiry  tvnJ«nc/,  in  the 
funu  of  an  ouuLncipctUon  from  sk  dogmatic  yoke,  wa^  car- 
ried, in  the  olgbteeatb  centary,  far  beyond  its  orif^nul 
nim.  The  reformatory  movement,  being  negative,  be- 
came rovoluttoDory.  With  tlits  tbcre  vtoa  connvdcd  » 
Biavr  epooli  in  tbe  general  progreat  of  nations.  Th« 
culture  wliicli  bad  grown  op  under  the  role  of  tbo  Chareh, 
sought  to  make  itwrlf  indqxuident.  RcMon,sti-iving  after 
emancipation  from  the  thxaklom  in  which  it  had  been 
b«ld  by  tbo  deipoticol  power  of  thu  Chnrch,  ruroltvtl ; 
and  Ctiristian  doctrine  waa  obliged  to  ent«r  into  a  new 
GOo'flict  with  thia  oppooing  clemetit;  but,  inasmuch  as 
ChriHtian  <]outrinQ  was  poMwaed  of  a  Dtor«  powt-rful 
principle,  it  could  BaocmsfiaUy  withstand  tbe  danger. 
Tile  conflict  served  to  pnrify  it  from  the  disturbing  ad> 
mixture  of  human  elements,  and  U>  bring  to  view  tht 
hannony  of  everything  purely  baman  witli  that  whioh 
is  divine.  Thus  there  arow,  vsiwcially  in  Germany,  a 
period,  which  began  with  Sender,  of  the  breaking  up  of 
previous  bali«b ;  but  tJiis  eritiiytl  pr^ce»a  wnsa  si/ling  and 
a  preparation  for  a  now  creation,  wliich  emanated  pre- 
douiiaantly  from  tichleienmicher.  This,  ako^  could  de- 
velop tteelf  only  in  a  renewed  conflict  with  Rationalism  : 
and  in  tliia  conflict  we  at  th«  present  time  are  engaged."  > 
The  multiplying  of  sects  under  ProtaatsntiBm  has  fi»- 
quently  formed  thu  matter  of  a  gnive  objection  to  it.  In 
the  firat  gcoemtion  of  Uio  ReConncxs,  the  hope  of  o  lea* 
toration  of  eocleAiaatical  unity,  by  means  of  a  general 
council,  wua  not  given  up.  For  a  coneiderablo  period, 
Protestants  aimed  to  reform  tlio  national  dituHilics,  with 
the  aim  and  expectation  ol  pRoerving  their  integrity. 
Tho  divign  waa  to  abolish  abuses  and  to  nx-otwtiluto  the 
creed,  polity,  and  ritual,  in  conformity  with  their  own 
ideas.  But  in  some  conntiies — in  France,  for  example 
—  they  found  tlnnnAelves  in  a  minority,  and  uuablu  to  ao- 


548   THE   REI-ATIOS  OF  rBOTESTASTBM   TO  cnureATIOJI. 

compliali  tboir  I'lid.  hiherty  far  tlium  to  i-jost,  and  tnu- 
luttl  lolcnuiim  l<i-twecn  tlie  two  great  divisions  of  the 
snudered  Church,  was  the  most  that  ooold  bo  liupcd  for 
But  in  PrutMtant  «otintri<.-s,  divtsions  nro«o  wliidi  prorod 
irruconcilable.  Thus  in  Bnglaud,  the  differeaoe  as  tc 
thi!  f(irin  which  tho  Rofoniiation  ought  to  take,  sopnntt«d 
Proteetantd  iuto  two  oppoding  camps.  Ttien  other  paitjes 
Appeared,  who  woro  convincod  of  thu  imrighteousnces  or 
impolicy  of  eiitabltiihniuuts,  whiiteror  might  be  tlio  eo* 
denasticitl  system  which  it  was  proposed  to  render 
nfttlonal  hy  a  connvctiou  wiUi  tho  Stitt«.  Sc«ta  havs 
multiplied  in  Protestant  countries  in  a  manner  whidi  the 
ourly  Reformers  did  not  antidpate.  On  thia  subject  of 
<Ivnominiitionn1  or  soctarJaii  divinom,  it  may  1m  wtid  with 
truth,  that  disunion  of  tbia  sort  is  better  titan  a  leaden 
nniformity,  tho  dioct  of  blind  obedience  to  eodeeiostical 
miperion,  of  (ho  stngnntion  of  rdigious  thought,  or  of  cour- 
don.  Disagreement  in  opinion  is  a  penalty  of  intdlpct- 
oat  activity,  to  whicli  it  is  well  to  submit  where  tbe 
itltemntiTO  i»  citlier  of  thci  cviU  just  mentioned.  It  niaj 
altto  be  said  with  trutli,  that  witliin  tlie  pale  of  tho 
Church  of  Rome  there  have  been  conflicts  of  parties  and 
a  wrmigling  of  disputnntA,  whidi  uro  ecarcdy  less  coa- 
spicuouB  tlian  Uie  like  phenomena  on  the  Protestant  aidei. 
The  vchoment  and  prolonged  warfare  of  dogmatic  schools 
and  of  religious  orders,  of  Scotisis  nnd  l^iotmstt,  of  Jan- 
senists  nnd  Jesuits,  of  Dominicans  and  Molinista,  maba 
the  nnnals  of  Catholidiun  resound  with  the  din  of  contro- 
versy. That  those  debates,  often  pushed  to  tho  point  of 
uigry  contention,  have  been  prejudicial  to  the  interests 
of  Christian  pi<yty,  will  not  b«  quostioned.  At  the  siuno 
time,  it  must  be  conceded  that  the  Protestnnt  faith  haa 
be«n  weakened  within  Protestant  lands,  and  in  tho  pre»< 
fnce  of  RoniEtn  Catholics,  nn<l  of  tho  hontlien  nation*,  by 
the  manifestations  of  a  sectarian  spirit^  and  by  tho  -nry 
ixistunoc  of  BO  many  diverse,  and  oft<;u  antagoui'tioi  do 


THE  SECTAEIAN  SPIRIT. 


£49 


noDuuiitions.  Tho  first  grent  conQii.'t  between  the  Lnther- 
itns  liiwl  till)  /wiiigliaiiit.  ojwraU'il  tu  nitiml  Uio  jinigiviia 
of  tbu  Itdloriuatian.  Tbe  impression  -ma  innde,  espe- 
dally  upoD  timid  ntid  cnutiotu  miixU,  tliat  no  ccrbiinty 
vitJ)  r«gnrd  to  religious  truth  oouM  be  atlainnil,  if  tbe 
anUiority  of  Uic  CIiiii'vli  of  Roniu  wuru  discunlcd.  An 
other  division!!  foUowi'd,  and  in  somn  canes,  911  minor 
quvKtions  of  doctrine,  wliich  j-et  were  made  tlio  oocaaion 
of  new  eccl«!:>i:wtical  or^unxiitton-s  Uiia  argumvnt  of  Uio 
aJTersaries  of  ProteHtantism  yraa  luged  with  on  increased 
oHect.  'Iliu  "  rariations  of  Proti.-shwitM "  wciv  dcpitrti-d 
in  stich  a  way  an  to  inspire  ttie  feeling,  that  to  renMinoe 
tbu  old  Church  was  to  eraWrk  on  a  tempi-stuous  sea,  with 
no  star  to  giu<lc  one's  patJi.  When  we  conuder,  from  a 
historic  point  of  view,  the  sectarian  divisiona  of  Prot«a- 
itism,  vrti  find  that  they  arose  p;cncra1ly  from  the  apirit 
^iatolerancc,  and  tiie  spirit  of  faction ;  two  tempers  of 
;  which  have  an  identical  root,  ainco  both  grow  out 
tpomtion  to  ptwb  to  an  extreme,  erfin  to  the  point 
of  exclnaion  and  separation,  religious  opinions  which  may 
bo  Uic  pro]>crty  of  uii  iodividuitl  or  of  a  class,  but  are  not 
hindamental  to  the  Christian  faith.  Protestants,  hjiring 
rejected  tlic  external  criteria  of  a  true  Church,  on  which 
Roman  Cntliolica  insist,  have  sometimes  hastily  infcrml 
a  moral  right  on  the  part  of  any  number  of  Chri«l!iiaa 
to  found  now  Church  aasooiations  at  thetr  pleasure.  'Itiiit 
has  actually  been  <lone,  with  little  insight  into  tlio  design 
of  the  visibte  Church  and  into  its  naturu  us  a  cotin- 
toqiart  of  (he  Church  invUible.  Coupled  with  tliia  pro- 
_»enaily  to  divide  and  to  establish  new  i:oinm«niiins,  tlwro 
has  appeai-od  a  tendency  to  overlook  the  proper  function 
ol  Uie  Church,  and  to  stretch  Uio  jurisdiction  of  the  sov* 
B  eral  bodies  thus  fnnned  over  the  individuals  who  belong  to 
H  tlicia,  in  miitt<>rs  both  of  opinion  and  pi-actico,  to  tin  cx- 
H  tent  not  warranted  by  thu  principles  ot  Cbriatiantty. 
H      Protestantism  has  sometimes  given  rise  to  an  ecclesiasti 


r580     leLATioN  or  noTKSTAjrnsM  to  otiuutio!!. 

\mi  (ynuiny  as  uiijuslifiable  aa  tbatirhidi  is  charged  upon 
Some.  In  some  cimcs,  Uk  riglita  o(  tb«  iDdividual  count 
for  little  Bgaintt  tlie  claims,  or  even  the  wfaima  of  tlie 
imrticular  religioua  oommanity  in  nhicli  he  b  cnrollM!, 
juid  to  which  ho  pnys  allegionoe.  Uut  within  tbo  l>o»oin 
of  the  Proteslnnt  bodies  there  are  oonatantly  at  woik, 
with  a  growing  eBiciv»c>-,  foicca  adreno  to  Klitsm  and 
•oputalion,  and  in  faror  ot  the  reatoratiao  of  a  Christian 
unit;,  whiich,  springing  oat  ol  ooramOB  convictions  with 

„t«gard  Ut  e«>uDtiiU  iriith,and  aainintcd  hr  t)i»  spirit  of 
diarity,  hIihU  ^ften  the  antagoninn  of  sects,  iind  diminbh, 
if  not  obliterate^  their  points  ot  dircrsity.     This  ircoicnl 

ptendency  secma  prophetic  of  a  new  stage  in  the  dnvf  ]i>p- 

^mvot  of  Protestantisni,  when  Etaedoin  and  union,  liberty 

;  aud  ord«r.  shall  bo  found  oompotiblo.^ 


I  In  tb«  6M  (K*  ol  tbo  Kntonuatiaa,  PratcBUDb  ireie  not  in  k  ■^■•■Itftn  U 
nublM  BiMloni  ammg  lbs  heMhca.  \fmtt  from  otbvt  tkcuntUBcM,  ih« 
'  doainlM  «(  Dm  M«  ma  in  tb«  band*  ot  tin  CohoUe  pawm.  ta  Om  Mren- 
tMAtk  nntarr.  lor  a  kmc  lim«,  Protcirtano  v<i«  uw  bur  ^  MWAiic  fb^ 
tlilh.  In  Kuropt,  to  Ihinlt  o(  cntrrpriin  .ibroniL  But  UiC  Kosllia  MUlMMMli  fa 
Hew  Bnglwd  luiil  (or  «  ftn  of  Oxtit  itie^  <''*  ">avtniion  ot  thy  tnillM^  Tba 
BanM  «t  J«kn  EtM  !■•  •  Ush  ^loa  l«  irunlonarj  blagi*[4i]F.  IW  Daldl, 
In  Ikt  MTcntoenlli  NntniT'i  did  rauth  nlHlonair  imik  amoag  Uwir  iiriliwiMa 
fai  (ho  East  I  lomrtlniM  la  B  too  Mctariut  (pirit  and  wllb  Ua  grtat  a  ilirti  to 
wwtU  tbi  niimlnr  «f  nominal  idiicrDnla.  Orotnwll  fenntd  a  MhCnt  br  • 
•Kicij-  (or  Iha  diJIiuion  o(  i>M«lant  Clirlfdanlty  ovvr  lb*  (loba.  1>  Uh  tat 
Mniarjr  and  In  tbo  iim«it.  P^l#ftani  misrioot  ban  botn  pcvMcutnl  by  iTIBw 
ent  rrilgiottf  bodies  with  kiiI  snil  nictui.  Tbc  Ciiliulk  rauulvr-nsfannallon 
WM  alundad  •rilb  entt  txertiaaM  tot  the  pnpagUIan  al  the  CklbaSe  bith 
among  the  litalhen.  Tbe  Orden  wen  cipeclalLf  pniiiluaal  In  Ibl  inwh.  In 
OouU)  Amerira  and  ttniro.  [n  lo'Iio,  Cliini,  aoj  Jajiuii.  Ilirir  vllnili  wcrt  ua- 
Iliiof;.  The  nrcsrd  «1  Jaaalt  mwdoiu  ninanj;  I)i<;  Ndrth  ATtiirrcnn  I»fllaiu  jin. 
Kills  cxamfilM  at  nU-daDfing  foftllode  a!«uti  wiihuul  ■  pirnlteL  {Sm 
Parknait**  ajmlrabla  work,  Tht  Jrniii  I'a  A'orii  Ameri<ti.)  In  (ha  EmU 
Xatttr  (aboivd  with  an  Imibtible  Famutntu.  IDt  carMr  (IMi-IsM)  wai 
rcmarkabl*-  Maltitudu  of  U»  heathm  conasDlad  to  ivtair*  baplHm  ■(  bb 
hnD<I>,  Xobllf  in  Iiidi^  Kior<  In  Cblna,  uid  ollur  minionarlai  roliMt«4  bb 
axampl*.  Tb«  C*»gr*ffMie  d*  ftvpaginda  /da  waa  taiabllahad  In  ICIS.  Bui 
:ba  Rflglaa  Ord«ra  MI  Into  oonflht  wllb  ooo  aaodHr.  Ha  iTiiailn  ac«<«> 
audalloa  id  tit*  Jaaiiit*  to  haathtn  cnnoma  wai  ilml/  iMiiMd  by  Iha  yr^ 
dMant  and  Domlolcan*.  and  flsaDyooadanDcd  al  Katni^.  In  Japan,  lb*  JmbUi 
mdrnd  thenmlve*  polltltally  obnoxlani,  and  wgra  ilriTia  nut.  7h*  fmam 
loni  KBoIti  e4  Ihr  Itoman  Catholic  miudont  tioM  lh«  Rtfonualinn.  nmtida^kf 


REr.IStOH  ART)  CULTVBB. 


I 


[t  is  a  distinctire  cbamcteristic  of  Proteetantisnt,  that 
it  dws  not  ufisniuo  to  ht  unnrin^  tti  Us  uitorprctHtiona  of 
diYiDe  rerelntton,  or  in  ita  und<>r»tan<liRg  of  Clmntian 
ethics.  Much  less  doeo  it  prrtcnd  tbat  its  disciplea  are 
bni>ecciib!e  in  pmctioal  conduct  This  cctpncity  of  tntel* 
lectual  and  moral  progrea  lenvea  the  Prot«etant  free, 
wbilo  adhering  to  Hm  cosential  principli-s  of  the  Iteforrnik- 
tion,  to  criticise  the  doiiiga  of  tJio<»e  in  put  tinif^s  who 
have  profcHSod  th«m,  to  modify  thetr  opinions  on  points 
where  they  are  a^en  bo  hare  b*en  erroneous,  and  60  ml- 
Tance  in  a  hopeful  spirit  towards  a  future  in  which  relig- 
ions tratli  sliall  be  neen  in  »  ckiin.'r  hglit,  and  be  more 
conaiBtently  applied  in  tba  Uvea  of  men. 

The  true  relation  ol  Christianity  to  cuHnre,  Proteetant- 
Itm,  despite  many  ineonHi«itencie*  and  errors,  has  not  fntled 
to  discern.  Cbriatiaiiity  waa  the  religion  of  hnmnnity  in 
erery  jnst  sense  of  tbc  term.  It  not  (m)y  aboltabed  all 
national  antipathies ;  broke  down  tlie  wall  of  partition 
betwMa  Jew  and  GrntiU-,  which  had  been  neoMsarjr  in 
the  planting  of  tme  rdigion  :  it  obliterated,  niso,  tho  line 
ot  separation  between  tntigion  and  the  varied  activities  and 
provinces  trf  linman  life.  Rules  g:\vfi  way  to  principl<-s  ; 
the  letter  of  commandments  to  the  spirit  of  a  new  life. 
The  diseiple  was  not  to  avoid  the  world,  bnt  only  the 
evil  in  it.  Religion  waa  not  to  be  something  apart,  bnt 
rather  a  icavcn  to  permeate  all  things.  St.  Paul  took  np 
plinnea  of  heathen  poets  and  Stoic  philoaopbem,  and  gave 
tJiem  a  new  setting.  Christianity  was  ta  aanmilate  every- 
thing not  alii'n  to  its  own  nsenoc.  It  came  not  to  trample 
on  any  genuine  products  of  the  hnman  mind  or  expres- 
sions of  human  nature,  in  literature,  art,  or  social  life,  but 


Ijb*  luiiulwr  »(  Ihclr  samlDiil  nuntU.  kt*  not  inch  m  la  liuplra  cosllileDea  In 
111*  mtlhoJa  lairlilcli  tbaj  nrc  proieeuUil.  Xsviel  tlcicrltm  lbs  cODna  ho  took 
—  bow,  for  nkm lite,  lie  nud*  Ckitaikas  «t  Un  (baiiMod  la  •  MiMh.  8m  B. 
J,  CoUrhtge,  lift  oW  LttUr*  ^  St.  /Vmoi  Xl*r  USlSh  L  MO.  On  tk 
OlUiollo  mluloD),  (o*  iluik«  //frtcry  ^  A*  Pvp**,  &.  tOl.  GlcMlcr,  IT.  L  1. 
4.  III.  |01i  ir.li.*.c.  ft. 


662     KELAnOH  OK  PKOTESTAKTISII  TO  anLOATKM. 

to  partly  tlicu  all  and  to  rm'val  thvir  comwctioo  vritli  tfao 
BQpreme  end  of  man's  being.  All  this  is  compriMMl  in 
the  realization  of  tliu  kingdom  of  God  on  eartli.  It  iri> 
To)v«8  Uic  pvrfecLiuu  of  liuuuui  nature  on  nil  udot.  Thus 
ChziBtianity  came  Dot  to  destroy,  bat  to  falfiU;  not 
merely  to  carry  out  \h\t  to  it^  ultimaU:  statemcuL,  but  to 
give  foil  effect  to  every  aspiration  and  tend«acT  proper  t^i 
ItB  law  of  acU-donial  waa  not  a  rule  of  ascetidsm, 

'  bat  of  rational  aelf-contiol. 

Tliu  corruption  of  anciunt  eocio^,  spreading  its  infec- 
tion within  the  Cliurdi,  in  connection  with  judaical  ideas 
of  the  separatenes?  of  religion  and  of  religious  persona,  pro- 
doocd  asuuticium.  A  new  wall  was  ercet^rd  Wtwcen 
tiungl  sacred  and  accular,  between  priest  and  layman,  bc- 
religion  and  btiman  life.     The  ascetic   would  ea- 

"cape  from  the  contitmiimtion  of  cril  by  abjuring  even  in- 
nocent gratifications,     ihs  remedy  ts  to  stunt  and  dn-arf 

this  nature.    Ue  attachis  a  stigma  to  relatioQS  and  eni- 

fploymcnts  into  which  the  bulk  of  imuddad  moat  enter. 
Such  was  the  erriH-  of  the  Middle  Ages. 

Proteatnnt.isni  cast  away  this  error.  It  was  a  reUgion 
of  the  spirit  and  of  liber^.  Luther  advised  monka  and 
nuns  to  marry,  to  engage  in  useful  employments,  to  get 
from  life  all  reasonable  ploasurt>!i,  and  to  do  good  in  » 
practical  way.  Iteligion  is  not  to  divorce  itself  from 
■cieocei  art,  industry,  rccroation,  from  anytliing  that  pro- 
m<iU:A  the  well-being  of  man  on  earth  ;  but  rel)git>u  is  to 
leaveii  all  with  n  higher  conseci-ation.  This  is  tho  real 
creed  of  Protestantism.  It  does  not  liold  to  a  Hebmie 
ia>iktinn  of  the  religious  element:,  nor  to  a  pagan  self-in- 
dulgence. It  st^cni  midway  liotween  the  false  extremes 
of  license  and  aflccticieim.  There  are  popular  writers  at 
the  present  day  who  openly  contend  for  tlio  absolute  con- 
trol of  impnlso,  or  for  a  surrender  to  nature,  suc^  ai 
diamcteriiced  the  Greeks  of  old,  but  which  brought  rail 


RETJCIOX  AHD  OCLTVBE. 


£68 


apon  OfPelf  ctvilt;uilion.  They  tccl  the  error  of  itHccti- 
cism  so  stroDgly  ils  almost  to  loatho  the  Middle  Ages.' 
TbesR  writ«rs  »tnuige)y  overlook  the  place  of  aelf-dcntol 
in  a  world  where  evil  haa  so  great  a  away ;  and  they 
strangely  for^pU  Utat  the  ntilique  culture,  witli  all  its 
foeauUfuI  products,  underwent  a  terrible  shipwreck.  The 
problem  p(  the  reoonciiiiition  of  religion  aiid  cultoro,  and 
of  the  hanuoiiizing  of  the  proper  claims  of  Uaa  lifo  and 
of  tho  life  to  come,  is  one  for  the  solution  of  which  Prot- 
eetantism  has  tlie  key. 

1  Am  lb*  wTJtiog*  dl  T^o»,faiJm. 


APPEKDIX  t 


A  CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLB.' 

It*>.  Union  of  Ara^aiin'lCiinlleitndBrFonlhiudV  (Uu  C«tl)olk) 

and  iMboIla.    (Conquvdt  of  Gfwuiiliv  1-193.) 
1430.  Establbhmentof  ibe  S[i»DlahIaqaUtion. 
I4Sfl.  Birth  of  Lndtcr,  Novenbor  10. 
HM.  Birtli  of  ZvtiD'^K  Juiuarr  I. 
I  iHft.  AcxHiMion  of  lluniy  VII.  (ilw  UouM  of  Tudor},  In  BogluMl 

esil  of  the  Wftr*  of  ibo  Romi. 
1491.  EMnh  oTTgnntiu*  I^ifola. 
HM.  DucoTvry  of  Amorieu  hy  Colainliat. 
UM.  AcocHlon  of  Mnxlmiliiin  I.  .-u  Kmperor. 
I4S4.  Invnsion  of  Ilaly  by  L*li.irlci  VTU.     Con[|iicit  oTNaple*  hj  tbo 

Fivnch.     lk»Inninn  of  llio  AV«r»  of  Ituly. 
1434.  Nnplt-s  ivi-uii'iiK-ri'tl  )>}■  l'*n>linand  11.     Diet  of  Wormi :   eitnl^ 

lUhnlcnIof  ihc  Imp^'rkl  ChnmlxTr. 
mi.  Birth  of  Mi-'liinutlKin,  Fobniiirir  fl.    Vnico  d«  Gttma  <laublM 

tba  Cnpo  of  (iockI  llopo  and  xiilx  to  India. 
t4M.  Doiith  of  StivonaroLi,  klny  13. 
laOO.  Birlll  of  Cbarlo*  v.,  |i'(.bninT7  34. 
taOI.  IjOuu  XII.  and  K'nlinaud  V.  {iba  Cnilioliu),  vonqticr  and 

divldo  tho  kingdom  of  Nnpti-iL    Contvul  1i«twc«a  ihem. 
1.^1)8,  The  UniTCTMiy  of  Wittonbers  »  founded. 
tSOS.  hmiit  XII.  Ilnnlly  di-jirivrd  o(  Nnplit*.     Knunnim  publiiliM  tht 

"Uanual  of  i>  CIinKtinn  Soldier."     U;n.tli  of  I'opc  AJoxandar 

TI.  1  luK^.iMon  of  Juliuii  II. 
ISOt.  DuillIi  of  ImImIIa  of  Ciulilu-   Slir  is  Mu'cvvfled  hr  tier  diwjtliteT 

Joknnii.  with  facr  haibaod  fliiUp  L  of  Aiinlriii,  I>uko  of  Buiv 

gundy. 
1045.  P<^nco  bvtwren  t'nuico  nnd  Sfuin;  iluc  klngdotn  of  Najila  b 

hit  oFiully  to  S|i«in.     I.ulbcr  eiitvn  n  taomoBltaj  at  Erfivt, 

An^U  li. 

'  la  p:T|>arluit  itui  Tabic,  much  aM  liai  I'^ru  ilsrltsil  tmin  ih*  TalitM  al 
ChroiwIsiQr  In  Alntri'*  «i)t<on  of  ih*   /ttlniimi  itijU  AmioKiaUn   r« 
'Appasdic*].  leei. 


666  APPEKDOC. 

ISM.  Death  or  Philip  I.  Joanna  becomCk  demented.  Ctuu^  I.  rib* 
ceeda  them  (in  bis  minority).  Julini  I.  begins  St.  Feto** 
Church.  He  extendi  the  papil  dominion  over  Penigim  and 
Bologna.    Accession  of  Sigiamnnd  L  in  Poland. 

1608.  I.ea^c  of  Cwnbray  gainst  Venice,  fonned  b;  JoUiu  IL,  Fcr- 
diniuid  v.,  Loui«  XIL,  and  MaMmiliw  L  Lntber  u  made 
a  profcwnr  at  Wttlcnbci^. 

1509.  Acceaeion  of  Uenry  VHI.  in  England.  Hii  marriage  with 
Catharine  of  Aragon,  June  29.  Lnther  ia  ordained  a  i>rief^ 
May  2.    Birth  of  Calnn,  Jaly  10. 

UIO.  Conquest  of  Goa  on  the  coast  of  Malabar ;  foundation  of  Por- 
tuguese power  in  tho  Eaat.  Julius  II.  unites  with  Venice  to 
drive  (he  French  out  of  Italy.    Luther  visits  Bome. 

ISll.  Ferdinand  V.  and  Henry  VIIL  join  the  Iloly  League,  orten- 
libly  for  the  protection  of  the  Church. 

1912.  Maximilian  joins  the  Holy  Leag:ue.  Mn-jimilUm  of  Sforzn 
pliU'c<l  on  the  Ducal  throne  of  Milan,  from  irhich  the  French 
arc  i-xju'llfd.     Tlic  Lntcran  Council  (5th)  opens,  May  3. 

1513.  Death  of  Julius  II.,  Fcbru.'Uy  3J.    Acccs&ion  orl..ea  X.,  ManJi 

11.     Death  of  James  IV.  of  Scotland.   Acccsuon  of  Jaioet 
V. 

1514.  Reuehlin's  conflict  with  tl)e  Dominicans. 

1515.  Death  of  Louis  XII.;  accession  of  Francis  I.    He  gets  out  to 

reconquer  Jlilan.  B.ittic  of  Mari^nnno,  September  13. 
Abolishment  of  ihe  Pf.ii^nittic  Sanction- 
IMS.  Death  of  FenlinanJ  V.,  January  23.  Charles  of  Austria  be- 
comes monnroh  of  nit  Spain  and  its  dependencies.  Peae* 
concluded  between  France,  Spain,  and  Austria.  Death  of 
I.-a(!islau9,  kinj!  of  Hungry  and  Bohemia,'  succeeded  by 
Louis  II.  Zwio^Ec  a  preacher  in  Einsicdcln.  Kraemui 
publlsliea  his  New  Testament.  "  Epistolm  Obscuromm  Viro- 
rum." 

151 7.  Luther  posts  his  Tlieses,  October  31. 

1518.  LutliiT   appc.irs    before    Cajetan    at    Arigsburji,    October    7. 

Welancthon  arrives  at  Wittenberg,  August  25.    Leo  X.  puli- 

lislies  a  Bull  on  Indulgences,  November  9.     Mission  of  Mil- 

titz  into  Saxony,  December.     Zwingle  bccomea  pastor  in 

Zurich. 
1619-  Denlli  of  Maximilian  I.,  Jancarj-  12-     Charles,  king  of  Spain 

elccled  Emperor.  June  28.     Disputation  at  I^eipsic,  July  24. 

Birth  of  Calbarine  de  Medici,  April  13. 
two.  Extommunication  of   Lutlier  by  Leo   X^  June    15.     Luthei 

turns  the  bull,  December  10.    Insurrection  of  the  SpMtiik 


A   CrmONOLOGICAl,  TABUL 


6» 


IS91. 


k 


ie»3. 


1S13. 


lAM. 


L 


1530. 


use. 


Itl7. 


UM. 


CwDmeiis ;  luMuod  tlie  nvst  yuu.  Death  «r  Sellm  I^  and 
KMMtten  of  Sollnutn  tl.  ns  Suluo.  Ungellnn  bc^i  th* 
fint  Toja^  ronad  tbe  world. 

Another  bull  tMood  «giUn>t  Luther,  January  11.  I.atlior 
a|)pciin  before  the  Dint  of  ^Vonni,  April  IS.  Kdii-t  of  tbe 
IHot  against  lilm,  Maf  !fl.  Ill*  ab<Iiirtii>n  to  tfao  Wartbur^ 
Ajiril  3S,  Lvaspia  of  Ii«o  X  and  Chiii!«it  V.  Milan  it 
wrxUd  IVoiB  the  Fnodi  Xty  Cbatlet  V.  Accenion  ofHrniy ' 
Vm.  to  tbe  Lcaffae.  Soliraan  II.  invadea  Himf^uy  and 
ta](cs  Bol~ntil«,  Augiitt.  Di-atli  o(  L«o  X.,  December  It 
Cunquuit  of  Mexico  bjr  Cartce,  complutcd  Angoit  13. 

AcuCMJoii  of  Adriiio  VI,,  Januaiy  9.  Diuurbanou*  \>y  Carl- 
rtadt  Bt  WittC'nbrT};.  Lulbcr  leave*  Uici  Wnrlbarg.  Lutbcr** 
Aoin^T  lu  llcnr;-  VJll.,  Julj'  15.  Adriim'i  LetKr  to  tho 
Diet  of  Xiiwmberi,',  Spptcmbrr  H.  Tto  llniub«d  Griov- 
ancex  of  OiTmiuiy.    Captuie  of  Hhodtd  by  Soliotaa  11. 

GiiMavus  Va*a  it  proclaimed  kln^  jf  Snxiitcn,  June  6,  Defeo- 
lion  ol  tlio  Conalable  Botirbou.  Di^nth  nf  Ailrian  VI,,  Sep- 
tember it.  Aevvsiian  of  Ckiuent  VII.,  November  19.  Di»- 
pQlaiion*  at  ifurifli,  JaaiiM'jr  39,  and  Octobor  StI.  Rofbrmiu 
tiun  in  Livonia. 

TriMt/ of  Malmoft.  RmlotlliO  UcuonotCahnar.  Indci^mlKmo 
of  Swcdca.  AlbiTt  of  ilniidvnburg  tleelarcn  lUr  ihu  Refor' 
■nation.  Tit*  LaodgraTe  of  U»*k  favor*  It.  Cotliollc  I.i-a-^uo 
>i;;nod  at  BatifboD,  Jiitjr  10.  PuaMnta'  War.  Quurrel  of 
Kmimiu  and  Ulrich  von  Ilnltoo.  Sivrct  allUnoo  of  CloiaoDt 
Vn.  and  EVancii  L     OfiIlt  of  Theatins  in  fuuoded. 

Defeat  and  captiim  of  FrancU  1.  at  ravia,  Febroary  15. 
Prvdvrio  L  of  Dcoinark  |[Taot>  liberty  to  ProtcstantiHik 
Ujua  sbollihed  at  Zurich,  April  11.  Kwlnglo  publltlius  lili 
"  Conimcntarj  on  '.^e  and  PalM  Roliipon."  Lullict'ii  maj> 
riage,  Jnoe  IS.    DmUi  ot  the  Elector  Frederic,  Klsy  n. 

Trmty  of  Madfid,  January  14.  Itattle  of  Sfohaej.  Ui-aili  of 
I^uln  II.  FenlloBDil  of  Aiiolrla  bccumoa  king  of  ltub<-iiiLt 
and  HoDKary.  Civil  war  in  Hungary.  League  of  Cognaci  b«>- 
ivMB  FnncU  L,  Ck^uicnt  VII.,  and  other  poiren^  sgalnat 
the  Kmporar,  May  St.  Bece«  of  the  IMot  of  Spirts,  Aupiat 
17.    The  League  of  Tor^ati  I*  fonned. 

Cnptinv  and  »auk  oi  ICome  by  the  impmni  lroop».  Henry 
Vin.  mok*  a  illviirce  from  Calharino  of  Aragon.  Diet  ol 
Wcnlcm.i :  vttnbliiilinicni  of  the  Ri-lbmiatieB  in  Siredcn. 
Vuilaiion  of  tho  Siuion  Charche*. 

S«fannalioo  bvtpait  in  Seotlanil.  Klnrtyrdam  o(  UomihoA 
BeformatioD  eetablubeil  in  Burn*. 


m 


APPEKIOZ. 


latS.  SrcMtd  Diet  of  Spin*.   ProtoM  of  tlw  LotltanuM.    Trwtjr 

Itaneloiu  between  ih«  Pope  mud  llw  Smperor.    FcAoe  of 
Caubnjr.   f^vacb  L  Icarc*  MtUn  to  tlu  £^pb«.    St«g*  ^ 
meuM  hy  Sotbun  JI.    RcfonDBlina  wttaMwhod  in 
The  Klm-bnrg  Coaferoncc,  October  I. 

.UO   CoroiMti«D  of  Cfairiw  V.  bjr  Ctcwent  TIL  «t  Bolognft, 

nuiy  39.  Diet  ot  Aw^borg  I*  op«wd,  Jnno  3ft.  G«nGn 
freed  from  tho  Duku  cT  Savojr.  Dcaili  of  Oardui*!  Wobrf, 
Noremlwr  30. 

lISl.  Th«  Ardi'Juke  Kvntinani)  of  A(ulri%  «lMt*<l  King  of  iIm 
Boinuia.  Jsnan-y  A.  L««fue  of  flmilaiH,  Fetmmry  )'. 
Ibary  Vin.  ii  Mylcd  by  thu  nlcriQr  H«mI  nl  ibc  i^Mirclt  of 
Eaglniid.  Mnreli  ».  A  Dtot  at  Sfint,  StpUanbcr  18.  Wu 
of  Oappf  1.  Donth  of  SEwtngl*,  Octobar  II.  FMce  but  ween 
Zurick  ud  the  fl**  CWntono,  Hvnanbtr  1$.  DcMb  of 
OmqIub|im1Iim,  NoTMnbor  39. 

IU3.  FM>coofN>tvmbor7.  AI*m  froMdw'nulu.  l>Mlh  of  Um  Bfa»- 
hw  JiAn,  A«];urt  IS.  He  !*  raaaMded  bjrieliB  Fndcrio. 
Fkrvl  proMltn  In  Gemvi. 

IMS.  Virarev  of  HenTT  VIU.,  ud  bb  iHtmiiio  with  Anno  B<^oy&. 
Alnrrin^  of  llxiir;'  of  Orl(«D*  (aftonranlt  Hmtj  IL)  wjl& 
CiLtliEirine  il«  Mcilici,  Oi-tober  38. 

tSM.  Hoar;'  VIII.  If  vxconiinunlcaUsl  by  Clement  VD.,  Man:b  23. 
Act  of  SupreAincy  piiMad,  Novomber  33.  Dciuli  of  C)«ui«dI 
TH;  faooeeded  by  Pwl  IIT.,  Orlobcr  IX  Alluinco  of 
F)«nf  I*  I-  with  Uio  Sultan.  Loyolk  conuneacoa  tbo  orgaiii- 
RfttioTi  of  the  Jooiilt  Orilur  at  Paris.  Lotlwr*!  tnaiUtioD  of 
the  ItlMp  I*  coniplct«d. 

Un.  Pterawatioo  of  Pn<n?li  PWituMui(«  lij-  ¥nMKm  L    Ho  iarltM 
Mchncthon  to  bl*  conn,  Jium  tt.    Httawtor  taken  rroin  the 
Ajubaptnt*,  Juno  34.     Kxpodttioa  of  Clinrle*  T.  to  Tun 
Fnincl*co  $fi.ina  Wires  Milan  to  Cbarle*  T.    Coawqi 
war  belntvcn  (^inrle*  and  Fmncl*  L   EMabHdiineal  of 
(Manttfio  in  GenoTa.    Calvin  pubEAaa  Uis  "loiUtulcs 
BamI. 

I9M.  Kxecutioo  of  Anne  Boleyn,  Majr  )9.    Maarrtn([e  of  Haoiy 
wUh  JpinB  SfyrofHH-,  May  SO.    Innuton  of  PraveaM  by 
ImptrrinliM!.   Their  rebeai.    Death  of  Kronnii*,  July 
Ctivin  .ippcar*  in  GcopTft,  Aagnit. 

tUI.  Binb  of  KdwamI  VI.  Dvath  of  Jaao  S^mour,  October  It 
Eeclrfltulli-nl  l$u|ircniae}-  of  n«ary  ATII.  declafoil  by  1L4 
Irifb  parli^uucnt.  CfarJMian  II).  cstablinhn  tbn  R«fomiatfaM 
la  DonmaHt.  Faal  III.  appoint!  Coaimiatioai  cf  Bedeni 
The  Couatur-KfonnatioB. 


>in  the 
Tunta^ 

i>j."rU        ^ 

Tn^H 

bvtfa^l 


A   CUKOMOLOOtCAI.  TABLE. 


se»i 


tsn.  Leagoa  kgainat  ibe  Tiirkii.  Troai}-  or  FVnlliiuil  wllli  Jobs 

Z4pol}-ft.    CMliolic  [.rngun  (onftcd  ia  Getvuay,  Juno  19 

Calviu  banidiMl  riuui  Guntm. 
1U9.  llio  Six  Aniclmi  pniucd  la  England.  ConfomoM  li  Gmnui; 

beiweoB  Catbulioa  and    PraUftUwUi    Uaeenaa)    WoroiK. 

HcbroiBtiot]  in  iho   Duckjr  of  SMMiajr  and  i&  Bnutdon- 

tlUIK- 

IHO.  MwrlBgo  (tlin  foiirUi)  of  llvnrjr  'VITT.  with  Anna  of  Ckvi*. 
Ua  it  dtvurocd,  and  marrio  CaUiarinu  liowaid,  AupHt  i. 
ExocuElon  of  Cromtrell,  Jut/  vt).  DuaOi  of  John  of  Zfi[>olya. 
Paul  III.  apptovw  of  tfac  itulutc*  of  the  J«iuU  Oniur,  Sep- 
(vmljvr  'il. 

lUt.  A  Uiol  and  Conlercnac  at  Italubon:  Coalarini  pK»:nU 
EspecUtioa  d  Charles  V.  to  Alsien.  Soliiniui  r««ntefs 
llungaiT.    CaWb  rorallod  to  Oocuiva. 

1^43.  Kxocnlion  of  Cathariite  Howard,  Ki-lirunr/  13.  War  rukiodlud 
iMtwMD  Charlet  V.  uii<I  Frincit  !■  Death  of  Jamea  V.  of 
Scothnd.  tUftDticyoTMAry  of  Cuiii?.  Xavkr  arrivw  at  (Joa 
in  till)  Giut  InOic*.  Rofonnnlloii  in  UruuMrlok.  Flight  uf 
Ochlno  from  Italy. 

tS4l.  AUiniK-e  of  Cbarte*  V.  nad  Uunry  Vlll.  a}^itwl  Fiuncia  L 
Slnrringn  (ih«  ilxlli)  of  Henry  VIU.  with  CalharLnc  Pair. 
July  13.     IWriiTBl  of  tlie  Iiii|ui>Uian  in  Italy. 

1&4'l.  IVncn  of  Cn»[iy  ranow*,  for  ttiilii'lanco,  llx:  (t(  point  Ions  of 
(he  INmujo  of  CimbTaj.  'ILe  Turks  iiuuiun  of  a  srtat  part 
of  llmgary. 

1049.  OiWBUiKordioCotiacilof 'IVvHt.  Duoember  19. 

1C46.  UntoQ  of  MiiiricG  of  Saxony  ollh  CliarW  V.  Tlie  F.li-ctur  u( 
Saxony  and  tbv  Landgrave  of  Hesse  are  jiut  ondrr  tho  ban 
of  die  EtiiT)lr«.  Tlio  8iiiHlen1<llc  Wkt.  AMaaMiiMioD  ot 
CMilinal  ItuntOD.  Ui-iilU  o(  Lolhcr,  Februarj  IS.  Rotor- 
■nation  of  ihu  Gleotoral  I'alatiitaie. 

1047.  Dcatbnf  Hmry  Vni.,Jnnimry  £8.  lie  1*  (ucovvdod  by  Edward 
VI.  D«alh  of  Fraiida  I.,  Marvb  31.  Be  i«  succeeded  bf 
llearj  11.  llnlllc  of  Mliblbi-ry,  April  34.  Tlic  rbp«  trani- 
fen  (ha  Cuiiuvil  (ruru  Tr^nt  (o  Bologna,  by  way  of  o|i{k>(u- 
(ion  to  th<i  inHuenn!  of  the  Kmpcrar.  Tmco  between 
Ferdioaad  and  the  Turks. 

IMS.  Diet  at  Aiii;fhurj(.  E«t«bU4tnient  of  (be  Interim.  Mny  li. 
The  Electoi«l  (t^aity  ia  tnnaAncd  to  Maurice.  Hie  Ldpno 
Interim.  IkUrrlage  of  Joune  d'AIbrst  with  Aatbony  ol 
Bonrboa,  Duke  of  Vendome  —  (be  parMitB  ol  Hettry  IT 
DaMb  of  Si;;i«muiid  I.  of  Folaiiil.   Sncooedcd  bj  SlgUuiiad 


MO 


AlTEUnX. 


!M1. 


I  US. 


AuSfMiu  (SigUutuail  It.).  Umj  Qnrfa  oTSoob  b  taLta  H 

fyanee,  btlnit  contnu-tnl  id  tlw  UupLiit.    Ikwk  o<  < 
JVttycr  U  iBtrwlncud.    B«TiMd  b  IS&S. 
tS4l.  DcMli  o(  PmI  IIL,  Fobtwrr  8. 

JuUui  III.  b  elected  Pope.  Vtbnarj  fli    Uvtrr,  Btxcr,  aa^' 
oilier  nfonncn  from  the  CoihIiwliU  sig  reoeiioJ  in  [Inglaad. 
Uoofier  nude  K>hof>  of  Gloocater.   VvmmoA  cootimnif 
beglaa. 

Beeewed  ««■  between  f^wiea  eail  Asibu.  Heorjr  U.  aUwa 
hbaaelf  witb  ib«  G«itn>n  PlrMMUBU.  UmtIm  of  Suuv; 
Ulun  Bp  tlw  CMM  a(  tbe  PrateMent^ 

Ituniy  II.  occupwe  Met*,  Toal,  snd  VcriuB.  Ifaarice  abl%ca 
tlie  Enpcrar  to  ttjr  (mn  UndnKk,  to  llbcnta  tlw  EleUcr 
ud  tlie  LawlfnTe,  and  to  concla<lc  ilie  p«mc«  at  Pum& 
Tbe  Emperor  lays  dcse  to  UeU,  IX-telM-r.  Fraailas  of  iIn 
Anklu  (4S)  of  ibe  Clwirdi  of  Eaglaad.  KiceiOioa  of 
Bo«eraM> 

Uni^lioTEdinuil  VL  Uaiyl*  proelainted  Qucvn  oJ  I'n^laniL 
OcColwr  4.    Ileaifa  of  Seratiu  at  Gcmto,  October  37. 

WyU'»  Itebvllion.  Uotoralioa  of  I^pol  Sopromacjr  in  En^ 
InaiL  Marriage  of  Mac7  wiiti  Phili|i  a(  Spain.  Juljr  >3> 
Cliwleji  V.  glTvi  up  81(117  *■■<!  Naplai  to  bU  ton  PbUip. 

I'l-Nco  of  AngBlmri;.  Kccleaiuticnl  RcsenrMioa.  IVraccuiine 
of  rn>Ic«lAat«  in  England.  Di-atJi  of  Ridlej  ud  Laliaiiv, 
October  19.  Death  of  Julhu  HI.  AcceadoD  of  Fuil  i\\ 
May  33.  Cliiu-lm  V.  rvtigna  tlie  Ifetberiaada  to  rbilip, 
October  11.  lytakfo  of  I'aal  IV.  with  Fraac*^  la  wrast 
Naplot  (rom  Spain. 

Abdicntionof  Charlc*  Vm  Jannary  IG.  f le  give*  up  the  eaipire 
to  Fi-rd!iian<l,  Augutt  ST.  IIoeubaTki  for  Sprfn.  Sqxemlwg 
I '.  Itenvirnl  of  War  in  Italy  bctavcn  tlia  Pope  ia  alUaiiM 
witli  France,  and  &)>aio.  Death  of  CraninM',  kUrck  II. 
Denib  of  Ijntiitiui  I^rola.  Jnly  31. 

Ih'&jlorilifFroneltit  Si.  Qncntin,  AngiiH  10.  Peace  bi-t area 
tU.:  Uuki-  c)f  .\i.-a  iu>d  I'aiil  IV. 

Calai*  it  tnkMi  from  llie  En^lisli  by  tbe  Duke  of  Guite,  Jaa- 
aary  &  Mnrria;^  of  Mary  Sluorl  with  tbe  Duiplilii, 
Francis,  April  S4,  pL'feal  of  ihc  Frendi  at  Gratriiiwi, 
July  13.  Dentil  of  Cbarie*  V.  at  ilie  monartvij  of  YaMot 
September  St.  Ueatih  of  Mary  of  England.  Norcnber  II 
Ai'ccMion  of  nilialntlb 
iSSO.  Peace  of  Cateau-Cainlirt^  April  S.  Deitll  of  HcDij  U* 
Jul)'  10.  He  in  fiiccccilod  by  Fntod*  IL   Harsvot  of  Parat 


15U. 
ISM. 

ISM. 


isae. 

ISST. 

ISM. 


4 


A  OUKONOLOGICAL  TABLE. 


SGI 


Rrg«nt  of  lliu  N«4licrlaii<Iii,  nilli  Granrrllc.  Itiriiop 
rjtf,  for  livr  priniiiiio)  miaiitn'.  Iti.-tuni  of  {"Lillp  U 
Spain.  P«nt<-uiJoti  of  IVouiitiiuu  ia  Spnln.  Anion  dajh 
Ad  of  Suprdpacy  ia  Enulaail.  Court  of  ili][U  ComniiMiOQ  i 
Act  of  Uiiiforiulty.  DuaiLorPaul  tV.,  Anguu  18:  uicceeilol 
by  Pio)  IV.  U«iMmI  Sj-nod  of  ilic  IIuj;ucnots  id  I'urU. 
Coiit««t  between  tli«  R<^v&t  Mat)  nad  tho  I^^nb  of  iha 
Coo^Togntioo  In  Scollniul.  Itctura  al  Jolm  Knox. 
Confpurncfof  Amboiw,  Mareh.  Edict  uf  Itoiiiorsn tin.  Collguy 
praMOtS  ihO  llupiirnol  J-iClitionii  it  Font-iiiKiblcau.  St»CC». 
Gocrnl  conrakiKl  al  Ork-ncL  Navunu  un^li-r  surrdllvicn. 
Aneit  Mil  trUl  of  Ca«i>U.  UcdiIi  of  FmucU  K^  December 
h.  AoocMonef  CliartoalX.  Cktbarine  du  M<i<lici  att»ias  10 
powrcr  Duath  of  tiusUiiruR  Vm*.  Succeoiled  by  Krlc  XtV. 
Kli;iu)>ctli  nifiporlx  tJic  Prateitttnls  in  Sratlnntl.  Trcntjr  ol 
EJinbur,;U.  I'rotVFtaiitii'iu  cMJiblUlMO  )n  SoMlaml  by  act  of 
rftrllanoot,  Augu»t  2^  Death  of  Ihc  Ite^nt  Blar7,  Auguol 
10. 
Relufit  of  Maty  Stnarl  (o  ScotlnmL  Iter  lint  Interview  with 
Knox.    Collwiuy  oJ  I'oi>*y,  !iciiicinl)<.-r. 

1661.  Ediut  of  St-  Gvnnaia.  A  unixsure  of  tolifrolbn  li  gnnloil  lo  ib« 
Uugurnot*.  Mawni-rv  (J  Vswy,  Mimli  I.  Civil  wur  ia 
France.  CapiUTU  «(  Itouea.  Dealb  of  Anlliotiy  of  Xat»rc«, 
on  Iho  Cktiiolic  aide,  Nuv««nber  II.  Unttlo  of  Dninx,  Diy 
oenber  1 0-  Kerldun  of  Um  ArtlclM  of  tho  Cbunib  of  Eng. 
lu><L 

166S>  intfge  of  Orlcann  by  tLo  Cntholli-j.  AfKoiantlon  of  llie  Diike 
of  Gutir,  I'L-bruory  IS.  frMict  ol  AnboiWi  BJiuvb  19.  CIom 
orUiu  Council  o(  Trent. 

\.%%i.  GraavaUa  leave*  Um  Xttlirrlandi.  Pimth  nf  tVnllnand  I. 
AoccMion  of  Uaximilkn  II.    Death  of  Calnn,  May  37. 

'.■»%i.  Coofetenoe  ol  Bayonnt.  Uairb^  of  Mary  Stuart  with 
Daroley.  Jaly  SQ.  CVnvl  cilicta  of  fhilip  II.  a^^'iut  the 
Uoon.  CrucliitB  u(  \\te  ln<|aisl(«>n  In  the  Nvtbi'rlaAi]i> 
DmUi  of  Piiia  IV.,  December  ». 

IMC.  Accenion  111  Pins  V.  Tlut  CumproiDiMof  Bnxla.  Tlie  GuL'ns. 
Iconoohwn  In  the  NeUioHnoila.  I>)t«tb  o(  Solininii  II 
Hwikr  of  RiiiM,  Marrb  ».  Itirth  of  Jimei  VI.  of  Soot- 
lanil,  Jnwi  19. 

IM7,  Alvn  wnt  lo  tho  Nctlii-rliut'lt.  Tlio  "  Council  of  Blooil."  llic 
Bet^ni  Maf^ajrot  laavetlliK country,  DerMnbn-30.  Itennwa. 
of  war  bvlviiicn  CathoUrj  and  llaj^ofnoti.  Murdrr  of 
Daroleyt  F^bruaxy  9.    Uar;  niarrius  OuiliveU,  Uiyr  '^ 


■ 


562 


IS«8. 


1K9. 


1810. 


1671. 


U7S. 

I6T4. 

I07G. 


]5T7. 
IST8. 


ISTB. 


fioilgiu  W  «rawn  15  b«r  mo,  wlik  Uamjr  ■■  Kagut.  Mj 
fti. 

Filial  of  Uatt/  Into  Engl*ad.  Conflict  la  ifaa  NMbcriasdi. 
Kgiuool  uid  llorn  are  b«lMi*iI«il,  Jqbo  Ik  Polen  «[  Lofl^ 
JooMU,  Uardi  13.  E<ltcii  •gRloit  die  HugnenoU,  Scptiiw- 
barU. 

R«tneir<Ml  uistunctioa  of  the  HognanoCl.  Ballh  of  Jaruu; 
]>Mdi<i(  LodU  da  Cond«,  Uwrli  I*.  Prtnev  Henry  of 
Nftvarte  is  recqgnbed  mi  bcwl  of  iii«  IluzoBMit  pof/i 
Battle  of  Uenccaionr,  OclotMr  >.  A)tk'«  ■clMnw  «f  iu» 
tjMi  u  llw  HadicrlMidiL 

Ex«oMiMuk*llaD  of  RDubMh  by  Haa  T.,  FAfarary  IS. 
Saeeaid  pbua  ol  I^nriuDi]nIl :  Cwtwright  pp|>o»M  Ep4*o» 
pMf .  iWd  f^ac«  u(  St.  Gcnntl*.  FW  lOWM  cI'^B  up  li> 
tba  Hii^inaot*,  Auguu  l&.  Atmtdntnitm  tS  Um  Regeol 
Uum)-.  Jaauaiy  33.  Srood  at  iJoBilomir  la  PoUitd ;  miiaa 
of  rnXMUttUu 

B«ltln  of  Lcpaof o,  October  T ;  ifefbat  of  lbs  Turks. 

DbaUi  cd  Fiut  V.  Otweorj  XIII.  (boomnU  Um.  M«]r  II.  Bn- 
calion  of  Uie  Unite  of  NorlbUi,  June  %.  ITnioa  of  lIoUuil, 
ZeakiiJ,  aad  Frietlaiul.  unilcr  M'itliiun  «(  Unasc.  Vag, 
Doath  of  Jcwniu)  d'AIbrot,  iIbiw  10.  tlriiry  of  Xann* 
m.uTiiM  Mnrzoivt  of  Valmi^  -AbH"*  I^  Mawrrrj  of  Sl 
Uartlioloiiiev.  Angtut  H.  DtalbelSlgbMinid  H-oTIUimI; 
end  of  the  Jji2*^Uin  (Ijmiuty :  tint  crown  made  docu'n^ 
Ih'alli  sil  Juhn  Kuux,  NoTOiubvr  14. 

■*  Kui  l>l«f HlontiiiB  "  in  Polaad.  Ilenry.  Uak«  of  Anjon,  cIe«lDl 
kine  gf  Polam).  Uaj  9.  Al<rn  leaT«e  die  K«4li«rlanda.  Uo  if 
•ucccedeil  lij"  R^iiiufwoii. 

UoAib  o\  Chorlc*  IX.,  Mn}'  aO,  Aoomhom  tX  Henry  ID.  IxmI* 
oflfiuiMii  b  doluatucl  anil  •lain.    Slt^  of  Lo^doa. 

Orjianitntion  of  tlie  Lintnii.-  in  Franoo.  Uenlli  of  Beqwoawn. 
PacifluHtton  u[  Olins:,  Koinnb«r  B.  Don  John  of  Atuuia 
tuocnfilii  ItequraCB*.  IXaiIi  of  Mnxiniitinn  II.  Accranoo  ol 
Riidulpb  n.  Jtaiiii  influence  b  line  imperial  coan.  The 
Cntbolic  ronotiiHi  In  German;'. 

Drake  nlunkB  iJie  SpaaUli  riitpi  noil  aeulcnioni*. 

Troatf  uf  EiUabeili  viih  ill*  NvllMrlaniU.  Jaiioar,*  7.  Death 
of  J  hiB  John  of  Aiiitrin.  He  i*  auecoodod  bj  Alexander  dL 
Pkmn. 

ITtrrctit  Union.  Jnn'iiirv  33.  The  ten  MUtban  provino**  (abBil 
to  Ali'xamliT  of  I'aruiii. 

WiUiaut  oC  OraoKO  I«  pro»crlbud  b)r  Pblllp  U.  (kbellioo  !■ 
IraUail  ft>ni«el«d  li/  Spnia. 


I 


A   CUBOKOLOOICAL  TAUt.K. 


&63 


Tlio  United  IVorlaeea  rvtiounce  llie  Kiithuriiy  of  Spjiin,  Jul; 
S.     The  |)T(itCctontte  of  the  I^w  Countruu  it  gii-nn  to  Um 
Dako  of  AjiJou,  brotlicr  of  )Il-ut7  IU. 
Succewta  uffurmD  in  thu  Nuihcrlnndu 
The  Duk«  of  Anjoii  r«lurn»  to  France. 
Deaih  ofthc  Duke  of  Anjou,  June  10.   Hmrf  ot  NavAne  b» 
comcii  thn  heir  of  tlie  crown.     AlIlancL'  of  the  Leagnc  wfib 
Spain.  Tr«at}'  of  Joinvitlc,  IX-oeinbor  31.    AmMittatloG  <,'. 
Wiillnin  of  Orange,  July  ID. 

IdBS.  Dmtli  of  Gmeoiy  XIIL,  April  10.  Acd-Mlon  of  SU(i»  V., 
April  14.  He  oxooraniiiDiMitot  Hrniy  of  Narsnv,  Septctii- 
licr  10.  Surrender  of  Antwerp  to  Alexander  of  I'lirinB, 
AugiMt  IT.  The  tftilicd  rroviocee  place  lliemwlTM  under 
Uio  protection  of  Elixnbclli.  Lctcester  lent  into  tbe  Kpilu'^ 
lands.  Drake  Attacks  ibo  Spanisli  Mttlemeau  in  Uut  ^Vwi 
Indit*. 

ISSfl.  War  of  llie  tlireo  llvnrieii— Hearer  UI.,  NtTarre,  and  Gui»e. 
I^eagoo  b«t«««n  Jamo*  VI.  aad  Kllialietli- 

iM7.  EiccutionofUary  Quern  ofSoot*,  IVbniar)' S.  Leicertcrr^ 
turns  to  Kn!;lani).  Maurice  of  Or«tigi»  a<-<t'iirr»  tlio  elik-f 
dircetion  ortbccoolctt  in  the Nethcrlnnili.  Si^ianuml  III.  «( 
Sweden  la  clii'lcd  kioif  (if  Pnlarul. 

1MB.  Uoslik-  altitude  of  tlie  Lca~ua  tonardi  lltmiy  III.  Bnrri«ail«) 
In  Pari*,  Blay  IS.  Defeat  of  tlio  Spnnith  Annniln.  Me^^lu^ 
of  (he  Sl»te*.Geiii.-ni1  al  Bloin.  AsiaMinalion  of  the  Duku 
of  (iuljH-  nn<l  tlir  Cnnlinal  hi*  bmtbcr,  by  Ilenn-  111. 

1589.  Death  of  CtUliKrine  de  Iklvdiei,  January  &.  lleory  HI.  j<>tn« 
NaTarre.  AMMuinalion  of  Henry  HI.,  A«;g«ft  1.  Iletiry 
IV.,  i*  r<«iated  hy  tlie  Leaguei. 

1690.  Victory  of  Henry  IV.  at  Ivrj-  owr  Iho  Duke  of  Mbji-'uht, 
SInrrli  H.  Death  of  Sixtus  V.  StU-ceedcil  l>y  t'lUait  VII. 
IWnuL  miM*  tile  i<Ie>^  of  rnrli. 

1691.  Bull  oTGrr^tr  XIV.  against  Monry  IV.  IVxb  of  Grp«i<ry 
XIV.,  October  ii.  Siiceceded  by  Innocent  IX.  HIii  denth, 
th'ccinlier  30.  Henry  IV.  iniv^u  Itoueii.  Benei  ei)  iuTa- 
iiion  of  Hungary  b^-  the  Turk*. 

IBM.  Clement  VIII.  bceomiw  I'opr.  Jannnry  30.     Panu  rluaei  thft 

riefn  of  Rouen.     Death  W  Pinna.  Dvcen-.ber  S.     Proabyio- 

riinlmn  I«  fully  exlubliibed  in  SoiUnd. 
lita.  Division  of  ooiinaels  in  the  League.    Alijurnlloti  of  Henry  IV., 

July  SS.    Ront  of  ihe  Turk*  in  ltiin];ary. 
1094.  Ileniy  IV.  ia  erovnetl  at  Giartrof,  Frtiniary  97.    He  cotor* 

l^aris  Itlnrrli  V'j.    klanrie-;  of  t>ranicc  roooTcr*  the  ■  bole 

(erritoTT  ofthc  United  Provincm 


3M 

UN. 


1140. 

tMX. 

1M4. 

IMA. 
IMT. 
IMS. 
I«0f. 

I«10. 

;<n. 

jeii. 
leii. 

mis. 

isi*. 

I«20. 


t«l. 


I(>6. 

iflii. 

IISH. 


Dau,  IT.  d«lM  m  i^Ml  ni^  n,  JIhW7  IT. 

""^"— ^°--— "    ita: 

te  S^mA  b«  is  Ite  ^rtv  •(  Odk. 
Um  Sdkt  or  NuiM.  Apra  W    7W  Ftaw  «C  Tmnim  te- 

t««iba-  tL     a«  b  wuMiiii  bf  FUip  m. 
MwxlaBB  «r  Uouy  IV.  -iA  Mmy  4t  "li'      Gioi^M 

BraM  b  InrDMl  u  ika  Mifca,  Ttinmj  17. 
DMk  o(  Qmm  EBmU«K  Much  S4.     AommIm  «r  Jmm  1. 
tlMafitoa  Cwrt  CcoiiMMcJMBfjl*.    I^ttvof 

pMl»  fMHt-tfau  to  lb«  Pr  imiMufBntiMih, 
TLa  ConrovdOT  Flol. 

DeoMixMh  «^t«a  bf  tlM  lUa  of  BiTmria. 
Ptototut  Uoka  foMod  in  Geimaaf. 
Twche  ]r«ar«'  tTw«  «rW«biM»»d  betweaa  Spain  tmi  da  1 

PMtIwm. 
Catlralie  Ln^Be  lonned  in  Ca«aaf  umW  tka  Dife*  of  B«t»- 

rio. 
Tbe  EoglMli  BtU«  paUulwJ  bj  aDtlwrHr.    Glaiui  Aict  J 

pkHi  beeoniea  luag  of  S«cik& 
UMtUa*  banvMa  fttpww. 
Jaoiua  L  iMpoM*  EpMcopacj  on  !k«ilw!i>L 
Itctali  tif  ilvt  BoIicibIuii  aj^aloM  Fetdlauil  IL  in  llft^Blo  of 

iklr  n-lijtiuiu  liberties. 
Accumua  ol  Fcnllii:iu'I  IL  a«  &np(nr.  Eleclkm  of  Fodbuwd 

v.,  EliN-tor  PkUUoc,  nt  kin;;  of  Dobonda. 
Tlie  KIcciw  Palaiioa  •Irippcil  of  hi*  domlBiaitt,    rtiwiiiiiiiiiii 

of   I'uriuci*    in    EagUad.    L«iMl!iig   of  Um    Filpinu  U 

llj-moulk,  UecMnbcT   SI.     CoBTcDt  of  Port   Royal    taUh- 

Bavolt  oTthc  Uu-i^iwaota. 

ContpvgMio  (le  Ttoft^t^dtt  F>il«  w  Brtablbhwl  ■  (oeltagB  bi  ] 

iiilioloiiariM  fimndfl^  IMI). 
Kii-livlica  bMonm  tbe  mtDittcr  of  I»iua  XIII. 
Acc-vmIod  of  Cburlw  L     Wnr  oi-Ji   ilm   |Iu7iMoa4«  b^gtu  in 

FrmniiU.     AUiioce  cf  KDjiUiid,  IloUaud,  aad  nnunart  is 

bchttlTof  tbo  Klecterr  pAbtiun. 
Dnntli  of  Ixinl  Ba<«ii.    Delcnt  of  ilnnifirM  hy  WallL-aiteiii  M 

I><-Maa. 
MuL'klraiburK  u  |C>*^!n  to  WallciMtvIa. 
SurTcntl^rof  RocbvUe.  UestraotioiKiEtliepoUtiulpowtdrdflte 

lUtxammtA. 


I 


A  CBaOKOiLOGICAL  TABLE. 


585 


IS99,  ruace  of  LUbcdE,  Hay.    £d!ot  of  RoMllulion,  M«di. 

isao.  Wn1li.-niicin  diimiMird  from  bis  commoiKL    luterreDUon  d 

GubUvui  Adolphai. 
ISSl.  The  capture  of  Unf(tlabiR][  bf  Tiilj,  MaV'    B>it1e  of  Lvipiic  i 

deAM  at  TiUy,  Aogiist  M.    W3Jl«Ml«ln  rwtorail  to  Ui 

conniiawl,  AprU. 
1032.  Bniili-  lit  Luuvn ;  dcnlh  of  OuUTtn  Adoliibin,  NoTfmber  16. 
IC33.  Allinnce  of  Fmnco  witlt  Sirodua  nail  th«  IVotoOinU ;  tn*ty 

of  Uvilbronn,  April  33.    Lnuil  i*  mule  Arckblriiofi  of  Oui- 

lerbUfT-     GkUIho   1«    forord   Ut   rrnounM  the    Coin-rnictui 

thcoiT. 
ISS-1.  DvHtai  of  ihs  Swedoe  at  NortlUngcn,  September  0. 
163a.  The  Fence  of  Prague,  Mity  30.    Thu  KdicI  of  RcetUutlon  Ii 

ipvon  up  u  to  Smod/  anil  Ilran'l«abucg. 
IGA7.  AecFfnon  of  Fcrdionad  III.  m  cmperar. 
1C3S.  litrnnnl  of  Wvlmitr  leudt  tlio  iuitI-Iaipori>U>t  forOM- 

1639.  Dcaili  of  Ui-rturd.    lUdiclicu'i  influi'ncc  predominant  in  the 

war. 

1640.  Tlio  I^ng  P&rtUmont  ummble*  in  Knglnnd.    Aceeuioa  of 

Frederic  Willinm,  the  Gn-al  Elector. 
1648.  Wnr  of  EIr>g  nnd  rnrlintiii'Qt  In  Knglitntl. 

1643.  AcccMJon    of   Louis    XIV.     ^VcslminEm'   Anembljr    nucU. 

I.eague  ftiid  Covrnant  adopted  by  Parlinmcnt. 

1644.  Accaiiou  of  Fk>pe  luiiocent  X. 
IG4&.  Buttle  of  Niuobjr. 

1648.  Pence  of  WeslpluiliLi.    Tcrniiuntion  of  the  Thirty  Vl-oti'  IVar. 

1649.  Ksucution  of  Clini'lcj  I. 

1660.  Pcnlli  of  Dc«  Curte*. 

16S9.  Cronvellla  wade  Lord  Prelector.  Condem  nation  cfJanMobn 

bjr  Innocent  X. 
16^8.  Death  erf*  CrouivelL 
IGSO.  R«*lor«lIonorCbArlcsn. 

1661.  Tlie  Saroj- ContiTpncc.     Restoration  of  Episcopwrjr  in  Scot- 

land.    Dcnlh  of  M.-uarin.     P<rrMciltlon  oftho  Hugiicnott. 
166!.  Ejection  of  tbe  freibyturi&n  minioten  tinder  Uw  Act  of  Usi- 

(aniAty- 
■6M.  Triple  nlUuce  agnintt  Louli  XIV.,  to  compel  him  to  iuik< 

peace  with  Spain. 
1810.  Secret  allinnce  of  Cburlet  IL  and  Louti  XIV 
1GJ9.  \Vmia>n  ITt.  i»  cicctml  Stndiholdcr. 
I6T3.  Dcclnrniiun  of  lndul|[mce  bjr  Jnuei  IL 
I6TG.  Accestion  oi  Innocent  XI. 
UM-9.  Peac«af  Niniq^ucn. 


665 


UTESDtX. 


rRipiMiUuMaf  Gria- 


U    Bsvocadaa  of 


1C83.  AMemUjr of  tbs ckiEr  of  Fnaea:  fei 

caaiim. 
16S1.  Death  (J  Cbarle*  IL   AccCMum  of  Ja 

Uw  Edict  of  Nantea,  October  IS. 
16H.  BeriraloftlieCoiiitof  Hig^  CtmuHka  by  JibmIL 
IGBS.  Willum  m.  Uoda  at  Torba7.    Flight  tfJaBoa  IL 
1A91.  Acceuion  of  Imiocent  XIL 
I6M.  Birth  of  Voltaire,  Febrnarr  10. 
US7.  Peace  of  Bjrnrick,  September  SO.   Looia  XIT.  aeknoiriediM 

WiUiuB  m.  aa  King  of  Gnat  Britais  aad  Infaad. 


APPENDIX  n. 


A  lAST  OF  WOHKS  OS  THE  REFORMATION.' 


WOKU  CM  OKKKBAI.  UUTOKY  RBLATIKO  TO  TUB  PZSIOD  Or  TBX 
RBPOKMATIOX. 

ITnUAXD*  (I>o  Tbou)  :  IliKoriarum  aiu  TemporU,  Ubri  ISS  (l&4t- 
1S07).  Fini  compleu  «(]•  i  Orleans  (Geottva),  tSIO  wq.,  6  voIa, 
fol.  (With  lh«  npponJix  of  IUi(ituIt,  7  vol*.,  London,  IT33,  foL) 
FruQcli  tnuml.  IG  vols.,  Ito,  Looiloit  (Piiri*),  17St. 

Do  Thou,  MQ  oTCIiriatophc  dc  Thou,  Pmldcnt  04*  th«  FarlbmMit 
of  Paru,  wu  bom  la  USS.  nndtlied  io  1617.  Ho  lu»Iil  liijch  afficM 
uodor  Henry  III.  unit  Ilviirj  IV.  lie  wm  a  inoderato  Cktliolio, 
pcmnnllj'  coDvortant  witli  the  men  aod  uvuaU  of  hai  tim«,  and  an 
upriglit  hitloriiin. 

Relkiiotii  dv^li  AmbascUlari  VcDeti  si  Sooiiio,  raccolt<^  tmnuutc,  «d 
odIt«  da  Kugcnio  Albcri.    li  voU    Sto.     Fironio.  IS3P-C3. 

W.  Robertwii :  UistoT  of  Cliarli-s  V.  Ed.  by  W.  11.  Prcjuoll.  with 
Supplemaul  on  ibtt  Cloister  Ufa  of  tho  Einporor.    3  volt,    Sto> 

is^e. 

History  of  tba  Europosn  State),  publlilinl  by  IboraB  and  Dkert 

64  toI*.    8*0.    18S0-A8. 
Th«  Rries  iocldile*  IiaI/,  by  H.  Leo;    NeibcHand*,  by  Van 

Kaaiiwn ;  Donmurk,  by  Dablniann  (to  ISSS)  ;  Swedi^n,  by  Geljor 

nnil  CutImd  (to  ItiSO)  ;  rolnad.  by  Roepoll,  nic. 
[Ivurvn  :   Itandlmch  d.  (i«Kli.d.<;ura|il)iM;L.  SUAl('iity«(«tn*  ti.  wiaor 

Colonien.    Mli  «d.    Gottini^t  1S3C.    En][].  Tnutalotion  by  Ban> 

craft,  3  vol*.    Sva.    lSi9 ;  (dso,  2  vol*..  Oxfortl,  last. 
Von  Rnuincr:  G«M;b.  KuropwiwU  <L  Endu  il.  15.  Jolirb.    L«pin^ 

I1I133-S0.    8  vol*.     8vu. 

1  Thin  cualotru*  camptbd^  at  nimt,  only  •  rrocUonBl  ptn  •>(  ilia  lilntorfcal 
fMi,:an  priUuninK  l»  (ba  »ifa)c«l.  Not  to  (pMk  «l  Bnrlu  of  ■  broader  koim, 
lh«r«  art.  In  Oanoany  uptdally,  uamBreiu  ImaI  bbtorica  rolaiins  ta  Ibii 
poriod.  in  prepRring  the  lid  Bban,  nrn  bu  bccK  ukcn  I«  wt  ilown  lb« 
MOperctllllanii  but  It  lialmor.  imjMniilla  fitMla  («  kbioluta  corrtMniahl 
lb««pHtlnlMi 


ses 


APPEatDIX. 


lUIUm  :  latrailuctlon  (o  ibo  Lib  or  Earope,  in  the  ISth,  tftli,  aLl 
I  ;(li  i-i-Dluric*.    AUi  vd.    3  Tots.    8to.    18S5-BS. 

Raxkb  :  FiiTfttce  u.  Vblker  v.  Slidgoropa  ioi  IC  tt.  1 1-  Jahtfa.  Bd.  L 
Ucrlin,  1827.  Die  rom.  Vipau.  lUre  Kirebo  n.  fkr  Suut  Iin.  16. 
u.l7.Jaliili.  3  roll.  4tbed.  OerUn,  ieU-»;.  8ra.  TmuUicd 
by  Sarah  Auxtia :  Uistorr  of  Urn  Pope*  of  Boine  during  thu  IcUi 
ftod  ITlh  FVnluriiM.  *th  «(1.  S  vol*  l^ondon,  IMT.  Svo.  TU* 
b  ono  of  (bo  ino«t  comet  ftitd  rlcgonl  of  all  B^Uab  tniulatku> 
from  the  German.  Tho  work  luelf  U  of  Uw  Ugjiut  valao.  For 
Ranko't  Other  work*  on  tU*  period  lec  under  tbo  diflcrent  co(i» 
iriuH. 

LBAVHKn:  GtkUcIiu  iLZvitoltorv  d.  UofcrnuUioa  (lltf-lU8>. 
Borlin,  I8G8.  Svo.  Vnluobtct  wpooinlly  for  Uie  polittcU  ride  of 
the  hUtory  of  tlili  (Wrlod. 

Dimiy ;  nift.  do*  fbrap*  ModernM.  1  ml.  Pari*,  1M3.  Itmo.  Om 
of  n  seriva  of  luoid  and  compHct  tcxt-booki,  for  n*e  In  ihe  (dHMlt 
of  Kninoe. 

Boyle:  OicUoDnuiro  bUtorique  et critique  (Irt  ed.  t09T),  4  *otK  FtaL 
U.inr'l  and  Anutcrdain.  1740.    En^l.  cd.,  ro  Tolt.,  fbl..  179l-1t. 

Bajlc,  thu  fion  of  n  Ilii^iiciiol  clpt;gj-iiian,  wiii  bom  in  1047,  and 
itlci]  io  1708.  UndL-r  ihu  isfluenco  a^JMlut^  bo  Iwcniiie  m  Robuui 
Catliajlc,  but  r«pcDted  of  ihls  cbaoge,  snd  bccamo  on«  of  iIm  pio- 
niH.-ni  of  phiIniio|ilii('i>l  *ce[iUci»ii  in  Kuropo.  lU  great  unooot  of 
Inionfaling  hltlorical  uid  biaj^rnphiciil  doUiU,  chough  rvqairin^  to 
III!  criticftlly  (tftod,  givw  loliia  DtcUonnr)'  a  pccullnr  nnd  pcrm.iacat 
yaliifc 

.7niivwif  lUtlaria.  (I)  In  Bnglmd:  by  IP.  C.  Taylor.  Mbdeni 
Jliit,  1838;  DCir  ud.  ISSa;  Ancient  Iliit,  I83[l;  n««  ed.  1987. 
By  A.  F.  TyUcr,  1801,  anil  In  Dumorou»  later  oditioni.  ^?.  Rii»- 
mII  and  ulhvn,  Uiptoi7  of  Mo>lom  Euiopo,  4  toIl  Sto.  18J8. 
(!)  In  Girmaiis:  by  ScMofEMir,  19  volt.  1841-37;  by  TL  Leo,  8 
▼ol«.,  Oille,  ISO  »G(i.;b]-  Bkckkr.  V)  Toh^  1889;  by  IHltiMr.llh 
od,  tflflfi,  6  vol*.;  by  WrsKii,  Lvipng,  1857  bw].,  9  toU.;  lOtt 
ToL  win  bo  on  the  Knt  of  Uio  ItvlbnnHtlon.  (8)  In  liaij :  b] 
CoMTv  CmihV  35  vols.,  Svo,  1837  Mq.  FruDcb  trwuL,  lO  tt&t. 
8to,  2d  cd.,  iSM-iS. 

Smyth :  Li-eHinn  on  Sloilcm  Hiitorr,  Sparks'  Am.  vA.,  i  voln,  IWl 

Ouixot:  I^cctunv  on  llid  History  of  Civitixtkliou;  English InnaL b; 
Hwiry.    8vo.     Now  York.  1842. 

Ktgol,  PbUofophio  d.  Ootchiohtc :  Wi-rko,  tx.    B^lln.  1840.    Sro. 

Omtral  Biognqthkai  WoHa.  X.  diaXamn :  Blogrnplucol  IMctlont^i 
S3  vol*.  Hvo.  1813-17.  Blosniplitc  tJmi-«r»cU<-,  &3  vols.,  Svot  al 
tqppleini'Qt,  rolumci  S3  8  %i.    Paiu,  IMI I-6I.    NouveUe  Mitki% 


A   LEST  OV   WORKS  OX  TIIK   RKKORUATIOK. 


o60 


H       rrroe.  corrigtfe,  «t  aiiguient^  49  vols:,  1048-4S.    L'Art  da  v^rl/ier 

H       In  Datn*  dm  fniu  liiitorlqiw*,  etc.,  dopds  la  n&iMniico  dc  Jf*v» 

f       Christ  (b)  1T:o).    is  toIb.  Bvo.    Puia,  1819.    BiognpUe  G^a- 

4nlo  (luniveUo)  ttvpala  ks  ictnp*  h*  pliu  ncaUa,  &veo  !«■  roi»- 

Misncmeals  bibUograpb.,  vtc.  46  toI>.  Svo.    1SS7-68. 


I 


I 


WoBKii  IX  BeoLHiASTioAi.  HifTOKT,  TicKATijio  or  Tnc  Rktox- 

HATIOM   AB  A  WltOLK. 

GiESUJUi:  I^hrbuch  d.  KircbongKli-    IM.  LiL   In  t  gits.  Boen, 

1S40-6S.   8n>.    (Thu  4Ui  voL  in  Praf.  U.  B,  Saiiib'*  EdkL  tnnit- 

Inlion,  Nnw  Vork,  18G2). 
H.  B.  Smith  :  liittorjr  oi  tbfl  Chuivh  or  ClirUt  in  CbjoauIugit.uI 

TmIiW    N«w  Yutk,  lOGI.  Fol.    This  eiiilxHlicf  a  gr«al  smoant  ol 

hUluricnl  iiifuriuiition  within  a  brief  onmpOM. 
R.-tyimt'l'ir:   AnnxIcR  Eci-lmiutlci.    (1195-1565.)    Colon.  1S94.    9 

vol).  I'ol.     Kaynalilu.iis  tlic  moiit  eminent  of  fbo  contlnuftton  of 

DaroiiiiiH,  nut]  n  rrj»«M-Dtnt!ve  oJ  Bouiaii  ortboduijr. 
Nktalii  .Alexander:   in>toria  eccl.  V.  ct  N.  Toirt.  (16  coaturio«). 

Fariii,  1009.  8  t.  Pol.  E<l.  Mnntd,  Fcrmra,  I'SS.    Bauaui),  1*78. 

NiMalf*  U  the  rbamplon  of  Uw  OoUicaD  ccclcdaatlcal  tboorjr. 
Uask:  KirdienitM^h.  (I  vol.)  Kn^.  tTU»t.by  BlunmUui]  uut  Vlinff, 

N«w  York,  iHau,  8vo.    Ham'*  work  I*  ranarkoblc  (or  ji*  con<l<-n- 

uiwn  ;  it  i»  fi>unU«d  ou  cxu-Diive  twearchc*,  and  in  wrilicD  trith 

much  vifM'lt}'. 
Unur :  Kln:hvus!ic)i.    h<L  iv.  Diu  neuore  '/ivil,    Lim{ic.,  1603.  Svo. 

Baur  ji  on*  oC  th«  moiil  [lonpicuou*,  a*  irotl  a*  Iwrnwl,  at  Ilia 

GemnD  Chnrch  hittorltn*. 
Oueriok*:  KirclieogHb.,  Bd. 3.    9tb  cd.    L«lpslg,I847.    Sra.  Guer- 

Uka  treat*  of  the  RcibnnnUon  firom  the  point  of  viev  of  the  itrict 

Lutlieranf. 
llnrdnick;  Ilittor;  of  tlw  Chrittian  Church  during  tliu  Rofonp** 

lion.  Med.,  I8C5.    Svo.    Ilu^lnlak  tvritea  Ttuiu  the  polui  of  rloir 

or  ihn  Anglican  Church.     Hit  manual  it  full  in  it>  rvrciviiec*  to 

mithoritioi. 
MctIv  trAul>i^ai! :  llini.  Ar.  U  It^fnrmalicm  tlu  IGmu  Siielu :  Trans- 

latvil  from  Uic  FWhii-Il     (In  iiumorou*  edltlonH.) 
Bo*UM>biT :  Hifl.  dc  la  Ri!f<innnIion.    Ilcrlin,  I78C.     4  tola.    8*a. 
'Mwhviin:  luKtituiionue  lli»b  EcvL  HvlnuU,  t7C4.  4to.  (Munlocll'i 

Traiulalion.) 
Befcrockli  1  Kin-bcuscftrliichle  teif  d  Bdbrnuillon    lOvob.  Ldpalft 

Ifl04-1RI3. 
Korti :  Kinjbungach.    Engibb   Tnuulatioti,    i  roll.    Svo.    Ffail» 

idpUa,  1H71. 


^70  APPENDIX. 

NiEDXKR :  EircliengRch.  Bto.  Beriin,  186B.  One  of  the  most  leuned 
and  valuable  of  all  tlie  German  maonali,  altbougli  dvauj  in  iia 

literary  execution. 
].  I.  lUttcr  (Roman  Catholic)  :  Eirchei^Bch.    6tli  ed.   2  rab.   Svo. 

Bonn,  1S62.     Moderate  and  candid  in  ilj  toae. 
Alzog   (Roman  Catholic)  :  Handbuch  d.  EirchengKh.     8th  ed.     t 

Tola.     Miuns,   1868-68.     This  is  written  in  a  truly  scientifio  ipirft. 
Rificl   (Roman  Catholic)  :  Kirchengsch.  d.  neuesten   Zeit  Ton  An- 

fangd.  16.  Jahrb.    3  toIs.    Svo.    Mainz,  1842-47. 
U.  Stubbing :  Iliatory  of  the  Beformation.    2  Tola.     (In  Lardner'f 

Cab.  Cydopscdia)  1836.     Lond.     IGmo. 
J.  Tulloch :  Leaders  at  the  BelbrmatioD :  Luther,  Calvin,  Latimer, 

Knox.    Svo.    2d  ed.    Edinb.  1860. 
Stephen  :  Essays  in  Ecct.  Biography.     4th  od.     1860.     Lond.     Svo, 
U.  J.  Spalding  (Roman  Cathohe)  :  ilietory  of  the  Reformation.    4di 

cd.    Baltimore,  1866.     Bvo. 
The  two  great  Tlicological  Eocyclopatdias :  — 
Wkt/.kr  u,  Welte,  (Roman  Catholic) ;  Kirchenlexicon  oder  Ency- 

kluiiiiUie  d.  kath.  Theologie.    12  vols.     Freiburg,  1847-56. 
Her/or   (Protestant):  Real-Encycl.  fur  protestaotiBche  Theologia 

u.  Kircbo.  21  vols.;  and  Register,  I  vol.    Hamburg,  1854-68. 
These  copiuiis  works  embody  the  results  of  German  Theological 

study,  .ipart  from  Blblic.il  criticism,  in  the  branches  of  the  Clturch 

to  wiiicb  thej  sevt'rally  belong. 

Polemical  and  Critical  Writinqs. 

(l)  Romrni  Calhnlic.  Maimbourg:  Ilist.  du  Luth^ranismc,  Parii^ 
1G80 :  also,  Hist  du  Calviniame,  1682.  Bosauet:  Hist,  des  Vari- 
.itions  des  ^gliacs  Protest.,  Paris,  IGS8,  nouv.  dd.,  (Euvres  de  Bos- 
suet,  tomes  V.  et  vi.  Paris,  183G,  8vo.  Varillas;  Hist,  des  R* 
volutions  arriv6e9  en  Mattbrc  de  Religion.  6  vols.  Paris,  1689. 
4to. 

l>ollinger;  Die  Reformation,  ihre  innere  Kntwickelung  u.  ihre  Wir- 
kungen.  3  vols.  Rcgcnsburg,  1846.  The  work  is  c.irried  no  farther 
iliaii  the  "  Umfiing  dea  luthcrischen  Bekenntnisscs."  Dollinger'i 
iviii'k  is  l;ir;;ily  n  collcetion  of  materials.  It  relates  tlilcily  to  the 
ilofuets  of  tht:  licfiiriiierB  ami  of  ihtir  work.  It  may  profitably 
be  rniujiarL-il  with  liis  recent  Lectures  on  the  Reunion  of  the 
Clmrcln's  (Munich,  1872).  Balmes :  Protestantism  and  Catho 
lii^ity  compared  in  their  effects  on  Civilization.  Transl.  from  the 
Spitnish.  8to.  Baltimore,  1851.  An  elaborate  controversial  work  in 
teply  to  Guizot'a  Lectures  on  Civilization,  by  a  Spanish  Priest 
b  ends  with  the  aentenco :  "  As  soon  aa  the  Sovereign  Pontiff,  tbi 


A  UST   OF  WORKS   ON  TOK  BtPOSUATtOK.  571 

Vicar  of  JofUi  dtrirt  npon  owtb,  iball  pronoimctt  MmWDCo  agninni 
tmy  on«  of  uj  opiiiioiu,  I  will  luutva  lo  dccbre  Uiat  I  vonwder 
tliat  ojiliiioD  eTTOncoii*,  and  i-coM  U>  prorxM  It." 

J'roitiiiini.  Bajrlu ;  Critique  G&tfral«  de  I'llistoirii  clu  CalTinime  <le 
UaimbMirg,  AtnMcrdMn,  1C84.  Sded.  HAgoiihMb:  Vorleiungui 
ubur  d.  Km-bvUKSoh.  New  cd.  L«ipx.,  1808,  »eq.  (Clucfly  upoDtlia 
Ref.  In  Germacijr  Mid  Swiucrkod.)  Sclienkol :  Dm  Wc«cn  dca 
I'rolciiAntinnus.  3d  ed.  Sclinfnmiiwn,  ISGS.  8to.  Hundcshagen : 
l>cr  I>eiiui;be  ProteUwiUimus.  Fraukrurl.  Svo.  3d  ed.  1349. 
(Itclnling  v«p«ciid]]r  to  Gemiiui  i'rolcflnntinii,  but  witb  a  mon 
genentl  bevlng.)  Rouuel :  Lm  NmIou  CMb.  et  let  Natlont  Prot. 
Svcrla.    ParlH.    Hvo.    am.    Poloaloal  agtiast  Bonanttin. 

VtUera :  Katoi  cur  I'Eiprit  et  I'lnllBeiiee  do  b  lUf.  de  Luther.  Psru, 
1801.    8vo.    Engl,  tranel.,  FhHsdelpblft,  1633. 

LnuTent:  La  lUfortiii:  (in  £tudM  lur  I'HiMoira  de  l'Uumiuut4!(  t. 
vUi.).   Sro.    Brax,  tSGI. 

TuK  GeiiKAM  AXD  Swish  (Zwikoliax  axd  C^Lrixmrtc)  Bs^ 

ORUATIOM. 

Contfmpomry  Soureet  for  tofA  Counln'ei.  J.  Slkidax  (d.  15SC) : 
D«  Statu  It«li;;i<iiiiii  et  R«IpubUi-n,  Carolo  V.  Cwsitr^  Commeinta- 
riL  Polio.  AnnlArdnnt,  ISdOi  betted.,  tVnitldbrt,  l'B3-6.  S  to1& 
8vo,  RagUdiinuitlatloiih}- Qohiin,  I^ntlon,  leSO.  Polio.  3  rob. 
4to.    t>«itcb  tTiui>Utii>D,  with  the  notoi  of  Le  Courajcr,  ITCT. 

SIcidOiQ  WM  born  at  Slcldii,  nenr  Cnlognc,  In  ISOQ.  After  com- 
pleting hi*  cdacBtiiOD.  bo  lived  for  k  number  of  jrem  in  Pnuie«i 
wu  in  the  atrrice  of  Pranda  I.,  and  ibo  lnt«rpretar  orkLa  orobaatj 
At  Hagmaa  (lUO).  In  IMS,  ho  entMvd  tlu  tenico  of  ih*  Bmti" 
c^dic  League,  and  in  I94S  wrucomnuraioned  bj-il  to  writo  aU^ 
fory  of  the  RrfoniiHtion.  Uo  accompunk-d  a  ProimXant  ombamjr 
loRoglnnd;  wvot.in  1551,  to  ihuCounoilof  IVvitt,  an  a  cotnmi*- 
nuoer  froiD  Stnwb^ir*,  and  In  ISS-I,  In  the  tame  capacity  l«  tlio 
Conftfrenco  of  Nuivmbcrg.  Hi'  wa<  *er«!d  in  lilCTiiliire'.  Inw,  and 
piliik-al  leicDce,  ofa  di»paaslonal«,  judicial  temper,  anil  caiwdil  Id 
hli  iVMaivhcii. 

Cairr  Aalhoritki.  Abr.  Scultetiu  (ProT.  at  Heidelberg ;  <L  l(tS4)  : 
Aonnlluni  ICvnn»i-lii  jiaudin  prr  Ruropam  ducinio  mxIo  SidalU 
]iikrlic  Beculo  n-mivnli,  l>vea»  I.  et  II.  (frr-ni  ISie-13.1fl).  lloldel- 
ber^,  lG|H-:2(i.   Rcpiiiitrd  in  V.d.  Ilnnlt.  tlUt.  Iil«T.  ltefbnnat*oni& 

UcidMini  (PniC  :il  {injn:n),'en,  d.  I7d^):  Introa.  In  ni*t.  KmigoL 
•ec.  xvl.  pitfirini  |>rr  Kuropom  rODOTSlL  Ol^'^niag.  1744-33.  Tmb. 
iv.  4to.  Alto,  kii  coUection  of  itooiuncnta:  Scrinium  Antiqo* 
riun,  etc.  Tom.  Till.    4to.     1T4S-Itl!». 


572 


APrmnx. 


iivrt  reoTAl  fVortt.    G.  WADDiaio-ion  (Dnn  of  Dwliun)  :  A  Ql» 

larjr  of  Om  HcKjcnutkin  on  Uu9  CoaitneoL    trttU.    LondwK  IMl. 

£xU  idini:  to  tbe  duaUi  o(  I>nUwr.    Hngenboclit  Varkmiifeo,  aUb 

(a0e«Ui*«.) 
CbauHiKic^KvstiiM'ELMKCIonnmtetintUiXVLSitek:  IIutUia;Zwui- 

1^1.    iToU    tSao.    2d*d.     Pari*,  18«S. 

Ui8T0»T  or  TUX  Gkrman  Rktoucatiox. 

Conttmiiartiry  Stmnta.    G.  &fAt^Tixi;ii  (d.  lAU)  :  Aonalo*  Bafor- 
nMJonl*  (publUbeil  by  Cvptwu.    Bnx    Loipag,  1718). 

Spnlaiin  wu  born  !■  1484,  and  died  In  IH&.  Ha  wh  cnvt 
lireMlier  uhI  {wirata  ncntUrjr  u>  the  Klocton  td  Saxmij.  Fradcric^ 
Jakti,Md  JoliaI>odiTdir.  H«  ifu  prcMntU  iho  DWtoTAagabvg 
in  1518,  at  tbv  dcction  of  Charlet  V.  at  FhuJclort;  in  I&IP,  ol  U« 
earonUion  at  Cologna  la  ISSO,*t  the  Diet  of  Worma  In  ISSl.at 
diii  Diets  or  NurrjiitK.T{;  in  13SS  anil  t&X4,  in  153i>  at  S[nri>«,  in 
16119  at  Aii^gliiir^.  iu  l&3r  at  tlio  Convention  at  Smalcnld,  and  at 
other  uopartant  micmhVKs-  Uc  took  put  in  iha  rintatioD  of 
tlip  Saxon  (luiir)ii'd.  Ho  wa*  nn  Intimate  fi-Iend  and  convqiond- 
ant  of  Lutlior,  &tvlnn«'ltii>n,  Bug«nha|^n,  and  Iha  othw  Saxoa  H*- 
fbmien. 

G-  SpnUUn'*  IIJMoriMhor  NacUlaM  u.  Briofa.  Qd.  L :  Dm  UIwo  u. 
dig  'It'ittfiHiiikhtK  Friudriuhi  iIm  Wuwn.    Srob    Jca^  1891. 

F.  ALyconics  (d.  I^IC):  lli«t.  Rf-roniiatluaia  (by  CTprfan.    Scl«d. 
Sto.     Lripx^,  i:i8). 

M^cuiiiu*  wot  born  ia  N!>l  noil  ilivl  In  1518.  Qe  wai  held  in 
higii  cvloraii  bf  Lnlbor  and  Molam-llioii,  and  elEoioatly  ooSponttod 
Willi  them  in  tll«ir  wurli. 

th.  Ualnnvtlton :    lli>l.  Vitio  Unit.  Liitbrri.     (PrdhM  10   Lndwri 
0)>|i.  h'lL,  Viimuhrt^,  ISlC;  anil  in  jvpmto  vditiona.) 

J  Unlliri'inii  (<1.  I3(it):  IIiit(ai-iu  van    U.  Marlin  LnilicK*  Asfluig 
Lulirvn.  Lubi-n,  Ol«.  (ill  !7  wtiouiu)  Ho.     Numlwr;^  lAOff. 

KlaLlioniu*  h(<i>:iniR  n  vtuilunt  ■£  nicti^hei^  in  IS3lf,aitil  litwl 
for  n  timo  in  Lul)i>.i'a  [uiully.     llv  ilivH  in  ISU. 

J.  CMnornj4ii)i :  Ho  lliil  Mi-knutbnnU  Oitu,  lotin*  Vilin  Cmrlnito  el 
Uorti.',  ulc.    8to.     lA-^inrij:,  liCC. 

Ctiiii<!<niriii>i  Hoj  )H>rn  in  iLOCi  luul  died  in  ISi'l.  IIq  vaa  apitpi) 
of  LuOior  uiid  MrlLini'Uiou,  uuil  wiu  I'Sjiroially  atuwheil  to  tba 
IbUm-. 

OocUoia*  (Uoni.  Caih.,  d.  1A33)  :  Coranwntaria  do  Aeti*  M  ScripUi 
H.  Lntlicrl,  qU:  (Itwn  iSi;-lG46).     Uo|{uqL,  IMS;  Partt,  ISU 
ColoKDi!,  lAiiS. 

CorliWut  WA8  nn  aolivv  paluinic.  Bo  wan  at  the  DiM  of  Anga 
vtir)[  in  1 530. 


A  LOT  or  WOner  OS  TBK  IIKIOUUATIOX'. 


573 


ftiriun  (Kuui.  Cull.,  <].  15T3);  CumnXinl.  Iirt-vis  [U-niin  in  Orlic  0«(- 
taraiu  >)>  aimo  IGOO  iMtiw  IMd.    Ci>Io^im<,  lAflT. 

CaUtvtiont  of  Otittuitenit.  LbftcUKii :  Votlsblniltxvn  R«li>niiatiMi»«ela 
o.tbcniinrala  (from  16IT-1&1H).    I  toI».   41o.    I.«i|>itlg,  i:i>)-». 

lonUvt :  llt«[.  ItvricliC  v.  AdI'iidj;  u.  FurtKimj  d.  Bvl'.  Lutli.  {bf  Cj\*- 
li&n.  ixJpRJg,  1TI8).  Kk(i|i:  Kt«!na  NiiJrtiUiu  xiir  Ki'i',  Gi'cli. 
DtiUlklUF  Urkunilco-  I>rip(i|;.  1727.  Stniliel:  &tUiM.-11.iiit^-ii  n. 
BtltWIgg  »ur l.lt.  Nilnil>T  IiI.Vwii.,  KM  (wj.  Fiif*fpinann;  Airbiv. 
fSr  die  (Isck.  cl.  Itiit,  Uallv.  1831  mj. ;  nuuoi  Urkunilcnbaeli,  Iliun> 
berg,  1843.  Neuileckn-:  Urkuiwlcn  aw  d.  RclUZvit.  ChsmI,  1838- 
Mi'.vkwurdige  AeieiMtiicku  aiw  dcr  Zciuilt.  il.  \\xS.,  Xurtib.  I8iis 
Nuue  B«iu^g«  cur<iscL.  il.  Iti'f.     9  toIs.    Iivijnis,  ISII. 

0.  Sclisdc:  Satlnm  n.  rnH[iiillo  a.  il.  Rrr-Zi-lt.  Ilnnnor.  |ASfl~4 
(3  voIk),  JoJuinnnMi :  IMc  KntH-kkl.  tl.  prW.  Gcistftt  r.  Simimlann 
il.  wlubtifitton  Dokiimenio  t.  ^\'<w1I))l.  Kdict  b.  x.  8p.  Prot.  Cop«<ii- 
IuiiE«ii,  I8S0.  II.  vAu  d.  llbrdt :  UistoriK  Litcmria  KcformatioiiU. 
FtHDf.  mill  I^ijni^,  ITli. 

Work)  o/i/n  Rr/ormen:  Lnifacr**  Work* ;  WittecbiTg  «(),  tbe  Oct- 
nuiti,  1539-1559,  IS  foh.,  M.;  tbe  Lntb,  1515-1558,  T  vol*.,  bl.i 
J<TiMC(U,  tile  G«nniui,S  vol*.,  fol-tibo  T^n,  4  toI«i^  fol.,  1665-1558 
(&nin  tlis  nutoj^pbt,  c^cvpt  ibe  TirK  pun  of  llio  GcmiAn  work*) ; 
Alk>nbiirgci].,iha  GqrnMiiw«rrfc*a]oii«klOTolR..  ICfll-lda^.  Siip- 
plifuivnt.  to),  to  alL  Ui«  <!«rli«r  edd.,  b;-  Zi-iiil<.<r,  llalks  Mfit. 
Ulpxig  Bd.,  '->!  TolfL,  fol..  I TS-J-1 710.  1I>1K-  od.,  bf  J.  G.  Wolcb 
(Uw  mot  pompli-i*),  31  Tlilu..  1 1*0-1  ISO.  In  Uie  Inrt  two  of 
tht'^i'  (mU.,  I.Ktln  Tort*  only  in  n  Gcrmnn  inuial.  Erlnn^en  cd, 
by  Plodimnnn  u.  IrraiKhcr,  OT  toIs..  183^1837.  Die  rclbniu- 
uiritchen  Schriften  Luther*  in  cbronoL  FVitgCt  odIMd  by  K.  '/mo,- 
lunrmaiin.  1  volf.  Uumttitdt,  ISlfl-SO.  VoltMUndl^  AuHWidll  Xjo- 
liur'i  Hauptac'lirirti-s,  by  OlUi  von  GufImIi.  1840-1SI8.  H  Tolfc 
(FRbrlolui,  Ceniifolium  Littlu  «.  notllU  Ifu^nria  Mriplorum,  de 
l.uthfcro  cdiUniu,  Haui)i<ir]i>  1T8S.)  I.aiber'*  Itrlirfn,  8tTml- 
filin^ibin  ti.  nrdonkon,  odltod  by  Da  Wette,  6  tol*.  1835-58. 
Lii[bi-r'i  Ilriuf*«vb«vt,  ■  Ripplcm.  *ol^  bj*  Ilurkbanlt  (1S0€). 

Ujln^tthoii'a  Works:  Bm«|.  IS41.  0  volt,  PoL  C.  I^cur^  «!., 
Wiltnatn-rx.  15ti2,  4  rol*.,  fol.;  Brcticlincidvr'i  od.  (in  tbc  Corpua 
Itofuniiaiorum),  IH31-IB40,  38  vult;,4Ui. 

flMivii'dl  W'irtt.  StMniKNnitiir  (d.  KOi)  :  Coninicntnriii>  IlUtoriciu 
ct  ApoIiiso<'<^""  <l"  t.iitlMraainno,  '.ibb.  iii.  ud.  S.  Lcipzix.  I6B1. 
SockcndorTvM  bom  in  1  OSk,  and  dl<^l  ICQI  II4  wm  nlarjilrd 
■I  Btrwbwy.  Uih1«t  ibe  Uuke  ul'  Goilm.  Duku  Maurice  oT  iMt«, 
•■d  tW  Klrotor  Frcdvrtc  III.  of  Rnn<l««biir^,  l)e  held  rMpoiulbl* 
•SioM,    [1«  w>»  a  wiaU-iMnn  i>f  tbarou:;li  vducMioa  aad  q(  tutcm 


A74 


iUTBXPtX. 


f>lM7  IftlasrUjr.    lib  IIuhKjr.  vUdi  «m 
of  1^  J««ult  kl-ilml-ourg,  wa*  lb— Jwl  on 

(liii-iMij.   s'Di.  iirUc.  i;3»-i;u. 

fluck  :  UkIl  >L.  U»M«bun-^,  d.  V«ntul*tRta;ia.  n.  d.  BUoBg  mmi 
(vot.  LafaitwgrUr*  U  x.  •!.  CoBcntdiurainDel.  C  rob.  1  eiL  Lcip- 
xls.l-9l-180a  W«UiiiiUin:GMb.(LB«Cial>eaUcU»Bd.  S  Tk 
AlioM.  1  HOI -1  SOS. 

flpiaker  i  tikek  Ik.  H.  Lubcre  o.  <kr  daidi  ikn  bcwirkttn  Kireb- 

aaraf.  In  DntaeliL  1  ml  (lo  ISSl).  Dertin,  1818; 
i  UAXiiXtsiKliK :  (Urli-  d.  tlcuUcb.  lUf.  4  Tli.  BotUd,  iei«-S4  (ft 
■acond  wl.  of  Paru  I  aaJ  3,  lUl).  Hi*  U  «iU  oaa  of  Um  beM 
vf  the  kUioriM  of  tbe  GemiKB  BefontutioB.  Cfa.  VilUn :  Knoi 
■nr  l'Ki|>rIl  «t  1*Jiifliietic«  de  la  lUt.  de  LotW.  Pari«.  lt>«4  : 
tnnilau-il  ialo  Gofiiufi,  9d«>L,  >8»,  and  bto  En^liih,  riuU  1883. 

K.  A.  AI«nMl :  Nracrv  GkU.  d.  DcutMben  r.  d.  RtC  bt  s.  Boitde^ 
acta.  Btwlu,  1820-89.  TntwUiud  inio  tlnglu^  3  vob.  Hvo 
LaB<Iol^  l«4t. 

KohtnUHob:  GoMliiehtolhniUcUud*.    EngltnntL    Sto.    1U8. 

L.  IUmkk  :  UciilsrlM  Gteh,  im  ZciUlter  d.  RcformMicm.  7  tdIiu, 
4tli  i->).,  IttO*.    ThintlaWd  la  pan,  bj  Swab  AiwUu.    3  toI*.  8tol 

K.  Uj^os  :  Ucum-hliuid'i  Uu-nr.  u.  rolij.  Vcrbaltauw!  im  Red  Zci^ 
aiWT.  8  ruin.  Rrlugea,  18(1-14.  D.F.Sutuih:  UUIeb  vodHiU- 
um.  Jhl  od.,  18T1.  Ward:  Houm  of  Austria  in  tbe  Thtrtj  Y«an' 
IVar.  Ijondou,  1869.  Ttviil-Ii  :  Guttavui  A'loljibiu  in  GtmutJ, 
Olid  otber  l.cclam  on  tlii<  TLirtj'  V«ara'  AVar.  Id  od.,  ISrs. 
Drajnuii:   Ll'Iu'u  iou  GuiUv.  Ailulf.     18G8. 

rjivj  ttf  lit  Gtrvuin  Rf/onwrt.  KI<'li.'luor  AdamtiF  ;  Vitai  Onnaan- 
jruiQ  Tlivologuruui,  vtv.  H«i>lv!bi>r'^,  IGJO.  Ulenbcr^  (a  EVoU«> 
taiil,  tbtiD  n  rAlkalir,  d.  1617):  \Um  hnoroiklaTcbanim  LnUwri, 
M«la]icll)<:'0)»,  Sfnjoris,  Illj-rici,  UHandri.  Culun_l&8a.  Lives  of 
LuUior:  hj  Mki.axctiiox;  Iiy  Mntboriiu(««eaboir(>);bj  Wnlthur, 
J<<iL%,  17»1-S4,  STb.;  by  Koll,  Uipdib  ITSS,  4'ni.;  by  Ukert, 
GuUiA,  IHK.  uTIi.i  by  JaUI,  IKiO;  \,y  JunoKxe  [tip  lo  IDir] 
Ijuljisu]!,  I84U  >■!<{.,  S  win.;  hy  Gclxcr,  witb  Konix*>  iUiHtriLlioni, 
ilawburg,  184i-^l  (tratitUlod,  I>oiidoa  anil  No*  York,  lUT} :  hj 
8<iinj(,  StuUcnrt,  183£~8;  lijr  Ititxar,  SUiUgarl,  1830:  by  Gvalbc^ 
Itallu,  l()tl-43;  by  Wlldmbalo,  Lojpdg,  l&£i>-S.  4  tb. ;  by  L*d- 
tlwkoM],  t>|irir,  lM3d;  by  MxiTSKU,  Drudoii,  Sdcil.,  ISTOi  by  Dot 
I1q|[w  (ftuiu  ibo  KirvfattalaxiMm),  triutslated.  Lontloii.  1831;  b) 
Auilin,  Parl«,8ruJiStnuiiJMud,  lliiL,  1841  t  adorvbouwuf  lalmn 


A  tIST  OF  WORM  OX  THE  REFOBMATION. 


575 


nici;  by  AlrctiKtrr,  tmuilatnl  frain  tlm  Fronnhi  in  UiLa'*  U- 
brar}-;  IIahk.  VindiculiuQ  o(  Lutlivr  ni^iiisl  iiis  Knf^iidi  ataftil- 
4nbi.  IdA4.  lU*  b  ■  Iiq>1y  to  Sir  Win.  ilnmlltoo  (l)!ir»«lou 
in  lli'ilotojiby  uiiO  l>ituratiiTV) ;  alM>,  to  Haltiuii,  lo  J.  II.  Nuw> 
IRAK,  anil  \V.  (r.  W.'LTtt.  Tho  i:liar)j^  of  **  ttationAliwn  "  iui4  ollurr 
iuiputatioru  nj^iiisl  Lullicr  ant  fully  coimiiiervcl,  uiJ  rariuiu  nii*- 
taliM  ol  IlainilloD  arc  »i>Oc«d.  Urtv  cd"  I.uiUt  Id  Englldi  i 
by  Riddle  (Loadou.  1837);  by  J.  Si'vtt  (Nuw  Viirk.  l»S3)i  by 
H.  Wonl«T,  Undon.  18S6-7;  by  llarnas  Svare,  ISAO.  Sra.  F. 
(i.  Hofiokii,  Kntluuin*  von  Uora,  Ldpnix.  184&.  Svo. 
IJtu*  of  M«lancthoti :  by  Camentriua  (hmi  above)  ;  Ala  IViBMptar 
GcnnMiiiE,  hj  A.  II.  Nicmi^yiir,  lUlk,  ISI7;  br  Kaciii*,  IH33] 
by  Gallk,  Clianiklori^tlk  MtlancllHiiia.  frl  inI.,  Hullc  11)45:  by 
MaUba^  1841 ;  l^lx^n  n.  Wirknn  I'liil.  Mdl.,  Altcob~  -id  eA.  IMC ; 
by  LeddL-rhomt  (Itiuis1uU.»1  by  G,  F.  Krulvl,  Ne«  York,  1851);  by 
CoJi, [lOndon,  IHIli, Itonlon,  \fi'iU.  \jcbf.n  a.  aoxpiwilblte  Sduiftvn 
d.  VUer  u.  Bdip^dvr  d.  tuUi.  Kirvbe,  1861  W)(|. :  Hftlaaotboa,  bj 
C  ScJunidt ;  Draox,  by  J.  lUrunono ;  Urbaaiu  Ithoglui,  by  G. 
UbLhoTD ;  Jnituii  Joaa«,  by  Oudjcer;  P.  S[wrAliiih  L.  Spcngler,  Ni 
T.  Amadorf,  Paul  Eb«T,  U.  Cliemulu,  D.  aajimm,  by  Pnet^ 

TUK    IIUTOBY    OF   TUK    SwiM  (ZmsOUAM    AXP  CALVUtlSTIC) 
RKyuMMATION. 

CWoHporai)  fMtree*.  D.  WoU*  (d.  1A3I)  :  Kun»  Bw^rdbung  <1. 
ObubcDtllndiNuiiic  im  ScbwcUeriande  (in  fiiMtin'*  BciMIgo,  iv.  SS). 
V.  Ansbttltu  :  Bamcr  Chranlk  bb  latfi  (Berno,  ISSS-18).  H.  Bui^ 
LnctiKii  (d.  lA'i)  :  BofoniiAlicnvKOPcliicbtc  (to  liSl).  Kraucniblil, 
l83$-40.  BulliDKn-  ira<  bum  In  1601,  luoconlvid  ZviaKle  al  Zimeb 
ta  IfiSI,  nnd  died  Id  Xi'i.  Ho  waa  an*  of  Ow  iuo»c  dlitlogniiJieil 
of  (ho  Itufamicn  <ir  lii*  wp:.  nod  aa  entirely  tniitwonhy  wrjler.  J. 
SoUt  (Calliullc),  ValunUn  TM-liiidl  (CatboUv),  Egiititu  Titibiuli 
(CftUtollc)  :  BUthoni  or  irorki  oilant  in  manDKrlpU :  Sw  <il<«ol<^, 
IT.  L  I.  Flioxi'BNT:  L«9  AcU.'*  i-lT  lui  Utntv*  du  la  Citi  do 
Oookve.  Oouftvo,  1 SU.  (lvo>  PruiiMnont  «aa  a  Frendtman,  an  n*. 
KOcUlc  of  Fanl,  aud  one  of  the  lint  to  pwach  PMlMtaiilifaa  is 
Geneva.  Later  In  UAi,  k«  vm  dofioMd  ftom  ibe  nlnlnry  sxid  beld 
tho  oiffice  ol  Notary,  lit*  Clirooicle  C0T<n  tLo  perioii  rront  1 031 
to  153B.  and  U  a  irwtirorthy  aamillvv. 

Ongixal  Doevmtntt.  Worki  of  the  Rdbnncn :  My;  bdow.  Miaeel- 
kn«tt  Tl^tuvlna.  3  Tb.  Zaricb.  Ut«-!<.  J.C.Piiwlia:  Boilrigex. 
KrlttnL  d.  Kirchi-i)-Ke(onn.4iiunFjccwIi-  il.  ScbwcizcrUndca.  Znricb, 
IT41-SS.  EjuwI.  RpUlotv  ab.  Em'I.  Ilplvet.  ItHbnniloribtu  vel 
ad  «M  anripiar.    Ti^tm,  I74'i.    J.  J.  Siialur;  Saatmlong  tdtsr  ik 


A   LISr  Of  WORKS  ON  THE  RKKOBUATION. 


1,71 


PMlliii  an<l  Mjncoiilun,  by  llagfiibacli ;  Calvin,  iiy  StahGUn  :  CiplU 
ud  Bwcr,  bf  Uniin;  BtilltDjtv,  llnllcr,  tuiil  Lm  JuiM,  bjr  {'tt«ia> 
ImiI;  Caplto  ud  Bau,  bf  IIojipv;  IVur  UMtjr.  Ij^  SeliMiill, 
US) !  OhrTaniut  nail  UndftUM,  by  Sudboll,  IMa ;  Fnral  niiiJ  Vint, 
hy  C    Scliniiill;    V'uiinn  and  DUurcr,  bj  llruMd;    Kbox.  b/ 

tiM«  <^  CaU-in,  by  fixxA.  trMulal*d  1))'  GUhimi,  DilU..  IMO;  by 
WutenMui.  I^onilon.  1813;  bj-  T.  Suiftb.  Pliil ,  183A ;  by  IlrKR, 
LandoB.  mo,  Svo;  by  Audin,  5th  inL.  Paria,  1831 ;  itjr  Ihnry,  3 
volt,  llninfauri',  I$SS"lfti4,  tnnnloted  into  En^liili  bjr  SUtbbtag, 
1644;  by  SUtiioUn,  18G3;  bj  Oai>s«i»lr.  3d  dU  ISnio,  18G3;  bjr 
GuisM  (St.  Ixiulu  and  Colrln)  ;  by  KAiir*ciiULTX  (lU>diiiui  C»U>- 
oGe),  vol  i,  1BC9. 

TiiK  Reporuatios  n  DnrajuiK,  Norvat,  axi*  Swkdkh. 

A  IlecrNi  u.  01i«rt'B  StaatengurbLclito :  Utncmari:,  by  Dahlaiian 
llanld  ttunrclihDUniMho  nironik.  Cuponkaucn,  liMl.  J.  Bum: 
hvmiiirium  Eccl.  Sm-co-GoUicir.  Limiifh,  lOti.  tCo.  Celdua; 
Gsoli.  Giiatav.  I.,  fromlli*SwDdltdi.  Co]witbngini  uid  l^ilixL|{,  1754. 
I'uxtupiidam:  Annalo*  Ktvlciiaa  IhuticK.  Coponhagqn,  LT'll. 
AW.  1t«furniaiioiubl*loria  d.  lUfn.  KJrvho,  1 7U4.  Miinier :  Kireli- 
engMb.  T.  iMn.  «.  Nopw,  IBSS-43.  Alio,  Duinks  KclbrmndaB*- 
Urtorfe.  Copcnh^wi. IBM-  Soklnmolrr:  I^ibmabcMhrnUi. d. divl 
•cbvwt  R«£)nnatoroii.  L&b,tTS3.  Trail:  SkiifterocUBudltagar 
till  iipll*nlag  I.  Sr«Mka  Kyrko  och  Rolwmtloi)*-ni«tivU.  UpaaU, 
ITUO.  Tliyseliti* ;  IIsndliagBT  tiH  Stotk**  lt«Cnnnalioin*  nch 
Kyrkubivioriit  undur  KuDuot;  Gii«taF  I.  (lS33-Gt).  StoeUtolm, 
Itt41'4a.  By  tlici  MniAMitbor ;  KinfulimttK  d.  RoL  in  Schircdnsbis 
IS2T  (in  ZtiUnUr,  f.  hUt.  Tbecl.  1810).  Riinicr:  Du  GiislaTo  I. 
rcr.  MCr.  in  Sw^lil  lni<tAnraU>rr-  Ultrnj.  I)MO.  A.  Tlicincr :  Vor> 
(ocluj  d.  hcillif.  Stulilt  in  d.  iutxii-o  tirci  Jalirb.,  iIl-h  Nnden  viadBr 
ait  i\.  Kircli«xu  verwiooD.  Augoliur^,  IHM.  Mlintor:  Synbotviul 
IQiutruid.  BogonhofUin  DkniaCiMnmorMtioneiK.  Ilnm.,  ttUG.  By 
di«  unra :  He  Confulatiena  bdns  ^n  Apuloglw  ETangdicor.  in 
ComtUl*  nnvrintniiib.  nnna  lASO,  tradlM  oppOMto  CM.  Ukvn., 
184T.  la  llcl'ij;:  Dnntko  KiHtMhlM«rla  AfUtr  IWbroiailiMHB. 
Copanbag.,  1S91.  Dunlinai:  llitt  of  Dnnniuk,  Sircdon,  aad  Nm* 
m  wiiy   (in  I.ardncrt  Call.   Cjcl.,  1810).  J.  Finfii>i> :   Hi»t.  Kcflc* 

I  klnndin,  I'Ti-S.     4  vol>.     Ma.     <t   I»  ttadsn :  UiM.nrUriunMJc 

■  a  Tolc     Copcnbaaes,    IStV-SI.      finurii  :    ]li<tiH-y  of  Swr-lro, 

I  IfMldMAil   bjr   T«nu,-r.     Hto      1845.     Andi-ii   'IVyxull:    Mink  ol 

B         Bwedan,  translatn)  nod  (iIIUmI  by  Mary  Uowltv.    London,  1844. 


E19 


APPENRIX. 


TllB   RxrORUATtOM   tX    DOIIKUIA    Aim  UoltAVU. 

A.  (tin'lrly:  Btthnten  n.  llUkran  in  ZwialL  d.  B*4>rnwaaa  (StoU.}1 
pTBgui.-,  1837.     QtA.  d.  bilhwlKhM   BrwUr.    Pn^na  (3  *oU.)J 
lUT  nq.    UkuWKXKA  :  Gicb.  tL  vnuijpd-  Ktrrlw  in  BifluMn. 
vols.     Bto.    Loii>x]<;,  Itwa-iO.     PxscnKCK :   Gtdi.  il. 
&nuiU  in  Uolimcn  (S  voU),  3d  eiL     I^ipaig,  I6M.     The 
oMtloa  uid  Anll-Rabraualixi  in  Bobeiuls.    S  Tot»>    Iiondoa,  1MB 
lilimlt :  Die  alM  n.  Moe  Lehre  d.  IriiliBi.  E(rad«T.    LkkDUig.  I JH 
K.  A.  UUller:    PUnf  Biii-liur  tdu  tkifaniaoh.  Kritge.  DmJc 
lUO.    Tooiek:  Grarbichti:  Bobneiu.    pAtJioxr:  B<iliiiii<M 
■d^Lie.    VoU.  1-A.    1HU-4T.    Svo.    Kikmxykr  :  CoVdcUo  Con- 
ftwloBum,  pp.  77l-«ai. 

TlIB  UBFOXUATION  IK  POLAXD. 

Rxait.'iivnuoivs:  Sftt.  lu«t.  Chraii.  Kocl.  Staronicaivin. 
IG&a.  Jlo.  Lubi«nloint :  HiitL  Rot  Poloa.  FraiiL  IfSS.  SeUcb' 
Mle  d.  pol.  Dilddeiiilum  (3  *ol9.},  1768  tcq.  tlkUjc:  Ilutorl*  d 
Ai^pb.  CooSemaoa,  li.  Alft.  FtIiik:  Kirohngeichii^liie  d.  Kuni^ 
nlcha Polim (9 Th.).  Bradait,  1786.  8vo.  KHAiunEi:  lliatur,v<^ 
tho  Rcformatiun  in  Fokod  (8  \olt.),  8to.  London,  IMD;  btr  Um 
mmo :  Sketoli  of  tho  ltall-;louii  HUUHy  of  tlio  SUtoilIc  XaUoBt. 
EdJibWiSb,  18A1.  I>anUam:  lUtlory  of  PoUnd  <tD  Ludncs-'a 
<kb.  CfcL).  181 1.  N.  A.  do  SaUuidjr :  llbt.  do  Pokignia  ftnui 
« toiu  J.  SoUutki.  StoIjl  8to.  Fui*.  ISia.  J.  FhtebeF!  Bl*- 
tarf  ot  rnlnnd,  London.  IS31.  J.  LdeTcI:  lUrialm  de  Pokgae. 
9  Tol*.  PiiriB.  1844.  Svo.  R.  ICoopoll :  Gm'Iu  von  Polon.  HaiB- 
btux,  1841.    FmU  Pobnici.  1034  Mq..  Brabtii.  IBM. 

Tiir.  ItKroKMATios  is  lIvKOAitv  AMD  Tbaxsylvaxia. 

Elbinun:  Itlvmank  Aug.  Cont.  in  IlDiigAHA.  I  voU.  Fradb,  im. 
J.Bivius:  Hifi.  Dipl.da  SuuiRclig.Qvug.in  Ilnnx.  I'lO.  FoL 
Sattg :  Gicb.  A.  Aa-t«b.  CupC,  iL  803.  [P.  EhBxk]  :  Uiri.  IvocL  Refl 
Id  Hung,  ct  Trnosj-L  KD  Lampx,  TnJ.  1798.  *tA  Titetaf :  S»en 
ConcU.  Eoc'l.  R«miiiici-C«tluiL  la  Refno  Hang.  <.S!l«braU,  Mxn. 
q«qiiiBftd.  a-MiKUXXXIv.  S  toIa  PoL  Vicnnn,  17J9.  Kriiiiul: 
MonumrTiiiiIi^vaiii^l.  Atig.Confurionii  in  HuB|puiabiaU)rii<ii,  8*0^ 
Pcstli.  litni.  McmoraK  Antcnit.  ConrMwlonl*  la  Regno  lltw^ 
lie  Fpniinnn'io  I.  hkjub  ml  Carolum  VL  S  rwU  tTB*-9,  Sto 
Kuno  UkIi.  (L  rrting.  IntliCT.  Ki^^tll>  in  Un)(ftra  rani  AvUtkjst  d 
BeE.U«L«apoldIL  GbltiDii«n,17a4.  Sra.  Picvrlobtieil^n  Kcbkk 
««l«  d.  mnuiit.  Kirrlie  Aii;-tb.  Hckmnt.  in  UagArn  von  J.  it-31  tai 
tees.    Irfiprig,  1B8A.    ItiBt.  Fa-cI.  F-vnng.  Aug.  CuitEcMoni  addto 


A  U8T  or  WORKS  OH   THt   KEFOnMATION. 


679 


taram  la  llaD*.,  ecc.  Halbentadt.  1830.  Mallath  ;  OkK  1  Ma(^ 
JM«n.  Avoli.  8to.  UlO-nO;  3d  od.,  IHSS-U.  I~  SuUjr :  Ilub 
llungw  (U  1491)).  5  voU>  Sto.  G«ch.  d.  crmif;.  Kinhc  In 
IJii^nrn,  mit  RUckucht  Aof  SlttbcobUfgoB,  tkrlin,  l&at.  lUfCorjr  ol 
ProuauuilUm  in  Hunguj,  wllh  IVvfaw  bjr  Dr.  M.  d'Aabignev 
I^ndon,  18&4.  M.  Hnrvath;  (inc-h.  Ungkrnn.  Irolft.  Svo>  PmUi, 
1894.  J.  FAgBt :  HuDt,>uy  iLnd  Trannylvanin.  2  mU.  Sto.  LoO' 
«lon,  1839.  J.  A.  FcMlor:  Giclv.  d.  Un;:iini.  10  vols.  Sro. 
Lal|wlt;,  l815-»6.  De  Strj :  Qki.  Gia^rile  da  noagrta.  3  Tola, 
llmo.  rMU,  1178.  (i.  Uancr :  Ili jt.  Eedcn.  lVui«ytrui^  1«94. 
ISuo.  L  fienko :  Tmatylvukla,  P.  I.,  Tom.  U.  (ViadoK  1TT8. 
Sto),  p.  131  (lib.  ir.,  c.  13,  Do  Statu  EccltaluUeo). 


I 


Tub  RKFOkMATtox  ix  Fkaxok. 

ZltocuHMnli  irniJ  Ciinf<Tin;ii>niry  Wortt.  Brka  :  IlUt.  Reel.  d«*  figllBM 
fUt.  BU  Ru;'>uiu«  (le  Fnaoe  (to  iSfl^).  3  toU.  Antwerp,  I5B0. 
«vo. 

Semuiua  (or  De  iknet)  :  Commeiit.  do  Statu  ficlig.  ct  RaipubL  in 
Regno  OaUlB  (0  parts),  1570  k^j. 

P.  Uelcwia*  (Buwicaira  do  PBgaillon.  Itidiop  of  Mete):  IlItCoriaGiil- 
tle«  (10SI-C7).  Lugd.,  leU.  Fol.  TnOANUs:  Iltit.9uiT<nii|K>rii, 
elo.    (Seo  above.) 

Tiinoi*.  Aauin-A  n'AcmoMit :  HbtAire  UnlTcndlft  (1SM>-Ifl01). 
MmIU,  161ff-»).    3  vuU.  Ko). 

II«  WM  bora  la  isno,  niiil  dii>d  in  1880.  The  ton  o(  a  devoted 
Hnpienot,  be  fbuxkt  in  the  (w^  of  Orion*,  whr-n  h«  wm  only  iKIn 
teen  ytan  old.  Ho  «**  tbr  a  «Ule  >n  Intimnte  a«*ociBte  of  Hcniy 
IV.  After  wTiUoic  thii  work,  bo  rmldod  in  Gmen.  He  wm  a 
man  of  bigli-tonod  elioneU'T,  deeply  imbued  wiih  llio  religkiiu  Tecl- 
In^ii  pocuiinr  In  tli«  llu-jiuvnota. 

M<-inc>ir»d'A;-rippAd'Aubiip6.    I  rol.    Itmo.    Pvb.  1844. 

A.  U  IlKhMiNJARp;  CovTMpondanee  de*  RaSfonniuecra  doaii  1m 
Pitj-a  du  la  Laii^iH  Fno^awe.    \'o\».  1-3.    |(Mfi-«8-ii>, 

Bullnlln  >le  la  Smilf  td  poor  I'HbtoiK  <lii  IVot.  Fnn^«  (■inee  IMO 
It  inol'ide*  inanjr  tloeuiwinta  illoMmtiva  of  Il>l*  |i«rti>il.) 

Du  PUwi*  Mum.iy :  Mdmolrw  n  ConvtponA^DPit.    Pari*,  I8M-A. 

PKTtTor :  M^nuHnui  relatif*  i  I'lliiiaire  do  France  (Ut  fviifit,  1819- 
la.     as  vdL     8TO.     Xd  eeriM,  1830-19.     7a  ml*.     8ro.) 

AnionK  <lio  worka  embraced  in  Uu»  collection  are  itu>  Kfemoin  ol 
Bonlllun,  vicomto  dn  Tuirnno  (from  ISift-1584) ;  U«  wna  grandaoD 
of  tlie  Con^t.  MoDlmon-nei :  wna  mnvBRcd  to  CalvlnlHn,  ud  WM 
■nndhen-ntof  llunry  IV.    Gamon  (1660-86).    llMipe7(lM8-8>) 
be  WM  bora  In  lasC;  lie  w«>  at  St.  QmbUb  (lUT),  M  Dnu 


UTzmtx. 


(lM>)>wduU0M0ntoir;  tudbuvIjMnpedtlwBMMmof  8t 
Banluloaiew.  FUUppl  (IM9-M>.  JtebaOit  ()&SI-ft»).  Ssbti 
AuliM  (ISISmhi-)'  Ta*nau9  (IK0-9G):  be  ««*  born  la  IMft 
ttm^  Cur  tlio  Lta|;ac  >t  Irry ;  iben  Mrvml  Ul-iutt  IV.  Uo  UIm 
1M163>.  TIUcnl(U3'l-U).  DaBaUay:  L'£*totU(lM»-l«lC>. 
S«Uy:  UAMHfca.  CtoJ*.  Sro.  ^Mia^  IS97.  Snlljr.  tlw  Prima 
IfiBbter  ot  Hdiur^  IV^  wm  born  la  1U9,  mod  HeA  In  ICtt.  L> 
How  (lM9-'0) :  bg  wu  bom  in  lUI ;  took  (Mean*  in  lM7 ; 
Ibaglii  ai  Sc  Qoeiiiin,  JiiTDU,  luul  MoacoBioar;  mtvcJ  lUsarf  IT. 
wiOi diMiiwlba.  MimiUuc:  Im  vwlioni  aboat  iMt;  vaa  at  iIm 
l«uLe<irP)ivU()&S5);  took  IbwIosiM  (iSiO)  defeiufanl  Sianoa 
(in  %a&t,  undir  llirary  IL);  took  pciit  in  Uw  iiO|^  of  RoelMlk 
(I a?!).  UuwBa  duIihI  farliisvi)CQr>D(li-rui:lt]'.  CuU!lniui(lU9- 
70) :  lie  «3D  bora  about  tfiSO;  wm  m  Um  aleg*  of  Rourn  nixl  ai 
Ufwnx ;  «a«  etnployiHl  by  Ilctirv  II.,  Chnrlea  V/L,  noil  Ueorf  111. 
He  WM  •CTAnil  Unwa  ambanodor  m  KaslaniL  H«  accompaiiled 
Mary,  Qui-4-ii  of  Scotn,  la  Sooilaail,  and  bcfrica>l«d  lier  afiorwiuda. 
JounuU  de  lluori  lU.  (t5;4-89). 

Coltu'lion  do  Docuiiirnia  Iii4<ililf  »ia  Tflbtoin!  do  FnilM  [pdiUahad 
bjr  order  of  Lomit  Pliitiiipo].    Pari*,  1839  i«q. 

BUxiunl  dM  Lmwi  MJwtmM  du  IIl-iut  IV.  T  vol*.  4ta.  fin  iha 
ntiovc  oolloction.]     I'liris  1843-38. 

Buehoo :  ColWlion  Art  Chnuuquei  et  kUmain:*  tnr  l*HiMo«n  da 
FVancct,  fniMut  partlu  dc  ia  CoUocUon  da  PanUUon  Ukrafrv. 
IS24  wii. 

IIwhavd:  NouTelleCoUMt]ondMU<<iiiotnii|Knir«cTvIrk>'IIiaUin 
de  Fhknoo  depnia  U  XIII>  ndchs  jii»)'  b  In  ia  da  XVIII*.  » 
Seriaa.    3l  Tola.    PaHi,  l»3e  ant. 

Afchlna  Ciiri«'u»c4  >!e  riliat.  >ln  Franco  dcpnl*  Loola  XI.  jnaip'  k 
IxiuU  XVIII.     27  voU.    8vo.     EBd««»i<ritfa.    I>vw.  t8U-40. 

Brintoma ;  (Kiinr«i   ConipUtM.     7  lola.    Km.     Pnri*,  18YS. 

Dmniomu  wa« born  aboot  1S37,  and  dktl  !n  ICH.  Ilcwai  cfaan- 
U-rliUn  of  Cliarte*  IX.  and  tUsnxy  Itl.  Ho  1*  a  gOMtpIng  ohnMi- 
ioler :  Ijut  liif  warka  |wvai.<nc  a  *tvid  porinuture  ot  bb  tiaia.  Anton; 
lli«<ni  ai¥  tbo  "Vim  di.-4  lloiiunca  llluitnuv"  "  Dainaa  lUuRm  Fran- 
^lUMn  i-t  Itinui^tnis,"  vie. 

Uitterieal  Worlt,  GiMiural  IIlKU«ri«*  of  Fnuiou,  by  AnqnolU ;  by 
Sii'iiiondi ;  liy  Mk'iiki.kt;  liy  ]l*:xui  Uahti.y;  by  Cn>««.  S 
toId.    Lomlun,  182»-M.    'Jlie  Sliidunt'a  lIiMoi7  at  Kmnoh  Bra. 

fiuU>KK :  FnuuxMtcbc  Gf*cliii-bl«  Toniebinlii-h  im  IS.  n.  17.  JaJnk 
6  vol*.  Svo.  tSeS.  Kngl.  inn.*.  llUt.  of  CivU  Wara  and  kloB 
aidiy  In  Fnaco.    8vo.    London,  ISA!. 


A  LIST  or  wciiKs  OH  rm:  hfsotmatios. 


581 


W.  Haao  :  La  Fnnoo  Frot  ou  Via*  d«  PrM.  Frwifain.    10  lom 

i\o.    tfi4J-a*. 
O.  Wkbbb  :  <;<!b:1i'uiLiI.  D*nKilliuig  iL  Olvbbn.  In  VnliiihalM  i. 

Stut  In  tk-ivTu.  Frankrddi.     Ildiklb.,  18SG,  Sny. 
Von   Baumur :   Gxh.  Enrvpaa  mU  dam   F.tkdo  <l.  15.  Jabrfa.     (Sm 

Above) 
Cafw&guv :  UUl.  do  la  B^tbrmiv  <1«  t«  Ugu^  M  dn  UgM  d«  Heni^ 

IV.    Stommi.    I'iiri*.  1134-S.    «vi>. 
ElidBnaifClIiat.  ili!l-&liiiluNKiitee.    &Tola.  4to.    Delft,  l«9S-S 
livtTuun:    FmiikmU'li'*  Bctlj^lo*-  n.  BUrgcrlaipgc  im  14.  Jalnfa. 

DkFi!i.icb:  IlUt.  d.  IV>t4«tii.iU  il«  Fraaco.    4lb  «d.    IWl.    tiro. 

^Kngl.  [raiuL  by  LoUkll,  1851.  Soluax:  G«ck.  d.  Finiu**.  in 
FtsnknlDh.  3  vab.  IHAS.  Svo.  Vox  Foi-wn:  Gtcb.  d.  Trui:. 
Prot«*laDliniiu».  iroU.  18S8  voq.  Sva  W.  S-ItKovxixa;  Ui»- 
toryuf  thu  )Iii'^iion(il«4ulli«  I6ll>  Ccnliiry.  8  toIil  8to>.  IStV-SP. 
Smodkjr :  lliKeaj  of  tlio  Kvfartncd  Kcli);ii>a  ip  France.  S  vnli. 
Ilmik  Looiluo,  1933.  (Xvnr  York,  1834.)  [Mhs.  UAn«ii :]  IIU- 
iarj  of  t]i«  Tlu^wnotii.  9  nh.  1647.  Svo.  Cli.  Urioii:  LUto 
■fcraaoto^.  <Ie  riliitntra  ProMfl.  en  IVuica  jiuqa'  k  In  Rti«ocat>  do 
r£dll il*<  N»nlM.  STob.  ISmo.  ISOS.  AnqoM :  HiA. d.  Ambid- 
bUMlV>Ul.d«afUi(iniii!M<luFraiice(19;SiolC13).  8iw.  Pnri*, 
lUB.  Atiuoo  :  Toua  lu  SfiK>d«»  aadouaux  de*  %Um«  r^fonnft, 
ete.  La  HajWi  l'll>-  *  *ub-  ^to.  Quiik  :  SjaodteoD  id  U«I1U 
Klnmikta,  crtc  ld83.  3  vol*.  FoL  W.  Atntcraon;  Hist,  of 
Franeo  durin;;  the  Relf;n»  uf  Pnncia  IL  koA  Charlo*  DC  t  nita. 
London,  t;i)9.  LMrctcIlc:  IIi«L  da  Fnuiee  pendHil  1m  Gvcrrea 
de  BaU)[ia«u  4  toI*.  8ra.  182!.  Moklet:  ClviMnt  Muoi 
•od  oUicr  Kndlci.  tidt.  Sto.  1870.  Dv«  d'Avmalb:  Lhot 
of  tLa  Pri(ic«a  of  Condi.  Void.  1,  S.  8i-u.  LoikLmi,  1S>!. 
IL  WaiTK :  MsMiiora  ot  Sl  Burtiioloiuev,  pmcadoil  hy  a.  nafruiv« 
of  the  Kligioiif  wim.  London,  I88S.  Ktipfliil:  Le  CoOmiira  dc 
PolMy.  l2mo.  BnisMis  i>ad  Parit,  1807.  VlUamdai  Vled«  Cban- 
ooOor  d'  IlopiUkl  (in  Kluilus  d'Uialoira  Uodemo.  1  Vi^.  Bvo. 
1U4.)  Vcilutra :  Sltulo  d«  I^uln  XIV.  (OHuvros,  t.  xxU.)  Cape- 
figiw:  Troi«Sibclud«ri[U(.<luFnocc.  UlS-1648.  3  vol*.  lSi>9. 
StOL  CScnumr:  Gtnml  ItousMl.  tsty  8vo.  FuAax:  Dbl-de 
U  R^lbrnw  Fnn^MM.    3  lorn.    Pttria,  18ST-9.     V,  do  Cli«lecnbcn, 

LBiAde  U  Li^ov.  UcBri  TIT.  ct  IV.  3  nb.  19U.  Sro.  Aug,  Tli^oer 
IHm.  do  I'Abjiinitioa  il«   Ucnri  IV.     3  rob.      18^!.    Sro.    C 
BobmiJi :  La  Via  01  Iw  IVat^ux  da  Jaan  Sunn.  IBAS.   8to,    F 
W.Ebnling:Siebto  BtivkeriL  fnuiz.  Gaeh.  Bd.i.lHU.   AoqwotU: 
I/Ei^daUU|u&  3voU  Sro.  Parli.tSlS.  Davila:  StCTiadafli 


W9 


ArrsKDix. 


tiwawCivlIUlFruiak.CTola.taT.  Losdan,  1801.    EagLtnuL' 
lif  l?»iaewotib.    IvDb.    410.    London,  1  MI.    Daiu»a  (J.):  B»| 
figtoui  Ww»  In  Fnscc,  from  tbo  Acwulow  of  llcarj  IL  to 
^KCofV«rriM.    ISno.    Londoa,  INO.    SdiiUur  {.J.  C  F.  tm) 
OmIi.  (L  UnnilieB  fo  Fnnkreich  wuldie  <L  Kaglertaqt  BoBrich 
Ht'.  vonnsinsca-    Bto.   StaUgkJt,  1S44.    S.  Soott;  UTe  of  T.  A., 
d'Aatrign^:   an  Accouat  of  llie  CtvU  Wmiv  etc.    Sto. 
ITll.    Voluire:  F.w*l  tur  lai  Guntr*  CIvIIm  d»  Vmux.    9n.' 
IVU,  1785.     l^inlM  (i.)  :  TIm  Courl  aad  Rogn  tS  FnmOt  I.     S 
vob.    Itmo.    I'm.,  1047.    FrMT  (M.  W.) :  Cowt  wid  1!toM 
UcarflU.    SvoU.    ISno.    I^mlon,  IS&S.    BuMsqilem:  U4ia>| 
ibiUCourdeFnoM.    SvoU.iit].    ie«o.    (kiognt,  IU6,    Vreeri 
History  of  iho  lUlfB  of  nmtr  IV.    Svob.    l3no.    LoBdoa,  tiM- . 
C8.    G.  P.  U.  June* :  Lite  of  Bcujr  IV.    3  Tob.    8vo.    Londo 
IMT.    Ualiiibo«re:mat.d«UL[pMt.   4lo.    P»^lti7.    WciMi 
Hut.  dm  lUbig.  ^ol.  do  Fkvwe  [sftcr  ibe  Rareeatioa  of  ifao  Rd 
of  XuUv].    1  rob.    Fkili.  1U3.     Coqiwrel:    Lm  &gU*M 
IHivrt  rJiics  k*  Prot.  <k  Fnaee  [after  Loiu*  XIV.}.    Ivok. 
IfUt.    MurM :  nbL  de  JMiine  d'AIWc    PiriJj,  ISSl.    8b  Ji 
Sti'pli«n  :  ]^«lurc)  on  Uio  lliit.  of  FraiiM.    9d  od.    3  toIl    Svo. 
)S57.     Lavkl:  ItUt-of  lliH  R«<(.  in  FrsDM.   T  toIl  Sto.    ]>37i 
Laitkiimt:  Goom-n  do  lUligion.    iJi-alo:  LettrM  de  Uargac 
d'AngoiUCmc  (I  ^  1 ):  ftbw,  NoutvIIh  I.etm*  de  l>  IUIm  d*  Nat 
(1843).     StAHKLiN  :  Der  UtrboKriu  Kdoig  Heiorielu  il.  vvrrtmi 
Ato.     Dm*),  1603.     Wraxtdl  :   ^Icmoin  of  the  King*  of  llio  B«c*^ 
of  Volob.   8  vols.  Sto,   IB07 ;  lllil.  of  Pnoco  bvat  the  Ac 
of  H«itt7  III.  (o  the  Doaili  of  Uui>  XIV.    3d  «d.    1814.    Sto 
8v«i.    licuchlin:  <;0KliicUte  von  Tort  Roj^l.     S  Bd.    1819  teq. 
SaSdM  Roovb:  Ton  Royal,  &  vola.  3d  od.  Svo,   ten.    Le  SuaU 
^HrlliiAeniy  dwnnt  lu  Senal  de  VcnUc :  reistiani  do  anil-Nnitide 
0.  Ulchli'l  M  S.  CamllL     Trad,  rt  annoL  par  W.  Mnrtia.     I8a 
18T3. 

TkK    IlKFORMATinN    l!>   Tlllt  KK-MIRUI.ANTM. 

RAciiAno:  CorrcsiHiDiUiicB  de  OuIlliiDmo  le  T»cilurtiP,  Prince  d'Or. 
■ngc,  piililitf*  [wnir  h  (irrcnibrw  f<il*,  etc.  t  vols.  8vo.  I8I7-.581J 
Aim,  by  tbc  iuiup.  C»rn.f  [londancu  dc  Pliillppc  I1-,  mir  h*  Aflali 
dc»  I^ivB-Biu  [fniiK  tliu  AivlilfM  of  Slmiuicaa].  4  Tolb  4ta. 
ZClfi-SX 

GnoRN  VAK  Pnix^TCRRR  :  Anlilvcii  on  Comwponduoo  In^iLc  da 
laMaiion  d'O^Ul|^vN|u*a^   [1&£3-ia8t].   lOrol*.   Svo.   ISAi-^l 

l^u-inc:  S^wric  [15S4-KS8].    8  toa    8*0.    1SST-$I. 

GKAXVict[.K:Pflpicnd'Cui,irnprt«lci>Mnnii^criUdolABn)llodiftqpt 
doBoMDfon.  Ovolv.  ito.  1S41-G1.  Id  ilic  Collcctioo  dei  ]>m» 
bodU  JaUiU  tur  I'lliiloirc  dc  Fruicc.    rvl*.  183S  Mq. 


A   LIST  or  WORKS  OS  THK  KETOBJIATION. 


5tf3 


St!A\r-r:  U>».  iler  Itefonnatie  In  ea  oitttnnt  do  Neilerkaileit 
Ainirt.,  IRU3  xci|.  -IvdU.  4t<i.  Hngl.  traaal.,  I-ondon,  ITSO.  *tiAs 
(■roliua:  AnnnlMet  HiKUduItubuiiUvlltia^  15Sir-iaoi).  <i«T()i'9iiM i 
Hut.  Kl-C,  etc.  (Soe  nbove).  Ypny  on  Dcrraout :  GtauLiuiktilRMin 
dear  Kedttrliiud.  liLTVormdii  Kvrk.  Jtrvila,  1B1&-S7.  4  *ol*.  Sto. 
Vui  Uetcrrn  :  Hiirt.  d«r  Nodcrkndqa,  ia«[>-16l!.  TurOiur:  Die 
Ref.  OkIi.  Id  SolultluraiiBeD.  Sro.  A.  Koklor:  Diu  nkxterl.  rvC 
KirDhc.   Krlu^n,  l»6.    Svo.    0.  Deotlrogllo :  IX-lh  Uaerrik  <II 

I  Fluidra  [1560-1607].  Mikno,  ISOfl.  Ki^Ltmnsl.  4lo.  I^otton, 
1CT8.  Sthada  :  I)o  Hollo  Itvlgk-o.  3  vol i.  Pol.  1640-17.  EnsU 
tniisLI)/ Sup^lton:  Kol.  (^onilnn,  lOAO.  Scbillcr :  Abfoll  dur  Kiu- 
dcrlnndo.  Hvo.  Stalwart,  Ia44.  Ro^.  tnuifl.,  bjr  Uorbon.  S  trala. 
ISnio.  Looiilun,  ISSl.  Van  Knnipen:  Ui:«:hi«lito  dw  Nioduriiiuilt^ 
2t«U.  Svo.  1S31-3S.    Motley:  RImoI  die  Dulcli  Ittpublle.   t 

F'ToU    Svo.   New  YotIc,  1890.    tliMory  of  the  United  NrthorianJs. 

\4  Tol*.  »«).  New  Yurk,  ISfll.     HouivARTit:   Der  AWall  <lw 

'  Kiedvlande,  3  roll.  Svo.  IKde-'S.  Pximcott :  History  (i(  PliiUp 
n.  StoIs.  Svo.  lUa.  Tu.Ji;tiTit:  Iliil.  do  la  lUvut.  Um  Pajra- 
Bu.  Moi  Pli!l.  II.  (I^en-Tt).  li'uU.  8V0.  le&S;  Hist,  du  MU- 
Mv«nieiit  di'9  I'uyi  H«i  contn:  U  lUxninntuM  Cfpngnolc  (l.t>3-T<). 
1  voli.  Hvo.  1M3-03 ;  Le«  Pa/*  Ba*  nras  Chnrlua  Quint  —  Vi<9  do 
Marie  do  Hbaxrio  (laoa-AS).  Svoi.  ISAS.  Botnafo:  Annate*  doi 
rnivinco*-UnJs  (ITld).  H.  Loo:  Zirolf  ItiicW  d«T  Di«dorlaiid. 
(Jcacluuhi«.  3  Tolk.  1B9S-44.  Koch :  UntormeliQngcn  ubcr  dia 
JCiiipiirung  II.  dsD  Abfall  d.  Ni«derland«  von  Spanlen.  I  vol.  Svo. 

Tub  RitroiiHATioK  im  £.xai.Axi>. 

^heumenli  and  Cunltmporary  H-nirct*.  Wonm  OP  Tltn  Rkf-orm- 
RRS,  iiublisLed  bv  llio  ParkiT  Soviet/,  Cambrid)ce,  1841-64  (M 
foU.,  irlth  a  goMral  bdex),  compritfng  the  mri\ia--t  of  Ridit-/, 
SauiIvB,  I*ill(ia|^aa,  B.  Hutchinwin,  l^ilpot,  tiriixlal,  T.  Uocnn, 
Fidko,  Iloojwr,  Craumor,  Covonl^o.  Latimer,  Jvwol,  Bradfntd, 
Whitsill:  toatTlluir  with  tlio  Zuridi  I^ltrn  (Ut  and  ml  forlo), 
Original  Li-tteTs  (9  vol*.),  Tbo  Corrtqpondoni'v  of  Bl.  I'arki.'r,  ott.'. 

TiiK  Statk  (:Ai^.-xt)AKa,  now  b«jn^  published,  niider  Iho  direction 
of  Ibe  Miwti.'T  u(  the  Uulbi. 

Ityiiicr :  Ficdira,  CoDVUidoiMa,  Utonp,  «l«^,  inlor  Rogea  An);Un  et 
ii).  lU'Kvs,  PoniifioeN  He.'  8d  cd.    10  rala.    FuL    1730-IS. 

Kuthworlh:  ll>iiCork«l  CollcctloirB  (1418-lUS).  9  roll.  Fol.  Lofl< 
don.  1T31. 

Fox :  Aeu  and  Hatininenlaof  tbo  Cburah,  or  Rook  of  Manjri*,  1083; 
Fol.     IGS4.    StoIil     Fol.     I83T-4:.     g  xjIk.    Svo. 

SUb:  LL-ttereiUiuttratlroorEn^bihlliilorj-.  ItitietiM.  Srota.  tn. 
HiSdtarlea.    4  tail.    Sto.    UV.     3d  wrl«».    4  \«l«. 


APl'EXIMl. 

Wilkin*:  Concilia MagiuDUrilt»nlNotUJbcnii»(44a-ITI7).  4  nk'' 
I'liL  l73il->. 

£  Canlwt-U:  DocinncaUrjr  Ana&li  of  tbo  CburchorEngliud  (IS<6- 
.716).  3  vok  ero.  Uxlbnl.  ISU.  Uj  Ihc  tamo:  SynodoUii 
ia4T-i;i'  (ralathig  (o Uiu  (iruviaoe of  CaMU!rbur7).  Smb.  Eto 
Oxford,  1842.  D;  Uw  Mtnw:  llw  RvTOTniuk)!)  of  tfao  t^ws  u 
ftiuntjxod  in  ttw  ruifciu  of  Ueniy  VUI.,  EdwanI  VL,  aad  KlizA- 
ttvth.    Ni-«c(l.    Oxl«nl,  IH30. 

t'ortDulflrum  at  FaiUi  pat  lonii  nniler  the  reign  of  Uearf  VUL  0» 
liiril.  I8U.     Hto. 

UT.  MiLik«Ui  MonnmcnU  Hituaiia  £ccL  Anglicniuc.    S  Tola.    Sto. 

l«i(J-7. 

Uuliailivil :  Clironicio  of  EiigUinic,  Sratiandn,  ud  IrvUnd,  15<I.  t 
mb.    Fol.    1807-8.    G  vob.  tia. 

Gmtral  ftUtoriet.  Bjr  Baxkk:  £iigLGtiMklcbl«vonic)inUehlB)aleb- 
xentcn  Jftfarh.  S  *oli.  Svo.  LdpnK.  1S7IX  Bj  Cahtk  (U  ICU), 
IHT  aeq.1  bj-  KaKi(»t  (to  the  tiMli  of  WlUia  III.},  3  tab.,  toL 
ITlf  I  lij  M^iCAUi^y  (rram  the  soccMUoa  of  Jaate*  I.,  wtlli  a  kUt. 
Introduet.  &  vola.  8to>.  1B49  •!<].)  Uacauligr'a  Intivduckur 
chapter  indudM  n  brief  aeoonnt  of  tba  tin  muI  itlMnctw  of  Prot- 
Mbiuiam  in  Gmt  BriUtn.  I  lU  Itciioi  of  lUnke  antl  of  lluUun 
On  lUa  colleolMl  E)90}-()  ivbt«>  in  put  lo  tliu  BofonnMloa.  Bj- 
lllackinbnk  (to  tbn  14Ui  ynnr  oJ  I'.liznbotli'*  ntgll ;  roiitinBcd  t>/ 
W.  \\'itlkc>c,  Mill  then  by  U.  BvU);  10  rob.  IZino.  ISSft.  By 
nuin«.  lluaic'»  ncgli);cnce  in  oxiualiilng  and  tvpjntng  asihor- 
hiet,  hii  in-iccunuy.  lu>  pnrdnlily  for  tbu  Slunrt*,  and  lii*  frigitl 
tone  iriLli  n-^iird  lu  iiiicflioun  of  morab  and  Tvll^ion,  arc  sow  can- 
colod ;  ID  ttm,  nlfo.  tli«  irxcoilMicn  of  bin  i>(jli!,  and  hit  Mcacitf  a> 
nn  ccoDotnist.  By  Li.xOARO  (Kuinaii  Cailiutit).  Liiigard  u  a.a 
abb  and  iraLI-infcnned  writer,  Uii  with  ftning  Anti-IVolc«tiuii  prtj* 
udicuu  Bj  Ktdfi^l,  B  rols.,  Svo,  IMS ;  by  T.  Ku{[htley.  3  roti.,  Svo, 
]«3>:  by  J.UIllcr  (MlfiHil).^^)^].,  4IO,  London,  ISIS;  by  Tiu^ 
ncr  (to  tlio  ilralb  of  tUixnbrtb),  11  volt.,  Svo,  IMS;  by  FkOCDX 
(ln>ga  the  Pnll  uf  SVolKxy  to  ili»  defenl  of  the  SpAnldi  Anpwia),  IS 
Toll..  Hvo,  N'i-<r  Yiirii,  1KG&  trt].;  by  l\  I.  G.  Kaunirr:  I'olilical 
lliAlory  uf  Ii^ngUnd  ilurin;;  tlu-  ll^lb,  17lk,  and  IHih  oocUiii>I««,  ! 
vo^f.,  Avo,  Ijoii^lon,  tfilld  ;  by  OlJiiiixon :  lliitoryof  Kfi)['''i''''i*'i'B 
llic  Bl-isd  uf  Uio  SIiibMi.  t  vula..  fvl.,  T.<itu1uii,  1790;  by  VaughM ! 
Hihlory  of  En):l.ind  luiiW  iho  IIoumt  of  Smut  (IMS- 1(88),  tv^ 
Sto,  London,  1S40;  by  tin- snme  :  Mviiiuriiilnof  tbi-  Stttait  Dynaatf 
Svob.,  Sto^  London.  1851;  by  Clakiucoox  :  lUrt.  of  tfao  GfMt  R» 
bcllion(lC4l-tiO).  Svoliu,  fol,  OxCirtl,  1703-1.  By  F.  S-Tbomaa 
HiMorioal  Not«a  relative  to  Cliv  UiWury  uf  Engbad,  &vm  Oub  I 


I 


A   LISr  OP  WOBKS  OX  TUE  REPORllA'n ON.  58fi 

Kit  Iknrjr  V1U.  CO  iWduntli  at  Abm  (1M:K<1  114),  dwitiwil  tu 
:  of  iiifUuit  ri-l^n'iKv  Iv  ilulm.  StoI*.  8vo.  IHM,  CiiuiJl-iii 
Aaiuhi  KcTum  Anglic.  «t  lltbcfnk-.  ntcnanio  KIUaImmIiii  (u>  1589) 
teiftteq.  I7IT.  ami*.  Hto.  Oxranl.  I.ifk  ur  Ckii- lll-rcutx 
BOM,  by  bia  «iil>  (BoIm'i  Sutnd.  Lit..),  ix^*-  l'si-r» :  Uiary  and 
Comapi»dciice>  trol*.  tiro.  HM.  £v'itLirx:  l)iar)-(IKiDi  1041- 
ITOft-d).  vd.  Pontcr.  4  vob.  Sto.  IBCO.  Harris:  Uv«a  tl 
JoMM  L,  Oiu-Im  I.,  Craiowd^  CIiwIm  II.  a  lol*.  8to.  l«l-t. 
Godwin.  HiKtorr  of  tbe  CommomivaMi.  4  vols.  S*i>.  1831-38. 
R.  V»ugluii :  tlio  Frowctorjiu  of  Cn)lIIll■l^ll.  3  rob.  Sio.  1H.19. 
Buukle :  Ui»t.  of  CiTiUtation  in  Knglood,  bow  cd.  9  rol*.  Sio. 
1*61.  Strickland:  LlvM of  dioQuMiM of  EnglMuL  8  vol*.  Svix 
ISIiO-a-l ;  new  ed.  ISno,  18CS.  livt*  of  die  Qvmm  of  SeotUn<l, 
Vvob.    Svo.    l«30-»9. 

Haixam  :  ConaL  Uirtoty  of  Enjland.  )  voln.  8ro.  1807.  Tlu»  ii 
lli(<  aiMt  tuccweful  of  Uatlain's  liitUdiMl  nHlio;^.  It  ii  ikinni-^li 
and  inipaitLAl  la  iu  treatinvBt  of  nTll](ioiia  juniM  ud  |ionon*,  and 
•pwlalljr  lutniutiTu  uo  thi>  lvg»i  and  oHiititiltMMa]  i]iM»lioDS  In- 
rolrod  in  tbc  luiiWTjr  of  ibo  RcforalMion. 

Carltu::  Lifoand  Lvtteniof  CWaiffcII.  S  vula,  Sva  New  York. 
1H4A.  TU*  liu  oontrlbatsd  mar«  ihu  ftaj  olbtr  irwk  U>  nita  ibo 
repuutkn  of  Cromwril  ia  rcocat  tinu^  and  lo  viiidioate  bim  afMoat 
tbe  impiitAtioo  of  inunccrily. 

GuiaoT:  UixioiHi  du  ChArlci  I"  (ICtS-lOlD),  C*  AliliOB.  3  toIs. 
Sto.  iSie.  lIuL  do  la  lUpubliijni'  d'An-;li.-t«>n  b(  ds  Cromir«l] 
(IC4!>-10.&8).  3  vul>.  Sro.  ISM.  Ui>l.  <l>i  PnilMtarat  d«  R. 
Cromwiillrcda  R^ublisKmont  dc*  Stuart  (tOwH-Oo).  Svolt.  i>vd« 
1890.  Honk ;  CliMta  do  la  B^bliique  el  le  HilAiA'minaivM  do  U 
MoMtRliio  1:0  AiigkKnv  m  ICGOl  6*  id.  8vo.  iSQ2,  Uistoij 
of  Uio  EngtUb  UeraluUon  of  IGIO  (Imiil.  bj  Uulitl,  Ixmdon.  1840. 
I  vol.  9m,  lesc;  by  Cmaiti,  Osftird,  I83«)  ;  Uutory  ol  Crom- 
tri'U,  tko  ComuonirRaUh,  and  tkn  ltc*l«ralion.  4  rib.  4v&  Lon- 
don, l8S4-fl. 

Tliiterift »/ the  EogtM  Rffiirwuakm.  BuRxaT:  Tlia  IllHory  of  tho 
ItcfcrmaUcatofltwChiinihof  Easbad.  Lo»doD.lOTa  toq.  Ivoli. 
IB».    8vio. 

BuniM  b  Ml  bonui  writer,  wiiti  extraonliaary  luuaai  of  fcaowl 
edges  but  aomMJnx-*  iway^-d  by  pnijadice.  "  It  u  niUBl,"  Mya  Ma- 
cMlajr  (IUhi.  <>(  En^l-,  i.  I03>,  *■  to  eeuMro  Burnet  a»  a  aia^abriy 
inMcunta  hiatnriao,  but  I  bclio*«  the  cbiui*  to  b«  alUj^thw  njnrt. 
Bo  appMT*  to  bo  kiniinlariy  inawunto  only  boi-aaH  Ilia  Diuraliva 
bn«  1i*«n  wljjoctcd  to  a  Kvulioy  tln^Iarly  >cvirr«  and  uniHewH)'. 

lirarra:  Kccl«MBHJcal  Memorial*  rvlalini;  diiwily  tu  Uuligian  an. 


fi86 


API'HtOLt. 


Ibo  Bcforoiivlioo  of  it.  and  itic  ErBergMU-ici  cf  Uie  Chtilili  uf  T.af 
land  uiutur  Kin:;  iliiiir]r  VII I^ Klii^  (jlnjinj  VL,iidi]  (jii<-id  Mnii. 
S  ToU.  Lomlon.  Vd  «il.  UU-III.  Brief  Anonb  at  ilia  Cbiirrh 
rnitl  Suite,  uii(l«T  ilut  Itirt^n  ol  (|uoua  ElixntMilh.  Loailgo,  3d  fil 
ITSS.  Fol.     'r)ii:Coiu|^-U]WoriuarStr}'p«.     S7  tola      Bra.     <>x- 

8trjp«  I*  Uin  autliorily  inuat  (r*«|ueatl}-  cQoinltnl  ami  quoUsl  in 
works  ui>  thu  EDt;li»ti  R«[<irTiialloii.  [I«  fi  a  vwM'loua  wTil«r:  bli 
own  vlaUtmrntii  nrc  iiutrueiivo  and  nlnablc  and  tbv  doctunpnti 
«liicli  III-  ]>ulillidi««  are  tiill  inan.'  m.  OccaalonaJ  [iwMniraciBa  in 
topyiag  ciuUl>n^  aruing  froid  a  *raniaf  can-do  iMt  aMcailaUj 
detract  from  liit  merik  On  Ui«Mla>eeuraui(i>,point«daai  bjrMait- 
laad,  K«  tho  London  AtbonRunw  18(8,  t.  404. 
).  CnLLiKK  (n  non-juriii'^  liUbup)  :  Kircloiisitical  IIt«U)r)r  of  Grcitt 
|{f{Min,lotJi«DeALliof  Cliarleall.  3  vob.  Ful.  London.  1708-14. 
•  Toliu  Svol  1S4G.  IXxld  (Konan  Cattolic), in  liU  Cbunzh  !!!*■ 
tarj  of  Kngland  (I540-1II88).  8  voU.  Pol.  1731  aeq. :  mtw  ed.. 
ISS9  acq.  Dodd'a  work  wm  dcii^od  aa  an  antiitotu  to  BtirtMl. 
IL  Soamra :  History  of  tbo  RcfomattoD  of  ihu  Cliurcb  of  Ku^* 
land.  4  vol),  ftvo.  IH3G-3T;  liylltvMine:  Elbabvtliiiii  Cliiircli 
iliMor}',  l.oodoa,  IS4B,  8vo.  by  J.  V.  Short :  SkeU'lt  of  lbi>  Hi*, 
lory  of  Chiircb  of  England  lu  tlic  R«vuIiition  of  IQ^tl.  1  rnU 
«T0.  1833 :  8tli  nL,  1870.  Hy  F.  C.  MAiwi.vorKKp :  Hlxory  of 
tbo  EngUdi  Bcfomulion.  4Ui  ed.,  isa7,  8vo.  J.  U.  Ulvst  :  UU- 
lory  of  111*  Boftimiatloi)  to  tlio  dmtli  of  Wulwy  (1  j]4-li}.  tiro. 
London.  IBTl.  I.  J.Utunt :  Skctchof  tlio  ItuCirmation  in  Eri::1iiii.l. 
fethtd.  Il^ea.  J.  A-Baxlor:  Clum-li  IHrtoryof  Ebi^diI.  i-1  i-J. 
Lonrlon,  IMS.  Svo.  By  IVtor  Ueylio:  Iliilar^-oTtliv  Ibformaliun 
of  llie  Cbimjbof  England.  I'ul.  IGiIIM(|.  Carwilhon:  Uiitoi]ro( 
the  Ckorch  of  En^laii<l.  2  vol>.  Id  r<l.  Oxftinl,  t»40.  SVD.  Nbal: 
UlilOcyofthoPurilno  ironi  tint  l{<rronui>tian  U>  tbo  dealhof  Qoorn 
KIlMbctli,  I '3«  ic(].  4i-ol*.  eiTo;  Tonlmln'toil.,  IT9S»ci|.,  finili., 
8vo ;  CLoulue'i  Aiu.  eJ..  8  rols.,  Bro,  New  Vork.  leu.  J.  B. 
&[arRil«n :  ]|i«lory  of  Rarlior  and  Laiar  Piirltnnn.  3  rola.  8ro. 
lyiodon,  isai.  S.  llopkin*:  "Vbo  Puriiuu.  9  vol*.  Bo*ton.  I»:>9- 
60.  S.  K.  Alxlllani) ;  F.«m)-(  on  Sobjeota  conneol«d  with  Uic  Briibli 
ItdbrmnlioH.  1849.  Svo.  Fuller ;  Chiircb  lliMory  oTBriuiii  frov 
tliuTijiLL-oi'Cl>rUttoli;4>l.  Fol.  IGSS,  C  vols.  Svo.  I»ndon.t84S. 
LMfalmry  :  lllalory  of  ihn  h'nnjiirori.  Hni.  l*iis.  T.  Utlblviry  : 
HiMoty  of  En^lisli  Ejiifcopncr,  from  iJic  I>oiir  I'arliantcnt  la  (k« 
Act  of  Uoiforniity.  I*vn.  l<nn(Ioii,  IA3fi.  Brennun  :  Eovledaiiii^i 
Qbtory  of  Irotnnd  lii  182».  !  v»k  8vo.  Dublin.  I8iit,  U. 
Uamt  :  lllnlory  of  iha  Cbnrcli  of  In-laod  from  llw  &i!fa:iiinti'<o  la 


I 
I 


A  UST  OF  VOBES  OH  TUK  KEKOKUATION.  5t)7 

(be  lt«voluiIt>n.  !  voIil  8to.  London,  IRtl.  ICmb:  llUtur^  of 
Protmlant  Xonconlbnnicy  in  W*Il-k.  Svu.  IHSt.  IlAnDWiCK: 
^UiMorj- or  ArUules  of  Rrllgkm.  NAwe-J.  18^9.  Svo.  T.  Laili- 
nry:  lliitciry  or Oiii  Book  of  Cominon  Prayer.  Sd  od.  IW*.  Vf. 
[ing:  Utiirg^n  BrltUalcn.  8ra.  Sd«d.  18fil.  W.  I^Uiocr: 
igiii«i  Litatv(k<c.  4lli  lit.  2  Ti>li.  9vo,  ISO.  Tiiu.uon. 
fiigliuli  Puriunlsiu  uid  It*  Ia-aiIodi:  Croniwcll,  Milton,  Baxl«r, 
Biinjian.  Mto.  Ijondon,  18G1.  Flulclin':  Uixlory  of  tlie  Inditpen- 
Uenti.  4  voli.  llmo.  IfitlS.  tlciok  :  1.lve«of  the  ArubbUbofw  of 
CanlorbuTT'.  New  fcrie*.  3  vol*.  (Vol.  S.  Uvf.  period.  IMO. 
8m.)  SrodoBTox  i  EccImImUciU  Hitiary  of  BukIuuI  [Civil 
Witn,  CoiunionwcBtUi,  UealoraliODJ.  4  votii.  Svo.  ISST-'O.  iUn- 
bur}';  Kcclouulical  M«uor!al«  rolalivc  lo  lJi«  ladepoBdents.  3 
mU.  Svo.  London,  1839.  J.  WMlilingloa:  CongRguioaalCltDrcli 
Hiicorjr  liom  tine  Bdi>na&tlon  lo  1G6:.  I^mlon.  18<I.  IIcht: 
lliituryod'ltcJIgioni Thought  ioEngluiit.  gvo.  Vol.!..  IBIU.  Vol. 
ii.,  1871.  J,  WnC«r<rortli :  Itbtoricol  Locliinii  on  dte  R^formnljao 
lu  En^-lnnil. 
BiegrapMei,  SiSTTK:  Liv«sorCr»ntn<T,  Pu-ker,  Grinds!,  WhitgiA, 
Ayltuer,  Cbdie,  and  Smith.  W.  lillpio :  Life  of  CrnniiMtr.  I IHI. 
Svo.  IJTO  oi  iIm  Befunnen^  1809.  3  voli.  Hvo.  Todd:  Life 
ofCmaiDGr,  1831.  LoUoi:  Lifoot  Juwcl.  Svo.  leu.  Life  of 
Lauil.  8tu.  1SS6.  C.  Wordiwonli :  Kirel.  ]liogn|iby,  or  L!i-c* 
of  EmiiWfDt  Ihlcn  in  Bog'"'!'''  '■^■■^  ^  Commi-DoaiiMit  oi  thv  Kef. 
to  Um  Bcrulution.  4Ui  «I.  4  %-oU.  8i-o.  ISiS.  B.  F.  Tjtlcr, 
Lif«  of  Henry  VIII.  12iiio.  Now  ed.  I8il.  I,ord  Hirf>rrl: 
Life  and  R«<ni of  llcary  VIII.  Pol.  l&l9*oq.  1770.  4io.  FUliles: 
Life  of  Wolncy.  *  toI^    8v».  IMS. 

TbK  REFOKMATtOM  IX  8ouTI.AM>.      Cotdrmparary  Sovretl. 

n'oDHOW   Sooibtt's  PoBLiCATioxii,    34  t'ob.    Svo.    Comprinag 
CiildeTwood'f  Hint,  of  tlu:  Kirk  of  licotliiticl,  S  voIil;  Auto'siogr*- 
phy  of  Roburt  Bkir  ((nnn  lS93-lfl3d)  ;  St-otl'i  Apoliogvtiual  Km^ 
nUloD  (Aoiu  ia«u-l6S3);  Twcdk'ii  Select  BiogmpUci,  3  vd*. 
«Iid  otker  work*. 

eiroTtiewooDK  SOCIKTT  PonUCATIUXH.  ICvol*.  8r<K  Cain|lril<Df 
Keith'*  Iliatory  of  tlic  AlTilr*  of  ChoKb  nn-I  Slaie  in  Scollnnil  fnwi 
Uie  Beglnnln;;  of  the  ll4*r.  lo  ISCSi  The  SpuiiLiwooilt-  MiiceUnn}' 
(S  voti.),  etc. 

Imtx  Kxox !  llutoric  of  the  Refbrnution  of  Rvligiaun  within  tb« 
UtMlme  of  SvotUnd.  iii  V  Booki:  with  hi*  Ufa  by  David  Bo- 
cunan.  Pidlnh.  1IV81.  Kd.  by  David  La>nj  (irilbotlwr  mi  lii;i,>i 
of  Kuok).  1846  tc*!.    4  voti.   8ra. 


S88 


xmsDUi. 


BanDfltj-iM  [Sccrrliu'/  of  Knox] ;  Jonriuil  of  TrnBHcHuBi,  «U.  isn« 
73.    Edinb.  ISM, 

Sf>o((l)»ood«:  HMicn7ori))eCburchorScoikn4.   tro.    8  voll.  (bj 
tfao  Wodrow  8oe.). 

liabsiuS;  Leltrw,  InatrtietloiUt  ct  M^iuoim  de  iUrie  SUiartt  ci^ 
t  volt.     Sve.     London,  1844. 

A.  Ti-ulcL;  L«tu««  de  Miui«  Stuart,  |n)blt<ei  avec  tainuMuro*,  etc. 
Sto.    1819. 

A.  TenliM :  Belatioaa  P^liquca  du  t»  >*nuiCO  «t  d«  I'Etpicna  btm 
rfU'OMic  «n  IG*  Sitc1».    Faplttn  d'Kut,  etc.    6  vols.  Farii,  1862- 

G.  Buc-li;u>iui :  Kcruin  Soolie.  Uirt.    Kdinb.,  I&SX.   Fot.  In  Eagliik 
1030.    Fu]. 

B.O>«ilUa:  LeilcraandJoumaUCoiitlieperiodEroiii  ICtT-lteft^Bev 
ed.  S  vol*.   Sto.  Bdlnb.,  l»41-3. 

Sir  Juno*  Balfour :  Aanale*  ( I MT- 1  CtO),  Mid  Uemariala  and  Pm- 
ngiN  of  diurcb  nnd  State  (ie<l-lU9}.  <  volt.    Ediub.,  1831. 

J.  Leal}-  (Up.  of  Rom)  :  A  Dvfcnce  of  the  Hooar  of  Uat7,  Queen  o( 
Soolliuid.     Louduo,  l&CS.     bvo.     \i'0.     8vo, 

G.  Bncbanvt :  A  XX-tivtion  of  the  Doio^  of  Maiy,  Queen  of  Scot*) 
etc.    Circa  li:j. 

loitr  Werkt.  W.  IUiiikiitmik:  tliatoir  of  SooilMtd  during  the 
rdpia  of  Mary  a,a<l  Juuim  VI.,  utc.  (in  nimivrous  cditioat).  C. 
SUurt  1  Hlet.  oT  tli«  Etlnhllnliuieiil  of  iho  Ri'f.  of  Re).  In  Scolljuid 
(IdlT-ISQl).  <la.  Loudon,  178IX  Ilut.  of  Soulknd  from  tliu  £»- 
Util.  uf  tbu  Met.  to  tlio  Dwtb  ofHjtrr.  3  tola.  4to.  London.  1T8S. 
W.  M.  HiTthi-rinslon ;  Uiit-  of  tlie  Cliureli  of  Sootluid  <nw  nl.) 
1  Totf.  8to.  1^3-  T.  McCrir:  Life  ofJuhn  Knox.  ISIS.  Sto. 
NoTod.  1HM.  evn.  4  vols.  (Woriuor  UeCric  Rm.  ISa.V)  Ufa 
ofAndrvw  Mi^liillt.  SvoLi.  8vo.  1819.  3di-d.  London.  184T.  Sto. 
T.UnCrie,  Jr.iSkclclicKofScottiihCtiiin'iiinMory.  3d  <-d.  t84S. 
8t?.  A.  Stovonfon :  Hitlory  of  thu  Cli.  ami  Statu  of  ScotUad 
from  tho  AcecMton  of  Chnrlc*  I.  to  ilio  lU-nioruion.  1944.  Siro. 
J.  CuoniDKliam ;  Cli-  Hist,  of  SMlliuid  to  tlie  Prewot  Time.  3  voli. 
Bvo.  ia&9.  Lkk  :  l^cctamt  on  thn  Hut.  erf  tlit>  Ch.  of  ScoiImuI. 
3  vuta.  8vo.  Eilinb-,  ISflO.  J.  S(.'oll :  Liven  of  tbe  Ileformera  ill 
SroLtnncl.  p:dinb.lSIO.  Von  Rudloff:  Ox-Ii.  d.  Rof.  la  Sctiotllnnd, 
3  Tb.  Berlin.  IMD.  A.  Gainbtr^:  Diu  ■GhoiiixJiu  nat.  Kiivbp. 
DBmbL,lH->}.  K.ILS*rk:DiooTnn:.  Klr(-h«Stbotlliui<It^  ITeliklU, 
1644.  G.Cook:  Hist.uftht-Ri-f.iuSt.'oiluDd.  3  vola.  Kdialsiail 
Bi;irroM:IIi>t.  of  Scotland  to  IGSS.  t  vol*.  I.owL,  18GT-T0:tM»- 
1748.  trola.  18J0.  P.  P.Tytlor:  aiBlory  of Scollttud  [UW-KOJ] 

'tli-wvd.    10  volt.    Sto.    IMIU.     Imin^:  tllK.  of  Scollotid  rroin  Um 
■eccMiuu  of  Jainvs  I.  to  thu  R^igii  of  Q110.-11  ADttc    181*.  4  viJa 


I 


• 


A   LIST  OF  IVQltKS  OX  THE  ICEPOKMATION'. 


&89 


flvo.  Lawion  :  Xbo  E|>UvupaI  Ckiircli  of  ScolliuiJ  from  tlie  itvfbr* 
DUktigntotlieltoToluUon.  3  volt.  »vo.  1311.  Ul-;it«l:  HiMoire  da 
31ar!e Sluort.  Svub.  ISino.  Pttra,l8Sl.  W. 'I^ltrr:  lni]uiry, Ili»- 
turicnl  HDil  Crilit-al,  Into  tlio  FviilcDCO  a^niiift  Alarj,  Quwu  of 
Scots,  etc.  t  voln.  8vo.  Londun,  l?90.  J.  IIiua(:k:Uiir)-,  (jULi-n 
of  Scoti  iinti  h(T  AcciiKF*.  Sdod.  I  vols.  Xto.  ISTD.  Lekod  : 
Hittoiy  of  Iivlncd  (raan  Uio  Inriuioa  of  Itvnry  U.  lo  ICSS.  S 
Tol*.    4tO.    1179. 

Tiis  RevoufATioit  ik  Italy. 

GxiiDKSms:  Spccinu-n  ItAlim  R<Tf.    Lugd.  lint.,  1100.     4tO. 

UcCRiK:lIiat.of  ttioRvCinltuly.  evo.  1837.  Ntwod.  tSS3.  D. 
Enlmnnn;  Dio  Rcif.  u.  ibtc  UtLrtyrvr  Iii  Ita1i«n.  Ilorlb,  ISSi. 
JCLEft  lio.sxKT :  Vio  do  01jm|Mi»  Moratn.  *"•  cd.  l^uio,  18CS. 
Murnlori ;  Annali  d'luUa,  dal  Prlnclplo  doll'  Rra  vi>1gsra  fino  ftU* 
aDQ[il750.  ISvoli.  8vo.  llaoic,  1 752-94.  Guii-ciunliai :  Sloria 
d'ltitliii.  10  vols.  PUa,lKI9-!0.  Itilbiier:  Ufe  iC  Sixiui  V. 
9  voli.  Sto.  1872.  Brieger:  tivpitr  ConMrlni  [on  tliu  KnIiKbon 
CoDfM«nce].  Gollm,  1870.  U.  Vovxo:  LIf«  of  P^oarto.  a  toIi. 
8to.  London,  ISQU.  Kxt;  t'ulru*  Pnolu*  Vcrg^riar,  [liipctlicber 
NnnlliK.ctr.  ISSS.  J.  Ilonuot:  Aonio  Palu&rio,  Bltiilo  «ur  la  Hi- 
ronoc  ra  Italic.  ISmo.  )8<l£.  Bomoc  :  Lifu  of  l.co  X.  (lb  C<1.  i 
toIa.  8vo.  I^MiI.  Atiilln:  ni»u^  do  Uon  X.  2  roll.  Sro. 
Phrix.    Sd  vd.    £  vol*.  8vo.    18S1. 

TllR    RKrORMATIOV  tK  SpAIX. 

BiCFORaitsTAB  AxTtoiros  EspaSoleb.  30  voli.  Svo>.  London  anil 
Uadrid,  tSI$-6S.  ThU  tollcclion  of  the  writing;*  of  Spnniih  Pn» 
eMaots  wu  printed  at  Uiu  cost  of  B.  B.  WilTun.  It  may  be  Ibiinil 
in  thn  ilojrtoii  Public  Lib.  i  at*o  In  ibo  Library  of  Harvard  College. 

i.  F.  BtlKtiie:;:  Comm.  do  Vuti^ia  Lutlicmuiiiuii  in  UispiuiiB. 
Gtittingon,  I7U.  410.  MoCkik:  Ilitt.  of  tlio  R«(.  in  Spain.  8vo. 
1S19.  Ncwvd.  ISB5,  DaCasfjos:  Tlie  Spanisl  Pn>t.  and  iheb 
8a|ii>r«inon  by  Iliitip  H.  Trani.lniRd  l>y  T.  Piuktrr.  London, 
18S1.  SuGtM  Inquuiiiuiiit  Artu8  uti<|Dot  detMrtic:  R.  G.  Moo* 
uaoauctorQ.  Iloiddb.  1561.  Mauiaxa  :  llUt.  Gonpral  do  E»{«aAi 
18  rob.  V^cnciA,  189IM1.  2Tola.  8vo.  Madrid.  18£i  (in  tin 
Bibl  do  Aotorr*  K(p•AaIe^  vol*.  10-20}  Engl.  lr«n*1.  UPO.  B. 
St.  Hil-aikr,  ni*toin<  dTipaiiDe.  Turn.  xii.  New  cd.  1844  Mt]. 
Dunham  :  HInL  of  Sp«in  nnd  Porttt^l.  Now  «d.  3  volv.  llino. 
1847.  ruKSCOTT:  llbtuTyof  tbeltcignof  lliilip  IL  )  volt.  H-n. 
18U.  Tickmor:  nut.  orS[i«&UU  Litrraluro.  3  vol*.  8to.  Ifti9 
j.i.onKKTK:    IFuL  da  rincjaiaJlkin  OXupogno.    4  vuli.     Parli, 


590 


APPENDIZ. 


TbB  RoMAK  CATnOl.tC  COCXTKR-RKrOBMATIOS. 
L   7%e  Council  of  TVml.     Sourer*.    J.  I«   Pl.il  (tnicher  of   CuoT 

J^w  M  LouTnia) :   MonumiMitanun   ad  EliaL  Coactl.  Trid.   Spoc- 

lontlim  Amplitiiiuntt  CollMlio.     Luutud.  ITHl  tut).  7  (^)  toiu.  4la 
Acta  Coac.  Trid.  nnn.   1&63-Ii3  ■  CnrdinKlo   Foli'Mw  <I(-tvri]iUi  *tL 

Ueadham,  London,  1811. 
Lciltraa  M  Mtfou^rv*  d«  Fraitfoii  de  Vorfpu,  de  norin  du  MnlvCDdi^ 

[iii«int«ra  d  the  InijHTiid  omliuejrj,  «t  dv  i]iii.-lqai>B  Evikjuo  il'K»- 

|uigno,  toucbMl  le  C«i>r.  du  Tranto.    Farin,  Iflil.    4U>. 
lleiuUum:  Momoin  of  tliii  Council  ot  Treut.    8to.    London,  t834. 

New«d.  1M4. 
PlAitdc :  AnecdoU  ad  Ilbt.'  Cone.  Trid.  Furibi^nlU.    Oduiiijceii, 

nsi-lStS,  Sfl  pngrammita. 
Kckd :  ZuT  Gcf cbklite  d.  Concil  von  Tricnl ;  Acteii-«tnclce  an*  Oea- 

tetreeluBclK'n  Arcliiven.    Tienn*.  lilt, 
CuiODM  e(  DockU  Cone.  Trid^  joxU  Exuinplu-  authentic.    Roaun 

«litntn,ed.  Ic  Flat,  Antweqi,  1779.  *U).  Mulrii],  178S.  FoL    Kew 

ed.,  onlarsad  from  iho  Rom.  BullaHum,  by  A.  L.  Ricbicr,  Vtsipt\g, 

lees. 

LiBRi  STwnoLtct  EccL.  CATnoL.,  tid.  Strait woir  and  Klener.  Got- 

tingcn,  ISS8.  9  tol«.    Sto. 
Hiitoritt  of  the  CauncU  of  Trent.    Paolo  SABpr :  IttorU  nM  Cone. 

TriilenL,  London,  lOtO,  Ibl.;  in  Lntin.  London,  IGJOi  Engl.  tntO»- 

luion  bj-  Bront,  1678,  Tol.  FrunuL  ed.,  with  qoEm  \ij  Le  Courayvr, 

London,  3  torn.,  folio,  1  iSfi. 
SroxEA  PALi^AViaxo :  IrtoriA  del  Cone.  diTrcnlo.    Roiuh.  ICS«-7 

S  L,  fol.:  2d  ed.,  31.  4tc,  IGGS:  In   I.atin,  Gintlino,  Ram.   and 

Antvp.,  i6'i,  3  t,  4to;  new  vtt.  reviM.iI  hy  iLu  uuiliur,  Romti,  I$SS. 
BiuKTiirLit  ili  Fri  Piiolo  Stupl  dl  BkncU-Giovint.    ZuHgo,  183t,  S  t. 

K.  Munch :  Fr*  1'.  Sorpi,  Cvlinilt*,  1633. 
WecMnberg  [Roiuan  Catholic] :  Pic  irmiBcn  KirdicDvenunmlungez 

dor  la.  D.  IG.  Jahrb.    ConMAnCL-,  18(0. 
Courajor:  Ditcoun  fllsl.  pit  In   Rifccption  du  Cgndic  doTn-ntft 

AniRtvrdjim,  I'M  (appvmlis  to  S:iipij.     BuD-^tncr:  Ilbt.  da  Con 

cil«  d«  IWnto.    3  voU.  iSmo.    l^aa. 
Tbo  rop«R  or  thit  Period.    Rakbr  :  Bbtorjr  of  the  PopM.    9  rola 

Sto.    1807. 
Vioronti:  Sixtn*  V.  o.  tvinc  Ze'iU    llaycncc,  ISGS: 
IIUh.vkh:    Lif«  of  Pop«   Sixlui   V.      t^j;;!.   tnmrl.     9   vols,   flra 

IS!-/. 
KoUni^:  Do  oetia  Condi,  trid.     G(iltlng«n.    3  port.  8  vo.    1811. 


I 

I 
I 
I 


A   UST  Of  WORKS   OK  TQR   BEfOItUATIOX. 


591 


I 

I 
I 


I 


I 


II>  Tit  Order  «/  Jetubi.  Corpus  loatltutwiuii  Soclcutis  Jc«a. 
AntTp,  ITOJ.    2  ToU.    4to. 

CoAKlltutloii-M,  DeorvtA  CoagrtgHtloautn,  Cecuura  cl  Piwcoptn,  cum 
Liitcrii  Apmtol.  «t  IVivilugiis.  I'ragne,  17&a.  3  vols.  4  to.  la- 
itltiituiii  Hx.  Jesu.    rrngui^  ITft'.    Fol. 

Live*  of  Iini'tiiu  Lajtoln,  bf  Jtauitc :  ConsaUU  to  Atta  Sanctorum, 
JaL  vii.  est  »cq. ;  hy  IUuadknbika,  Niiplo*,  Hit,  Miulrid,  lOM, 
Mil  in  Act*  &jict.  1.  0.  <:&3  Kcq.  i  Xt^  Matpki,  Kant«,  I5S5;  b^ 
tUrtoll,  Bonia,  10S9.  Gcnclli :  l^b«ii  iL  hellig.  LoyoU-  Inn*- 
brudc,  ISie.  L  Ttylor;  Lo.voh  nsil  Jvniitim  in  it*  KuJimont*. 
8vo.    London,  1849. 

EMTcitiB  SpiriLuidta  Iga.  LoiutcD,  Antvp.  1G38,  lUUibon,  1839.  Ill*- 
tory  of  tliQ  Jesuit  Ordor,  by  IlnDciiniullor,  1G88 ;  bj-  GrciMC,  In- 
gobudt,  ISS4  ;  liy  It.  Uofpiaian,  Zurich,  (1G40)  IGTO.  Hint.  d. 
BoU)^et»  de  U  Compaj^lu  da  J6»u»,  VsLtit,  1740,  Utreobt.  If4l. 
4to.  4  took 

Harvoberg :  Pra^in.  GsHi,  A.  Ordenii  tl.  Jmulti'D.  Hulio,  nGO.  t  volfc 
4to.  [tiondroiic :]  Hut.  (jcnurslc  dc  la  NnifKinco  M  det  Ptwgi4i 
<1«  la  Coiupagnio  de  Jmu*  ;  «t  [C.  Pals«]  1' AdaIj^io  du  we  Cooititit- 
tbn*  ct  PrlvUdeM-  Parif.KCO.  Amoc,  l7Gl,a  *oIf.  WoUiAUt^ 
Gich.  d  JufcuilVB>    4  Toll,     hripz'ig.  1903. 

KlnoricM  of  tho  Jcxnil*,  by  DoUwi,  2  \oU.  Tx>niton,  1916 ;  by  LI»- 
kenii0tP)«ri%  iStfi;  by  De  Sorrion,  F&^i^  1885;  by  CaltTUtKAC 
JoLY,  rnri*,  1844-6,  G  tome*:  by  Bruhl,  Wikntbur;^,  liti  mtq.; 
by  Bum.  Majeoce,  3  abtli.,  I8&3 ;  by  Sl6-^tfr,  Rntiebon,  ISSl ;  by 
Eoitom,  Mannhdm,  1813;  by  Julius,  Lcipxig,  18411  acq.;  by 
STXDtMETZ,  London,  IS48.    3  volj.     Bvo. 

For  tlie  niiiliitiiiiinoux  work*  rcqwctlDg  tlio  Jcrnilt*,  rarerence  muM 
be  had  to  lli«  apvciaJ  bdbliognipluc*:— 

Citmyon ;  Bibl.  bUlorlquo  d«  la  Compagnlo  do  J<*uii,  on  CMftlogM 
dc*  oumgc*  Klktifi  k  rbutoira  d««  Jc>uic«»  dcpui*  Icur  origfau^ 
utc.    4to.     1M4. 

EUbUothkjue  dc*  £crivuaii  d«  U  Coiapagoi«i  dc  J6mr,  on  Notlost 
btbliognj>Iiiquoit  l'I>aloual«*oaTra^publIiSapar  !*<*  Mombrwds 
la  Compiignic  dc  J^irii* ;  3°  Ot»  Apologie*,  du  C'onirorcrM!*  irli^ 
icii*vs,duHCriii<iuet  liudniKaet  tcieaiifiqne*  euaoit<!oii  kluurnijet. 
Fir  Aiir;n"iin  M  Aloo*  d«  Bukor,  Brfrio  i.-vii,  I6&3-41.  Of  Uila 
work.  IVtitiolilt,  {BiUialAte.  b'bliapraph,  18G6),  aftn'  rvfemog  to 
tiM)  pRTiou*  biblint^npUiml  tabon  of  Kibodcncira,  Alcgambn,  and 
SoiMb«<ll,  tttjn:  "  Allivi  was  von  Jciiiiit(<n-bibliusTapbi«  bitlier 
•ncblonon  ist|  wud  durvb  du  B.'scbg  Wcrk  ilurahauj  iibcrflundn 
gemacbL" 


DTDEX. 


I 

I 


AdUpliarlnUc  coalr«nn7,  US> 
MrUa  VI.,  Topa,  <M  Ihe  emnpUaii  «f 
Ihs  choreb,  111  hl>  diincMT,  lUi 
rvply  of  di«  Diet  of  Karambn); 
(1A31)  10  fail  dcmud  for  wllon 
■galnit  Luther,  lilt;  bl*  l«tlar  to 

Aodumicii.  Ili»  Italian,  broLtn  up  tif 

the  Iniiiiieiilon,  MA. 
Xff<,  I.iillicr  Innalitw,  IKL 
All  la  Chapell*,  tMM  ol,  4U. 
A)l)iE«nM*,  Itieir  charaeur,  U:  <ni- 

udo*  of  Inaocent  III.  *gUan  Uun- 

SO, 

AlcUtl,  4;s. 

AloiniUr.  108. 

AlciK^on,  Duke  of  (huibaod  of  Uw- 

Cinl),  341. 
Alcorn,  Puke  of  (Duk«  of  AsJdb), 

hit  Jealb,  3T8. 
Aluaniter  til.,    hli    inurrtaw  vliL 

Pmlcrie  Baibaroaaa,  30. 
Aloandet  V.,  Pope,  hi*  pledfM  la  Iha 

oooacil  «f  iitt,  ii 
Alaundt*  VI.,  Pupa,  bia  fnat   M 

Spain,  4T!  hia  cbanmr,  U;  «Mwa- 

mitnlcatea  SaTonanila,  S9. 
AtoandM  i>t   Ualai,  bia  doetriae  «f 

aapannggaiuj  pi«rHi,n. 
Allea,  Vmt«n,414.eO». 
AlphonMi,  king  af  E*iMtDxa1,  (?• 
Akieii,  au. 

AIti,  Duke  nt,  Bl  tha  Mnftmicc  rt 
BajFonm,  S?D:  b»  ch>nc<H,  nli 
hit  ncnininrniUllont  la  Phnip  II.. 
MI:  wal  la  the  NtlhertaniU,  SOI; 
■aiitiiiiri Italjr,  301,  MtaUbhaa 


H  ««cbei 


Hw  "Cooncll  tt  Blood,'  Mil  esa> 
CntH  f^oDt  mad  Dora,  IMl  fall 
Mheme  of  taxation,  US,  nslgna, 
KM. 

ABb«lat,««(iaidnFjraf,  SSOi  araiged 
bj-  Gniaa,  ttl;  tdlel  of,  M9. 

AnabaptlUa,  tbatf  tenet*,  1T5 ;  illfforani 
daana  vf,  iTS;  nnmenMu  In  tha 
KalheriMiil*,  U8|  tofluence  of  Men- 
no  M  tbim,  311. 

Andonop,  Ixuronce,  ITP. 

ADglo-Saioni,  ilielt  minnloa.  St. 

Anno  Dotcyn,  bcr  rclum  to  Lok^'^^ 
Ul'i  bir  manla^evllhlleniy  VIIL, 
330. 

Anieloi,  elvmeot  of  mirttlciaai  Id,  Stt 
hli  doctrine  of  tba  Mtlalactioii  et 
Cbrifl,  «0. 

Antboiiy  of  Naram,  aniaiDS«*d  W 
Ortaaea,  389;  made  UeuI«llMt-ftt> 
eral.  aes. 

AnlitriiiilaTiaai,  r<aa  of  the,  477, 

Anqntm,  on  CalluHne  de  Meilkl.  3ST. 

AqnloM,  bia  doclrine  n(  induIstnMa, 
M;  of  tupvrfromlnr/  meHto,  U|  on 
Iba  infalillillilr  of  the  IN>|>s,  30. 

Aflwiiam,  lla  prvi'alence  ainoiiK  tba 
Wbarlan  natloni,  tS :  •unilooied  bf 
Cailbolldim, ». 

Arltfoile,  connHtlon  of  tcliolaillcin* 
wtUi.  nOi  hla  anilioriljr  ihiktn  bj 
the  tlumuiiala,  530 ;  hDofatattBrkeO 
bf  the  raforman,  5U;  hy  I.Dlbcv 
534!  Htlanrdibs'a  Tiaw  of,  S30i  r» 
tainail  hia  place  in  CulhaHe  unleini 
tiea,  UT. 

Armlaa,  <MMUlUiea  <  to  (to  m 
cec  tufj',  (Bt. 


SH 


DCDEX. 


tiwlntai^  IMt  liilil  II.  VSi  tbM 
■  hiJil^ll.  4Tt|  Ihmr  palitkd  <U- 
iMMot  *kb    Ow    CalrWMik  lU; 

*«ny  wiik  osMOM.  nst  huum** 

nmaikaa,iaB. 
'  AnuuU,  U^  HL 
'  *iM7>,  AMoiq^  ML 
^AflwU,of  BraKk,  hii»i«aDl  fatt. 

Ma. 

l«imU,  T., ««  CkBidt  Md  Blal^  teo. 

An,  boir  •flvcmd  bjr  Pnnmaati^n, 
M4i  In  tb«  >'ttlMriu<U,  ML 

Altkl«^  lb*  IM,  Mil  HnT  nS<B<  du 
CUbclk  pHV,  Ml  tba  lis,  aSi. 

AttklM,  •<  At  Omnb  <d  E^lMd. 
(nmnl,  3S7i  KTJiiMi  o(  (lut).  au. 

AnkiM,  tW  LMBbMh,  SN- 

A*aelklMN,  tU  Mislii  In  Um  (t»Rb. 
tU;  in  th*  Hiddte  AgM,  US;  cMi 
any  br  rmMtutiun,  510. 

AMMbcr,  in  th*  Utb  Mt  IMh  MO- 

UBtM,S- 
AHWouhI,  Pmlntut  ud  CulMtk 

Tl»  ol,  M*i  thi  ibasfx  »t  UraUn^ 

471. 
4alM  </iiy)^  in  Bptan,  tO). 
AnffitKiTjc,  DiaCtt  (l»0),n8i  iUde- 

I3W,  nil. 
Anc*>iurK.  OtmfMdas  (rf,  IIS:  Apol- 

aHy  tar  th*  Conffidon,  lU. 
AuEihnix,  p««««  of,  U>;   wholMnnn 

•RiKt  o(  IC,  439;  violUloil*  »r  It, 

(St 
Aapintint,  on  nllslwu  pamcutlon, 

8Ut  h*  ii  ttudkd  bf  Lnllur,  Wi 

how  h*  MJKn  (ran  Calvin,  SIT. 
Aoiibk,   (pnad  of  I'ToWUnllMn  bi, 

43t'.  Jenill  Indutnc*  In,  49S. 
A*iicti<in,  rmi'lcnra  ol  Oa  popa  al.  U| 

(liatador  of  Ihtlr  tourl,  M. 

ttahylnniul  cAiriivlty  o(  (ha  PtpKj.ti, 
Baraii.  t»niiiird,   hi.     Hbtvrfca)  Dli- 

oourMH,  HI. 
.KOTi.  Ijonl,  bii  v<ivot  ulmla(7,  3i 
00  the  FuriUn  conlravtn)',  M;  on 
•tilwopuy,  S3ti  on  chnrA  ROvmt- 


riilw^Hwi.WT. 

r        .111  itii  ifilii  ITillifMliin.l 
nnWarn.  lii-l.  lltt 
fiaBMnUi,0Uta,a4 

■■ — '".  —  t  *•' V  r* 

BnMteBBnc«ot,<aihtMWtUPhm. 

H^i.  tlTIi  ir»hiiiMlii>  — ^■'-■-' 

t«,14t. 
BMv.r.  C»4«[«at 
tnm,  KMhM4,  tCt 

««8i  ^MMfawM  Ui] 

4U. 

Bvl«,oalM.X,«. 

ifaMM,<teiiiWLaB>. 
B>«s(te4r«ii4«4a. 

Bifuiwi  ah*  tW}- ««(«,  ST. 

Bdlannia*,  •■  ito  Mmi«l«i  «l  *• 
Chank,  Ui  oa  Iba  vU«l>  C3Mi^ 
«5i  ••  Ctadind  toMvBM. 

r  mill  r^illMl.fcliijIiIi.  TT 

IhNa^riM.  lift. 

fknard,  ft,,  ■rMldon  •(.  SL 

l)«niard,«r  Wttaaar.  OL 

BtTM,  BcfoRBtdM,  anaUbli^  la,  141. 

Btrqaln,  t^mit  da>  Stt. 

BuikilUr.  »0i  put  In  death.  MS. 

BtM,  IhiMdofa;  hb  thancu*  anl 
mannvn,  WIi  at  tha  CiMt^a/  «l 
Polny,  SOI  I  on  Caltin-a  4Mlb,  >M| 
hit  rrmatk  on  lh«  daiUi  ol  Fraada 
II.. aU)  «n  tht  atfi^of  thawari 
"  ItoRQaiiot,''  SU. 

nible,  tha  nam  «l  ProlManHnnt  Ul 
Liithfr"!  tianilation  of  Ilihll3i  ila 
twnoQt  la  Uu  Canniiuk  Il3i  carlr 
G*nnan  tnndatiima  of  Iha,  lIKi  |>ub- 
li>linl  in  Fji^li^  by  Haai}' VIII., 
3!3;  DuJobyUiarTOtaManbtbtnila 
oltaith.  4Al:*fi(«lo(iiinriuTHUnl 
CODiiUini,  £30;  til*  naAiag  of  It  not 
tneDUT*|{Bil  111  UiK  Ckthalle  ChuKb, 
bW;  origin  o(  IticdiiaMot  liwaann 
tfa*  Ullr,  bSI. 

ma,  OabiM.  4ST. 

RIbd  Irala,  tit. 


I 


IKDRZ. 


saf> 


Bloliv  mMtiDif  of  lb*  Sut«»4Iiiml 
a((llT4),  978;  (liSB),  r9. 

Boccaccio,  bit  nlatJM  to  Uia  nvival  of 
IckniinK,  411;  bU  traiBniDt  ot  lliu 
Churcb  loil  nlJKioa,  3S8. 

Bodin,  3. 

Iblioiuift,  l»«  kllocMl  t?  tba  «x*- 
cullon  of  IliiM,  ITTt  lU  convtnlMi 
to  C'lirutjiuiity,  ITS;  iU  luflwiulc* 
■ttar  Uw  SoialctWs  w,  IU;  Ptot- 
Manti  acquir*  Ugtl  pnUMion  Id, 
ni;  NOOpUaa  «I  Lotlwr'i  doetrint 
is,  IBS:  lu  ravolt  ■gaioM  >'«nliaanil 
1I.,4SI:  gli«lu  croifD  Id Iha  £b»> 
lorl'dallnc,  124:  doTUUMd,  49). 

Bologni,  IVoIalanliim  In.  <>D). 

HcilMC,  ImprlHUifld  mC  Oea«T>,  1114 1 
bMUbod,  Hi. 

B«B«vHtaM,  mjntJclnn  of,  CS. 

BonKaor.  tin  tpotllt  of  Gcmunj'i  33. 

Bonrftcc  VIII.,  hit  IhMfiMuid  iihonc- 
Hr,  30|  oppotad  hy  the  ipjfil  a(  mt- 
tI«uISiai,aBi  hiicHiAittwiihrhiBp 
Uwfair.nt  bit  bull,  cbrwit  laitoi. 
>Ti  ia  aamilltd  kird  djti,  13;  haw 
by  TMti,  WiMnuu,  and 
hmb,  ar. 

Goiuonhip  of.  In  tha  Bonun 
Catholic  Cbiirch,  JSii  i  in  Promuat 
•ouDlrkc,  USi  bjr  Laud,  USi  hj 
I)i«  Varitant,  >38. 

Umw,  Caiharino  Tun,  liar  marri^;«  wilb 
UUur,  191. 

Bormneo,  Cnto,  Ui  charatUr,  41S. 

DaiHuet,aU,  533;  nftr*  Iho  Bcrarni> 
allon  la  a  ditpul«  W  mooki,  t;  on 
tlw  Ttlallon  of  l^tMUnllHii  M 
abuMa  in  IheCliunih,  13:  on  tbt  «ar> 
ntpliaa  of  Uic  (Imrcli.  IS:  ha  opin- 
ion of  CaIvinNiriliaii<i>l,3(K1:  biAonr- 
nqKitiihnn  wHh  Uolkou*,  454 ;  willi 
Ltiboiu,  IHl. 

IViibwall,  M^rj-'*  auaihnMni  to  btoi, 
S73 1  h<*  ^ganey  ia  I  lamliy'n  mur- 
ilcr,  374;  bU  abduction  et  IbaquMn, 
874;  hit  ■itpixr  at  |->liiibur|;b.  374; 
bl>  din>R«  fruui  bit  wKt,  ITSi  lilt 
nurrlae*  «lth  Mmtj,  ITS. 

Boucher,  Jean,  47B. 

Eooibmu,  their  unton  with  Um  Uuifw- 
■otdlU. 


Bndfofd  on  pradMliaadoa,  IM. 
Braatomo,  on  Gulaa  and  CDli|[»i,  Ml 

adiuli**  Uaiy  Qutoa  of  Scot*,  -l&T. 
Dmlo,  dcdanlloo  of  Charki  II.,  fram, 

441. 

lInd«n>d^  aor. 

BtMiGufdodt,  IIL 

Ucethiu  ia  Unitr,  tba  Buliimiui,  tIm 

off  US;  ihair  racviiUon  uf  Lulber'i 

dMtriBt,  133. 
EMtonoalt  hl«  mfofinatory  tandcnciaa. 

944)  oppwM  FraUUtiilitni,  944 
8ritl,eaptBraof.SM. 
firadoU.  3U3. 
BrwM,  GlonUno,  S91. 
Bijrot,  Ua  woik  on  Iha  "  Holy  Bomu 

Kmpira,"  99. 
Bud»ui,34li  EnumoataiDpaicd  with. 

T«. 
Buotr,  HaiHii,  hia  <nnlcal  cflorti,  ISl. 

a   pTofaaor  at  CamLtidgc,  )i6\  m 

tprtmoalaa  la  tha  Eagllih  Chiuth, 

344;  bit  latter  to  tha  PmiaalBiitt  d 

Bolocna,3S3. 
Burbaun,  .<I«onE«,  364. 
BuKonhacto,  thapca  tha  tbnreh  caaMb 

tutloo  «t  Denmarli,  1T3. 
Itara*!.  tor  Eom|)rabttD<>an,  443. 
UulliDKvr,  on  tlio  tx«eutioD  ol  SarT«tn% 

S39:  hia  ioUnacp  with  EBgtUh  dl- 

viuaa,  333. 
Burcklian)!,  on  the  tona  of  th«  Iiallao 

KanalNnnce,  380. 
Buiklgb,  hi*  ttiliel  in  M^Dlogjr,  3, 
Ilunui,fia>. 

CcMitnl,  CkMlnal  JdUu,  ISl. 

QMcroD,  too. 

Cajuaa,  Ua  InUtrrlewi  wilb  Lulbar  at 
AugabuiXi  M, 

Cdixlui,  hia  ipicniltDi,  48 1. 

Oalixtus  II..  PopF.  oiiicliidw  Iho 
Wenna  Concordat  witll  tltoiy  T., 
S8. 

Calmar.  Colon  of,  ITO. 

Calrln,  b»  birth,  IM:  btlonsa  to  ika 
fcmod  t;iiD*ntJon  of  Haformora, 
IMi  hia  childhood,  UHi  U*  father, 
mi  atudiai  at  l^ria.  131;  ftoOM 
law  at  OrloBn»  and  Bosri*',  1)1 
hia  profluiaoc;',   103:  bia  habila  at 


S96 


IKDU. 


Mody,  IMi  \ctm»  Grtak,  IMi 
•diu  SfRKKi  tnttit*  OS  "<]«D- 
tnor,"  UUi  for  «bit  raum,  IMi 
bU  amnaiaa,  IWi  Ut  dM,  Uft; 
Ml  TtnsranM  hr  Ibe  Clialth,  1U| 
bit  Tntm  tat  abynas,  IMi  d»- 
TDIFd  to  nliponi  ibidloa,  lOSi 
vriM  u  addnw  for  Nichulu  Cop, 
IH)  fliw  (rw>  Pvb,  IVSi  rUiu 
B^arn,  IM;  tgtia  flia  (nun  I'ariis 
IM;  hii  "Pfydu>puiiiT>iliU."  It7| 
«t  SlTMbBtg.  191;  tampowf  UiB  "  In- 
■U(uU>,"  IVTi  tttt  fliolM  tbem  In 
l.^ln,  IMiMiJcdicaiJon  to  Pnnd* 
I.,  IDTi  bJi  pcnoHiI  chkrmclertallaiv 
IMi  bovwWdued  bf  UilaDctlran, 
1U[  tonilint  la  hli  opinjont,  Its 
Us  omoeptkn  ol  iIm  Qiurab,  800 
bb  doolrine  ot  Prtdmliutlnn,  9011 
bia  pnctiotl  netira  In  it,  aOl 
bi*  d«otiiD*  MUpwiLl  Willi  Aojco** 
IIm'*,  SDl;  with  tulhi<i'>,  S09i  not 
•n  MmmM  will)  njtiui]  to  rllM, 
aOS;hll  loUartoSanirMl,  aOS;  triU 
k'lio  lb«  Anglican  CliiiKb,  MS;  hii 
Ivllai  ra  (Jrannicr,  SMi  eoumtMl 
Hilb  l.ulbnr,  EM;  bia  oauMiriout 
luDD,  S04i  wul  o(  bMltb,  904:  bit 
pBMloaata  tcrapor,  104 1  Ua  bonuga 
to  law,  •»(  bia  uil  (ot  lb*  honor  o( 
Uftd,  SOSi  hi*  bynina.  BOO;  hU  lilgb 
itwllllai^  9Ht  vUlta  ibo  Duchoa  ol 
Peirara,  307,  Uat  nop*  In  Gcaava. 
on  liii  mum,  907|  in«T*d  by  Farel 
lu  mnalu.  :llli  bit  llrit  mtk  IhtiNv 
SIS;  rpfutM  to  aduiliLlatpr  lbs  Saiim- 
manl,  tl3)  ia  banlibcd,  1U|  at 
6ti»liur|[,  Slaj  atlradt  Iha  Gir- 
man  confar*ncw,  9ll!  bit  oppotltlan 
In  til g  1^i|wlc  liiUrim,  SNt  hlira- 
Ranl  tor  l^Uipr,  SUi  lili  Iriandtbip 
(or  Ualauetbnn,  S14i  hit  nlatkma 
li> tba Xtdnitllari  dniRhcw,  9U:lunr 
Lnatodby  Utnie.  316 1  bit  inarriaHW, 
lIBl  nwaUail  to  (iBntra,  Sid;  Iiiji 
lettar  lo  Sadolet,  9IB|  hi*  ceclaaii*- 
tktX  Mid  civil  ayneni,  91T;  i*-S>-« 
the  rrldenhlp,  'Jiii  Inltuinot  of  Iha 
MpiilU  cihlfl  on  bli  achemo  of  ^v- 
■niBaDt,     9M|     oppoied    by    Uw 


UbattioM  4Dd  Patrktt,  SIS  i  i^ 
iaicaaMtka  Uktat  Gl.  Oa«^ 
S9T)  condanoad  tfaa  plot  U  Mtaiap 
naM  OnlM,  9M;  (avor*  (ba  (ntiUa 
aiiypf— loa  ot  rallgiaaa  amr,  tM; 
bit  conSicU  at  Uaonag  991;  lit 
contravony  with  Cktwlfia,  99t;  lii 
vllBpafatira  B[i4lbau,  IMi  kti 
eoncarn  in  tb*  Iriat  asd  daalb  a[ 
SanMBi,  930,  931;  bUactinta  lUi 
•flatr,  Judggd  by  Uulaet,  910i  bit 
lf«a(a»D.c  d  l^llu  fitrlnna.  SU; 
bit  (hiunpb  over  Ika  Ubtnloa^ 
Sn  I  Ui  4«actl|ilbin  •(  fab  MblUdtv 
9U|  fab  Uon  and  liiDaaiM«,  >H| 
hit  comapoodaaoc,  tUi  bb  lotwDW 
CO  (be  Fraich  lt«(onB*ilan,  SUi  hi* 
last  dv*!  AWl  t>l*  nrioui  alnplqr> 
msata,  MSi  Uf  UM  liuantow  wfeb 
Iha  Sanaia,  M»i  vilh  Iba  Oatsr, 
M(i  hu  ivikir  ol  bb  Mitar,  1ST; 
fab  doitb,  9»:  Ut  obwaMar,  IM) 
tanlu  of  hb  eooitituiitin  at  Ovnava, 
339;  hb  loltaT  l«  llaigam.  Q.  «1 
Narirrr,  94Tt  lioir  rt^ardad  by 
IlucuMiol  marlyn,  SM;  iacnIcaCaa 
obadlaooa  lo  mien, 930;  dlaaftaovaa 
ot  iba  Amb^aa  eonipincy,  9>1; 
chnKwl  iriib  ATiaabm,  913;  «« 
7.irinfla'*  viow  of  Iba  Knduubt,  9U ; 
hi»  inllusno*  In  Engltad,  331  f  bb 
diSsMnca  tnm  Augitttiaa,  tSI ;  bb 
dodrina  ol  tiio  Lord'*  Supprr,  140; 
on  Ibo  obHiTaiteo  «!  Suiutay,  43li. 

Calvlalini,  aa  a  Ihculi^ltal  ayalam, 
3ni  bov  II  pronotcd  dvU  Vkutf, 
9Mi  III  theoiy  ot  tba  powtfi  ol 
Chunta  andSUtf,  3»j  rtiiuUicaa 
dunudrol  it*  rbuivh csualitutlni. 
MOi  iu  Ihvolccy  (ituaTiMa  man  by 
axallinu  God,  340;  compaivd  with 
Romaniim,  la  It*  vivwuf  iJhunbaud 
Stata,  941;  anuKf*  of  opiutliiaa  to 
It  in  h'nnn,  9U:  inuic  umeljtt  U 
France  than  LuUivntaiiu,  9U;  to 
lh(  Church  ol  Enjiland,  33(^131; 
bo*  (t  aprrad  [n  Iha  tialharlaiuliv 
aSR:  hoiUIlly  ol  LnDiciua  ta,  431 
ha  Cvr  [Hiint^  174. 

'UvLuu,  pnrr^  in  tbo  KtthMUvk 


I 
I 


DfDKX. 


69Y 


tllmdc)'!  ilio  "CnntfMloBclRiu," 
311;  <■■■  mil  f*var  nllgiotis  tlborlj 
in  Ibft  Ktltitrlaiid*,  3U ;  taMf 
prtitiso  fnr  il  (inS),  )It:  Ihdr 
|»lkk*t  dl)Ttr*Dc«  «Itli  Ui«  Annln- 
luu^  tl4i  ptoriilon  (m  ttaoa  In 
lbs  Treat}  of  Wmphalk,  il3i  m« 
"PraksUaU,"  "Itefoniutlan/'aiiil 
andlrllM  diScrml  conntrici. 
CuDpcQjio,  IcfcUa  of  Clement  VU., 

lis. 

Cnppcl,  wu  «t,  IM. 

Ca«ni,  Mluwl  of.  413,  iS^ 

C4m0a,  hi*  boalillljto  doctrinal  In- 
novation*, 306;  on  th«  ipraid  of  rnt- 
(■(aiiliioi  in  Iul]r,  3iti  oritnniMa 
Iha  Iiii|uuuUaa  in  llaly,  MIS;  ill 
CTuntiv,  (04;  ki>  (!oiu>Uiuni  lo  Paul 
III.,  tUi-.Wiii  pf-.\iMMty  tn(ltx,405. 

CarlHtAitl,  iliaiiutu  villi  tick  at  Lti^ 
lie,  OS;  hi*  leaitocluCic  mOTOBUit 
al  VTillsnlwrc,  IIS. 

Cambny,  Toua  of,  IIS. 

Ckrlylc,    on    tba    oationi   whidi  n 
JKtti  the  liclonnallon,  Ml. 

CtniMMxIil,  riitra,  3U3i  fat  to  ikatl!, 
411. 

Cananu,  Ilartolow'  <!*,  p«naoutioaot, 
409. 

CaMwrlebU  hi*  prinelplaa.  Hi. 

"  CuikM  lallpn,"  llu  quution  of  A^t 
gsnuinens'*,  3T6. 

CunanJor,  48!. 

CaMalUo,  Ilia  diirK**  agaiiul  Calvin, 

a»;  iMittni  tttm  (how**,  aae. 

CU*au<luibra*ii,  r«ie«  of,  3M. 

Cuharlna,  of  An|{un,  lisrmatTitg*  vlih 
frlntn  Atlliur  nol  ooil*uniiniit«(l,  819. 

Cktliarine  da  Unlid,  h*r  cli.l.lhMxl.aM: 
ber  rdatlon*  to  ba  boibanil,  9M: 
boi  lUpcculonH  on  Dloju  of  r«iilcM, 
tiTi  tur  luibJiiun,  3b';  luUinl  by 
Ih*  QulMh  UT 1  ai>)ii)m  ixw<r  oo 
tlic  il«lh  ol  rrsncii  11..  Ml:  al  Ibo 
Cviifoitncf  at  lluviinuc,  'JTOi  aim* 
■«  lnlAiti-r  tb>t  parii**  iiRiinil  s*ch 
Mlwr,  STO;  ImrninllviMiniiiikiKiilli* 
truly  ul  Si.  Uvniiiirii,  jTj-  jJum  a 
■airla^t*  b«(w«o  IJ.  Kllialiclli  awl 
W  K>D,  3T3 1  tisr  Jvatuuiy  ot  <  'cliKny , 


>T4i  |»lot*UiaaaMinBlI«a,ST4|  tW 
lU  hiiD  afUrlka  ia  wonnded.  ITA;  b«l 
ajf*ncf  in  Iba  ma«ntr*  of  S(.  BarlboU 
<>in(v,  970;  Iwr  polltjr  afttr  it,  Kt 

Oathariua  voa  fi«s^  bar  BaniaK*  Witt 
L«lwr,  12S. 

CatbarMa,  Uwtr  |irifidpt*a,  SS. 

Calbolka^  nangtlical,  panMuUoa  i 
thtm,  409. 

Catholic  reaction,  it*  Ttulliy.  Iwir 
abown,  410;  how  iSecUd  by  Uu  ^o- 
(*•>  «f  Ua  Afmada,  4att  bf  Ui«  ao- 
eaauon  of  tUnir  IV.,  411 ;  praatn> 
lion  of  il,  tin. 

CatliDllciun,  Komin,  inoro  choihhad  In 
Soutliom  KuFopo,  4IS. 

Catbolii'inri,  l?|iiiJti>il>,  lu  t[>irll  Ml 
nltcd  Lo  I'nuioo,  ISO. 

Cauiin.  Augualln*,  lOt. 

Cgtli,  mialiicr  of  Jama  I.,  4tS. 

Celfba^,  lb  offecl  oa  lbs  Papacy,  99. 

CarranUa,  sao. 

Chalcedoa,  council  of,  Infloanoad  hf 
Lm  I.,  ID. 

Chatmpra,  on  Cburrb  and  SlaU,  Nil. 

Charlvt  1.,  Iiix  arl)imr7  prindplaa,  4Wi 
bin  iRiatuienl  of  Papltu,  4311. 

Cbartc*  11.,  bi>  rulunLioB,  441;  hi* 
doclarUlim  from  Umia,  441 :  TiottM* 
U«pldlst>,44l:  hi* tharaciM'.  449 
Anglican  RcBftioouodsr,  441;  U*al- 
liann  wlib  Laul>  XtV..  443. 

Cbarkmasno.  cromMd  at  Romo.  U; 
Emparorot  tho  >V«*I.1I[  hi*  nlailMia 
10 1  ha  r>l«c}->  ^  I '<'°*^<  <■(  Iha  bnah- 
iug  Hpof  Ilia  Empire  on  (he  l'i|i*cv, 
M. 

Cbaria*  tV.,  lb*  OoUen  Bull  of,  103. 

Charlca  V.,  hU  •tra(E6l>  *hh  IfMnot* 
L,  4!l|  hixxlcnilrc  domlnlnui,  IM) 
aleclod  Kmporor  of  Goimaji}-,  IWi 
fMaon*  lor  Uio  eboiei,  IMi  alana  ot- 
(Mxiunad  by  it  Is  Europe  lOti  hoNII. 
ily  of  rranrit  I.  to,  and  It*  sninnd*. 
lltt:  bi>i(har»t«r,  lOT;  ho«hoa(«nl 
in  tbc  affair  iif  th«  RrfrimiMiiin,  IK? ; 
hit mliiijt dcaira,  IDT:  fuiiiiBan*t.a- 
Ihcr  la  (ha  Ultl  of  Worin*.  lOS;  hdl 
rtKrat  that  h«  did  not  then  ttmnf 
tjitbor,  lllibiiagretmnl  >Ilh  ta* 


B8S 


IKUEX. 


Z.,  Ul|  hbiMloaitiiKrv;uillolLt 
■Mcntiljr  Ml  Splrra,  116;  IUieM 
lamiMl  iitaiiut  dim,  llfl;  «bMM*  U 
■BunUiii  tlieoU  Mm  at  lb*  Frnpln* 
Ii;  1  niakw  iMM  •bh  CiMDMt  Vn^ 
USi  dinlilnl  (mm  crtithinK  PMt*- 
tMliiiai(«rUii;««MilrainlU3),IMi 
bb  «xpMlitiun  Id  U/fitn,  IMi  Mt 
■nptrfirial  •fliinals  of  t'roMaUMliW, 
IS4i  ««UiMI*li8»  iJte  loEitfm,  IMi 
appOMd  \y  Puil  III.,  Ifllituvea 
ferdlnand  to  DaeMlau  mth  tin  rreC- 
mUmi,  ISTi  «bcUr*u*,  too,  SNi 
btOM  by  Uio  inonl  (arM  ot  Prat- 
•Munlf m,  Ul  I  hU  f«fM«aIli«  hi  die 
NMlwriuid^  MI;  lU  tltttt  m  lb< 
00Ulkll7,  flNl  bl>  doiiltr  life,  SSUi 
Ui  bijplir,  9Mi  till  dtalli,  410. 
OhutM  IX..bc«nnu  kiiiR  of  Smden, 

m. 

Cluiln  VIII.,  ol  rnim>  hh  iniruian 
at  lulf,  11. 

Ofa*ilialX.,«(  FnuM*,  hi*  wnMfnn, 
Wll  lil>Biij{«i  m(th«  ItuipunM  ri»> 
t^,  870;  tmpnawl  bTCi)llipi7,STl; 
ritiu  falm  afur  h«  l>  v«un>l«d,  376; 
hi.  d«Uh.  srr. 

OiksUr,  >ia. 

(AoiiFFf,  on  ttas  mmdirant  friara,  SB. 

CUcitorllild,  I^r<l,  8. 

QirliUan  II,,  of  Ilcniuarli,  (aron  Pral- 
(MiUnlism,  ITl;  niml*,  ITl;  hl> 
etuDl(}^inS«ri|fn,  lTli<l«pM*(l,  III- 

Cbriidun  IIL,  of  DcRiiiirk,  [ntnduce* 
Protntaetlfm,  1T». 

Ohriitian  IV.,  uf  Dfniiiark,  hia  MmO, 
IM. 

Chriuiuiii/,  Kpiridullty  ot,  14;  Id  re- 
tntio'i  10  •--ullur*,  Ml. 

Chan)!.  at'i-Itd  hf  }udaii:in2  idKM. 
14;  *inip1g  orsaniiatioB  nl  rliiiit>i»- 
Inlle,  14;  ill*  municipal,  13;  il*  of- 
flcmit  iho  outxt,  IS:  rlw  ot  Iho 
|Ct>'>*«oi<<i'<  In  It,  l(:  IrDDK'j*  uid 
Ttrliiliiaii  on  ibt  ililble,  IT;  iiilla- 
*no*  of  pollUca)  modda  on  It*  poUtf, 
IT;  primer  ot  ihe  B«m«n  SmId 
Iha,  IB:  diect  «l  tlia  (all  of  Roman 
bnpiM  m  tlic,  Ut  TtMtIra  of  ibo 
^tMl  alemeat  tn  Um,  S3. 


CliRnli.  Oio  potilj  of,  iho  piiadplw  ol 
(h*  l.iitlicru  Bafmman,  4M|  ■■> 
mllMd  by  ihem,  U);  Zvfagle'*  t  k« 
f-r,  4W;  CalTin'a  rivw  of,  IM. 

CIraKb  at  Eaiiland,  toAit  Jtaia  I, 
433;  Ha  M*  IhMiy  Of  EpboarHj, 
433;  bMomM  Armiaba,  434;  xal 
for  n  after  tht  natoMiioD,  Ml, 
Ibtdrioi  of  lU  nlaUan  to  Ifco  8eBl*| 
499:  llw  ErtitiaM  dodriai,  tOO; 
Jloaker**  Tlnr,  SOO;  Araold'i  Ttaw, 
SOO:  WubunoD'a  ritir,  SOli  Osl»- 
rU((e'a  Ttgv,  SOI :  Oladstaao'i  Ttow, 

EM;  Chalmin'i  vioir,  iCSi  Hw 
aulBj-'i  tIcw,  mi. 

Charrh,  Boman  Catboll?.  la  An  Cat- 
l*d  SlalBi,  Ii09 :  liuir  fat  nf paoiIU* 
fsr  p«ni<cutJaa,  &tSi  on  (he  nadfag 
of  Ibu  Uib[a  In  iha  ranmUr,  6Mi 

Cburdi,  ScoUiah  Pnxealaat,  lU  mot- 
aMpand  tanMkutlon.  3T)i  beeooua 
(ulljr  Pntbytrriaa.  380. 

diuirh  andSlalf,  riewtiftbe  Belbr^ 
tn  on  their  MDnrciion,  48li  view 
ot  l.iiili«r  and  MFlanctlion,  4M;  at 
Zirfnjclr.  4911;  of  Calrin,  4Ml  Uck 
mnnKlion  In  EnffMii,  4Mi  Itomaa 
CattiDlIc  lhMido>,B04;  Ballaraln*** 
v!vw,  604;  dnrtrlna  ot  lU*  Jaral^ 
GOC;  AmnrKan  throry at  lbcirrel»> 

tIflD,  SOS. 
CiTil  aiitliariiir,  in<|ulri**  InU  iIm  B*- 

lun  ot,  *0. 
Clarrndon,  Cnnilllutlant  of,  39. 

Cl»ni™i  vrr,  !■"  trvatmani  of  tl«nt7 

Vltl.'t  prliflnn  ha  a  ilinr(«.  Slit 
nnnat  iiiitiii-c  lhi>  [K«l  of  Knrvm- 
bc!g  (t5dl)  to  iiipiima  IjiiboiMi- 
iMn,  US;  a  prbuiier  of  Chutaa  V., 
IIT. 

Clomsniina  lIomEliM,  on  P«ur  m 
Bitbop  of  KumD,  IS. 

CcmenI  XI,  agatnti  Iho  Jonatokl*, 
4M. 

CIMitiTra,  conflKailon  of  Iteir  pnipart? 
Iti  En^anJ,  311. 

Calvriil£e,  on  the  Papaoy,  SO;  «• 
Chartb  and  S'lK,  Ml; 

Cola,  31')  hu  tbnrMUr  ud  umNk 

n. 


I 

I 


I 


IN'DKX. 


699 


I 


I 


(Migni.  refum  to  join  in  Uu  Am- 
txriM  {ontplncjr,  3C1;  pnMnIa  (ba 
BniEUfnat  pMllion,  US;  Hkw  IM 
pari  in  (Ii<  nuoHnnliaD  af  OidM, 
9S0i  ditaniTOTM  of  lb*  EdtH  of 
Anb«iw,snii  and*  ittlliily  In  B*- 
thtlUt,  STt  i  nauna  hoiLlitlos,  t!l  | 
•t  Jun»  and  Uoneonlaur,  471:  his 
cbariclcr,  2M)i  vaiu«  Io  lilt  court, 
STlt  hi*  lolijr  qnoJltka,  S73:  bit  in- 
fiamcc  OTvr  Chorlo  IX.,  STliprv- 
peas  yrtx  vilh  S|win,  ST4i  plul  M 
ananinala  hiui.  ^t  i  hn  in  wouoilei], 
STB;  vUiUd  by  Cliarl«t  IX.  and 
Catbaiina  da  Muillui,  STS- 

CelocD*,  Elvclor  of,  bia  toatmtiim  to 

rrolMUDliiuu,  431. 
Cotaniu,  Scum,  lis  a—iilW  Donifaca 

VIII.,  38. 
Caloun*,  Villurift,  JUL 
Conifaaj,  ilit  Vtnenblt,  at  Ganera, 

SID. 
CompactMa,  yraolod  to  Iha  CtnquiaU, 

IN. 
Cemtwhanatan,  omansBll]**  for,  Iml 

bjr  Um  Cbuiah   of  Sn^nd,  MS, 

M3. 
OaiaproioiH,  tonntd  by  lb*  noblea  In 

th«  Nvlharbnila,  9BTi  tbdr  deaigo, 

1ST. 
Cmcord,  Ifonnet,  4U. 
Oandd,  iMuit,  I'rinca  dg,  liU  obanMtr, 

UD;  privytotliaAinbotweOTUplFacT', 

Kli   uuilir  airal  at  Oriawu*  SSi; 

tittd  tur  ueano,  363 1  bli  lack  of  wia- 

dooii  'iJO:  iladi  uftiy  in  Bochclle. 

Kit  tull'  at  Jama«,  'irt. 
Ond*.  llanry,  Ptioot  ik,  adliia  forth 

wllb  Coligol    (ram    Ko>!beII^  211; 

wuMBmaniatod  by  .SizUu  V^  2]S. 
Canfaranoi  at  RalixbDa,  W. 
"Ctmgnt^o   da  pnp«canda   tU»," 

no. 

CORCi*Ra''''na'''ni>  ><■  tba  Frtncb 
Chufrl).  409;  ill  N(«  EnglauJ,  MT- 

CoDtwl  (J  Waldbiuatn,  «1. 

Uon*  ilury,  iu  (uncllnuy  Id  Uaaera, 
Sid. 

CMwutcrlta  in  tba  Lutbaran  ihimbaih 


Csoacaaoa,  Council  of,  U;  taflaraotl^ 

CanMantina,  taUtion  ol  Cbiuih  and 
SUM  BBilar,  aad  nndar  Ua  aneeaa- 
■onL  U;  bla  albcad  donation  ai* 
poHd  by  Valla,  IS8. 

CoDiUtutloD  of  G«nn«nj,  lOSi  alUr> 
■tloiu  ol  U.  nude*  HaxtmUlaii,  KM. 

CoDlarlni,  al  Badabon,  US- 

CooTDcalioa,  in  itia  Eniliah  Church, 
UU. 

Cttp,  NMwlai^  UM. 

Ondailaa,  ba  uaebta  Calrbi,  m. 

Oouadl,  of  PUa,  U;  ef  CoMtaitaa 
43;  ofllawt,  43. 

C«UDcil>,  Ibo  Katoimtng,  4S. 

('dundl  o(  Tnn!,  cooclenini  I'TOtaa 
unt  docirinc,  401 1  IVul  III.,  tiaoa* 
ftn  it  Id  Uuloguu,  401 1  Iti  bcoaflt  ta 
Ibe  Catbolle  caoK,  401. 

Carsnanun  of  Scotland.  447. 

Cox.  Blibop  o[  Ely,  In  Ihu  mtmcat 
toolnyrtny,  M3)  EUubatb'i  (nat- 
numl  dI,  34(i. 

Cnnmsr,  bi*  adrlca  to  HWI17  VUI., 
on  Iha  divaraa,  319  [  damaa  lb* 
dirorM,  3S0;  pTOlacWd  by  llcnfjr 
VIII.,  M4;  calla  Ibaoloflani  (rem 
tlu  tanltneat,  3M;  hli  duwactcr, 
U2t  bk  rlcir  of  Ilia  (cnura  at 
cbuMfa  olHccrs,  tiS  1  pmpcaoa  a  l'rot> 
tataat  ccncnoil,  Uj:  Calrlo'a  kilo 
10,  t04i  bb  oDlnlon  on  tin  Eacha- 
tlit.  SIO|  hu  lEuuilatloa,  SiUi  bia 
tiiitli,S2S;  biadoaUi,  3tS:  cOaetol 
It,  US. 

Cnnbv  Kiwnun'a  nplnlan  of,  80. 

Crall,  47U. 

Cramml1,l>llrtr,Knsland  under,  441. 
U«"Trlen,"4M. 

CroiDwaU,  Tliciuik  39li  axaenllan  «t, 

Capk  vilbdrawol  of  it  trom  Iha  latty 
ITS;  duolrinaof  Aiuloaa,  tij. 

Cyprian,  00  Ibi  iirinMiiy  of  lh«  llomat 
Saa,  U  i  av>>Dit  paiaaautlon,  S3L 

Cyril,  wiMJoaatr  In  ao^iada.  ITS. 

D-Allly,  bia  Ibaory  of  U»  tlplwafM 


MO 


IKDEZ. 


jyUhM.   J*MW,  O-d  KkTHT^  bM- 

tvtat  U  ItHlwIla,  m. 

Ltanuco*.  J*kB  III,  14T. 

DhmU1m,>M. 

Diau,  IwnUiaBtir  wsot  mIum, 
«r;<hMliM«llMPiVac7,  M,Ui  on 
lb*  dMbta  •!  tiM  Kodiu  Kapin, »; 
UctmbM  «o  inMun^,  M;  «a  (bs 
B«|tltcl  tf  th*  durie  artbon,  CTt 
U»  tfaMl(«r,  XM)  on  lb»  Ifoponl 
nblllMi  ot  Uw  fifM,  m. 

Dunky,  bb  idhtIisi  with  ibay,  3Mi 
bfacbuMter,  trOi  dkfwUbb  wlte, 
nVt  tMkia  put  fai  lb*  niiidcv  «f 
Biulo,  ni :  Ul,  wd  <rMMd  br  Hm7, 
3T1:  ukn  lo  Klrli-«f<d*U,  tlU 
munltrad,  ST  4. 

IVAuowlo,  Due,  on  (>w  mlUuirjr  Ul- 
•nM«r  Ii«ai7n'..3»). 

IfAaUKn',  Tbtodor*  Agrlppa.  on  th« 
arisen  ot  tb*  (Ml  <r«n  tn  Frum, 
MB. 

1>ftrlU»  flU£nvr«£«  Ehc  lD6acn'*c  of 
pillllcal  malivH  on  (fai  llueuinot 
Mbl«,in- 

OMNUb,  Ptoula-bldoilui,  SL 

DtlMM,  hi  riM  nnd  ipraul,  bU. 

Dnmuk,  rdarmMlan  In,  ITlt  loUr- 
*ou(Imi«/|  InGtrmanT,  (St. 

D*  ToeqiMTllle  an  ilie  Fnnih  Btrolii- 
(ton,  1:  on  ih'  InSuince  of  nlltfion 
on  llUrtr  in  America,  MO;  on  the 
InlallNtul  cS«Ci  of  nvptliiiiiiu,  Ml. 

Etonf ,  HalUi««,  Uw  nuiiiipiri^n  r«tor- 
mrt,  IffO. 

[}m  V-AiiH,  rclslinn  nf  liit  ly'tcm  lo 
l'N>t«MDtI«m,  517;  l>i>  ixtmuinl  1)1»- 
Wy.  MS;  bit  »yM™i  (avomi  liy  tlic 
Jmwakl*,  UUi  il  i*  "|>i'»*>'<'  ''/  '''° 
fiorboinw  ud  th*  JHiiii*,  M9:  Uls 
hooka  piMtd  on  Ui(  ImUi,  US- 

OlaiM  of  Poltim,  mitiriM  o(  Uaury 
IL.  »T. 

Dlai.  Juan,  W. 

Mclnu -,  Tril,  on  Lnthcr't  pr«7«n,  121  ■ 

Dllril>ii.<inn,  iu  pieralvnM  ia  llal^i  I  o 
IL*  ir[baotiir7,  oat. 

DlKipIina.    "Hnt    Itook "   of.    UT; 

"  8t<«iid  Bosk  "  cf,  nt. 
CtiMonriM  asd  {otutiont,  tgr  at,  Iff. 


Oi9lliBW,«  (bcMMMbof  tMfar 

nwdntefi,  lb*  o(  tto  otdv  of  IM 
SIsllMirMrit*  wiifa  Um  Jouibk  4» 
Dwimw^  Uin  Hi^intt  ibi,  tlL 
n—nwirtb.  mini  tr  Bmarfn,  4M. 
DwMr.kli  rMHk OB  Lu*w,  Ut. 
Dwt,  Spiod  of.  Engbb  — t-n    a 

Udiut,  JmuIi  ■.tabllrtiiMBl  ta,  4U. 

Drak*.  fur  Frucil,  MS. 

Drtiu,  balilBot.M>. 

OuP*nm,ni. 

Dupnt,  CbMMlkr,  ML 

DnTOMitll. 

Dfc.  ■■  SvnMHv  *■■■ 

Eek,  It  (ho  U^ili  Htpaueaa,  «i 

mite*  ignlnM  i>uibtr,  M. 
EeknK,  MuMr,  hta  I'toathaUt   M^ 

doB^.ai. 
EdlntnrnA,  tnatf  at,  tM, 
iJliranI  til.,  of  En^and,  Ml  pMada 

K<l»*rd  VI.,  Ui  tni*dtf,  nt. 

EcmoM,  hit  (tanrttr,  »ti  bb  Ma- 
rion to  Spain.  MTihbfnd^  In  tb* 
IconotlnaU,  aOOt  bb  oxMnOea,  «». 

ettaiAtp,  KTind  bjr  CalTia,  9Ta. 

ElixahMb,  Quwn,  mI«om<d  Id  (be 
Uirans,  SM;  hm  ImUd  hj  Pwd 
IV.,3XI:hM(anMrralMmtnndB):bMt 
ni;  bar  DvatRWit  of  Ronun  Cidi- 
«llca,  >3l!  ptneculinu  nndar,  3I>| 
htt  Iraptflau*  ttvaiioMt  «t  bar  Uah- 
on  aWj  atotfa  aU  to  lb*  SotOM 
iDHirBsala,'  3M;  htr  ■utrfmaaiU 
■•lani  for  Marj,  Qmw  a(  SMMk 
MV :  icfiuca  la  cuanaHa  ihs  tacMk. 
■ioD.  tut;  her  imrtiaRl  Indlcnntka 
at  ih(  UMtDioit  td  Uarj',  BMi  db- 
foaad  in  mion  htr  la  harthRnic, 
MOi  nmprlltd  to  Mipp«n  Uum/ 
and  rhc  Wk  Ml  i  Caiholk  conbl- 
MtPon  agatiD*  h*r,  «U. 

Kmpanin,  Hainan,  (avortho  Saa  af 
foma,  tL 

Emplr*,  Qannm,  tontlet  ol  iha  I'aptay 
«hb  the.  Ml  OmtrmlUgm  ol.  h 
Mr  coadbt,  M. 


^ 


INDEX. 


601 


Enpln,   BoiMn,  tnppoMd  to  b«  ra- 

•Laml  bf  CbtiUmvpi*,  13. 
EokImiiI  ^poMit  in  th«  14th  milsiy 

udijr,  in  Ilia  ttlh  tenliu]',  In.  M; 
icrivml  «t  Iwrnlog  In,  TBi  JetUlujr 
«J  the  hkniKhjr  In,  JIDi  tn  pattlM 
under  Henry  Vin,,  In,  talirotxl- 
Uon  In  (lU(i|,  3>3|  lUdcnllorr  ton- 
din  with  Spain,  S81|  dtluU*  tlM 
AfDuda,  IBSi  {Upo«ltioa  udcr  tlis 
Btnarln,  U3|  aulMrrienw  to  6p«in 
andcr  Jaints  l.,43t>l  ila  infloMiM 
Bodfr  CromwrJI,  Ut  i  orieia  of  Do- 
bm  in,  SU- 

bl^od,  tho  Churcli  of,  tnminKot  ilt 
•iticlta  and  piajror-book,  49C;  ar« 
it*  *rlT«tc*  Calrinittir,  tiS;  ilaopln- 
iqn  on  Iho  KudiiHnt,  MO ;  lU  dottrina 
of  pr«cla>tin*tion,  33$;  tnakii*  (h* 
Uibl*  til*  roll,  of  faith,  M9i  Calrin'i 
ranarlii  on,  303;  lU  suieral  eliarac- 
Hr,  SSS;  it*  rolMinn  (o  Itio  Prslnuiil 
tkurchoi  abroad,  tn  i  It*  f  rlondilllp 
for  tho  Swkia  churchs*,  >n. 

llnKland,  Iti*  RafDmiatieo  in,  how  in* 
troducod,  SUi  tlia  pocuiiaritjr  <f, 
tlT;  Imb  ptomliunoa  ol  ila  Itadan, 
aUi  (taotionagalnKlt  atih*  aoe«*- 
alon  of  Uatj,  UT. 

Eoaina*,  Jajrma,  407. 

KplKopatf,  littlo  amtnnnj  about  tt 
aouiog  tha  flnt  Pntealanta,  SU; 
Uolanodion'a  ricwof.m;  Cianoitr'* 
opinion,  n^i  Lord  Bovon  on,  131- 

■'KplmfHil  >;fiicin,"lDGtrauor,  191. 

B^icoplui.  471. 

Rpbotpnlc,  riw  o(  tlic,  la. 

Eiwnua,  ■!  Oitlont.  Tti  Die  principal 
tcprcaoDlalivt  n[  llumuiliin,  TTi 
hit  pflpularilf  anil  fania,  ITl  com- 
|und  iritli  TulUirt,  TT;  bit  attain- 
Dcnti,  Til  »in|ior«i1  witli  BaiLtua, 
19;  bit  pal  mm  anil  lii*  loTO  ot  In- 
daiwndcnua,  TSt  iliu  (ua  of  •aptntl- 
Hon,  Till  U)  rxporivnto  of  manunti- 
<iiun,  Tdi  lib  varfar*  will)  iriank*.  73; 
Ua  "IValM  of  Folif,"  and  "Cullu- 
L4Bt**,"TP|  oOond)  ilia  I'ranciMaiii, 
'  M;  Ua  hatrrd  of   rharlMlua,  BO; 


hii  opinion  of  craadi^  B0|  larcn 
ntiulDiD  lilwri.v,  BIi  rharged  wllb 
hoTftj,  81i  liii  "  Cnlloqnles  "  <an' 
damntd  Ijj-  iIk  Unlvonlly  ot  Pari*, 
SI;  lila  ndiU'ina  of  lh«  Falhan,  81i 
bis  edition  of  tbo  Kcw  TwUntnt 
aad  coRimenlBrlei,  SI;  h!ii  mtrita 
wlimalad  by  Straiui,  8S|  tnlcronca 
from  the  nnption  cl  hi*  wriilnfn, 
SI;  on  Lolbar'*  orltlng*  In  England, 
SIT;  (pplouiLi  Uic  llnl  movtmcnt  of 
Luthfr,  IST;  hit  caodon,  1ST  I  bla 
romatli  to  tho  KIkIot  Frtdaria,  IM; 
n  typical  latitudiaarian,  ISS;  prv- 
ftn  .Tcnni*  to  AuKiKtlnu,  ISB;  hit 
Iiiva  ot  panri-,  1^1  irritaiod  bf  lb* 
lanaat  !.uth>r,  ISD;  hitquami  villi 
Ulrich  Ton  Hutlun,  ISO;  wrilM  On 
froc-will  agalnit  l.utliur,  139;  proK- 
nu  ot  h!>  alirinaliun  fraiu  Luther 
and  lli«  Kfl'mimtiiin,  HO;  hit 
ducHptino  ot  FatTl,  SIO;  on  Ilk* 
Irktuanea  ot  ProtaiUntitni  on  Utera- 
turo,  GIB. 

Bnalianlam,  tOO. 

Rrutlan*,  In  tho  Woalmlaiter  Aattm 
bl y,  43S . 

Rria  XIV.,  KiDfc  ot  Swodan,  ITT. 

Eiwharlal,  contravoDT'  on,  brtiriM 
LuthMSD*  and  Sirha,  I4T;  hlatmy 
o(  the  doctrino,  147;  Luthor'*  dae- 
(riiiK,  14S;  Zuiaitlt'*  doctrino,  14S; 
•OorU  lo  hoal  Iba  diffannoo,  ISI; 
coofoNnoa  at  Harbuis,  ISt;  mntoal 
miiundotvlandlng  of  ths  partlca.  153 ; 
UoUnollioa  abiuulon*  tha  LuUitnn 
docl/lno  o(  Uio,  loll  gnat  ouuro- 
vartod  lopla  tmaag  tha  ttfonnen, 
H>:  Ilia  dlfleront  tUw*  oF,  NOi 
opinion  of  lb*  Chonib  of  Rn^ land 
on,  310:  Craomer'*  riew  of,  SlOj 
Jgwal'a  viov  of,  SlI. 

Europe,  lu  conilillnn  attor  lb*  TtCMW- 
lo(t  roundl*,  44. 

KrolyD,  «a  ih*  csun  of  CharlM  II-,  411. 

Fab**,  SU. 

Fa^iiui,  a  praioaoc  it  Camlirld^,  SM 

Fare),  bia  ctianuur,  tOti    pwthai 

FroteatanllaiD  In  GoDon,  siW|  ha* 


fl02 


OOHOE. 


trntrOMi  tq'  KnuDoi,  910,  pw  to 

BrttnaBa(,au. 
Fttdlmnd  !■>  btionis  BUag  ot  llua- 

t^ry,  IW;  EaitUul  to  tb*  Vma  of 

AH|>barit>  US. 
Fwdintod  IL,  bapnvr,  I>1*  (aiuuiciani, 

491. 
rrmini.  TrDlttUntitlB  i«,  SSL 
Ftuilal  •y>l(iin,ii«atian*th*«ORfllot«f 

tlu  i'niioc}-  uid  Ilio  Kaipirt,  M. 
ridsui,  Manllliu,  aU. 
lOuainio,  MM)  >>!•  phUoMphj-,  IS. 
floraacc,  FrotcMuiiinu  la.  IM. 
fonMincbluu,  usfinliljaf  DoUlilcatt, 

FtelBur,  tatUa  oT,  W. 

Fiue^  Ike  Batonnalian  In,  «ai*nMBd 
Irani  HununJHd,  Ml)  tira  partlM  in 
(Im  (nan,  JHIti  lU  diMlpiM  pmecL- 
•d  by  iUq;a«l,  QuMn  of  Mmm, 
SM;  doublfu)  rb^ntirr  of  rl>  pn»- 
ptcU,  U9;  bow  [v(.-atJail  l>y  INriy 
II.,  >U;  H*  pnigrcu  in  bin  ttaga, 
fSUl  monucby  iii  Uic  litb  csuuiiy 
ts,  U;  Uonw,  lUniUiuiuo  aai  th* 
ItttatmUiaa  oOoRd  to  if  (boioo, 
U'J;  il  niii'jujtta  VhlUp  the  fair 
■Kiinitl  UuDitata  VIII..  33;  vrlut  il 
•eqaircd  by  tbaPuvcof  Wc*t[ib>lia, 
433 :  iU  liUnture  in  Iha  a^*  "t  Loub 
XIV.,  US;  polity  of  Uw  UaGUDnut 
cburcho*  Id,  4IHI;  cllacl  of  Uw  fona- 
CQlion  of  the  Uuifucnoli  on,  iM; 
adocl  of  nllKiuiu  iMneaulion  d», 
M4. 

Ffwid)  L,  be  abudoiu  ibt  VngmaOo 
Samuciao,  4Ui  hi*  iCrg^la  villi 
CbarlM  v..  46i  aoKboKa  ompcror, 
and  ahj,  lOCi  (n^uiidi  of  lila  <llaa- 
ffrMmtal  Tilh  Cbarita  V,  106 ;  bia 
atraHKib  cvmraLnd  iriili  Ibat  of 
Cbirlei,  IOC;  eapUind  U  Paria, 
116;  Ubon  lo  [innnC  (ba  union  of 
l-rolHLuaU  and  Callmlic*  in  Clor- 
Man;r,  ug|  lii>  vauUttion  wiib  n- 
nnl  lnrtfnnn,3Sli]tacoii*«quMI0M, 
Hi  I  bruuu  ot  tiM  rdlgWn*  nnily  e4 
Franc*,  Slit  i  eara^d  bf  tbt  [ilacarda, 
U3;  invito  Mr>taDctlioa  to  Parja, 
lUl  tlu  patrrai  of  \Mm,  SU;  *»■ 


laUMMi  tb»0»B^i  or  ttofton 

■anicuooaa,  MT ;  opp««M  Uw  Soiboea* 
and  t^tfUiinaM,  HJt  M>k*  ta  caw- 
(ffiaia  Iba  daisr.  Ml;  tnpdMoi 
Uoda,  MS:  apfooMhaa  nMicr  W  Iha 
nMntaM*,U9;  UDcik^  Ika  ctaed 
of  tba  Scvbnua,  BH)  iffmrn  iba 
Mia  ot  OUkoIki  and  PmaiUnti, 
UW. 

rrandi  11..  hit  MUftoi,  Wai  anb^ 
to  the  Gulaaa,  ISlt  dHtb  W,  90J. 

Ftancilacaai^  ria*  ot  tba  onha  of  tba, 
III  offended  by  Enma,  10. 

Freada  of  Slokinijia,  Ua  dMaal  Mid 
diatb,  lltr, 

ftaAkM,  allianca  •!  Iba  ffOCf  wi(b< 
SSi  tbair  pnMotba  to  BoaUaea,  U. 

Pndtrin  BartaiDMa,  hiaaatnurim  to 
rap*  AWxandvr  IIL,  9i. 

Fn-I«rin  tl^  lb*  tjnp<rpr,  MT;  hjan- 
iMiuu  10  lAnocaal  III.,  10. 

Frada^  1.,  ol  Ilulnlari^  bla  p«lkj 
wafactlng  f nuataBtias,  ITS. 

Fndario  V,  Eltclor  l*atatiiw,  aada 
King  of  BabantU,  4S4;  nhtM  ot 
lb*  aleMenHai,  43a. 

r-'dario,  Gloctor  otSasMiri  lamdi 
Ibg  Unir«nil}r  ut  WiUnAarg,  TSi 
tba  bBparUI  offira  ■Omd  K,  IH; 
vby  dMllunl  by.  Ittt  ngcad  in 
Nortti  norminy,   lOt;    diipnod  U 

ptutccE  LuUisr,  iMt  Hiinu  Luiba 

not  to  loan  die  Wattbary,  JU. 
Fticnda  ol  Cod.  M- 
FrobHilaa,  81. 
FiDode,  bii  oitlDMM  of  Hwirj  Vltl, 

134:  on  Iho  ell<ct  ol  lb«  RtlaiwMi- 

(ion  in  SMtlaad,  US. 

QalilM,  tba  ptneoutjon  ot,  SSI. 
GalUciiuini,  lla  Oumy  ot  tba  ^a«7i 

tf ;  wban  il  tdaeaa  ktallibnit*.  41; 

kiiypaot  nTnn,  Hi  four  pnpoal- 

lluna  of,  no. 
Uantiner,  rauonnCM  tho  doolria*  ot  Iba 

king'*  lapramacy.  ISt. 
Geneva,  hov  govnaol  In  the  llid-U* 

Asea.lOT;  tacofoiaid  ai  a  city  d 

the cmtix, sot;  nodarilie  IMm*  «t 

Savdjr,  SHi  (n*d  tram  Sai-vy,  IM 


DIDRX. 


DDl  the  blihnp  and  IwroixM  I'role*- 
Uot,  SOU;  lU  difonntent  with  th* 
ProMaULDt  r^gimp,  91Ql  tiiw  fUttot 
mOFili  in,  310;  lianinlit*  l!4tvln  and 
the  otbM'  pitaclisn,  SIS;  routb  Cil- 
*ia,  SIB)  iTSlen  MUbliihed  hf  Cd- 
via  in,  HT;  IB  tarwlitj,  ttt\  I 
TtUptMi  «a>m  nndet'  CtMn,  SSIt 
■laiUmjr  of,  SH ;  d«IlT«nd  (ram  (ko- 
tton,  SM)  ■n  uj'lain  tar  ponacuitd 
n«a*tuaeii,  St3i  Mad*  bovki  wd 
eolpMtcan  inlo  Fr>n«,  Salt  hew 
n|pw4«d  by  llui(ugnal  nurtjn,  ISS. 

a«nlii,  m  M>re>re<  ot  Havam,  SU. 

OuHU,  473. 

Owr|i«,  Uuk*  o(  Suonj,  U). 

Oennui  ottioiu,  Ihoir  raady  itnptloo 
«r  lliritUuiliy,  Hi  tbo  ChrUtUniiy 
vbicb  tliny  nfidTcd,  8. 

Ucrmnnj',  FipiU  ■grcMioiu  upon.  In 
tbs  lith  c«atur7,  39;  InlltwnM  of 
Ujviic*  in,  in  tlw  Ulh  anlutyifl; 
tbancM  ol  tha  rarhnl  ot  loaning 
In,  T4|  dimcu*  *t  In  paopU,  8Si 
ItMir  rMtptlofi  of  Ox  GmptI,  Ui  its 
Mil}'  raaiatance  ot  tliK  cIftiq^,  8b; 
Its  nTi|[Ion  datcribtd  by  Tacitua,  8S; 
M^^lichm  io,  Ml  why  it  Hava  birth 
to  dig  Bgtonnaiiiao,  Ui  id  political 
condiciao  al  (b*  bcglnslDg  of  tbs 
IUr«rmalion,  103;  tho  sloctonl  tfr- 
tam  In,  lOt:  pover  ot  the  Dial, 
101;  (irivKta  man,  103|  tOortt  under 
UaxlmlllanioImpKrrc  tb«  conttitn* 
liaii,  IM;  Itielr  rtaull,  lIMi  fmncol 
•Dd  dlacord  In,  104 1  Cbarln  T^ 
tlfCUd  trnpcnr  of,  lUi  hair  !•- 
l^anledbrCtaaitatT.,  19T)  lU  torn- 
idalnla  M*lMt  Pop*  Jultoa  II.,  U. 

Ganwoj',  (ha  Ratonnalion  in,  tHn  of 
^dfW  (lUt)  nfwH  10  Mjt1«  il,  llSi 
atlUnrs  of  ('jilliolie  princM  and  bith- 
D|n  al  Kaliilwo  lo  rhvcX  It,  IIS: 
tpmiK  '")'■■  tt"  p*oplo,  433. 
'Qoniinn  Ib^bigJ,"  LuUiat't  MtimaU 

otit,e«- 

liMMD,  lOEii  hi*  ilitoi7  ot  11m  Zjote 


Ghni,  paeUqMta  tt,  tOt- 

Qibban,  on  (htltiftoaiMo  ot  Emmv 

128. 
Rnanllo,  llintiop  at  Atrai,  hia  <liarM 

ta,  901. 
Gbdflooc,  on  Cbunh  and  Slala,  UA 
Gomanu^  M*  tbeoloKf ,  473- 
Gi«ck  CbBRb,  men  and  mon  disiintr 

tram  tbe  LaUn,  St. 
QTegorov\ia.  on  Iha  »pirit  ot  national- 

bm,  3L 
Qn^FT'  L,  he  anidi  miiolonailia  M 

Uw  Anglo-Saxon t,  Sli  on  tho  imA- 

Ing  ot  Ihc  Biblt  by  the  laity,  Btl. 
Gr^roiy  VII.,*npp«Ttfd  bytUvitiOw  ta 

Gmnanjr,  SB. 
Grtcory  IX.,  Pep*,  b!*  Tindicttmea 

loanrdt  Pi«l*Tic  II.,  ST. 

Qntpiry  X..  Pop*,  his  dlMoiIon  U  iba 

tiarauD  Kloatni«,3tL 
Onpiry  XTI,  Pvpi,  S19. 
Grimm,  on  Iho  r«li|[iaa  ot  111*  Ounaiut 

a. 

Grindal,  Ui  epiolan  on  ilia  at*  of  r««t- 
Dimta  by  th*  ilerxy,  3(4. 

Ctotlun,  on  (lit  AtoDcmenl,  474 1  hi* 
tHont  tor  ihu  Runian  of  TVnifatanin 
and  Cattaallm.  4fH;  on  Ihs  t)tc«> 
logos,  483;  dird  a  rroUntanl,  464. 

Oualur,  bis  frfcn^lrhip  with  Cncltik 
divlM*,  131- 

Gulocianlini,  on  I.*o  X.,  M. 

G<UM<  Clanda  of,  BT. 

GulH,i!iatanillr  of,  Ibelt  binary,  fSIt 
ihoir  tonlTol  ortr  Frsods  li.,lM| 
iluir  coniMFCtoii  wllli  Dlao*  of  Pelw 
Ion.  eSS;  diiMllifBFtlon  ot  Iha  Daur> 
bom  and  Clmtlllom  viih.  SM. 

Uuiu,  Chaitai,  Cantlniil  ol,  3&7. 

liuiM,  Duk?  Fruacli  o(,  itH;  artn^ 
ilir  Amtwi-*  conipirwy.  SBl  i  en*  ol 
TrUimriralcs  M;  ptlp*tnu«  UM 
mauacr*  at  Vanay,  MT;  nodrad  la 
rafi«  w>ihan4alni,MT:BaaHlaaMd, 
IKD;  tib  uuMiuclon  eoodtmned b7 

CatrlD.We. 
GuIm,  Uenry  of,  plot*  Thi  aiiMttnaf It* 
otCalicny,IT(i«T|[Ullial  the  Uuk 
alia  Uafiia,  3Tt. 


b04 


KDRX. 


Oukat,  lib  rltw  at  Ih*  RtdonMtkni, 
4|  Uj  JudgMcnt  iMpMiDg  Calvia 

Ud  SWTtUN,  111. 

Sawmu  Adolptrat,  bU  raUrrtntlaB 
io  Gcnnugr,  43lr  bovnginlMl  bj 
finmddiburK  and  S*x(n]}r,  tSti  i  Iil* 
■iou,  tain  hit  deitli  at  Lutieii,  US  i 
hli  nlotjoai  to  RichsUoa,  430. 

0  ulri4li  IV.,liit  boll  with  i«|;BnI  to  Ire- 
Jadi),  3S3. 

Uollwii,  on  tha  sntl-hlcraictiiul  Ultr»- 
lun,  K^i  on  Lathci'i  bad  LAlia,  Uft  ; 
an  Cn  Diner,  Ktt  I  on  tbs  ILuopton 
Coart  C«of<nnoc,  Mk- 

Hutilldn.  PMrick,  8M. 

IbmQtaD,  SlrWillitm,  113. 

ITunplan  Couil  Coalanncc,  tit. 

Han,  on  llie  clunittr  and  tnutlon  ol 
I.ullinr,  ST. 

tlailiil,  on  llM  ICliialftUiiui  aolbofi, 
Mi. 

Itecrcn,  £10. 

II«lcIe,onUia  iuouiut*  of  tlis  KM- 
gaswa,  Hi  bla  crfUciun  of  Llanntc, 
103. 

Uasci,  on  Lultiar'n  Itilik.  112;  OD  tlia 
Ocniiaii  llrtdniiAIion.  9$. 

IWIlifwiu,  Tnaly  ol.  430. 

llcnry,  (liu  Lliacoii,  54. 

Ilesry  lU  i>I  Fraon,  lili attitude  tu- 
Drardi  rrolcilaailtin,  !3(i  entnge* 
in  ptrfHutlnn.  tUIi  lili  4c*tbiU(. 

Ilcnr?  IlL.tit  Franci.  111!  acCVUDI  of 
(lu  maiucn)  of  St.  Baitholunsir, 
S!B.  ST6;  M>  chanetar,  Vt;  makes 
peaea  with  dio  HdCDMoto  and  foll- 
tliuoi,  178:  ajMuloatM  Iba  GuIm*, 
ITDi  lilt  aHualnatloD,  SSO. 

Hair^  III.,  ol  Gcnrnny,  be  iaIcrmiM 
la  Ihc  aOaln  at  llio  I'apacri  m^ 

llenijr  17.  «(  Fraaco  inlDc*  lurlh 
iPrinnt  lit  ttanrni)  wjtii  CalLKny 
(rem  Rochrllr,  971 1  cxcommunicatMl 
by  Sixlii>  v.,  270;  hit  war  dUIi  tba 
l.MSu*,SSa:  ulntthabaulearirrr, 
980)  lil>  ooniot  Willi  Aluaiiilcir  ol 
Panna,  SSO;  bb  abjarallan,  aSI ; 
eflrcliol  it,SS9i  bii  admiulilratiim, 
■83;  ^bfanlgn  piiUcy,  S$3;  i^rant* 


tbe  BdM  (4  Kntai,  SU I  bU  I 
don  a  \Aow  la  tb*  CatboUc  n 
111;  hii  iJtiu  B4  Ihi  Utob  of  Ui 
ditttb,  44T. 

Ilciii7  I^-i  (d  Gcrmanf,  wMkaccd  hj 
divialon*  ia  Otnaaty,  SS|  tt  C»- 
otMaa,  19. 

naoiy  ni.,  of  Baclasd,  U. 

Bmty  VHIi  lU*  co&mv«nr  irilb  Lo- 
tbtr,  124;  tone  et  bU  book,  U8; 
Lntbar'*  UUei  of  apolou  lo,  US) 
hii  ajiiiUntloD  for  >  dtronc,  119; 
made  hi'ndof  th*Chutdi<i  Esgiaod, 
Itil;  hi)  ditDita  and  mairiag*  irllfe 
Aunt  Bolcjn,  SMj  bia  diram  4»- 
cnwd  bj  Cnnmiv,  390;  pnbliAai 
IboBibia  in  EncU^,  SSI;  i.ifiliM« 
Iba  tiiDaiIiiil««,K3)  bia  pontcalk* 
at  PrauaUau,  >M;  •xocutn  Ann* 
Boicrn,  U4 ; bi* manUsa  wlib  law 
of  Ciara,  394;  hi*  cbaraMart  nil 
elbct  ef  Uj  doatb  on  RfiBtoo*  far- 
Um,SBS. 

Safbwt,  Unj.  U3. 

tigrui];,  uii  Ihs  WaldaoMi,  97. 

ll«ur,  jilui  for  tha  Oiurcb  conitllu- 
lioD  ol,  489. 

Ulararebj,alladudln  Iha  lUbmitiujr 
41)  Iti  gavnsnienl  dlacardad  b^tba 
BetomHii,  488. 

Ulgb  ooaunlHiaii,  MOtt  tt,  UL 

Qndabniid,  bU  latamJiic  plan,  tt. 

Ubutnar,  of  Rhelna,  bamtdail  b;  Klcb- 
olai  I,,  a. 

Ulilaifi  iniKl«ni,mo*t  prominml  ovniU 
of,  1. 

Holland,  bancflt  ot  Iba  Bttonuatbw  In, 

lIunib«T)t.  *yDod  of,  489. 
IIODtplnliui,  hli  paraocutlon  ol  Kantk- 

lin.  14. 
U«i|i«r,  tud  nald«d  u  laiicb,  tUi  li 

Imprinnnt,  US;  hii  manyrdoui,  131. 
Uoolwr,  on  Ibu  rali-Hljr  of  Pnabjrt^ 

riin  ordinal ioo,  XU;  lantraatail wlife 

VThitsift,  339;  hi*  trsallM,  NT;  M 

Diurch  and  SUM,  H9,  tOO. 
Itorn.  Ilia  tiiculion.  303. 
ItouEk,  on  Mary,  Queen  of  ScMi,  JTI 
llutr.nniun.lnltalj'  lu  lack  ef  btnlm 


miffiX. 


I 


Wl  111  iMlamieal  fraocilj,  StO;  two 
(iHlinil  In  fnaft,  H3. 

UnmanlelB,  lliijr  rslly  la  df'end  Kaucli- 
liiii  TO;  lliiit  ri'Intiuci  lu  Ibo  Unitror- 
■Uio.  TS. 

Bimmmnl".  pgnciullon  of.  under  lleniy 
II.,  IMi  theic  Duubtr  ia  UBS,  91>4i 
•Sect  ul  pcntculiaa  od,  US;  JccvoM 
■  p<illUcal  puty,  AM]  amotaneof 
l«lcntU«a  enieted  tlion  (lUtlt  llttOl 
Itiair  udIoo  wUh  tbe  9t«M  noble*,  300  [ 
Uiolrlong  |ii<lcDcc,!)'10|  plot  lor  Iholr 
dasrrucljon  at  Orkani,  US)  origin  at 
lli«  name,  HUt  btloagtd  lo  wbat 
cliiHn<.diir,  itonoclann  bjrUi«t9S(i 
xMd  In  MU-*Uf«nM  in  Iha  ciril  to*. 
JHH;  pmroked  lo  mitlano*  by  illafltl 
viol«not,  M;  uili<iif«(*  M  tilark 
hy  laUnKapMinfinOi  thoir  fortU 
loilo  after  Joniae  and  UoncnnMui, 
279;  how  alheud  by  Uw  uliiiiiclitor 
o(  8L  Ikrlliulninrw,  3TSi  atlor  Ibo 
•DiBtWion  of  IltnrylV^aSS;  pr»- 
ttdolby  Iha  Edict  of  NanM,988i 
b«MBa  a  delMUdrc  puiy,  9U I  lanir- 
iMtiaa  of  (III31),  U»i  pfnttmCloa 
c<,byUnuaXIV.,MS. 

Quml^  on  tba  rant*  of  Ita*  BttDnnalim, 
t- 

RaDdadujini,  oa  f.utbu  ••  a  protanor, 
89. 

IIanca>T,  rpnad  «(  ProtMUDliwi  In. 
UO;  tiril  vaf  la,  1»;  Euebaririle 
Milfa  In,  IPO. 

Uu^^  on  ihc  (Ulrlolim  of  llio  Engllih 
lUfonncn.  iM- 

l)aniley,Eariot.3W. 

iluB,  by  whom  tadopiiFed,  llli  irorki 
•n,  HI  t  hit  (pirli  and  oplaloiu,  6i; 
Latbar>a  darlamlion  raaptollBe,  t>«i 
»f»<nndaBt  «f,  OS;  bi*  tiocutioa, 
MOi  «Bact«lh Id DdMinia,  ITT, 

Ranrilaa,  cnuada*  acaiwl  the,  QS. 

QnuUnMn,  Mr<L,  on  ibo  doctrino  it 
FiadMiinallun,  Ut. 

BuIMn,  he  aid)  EUudiUo.  TS;  on  a  of 
Iba  auUton  of  Ibe  Epltt.  Ote.  Tiro- 
nun,  7B. 

Syan^  LMbu'a,  m,«M:  Qalttn'*, 

au. 


Inland,  Rvtnnnathin  In,  lit. 

Ic«ui>rl>uin  ill  ftu'ulJaiidi  8H|  hf  Iki 
llu([uciwU,IIUIila(baS'cUlelUAte 
19iii  Krigland  spared  fmni,  KO- 

••  ImluLioii  of  Cbrbl,"  tbnaclor  of  It, 
07. 

ludalBciuo,  doclorallMi  ol,  UA 
Indalgencc^  UaUajr  of,  fi;  docuiut 
of  AqalaMiMpcain^Mi  comiM'td 
with  Iha  tnMory  oI  iuptT«rB|ialOfy 
merili,  by  Aquloaa  and  AkxandM 
tl  Uatoa,  Ml  docUlne  of  ropo  Six- 
tnt  n'.,  VI|  bo*  lold  by  Tstwl,  M; 
Lalbcr'*  prolxl  asainil  tba  tr*do  In, 
Ui  hia  doctiin*  nt,93;  boll  of  Leo 
X.  nKfxans,  DTi  Zwjiigla  prtadiea 
acaintt  the  nlu  of,  13D. 

Iniltptndcnia,  Ibalr  riao  and  tcocti, 
347;  in  lbs  WtaunloMor  AwuaUjr, 
tSTi  atlala  ID  power,  UOi  llidr  pol- 
ity in  Krn  Kuy;taad,  (UT. 

Index  l^hibiiorini,  tOS,  aSU:  an 
tbon  In  llici,  tXi. 

lamnnl  Ul.,tarTka  tbt  Pafal  powti 
W  iUb«li^l.Bat  bia  Idea  at  a  fapa) 
lb(ocracy,»|  on  tba  laUllan  of  III* 
Cliarcb  to  (be  Stat*,  2>i  nnw  ap, 
and  (xmrnmuaifaln  Olhu  IV'.,  30; 
«l«T«t«a  Frwtcric  II.,  tOi  mloeca 
John  of  Eii|[lind  In  ■ubmluloa,  Ml 
bit  claimi,  30;  hi*  lagal**,  tli  aap' 
porUd  by  (be  uuodltaut  nrdcn,  tl| 
bl*  enuada  agalnil  Iha  JUhltaaati, 
M;  for  Iba  BBfoNtmcnl  «<  uoUoiin* 
lly.MJ. 

limwanl  VIIL,  Pop*,  Ua  ctefMtt^  U, 

InoocentX.,  hiamalMvenyvMtLMdi 
XIV.,  4U. 

tnqiililtlon  ued  againii  the  AlblRtnna, 
Ml  Ita  torm  b  ibeHaihtrlandi,  3)7 1 
ito«neei,S7|  ra»rpuiij*d  in  Italy, 
Mil  It*  TiKllanM  hi  Spain,  Wt. 

toqidiiiora,  origin  cf  iha  itnn.  M> 

InWrim,  Ulpale.  lU;  oppoiod  b^  U>t- 
in,  114. 

InlolMnii(«,  hiilmy  o(,  m;  In  lb« 
Rmiiui  Knipn*,  S38|  In  th*  UUdU 
Acw^lU;  biSMDMottba  H«rfi 
It^UatmB  on.  Stl;  Mt  latoM  h* 
T.wiait.nX;  axprMakM of  l4ilfa« 


M« 


nn«z. 


I^Ht.  Ml  MhmM  br  C<Md. 
ail  Id  BBghad  ondw  IDb.brUi, 
319,  oppoMd  by  Wniiua«tC>niis*i 
at3|  «xtnii>Ml  in  PnMMaal  eonn- 
tri«>,ttS;  iiicoagnioiuwlik  lb*  go- 
nial at  PmUMuitlun,  StTi  \towUt 
OilbollN  <M  n^oiulbtt  to,  UX. 

I  baUnd.  PratMMmbm  In,  SU|  Pmlw- 
tut  kkiuclir  <*ubUA«d  In,  3Ni 
•IImI  ef  the  Cslhahg  tmMImi  od, 
IHi  halt  Baoon'f  idrfn nqnctips, 
IM. 
bwHaoi^  «n  lb*  tMbh  ohunh,  II. 
tltif,  Ttrrivtl  at  iMraln^  Idi  6T  |  obir- 
tct»  et  (h*  rerlTd  of  iMnlof  l>, 
7t\  nUipan  Id,  in  Iha  lAtb  cantuiy, 
T)j  long  (■(  Mhloal  teeing  iu.  ia  Ula 
IBtli  rmluTj,  TS|  tnducoc*  nf  ll« 
ciillnrg  in  KninM,  948;  iUcMdilion 
Inth*  IMli  ««aCu)T,  nUi  aBoct  of 
ctiMieal  uudlat  In,  319;  ohamce«T 
tt  Uimanlil*  in,  BSD;  ittnr  atimgfd 
fattrll«Mu*ily  after  tba  Uafonnation, 
Mft|  InltrMt  IU  nalBia)  wImm 
•prinp  up  In,  419:  oflaol  vt  (lia 
Oilbsllc  naccien  on,  413;  Aoticriai- 
laninain,  47T> 

Jacob,  on  tfaa  oriein  o(  tli*  Ivpiwopatc, 
IS. 

Jaidlon,  bouM  at,  1X0. 

IamMT.,«f  Soolluiil.  ProiMUtictnat- 
ipi  In  U)  nigo,  sa. 

lamn  I.,  ol  Bngliod,  Ma  tiMb,  3TSi 
trawned  M  Stirling,  178 1  bk  tatgn, 
4U|  hif  IrMlment  of  (be  IVHIant, 
4M;  It  III*  Hampton  Conn  Con- 
hruicf,  4^1;  wndt  iIvIpkbIm  id  (bo 
Srnnd  at  Put,  434;  bin  nltonipt  to 
ImpMS  Epi>i»pnc7  on  Ibe  SeiittisU 
Chonb,  4U)  li[i  opinion  ot  Laud. 
4M. 

Jaoin  n.,  Ui  arbitruy  prlnrlplca, 
U4(  bi*  fOnctDt  bl^  eonunlHlan, 
(44;  Ui  declaiation  tor  IflxFiiT'  of  oon- 
■oiaiM*,444;  hatt  bi*  crmrn,  410. 

iMWttlWW,  oT%(nof,  lit. 

taattulMt,  ptntcntion  of  Ilian,  <S3: 
«a  lb*  mdJng  of  (be  Bibl*  bj  (ho 
Ulr,  MK 


Tiniilin.  Iin 

Jtbia*,  Judff*,  m. 

JoTon*,  of  ITagMibliaxMatlMiit 

JauilM,  order  of.  It*  orielo,  Ml  Mi 
organliaboi),  4M|  IH  lafliiwwit  MO, 
1(1  dMMM  of  ngloU«i  tW|  Ita 
cdusttlou)  InSamoa,  41>i  laaolt  at 
IM  eSoR*  i^n*l  PwtaiCMrtkpi, 
414l  IB  infloanea  In  PnnM,  414] 
•t  Doui]-,  414|  in  »tn4m.  414;  b 
AniBfa.  4aii  (Am*  of  Ha  mbdaf 
on  tbt  hiUllwi.  bS;  diteajr  at  ki 
a«al,  4Ui  iu  liu  uhjnl  in*iii, 
4Ui  it*  •Oito  wlUi  Ml*  Dominlpira, 
490;  it*  (cppraMioii,  (IT> 

Jaanitinn,  of  IJijoU,  not  thai  ol  Iha 
■■PWTiBeiallj«t«™,"4i». 

Jrwvl,  hi*  apinlOB  ou  lb«  Endurii^ 
Ml. 

Joba,  non.ot  AiHtfU,bi*g«T«ramaDt 
Hi  ibo  N*lh*rl«id«,  SK;  Ua  ilMib, 
30C. 

John  «t  Duuuctus  loaebta  ItaoBnb* 
RtBnlulinn,  11*. 

Jdbn,  KtnK  ol  Knglauil,  bumbled  hf  ' 
tnaonnl  til.,  30. 

Jobnot  Pari*,  nwtinlidni  tharigU*  at 
Iha  ciTil  ■Dihan'tf ,  40. 

John  XXn.,  bia  traalmenlot  iho  Da* 
p«mr  I.OBi(  nf  BavarU,)!):  tLirgti 
witli  hcrtij-  by  lliii  UinorlU*^  4L 

JnhnXXIIt.,  ntumpu  Eo  (oatlVl  ik* 
CooBcil  of  Pin»,  4*. 

John  nf  Saroy,  biihop  of  (hnera,  IM 

John,  Klactor  of  Saxouj,  hta  noU*  t»m- 
duti  at  Augibarg  (It'30),  1^^ 

Jolin  III.,  king  Dt  SwtdBB,  I7T. 

John  Frodorio,  GlodDr,  lapwad  at 
Mniilberft.  Ifl4i  rtloitnl,  tM. 

jnhu  of  x^•oWl.,  m. 

Jobnuu,  Dr.  Siunutl,  on  (onrocailon 

in  the  Kn);li*li  ctiunh,  501. 
Jonaa,  Jiutni,  J4I. 
JorUa,  Ula  Ufc  of  Bnamn^  7T< 
JoUiu    II.,  I'ops,  hla    duTiclar,  41 

«in>|<liuuu  ol  G«!sn;  agiliut.  49 

(Toierl  nfcnmM  la.  In  tho  "  Ceflo- 

quin  "  of  Erumiu,  80. 
Jullui  III-,  ropB,  taronUa  to  i 

v..  IIU. 


IXDBX. 


607 


Iw  tUtomiwidi,  gnMci  In  IIm  P*m« 
?l  Augiburc.  IM;  lioir  mudlAtil  Jo 
Ibii  tn«lr  ol  WeMptuOla,  4U 

iiiflJflcaliDn,  dtpunurc  from  lh«  Pah- 
ling  dwttVDc  of,  llii  iiffaiJ  ia  llalir 
«l  iba  I'rvtMCaal  daclrine  at,  JM; 
PntMUniilocliiufat,  in  &|i>iu,W3i 
Aial  p^l  at  eoBitvvtny  iMUracn 
Onbolici  uil  PnMUuU,  W9  i  Fni- 
MluitdMtriiiealiUl:  UomiuiCBlb- 
olu  dMUiiw  ot,  403. 

KunpKliulta,  U*  Ufa  oi  CiIvId,  IH. 
KaUe,  John,  bli  edition  «1  llooktt,  3U, 
KfB(di,  TIioiuu  k,  bi»  ''Inludon  of 

Chri.t."  07. 
K(pl«r,  bii  rlow  «f  AiMl«ef,  <■ 
Kaux,    Jobn,    raiinu    U     SoMUnd 
(IMU),  13l|  hie  wljr  lite,  3Mi  in 
Iba  cutis  «(  Sk  Aadrtw),  IMicbDiiI 
lo  pnacb,  3M ;  ■  upUr*  in  Ftann, 
>Hi  pmcbM  is    Nanb    EnfflanrJ, 
3U;  dasliBMi  UiLoprlo  JD  EajtUnd, 
3U;  at  FnokJort,  SMi  uGcacra, 
•     366;  hill  book«D  th«  "Btgimm  of 

PW«in«n,"  3Se;  nlanu  to  StoUand 
[UU),>M|  jmacba  aealutldDlk- 
Ujr,  Uai  daUated  br  EUiabtth, 
JOGl  bis dlaagmmcDt  ultb  Uia  lonli, 
UT:  hi*  oppoaflion  to  Ilia  Quoca'a 
maH.  tSRi  hi*  ioterrlcw  inlb  krr, 
WO  i  Ilia  dahalo  thlh  ho  on  Ihe  llmlu 
ot  oinl  obtdiann.  Ml;  pnuhca 
■galnat  danoinR  at  Ilolyrood,  1113 1 
■nuUtrr  inlsniew  wilh  11017,3011 
further  dlacuHlon  with  hor.  Ml: 
piwdiaa  ogaioat  her  proJKicd  mar- 
il*f*,  SUi  «h«  aumniuni  liitn  <»  h«t 
pnatnoa,  )M;  tSUA  brfora  Uia  prtrr 
couMil,9GS|  hit  SttatpOan  of  Uui 
a««a«,  WC|  limporaiy  braaeb  trilb 
MumjTt  MTi  hi*  pubUo  pra^r  for 
Iha  Qattn,  KI;  no  Bdvoc4M  of  lc^ 
taaiioD,  MSi  hi>  fom  of  raMUp, 
rai   hia  iaat  dayi,  MO. 

La  Lhaiae,  4H. 
uskal  apirll,  ho«   nualttalad  batora 
tha  Satonnalion.  t*. 
I      L«inai,adn)oataa  fopularaviroitigDlj 

L 


l^mhtrl,  hi*  Church  caa^titulwn   'ot 

Ilmo,   133;   Luthar'a  juJtfiiivnt  ol 

11,493. 
LanfraofCMi  dw  ot  the  naliooal,  U 
Lao/jlaad,  WUU«»,  bl*  pacn,  34. 
I«  HcnaiidJa,  tilO. 
Laaco,  John  t,  hit  <ariai,  toi  «adi  la 

PoUad,!!;. 
].auraa,  tch  Cauocil  of  tha.  7%, 
lAtimtr,  hi*  martynlom,  MS. 
Laud,  maiaiaioa  ayon  iticiM   Kplarn 

paey,  335i  liiit<olti;y,43n:  Juiiui  l.'a 

opinion  «f ,  Ud  1  hb  ctnMoilUf  of  tha 

p(*M,  S2S. 
LauRDl,  till  viowot  Iba  Bafonsacloii, 

S;  «ii  tho  Uttc  of  tcU^on  bl  (ho  lOlh 

Law,  Inltnvillonal,  jmi^ia  of  tho 
■eicsn  of.  MO. 

Lawnnro,  Atthb4ihop,  «a  tha  Angli- 
can  aitic'lea,  tXt. 

Leaffu*,  Catholio,  is  Frante,  orgawaal, 
n$;  it  camnwneta  war,  iTSi  rotiiaia 
to  arknatTltdtn  Hratf  IT.,1T1)|  war 
•rilli  Hriicy  lY.,  SSOi  ica  nhiliaull« 
Sgain,  2S0i  Catholic,  In  Gorman}-, 
(IMS;,  im  Iktbollc,  ht  Ociuuij, 

awa).  at. 

League  ot  SinalcaU,  formod,  IM. 
woukcnod  bif  dlaoord,  tU> 

Ltamliii;,  Iho  icviral  af,  bd^Bt  bl 
lulr,  B7-,  influunoa  of  DiuM,  V*- 
trartli,  and  norcaccio  on,  0}. 

Ladiy,  oa  trlleioiu  perKoution,  SU. 

LafdTTt,  hiiarrUiaga,  3U  i  bli  doclrinta. 
>l(|  IIi«aloStn*burg.a4&;  on  K«ft- 
Snphical  diacoraritaand  nfonn,8^ 

htg/am,  mot  out  bj  lauootot  IlL,  )■■ 

I.rgi>u,  their  anl]-h!cnmhlcal  aplrit, 
30;  tho  alllei  of  monarohy,  U. 

Ltlbaiti,  hli  tiloru  for  ibo  niwioa  ol 
chufthea,  481 1  hi*  oamapowbiwa 
wUb  Land^ve  Emod,  ud  wilfc 
Bcaauci,  484;  hit  noitilj  tor  diri»> 
kaa,  IfUj  bii ccclMiadJca!  lotltJoa, 
48«- 

LalfMic,  DitpnlatiOD  nl,  Mj  ila  «S<m 
on  Lutbar,  90. 

lirBo  1.,  hi*  inlluanM  on  tha  council  d 
CbaJwdoa,  U;  fviuiiU  tha  llanaa 


608 


*'**'**■ 


prtaMof  on 
90!  Ui  tkMMlcr,  SI. 
Laa  X.,  oHi  iW  Ra(i>nnM>Mi  a  i]avT«I 
•d  M«aka,Si  LadKr** iMMr to hiai. 
10*l  MuanBoWalw  UUMr,  Wt; 
•b  Ml  oa  ita  Mbj«(«lliidi4(twai. 
Rl  UiaffariOM  U  chxtKtksof 
CharlM  r^  lilt  U*  ««nwatM  with 
bia.  Ill;  inibu  •■  tfc*  k<mng  «l 
hcMim,  32):  lit  ehMcter,  M 1 8wpl 
ua,M;  I-dlaTlclnl««,«T|  HmMri 
on,  IT:  Uvkeiarttnl  oo,  <T|  R«foM 

Lm,  IL,  lU*  rkw  at  IW  KdarnuUMi,  4. 

U  Ttllkr,  luhcr,  «^^,  4U. 

Urd<^  ikf*  of,  SWi  dM  npirn 

chunk  at,  t». 
L'llotplul,  U*m  tolMailca,  1B4. 
IBmrif,  niiti\um,  UtomI  I17  Eniinni, 

£L    "See  iDUtoMM." 
Llbntlaa,  Dm  ftftf  of,  M  G*nna, 

IN;  Iheir  MNngih  wImi  Santhu 

wu  trifd.  SlOi  flnalljr  tiwbiJ  bj' 

CUria.  9S9. 
Uebitoot,  J.,  418. 
UghiioM,  J.  B.,  on  iha  oricfD  «(  ibi 

BpitcopM*,  IS. 
Uii|(wd,  on  CraaBtT,  MB. 
UlanEnrc,  chtiwtlr  at  llw  rMucaUr, 

in  Cha  UiddU  Abw,  Ui  IU  itttiot  la 

BpliB.  laOi  In  luly,  till  Enclbli, 

in  tlia  CliMtwlbKi  ■«,  AU. 
liltr',  on  Ihc  vdM  "  HukmuoI."  SM. 
tjvoiila,  l*rgtn<luili*a  in,  IM. 
UunRli,  hi*  liiitorjr  o(  (bo  InqalittkiD, 

403;  llrMe'K  ci<t!(Ja  at,  401. 
{jMvit,  In  tlugluil  brfon  lh«  B«tM< 

mMlnn,  HO:  Uitea  Lft  Jobs  Knox, 

lis. 
ti^nlnnli,  Ibef  timt-ten  Itemc,  91. 
Lonftjiimua.  pcMo  at.  t70. 
I/ipsda  V«^,  tSO. 
t»rilj  ot  ibe  coogninlioa,  dcttrmlnc 

dBTOM  oboNh  pfapnty  (0  Kb«gb, 

•lo.,W7. 
Lamto  n..  of  Flannto,  lU. 
Lorraine,  Canlla*!  ChHiM  at,  Ui  rea- 

•oaifordaiilringaMUoqajratrilwr- 


LMkak  U,«Mipba<  kr  Kklnim  U 
K. 

h»mt  of  Bmri*,  bD«  tnaiad  by  Jobs 
XXII.,M. 

t««»4*  Dtrqni^  Uti<flk,SI8. 

Lau,  Cmuu  of  XBMa,  »T  i  MbM 
•nd«bia,aOL 

LeaiiIL,Klngof  UMgarT',  Ui  dMlh, 
I8I1. 

Lank  IX^lBtfioia  far  FMdMlen^CI. 

Uoit  XIV.. Ui  illhft-flfc  CbitM 
II.,  4U;  Ui  BlMiMOi  U«  «Bam> 
ratf  wUh  Inmiiirt  X,  4Mt  a^ 
pcKtelbribaVrtiidKltfSr  lUH), 
4M!  acraontM  «Uh  lanoeail  Xll« 
4SI:  lua  poMcallMI  i<  Ifci llafni»' 
Bat*,4U!  nndertka  Mnntnott* 
CUm,  (N;  nrafcw  tfaa  i^lcl  of 
Sialos  4M|  mtnMa  and  ullimiu 
tullara  of  hi*  toRlca  polity,  4U- 

Ijiulia,  at  S*yvjr,  iU- 
UtoU.  IsaMM.  hh  hatM7,  «B;  Ui 
"  Spdiioal  RnKbot,"  MO. 

LMech,  the  RefonnalliB  Id.  ITt- 

lutixn,  tank  at,  Ut. 

Luih«r,  miaHgi  of  HaztmlBw  L  ■*■ 
•pMllDg,  40t  on  Ilia  ofMoa*  at 
Woid.m  a  tf  oilani  flt  Occam,  TI  i 
hi*  dactrin*  ot  tb«  L(Wd**  Ropptt 
iuac*M«d  by  D'Aillr,  11;  Ite  boa 
of  the  Bdonauion,  VS;  bb  btrtb 
■ml  |«i«;£as*,BIi  itudlai  at  Mag- 
dtbnn:,  KlKfiuk,  Eifnn.  Ml  Mten 
thecouvtRiitKrian,S8iU*MMtn, 
«8i  mia*  praCHMC  at  Whtantoc, 
SOi  hit  tiudin  and  ffovteK  MfU^ 
lion,  89;  t>ii  rcliglan  elperlenoD, 
M;  akbd  by  SUuiihi,  «0i  ■iWlc* 
AuKo*t'n>  "id  T&ulir,  Ml  MCI  that 
)iMiin»i>r>n  b  by  tillli,  Mi  *(•!■ 
Knni«,  00;  bto  delist  In  tha  Blbk) 
Vl ;  craduii  progrw  of  bl>  Mind,  n  I 
pmaehu  igiUnM  'IVUbLVSi  poKi  Ui 
niiiiTiy-nv»'niBiM,Wi  tbdrewuwrt^ 
93;  eao'dfiDlIaui  la  bli  mavuoMi^ 
P4|  ba>l  nu  (liuui;bl  at  rmoiuicine  tli« 
fop*  (•(  thi  Chunh,  fill  tomaiallm 
muni  by  hli  Tbani,  9A|  rvplin  M 
Ihi  nluuki  at  IVWriai,  Trtttt.  ao* 
EDb,M|  UinniuannliM  Komt.M 


I 


IXDSX. 


6(H) 


mUrvitwi  irllll  OlJoUii  M  Angiliurg, 
H;  tlMline*  to  Nlnct  U*  iletfan- 
Uoa),  wli  appMUlo  tile  Vopt.  hetttt 
Inromiiil,  M:  1i)i  docliine  ilciiltd  In 
■  bull  III  Lto  X  ,  UT 1  appeal)  fmm  Iha 
Fopc  to  ■  gen  en]  rooacil,  1*7;  coa- 
cludcta  iruce  with  Miltitx.  IT-,  laku 
part  in  ttio  Lclpiio  Di»put«lion,  67; 
■ccumpnuliHl  lj}' lt([[aacllioii,UTihls 
K(niatilyandbunior,DSi  hiidcclin- 
lioni  al  Leipaio.M  I  baw  Inflaencvd  by 
Ihr  difpnution,  Mi  haapptalsto  Iti* 
lailjr  i  i  a  addrtM  to  Uia  noblt^  100 ; 
■trik(Balt1iiFdislinotianbtt<n«Dlij^ 
-Danand  print,  100;  hi*  trutiMon  tha 
Bibyloiiiui  ciptivlly  «t  l]i«  Chunli, 
lOO;  altMlu  Iran  Mill- IiniintioR,  100, 
bin  Ittttt  l»  hto  X.,  100;  lilt  xnnUD 
on  Ihr;  (nadum  at  >  ChriMian  man, 
101 ;  li[i  miud  In  « tutn  of  tranailian 
In  r«ap«t  H>  l^pal  and  ChuRli 
autborltjr,  101;  nLconiniuDicuol, 
101;  bunia  Uia  Itull,  101;  potilkal 
q^patby  irtib,  103 ;  tlUi ary  lupptirt 
«[,  10>|  MMtidod  by  IJlHcb  Von 
BnlUn,  lOli  pntMtcd  by  PiedM^c 
tb*  WIbs,  106;  lammontd  (B  tli*  Dwt 
o<  Wornu,  101;  hit  Jontntjr,  108; 
appeon  bcton  th*  DiM,  100;  wliy  ■■• 
aak«d  torAtUf,  110;  ntutu  la  ra- 
canl,  110)  durnui  ajcnintl  him,  111; 
moltvMcfil.  Ill;  under  lb*  bui  uf 
lh«  Chuicb  auil  [lia  ampirti  112;  la 
Ui*  Warlburs,  119;  tniulatca  Ilis 
Kbit  Tolamenl,  IIB;  dianctrr  til 
bla  Uaanlntluu  ol  ibe  Ilibt«,  Ilii 
Munu  lo  WilifnlHrffi  11*1  ([iitlli 
tbt diM>r<I«i(  Ihert,  II4i  fali  dhuct- 
nllimwtlh  r?K>rt  la  iltt*,  113)  bii 
Tppljr  to  tbr  wnminii  of  iho  clMtor, 
113t  bia  lurvulcan  Ubon,  114;  bts 
rapid  oomp«Iii«ti,  IH  i  hii  <lo' 
malic  chancter,  IMi  bi> (ipiiMitioa 
W  Mnwd  n«i(lanc(i  110;  al  Oi>- 
bnr(,  I19j  bi«  l«llcr«  fmn  Ibfrv, 
UO;  cnmiinw^  M<lancth«D.  llli 
hiipraftn,  ISI;  on  cirrcaaniH,  03; 
blin»rria<n.  123;  niminalian  can**d 
bj^it,  193ibi>c«ntnirtr>rvltbll(nr7' 
VIII ,  lU;  W»  rvbcnienn,  IMi  bit 


lotlw  o(  •[«.tBK7  to  tltarj  Tllt^ 
1!C;  111*  ri'InliOR*  to  Knuitnj'.  ItT 
bb  oplnjun  uf  Jfrufru^  and  Auj^vi' 
tin*,  ISSi  itriutuii  tnwiiua,  IS . 
controvenywltb  bimontha  vUI,  1J&; 
111*  nlailuni  villi  bim  atlcrxanli, 
130[  bow  br  rlfihl  In  kli  Jadfcminu 
of  Erumu*.  nit  wllf  mlnepr*- 
•ciitcd,  unl  wby,  131i  on  the  pu*- 
nU'  war,  131 1  rontmltd  «lib  Zirit, 
glo,  lU:  a  man  of  Iho  pwplv,lU; 
but  ilandi  nioot  tram  polilim.  lU. 
pTHPtlnl  Zirlnc'e  In  brnkinj;  witb 
■he  Papai'T,  llSi  hjs  dociriae of  Iht 
l^rd'i  tSupper,  lUi  bit  boxlililjr  ta 
the  Zwinelioa  dootrlni,  119;  icmunila 
«t  it,  140 1  dtrlrei  arj^imcnla  rram 
Ocnim,  111;  at  Ihe  conftivne*  M 
Stnrlnri;.  1^3;  tofttDtd  fwliim  to- 
vanlt  tbu  Zwinciiant,  133 1  rtMnn  U» 
attach  upon  Ibfia,  153;  mii-oa  hiiop- 
pealllun  ID  armed  rMlilance,  156;  bb 
dcalb,  IW;  bit  lati  daj-i,  IMi:  bU 
coDOIct  with  the  JurifU,  100:  hi*  ra- 
Itlleiu  lo  JiDlanclhon,  1<>0 ;  bl>  power 
•nd  Inflvenre,  lOli  rcnurki  of  Itor- 
nerand  Dulllac^r  on,  ICI  i  hi*  Mtnr 
to  Polub  l.iitb«Rin«,  IM;  Calvin 
flonipar*d  wltb,  304;  Calvln'a  rc- 
mnrka  on,  914;  hi*  opinion  of  Cal- 
vin'i  letter  to  Sidolel,  SlOi  on  th« 
Hrmont  of  llciu,  03;  bla  hymn  OB 
Ibe  martyr*  nf  l1nii-cU,  9$7;  rrrap- 
tlen  of  bia  wriLlnj;:^  in  Kri^ladd,  IIT; 
hi*  wrilliigi  riiMulalril  In  Italy,  3|I0; 
in  Spain,  40T;  hin  ci>iTinienUrj'  on 
the  OatniiaRF,  401;  hiH  cat<vhi>mi, 
401;  nn  Ills  Kyuvd  ut  llumburg, 
(93;  ea  Ibe  nature  ut  Uoi,  174;  oa 
Ibe  oboemnee  of  Sunday,  4SI:  m 
AiMotb,  tsat  bk  crilldim  of  tba 
<anon,  5U. 

Luiliemnlun,  not  lulied  lo  Fnoc*,  2U. 

LuUierui',  eflcd  of  their  bostilKj'  lo 
Colvlnlim  an  lbs,  419. 

Matanlay,  on  Cranmer,  SH  :  on  (linnAi 
and  Sute,  MI3;  hl«  Tnmpitriiwn  •* 
Catbglir  and  fmiolanl  naliona,  MO 

Uocohiavetli,  hit  "  Princp,"  78. 


ntoxx. 


tUtklataA.  ob  IIwii}  Tin.,  IM. 

tUdiM,  PMM*({IMai,ll«. 

tlA(4l«lM'9i  iciliU  ibo  Inlarim  and 
tbe  Eai|Mn>r,  IGl. 

lUlTt  Jobn,  >H. 

HulclMaii*,  Ml  Un*  «salul,  <0. 

lUrbufigy  Mtil«nae«  •!,  UO. 

UaiKuvt,  Qwcta  tit  Vtrtm,  Iwr  eont 
tiilled  bjCalrin,  ItMti  Iwr  vjrMlnl 
•od  Htarautaay  tmicnci**,  SMS  t  htr 
vrllioKt,  210:   pnilvrtt  tlw  PtdW» 

Unu,  »M:  Gthrin-t  hUar  u,  UT. 
lhtK>nt,of  l^wtBi,nwd*  RifiMit  in 

tlu  KedurUBdt,  891 ;  h«r  dUika  of 

Atva.  301. 
UarK«»t,  of  8*vo}-,    Ilagrat  la  (ha 

Nctlicrl*Dil»,aol  dinpoMd  U  panacu- 

llM,18S. 
UuU.  Qniai]  of  tluiienrf,  K*|fuit  is 

Um  Ktlturlandi,  S88. 
Uatll,  WUIUm  do  U,  btadi  lh«  "  m*- 

htiotsrt,"  JIM. 
Usnit,  t^Ieiiimil,  in  Parran,  Ml:  hi* 

TrnioDul  tbe  EWina,lMl  llwr&ra 

(unc  hj  inartjm,  Ito. 
UimllluK   at    Padua.  Ua   "DcUd«ar 

PlUif,"<l. 

Uarl«l,  <JUiArtr«,  dtttaaM  tilt  Uobani- 
nittbn>,  ii- 

Uanlii  v..  hi*  itunducl  aJUr  ba  wai 
(buivu  I'ujw,  43. 

Uaillji,  llciiri,  uii  ZviriKlr,  143i  on  tha 
tliu(;lilcr  at  St-  Bartliulnincw,  tTO. 

UvtjT,  ViAet,  caUwl  lu  Krii{lMi1.  JMi 
■M  {fodntiDUlan,  83il;  bi-ormit  a 
F!rM«nMU,lU|  Ueilroiiiluily.  tM, 

KaiTiQuaanot  Gnglind.  FuiorM  Ca- 
Ihoikdnn,  SIT:  bcr  marrbisa  «itb 
Philip  II,,  aSTj  btcomn  unpopnUr, 
339. 

VUtj,  Brgiiat  n(  Scotland,  bar  tuurna 
lowacd*  Uu  l*niiEiUalj,  3U:  \t,n 
d*atli,35C 

Uary  dc  Madivl.  pualu  an  allium  wltb 
£|ibIu,  i(T. 

Harft  QoKD  of  Smu,  peril  to  I^K- 
laiid  bom  bcr  pn(«naI(ln^  3113,  n- 
twn*  ta  Scotbod,  967;  bar  (|ja1- 
klc(,  WTi  bcr  pulley  mptftlof 
^ig  as,  3U;  eclubra'w  maa*  in  bar 


chipd,  MS)  bar  rtlUlcM  I*  If  nnOT 
SUicniiheathaEaitalllHnlJtT.uil 
dfbatac  Kith  Knox  «■  the  oMigadoiii 
ol  a  aubiact.  Ml  i  bolda  anattaar  lnl«> 
viavwiih  Kbu,  Wli  mbA)  lorldK 
•Kain,  364;  bir  projartnl  Buatima 
wiehaCalballcrrlniv,  lU;  itiapib 
lld/oppeaaid  b/luus,  3W;(h*al« 
blm la aoeortl,  )U:*(hb  Kaaxba- 
tara  Um  pctir  oaaadl,  MS;  kar  mar- 
lias*  'Ufa  QmnHaj,  BM  i  EUnkalfc't 
ditpkaaun  «tlh  b,  Wfii  alanu  (d  tha 
l*riit<it«Ma,  mil  IbafUka  upafBi*, 
>«>iaha  b  dli««fal<rtlkbarll3». 
bud,  no,  nSi  aaeapM  (rnn  Huly- 
rood  to  DiDtbar,  aili  btntUrtiit 
to  BoLhwtll,  nS;  aba  riaiu  n*nU«]r, 
nSi  tak»Iiiiii(«Knk-a(-£aU,I74i 
bar  ahdiirtlnn  bv  IMbvall,  *T4i  aba 
■narnn  bim,  tit;  caiCund  M  Ctr- 
banr-lliU,  37»i  inaolloit  b7  lb*  P<^ 
pla,  STB;  •  {uinnar  io  Laahbvaa, 
SrS;  Mdrillo  on  bM  •OMtaawM  M 
BatbwaU,  »Si  did  aha  «iila  Iba 
"caaktl  lalUn?"  aTdi  abtioattt 
and  appoinla  Uiunjr  rtgenl,  STB; 
•MBpca  Iroui  Locblartu,  MO  I  da- 
faatod  at  l.anj^da,  Ml;  oMapaato 
Knulaail,  Nil  tbe  bnpcot  tbnni- 
Kiaa  «f  BllMbalb,  3«li  bcr  ut«cn- 
tini,  381. 

Us^luul,  nliipoua  libailj  In,  HW. 

Mil— III  of  Sl>  BarllHiIoni*w,  bow 
plannal,3T5;  nunbor  kflM  b  I^ria 
aodalarohnrt,  a?7i  >a)r  in  Kama  and 
Madrid,  S77i  iiacSiict  on  dig  Hn- 
■:n*sol^  sao. 

IhnacbuKlu,  allied  iaNolamua  Ib, 
4U. 

UatbMiu*.  on  (ba  TtUgtou  iMOlMlkB 
civoa  to  jouifa  bcdora  tha  IMonu- 
iloD.aft. 

Hanrkc,  [Vjih  at  Oranc*,  SIOi  bla 
Quarrrl  wllb  the  ElMtor  Jtdin  Pr«d- 
Mio,  UU;  hi*  cbaraclOT,  l&B;  bit 
detection,  IM ;  luina  affainai  t'bailaa 
v.,  andirb}',  US;  chuaabam  ani 
at  Initapnicb,  1H7- 

UaiiriM,  IUIhuxi*.  Uuuiud  tnoiubAB 
tialiou,  143. 


I 
I 


IKDEX. 


611 


HidmltUa  I.,  Ui  mnu^  4b«iil  Lb* 
tlier,  411. 

Mulmlliu  U.,  InoUiiea  10  PrMcaMnl' 
lim.  iit. 

Uulmllliui,  rl  Banria,  Indu'  ■>(  the 
(tuholjo  iMitat,  it*. 

Uatvnn<!.ll<>k*a(,&$0. 

Miurin,  hi*  policr,  UO. 

Hi4u(.  >plfi( «( nfarm  In,  MA. 

UaliH.  Julian  and  Umata  4l>,  plot 
lur  tbelr  auaHiiialSoa,  40- 

Hclauctiion.  hi*  cliafaMor,  DT ;  Rtnsb- 
lla'i  praplioej'  mpoeling,  91 ;  hi*  ba- 
licf  in  tttratogf,  liaaOi*  fiari^ Im- 
tbn'ablKb.RT:  hl>  doing*  at  tiv,  I>is[ 
'  rA(|glb«S(»)0).  IID!  ehecndbr 
liulb«r.  111  I  K  Uia  nnlMmno  at 
Uarliiirg,  ucli  pluogM  bl*  oplalon 
ca  Um  BoohariM  ami  l^edMtl■>- 
tioD.  ISO;  hli  clunRtH  nliulont  <a 
IjUihvTi  1$0i  hi*  funrni  addnoa  on 
tuthnr,  in  I  ii[i  canHMtlon  witb  the 
Lxlpilc  iDicrini,  IGSibu  t»iiMiilan<, 
bUOj  atlcn.ldl  by  a  letler  o(  Calrin, 
l')04;  Culviri'i  advviiAn  tnt.  3Ni  np. 
fjtr*  IMria'*  Sotlriat  at  PrtAtlU 
nitlOD,  114|  Pa  the  f.mutlon  of  liar- 
io[n>,Snilnviledla  l^iby  Knuicia 
I.,  U3l  his  oonuntntaay  on  lli«  Ito- 
aniuu,  401:  on  th*  tiinadot  ProM*- 
UHtitni  in  lialjr,  3U4i  on  iL<  ttmirr- 
lot  Sunday,  481. 

lUvllb,  AadNy.  saO. 

Hultlllo,  Janiei,  hi*  lUKripUon  ol 
Kiioit,  380. 

tialrillv,  Hir  Janut,  on  tin  folioj  pn- 
■rribttl  luUary  vl  SootUnd,  itO; 
uii  tha  abduction  ol  Uaif ,  STti  M 
hiT  lov*  tu  BothweU,  nS. 

McirdlianiaR!«rt,liovtrtBl*d  hyCblat- 

Hcnoa,  lii«  lalliwato  on  Uio  Anabap- 

iwK*»- 
Uannuolla*.  Iheir  cbua«t«r,  SII. 
Uvrwnnc,  Ml. 
tliili'idriii,  a  niaionar)'  (n  OohnEU, 

i;s. 
Ifkli4l't,  on  Caiharin* d*  Utdit . STAi 

on  Kithclltu,  4W. 
HidO-t  A|H,  ChriMianiljr  ot  Om.   8i 


tharae(*rii*d,81i  chander  ol  Nligtoa 

in  (lio,  ta. 
UlKsat,  on  tha  TBcUlalloo  ot  Framl* 

I.,  SM. 
Uniciiiry  pitillnn,  4S4. 
Ui!iiian,un   lliii  aiili-luanrchinl  t|lrll 

vt  Ihs  tatly  vuroaiHilar  litaratun,  SL 
Uiiiu,  ai. 

MUlitf,  Lit  nogoliallou  tftth  L«lh«r,  K. 
Millun,  on  Ihs  ilamjof  iIm  prcM  la 

ttoly,  tSTi  hi*  rlNilM  (lalih*.  (BTl 

«D  Ui«  libMty  o(  th«  !«•>■>  U<|  ob 

forbidding  tha  maB,  iiiSt  on  Amitat- 

Iiu,in8. 
Uimffita^  princlpW  o(  the,  41. 
UUoBB,  PiotittanI  and  Catlwlio,  HO, 
UobanuDiHtaiiitni,  it«  pracim  fai  Eu> 

npc,  39;  cbKksil  by  Uhatln  HartcJ, 

e. 

M^lvr,  on  FratvaUnlinn  and  RationaU 

i>m,  •■ 
Moluiiu,  hit  comwpoudino*  with  Dofr 

«ul,4S4. 
Umufclijri  lb  victory  mwr  fovdaliam, 

III  Iho  watch  void  of  Ida  iippoDanla 

of  ihf  Painc^  In    Did  14i1i  caiitury, 

40(  oonwiidatlon  of.  In  ICufopa  ia 

tha  Ulh  esnlofT-,  Mi  Danla'i  InttE- 

it  en.  10. 
Molina,  bi**y«an>,  461. 
HonaMician,  oppatftion  of  Entmua  to, 

T9 1  origin  et,  n. 
JSoaUis"',  hi*  (alhpr  on  Ihs  landowj 

«l  Ills  KolbrmalioD,  S  i  hii  lo^UtWn, 

IM. 
UoutmoMri,     ouUtiippcd     I7     tb* 

G>1»M,  aUi  one  of  Ih*  Tribmvlma, 

tu. 

Uomta,  Pmt«faor  al  Pamm,  8m. 
Uor*.  Sir  Itivnuu,  al  Osiar4,  78)  hit 

" lliupia."  ;6: Ihs  *xa«allaa *t, SSL 
Uumay,  Un    PioaK  >>ia  dapuutkm 

wlib  Uu  rvmo,  SB*. 
U«raD*.oatbs  *pnadof  I'rafvcanUni 

In  luly.  Wli  paH«uli'a  sf,  400. 
Uartan,  i:arl  of.  t7t. 
Uu]>lb««,  balds  of.  IM. 
Uuiray,  <aodui4*  tha  gnvmatai  *t 

SosUaaU  ucdsr   Uaiy,  SWi  tocan 

tha  dii(ile4iur>  of  Knox,  UT; 


^^^V  ^^^^^^^^^^^H 

^^^^^^^B     Hi^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H 

H           61S                                          IKDBX.                                             ^^1 

^H                np  inu  CM  tli*  <luMa'«   muriag*, 

KiclwiM  I.,  ropa,  bla  po«ar,  M, 

^H                WO:  to*li  noptftin  th«  aurdec  <rf 

KicholM  v.,  IMpa,  bli  gant  le  U- 

^H                [>unl*]r,  3T3  i  SjoOkwooiU'*  ojdnloa 

phonaA,  King  <ii  faatncil,  IT* 

^H                ef,  ITT:  hit  pcnpleaeltf  aiul  dm- 

Klmlc,  US. 

^M                MM,  ISO:  brtngi  lonrd  tlia"ou- 

KlMeuaa,  Trtalr  af,  tU. 

^m  '            kst  bUcn."  UL 

HomloaBMB,  ila  cAatl  on  ailNUfJciii* 

^H           HjsiUiiii,  tiM  dUbm  oI,  BSi  In  Jut- 

TO. 

^H                wlm,   Ml    «t    BiitvotiH   Md    Ut 

Kordlinitan,  balllo  of.  Ul. 

■               rriaid*,HI. 

Korfolh,  hk  nbtDias,  Ul, 

^1            H)ratI«,lDIheMI<l>U«A«t«,CtiWMlu 

Nonrij',  tb*  Itarocuialiea  In,  ]Tk 

^H               OQ  iJi«,  a»i  tbe  plonten  of  lln  IC«r- 

KoalnuUniua,  Iba  Miroluct',  f- 

^H               ennaUoit,  UT- 

Kiaiambarv.[>itt  uf  (llffiH,  praaMtauaa 

^K 

hundred  coiiigiUiou  ^ilaal  Iba  Sm 

^H            Samcs,  how  t«iid«>«d  Into  Gntfc  and 

of  UaiDClia ;  UMt  at  ( ISH),  nana* 

^1                Latin,  y?. 

111*  mbjtvl  of  Uw  Vr'eiwt  tlnrna  1* 

■            Uutn,  Edid  of.  eMablUbwl,  Wl{  Ila 

tha  atvml  prinna,  1I&;  P«a«*  o( 

^H                Kvwilion,  lU. 

{iua),»T. 

^H            Kaplci,  I'rDlnMiitInD  In,  3M,  US. 

^H             (tUianiilInD,  tiio  ud  «har*cUr1iltci  of. 

Oocani,    William    of,    maintaina  Iba 

^1                Ui  cxlilbitiiil  by  tin  Ugkti,  S3; 

cnuta  of  tbadTi]  authoriir.  Ni  Ha 

^1                ciipoMj  to  BunlfoM  Till.,  M. 

^M            Karun.  H«Biy  d'Albnt.  kinj;  of,  MO. 

K;  bl*  rahrtion  lu  l.utbta'a  •loctrin* 

^H              Kiwra,  Anlhuiijr  of,  liU  appudtioa  tn 

of  tbs  Euilurul,  lai. 

^^^         lli«  Uuitw,  BSSi  bl*  ohanctw  and 

OcliiiM,b«Mm«aaI'rMi!iUat,XH;t)ca 

from  Italjr,  4IH|  a  pndoMar  at  Ok- 

^^H      «Ti  Ui  dniii,  aus. 

tord,  rat  i  a  OnlUriui,  <7S< 

^^^H     K«auder,onllielIiiliUaAj^8|  onllta 

tEcolMupadiui,  Ut tkancMr,  lll|an 

^^^H        orieln  oT  Uw  ^Si«opau,  ]S|  «n  U» 

iIlb  doctrine  of  SftroUa,  ttt. 

^^^H        nliitiaiu  ImIIii^  of  lbs  Genua  Mca, 

Oliknhnr^  Caual  af,  in. 

^^^H        K:  on  ZwJDEir,  lUi  »a  Ibo  MtglB 

Old  TwCamont,  cbaiactw  of  Uw  •»• 

^^^^^        ud  nMura  of  ttaljanaliun,  MO. 

tijiian  ot  Iho.  11. 

^H"            Kfmoiin,  Dacb«B<if,  iJi. 

OIlTotan,  Ptter.  IM. 

^^^_      H«paIiuB  of  lb«  Pnpta,  it. 

"Oppo>aD(f,"U3. 

^^^B    K«Ui*ri)indi,  ueU  In,  betan  Um  Uotor- 

Onloijr  «f  l>ivlna  Lot*,  b»  -tfnfriri 

^^^V        inUlon,  ST;  tliiiti  and  inicllIg«Dca 

and  aplfil,  303. 

^V               of  tin,  386;  relBtian  (o  ihs  Gcrnum 

Ordart,  til*  of  Iba  roaoScMrt,  31;  fa> 

^P                EnipiraflSlSliSM;  how hnitciUnu 

<ficaU  a  r«i  ival  of  retiicttaa  stal,  UT. 

^m                bm  *••*  intniducdl  bito  tbt,  SSD; 

Oaiuillv.m? 

H                 ptnacnlloil  under  Cbailcii  V.,  38T| 

Oiho  1.,  Ilia  Iloljr  Hainan  Zin|dra  b» 

^1                 number  ol  iqortjrn  und*r  Chulcs  V. 

Kin*  vllh  him,  ec. 

^^                In  the,  S99;  Bnl  oompUioia  agaliut 

H                Philip  U.,  1»;  Um   iDquitltlM  la 

tha  Papacy,  U. 

H                the,  3H;   halrod  of  Ibe  SpuUarda 

Otbo  IV.,  excommuilcnlad  bf  Iiu)» 

^B                In  tha,  tor  i  inuioDodann  la  Uie,  SV9 : 

CBDl  UI.,  SO. 

■                "CDUDon  of  Bhwl,"  In    tht,  302; 

Oxcustlani,  430. 

^B                •abaiaalon  of  llie  Catholic  provlnoa* 

^M                tol'btUp,8Dai  (Rvpondaiuce of  Ilia 

['aleWrfna,  411. 

■                CUTlr.kM  in  th«,  III. 

I'allnTi  bla  bbtovr  at  K*«  Eig'aaA 

^H             Raw  Kujilauil,  utua  of  Ila  M(ll«ini>(il, 

ilL 

^m            *'" 

■'■tlavicluj,  on  Ixo  X.,  U. 

DIMZ. 


618 


I 

I 


PuitbTiim,  iti  niatlon  t«  Deun,  Mi. 

P>p«7,  lu  rolitlon  In  Iht  (Mcnloial 
order.  Hi  fu  ^Ttmlh  favorc^t  liv 
folitlcul  cln;uiii>liin«a,  VI:  lu  ilU- 
■fi<e  arith  (lie  Fnnkt,  33i  iti  rclftlion 
b>  Cb>riinn*Kiw,  U :  bow  afloelcd  by 
lb(  diviiion*  ol  hu  mnptn,  tl  t  tX' 
•Itod  bj  tb«  PMudo-IiIdorlia  Detm- 
ttbt  14 :  prriod  of  fomixn^  m 
tb«,S6;  intomntlcrn  of  Otho  l-.Oibo 
m.,  anil  IlenrT-  III.,  in  llin  iiCbin 
«tlh>,SS;  tliltlebraiid't  Idoodht, 
tti  '•MDHict  wllhlbii  EUpii*,S6; 
ft*  adnnttCM  in  thii  oonBId,  IT; 

;iU>din  IhecnnBirt  by  dirinioD*  in 
Dttir,  37:  vieloiy  <rf  111*,  SSjcut- 

'  ttIo«timi<itiH|HiiT«r,£l:howil!(iclnd 
bytb*  niloat  olibacr,  29:  Umry  of 
Uic,  Rdvancfd  by  Inmicwt  ltl.,Sit-, 

oaiura  of  lu  ii(ni)n[ti  with  il»i  hjii- 

pirp,33:  bcnrtlllKof  tlio,  IntlwUi'Ula 
Ap't.  33:  howtmMd  by  Duiti^  P»- 
tnnh,  *n'l  Ilncracdo,  34;  nactioa 
at;i)u>(  tliBi  36 :  doclineoflUprMlig*, 
Ui  In  llM  ptrioil  ol  Ihibylunlan  rtf- 
llrity,  31 1  tuaiaimiilaiuiiiiaaGtr- 
mny,  ta^oA,  anil  olber  countrwa, 
U;  lb*  Cnal  Sriimn,  43',  Gilli«*n 
IbeoTy  of  tht,  43:  l|l<ritotlh^  lath* 
UlbcvnUiiy,  44;uruluriiI>i|iof(li*, 
Wi  chanwior  of  (ha  In  iha  >lidi|]« 
Agm,  M;  ic*  wnkiwM  nndar  and 
tfWrLiMi«XIV.,UT. 

Ptrktnan,  btt  wotk  oa  lb*  Jwolla  Id 
Xlm■nt*,tV^. 

PBilluMnt,  iho  Prftntb,  ntpporu  or- 
Ibodmcy,  342,  144!  (ho  ScottUh, 
(fiDllnni  tbt  c*t4bllj>li<aiuil  of  t'rol- 
nUiilitin,  313. 

Pannii,  Alexander  of,  la  command  la 
lb*  KtlheiUndi,  30ei  tbs  C«lhoIlo 
proriuvn  •ubnilc  lahlm,)l(l:  Pliillp'* 
d»l);n  to  illuiilishbu,  mOi  his  oin- 
Ift  I  trtib  lUiuy  IV.  In  Francr,  S8(J. 

hlliV  ■  Mat  of  CMboOo  tanaliritm, 

Pari*.   Ooivciwly  nt,   mbmna    tba 

■■  CoIkiqalH  "  of  Kruinu),  81. 
fan),  hie  "  Piorioiial  letun."  iSt, 


Fmmo,  "nuty  of,  MT. 

Patrick,  HiUinp,  44ft, 

I'aul,  Ibg  Aii-Hlle,  hii  Catholio  lata* 
prclalios  of  ChrlHUally,  II. 

Paul  til,,  Vopt,  hi*  ballet  In  utnlofQr, 
S:  oneoungcta  Pranciil,  tnnM  (he 
ProLntaiitK  49;  nUirrl  wlih  F'ruicii 
I.  H;aini>l  Oinrlot  Y.,  IM;  frMndly 
IS  the  Catholic  rcformiait  pojty,  K)a  i 
hi*  Coniulninnii  of  Battnn,  J13i 
Inrufan  tbo  Oiuoil  «f  Tnal  U 
OoIoGna,  (01. 

lIulIV.,  hi*  •anilnUlntioi),411,  hfa 
Crealraent  at  Eaiubalh,  411;  bi*  n- 
tadau  to  Quoen  Maiy  of  Eiiglaad, 
ixt. 

I-aulldana,  tS. 

Parla,  batUe  ot,  IIS. 

Pepin,  bia  BMir|Mtian,  23;  d*lirtra  tba 

Papacy,  33. 
P»l')-t,  hi*  diary,  443. 
lAtnin,    Amy,  Sll;  leoili  an   loaurno- 

lion,  S13. 
PM*r,  finl  mmCion  of  htm  a  IIUwii  of 

BoBlf,    IS. 
Pelcr  cf  Bruyr,  M. 
I'ctcneui  Olaf,  aiul  t.aHn'nc>i->  pmuh 

the  Bcformalloa  lu  Kwolan,  ITO. 
Pttll,  J„  Mtt. 
Petrarah,  on  (he  Papacy,  II  i  hia  i*. 

Ltlion  to  lb*  nviiral  o(  Ltarulag,  AT ; 

«n  tba  comiptioi]  of    iba  Papacy, 

US. 

Pfatterkoni,  TS. 

Philip,  Iha  Fair,  bi*  MUtaat  with  Bosi- 
favaVni.,  SJi  ea  tba  uiurpatlaiu «4 
thaaUrp',  3T;  tuppoRod  by  hi* 
rtalm,  tS. 

Philip,  Landgnra  of  Ileaae,  trim  to 
unit*  th*  Lulbaraoiiasd  the  Sviid, 
IM;  iMtona  th*  Uuka  of  Wilium- 
batg.  at;  hi*  diiubU  marri^t*.  lAT, 
499:  aumndi-'n  tiirnxtt  lu  Hi  ilk  a 
v.,  ISI:  n-t»<(d.  163. 

Philip  II..  ol  S|iiln.  hit  (rhamaa  mu* 
alami  m  Kramu  |UT1)|.  CT3:  M* 
rtlalioDi  la  the  Lta|;iie  In  Prance, 
SWi  \in  rbanct*r,3ft)i  au  luiplw*- 
Ueenemi  o(  raliglau*  dhaanl,  9N; 
h>«  napipularlly  Id  tba  HsthatwiK 


(14 


INDEX. 


IM.  Jppolut*  Utrgtnt  «t  Punu 
■•KMittSMi  iMnartKiBNiuUilli* 
KMbnteiklf,  SM I  iocrMMi  di«  num- 
btr  td  blaUpriei  Ihtra,  Ud;  roiivM 
IhapanwutingMUcUot  CiMdM  V., 
Sti  «n«(lol  Mi  fnwcnthin  In  Ih* 

NMliutlikDiIivB*':^'*"**  to  »ll^ 
fBU  llu  pentoDilui,  AH  I  UtfcriUjr, 
M*l  Mid*  Al(«  la  Dm  K*lt«riM<U 
•01 1  osadBinm  alt  iIm  p««p]«  •(  ih* 
KtUinlMdi  u  htrailai.  MSi  vUl 
not  iiraiil  ulcralkm,  MOi  ivplT"  ol 
M'illUin  of  Onac*  la  hli  (hirgia, 
WT  i  hi*  ili^  u  dkmia  niiiM, 
llOi  (liM>oinfltui«  at,  Silt  <HTi*> 
Euicluiil  iaia  <m  Til h  Fnncoi  no  i 
hb<l«aUi,»0. 

"Pknw  llw  llougbiiua-s  Cnda,"  31. 

P»n'  rhnj^limM,  Um  viijon  of,  M. 

Piu,  tlio  Connca  af,  W. 

fiuMkuw.  Uiiit  of,  IW- 

PiM  IV.,  lilt  rtunctir,  411. 

Flu  v.,  lili  vliancU*  uidpall^,  411 ; 
nquMU  AIn    I*  HaUoj  Uwiv*, 

aot. 

no*  IX.,  hi*  EncrcIiMl  Ltlur,MS. 

Plymouth,  MtU«u»ni  at,  430:  MUM 
h7ftepantl«b^4tQL  Iheir  aipMincDt 
with  ih*  MuMchuwiU  Muim,  449. 

rancid.  3>li  hi* diuwtrr,  iM. 

I'DiMy,  Colloqur  of,  »Sii  Bob**  •]>- 
rMniiKi)  *I,  3061  mattaf  tb#,9aa. 

l>ol*iii],  iu  rauilltian  bstora  iha  lUI- 
mnttiun,  184;  bow  Prvtcounitam 
«••  inmdooal  Into,  181;  lu  t>n>- 
gnaiin,  IU;  ilUsiultai  of  I'Mm- 
tuiu  In,  181. 

Pole,  CutUul,  htnr  IratMd  by  the 
CMbolk  Rwctkn,  4M|dipnred  of 
hit  legMlM  olllBii  810, 

lUlliqlM,  riM  «I  lb«  P»nr  of,  tn. 

lUlUual  Ucooomjr,  rlB  ol  ttio  wimca 
olfAIO. 

Polll}-,  lb«  Luihfnii,  III  lula  tcBlum, 
40li  (ho  trfaniiuJ,  ILiA. 

r<iin[nURi;u>.  Hi- 

Popct,  uflgin  o(  tlielr  lem|>oi«l  kla^ 
«uiii,]t4;  Uulc  lD(alIlhUi<]r  HMl1e4, 
80|  Ibair  oliua«wr  tn  tba  UUcBlb 
fEDturr.  4&;  (taslr  (ilatlon  to  tho 
Uimponl  pvirvf,  5i>L 


fmaualn,  MaMo  at,  fMiad.  tO;  i» 
Ti<redb]rHMirVUI..jai. 

l-n^uilo  SaMstiao,  hi*ui7  «f  Um,  U 
lopaal  of  Iha,  Ml 

Pngw,  VatntMj  *J,  dMhoa*  (or  Ih 
UnquiiMi,  IT*, 

Pnj'r-l'vuk  of  fho  Cbsreh  of  b^ 
land,  iMiMiI,  att. 

PndMliiiaani,  CalvUi'*  ilaalrla*  ef, 
aiD[Zwli«lD-oTleiraf,«>*:UalTte'o 
Tltir  compartd  iritb  Aagutl^t^t, 
SOI;  wllh  UillKf'a,  KUl  la  Iha  L«- 
iharaathaologrtaWtTtawaolABcU- 
can  tafomun  o«,  3H;  Ibqr  mb  bM 
lil^  ia  tba  aaMation  af ,  awi  dbn*- 
•ton  of,  amans  Lba  I'm  Tail  aWa.  tli, 

rntbj-iariauiaiD,  bow  (arla^liaad  la 
Kdi;Uii<I,  taS;  Ntahliiftad  ia  Soot- 
Uai,  448;  iialorm  In  Gaaaf^tfTi 
tD  l-'fKaca,  4SB;  in  SooUaDd,  0I> 

i'mb;  luriana,  how  Itta  tiJ  bfCtiaflM 
II.,  Ui;  Ibiii  )fa1our  u(  SUU 
coatrul,  499. 

rnacoil,  on  Willinn  «f  Oai|lta>>- 

Whirlu,  SylT«Mar,  «rila*  acaiDal 
Luiher,  M. 

I'iibiIiuihI,  idM  of,  oonoaMMl  «U  AM 
luiulitrr,  IS. 

Pr^ud^niti  (TtUontlMX  US. 

Pntotlitlhat)<*tatSt>irM|lte),llT. 

l*nU>iaa-uiu.  iia  potiUva  cItfnBI,  )■ 
luobJ•cUvaaiclo,  0;  iu  Muniita  Iha 
licrlplURa,  10;  ■  pmclinl  iMarlioa 
of  prlrala  >iiil(ia«ii,  10;  njaaB 
I'aiul  ami  prlnll/  auliiuftly,  U; 
chanttMliad.  M;  tpnad  of  (Irga 
IftSth  IftTi  tnm  till  l-ta«  of  Augi- 
tioreUtUk  Kill;  hV  't*  pn«raM 
wa*fhack«d,  411>i  Ib»  acMplaUa  la 
Ssulbcrn  Europt,  4l'iii  rarialJcM  •) 
iniMtUy,  Wliluinrlt  tnlbeMvaa- 
ttcnlii  cculuiy,  ^Ml  lu*lrat|{hla 
ibo  uvmliHiKh  miiwy,  4U  i  iU  In* 
ducDc*  on  UlNrty,  ttJi  lu  pobUoat 
nlfci'i  ou  liuriniuiy,  ftlli  In  Haflaad 
S14;  In  Ainrrica,  aU;  affcd  o<  lb* 
•upfiiaialan  of  li  on  Ikeiaiiira  II 
Spain,  aaUi  In  l<aly,  USi lu nialtaa 
t»  Ibc  flat  utM,  M0|  ifoil  at  fmf- 
nai  in,  £01-.  nnldplyJBK  nt  atna 
uuJcr,  MH;  in  llalyi  tlrvumxkaCM 


INDEl. 


615 


I 


ImnbU  and  uataiwrkhU  lo,  Hi; 
foMd  U  eutfMt  ilMit,  8S I  i  >  Uiinn 
of  dtfpH*,  S»l  i  iu  afniJ,  iMj  mo 
"  llvtnrnialiau,"  uodtr  ttai  Mti«uM 
nlornivri,  aiul  tuutur  tlu  iIUUrdI 

ftiCutaoU,  vtlgln  •>(  the  aamc,  ItT  |  do 
not  (lUimil  to  ih«  ■(tloD  of  the  Disc 
•I  SplrwItMUl,  lUl  tlulr  number 
In  S|i»a,  lUSi  tholrill'uioiia  aid  Ilia 
CalLolk  Reaclioa,  tlb;  iLsIr  doc- 
triiM  of  tlu  Chureb,  W(. 

Piotntaat  luclinu  maiparwl  willi  C«tli- 
•lk»ua. 

ProvaoTa,  tlio  bardi  of,  31, 

"Pf»Tiac)alL.iien,"««I. 

fiwrlwnv  (latula  «f ,  10. 

PtuMta,  it«  riar,  US. 

Pundo^aidaiiaa  DecnUl^  ducadur 
•addboloftbr,  3L 

Ptritani,  Ibairorieiaud  lantU,  34Si 
tbair  olijcDlJoru  to  iha  raitmonta, 
USi  tb«lT  dootriuca  aa  otpounilad 
by  CatlwrielXt  MO;  undir  Janita  I., 
4U,««li  cjaci-on  «f  tbnir  mlulatm 
(IStS),  44S. 

PoriUn  ecamnR]r<  **■■  merlu  of  It, 
MB|  Lanl  Il«««ai'*  jndfpacnt,  iw. 

Babelab,  Ibo  tplHt  of  hla  WTitioga,  HO. 

BadtxK,  147. 

lUlolgb,  Sit  Wallnr,  iSS,  031. 

lUmU,  I'lur,  (US. 

BatlOMlInn,  Qanuail,  lla  tan  lypca, 
Ht|  In  tha  Daislia  fona,  Udi  F«»- 
•■"■■"-.  "* 

RuUxjBt  Caibolic  alllanca  fomud  at, 
lUt  eoofanDe*  at,  U7. 

Barramani,  ilcnlad  tnniulMiaiiiialiia, 
148. 

Kanka,  oa  Tysbo  Bralu  aoit  aNnd- 
oiori  S)  on  l.aa  X.,  41 1  hi*  rrititdna 
)U  Darlla,  MO;  as  lbs  auupiraij' 
ot  AiobaI«r.  3<ll;  On  tb*  Qli«an« 
plot,  Mil  *a  Iba  alMiahlar  «t  SL 
Baidwlomiv,  JT4;  on  llttfjr  IT. 
Mid  Ilia  Itiiitwnabi,  9SSt  «n  tit* 
"C-aikta  UitHn"  and  lliaB»itd«r 
sf  llamlcv,  S7T;  uu  Huv^  anU  1*«1- 
lariiiiu,  4001  oo  Iba  aUasc*  «l  tba 


•pjril  or  prapajMdhm  ftnong  I'Pat 

lUfonaatiDn,  Idiu;  la  pnpamlaa,  1. 
tg^nuif  vl  indiviiluala  in  the,ti  Iu 
orlgtn  and  iialuta  ■  lubjact  of  coDlro- 
rtny,  aiaMnlafiol  UuorralUn,  9t 
calioit  bj- ],««  X.  aqaniratot  nwMka, 
9t  not  OMKlf  a  cDntlnuanca  of  iha 
•trif*  «i  papca  and  ampaion,  4  i 
not  nertly  ■  political  atvat,  4 ; 
Gulaot'i  Titia  «(.  4 :  an  ba|imvaisant 
ot  nliginn,  ii  rt^udcd  br  mna  ai 
■  iltp  lowarda  ICatlonatUin,  Ot  a 
i«ll|[inua  oi'cnti  8i  it*  (uailiuunUl 
cbanwlsr.ii  amctJoa  of  Cbrlitlau- 
il^  at  UoniirlaKninitt  (Jliriaiianltjr  m 
law,  tt  WaiU  U  ialalltvlual  llbaNjt 
10 1  nM  au  iHilalad  phanoKiMMn, 
lOl  Bcaof  Ui*it^anBt*r4>*il,  U;t<rr», 
told  aapad  of  UM,  II:  obnoolofiiail 
Umlla  *J  lb»,  ISi  OdlanDiu*,  Adrian 
Vl^  and  Eraunua,  on  Uia  naad  ot, 
II I  bo*  It  apr«ad  frun  Oarmaay. 
lIOl  alliai  luulf  with  dtRiiKraor  In 
tbetovna  of  tha  Uaua,  l!4j  lo>*- 
numcn  of  Uu,  how  dauiilad,  U; 
caiuBi  and  omcni  of  IW,  Maaq. )  Taci- 
uui  iuflnantaa  ia  ilw  piepaiWlMi  of  II, 
U ;  could  not  oanu  (nm  HunxuiliiD, 
lUi  iti  apCMHl  ioGcimBDy  ilCfU), 
lUi  it*  iafluatKa  on  aoMoco  and 
liiaMon,  USi  aMBpliintt  of  Siaa* 
rnna,  fiU;  iu  dtcct  on  llknton  Is 
E^Und,  tm-,  ia  Ganaaiqr.  SMl 
tu  «lla«l  on  mIiooIi  ia  Faelaiid, 
Mi  in  Gtnnanjr.  U^l  IU  btnalt 
to  UidUnd,  aUj  to  Seodand.  tU; 
lolkkal  «nnaquaae«a(  tha,  GUt  lla 
aOaal  on  frila(an,Uli  iiaallaci  on 
pUloasphr.  US. 

BaConMn,  Oallioan,  bold  la  r«inl)y 
anifcoritr,  (HI. 

lUtfomin,  nadkal,  U. 

Uafonaa,  lOmu  lo  aifacl,  la  Iha  tfr 
laantb  Motuiy,  41. 

lUsaaex.  Omnan  Oanncfl  ti,  nimm 
ID  tnak  LoAoMliB,  114. 

Salii^Mi,  ttattanaur  inibalCiddIa 
Ac«a,  U;  hov  aflMal  bjr  Ibt 
rtTlnl  «t  laaminK.  tt. 


^       616                                                                                  ^^^1 

^^^K  "iTrill-  -,  lk«  ttm  at  h  In  Fnnoe, 

Bear,  cMr  at,  IU  pivmlaMtt.  IS     ^| 

^^^V      «l*t«MpU(teB«(thol(aan,Ha. 

MOkalfajribeiiqieiiat  lKM|N,tlf      H 

^                  8M"Bn1ratat  LaaralaK." 

Bast,  Rapira  it.  bUbH  ol  iU  111)  m     ^M 

^^1           B«|iubUc,th«Duuh.riici>r,90SiCtowi 

UwCbnrh,S3.                                      ^1 

^^M              itraaf    oBiUr    lUurSM^    Sl^    8m 

Beua,  8aa  M,  ^roandaaf  ka^lulnc      ^M 

^K              "Xatlurinfa,"  "WiUitM    of  Oi^ 

^^^^      liw*,"  "Philtr  11." 

in  Ibo  Eait,  Sfti  political  enunil  «l 

^^^^m  Btqamiw.  hit  tolU?,  aW;   wattM 

tbo  primacy  ot,  IS;  sTOwdl  of  iU 

^^^B     (oi  fai  III*  »>uiii.  KM:  bk  dMih, 

^^^H      mii  maUnrbltnliUenitOI. 

ran,    91;    wnlla    nUUan  it,  to      ^M 

^^^H  tmimUm.  UnEotlgitMttwJ.  IWi  to 

Juidnlwi,  XI:   Ik*  bbbop   at,   bit      ^M 

^^^^V      •ObM,  Ills,  4iai  campUinti  of  Ka 

primacy,    Ui    bow  bijli  np^  11;      ^H 

^^^V      vickUon,  «a. 

Ttew  of  C/priaa,    11.     S—   "Tt-      ^M 

^V          BmUiwIoii,  Ukt  ol,  4>r. 

pacTi"  Mid  Btidta  Uie  MptnU  popca.       ^H 

^H            &Mt«mloa,    d(     OuotM    0.,    lunr 

Komonntla,  Kdkt  of.  UL                          ^ 

^H               •SlMted.MI. 

Boacoft,  •nllMcbifwIwof  LmX.,(T, 

^H            BtmtillB,  Ilia  rcUglMH  elunetcir.TI; 

^H             UtcoaMt  «tthllMMaiik(.T4i  ood.- 

ItlTB  Chofck,  U.                                 ^1 

^H             dtmned  bj  Um  Swbooni*,  M4. 

Bonen,  nptarcd  Md  tadkad  fej  iba      ^H 

^H            Bvriral   «f    hmntag,  ifmad*    over 

nnlhollca,  9a».                                        ^| 

Rouatal,  G.,  Ukm  fafaga  wllll    M-      ^M 

^H               lijcin>iM;  p«diu«  tin  downfall  trf 

poanet.  345.                                                  ^H 

^H              SdwlMlIdini,  at;  lU  *S*ct  on  lb« 

Budalphll.,  hit  tantUdm,  411.                ^M 

^H                ttnif  at    lh«    ScripCana,  71;    ita 

^^M               KTplJcat  chjuaoUr  in  luljr,  TSi  iU 

totbe  rapacj>,  V.                                    ^M 

^^M               tbiractar  in  OeTBuaj,  Tt;  in  Sng- 

BjFiwIok,  Pmm  of,  (&«■                             ^M 

^H         .  bad.  re. 

^H 

^^1            lUvalulion,    Frtoib,    gndnlllT'    fr»- 

Sacrmnutnu,  Ladm^  £KiiaiM  of  lb,      ^| 

^^1                paml,  1 1  ptMlMod,  i. 

100.                                                         ■ 

^H            II*]nian)lluFox,andtbabnil«*^33. 

SaloItt,  Calvin'*  l*UfMO,nt.                   ^M 

^H            B«]niold*r  Dr.,  nt  Iba  Bompton  OMrt 

Saint  Aiidr4,  ana  «f  Ibo  TMoavint*,       ^M 

^H              0«nfanai<».  tab. 

OU.                                                         ■ 

^M         BlMJ,ua. 

Saint*  [kun>,  on  inHdcSly  la  PisaH      ^M 

^^B            Blcbter,  on  tba  oiigla  of  tha  Epiaco- 

iin<lvrt.<)ui*Xnr.,  M4.                            ^M 

^H                pal*, 

&»tti,  Pniliar  Paol,  on  Lao  X.,  41.             ^M 

^H             Bjiboliau,  uoliro  ot  blatnumntion  in 

Stnj,  Dukea  ot,  Tidanu*  of  0«Da«^      ^H 

^H                Ocnnao^,  US;  (^  tba  conlral  of 

901.                                                         H 

^H                Ibo  war,  43t;    bU  Inlanial  policy. 

SaToy  Confarmco,  44S.                           ^H 

^H                4Ui   Lit  JonigD  policy,  4t0;    hU 

SetBdinaTlMi  Uosdomi,  iMrulM,      ^M 

^H              [>ali(ir»l  UMuoeai,  448. 

ITDi  powtr  ot  tb*  pralUai  10,170.      ^| 

^H             ItidlfT,  on    PiodMtinMbin,  Sia;    bli 

BM3»ickD,  ot  lb*  Raaaltaantaia  tttfy,      ^H 

^H                winjrnjooi,  ai3> 

(49;    origin    ot    modnn,  U9;   la      ^H 

^^1            BilUr  J.  1.,  OD  Ibo   daclloa  o(    Iba 

Franco,  S44:    Id  Iberaignot  liwl*      ^H 

^H                Popacr.  fill  on  I.CO  X.,  4T. 

XIV.,  4tS.                                                      ^M 

^H            Binio,  nnMtr  of,  3T0. 

Stblim,  Ibo  Onat  Papal,  49.                       ^M 

^M           Bpb«iUan,J.  B.,a. 

^H            BoUiuoa,  Jobn,  hli  prtndplaa,  MT,  4M. 

IU  downfall,  se,  TO.                                 H 

^H             Boota«ll«tlUuifuInoM(o  lb*  Jlugn*- 

BaTanan>la,bticBnar,e4;  wotkaoa.M       ^U 

^H                noU,sn. 

Scblalannubar,  cbaniUf  of  bia  into        ^U 

^1             HohTtuw.  Ul- 

met,  S4d,  B4T.                                         ■ 

nana. 


817 


P 

s 


tAmUt,  m  tUa  OaOurlstf,  U. 

Schwab,  «0  BonKicc  Vlll.,  37, 

SchorB,  JeffliDf,  111). 

Scotland,  iu  nmlUion  at  Ui«  Rtrmma- 
tios,  M9i  raoEtioMa  of  th*  nnblu, 
Ul;  Wtalth  and  ptaai|i:*c}r  (,t  iu 
eltrgy,  3B!|  covaUimiMa  ot  Uia 
doMm,  3S9;  naid  at  UttoroMUm 
JD,38>!  MIcmpti  St  nfDiiD  Is.SUi 
Dunyn  In,S&3i  Uetonnalioa  lag*I< 
Ited  Id,  iSfi;  dellnrad  fnila  daligtr 
Iriid  Um  (IuUo,  SST;  I.ms^o  Mid 
Cvnuuit  (arnud  (n  IIOIS],  4X7 1 
under  Cbatln  II.,  >nd  JUDM  II., 
44n:  b<^itflt  p(  th«  RftanniCion  to, 
UOi  Itefarmnlroti  in,  codhmIoI  irilb 
that  «(  EnKlmi),  351i  Bstarmuion 
in,  not  iiroc«d«<l  hy  lli«  nrinl  of 
](tl<n,  Sti,  m>rk*>l  by  hatnd  of 
the  I'apacj.  3M,  *i>uitilUliril  by  lav, 
JM.  3w  ■'  Knn»,"  "  llaty,  Qowa 
of  Sfolii,"  "  Pnlcatsolnm." 

S«cU.  rii*  of  snlt-aisatdMal,  M;  mrk* 
en  tlicin,  fiS;  aiitl-MccMotal,  what 
they  initioal*,  M:  mulIlpllcBtion  «(, 
MS;  utolaicDiu  dltUonaln  tbc Cath- 
olic cbunll,U«i  iMd  tAm  ot,  MS. 

ScMBa,43l. 

Senior,  PtlatloQ  of  RotioiwIiMn  to, 
•U,MT. 

Sandonlr,  Synod  of,  I9T. 

ficmliu,  InRucnM  of  hi*  duth  tcToni- 
bto  to  toleiBdcm,  Hi;  hli  Mrlj  hb- 
toiy  and  ilmlict,  ittti  pobUaha  bb 
hook  as  lhoTriiilt]r,SI;  »■  ufr- 
tiraliil  and  ph;^«{dan,  997;  at 
TIcduo,  StTi  irublithn  hit  "Km- 
tondon  of  ChriftJaaitr."  928;  hla 
4oolriiie,  U9;  ■n>l|[D*d  (or  hanaj 
btfera  ■  Roman  CuhoUe  trihoail, 
S8i  «Tidrnc«  aj^inht  bim  froni 
G«nf*>,  i3S;  «acapM  and  comta  lo 
Oaoara,  990;  b  triod,  (onrlcWd,  and 
barned  at  th*  >l>k«,  130;  GalBH'a 
Jadicmrnt  ot,  X33;  (ba  fxaoition  ot, 
i:(intnll]r  approvad.  930.  Sea  "Ol.- 
Tin." 

forlUo,  PnlMlaatInn  b,  tOS. 

(IxiaDund  I.,  King  of  Polanu,  US. 


I  (IxiaDua 


KgtnDnnd  IE.,  lUnit  et  FttUnd, 
trirnrlly  tn  PrnlMlaiitiun,  tC9. 

Silvnlxr,  Pops,  ». 

Sbniiindt,onIlal7ia  tbo  Uth  MMUlTi 
380. 

SliEua  IT.,  Pope,  Ua  ohantttr  nd 
alma,  ill  hi*doctrin>mp«itingthi 
dallTmwt  of  aouia  tron  purgaloir, 
8* 

SIxUm  v.,  Ua  Indti  expargmlorioiv 
406. 

Sodnloitinn,  tti  piiaciplcs.  4T9. 

iixlBm,  Pauatoit  hla  hiatoir,  479;  bb 
Inflmno*  In  Poland,  ISC. 

Sotinoa,  Ijallni,  479;  why  trtUad 
wilb  tortwiuBncv  li]r  CalTJn,  939^ 

8oin«ml>3lai  hi*  invaiinn  ot  Soot- 
land,  SSC;  aniipraaw  a  OuhoUa 
rcbvllion,  tast  broncbt  lo  tho  •caf' 
told.  397. 

BorbODiM,  bo>tit«  to  innovaliooa  In 
doolriM,  119, 944;  hatUla  lo  Beoch- 
lin,  IU;  it  poUtunhaeraed,  IU. 

Smaliald,  Laagna  of,  raniird,  IU, 
aiimiMiDQ  of  Ibo  four  ellle*  (o,  IM. 

ttiiialnldLe  War,  101. 

HLmiUi,  Un.  It.  D.,  JOa. 

Spain,  inonanhir.  In  tho  llilh  «aitiii7, 
!a,  44)  fanatical  tptrltol  tha  moD- 
»rcUy  tn,  IWi  tha  Inqulaltton  \u, 
flM|  auadicd  on  tha  acw  hr  Uw 
Ditlab,  tlO)  ita  deaoltoiy  oodAM 
trtib  Sai^ttii,  3>1|  1ii«imi7  tpirit 
la,40<i  PiolMlanl  InflooKaa  npon, 
40T|  aha*wl«r  ot  PralaalaotiBn  lo^ 
dOTi  PrattalantlnD  (ndlartad  ta, 
m.  8ot*<UCcTatTin.- 

Splaoto,  hb  «Botta  for  lb*  nunlM  ol 
tharshM,  4M. 

Spin*,  DM  at  (uac),  IU;  Id  UOB, 
U7. 

Spiritnali,  or  FiatilMllI,  Ibair  (bar- 
aetar,  bT. 

SpoUiawoodCh  os  (ba  aMaciioa  ot 
Uai7.  ST9. 

St.  AI<b«oad«,  997;  dlacnaaaa  toltm- 
tion  wllk  WUImi  ot  Onas^  na. 

Slat*,  tti  pover  in  Rialton  Ut  tba 
Church,  atatenieiit  of  liw  Auphuil 
confculon.    49Ui    of    Lulbtr,  dtOf 


i 


^^^I^HIIHH 

^HfW                             i» 

.       1 

n(4tlMi.lbairo*t«ta.lOT.                    ■ 

^^B      Ml    Xiriaiil*'*    *!<>,    404.     8c« 

Ttt«)tae7,   E-udHfas,  pacallulllH  4     1 

^^H      "ChB^buHlSuta." 

UL                                                         ■ 

^^^P  Bl»w  Omini  at  PnttMt  ibtic  BMt> 

1lmA»ta>,lh*   ttataaUBl.  Il>  MmM      ■ 

^^^^        ins  al  (Mtuu,  MS. 

priwIplH,  tSBi  Itt  4«iial«l  bMH     ■ 

^M          BUufiiu,  hkwnuMeblaLMbw,  Kl> 

mnji,  4«1 1  imnkm  Ui-  lUUt  ibi  nfc     ■ 

^^^B    Ml  l^nliriiwnr,  mmucn  of.  v»>  It 

ot  (aiUi,    4«1|    III    dMila*  ttlta     ■ 

Chocb,    Mtl  lt>    dMUtM   i<a^       ■ 

^^"^   St.Crnui.tU. 

Ttn)  priatlbood,  4SS|  lU  vfy  iti      V 

B          >*•  Um»*1>-  "M  •f    <Un).    9Nl 

10  tlu  Kaat,  (momoom,  ¥m^  40|  It       1 

^^_     nMtro(<u;o),tTt. 

iavotaliBn  of  Kwrud  Ik*  8ilM       1 

^^H  flciuiagaM.  Mc. 

lb*  sonhip  <tt  mugra  aad  nI«        1 

^^H  ftiMM, ».  r.,  HO. 

pitcrlaagaa,   ato.,   4TO|  It*  q«U»        1 

^^^H   etoaic^  hit  ckargM  «if  hwmr  t^taM 

■In  conctptioa  at  «b*SMlar,  tTL 

^^H       KrMniui,  >1. 

Tbtolocr,   Konaa   C«CImBc,  bt  be 

^^M  8c  vittor,  8<i>oc4  i>r.  et. 

^^^t  Oftavmi-r,    Kl    li,    UBdw    Uwu7 

CriM   ol  th*  ChKKoh,  4Wi  httif 

^            VIII.,  ai. 

Utaa  «f  tha    a>w— imla.  4«|  k 

^K^    Supniiiicy.  iIm  Kiag'a,  mwlnc  >t- 

^^^L       uobtd  U  it  at  ant,  US:  Indltccltr 

4«Ti  ht  doctrfaM  of  Um  priMteri, 

^^H      MMittd  br  ll>«  Poiltut,  ML 

4es. 

^^H  BMiy.  tiMHjr  of  Oa  BrfMmm  m 

TbcMit  LMhv  pMia  hi*,  M|  iifia- 

^^P      lli«b«m)iM,4Sll 

thm  «xcl(al  bj  tban,  H|  fl**  )V 

^^^    fMri,  SjriMl  of.  It. 

loK«<MUbt,Mt  oppaatdbyrriMMt 

^^          Bwcilsn,  drtt  piMulklDg  «t  PratMUM- 

TmmI,  aad  Rrh   06. 

^H              Uin  III,  ITS :  adapw  Hm  IMonnalloa, 

tUrtr  Ttar**  War,  nan  «■«••■« 

^1              110;    eoiiilucl  of  tU  Mldlon  la  0«r- 

tBbcrit%  IMi  bov  Mtad,  4U|  k 

^M              nan^,  437;   cllarU  ot   Jaatta  la, 

•Beet  M  a«nua)>,  US. 

H                414;  how  altecUd  bylbtlmty  <■( 

■              Wotpliklla,    4191    dadbw    ot    Iti 

auiir*,Ul.                                    ^^ 

^M                porer.  430, 

lUIotHO,  44C                                    ^^H 

H           Bvliurluid,  lu  condllloa  la  tb«  Ulh 

miy,  hit  rictetfai,  437.                    ^^H 

^M                ttnlorj,     ISA;      bow    dimanllaed. 

TlDt*nl!nn,  Att  of,  445.                    ^^H 

^1                UC;  SnRuoDMof  litenr^cultui*  la, 

Toqpni,  I«*ED*  «(,  US.                    ^^^H 

^H                IJTi  llio  ilelanniljaa  la,  bothfolid* 

^1              ul  anrl  ralliitout,   144i  caUMi>>pb« 

TMII,bljUI«otB*«iE«i«Tm.,«).         ■ 

H              ot  Ilia  Ucfarmuioa  ia,  Ufc 

ToQloiu*,  AlUituiMalo,  U.              ^^^| 

H 

ToaraoB,  Cardiaal  d«,  9M.                ^^H 

^1           Tabontfl*,  lliilr  i*nfi>,  1T9. 

THIiuuD,  ItuttMloBM*,  w  CalrM^^H 

^1           TkoiliM,  Oil  tha  nliiioa  o[  lb*  Qtr- 

in  KncUnd,  t37i   on  Uta  Kaatufl^^H 

^M                nunr,  6i. 

quaMian  In  £ag;Iia>l,  140. 

^P           Tkln^  on  tin  tbaradir  of  iba  Ou^ 

Ttaatiibtlantlalion,  llio    dsclrina    o< 

^M                aiaiii,  HA ;  on  lli«  r*U|[iou(  tMtinf  o( 

vb*Q  adopud  In  Ih*  Cbarcb.  UT 

H                 Kllaabf  tlian  <rrilan,  631. 

iniulo  an  tniula  cd  lailb,  148;  doaiad 

H             TuiD,  412.  US. 

1/  Lutbar,  100;  dinlad  by  aO  lb* 

^1            Taulw,  Jiiliii.   Iiii    rhjinctu',  M;    i* 

KotonMti,  148. 

H               itaditJ  by  LuUioi,  30. 

TrlumvittM,  iu  tonnallon  Id    Fianoii 

■          •Tbnlurtd  viUm,"  404. 

BS4. 

H            TMbUUb,  a^ait  parMoatlon,  SSO. 

Treat,  CdbdcH  «I.  b«(iiw  «ith  ca»- 

■           TMwI,  Ua  Ml*  ot    iBdiilc«iiMk  Mi 

dMsnlnit  iho  I'roiataal  doctjiaa,  IM 

^B              bit  «(innt«r~Uic«i^  H. 

TMe,  OuilUnmt,  US. 

WMT. 


619 


TMlCf,  ait<**'»*i'i  fit  CaUiolIu  ■nd 

ProlCBlanlJ  on  tlii  docbiiu  of  (fa<, 

MO. 
TUIocb,  on  th*  Jux^an  (Mriplila, 

U9. 
1^ln■>ul.  Uialiop  a(  Durfiam,  nS. 
Turka,  (lis,  d>n|[nii*  la  Eurtpg^  108; 

tli«7  hind«r  CbtrlH  f.  (ram  MUlk- 

inK  Ibv  i*r<il«tanU,  UT. 
Tydio  Unhs,  Uii  faith  in  ailnilogir.  t. 
TraOala,  h!>  Bunj-rilom,  UT;  KUIb, 

bk  nurtynlom,  UT. 

UUauuiB,    on  llw  nMun  at  Um  B«Ior- 

duIIdii,  0. 
VaUonuitf,  Jut  of,  ISL 
CalgMUui,  A*  Bull,  Uli   lUdlMt 

Ml  lh«  Vnoeh  eler^,  UT. 
CdIod  of  Cattmtlci  ud   PfotMtUiU, 

ttfforu  Co  procuf*  ii,  ISli  oOoTU  •< 
Groliui,  481 
Ciuan,  of  CalTluiiU  and  Lutbamalt 

vOarU  to  proonro  it,  481. 
Union,  lCnn|[Blical,  in  OanDUy,  tt4. 
Union,  lbs  Clnclit,  307. 
(JnlMrluu,  In  PoUnit,  ISS:  ia  Truw- 
■jlnnU,  190.    Soo  "Soclnui,  Kuu- 
liu." 

»ODl<rairillM,  Mnaghotdj  of  Scbolwtl- 
atom,  ni    UomanUa    ailmltMil  to 
WB*  o<lliani,n;    biliuacn  ol  Ibv 
JhbIU  In,  414. 
Citan  VI.,  Pbp*,  49. 
Urbin  Vtll.,  SM. 
Utfatr,  ARbbUhop.  ilTt  •  CtlrlnliC, 

no. 

OUqulM*,  oriidn  of  the,  ITti  tbrjr 
(D  btfmd  IloM,  ITVi  DM  lahdurj 
kf  aniMdc*,  Ul|  u*  banl  nl  tba 
OHBril  •(  BmiI,  Ul:  coDMHltni 
to  IbHR,  lUi  dMaloo  of  ttic.  lIQi 
■  wv  bri.vton  Ilia  IvD  piniM  of. 
f  Ittl  rafuM  to  )nia  FcnUouxl  I.  In 
duSmnlMhU*  War,  UJ. 

DtrMlit,l-Mn«or.4aC 

CTlmtNigMTt,  471. 

T*U«i,  Jnu,  304. 

Pnlnitinlia  til.,  prtt  tapnmiej  In 
lb«  Chnttb  to  I.M  1.,  U. 


F         lb«t 


Tails,  I.aaiTntla*,  npotu  tlia  Retina 
ol  L*oiiiiu  !!»*'•  <toiuill<>n,  330. 

Tod  Ualt,  SaO. 

Tun,  CnHavBi.  «at«tilUhai  Pmi^ 
lanlifin  In  Sirwlcn,  ITU. 

TiB7,  owMacnof,  tCTi  mucailula' 
dlenalioa  of  lb*  UuKauiotai  MS. 

Viinpri",  nie»  from  Ilaty,  404. 

VMklcg,  riulalAntiHn  in,  3iU|  39i, 

V>rTin«,TrMl7or,  ass. 

TwImvnU,  tonlmvcnif  on,  US ;  otiot 
Ion  ot  Jowol  nod  otiwr  hlthnp*  w 
ttu  UM  of  thiuo,  3U;  opinion  «t 
Builolgh  nnit  otliei  ilaWiiutii,  Ut, 
actvlcB  of  the  8>1m  U<fomion,  141| 
(talomenta  «1  Uacanla/,  144. 

TUUb»,410. 

Tllmar,  on  thg  rweptlan  tt  CbiM- 
tttity^amQeiallM,6t. 

Ttnol.  oa  CtMn,  Sta. 

TDIari.w  SnvMHDta, «. 

TWMtfoa,  IbaSnton,  4UI. 

TiJlaini,UTi  nUn  ih«  Kdonnalion 
to  *  dI*puI*of  aioaki,3i  Enmiii* 
ceintar<<>l  irilli,  TTi  on  PwcnI'i 
■■  I'n.rinfial  I^ttcra^"  W. 

WailrllnKton,  an  Lutbw  nod  the  Pcw- 

■nlV  War,  1.11. 
WaI4rBnM,   Iti«ir   ortf^n  nnd  lonttii 

M :  *ork>  on  Uia,  66 ;  uinuacra  »f. 

In  Calibrli,  40S. 
Wfldo,  I'eCer,  50. 
Walleiulain.  hi*  faitb  bi  utraloey,  1; 

hit  cbarKter,  llOt  Ticloiloi  ol.  tt!, 

nmortd  itom  mumand,  43T!  rifnll 

e<l.  <3»  I  put  to  •Icilli,  and  why,  410. 
War  of  Cnppfl,  rBccl  ol  II,  WT. 
War,  Iho  PiumanM',    IMi   connoctlon 

«l  l.BlbomiiiiiD  with,  IJ^i  Iba  itat- 

ormalion  not  m*pan»iUI<<  (nr,  ltt> 
Wan,  dril  In  fOMoa,  lb*  btguinlng 

of,  MS. 
Warburtoo,  onChnrch  auil  Klal«.  Ul. 
WaliM',  on  Iha  origin  «(  lb«  EpiN^ 

pau,  IS. 
Wartburg,  Lutliaf't  naldanM  at  Ite 

lit. 
Wtila^,  John,  bl)  Ifaeolocj',  m. 
UtttMta,  D!«t  of,  1T«. 


620 


iKsn. 


VMrlMlU,  Fmm  e^  418. 
WMimiatur    linifibly,   bav   wn- 

pMtd,4STilbir«k.UB. 
VM>l,JoliD,Ui«idDlofM,«3|  LBlb«r 

00.0. 
WUlfUl,  M  I^MDpMjr,  Wi  ■  atrial- 

luui  Cil(1iilit,aM|  conlniicd  wUk 

Uoalur,«M. 
WlckUOik  U)  trael*,  Nt  votk*  «a, 

Ml  bow  pratMlKl,  tOi  a  radial,  TO. 
WlikBttUa,  vktn  6nl  |>sn*uUHt,  <1. 
Wnikm  «f  V*tut^  h*  •aanlu  Bonl- 

WUtUm  of  Onuic^  Ui  mOf  ■■■•••■t, 
noi  hli  mothw,  nti  qmOi  fi*- 
liubuina  In  Antwerp,  I00(  bam 
tlM  t«uii/<r,300i  hU«BorW>o<lBiW 
lb  couatty,  301^  «H  I  lulati  on  lolMw 
Btlon,  311 :  hli  help  mIwI  I7  Flmdvn 
■ad  Unbut,  SOSi  n]M«iUiooBni 
of DcnJdbo.tOC;  rvwwd  «8«nd  for 
bia  Ut*.  SOT;  hi* -Ainlogr,"  W7; 
hi*  ilDmlrrt  *<»  I U*  pnd'x^  SOB  t 
hi*  «n*Miiiilliw,  KM;  bi*  o«d*  of 
•MbdMliakl  Uwi,  314;  4umii(1« 
nlii^oiu  Bbfctj,  lU. 

Williiua  III.,  bi*4*t*aM  Ot  Bollud, 
tU  1  Kltaowttdstd  M  Klag  of  ^g- 
laud,  by  LduI*  XtV.,  «5«. 

WUtUmi,  Rae<r,  itOi  hb  prbwIplM, 
««. 

WiMUUi,  ODDoaU»MTIJI.,>7< 

WHMtiliax,  Cnlnnlly  of,  l«md«d, 
TB;  foaUn  "-—— '"",  lat  Lutlicr 
•  Pnr«*wT*t,«. 

Wolmai,  lUehlor,  Uachoi  Cklrin 
Ortek,  Wt 

Wolacjr,  Canliii*!,  farsra  luniliig, 
IM:  bl*Ua,tM 

VToKtatcr  Doom  DMUntion  of 
ChariM  n.,  *41. 

WDnui  CcDconlat,  t8. 

Vormi,  Ihol  of,  108;  iu  dccre* 
^dnal  I.albvr,  111. 

Wonhip,  order  ol,  la  tiio  PmUUaot 
ckondM*,  4M. 


Wuranboix,  Dak*  ol,  wlifatlf*!! 

in  bl*  p«**i«rfMi*,  UT. 
WanmitoUr,  17* ;  h«  death,  ITS. 
Wftt,  bb  I— iratCon.  MI. 
WylUBtedi,  "Hhwi,  bi*  nIonaUMj 

tnid«ad«*,  Ur> 
Xarisr,  Sc  FMnda,  9M,  tM. 
XiBuna,    Cu«nal,  U*  "Pi^nla^' 

408. 

YuaU,  Charia*  V-i  M  Iha  m«tmL  <I. 

soo. 


rafharioa.  Popt,  Mniilwa  ih«  vmt' 
p*Alwi«(Fwplii,>l. 

ZlfolTs,  John  of,  IM. 

aafca,  l<u.l*r  ol  ih*  TAm»m,  IM. 

Znrlrai,  pnblk  AlqmMliM  «  (UBh 
ItOi  adopt*  lb*  a*loi—fau.  Hl| 
•pnikd  «t  Om  DAnutfca  turn, 
141.    Sw"Zarlacl>." 

Zwta^a,  Ua  binh  and  pawl^)*,  U7| 
*tudlaaalBH«l,  D(fM,Md  Tlau^ 
UT;  paMor  at  Olaru*,  Ui;  OppMM 
Uic  fmikai-afium,  in;  al  tho  baa- 
11*  of  Harlfnaoo,  138;  ^tar  al 
Itallddtfa,  130|  looachaa  agalart 
Iha  ads  of  ladalgrana,  1»;  ra- 
mov**  U  Zaitcb,  1M|  blapawvraa 
a  prcachv,  140;  U*  pcwaoal  thtr- 
•clsrluta,  1401  liahU  a  pobUe  dla- 
pnlatkia  (ISSI),  ttO;  anolbtr  d)» 
pDiatlon.  141;  hi*  "Comineniatr " 
oic.,  I41i  hi*  thealogleal  uma, 
14S:  poIJiIcal  d«awni  Inhii  Sttat- 
Dintion,  lU]  vtaiianal  nuh  La- 
lhi!r,144i  blapatriobini.  I4>i  braka 
with  ths  Faiaejr  adsr  Ludicr,  IWi 
ItHM  to  him  Crom  Adiiaa  TU  lt7| 
hi*  pleaanuy,  J40t  bla  dottrlotof 
tho  IJird'*  fiapprr,  141;  on  tba  4«^ 
trlno  at  ScrrKDi,  ItTt  «•  Cbmcfc 
and8lata,tHt  at  Ih*  Cml(*BlM«  at 
HarboTKi  'Hi  ncommandi  to  tfea 
Protaatant  eanloa*  bold  sMaiHi^ 
IMt  hl*d*Blh,U6. 


MENTAL  AND  MORAL  SCIENCE. 


f 


AN  OUTLINE  STUDY  OP  MANi  or,  th«  Bddy  nnd  Mind  in  Ona 
Sfftemi  With  iJluet'ative  diagrams.  Revised  edition.  By 
MARK  HOPKINS,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  latn  Preridant  of  Williams 
College.    13mOi  9U76. 

This  is  k  model  of  Uia  denloi^ng  metliivl  on  npp)i«d  to  tnteUeotiuil 
■deuce.  The  week  ia  on  an  enbMy  new  plan.  11  pnncDtB  ciad  in 
hi*  acitf ,  Rud  bin  MTcnl  fiMiiItioa  nod  tlicii  icloliona  bjo  ao  pitaentod 
to  the  (rye  In  {UmOratlve  iUagnJOii  nn  to  be  readflj  eppreheoded. 
Thu  work  ha*  (dom  litto  very  cenenl  nw  ia  thie  oo«int)7  aa  a  wai^ 
ttal  for  inMiraoUaD,  and  lb«  deioaod  for  it  !■  Iiifinwirilin  ninij  jrar 

OENERAL  8.  C.  ARMSTflONa  PrilMult  ^  OHNplen  JIWtlMl«,-"  I  nn 

lint  nf  ttin  nrpnnnntij  mi ijiMamj litfh  ■pi'i'r'itiHiin  <t  Dr.  BopUBir  CMfWae 
SKiOvqrJriM.  It  baa  dme  momtOFmo  ponoaBltj  Oun  anj  IiooKboUta  Oa 
Bible.  ManttanaarotfaerltiaaotieetliegnatMt  of  la*BOUk*now  OWMfT.  For 
of»rlan;«v«,I  h»o  made  nauxt  book  In  tbeSenierClBBatCUaaoliODL  U 
la  I  ludc  the  gnetMt  and  ma«t  oMfiUot  tBe  IiooIli  ot  IhisnaUMofoiirAiD* 
aloan  edaoaMn,  Bar.  Dr.  Ooptaia.  aad  li  deaUnnl  to  do  a  anat  work  In  fonnUuE 
net  OUT  Uic  lOcH  bat  iiLe  <iuraGUT  ot  Tonta  la  Ancfloa  and  In  otiior  tan*  oi  itw 
wortd." 

pnoF.  ADOisoN  dallaho,  «r  IaSodkm  CoOnf.—- 1  Jmr»  for  jean  wm 
Dr.  Oot>tlnC  OaOMs  AMV  4^  jnuk  In  oaaiieallon  with  till  J»io  qr  I'DWi  aa  a  text 
book  nit  mr  Stnlor  niaaa  I  ban  dooo  uua  wUb  untuning  moocn  and  wUh 
iDceoalns  aeittteollon.  it  u  of  inciuctuabio  odTuntaj^  i^^  tii<>  ttniicnt  u^come 
andtr  Qw  leniiMKia.  tbniiiKh  lii»  iKiolui.  i4  tbugreatmaKUTOf  iiioa^btaadotfcne. 
loaonot  ipoak  ol  OuUf  FM  StuOy  la  temu  ot  100  beart;  coauDcadaUon." 


THE  LAW  OF  LOVE,  AND  LOVE  AS  A  LAW(  M,  Chriitian 
Ethict.  By  MARK  HOPKINS,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  lata  Pretident 
of  William*  College.   1 3 mo,  61.75. 

TOa  work  ia  deeisnod  to  follow  tlui  anthor's  OtUUne  BUuln  o/ifink 
Aa  It*  title  indioalea  it  ia  antlnly  an  expoeiUon  of  the  cardinal  praoept 
of  Obxlatlaa  pbiloaophy  in  baminn;  with  natura  and  <m  thu  haeia  ot 
leaaon.  Like  tha  truiiae  on  mental  pliiloaophj  tt  ia  ndj^itod  with 
nnuanal  akUl  to  odneatteauil  ante. 

It  appcon  in  a  new  edttloa.  whioh  baa  been  in  part  la^wiittea  b 
order  to  brtuK  tt  Into  okanr  relation  to  hi*  OvStnt  SMif^Um,  of 
which  worit  it  ia  ivaUy  a  (<«idimntioa.  Uoro  pramlnenco  baa  been 
to  tlie  idea  of  Biclii's  but  Una  '""■*"iir"'*'  doolitnea  cl  Ibe 


given 


tRotise  have  not  been  changed. 


BTAXDAim  n:xT  mooks. 


^INAL  CAUSES.  B|  PAUL  JANET,  MemtMir  of  the  French 
Acadcmj.  With  a  Pt«fa«e  by  Robert  Hint,  D.D.,  LL.Dw 
From  second  French  odlt>«n.    Ovo,  SS.SO. 

Pftor.  riUNCIS  l.  PATTON.  or  /VtwMon  rvc«i]i)taiil  anUnarV^-t  fix 
■Hd  JaoM^ ' niMl  OHaea'u  ttccopuablf  ao  mm  Ibliit  In  Uunliireca  tba 
•olttMl  or  imick  K  tiraCt,  ud  am  R  «a|U  u  b«  m  a*  baadi  i(  cnrr  man  Hto 
bu  aar  iDUnat  to  Om  pnaeni  phMa  of  Ite  UuiMlo  fcoiileiL  I  h«T«  moot- 
iMDdodiitotardMpMln  ik«  aaBilDarT. aod  laaka  aaaaat  OM <f  •  hmjia- 

NMH  POflTEIl.  aO.,  LI.&.  lau  frMfrnt  of  nb  0]aiVr.--tHII«dl|Ut<l 

thai  jm  han  pobUtlwd  JaMft'Tteai  OaoMa-in  aa  Impmrna  ta»  ma  at* 
prlO)  vtklcbbrlnBalt  wllldaUitrtacIiof  nanj  wtu  4«4n  wpMKMll.  BU.I11 
nj  optrUon.  ih«  mMt  *assWITt  VoatlM  00  tbU  (laportABt  icpio  rnilofa  U  aooiaa 
Ad*  In  oar  laajfiuiM^' 

THE   HUMAN  INTELLECT.    By  NOAH  PORTER,  D.D..  LUa, 

late  President  of  Yale  College.   With  vi  Introduellon  upon 

Ptyohol«o  and  the  Human  Soui.  610,  S5.00. 

The  Butheahaanotoeiljr  dengnod  tofnnu*ha  tpit  beakwblfhibaU 

be  enlBcienlljr  <K)mpiubeD«iTe  aiMl  ecientifta  to  Mtiaf  j  Iha  waMa  of  tha 

■nanjr  Btndenla  of  iH^oholop  nsd  apeculstlTe  fbBoBOSibj  who  ate  fooud 

tn  <nir  higher  inotitatioiu  of  leoniiii;,  hot  alao  to  prapafe  a  rnlDiao 

vhich  rauy  gaJAe  the  advancxJ  ntudoal  to  a  dear  iiiiiliiiMaiiilliiu  and  ft 

jUKt  Mtinutte  of  the  queaUeiiii  irbJoh  hare  peipotuaUy  apfOiivd  and 

Moppcamd  la  the  htstorj  of  jibiloaophr- 

TKE  BRinSM  QUART£IH.V  IICVIEW.-"mUMII  Fmmi^  VMk.  ilie  ranU 
ol  Udnj  jtaftf  pralaaioul  laboi.  U  not  0017  Um  uoh  ImpMUU  pUkaapblaal 
wcrt  UuU  Ba*  iitiKaml  In  our  laneunmt  ilnco  Sir  WHUim  namlKaaX  bat  ua 
lorn  aa  a  maDoal  naxn  It  isTeiaatiiv  ta  iiodaii*.' 

TME  PIIINCCTON  RCVUW— "AtNT  a  lantfel  «MBdnatian  of  ttiH  trrty  great 
WDTt.  veaKnad7l»pioiioanoellUi«inoiic(m^neaneGiii«iiiu<r«acWMUon 
idnwcopBitltetiealilcaefiMlioBiaaHidtoba  (eoDd  la  oar  IaB(aa(c  and. ae 
IH  M  m  Ineir,  la  as;  Uocnesa.  nn«etktiaiaoBamiini  of  the  aaikcrt  ti^ 
4rtt>  inMriiT.  waminei  a&d  JndKnmt:  eae  el  Rie  inat  rredecMena  ctf  oar 
anu:  ■nbsaortoonrMaBilrT.aadaftvahpteatMataoHiUie^cMltVkMiMt 

died  OQl  UDOnE  n^" 

CLEMENTS  OF  INTELLECTUAL  SCIENCE.  A  Manual  for 
School*  and  Colle(e«.  By  NOAH  PORTER,  O.D.,  LL.D., 
Isle  President  of  Yale  College.   8vo,  aS.OO. 

Thli  in  oil  nbridgmcnt  of  thu  nnlhoi's  "  Qumoo  IntoUoct,"  coDUin* 
ln|t  all  Ibc  matlKr  oeaaaatj  tot  um  ia  the  daabrooni,  ooJ  bo*  bron  In- 
too4u««d  «•  a  textbook  in  Tale,  Doftoiouth,  Bowilola,  Obnrlln,  BaMi 
Hamntoa,  Taamr.  and  Smllh  CoUeeea ;  WeateTsa,  Ohjo^  Lchljfh.  ami 
WooetcT  Uaiirendcleit,  and  moiir  other  ooDegee,  academiea,  nuniMl  and 
high  echoola. 

THE  NEW  rORK  WORLO.-- The  BtnldEnieu  li  TCI7  ircil  dooc  Ou  < 
bwdM  belas  uno  and  pmpiouoiu.* 

THS    NEW   YORK   TRIBUNE..   -■  FnatnU  tae  MafllW  facte  ol  inHlleewa 

eotooM.  from  Uc  auUKn  potui  of  view,  witb  oioanicn  aad  host.* 


I 
1 


CHARLES  SCllIBNEirS  SONS' 


■  ^ 


ELEMENTS  or  MORAL  SCIENCE,  Theorotical  nnd  Praeticat. 

By  NOAH  PORTen,  O.D^  LL.D.,  laU  Pr«aW»nt  of  Yato 

Colleg*.  Bvo,  »3.00. 
Thi»  trcBttto  in  iDtmdod  [ntBtarilT  ftir  tho  nM  of  eelltg*  and  aat- 
Tenricy  Htiidenn,  And  U  pm^roi  iriUt  mtsniBM  to  tfaa  cl«»«oaiA,  n 
in  in  ivcu  puts :  the  ItnS  tinMa  wlUi  gT«a£  fitUnan  *'  71W  Tetany  ^ 
jtut]/,"  uul  imfolilK  oomprabenilTcIj  tlm  i»}'oIko1og7  of  t&e  monJ 
joir«n  and  the  nalnm  of  thn  men]  rolutlnui.  The  wtsoad  dirialon, 
•-  Till  PnfUa  ofDulff  or  JttiUet,"  Ukea  tip  tha  dlBotout  olwaM  or 
diillM  with  k  Tienr  to  tlw  pnetled  apfdiM^ou  of  tba  prioofplM  o( 
mnrnl  MJeuM  to  ihe  qntMioiw  aridng  to  croty  deu»itiMUt  of  hiiinBii 
Aotiiilj.  In  cveijr  reapeot  Prodiient  Poiter'k  vrodc  it  ib««iil  ol  Uw 
time,  uid  tearcB  no  oontTDvcrUd  point  BBdrfendetL 

OEOfiOe  S.  MORRIS.  i'nv^WOI'itrBnKKE'lKHrMfvo/JfUMOan^-'tUM 
Uc  iroit  Willi  itnai  latcTWI.  kad  put*  itf  U  irlik  Mittiaaian.  Ii  U  &  nut 
itciucal  en  tsij  t(  ihg  comal  loxl  boota  of  BtUoa.  It  li  Uiluraul  >UU 
^MttoUu  In  Uiae:  sot  •aperllDt&Uf.  tut  khuuUt,  laJuotlTo  U  mnUiovl  ami  loo- 
dracT.  Md  rIrA  ta  pnctlCBl  •ogcMtlciia.'* 

C  O.  lloeiNSON.  fmUmt  WMcn  rMwnUv— "  It  liM  Ul  tDn  duunituub- 
incmukfot  a«  •uUiar^wortLoa'TtwBninaalnHllari.'wfiiUuideainpnlwii- 
■!*«  la  M  tmlmtnt.  dtaUni  iuvelj  wlUi  omnot  AtKomioiu.  uul  rtty  iMutmOj 
totlont  II  w  a  tcu  iwok  lor  Uio  oloM-rooin.' 

jguu'i  H.  SECLVE.  r>T>uu>f  amAcrai  cbibvr.— "II  If  ea[i[aiu  aon  cUar, 
mia  leipleailioluAtpuid  r«mvlal>l«  laMihe,  sod  I  am  lurs  UiM  aU  (coatiat* 
et  Moni  Bduwaimi  niuiiiBmuUaiUiaiUtriMinuiiiuaB," 

OUTLINES  OF  MORAL  SCIENCE.  By  ARCHIBALD  ALEX* 
ANDER,  D.O.,  LL.O.  t2ino,  81, SO. 
Thin  book  In  cUmrl>tttC7  In  ItM  uhnrm-lor,  nti<1  !>■  mar)u»l  lir  ifrvat 
clMrneM  atui  •;mi>liclt;  cif  ttylu.  It  u  iut^'iijiii  u-  liij  llw  ruiiudntioiiii 
amd  oludiUU  tfau  iirfnclple*  li  Lba  I'hilOMOiihy  uf  Slorala,  lb  b  ttidel^ 
oaed  io  oolltvv*  ami  oUmr  toatilaUona  of  Iranuiia.  and  i«  ipocuillj 
MUptod  foe  rtadenta  wboM  igo,  «t  tbo  tune  at  whoao  dlapowl,  <l««a 
DDi  1/  ■■■pi*fc  the  BBo  €if  tAm  BioTD  oxtAad«d  fff<H  abatroao  ^^in  cm  i^^hn 

THE  THEORY  OF  MORALS.    By  PAUL  JANET,  MembOT  of  tha 

French    Acadamy.     Trantlated    under  the   tuperviiion    of 

Pre«id«nl  Noah  Porter,   Bvoi  S?.30. 

Prod  JaDM  In  thla  book  rItimi  uh  nut  "n\y  a  dear  and  ooncnc  exam> 

itlon  of  tbe  irholo  aUidjr  of  moml  wii^nn?.  but  ho  ban  intrDdiiccd  Into 

^tlie  dlaeonlon  many  elanenta  which  hava  hitherto  born  too  inucli 

iit!gloot«d.    71ie  fimt  prindplaa  of  monl  •edouoe  and  Um  fandanMnul 

idw  ol  miMwIa  the  autW  daanlbM  witii  mnob  proolaioB,  and  pranoli 

an  lotcntting  and  MyiwrnUie  cipoaltloa  of  ihcm. 

SCICNCC— "^MbooKIiuluoliliqraiidUmiloiiDiniiiiit.  It iBbiM^eitrmK 
Ntuu  lu  wr  l&al  10  clear  and  p1ii(aT«aqiia  a  ima«k  la  ilu  iuttuU  al  bu  uicn 
tnabvr.  raubl  mn*  Oa  •WOf  (d  MUM  boo  lu  alnuat  UurBaUe  law  at  bcUg 

POulL* 


MANUAL  OF  MYTHOLOGY 

For  the  Use  <^  Schools,  jitl  Studenls,  and  General  l^eaders 

FOVKDED    ON    -nil:   VfOKKS    OF    MiTlSCUS,  ntSLtER.  AKT 
WLLCKKK 

By   ALEXANDER   S.    MURRAY 


4 


One  vol.,  CTOwn   8vo^ ta.aS 


Then  ntaic  omlad  ■  tMUMi,  tuaafublc  Uunilef  MfthalocT.  *hidi  Auuld 
:h<An  uudtoi  ud  ibtcn«r*l  nadrr.  Hd  •■  the  hitk  Uih  ubki  chal 


be  •  Ifuittr  14  lilt  _  

pvvpc^n  wC  ■  ichaal  tcnl-bai^    TItb  Tolvne  «bkh  tai  |*r«f4r«d  by  IW  l>iHciar0f  . 
IMpumcAC  ol  Gi*tk  BAd  Rcsun  Anli«tuit>a  in  lb«  Briiub  UuacvBi,  npoa  <br  bHli  ., 
ih>  aarfavl  I'Minu.  rnlln.  ■»<:  W>l(k>r.  hid  to  mmircauit  In  ihr  Enilub  edi 
tAA.at  ia  pfwnUuil  fi  pK<iMlr  kbppli^  tbi4  vAni.    I'JiM  Amfrkui  cdilvea  b  mrKDtfil' 
btwihcl«(«lB(i(IWicdiIi«i.uidu>Bi*iiuBll  th*  idaunitau  al  Ihc  iMur.  B>t (^  fiif 

^  VaU  CaOtgi.  

THE  HISTORY  OF  ROME 

From   tbe   Earliest    Time  to   the   Period  of  its  ^Deeiin^i 

By   DR.  TUEODOR    MOUH8BH 

TninIaMd.  vlib  i%t  vislit't  amiV'n  unil  nldi'licni.  l-j  <k«  Riv.W.  F.  DICKSON, 
K4Cta»  PtotrttdM  *fl  HWlilira]  CriEiciini  uj  li>c  Uoitmit|r  of  Gancv<  iMe  QiiHlctt, 
Euntioi-r  »l   ilic  Unlviniir  vf    !ii-  Andnn.     Wilb  aa   iBDadacciM   br    Dud 
LCONHARU  SOIMITZ.  unii  >  co^mut  [n.lti  al  Itu  nholt  lw>  Td^wt,m(kLnj1 
opccaally  (at  tt^it  (diuon. 

KSfS/.VrHO  fSOM  TIliS  KSI'tSED  LO.VOO.V  BBtTlOK 

Pour  voIk.,  crawn  Bvo,  gill  top,  price  per  (ct,    .        .  Mkool 

*-A  veark  of  ihr  v^ry  h*chpai  mtiM  ,  lu  Jf4^b,o£  i»Tia«uid^olaab4i  ■>■  oanfiv^J 
fullnf  fvDtut  «nd»LE[l :  bf 'I'^t^'iTnlnu  vV  in?ii  tre  AdmirATdjr  Tivid-  Wc  vith  to  e4«<«1 
on  FMurdfUf  u|>liii<>»  ihm  Di.  MummKii'*  »  (7  tu  Ibebal  bMorrel  IkaOadiM  Miill 
Full  ol  Ihc  Huiu^i  Cu^uivuttC4lL]i.* — L^KJrm  Yimn.  * 


m 


THE  HISTORY  OF  GREECE 

By   PROF.    DR,    ERNST   CURTIUS 

1- >.,^  1^  AnOLI-Hi;^  WIUJAM   WAKP.  U.A^  »]^<y«  4f  St.  PcKr^  CoElw^l 

UNIFOKM  Wrrii  MOktMSKS^S  mSTOfZV  OF  XOMSE 
Fivft  voliL,  crown  Bvo^  fffit  top,  prific  per  act,  .        *        Sio.oo 

"  W''  rnnnnt  fipr^n  our  ouioE'^n  v'  I>r.  Ca'ltQi'*  b«ob  ttr^tt^r  itiui  b^  HfiaK  ''^■t  '& 
tPAy  b'  fiilv  f-iiideii  i*iili  Thcduuf  Moiehtibcu'b  cetsI  woik.*'— Arfh/i**  Sft^i^i^Wt 

"ITje  l-Ci*|Drv  "*  <"'**»«  u  iriTMUd  trj-  Dr^  *  urlmkBafcrftidlr  aqd  freely  io  th#  aplfil. 
of  ih«  Ei^nrmnEh  fniury,  tUi£  it   lMi,c,inBt  In  hit  hand*  oos  <4  tb*iv«ihlni  vmI  fbikt 
iiHifuritvr  brjink-'hf^  ..r    «]u-Iy  f^'f  nil  i«h->  drriJfc   Hincthiiic  dhR  (hj«  ■  knOaflrxa  of' 
Itdlllcd  f4<t«  h^f  %'^'^'t  «iiin-iij{iii.     TTir*  lriin*ljiti>in  DujtU  (*Wc«<Cic  ii  ptci>lu  F*'l  <^fi 
thviiccipicJ  ('rrunr  vl  rnidrrtA  ''J'  yo^rur  inen  ki  o^llaer.utd  Nr  ttll  Obo  WC  »  Uumn^J 
Cor  (be  ff«  (iL^ittuml  lf£c  of  uur  cauAJ'V-'''*-V.  Y.  £t*fiitt£ iVti.  * 


CHARLES  SCRIBNER'S  SONS.  PUBLISHERS,^ 
y4J  and  7^5  'Broadvaiy.  U^ew  York. 


I 


6R  305  F5I 

The  tolomwtlon  / 
Stanlord  Unl 


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