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BOSTOIM
PUBLIC
LIBRARY

Ac . No.

Regiments and Armories
OF Massachusetts

Sh. N

AN HISTORICAL NARRATION OF TMI;

Massachusetts Volunteer Militia

With I'oimi^aiis aM) Biographies of Officers Past and Present

CHARLES WINSLOW HAIL, l-hl I c )k. IN-CHIEF

l./l'l KtKimtnl, M. I'. M.)
KMi Till- hcii.KOWINr, lilSriMil'ISIIKD COHI'S OF COINTPIBUTOHS :

AU.lUTANT-GENnRALS DERARTMENT
Col(jni;l Wii.mam C. Capf.llf, Ass'l Adj.-Ginl

THE STATE ARMORIES
Coi-ONF.L Augustus N. Sami'Son

THE SIATE CAMP GROUNDS
CaI'TAIN I.I'KF R. Lanfjy

VEPERINAKY DEPARTMENT

1ST LiriJT Austin Pf.tfps, VeUTin.iry Siirufon

TMT AMBULANCE CORPS
Captain Myi.fs Stanhisii

FIRST BRIGADE

LlEUTENANT-Col.ONl I. IJciWDOIN S. I'AKKI K, Ass'l

Adjutant-General /•

THE W(JRCESTER LIGHT INFANTRY
MAIOP FRr:DFRICK G, Stim 5

SECOND REGIMENT OF INLANTPY
Colonel Embiiky p. Ciahk

SIXTH REGIMENT Of INTANTRY
CdLONFi. Charles K. Darling

TROOP F, CAVALRY

The Lute Captain Elisha H. Shaw

FIRST REGIMENT HEAVY ARIILLERY
Colonel James A. Fpyl

MASSACHUSETTS RIFLE TEAM IN ENGLAND
Lifiitfnant-Colonfl Otis H. Mark in

IN TWO VOLUMES - V(Jl.. 1.

W. W. POTTER COMPANY

cji Bedford Street
BOSTON

W. W. POTTER COMPANY

To the (jodly and Brave Founders of Boston and Plymouth, and the JiL^^ssa-
chusetts J\4Hitia : To the jlfyriads of Brave J\,fen who from Q'eneration
to (feneration have Jifustered with the Battalions of J[4assachusetts
in Peace and carried her jStainless Banner to fionorahle Vic-
tory or Defeat in War: yind to every son of the Old
Bay jState who believes that Freedom, Justice and
Jdome are Best Defended by those who ]\fost
Prize these Blessings, This Jdistory of
Patriots, Jferoes and Jifartyrs

/S DEDICATED

CONTENTS.

\011IME 1.

I. FlIRK-WliRD 7

II. AT PHE 1'.\RTIN(t of THE WAYS 12

III. UNDICR THE CHARTERS OF THE TWIN COLONIES, . . 19

ERRATA.

Pai^'e 57, 1st line, for "Constans" read "Conllans."

Pai^'e 5.'^. 5tli line, for '-then" read "than."

P;ige 105, last line, for "1779" read "1789."

Page 160, 30th line, for "12 companies with 66 present" read "466

present."
Page 249, 36th line, for "the division or company" read "I division or

company."
Page 343, last line, for "1889" read "1859."
Page 442, 1 8th line, for ■■Yauca" read "Yaiico."
Page 445, 8th line, for 1897-1899," read "1898-99."
Page 470, the "frontispiece" referred to on this page, "Massachusetts

Artillery at Gettysburg," will be found in the second volume.
Page 478, 9th line, for "18S7" read "1897."

XVIII. THE MASSACHUSETTS VOLUNTEER AID ASSOCIATION, . 455

XIX. FIRST BATTALION OF ARTILLERY 463

XX, TROOP F, CAVALRY. FIRST BBIGADE, M. V. M 473

XXI. BIOGRAPHIES OF OFFICERS OF THE M. \'. M.. PAST AND

PRESENT 481

CONTENTS.

VOLUME 1.

1. F()RR-WORD 7

II. AT THE PARTINCt OF THE WAYS 12

III, UNDER THE CHARTERS OF THE TWIN COLONIES, . . 19

1\'. IN THE PRi)VINCIAL l'ERU)D 37

V. THE REVOLT TU)NARY PERIOD 66

VI. ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S DEPARTMENT 95

VII. THE STATE ARMORIES 221

VIII. THE STATE CAMP GROUNDS OF MASSACHUSETTS, . . 257

IX. OUARTERMASTER AND CoMMISSARY-GENERAL, ... 269

X. THE MILITARY VETERINARIAN 279

XI. THE AMP>ULANCE CORPS, M. V. M 289

XII. THE MASSACHUSETTS RIFLE TEAM IN ENGLAND, . 307

XIII. THE FIRST BRIGADE, 329

XIV. THE FIRST REGIMENT OF HEAVY ARTILLERY, 338
XV. THE SECOND REGIMENT OF INFANTRY. .... 361

XVI. THE WORCESTER LIGHT INFANTRY 399

XVII, SIXTH REGIMENT OF INFANTRY, M. V. M 412

XVIII. THE MASSACHUSETTS VOLUNTEER AID ASSOCIATION, . 455

XIX. FIRST BATTALION OF .\RTILLERY 463

XX. TROOP F, CAVALRY, FIRST BBIGADE, M. V. M 473

XXI. BIOGRAPHIES OF OFFICERS OF THE M. V. M., PAST AND

PRESENT 481

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

x'oi.uMh:

1)1" Massachusetts,

and Commander-in-Chief

I'rontispicc

Winthrop Murray Crane, Cniverniir

M. V. M., '1900

The Valkyr

Norse and Celtic Warriors .......

The Genitis of War .........

Napoleon and The Sphinx .......

Massachusetts Volunteer — Revoluticmary Period, 1779-17S3

Second War with England, 1812-1S18

War with Mexico, i846-i84<S

Great Civil War, 1861-1865

War with Spain, 1898-1899
Officer of 17th Century ......

Draa;oi>n, 17th Century ......

Charles I. Demanding the Five Impeached Members. Pjiutmg hv J. S. Cfh
Portrait and .Autograph of Sir Harry Vane

Capt. John Endicott

Signature of Capt. John Mason ....

The Pilgrims at Prayer before the start for America. Pointing hv Robnt lV,-i

The Burial of Miles Standish. Pjtiiting by Hemy Bacon

The .\mbuscade. King Phillip's War. Drjwn hv IV.ilicr L. Greene

Miles Standish's Homestead, Duxbury

A Canadian Raid, Queen Ann's War. Dreiwii by IVhorf

Sea front of Cartagena, Columbia, South America .

The Ramparts of the Castle of Boca Chica

Fort San Lazaro, and land approaches to Cartagena

Modernized Great Gate of Cartagena

Plan of the City and Harbor of Louisburg

Town and Fortifications of Louisburg

Signature of Sir William Pepperrel ....

Louisburg Cross, lately stolen from Harvard College Library, Brought

Louisburg, 1745-46 .....
Profile of the Walls of Louisburg
Death of General Wolfe. Painlmg hr DeiiJMwu H^est
Castle Island, Boston Harbor, 1789 .

The Massacre at Lexington, .\pril 19, 1775. Oiawn by T^. Fjiniiiton El-xetl
Captain Isaac Davis and His Acton Minutemen. April 19, 1775 .

Etehed by ,^^ithiir L\nis

Benedict Arnold

A Minuteman at the Old Rail Fence

Boston in 1775 .

The Somerset Firing upon the Redoubt, as seen from the Parker PI

ham Road, June 17, 1775

General Stark. Painting by Chappell

Death of General Warren ........

General Washington at Dorchester Heights. Painting by Gilbert Stuart
Major-General Charles Lee ........

Washington Disbanding the Continental Army ....

Revolutionary Recruiting Notice

Colonel William C. Capelle

General Steuben and Cavalry Escort, 1 780-1 783. Painting by Chapfiell

Retreat of the British from Concord

John Hancock, Governor of Massachusetts

from

Ded

7
9
I I
I 2
13
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>5
16

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46

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55

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63
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79

93-4

103

107

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

The Document Room
, Boston

Samuel Adams ........

The Surrender of Burgoyne ......

Marquis Jean Paul Lafayette ......

Defense of Fort Moultrie, 1776, Artillerists and Infantry

Storming the Tete du Pont, Churubusco. Mexico, August 24. 184

South Armory, Irvington Street

Irvington Street Entrance to the South Armory

Staircase and Hall, South Armory .

Officers' Room, South Armory

Officers' Reception Room, South .\rmory

Imitation Earthwork and Latest Pattern Gun for Fort Practice

Military and Civic Parade at Boston, 1851

Drill Room of the Naval Battalion

\'iew of the Lynn Armory

Lynn Armory — Stairway and Hall .....

Lynn Armory — Drill Shed

Lynn Armory — Rooms of the Commissioned Officers .
John A. Andrew, War Governor of Massachusetts
Exterior of Lowell Armory ......

Lowell Armory — Main Entrance .....

Lowell Armory — Quarters of Company C. Sixth Regiment

Lowell Armory — Quarters of Ambulance Corps .

Office of Colonel William C. Capelle, A. A. G.

.Xdjutant-General's Department. The Militia Room .

-Xdju tan t -General's Department.

Colonel Aug. N. Sampson

East Armory, East Newton Street

The Roll-Call. Crimea, 1854-5 .

The Last Cartridge .....

East Armory — Drill Shed

"Scotland Forever" ...

East Armory — Colonel's Room

The Soldier's Farewell ....

Boston East .Armory — Detail of Balcony
Saluting the Wounded ....

Attack on a Convoy ....

Saving the Flag .....

The Springfield .\rmory ....

State Armory, Lawrence, Mass. — Drill-Shed
The Bivouac ......

Fall River State Armory

The Fitchburg State Armory. Tlvto. hv J. CMoiiltoti
Fitchburg State .\rmory — Drill-Shed
Fitchburg State Armory — Board Room .
Typical Permanent Volunteer Camp. 1861-65

Captain Luke R. Landy

The Awkward Squad .....

.\ Regimental Detail for Guard Mount. 1898
State Camp Ground, Framingham, 1898
Fifth Regiment Massachusetts Infantry

Framingham, September 11, 189S
Xt Mess in Camp. t)ld Style .

Colonel Harry E. Converse, Acting Quartermaster-
War. Prom the Paiiitiii<! hv Laiidscrr
Lieutenant Austin Peters, Veterinary Surgeon
Quartermaster's Warehouse, and Transportation in the Field
The Care of Chief and Warrior, the Arabian War-Horse

The Wagon Train

The Arn'iv Mule-Team

The Horse Guard— .A Little Sword-Play

Captain Mvles Standish. commanding Ambulance Corps. M. \'. M.

Mule-Train with Supplies at Santiago De Cuba, July, 189S .

and Gatling Gun

U. S. \

Breakin

-General

with

Caisson

faci

imp

at South

109
1 1 1

'■5
142

143
145
149

'53
157
161
165
167
169
'73
t77
181
185
189
193
197
201
205
21 1
214
215
223
225
226
227
229
23'
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235
237
238

239

240

241
24-!
245
247
250
252
253
255
257
258

259

261

267
275
277
279
280
281
282

283
288
289
290

LIST OF ILU'STRATIONS.

Regimental Hospital and Hospital Flag (Geneva Cross) Second Regiment, M.

V. M., Lakeland, Fla., May. 1898 " 291

Convalescents 292

Ambulance Corp>;. M. \'. M. Corps Using Improvised and the Masssachu-

setts Litters ............. 293

.\mbulance Corps, M. \'. M. Ambulance, Tents, and Litter Service 297

.\mbulance Corps, M. V. M. First .\id to the Wounded and Handling of Same 301

"Lest We Forget," Santiago, July, 1898 ........ 305

.\merican Infantry and British Cavalry — Long Range Position . . 307

Lieutenant-Colonel Otis H. Marion ......... 308

"The Trip .\cross the .\tlantic was a Very Pleasant One" ..... 309

Incorrect Standing Positions of Excellent Marksmen ...... 310

Correct and Incorrect English Military Standing Positions . . 311

English Long Range Position .......... 313

Correct and Incorrect English Military Kneeling Position ..... 316

From the Left Shoulder at Long Range . . . . . 317

Sergeant S. J. Wallingford, the Best Shot in the British Army, Firing in Mili-
tary Lying Position ........... 321

The "Texas Grip" with Variations ......... 323

Colonel William F. Cody (Buffalo Bill) 324

Home Again .............. 327

Long Range Position. Head held up by biting a strap on the wrist . . . 328

Lieutenant-Colonel Bowdoin S. Parker . . ...... 329

Brigadier-General Thomas R. Mathews and Staff. First Brigade, M. V. M. facing 330
Colonel Pfaff and Staff, First Heavy Artillery. First Brigade, M. V. M. facing 334

Colonel James A. Frye ............ 338

Colors of First Regiment, Heavy .\rtillery ........ 343

First Heavy .\rtillery, M. V. M., Serving Field Battery at Fort Warren,

1898 ............ . facing 346

First Heavy .Artillery at Fort Pickering, 1898 facing 348

Colonel Charles Pfaff, U. S. V., Commanding — Garrison at Fort Pickering . facing 348

First Regiment Heavy Artillery. The 15-inch Rodman at Fort Warren . facing 352 , _^

First Regiment Heavy Artillery. Battalion Drill, Fort Warren, 1898 . facing 352

Barbette Battery of Eight-Inch Rifles facing 356

First Heavy Artillery M. V. M., 1S98— 8-inch Rifle Battery, Fort Warren . facing 356
First Heavy Artillery, M. V. M., April 26, 1898. Off for the Front. Review

by Governor Wolcott .......... facing 358

Governor Wolcott Presenting the Commissions, Second Regiment, M. \'. M.,

May 13, 1898 361

State Armory, Springfield, Mass. — Office Colonel E. P. Clark, commanding

Second Regiment, M. V. M 363

State Armory, Springfield, Mass. — Headquarters Second Regiment, M. V. M. 367
Headquarters "Shack," Second Regiment, M. V. M., Lakeland, Fla., May, 1898 369
State .Armory, Springfield, Mass. — Drill-Shed . . . . . . . 371

State Armory, Springfield, Mass. — Quarters Company C, Second Regiment,

M. V. M., Showing Memorial Tablet Erected in Honor of Comrades who

Fell in the Spanish-American War ........ 375

Field and Staff Officers of Second Regiment, M. V. M.. Spanish-American War,

1898-1899 ............. 379

Colonel Embury P. Clark 383

Field, Staff and Line Officers of Second Regiment M. V. M., Lakeland, Fla.,

1898 385

Headquarters of Colonel Clark, Second Regiment. M. V. M., Before Santiago

de Cuba, July 12 to .\ugust 13, 1898.

Field and Staff at Mess, Lakeland. Fla., 1 89S

Commissary Department in the Field .......

Camp of Second Regiment. M. \'. M., Siege of Santiago de Cuba, 1898

Spanish Fort at El Caney

Second Regiment M. V. M. Entrenched Camp .
Cheering Formal Surrender of Santiago, July 17. 1898
Major-General Wheeler at El Caney ....
Major F. G. Stiles

387
388

389
391
392
393
395
397
399

LIST OF ILLrSTRATR)XS.

The Worcester State Armory . ■ .

Worcester State Armory — Drill-Shed

Second Massachusetts \'olunteers in Cuba — "Talking it Over"

Some of Our Cuban Allies .....

Worcester State Armory — Board of Officers' Room

Worcester State Armory — Worcester Light Infantry Room

"At Rest 'Neath Southern Skies"

Colonel Charles K. Darling

Attack on the Sixth Regiment of Infantry. M. \'. M., at Baltimore, Md., April
19, 1 86 1. Drawing hv IV. H. Upham

Group on the Yale off Santiago, 1898

Group on Board the S. S. Mississippi, 189S

Si.xth Regiment U. S. V., Embarking at Charleston, S. C.

Unloading Mules and Horses .

Landing in Small Boats

Si.'ith Regiment, U. S. V., in Spanish-American War, 1898-99

A Porto Rican Town and .\merican Encampment, 1898

The Aquedttcts at Ponce, Porto Rico .....

Cycle Club, Ponce, Porto Rico, 1898 .....

Si.xth Regiment, U. S. V., in Porto Rico, 1898-99

Porto Rican Transportation .......

The Bay State — The Massachusetts \'oluiiteer Aid Association. Hospital

Steamship ............ facing

Officers of the Massachusetts Volunteer Aid Association — During the Spanish-
American War, 1898-99 ..........

The Bay State — Operating Room facing

Artillery, Bombardier and Matrosses. 1725-1776 .......

Bugler Reed saving Captain Bigelow of the Ninth Massachusetts Battery at
Gettysburg . • . .

Light Batterv in Action

The Late Captain Elisha H. Shaw .

Stable Call

Riding to Water ....

"The Bugle Call"

Over the Shallows .

401
402
403
403
406
407
411
41-

4>7
420

421
436
437
438
439
443
444
445
447
45'

454

457
460

465

467
469

473
474
474
475
478

RECIMEHS AND AIIMOlilF.S OF MASSACHUSETTS.

CHAPTER I.

FORE-WORD.

"War is a terrible trade ; but in the

cause that is righteoiis. sweet is the smell

of powder," sings Longfellow, as said by

the "doughty little captain of Plymouth"

in his "Wooing of Miles Standish," and

^^ , ^j- .-^ iM f ^ ^ "^ such have been the sentiments of his de-

^^^^^-^Cj' -^^R^^^J^ scendants and people unto this day.

\ tW^^^^^MI V^IP(t T^ Descended largely from those Norse-

*■' ^^^Bfc *- r v^_.»_ men, who, between the 7th and i ith

centuries, settled so large a part of the
seaboard of the isles and countries of
the north of Europe, what is now called
"the Anglo Saxon race," and, indeed, the'
so-called "Celtic races," which still main-
tain a certain individuality of speech and-
character, inherit from the fierce Norsemen much of their strength, daunt-
less courage, sturdy independence, and innate love of military life.

In mansion and cottage, mart and college, office, factory, laboratory
and cornfield, wherever men of our race exist and labor, the summons of
the Valkyr, Odin"s "chooser of the slain," comes to them with much of
that terrible yet enthralling charm which Hereward's song in Kingsley's
"Last of the English" so tersely expresses. Voicing his respect for his
sire, and reverence for his peaceful and noble end, with his own choice of a
death on the field of battle; how the rude pathos of his sorrow and filial
esteem is blent with a pity which is almost contemptuous, because a great
life was not made perfect by a grand and noble death.

"Herevvard, King! hight I,
Holy Leofric, my father.
In Westminster, wiser
None walked with King Edward,
High minsters he builded,
Pale monks he maintained.
Dead is he. A bed-death,
A leech-death, a priest-death,
A straw-death, a cow's-death
It likes not me."

THE VALKYR.

S REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

To high heaven, all so holy
The angels uphand him,
In meads ol' May flowers
Mild Mary will meet him.
Me happier, the Valkyrs
Shall waft from the war-deck,
Shall hail from the holm-gang,
Or helmet strewn moorland.
And sword-strokes my shrift be
Sharp spears be my leeches.
With heroes, hot corpses
High heaped for my pillow.

It is the '-war fever" of our own experience; that strange impulse,
which once fastened upon a man's heart and brain, is stronger than love,
fear, prudence, self-gratification, or any other human emotion or desire.
However sublimed by lofty ambitions, christian impulses, or what we call
civilization, it is at once the most exacting and the supremest mistress of
all the deities worshipped by mankind.

The writer well remembers the deep feeling and impressive enthu-
siasm with which the late Gen. William F. Bartlett, then a mere youth,
used to recite from Macaulay's "Horatius at the Bridge."

"Then oiitspake brave Horatius,
The Captain of the Gate,
'To every man upon the earth
Death cometh soon or late.'

"And how can man die better
Than facing fearful odds.
For the ashes of his fathers,
And the temples of his gods?"

It was only a few years later that, crippled, and worn with the pain
of wounds scarce healed, he led his Massachusetts volunteers, at Port Hud-
son, in the hottest struggles of the "Wilderness, and into the fatal crater of
the Petersburg mine ; nearly always wounded, yet never deterred from
riding to meet death, as gayly as, later, he met the brave young bride, whose
married happiness was so brief and yet blessed by the love of a brave man,
whom all held in reverence and honor.

Many myriads of such men, of high and low estate, have mustered
■under the banners of the land of Massachusetts. Doubtless before our
brief history was begun, Norseman and Celt landed on these shores, and,
for a time, maintained a brief and evanescent autonomy, buildino- rude
•castles or the unartificial ramparts of "garth" and "tun," and defending
them with mace, bow, SAVord and sling, as they had been wont to do
across the ocean. Their civilization was too rude, and their numbers too
small, to maintain their superiority over Abenaquis and Esquimaux, and
they fell under the arrows of their enemies, or, as is more likely, became

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

iibsiirbed throu<;h intcrmarriacfc, and the cessation of intercourse witli the
old world.

The first settlers of Massachusetts were largely drawn from sections
of the British Isles, whose earlier population had been founded by Norse.
Norman-Latin and Celtic peoples, and later immig-ration has rather intensi-
fied than diminished the hereditary military instincts which, never seeking
a resort to arms and preferring the joys and arts of peace, still await with
fortitude and confidence the final arbitrament of the sword.

The precepts of Christianity have softened the primeval ferocity of
the races, welded into the American people, and education and civilization
have given them a loftier chivalry and greater forbearance toward the
weak and ignorant, and a
finer and better ci)ncep-
tion of the aims of indi-
vidual and national life.
But their ancient courage
and enduring fortitude,
military pride and contempt
of wounds and death, still
underlie their apparent in-
disposition to resent petty
injuries and even insults,
when not too long con-
tinued, or offered by those
for whom their contempt
is not softened by pity.

Since the settlement
of Plymouth in 1620, and
of Boston in 1634, the his-
tory of the citizen soldiery
of Massachusetts embodies
the last period of defen-
sive armor and antique
weapons, and the earlier

and latest epochs of modern warfarcwith many episodes world-famous in the
history of human liberty, as well as in the annals of military develoj^ment.

In these pages, it is believed that the living citizen soldiers of Mass-
achusetts, and all who love and honor the myriads who have fought or
fallen beneath the stainless flag of the Bay State, or the ancient banners
of the province and colonies, will find a trustworthy and compendious
history of the Massachusetts militia, from the earliest era of New England
settlement and civilization. It is hoped that, beyond this, there will be
found somethin"" of incentive to honor and to encoin-age those who to-dav

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lo REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

fill the ranks of the National Guard, and to keep alive and fitted for future
usefulness that splendid citizen soldiery which, in every peril of the past,
has upheld and defended a liberty-loving and just State government, by
the self-devotion and intelligent courage of its best and bravest citizens.

Those articles which deal with the several state departments and
military organizations, are furnished by gentlemen whose prominence and
usefulness are a guarantee of the accuracy and interest of their contribu-
tions. The illustrations are numerous, and include many reproductions of
rare and historically valuable sketches and engravings, which have been
faithfully redrawn or exactly copied. The brief personal biographies, ac-
companying some hundreds of portraits of past and present members of
the State Volunteers. Independent Companies, and National Guard, will be
of great interest to the present generation, and will form a memorial more
lasting than brass or marble, to be proudly read by their descendants and
eagerly consulted by historian and genealogist, long after the projectors
of this volume and its j^atrons have slept with their fathers.

The causes which have so long delayed the issuance of this work,
have been many and irritating to all concerned. Not the least of these
was the war with Spain, which, during 1898 and 1899, made imperfect a
great deal of finished material, and necessitated revisals and enlargements
of the whole work. It is certain, however, that, in the end, the subscriber
will receive a volume of increased value, interest and beauty.

Something of this history I essay to write, as a necessary and
fitting introduction to the records of the Massachusetts militia of to-day;
their organization, equipment, and interests. At the best, my story must
be brief, and until the end of time the records which I seek to preserve
and array in fitting words, will be the theme of generations of orators,
poets and historians, who can never exhaust its rich mines of heroic deeds
and noble purposes.

I bring to a herculean task only faithful research, an honest desire
to present the truth of all matters presented, and a firm and uncompromis-
ing belief that no true American or impartial student of the history of the
United States of America can fail to recognize the fact, that the citizen
soldiers of the republic have built, enlarged, and preserved it, and can never
safely relinquish the sword into the hands of a professional soldiery.

Charles W. Hall, Editor.

'^^iSlk.V-

THE l.l.Nil ■. wl \\ vl.

NAPOLEON AND THE SPHINX.

CHAPTER II.
AT THE PARTING OF THE WAYS.

WHEN Napoleon the Great carried his hitherto all-conquering
troops into Egypt, and marshalled his legions under the shadows
of the great pyramids, he fully realized that he was departing from
the policies and conditions which had, to that time, made him
everywhere victorious.

"From those pyramids, twenty centuries look down upon you," was
his declaration to the men who had ever followed him to victory, and in
the name of France, gained undying fame.

As he reined in his war horse before the Sphinx, inscrutable mys-
tery of a dead and forgotten past, and emblem of purposes unaccomplished
and policies as yet untested by time and experience, the man of destiny
inust have been busy with vague yet tremendous questionings of what fate
or providence should ordain. He remembered how many conquerors had,
before him, aye, back in the very night of time, and, in that weird and silent
presence, thought of a glorious past, and vainly sought to pierce the un-
knowable future. Rameses, Pharaoh Necho, Nebuchadnezzar, Cambyses,
Darius, Alexander, Antony, Caesar; who had ever stood in that desert of
sterile grandeur and awful mystery, and afterward known no loss of pres-
tige, or escaped the final chastisement of too lofty ambition and over-
weening pride? For Napoleon, as for most of his predecessors, through-
out fourscore generations, it was, indeed, "a parting of the ways," a step
from the path of iipward progress, into the downward road accursed of
the gods.

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

In preparing a work which shall present a fitting picture of the or-
ganized citizen soldiery of the Old Bay State, as it exists to-day, it is well
to remember that, from the very beginning of our history, every defense
of (iiir tcrritor}'. and offensive attack upon a foreign enemy, has been
chiclly entrnsted to those citizens of Massachusetts who were, at the sev-
eral epochs of public warfare, liable to military service under the law of
the colon}' or the state.

To-day it is proposed to establish a regular army of 100,000 men,
owning allegiance and obedience only to the national government, with-
out anv strong home ties, enduring local affection or state loyalty; neces-
sarily recruited from the least intelligent and enterprising portion of our
population, and inevitably tending to become the mechanical and disci-
plined instruments of any cabal or interests, which may for a time control
or direct the executive of the United States.

The regular army of the United States has never been in close
touch or sympathy with the American people, and offers practically no
chance of promotion to the patriotic American, who is willing to serve his
country in the ranks, if only he can be assured a reasonable increase of
pay, and promotion, should his services deserve them. As a result, it is
difficult to secure desirable recruits for the regular service, while volun-
teer regiments can be raised, within a
few weeks and sometimes a few days.

As will be seen later on, this differ-
ence in the public estimation has always
existed, and, with a great majority of our
people, amounts to a distrust and dislike
of the regular service, and an enthusias-
tic esteem for and confidence in, the
American volunteer and state troops.
It cannot be denied that this distinction
is due to the fact that few self-respecting
Americans will, willingly, take service,
as private soldiers, under the command
of company officers of the regular army,
and that the American graduate of West
Point recognizes no spirit of comrade-
ship or citizenship with the uncommis-
sioned officer or private, in the ranks
under his charge.

.\ DANGEROUS SPECIALTY.

It is speciously argued that, inas-
much as in peaceful callings, the intro- massac.ifsetts volctnteek,

duction of improved tools and closer Rtvoiuticnarv period, m^-nw.

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

economies demand better discipline and
training of the men employed, so modern
warfare, with its scientific and more
effective weapons and methods, demands
a discipline and training which no volun-
teer militia can ever hope to attain.

It is a curious commentary upon
the merits of this claim, that few inven-
tions, improvements or useful innova-
tions in the art and implements of war-
fare, have ever originated with a gradu-
ate of West Point, or been quickly recog-
nized and adopted by those controlling
the regular army, and that the United
States, during the present century, has
been especially slow and conservatively
antiquated in these regards. Only the
stress and perils of the Great Rebellion,
could induce the changes from percus-
sion and even flintlock smoothbores, to
rifled and breech-loading arms of pre-
cision, which had already been adopted
by almost every nation in Europe.
As a matter of fact, the weapons of the citizen hunter and sports-
man, already proved and adopted by hundreds of thousands in peaceful
life, were modified to meet the supposed needs of the soldier, and com-
mitted to the hands of men, whose only training in their effective use,
was self -acquired in their anti-military life. There has never been a time,
when a team, taken from a regular army, could excel in marksmanship,
those exclusively composed of civilians; nor do the records of the civil
war anywhere tell of a regular regiment, whose services and bravery ex-
celled those rendered by scores of state organizations.

Even were it true, that the regular soldier of to-day is a better marks-
man, braver acting en masse; more effectively and economically cared for:
and, in a word, a better soldier than the average national guardsman, these
are no sufficient reasons why a great .standing army should supplant the
organized state militia of the republic.

When the day comes in which we shut out every American gentle-
man from the service of his country, unless he can secure a West Point
graduation, or such political influence as will procure him a staff appoint-
ment, or, at the cost of becoming that strange anomaly of our republican
policy, a private of the regular army, then ends the old, true, warlike spirit
of our Norse and Saxon ancestors, which has reflected again and again on

M.ISSACHUSKTTS VOLUNTEER,
Secoliil War witli England, I.S12-1818.

OF MASSACUUSICTTS.

«5

the battlefield, and in the forays of the New World, the glory and the
ehivalry of all the warlike past of Northern and Western Europe.

The man who has no stake in the land of his fealty; no ehoiee or judg-
ment in the men and prineiples whieh shall rule its present and bless its
future fortunes; no hope of soeial, intelleetual, or industrial eminenee and
independenee; no instinetive impatienee of the sense of easte inferiority,
may be useful as a kind of national policeman, but ean never safely be
exelusively entrusted with the privileges and duties of the American
soldier.

Still less ean the American citizen, entering manhood with an av-
erage knowledge of the past of his race and country, be .safely taught
that, for him, there is no chance to serve under the flag of his fathers, un-
less he can secure a commission, or sacrifice all control of his own destiny,
and most of his self respect, as a soldier of an organization, far more ex-
clusive and undemocratic in its relations between officers and men, than
the service of the British monarchy. If the time shall ever come, when
over 100,000 men ean be recruited in the United States, for the regular
service, it will mark the ebb tide of that ancient American spirit, which,
in the past three centuries, has built up, in the western wilderness world,
the greatest republic "of which the world holds record." It will also
mark the full fruition of that deadly
and poisonous growth, which has, in
every age, choked, with its sordid love
of gain and pleasure, the manlier and
more generous qualities of decaying and
dying peoples.

There may be a possibility of an
Americanization of the United States
army; there can and should be a reor-
ganization, and more liberal and effec-
tive equipment and training of or-gan-
ized state troops; but any risk of future
war is better than an absolute surren-
der into the hands of the national army,
of the right to carry arms, to wage war,
and protect the public peace and Ameri-
can liberty. For nearly three centuries
each generation of the citizens of Massa-
chusetts have either given of their best
and bravest, for the defense of their
native land and loved ones, or have
conversed with and honored those of a
past generation, who had endured and

.M.VSSArnr SETTS VOIA'NTEER,
War with .Mixico, 1&16-I848.

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

conquered under the banner of the Colony or the state flag, the lions of
England, or the stars and stripes of the republic.

Until the end of time, or at least until the proud state motto "Ense
petit placidam sub libertate quietem" no longer represents the steady pur-
pose and aspiration of the "people of the Bay," the children of Massachu-
setts are unlikely to reverse this experience of alternate "placid quiet" and
the unsheathing of the sword. Not in our day, at least, will the arbitra-
tion of European diplomatists take the place of the wager of battle, and
reconcile the tyrant with his victims, the bully with his sturdy opponent,
the fanatic with his infidel foes, or the half civilized and barbarous war-
rior races — who are still to reach, through toil and battle, a higher place
among the nations — with those they are to replace.

The time was, as will later be recorded, when every man, bond and
free, within the limits of Massachusetts, was under military authority, and
obliged to procure and keep ready for in.stant iise, the arms and armor of
his era. No excuse was accepted, except that of such ecclesiastical or
civil authority, as it was deemed best to maintain, even in the greatest
emergencies.

The enrolled militia of Massachusetts is only a name, as compared
with the ancient Land-wehr of even the last century, and instead of en-
couraging her people to practice mili-
tary exercises, and dexterity and skill in
the use of arms, the statutes of modern
Massachusetts make criminal the for-
mation and parade of independent and
semi -military associations, under the
plea that it is no longer safe to allow
the people of this generation, the privi-
leges freely allowed the last, and im-
]5osed as duties upon their predecessors,
from the first settlement of the country.
To-day, l)y like sophisms, and
special pleas, unfoimded on the expe-
rience and records of the past, the advo-
cates of a great standing, regular army,
now seek to discredit that shadow of
(lur real military strength, and great
state militia, the National Guard, and
with some, at least, the real motive is
distrust of the people's loyalty, and of
their love of peace and respect for the
law. Even in an almost purely agri-
cultural state like Minnesota, there are

MASSACHUSETTS VOI.UNTEEl;,
Great fivil War. ISfll-lSfii.

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

•that the right of the
arms shall not be

men who are unwilling- to trust the
people with the full privileges ac-
corded them b\' the second Amendment
to the Constitution of the United States,
which provides
people to bear
abridged. "

Men in the National Guard have
aided in passing such laws, from a de-
sire to secure sulficient state support for
an effective and well-equipped state
force, but they begin to see the devel-
opment of the real attack upon the very
existence of popular military life.
Massachusetts will never agree to a
policy which will erase the swordsman's
blade from her blazon, and end forever
the record of her state soldiery, glorious
with the deserved victories and not ig-
noble defeats of two hundred and
seventy years of warfare against
Frenchman, Spaniard, Briton, and the
soldiers of the Lost Cause.

It is. therefore, of especial interest and prime necessity, that at this
time the citizen soldiers of Massachusetts and all those who believe that
a proper military spirit and training should fit the citizen for the defense
and maintenance of his own best interests, should stud}' and understand
the history, development, services, and present condition of the active
and sedentary militia of this state.

We can certainly never adequately realize the great debt which we
owe to the myriads of ilassachusetts soldiers who have perished in every
century of our history, to secure a foothold on this continent and to
maintain, perpetuate and increase the prosperity and freedom of their fel-
low citizens. ^Miatever maj' be said of their discipline, there can be no
doubt of their ability to meet the best regular troops of their respective
eras, with a superior courage and more effective skill in the use of arms.
Their descendants will not substitute a pretorian guard for the devoted
and intelligent services of their best and bravest.

No regular army which the world has ever seen has ever surpassed
the record of the men of Grant and Lee, Sheridan and Jackson, Sherman
and Johnston, Beauregard and Gilmore. and the other great leaders of the
Civil War. Only two regular regiments were ever raised by the Confed-
eracy, and neither of these great leaders deemed it desirable to call for a

llASSACHUSETTS VOLUXTEEE,
War with Sp.iiii. 1S>S-K19.

i8 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

large force of regular troops. They knew, but too well, that Americans,
of the best stamp and character, could not be induced to enter such a force.

In Sherman's adieu to that great army, which had followed him from
Atlanta to the sea, and from captured Savannah to fallen Richmond, is
embodied the spirit of many similar addresses by the great Americans,
who have, from time to time, led the citizen soldiery of the New World.

"But that you have done all that men could do, has been admitted
by those in authority, and we have a right to join in the universal joy that
fills oxw land, because the war is over, and our Government stands vindi-
cated before the world by the joint action of the volunteer armies and
navies of the United States."

It will be the purpose of this book, necessarily in a concise manner,
to describe the foundation of the existing .system under the colonies of
Boston and Plymouth, the royal governors of Massachusetts Bay, the rulers
of the revolutionary era, and the militia laws as they existed until 1840.
In a more complete and comprehensive manner, the story of the general
organization, and of its component bodies and departments as they have
existed since that period, will be given by gentlemen whose services in
connection with the citizen soldiery of Massachusetts guarantee the value
and interest of their contributions hereto.

In the proper place will be given some statistics, showing the
comparative inadequacy of the regular army during the rebellion, as com-
pared with volunteer troops, an inefficiency due, not to lack of courage or
discipline, but mainly to the fact that neither the United States, nor the
Confederacy, could raise enough regular troops to begin to meet the exi-
gencies of that great struggle. As a result the few regulars, on both sides,
were largely on special duty, or, when in the field, were weak in numbers
and naturally less exposed to the fiercer struggles of the contending armies.

Of course it may be possible, that by utterly abolishing the National
Guard and any other state military organizations, an immense regular
army may be siibstituted for our citizen soldiery, and to some extent
supply their place in the national life and development. But this change
cannot fail to diminish the patriotism and manliness of the great middle
classes, and eventually to establish a very strong military caste, whose
views of social and professional life and duty, will be utterly out of touch
with those hitherto held by the American people, and this will be joined
to a destructive efficiency and discipline, which may very possibly be used,
to further break and diminish the free and democratic spirit of a people,
who no longer will control and defend, but will be controlled and de-
fended, by a strong, centralized and practically aristocratic executive.

That the numerous and specious attacks made upon the National
Guard are indicative of definite and radical changes in the military policy
of the American people, is, however, only too evident.

chapti-:r III.

rXDICR THE CHARTERS (IF THE TWIN COLONIES.

HILE the right of self-defense
is universally recognized b}-
mankind, the right to carry
on war, both offensive and
defensive, must rest on the authority,
inherent or delegated, of some recognized
ruler or nation. The basis of such right
on the part of the people of Massachu-
setts, as enjt)yed and exercised by them
ior over one hundred and fifty years, was
the following article in the " Charter of
the Colony of Massachusetts Bay in New
Englande," granted by Charles I. of Eng-
land, March 4, 16:28: —

" That it shall and male be lawfull,
to and for the chiefe commanders, govern-
ors and ofificers of the said company, for
the tyme being, who shall be resident in
the saide parte of Xewe Englande, in
America, by these presents gratinted, and
others there inhabiting by their appoint-
ment and direcion from tyme to tyme, and at all times hereafter, for
their special defence and safety, to incounter, expulse, repell and resist,
by force of arms, as well by sea as by lande, and by all fitting waies and
meanes whatsoever, all such person and persons as shall, at any tyme
hereafter, attempt or enterprise the destrucc'on, invasion, detriment or
annoyance to the saide plantation or inhabitantes, and to take and sur-
prise by all waies and meanes whatever, every strch person and persons,
with their shippes, armour, munic'on and other goodes, as shall, in hostile
manner, invade or attempt the defeating of the saide plantac'on, or the
hi:rte of the saide company or inhabitantes."

Among the first memoranda of necessaries con.sidered meet for the
" intended voiadge to New Englande " and in due tirhe purchased for the
use of the colonists, are found the following lists of military supplies,
which are of interest, as .showing what were considered the best and most
effective weapons, equipments, ammunition and ordnance, at that time in
use; and neces.sary for the formation of an efificient and well equipped
militia.

iFKIi'KE: of ITth CEXTritY.

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

ARMES FOR loo MEN
3 drums. 2 ensignes.

2 partizans for Captain and Lieut.

3 halberts for 3 Sariants (sergeants).

80 Bastard Musketts with Snaphaunces, 4 foote in ye barrill.

6 large ffowling pieces, with muskett boare, without restes, 6 ffoote long 1-2.

4 large ffowling pieces, bastard muskett boare, 5 1-2 ffoote long.
loFFuU musketts, 4 ffoot barrill, match cocks, and restes.

90 bandeliers for musketts with bullett bag.

10 home flaskes for the fowling pieces, ilb. ea.

100 swords with belts, 60 corsletts, 60 pikes, 20 half pikes.

This list was afterward enlarged to include two hundred muskets.
The artillery of the colony, besides the guns with which all ships
in that day were of necessity provided, were supplied with the following; —

8 PIECES ORDINANCE, viz. :

2 demi-culverins 30 cwt. ea.

3 Backers (sakers) 25 cwt. ea.

1 whole culverin.

2 small pieces iron drakes.

40 barrills of powder, 3 ffother (about 7,200 lbs.) of lead.

Very little armor was carried, there being but one record of a con-
tract for the same, that with " Thomas Stevens, of Buttolph"s Lane, 20
armes, viz., corselett, brest, back, culet, gorget, tasses and headpiece, var-
nished, all black, with leathers and
buckles, seventeen s. each, except four
with close headpieces, and these at 24 s."
The corselet, with or without a j-pecial
gorget or neck protection, was the usual
armor of the private soldier of the time.
Every musketeer, pikeman and offi-
cer carried a sword, costing the company
frc)m two shillings to four shillings aiid
sixpence each, and the crossbow was still
considered useful in war, and some pro-
vided, although nearly obsolete. The
snaphaunce or flintlock, and the clumsy
matchlock, which raised the cover of the
priming-pan and set the burning coal of
the match into the fine priming powder,
were both carried by the colonists. The
bandeliers were broad shoulder-belts of

DKAOOON, nth CENTUKY. . . i . i ^ i ■ i i i

neat s leather, to which were htmg, by
leather thongs, twelve cases of tin or wood and leather, eleven of
which held a charge of powder and a sufficiency of wadding, and some-
times a bullet, although generally this was carried in a bag attached to
the bandelier. The twelfth case was a " priming box of wood covered
with black leather," containing a very fine-grained powder.

OF MASS.\cnrSF,TTS.

Bayonets had been invented, but were mere daggers whose round
hilts could be inserted in the muzzles of the muskets, and were not gener-
ally in use. In battle array, bodies of pikemcn stood on the Hanks of the
musketeers, or occupietl the rear ranks, allowing the musketeers to retire
between and behind them when a charge was made or received. A mus-
keteers' rest was sometimes provided with a spearhead or spike, to be
used as a pike, but the long, heavy, eut-and-thrust sword of the period was
then, and long after, the musketeer's chief reliance in hand to hand con-
flict, and was carried by European infantrymen even in the present cen-
tury. The partizan, halberd, and half-pike,
the two first massive combinations of the
war-a.\e and pike, and the latter a very
slender and elegant spear, became obsolete
during the present century, and were com-
monly used to cha.stise mutinous and dis-
orderly soldiers. The halberds, set three in
a triangle in the ground and lashed together
at the points, formed a convenient jiillory,
to which the disorderly soldier could be
secured to endure the severe discipline of
the lash, and " the halberds " were ju.stly
feared well into the present century.

The Court of Assistants, at an early
date, provided for the equipment, organiza-
tion and di.scipline of a militia composed
of nearly every man able to bear and use
a weapon. At sessions held at Boston.
March 22. 1631, it was thus provided: —

" Further, it is ordered, that every
one within the patent shall before the 5th
of April next, take especial care that every
person within their town (except magis-
trates and ministers), servants as well as others, be furnished with good
and sufficient arms, allowable by the captains or other officers; them
that want (lack), and are of ability, to buy for them-selves; others, that
are unable, to have them provided by the town for the present, and after
to disburse when they shall be able."

On April 12, 1 631, watches or night guards were established at Dor-
chester and Watertown, and firing any piece after the watch was .set, was
forbidden under a heavy penalty. Every musketeer was ordered to provide
and keep ready for service, one pound of powder, twenty bullets and two
fathoms (twelve feet) of match, the latter being made of loosely-twisted
flaxen cord, soaked in a solution of saltpetre.

ruKTli.MT AXI) Al-T0WKA1>H OF
SIK HAUltY VAXE.

24 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

There was good reason for these orders, for already the danger of an
Indian uprising was generally recognized, and the court had ordered that
a general watch be organized, including all men between the ages of
eighteen and forty-five years; also " all persons are to come to service with
their muskets or other pieces fit for service, with mafch, powder and ball,
upon pain of twelve shillings for every default." It was further provi-
ded, that ■■ Xo one is to travel above one mile from his house without
arms." and later, no one was allowed to attempt the " journey from Boston
to Plymouth alone, nor two or three together, without arms," so great was
the latent hostility among several tribes of the New England Indians.

Later, March 6, 1632, it was further ordered, that " any single per-
son not procuring arms, may be made to serve by the year with any mas-
ter that will receive him, for such wages as the court may appoint." Cap-
tain John Underhill, formerly a soldier of fortune, and Captain Patrick,
were named as the recognized paid instructors in the art of war, and
later, Captain Mason, an ex-buccaneer, it is said, and a Captain Traske,
were prominent leaders in the colony militia. The Governor was to act as
Commander-in-Chief, and this has been the law in Massachusetts from
that day to this. Governor John Winthrop was the first commander, and
was followed by Sir Harry Vane, the younger, who in 1637 returned to
England, to become in due time a fearless member of that English
parliament, which. refused to give up to the vengeance of Charles I. the
five impeached members. Although he had refused to sanction the
death sentence of Charles I., and in spite of the act of amnesty, granted
by Charles II. at the Restoration, he was accused of high treason, and
executed on Tower Hill, June 14, 1662.

The following is a portion of the form of oath ordered to be admin-
istered to each freeman of the colony, and no further military oath ap-
pears to have been exacted, it being understood that the civil, military,
and religious responsibilities of the candidate were equally recognized
and assumed as collateral obligations:

" I, (A. B.,) being by God's providence an inhabitant and freeman
within the jurisdiction of this commonwealth, do freely acknowledge my-
self to be subject to the government thereof, and therefore do here swear
by the great and dreadful name of the ever-living God, that I will be true
and faithful to the same, and will accordingly yield assistance and si:pport
thereunto, with my person and estate, as in equity I am bound, and will
also truly endeavor to maintain and preserve all the liberties and privi-
leges," etc., etc.

In 1635, much question arose among the more pronounced Protest-
ant colonists, as to the lawfulness of their mustering under the cross of
St. George, then blazoned on the royal banner of England. Captain Endi-
cott, of Salem, is said to have cut out the offendina: emblem with his

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

sword, and to have paraded his company under the mutilated flag. Most of
the Puritans, at heart, sympathized with the stern enthu.siast, but it was only
too evident that this action would leave the colonists without support from
the English government, and exposed to French and Spanish spoliation, and
thereafter this dangerous cjuestion was never again reopened, until, in the
fullness of time, the descendants of pilgrim and puritan arrayed themselves
against " the meteor-flag of England," and renounced their allegiance to
British sovereignty forever.

CAl'T. JOHN ENUICUTT.

At about this time, really in September, 1634, the military govern-
ment of the colony was committed to a " Council of War," composed of
Governor John Winthrop, John Haynes, John Humphrey, and John Endi-
cott, Esq. By an order of the same date, the law against giving English
arms to the Indians was so far relaxed, as to allow the trained Indian ser-
vants of certain settlers to hunt for their masters and to enter the train-
bands of the colony. Governor Winthrop. and the deputy governor of
the colony, John Winthrop, Jr., were first granted this new and dangerous

26 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

privilege. The universal liability to military service was thus modiiied:
•■ Certain men, by reason of age and infirmity, may be excused from train-
ing, but must have in readiness at all times arms for themselves, as well
as for their servants."

On March 4, 1635, it was further "Ordered; that the Council of "War,
to consist of Governor John Winthrop, Sr., Deputy Governor John Win-
throp, Jr., John Humphrey, John Haynes, John Endicott, William Cod-
dington, William Pinchon, Increase NoAvell, Richard Bellingham, and
Simon Bradstreet, have power of life and death," etc., practically establish-
ine a state of martial law. The several towns were ordered to build mag-
azines within the month, and various measures tending to greater military
effectiveness were adopted.

In March, 1636, it was decided to have a representative muster at
Boston, and it was ordered that all towns, except Ipswich, Newbury, Salem,
vSaugus, Weymouth and Hingham, should send ten men each, completely
armed, to the general court convening in May, which probably initiated
that annual " May training," which became the great yearly holiday of
the next century.

On December 13, 1636, the field organization of the militia was
thus perfected: "Ordered: All military men in this jurisdiction shall be
ranked in three regiments, viz.: Boston, Roxbury, Dorchester, Weymouth,
Hingham, to be one regiment, whereof John Winthrop, Sr., shall be
Colonel, and Thomas Dudley, Esq., Lieutenant-Colonel. Charle.stown,
Newton, Watertown, Concord and Dedham to be another regiment,
whereof John Haynes, Esq., shall be Colonel, and Roger Harklakenden,
Esq., Lieutenant-Colonel. Saugus, Salem, Ipswich and Newbiiry to be
another regiment, whereof John Endicott, Esq., shall be Colonel, and
John Winthrop, Jr., Lieutenant-Colonel. And the G(n'ernor for the time
shall be chief jreneral, and each several regiment shall make choice of
such men as they think most fit and safe for the service and trust of those
places of colonel and lieutenant-colonel, and present them, by their depu-
ties, to the next session of the court. And, for the captains and lieuten-
ants to the several companies, the several towns shall make choice of
some principal man, or of two or three in each town, and present them
to the court, who shall appoint one of them to the said office in each com-
pany."

From the same ordinance it appears, that three " muster masters,"
one for each regiment, were appointed, viz., Captain L^nderhill for the
" South Regiment," Captain Traske for the " East Regiment," and Cap-
tain Patrick for the " North Regiment." These were paid a regular sala-
ry out of the treasury of the colony, and appear to have kept the several
companies in a high degree of effectiveness.

In 1638, Captain Robert Keayne, a Boston merchant, and a

UF MASSACHUSETTS. 27

niimbcj- of other gentlemen, organized the artillery-train, now known as
the''Aneient and Honorable Artillery," whieh deserves a longer account
elsewhere, than can be given liere.

The first general muster of these new regiments took place May 6,
1639, ^^'^ ^^ th^^ briefly described in Governor Winthrop's Journal:
•• The two regiments in the Bay were mustered at Boston, to the number
of one thousand soldiers, able men, and well-armed and exercised. They
were led, the one by the Governor, who was general of all, and the other
by the deputy, who was colonel, etc. The captains, etc., showed them-
selves very skilful and ready in divers sorts of skirmishes and other mili-
tary actions, wherein they spent the whole day."

This military gathering took place at a time when the contest for
supremacy between armor-clad soldiery and armorless musketeers was at
its height, and the pike and bow had still champions among the recog-
nized military authorities of the period. In America, the use of light
armor against the weak archery of the natives was evidently desirable,
where it could be used without overburdening the soldier. So there mus-
tered upon Boston Common, then a mere pasture, unenclosed, nearly tree-
less, and, for that day only, cleared of the coavs, sheep and goats who
were wont to crop it, some ten companies of stalwart militia, varying in
strength, and according to modern ideas, strangely un -uniform, inarms, ap-
parel, and manoeuvres. The Boston company is the largest, numbering
between one hundred and fifty and two hundred men, and the arms and
equipments of its ofhcers and men, tell of the superior wealth and stand-
ing of the citizens who compose it. Its musketeers are ranged according
to the length of their weapons, some carrying matchlock muskets, with
barrels six feet in length, and strong, steel-shod rests, and holding between
the fingers of the right hand doubled lengths of match ready for present
use. Their black armor is crossed with tassel-like bandaliers and broad-
buckled sword-belts, and their stern and resolute faces are framed by the
rims of japanned steel head-pieces or bas.sinets. Others have only equally
long, but smaller bored fowling-pieces, with great powder horns and bags
for bullets and "great shot"; but the mo.st have "bastard" flintlock mus-
kets or "snaphaunces," with barrels four feet six inches in length, of
smaller bore, and destined .soon to replace the clumsy matchlock guns
altogether. Their officers wear more co.stly and complete armor, or rich-
ly-laced and expen.sive buff coats, which were nearly proof against sword-
cut or spear-thrust, and, in Europe, were fast supplanting all forms of
defensive armor. Each captain and lieutenant, be.sides his heavy cut-and-
thrust sword, carries a half-pike, a more or less ornamental .spear, with a
short and slender, yet tough shaft, his insignia of office, and ready instru-
ment of punishment for the stupid and disobedient. The sergeants carry
no muskets, and their heavy halberds, made both for cutting and

28 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

thrusting, are readily distinguishable, as they move on the flanks or in
the rear of the lines of march and battle.

Ranks of pikemen led the advance and brought up the rear of each
marching company, and ranged themselves on either flank in line of bat-
tle and in the manoeuvres; now advanced, to lead the attack, and again
retired, to let the musketeers deliver heavy and slowly repeated vollies.

All. both officers and men.carried swords, some, perhaps, a long, costly
rapier of France or Italy, a trenchant blade of Toledo, a scimitar from
fair Damascus, or farther India, or a basket-hilted claymore, a relic of
some Highland foray or old Scottish war. For the most part, however,
the soldiers carried plainly-made English weapons, with simple iron hilts,
and costing sums which were eqviivalent to from $1.25 to §2. 50 of the
values of to-day.

A few mounted gentlemen and yeomen, generally in armor or buff
coats, and armed with long swords and heavy petronels — extremely long-
barrelled pistols — formed a small body of cavalry, some of whom also
carried firelocks, or the huge-bored blunderbusses or musketoons, which
are said to have at first been called "dragons," and given their possessors
the name of dragoons.

Some of the leaders had had
honorable e.xperience in the campaigns
of Europe, and some, it was whispered,
had carried on that private warfare of
the sea which fluctuated in that un-
settled period between honorable ad-
venture and accursed and merciless
su;x.rrui:E OK cAiT. juiix .M.isux. piracy. !Many of the men had, in

1636, accompanied Endicott on his
mission of vengeance against the Indians of Block Island, and more in
1637 had, under Mason, Patrick and Traske avenged the death of Captain
Stone and his Connecticixt fellow settlers on the great Pequot fortress-
swamp, slaying the men by hundreds, and reducing to slavery their
women and children, the boys and youths, for the most part, being
shipped as slaves to the West Indies.

In 1642, a still larger number of men took jDart in the "^lay train-
ing," over twelve hundred men having been miistered in the two regiments
present, and with each succeeding year the military forces of "the ba}-
folk" grew in nunibers and efficiency.

In 1643, the colonies of Boston and Plymotith in ]klassachusetts,
with those of New Haven and Connecticut, joined in forming that "An-
cient New England Union Confederation," which embodied the interests
and principles which have been the basis of every succeeding American
confederacy.

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

In the same year Etienne de la Tour, of St. John, arrived bid'orc
Boston in a ship of one hundred and forty tons, carrying one hundred
and forty j^ersons, which had sailed from La Rochellc, and found her
desired haven blockaded by the ships of D'Aulnay, the life-long enemy
and rival of La Tour. La Tour had found means to get on board this
ship and came to Boston to secure aid in breaking the blockade, and while
there, joined with forty of his musketeers in the exercises of the Boston
train-band, which, to the number of one hundred and fifty, mustered
as usual and were greatly praised by the French partisan. ^Vbout the
middle of [uly. La Tour sailed out of Boston to raise the blockade, hav-
ing chartered four ships and a pinnace, and seciired the services of sev-

From I'ahidn'j 1>y H-'nril Bacon.

THE BITRTAL OF MILES STANDISH.

enty Massachusetts volunteers "at 40 s. per month," equivalent to nearly
thirty dollars at the present day. Thus began the Acadian expeditions
of that amphibious soldiery of the Bay Colony, which, in later years,
were to harass, by both sea and land, the subjects of the French king.

Plvmonth Colony, the older in point of settlement, had in like
manner prepared to defend her subjects against the savage enemy, whose
hidden archery at their very arrival assailed the pioneers on "The Field
of the First Encounter." At an early date the colony established an
armed militia including every male capable of bearing arms, and under
heavy penalties made every house an armed garrison and its head respon-
sible for a sufficient armament and ample supply of ammunition, -'two
pounds of powder, ten pounds of bullets, and twelve fathoms of match "

32 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

being ordered to each inusketeer. Only three years after the landing of
the Pilgrims, in 1623, Captain Miles Standish, with eight men, visited
Weston's unfortunate settlement at Wessagussett, or Weymouth, and
nipped in the bud a dangerous conspiracy by slaying Pecksuot, Wittu-
waumut, and other conspirators. There has been much condemnation of
this summary and fatal measure, but it certainly never needed repetition
in the Colony of Plymouth.

Taught, by these and like occurrences, of the dangers of savage
hostility, and mindftil of the perils which might at any time threaten,
from the navies and pirates of the seas, the Plymouth settlements kept
their militia in constant preparation, every town having its magazine for
the town supply of powder, bullets, match, flints, etc., and its regular
quota of horsemen, each armed with petronels and sabre, and ready at a
moment's notice to take the field, or raise the country against the common
enemy.

In 1675, it was estimated that the population of the Massachusetts
Colony was over 22,000; New Plymouth, 7,000; Connecticut. 14,000; Rhode
Island, New Hampshire and Maine about 4,000 each; in all about 48,000
to 55,000 souls.

KING I'HILII'S UAli.

Nearly all the original settlers of Plymouth and Boston were dead,
or at best had settled down by the fireside as worn-out veterans, when
the fear and scourge of King Philip's war first fully tried the courage
and martial skill of the citizen soldiers of New England. The terror
came not without warning, if we may believe the records of those godly
men who saw in it a punishment for unnatural and unforgiven sins — a
permitted attack by the great Enemy of Souls upon the Israel of New
England. From border to border there were fears of an unknown dan-
ger, forebodings which none could justify and few dispel; the singing of
bullets and the dying flourish and summons of ghostly drums in the
evening stillness; the tramp of unseen chargers where mortal steed
might not pass, and the wraiths of marshaled men and fleeting phan-
toms of the victims yet to be.

Thirty thousand Indians still found a home between the St. Croix
river and the western boundaries of New England; but a large propor-
tion of them were at peace with the whites, or neutral and indisposed to
combine in a war against them. Nearly twenty thousand, however, were
within the borders of Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut, and
the Wampanoags, under King Philip, the son of Massasoit, began the
war by an attack on Swansey, June 24, 1675. In the war which ensued,
Taunton, Namasket and Dartmouth suffered much, but Philip was
quickly defeated in his own territory, and took refuge among the Nip-
mucks of western Massachusetts. The NarraQ-ansetts made a treatv of

TiiK A.Mr.r>r \hK, k!N.. riiii.il'- wak.

Drawn by Waiter L. Greene.

OF MASSACHUSKTTS. 35

peace July 15th, and promised to deliver up the hostile Wampanoags
who should retreat into their territory, but the Tarratines and Penobseots
took up ihehatehetin Maine, and the Xarragansetts and other tribes along
the Connecticut also joined the enemy. Quaboag, Hadley, Deerfield,
Xorthfield and Sugar-loaf Hill were almost de.stroyed, with the loss of
many lives and much cattle; and in September war was formally declared
against tJie Narriigansetts by the colonies of Massachusetts, New Ply-
mouth and Connecticut. In October, the Indians about Springfield
deserted their English allies, burned the greater part of the settlement,
and I'oined King Philip, Canonehet, chief of the Narragansetts, and
their allies.

About one thousand men, commanded by Josiah Winslow of
the Plymouth Colony, attacked in midwinter the fortress camp of the
Narragansetts, situated on an island in the heart of a great swamp.
The frost had bridged the water and made the deep bogs passable; the
naked trees gave little shelter to the Indian marksmen, and, at the cost
of nearly one-fourth their number, the English stormed the fortress,
slaying nearly one thousand Narragansetts. The broken tribe took shel-
ter among the Nipmucks, who in turn were hunted from place to place,
until they were no longer able to meet their terrible and persistent ene-
mies. Canonehet, chief of the humbled Narragansetts, was offered life
if his people would submit and surrender King Philip to his English ene-
mies. He nobly refused, and being informed that he was condemned to
die by the hands of three Indian chiefs, allies of the whites, showed no
fear, but said, boldly: 'T like it well, for I shall die before my heart is
soft, or I have spoken anything unworthy of myself."

But his self-devotion could only delay the death of Philip, who
had been forced to take refuge among the Mohawks, but was soon driven
from that refuge, and finally, with his wife and son and a few followers,
ventured back to Mount Hope. The watchful English surprised and
made prisoners of his wife and son, but he himself, eluded them. A few
days after, while surrounded by a body of Plymouth musketeers, he
attempted to escape. As he passed the line of ambushed foemen, he
came upon one Caleb Cook of Plymouth, but the soldier's piece flashed
in the pan. An Indian beside him was more fortunate, and as the report
echoed through the woods. King Philip pitched forward upon his face, dead.
Thus the first great champion of his doomed race yielded up his life,
and King Philip's war was over. "Exchange guns with me," said the
white man. The Indian made the desired transfer, and so it is that the
lock and barrel of that fatal weapon are preserved to-day; the lock by
the Alassachusetts Historical Society, and the barrel at Pilgrim Memorial
Hall at Plymouth. It is said that Philip's wife died of grief , and that his
young son was transported to the West Indies and sold into slavery.

36 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

In fourteen months, nearly a dozen settlements had been utterly
destroyed, and many others were partially consumed, including the loss
of over six hundred buildings and much property, valued, with the
expenditures of the war, at over one hundred thousand pounds sterling.
Six hundred colonists, men, women and children had perished in battle
and massacre, and the fear of like dangers and losses in attempting to
form new plantations undoubtedly greatly discouraged immigration from
abroad and enterprise at home. On the ilaine frontier the Indians, aided
and encouraged by the French, continued the war until April, 167S, when
peace was restored.

THE MASSACHUSETTS PATEN'T KEVOKED.

In 16S4, the Court of King's Bench, in view of a writ of quo war-
ranto issued against the Governor and Company of ^lassachusetts, gave
judgment "that their letters patent and the enrollment thereof be an-
nulled," and in July, 16S5, an official copy of this judgment was received
by the secretary of the General Court. The government of both Massa-
chusetts and Plymoiith, as administered by their respective companies,
had passed away, and was succeeded by that of the King, as vested
in the royal governor of the English Province of Massachusetts Bay.

The militia of the New Plymouth and ilassachusetts plantations
were the patterns after which ha\'e been molded the principal military
forces of the American people. In Plymouth, more democratic senti-
ments and policies exi.sted than in the ^lassachusetts jurisdiction, but in
neither was there found anything like a military body, utterly subservient to
the executive power, and out of touch with the popular spirit and
purposes.

Under the royal g<ivernors, the British armj- and navy became the
main reliance of many rulers who, to a great extent, had forfeited the
good opinion of the people, but, as will readily appear, the militia of the
colonies were still the chief defense of their own borders, and indispen-
sable to the British crown in most of the wars carried on in the New
World against Frenchman or Spaniard and their savage allies.

.MILES STANHISII HOMESTEAD. Ill'\UL"l!V.

CHAPTER IV.
IN THE PROVINCIAL PERIOD.

FR().M May 20, 16S6, to .May 14, 1692, Massachusetts history, for
nearly si.\ 3'ears, properly belongs neither to the Colonial nor the
Provincial period. From May 24 to December 20, 1686, Joseph
Dudley, duly commissioned Lieutenant-Governor by King James II.,
administered the government. Under the laws previously existing, during
this period, the four military companies of Boston were commanded by An-
thony Checkley, Thomas vSavage, Benjamin Davis and Jeremiah Dummer.
Sir Edmund Andros, the fir.st "Royal Governor," arrived at Boston
December 19, 1686. In the fall of 1686 he impressed over a thousand
men within the Massachusetts colony and led them into Maine, to Pema-
quid and elsewhere. The campaign was mainly a defensive one, but
Andros returned to Boston in March, 1689, only to be arrested April 18 by
the train bands of the Colony, and forced to submit to the Council under
the rule of Governor Bradstreet, and in the interest of William of Orange,
newly become King of England.

One of the most striking events of this period of warfare, in the
year 1689, was the capttire of Major Waldron's forts at and near Dover,
N. H., where, in the year 1676, he had treacherously seized some hundreds
of Indians, who, trusting in his professions of amity, had come there to
trade. Some two hundred were sold into slavery, and others were
executed at Boston; but the survivors bided their time, and Waldron at
last grew careless and relaxed his vigilance. On one fatal night, two
Indian women got permission to sleep in each of his garrisoned trading
houses, and at midnight each was oijened to the waiting warriors. Major
Waldron and twenty-two others were slain, and twenty-nine who survived
were carried to Canada and sold to the French as servants.

UNDEH THE NEW <'II.\RTEIt.

On May 14, 1692, Sir William Phips, appointed governor under the
new charter, approved October 7, 1691, arrived at Boston and the new
Provincial Period began.

The Boston colony was now a part of the Province of Massachusetts
Bay, comprising the old Massachusetts Colony, the Plymouth Colony,
Maine, Nova Scotia and all the intervening territory, excepting the "New
Hampshire Grants." The Governor and the Lieutenant-Governor, with
the members of the first Council, were appointed by the King. The
popular branch of the legislature was to be elected by the people, and
these in turn were to nominate candidates for vacancies in the higher

38 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

branch, subject to the approval of the Governor; who also had the power
to disapprove and annul any act of the legislature. All acts and laws
were further subject to revision by the King, and could be set aside at his
pleasure; and in the provinces of British North America, this last condi-
tion existed within the memory of living men. The population of the
Plymouth colony at this time (1692) was estimated at about 7,000, the
Massachusetts colony at 40,000, and Maine, Nova Scotia and New Hamp-
shire at from 10,000 to 12,000 more. The population of New England
and English Acadia probably amounted to somewhere about 60,000 souls.
Boston, then as now, the central metropolis of New England, had only
about 7,000 inhabitants. A large proportion of these were freemen, but
there were a few negro slaves, some Scotch "sold here for servants
in the time of the wars with Scotland," and some Irish, "brought hither
at several times as servants." Besides these, whose service in due time
ended in their becoming freemen, the "Christian Indians," of Mashpee,
Stockbridge and Natick amounted to several thou.sands. Their children
were frequently apprenticed for a term of years to the English, and often
became quite well educated and skilful in many industries, and the men
often fought in the militia and served in the vessels of the colony.

ARMKI) VESSELS.

The people of New England, at this period, were equally ready to
till the soil, or to embark in the fisheries, coasting trade, or more extended
commerce. According to Randolph, there were 730 vessels, large and
small, owned in Massachi:setts in 1676. But few of these exceeded 200
tons in burden, and most of them were sloops, ketches, snows, etc., of
from 10 to 100 tons.

The almost constant wars between the powers of Europe; the
depredations of privateers; the constant inroads of the savages of Canada
and the frequent French wars, made it absolutely necessary to make every
large vessel an armed cruiser, and every available man a soldier or trained
sea-fighter; and to do them justice, most of the men of the New England
coastline were eqiually qualified for land or sea service against the
enemies of the King.

THE FRENCH COLOSIES.

While the French colonies in 1690, were comparatively weak in
numbers (estimated at about 12.000 persons), they were largely aug-
mented in the summer season by their fishermen, armed traders, and by
soldiers who garrisoned the ports and fishing stations, many of whom re-
turned to France in the late autumn. Planted by the crown and the
church, and managed with a strict regard for the extension of French
domination and Catholic supremacy. New France, including Montreal,
Quebec, Acadia, Isle St. Jean 'Prince Edward Island), and the Isle Royale

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 39

(Cape BretonK formed a elosely united eonfederacy, eajjable of stron;^'
ilefense and terribly offensive nioveinents.

For the latter purpose, tlie Indians of Maine, Aeadia and Canada
were always ready and terrible instruments. Generally they were strong,
agile, resoureeful and eourageous, handsome in features, intelligent, and
greatly attaehed to their Freneh allies. The Catholie eeremonies and
faith found them ready proselytes, and man}' inter-marriages, and less
formal ties, not esteemed degrading in Indian eyes and tolerated by the
eivil and religious authorities, made the term "Brother" the usual greet-
ing between Frenehman and Indian. Liberal gifts of arms, ammunition,
elothing, ornaments, and even food and money, were yearly distributed by
the Freneh King to his savage allies, who, with rare exeeptions, never
failed to respeet the rights and person of the humblest and most isolated
French inhabitant, and were never wanting when New France was in-
vaded, or a foray was to be made against the hated English.

E.VUI.Y l-UEMII WAI! 01" WIl.I.IAM AND MARY.

With the accession of William of Orange to the English throne in
1689, came war between France and England, and although the French
government proposed that the American colonies should be neutral in the
struggle, this proposition was rejected b)^ the English ministry. Sir
William Phips, then High Sheriff of New England, projected a descent
on Port Royal in Acadia, and with eight small vessels, and seven or eight
hundred Massachusetts militia and mariners, sailed from Boston, April
28, 1690, arriving before the French fort on Alay loth, and after captur-
ing it with little resistance, secured "booty" enough to pay the expenses
of the expedition. Other small settlements were also visited, and the ex-
pedition, having taken possession of every port between Port Royal and
Boston, returned victorious May 30, 1690.

A larger expedition against Quebec had been projected, and
although the English government failed to send a fleet and army to co-
operate with the colonists as requested, another expedition, also com-
manded by Sir William Phips, numbering about 30 vessels and 2,000
volunteers, sailed from Boston August 9, arrived before Quebec October
5, and anchored before the city. On October 6, Sir William Phips
demanded the surrender of the city of the aged Frontenae, whose reply
was terse and significant: "I will answer him at the cannon's moiith."

Thirteen hundred provincials under Major Walley were landed
October 8, and were victorious in the preliminary skirmishes; and later,
the four heaviest frigates opened fire upon the defences of the city, but
Walley remained inactive and the vessels were repulsed, having suffered
heavily in the bombardment. On the 9th and loth, Walley attacked by
land with the provincial infantry and artillery, but was finally beaten off

40 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

and re-embarked, having lost many of his men and some of his artillery.
On the return voyage nine vessels were lost in the mouth of the St.
Lawrence and the expedition returned to Boston. The failure of a land
force, raised in Connecticut and New York, to invade Canada by way
of Lake Champlain, and to invest Montreal, had enabled Frontenac to
concentrate his whole force at Quebec, and in all human probability,
saved Canada for that time.

Two years later, in 1692, while Phips was governor, another expe-
dition was projected for 1693, in which Sir Francis Wheeler, with a fleet
from the "West Indies and a large force of English marines and regulars,
was to meet the New England troops at Boston. Unfortunately, the letter
advising the New England authorities failed to reach them until July, 1693,
nearly a month after the English Admiral had himself arrived at Nan-
tasket. Having previously lost by disease 1,300 out of 2,100 sailors, and
1.800 out of 2,400 marines and regulars, the English Admiral was com-
pelled to return to England.

A plan for a rendezvous at Canseau, the following year, between an
Engli.sh fleet with 2,000 English troops, and the New England transports
with as many colonists, failed through misunderstandings, which finally
resulted in the departure of Governor Phips to England, November 1694,
to answer complaints against his administration. During these years
however, he had done much to check the ravages of the Tarratines and
Abenaquis along the Maine frontier, and had made a treaty with the
Indians, which was broken by his successors.

William Stoughton, Lieutenant-G:;)vernor under Phips, administered
the government until the summer of 1697. During his incumbency,
Pemaquid was taken by DTberville and Castine, and, in 1697, peace was
proclaimed, and Acadia ceded and gi\'en up to France.

QUEEN ANNE'S W.A.U.

After Lord Bellamont.who died in March. 1 70 1 , Governor Dudley suc-
ceeded him, holding the reins of government until November, 171 5. War
between France and England was renewed Alay 4, 1702, and, even before
that date, French emissaries had induced their Indian neighbors to break
the treaties, made by Phips, and re-negotiated at Casco and Pemaquid, by
Dudley in 1702. During his regime, Hertel De Rouville with about 300
French half-breeds and Indians, surprised and destroyed Deerfield, Febru-
ary 28, 1704. Another expedition of 400 attacked Lancaster in August of
the same year, and minor massacres and ambushments claimed victims in
1705 and 1706. De Rouville, on August 29, 1708, nearly destroyed Haver-
hill, and a second attack the same autumn came near finishing the work of
destruction.

OF MASSACHL'SI-rrTS. 43

In 1707, an expedition consistinjjf of two j\lassachtisetts regiments,
with three ships, five brigantines and fifteen sloops, eonvoyed by H. M. S.
■■Deptford" and the Province Galley, sailed from Boston May 13, arriving
before Port Royal May 26. The troops were landed and the jjlace besieged,
but the expedition was a failure. In this expedition j\Iassachusetts fur-
nished 1,000 men, besides a large proportion of sailors.

In 1709, a larger expedition was projected, for which Massachusetts
raised about 1.000 and Rhode Island 200 men, but the English government
failed to send the promised fleet and reinforcements, and the colonists
disbanded after being in the service five months.

In 1710, General Nicholson, with an English regiment commanded
by Colonel Redding, two regiments from Massachusetts under Sir Charles
Hobby and Colonel William Tailer; Colonel Whiting's Connecticut regi-
ment, and one from New Hampshire under Colonel Walton, were mustered
at Boston, and on September 18 sailed from Nantasket Roads for Port
Royal in twenty-five tran.sports, convoyed by the Dragon, Falmouth, Loewe-
staff, Feversham and Chester ships, the bomb-ketch Star and the Pro-
vince Galley. On September 24, the fleet anchored in Port Royal har-
bor, and within a few days the fort was invested and batteries thrown up,
mounting, besides light artillery, two great and twenty-four Coehorn mor-
tars. Subercase, the French commander, capitulated October 5, and
Nicholson, calling the town Annapolis Royal in honor of Queen Anne, left
a "-arrison under Colonel Vetch and returned to Boston. In 171 1, General
Nicholson went to England and memorialized the queen "in compassion
to the colonies, to send an armament again.st Canada," and, on the return of
Nicholson, the governors of the New England colonies. New York, the Jer-
seys and Pennsylvania were informed that a large fleet under Sir Hoven-
den Walker, with forty transports carrying seven regiments of Marlbor-
ough's veterans and 600 marines, commanded by General Hill, would at
once leave England for Boston.

Admiral Walker and General Lee arrived in Boston June 24-25, 1711,
with 6,000 seamen and marines, and 5,500 troops, and landed the latter
on Noddle's Island, now East Boston. Massachusetts appropriated 140-
000 pounds, in bills of credit payable in two years, and promptly raised
her proportion of the 1,500 men recruited in New England (reneral
Nicholson in the meantime, with a force of 4,000 men from the other colo-
nies and some Indian allies, commenced the land march from Albany
against Montreal.

The main expedition sailed from Bo.ston, July 30th, and .safely
entered the Bay of St. Lawrence. Captain Paradis, the French ma.ster of
a recently captured merchantman and a skillful pilot, was forced to guide
them, but as they sailed into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, drew the attention
of the naval officers to certain mysterious fires or lights, which, at night

44 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

illumined the horizon with unnatural brilliancy. These, he said, were an
unfailing forerunner of heavy and continued bad weather, and now exceeded
in persistence and volume, anything he had ever before witnessed; and he
wished them to seek a harbor at once. This they refused to do, and
when in the embouchure of the St. Lawrence, a tremendous tempest was
encountered. Nine transports, carrying nearly 2,000 men, were dashed
upon the the shore, and over 1,000 veteran soldiers perished by drowning.
When the fleet reunited, the officers held a council of war and re-
fused to ascend the St. Lawrence, or even to attempt anything against the
French settlement at Placentia, Newfoundland, on the way to England.
The New England vessels returned to Boston, and General Nicholson,
advised of the disaster, also led his forces back to Albany. In 17 13, the
treaty of L'trecht ended Queen Anne's War and a long peace ensued,
broken only by occasional "Indian troubles" of little moment. In 17 16,
vSamuel Shute, an English officer, who had served in the wars of William
and Anne, succeeded Dudley as Governor, and found in Massachusetts a
population estimated at 94,000 whites, who possessed 2,000 slaves, with
1 .200 civilized Indians, who professed Christianity and tilled their lands
in peace.

INDIAN TROUBLES IX MAINE.

Sebastian Rasles, or Ralles, a Jesuit missionary settled at Nor-
ridgewock, is said to have stirred up the Indians to commit certain out-
rages, and in 1720 some attempt was made for his apprehension. In 172 i,
200 Indians, under the French flag and accompanied by two
Jesuits, visited Georgetown on Arrowsick Island and left a threatening
letter for the governor, and the House at last prevailed on him to order,
that 300 men should be sent to demand the said Jesuits and "the leaders
and fomenters of this rebellion."

For some reason, the governor delayed action, and the House sent
Colonel Thomas Westabrooke to Norridgewock, who secured Rasle's
papers, but the Jesuit himself escaped to the woods. A natural son of
Baron Castine was seized and carried to Boston, and in 1722, a party of
sixty Indians made prisoners of nine families at Merry Meeting Bay, and
another band attempted to capture an Ipswich schooner, and burned a sloop
at St. George's river. Later, Brunswick, Maine, was attacked and burned
and war was declared. The governor, however, refused to let the House
vote upon the term of service for which troops should be raised, and in
the disputes which ensued nothing was done, until Governor Shute sailed
for England to lay the matter before the King and Council; leaving Wil-
liam Dummer, the Lieutenant-Governor, to carry on the afifairs of the
colony. Lender his management, there was a better feeling between the
governor and the legislature, but the Indian troubles in Maine and Acadia
continued to increase. In July, 1723, the rendezvous of New England

OF .MASSACHL'SETTS. 45

fishermen at Canseau, at the mouth of the straits of Canseaii, or Pass de
Fronsae, was eaptttred by the Indians, and seventeen fishing vessels with
ninety prisoners were taken. In 1724. the whole frontier was aflame, and
at length Father Rasles and his Norridgewocks were attacked, himself
slain, and the village and church pillaged. The colony offered a bounty of
100 pounds currency for Indian scalps, and Captain John Lovewell, raising
a large company of rangers, made two successful raids against the Abena-
quis in January and February, but on his third expedition. May 8, 1725,
was ambuscaded and slain with the greater nimiber of his followers. A
truce followed, a treaty of peace was negotiated at Boston, and ratified at
Falmouth, Maine, August 5, 1726. Trading houses were established on
the St. George, Kennebec and Saco rivers, where the Indians found it to
their advantage to trade peaceably for English goods, and, until 1744.
there was very little trouble on the frontier. In 1727, Colonel Shute was'
pensioned, on the accession of George II., and \Villiam Burnet became
governor of Massachusetts, but, after a somewhat stormy career of three
years, he died, and was succeeded by Mr. Jonathan Belcher.

WAIi Willi SPAIN.

During this administration, in 1739, war was declared against Spain
by the English Ministry, and in 1740 it was determined that a fleet and
army should be sent to capture the Spanish city of Cartagena, in what is
now the State of Colombia, in South America. Lord Admiral Edward
Vernon was reinforced at Jamaica by the squadrons of Sir Chaloner Ogle
and Commodore Lestock, who brought with them a carefully chosen
army under Lord Cathcart, who died on the voyage out to Jamaica, leav-
ing the command to General Wentworth. Three thousand men were
to be raised by the loyal colonies, but Governor Belcher desired to
furnish 1,000 men from Massachusetts. The men were actually raised,
under the captaincies of Major Ammi Ruhamah Wise, of Ipswich, Colonel
John Prescott, of Concord, Daniel Goff, Stephen Richards, Thomas
Phillips, John Furney and Dr. George Stuart of Boston, William Phips,
of Cambridge, Joshita Barker, of Pembroke, and Timothy Ruggles, of
Sandwich.

Only four captain's and four ensign's commissions were forwarded,
however, and only four lieutenants, the arms, equipments, weapons and
uniforms for four companies were sent from England to fit out the Gover-
nor's recruits. These were allotted to Phillips', Goffe's, vStuart's and Pres-
cott's companies, and Captain Edward Winslow raised a fifth com-
pany and accompanied the others to Jamaica, where over 4,200 colon-
ists finally rendezvoused. Delay, disease, jealousies, incompetency, and,
it is claimed, corruption, saved Cartagena from utter subjugation ; such
as Louisburg knew four years later.

46 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

The colonial troops were promptly landed at Port Royal, Jamaica,
but it was not until the gth of December that the divisions of Sir Chaloner
Og-le and Coinmodore Lestock came into port. Lord Cathcart, the com-
mander in chief, had died on the passage, and was succeeded by General
Went worth, and the fleet had suffered so much from heavy weather that
it was not until February 25, 1741 . that the expedition sailed for Cartagena,
and arriving March 9, 1741, ran down past the city and the Isle of Tierra
Bomba, and anchored out of range of the ship channel of Boca Chica, some
10 or 12 miles from Cartagena. The entrance was guarded by the
Cham bra battery of three guns, and a fascine battery of 12 guns, which
were promptly silenced and occupied. Further in, on the left, lay Fort
St. Jago of eight; Fort St. Phillip of 12 guns; and the castle of Boca
Chica with 94 guns.

Beyond, the new fortress of St. Joseph of 20 guns, and a great boom
barred the channel, behind which, moored broadside on, lay the fleet of
Admiral Don Bias, including the Gallicia, Africa, San Carlos, San Phillip
and Cassadada, all ships of the line, mounting in the aggregate 344 gi:ns.
()n the island of Baru, also, were two masked batteries mounting 20 guns,
giving an aggregate of 523 guns, all of them of what was then considered
heavy calibre, besides mortars and swivels. Probably not less than 3,000
men served these batteries, and with musketry and side arms took part in
the defense. Besides these there were the city garrison, militia and
guerilla forces. The bomb ketches of the fleet with assistance from the

J'liuloijrapUetl lit/ fraticta R. Hart.

SEA FRONT OF ( AUTAliENA, COLOMBIA, SOUTH AMERICA.

broadside guns of the men of war, soon silenced the smaller forts of St.
Jago and St. Phillip, which on March loth, were occupied by a party of
British grenadiers and the Massachusetts and New York levies.

On March 15, a large breaching battery was begun 450 yards from
the great castle, but the batteries on the Island of Baru enfiladed it, and
the Spanish forts and ships dispersed the working parties. On March 19,
a landing party of mariners and soldiers successfully stormed the Baru

OF MASSACIR'SKTTS.

outworks; a lunette with five, and the main Barradera battery of fifteen
J4 pounders, and after spikiny the yuns, and destroying the earriages and
woodwork with fire, returned to their ships.

In the meantime Colonel ^loore, the chief engineer, had completed
a battery of twenty-one 24 pounders, and a mortar battery with two large

J'/w(uiji ti^'/iid iii I'lni:

TllK UAMI'AKTS nF TUK CASTLE OF BOCA CIIICA.

and twenty-four Coehorn mortars, which were soon unmasked by American
axe-men and Jamaican colored troops, on the night of March 20, and
opened fire at dawn of the 2 ist.

The Spanish fire was so heavy however, that on March 22, Commo-
dore Lestock with the Suffolk, Boyne, Prince Frederick and Hampton
Court, ships of the line, and aided by the Princess Amelia, Norfolk, Cum-
berland and other ships of Ogle's division, sailed up into the entrance, and
with springs upon their cables, opened fire i:pon the Spanish castles and
fleet. The results however, were disappointing, and the Barradera bat-
teries which had been re-established, re-opened and raked the breaching
battery, killing Colonel Moore while he was directing the bombardment.

Next day, March 23, the same ships re-opened fire, and another
boat expedition took the re-established Barradera batteries. The ships
however, suffered severely; Lord Aubrey Beauclerc DeVere of the Prince
Frederick was killed, and Commodore Lestock came very near losing
his flag-ship, the Boyne.

On March, 25 a general assault was ordered, and behind the
main breaching battery, the flower of the land forces awaited the signal
of attack. The "forlorn hope" of twelve picked grenadiers with muskets
slung, matches burning, and bags of hand grenades open for instant use.

48 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

were to hurl their deadly missiles among the waiting defenders. Fifty of
their comrades came next, to charge over the broken masonry of the
breach; 500 men of Whinyard's and Bland's Foot-Guards were to press
in behind them, and detachments of Americans and of the Jamaican colored
troops, were to follow with scaling ladders and wool sacks and to take
part in the assault. Another party from the fleet were to land on Baru,
take Fort St. Joseph and, if practicable, capture the Spanish men-of-war.

The discharge of three mortars gave the signal, and every gun and
mortar which could be broiight to bear by ship and battery, opened with
a fury, which for a few moments utterly silenced the Spanish fire. Then,
as suddenly, it ceased, and under the heavy smoke the troops dashed for-
ward to the assault. With hoarse British cheers, the grenadiers fli:ng
their grenades into the cloud of Spanish infantry whose muskets blazed
incessantly across the ragged breach; their comrades, close behind, poured
in with broadsword and bayonet. Colonel Whinyard died at the head of
his men; Colonel Gooch of the Americans, was wounded in both thighs
and carried to the rear, but the castle was won, and with it the rest of the
defenses. Then the great San Phillip burst into flames, and the San
Carlos, Africa, and Cassadada were scuttled by their crews and sunk at
their moorings. Only the Gallicia, and the castle of San Joseph, both
filled with combustibles and ready for the torch, were captured unharmed.

A few days later the fleet were safely inside the land locked harbor;
had secured the ^lanzanillo and Cavallo Pass forts of eighteen guns each;
and, a day or two later, the Castillo Grande of sixty guns, none of which
made any resistance.

Cartagena now lay almost under the guns of the fleet; defended
only by its own ramparts, mounted with 124 beautiful long, brass, Spanish
cannon; and by the redan of San Lazaro mounting twenty-five guns,
flanked by two smaller field-works of twenty-four more, and the church
fortress of De La Popa. The latter work was soon abandoned to the
invaders, and the Spanish governor Don Sebastian de Eslava, awaited the
final struggle.

By April 6, the army was ready to begin the siege of the city,
but the activity of the early operations received a sudden check. A large
proportion of the American contingent, had been kept on board the trans-
ports, owing to a totally unfounded belief, that they were likely to
mutiny and possibly to desert to the Spaniards. Unable to take needed
exercise, fed for months on salt provisions and damaged biscuits; kept
on a short allowance of water (three half-pints daily i in a tropical climate;
daily horrified by the sufferings and death of comrades, whose bodies
were often thrown to the sharks to be torn in pieces before their eyes;
and worse than all the constant recipients of the insolence and abuse of the
brutal British ofhcers; the Americans had lost nearly half of their number,

OF MASSACHL'Sin'TS. 49

and the British were in scarcely less evil case. Only 5000 men of 12,000
were reported fit for dut}-, and these were rapidly succumbing to the hard-
ships of the service, and the alternating tropical heats and almost inces-
santly deluging showers of the rainy season. There seems also to have
been a fatal lack of cordialitv and concerted action between Ailmiral

i'tluI'Mjruiitii-ti inj J-'nitii'ilt A". J/tirt.

FOHT SAX LAZAUo, AND LAND ArPKOACHES TO CAUTAGENA.

\'ernon and General \\'ent worth, and instead of breaching San Lazaro
by a combined bombardment, the fatal decision to attempt an Dpen as-
sault, was arrived at by the council of war.

This was delivered at daybreak, April 9, 1742, Colonel Grant
with his grenadiers leading the centre, followed as before bv the Ameri-
cans and the Jamaican negro troops. The smaller batteries were carried,
but the scaling ladders were too short, the Si^anish fire heav}- and sus-
tained, and the reserves on the flanks failed to come up in time to divert
the fire of the besieged from the grenadiers. Gsneral Guise was accord-
ingly obliged to retreat, having lost, it is said, nearly 2000 men out of 3500
engaged.

Notwithstanding the desperate nature of this attempt, no co-opera-
tion on the part of the fleet was attempted, and the reason of Admiral
^"ernon's insistence upon this calamitous assault, and his failure to aid it
in any way, has never been satisfactorily explained.

This defeat ended the siege of Cartagena, but a darker and more
damning accusation arose out of the following events. A day or two af-
ter the repulse Don Sebastian de Eslava sent out a flag of truce and in-
vited Admiral Vernon and General Wentworth, with their subordinates to
a banquet, to be held in a gorgeous marquee between the lines. The in-
vitation was accepted and, after his guests were duly feasted and wined,
the Spanish General sent several of his staff with a number of British offi-
cers to visit Cartagena. They rode down the winding road and across a
narrow causeway, to the island Xexemani, where dwelt Indian and

50 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

Mestizo, fisherman, carrier, and sailor, and passing on came to another
causeway, at the further end of which were the ramparts, and that fortress
entrance, over whose lofty gates was blazoned the arms of Spain, and the
inscription "The Defiance of the World."

But while they passed through the approaches, bristling with long,
brass cannon, and the bayonets of the city guard, and received the cour-
tesies of hidalgo and soldier of fortune, it is said that Admiral Vernon
and Don Sebastian de Eslava made a secret treaty for the ransom of the
city, and, on the return of the visiting party, took a most courtly leave of
each other as chivalrous enemies, devoted to the service of their respect-
ive kings.

That, under cover of night, Spanish boats, containing heavy boxes,
came alongside the ships of Lord Vernon and Commodore Lestock, and
that their lading was carefully transferred to the private cabins of these
officers; certain it is, that it was openly reported at a later date all over
both continents that Cartagena was ransomed for g,ooo,ooo pounds ster-
ling, or §43,798,500, but the story was suppressed, and Admiral Vernon
received public thanks and the countenance of his king.

Some show of throwing up siege works was made, and the captured
Gallicia, fitted up as a floating battery, was sent in alone and unsupport-
ed, to engage the citj- batteries. Her captain, Hearne, with 200 men and
sixteen 32 pounders engaged the main defences, mounting eighty cannon,
for eight hours and finally cut his cables and drifting on the shallows,
fought fiercely until the signal of recall was made and he could take to
his boats. Leaving six dead on the riddled Gallicia, he brought back 56
wounded men, having lost nearly one-third of his force.

That same day, April iS, 1741, the army re-embarked, and for two
weeks the expedition was engaged in destroying the fortresses of the bay
and the defences of the entrance of Boca Chica. On May 7, the fleet
sailed for Jamaica, having lost about 5,000 men by disease and battle, and
having at least 5,000 more wounded or otherwise unfit for duty. At
[amaica, reinforcements from England and the colonies, enabled Vernon,
later in the fall, to attempt the capture of St. Jago, or Santiago de Cuba,
but this too failed, apparently from the same factions and delays which
had brought to naught the great Cartagena expedition. In 1742, the few
survivors of the colonial brigade, about 500 men in all, reached home,
among them Major Laurence Washington, who seems to have been
placed on General Wentworth's staff in England, and to have served with
distinction during the siege. From him Mount Vernon, named after the
admiral, descended to George Washington, the first president of the
fnited States. Other Virginian gentlemen, serving in the siege, included
two sons of John Collier of Porto Bello, near Vorktown, Va., and Captains
Bushrod and Fitzhugh. Captain Prescott of Concord, Mass., out of 15

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

neighbors who enlisted, brought back three; and out of twelve picked
men and a boy, from Hopkinton, only the latter returned to tell the fate of
his companions.

In after years Admiral Vernon tried to defend himself by attacks
on the character and behavior of the British land forces and their ofHeers.
few of whom, alas, had survived the perils and hardships of the siege,
and their terrible and needless sufferings on board his transports and
warships. He also attacked the Americans, but had to confess that their
intelligence, skill and industry, had been of the greatest service.

At Guantanamo, loyally re -christened Cumberland Harbor, little
was done save to fortify the entrance, and essay one or two inefficient
scouts along the narrow trails leading to Santiago de Cuba. No strength

photographed by Francis R. Hart.

MllDERXrZED GREAT OATE OF TAItTACEXA.

was developed by the Spanish parties met, and very few fell on either
side in the petty skirmish or two reported. Death was busy, however,
and before the winter was over the expedition returned to Port Royal,
lamaica. from which place most of the few survivors returned home.

A TRAGEIiy AT RIATAN.

A certain remnant, however — how many it is now impossible to
discover — sailed from Port Royal, August 13, 1742. under a Major Can-
field, who, with 390 men, convoyed by the "Litchfield" man-of-war, under-
took to occupy and settle the island of Ruatan, or Rattan, on the Mus-
quito Shore, eight leagues off the Bay of Honduras. The island, pre-
viously, and indeed for many years after a haunt of pirates, was about
thirty-six miles long by six wide, well watered and fertile, afforded fruits,
deer, wild cattle and hogs, and the waters around it abounded in turtle

52 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

and fish. The Americans who went ujjon the expedition expected to
found a settlement, and, on receiving their discharge, to tate up land and
remain on the island. Notwithstanding their loyalty in volunteering on
this service, their British commanders considered them mutinot:s, and
suspected them of conspiracy against them; all the more that out of the
two hundred Americans then upon the island, forty-seven were of the
Catholic faith. It is probable that most of them were from the more
southern colonies. Finally, on Christmas morning, December 25, 1743,
at about i A. M., some of them discharged their muskets and gave three
cheers, probably in honor of the day, as was then, and still is, the custom
in some states. This alarmed the British commander, who at once
ordered the guards doubled and sent to the "Litchfield" and a frigate of
forty guns then lying in the harbor, for aid. A captain and two lieuten-
ants with fifty men of Frazer's regiment of marines landed, who sur-
rounded the Americans and arrested some forty of them. A rigid search
decided nothing, except that Corporal Badger had in his box a round
robin, or petition, to which a number of names were attached, written
inside a circle as the spokes of a wheel radiate from its hub. "What was
asked for does not ajjpear, but Sergeant Bates, another sergeant who was
a coward and turned Queen's evidence. Corporal Badger and a volunteer
not named, were arrested as the ringleaders of this "mutiny." Corporal
Badger was shot, January 7, 1743. Sergeant Bates and the volunteer
were sentenced to receive six hundred lashes each, and to be imprisoned
on board the "Litchfield" "during His Majesty's pleasure."

Whether these victims of British cruelty, or any of their unfortu-
nate fellow volunteers were Massachusetts men, has never been deter-
mined, but, as many who left Boston on that ill-omened Cartagena expedi-
tion went intending to "better their condition" by settling in the W^est
Indies; it is probable that the Bay Colony was there represented.

In 1743, the few survivors of "Blakeney's Brigade" estimated at
five hundred in all, returned home, about fifty reaching Massachusetts
out of over five hundred who had been raised in 1740, or were afterwards
recruited in 1 741 --42, by Captain Edward ^Vinslow.

THE KIKST CAPTUUE OF LOI'ISBUIIG.

In 1743, the French in Acadia and Cape Breton had for some time
showed a very hostile disposition, which culminated in a raid on the Eng-
lish fishing station at Canseau, by a detachment from Louisburg under
Duvivier, who took eighty prisoners, a number of vessels and consider-
able booty. An attack on Annapolis was threatened, and the declaration
of war between France and England left Massachusetts at liberty to make
reprisals. Four companies of si.xty men each were raised in Massachu-
setts, and sent to garrison Annapolis in April or ]\Iay, 1744.

OF MASSACHUSKTTS.

Governor William Shirley, an English barrister who had resided in
Boston for some years, had succeeded Governor Belcher in July, 1741, and
is generally credited with having planned that great colonial expedition
which was to surprise the whole world by its temerity and wonderful
success. Louisburg, on the south-eastern coast of Cape Breton, was at
that time a strongly fortified city with works pierced for one hundred and
forty-eight cannon, sixty-five of which, with sixteen mortars, were actu-
ally mounted. Her ramparts, citadel and batteries, although not fully
completed, were estimated to have cost the French government over
S 10.000,000 of our currency. Her governor, the Sieur Duchambon, had a
small but veteran garrison of French infantry and artillerists, besides a
number of French settlers and sailors, and Indian allies; and although
Duvivier had returned to France after his Canseau raid, the vague
reports of Shirley's scheme of conquest were utterly despised and ridi-
culed in Canada. Even the legislators of the Bay Colony deemed Shir-
ley's plans so visionary that
the vote adopting them was
carried by only one ballot.

William Pepperrell, a
native of Kittery, Me., com-
manded the colonial forces,
which consisted of 3,250 men

SION'ATURF. OF SIK \VII.y.!A>r PEPPERRELL.

from Massachusetts; 304 men
from New Hampshire, and
300 from Rhode Island, be-
sides the usual number of

56 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

field, staff and line ofiicers. Captain Rous of Boston commanded
the colonial fleet, consisting of three frigates of twenty guns each,
a snow of sixteen guns, a brigantine of twelve guns, and five sloops
of from eight to twelve guns each. The siege train consisted of eight
22 -pounders, twelve 9-pounders, two twelve-inch mortars, and two of
smaller calibre, with ten 18-pounders borrowed from New York.

The expedition left Boston March 24, 1745, all the vessels reaching
Canseau by April 4 ; the New Hampshire contingent being the first to
arrive. Here they found that the sea about Louisburg was still covered
with ice, and the expedition remained at Canseau until the end of April,
being joined in the meantime by several English cruisers and a small
squadron under Commodore Peter Warren.

On ^lay i, a landing was effected at Gabarus Bay, and on the same
day the French, terrified by the spirited and active movements of the
colonists, abandoned the Grand, or Royal Battery after spiking twenty-
eight 42 pounders and two 18 pound guns. This was manned by six com-
panies on May 2, and eleven days later, twenty forty-twos had been put
in condition and were rapidly destroying the French defences, while
their comrades, dragging siege guns and mortars over the half-frozen
mosses and morasses between Gabarus Bay and Louisburg, had estab-
lished heavy breaching and mortar batteries on the west and south of the city.

Several French warships were taken by the English and Colonial
cruisers. Rous, of the Province Galley and Donahew with a Boston sloop,
beat back an attempted reinforcement which essayed to cross the straits of
Canseau. Numerous skirmishes and five unsuccessful attempts to take
the great Island Battery by assault, had tried colonial bravery and endur-
ance to the utmost, and sickness had at one time disabled over fifteen hun-
dred men. Finally. Duchambon offered to surrender, on condition
that his troops be allowed to march out retaining their arms and colors,
and Louisburg was surrendered, June 16, 1745. A large amount of plun-
der and prize-money was divided among the officers and men of the land
and sea service, while Commodore Warren was created vice-admiral, and
Pepperrell was knighted by the king. This reduction, by some 4,000
colonial militia, of a citadel supposed to be able to defy an army of 30,000
men, excited the liveliest admiration and wonder in Europe, and a veteran
who was present and served under Duchambon in the siege, said that "in
all the histories he had ever read, he met with no instance of .so bold and
presumptuous an attempt."

DESTRUCTION OF A FRENCH AKMADA.

In 1746, the French government stung to utter frenzy by the hu-
miliation, fitted out under the Due D'Anville, a fleet of 1 1 ships of the
line, 20 frigates, five fire-ships and bomb-ketches, and 34 transports ha\'ing

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 57

onboard 3,000 of the best soldiers of France. Admiral Constans, with
eight vessels, was to join this ilect at Chchucto (now Halifax), where De
Ramsay and other French partisans and the chiefs of the Abenaquis were
to meet them with every settler and warrior who could be raised against
the heretic.

Once met, this mighty armada was to retake Louisburg and Anna-
polis, and later, with the aid of a French and Indian force, penetrating the
English territory by way of Lake Champlain, was expected to destroy
every seaport from Maine to Georgia.

Several hundred men were sent to Annapolis, the garrison of
Louisburg was reinforced, Boston fortified and garrisoned, and over 10,000
men levied to defend the coast. Besides this, 1,500 men were sent from
Massachusetts to take part in an attempt on the French fort at Crown
Point.

The fleet of D'Anville was utterly scattered and crippled by tem-
pests, and the admiral on arriving at Chebucto, was only able to collect
seven or eight of his 70 vessels. M. Conflans had grown tired of waiting
and had gone back to the "West Indies, and the Canadian rangers had also
started on their return to Quebec. D'Anville, utterly cast down, died
within a few days after reaching Chebucto, and D'Estournelles who suc-
ceeded him. resolved to besiege Annapolis, but the Indians were attacked
by a fatal epidemic and perished by hundreds.

While besieging Annapolis. De Ramsay was informed of the sui-
cide of the unfortunate D'Estournelles, and retreated to Canada. The
remnant of the great Armada sailed in November for France, but some
vessels were wrecked and others captured on the return voyage.

The peace of Aix La Chapelle, October 8, 1748, ended the wars of
the Austrian succession an^ returned Louisburg to France, regardless of
the interests of the British colonies.

At this time, ^lassachusetts is estimated to have had a jjopulation
of 200,000 souls, with a militia of 30,000 men, most of whom were sup-
plied with the regulation musket, bayonet, cartridge-box and belts and
twenty rounds of cartridges. These guns were generally in use for fowl-
ing, deer and wolf hunting and the like, and, in ilassachusetts, the
traditions of long and accurate .shots made with these muskets, are
scarcely less wonderful than the tales of the deadly skill of the rifle-lov-
ing hunters of Kentucky.

These muskets, often the trophies of successful fight, by sea or
land, against the French or Spanish or their savage allies, were to be
found in almost every household in the province, and it was not uncommon
to find in some houses a veritable armor3\ containing from six to ten
muskets and long fowling-pieces, and as many cool and skilful owners to
use them. They were a part of the outfit of every private and public

58 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

vessel, and although a nominal peace existed from 1748 to 1754, there never
was a time when the muster was neglected, or the danger of French and
Indian aggression was not recognized.

In 1755, Braddock moved against Fort Du Quesne, and on July 9
his army, was utterly routed by less then half its number of French and
Indians under Beaujeu, near the junction of the Monongahela and
Youghiogheny rivers, where Pittsburg now stands. A second expedition
under Governor Shirley, comprising his own regiment, that of Sir William
Pepperrell, and Schuyler's New Jersey regiment of 500 men, attempted to
invade Canada, but beyond strengthening the fortifications of Oswego,
nothing was done.

A third expedition, composed largely of Connecticut and Massa-
chiisetts militia under the command of Sir William Johnson, the noted
partisan of the Mohawk River Valley and the idol of that great
Indian confederacy, "The Six Nations," found itself September
I, at the southern end of Lake St. George, where he awaited a
fleet of bateaux in which he proposed to convey his troops to the em-
bouchure of the lake. The Baron Dieskau, a German veteran, had
reached Quebec early in May with a large staff of French officers and
detachments of the veteran French infantry of the regiments of la Reine,
Artois, Burgundy, Languedoc, Guienne and Beam. Dieskau with a force
of about 200 French and Indians made a masterly detour, and on Septem-
ber 8, got in the rear of Johnson's army. Johnson detached Colonel
Ephraim Williams of ^Massachusetts, (the founder of William's College')
with 1,000 men and 200 Indian warriors to cut off Dieskau's retreat when
the main attack was developed. About an hour after Williams' depar-
ture, he was ambushed and slain, with Hendricks, a great war chief of the
Six Nations, but under Nathan Whiting of Connecticut, the detachment
retreated to re -organize its shattered ranks behind a breastwork of brush
and fallen trees. Baron Dieskau followed fast but the American artillery
scattered his Indian allies and after a brief engagement, Dieskau thrice
wounded was taken prisoner.

Another expedition of two battalions of 500 men each was recruited
in Massachusetts by Colonel John Winslow of Marshfield, a grandson of
EdwardWinslow, then a Major-General of militia, and by a Colonel Scott,
who were subordinate to Lieutenant-Colonel Monckton of the British
service, then residing in Nova Scotia. This expedition sailed from Bos-
ton, May 20, arrived at Annapolis May 26, and sailed in 31 vessels, June
I against Fort Beau Sejour at the head of the Bay of Fundy. On June
4, they forced the passage of the Messagouche, and on June 8 invested
Beau Sejour, which capitulated June 1 8, 1755. Another fort at Gaspercaux,
Bay Verte, surrendered without a siege, and Captain Rous sailed to re-
duce the forts on the St. John river.

I.OUISBURC CHOSS, LATELY STOLEN FROM HAIiV.VHI) COLLEUE LIBIiAUY. BUOUC.IIT KltllM

LOUISBURO, 174.j-4f>.

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 61

A most painful duty was now imposed on the Massachusetts troops,
the deportation of the hapless Acadians of Grand Pre, Chigneeto, and the
outlying settlements. Many refused to trust themselves in the power of
the English, and eseaped exile, but over 7,000 are said to have been
scattered among the eolonies from New Hampshire to Georgia. Fire
swept over their farms and villages, and their eattle and crops were the
prey of their oppressors. Never again did they find their old homes,
although thousands of the descendants of those who escaped still live
along the shores of the St. Lawrence.

In ]\Iay, 1756, war had again been formally declared between
France and Great Britain. Three thousand additional men are said to
have been raised by Massachusetts, for this year's service under General
John "Winslow. Lord Loudon was made governor of Virginia, and com-
mander-in-chief of all the forces in America. Governor Shirley was sum-
moned to England, and there were many delays and serious losses.

The Marquis de Alontcalm besieged and took Oswego, with Shir-
ley's and Pepperrell's regiments, and an immense amount of provisions
and other supplies. Winslow's march upon Ticonderoga was counter-
manded, and the year closed with the French decidedly in the ascendant.
In December, however, Sir "William Pitt became the head of the British
^Ministry, and a inore effective policy was promised for the ensuing year.

In 1757, Thomas Pownall succeeded Mr. Shirley as governor, and
Massachusetts raised i ,800 men, for .service against the French, out of 4,000
levied in New England. Lord Loudon, with 6,000 men in seventy trans-
ports, convoyed by Sir Charles Hardy with four ships of the line, sailed
from New York, and on July 9, had been met at Halifax by a large Eng-
lish fleet with heavy reinforcements. This great expedition, which was
projected for the reduction of Louisburg, was utterly without result,
owing to the cowardice or incapacity of Lord Loudon. On August 9,
Fort William Henry was captured by the French under General Mont-
calm, largely owing to the cowardice or fatuity of General "Webb, com-
manding at Fort Edward. The massacre of several hundred soldiers of
the captured garrison, by the Indian allies of Montcalm, has left an indeli-
ble stigma on the reputation of a brave and renowned soldier. In
December, 1757, Lord Loudon was recalled to England, and Pitt had
secured orders from the king, that any provincial officer, of no higher rank
than colonel, should have equal rank with British regular officers accord-
ing to the date of their several commis.sions. As a result of this just and
politic measure, ]\Iassachusetts, in 1758, raised nearly 7000 men out of
some 20,000 levied in the American provinces.

SECOSD CAPTURE OF LOUISBl'Itl!.

The principal force of Briti.sh and Americans, under Generals
Amher.st and Wolfe, aided by a large fleet under Admiral Boscawen,

62 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

reduced Loiiisburg July 26, 1758, capturing over 5,000 men, eleven war-
ships, 240 pieces of ordnance, and an immense amount of military and
naval stores. Another expedition from Pennsylvania, Virginia, and other
colonies under Forbes, captured Fort Du Quesne, and George Washington
with his Virginians, raised the British standard on the blackened ruins
and named the site Pittsburg, in honor of the great commoner.

The third expedition, comprising most of the Massachusetts levies,
mustered over 6,000 regvtlars and about 9,000 provincials at Lake George,
and on July 5 moved down the lake in large boats, landing, June 6, at
what is now called Point Howe. Seven thousand men, in four columns,
began the march toward Ticonderoga, but became bewildered, and falling
in with a small party of French, had a light skirmish, in which Lord
Howe was one of the first to fall. On July 8, Lord Abercrombie, who had
succeeded to the command, after a pitiable display of consternation and
indecision, followed Colonel Bradstreet, who, with the rangers of Rogers
and Stark, had pushed on toward Montcalm's lines. The next day, July
8, Colonel Clark, the chief engineer, reported that there was nothing in
front to prevent a brisk advance, but Stark and Rogers declared that the
temporary defences reported by Clark, were really strong breastworks of
logs and earth. Abercrombie, despising their advice, ordered an attack,
and Montcalm, to his own surprise, found that the Ihnver of the English
army were helplessly entangled in the chevaux-de-frise of boughs and
sttimps, which choked the roadway in front of his blazing ramparts. For
two hours the English foot-guards pressed in with the bayonet, and the
Black Watch and other Highlanders charged ■ with din of war-pipe and
slogan, and cla.sh of claymore, bi:t they fell in hundreds, and when they
broke at last the army retreated to its boats, having lost nearly 2,000 men.
Abercrombie was one of the first to seek safety in retreat, and with great
haste re-embarked his army and set out on his return. Colonel John
Bradstreet, detached with 3,000 men to attack Fort Frontenac on Lake
Ontario, captured the fort and settlement, but Abercrombie had failed
utterly, and as soon as possible was supplanted by General Amherst, fresh
from the recent conquest of Lot;isburg.

In 1759, Jklassachtisetts again raised several brigades of her sturdy
militia — 7,000 rank and file, say the records — and Connecticut 5,000 more,
out of the 25,000 men contributed by the thirteen colonies. England
had furnished as many more, with a great fleet and heavy trains of field
and siege artillery.

On July I , Colonel Prideaux, with his regulars and New Yorkers,
and Sir William Johnson, with his allies of the Six Nations, embarked
on Ontario to attack Niagara. Prideaux was killed by the bursting of a
mortar, but Johnson secured the capitulation of the place, July 25. With
the fall of this important post, the French could no longer defend the

Oi' MASSACHUSETTS. 63

chain of forts between Pittsburg and Lake Erie, and Stanwix, with a
moderate force, occupied or destroyed them one by one.

General Amherst had left Albany early in June, and on July j 1 ,
with 11,000 men, sailed in Abercrombie's track down Lake George, and
the next day landed within a few miles of Ticonderoga. The Sieur Boul-
amarque, who held it for Montcalm, had his orders, and loading every
cannon to the muzzle, mined the fort in several places, built a great pyre
which should eventually communicate with the magazine, and i>n July
25 silently evacuated the French stronghold. On the night of July 25,
a tremendous explosion and conflagration told Amherst and his men that
Ticonderoga had fallen, but would yield but little booty to her captors.
On August I, Crown Point was also abandoned, and the French had
retreated to Lsle-Au-Noix,
where they intrenched them- s_jM^ jJrr^^^^

selves with 3,500 men and ^,..,fc!rC. ^?'|M '-^^^=^- ~ - "==~"*2_^

100 cannon, determined to | xiiMa _„jae3 , /.^ ^ ,^

hold the entrance of the ' ""

Richelieu River to the last. pkofile of the w.vlls of louisburg.

Am.herst failed to advance

further, and, about the middle of October, garri.soned his forts and

returned to Albany. Thus fell the French citadel, which had long barred

the main inland waterway to Canada, and sheltered the numerous parties

of half-breeds and Indians, which had so often ravaged the valleys of the

the Hudson, Housatonic and Connecticut.

TIIK FALL OF (iFEBEC.

The English fleet and army destined for the reduction of Quebec,
under Admiral vSir Charles Saunders and General Wolfe, left England in
February, 1759, and, stopping at Louisburg for repairs and reinforce-
ments, arrived before Quebec, June 26. Montcalm commanded in the
citadel of the French king, and all through July and August, by land and
.sea, with skirmish and bombardment, fire-ship and battery, the siege
went on. It looked as if the cold storms of the fall and winter must
soon come to the aid of the besieged, when Wolfe found that secret path
which led him to his last great victory. In the darker hours of the
dawning of September 13, 1759. he found himself with his best troops
on the plains of Abraham, and before mid-day Montcalm had formed
his French veterans and tried rangers for a desperate battle. Before sun-
set the conflict was over and General Wolfe was dead on the field of battle,
and, by the next day, Montcalm was dying of his wounds, and had practi-
cally directed the capitulation of the city, which was almost immediately
occupied by the English

In 1760, the Engli.sh and colonists advanced upon ?kIontreal. and Be

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

From Paintiug by Btnjaiitin ^yest.

_.l:NEli.U, WULFB.

Levi, who had essayed the recapture of Quebec, raised a hopeless siege,
to return to the island stronghold, which De ^^audreuil on vSeptember 9th
surrendered to General .Vmherst. French rule in Canada had come to an
end at last and forever, and the Treaty of Paris, signed February 7, 1763,
left her without claim to any American territory, except certain
islets near the coast of Newfoundland, and in the West Indies, and her
Louisiana settlements.

THE CAPTITUI-: OF HAVANA.

In 1762, a small brigade of New Englanders under General Putnam
aided the English to capture Havana, and, for the inost part, fell victims
to the fevers and fluxes, which finished the work of the exposures and
herculean toils of the siege. There were occasional petty alarms along the
seacoast and frontier, but this was the la.st occasion on which British regu-
lars and the militia of the thirteen colonies moved together to battle under
the red cross flag.

During the reign of the Royal Governors, from the withdrawal of
the Puritan's Charter in 1692, to the recall of Governor Hutchinson and
the arrival of Gage in 1774, the colony of ^lassachusetts had levied for
service, under the officers of the king for the most part, over 60,000 men,
besides a vast number kept in active garrison, in armed vessels, and upon
scouting duty. In nearly every case, where the colonists were left to pit
themselves, under their own officers, against the veterans of France,

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

under leaders of European reputation, and aided by the fiercest and
wiliest warriors of the American wilderness, they were successful, and
sometimes astonishingly so. Under English leadership in many cases,
they raged at the insolence of tlicir commanders, and grew despondent at
their imbecility and indolence.

Great Britain, it is said, expended seventy million pounds sterling
in the last Frcncli war, but she also lost the attachment of the colonists.
who had experienced the hard rule and contemptuous carriage of the
English governors, and of British military leaders, whom the colonial
militia no longer deemed their superiors in military courage, skill or
endurance. A large number liad proved their skill in arms, and naval
seamanship, not only on the lakes, rivers and coasts of North America,
but on the seas between Europe and the New World as well.

In the fullness of time they had proved their strength, and tested
the good faith of the British government, and now, having been tried in
the crucible of the wars with Frenchman and Spaniard, the militia of
ilassaehusetts awaited the next act of the great drama of American his-
tory, so soon to astonish the world.

.,-.-'*:«=■

L'ASTLE ISLAND, BOSTON IIAKISOR, 17SI1.
From :ui nUi print.

CHAPTER V.

THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.

THE peace of 1763 had relieved our forefathers of great dangers,
and a constant expenditure of life and treasure in self-defense,
and in j^royecuting wars, whose burdens were laid upon them
and removed at the pleasure of the British ministry. Both Pitt
and Walpole, while at the head of imperial affairs, had wisely refused
to add to these burdens the imposition of unjust taxation ; but on tlie
accession of George III. to the English throne, Lord Grenville had at
once inaugurated a policy of colonial taxation, which, in 1763, added to
the goods already subjected to import duties; viz., rum, sugar, and
molasses; the coffee, indigo, silks, French lawns and other goods, ex-
ported from the West Indies. The new duties were payable in coin and
almost prohibitory, and, at the same session of parliament, the paper
money, issued by the colonies to defray the expenses of the war just
ended, was declared not to be a legal tender for the payment (.)f debts.

The general and just indignation of the injured colonists was greatly
increased by the passage of the Stamp Act, March 22, 1765, and a little
later, another act provided for the quartering of British troops in America,
at the cost of the several provinces. So great was the public disaffec-
tion, that several riototis outbreaks occurred; merchants refused to buj-
British goods, and, largely owing to this latter fact, the Stamp Act was
repealed.

In June, 1767, duties were imposed "on glass, paper, pasteboard,
white and red lead, painters' colors and tea," which led to the quartering
of British troops in Boston; constant antagonism between the provincial
assemblies, and all crown officers; the Boston Massacre; the destruction
of the cargoes of tea-ships in Boston Harbor, and, in 1774. to the closing
of the port of Boston to all commerce.

General Gage, commander-in-chief in iVmerica, was made Gov-
ernor of Massachusetts, and, besides the local militia, was made general-
issimo of a constantly increasing force of British regulars. Several men-
of-war were stationed in the harbor to support him, and he at once j^ro-
ceeded to fortify Boston Neck, and to take possession of the provincial
ammunition at Boston and Somerville. Other acts, showing a determina-
tion on the part of George III. and his minLt^try, to utterly destroy the
liberties of our forefathers; and many things wliich bespoke an equally
settled intention to resist, on the part of the colonists, took place in 1774.

OF MASSACnUSKTTS. 69

In Massachusetts, the provincial assembly had done what it could
to streng'then and supply the regular militia, and had, in addition, (U-gan-
ized independent companies of "minute-men" who, as their name im-
plied, were to be ready to act instantly, by day or night. Small stores
of artillery, food and ammunition, were collected at various points, in-
cluding the town of Concord, some eighteen miles distant from
Boston.

Arrangements had been made for giving warning of the approach
of any troops sent out to seize or destroy the supplies. Relays of horse-
men, bonfires, horns, conchs, and the discharge of musketry, were to
spread the news of impending attack. It was strictly understood that no
one should fire on the royal troops, except in self-defense, or in retalia-
titm for illegal and wanton iniuries.

THE SACUIFK'E AT LEXINCTClS.

On the 15th of April, 1775, it became evident that General Gage
contemplated some movement, for the purpose of securing the arms and
munitions stored at Concord. On April 18, the activity of a number
of mounted British officers, patrolling the roads leading to Concord, at-
tracted attention, and that night Paul Revere and William Dawes escaped
finseen, and rode in haste to spread the alarm that the British troops were
approaching. At one o'clock a.m., April 19, the militia and minnte-men of
Lexington were summoned, and within an hoirr 130 men, commanded by
Captain John Parker, a veteran who had served under "Wolfe at Quebec,
were in line on the green near the meeting house, and had loaded and
primed their guns. Later they were dismissed to warm themselves
at the tavern, and in the neighboring houses.

Lieutenant-Colonel Smith, who with about 800 picked men, had
been sent on this expedition, had scarcely passed the humble buildings of
Harvard college before the ringing of church bells, the blowing of conch
shells and horns, the reports of muskets and the glare of signal fires, told
him that his march was discovered and that he would probably be attacked
by the assembling militia. He detached six companies under ^Major
Pitcairn of Frazer's Marines, to hasten forward and secure the bridges at
Concord, and steadily followed, having previou,sly sent a messenger to
Boston for reinforcements.

At half past four, a mounted scout rode into Lexington and gave
the alarm. The drummers beat the long roll, signal guns were fired to
alarm the people between Lexington and Concord, and Captain Parker
ordered his company to fall in, in two ranks, a little north of the meeting-
house. About sixty or seventy men only had formed in line, and about
forty spectators, armed and unarmed, had assembled, when ^lajor Pitcairn
having perceived the Americans, halted, ordered his men "to prime and

70 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

load." and then gave orders to advance at the double quick, leading them
on horseback.

There was no halt or parley, and Pitcairn seemed determined to
"stamp out rebellion" by the greatest severity. As he galloped across the
green he shouted, "Disperse villains! Throw down your arms! Damn
you. why don't you disperse!" Parker had no intention of firing unless
first attacked, and undoubtedly would have alleged, in case of a parley,
that he was legally in command of a company formed and assembled
under the laws of the Province, as beyond a doubt was the simple
truth.

But there was no parley, and, as the militia did not throw down
their arms. Major Pitcairn gave the fatal order, "Fire!" discharging one of
his own pistols. A few scattering shots were heard, which seemed to in-
jure no one; then followed a crashing volley and a number of men fell.
The militia returned the fire, while on the flank, from behind a stone wall.
and from the doorway of the tavern, a few belated minute-men joined in
the general skirmish. On the part of the Americans, Jonas Parker.
Robert Monroe, who had been a standard bearer at the second siege of
Louisburg. and six others were killed, and ten were wounded. Only two
British soldiers are reported to have been wounded in this affair.

THE BATTLE OF THE XOKTH BRIDGE.

At Concord, the Concord and Lincoln companies were assembled,
and while a part hastily removed and concealed the larger part of the
munitions and stores, a detachment was sent toward Lexington to get in-
formation, but soon retiirned, reporting that the British advance was close
at hand. The militia and minute-men were formed in two battalions on
an eminence back of the town, but Colonel Barrett considered the odds too
great and retired across the river at the North Bridge, to a hill about a
mile from the centre of the town.

The British commander sent six companies of light infantry under
Captain Parsons to hold the North Bridge, and to help in the search for
stores. Captain Pole, with another detachment was assigned to hold the
South Bridge; and Colonel Smith, with his grenadiers, and Pitcairn's
marines, held the center of the town. Two pieces of cannon were spiked,
about five hundred poi:nds of musket bullets were thrown into the river
and wells, and about sixty barrels of flour were broken and wasted.

]\leanwhile the militia of Concord and Lincoln had been re-inforced
by companies from Carlisle, Chelmsford, Weston, Littleton and Acton,
and as fast as they arrived had been arrayed in line of battle by Adjutant
Hosmer.

Captain William Smith, of Lincoln, with his minute-men led the
advance toward the bridge, the men marching two abreast, and as they

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 71

halted near the bridge. Captain Isaac Davis of Acton led his men up the
road, on the left of Smith's company, in the same formation.

Sixty years after, in a deposition taken Aiiyust 14, 1S35, his widow-
thus told the simple story of the mustering of the Acton minute -men at
the house and gunsmith's shop of the first martyr of "the Concord Fight."
•■I, Hannah Leighton. of Acton, testify, that I am eighty-nine years
of age. Isaac Davis, who was killed in the Concord Fight in 1773, was
my husband. He was then thirty years of age. We had four children,
the youngest about fifteen months old. They were all unwell when he
left in the morning; some had the canker rash (scarlet fever). The alarm
was given early in the morning, and my husband lost no time in making
ready to go to Concord with his company. A considerable number of the
men came to the house and made their cartridges there. The sun was
from one to two hours high when they marched for Concord.

"My husband said little or nothing that morning. He seemed
serious and thoughtful, but never hesitated as to the course of his duty.
As he led the company from the house, he turned himself round and
seemed to have something to communicate. He only said 'Take good
care of the children' and was soon out of sight.

"In the afternoon he was brought back, a corpse. He was placed
in my bedroom until the funeral. His C(mntenance was pleasant, and
little changed. The bodies of Abner Hosmer, one of the company,
and of James Hayward, one of the militia company, who was killed at
Lexington, were brought by their friends to the house, where the
funeral of the three was attended."

Such is the simple and touching record of the devotion and death
of a tj^pical "minute-man" of the revolutionary period, as told by the
woman who had loved him, and who, through her tears, saw him go to
his death.

Lieutenant-Colonel Robinson and Major John Buttrick commanded
the detachment, and the latter being ignorant of the details of the mas-
sacre at Lexington, told his men not to fire unless first fired upon.

The Briti-sh light infantry at the North Bridge, retired its pickets
across it as the militia advanced, and began to remove the planks, but
desisted on being hailed by the Americans, who banteringly asked them
not to do so. A few scattered shots, which seemed intended to injure no
one, were fired by the British, but were followed by a volley, which killed
Captain Isaac Davis of Acton and Private Hosmer of the same company.
"Firel fellow soldiers, for God's sake fire!" shouted Major Buttrick, and,
although reinforced, the British were obliged to retreat from the bridge
and to fall back upon their main body, which movement was immediately
followed by the drawing in of all the British detachments, and prepara-
tions for a retreat to Boston.

, 72 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

At noon Colonel Smith, having given his men an hour or two to
rest, started on their retreat to Boston. In the meantime the militia and
minute-men of Reading, Billerica and Sudbury had joined the Ameri-
cans, and the roads to Boston, at every point of vantage, were lined with
ambuscades and individual sharj^shooters.

The firing began, almost with the first advance of the light in-
fantry, and soon enveloped the British column in front and rear and on
either flank. Brisk charges with the bayonet slowly cleared the way
in front, but the American vollies were terribly effective, and the men
who fled, simply left one shelter for another, and joined in the fusillade
which was sure to decimate the advance at the next turn of the road.
In the six miles of road between Concord and Lexington, vSmith lost so
heavily that his men became perfectly frantic with rage, and almost
utterly exhausted by repeated and headlong bayonet charges against an
enemy who would not stand, and who only retreated to prepare for
another and deadlier attack. At Lexington, Colonel Smith, to his unut-
terable relief, was met by Lord Percy, who had marched out across Bos-
ton Neck with three regiments of infantry, two divisions of marines, and
two pieces of light artillery. The latter opened fire upon the Americans,
and for a time Smith"s detachments, guarded by a hollow square of Percy's
infantry, were allowed to rest and to prepare for the march to Boston.
It was high time, for many were so utterly exhausted that they lay pant-
ing upon the ground, like dogs worn out in the chase.

Then, after a brief halt, the march was resumed; and as the guns
limbered up and removed to the rear of the column, the fierceness of the
fight redoubled, for the signals had passed from hill to hill and valley to
valley; and already nearly 20,000 minute-men and militia had turned
their faces toward Boston. As companies from the several towns came
near the line of retreat, band after band were directed toward the rustic
highway, along which Lord Percy and the united detachments were fight-
ing like fiends, and struggling to gain the shelter of the English lines at
Boston. Before Smith had begun his hurried retreat at noonday, the
alarm had reached Worcester, and before nightfall the Hampshire yeo-
men had received the signals, and were preparing to set out upon their
long march to Boston. Twenty-three towns sent men to fight and to fall
on that day, and the Danvers company, when it opened fire at Menotomy
mow Arlington) upon Percy's shattered column, had marched sixteen
miles in four hours, and "went into the fight as if going to a feast."

All along the way the hated "red coats" dotted the dusty road
with motionless or writhing splashes of scarlet, and with every mile the
cloud of skirmishers on flank and rear grew heavier and more irresisti-
ble, and the fire of the ambushed minute-men broke out redder, closer,
and with a more persistent fatality as the sun went dow-n.

OF MASSACIirSKTTS.

At West Cambridge, Lord Percy found tliat lie could no longer
care for his wounded, and would soon exhaust liis limited supply of am-
munition, while his foes "seemed to have dropj^ed from the clouds," as
they lined every stone wall and coj)i3ice with flame, and grew more des-
perate and determined as the light waned and the night shadows gathered.

Percy had no longer any expectation of returning by the road
upon which he had left Boston, "with all the pride and confidence of his
race and profession" a few hours before, and gladly turned off at Charles-
town Neck. There, the American musketeers unwillingly melted away
from before his advance, and fell furiously upon the decimated rear-
guard, until the British, a defeated, humiliated, and exhausted rabble,
flung themselves down to rest at Charlestown under the protecting guns
of the English fleet.

The battles of Lexington and Concord are especially worthy of the
attention of the historian and citizen soldier; for the reason that in these con-
flicts the Massachusetts militia, twice in one day, awaited, undismayed, the
deadly vollies of veteran troops, preferring to sacrifice limb and life
rather than to be the first to inaugurate rebellion and the terrors of civil
war; and for the further reason, that when their neighbors fell beside
them, there was no panic as the crashing platoon-firing of the regulars
claimed its victims.

THE GATHERING OF THE MILIIIA.

The next day, Israel Putnam, of
Pomfret, Connecticut, after riding one
hundred miles in eighteen hours, met
John Stark with the first company of
New Hampshire militia; and Captain
Benedict Arnold, with sixty men from
Xew Haven, soon joined the constantly
increasing army, which, by the end of
the week, amounted to 16,000 men. It
is generally believed that this force was
poorly armed as compared with the
British troops, but this is undoubtedly
a mistake. The old laws of the colony
had been enforced, and, under the
Provincial Congress, were more rigidly
and effectively inculcated.

Most of the men carried muskets,
of French or English make, furnished
with bayonets, and as good weapons as
those furnished the British reeulars.
In most cases these had been improved

I'.r.NKIlI' I' M!\iHli

76 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

by the colonial gunsmiths, by filing and polishing the locks, adapting the
butts to the jjcrsonal needs or taste of their several owners,' and modifying
them in other ways calculated to make them lighter and more effective
weapons. A large number carried long-barrelled fowling-pieces, which
in accuracy and range, were much superior to the ordinary service mus-
ket, and almost as formidable with a single ball, or the favorite charge of
buckshot, as the rifles of that period. Many of these old muskets and
fowling-pieces were still in use up to the middle of the present century,
having been furnished with pei-cussion locks, and were often formidable
rivals to more modern firearms. It was chiefly in tactical manoeuvres,
and the lack of eqiaipments, field and camp equipage, artillery and food
supply, and more than all, in financial resources to .sustain a prolonged
campaign, that this "rustic army" was inferior to its enemies.

There was no want of promptitude in jDrosecuting the war thus
begun, and Benedict Arnold, receiving a colonel's commission, at once
hurried into the Berkshire hills, to raise volunteers and capture Ticon-
deroga. On his arrival, however, he found that Colonel Ethan Allen
had already set out to attack the fort, and with less than loo men Arnold
hastened to join him and, since Allen refused to serve under him, joined
the expedition as a volunteer. Only 83 men, with Allen and Arnold,
crossed the lake at midnight, and on May 10, 1775, surprisingthe garrison,
captured the fort with all its cannon and ammunition. Colonel Seth
Warner, another "\"ermonter, was equally successful in taking Crown
Point, and a few days later Arnold, with his Berkshire men, sailed down
Lake Champlain and captured St. Johns, with its garrison and equipment.

On the day of the fall of Ticonderoga, the Continental Congress met
at Philadelphia, and later, gave the force besieging Boston the name of
the Continental Army, and on June 16, 1775, George Washington, of
Virginia, as commander-in-chief. This army had extended its lines in a
great semicircle reaching from Charlestown Xeck to Jamaica Plain, a
distance of about sixteen miles; and its scoiits and foragers kept the
British in constant alarm along the whole harbor line from Point Shirley
on the northeast, to Boston Light. General Artemas Ward commanded
with headqiiarters at Cambridge, and Generals Putnam, Prescott, Warren,
Gridley, Heath and others were active subordinates.

Governor and General Thomas Gage was a veteran soldier, who
had served under Braddock, and been severely wounded at the time of his
defeat, having fought side by side with Washington. He strongly forti-
fied Boston Neck and erected batteries on the common, Copp's Hill and
elsewhere, and skillfully bestowed floating batteries and the ships of the
British fleet to repel an attack. On May 25, Generals Howe, Clinton and
Burgoyne arrived, and with 10,000 veterans at his command Gage proposed
to extend his lines to cover the heights at Charlestown and Dorchester.

^■-•p^\

78 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

BATTLE OF BUNKEK HILL.

The Colonial Committee of Safety learning this, on June 17, 1775,
paraded 1200 picked men on Cambridge common, who, after prayer had
been offered by Dr. Langdon, president of the university, set out for
Bunker Hill, under the command of Colonel Prescott of Pepperell, a
veteran of the French war. Arrived at Bunker Hill, Prescott decided to
exceed his orders and occupy Breed's Hill, within cannon shot of the
batteries on Copp's Hill and of the English shipping. They proceeded
to throw up a redoubt and breastworks, planned and laid out it is said by
Colonel Richard Gridley, who served at the siege of Louisburg. It
seems almost incredible, but day had broken before the British discovered
the small redoubt and flanking lines of breastwork, which commanded the
crest of Breed's Hill and the slopes that trended northward toward a
marshy slough. A few small cannon had been brought from Cambridge,
but they were too light for use except against bodies of men, and all but
one were eventually captured by the enemy.

The Lively frigate and her consorts, with the British batteries at
Copp's Hill opened fire, and the buildings of Boston and the masts of the
shipping in the harbor were crowded with spectators. General Putnam
came upon the field and devoted himself to procuring reinforcements, and
later to the erection of a second line of works on Bunker Hill. Stark,
with his New Hampshire men, took post at the stone and rail fence which
masked with new mown hay, formed a part of the flanking breastworks.
General Joseph Warren and James Otis, patriot and statesman, a mere
wreck of his former self, but still devoted to the cause of liberty, came
musket in hand, to fight as volunteers in the first stricken field of the
nascent republic.

Meanwhile, during the long forenoon. Gage was preparing to con-
vey to Moulton's Point the flower of his chosen veterans. No one knows
how many troops were ferried over, but the Fifty-second, Forty-third and
Forty-seventh British regiments, with eighteen companies of light infan-
try and grenadiers, together with the First Battalion of Frazer's Marines
under Major Pitcairn, embarked from the north battery alone, and it was
estimated that in the morning at least 3,000 men were ferried over to
]\Ioulton's Point, most of whom ate dinner there before the first assault.
The artillery found that the round shot were too large for their six pounders
and General Howe sent for additional ammunition and reinforcements,
which were'landed on the right flank of the'Americansatthe foot of Breed's
Hill. This latter movement rendered necessary a corresponding re-enforce-
ment on the part of the Americans, and their advance guards were drawn
in and posted behind the breastworks flanking the right of the redoubt.
It was after three o'clock in the afternoon, when the preparations on both
sides were completed, and during all this time, the works occupied by the

OF MASSACUUSirrTS.

,^:-

r.OS'l'UN IN 1776

Americans had been subjected to a
furious bombardment from the British
ships and their gun and mortar bat-
teries at Boston.

A very large proportion of the
ti'oops first detailed under Colonel
Prescott manned the redoubt, where
Generals Warren, Pomroy, Otis and
others fought as volunteers, and General Putnam aided during the first
assault; and a portion of Brewster's, Nixon's, Woodbridge's and Little's
regiments re-enforced him there. Captains Gridley and Callender with
their artillery were stationed on the left, to defend the break between the
breastwork and redoubt. The Connecticut troops under Knowlton, and
those from New Hampshire under Stark and Reed, held the left behind
their defenses of stone and rail fence. Perkins, of Little's regiment, with
detachments under Nutting and Warner, lined the banks of the highway
with sharpshooters, and parties of marksmen fired from the houses of
Charlestown during the first attack.

8o REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

At about three o'clock General Howe addressed his troops, calling;
upon them to "behave like Englishmen and good soldiers," and the lig-ht
infantry were advanced to engage the New Hampshire skirmishers. His
artillery, drawn by hand, was posted at the brick kilns to enfilade the
redoiibt. and detachments were advanced to engage the musketeers in
the suburbs of Charlestown.

General Howe himself led the right wing of the British column, op-
posing Stark and his associates at the north of the redoubt, and General
Pigot commanded the grenadiers and the Forty-third and Thirty-eighth
regiments who were to storm the main work. The artillery fire from the
fleet and Copp's Hill slackened and cea.sed as the British advanced in heavy
marching order, with drums beating and banners proudly displayed, albeit
slowly on account of the deep grasses and clover, and the numerous stone
walls and fences, which then cut up the peninsula. At least six of these
impeded Howe's advance, necessitating frequent alignments; the miry
ground greatly impeded a large part of his solid and unwieldly
formation, and a still larger number of impediments hindered the stately
progress of Pigot's grenadiers. Still the distance was short, in fact only
about five hundred yards, and even the measured and stately military step
of that period must have covered it in from twenty to thirty minutes at
farthest.

It was a favorite manoeuver of the British commanders of that day,
for the front platoon or line to discharge a volley, deploying to uncover a
second rank which immediately fired, deploying in turn and thus advanc-
ing until the whole line was uncovered, the guns being levelled breast
high and discharged without aim. It would seem that in the first assault
on Bunker's Hill some such manoeuver was attempted by at least a portion
of the British troops, although it is probable that Pigot led a very solid
column, in the center of his line, against the eastern and southern faces of
the redoubt.

Prescott, Putnam, Warren, Pomeroy, and other American leaders,
kept their men under cover as long as possible, and, with their subordi-
nates, ordered that every man should hold his fire until the troops were
within point blank range. Tradition still preserves their orders, which in
many battles since then have been used by the leaders of American
volunteers.

"Wait until you see the whites of their eyes." "Fire low." "Aim
at their waist belts." "Pick off their officers." "Powder is scarce, don't
waste it." "Aim at the handsome coats;" and the like passed from man
to man along the line, as the splendid array, tipped with glittering bayo-
nets, splendid with banners, and half shrouded in the flame and smoke
of crashing vollies, swept up the slope until nearly hand to hand.

At last eight rods, or only about one hundred and fifty feet inter-

■-^-'feS

OF massaciiusi-:tts. 83

vened. Each American inarksinan had long since chosen his man; and
with the butt of his tried tireli)ck closely pressed ag-ainst his burning
cheek, and the brown barrel moving as the British line swayed and
recovered, had kept his sight trained on brazen breastplate, pipe-clayed
belt, golden aiguillette or dazzling gorget.

The word was given. A sheet of fire swcjat from the face of the
redoubt, and the crash of 2,000 muskets was followed by that rapid and
deadly file-firing, which is more destructive than any concerted discharge.

Under that withering, point-blank volley, hundreds fell, and the
advance, broken and paralyzed halted, and vainly sought, by ill-aimed dis-
charges, to silence the American fusillade. For a moment or two the col-
umn held its ground; then a sudden thrill of fear seemed to melt it into
a mob of fugitives, which broke into fragments as it fled headlong down
that fatal slope, leaving behind the corpses of the dead, and the wounded
and dying. Howe's advance along the south bank of the ^lystic River
was scarcely less unfortunate, for the American artillery greatly annoyed
his light infantry, who fired with splendid .steadiness and regularity "as
if on parade." but did little execution on the stoical Americans. Man}'
of the latter were hunters of noted skill, and had seen service against
the French and their .savage allies, and all awaited the order to fire, with
the exception of a few impatient spirits, who were promptly restrained by
their officers. When the order finally came, Howe's column was pierced
and broken, and retreated in disorder to Moulton's Point, the present site
of the Charle.stown navy yard.

A second assault was at once ordered; the houses of Charlestown
were fired by incendiary shells, and by the torches of a body of marines,
landed from the Somerset man-of-war; and the American marksmen, who
had impeded the first advance, were obliged to join their comrades at the
breastworks. An easterly breeze, however, prevented the smoke of the
doomed town from annoying the Americans, and this needless devasta-
tion failed in any degree to screen the approach of the British who,
tinder the same leaders, again moved to the assault. It is said that when
the silent redoubt, lying tinder the sunlight, a low mound of newh--
broken turf and gravel, bordered by a line of grim faces and levelled
guns, a second time broke into flame, less than thirty yards intervened
between the muzzles of the British miiskets and the low parapet.

Again the deadly jets of flame pierced the smoke cloud formed by
the British fire, and the hoarse English cheers faltered and ceased, as the
survivors for a second time broke and fled; many, indeed, even seeking the
boats, from which a few hours before they had landed in utter confidence
of easy and certain victory. Colonel Abererombie, who had sneered at
"the cowardice of the Americans," was recognized in the attack, and.
while trying to hold his grenadiers to their hoiaeless task, was taunted by

84 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

some of the Americans. "Colonel Abercrombie, are the Yankees cow-
ards?" they shouted, as they pointed their long' g-uns and tired upon
him; but he escaped at this time. General Howe's repulse on the left
was equally disastrous, and two of his aids and several other officers were
killed at his side.

But the Americans had marched to the hill with only fifteen
rounds of loose powder and ball to the man, and the heavy fire had
exhausted the supply. Some had only one charge remaining, and others
at the most three or four. A few artillery cartridges were opened and
divided, and bullets and buckshot contributed by those who had private
supplies, and those troops having bayonets were posted at the breaks
between the breastworks and at the points most likely to be assailed.

General Putnam again and again attempted to bring re-enforce-
ments across the Neck, now enfiladed by the fire of the British vessels; and
again and again, jeering at the British fire, galloped across the narrow
causeway. A few companies were induced to follow, but several detach-
ments failed to come up in time, and some officers showed the white
feather at the supreme moment. Stark and his associates at the fences
seem to have been better supplied with ammunition, and Prescott, at the
redoubt, held his men steadily in place. The British officers were by no
means inclined to attempt a third assault, and several strongly remon-
strated against a movement, which could only result fatally to every man
who was exposed to that merciless fusillade.

Howe was courteous but determined; the boats were at Boston or
crossing with re-enforcements; and as the general calmly said, and many
officers agreed; "To be forced to give up Boston, gentlemen, would be
very disagreeable to us all." General Clinton came over to as.sist his
comrade-in-arms, and Piteairn's marines were to move to the attack from
the smoky ruins of Charlestown.

The men were ordered to lay aside their knapsacks, many even
divested themselves of their scarlet coats, and the artillery were ordered
to advance to short range and to enfilade the breastworks with grape. The
officers of the grenadiers and marines were ordered to hold their fire, and
to carry the works by persistent and repeated bayonet charges.

Still the English soldiers were depressed, exhausted, and almost
mutinous, and in many cases had to be driven forward by the swords of
their officers. That they were ever pushed forward to victory, was due
rather to the failure of General Ward to re-enforce and supply the force
engaged, than to any other cause. Prescott, perforce, held his fire at the
redoubt where Clinton and Pigott led their grenadiers, and Pitcairn
charged at the head of his marines. Fifty yards only separated the des-
perate assailants and Prescotfs men; at forty yards the furious faces
glared and grew pale at thought of the coming death; at thirty yards the

Paintimj by rhappell.

(lENEKM. '^l \KK.

OF MASSAC UL'SICTTS.

black muzzles menaced them as they dashed over the victims of the last
assault; twenty yards, and the last volley, fired point blank into their very
faces, staggered and pierced the column, and then the weak iile-iiring,
and furious but useless (i])j)osition of untrained bayonets, musket butts,
and rude missiles to the serried steel, and repeated vollies of the regu-
lars, hindered but could not prevent the occupation of the low redoubt.
Major Piteairn. who had lired the first shot at the Lexington militia, fell
back, mortally wounded, into the arms of his son. Colonel Abercrombie,
spared in the previous assaults, was also borne to the rear, conjuring his
comrades to spare General Putnam, if captured. Prescott now ordered a
retreat, cut his way through the bayonets, and escaped unhurt, with most
of his men, as did Otis and other gentlemen volunteers; but Warren,

HEVTIl OF OENEIJAL WAKUEN.

shot in the brain, fell dead in the rear of the captured redoubt.

Stark, on the left, for a time beat back Howe's desperate charges,
and doubtless saved the pierced and broken centre from annihilation;
but at last he, too, had to retreat, covered by Putnam and his Connecticut
troops, who seem to have borne, almost alone, the last fierce onslaughts of
the maddened English. At Bunker Hill Putnam tried to rally the
Americans. "Make a stand here! We can , stop them yet. For God's
sake form, and give them one shot more!" he cried, and taking his own
position near a field piece, seemed resolved on a further resistance.
Pomeroy strove to second him, but the pursuit was too close and the odds
too great. ^len were falling fast, and there had been no preparation of
a suitable reserve or secure line of defense.

88 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

A single field piece was drawn off, and served somewhat to check
the following regulars; and in the retreat many turned to fire upon their
pursuers, as long as a kernel of powder or a cartridge remained unburned.
At five o'clock, every American not killed, wounded, or a prisoner, had
left the peninsula, and Howe had reformed the remnant of his forces on
the crest of Bunker Hill. Clinton wished to push forward and attack
the main army at Cambridge, and Colonel Prescott asked Ward for fifteen
hundred men with bayonets, with which to recapture Bunker Hill; but
neither Howe nor Ward were anxious to continue into the night the stern
and fatal debate of that momentous day.

The loss of the Americans in this battle and in their retreat, was
finally estimated at 115 killed, 305 wounded, and 30 captured — a total of
450 men. The loss of the British was officially reported at 226 killed
and 82S wounded; 1054 in all; but there is little doubt that the real loss
was nearly 1,500 men.

Bunker Hill, while at first looked upon as a reverse to the American
arms, was in effect a victory. It destroyed the prestige of the British
regulars, who had previously been over-estimated even by Americans,
and demonstrated the .superiority of American marksmanship, and the
splendid courage of the militia of New England. British veterans who
had fought at Fontenoy, at Minden, and on other battle-fields of the old
world, declared that the French regulars were less to be feared than the
colonial militia; and there is no doubt, that if the loss of Bunker Hill and
its ultimate fortification by the English, lengthened the siege of Boston,
it also deterred Gage and his .successor, General Howe, from attempting
a sortie upon the continental lines, until they had become so strong that
even Howe shrank back dismayed from attempting to carry by assault
formidable defenses, guarded by the fire of the colonial infantry.

THE .SIEGE OF BOSTON.

After the battle, General Howe at once entrenched his troops on
Bunker Hill, and Putnam, taking a position on Prospect Hill, is said to
have made it almost impregnable. Winter Hill was occupied by the New
Hamp.shire men, who constructed works even more formidable, and at
Cambridge a redoubt near the colleges, was flanked by breastworks form-
ing a continuous line from the Charles to the Mystic River. General
Thomas, with two Connecticut and nine Massachusetts regiments, con-
structed strong works at Ro.xbury and on the Dorchester road, from which
before the close of the month, shots were thrown into Boston.

General Washington arrived at Cambridge July 2, 1775, and at
once entered upon his duties as commander-in-chief. He found a very
mixed assemblage of militia, minute-men, volunteers, and civilians who
came and went as they chose, including a considerable number of Indians

OF MASSACHrSKTTS.

i,i:nei:al wa^iiixi.ihn at Uui;riiEsri;ii iikr.uts.

By Gilbert Stuart.

and some negroes, numbering from fourteen to fifteen thousand effectives
at the outside. Few had regular tents, but all were soon comfortably
housed in structures of boards, stones, turf, brick, and branches of trees,
with or without sail-cloth coverings. They were particularly weak in
ammtxnition for small arms, having an avei'age of only nine rounds
apiece, when Washington took command.

General Ward commanded the right wing at Roxbury, General
Putnam the centre, and General Lee the left wing near Charlestown. Of
16,000 men enrolled, Massachusetts supplied 11,500. Connecticiit 2,300,

90 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

New Hampshire 1,200, and Rhode Island 1,000 men. Late in July, 3,000
recruits ai-rived from Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia, among them
the famous Daniel Morgan, whose riflemen were soon greatly feared by
the beleaguered regulars.

In August, General Richard Montgomery, with 2,000 men, set out
from Ticonderoga, and on November 12, entered Montreal in triumph.
At about the same date, Washington gave Colonel Benedict Arnold 1,000
New England musketeers, two companies of Pennsylvania riflemen, and
Morgan's sharpshooters, and sent them to attack Quebec, going in boats
and canoes to the headwaters of the Kennebec, and marching down the
valley of the Chaudiere. After terrible hardships, Arnold and Morgan
sat down before Quebec to await Montgomery, who joined them in De-
cember; and early on the morning of December 30, and in a terrible
snow-storm, the two small detachments of about 600 men each, surprised,
and tried to carry the works by storm. Montgomery, at one gate, nearly
forced his way in, but fell dead, pierced by three bullets; Arnold, at his
end of the city, fell severely wounded; but Morgan stormed the battery,
and fought his way far into the town. Had Montgomery's men been led
with equal vigor, Quebec must have fallen; but Morgan was captured,
and Arnold went into winter quarters to be re-enforced by Wooster and
Sullivan in the spring. Sullivan took command; but the British were
heavily re-enforced; the Canadians refused to take up arms against the
British; and the Americans were forced to evacuate Montreal and retreat
to Crown Point.

In the meantime. General Henry Knox, tne Boston bookseller, had
brought a great number of cannon from Ticonderoga, and in March
Washington determined to sieze Dorchester Heights, which commanded
Bcston and its harbor, even more effectively than Bunker Hill. Howe,
who in October, 1875, had succeeded Gage as governor, had advanced his
lines beyond the Neck and made Bunker Hill practically impregnable,
birt for some reason he had never occupied this position, and Washing-
ton had never before dared to begin a movement, which must perforce
bring on a battle, or compel the English to evacuate the city.

On ]\Iarch 4, 1876, 2,100 men with 300 ox-carts carrying timber and
forage and followed by the siege guns, occupied the heights, and the
batteries at Somerville, East Cambridge and Roxbury kept up a furious
cannonade; breastworks were thrown up, and many of the guns placed in
position. Lord Percy was ordered to take 3000 men and to storm the
works. This, very unwillingly, he essayed to do, but a storm j^revented
the landing of the troops, and the next day the American lines were de-
clared to be impregnable. On March 17, Howe evacuated Boston, leaving
behind him 200 cannon and an immense quantity of muskets, ammunition
and other military stores.

OF MASSACnrSlCTTS.

Durini^- ihis siege there wci'u many minor skirmishes, in whicli
the Amerieans almost uniformly had the advantage. The Stoekbridge
Indians, as early as June 2 1, 1775, had killed many sentries at the Neek,
two of them, it is said, luiving used bows and arrows, with which silent and
aboriginal weapons they killed four men, whose bodies they j^lundered.
On July 2, 1775, a British olhcer wrote "Mever had the British army so
ungenerous an enemy to oppose. They send their riflemen, five or six at
a time, who eonceal themselves behind trees, etc., till an opportunity pi'e-
sents itself of taking a shot at our advanced sentries, which done, they
immediately retire." On July S, some Alassachusetts and Rhode Island
volunteers under Majors Tupper and
Crane, attacked Brown's house at the
Xeck, only 300 j-ards in advance of the
fortifications, and then occupied by the
British advanced guard. Six Ameri-
cans crossed the marsh and got in the
rear of the giuard house, with orders
to fire it if possible. The others,
about 200 in all, secreted themselves
in the marsh about 200 yards from the
house. Two brass field pieces were
drawn softly over the marsh until
within 300 yards, and at a signal fired
two rounds of cannon-shot through
the wall. The regulars,' some forty-
five or fifty men in all. rushed out of
their quarters in confusion and ran
for dear life to the city. The volun-
teers burned the guard house, and
another building nearer the city, and
the party retired without losing a
single man.

The southern riflemen were no less active, and their fringed hunting
shirts, buckskin breeches and leggings and Indian moccasins, gaudily em-
broidered with beads and dyed porcujDine quills, deadly rifles, long knives
and keen war-axes, inspired such terror in the British camp, that the regu-
lars told with bated breath of "the shirt-tail men with their cursed twisted
guns, the most fatal widow and orphan makers in the world." It is said
that one rifleman, who had the misfortune to be taken prisoner, was
carried to England and exhibited as a curiosity.

After the capture of Boston some operations were carried on
a"-ainst the British fleet from the lower islands of the harbor, but, with
the exception of the attack on the Franklin at Point Shirley. May

-MA.i()i'.-(;ioxEi; Ai. riiAui.ios i.kk.

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

19, 1776, in which the enemy were beaten off with heavy loss, by
Captain Mug-ford of Marblehead, who was the only American killed; it
is believed that Boston has never been sought by a hostile force since the
evacuation of the city on March 17, 1776.

The number of "terms of service" furnished by each state during-
the war of the Revolution, is taken from Hildreth's U. vS. Vol. III. folio
441: New Hampshire, 12,497; Massachusetts, 67,907; Rhode Island,
5,908; Connecticut, 31,939; New York, 17,781; New Jersey, 10,726;
Pennyslvania, 25,678; Delaware, 2,386; Maryland, 13,912; Virginia, 26,678;
North Carolina, 7,293; South Carolina, 6,417; Georgia, 2,679; a total of
231,791.

WITH THE C-ONTIXEXT.VL AH.MY.

With the evacuation of Bo-ston, it becomes necessary to bid adieu
to the militia of the Revolutionary era, at least so far as the scope of this
article is concerned. The trials and hardships, the victories and reverses
of the Massachusetts Line of the Continental Army, would require many
Volumes to do them justice, and may hereafter be treated of to some extent
in a separate article.

Suffice it to say that there were few battles and sieges of moment,
in which the ^lassachusetts men did not take a creditable part; and their
ability to serve on land or water, and to act as artificers, made them most
valuable auxiliaries of the working forces, at all times, and under the most
trying circumstances; while their steadiness, loyalty and courage evoked
the highest praise from General Washington.

Under Wayne's fiery leadership, they assisted at the storming of
Stony Point, and bore with them their wounded commander, that he might
enjoy to the full his hardly-won victor)'.

Under Baron Steuben, they drilled assiduously, until some of them
are said to have attained a military steadiness and precision, which could
not be excelled by any troops in the world.

, , At Burgoyne's discom-

fiture and capitulation; at the
disastrous defeat and mas-
terly evacuation of Long '
Island; in the long and
weary marches of the Jersey
campaign; at ^"alley Forge,
and in the desperate winter
attack on Trenton, and in
the .siege, as.sault and final
capture of Yorktown, the men
of Alassachusetts bore a con-
spicuous and honorable part.

yT*

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WASiiiNT.Tov nisnAxnixo the continental akmy.

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REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

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AN INTERESTING liELIC.

The Recruiting Notice lierewith
repi-oduced, was purcliased at a late
sale of ancient furniture, bric-a-brac,
arms, pictures, etc. , and is of interest,
as depicting the uniform and equip-
ments of the Continental Infantry
and the school of the soldier at that
period. It will be noticed that the
old order "Load in ten motions" was
considerably more succinct than the
method of our Revolutionary ances-
tors, but the other exercises vary
very little from those of the Civil "War period. The
uniforms are of course those in use at the time, which
may be set at about A. D. i;;;-i78o, although there
was much variety in the uniforms of the soldiers of
'76; when they had any uniforms at all beyond their
ordinary clothing, or the hunting shirt and breeches
then largely worn, with perhaps a cockade of ribbon
or deer's tail in their hats or hunting caps.

The ai^peal made to the patriots of that time
is not lacking in the peculiar strain of lofty enthusi-
asm which is so observable in most of the patriotic
utterances of that day, which private correspondence
or tlie jDublic journals have rescued from oblivion,
and which were very nearly paralleled by like de-
liverances in iS6i-i<S63 on both sides of jNIason and
Dixon's line. wStill we can hardly deny that it also
shows that the appeals made to the young men of
that day were not devoid of considerable "blarney
and buncombe" and indeed on the whole less straight-
forward than the inducements held out to recruits
during the great Rebellion, and the Spanish-Ameri-
can war. Such a notice at the present day would ex-
cite suspicion or ridicule, and probably both, and
would meet with little success in inducing enlist-
ments.

fllAl'Tl-:!

\'I.

ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S DEl'ARTM ICXT.

By Col. William C. Capelle, Ass't Adj.-Gen'I.

FR(^M about the year 1636, when the Train Bands of Boston, with
matchlocks and pikes, assembled on Boston Common for their
weekly evolutions and training, down through the Colonial and
Revolutionary War periods, to the adoption of the Constitution
of these United States, Massachu-
setts had been withcnit a permanent
office of adjutant-general.

The fathers of the republic.
foreseeing the necessity for armed
force to maintain the rights and
liberties of the people, which had
been gained at such cost of blood
and treasure, and to hand them
down as a priceless heritage to
generations yet unborn, sought to
establish a force after the methods
of the old world. All able-bodied
male citizens between 18 and 45
years of age were enrolled and
formed into companies, regiments,
brigades, and divisions, and were
required to perform certain drills,
and to be inspected from time tn
time.

This necessitated the creation
of an ofifice, with a responsible head,
to take charge of and conduct the affairs of this militia, and, as it was a
matter of equal moment to the state and nation, the Constitution adopted
by the Commonwealth, June 14, 1780, required and provided for the ap-
pointment of an adjutant-general, who should enroll the militia, and make
the annual return of the strength thereof to the general government.

The service required of the militia was compulsory, and as
compulsory service is not looked upon with favor by a free people,
it grew more and more in disfavor, and soon, from the lack of the

cm,. WILLIAM ('. (■ Ari;i,i.E.

96 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

fostering care of the government, and the disinclination to serve, fell into
disorganization, and was, about the year 1840, abandoned, and a voluntary-
active militia organized, which became the nucleus of the efficient militia
of to-day.

The Constitution adopted provided for a commissary-general, and
an adjutant-general, the governor being empowered to apj^oint the latter,
prior to which there had been no permanent official as adjutant-general.

The first adjutant-general appointed was the Honorable Ebenezer
Bridge of Chelmsford, who had been a soldier in the struggle for inde-
pendence, in active service as colonel of the Middlesex County regiment in
1775-1776, and who brought to the discharge of his duties the experience
gained in the service of his country.

He was apparently a man of affairs, and was at the time of his pre-
ferment, a senator from the ^Middlesex District, and as such, and during
his term of office as adjutant-general, served on many important commis-
sions to decide boundary lines, settle disputes between towns, and devise
means for coast defense.

It was his fortune to be selected to bring order out of chaos in the
unsettled times following upon the revolutionary period, and to arrange
an office which has continued its functions uninterruptedly to the present
time.

The first act for the government of the militia under the Common-
wealth, is contained in chapter 2 i, of the Acts and Resolves of the Legis-
lature, Approved March 3, 1781, entitled: An Act for Forming and Regu-
lating the Militia Within the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and for
Repealing Any and All Laws Heretofore Made for That Purpose:

Whereas, in and by the Constitution of Government ratified and established by
the Inhabitants of this Commonwealth, it is declared that the Legislature shall, by
standing laws, direct the time and manner of convening the electors of Militia Officers,
and collecting votes and certifying to the Governor the Officers elected; and whereas,
by the establishment of said Constitution of Government, it has become that elections
should be made, and Commissions given out agreeable thereto; and whereas it is nt>t
only the interest, but the duty of all nations to defend their lives, liberties, and prop-
erties in that land which the Supreme Ruler of the Universe has bestowed on them,
against the unlawful attacks and depredations of all enemies whatsoever, especially
those who are moved by the spirit of avarice or despotism; and whereas the Laws now
in force respecting the regulating the Militia have been found insufficient for the pur-
pose aforesaid. It is therefore enacted by the Senate and House assembled, and by
the authority of the same, that the several laws and several paragraphs and clauses of
all and every of the laws of this Commonwealth, enforcing or in any ways relating to
the regulation of the Militia be, and hereby are repealed and declared null and void.
And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid —

That the Governor of this Commonwealth be, and he hereby is, empowered to
appoint a person of adequate accomplishments to the office of Adjutant-General; and
that he be directed to make just and true Returns of the state of the Militia as afore-

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 97

said to the Governor, or in his absence to the next commanding officer of the Militia
within this Commonwealth, on the first Monday of July each year successively, and at
all other times when he shall be thereunto ordered; and that he annually prefer his
account for services done, with proper vouchers, and certificates to the General Court
for allowance and payment.

Thu.s came into existence the authority for establishing the office of
the first adjtttant-general. and that General Bridge was a person of ade-
quate accomplishments is borne out by the fact that he had been a colonel
in 1775-1776, a senator in the years 1781, 1783, 1788 and 1789, a member
of the Executive Council in 1790, and again senator in 1792 and 1793.

On the 6th day of Jul}', 1782, the first step was taken toward provid-
ing for the defense of our coast, and by a resolve of the legislature for
raising of the Guards to be stationed at certain places on the seacoast in
the counties of Cumberland, Essex, Plymotith and Bri.stol, and the estab-
lishment of defensive points.

On the 20th of September, 1782, a resolve of the Legislature was
passed, requesting the governor to issue his order to the militia, in the
several counties of Suffolk, Essex, Middlesex, Barnstable and Worcester,
to hold themselves in readiness to march for the defense of the fleet in the
harbor of Boston, and to cause the forts and garrisons, in and about the
harbor of Boston, to be properly manned, and empowering his Excellency
to order any part of the militia to march into neighboring states, and
there do duty for a term not exceeding one month.

From this act it appears that the State government thus early set at
rest the question, as to the authority to order the militia beyond State
limits, which authority has been called in question so many times in
recent years, and may jjerhaps still be questioned, notwithstanding that
the following paragraphs of the United States vStatutes seem to cover the
ground : —

Whenever the United States are invaded or are in any imminent danger of in-
vasion from any foreign nation or Indian tribe, or of rebellion against the authority of
the government of the United States, it shall be lawful for the President to call forth
such number of the militia of the state or states most convenient to the place of
danger or scene of action as he may deem necessary to repel such invasion, or to sup-
press such rebellion, and to issue his orders for that purpose to such officer of the
militia as he may think proper.

Section 1644 of the same statute is substantially as follows:
The militia, when called into the actual service of the United States,
for the suppression of the rebellion against and resistance to the laws of
the United States, was subject to the same rules and articles of war as the
United States. Section 1648: Whenever the president calls forth the
militia of the States to be emijloyed in the service of the United States,
he was to specify in his call the period for which such service was to be
required, not exceeding nine months, and the militia so called, was to be

98 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

mustered in and continue to serve during- the term so specified, unless
sooner discliarged by command of the president. Section 1649: Every
officer, non-commissioned officer, 01 private of the militia, who failed to
obey the orders of the president, when he called out the militia into the
actual service of the United States, was to forfeit oirt of his pay a sum not
exceeding one year's pay, and not less than one month's pay, to be deter-
mined and adjudged bj- a court martial; and such officer was to be liable
to be cashiered by a sentence of the court martial, and be incapacitated
from holding a commission in the militia for a term not exceeding twelve
months; and such non-commissioned officer and private was to be liable
to imprisonment by a like sentence, on failure to pay the fines adjudged
against him. for one calendar month for every 82 5 of such fine.

In July. 1784, Adjutant-General Bridge was appointed by a resolve
of the General Court [at the request of the inhabitants of the County of
Lincoln ) as one of a committee of three, in behalf of the towns of Newcastle.
Walpole, Bristol, Waldoborough, Thomaston, the plantations of Ster-
lington and Boothbay, "to repair to the said towns, view their circum-
stances, and report a state of facts at the next session of the General Court,
the said towns defraying the expense that shall be incurred in performing
this business."

It is not necessary to trace the cause for appointing this committee,
or to search the records for the result; the mention of the fact serves to
show that the adjutant-general was considered of adequate accomplish-
ments to be entrusted with such important business of the State.

In the same year the adjutant-general was appointed by the General
Court as one of the commissioners to settle the boundaries of lands and pos-
sessions, beginning at the head of tide-water on the Penobscot River, and
to confer with the Indians relative to the relinquishment of any claims,
etc. Fr(;m this service he was relieved, there already being a commission
(Consisting of Benjamin Lincoln, Henry Knox and George Partridge) to
inquire into the encroachments made by the subjects of the king of Great
Britain on the territory of the Commonwealth.

On the 1 8th of March, 1785, the Legislature directed the secretary
to publish the Militia Laws, and to deliver to the adjutant-general seven
hundred copies of them, in order that they ma)- be furnished to the several
militia officers. On the petition of, and in behalf of the town of Athol.
and the district of Orange set off from said Athol, the adjutant -general
was again placed on a committee to hear, and finally adjust and settle, all
existing disputes; provided, as in former cases, that the expenses of the
adjudication should be borne by one or both of the parties, as the commit-
tee should deem just and reasonable.

Probably the last act of Adjutant-General Bridge, then a senator,
was on December i. 1785. when he was appointed on a committee to wait

I'ninliiHj I'u chaj'j'etl.

(tLN. :>rEL'BEX ANI> CAVAl.i;^ K>t Ul; 1 . IT.^u-lT.si.

OF MASSACHUSKTTS. loi

on (jovernor James Bowdoin wiih an answer to His Excellency's
speech. The report read: "The state of the militia has been attended to
by the Legislature, and an act has been jjassed to render it respectable."

On December iithof the same year, Israel Keith was appointed
adjutant-general. He had been a private in 1775, a sergeant in 1776,
a major from January to November, 1777, a lieutenant-colonel to May 3,
1778, and aid-de-camp and deputy adjutant-general to General Heath in
17S1.

On the 24th of October, 1786, was passed the law to which the
Legislature had given its attention "to render the militia respectable,"
and, as it so widely dil?ers from like enactments of the present day,
the following extracts in substance are given:

All officers and soldiers shall diligently attend divine services.

Whosoever, non-commissioned officer or soldier, shall use any profane oath or
execration shall incur the penalties expressed in the foregoing article, viz. :

First time one shilling to be out of his next pay (Note these laws apply to active
service), for the second offense not only a like sum, but be confined twenty-four hours,
and the same for every like offense, fines to be applied for the sick soldiers of his
company.

If a commissioned iifficer be guilty of profane cursing or swearing he shall for-
feit and pay for each and every offense four shillings.

That the militia was at times needed at this early date, and was
called out in aid of the civil power, and proved tiseful and effective, is
shown by the following message from the governor to the Legislature,
November 9, 1786:

Gentlemen of the Senate and Gentlemen of the House of Representatives: —

I have this day received a letter from Major-General Cobb dated at Taunton
the 30th of October, giving an account of his proceedings in calling forth the militia
for the protection of the Supreme Judicial Court in their late session there.

The condtict of the Volunteers, and of the several companies of militia that
were called forth for that purpose, deserves great commendation, and it gives me
pleasure to communicate the letter, that you may be informed how well and with
what spirit they distinguished themselves on that occasion.

The olfice of quartermaster was established in 1786, and Amasa
Davis of Boston, who prior to this had been captain and storekeeper, was
appointed to the office, and his pay fixed at twenty-four pounds a month.
He continued to perform the duties of his office tmtil April, 182 i, a peri(jd
of thirty-five years.

Three years before his death, January 31, 1S25, the dtities of the
quartermaster-general had been transferred to and inerged into the dutie.-;
of the adjutant -general, who held both positions from that date until April
19, 1 86 1, when John H. Reed of Boston was appointed.

"Shay's rebellion" required troops for its .suppression, and, as the
men called into service were entitled to compensation, their right thereto

102 REtilMENTS AND ARMORIES

was recognized, and pay provided for by the following enactment: Resolve
respecting the pay of non-commissioned officers, and the manner of pay-
ment: "Sergeants 48 shillings. Corporals 44 shillings, Drummers and
Fifers 44 shillings, and Privates 40 shillings per month." It was further
resolved that npon the rolls being made by proper officers, and approved
by the governor and council, "they shall be paid by the treasurer in specie,
with all the speed that is practicable, the most effectual measures possible
having been taken to borrow money for this purpose."

Inasmuch as Shay's rebellion grew largely from the indebtedness
of the people, and the depreciation of the public currency, it would ap-
pear that it was necessary, not only to hold out great inducements as to
pay, but also to give positive assurance that the pay would be in specie,
and to show that great efforts were being made to procure it.

In the same month, was established the pay of all officers and men
in actual service, and it perhaps may be of interest to military men of the
present day, to read the following table as taken from Chapter 50, Acts
of the Legislature, Approved February 25, 1787.

PANK AND FILE.

MAJor-Geneial. .
Brigadier-Genenil -

Adjutiint-Generai

Deputy Adjutant-Gener.il

Quartermastei-Genenil

Deputy Quarteim.ister-General

Biisadier-Majdr

Aide-de-Camp

Brigadier-Quartennasier

Colonel

Lieutenant Colonel

Major

i:i

1.5

1.)

RANK AND FILE.

Captain

Lieutenant

Ensign

Adjutant

Quaitermasler

Surijeon

Suri;e'.>n's Mate

Sergeaiit-Major

Quai termaster-Sergeant .

Drum Major

Clerk

File Major

1:3

1.3

In addition to the above tlie same rations as allowed the last establishment for the Continental Army.

On the 9th day of March, 1787, the Legislature authorized the com-
missary-general to contract for rations, for the army called into service
during Shay's rebellion, and established the following as the rations:

One pound of good bread or flour, per day.

One pound of good beef, or three-foi:rths of a pound of pork, per da}-.

One gill of rum or brandy, per day.

One gill of peas or vegetables, or equivalent per day.

Two quarts of salt, to one hundred men per day.

Two quarts of vinegar, to one hundred men per day.

Four pounds of soap, to one hundred men per day.

Two pounds of candles, to one hundred men per day.
The commissary-general or deputy was empowered and directed
to supply an equivalent of the rations, to the satisfaction of the corps of the
army, in any other species of provisions in lieu thereof.

OF MASSACHrSlCTTS

105

The CDinmissary-gencral at this period was Ivichard Devens, and it
was the custom to elect this official annually. After 1787, the duties of the
commissary department were performed by the quartermaster-ijeneral and
a deputy commissary.

The rations having been established and contracts made, it became
necessary to provide, in the absence of rail transportation, the transporta-
tion of rations by carts, as they were termed.

The following calculations were made for supplying the troojjs in
the field, showing the number of carts required for from five hundred to ten
thousand men, from one day to ninety days, allowing three pounds to the
ration, and eight hundred pounds to a cartload.

C.\I.CrL.VTIOXS OK TIIK NTMBKl; OF CAKTS UEcjriRKD TO CAURY PROVISION'S FOR THE FOLLOWIXG

NU.MBKi; OK MKX.

SCMBKK OF MEN t\»R

> >

J 1 s

e
>

•<

S
>

»3

C
>

Hi
ttl

■.;

5 3
> >

09 VI

10,000 Men.
A.OOO JIpii.
4.000 >Ifii.

19
1.5
12
8
4
2

75
38
30
23
16
8
4

113
67
4.-I
34
23
12
G

ir,n !««•■»•'>(;

■'d'l

:iim :«« :!77ii4i:! l.'.L' tm'.-,2n 5C4 (;no'{;:-,s'i;7s

7 11; 7-.ll'll2.-,'22.-.(l 3375

Carts

7:. :m [l:; |.;j
,; , 7.;, :,n in-,

|:,ii V/i
l-.'n l:l'.

Isv -'117 ■'■'(; "4,', 'n:; ■',-;■' :;(in
l,-,n ].;--. isn VX, L'ln -i-K, lHh
11:; \n 1;.'. 117 i:.s V\\\ ]Si)

:ii:i ;■;:»

Ljj 2l'l.i

;,-,^ :;7-, ;,(;:: 112:, 1638

■js;,' iiiii i-,,r ! 1360

214 2.'.:., :j:k1 676 1014

2.(HK) Men.
1 000 :^Ien

Carts

l.'i

38 45
19 23

61
31

68
18

s.; ;<n 'K Id.-. 11:: i->ii
VJ 4". I'l ."..; '■>'. ';n

128
64
32

135
68
34

143
72
30

150
75
3.S

lis

4.50 675
226 33!)

.VX) Men.

Carts

•J I

21'

:"!0

113 171

The above table made, allowing 3 pounds to the ration and 800 pounds to a cartload.

On March 28. 1787, Israel Keith resigned his office by addressing to
the governor this communication:

Sir:—

My own affairs require so much of my attention, as to render it incon-
venient for me to hold the office of adjutant-general any longer. I will therefore
esteem it a favor if your Excellency will discharge me from that office.
I am. Sir. Your Excellency's most humble servant.
His Excellency Gov. Hancock. ISRAEL KEITH.

The resignation was promptly accepted; and orders were issued
April 3, 1787, by Governor Hancock, to the major-generals of all the divi-
sions of the militia, appointing William Donnison, Esquire, of Boston, ad-
jutant-general. Up to this date there was apparently little care exercised
in the keeping of ro.sters of commissioned officers, and that there should
be no mistake in case of this appointment, the governor, on April 3, 1788,
communicated to the secretary the following request:

Mr. Secretary will order a commissiim to be made out immediately fur William
Donnison as adjutant-general, with rank of brigadier-general, and send it up as soon
as made out. and do you sign and enter it.

Although the militia had existed for some time, and officers had
been commissioned therein and discharged therefrom, there existed
in the office of the adjutant-general no complete roster of such mat-
ters until June i, 1779. when the following order emanated from the office:

io6

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

The major-generals throughout the commonwealth are directed to make a
return to the adjutant-general as soon as may be, of the manner, dates of commis-
sion, and place of abode of all officers actually in commission within their respective
divisions, together with the number and "denomination" of the corps to which they
severally belong. Blanks will be furnished by the adjutant-general for the purpose.

DIVISIONS OF THE

.WILITIA IN 1789 WITH THE STRENGTH OF THE SAME AS
RETURNED TO GOVERNOR HANCOCK

DIVISIONS.

MAJOR GENERALS.

TRAIN BANDS.

ALAR.11 LIST.

TOTALS.

First

Benj. Lincoln

2,905

1,819

4,724

Second

Jona. Titcomh

No return

Third

Jolm Brooks

3,,S51

2,220

6,071

Fourth

Wm. Sliepard

6.270

2,9ie

9,180

Fifth

Dana Cobb

6,726

3,565

10,291

Si.xtli

Ichabod Goodwin

Nu return

No return

Seventh

Jona. Warner

0,756

2.905

,s,661

Eighth

Wm. Liihgrew, Jr.

No return

Ninth

John Ashley

2,788

1,281

4,069

STRENGTH OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS MILITIA BY

i'EARS FROM 1790

TO 1830 INCLUSIVE.

YEARS.

NUMBER OF
DIVISIONS.

STRENGTH.

YEARS.

NUMBER OF
DIVISIONS.

STRENGTH.

YEARS.

NUMBER OF
DIVISIONS.

STRENGTH.

1790

9 Divisions

13,023

1803

10 Divisions

.52,654

1817

13 Divi<;ions

70,836

1791

27,084

1804

56,691

1818

73,365

1792

9 "

60,548

1805

58,637

1819

71.993

1793

44,285

1806

59.887

1820

48,140

1794

44,380

1807

64,650

1821

52,708

1795

9 "

37,745

180S

62,378

1822

53.770

1796

43.893

1809

58 842

1823

.54.728

1787

42,668

1810

61,,S50

1824

53,837

1798

47 651

1811

61,557

1825

55,060

1799

48,715

1812

60.650

1826

55,255

1800

50,682

1813

70,348

1827

54.935

1,801

52,670

1814

71,927

1828

7 ■• 54.344

1802

53,279

1815

69,180

1829

7 • 54,311

1816

70,068

1830

7 " 49,560

The jil)0ve is from actual returns; when made, ami vstimate.I rruiii thv nearest return when aiiniial returns were not inaile.

From the returns received by and in response to the above order,
the first roster of officers was nndoiibtedly prepared, coverinij the period
from 1/8 1 to 1789.

Although Israel Keith, the predecessor in office of General Don-
nison, was discharged in ^larch, 1788, it appears from the record
that he was not paid for his sevices at the time, but was forced to wait un-
til this year (1790^, when it was allowed by the committee on accounts:

"To Colonel Israel Keith, adjutant-general, for his services from
April 25, 1787, toj'e 29, March, 1788, 66 pounds, 15 shillings." Neither
did General Donnison receive his pay very promptly, as in March, 1790,
we find he was granted 108 pounds, 5 shillings and 6 pence, for his ser-
vices as ad jtttant -general in full, including office rent and sundry expen-

OF MASSACIU'SRTTS.

107

ses and money advances. John lioyle's account for sundry articles ol
stationery, supplied to the adjutant-general's office for the militia, to July
22, 1789. amounting to 74 pounds, 4 shillings and 8 pence, was also al-
lowed.

These allowances were simply acknowledgements of the debt, as
petitions are found later, praying that the grants made by the General Court
may be paid, and in response, a resolve was passed, that the "Treasurer be
directed to pay the grants out of the first monies that shall come into the
Treasury, not already appropriated." A condition certainly not encourag-
ing to those to whom the money was due.

juiiN HANCOCK, (jUVEi:.nui; ur m.v.ssac uusetts.

The Committee on Accounts allowed the adjutant-general for his
expen.ses from January i, 1790, to January 1, 1791, 120 pounds; for station-
ery, 21 pounds, 18 shillings, i penny.

From February 12, 1790,10 1792, considering that there were that
yearnine divisions, with a strength of 13,023 officers and men, the amount
does not seem extravagant. For 1791, the allowance w-as 125 pounds.

March, 1792, an act was passed by the Legi.slature "that no alien

io8 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

or Quaker, so-called, shall be held to do military duty iu the militia of this
Commonwealth."

The militia was not at this time in a satisfactory condition, for on
February 5, 1793, the attention of the Legislature was called to its
defects by a message from Governor Hancock, in which he said:

I would submit for your consideration a revision of the laws respecting the
militia of the Commonwealth. By turning your attention to this important object
perhaps you may discover such defects as will be expedient to remedy. If the Legis-
lature should be of that opinion, and should appoint a committee for that purpose, I
will direct the adjutant-general to attend the committee, and to lay before them such
information as he may be possessed of on that subject.

That the Legislature did discover the defects which -were hinted at
by the governor, appears from the bill passed on June 22, 1793, entitled,
An Act for Regulating and Governing the Militia of the Commonwealth,
and for Repealing All Laws Heretofore Made for That Purpose, which pro-
vides: —

There shall be one adjutant-general and one quartermaster-general for the
whole militia.

And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that the adjutant-general
shall be commissioned with the rank of brigadier-general, and it shall be his duty to
distribute all orders from the commander-in-chief of the militia to the several corps;
to attend all public reviews, when the commander-in-chief shall review the militia,
or any part thereof ; to obey all orders from him relative to carrying into e.xecution,
and perfecting the system of military discipline established by this act; to superin-
tend the annual inspection of the militia; to furnish blank forms of the different
returns that may be required, and to explain the principles on which they should be
made; to keep such rosters and records as are proper to be kept in his office; to
receive from the several officers of the different corps throughout the State, returns of
the militia under their command, reporting the actual situation of their corps, their
arms, ammunition and accoutrements, their delinquencies, and every other thing
which relates to the general advancement of good order and discipline; all of which
the several officers of the Divisions, Brigades, Regiments, Battalions and Companies,
are hereby required to make in the usual manner, or as the commander-in-chief shall
direct, so that the said adjutant-general may be fully furnished therewith, from all
which returns he shall make proper abstracts, and a general return of the whole mili-
tia of the Commonwealth, and lay the same before the governor or commander-in-
chief, and to forward a duplicate thereof to the President of the United States.

This fully established the rank of the adjutant-general, and defined
his ditties, and for his services this year he received the sum of 160
pounds, an increase of 10 pounds over the previous year.

The matter of coast defense was considered of grave importance in
1794, as it is at the present day, and efforts were made at that time, as
now, to induce Congress to take the necessary action to render ortr har-
bors .safe from the encroachment of foreign foes. On April 10, 1794,
Governor Adams addressed a communication to the governors of New

OF MASSAClll'SlCTTS.

109

York and Pennsylvania, requesting' their co-operation
the desired end, a copy of which is here given: —

hnnsrin"' about

Sir:-

HosUm, April 10, 1794.

In reviewing the political situation of the United States in their relations to
that of Great Britain, we have reason to apprehend that the continuation of peace
cannot be long expected, unless events shall prove more propitious than they promise
at present. This complexion of public affairs has induced Congress to take meas-
ures for our defence by passing an act for fortifying the harbors of several States,
and if I may judge from accounts received through the medium of newspapers, the
Legislature of your State, at their last session, made some provision for the same
purpose. Having it in intention to lay the matter before the General Court of this
Commonwealth, which will be in session in a short time, I am desirous of being able
to inform them of the nature and extent of the views of your Legislature on the sub-
ject, in hopes that this State may not be behind any other in the Union in making
suitable provisions within itself for the defence of the seacoast.

Your communication on this subject, as soon as convenient, will be very agree-
able to your Most obedient and very humble servant,

SAMUEL ADAMS.

To Thomas Mifflin, Esq., Gov. of Pennsylvania,

and George Clinton, Esq., Gov. of New York.

June JJ , 1794. by Senate Resolve, the Battalions of the militia were
furnished with colors, as per the following act:

Resolved, that the Quartermaster-General of this Commonwealth be, and he
hereby is, authorized to furnish each Battalion of the Militia with uniform colors
upon which on one side shall be the Arms
of the United States Reversed with the
Arms of the Commonwealth, together
with the Number of the Regiment, Bri-
gade, and Division, at the Expense of the
Commonwealth, not exceeding fifteen
dollars each, and the Commanding Officer
of the Battalion, who shall receive
Colours, shall give duplicate Receipts for
the same, one to be Lodged with the
Quartermaster-General, and the other
with the Major-General of the Division
to which the said Commanding Officer
belongs.

That provisions were made
for the defense of the coast will
appear from a letter from James
Winthrop, the owner of Governor's
Island, who with expressions of loy-
alty, and submission to the neces-
sities of the government, consents to
the use of his property, but fails not sa.muel adam.s.

no REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

to make known that he expects to be indemnified for any damage to hia^
grounds in repairing the defensive works.

General Donnison ; — Cambridge, Aug. 5, 1798.

Sir;—

As I conceive it to be the duty of every good Citizen to submit to the estab-
lished government, in plans which may seem necessary for the common defense, it is
impossible for nie to refuse my consent that His Excellency should send laborers and
artificers to Governor's Island (of which you justly consider me as the proprietor), for
the purpose of repairing the works there. As damage will probably be done by these
people travelling over the grass and in other respects, I must consider the Govern-
ment, as engaged by your letter, to indemnify me. But you will be pleased to con-
sider that I do not in any degree consent that a garrison be placed there till the terms
are explicitly settled upon which I am to be compensated, and the number of soldiers
and their limits defined as far as the case will admit

Perhaps the course of the Fall or Winter may suspend the necessity of par-
ticular stipulations on these points, if the Continental Government should close with
the act of our Legislature to make it their own. As the repair of the works will
require no more digging than is necessary to replace the dirt that has fallen down, the
consent that I have given will not extend to digging sods and peeling the surface of
the ground, as was done in the last war.

JAMES WINTHROP.

On March 30, 1799. Adjutant-General Donnison issued orders from
his office in Roxbi:ry that, "By the regulations of the Troops of the United
States the black cockade with a small Eagle in the centre is established as
a military badge. In conformity to the regulations the Commander-in-
Chief orders that the .same be established as a part of the uniform of the
Militia of this Commonwealth, and cockades of any other description are
forbidden to be worn."

This was the first insignia or device introduced in the militia, and
is to-day, so far as the "Eagle" is concerned, the cap device of the regular
and militia officer alike.

In the absence of all official reports of the adjutant-general on the
militia for these early years, but little is known of its discipline or effi-
ciency, but it is apparent, from correspondence and official orders, that the
adjutant-generals were not remiss in their efforts to maintain a proper
military establishment; perhaps not all that could be desired, but such as
was possible with the limited means at their command.

In January, 1803, Adjutant-General Donnison, called upon Quarter-
master-General Davis for cjtiarters, informing him that, "The Commander-
in-chief having appointed a Board of General Officers to sit on Military
Business on Monday, the 14th of February next, at 10 o'clock a. m., and
a suitable place is wanted for them to sit in, I have thought of the
Senate Chamber of the Old State House, now occupied by the Board of
Health. I, however, request you to provide a place, and all such accom-
modations as may be needed, and a subaltern (juard for the Board will be

C1F MASSAcnusF/rrs.

Ill

necessary. I wish to know the place immediately, in order to insert it in
the order appointing the Board, and I on!}- wait fur the place, in order to
send out the orders, they being all prepared."

In 1803, when this cimference was called, the militia coiii[)rised ten
divisions with 52,654 officers and men. In 1812 it had increased to seven-
teen divisions, and 60,650 officers and enlisted men.

Regarding the responsive service of the militia in the war of 1812-
14, it may be proper to say here that the 9th, 21st and 40th Regiments
U. S. Infantry were raised in Massachusetts proper, and the 33d, 34th and
45th in Maine, then a province of the Commonwealth, as was also Capt.
Rufus Mclntire"s company of artillery, and Capt. ^Vlex. Parris' company
of artificers. Capt. Thomas Pitts' and Lieut. Bartlett's companies of ar-

THE SlKKEXnER OF BURGOYNE.

tillery were also raised at large in Alassachusetts and Maine, and thirteen
hundred infantry and artillery were drafted for three months to man the
forts in Boston Harbor, and were mustered into the United .States service.
During the summer and autumn of 18 14, twenty thousand men were
drafted at various times for periods ranging from twelve to fifteen days
and upwards, equally proportioned between Massachusetts and Maine.

General William Donnison resigned as adjutant -general, and was
-discharged February 15, 18 13, and on the 23d of the same month the Hon.
John Brooks was appointed his successor.

General Brooks had an enviable record as a patriot and soldier. He
appears on record as a sergeant of "Minute men," April ig, 1775; major
in Colonel Bridge's regiment May 26, 1775; lieutenant -colonel in Jackson's
regiment; lieutenant-colonel, commanding 7th Regiment, November 11,
■■775; colonel 7th Regiment. 1781, and afterward major-general of the

112 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

militia; and after serving a little more than three years as adjutant-gen-
eral, was elected governor of the Commonwealth, and appointed Ebenezer
Mattoon of Amherst as his successor, June 17, 18 16.

General Mattoon had been a soldier of the Revolution. He was
recorded as a private from May 7 to July 8, 1777. and having marched to
re-enforce the northern army, was promoted to be a lieutenant in Nathaniel
Wade's Regiment, Sept. i, 1778, to October 31, 1778,3 first lieutenant,
November i, 1778, to June 1779; and at the date of his appointment a
major-general of the JMassachusetts militia.

During the administration of the adjutant-general's office, General
Brooks had ijrocured legislation, which enabled him to furnish to the mili-
tia a book of instruction, entitled "The Elements of War, etc." which he
distributed in June, 18 13.

On the i6th of June, 18 13, the salary of the adjutant-general was
established at two thousand dollars annually, to continue until the close of
the war and no longer, and was to be paid in equal quarterly payments.

The existing condition of war again brought the defences of the
Commonwealth into prominence, and Governor Strong approved, June 16,
1813, a resolve of the Legislature, viz: —

■'Resolved; that the governor, with advice of the council, be, and he is hereby
authorized to erect such fortifications, and establish such batteries as may be deemed
necessary for the defense and protection of such towns within this Commonwealth, as
are most exposed to the invasion of an enemy and the casualties of war, and to pur-
chase, mount and furnish for the use of such towns a competent number of pieces of
ordnance with other suitable munitions of war, and to establish upon headlands,
capes, and other convenient places, a line of signals, by which to give timely notice
to vessels navigating along the coast of the enemy's approach. And in case the
president of the United States should refuse or neglect to transmit to this Common-
wealth the proportion of arms to which the same is entitled by a law of Congress
passed April 23, 1808, then, and in that case, the governor is hereby authorized and
empowered to purchase such number of fire-arms for the use of the Commonwealth,
as from the returns of the militia thereof, shall appear to be necessary. And in order
to carry into effect the purpose aforesaid, the governor is hereby authorized to employ
one or more discreet and faithful persons, who shall be skilled in the science of engi-
neering and gunnery, and who shall be entitled to a reasonable compensation for their
services. .\nd the governor is hereby fully authorized to provide a sufficient guard for
all arsenals, parks of artillery and military stores, the property of this Common-
wealth, as the same may from time to time become necessary.

"And the treasurer of this Commonwealth is hereby authorized and empowered
to borrow of any bank or banks in this Commonwealth, a sum of money not exceed-
ing one hundred thousand dollars, to be applied to the purpose aforesaid, and
accounted for accordingly.

"The aforesaid money to be borrowed in such sums as the governor, with advice
of council, shall direct, and the governor is hereby authorized from time to time to
issue his warrant upon the treasury, for such sums as may be deemed necessary for
carrying into effect the purposes aforesaid.

OF MASSACHL'S1':TTS.

"Rest>lved,that the adjutant-general be requested to consider and report to the
General Court at their next session, what alterations are necessary in the militia
system of the Commonwealth, and also the best method of organizing and disciplin-
ing a select corps of troops bearing a proportion of the whole number of the militia
of said Commonwealth as one to five, and also the best method of organizing the
exempts. ■■

That there wa.'? a neces.sity lor the above, i.s evidenced by the fact
that on the 3d day of Sej)tember. NS14, the next year, il. M. S. "Draj^on,"
with an advance of British liyht troops (60th Regiment 1 and the naval
force, sailed up the Penobscot, cajjtured the town of Bangor, and paroled
Charles Hammond, and one hundred and ninety other inhabitants of that
place, not to take up arms against the British or their allies during the
war, unless exchanged, and extorted from the selectmen, an agreement
with a bond of thirty thousand dollars, for the delivery to the commander
of the British Naval force in the Penobscot River at Ca.stine, by the last
day of October, of the vessels then on the stocks in Bangor.

February 25, 1814, the Legislature authorized the adjutant-general
to procure at a cost of Si. 50 each "A Treatise on Courts-Martial and Mili-
tary Law." From and after the 3d day of May, 18 14, the apartment at
the north-west corner of the State House, on the lower floor, was appropri-
ated as an office for the adjutant-general, and the room adjoining the
same under the west stairs, was used as an oifice for the quartermaster-
general.

An act of the Legislature, approved by Governor Strong, October
18, 1S14, provided: that when the militia are in actual service they should
receive the same pay and rations as allowed to the regular troops of the
United States, and the value of the ration was to be considered at twenty
cents, with fifty cents per month to those arming and equipping
themselves, and keeping so armed and equipped. In addition to the
regular pay, an allowance was made to those who furnished themselves
with a suitable uniform and blanket: sergeants four dollars per month,
corporals and privates three dollars and seventy-five cents per month.
Those who did not furnish themselves, were allowed two dollars and fifty
cents per month. When discharged from actual service, they were to be
allowed pay and rations at the rate of fifteen miles per day.

February 3, 1818, Fitch Hall, Esq., of Medford, who had been aid-
de-camp to Major-General John Brooks in the militia, was appointed act-
ing adjutant-general, and continued to perform the duties until the ap-
pointment of General Alattoon's successor. In the month of June follow-
ing, and later, on account of the illness of Adjutant-General Mattoon, he
was appointed to sign orders in the same capacity from ilay 3, 18 18, to
June i2,iSi8, when Wm. H. Sumner was appointed adjutant-general.

February 16, 182 1, the Council ordered that "The Honorable

114 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

Messrs. Sullivan and Greenleaf be appointed a committee to attend with
the adjutant-general the examination of the military stores and ammuni-
tion, and all other property of the Commonwealth then in charge of the
quartermaster-general, preparatory to a transfer of the same to the care
and charge of the adjutant -general, agreeably to an act of the Legisla-
ture, passed the i6th of February, and to report to the governor and
council the deficiency, if any, to be found in the amount of the said property,
according to the exhibit of the same, which was to be presented by the
quartermaster-general, and also the general condition of the property, and
to receive the receipt of the adjutant-general for all the property which
was transferred to him after the examination."

Thus the duties of quartermaster-general, which had been per-
formed since 1786 by Amasa Davis of Boston, were transferred to the
adjutant-general, where they have continued (with the exception of war
periods, when it was necessary to divide the duties) ever since.

There seems to have been an occasion for stock taking about this
time as the records show that on April27, 1821, a little morethantwo
months later, the Senate in concurrence with the House passed the follow-
ing:

Resolved, that His Excellency the Governor be, and he hereby is, authorized
by and with the consent and advice of the Council, to appoint two reliable persons to
make a full and complete inventory in kind, quantity and quality, of all public prop-
erty now in the department of the Quartermaster-General, and to draw his warrant
(in the treasury for the amount of their reasonablecompensation for the services which
they may render in virtue of this resolve.

Resolved, further, that the Adjutant-General be, and he hereby is, authorized
and empowered to employ an additional clerk in his office until the end of the first
session of the ne.xt General Court.

June 23, 182 1, the adjutant-general, for the first time in his dual
capacity, was ordered to furnish blank cartridges to the army for salutes,
and to provide a collation at the State House as usual on the occasion of
the celebration of the anniversary of the Independence of the United
States, a duty which had hitherto been performed by the quarterma.ster-
general.

May 17, 1822, the adjutant-general, was directed to turn over the
advanced arms and military stores which had been assigned to the new
State of Maine, formerlya part of the Commonwealth; and on August 22,
1822, a uniform was prescribed for the officers and men of the militia,
which .so far as is known, was the first attempt to recover uniformity in
dress.

June 14, 1S23, an order was issued by the Executive Council, di-
recting the adjutant-general to turn over all papers and documents bearing
on the expense of the militia of the Commonwealth during the late war,

OF MASSAC'IU'SICTTS.

iMARQins JEA\ PAUL LAKAYETTE.
Visited linstoii ill lS2-'i.

to Hon. George Sullivan or Josejih H. Pierce, agents, to prosecute the
claims of the Commonwealth against the United States for expenses
growing out of said war. That tliis was done, the receipt of this commis-
sion plainly shows.

Received of William H. Sumner, Adjutant-General of Massachusetts, four
trunks marked number one, two, three, and four, and two chests containing all the
papers and documents in his charge, pertaining to the subject of the claim of the
Commonwealth against the United States as directed, as the said Sumner represents.

(Signed) GEORGE SULLIVAN, Agent.
(Signed) JOSEPH H. PIERCE, Agent.
Boston, June 14, 1823,

Of these original papers and documents, no retained copies were
taken at the time, and none are found for consultation, and in after years.

ii6 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

when Congress enacted laws for the payment of pensions to the survivors
of the war or widows of the deceased soldiers, there was no evidence or
data available in the archives of the Commonwealth, upon which to base
or establish a claim for pensions, nor would the authorities of the United
States furnish copies of the rolls surrendered by the Commonwealth; and
■ until other means were devised for overcoming these objections, this
was a serious obstacle in the proving of individual claims.

March 4, 1862, the Council by resolve, appropriated $4,400 for the
use of the quartermaster-general's department, for the purpose of repair-
ing the public buildings and defraying the expense of that department;
the governor, with the advice of the Council, to draw his warrant upon the
treasurer for the same in favor of the adjutant-general, in such sums
and at such periods as the public services may require, for the application
of which he was to be accountable, and provided that no part of the ap-
propriation should go to the expense of a collation on the Fourth of July.

There appears to have been a deficit this year, as there was a bal-
ance of S354.65 due the quartermaster-general, as appears from the ap-
propriation for 1827, when $5,241.65 was appropriated for the use of this
department; $354.65 being the balance due him in the settlement of
accounts for the past year, the residue of the sum first mentioned to be
used in repairs of public buildings, and for defraying the expenses of the
department, the governor to draw his warrant in the usual manner, and
the ad jiitant -general to be held accountable for its application. IMarch
10, 1828, $3,989. 18 was appropriated for the building t)f four new gun
houses, repairs on public I:)uildings, and defraying the expenses of the quar-
termaster-general's department, and a further sum of $1,460.80. the bal-
ance of ajjpropriation for 1827, remained on hand unexpended, making a
total of $5,449.98. It is evident that the officers of the time kept well
within their appropriations, and that there was a necessity for them to do
so, but the sums then appropriated cannot be considered liberal.

Although the last war with Great Britain had ended fifteen years
before, its entailment of troubles had not ceased, and we find that there
were rumors reflecting on the conduct of officers of the militia, having a
part therein. There were matters requiring examination and accounting
in the payment of money by delinquents, and the use of the same in the
hiring of substitutes.

March 5, 1830, (yovernor Lincoln approved the report of a commit-
tee of the Legislature and the resolve thereon, which was dated February 19,
1830:—

The select committee of this House to whom was committed the report of the
treasurer in relation to the militia fines, beg leave to represent: — That from the
examinations made, they have good reason to believe that many fines were paid by
delinquent soldiers to their commanding ofificers, which were never appropriated for

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 117

the hirin,c; of substitutes; they would tlierefuro reci->niniend the adoption of t lie fol-
lowing resolve: —

Per order of the Coniniittee,

ELI R, HAMILTON, Chairman.
"Resolved. That the adiutant-i:;eneral be directed to ascertain, so far as in his
power, to whom the militia lines were paid and not appropriated agreeably tu law,
and give information of the same to the attorney and solicitor-general, and that the
attorney and solicitor-general be directed to institute suits against all persons in
whose pi)ssession the aforesaid fines may be (if such person or persons, in the opinion
of the adjutant-general and the attorney and solicitor-general, be able to pay), pro-
vided the same are not paid into the state treasury by the first day t)f July next."

It appears that the adjtitant-general sought to eomply with the
resolve of the Legislattire, by publishing ouee a week for two months in
the "Palladittni," "Patriiit," and "Traveller," a letter asking for infi)rnia-
tion as to the hiring of stibstittites in the late war, 181J-1814. Xothing
eame of this inqtiiry, as no information was elieted by the advertise-
ment in the papers, and a report "inexpedient to legislate" was made by
Representative Kimball, ^March 15, 1S32.

The House of Representatives of the Legislature was at this time
apparently in a mood for investigating the state departments, as on June
5. 1830, it ordered: "That the adjutant and quartermaster-generals lay
before the Hottse on the first day of the next session of the General Court,
a statement of all expense which has accrued to the Commonwealth for
the la.st three years, in relation to the departments of the adjutant-general
and quartermaster-general and the militia, — stating under distinct heads,
the salaries and compensation of the adjtitant and qttartermaster-general,
his clerks and others appointed by him, the expense of printing, the ex-
pense for stationery ftirnished and all other contingencies, the expense of
coitrts martial, courts of inquiry, and all other military boards, allowan-
ces to adjutants, brigade majors, and all other staff officers; for painting
artillery, the expense of powder, musical instrtiments, standards and all
other articles furnished for the militia at the charge of the Commonwealth,
and all other expenses of his several departments." This applied to the
years 1828, 1829 and 1830, and was followed two days later by a similar
order for a statement of all expenses which had accrued to the Common-
wealth of ^lassachusetts proper for the three years previous to the year
1 82 I, Vv'hen the duties of the office of quartermaster-general were trans-
ferred to the adjutant-general, in relation to the department (^f the adju-
tant and acting qttartermaster-general and to the militia tinder the head-
ings as required in the previous order.

It appears of record that the adjtitant-general complied with the
orders of the Legislature, and laid before the House of Representatives
the required statement in figures, wliich was i^robably satisfactory, as no
record is found of any further inquiry.

:i8

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

Commonwealth of Massachusetts,

Headquarters, Boston, February 5, 1833.
General Orders; —

William H. Sumner, Esq., having on the 20th day of Decem-
ber last tendered his resignation of the office of adjutant-general, the duties of which
for many years past he has faithfully performed, and having since that time continued
in the exercise of these duties at the request of the commander-in-chief, has now
been honorably discharged, the Hon. Henry A. S. Dearborn has been appointed by
the Commander-in-Chief Adjutant-General of the Militia of this Commonwealth,
and he will be respected and obeyed accordingly.

By His Excellency's command,

ROBERT CHARLES WINTHROP.

Senior Aide-de-Camp to the Commander-in-Chief.

STRENGTH OF THE MILITIA FROM ....1S35 to ....1844 INCLUSIVE AS SHOWN FROM
ABSTRACTS, FROM ANNUAL RETURNS.

BATTAL-

COMMISSIONI^D

N. f. 0. ML-S.

J-:Nm)LLKU

YKAUS.

I>I\-1SI0N.-..

lil:in.\.l.KS.

liliGIMKNTS.

loss.

CO.Ml'ASIfc;S.

OFFICKltS.

AND
ritlVATES.

AGGlttGAn:.

MILITIA.

13.3.1

„

G13

2I.SI

42.730

44.911

•18 IC

1(1

G13

2181

42,730

44,911

tl837
tl.'B.S

Ifi

G.S

1(1

48(1

1746

45,875

47,621

47.621

ttlS40

122

541

6,714

7,265

80,602

1841

1.3

107

933

5,349

6,882

81,313

1S42

109

557

5,592

6,149

80.568

184:j

108

521

5,693

6,214

81,500

lb44

1.5

112

599

5,773

6,372

81,411

• Returns for 1.836, incoraplcle .and insufticient. .Streiifc'tli t'stimatftl .is of previous yedrs.
t Insiiffleieiit returns,
tt Frnni 1S40 iliitfs Ilu- present active military system.

General Henry A. S. Dearborn had been a brigadier-general in the
militia commanding the first brigade M. V. M. from July 21, 1814, to
October 29, 1822, and, doubtless, from his exiDcrience in the service, was
fully cognizant of its needs.

Governor Davis having been elected United States Senator, resigned
his office March 4. It was announced tt) the militia, in orders: that "His
Excellency John Davis, having resigned the office of governor of this
Commonwealth, the constitutional power and authority of the commander-
in-chief of the militia devolves upon His Honor Samuel T. Armstrong,
lieutenant-governor, etc."

In the years 1835 and 1S36 the adjutant-general alleged, as the
chief and most important objections to the then existing militia laws,
that a much greater military force was provided than the exigencies re-
quired; that they were unequal in their operation; that the term of service
was unnecessarily long, and that the expense of arms and equipments
with the loss of time was extremely onerous. There were also then, as
now, objections on the part of employers to the enrollment of their employ-
ees, parents to the enrollment of minors, and masters of their apprentices,
and discipline had been almost entirely abolished.

Ill- MASSAClirSlCTTS. 119

If ihe adjutant-g'cncral was tlissatislicd willi Ihc existing conditions,
it did not deter him from the exercise of zeal and energy as acting
qiiartcrmastcr-general, in providing against the time when tlie militia
should (nice more reco\-cr its stantlard and become a credit to the Common-
wealth, as we find him this year (owing to great changes that had been
made in the form and construction of field pieces, gun carriages, etc.,)
drawing from the United States, gun carriages, a caisson, with implements,
eqi:ipment and harness, and the drafts for a six-pounder brass gun, and
entering into arrangements with a foundry in South Boston for the casting
of several six -pounder brass guns from the drafts or plans furnished by
the United States; and this, not frt)m a view that they would be required
for immediate use for the common duty of the militia, but that it was im-
portant that there should be in the vState Arsenal complete trains of field
pieces, as well as muskets, rifles, pistols and swords, for the speedy and
perfect armament of troops of all arms, which might be suddenly called
into service for the enforcement of law, suppression of insurrection, or to
repel invasion. He also recommended the sale of land at South Boston
Point, acquired the year before, on which had been erected a temporary
earth battery for the defense of the city, and of the powder magazine in
Roxbury (the one on Captain's Island in Cambridge being considered suf-
ficient for the needs of the State); that the wharf of the magazine on Cap-
tain's Island be repaired and extended; that the gun house of the dis-
banded Artillery Company in Danvers be sold with the land on which it
stood; and he also sold the old magazine in Charlestown at auction for
S300.04. At the same time he disposed of the old iron cannon, gun car-
riages and other condemned military articles, deposited in the gun house
in Xewburyport, for $186.14, to be appropriated for the purchase of
artillery stores.

In his report to the Commander-in-Chief, dated September 12,
1S36, after stating the measures proposed for a new system for the
militia of the entire country, and the advantages which would accrue to
}»Iassachusetts by its adoption, he says:

"In all governments, personal safety, the security of property, the
preservation of the public peace, and the exemption of foreign outrage, are
dependent upon powerful military establishments.

"This jjrinciple has been recognized and acted upon in all ages, and
among all nations. When, therefore, the national and state constitutions
were formed, it became a most grave and important question, as to the
kind of force it was most proper to establish in a republic, and after well
matured deliberation, it was unanimously decided that it should consist
of a well organized militia. To this Arm is not only the sword of justice
confided, 'to execute the laws,' but on it was imjDosed the duty, 'to sup-
press insurrection and repel invasion.'

,2o REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

"How important is it, then, that a subject of such moment should
claim the serious consideration of every citizen who wishes for the sta-
bility, happiness and prosperity of his country! Yet, has not the great
error of the government and the people been an utter negligence of not
only the militia, but of all our institutions. The army and navy have
been themes of vituperation, rather than objects of honorable attention.
No encouragement is held out for distinguished exploits; and no reward
for long and honorable services, either by rank, promotion, public favor
or respect; while a more perfect organization of the militia has not re-
ceived the least attention from the national legislature, for forty-four years;
notwithstanding every president has earnestly recommended the subject to
its most serious consideration. This prevalent hostility or indifference to
military institutions has left the country unprepared to enforce the laws,
or to prosecute war with foreign nations, or the Indian tribes within our
borders, with that vigor and success, which the ample resources of the
country can afford.

"Notwithstanding the disasters of the past, and after a quarter of
a century of peace, we were on the eve of a war last winter, without the
means of defense or attack.

"Our ablest and best men, from the days of Washington, have fore-
warned us of our duty; and whether the general government fails to e.xer-
cise the power devolved upon it by the constitution or not, Massachusetts
should no longer delay the adoption of such measures as the exigency of
the times requires."

Fi-om 1830 to 1840, a period of ten years, the militia of the Com-
monwealth, under the system which had obtained, was in a ccmdition of
utter demoralization. It was lacking in drill and discipline, and but little
if any attention was paid on the part of commissioned officers to the
duties required of them, and its condition was such that, in the opinion
of the adjutant-general, some action should be taken by Congress to
enforce order, as all attempts made by the Legislature to remedy existing
defects had proved unsuccessful.

In regard to the system of drills and tactics, the following General
Order, issued May 10, 1839, is interesting:—

The system of instruction for infantry and light infantry adopted for the regu-
lar army, was based on that of France, and in neither is there anything said in rela-
tion to the manual of arms for light infantry or rifle corps, for the reason that there
are no battalions or regiments denominated light infantry or riflemen in either ser-
vice. There are, however, in each regiment in the army of the United States, flank
companies, which are denominated light infantry and riflemen, but they are e.xercised
and manoeuvred as battalion companies, except when thrown out as skirmishers to

OF MASSACIU'SKTTS. 121

act as light infantry, or riflemen; at all other times they conform to the movements
of the regiment in the same manner as the other companies. And as the manual of
arms is only practised in close order, in contradistinction to e.xtend order, as
skirmishers, it was not deemed necessary to make a separate manual for light infan-
try and riflemen; but there being entire regiments composed of light infantry and
rifle company in the militia of Massachusetts, a manual was required for them when
on parade, other than that prescribed for the infantry of the regular army, and the
following has been prepared by Assistant-Adjutant Cooper, as an addition to his
system of tactics for the militia, and will be observed by those corps as a part of the

system.

Ry order of the Commander-in-Chief,

H, A. S. DEARBORN,

Adjutant-General.

General Dearborn, in transmitting to the Commander-in-Chief hi.s
annual report for the year 1839, says: —

■'The causes of the continued deranged and degraded condition of the militia,
which have been repeatedly stated in former reports, have been still more lamentably
active and deleterious in their consequences during the past year, as will appear from
the very general dereliction of duty exhibited in the annual statement of the returns,
and of the remarks copied from those returns,

"By the returns of the several major-generals, it appears that in May last, no
inspection returns were received from five entire brigades, twenty regiments of in-
fantry, three regiments and one battalion of light infantry and riflemen, one regiment
of cavalry, and two regiments and one battalion of artillery, embracing 177 companies
of infantry, 32 of light infantry, 9 of rifles, 8 of artillery, and 4 of cavalry, making
230 companies, being nearly one-half of the whole number composing the militia,
whose returns have been taken from those of former years." It can no longer be ex-
pected that this important arm of defense can be re-established on an efficient basis
until there shall have matured a more acceptable and perfect system.

"It is not to be inferred from the humiliating statements which have been
made in relation to the present state of the militia of this Commonwealth, that there
is any deficiency in the requisite martial elements, for there is as much of enlightened
patriotism, and as zealous a disposition among the citizens as at any former period,
to have the militia placed on a perfect and substantial foundation, and to elevate its
character to as high a point of perfection as it is capable of attaining. To this end
it is only necessary for the general government to exercise the plenary power which
has been devolved upon it by the Constitution in such an ample manner as the emer-
gency demands, to receive the ardent co-operation of the people in the accomplish-
ment of that most desirable result." It is not sufficient, he says, "that laws for
merely prescribing the manner of organization are adopted, the troops must be armed
and disciplined at the expense of the United States."

The act of March 24, 1840, provided that the active militia of the
Commonwealth should consist of volunteers or companies raised at large,
but that the whole number should not exceed ten thousand m.en, and that
every other able-bodied white male citizen, between the ages of eighteen
years and forty-five years (with the exception of certain exempts) should
be enrolled by the assessors of the respective towns in which they reside,
and that the return of such enrollment be annually transmitted to the

122 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

adjutant-general in the months of .May or Jnne. Those enrolled were
not to be required to supply themselves with arms or equipments as for-
merly, and were not to be called upon to perform any duty whatever,
unless called upon by due process of law in the event of war, invasion,
riots, or in aid of the civil power, and in all such cases the Volunteer
Corps were the first to be ordered into service, it being understood that
it would never be necessary to detach any part of the reserves constitu-
ting the enrolled, except when the country might be invaded, and even
then it was believed that the additional force necessary could be better
raised by voluntary enlistment.

Under this essential change in the military system of the Common-
wealth, an order was adopted in council on the 24th of April, in which it
was directed that the then existing divisions, brigades, regiments, and
companies of the infantry of the line should be disbanded, thus wiping
out at one fell swoop all that had previously existed, and entering at once
upon the new system, by providing that the volunteer companies be
arranged into three divisions, six brigades, two battalions of cavalry,
two regiments, and six battalions of artillery, eleven regiments and
two battalions of light infantiy. This was immediately carried out,
and it only remained for the Legislature to elect the major-generals
to perfect the system, so far as organization was concerned, and thus
came into existence the militia which has been handed down to the
present time.

The committee on the militia, to which was referred the communi-
cation of the adjutant-general concerning the organization of the militia,
having duly examined and considered the same, reported the following
plan of organization of the volunteer corps of the militia in Massachu-
setts, in conformity to the "Act in addition to the several Acts concerning
the Militia" of March 24th, 1S40, and the twelfth chapter of the revised
statutes: —

The present organization to be abolished; all the divisions and
brigades, and the regiments and companies of the infantry of the line
disbanded and the ofiicers discharged; and the regiments, battalions, and
companies of volunteers to be organized into three divisions, six brig-
ades, one regiment and one battalion of cavalry, three regiments and six
battalions of artillery, and eleven regiments and three battalions of light
infantry, grenadiers and riflemen, as follows: —

FIRST DIVISION.

To comprise within its bounds the counties of Suffolk, Norfolk.
Plymouth, Bristol, Barnstable, Nantucket and Dukes, and to consist of
the first and second brigades.

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

123

FIKST niilC.ADE.

The first brigade to comprise within its bounds the comities of
Suffolk and Xt)rfolk and tlic town of HiiiL^liam in tiie county of Ply-
mouth, and to consist of the following- corps: —

First Battalion of Artillery, to include the three companies of
artillery in Boston.

Second Battalion of Artillery, to include the three companies of
artillery in Roxbury, Dorchester and Weymouth.

First Regiment of Light Infantry, to include the companies of
light infantry and riflemen in Boston and Chelsea. To this regiment the
corps of Lancers in the city of Boston shall be annexed.

Second Regiment of Light Infantry, to include the companies of
light infantry, grenadiers and riflemen in Roxbury, Dorchester, Quincy,
Hingham, Randolph and Stoughton.

First Battalion of Light Infantry, to include the companies of light
infantry and riflemen in Dedham, JNIedfield, iledway, Walpole, Belling-
ham and Needham. To this battalion the company of cavalry in Frank-
lin and the company of artillery in Waltham shall be annexed.

SECOXn BKIGADE.

The second brigade to comprise within its bounds the counties of
Plymouth (excepting the town of Hingham), Bristol, Barnstable, Nan-
tucket and Dukes, and to consist of the following corps: —

Third Battalion of Artillery, to include the three companies of
artiller}' in Abington, Hanover and Plymouth.

Third Regiment of Light Infantry, to include the companies of
light infantr}', grenadiers and riflemen in Abington, Plymouth, Pem-
broke, Hanson, Halifax, West Bridgewater, North Bridgewater, Plymp-
ton, ^liddleborough and Wareham.

Second Battalion of Light Infantry, to include the companies of
light infantry and riflemen in Attleborough, Dighton, Mansfield, Taunton
and Fall River. To this battalion the company of artillery in Norton
shall be annexed.

The Divisionary Corps of Independent Cadets, in the City of Bos-
ton, shall be attached to the first division.

SECOND DIVISION.
To comprise within its bounds the counties of Middlesex and
Essex, and to consist of the third and fourth brigades.

TIIIRB BRIGADE.

The third brigade to comprise within its bounds the county of
Middlesex, and to consist of the following corps: —

First Regiment of Artillery, to include the four companies of
artillery in Charlestown, Watertown. Lexington and Concord.

124 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

Fourth Re^ment of Light Infantry, to include the companies of
light infantry and riflemen in CharlestoAvn, Cambridge, Concord, Fra-
mingham, Maiden. South Reading, Holliston and Woburn.

Fifth Regiment of Light Infantry, to include the companies of
light infantry and riflemen in Lowell, Pepperell, Townsend, Chelms-
ford, ^larlborough and Westford. To this regiment the company of
cavalrv in Townsend, and the company of artillery in Groton, shall be
annexed.

FOUKTH BRIGADE.

The fourth brigade to comprise within its bounds the county of
Essex, and to consist of the following corps: —

First Battalion of Cavalry, to include the two companies of cavalry
in Georgetown and Wenham.

Fourth Battalion of Artillery, to include the three companies of
artillery in Salem, Lynn and Gloucester.

Fifth Battalion of Artillery, to include the two companies of artil-
lery in N'ewbiiryport and Andover.

Sixth Regiment of Light Infant.y. to include the companies of
light infantry and riflemen in Salem. Lynn. Danvers, Marblehead, Rock-
port, Beverly and Manchester.

Seventh Regiment of Light Infantry, to include the companies of
lio-ht infantry and riflemen in Topsfield, Ipswich. Bradford, Haverhill.
Boxford and Rowley.

The Divisionary Corps of Cadets, in Salem, shall be attached to the
Second Division.

THIRD DIVISION.

To comprise within its bounds the counties of Worcester. Hamp-
den, Franklin and Berkshire, and to consist of the fifth and sixth
brigades.

FIFTH BRIGADE.

The fifth brigade to comprise within its bounds the county of
Worcester, and consist of the following corps: —

Sixth Battalion of Artillery, to include the three companies of
artillery in Lancaster, Leominster and Barre.

Eio-hth Regiment of Light Infantry, to include the companies of
light infantry, grenadiers and riflemen in Worcester, ilendon. ^lilford
and Holden. To this regiment the company of artillery in Milford shall

be annexed.

Ninth Regiment of Light Infantry, to include the companies of
lio-ht infantry and riflemen in Ashburnham. Barre. Fitchburg, Leo-
minster, Princeton, Shrewsbury, Templeton and Westminster.

OF MASSACnrSETTS. 125

SIXTH lUlKiAUK.

The sixth brigade to comprise within its bounds the counties of
Hampshire, Hampden, Franklin and Berkshire, and to consist of the fol-
lowing corps: —

First Regiment of Cavalry, to include the four comiianics in Con-
way, Coleraine, Chesterfield and Williamsburg.

Second Regiment of Artillery, to include the four companies of
artillery in Springfield, Belchertown, Westfield and Alonson.

Third Regiment of Artillery, to include the five companies of
artillery in Northampton, Northfield, Greenfield, Buckland and Plainfield.

Tenth Regiment of Light Infantry, to include the companies of
light infantry and riflemen in West Springfield, Springfield, Ware, East
Longmeadow, Brimfield, Blandford, Ludlow and Southampton.

Eleventh Regiment of Light Infantry, to include the companies of
light infantry and riflemen in Deerfield, Conway, Coleraine, Leverett,
Heath, Sunderland and Montague.

Third Battalion of Light Infantry, to include the companies of
light infantry in Adams, Pittsfield and Lanesborough.

As the existing companies of artillery constitute a much larger
portion of the whole number of volunteers than is deemed necessary or
expedient to maintain, it is desirable that at least twenty-two of those
companies should be changed into light infantry or be disbanded; and a
request being made for either of those purposes, by any of such com-
panies, as may wish to avail thereof, will be favorably received, and the
committee recommend that His Excellency, the Commander-in-Chief, be
advised to issue his orders accordingly.

For the Committee,

D. A. SIMMONS.
Council Chamber. April 7, 1840.

In Council, April 17th, 1840.

This report is accepted, and His Excellency, the Commander-in-
Chief, is advised to issue his orders accordingly.

JOHN P. BIGELOW, Secretary.

General Order No. i : —

The Commander-in-Chief having approved the fore-
going advice of Council, orders that the same be carried into effect, and that the
first, second, and third divisions of volunteers be organized without delay.

The officers of the divisions, brigades, regiments and companies, which have
been disbanded by said order, are hereby honorably discharged.

The officers in whose possession are the colors of the regiment of the infantry
of the line, which have been disbanded, will cause them to be sent to the office of the
adjutant-general, who will defray the expense of their transmission.

The drums and fifes, or other musical instruments belonging to the Common-
wealth, in the possession of the standing militia companies that have been disbanded,
will be delivered by the commanders thereof to the selectmen of the towns and the

126 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

mayors of the cities within which those companies are situated, by whom they will
be retained until otherwise ordered, excepting those of the companies in Boston,
which must be sent to the State Arsenal in that city.

By order of the Commander-in-Chief,

H. A. S. DEARBORN,

Adjutant-General.

Commonwealth of Massachusetts,

Headquarters, Boston, April 24. 1840.

General Order No. 2 : —

1st. By the act, in addition to the several acts concern-
ing the militia passed on the 24th of March last, and the general order of this date,
which is hereto annexed, a very essential change has been made in the militia sys-
tem, and the zealous co-operation of the officers, non-commissioned officers, and pri-
vates of the volunteer corps, which are to constitute the active military force of the
State, is required, and confidently relied upon by the commander-in-chief, to render
that force as efficient in discipline, and as respectable in conduct and appearance as
was anticipated by the Legislature when the liberal measures for accomplishing those
important objects were adopted.

2d. Colonels Freeman White of the second regiment of light infantry in the
first brigade and second division, Benjamin Adams of the fifth regiment of light
infantry in the third brigade and second division, and Charles Kimball of the ninth
regiment of light infantry in the fifth brigade and third division of volunteers, will
respectively assume the command of those divisions until a brigadier-general has
been chosen and commissioned in each of them.

3d. The Act of March 24, 1840, having increased the number and changed the
rank of subalterns in the companies of artillery, light infantry, grenadiers and rifle-
men, the existing officers are consequently abolished, and the present lieutenants and
ensigns in those corps are hereby honorably discharged. The several companies of
artillery should therefore forthwith proceed to elect one first and two second lieuten-
ants each; and the companies of light infantry, grenadiers and riflemen, one first,
one second, and one third lieutenant, each, in conformity to the provisions of the
seventeenth section of the aforesaid act, which will be the twenty-second section in
the new digest of the militia laws now being printed for distribution to all officers of
the volunteer militia.

4th. It being very important that the organization should be early completed,
the commanders of divisions will immediately issue the requisite orders for filling all
the vacancies of company, battalion, regimental and brigade officers, and cause the
returns of the officers, which may be chosen, to be forwarded to the adjutant-general
as soon as possible.

5th. The company, returns, required by the general order of the 28th of
March last, being indispensably necessary for carrying fully into effect several very
essential provisions of the militia laws, such commanders as have not transmitted
them will hasten to do so.

6th. The arms which are furnished to the volunteer companies will be deliv-
ered, on the requisition of the commanders, whenever the bond required shall be
presented to the adjutant-general, and a certificate from the town clerk, that a suit-
able armory, or place of deposit for such arms, has been provided by the town in
which such companies are situated, or in some other manner. Blank forms for the
bond will be furnished by the adjutant-general to the commander of the companies
when applied for. As there is not a sufficient number of sabres, pistols, swords and

OF MASSACUrSlvTTS. 127

rifles, for supplying: all the companies of cavalry, artillery and riflemen, they will be
distributed by lots, and the remaining companies furnished whenever the requisite
number shall have been received from the United States for that purpose.

By order of the Commander-in-Chief,

H. A. S. DEARBORN,

Adjutant-General.
General Order No. 3 ;—

The following described uniform, omitting the minor details, was prescribed
bv the commander-in-chief April 24, 1840.

Stjij of tl.v Comiiuiidci-iii-Chii-f.
Adjutant-General— The same uniform as that for a brigadier-general, except-
ing that the plume will be white.

Aides-de-Camp— The same as that of the staff of general officers, excepting
that the plume will be yellow.

Mjjoi-Ci'>h'rah.

Coat — dark blue, double-breasted, two rows of buttons, nine in each row, to be
placed by threes, stand-up collar to meet and hook in front. Cuffs — two and one-half
inches deep, and to button with three small buttons, to button at the under seam,
pointed cross-flaps to the skirt, with four buttons, equally distributed, with buff turn
backs, with a gold star on buff cloth on each skirt; two hip buttons to range with the
lower buttons on the breast, collar, cuffs, and facings of the skirt, buff cloth ; lining,
buff; buttons gilt, ornamented with the crest of the arms of the state. Epaulettes —
gold, with two silver stars on the straps. Hat — cocked without binding, black ribbon
on the two front sides, black silk cockade, ornamented with a gold loop, and a silver
spreadeagle; tassels, gold. Plume — white and black, black tip half the length, droop-
ing from an upright stem eight inches in length. Trousers — dark blue cloth with a
buff stripe down the outer seam, one and a half inches wide, and welted at the edges.
Sword — straight gilt hilt; sword knot, gold; sword belt, black patent leather; plate,
gilt. Sash — buff, silk net. Gloves — buff. Spurs — yellow metal or gilt.

Biigadiei -Generals.

Dress — The same as for major-generals, excepting that the coat is to have ten

buttons placed on the breast in pairs. Epaulettes — the same, excepting that there

shall be one silver star on the straps. Plume— Red and white; the white tip half the

length, drooping.

Staff of GL-iural Offia-rs.

Uniform — The same as that of their generals, excepting that the coat will be

single-breasted, with a row of nine buttons placed at equal distances. The buff on

the collar to extend four inches on each side from the front; the rest of the collar

blue; sash, red, silk net work.

Ariillerv.

Coat — Dark blue cloth, double-breasted, two rows of buttons, ten in each row;
standing collar, to meet in front, with hook and eyes; two loops four inches long on
each side of the collar, with a small button at the end of each loop. The collar edged
all around with red ; plain round cuffs three inches deep; slashed flap on the sleeve,
six and one-half inches long, and two and one-quarter inches wide at the points; four
loops and four small buttons on the slashed flap on the sleeve for field and staff offi-
cers; for captains, slash four and one-half inches long with three loops and three but-
tons; subalterns, slash three and one-half inches long, with loops and two buttons;
slashed flap on the skirt, with four loops and large buttons; the slashed flaps on the
sleeves and skirts to be edged with red on the ends, and indented edge. Two

128 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

large buttons at the waist, red turn backs and linings, gold shell and flame at the bot-
tom of the skirt; loops on the collar and flaps to be gold lace, half an inch wide; coat
lined with red ; buttons the same as for general officers. Epaulettes — According to
rank and pattern, as hereafter described. Cap — Black patent leather, seven and one-
half inches deep, ornamented in front, gilt cross cannon crest, and number of the
regiment. Plume — Red cock feathers, falling from an upright stem ; eight inches
long, with a gilt socket, gold cord and tassels. Sword — According to the pattern furn-
ished by the U. S. Sword Belt — White leather two and one-half inches wide, plate,
gilt ornamented with cross cannons. Trousers — Deep blue cloth, with a red stripe
down the outer seam, one and one-half inches wide, and welted at the edges. Spurs
— Gilt. Stock — Black silk. Gloves — White. Sash — Crimson silk net. and tied on the

left hip.

Ughl Infaiitiy.

Dress — The same pattern as for artillery, the edging, turn backs, stripes on the
trousers, and linings are to be white, lace, silver. Ornaments on the skirt, a silver
bugle. Buttons, spurs, and sword-belt, plated. Sword, same as for artillery ; orna-
ment, a silver bugle and number of regiment, silver; silver cord and tassels. Plume —
White, tipped with red. Gloves — White.

Rijlemeii.

Uniform — The same as for infantry, except that the color of the cloth for the

coat and trousers is to be green; and the edgings, turnbacks, linings, and stripes on

the trousers, red.

Giciiadit'r.

Uniform — The same as for infantry, except that the edgings, turn backs, lin-
ings, and stripes on the trousers, buff.

Ca'jaUy.

Dress — The same as for artillery, excepting that the color of the cloth for the
coat is to be green, with the collar, cuffs, turn backs, linings, and stripes on the
trousers, red. Cap — Same as for artillery; ornament, gilt cross sabres, drooping
white horsehair pompon, with a stripe red hair to show in front. Sabre — Of the pat-
tern furnished by the United States.

'BadgL- of 'T>isliiictioii.

Epaulettes — General officers, as described. Colonels — Gold bullion half an
inch in diameter, three and a half inches long; plain lace strap, ornamented with the
crest of the State arms. The number of the regiment within the crescent; crest and
number to be silver when the bullion is gold, and gold when the bullion is silver.
Lieutenant-Colonels — The sam.e as the colonel, omitting the crest. Majors — The same
as the lieutenant-colonels, as to shape and size. The strap to be of silver lace, when
the bullion is gold, and of gold lace when the bullion is silver. The number on the
strap to correspond in color with the bullion, the border of the strap to be the same
color as the bullion. Captains — Plain lace straps and solid crescents; bullion one-
fourth of an inch in diameter, and two and a half deep. The number of the company
on the strap, which is to be gold when the bullion is silver, and silver when the
bullion is gold. Subaltern — The same as the captains, except that the bullion is one-
eighth of an inch in diameter.

All officers of a military rank to wear an epaulette on each shoulder.

yligiiili^tli'i.
Staff Officers. General as well az regimental will be distinguished by
aiguilettes. Aiguilettes of general staff officers twisted gold cord, with gilt tags

OV MASS.\CHrsi-:TTS. 129

worn on the right shoulder under the epaulette. Aiguilettes of Regimental Staff
Officers, twisted gold and silver cord, with gilt tags, worn as by general staff offi-
cers.

Uiii/oriii of 'J^oii-Comiiiissioiit-d Olficcrs and 'Viivatt-s.

Sergeant Majors, Sergeant Quartermasters, Drum and Fife Majors. The same
as established for field officers, except that of the musicians, who will substitute bind-
ing for lace. The epaulettes to be the same pattern as that of the subalterns, except-
ing that yellow and white worsted will be substituted for gold and silver bullion.
Aiguilettes on the west shoulder of worsted. The color of the epaulettes, with gilt on
silver tags, according to the color of the aiguilettes. Cap — Of the same pattern
designated for the officers, with worsted cord and tassels. Plume — Upright hackle
twelve inches long, and of the color of the regimental officers. Coats of the musi-
cians of the artillery and riflemen, red, with blue edgings turnbacks, linings, and
stripes on the trousers; of the grenadiers, buff, with green edgings, turnbacks, linings,
with stripes on the trousers. Company Non-commissioned Officers, Musicians, and
Privates. The skirt of the coats of company, non-commissioned officers, and musi-
cians, and privates to extend only within seven inches of the bend of the knee.
Epaulettes — Worsted, of sergeant corresponding in pattern with those of captains, and
of corporals, the pattern of subalterns. Privates, worsted straps, with pad and half
fringe, the color of the worsted to correspond with that of the officer's epaulettes.
Caps — The same pattern as for officers, worsted cord and tassels, the ornament and
number of the regiment to be of the color of the button of the regiment. Plumes —
Worsted, eight inches long, of the color of those of the officers.

From the first of May to the first of October the officers, non-commissioned
officers, musicians, and privates may wear plain white linen or cotton trousers.

Urtaadc Bands.

Will wear the uniform prescribed for the company musicians in the artillery,
excepting that the collar, cuffs, turnbacks; and stripe on the trousers will be of light
blue cloth; the number of the cap will be that of brigade, and the plume will be red
and white upright tackle, twelve inches long, the white tip half the length.

The masters and deputy masters to wear worsted epaulettes; those of the
former to be of the pattern of captains, and the latter of subalterns. Scarlet worsted
sashes; aiguilettes on the left shoulder of yellow worsted with gilt tags.

The brigadier-generals may make such additions in ornaments as they may
judge proper.

The uniform now established and worn by regimental and company officers
may continue to be, but when other regimental officers are commissioned, and other
companies organized, or new uniforms are to be obtained for a whole existing com-
pany, they inust be in conformity with this order.

A circular dated April 24, 1 840, was addressed to all commanding
officers, enclosing orders, informing them of the disbanding of all pres-
ent divisions, brigades, regiments and companies of infantry of the line,
and of the reorganization of the active militia, with new divisions and
brigades.

The reorganization was carried into effect with commendable dis-
patch, the volunteer companies co-operating with alacrity, and vieing with
each other in perfecting the new condition. Many of them informed the
adjutant-general of their intention to procure, without delay, the new

I30 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

uniform prescribed, biit begged permission to parade at the next in-
spection in some plain but uniform dress, and until sufficient time was
had to obtain the regulation uniform. To this the adjutant-general had
no objection, and the request was referred to the Commander-in-Chief for
the necessary permission, a custom, it would appear, even in the most
trivial matters pertaining to the militia; as little, if anything, was under-
taken without first obtaining the sanction and authority of the governor
and council, but a mode of procedure which at this day would sadly ham-
per and retard the interests of the service. The permission sought, how-
ever, was granted, as it is found that Captain Andrew Chase, Jr., of the
Roxbury Artillery, was informed May 14, 1840, that his command "is
authorized to wear any neat uniform dress on the day of the inspection,
the last Wednesday in May, but before the next common parade, it will
be necessary that the uniform prescribed in general orders of April 24,
should be procured by the company." It is needless to say that the com-
pany procured its uniform in time.

All this year General Dearborn was busy with the reorganization,
disbanding old, and forming new companies, issuing the necessary blanks
and orders explaining the law and the dress, and giving information on
many matters. It is not, therefore, surprising that he should be com-
pelled to furnish from his own private purse, compensation for an assist-
ant to aid him in a work beyond the power of any one man, but the fact
evidences the want of appreciation of such labor on the part of the law-
makers, who failed to provide for the additional work entailed.

The returns for the year show that the number of volunteers was
7,255, and the number enrolled in the reserve 83,602, making an aggre-
gate force of 90,857, and arms were supplied to volunteer companies
applying, as follows : Muskets, 2,445; rifles, 120; sabres, 128; pistols,
256; artillery swords, 160. From now on a zealous and determined spirit
was awakened to increase the number, and to improve the appearance,
discipline and efficiency of the new active voluntary militia, and to carry
into successful operation the system that had been entered upon with
such cheering prospects, relieving, as it did, 90,000 persons from loss of
time and expense, and improving a distasteful, onerous, and unsatisfactory
duty.

From the sales of obsolete, worn out and useless military stores,
the adjutant-general purchased "eight pairs" six-pound field pieces, one
twelve-pound howitzer (cast at a Soiith Boston foundry), and "five pairs" of
field carriages with caissons, harness, and implements complete, from the
United States, under the act for arming the militia.

The abstracts for the year 1841 show that the militia then embraced
6 companies of cavalry, 28 of artillery, 17 of riflemen, 54 of light
infantry, and 2 of grenadiers — 107 companies, with an aggregate volun-

OV MASSACHUSKTTS. 131

teer force of 5,902, ;uk1 an (.'nrollnicnl of >Si,3i3, making in all, volunteer
and enrolled, 87,215 men.

The adjutant-general in his report for the year ventured to remark
that from information received, he had no doubt but that the active mili-
tia, organized under the recent law, would fully answer all the purposes
anticipated from its establishment until a more efficient system should be
matured and adopted by the general government. That the system, im-
perfect though it may have been, was growing in favor, is shown by the
increased demand for arms, as during this year 566 muskets, 1,050
rifles, and 58 artillery swords were issued upon application from com-
panies.

Whilst the active force was reduced by two companies of cavalry
and one of artillery, it was, in fact, increased in the infantry arm by five
companies, making the muster of companies 109, so that the volunteer
militia, in 184J, numbered 6,150, according to the abstract from annual
returns, embraced in 4 companies of cavalry, 27 of artillery, 17 of rifle-
men, 59 of light infantry, and 2 of grenadiers — making 109 companies
organized in 3 divisions, 6 brigades, i battalion of cavalry, 3 regiments
and 4 battalions of artillery, and 1 1 regiments and 4 battalions of light
infantry, and "was regarded as more complete and satisfactory than at
any former period of its existence."

The adjutant-general reports the number of the enrolled militia as
returned to his department for the year 1842, to have been 80,515, and
remarks thus on volunteer organization: —

"During this year there has been evinced an unexampled spirit of
emulation throughout all the various corps of the volunteer militia, to fill
their ranks, to improve in discipline, dress and equipment, and to more
completely fulfil all those important conditions which are necessary to
render them as efficient as had been contemplated, in the event of their
services being required. It is confidently believed that at no period of
our history has there been a greater proportion of intelligent and active,
zealous, and, in all respects, well qualified officers of every grade than
now hold commissions in the militia."

Commonwealth of Massachusetts,

Headquarters, Boston, April 25, 1842.
General orders. (Extract.)

5th. The several companies of volunteer militia will in future
be designated and known by letters of the alphabet, which are hereafter affixed to
each; and in all annual inspection and election retuins, reports, letters and other mili-
tary papers, they will be thus designated. The letter of the company is to be put on
the straps of the epaulettes of the captains and subalterns, instead of a numerical
character, and is to be of gold when the the bullion is silver, as in the light infantry,
and of silver when the bullion is gold, as in the cavalry and artillery.

13 =

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

FIRST DIVISION.

First Brigade.

FIRST BATTALION OF ARTILLERY.

Co. commanded by Lieut. Hiram

Davis, of Boston, A

" commanded by Capt. Richard

Hennessey, Boston, B

" commanded by Capt. Eph-

raim B. Richards, Boston. C

SECOND BATTALION OF ARTILLERY.

Co. commanded by Capt. Andrew

Chase, Jr., Ro.xbury, A

" commanded by Capt. Benj.

Stone, Jr., Dorchester, B

" commanded by Capt. Henry

A. Torrey. Weymouth. C

FIRST REGIMENT OF LIGHT INFANTRY.

Co. of light infantry coinmanded
by Capt. Chas. H. Parker,
Boston, A

of light infantry commanded
by Capt. Chas. Gordon, B

of light infantry commanded
by Capt. Benj. D. Baxter, C

of light infantry commanded
by Capt. Charles Lambert, D

of light infantry commanded
by Capt. John C. Park, E

of light infantry commanded
by Capt. John F. Pray, F

of light infantry commanded
by Capt. William Washburn, G

of light infantry commanded
by Capt. John Kurtz, H

of riflemen commanded by
Capt. Gilbert Brownell. I

To this regiment, the company of cav-
alry called the National Lancers, com-
manded by Capt. Peter Dunbar, will re-
main attached.

SECOND FEGIMENT OF LIGHT INFANTRY.
Co. of light infantry commanded
by Lieut. Henry Souther,
Quincy, A

" of light infantry commanded
by Capt Wm. H. Spooner,
Roxbury, B

■' of light infantry commanded
by Lieut. Bela S. Hersey,
Hingham, C

Co. of riflemen commanded by
Capt. John Stephenson, Hing-
ham, D
of riflemen commanded by
Capt. Hervey Howe, Dor-
chester. E

FIRST BATTALION OF LIGHT INFANTRY.

Co. of light infantry commanded
by Capt. Daniel Allen, Jr.,
Walpole, A

of light infantry commanded
by Lieut. Isaac Fiske, Med-
field, B

of riflemen commanded by
Capt. Pelatiah S. Bates, Bell-
ingham, C

of riflemen commanded by
Capt. Thomas Orr, Needham.

Second Brigade.
THIRD BATTALION OF ARTILLERY.

Co. commanded by Capt. Holland

W. Noyes, Abington, A

" commanded by Capt. Wen-

dall Hall, Plymouth. B

" commanded by Capt. James

Brooks, Hanover, C

THIRD REGIMENT OF LIGHT INFANTRY.

Co. of light infantry commanded
by Capt. Thomas Drew, Jr.,
Halifax, A

" of light infantry commanded
by Lieut. Samuel Hollis,
Plymouth, B

of light infantry commanded
by Capt. Eben B. K. Gurney,
Hanson, C

" of light artillery commanded
by Capt Josiah Gushing, Ab-
ington, D

" of grenadiers commanded by
Lieut. Amasa F. Thompson,
Middleboro, E

" of grenadiers .commanded by
Lieut. Ichabod F. .Atwood,
Wareham, F

" of riflemen commanded by
Capt. Nathaniel Nash, Ab-
ington, Q.

OF massachusi-:tts.

>33

SECOND BATTALION OF LIGHT INFANTRY.

Co. of light infantry commanded
by Capt. H. G. O. Colby,
New Bedford. .\

of light infantry commanded
by Roger L. Barstow. Ro-
chester, H
of riflemen commanded, by
Capt. Ziba Cook, Taunton, C
To this battalion, the company of ar-
tillery in Norton commanded by Capt.
Ira C. Coot, is attached.

The divisionary Corps of Cadets, in
Botson, will remain attached to the First

Division.

Third Brigadi'.

FIRST REGIMENT OF ARTILLERY.

Co. commanded by Lieut. Ward

D. Saflford, Concord, A

" commanded by Capt. Jona-
than S. Parker, Lexington, B

■■ commanded by Capt. Horace

Hammond, Waltham, C

" commanded by Capt. Charles
Tucker, Charlestown,

FOURTH REGIMENT OF LIGHT INFANTRY.

Co. of light infantry commanded

by Lieut. Chas. R. Wether-
bee, Concord,
■' of light infantry commanded

by Capt. Timo. T. Sawyer,

Charlestown,
" of light infantry commanded

by Capt. Tolman Willey of

Charlestown,
■■ of light infantry commanded

by Capt. Francis H. Joy,

Charlestown,
' of light infantry commanded

by Capt. Stephen Simpson,

Maiden,
" of light infantry commanded

by Capt. Royal Douglass,

Cambridgeport,
" of light infantry commanded

by Capt. "Wm.. Woodbury,

Woburn,
" of riflemen commanded by

Capt. Thomas Richardson,

South Reading,

FIFTH REGIMENT OF LIGHT INFANTRY.

Co. of light infantry commanded
by Capt. Eliab Going, Town-
send,

" of light infantry commanded
by Lieut. Luther T. Shat-
tuck, Pepperell,

" of light infantry commanded
by Capt. James M. Yarnum,
Lowell,

■' of light infantry commanded
by Capt. Edward Beals, Low-
ell,

" of light infantry commanded
by Capt. Varnum Taylor,
Boxborough,

" of riflemen commanded by
Lieut. Peter E. Edwards,
Littleton,

" of riflemen commanded by
Capt. Daniel Pope, Marl-
borough,
To this regiment the company of artil
lery in Groton, commanded by Capt
George Shattuck, will remain attached.

Foiiiih BiisraclL'.
SECOND REGIMENT OF ARTILLERY.

Co. commanded by Capt. Stephen
Illsley, Newburyport,
■' commanded by Lieut. Addi-
son Center, Gloucester,
B " commanded by Capt. Wm. T.
Gale, Lynn,
'■ commanded by Capt. Caleb
C Jones, Salem,

SIXTH REGIMENT OF LIGHT INFANTRY.

D Co. of light infantry commanded
by Capt. Samuel A. SafEord,
Salem, -^

E " of light infantry commanded
by Capt. John A. Brown,
Salem, B

F " of light infantry commanded
by Capt. Samuel Avery, Mar-
blehead, C

G " of light infantry commanded
by Capt. Josiah Woodbury.
Beverly, D

H ■■ of light infantry commanded

134

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

by Capt. George Jacobs, Dan-
vers, F

Co. of light infantry commanded
by Lieut. Ezra Stanley,
Manchester, G

" of light infantry commanded
by Capt. Timothy Munroe,
Lynn, H

" of riflemen commanded by

Capt. Blaney Ingalls, Lynn, I

" of riflemen commanded by
Lieut. Horatio N. Houston,
Rockport. K

SEVENTH REGIMENT OF LIGHT INFANTRY.

Co. of light infantry commanded
by Capt. Jacob S. Potter, Ips-
wich, A
" of light infantry commanded
by Capt. Elijah Clark, Jr.,
Bradford, B
" of light infantry commanded
by Capt. John K. Cate, Box-
ford, C
" of light infantry commanded
by Capt. Lemuel H. Gould,
Topsfield, D
The Divisionary Corps of Cadets in
Salem will remain attached to the Second
Division.

THIRD DIVISION.

Fifth 'Bngade.
EIGHTH REGIMENT OF LIGHT INFANTRY.

Co. of light infantry commanded
by Capt. William R. Bliss,
Milford, A

" of light infantry commanded
by Capt. Ivers Phillips, Wor-
cester, B
" of light infantry commanded
by Capt. George Hobbs, Wor-
cester, C
To this regiment, the company of ar-
tillery in Milford, commanded by Capt
Artemas B. Vant, will remain attached.

NINTH REGIMENT OF LIGHT INFANTRY.

Co. of light infantry commanded
by Capt. John W. Mossman,
Ashburnham, A

Co. of light infantry commanded
by Capt. James Putnam,
Lunenburg,

of riflemen commanded by
Capt. Joseph Pierce, Leo-
minster,

To this regiment, the company of ar-
tillery in Leominster, commanded by
Capt. Darwin E. Stewart, will remain at-
tached.

Sixth Brigade.

FIRST BATTALION OF CAVALRY.

Co. commanded by Capt. Joseph
Hawkes, Chesterfield,
commanded by Capt. Fred E.
H. Allen, Coleraine,
commanded by Capt. Chas. A.
Williams, Williamsburg,

THIRD REGIMENT OF ARTILLERY.

Co. commanded by Capt. Luther
Chapin, Ashfield,
commanded by Lieut. Daniel
Crosby, Greenfield,

Co. commanded by Franklin K.
Hitchcock, of Northampton,
commanded by Capt. Samtiel
S. Holton, Northfield,
" comtnanded by Lieut. Wil-
liam H. Wilson, Plainfield,

FOURTH BATTALION OF ARTILLERY.
Co. commanded by Capt. Theo-
dore Bridgman, Belchertown, A
commanded by Lieut. Rufus
M. Pease, Monson, B

TENTH REGIMENT OF LIGHT INFANTRY.
Co. of light infantry, command-
ed by Capt. Wm. Lathrop,
Longmeadow, A

" of light infantry commanded
by Capt. Chas. D. Champlin,
Ludlow, B

of light infantry, commanded
by Capt. Aaron Strong, Jr.,
Southampton, C

ELEVENTH REGIMENT OF LIGHT INFANTRY.

Co. of light infantry commanded
by Capt. Horatio Hawkes,
Deerfield, A

" of light infantry comtnanded

OF MASSACnrSKTTS. 135

by Lieut. Lewis M. (lardner, borouijh, • D
Leverett. B Co, of riflemen, coniniaiuled by
Co. of light infantry eoninianded Lieut. Andrews Shipper, Col-
by Capt. Juna. C. Clary, Mon- eraine, E
tague, C " riflemen cc)mnianded by
" of rifleTuen, eommanded by Capt. Tliomas A. Arms. Con-
Lieut. Wni. Goodnow, Lanes- way, F

"An Act in addition to the several acts concerning the militia," having been
passed at the recent session of the general court, and approved by the governor on
the 3rd ultimo, copies of the same, as well as of this general order, are herewith for-
warded to the several major-generals, in sufficient numbers, for themselves and their
staff, and also to the brigadier-generals, for distribution to the brigade, regimental
and battalion, field and staff officers, and for the commanding officers of all the vol-
unteer companies.

By order of the commander-in-chief,

(Signed) H. A. S. DEARBORN,

Adjutant-General.

The amount cotisidered necessary by General Dearborti in the
(quartermaster's department for the year 1843, was three thousand dollars.

Intestine troubles in Rhode Island induced the governor of that
state to call upon Massachusetts for the loan of arms and ammunition to
suppress a rising insurrection; and, acting upon his judgment, Adjutant-
General Dearborn did loan to the governor of Rhode Island, 500 muskets,
1:20 sabres and belts, and 50 pistols, all of which were returned in good
condition and without loss, which fact was duly reported to Governor
Davis, September 9. 1S43. This was made a subject for politics, and was
brought to the notice of the Legislature, in the message of Gov. Marcus
Morton, who stated that the adjutant-general had removed state prop-
erty beyond the limits of the state without authority and without boiid.
The committee of the legislature, to whom the message was referred,
reported a recomtnendation for the removal of General Dearborn from
the oifice of adjutant-general, on the ground that he had exceeded his
authority. When the recommendation for removal came before the leg-
islative body, the adjutant -general was defended upon the floor of the
House of Representatives by Rep. Park, who, according to the report
found in the "Advertiser" and "Patriot" of the date of March 7, 1843,
.said, "that it was not the government of Rhode Island which took up
arms in that cotitroversy, it was the other side which resorted to that step,
and it was when they had taken up arms and were marching directly upon
the city of Providence to seize the spoils which had been promised them,
that the request for assistance was made to General Dearborn. It was
true, that strictly speaking he had done wrong, but he had exercised a
sound judgment, and had actually prevented bloodshed, for no one could
doubt that the force at CMiepachet would have marched on Providence,
had they sujjposed that the people there were not sitpplied with arms."

136 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

His opponents, however, prevailed, and on Z^Iarch 6, 1S43, was
removed for political reasons, an official who had rendered meritorious
service for upwards of eight years — a period fraught with more anxiet}^
than almost any other, and accompanied with the labor and care necessary
to be exercised in the radical and entire change of a military system. He
has, however, left an impress upon the militia of the Commonwealth that
can never be effaced.

On March 22, 1843, Josiah G. Abbott, senior aide-de-camp,
announced in orders the appointment and commission by the commander-
in-chief, of Joseph F. Boyd, Esq., of Charlestown, as adjutant-general of
the Commonwealth. General Boyd had been connected with the militia
almost constantly from August 22, 1825, when he was commissioned an
ensign in the 5th Regiment, ist brigade, 3d division. He was promoted
captain of the Charlestown Light Infantry, Nov. 5, 1829, discharged Jan.
23, 1833, and again elected and commissioned captain (if Charlestown
Light Infantry, 4th Regiment, 3d brigade, 2d division, Jan. 8, 1S37, from
which he was discharged Feb. 11, 1841.

The fir.st order by General Boyd was issued March 31, 1843, when
he disbanded two companies, •■D"and "E'" of the Second Retriment of Li<j-ht
Infantry, and the regimental organization, and ordered the formation, with
the remaining companies, "A," Captain Henry Souther, of Quincy, "B,"
Captain. William H. Spooner of Roxbury, and "C," Lieut. Bela I. Hersey
of Hingham, of a new battalion of light infantry, to be attached to the
first brigade, fir.st division, M. V. 'SI.

To show the changing and fluctuating condition of military affairs
at this period, it is noted that the above third battalion held its organiza-
tion less than one year, as on January i, 1844, companies "B," light
infantry. Captain Spooner, and the rifle company. Captain Dennis, were
transferred to the ist Infantry, their letters changed, and a new battalion
formed by detaching companies from the regiment to form a battalion of
rifles. Companies were constantly changing letters by reorganization of
battalions; from falling below the minimum and consequent disbandment,
or by the formation of new companies, all of which brought to the adjutant-
general's office more or less labor. Notwithstanding this shifting and
ever-changing conditicni, there was an element which held the militia
steadily on its progressive course. No doubt the companies which had per-
fected themselves in drill and discipline were the cause of this union, for
many companies, some of which are now in existence, and are as old as
the nation, still march on as examples nf all that is loyal and true, and
are ever ready for any duty which may be required of them.

The reviews of the year seemed to give .satisfaction to the authori-
ties, as the order issued from the adjutant -general's office Oct. 6, 1S43,
says : —

OF MASSACIlUSirrTS. 137

"The Commander-in-Cliief had the pleasure to review the troops of
the first, secoml, third and fourth brigades, Generals John S. Tyler,
Henrv Dunbar, James Dana and William Sutton, and eonceives it to be
a duiv which he owes to the trooj)s reviewed, to express his hi.^-h appro-
bation of their appearanee and conduct on the 19th, 26th, and 27th ulti-
mo, and on the 3d and 5th inst. At no former period within the observa-
tion of the Commander-in-Chief, have the companies appeared with fuller
ranks or evinced a higher state of discipline. Such deeided proofs of a
true military spirit, alike ht)norable to the officers and privates, furnish a
most valuable pledge of the patriotic determination of the brigades to
sustain the character of the volunteer militia, and of their readiness in
time of need, to j-ield that support to the laws and that protection to the
public peace, which the citizen soldier only can afford. The Commander-
in-Chief has the satisfaction to believe that his favorable opinion of the
appearance of the troops is shared by Major-Generals Howe and Adams,
commanding the first and second divisions of the volunteer militia."

"With a change of administration, the induction into office of a new
governor, and the retirement of General Boyd after one year's service,
came a new adjutant -general. March 22, 1844, there came to the dis-
charge of the duties of adjutant and quartermaster-general, Henry K.
Oliver, of Salem, whose appointment is announced in orders by George
Tvler Bieelow, senior aide-de-camp to the commander-in-chief. General
Oliver had been an officer of the militia as lieutenant-colonel and colonel
of a regiment of light infantry of the ist brigade 2d division, from August
12, 1S35, to June 13, 1837. His first order was the calling of the aides-de-
camp, to be present at the election of officers of the Ancient and Honor-
able Artillery Company, on Monday, June 3, 1844, when the commander-
in-chief would in person, at headquarters, commission the officers for the
year following the day of election.

General Oliver required a general accounting by all commands for
the state property in their custody, for which a blank was prepared with a
complete schedule returnable within thirty days from June 29, 1844. A
full and explicit statement was required from all artillery commanders in
the .state, as to the gun-houses, where located, on whose land, condition of
building, how occupied, if worth repair, and how much it would cost to
repair, if the town would contribute toward a new building, etc.

In 1844, the reserve enrollment of the militia was 81,441, and the
active milita 6,372, making an available strength of 87,813. The
active militia was embraced in 112 companies, but while the number of
companies was increased, there was no corresponding increase in the
number of men for duty, as on brigade parade for the year, it is shown
that, although field and staff and five brigade bands were included, only
5,471 were mustered for pay, there being 901 absentees.

138 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

There was at this time a preponderance of artillery, 26 companies
against 83 of infantry, each company of artillery being provided with two
field-pieces and but one caisson, making a total of 52 field-pieces, 26 caiss-
ons and tumbrils, and 1,491 men. Some of these companies were fairly
well equipped, but wretchedly housed and provided, while the infantry
armories were suitably, and many elegantly furnished; therefore it was
recommended as a measure of economy that these artillery companies be
broken up, or that they should be armed and instructed as infantry. To
the inquiries sent out by the adjutant -general concerning these companies,
some of the replies are here given briefly: —

Lexington Artillery: "Gun-house of the company not worth re-
pairing."

Buckland Artillery: "Gun-house has stood 30 years without paint-
ing; too small; not worth repairing; roof, sides and sills all rotten; alto-
gether unsuitable to shelter a sled."

- Plainfield Artillery: "After consulting six carpenters they concur
that the gun-house is unworthy of repair; originally badly built, is damp
and leaky, causing great injury to harness from mold."

Concord Artillery: "Gun-house so poorly built, that the company
has been obliged to put iron rods through the building to hold it together."

Waltham Artillery: "The company hires and pays an annual rent
of $30." The only instance in the state.

Yet with all these untoward circumstances, the reviews of the year
are commended, most of the companies of the militia being in good con-
dition, many of them beautifully uniformed and efficiently supplied, with
equipments in good condition and well cared for. There were, however,
companies lacking in knowledge, with faded and worn uniforms, and
shabby equipments, detracting from the appearance of the whole; and the
adjutant-general ventures the remark that "the absence, rather than the
presence of troops, so unfitted and incapable of discharging the impor-
tant duties expected of them, would benefit the service."

One great difficulty encountered was the want of uniformity in
drill; while some were instructed in the then modern tactics, others had
no comprehension of them. There was no uniformity in giving com-
mands, and it was difficult to determine which system, if any, was fol-
lowed. But little attention was given to battalion movements, in some
regiments; the companies being content with light infantry movements.
The system of tactics was "vScott's Tactics for Infantry, and Instruction
for Field Ai'tillery. translated from the French, and arranged by Captain
Robert Anderson, U. S. A." The rifle and light infantry tactics were
"Cooper's," as were those of the cavalry.

The position of adjutant-general at this time was not an easy one,
as he filled the place of adjutant-general, quartermaster-general, store-

OF MASSACIIUSHTTS. 139

keeper and clerk, and was obliged to slruji^oie with the manifold duties
of his office and imperfect laws. He complained that in the matter of
annual returns, pay-rolls, etc., tlic zeal of .some of the militia men led
them to enlist and serve in two oi' more companies, and perform duty in
all, except on May inspection; consec^iiently he had difficulty in correcting'
the returns for duty performed; and that, as the law provides that "each
company of light infantry, grenadiers, and riflemen, shall be furnished
with muskets or rilles; and every company of cavalry with sabres, belts
and pistols; and every artillery company with muskets (if applied forj and
with swords and belts," but makes no mention of other equipments, he
felt obliged to decline to issue eartridge-bo.Kes, bayonet scabbards, belts,
etc. Perhaps the then law-makers were under the impression, that the old
powder-horn was good enough, and was still in use. He also found that
all the blanks in the office were those prepared for the old system, and
not adapted to the new; some of them of thirty years standing, requir-
ing labor in erasing and interlineation to fit them for use, all of which
he was supposed to do, single-handed and alone; and he remarked that
his predecessor appointed a clerk familiar with the work, at his own pri-
vate cost, at a salary of S800 — an expenditure which he himself could ill
afford. When attending brigade reviews, visiting the arsenal, or absent
from illness or other cause, he was obliged to close his office.

The commander-in-chief was pleased this year to compliment and
commend the ist, 3d, 4th and 6th brigades, and to express his approba-
tion of their appearance on the 13th, 24th and 27th of September, and on
the 8th of October, when reviewed by him, which was duly promulgated
in the orders of 1844. There was at this time some confusion in the
records, and many inquiries concerning missing commissions and dis-
charges of officers, some of which were returned by the adjutant-general
of New York, from Albany. Changes were allowed in the dress of the
field officers of the ist Regiment, Light Infantry, who were granted permis-
sion to wear chapeaux instead of regulation caps on special parades, and
Captain John Kurtz's, Co. H, ist Light Infantry, ist brigade, was permitted
to change its uniform to a blue bell-crowned cap, trimmed with white, and
surmounted with a white pompon tipped with red, and a blue coat and
trousers trimmed with white. The adjutant -general of New Hampshire,
in answer to inquiry, was informed that the expenses of the Massachusetts
militia for the last year, 1843 (including the salary of the adjutant-general,
Si,50o\ was in round numbers $34,000. That the amount to which each
man who performed the whole duty required, was entitled was $6 per
annum; that the system answered every desired purpose, and that the
Massachusetts militia was well organized and efficient, embracing between
6,000 and 7,000 troops, the whole uniformed and equipped in a highly
creditable manner.

140 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

General Oliver sought to bring about some uniformity in the tactics
for small arms, and entered into correspondence with General Winfield -
Scott, U. S. A., in which he set forth at length, the difficulties which were
encountered in Massachusetts from the variety of systems in use. He
also informed certain town officials, who had failed to make the annual
returns of enrolled militia, that if they should fail to make the return
within ten days, the law must take its course. This remissness on the
part of certain towns in the Commonwealth, is a source of vexation at the
present day.

The entire militia, according to the returns in 1S45, was 90,807
men, an increase over the previous year of 2,903 men. The strength of
the active militia at the date of the May inspection was 6,069, the absent-
ees numbering 1,280. At the autumnal inspection the number was 6,337,
with 1,176 absentees; the oi-ganization consisting of three divisions and
six brigades, embracing one troop of cavalry, five regiments and three
companies of artillery, two corps of cadets, nine regiments and three bat-
talions of light infantry. During the year five new companies of infantry
were raised, and permission was given for three others. During the same
period thirteen companies were disbanded, leaving a deficiency in the
authorized force of fourteen companies and of 668 men. The Legisla-
ture of this year adopted "Cooper's Concise System of Instruction for the
State Militia" and authorized the expenditure of $4,000 in the rebuilding
and repairs of gun-houses. The gun-house of the Boston Artillery (Co.
"A," 5th Regiment) at the foot of the Common was found so damp and
unsuitable that the quartermaster was obliged to remove the guns and
equipment to the State Arsenal in Cambridge, until such time as proper
accommodation might be furnished.

Great praise was accorded by the adjutant-general to the National
Lancers, Capt. Forristal, and to the Independent Corps of Cadets of the
first division. Colonel Martin Brimmer, while the others, with the excep-
tion of the First and Sixth Regiments, came in for adverse criticism. As
a remedy for the existing defects, the appointment of an inspector-gen-
eral, to be present at all reviews, was recommended. It was also sug-
gested that the enrolled militia be faxed one dollar per man, per annum,
to defray the expenses of the militia, which would, based upon the returns
of the last year, amount to §84,470, a sum more than sufficient by $40,000.
In contrast to the excessive attention to detail practised at this time, when
one hour was consumed in escorting and receiving regimental colors;
another in marching the regiment to parade ground; and perhaps another
hour in escorting the commanding olT(>cer to the ground, besides two more
hours in the formation of brigade line, is the fact that this duty is now
performed in as many minutes.

The inactive or enrolled militia in 1846. numbered 90,349, the divi-

OF MASSACIILSICTTS. 141

sion returns showing the active force to have been 5,490 men; while
there was an increase in the whole enrollment. There was a falling off
of S47 men in the volunteers at the autumnal parade — a loss greater
than the number of men in either the 2nd, 4th or 6th brigades, neither of
which contained more than sufficed for one regiment. Of the 5,490 men,
1.345 were absent from inspections, and there was no division in the
militia that contained more men than enough for one brigade. Battalions
of light infantry organized in 1845, had ceased to exist; some regiments
had become reduced to two or three companies containing but a few men,
and the entire active force was fast fading out. But one company was
organized this year, that of the " Boston Light Guard." Fifteen compan-
ies were actually disbanded, and eight others were so reduced as to make
it but a matter of a little time, when they should meet the same fate. In
1840, there were at the time of the organization under General Order 28
of that year, 142 companies with 7,223 men. At the close of the year
1846. there were but 93 companies, with 5,490 men. During the period
from 1S40 to 1S47, 29 companies had been organized and 78 disbanded.

General Oliver sought from the commanding officers, an expression
of oj^inion as to the causes which occasioned this falling off, and a rejDort
from each as to the exact condition of their respective commands. The
reports received, to say the least, were discouraging, as they showed that
of 91 companies, 32 only were flourishing, while 21 were but fair, and
38 depressed. The opinions given are of interest: "The absence of any
obligation by law to do military duty; the miserable pittance allowed by
the vState for the duty; and the want of interest in the system manifested
bj- the commmunity generally," .said one. Others said "Many of the
members do not feel disposed to come forward and learn the "^Manual of
Arms', as required by the new law." — "Lack of military spirit as caused
by the present code." — "But very few young men can be induced to
assume a command at the present day, and the militia system has been
sustained for several years back by old officers. These cannot last for-
ever, and the consequence will be that, as they retire from the ranks, the
volunteer companies will gradually disappear." There were many replies
and many reasons were alleged, bi:t that of Col. Martin Brimmer of the
"Independent Corps of Cadets," of which the following quotation forms
a part, sounds the key-note. He says: "3d. The disorganized state of
the militia, not only in this state, but throughout the United States, is, in
a great meast:re, owing to the almost total neglect of the militia by the
general government. The government of the L'nited States is perfectly
willing to avail itself of the militia in all times of its extreme necessi-
ties, and on these occasions, the militia, have been prompt to offer their
services, and when called into the field, have performed achievements of
which even the best friends of the militia have not deemed them capable.

142

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

As a proof of this, it is only necessary to instance tlie battle of New
Orleans, and the storming of Monterey. These services having been ren-
dered, the militia is treated -with contempt and neglect."

The militia were required to furnish their own uniforms, and bear
the burden of expense, whilst the state and the nation looked calmly on,
content to pay each man six dollars per annum, and to ft;rnish arms and
equipments when they could be had; but were always ready to avail them-
selves of the services of the militia when danger threatened.

The various reasons given for the demoralized condition of the
militia, as reported to the commander-in-chief by the adjutant-general,
and his own comments thereon, throw a flood of light ujjon the service
of the past. The war department, under the date of ^lay 19, 1S46, called
upon the governor of Massachusetts, to cause to be enrolled, and held in
readiness, for muster into the service of the United States, one regiment
of infantry, and on the 26th day of May, Governor George N. Briggs
called upon the citizen soldiers of Massachusetts, to at once enroll them-
selves in sufficient numbers to meet this request.

In general orders issued on the same day, it was expressly stated,
that the regiment, when organized, would be designated and known as
the "First Regiment of Massachusetts Infantry," it being understood,

\I.riLLHiIbls WD IM VMin

DEFENSE UF FOUT IIOULTIHE, 1771

that it was not to be made or considered to be a part of the present Vol-
unteer Militia, but as a corps specially raised to meet the call of the gen-
eral government.

OF MASSACnrSRTTS.

'43

Under autliority two companies of vohmteers were raised by Cap-
tains "Webster and Coy, and two companies of the state volunteer militia
were also accepted. As this enrollment was a measiire of j^reeaution, and

STOIOIIXG THE TETE DV I'UST, CIIl'la'DUSCO, MEX., AUC. -M. IJMJ.

for the purpose of having- a respectable force, ready to be called into ser-
vice; and as the war department could not at the time foresee when, if at
all, the services of the Massachusetts volunteers might be required, the re-
cruitment of this regiment was for a time abandoned. It was not until
November i6, 1846, that the war department notified the Adjutant-Gen-
eral that the regiment would be required for immediate service; and then
but five full companies had been raised, and two more nearly so. On
February 3, 1847, the Adjutant-General was notified by Capt. B. Alward,
4th United vStates Infantry, mustering officer, that he had mustered into
the service eight companies, numbering 678 officers and men. The two
militia companies which had offered their services were not included in
this muster, all being raised at large.

The strength of the active militia, as shown by the returns of the
May, 1847, inspections, was 5,139 men, 3,549 of whom performed duty,
and at the Fall parades, there were but 4,996 men and only 348 present.
There was a falling off at the May parades of 380 men, and 494 at the fall
reviews, and a total diminution in two years, of 930 at the former, and
1,341 at the latter parades. There was also a great increase of absentees

144 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

over the previous year, amounting to one-fourth of the whole active
force. These statements of the adjutant -general are evidently esti-
mated, as there could be no certain reliance placed upon the returns of the
previous year, when negligent officers had failed to make them. That
there were neglectful captains appears, for four captains and one brigade
commander are reported for such neglect in this matter. The organiza-
tion at this time was — one troop of cavalry, four regiments (i6 compan-
ies), one battalion (3 companies), one unattached battery of artillery, nine
regiments of infantry, (including riflemen), 63 companies, and two com-
panies of cadets; arranged in six brigades and three divisions, or 84 com-
panies in all. Two companies were organized this year, — viz.: a light
infantry company in Salem, designated Company H, 6th Regiment, and
one in Reading, Company B, 4th Regiment, light infantry, whilst the com-
panies in Pembroke, Abington, Boxboro, Lexington, Lynn, South Read-
ing, Shelburne and Walpole, eight in number, who were reported weak in
1846, were disbanded between May 15 and November 30. Those in
Norton, Danvers, Upton and Deerfield were in no better condition, and
would have shared the fate of the eight above mentioned, but for the
delay accorded at their request, until an effort could be made for more
favorable legislation. Including tlie four last mentioned, there were
fifteen companies who, according to General Oliver, "exhibit every ap-
pearance of constmiption and decline," to which he adds the opinion
"that the present volunteer system is a total failure." During the four
years of General Oliver's incumbency, there had issued from his office
1,319 commissions to officers and 764 discharges. Notwithstanding the
despairing cry of the adjutant -general, there were companies, and good
companies, in the militia, which called from him words of commendation,
and some of which to-day are models of excellence in the re-organized
militia, as then recommended. The adjutant-general closed his report
of this year, which was his last, with the following: "I have already sig-
nified to your Excellency, my desire to relinquish the further discharge of
the duties of Adjutant-General; and I await the nomination of my succes-
sor, in order to deliver into his custody the books and papers of the de-
partment, and the public military property in the arsenal at Cambridge.
The compensation of the office is inadequate, and although, while in com-
mission, I felt unwilling to ask an increase, I have no such scruples on
retiring; and in justice to my successor, I respectfully submit to the legis-
lature the question of the propriety of restoring it to its former rate."

The war with Mexico in 1S47-48 was unpopular in Massachu-
setts. One regiment only was raised in the state, and as it volimteered,
and was mustered directly into the United States service, the only record
of the original members who left Massachusetts in its ranks, is furnished
by the courtesy of the officers of the regiment. That it did its duty, as be-

OF MASSACIIUSICTTS. i47

came tlie soldiers of a brave old coinmonwcalth, is shown by the fact that
its valuable service was recognized by General Winfield Scott, command-
ing the army, who presented the regiment with an embroidered silk regi-
mental flag, as a testimonial of his appreciation of its services to the
country, while under his command. Tliis color is now preserved at the
state house, together with those entrusted to the volunteers from the
commonwealth, in the struggle for the maintenance of the Union, during
the late rebellion against the constituted authority, wherein so
many brave lives were sacrificed.

The unpreparedness of the nation for this war, as had lieen the
case in all previous and subsequent times, is forcibly stated in the
lanofuag-e of Lieutenant Ilenrv H. Whitney, United States Artillery, in an
article in the "United Service Institution": "It is a most noteworthy fact
that while being the most progressive nation on earth in matters civil, we
are among the mo.st conservative in affairs military. Old ideas are re-
garded almost as a fetish; we shrink from making new experiments. In
1840, English troops in China demonstrated the superiority of the percus-
sion over the flint-lock musket, yet a whole year of the Mexican War was
fought with the latter arm against great odds. In 1848. the Prussian
army, in the war with Denmark, used a breech-loading rifle, and proved
that it was a much better weapon than the old one; yet we went into and
fought the War of the Rebellion, which ended seventeen years later, with
the muzzle-loading musket."'

What a marked contrast with the progress made during the last
thirty years in Japan, which country abandoning padded armor and bows
and arrows, has emerged into a military nation, with an army modern in
every respect, well armed and equipped, with the best arms and equip-
ment known to the civilized world.

The number of officers and men furnished by ^lassachusetts in the
various wars in which the nation has been engaged, from the slaughter at
Lexington to the close of the Mexican war, was: —

War of the Revolution, 1775 to 1783, Continental Army, 67,907.
militia, 20,000; 87,907.

War of 1 8 12-18 1 5, 21,300.

War with Mexico, 1S46-1S48, 1,057. Total, 110,264.

Massachusetts furnished during the Revolution, in all, 31,229 men
more than any other one .state, and to the Continental army 41,227 more;
and in the war of 18 12 ftirnished to the United States arm)-, six regiments
of infantry, three companies of artillery and one of artificers, in addition
to the militia calls.

General Oliver was succeeded as adjutant-general in 1848 by
Georo^e }l. Devereaux, of Salem, who had been a commissioned officer in
the militia, as ensign. First Regiment, first brigade, second division, July i o,

148 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

1829; captain, Ajjril 11, 1834, and again commissioned captain November
17, 1846, from which last position, he was ajDpointed adjutant-general by
Governor Briggs, January 15, 1848. The abstracts of returns show the
strength this year to have been — active militia 4,588, enrolled 98,076, a
total of 102,664. The organization consisted of three divisions, six brig-
ades, thirteen regiments, one battalion, embracing eighty companies
while there was an increase in the ranks of 8,413 eligibles. There was
no increase in the ranks of the active militia, which had not yet reached
the limit of its decadence. There was a falling off by division rettirns
of May training, S25 men; by brigade returns, fall parade, 403 men. This
falling off is apparent only from the returns, and is explained by the
adjutant-general as being much less then the returns show, from the fact
that only three out of the whole number of bands are included in the
returns; that there were many incomplete returns, and that several com-
panies performed duty at fall parades that were absent from ^lay inspec-
tions; others had been lingering along awaiting dissolution, and had been
disbanded, whilst newly organized companies were not in a condition of
forwardness to take their place; and General Devereaux remarks that "Al-
though the returns, as regards numbers only, are not so encouraging as
might be wished, in other respects the general condition of the volunteer
service is highly satisfactory. Tlie companies that have sustained them-
selves in activity, are, almost without exception, admirably equijaped and
uniformed, and in very respectable discipline." Many of the regiments
presented a brilliant and effective appearance, their small numbers being-
the chief condition which militated against an otherwise favorable report.
The company of light infantry in Upton, and the one in Hingham were
disbanded, one company in Rochester had completed its organization, and
two companies in Lawrence and one each in Granville, Lynn, Medford and
Danvers were in contemplation. General Devereaux remarked in his
first annual report to Governor Briggs, under date of December 31, 1 848 —
"Not having as yet enjoyed an opportunity of seeing all the troops of the
Commonwealth, I do not feel competent to make comparisons; but with-
out suggesting any invidious distinctions, I venture to .say, that the Ninth
Regiment of Light Infantry, with whom I spent three days of field ditty
this fall, and the various corps that were assembled from various quarters
in Boston on the 25th of October last, must stand a favorable comparison
with any volunteer troops in the world, in every respect certainly, but
that of numerical strength. In perfection and neatness of equipment,
they are unexceptionable, and in discipline, far beyond what can rea.sonably
be expected from the present system of drill. From the reports of officers
in various quarters, I am led to believe these remarks to be applicable to
all, or nearly all of the state militia."

In this he differs from his immediate predecessor, in his report of

IKVIS'. rn\->l , EN I l: \N' H I" .~"l 111 MIM^l.V,

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 151

1847, and although he had had no ojjportunity to view all the troops of
the Commonwealth, his experience had effected the conclusion that,
although deficient in results, the present system ofmilitaiy organization is
not to be considered a total failure. Certainly there were grave defects
in its internal arrangements, and the drills were not efficient; there was
not sufficient time given to it at this period, the law requiring three and a
half days of drill per year, i.e.. one-half day for IMay inspection, two days
of company training tinder the respective captains, and one day for fall
review; all of which time was devoted to idle show and useless ceremon-
ies, leaving but an hour or two each year for manoeuvres, in which little
or no instruction had been given. The freedom with which men enlisted
and left the ranks, by the system of enlistment and discharge which
obtained, and the infrequency of their assembly by battalions still further
militated against the drills, a condition under which the best system of
drill wotild have come to naught. The old siege guns which had been for
a long time in the arsenal yard, some dating from a time prior to the
Revohition, were sold, foiir only being retained because they were a part
of the armament of the forts in the harbor, when we lived under the king.
The muskets and rifles that had acciimulated from returns by volrinteer
companies, were put in order, and at the date of the report, the quarter-
master-general (adjutant-general), had on hand 9,080 of these restored
small arms, made serviceable, while there were a still greater number
packed in boxes, which had not received attention, inany of them unser-
A-iceable, which he had recommended to be sold. The arsenal grounds,
buildings and contents, under the efficient care of Mr. Rayne, who had
for many years been superintendent, were found in good condition. There
were in the arsenal at the close of the year 184S, large stores of military
property; twenty-seven pieces of cannon of all calibers, two eprouvettes
I or powder testers 1 twenty-three gun carriages, four caissons and two
mortar beds; 1,907 cannon balls for different calibers, 274,558 ball cart-
ridges, 271,400 pounds (18 to the pound) and 3,200 (32 to the pound) of
musket and rifle bullets, besides the small arms and artillery implements,
harness and infantry equipments, and a large amount of material of a
miscellaneous character.

With the year 1849 a new era dawned upon the militia, as a change in
the .system was effected by the legislature at its last session, which pro-
vided for a system of encampments and for improvement in discipline and
efficiency. It was not much of a step in advance, as two days only were
allowed for camp duty, one of which was consumed by going into and
breaking camp, yet it was something gained, and that little was encourag-
ing; although economy on the part of the legislature had deprived the
militia of one day more than had been asked for, it was sufficient to start
the militia forward on the march of progress. The five lingering, hope-

152 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

less companies of the year previous were disbanded, and were replaced by
ten newly-organized, vigorous companies. While there was a decrease in
the number of companies, there was an increase in the number of men at
tours of duty for the year; that there was no greater increase is not charge-
able to the want of military spirit, but to the fact that the California
gold fever had taken large numbers of young men from the ranks, in.
some cases froiu one-third to one-half (jf an entire company. It also
appears that the decrease in the enrolled militia for the year was 877.
The disbandment of the weak companies, and some of the newly formed
companies not being in a state of forwardness sufficient for them to take
part in the year's duty, also reduced the returns. More attention
was given to drill and instruction. There was a discarding of gold lace,
a shaking off of lethargic indifference, and an increasing and soldierly
spirit of emulation; costly and useless parades and gorgeous uniforms
were no longer to mark the crack companies, but the soldierly qualifica-
tions of drill, discipline and effectiveness were to be the crowning laurels,
of the future.

The encampments of the year were marked by order and quiet,
for the careful arrangements and the cheerful manner in which they were
carried out by officers and men, and the adjutant-general mentions with
pride " The City Guards of Boston," "New England Guards of Boston,"
"The Boston Light Guard," "The National Lancers," "Boston Artillery."
and "The Roxbury Artillery." The companies from Abington, Middle-
boro and Plympton, distinguished themselves. "The Woburn Phalanx,"
and the "Brooks Phalanx of Medford," showed soldierly bearing. The
company from Reading was orderly and well equipped. In drill and
equipment the 6th Regiment of the 5th brigade was second to none. The
companies from Worcester made an unusually fine appearance, their dress
being neat and handsome, the superb drill of the guards carrying away
the prize. That the militia of the commonwealth had taken on a new
life, and that old things had passed away, may best be shown by General
Devereaux's own language: "It may be said, in general, that a very
decided advance has been made, and is still going on, in the militia, in
correct drill, thorough system, and perfection of equipment. If the num-
bers of some companies could be increased, their condition would be
highly satisfactory. This object will be promoted by the adoption of
simple uniforms, and the avoidance of unnecessary expense in every
form. If the charge of doing duty in the militia were less burdensome
in this respect, a larger number of men would join the ranks. Tlie
militia system has been passing through a period of transition, which
has, for a time, depressed its character. The peculiar spirit, produced by
circumstances, which formerly brought nearly our whole male population
into its ranks, died out with the changing character of the times.

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 155

"The old system survived its adaptation to the state and temper
(if the eommunity long enough to bequeath to its snceessor a very unde-
sirable inheritance of confusion, disorder and absurdity. But this load
has been thrown off, and the new organization begins to assume its proper
character of a select, neat, and respectable force, composed of men who
are inclined to the duty, and both able and willing to do it well. A decent
liberality on the part of the public, evinced by a fair and honorable con-
sideration, as well as by a very small compensation, will satisfy all its
demands, and inspire it with a becoming pride and a sufficient energy.
The grotesque incongruities of past days, and the jumble of unmeaning
evolutions with a great ignorance of tactics, have given way to a system-
atic and regulated instruction, according to the army standard. Officers
begin to feel their responsibility, and aim at something better than empty
show; and men are learning to make the discipline and efficiency of their
respective corps a matter of pride and emulation. I would here, how-
ever, take the liberty to suggest to company officers, to dispense with the
uncouth figures still seen on some parades under the name of pioneers.
Such appendages are unnecessary in our peace establishm.ent; and the
same men, properly uniformed and armed with the musket, should be
placed in the ranks where they would add alike to efficiency and ajjpear-
ance."

The interest- taken by officers and men in the active militia con-
tinued unabated, and its condition was still further improved in 1850.
The constant annual falling off in numbers had been checked, showing
conclusively that the new law had worked advantageously, which, com-
bined with the faithful and mei-itorious efforts of officers of every grade,
was fast placing the service on a commendable footing. Ten new com-
panies were raised and several more contemplated. Three companies of
rifles were changed to infantry, and three old companies, hopelessly disor-
ganized and approaching dissolution, were disbanded to make way for
better.

The various commands performed their annual tours of camp duty.
The Cadets of the Second Division at Dunstable Springs, under Captain
Foster, in July; the Cadets of the first division at Nahant, under Lieuten-
ant Colonel Amory; the first brigade by regiments; Fifth Artillery. Col-
onel Cowdin at Medford; First Infantry, Colonel Holbrook, at Newton.
The Artillery Regiment was especially commended as deserving of honor-
able mention for its full ranks, orderly and well conducted camp, and for
its improvement in drill and discipline. Company A, Captain Bullock,
and the Roxbury Artillery had attained the highest degree of excellence.
The Roxbury Artillery bore away the palm, and Captain Bullock's com-
pany the second award; the other companies presented an appearance
highly creditable, and the whole command by its uniformity and neatness

136 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

in dress and bearing, gave enc(iiTrag'ement and raised great hopes for the
future. The encampment of the First Infantry was lacking in numbers,
biit otherwise eood. The National Lancers came in for the full meed of
praise, being mentioned as a "noble troop, in good numbers and high
order, as usual," a commendation which not only reveals its normal con-
dition of excellence in the past, as the last phrase indicates, btrt would
seem to have been prophetic for the far future, judging by its present stan-
dard. But the infantry companies were reported as small, some with a
mere handful, and upon this. General Devereaux remarks: "It is a serious
disappointment to inspecting and reviewing officers, and to all who have
occasion to feel interest in the matter, to see such fine companies as this
regiment can boast, represented by a corporal's guard, scarcely adequate
to posting a chain of sentries round their tents." — "Companies that can
and do turn out fifty or sixty privates on other occasions, superbly
equipped, highly drilled and commanded by gentlemen of the highest
military accomplishments and proficiency, present for inspection and
review a muster-roll of seventeen, eighteen or twenty men in their ranks."
. "The present .sy.stem of camp duty has not been popular in
this corps, althot:gh it has been eagerly entered into, and sustained with
the utmost spirit and satisfaction in every other quarter throughout the
Commonwealth." This was an occasion of much regret on the part of the
adjutant-general, for as this regiment had every facility to perfect itself
in military drill and discipline, with frequent opportunities to meet for
parade and to exercise in battalion movements, it should have been an
example and stimulant for others, and would have aided the military
authorities materially in their effort to protect the military system of the
Commonwealth in accordance with the laws made and jjrovided.

The first award in the First Light Infantry was given the Boston
Light Guard, Captain Clark, Company D; the second to Company B, New
England Guards, Captain Bradlee, while Company E, City Guards, Cap-
tain ThomiDson, was considered by many, equally meritorious. The Second
Brigade, encamped at East Bridgewater, had improved in an encouraging
degree; the Abington Artillery was accorded the first j^lace and the
second to the Hanover Artillery. In the Third Light Infantry Regiment the
first award was to Company E, of Marlboro, . Captain Thomas and the
second to the Assonet Company, Captain Pierce. The Third Brigade,
General Wilson, encamped at Groton, and had greatly imjaroved in drill
and discipline, and although it had several new companies, in appearance
and strength it was admirable. In the First Artillery the honors were
given, first to the Concord Artillery, Company A; second to the Charles-
town Company, Company D. The Fourth Light Infantry, Colonel Winn,
had made many changes for the better; some of the old companies had
re-organized, re-equipped and re-uniformed themselves and presented an

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 159

excellent appearance; the Woburn Phalanx, having recruited to the full
limit allowed by law, with its beautiful uniform and steady movements,
bearing favorable comparison with any company then in the service. The
Cambridge Guards were unsurpassed in their perfect discipline and fault-
less manual of arms. The honors were awarded in this regiment, first to
the Cambridge City Guards, Company C; second to Woburn Phalanx,
Company G. The Fourth Brigade encamped under the command of Col-
onel Andrews of the Sixth Infantry at Salem. The two companies of artil-
lery showed marked improvement as to strength, but the large number of
recruits detracted from their drills. The infantry regiment appeared
with some decided improvements. The Lawrence Light Infantry, Cap-
tain Oliver, wore a new and handsome uniform, that of the French line
with a bearskin cap. The Beverly Company was much improved. The
Salem Light Infantry was in good drill and looked exceedingly well. The
Salem Mechanic Infantry, in numbers and general appearance, was un-
surpassed. The first award was to Captain Oliver's company, Company
I; and the second to the Salem Light Infantry, Captain Endicott. In the
Fifth Brigade mustered at Worcester, a good tour of duty was performed,
there being manifest a spirit of generous rivalry in the commands. The
awards for siiperior excellence in the Eighth Regiment (almost wholly new)
were given, the first to the Worcester Guards, Company C; the second to
the Worcester Light Infantry. All the commands of the Sixth Brigade,
encamped at Northampton under General Cook, were reported in excel-
lent condition. There was no competition for Honors in this brigade, owing
to the expressed wish of the officers that there should be none. There
was an increase in the attendance over that of the previous year of 244,
notwithstanding that six of the newly formed companies, estimated at 350
men, were not fully organized and disciplined to active duty, and were not
included, which made the total increase in strength about 600; and of the
865 absentees from tour of duty, 249 or more than one-fourth of the whole
number were in the First Regiment of Light Infanty, yet this regiment had
increased in attendance by eighty-three men, while its absentees had
diminished by twenty men. The j^roportion of absentees was much smaller
than in the previous year.

Commenting on the results of the year, the adjutant-general
remarked: "It seems to be an inevitable conclusion, that the law of 1849
has produced a great and favorable change. Military men also see that
the improvement it is bringing about in discipline is by no means its least
valuable effect. If the legislature considers the militia system as
deserving of encouragement and support, they should be willing to finish
the good work by extending the camp to foi:r days, and increasing the pay
to eight or ten dollars per annum. Under such a system, we might have
an efficient, well-disciplined and reliable force, at very little additional

i6o REGIMENTS AND ARMuRIES

expense. We might thus maintain a body of 5,000 active men, constantly
ready and fit for service, at just about the cost of a battalion of 300 regu-
lars under pay. We think no one can justly con.sider this as either an
unnecessary or an extravagant measure of precaution . . . The
Commonwealth has always boasted some corps, highly respectable for
their spirit, order and general apj^earance. But it may be now said with-
out hesitation, that never were its leading companies so highly disciplined,
or the general mass in so good condition, as at this moment. I take pleas-
ure in recording the opinion of an highly intelligent young officer of the
regular army, expressed to me after the inspection of several brigades at
their successive encampments: 'That he knew no state troops that could,
as a whole, be comjDared with those of Massachusetts.'"

May 6th, 185 i. Lieutenant Colonel Ebenezer W. Stone, of Roxbtiry.
Division Inspector on the staff of Major-General Edmands, commanding
1st division, M.V. M., was appointed by Governor Boutwell adjutant-gen-
eral of the militia of the commonwealth. He entered upon his duties
with vigor and determination, having had nine years experience as divi-
sion inspector during the transition period from 1840, and was fully con-
versant with the militia, its condition and reqtiirements.

The service at this time consisted of an active militia of 5,237 officers
and men, with an enrolled militia of i 14,469, making an available total
strength of 119,706. The active or vt)lunteer forces were embraced in
three divisions of two brigades each, and two divisionary corps of cadets.
( )f the active, 4,983 were present, which, according to the abstract from
returns of annual inspections in May, was an increase of 604 over 1S50,
and, at the encampments, the rettirns made by company commanders to
brigade inspectors, show an increase of 406 for the same period. The
First Division was the strongest at the fall encampments, the First Brigade
having 838 present and 247 absent. Colonel Holbrook's light infantry
regiment was the largest, having 1 2 companies with 66 present, and the
largest number of absentees 164.

Fourteen new companies were organized and sixteen disbanded;
of the disbanded, many had been a drawback and incumbrance to the
militia for a long time, and, but for the remissness of the inspecting
officers, would have been wiped out of existence long before. Changes
were going on all the time, and the service was being established
upon a firmer basis. This year there were di.scharged 124 officers of
all grades, and 344 commissioned, leaving at the close of the year 65
vacancies. The encampments were successful and the duty well per-
formed, many commands calling out e.\pressions of praise, and some com-
panies betraying elements of weakness. To one colonel was given the
credit of executing every regimental evfilution laid down in the book.
In giving a detailed account of the encampments, the adjutant-general

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 163

says: "There are many excellent-aijpearing companies, well drilled and
efficient, which I may have omitted to notice in my report," and that "he
has endeavored to perform his delicate duty 1 as inspector-general) without
intentionally depriving" any of their rights."

A resolve passed at the last session of the legislature, made provi-
sion for a committee to make arrangements, to receive with honors the
President of the United States, should he visit the Commonwealth. On
the 15th day of September, at the request of this committee, the governor
directed the adjutant -general to issue his orders for calling out a
division of volunteers, as escort to the President on September 17th. As
this call for troops came in the afternoon, there was little time to reach
all the commands, and the earliest promulgation was through the medium
of the evening papers. The First Brigade, General Andrews, was or-
dered, and a provisional brigade was made by detachments from various
com mands, and the whole placed under the command of Major-General Ed -
mands of the first division, who was detailed for special duty in connection
therewith. The militia thus detailed resi^onded promptly, performed their
duty, and were honored by a review in the afternoon, at which the presi-
dent expressed himself as highly pleased with the soldier-like and cor-
rect military appearance of the troops, and that the review, must not only
be acknowledged as highly creditable to the division, brit it wotild tend
to elevate the character of the Massachusetts volunteer militia. Many of
the troops on this occasion came from long distances, and evidenced the
fact that the soldiery of Massachusetts need but little preparation when
service is required of them on the demand of the constituted authorities.
For this service the legislature unanimously allowed the troops one dollar
per day, and expenses to and from Boston.

There had been no revision of the military laws since 1836, and
owing to successive enactments by the legislature from year to year, the
whole code had become entangled, and many previous acts had not been re-
pealed by subsequent ones. The subject-matter of these, having been sub-
mitted to the attorney-general, it was, in his opinion, necessary that the
deficiencies should be supplied, the various laws harmonized, and the
whole consolidated in a new enactment to correct conflicting statutes.
The Adjutant-General recommended that this be done, which, with a
change as to the duty in encampments, and pay of officers and men, he
believed would be adapted to the exigencies of the service, meet the re-
quirements for many years, and give satisfaction to all concerned. In
consequence of these recommendations, he was charged with the duty of
re-codifying the law, in which he was advised by the attorney-general.
John H. Chfford.

The old flint-lock muskets were called in from the militia, and ex-
changed for those with percussion locks, and. strange to say, one of the

i64 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

reasons given for additional labor at the arsenal, was the cleaning of old
rifles turned in, and the necessity of removing the browning or lacquer,
from the new muskets, whose brown barrels required the tise of an
emery wheel to make them bright. The flint-lock muskets, nearly 7,000
in number, were reconstructed into percussion muskets at the Watertown
Arsenal, and some 4,000 remained at the State Arsenal to be altered.
There were in the powder magazine on Captain's Island, in the Charles
River, 274,458 ball cartridges which had been purchased dinging the war of
1 8 12. These were recommended to be sold, but upon examination and test
they were found after the forty years' storage, undamaged and ser-
viceable.

The condition of the militia in 1852 did not vary in many particu-
lars from that of 1S51. The active force numbered 5.S09, not including 13
new companies, organized after the camps of the year had been held,
which increased the aggregate to 6,526 men, nearly the maximum allowed
by law. A division under the command of Major-General Edmands,
with the Cadets of the fir.st division, were ordered for the reception ef
Louis Kossuth. The division was made up in a similar manner to that
ordered for the reception of the President, as before mentioned. A lot of
old cannon and obsolete material was sold from the arsenal to the amount
of sixty-three hundred dollars; which money was expended to erect a
house for the superintendent of the Arsenal, for the purchase of "Scott's
Infantry Tactics" and for repairs made on buildings, leaving a balance of
twenty-three hundred and fifty dollars for further contingencies. The
inventory of the militar}^ property of the Commonwealth made by the
military committee, on the order of the Council, which was also required
to estimate the value thereof, shows that the adjutant and quartermaster-
general had in his custody, and in the hands of the militia, well-cared-for
state property to the amount of 8279,254. 18.

The strength of the active militia, according to the returns of 1853,
was 7,125, an increase of 1,125 over the last year. The 5th Regiment,
Colonel Benjamin F". Butler, is mentioned as one of the largest in the
state, and as having made great improvement. All the commands were
considered in good condition at the encampments, wliich, for the first
time in this Commonwealth, were by divisions; the alteration in the law
for three days tour of camp duty, instead of two, being of undoubted bene-
fit. The adjutant-general was authorized by an act of the legislature to call
in and remove to the State Arsenal all field-pieces and equipment in the
gun-houses of the several cities and towns, save in those where the au-
thorities would erect and maintain suitable buildings for their care and
safety. The neglect to which this property had been subject, and its
condition when received at tlie arsenal, proved the wisdom of the act.

In A])ril. the legislature authorized one or more light artillery com-

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

167

panics, and one was raised, for the command of which M(_)ses G. Cobb was
selected, and as all the artillery companies had been changed to infantry,
it was the only artillery company, drilling as such, in the service. Fifteen
applications for the formation of new companies were refused, for the rea-
son that the force had nearly reached the maximum allowed under the act
of 1S41; the number under the present organization, which the state was
liable to pay for military service, being 9,285. It had attained a standing
never before reached by the militia, its personnel had improved, and it
was never more free from objectionable features.

There was no special change in the militia in 1S54, under the one

i. 4;V

IlfiA

JIILITAllV AM> CIVIC I'M'.AhF. \T BOSTON. 1851

year's administration of Governor Emory Washburn. Thirty aiJjjlica-
tions for new companies were refused.

In 1855, Gov. Gardner occasioned the disbandment of all companies
composed of men of foreign birth or descent. Governor Gardner had in
his inaugural address, delivered before the legislature in January, defined
his policy regarding military companies composed wholly of men of for-
eign birth; and, acting upon the report of certain military officers, by
and with the advice of his council, as his first official act, disbanded within
a few days of his induction into office, the following mentioned compan-
ies; Companies B, F, and H, sth Regiment of Artillery; Co. C, of the
Third Battali(m of light infantry; Co. A, 5th Regiment, light infantry; Co.
G, /th Regiment, light infantry; and Co. D, Sth Regiment, light infantry.
The adjutant-general issued General Order 12, January. 1S55, disbandino-
said companies, discharging their officers, and demanding the return of

i6S REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

all state property to the custody of the state authorities. Captain Thomas
Cass, Co. B of the sth Regiment of Artillery was the only one to comply
with orders, and the adjutant-general proceeded to take in charge and
cause to be conveyed to the arsenal, all the property which had been
issued to the disbanded companies, for which he was promptly sued by
the officers of three of said companies, which suits were afterwards with-
drawn. It was suggested by the adjutant-general in his report for the
year, that the use of the terms "artillery" and "light infantry," as applied
to militia companies be abolished, and the existing regiments and battal-
ions be concentrated into regiments and battalions of infantry. The
elementary drills provided for in the act of 1854 ha\'ing proved beneficial,
he recommended that the May inspecticms be abolished, and the number
of days for elementary drills be increased; also that the offices of 3d and
4th lieutenant be abolished, and that the organization might more nearly
conform to that of the regular army. It was claimed by the adjutant-
general that "at no time since its organization has the vohinteer militia
been held by the public in more just appreciation." j\Iany of the com-
mands appeared at the encampment of the year, in the new regulation
dress which had been adopted. In 1855 the militia was re-organized,
under the plan submitted by the adjutant-general, given in General Order
No. 4, as follows: —

Commonwealth of Massachusetts,

Adjutant-General's Office, Boston,

February 23, 1855.
To His Excellency Henry J. Gardner, Governor and Commander-in-Chief,
and to the Honorable Council; —

The undersigned would respectfully represent; — That the present organiza-
tion and arrangement of the volunteer militia is inct>nsistent in its designation as
"artillery" and "light infantry," inasmuch as the troops thus designated, are, by
existing laws, required to be armed and drilled as infantry, —

That the numerical order of the regiments has become disarranged by the
changes which have, from time to time, been deemed necessary, —

That the interest of the service requires the disbanding of some of the regi-
ments, in consequence of the small number of companies, now composing said regi-
ments; and

That, from a concentration of the companies into a less number of regiments,
a great pecuniary saving to the Commonwealth, say, at least, one thousand dollars
per annum, would result.

I would respectfully recommend that the designation of all the companies here-
tofore known as "artillery" and "light infantry," be changed to that of "infantry," and
that the following arrangements be made under the provisions of the law contained
in section 15, "Digest of Militia Laws," viz: —

Firsl Bn'ajdc.

The First Regiment of "Light Infantry" to be known as the First Regiment of
Infantry.

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 171

That the Fifth Regiment of '•Artillery," and the Third Battalion of "Light

Infantry," be disbanded, and the companies of both commands be organized as the

Second Regiment of Infantry.

Si'coiid Bri«adc.

The Third Regiment of "Light Infantry" to be known as the Third Regiment of
Infantry.

The Second Regiment of "Light Infantry" to be known as the Fourth Regi-
ment of Infantry.

Third Bi loadc.

Disband the First Regiment of "Artillery," and the Fourth and Fifth Regiments
of "Light Infantry," and organize the companies of "artillery" and "light infantry" in
the following cities and towns, viz :— Charlestown, Cambridge, Somerville, Woburn,
Winchester, Concord and Waltham, into a regiment to be known as the Fifth Regi-
ment of Infantry.

And organize the companies of "artillery" and "light infantry" in the follow-
ing cities and towns, viz : — Pepperell, Groton, Acton, Lowell and Lawrence, into a
regiment to be known as the Si.xth Regiment of Infantry.

The company of light dragoons, in the town of Waltham, to be attached to the

third brigade.

Foiirlh Biiaade.

Disband the Second Regiment of "Artillery" and the Sixth and Seventh Regi-
ments of "Light Infantry" and organize the companies of "artillery" and "light
infantry" in the following towns, viz: — South Reading, Stoneham, Haverhill, Chel-
sea, and in the city of Salem, into a regiment, to be known as the Seventh Regiment
of Infantry.

Also, organize the companies of "artillery" and "light infantry" in the follow-
ing cities and towns, viz : — Newburyport. Gloucester, Beverly, Lynn and Marblehead,
into a regiment to be known as the Eighth Regiment of Infantry.

Fifth Brigjdi'.
The Eighth Regiment of "Light Infantry" to be known as the Tenth Regiment
of Infantry.

The Ninth Regiment of "Light Infantry" to be known as the Ninth Regiment

of Infantry.

Sixlh Brigade.

The Eleventh Regiment of "Light Infantry" to be known as the Eleventh Regi-
ment of Infantry.

The Third Regiment of "Artillery" to be known as the Twelfth Regiment of
Infantry; Company B to be transferred to the Eleventh Regiment, and known as
Company G.

The First Battalion of "Light Infantry" to be known as the First Battalion of

Infantry.

I would recommend that the officers and members of the "artillery" companies,
be permitted to wear their present uniforms until new ones may be required.
I have the honor to be, with much respect, your obedient servant,

EBENEZER W. STONE, Adjutant-General.

Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

Headquarters, Boston, February 26, 1855.
General Order No. 4.
The Commander-in-Chief having approved the advice of Council, in relation to

172 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

the following changes and alterations in the arrangement of the Massachusetts Vol-
unteer Militia, orders: —

That the First, Second and Fifth Regiments of Artillery; the Fourth, Fifth,
Sixth and Seventh Regiments and the Third Battalion of Light Infantry be, and they
are, hereby disbanded, and that the field and stafiE officers thereof be discharged.

And the Commander-in-Chief further orders that all the companies now desig-
nated as "artillery" and as "light infantry," be hereafter known as "infantry,"
and they are hereby organized into regiments, as follows: —

IN THE FIRST DIVISION.

First 'Brigjdi:

The First Regiment of Light Infantry to be knovvn as the First Regiment of
Infantry.

The following companies will constitute the Second Regiment of Infantry: —

Company commanded by To be desig- Company commanded by To be desig-
nated nated
Capt. Thomas H. Evans, Company A Capt. Isaac S. Burrell, Company D
Lieut. William G. Barker, " B Lieut. M. Moore, " E
Capt. John B. Whorf, " C Capt. A. Harlow. " F

St'coiid Urigjdc:

The Third Regiment of Light Infantry to be known as the Third Regiment
of Infantry. The company commanded by Captain J. B. Sanford to be incorporated
into said regiment, and known as Company E.

The Second Regiment of Light Infantry to be known as the Fourth Regiment
of Infantry. The company commanded by Captain Timothy Reed, to be incorporated
into said regiment, and known as Company E.

IN THE SECOND DIVISION.
Third "Brigade.

The following companies will compose the Fifth and Sixth Regiments of In-
fantry : —

Fi/tb %-giiih-iit.

Company in To be known as Company in To be known as

Concord, Company A Winchester, Company E

Somerville, " B Cambridge, " F

Waltham, " C Woburn. " G

Charlestown (commanded Charlestown (commanded

by Captain Swan). " D, by Capt. Rogers). " H

Sixth Regiment.

Company in To be known as Company in To be known as

Pepperell, Company A Lawrence (officers not elected). Company F

Groton. " B Lowell (officers not

Lowell (commanded by yet elected). " G

Capt. Adams), " C Lowell (commanded

Lowell (commanded by by Capt. Blood), " H

Capt. Hazleton), " D Lawrence (commanded by Capt. Sar-

Acton, " E gent). Company I

OF MASSACHUSETTS. I75

Fotiiih HiigjJt'.

The folUnving companies will compose the Seventh and Eighth Regiments of
Infantry : —

St'iviith 'T^i'giiih'iil.

Company in To be known as Company in To be known as

Salem (.commanded by South Reading. Company E

Capt. Forless). Company A Chelsea, " V

Salem (commanded by Haverhill, " G

Capt. Flint), " B Salem (commanded by

Stoneham, " C Capt. Hathaway), " H
Salem (com. by Capt. Rhoades), D

Eighth Regiment.

Company in To be known as Company in To be known as

Newburyport, Company A Beverly, Company E

Marblehead (commanded Lynn (commanded by Capt.

by Lieut Stone), " B Herbert). " F

Marblehead (commanded Gloucester " G

by Capt. Martin), " C Marblehead (commanded by

Lynn (commanded by Capt. Anderson), " H

Capt. Munroe), " D

IN THE THIRD DIVISION.
Fifth Brigade.

The Eighth Regiment of Light Infantry to be known as the Tenth Regiment
of Infantry. The company commanded by Captain L. P. Coburn, to be incoporated into
said regiment, and known as Company H.

The Ninth Regiment of Light Infantry to be known as the Ninth Regiment of
Infantry. The company commanded by Captain Luther Stone, to be incorporated into
said regiment, and known as Company A.

Sixth Brigade.

The Eleventh Regiment of Light Infantry to be known as the Eleventh Regi-
ment of Infantry.

The Third Regiment of Artillery to be known as the Twelfth Regiment of In-
fantry. The company commanded by Captain W. F. Davis, to be transferred to the
Eleventh Regiment, and known as Company G of said regiment.

The First Battalion of Light Infantry to be known as the First Battalion of

Infantry.

The Commander-in-Chief further orders that, whenever any regiment shall
consist of more than eight companies, the senior company or companies, in regard to
date of organization, shall be designated and act as flank companies, so long as such
excess shall exist.

The Commander-in-Chief further orders that the officers and members of com-
panies heretofore designated as artillery, be permitted to wear their present uniforms
until a change may be required by the commander-in-chief.

Major-Generals William Sutton, George Hobbs. and B. F. Edmands. are

17^ REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

charged with the execution of this order in their respective divisions; and they will,
forthwith, cause the necessary orders to be given for the election of field officers.

By command of His Excellency,

HENRY J. GARDNER,

Governor and Commander-in-Chief.
EBENEZER W. STONE,

Adjutant-General.

In 1840, when the volunteer system was inaugurated, there were
in existence 142 companies, only forty of which were in existence in 1865.
From 1840 to that year, 119 had been organized and 155 had been dis-
banded, leaving 106 organized in the three divisions and six brigades in
existence at the close of the year 1S56, viz: one light battery, four light
dragoons, one troop, ninety-two infantry, two cadets and six riflemen.
The encamimients for the year were for three days, and as follows: The
First Divisionary Cadets at Nahant, July 23d; Second Divisonary Cadets
at Woburn; First Brigade at Ouincy, August 6; Fourth Brigade at
Winter Island, vSeptember 3, and the remainder by company, battalion or
regiment, in various sections of the Commonwealth, all of which are
recorded as having been well conducted, and the troops as having improved
in their various duties. Eight out of fifteen encampments of the year had
been interrupted by rain; there were large gatherings of people to witness
the reviews, and it was something of a novelty to see the governor and
commander-in-chief, in uniform, review the First Battalion of Infantry.
Colonel A. S. Briggs, which he did at the camp in Pittsfield.

There was a loss of seven companies of infantry, and a gain of one
light battery and two com23aniesof rifles, in 1857. The old time disorder-
ly conduct of the visitors at the encampments had ceased, and general
good order prevailed; few arrests were made, the mtinicipal authorities
having exercised the power given them, under the laws, to preserve the
peace. The weather was also propitious, the attendance good, the con-
course of visitors great and the hospitality unlimited. It would appear,
however, that the many reviews by the division and brigade commanders,
as well as the usual review by the commander-in-chief, must have con-
sumed a great part of the three days intended for instruction.

At this time there was a popitlar idea that the militia had grown
expensive; that it was an useless incuml^rance and shruild be abolislied, or
at least that its cost should be lessened. As a measure of economy it was
.suggested that the old system of a one day's encampment should be
restored. This was a matter of considerable anxiety to General Stone,
who had watched the progress of military events since 1840, and he at
once caused a circular letter dated May 15, 1857, to be addressed to all the
commanders of militia, calling for an expression of opinion as to the prob-
able effect on tlie service of returning t<i t1ie old ])lan. The replies recci\'cd

OF MASSACHUSETTS. I79

were all to the effect that such action would prove disastrous to the
militia.

The Seventh Regiment of New York visited Boston on the anni-
versar}- of the battle of Bunker Hill, and the adjutant-general, it appears,
was much impressed with its fine appearance and ease and precision of
movement, and expressed the hope that Massachusetts might have at
least one regiment which should equal it in appearance, drill and discip-
line, which might easily be done if the companies, which, when parading
by companies, made a splendid appearance on such parades, would show
the same interest in their regimental organizations. There was an at-
tempt at this time, to enforce the observance of law and orders, and one
company in the Seventh Regiment, not in the uniform prescribed by the
regulations, was refused permission to parade in its fancy dress.

The Legislature in May passed a law '-That no compensation shall
be paid to any person who shall not remain in camp and perform his full
duty, and that all roll-calls shall be made in the presence and under the
supervision of a staff officer at all encampments." The effect of this act
was to strike off from one company roll, the names of thirty men, who
were returned but had rendered no duty, and in another, twenty-two names
were .so .stricken from the pay-rolls.

The arms of the militia at this time were mostly muskets of the
old flint-lock pattern, altered to percussion-lock, and more dangerous to
the soldier than to any enemy he was likely to encounter; which called
from the adjutant-general his assurance that no effort would be spared
on his part to effect some arrangement with the general government
whereby a new and more effective rifle might be obtained. The quar-
termaster-general had on hand, at the arsenal, and with the militia at this
period, 75 pieces of ordnance, 10,590 percussion muskets, 754 rifles, and
1, 120 pistols.

The returns for 1858 show that the strength of the active militia
present and absent, was: —

First Division, - - - Present— 1,765 Absent— 426 - 2,191

Second Division, - - - Present— 1,990 Absent— 300 - 2,290

Third Division, - - - Present— 1,239 Absent— 163 - 1,402

Totals, - - - - Present — 4,994 Absent — 889 - 5,883

or 131 less than the number in 1S41, when the present active militia was
fully organized under the volunteer system adopted in 1840. There was
a decrease in the active force of 964, and in the enrolled militia of 3.432;
and the companies had been reduced from 102 in the year previous to
95. The encampments for the year were held: the .Second Division at
Winter Island, Salem, August 25-27; the third Division at Springfield.
September 2 1-23, and the First Division at North Bridgewater, Septem-

iSo REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

ber 29 to October i, inclusive, the review being held on the last day of
each by the Commander-in-Chief, Governor N. P. Banks. The appear-
ance of the troops was generally good, and the performance of duty
acceptable to the authorities, and there was less of the disturbing element
among the numerous visitors.

The commander-in-chief, for the first time since the organization of the
militia, encamped for a night with the second division in the field. The
troops of the third division were addressed by the Governor in the City
Hall at Springfield, whither all that could be spared from camp were
marched.

No changes in regiments or battalions were made this year. One
section of a light battery was organized from an infantry company of the
Seventh Infantry, (D) one comiDany, iCj of the Tenth Infantry was changed
to a rifle company, and one (F) Third Infantry was disbanded.

By an act of the Legislature approved March 27, 1858, the annual
May inspection was abolished. This act also provided for the disband-
ment of companies, when shown by the returns for duty, as having less
than thirty-two privates present and doing duty.

The act of 1857 requiring ofiicial supervision of roll-calls, having
resulted in benefit to the state, was re-enacted with a further check upon
the return of enlisted men not entitled to pay. Special effort was made
by the adjutant-general to enforce a more strict conformity with the law
regarding the strength of commands, and the correctness of the returns,
and on investigation he found thirty-seven companies that were below the
minimum and liable to the operation of the law as to disbandment. These
companies averaged only twenty-seven privates, and in response to the
inquiries addressed to the captains, many explanations were received.

There was a misunderstanding of the law on the part of some, who
had included their sergeants and corporals as privates in their returns;
others were seeking quality rather than quantity and had begn weeding
out the undesirable, and one who had thirty-three privates, had no non-
commissioned officers. All, however, were seeking the advancement of
the best interests of the service, by the restriction of poor material and the
enlistment of good men. As the act of March 27 had fixed the limit of
the volunteer force to five thousand officers and men, and as the number
in the service was in excess of that number, no new companies could be
admitted, although several applications were filed. The various compan-
ies of the First Regiment of Infantry, parading large numbers on special
occasions, averaged onl}^ twenty privates for state duty, and became a
subject for attention the next year.

There was an unmistakable effort for better discipline. One cap-
tain in the Sixth Regiment of Infantry was court-martialed for falsifying
returns; another in the Third Regiment of Infantry, for returning ten or

OF MASSACIIL'SETTS. 183

twelve citizens of Rhode Island for pay, as members of his company, and
one in the Fifth Regiment of Infantry the commander-in-chief caused to be
summarily discharged, the order being executed on the field; and the
members of his company, because of their disobedience, were not retiirned
for pay. Many officers were disposed to banish sj^iritous liquors from
the camps; the commanders of camps furnishing none at their headquar-
ters this year, which examj^le was followed by many of the officers of
various grades. A suggestion for the encampment of all the troops of
the Commonwealth at one and the same time in the near future, was
made by the adjutant-general in his report to the governor. The adju-
tant-general was charged with the expenditure of §2,000, appropriated by
the Legislature in connection with the city of Cambridge, for building an
iron fence around the earth-works thrown up in November, 1775, during
the investment and siege of Boston, for which the War Department fur-
nished three cannon, and the Navy Department three gun carriages.

The forces at tours of duty in 1859 numbered 5,739; of these 5,326
performed service, and 413 were absent. On ]\Iarch i.the First Regi-
ment of Infantry was disbanded. Companies A, B, and E, being de-
tached were organized as the Second Battalion, under Major Charles O.
Rogers, and Companies C, D, F and H were incorporated into the Second
Regiment of Infantry, as Companies I. K, G and H. The Tenth Regiment
of Infantry was also disbanded, and Companies A, B and G, of the same
organized as the Third Battalion. The Eleventh and Twelfth regiments
were also disbanded, and the live companies re-organized as the Tenth
Regiment. Seven companies w^ere disbanded; two from failure to comply
with law; three upon petition of Company officers; one for insubordina-
tion, and one from failure to make the required returns.

All the forces of the Commonwealth encamped together this year,
September 7, S and 9, at Concord, ^lass., the troops, with the necessary
camp equipage, being transported free by the railroads of the state. It
was a notable encampment, and with the varied uniforms of the different
commands, quite pictt:resque. The troops were reviewed by Major-Gen-
eral John E. Wool, U. S. A., commanding the department, and during
the encampment marched over the old battle-ground at Concord
North Bridge. The bands, eighteen in number, were massed under the
leadership of Mr. B. A. Burdette, September 8, at noon, and gave a con-
cert, some of the pieces being accompanied by artillery. The Legisla-
lature under the escort of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company
visited the encampment and witnessed the review. Governors Turner of
Rhode Island, and Goodwin of New Hampshire, were also present, as
guests of the state, and the public who gathered on the occasion at Concord
numbered many thoiisands. There were many complimentary speeches
from the distinguished men present; the encampment was marked by the

i84 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

orderly conduct of the troops, the splendid appearance on review and the
absence of accidents; and this encampment has gone into history, as the
first of the kind in this country, and altogether successful.

The Legislature present was addressed by the Governor as follows:

"Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Senate :— I bid you welcome, as Com-
mander-in-Chief of the Volunteer Militia of Massachusetts, to the camp, that you who
represent the people, may here have an opportunity of witnessing the citizen solaiery
of the state.

"I am proud of it to-day. Not only in what has been done for the last two days
in military evolutions, but in the decorum which has prevailed within the lines, and
on the territory which comes properly within the control of the camp.

"I bid yon, Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Senate, and you Mr. Speaker
and Gentlemen of the House of Representatives, welcome to such civilities and hos-
pitalities as the camp may afford."

The President of the Senate, Hon. Chas. A. Phelps, said in reply:

"I can assure you, Sir, in behalf of the members of the Legislature, that we ac-
cept with great pleasure the invitation of your E.xcellency to visit Camp Massachu-
setts. I doubt not that the interest which they have ever felt in the citizen soldiery
of Massachusetts will be greatly enhanced and heightened by their visit to your camp."

After the review the troops were formed on three sides of a square,
and the reviewing officer was introduced to the troops by the Governor as
the hero of Buena Vista, in the following words:

"Fellow-Soldiers: — As Commander-in-chief of the citizen soldiery of Massachu-
setts, I have the honor to present to you the military guest of the camp, one who has
from his youth devoted himself to the prompt and faithful performances of military
duty — the general now in command of the northeas'tern division of the American
Army; who, educated to the counting-house, upon the declaration of war with Eng-
land, left the easy paths of peaceful professions and joined the rising army of his
country; who received his first honors in service, on the Niagara frontier at Queens-
town and at Plattsburg; who has served his country abroad as well as at home, and
who has won, as the crowning honor of his yet unfinished career, an imperishable
name by his services at Buena Vista. I ask you, fellow-soldiers, to give this noble
American soldier a hearty soldier's welcome."

Cheers went up from the six thousand troops assembled, which
called forth the following response from General ^^'ool:

"Civilians and Citizen Soldiers : — I have received a welcome which I had no
right to anticipate. I have performed no service which has entitled me to such a
reception, as has been given me since I have been in Boston.

"My life has been one of active service, with few opportunities for speaking in
public; indeed, I could not make a speech if I undertook it. I can say but little more
e.xcept to return thanks to His E.xcellency, and through him to the troops generally, —
my cordial thanks, — for giving me an opportunity to be present at one of the finest
military displays that it has ever been my fortune to look tipon. The fine appearance
and martial bearing of the troops give evidence of thorough drill and most e.xcellent
discipline, and speaks volumes in favor of the military, and of the perpetuity of our
free institutions. Part with them and it will be but prophetic of the end.

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 187

"But I will not detain you with any further remarks. Remember, soldiers,
that here was the first blood of the Revolution shed. — and I do not doubt that if you
are ever called on to defend the country and its interests, you will be ready at a mo-
ment's call."

The Legislature was then cheered, and honored with a .salvo from
the light artillery.

The camp was broken in the afternoon of Friday, and those com-
mands which were not to remain over night, departed for their homes,
well jjleased and satisfied with the tour of camp duty, which had been per-
formed so orderly and quietly as to elicit high commendation from mili-
tary men, and praise from the inhabitants of the town; some of whom,
living within a mile of the camp, remarking "that no one at that distance
wotild have suspected an encampment there, so .soldierly had been the
conduct of the troops."

Such was the militia of Jilassachusetts in 1859, ^rid such its discip-
line, and these were the men, who, two years later, were not only ready,
but stood awaiting the call to march forth beyond the confines of the Com-
monwealth in defense of the union, and the salvation of the nation. As
by the .shedding of Massachusetts blood on Lexington Green, April 19,
1775, a nation was born; so through the baptism by blood of her sons in
the streets of Baltimore, April 19, 1861, a nation was .saved.

April 2, i860, William Schouler of Boston was appointed adjutant-
general by Governor Banks. Like his predecessor, he also was from the
militia, but had left the service some thirteen years before. He had held
the po.sition of major in the First Regiment of Artillery, Third Brigade,
Second Division, from ilay 16, 1843, to September 14 of the same year,
when he was promoted to the colonelcy of his regiment, and received his
discharge therefrom May 3, 1848. He was a soldier, journalist, editor
and author, and with varied talents, was an able lieutenant to the great
war governor, who re -appointed General Schouler the next year. The
encampments for the year, with the exception of the Third Brigade, Brig-
adier-General B. F. Butler, were by regiments and battalions. The Sec-
ond Battalion, Major Ritchie, Jtily 23-27, at Glouce.ster. First Division-
ary Company of Cadets, Lieutenant-Colonel Holmes, July 26-28, at Na-
hant. Second Divisionary Cadets, August 22-24, ^t South Reading.
First Battalion, Light Dragoons, Major White, Aitgust 29-31, at
Newton. Fourth Regiment Infantry, Colonel Packard, August 29-3 i, at
Quincy. Tenth Regiment Infantry, Colonel Decker, August 20-31, at
Greenfield. Second Regiment Infantry, Colonel Cowdin, September 4-6,
on Boston Common. Third Brigade, composed of Waltham Dragoons;
Fifth Infantry, Colonel Lawrence; Sixth Iiifantry, Colonel Jones, and
Second Battalion of Rifles, Major Moore, September 5-7, at North Chelms-
ford, under command of General Butler. Third Regiment Infantrv. Col-

i8S REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

onel Wardrop, and Captain Richmond's company jof Light Dragoons,
September 5-7, at Wareham. First Battalion of Infantry, Major Briggs,
with Captain Dennison's Company of Cavalry, September 11-13, at North
Adams. Seventh Regiment Infantry, Colonel Dike, September 12-14, ^t
Haverhill. Eighth Regiment Infantry, Colonel Coffin, September 11-13,
at Newburyport. Captain ^Manning's Section of Artillery, vSeptember
26-28. at Wenham. Ninth Regiment Infantry, Colonel Rice; Third Bat-
talion Infantry, Major Lamb, and the Third Battalion of Rifles, Captain
"Ward, vSeptember 26-28, at Leominster. First Battalion of Rifles, Major
Ben Perley Poor, October S-io, at West Newbnry. The commander-in-
chief was ncit present at these encampments, the reviews being held by
the di\'ision and brigade commanders, except in some instances Avhen the
adjutant-general reviewed the troops.

This year the Prince of Wales visited the State Capitol, on invita-
tion of Governor Banks, which was conveyed to Washington by his senior
aide, Lieutenant-Colonel John H. Reed. The invitation was accepted,
and on October 17 the Prince arrived in Boston, accompanied by Lieuten-
ant-Colonels Thompson and Sargent, Aides-de-Camp to His Excellency
the Commander-in-Chief, who had met His Highness at the State line,
and was escorted to his quarters by Company A, First Battalion of Cav-
alry. The next day the First Company of Cadets, stationed at the State
House, received the Prince with the customary honors, on his arrival at
the State headquarters. After the usual ceremony of introduction, the
Governor and the Prince mounted, the latter on the splendid charger fur-
nished by Colonel T. Bigelow Lawrence, and proceeded to the Common,
Avliere a review of the First Division, Massachusetts Volunteer Militia,
was held, at the conclusion of which the party was escorted to the State
House by the entire division. At five o'clock His Royal Highness was
escorted to Music Hall, and afterwards back to his quarters at the Revere
House.

The appearance and conduct of the troops on this occasion, with
the exception (.)f two companies (which are mentioned in the Special
Orders of the Adjutant-General for this year), seem to have given satisfac-
tion to the commander-in-chief, who conveyed to them his thanks in a
General Order.

The rumble of the approaching storm had already reached the cars
of this far-seeing adjutant-general, who closes his report to the chief with
these prophetic and sagacious words: —

"Events have transpired in some of the Southern States, and at Washington,
which have awakened the attention of the people of Massachusetts in a remarkable
degree, to the perpetuity of the Federal Union, and which may require the Active
Militia of the commonwealth to be greatly augmented. Should our worst fears be
realized, and this nation be plunged into the horrors of Civil War, upcm Massachu-

JUHN A. ANDREW, WAU GOVKIiMJR OF MASSACHUSETTS.

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 191

setts may rest in no inconsiderable degree the duty of staying the effusion of blood,
and of rolling back the black tide of anarchy and ruin. She did more than her share
to achieve the independence of our country and establish the government under
which we have risen to such unparalleled prosperity, and become the great Power of
the American Continent; and she will be true to her history, her traditions and her
fair fame. Should it become necessary to increase the number of her Active Militia
to a war footing, the present organization offers an easy and good means.

"Should your Excellency in view of the present state of the country, deem a
change in the present organization of the militia necessary, or a large increase of the
active force proper, I would respectfully suggest that a board of officers be called as
provided in Section 163, Chapter 13, of the General Statutes, to consider and recom-
mend such changes as their judgement shall approve and experience suggest. In the
meantime I would suggest that a general order be issued, calling upon Commanders
of the companies of the active force to forward to headquarters, the names of persons
comprising their commands, also their places of residence, so that a complete roll of
each company may be on file in this department."

The looked-for Civil War came the next year, as anticipated, when
the suggestions were carried out under the orders of Governor John A.
Andrew, and the crisis at once met by Massachusetts. The troops which
had been held in readiness, were in a few hours on the march, armed and
equipped more completely than the troops of any other state; and only
one day after the tocsin of war had sounded, met the enemy in conflict,
and pushed on to the defense of the nation's capital; and from that day
to the close of the long and bloody rebellion, the Commonwealth main-
tained her proud and determined attitude; was lavish of her men and
material; and stayed not her hand' until the Union was again fully and
permanently established, and freedom triumphant.

All honor to the State, and to the brave men who marched forth
from her borders under the folds of her white banner, taking their lives
in their hands, ready to die if need be, in her defense and that of the nation.
It is not intended to dwell upon the events of the Civil War, for much
has already been written. None but those who were actively engaged at
headquarters, can fully realize the constant and unremitting labors of the
adjutant-general's department, and the harrowing anxieties of those
years. The clerical force was increased again and again as the years went
by, new departments were formed, and additional offices created. The
recruitment of men for the service never ceased while a man was needed.
Companies and regiments were organized, armed and equipped, and
hurried forward at the call of the government; provision made for the
sick and wounded, and large sums were appropriated and expended for
the families of the men at the front.

The following is the list of organized, uniformed, drilled and
equipped militia of the State of Massachusetts, that did not wait to be
called, but were in readiness when the call came, and responded at once
by regiments. Many of the companies composing that militia, have been

192

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

in the State service constantly since the close of the war of the Revolu-
tion, and some still remain in the State service, with an unbroken record
of over a hundred years, ready now to respond to any call. This state-
ment does not adequately show the great service rendered by the State mil-
itia during the war of the rebellion. Many of these organizations, by
regiments, rendered two and three terms of service, besides forming
other regiments for three years. Many of the oldest companies entered
at once for three years, and ujaon their return from the service after
the war, resumed their place in the militia of the State, and now continue
to exist, more efficient than ever, and ready for duty.

ORGANIZATION'S OK THE ACTIVE MILITIA PRIOK TO THE IlKEAKINd ofT OK THE ItERELMON, WHO WERE
:\U'STEREU INTO THE UNITED STATES SERVICE DURlXli llli: rivil, w.wi.

nliCAXIZATIUN.

COMPASIKS.

STRENGTH.

DATJ-;.

TERM.

iil:iiarks.

Third Infantry

A, B, G, II. K,

444

April 10, ISIll

6 mos.

Company A, 1702; B, 1818.

Fourtli Infjinlry

A, B, C, D, E, F, O, 11,

GSti

April 17, 1.SC1

do.

Company E, 1787: F, 1773.

Fifth Infantry

A, B, CD, E, F, (1,11,1. K,

823

April 13. l.Sill

do.

Sixth Infantry

A. li.Cn.E.c!, 11, 1,K, I„

6Sa

April IG, ISOI

Responded at 12 liiuirs' notice.

Eighth Infantry

A. B.C. I). E, K. <;, 11, 1. K.

711

do.

Third liattahon Rifles

A, B.C. 1),

32"_'

April 20, l.sci

do.

Light Battery

lUi

ilo.

do.

1!. D, E. 1-, C, II,
F, G, II,

303

.M:iy 2.5, l,Si;l
.Inly — . ISCl

3 yrs.
d<..

Conipanirs diiting from 17S4 dnwn

Tenth Inf^intry

( "..niiuny r, prior service 3 nios.

A. li. c. 11, 11,

iri:j

Jiilv 2!l, ISM

do.

Fourtli Battalion Rifles

A, I!,c, II.

424

May Vj, ISCI

Served in fnrts in Boston, and was
the nncleus of the I3th Regiment.

A,B, C,

A, B, C, 1),

340
IIP.

•Inly 2f., ISCI
.■\lay 2(1, 1SG2

3 yrs.

Organized I7Sfi, 1816, 1853.

First Corps Cailets

< Forts ill Boston.

.Second Corps Cadets

A, B,

130

.Inlv I, 18G2

(

Total

5,SI2

The number of men furnished by Massachusetts in the war of the
Rebellion from April, iS6i, to August, 1865, was as follows:

Three-months' Service, 1861
Three-years' Men

" (Recruits)
Regular .Army, V. R. C, etc.
Re-enlistments in State Organizations

One-year's Men, Army

Nine-months' Men

One Hundre(3 Days' Men

Ninety Days' Men

Navy

Miscellaneous

Total

54.I87
26,091

9,790
6,202

3.736

96,270

4,723
16,685

5.461

1,209

26,329

4,9'3

159.33'

'^ UJi\ \JL\ !■ ra|

,\ t

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

'95

E|g

— So

Q
Z

a:
O

o
z

a.
a.
<

!-
<

SSI

-sis

■3
O

l^l

B-iS

(i.oc<

^— c:

o o

: = ;-.= = = £ I

; A i = 5 ^ g s .5 f ;3 ;

rt ^ ;: r^ rt-r « ;

".-55

2-?< £<< <<<

I i

T^c^zz rz~i

..■ ■ oc; .fou*

: _• >- tc -

c/)

. J. _ Qrf — ^_ _

= ;t is - r' ■= -

i|5l3

- M'-i

C 1- •

- - . - — _ o. .

•gS3"ei-:afe«-S^aS:t;|=' 3 ; ^=5=-)" ?5 S^-> ;^-~^- .■-";:= =sS

196 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

Just before the close of the War of the Rebellion, Dec. 7, 1864, it
was proposed to return to the old method of organization which prevailed
before 1840, and orders were issued to that end, dividing the state into
249 company districts, and enrolling companies therein. A number of
companies were thus formed, which remained unattached until the re-
organization based on that of 1840 was restored. These district compan-
ies were never formed into regiments, brigades, or divisions, and the plan
was afterwards abandoned by General Order No. 17, Oct. 2, 1S65, the
companies which had been organized being disbanded.

Under General Order No. 11, May 18, 1866, the militia was reorgan-
ized in one division of two brigades, to which was attached the two Cadet
Corps, and ten separate companies. The 2nd, 7th, 9th, and loth Regi-
ments; the 1st and 2nd Light Batteries; Company "E," unattached cavalry
and the ist Battallion of Infantry constituted the first brigade. The 5th,
6th, and 8th Regiments with companies temporarily attached thereto; the
3rd and 4th Batteries of Light Artillery and "F" Troop, cavalry, con-
stituted the second brigade.

On June 7, 1866, Major-General Benjamin F. Butler, who had been
elected and commissioned, was assigned to the command of the division
by General Order No. 17, from the Adjutant General's office, and on July 11,
1866, Col. James A. Cunningham of Gloucester was appointed and com-
missioned as Assistant Quartermaster General. The 4th Regiment of In-
fantry was disbanded, and a new 3rd Regiment formed by the luergingof
some of its companies and several independent companies into the new regi-
ment, and the remainder of the old 3d Regiment passed out of existence.

On the 1 6th day of December, 1 866, the resignation of Gen. Schouler
was accepted, and this amiable and accomplished gentleman, after many
years of efficient and meritorious service, was relegated to civil life.
He left behind him, works which will follow him, and become the incen-
tive to emulation for those who come after, among which are the volumi-
nous records of his office, and the history of "JMassachusetts in the Re-
bellion," in two volumes, which are a complete and exhaustive showing of
the part taken by Massachusetts in the great contest for the life of the
nation. General Schouler survived but six years after his discharge; his
death occuring on the 24th day of Oct, 1872. In announcing his death to
the Militia and the public generally, the following order was issued by
Governor Washburn.

Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

Headquarters, Boston, Oct. 25, 1872.
General Orders, No. 16: —

It becomes the duty of the commander-in-chief to an-
nounce the death of Major-General William Schouler, late Adjutant-General of this
Commonwealth, which sad event occurred at his home in Jamaica Plain, on Thursday,
the 24th inst.

~ ^^ V ,/ ■

s/ftoA.

- - >» -V— >-« ^J?_P_^ ^'« ^ ■■ i'" ; ; ^' "' _ ^* _ ''^ _ ^ "' _.^_

LOWELL ARMOltV. MAIN ESTHANCE.

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 199

His eminent services to the State and nation during all the years of the recent
war, becoming a part of the history of the struggle, deserve, as they receive, the
grateful recognition of the people, and will live as the most fitting monument to his
memory, while his qualities of mind and heart will be cherished in tender recollec-
tion by all who were associated with him.

Military escort at the funeral will be omitted, in accordance with his desire,
but in token of respect, the office of the adjutant-general, and other military depart-
ments, will be closed on Saturday, 26th inst., and on the day of the funeral.

By order of His Excellency William B. Washburn, Governor and Commander-
in-Chief.

Signed: JAMES A. CUNNINGHAM,

Adjutant-General.

In vSeptember, 1866, the numerical designation of the 10th Regi-
ment of Infantry was changed to the ist Regiment of Infantry. On De-
cember 17, the dtities of Assistant Quartermaster-General, recently assum-
ed by Col. Cunningham, were transferred to Col. Samtiel E. Chain ber lain,
as Deputy Quartermaster-General; and, on the same date, Col. Cunning-
ham was appointed, Adjutant-General of the Commonwealth, with the
rank of Alajor-General.

General Ctmningham, like his predecessors in office, had held coin-
missions in the militia. He entered the service of the United States in
the War of the Rebellion, in the 32nd Regt. M. V. M., rendering good
service, attaining high rank, and for upwards of thirteen years immediate-
ly subsequent to the close of the Rebellion, continued to serve at the
headquarters of the militia of the Commonwealth. He was succeded in
office by Major-General A. Hun Berry, who was appointed and commis-
sioned Adjtitant-General, January 14, 1879.

In December, 1867, the office of Paymaster was abolished, and all
war-bounty rolls, with books and records, were turned over to the Adju-
tant-General. The encampments were resumed, and the United States
system of instrtiction for all arms adopted for the militia. The 2nd and
10th Regiments of Infantry were by General Order No. 9, November 1 1,
1868, detached from the first brigade, and were constituted a brigade to
be known as the third brigade.

April 13, 1870, a salute of one hundred guns was ordered in honor
of the 1 5tli amendment to the Constittttion of the United States, which
accorded to all, equal rights, regardless of color, race or previous condi-
tion of servitude; and on the 23rd day of the same month, the flags were
displayed at half mast, and minute guns were fired on Boston Common,
during the progress of the procession and escort at the funeral of the late
Honorable Anson P. Burlingame at Cambridge.

The Militia were required to perform at least four hours' duty in
the open air, on the last Wednesday of May in each year, for parade in-
struction and inspection, unless the weather proved inclement, in which

200 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

case the duty mig-ht be performed under cover in armories. The com-
panies were warned, in orders, that unless the uniform prescribed in
previous special orders was worn, all compensation for such service
would be withheld.

It had come to the knowledge of the Adjutant-General, that certain
of the regimental commanders had appointed persons, other than those
allowed by law, to act as staff officers: had conferred upon them the rank
and title of commissioned officers, allowing them to wear the uniform of
the rank and grade thus improperly conferred: and had issued orders that
such officers should be obeyed and respected accordingly. He felt it im-
perative to issue his order (No. 6, i8;o) promulgating that such irregular
officers would not be recognized on any duty or parade required by law.
The entire division was mustered at Concord on the 6, 7, 8, 9, and loth of
September, and for the second time in its history, the militia in its entirety,
performed camp duty at the same time and place. The Adjutant-General
reporting- upon this tour of duty, states that the several organizations ap-
peared in full numbers; that the various duties required of them were per-
formed ; that their bearing was soldierly and their deportment good.

The review by the Commander-in-Chief at this encampment, was
witnessed by thousands. The Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company
of Massachusetts was present by invitation, escorting the Legislature,
and the plaudits of those present testified their appreciation of the efforts
of the troops. The inspection found uniforms, arms, equipments and
other state property in good and serviceable condition.

The Adjutant-General recommended the purchase by the state of
suitable permanent camp grounds, for the use of the militia, which re-
commendation resulted during his administration, in the present well-
adapted vState Camp Grounds, upon which the encampments are now held.

The vSeventh Regiment of Infantry was disbanded, four of its com-
panies being formed in a battalion known as the First Battalion of Infan-
try, First Brigade. Company "A," of this new battalion was at the time
commanded by the late Austin C. Wellington.

The First Battalion of Light Artillery, was formed May 15, 1871, and
was compo.sed of the First Battery, Capt. Langly, and the Second Battery,
Capt. Baxter, and was attached to the ist Brigade, M. V. M.

In June, 1873, a regular systein of enlistment and muster into the
militia service was instituted, prescribing rules for the formal administra-
tion of oaths, keeping complete records, and regular and e.\act returns.

July 10, 1873, the Board of Military Examiners, established by Sec-
tion 2 I , Chapter 313, act of 1 873, was organized for the examination of com-
missioned officers, elected or appointed, and has rendered valuable service
to the militia. Brig. General, W. W. Blackmar, Judge Advocate-General,
was the first president. The board is now composed of all brigade, reo-i-

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 203

mental and battalion commanders, and is making its impress on the ser-
vice.

In conformity with Chapter 204. of the Acts of the year 1876, the
Militia was again organized; Sec. 4, of the Act declaring that the com-
missions of the general and field officers, with their respective staffs,
expired on April 28, 1876, the date of approval of the act, and abolishing
the May parades and inspections. This act disbanded the organizations
of the divisions, and of the ist, 2nd, and 3rd, brigades, and placed in com-
mand, the captains designated in orders. • All the officers of the non-com-
missioned staff, were subsequently discharged.

The inspections of the companies of the militia were completed, and
as a result, thirty companies were disbanded by General Order No. 19, dated
July 6, 1876, and the officers discharged. By General Order No. 21, of
the same year, the remaining companies were organized in two brigades.
The First Brigade was composed of the Second Battalion of Infantry, com-
panies B, C, E, G, H, and I, of the old Second Infantry; the Third Bat-
talion of Infantry, companies E, F, G, and H, of the old Third Regiment;
The Fourth Battalion of Infantry, companies A, B, C, and D, of the
Fourth Battalion; the Sixth Regiment of Infantry, companies A, C, D,
E, F, G, and I, of the Sixth Infantry; the Tenth Regiment of Infantry,
companies A, B, C, D, E, G, and K, Tenth Regiment, and Company B,
Sixth Regiment; the First Battalion of Artillery, Battery C, and Fifth
Battery, and Troop F, Cavalry.

The Second Brigade, included the First Battalion of Infantry, com-
panies A, C, D, G, and H, of the First Regiment, and Company ••I,"
Third Regiment; the Fifth Regiment, companies A, C, D, E, F, G H,
and K, of th^Fifth Regiment; the Seventh Battalion of Infantry, com-
panies F and I of the Eight Regiment; the Eight Regiment of Infantry,
companies A, B, C. D, E, G, H, and K, the Ninth Battalion of Infantry,
companies A, C, E, G, H, and K, of the Ninth Regiment, and the
First Battalion of Cavalry, companies A, and D, First Battalion of Cavalry.

The orders directed the commanding officers of regiments, bat-
talions and unattached companies, to fill vacancies by the election of
officers. The two cadet corps to remain unattached.

The reorganization being completed, the First Brigade, Brig. Gen.
Herbert Moore, was ordered to encamp at the State Camp Ground, Octo-
ber 3, and the Second Brigade, Brig. General Eben Sutton, at the same
place, Sept. 26. The First Corps of Cadets, Lieut. Col. Thomas F. Ed-
mands, at Nahant, July 17. The Second Corps of Cadets, Major Samuel
Dalton, at Magnolia, August 15.

Since 1876, the encampment of the brigades have been held annu-
ally at the State Camp Ground in South Framingham, where everything
for the convenience of the state troops has been provided by the Common-

204 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

wealth. With this reorganization, came a new system of enlistment,
muster, and discharge of enlisted men; new blanks were devised to meet
new conditions; a better system of accounting for property was instituted;
provisions made for riiie practice and state competitions, and a change in
the armament made from the Feabody rifle, to the Springfield rifle,
calibre .45.

A more thorough plan of inspections was also provided. The force
had been reduced to sixty-six companies of all arms; the First Brigade
having thirty-three companies, the vSecond Brigade, thirty-three com-
panies, with the two Corps of Cadets, unattached, not included.

vSince 1876, the organization, with a few minor changes, has remain-
ed the same. Some regiments have been augmented by increase in the
number of companies; inefficient companies have given place to others,
and a Xaval Brigade, and Ambulance Corps have been formed.

January 4, 1883, Major-General, Samuel Dalton, the present incum-
bent, was appointed Adjutant General. General Dalton had served in the
militia for many years, and has brought to the discharge of the duties of
the office, the experience gained in the field, during the War of the
Rebellion.

The immediate predecessor of General Dalton in his last annual
report, dated December 30, 1882, in his introdi:ctory remarks, makes use
of the following language: —

"I regret to say that there is not the interest taken in the subject of military
duty, by the people of the Commonwealth, that the importance of the subject war-
rants. The old adage, 'In time of peace prepare for war,' seems to have passed
entirely out of the minds of the people; or it may be that all have joined that class
of persons who believe that there will never be another war in this country, and that
all the money spent for the training of citizens in soldierly ways is utterly wasted."

This was the burthen of the old song before the breaking out of
the War of the Rebellion: "The militia is an useless incumbrance, and
should be abolished;" yet those having the interest of the service at heart,
and foreseeing the necessity for every effort in the perfection of the only
reliance of the country in the hour of peril, never lo.st sight nf the object
to be attained, but continued steadily on in the discharge of their duty,
and with the aid of the liberal appropriations by the Legislature were
enabled to maintain an efficient body of men.

Notwithstanding the lukewarmness of the people, General Berry
expressed the opinion "that the Volunteer Militia of the Commonwealth
was in far better condition than it was in 1861, and is constantly improv-
ing, needing only encouragement from the citizens to keep up its high
standard of attainment." This, coming from a militia officer of that time,
and a participant in the War of the Rebellion, is worthy of note.

The authorized strength of the Massachusetts Militia was in 1882 : —
Active Militia; officers, 334, enlisted men, 4.436; enrolled do, 249,770.

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

207

Of the active militici, ji6 officers and 3,7^8 men were in service at
the close of the year, 75 per cent, of whom performed duty at spring
drills, and /S per cent, in camp. The encampments fur the year were
held as follows: —

First Corps of Cadets, Lieutenant-Colonel Edmands, at Hingham,
July II; Second Corps of Cadets, Lieutenant-Colonel Hobbs, at Magno-
lia, August 15; Second Brigade, Brigadier-General Peach, at State Camp
Ground, August 22, and First Brigade, Brigadier-General Wales, at State
Camp Ground, September 12, 1882.

Such, in brief, was the condition of the militia of the Common-
wealth, when General Dalton assumed the duties of Adjutant General,
and entered upon the work of his department with vigor, January 4, 1883.

The authorized force was the same as in 1882. There was, how-
ever, an increased attendance at tours of duty, with the average number
of absentees, as shown by the annual report. Company H, of the Finst
Regiment, ist Brigade, on account of number of enrollment and low
standard of efficiency was disbanded, and a new company formed in Mai-
den to be known as Company — , Eighth Infantry, 2nd Brigade.

The encampments were held at the .same places and in the same
months as in the year previous; with the exception of the Second Corps of
Cadets, which changed its camping ground to Essex.

ORGANIZATION OF VOLUNTEER MILITIA— 1884-8.5.

First Brigade — Brigadier General Nat. Wales, Boston.

First Ko^'iment Infaiitrv,

12 companies,

Colonel,

Austin C. ■Wellington,

Boston.

Second Iti'gJnieiit Iiiliintrv,

8 companicK,

Colonel,

Uenjamin F. liridK^s, Jr.,

South Deerfleld.

Sixth KeyinR'iit Inl'.iiilrr.

12 coinpiuiies,

Colonel,

Hpnrv (i. (JriM-ue,

Fitchburi:.

iJatterv H. Li-rht ArtilU-r.v,

4 guns.

Captain,

Fn-d W. WelliuKton.

Worcester.

Company F. C;iv:ilry.

_ - . -

Captain,

Sherman H. Fk-tcher,

Westford.

Second Brigade— Brigadier General Benjamin F. Peach, Jr., Lynn.

Fifth !:epiniont Infantrv,

S companies.

Colonel,

William A. Bancroft,

Cambridge,

Eighth Ilegnnent Intantw.

12 companies,

Colonel,

Charles L. Ayers.

.Newbnryport.

Ninth Regiment Infantry,

8 companies.

Colonel,

William M. Straclmn,

Boston.

First Battalion Artillerv,

2 batteries, 4 guns each.

Mnior.

Georgi' S. Merrill,

Lawrence.

First Battalion Cavalry,

2 companies,

Slajor,

Horace G. Kemp,

Camhridge.

CORPS OF Cadets — Unattached.

First Corps Cadets,
Second Corps Cadets,

4 companies,
2 companies.

Lieutenant Colonel,
Lieutenant Colonel,

Thomas F. Edmands,
J. Frank Dalton,

Boston.
Salem.

The reports of the Inspectors General show that the encampments
were quiet and orderly; that the system of skirmish drill and guard
mounting, inaugurated in 1882, was productive of good results; that all
roll calls and formations were attended by officers of the department, and
a general oversight had of the duties incident to the camps; all of which

2o8 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

were well policed, and presented a commendable neatness in all essential
matters. Colonel A. ]\I. C. Pennington, Fourth United States Artillery,
was the representative of the army at the camps of this year, the force
consisting' of sixty companies of infantry, three batteries of artillery,
three troops of cavalry, and two cadet corps.

In 1885, the brigade, regimental and battalion organization re-
mained the same, the changes in company organization being the disband-
ment of Company E, Second Infantry, Company K, Sixth Infantry, Com-
pany G, Eighth Infantry, and the formation of a company in Orange, to
be known as Company E, Second Infantry, February 26, 1885, and one in
Clinton, December 7, to be known as Cmnpany K, Sixth Infantry, to take
the place of disbanded companies. The encampments were held at the
same places as in the year previous. The annual drills were held in Jiine,
July, August, September and October, the attendance being about the
same as during the previous year.

The encampments were held in June, July and August, at which
31 1 olificers and 3,336 men performed duty, the aggregate strength of the
militia being 319 officers and 4,119 enlisted men. Battery B, Fourth
United States Artillery, Captain John Egan commanding, encamped with
the 1st Brigade, and from the 6th to the 13th of June took part in all the
drills and ceremonies of that brigade, and instructed the non-commis-
sioned officers of artillery of both brigades in the manual of the piece
and mounted drill. Colonel A. AI. C. Pennington, Fourth Artillery
U. S. A., detailed to observe and report to the War Department upon
the militia, notes great progress in drill and general duties, and in speak-
ing of the 2nd Brigade, remarks that the policing of the camp was per-
fect; the Eighth Regiment policing by detail, and the other commands
being turned out entire. The whole camp was remarkable for its clean-
liness; it was a rare thing to see even a piece of paper anywhere on the
grounds. The sanitary conditions were well cared for by the medical
department, and his report on the militia in its entirety, showed a com-
mendable promptness in the discharge of duty, and a marked improve-
ment over any previous record.

An Ambulance Corps was created this year by Act of Legislature,
Alay 14, 1885, one for each brigade, consisting of one commissioned
officer, two sergeants, and thirteen privates, the commissioned officer to
be a medical officer, appointed by brigade commanders. The organization
of the First Corps was completed by the appointment of Samuel B. Clark,
M. D., as ambulance officer, and it was attached to the 2nd Brigade, and
performed duty at the brigade encampment in July.

In 1886, a new company of infantry was organized in the City of
Gloucester, and attached to the Eighth Regiment as Company G. Bat-
tery C. First Battalion Light Artillery, was disbanded, and Com]:)an3' .M,

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 209

of the Eighth Reghnent, transferred, and made a battery in its place. A
new company was formed in Somerville and attached to the Eighth Regi-
ment, and Company M, and Battery A, Light Artillery, were re-organized.

The uniform of the militia, which had consisted of shako, double-
breasted short tiinic, wide, short trousers and leggings, was changed dur-
ing this year; fatigue caps, blouses, and long trousers and overcoats pur-
chased, and a recommendation made for new dress coats. The uniforni
discarded was very attractive and effective on the troops in line and in
column; but the shako gave place to the German spiked helmet, the wide
trousers to the long, and the leggings were done away with. Of the latter
the United States Inspector of the previous year, in his report to the War
Department, remarks: "It was mentioned to me that there was some
thought of doing away with the neat, light leather leggings now worn by
the men. These add very much to the military appearance of the men,
and are above all very useful. It would be a mistake to discard them."

These were, however, abolished, but were immediately adopted by
the troops of other States; the appearance of one of the Massachusetts
regiments in the streets of the City of New York, having directed atten-
tion to them, for the reasons stated by the United States Inspector.

Change was the order, and change there was — not a vestige of the
former uniform remaining after the orders of the adjutant general were
accomplished. Opinions, however, vary, and the successor of the United
States Inspector of the year previous, states that "the change gives great
satisfaction to the men." The Bill of Dress for the militia was published
in General Orders No. 4, dated March i, icS86, and was, in fact, the uni-
form of the United States Army, so far as possible.

In 1S87, the militia was increased from sixty to seventy-two com-
panies, new companies being accepted from the following mentioned
towns: Adams, Amherst, Attleboro, Amesbury, Braintree, Greenfield,
Hudson and Northampton, leaving vacancies for five companies of
infantry; the total strength authorized being, commissioned officers, 384;
enlisted men, 5,234; total, 5,618; and the actual force, commissioned
officers, 361; enlisted men, 4,455; a total of 4,816. In September, the
First Regiment of Infantry and the First Corps of Cadets, accompanied
Governor Ames and the ilassachusetts delegation to the Constitu-
tional Celebration, held in Philadelphia, where they were reviewed by the
President of the United States on the i6th, and compared favorably
with the best troops from the various states, and were complimented in
General Orders by the governor. Companies B, Eighth Infantry, and G,
Ninth Infantry, were disbanded — a new company being organized in
Worcester, to be known as Company G, Ninth Regiment Infantry.

In 1888, new companies were organized in Boston, Lowell, Ply-
mouth, North Adams, Newburyport and Southbridge, completing the

210 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

number allowed by law. The twelve new companies authorized were
attached to the eight company regiments, making all the infantry regi-
ments of twelve companies each. This year $77,932.38 was expended
for dress coats and equipment, and $5,149.66 was received from the .sales
of condemned military property; §5.045.70 of which was expended for
haversacks and the erection of a store-house at the State camp ground.
Some changes were made, many of them in company letters in the vari-
ous regiments. On October 3, all the organizations of the Volunteer
Militia were assembled in Boston for annual drill, their good conduct and
drill calling for great praise from the public, and meeting with special
commendation from the commander-in-chief in orders.

ORGANIZATION OF VOLUNTEER MILITIA— 1889.

First Brigade— Brigadier General Benjamin F. Bridges, Jr., South Deerfield.

First Kcjjiment Jiifaiitrv.

12 companies.

Colonel,

Tht.mas R Mathews,

Boston.

Secoiui KfK'iiit'iit Intaiitrv,

V2 companies.

(Colonel,

Embury P. Clark.

Holvoke,

Sixllille^iuient Iiifaiitrv.

12 companies.

Coloiifl,

ilt-nrv (_;. (.;reene.

Fitclibiirj,'.

BuUt-rv 11, Lipht Artilk-ry,

•4 jruns and 2 Catlings,

Captain,

George L. Allen,

Worcester.

fctnipanv F, Cavalrv,

_ . . -

Captain.

Horacf \V. Wiison,

Carlisle.

>ipnal (nips.

- _ . -

l-irsl Lientenant,

Hans H.M. Uorgliardt,

Boston.

Ambiilanct; Corps,

Set'oiul Lieutenant,

Myles Standisl).

Boston.

Second

Brigade— Brigadier

General Benjamin F. Peach, Jr.. Lynn.

Fifth lleginient Infantrv.

12 companies.

Colonel.

William A. Bancroft.

Cambridge.

Ei-hlh li.-jiii. nt iMtaiitrv.

12 Companies,

Colonel.

Francis A Osgood,

Marblt-head

Ninth l^^■l[ll.■Ilt Inlantrv,

12 companies.

Colonel,

William M. Strachan,

Boston.

First B;iltali.>u Artillery.

2 batteries, 4 guns and

2 Catlings each,

Major.

Geortre S. Merrill,

Lawrence.

First Battalion Cavalry,

2 companies,

aiajor,

Horace G. Kemp,

Cambridge

First Lieutenant,

C. Merton Ilalev.

Boston.

Ambulance Corps,

Second Lieutenant,

Arthur W. Clark,

Boston.

Corps of Cadets— Unattached.

First Corps Cndets.
Second Corps Cadets,

4 compatiies,
4 companies,

Lieutenant Colonel,
Lieutenant Colonel,

Thomas F. Edmands,
J. Frank Dallon,

Boston.
Salem.

From 18SS to 189S the organization has remained practically the
same, making progress in the knowledge of duties, perfecting itself in
the all-round requirements, so essential for the service to which it was
so soon to be called. The average attendance at all tours of duty in 1887,
was 88 1-2 per cent of the enrollment.

On October 3, 1889, the troops of the 2nd Brigade were concen-
trated at Lynn, and under instructions from the Adjutant-General of the
.Vrmy, Captain D M. Taylor, of the Ordnance Department. U. S. A.,
was present to observe and report upon the militia there assembled, and
in his report he makes the following statement: —

"A feature which particularly struck me, was the presence of an assistant
inspector-general with each regiment and battalion. They were present (mounted)
with the regiment from the time of concentration until the men were disbanded, and
during the parade rode habitually behind the organization, to which each was as-
signed, moving from point to point, however, if necessary, to see all that was going
on. As these assistant inspectors-general are all officers who have served the State
long and well in the various organizations of the militia, their just criticisms are
bothfeared and respected, and their praise anxiously sought for; and their services are

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 211

most valuable. The result of their labors is shown by the condition of the troops.

Ill fact, for all of the troops present I have only words of praise. Well

armed, neatly and serviceably uniformed, well drilled and disciplined, they were
an impressive sight, and reflected great credit upon their officers who have given,
without stint, their time and exertions (and he might truthfully have said of their
substance), to render the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia a worthy exponent of that
military spirit, which has been conspicuous in the Bay State from the earliest days of
the Revolution; and as it appeared was a convincing proof to any military observer,
that, if the United States ever again has occasion to make a call to arms, that call
will be responded to from the State of Massachusetts by a force superior in numbers,
equipment and discipline, and not inferior in patriotic spirit, to that superb offering
of noble men she so freely laid on the national altar in the dark days of 1861."

'I'FICE OF (.(ILUNEL U'.M. C. (J.U'ELLL, A. A. G.

The remarks of Captain Taylor were applicable to all the troops of
the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, and the fulfillment of the prophesy-
in its full significance is shown by the response made by Massachusetts to
the call of the President of the United States in 1898.

The Xaval Militia was created this year under chapter 366,
approved May 17, iSSS, and comprised four companies under the com-
mand of a lieutenant-commander, whose assimilated rank was major of
infantry, the organization of which was completed in 1890.

ADDENDA BY THE EDITOR.

At the request of A.ssistant Adjutant-General Capelle, but with
some misgivings as to his ability to complete so excellent a resume of

212 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

the official history of the State forces, the editor has attempted to bring-
this interesting history up to the date of the 1898 reports. The thanks
of the publishers — and it would seem of everyone interested in the ^las-
sachusetts Militia — are due to this veteran contributor, for a concise and
yet spirited narrative of the many and laborious years of faithful depart-
mental service, which, (aided by the enthusiasm, time, and private means
of thousands of citizens), have evolved from the primitive trainbands of
the past, the vigorous, disciplined, effective and splendid organizations
which now muster under the white banner of Massachusetts, and the
Stars and Stripes.

In 1 89 1, the attendance at camp, exclusive of military bands,
aggregated 5,544 against 5,229 in 1890; 5,082 in 1889; 5,090 in 1888;
4,144 in 1887; and 3,183 in 18S6.

In 1892, the 1st Brigade, under Brigadier-General Benjamin F.
Bridges, encamped at South Framingham, July 9 to 14. The 2nd Brig-
ade, Brigadier-General B. F. Peach, South Framingham, July 2 i to 25.
The First Corps Cadets, Colonel Thomas F. Edmands, Hingham, July 14
to 18. The Second Corps Cadets, Colonel John Hart, Essex, August 11
to 15, inclusive.

In 1893, General Bridges mustered his ist Brigade at South Fra-
mingham, June 6, breaking camp on the loth; Peach's 2nd Brigade went
out later, dwelling in tents from July 18 to 22, inclusive; Edmand's First
Corps Cadets encamped at Hingham, July 11 to 15, and Hart's Second
Corps Cadets at Essex, August 8 to 12, inclusive. These encampments
were all noted as evidencing a steady improvement in enrollment, effect-
ive strength, discipline, drill, and morale, as well as in the sanitary and
police regulations imposed and enforced. There were few changes or
innovations in the way of uniform or equipment, the most noticeable
being the adoption of the light canvas leggings still in vogue.

On January 11, two companies each of the Fifth and Ninth Regi-
ments acted as an escort at the funeral of Major James P. Frost, and a
few days later the death of Major-General Benjamin F. Butler claimed
special recognition of the .services of a veteran citizen soldier, a promi-
nent leader in the great Civil War, an eminent lawyer and politician, and
an ex-governor of Massachusetts. On January 16, Brigadier-General
Benjamin F. Peach and his staff of the 1st Brigade, with the Sixth
Regiment of Infantry, Troop F, Cavalry, and Battery C, of Lawrence,
paid the last funereal military honors to the dead veteran.

In his report of this year, Adjutant-General Dalton acknowledges
the liberality of the navy department in equipping and providing for the
Naval Brigade, and thus contrasts it with the parsimonious policy of the
government in its dealings with the National Guard.

"I again repeat, that the navy department is most liberal in its

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 213

allowance for a small command, appropriatintj as it does nearly one-half
as much as is allowed for the entire military force of the State. It can
be readily seen that this branch of the service receives care and attention
from the general government, which thoroughly equips it, while the land
force has not appropriation enough, as it takes the entire annual appro-
priation to purchase one modern battery, and all of it to supply 1,000
rifles of the kind now in use.

"Under the present annual appropriation, the newly-adopted rifle
cannot be supplied until years have elapsed, and by that time the arm
will have become obsolete. Several bills have been presented to Con-
gress for relief, but in every case without success. When it is under-
stood that the State cannot purchase or draw arms beyond the regular
approjDriations by Congress, and that the war department cannot sell or
exchange, it will be seen how powerless the department is to remedy this
evil.

"The light batteries are old and obsolete, requiring repairs, having
been in use for many years; yet the ordnance department cannot loan or
exchange old for new field carriages of the same pattern in its possession
but in good condition, which have been discarded, and are stored away,
never to be used by the army.

"I would suggest that the attention of the congressional delegation
be called to this subject, and their aid invited in the passage of the bill
now before Congress, and known as House Bill No. 4291."

In 1894, the encampments were held as usual: ist Brigade, Gen-
eral B. F. Bridges, South Framingham, June 4 to 9; 2nd Brigade, Gen-
eral B. F. Peach, July 16 to 21; First Corps Cadets, Colonel Thomas F.
Edmands, Hingham, July 7, to 14; Second Corps Cadets, Colonel John
Hart, Essex, August 6 to 11, inclusive.

By General Order No. 6, of this year, the following "emergency
ration" was established, which ration any oflicer, of or above the rank of
captain, may, at his discretion, provide for his company or command
when ordered for special duty.

Emergency ration, for each company of sixty men, daily: Hard
tack, sixty pounds, average, one pound per man; luncheon or corned beef,
sixty pounds, one pound per man; coffee, eleven and a-half pounds, three
ounces per man; sugar, fifteen pounds, four ounces per man.

Few changes in equipments were made. The First Infantry were
furnished with a miniature redoubt and full-.size working models of heavy
guns and mortars, with the necessary appliances, at the Boston South
Armory, and the Gatling guns, six in number, originally pertaining to the
artillery, were distributed among the infantry regiments.

General Benjamin F. Bridges and staff, with the First Battalion of
Cavalry, and Battery A, light artillery, on vScptember 4, acted as escort at

214

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

the obsequies of Major-General Nathaniel P. Banks, whose record as a
statesman, politician and soldier, as well as the deep and inspiring interest
which he displayed in the citizen soldiery of Massachusetts, richly de-
served a much more magnificent military tribute.

The following statistics, embodying the record of the comparative
increase of skilled marksmen in the state forces, was thus recorded: 1882,
2S8; 1883, 545; 1884, 795; 1885, 1,058; 1886, 1.449; 1887. 1.897; 1888,
2,336; 1889, 2,610; 1890, 2,459; 1S91, 2,822; 1892, 3.401; 1893, 4,408.
The attendance at drill for 1894 was 5,736 officers and men.

In 189S, the national appropriation amounted to $13,122, and there
was, of course, no material change in the armament of the State troops.
The usual encampments were held, and that of the First Brigade was
visited by Alajor General Nelson A. Miles, U. S. A., who, in a letter to
Governor Greenhalge, expressed his approval of the camp, and the
appearance and discipline of the brigade. The attendance at camp for
the year was 5,607.

Adjutant-General Samuel Dalton, in his report, again pleads for a
supply of modern arms as follows: —

"Efforts have been made to increase the amount of the appropria-
tions to the states, but so far without success. It is impossible to prop-

ADJl'TANT GKXET!AI/S DEPAItTMENT. ■IIIK. MILITIA i;oOM.

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

All.IlTANT (iKNKltAl.-S DKI' AKTMENT. THE DdCUMENT liciiiM.

erly equip any state military force with the present meagre allotment.
It would take fifteen years to equip the force with the new magazine rifle,
and five years to equip it with the latest pattern of the Springfield rifle."

In 1896, the chief change in equipment was the abandonment of the
antiquated cartridge-box and belt, and the substitution of the modern
webbing belt. The year's record is thus summed up by the adjutant-
general : —

"The year past has been the most .satisfactory for work and prog-
ress I have ever known. All commands, as a whole, have been energetic;
great advances have been made in practical work; troops have a better
idea of what they are for, and what is expected of them by the common-
wealth. Officers and men better realize their importance, and study and
work have been continuous, showing excellent results. I can safely say
that the militia, as a whole, is in a most satisfactory condition, and ready
to perform its whole duty."

In 1897, no changes were made in the organization of the militia,
although, by act of the Legislature, the First Regiment of Infantry, as
organized, was changed to the First Regiment of Heavy Artillery. The
strength of the active militia, as organized by law, was 458 officers and
5,896 enlisted men; total, 6,354. Total reported for service, in December
of this year, 434 officers, 5,718 men; total, 6,152.

2i6 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

The enrolled militia, as reported from towns and cities, numbered
433,975 men, against 422,03 i in 1896 — again of 11,944 men.

The regular encampments were held this year as usual: The First
Brigade; with the exception of the First Regiment Heavy Artillery; under
Brigadier-General Benjamin F. Bridges, at South Framingham, June 8 to
12; the Second Brigade, under Brigadier-General Benjamin F. Peach,
July 20 to 24, inclusive; the First Corps of Cadets, Colonel Thomas F.
Edmands, July 10 to ij; the first two days, July 10 and 11, being by order
of the colonel; July 12, the annual drill, and July 13 to 17, the live days
of camp duty ordered by law. The Second Corps of Cadets, Lieutenant-
Colonel Samuel A. Johnson commanding, held their annual drill at Box-
ford, August 2, and five days of camp duty, from August 3 to 7, inclu-
sive; the First Regiment Heavy Artillery, Colonel Charles Pfaff. at Fort
Warren, Boston Harbor, August 7 to 14, inclusive; doing voluntary duty
August 7 and 8. This tour of duty — the first since the regiment became
heavy artillery — while hindered by three days of heavy weather, was very
satisfactory, and prepared the way for its very timely and creditable ser-
vices in the Spanish-American war of 1898.

Other tours of duty included the presence of the First Corps of
Cadets and Second Regiment of Infantry, in company with Governor
Wolcott and staff, at the Grant Memorial Service, New York, April 27;
and the services of Companies A, C, D, G, K, and L, First Infantry, Lieu-
tenant-Colonel Charles L. Hovey; Companies A, B, C, D, E, H and I,
Ninth Infantry, Lieutenant-Colonel L. J. Logan; Companies B and L,
Ninth Infantry, Companies A and H, Fifth Infantry, and Comi^any L,
Sixth Infantry, under Major William F. Oakes, Fifth Infantry, all under
Coloriel Frederick B. Bogan, Ninth Infantry, at the Shaw Memorial Ser-
vices, Boston, May 31.

Ainong the officers honorably retired in 1897 appear the names of
two brigade commanders. Brigadier-General Benjamin F. Bridges, of
Charlestown, long the esteemed commander of the ist Brigade M. V. M.,
was retired, with the rank of Brigadier-General, July 9, 1897. Brigadier-
General Benjamin F. Peach, Jr., of Lynn, commanding the 2nd Brigade
M. V. M., was retired with the rank of Major-General, July 24.

Early in January, 1898, Governor Wolcott, having previously made
an exhaustive study of the conditions and requirements of the Massachu-
setts militia, directed Adjutant-General Dalton to make all neces.sary prep-
arations for war, while avoiding all action which should promote unneces-
sary alarm and excitement; but in the language of General Dalton's
report: "On January i, i8gS, the militia were well equipped, as a whole,
for the field, so far as the annual appropriations of this department would
permit;" and this condition still exists.

The chief weakness of their equipment, and this still obtains, was

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 217

the quality of their arms, the infantry being furnished with Springfield
single-shot breech loading rifles, using common black powder ammuni-
tion. As will be seen from a perusal of the history of the Second Regi-
ment of infantry, these rifles were lacking in range, slow and ineffective
of fire, and by creating great quantities of smoke, gave additional fatality
to the fire of the Spanish, who were armed with magazine Alauser rifles,
using ammunition fixed with smokeless powder, of great accuracy, low
ti-ajectory and immense range and penetration. The light batteries had, as
they still have, antiquated and obsolete muzzle-loading rifles and smooth-
bore brass Napoleons, using black powder, and comparatively useless at
ranges exceeding 1760 yards. The Heavy Artillery went to garrison
forts, not furnished with a single modern cannon, but mounting obsolete
Dahlgrens and rifles so sparsely provided with even such inferior ammuni-
tion that no practice could be allowed; and the prospect of a bombard-
ment excited the greatest apprehension in the minds of all who were
acquainted with the actual condition of things.

On January 15, all militia organizations were ordered to appear at
armory inspections, equipped as if for two days' field duty. Command-
ing officers were directed to designate the equipment to be worn, with
proper clothing for the season, also rations, and the methods of transpor-
tation. All the commanding officers of the force seem to have been in-
stant "in season and out of season" to inform themselves, and to prepare
for the anticipated crisis. In the words of General Dalton, "they should
all be credited with an earnest desire to do their whole duty."

He adds the following details:

"In December, 1897, and early in January, 1898. as far as possible, supplies
were drawn from the United States government. The reports of the inspectors
showed the troops to be well equipped. Sufficient company uniforms, intrenching
tools in part, cooking outfits, and general campaign equipage were on hand to equip
the militia. It was deemed advisable to make full preparation for war should it
come. This had to be done quickly and no appropriations for war being available,
Colonel Harry E. Converse, assistant quartermaster general, was detailed to look up
supplies, in order that if the emergency arose the department would be ready to act.
As soon as war was declared, blankets (woolen and rubber), intrenching tools and
other supplies were furnished, and the troops were supplied with the uniforms already
in their possession. Many exchanges were made and new clothing issued. Tents
were furnished, and under the admirable care of Brigadier-General Robert A. Blood,
surgeon-s-eneral, all commands were furnished with hospital tents, beds, bed clothing
and medicines."

At an early date Colonel Henry E. Converse was made acting quar-
termaster general, and on February 27, Adjutant-General Dalton and
Brigadier-General Curtis Guild, Jr., were sent to Washington to confer
with the national authorities, and to find out what could be done by Mas-
sachusetts in case of war. A full report was made to the governor by
these gentlemen. The report continues:

"Prior to the declaration of war, the navy department, by letters and tele-
grams to this office and to Captain John W. Weeks, commanding Massachusetts Naval

2i8 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

Brigade, asked if the men of the Naval Brigade would volunteer without pay, trans-
portation to be furnished, to proceed to New York, Brooklyn, Philadelphia and other
places; to man monitors and take them to designated places along the coast. A
prompt reply was forwarded, that the details could move at once on receipt of orders.
These detachments performed their full duty and were paid by the Commonwealth."

On the evening of April 25, the following telegram was received:

Washington, D. C, April 25; 1898.
The Governor of Massachusetts, Boston, Mass.

"The number of troops from your state under the call of the President,
dated April 23,1898, will be four regiments of infantry and three heavy batteries of
artillery. It is the wish of the President that the regiments of the national guard or
state militia shall be used as far as their numbers will permit, for the reason that they
are armed, equipped and drilled. Please wire as early as possible what equipments,
ammunition, blankets, tents, etc., you have, and what additional you require. Please
also state when troops are ready for muster into United States service. Details follow
by mail. R. B. ALGER, Secretary of War.

"To this telegram a reply was sent the same evening by Your Excellency, stat-
ing that the troops were ready to move at once, fully armed and equipped. The
letter of details was received on the evening of April 27, designating Springfield as
the rendezvous, which was at once changed to the state camp ground at South Fram-
ingham. '

This call was modified, and the First Regiment Massachusetts
Heavy Artillery, Colonel Charles Pfaff commanding, was accepted as
organized, and sent to Fort Warren, Boston harbor on April 26, for eight
days' duty of camp and annual drill.

Later the First was mustered into the service, May 9, and served at
Fort Warren and elsewhere along the New England coast until mustered
out November 14, 1898.

On April 25, by direction of Governor Wolcott, Colonel Embury P.
Clark, Second Regiment, Massachusetts Infantry; Colonel Fred B. Bogan,
Ninth Regiment, Massachusetts Infantry; Colonel William A. Pew, Jr.,
Eighth Regiment, Massachusetts Infantry, and Colonel Charles F. Wood-
ward of the Sixth Regiment, Mas,sachusetts Infantry, were designated to
raise regiments of volunteer troops and ordered to report at once. On
April 25, at a conference, these officers accepted their appointments, and
proceeded at once to recruit men and prepare for active service.

xA-ll were to rendezvous at the state camj^ ground at South Framing-
ham, and in accordance with general orders, went into camp, at the fol-
lowing dates: Second Regiment, Massachusetts Infantry, U. S. V., on May
3; Ninth Regiment, May 4; Eighth Regiment, Mays, and Sixth Regiment,
May 6; Colonel Embury P. Clark of the Second Regiment being placed
in command of the camp.

There being no provision made by the United States War Depart-
ment, the regiments rationed themselves until the federal officers could
provide for them. All the regiments were fonnally mustered into the
service of the United States a few days later, but their term of service
was made to begin with the arrival of the regiment at camp.

All the officers received their commissions from Governor Wolcott,

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 219

having j^reviously passed a satisfactory pliysical examination. When
ordered to the field each regiment was fully supplied with clothing, equip-
ments, intrenching tools, tentage, ammunition and medical supplies,
including hospital tents, beds, bed linen and appliances, and were ready
to move several days before marching orders were received.

At the second call of the President, May 25, the War Department
asked for another regiment if it could be fully recruited, and immedia-
tely equipped. Governor Wolcott wired in return, that a regiment was
ready and fully equipped. Colonel Jophanus H. Whitney, of the Fifth
Massachusetts Infantry, recruited his regiment to the maximtim company
strength, and went into camp June 30.

SOLDIKItS AND M.UIINEKS PUliNISIlEI) I\ TllK srANlSIl-AMKKICAX WAR.

First Resjiment Heavy Artillery. 749

Second Regiment Infantry, 943

Fifth Regiment Infantry, 1,315

Sixth Regiment Infantry, 1.327

Eighth Regiment Infantry, 1.327

Ninth Regiment Infantry, 1.327

Tenth United States Signal Corps, 68

Massachusetts Naval lirigade 414 7,470

Enlistments in U. S. Army, 2,752

Enlistments in U. S. Navy, 1,438
Enlistments in U. S. Marines, 400

Enlistments in U. S. Engineers, 165 4,755

Total Enlistments, 12,225

The card index, however, shows that there volttnteered from Mas-
sachusetts for the Spanish-American war: in the army, 10,459 m^-^n, and
in the navy and marine, 1,910 men; total, 12,369 men. This discrep-
ancy is accounted for by the fact, that the officer who recritited the engi-
neers made no return of the men enrolled, but records of a part of these
soldiers have since been received from Washington.

The apportionment to ^lassachusetts, under the first call of the
President, April 22, 189S, was 4,554; under the second call, May 25, 1898,
2,834 — a total of 7,388. Thus the Old Bay State furnished over and
above her quota — 4.S37 officers and men, besides a large number of which
at present no official computation can be made.

At the request of General A. W. Greely, chief signal officer, U. S.
A., for a Massachusetts corps in the signal service. Lieutenant Thomas
F. Clark, Ninth Regiment, AI. V. M., an expert in telegraphy, was
commissioned captain, and Lieutenant Henry W. Sprague of the
Signal Corps Second Brigade, ]\L V. ^L, commissioned lieutenant. This
company, known as the Tenth Company U. S. Signal Corps, served
acceptably in Cuba and Porto Rico, and was mustered out at Boston,
December 10, 1898.

The services of the Naval Brigade, Captain John W. Weeks com-

220 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

mantling', were numerous, varied, and satisfaetory, including, as tliey did
the manning- of tlie monitors Catskill and Lehigh, the converted yacht
Inca, converted tug Seminole and converted ferryboats East Boston and
Governor Russell. Un April 23, a telegram was received at 1.30 p. m.,
from the assistant secretary of the navy. "Send officers and crew for the
Prairie to New York at once," and the officers with the crew detailed,
excepting four men, reported for duty at the New York navy yard the
next morning.

Two officers and forty-one enlisted men manned coast signal sta-
tions from April 22 to August i, at Monhegan Island, and Caj^e Eliza-
beth, Maine, Appledore Island, N. H., Cape Ann, Cape Cod and Gay
Head, Mass., and Block Island, R. I., with headquarters on the Minnesota,
receiving ship, Boston harbor. This work was intelligently and efficiently
performed, receiving high praise from the officers of the navy connected
with this important coastguard. The editor would further say that many
officers have expressed their unstinted praise of the work done by the
Adjutant-General Samuel Dalton, and his subordinates; the ceaseless dili-
gence and courteous services of Captain Luke R. Landy at the state camp
and arsenal; the untiring interest, efficiency, humanity and skill of Sur-
geon General Blood and the whole medical staff, and indeed of the spirit
and work of every branch of the military establishment of Massachusetts.

Through their efforts and those of Governor Wolcott and his
advisers and subordinates, such forces were levied and sent forth on land
and sea, as those of which Washington spoke when he wrote to a friend
who had reported unjust aspersions cast upon the New England soldiery.
'Tt is painful" wrote the Father of His Country, in January 1777, "for
me to hear such illiberal reflections upon the eastern troops, as you say
prevail in N — . I always have said, and always shall say, that I do not
believe any of the states produce better men. Equal injustice is done
them in other respects; for no people fly to arms more promptly, or come
better equipped or with more regularity into the field."

From 1620 to 1684, during the colonial period of constant danger
of foreign invasion and Indian alarms: in the almost constant struggles of
the loyal provinces, for their very existence, and against the enemies of
the King; in the wars of the Revolution; the later sea warfare against
France; the war of 1812, the Mexican invasion, the great civil war and
the Spanish-American war; the words of Washington may be fitly applied
to the wisdom and prevision of the rulers of Massachusetts, and the
courage and warlike spirit and endurance of her citizen soldiers. Long
may it be before her people shall consent that the white state flag shall
cease to wave over her levies, or fail to appear upon the battlefields of the
republic; or her name cease to designate the regiments, batteries and
squadrons raised and officered among her people.

CHAPTER VII.
THE STATE ARMORIES.
By Colonel Augustus N. Sampson.

THE State Armories for militia purposes in the State of ]\lassacliu-
setts, are nine in nimiber, and were constructed under an Act of
the Le;4-islature, approved May i8, 1888; the full text of which,
being' largely explanatory, is here inserted.

AN ACT TO PKOVIDK AKJIOKIES Fol; THE MASSACIIl'SETTS VOI.rNTEEI! MILITIA.
Bt' il eiijclcd, as folhics:

Section i. The governor, with the advice and consent of the council, is here-
by authorized within si.x months from the passage of this act, to appoint three persons,
one of whom shall be an experienced builder, who shall be designated and known as
the armory commissioners. Said commissioners shall receive such compensation,
while engaged in the service of the Commonwealth, as the governor and council shall
determine.

Sect. 2. Said commissioners shall acquire for the city of Boston, by purchase or
otherwise, two suitable lots of land in different parts of the city, and shall erect on
each lot a suitable building for an armory capable of furnishing accommodations for
twelve companies of infantry, for such companies of artillery, cavalry, signal corps and
detachments of the militia and for such of the militia headquarters located in said city,
and such rooms for company, battalion and regimental drill and for the care of state
property as they may deem necessary, and shall, in the same manner, acquire in each
city in which two or more companies of militia are located, a suitable lot of land, and
erect thereon suitable building for an armory capable of furnishing accommodations for
as many companies and militia headquarters and detachments of the militia as are loca-
ted in such city, and such rooms for drills and care of state property as the commis-
sioners deem necessary: PROVIDED, HOWEVER, that no land shall be acquired until
the site has been approved by the governor and council; and no building shall be
erected until the plans thereof have been so approved.

Sect. 3. The said commissioners shall cause to be recorded in the registry of
deeds for the county and district in which any land shall be taken under authority of
this act lies, a description of the land as aforesaid, as certain as is required in an ordi-
nary deed of land, with a statement, signed by the commissioners, that the same is
taken for the city in which it is situated, under the provisions of this act; and the
act and time of filing thereof shall be deemed to be the act and time of taking such
land, and to be sufficient notice to all persons that the same has been so taken. The
title to all land so taken shall vest absolutely in the city in which it is situated and its
assigns forever.

Sect. 4. The said commissioners may, by agreement with the owner of any
land taken under the authority of this act, determine the value thereof, and, if they
cannot agree, either party may have a jury to detennine such value, in the manner
provided for the determination of damages for land taken for highways in the same
city, on petition therefor filed in the clerk's office of the superior court for the county
in which the land lies, within one year from the taking of the land.

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

Commonwealth a statement showing the amount determined by agreement or verdict
as the value of any property purchased or taken by said commissioners, the auditor
shall certify such amount, and a warrant shall be made therefor, as in the case
of other lawful payments from the treasury of the Commonwealth; and, upon the ex-
ecution of such release or conveyence as shall be prescribed by the attorney-general,
the treasurer shall pay to the party in interest the sum to which he is entitled, as
aforesaid, and all sums necessary therefor are hereby appropriated.

Sect. 6. To meet the expenses incurred under the preceding sections, the treas-
urer and receiver-general, shall, with the approval of the governor and council, issue
scrip or certificates of debt, in the name and behalf of the Commonwealth, and under
its seal, to an amount not exceeding the amounts designated, as hereinafter provided
for a term not exceeding thirty years. Said scrip or certificates of debt, shall be is-
sued as registered bonds, or with interest coupons attached, and shall bear interest
not exceeding four per centum per annum, payable semi-annually, on the first day of
March and September of each year. Such scrip or certificates of debt shall be desig-
nated on the face as Armory Loan; shall be countersigned by the governor, and shall
be deemed a pledge of the faith and credit of the Commonwealth, redeemable at the
time specified therein in the lawful inoney of the United States, and shall be sold and
disposed of at public auction, or in such other mode and at such times and prices and
in such amounts, and at such rate of interest, not exceeding four per centum per an-
num, as the governor and council shall deem for the best interest of the state.

Sect. 7. The treasurer and receiver-general shall, on issuing scrip or certifi-
cates of debt, establish a sinking fund and apportion thereto, from year to year, an
amount sufficient with its accumulations to extinguish the debt at maturity. The
amount required each year to pay the interest and sinking fund requirements for the
loan contracted for such armories shall be included in and made a part of the sum
charged to the city in which such armory is located, and shall be assessed upon it in
the apportionment and assessinent of its annual tax; and the treasurer and receiver-
general shall in each year notify each such city of the assessment, which amount
shall be paid by such city into the treasury of the Commonwealth at the time required
for the payment of its state tax, and after said debt has been extinguished no rent
shall be paid for the use of said armories by the Commonwealth.

Sect. 8. When said armories, or any of them, have been completed, and so
long as they are used for armories, they shall be under the exclusive control of the ad-
jutant-general, under the orders of the Commander-in-Chief, and all expenses of the
care, furnishing and repairs of the same shall be paid by the Commonwealth, and pro-
vided for in the annual appropriation for the militia.

Sect. 9. Nt) proceedings shall be had and no expense incurred for the acquiring
of land or for the erecting of a building for an armory in any city under the forego-
ing sections until said sections have been accepted, and the amount of the loan nec-
essary to meet the expense of acquiring the land and erecting the armory has been de-
signated by the city.

Sect. 10. This act shall take effect upon its passage.

Previous to the enactment of this general statute, the meeting-
place of each body of local militia had been selected by its officers, and
the rent was made a charge against the local corporation. As regards the
general character of such headquarters, they were simply the largest halls
that could be obtained in the place where the companies were located.

OP^ MASSACHUSETTS.

223

A part of the First Rcyiincnl, of Uostoii, for example, drilled in
wliat was known as the old Winslow Skating Rink, whither it had re-
moved from Boylston Hall when the old Boylston Alarket was torn down.
None of the eompanies of the State had partieularly fine quarters, and the
enactment of the statute to provide armories was a general move in a long-
needed direction. The act was introduced at the joint solicitation of City
Solicitor Andrew J. Bailey, (who drew it up,) and i\djt. -General Samuel
Dalton. It was passed by both houses, without any o^jposition of a formal
character. In the July following, the Governor of Massachusetts appoint-
ed John W.Leighton of Boston, General Jcjsiah Pickett of Worcester, and
John N. Peterson of Salem, as com-
missioners to carry out its jjrovi-
sions. The Board organized July
24, with the choice of John W.
Leighton as chairman, and on the
15th of the following August, Col-
onel A. N. Sampson was made clerk
of the Commission. The following-
sums have been designated by the
several cities, as the amounts they
were willing to be assessed for the
purpose of building an armory for
each under the provisions of the act.
Boston, (two armories,) $600,000;
Worcester, $125,000; Lowell, $105,-
000; Fitchburg, $60,000; Lawrence,
$70,000; Lynn, $100,000; Spring-
field, $1 10,000; Fall River, $ 1 50,000.

The first proceeding in each
case, was the acceptance of the Act,
by the vote of the local common
council and the approval of the
Mayor. The amount to be appropriated was then discussed andjjassed on.
The commissioners, having been notified, then made a personal visit to
each city. Sometimes several such visits were necessary before the
proper spot of land could be selected. As will be observed, the pro-
visions of the Act left the acceptance of the same, wholly as a matter of
choice to each town having two companies of militia.

Thus Salem (for its Second Corps of Cadets) chose to build its own
armory by private subscription, following the example of the First Corps
of Boston, whose splendid stone building on Columbus Ave. is the finest
armory in New England. To the first cost thereof, $120,000 has since been
added for repairs and improvements.

roi,. Arc. ,v

224 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

The Act was discussed and accepted in Cambridtje, but the matter
has remained in statu quo ever since, with a strong jirobability, that
the necessary funds will soon be voted. In New Bedford, it was at one
time thought probable that that city would build an armory, but the pro-
ject has evidently been abandoned. With these exceptions, every town in
the state possessing two companies has taken advantage of the provisions
of the Act. The State Armories in Boston and Worcester were begun at
about the same time. Ground was broken for each, in the early fall fol-
lowing the passage of the Act. There were no formalities, such as lay-
ing of corner-stones, or other special ceremonies, although all the build-
ings were "warmed" by a rousing reception when completed. The pur-
chase of the site for the Lowell armory, finished the third in order, was
consummated January i, 1889.

In completing title, the commission not only went through the
ordinary form <:)f purchase, but entered its claim under the right of Emi-
nent Domain, so that there could be no possible default in clear posses-
sion. On April 12, i8go, the chairman of the commission notified the
Governor, in accordance with the Act, that the armory located on Irving-
ton Street, in the city of Boston, had been completed, and was ready for
occuijancy. On ^lay lo, following, the Worcester Armory was thus
turned over. On October 28, the Lowell Armory was ready. On March
2^, 1891, the East Armory on East Newton and Stoughton Streets, in the
city of Boston, was reported to His E.xcellency as completed. This was
followed in November by the finishing of the State Armory at Fitchburg.
The location for the armory at Lawrence was selected and submitted on
January 25, 1892, and the building was completed in the Februarj' of the
following year. On May 7, 1894, the city of Springfield designated Si 10,-
000 for an armory building, and on November 27, 1S95, it was formally
tendered to the local militia. ( )n Alay 17, 1894. tlie armory at Lynn was
reported to His Excellency, as ready under the Act, for occupancy. On
August 27, 1895, the plans and site selected for the Fall River Armory
were approved, and on February 18, 1897, the building was ready for
the local companies. On October 6, 1897, John ^^'. Leigliton, chairman of the
commission, died. Mr. Leighton was the exj^ert builder of the commis-
sion; a man of rare judgment, experience and skill as a building con-
tractor; a citizen, and man of affairs of the highest repute in public and
private life. It was the great good fortune of the state of JMassachusetts
and of the militia, that he was spared liy jirovidence until the special
task, to which the later years of his life were devoted, had been thor-
oughly and well completed.

At the commencement of the labors of the commission, the com-
pensation of the chairman was fixed by a special Act at S2.500 per annum,
that of the other commissioners at §2,000, and the clerk of the board at

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

-^-i

EAST AHMORY. EAST XEWTOS ST., ROSTOX.

$5 per day, when on duty. Thi.s was paid out of the general fund of
appropriations.

During- the first twi) or three years following the enaetment of the
statute, and while several armories were in eourse of eonstruetion at one
tin\e, the expense was not felt; but when in 1S91. the Fitchburg Armory
was the only building in eourse of constriiction, the amount paid the com-
mission was regarded by that eommunity as an undue burden. The
matter was brought before trovernor Russell and Council, and after some
discussion it was agreed that the salary of the chairman should be con-
tinued, but the other two commissioners and the clerk have since served
without Compensation. _

226

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

As regards the buildings, the only criticism that can be made as a
matter of absolute justice to all concerned, is, that the local spirit in
nearly every instance, was scarcely equal to the appropriation which was
actually desirable. In Boston, for example, $600,000 was voted for two
armories. Following the splendid example set by the militia of other
vStates. notably the New York State, National Guard, a million dollars for
each building would not have been excessive. There was money enough,
however, in every instance, to build a good structure, a substantial one.
and one that reasonably answered the requirements of the situation. The
inspiration for the first building completed, the Irvington Street Armorj'
in Boston, was the result of a visit of the board of commissioners, with
the supervising architect, C. W. Cutter, of the firm of Waitt & Cutter, to
New York City, and from the conditions studied there, the best possible
results were afterward worked out, on a scale commenstirate with the
approjDriation for each armory.

The models which have influenced the general style and character
of the ^Massachusetts State buildings were the magnificent armories of the
.Seventh, Eighth and Twelfth Regiments of the New York State, National
Guard, particularly the noble building of the Seventh Regiment.

In New York, an entire armory is devoted to a single regiment.
The regulations of the statute in this state permitted a local armory for
every two companies of militia in a single location.

The great central drill-rooms of the Massachusetts militia are the

K:iviirite rirtlll'i-s. Ni). I.

THE UULL C.VLI,, CKI.ME.V, lSJ4-.j, l\iiiiliiiij hii Elr.aWlh Tliom/.i

South and East Armories in Boston, which are used for battalion drills by
the militia of all the other towns on great occasions. The span of these
buildings covers the largest unobstructed space of any hall in New

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

227

Eng-land. These are model drill and assembly rooms, but not, as a mat-
ter of fact, very much more. In the smaller towns, however, the armories
have been finished up with all the modern improvements, and several of
them have the attractive atmosphere of a club house. The state armories

Favorite Pirtur

■of ^lassachusetts are in all respects excellent structures of the kind. The
appropriation was not exceeded in any instance, and the buildings were
constructed throughout without hitch or hindrance; and are, in all ordin-
ary details, models of what can be done in a structure for local military
purposes within the scope of the appropriations designated.

THE lUVlSCTOX .STUEET AHMouy.

The Irvington Street Armory, otherwise known as the South Arm-
ory, Boston, is divided into three sections: — the head hrtuse, on Irvington
Street, the drill shed in the centre, and the rear shed, which is devoted
to the uses of the Naval Battalion, with an entrance on Dartmouth street.
The head house contains the brigade and regimental head quarters;
company and uniform rooms for twelve companies of infantry, and
several other rooms devoted to the signal corps, musicians, etc. The
dimensions of the head house, are 70 by 130 feet, and it is three stories
high, with towers and battlements, for signal purposes, in case of need.
The main tower is 100 feet high, and the battlements extend well above
the flat roofs, and would give excellent protection behind their walls.
The height of the drill shed roof is sixty-four feet, and is well lighted and
entirely free from obstructions of any kind. The floor is of maple plank,

228 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

well adapted for the evolutions of troops. The whole building is heated
by a steam plant of two tubular boilers, sixty inehesin diameter and six-
teen feet long'.

The ediliee — built of brick, sandstone and steel — conveys a strik-
ing idea of the purposes for which it was erected. Its huge dimensions
and remarkable height, impress even the most casual observer with a
deep .sense of its impregnable solidity and strength.

The main entrance on Irvington Street is a wide deep archway, ap-
proached by massive stone steps, and barred by heavy oaken doors stud-
ded with immense iron bolts. Immediately beyond, a large and lofty
hall opens on commodious, and plainly though comfortably furnished
rooms, serving as regimental, battalion, and company headquarters and
offices, none of which display any extravagance of fitting or unust;al orna-
mentation. Flags and other insignia of military life decorate all of them,
but aside from these only the busts and pt)rtraits of military commanders,
both past and present, and admirably grouped photographs of the officers
of the regiment and of the various companies are the fitting decorations.

A large picture of Ex-Governor Brackett and his military staff: a
tablet in bronze of ^lajor-General Benjamin F. Butler, an excellent por-
trait of the late Colonel Austin C. Wellington, the former Colonel of the
First Regiment, and a small old-fashioned cannon, which was surrendered
to General Washington, by the British, at Yorktown, and afterwards, dur-
ing the war of the Rebellion, captured from the Confederates, by Union
soldiers, are the principal and most interesting objects of interest and dec-
oration.

The drill shed witli its vast proportions, and lirm yet elastic floor,
is especially well adapted to the performance of regimental and company
evolutions; and at times it is by no means over large, or deficient in spee-
tactular attractions, when the friends of the several battalions, are allowed
to witness their disciplined and soldierly exercises.

The rear shed devoted to the use of four companies of the Naval
Brigade, is equipped with boats, guns, cutlasses, and all other parapher-
nalia. There is a model (jf a vessel, on which the na\'al companies are
taught their special duties, and at the rear end of the drill shed there is an
accurate reproducticm of a small earthwork, wherein is mounted a model of
one of the largest breech-loading guns used in the service. In the base-
ment, there are rifle and revolver ranges, of adequate length and arrange-
ment. There are ten rooms on the first floor of the head house, and six-
teen rooms on each of the other floors. The foundations and grounds
were made firm by the dri\-ing of 3500 piles, and the land alone, cost §75,-
000. The work was begun on the 4th of December, i.sss, and was finish-
ed iust a year later, under the skillful supervision of Messrs. Ccmnery &
Wentworth, masons; Ira (t. Hersey, carpenter; and of t'nc Boston Bridge

1-Asi AK.Mi)i:v. iii:ii.i. sin;i).

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

\\'orks, in those portions which required steel,
pleted, cost the state and city. $225,000.

The biuldinuf when com-

TllE EAST NKWIOX STHEET .UOIORY.

The East Newton Street Armory, otherwise called the Boston East
Armor3^ like the South Armory is divided into three sections, — the head
house, on East Xcwton Street, the drill shed, in the centre, and another
large shed, to the right of the main building, which is set apart for the
use of Battery A of the artillery. The head house has t\vcnt3--six rooms,
regimental headquarters, and company, uniform, harness, and toilet rooms,
with apartments for the Signal and Ambulance Corps.

FavuritL- ri,iiiii->. >.i,

SCOTLAND FUUKVEl;

J'aiiilintf by Eliznfiflh Thompson.

The dimensiiins of the drill shed are 12S by 300 feet, and from the
centre rises a tower containing three rooms, capable of defense if neces-
sary. At the rear of the head house, there is a balcony 118 feet long
which looks down upon the drill shed, and on each side, along its whole
length and width, are seats on raised platforms, for the use of troops not
tinder arms, and visitors. Four Hotchkiss and one Gatling rapid-fire
guns furnish the equipment of Battery A.

As in the case of South Armory, there is not the slightest evidence
anywhere, in or around the building, of any attempt at elegance or osten-
tation. Its grim and strong exterior, its immense capacity, and simpli-
city of finish, and the practical arrangement and furnishings of the several
rooms reflect credit on the commissioners and architects, who planned
and built it; and the patriotism and devotion of the citizen soldiery
by whom it is occupied.

232 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

THE LYNX AUMOKV.

The Armory at Lynn, although not so large, massive, and imposing
as the great Boston Armory, is a stately and handsome struetnre, con-
veniently located. The drill shed is over one hundred and twenty-
five feet long by sixty-eight wide, and a smaller shed originally in-
tended for the boats of the Naval Brigade, but found to be too small, is
now used to store a rapid-fire Gatling. The entrance to the armory is
through an arched gateway, tiled half its height with art tiles, finished in
ivory-white, which forms an entrance twenty-five feet wide, with massive
oaken doors, constructed in b;)lted panels. The first floor is occupied
by Company E of the Naval Brigade, Lieutenant Henry D. Sears, Chief
of Company. On the right, the room in the tower, occupied by the
commissioned officers, is twenty-two feet in diameter, and circular in
shape. Attached to it is the dressing-room of the junior commissioned
ofiicers, containing separate lockers for the use of each. The Chief of
Company has a private room, eight feet by twelve, leading from which
is a fireproof storage-room, for securely keeping the books and papers,
and containing, also, a locker for the commander's uniform.

In the rear of this room is another, twenty-six feet wide and thirty
feet long, used by the enlisted men for purposes of recreation. In it are
chairs, tables, and settees, and on the walls are tastefully disposed, the
many prizes won by the company in the several events, participated in
by the Naval Brigade. (Jn the left of the entrance is the petty officers'
room, corresponding to that of the commissioned officers; in the rear of
this the janitor's room and the uniform room of the seamen, containing
individual lockers, with a gun-rack occupying the centre of the room, the
latter being so constructed that the openings are on the roller system
sliding back into the case.

On the second floor, are the rooms of Company I of the Eighth
Regiment, Captain George N. B. Cousens, identical with those below, ex-
cept that the room corresponditig to the janitor's is used for a repair
room, and fitted with extra closets for surplus uniforms. The walls are
hung with many valuable pictures, jDresented by friends, and also a
collection of photographs of members of the C( nipany who fell in the
late war.

The third floor is like the second, and occupied by the old Lynn
Light Infantry, Company D, Eighth Infantry, organized in 1812, and now
commanded by Captain Freeman Murray. Among their many valirable
relics of the past, is a brass cannon, of Russian make, which was raised
from the harbor of Sebastopol, after the Crimean war, by Colonel John
E. Gowen of the United States engineers, and presented by him to the
company. It is the only cannon of the kind in the country, and is valued
very highly.

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

235

The recreation-rooms for the use of the rank and file are twenty-
six by thirty feet, the work-rooms fifteen feet square, and the uniform-
rooms are twenty-six by twenty feet. The corridor leading from the
front entrance to the drill shed, is eighteen feet wide and fifty feet long,
the stairway leading up from the left side, while a well for light and ven-
tilation extends from the cellar to the extreme top of the building.

THE WORCESTEK .MOIOUY.

The great Worcester Armory, erected in 1S89, during the adminis-
tration of Governor Oliver Ames, is located on Grove Street, and occupies
the entire space between two broad thoroughfares. While rugged and
grim in its design, and on
account of its great size, it
is nevertheless an imposing
and stately edifice.

The head house fronts
on Grove Street, with a very
handsome entrance, and is
72 feet in width, by 67 in
depth. It has four floors,
and the tower is 115 feet
above the level of the side-
walk. On the right of the
vestibule is a large room,
handsomely, heavily and
solidly furnished, thickly
carpeted, and having lofty
walls, adorned with char-
acteristic pictiires. The
wainscoting is six feet
high, of brown ash, and all
rooms are trimmed in ash,
while the hallways are
finished in oak. A small
mounted cannon stands in
the chimney-place, and there are large, deep windows opening on Grove
Street.

Adjoining the officers' large room there are two smaller ones,
occupied by the officers of Battery B, commanded by Captain
Joseph Bruso, Jr., the only veteran of the Civil War serving in any Wor-
cester comj^any. These rooms, also, are furnished in excellent taste, with
all possible conveniences necessary to their use, including large tables and
roll-top desks, with large wash rooms and toilet rooms and all the modern

Fiivuriti; Pictui

;/ l^i/ E, JJ8 ^Vc-Ht77/t;.

THE SOI.niER-S FAREWELL.

236 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

accessories. (Jn the left of the entrance hall, is the comiaany room of the
battery, with the ofifices of the seryeant and armorer. The area of the
basement is commensurate with that of the whole building', and is con-
stantly kept in perfect condition. In front are the quartermaster's rooms,
and tlie uniform rooms of the several companies, together with the har-
ness room, where thirty-two sets of harness are kept on wooden horses
in readiness for use. There is a fifty-yard rifle range located here, with
all the modern improvements.

The drill shed is 75 by 160 feet, with a large balcony, reached by doors
from the head house overlooking it, and comfortable settees are ranged
around the room. Opening into it is the gun park, containing four U. S.
standard, steel, rifled ten-pounders, with caissons, fixed ammunition, etc.,
always ready for rtse.

On the second floor are rooms, devoted to the officers and organ-
izations, of Companies A, C, and H, of the Second Regiment, 'SI. V. 'SI.
and Company G, of the Ninth Regiment. These are suitably and often
handsomely furnished, and contain many objects of interest. The room
occupied by the Worcester Light Infantry, abounds with relics of a past,
associated with the proudest records of the Massachusetts ^Militia. This
company, organized in 1S05 largely through the efforts of Levi Lincoln, af-
terwards Governor Lincoln, has never failed since that date to have one or
more members of the Lincoln family on its muster roll. The flag carried
by this company in 1812, when, under Capt. John W. Lincoln, they march-
ed from Worcester to Boston, for service at South Boston and Fort War-
ren, is the palladium and chief ornament of their quarters, and is preser\--
ed under glass with great care. Above the flag hangs the drum beaten en
the same march by Ithamar Smith, tlien a nine-year old boy.

There is also a room occupied by the Worcester City Guards, which
with other attractions, boasts of a large collection of prizes for athletic
proficiency, won by members of the company. The record of this com-
pany is intimately connected with the social, political and military history
of the leading citizens of Worcester county from 1840 to 1899.

On the fourth floor are large banquet-halls, and above them a flat
roof with high ramjaarts, and towers at each corner, furnished with port-
holes which command every part of the building, and fully covering the
drill shed. Within this battlement, at least one hundred men can be used
as riflemen, to ward off any attack upon the building, and rising many
feet above it, is the large square tower, pierced for musketry and artillery
and fltted with all other necessary means of defense. At each corner of
the drill shed roof is a tower, with the same end in view, and, taken al-
together, the building is an admirable example of the foresight and care
with which the Commonwealth looks after both the comfort and the se-
curity of her citizen soldiery.

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

237

Tiu; l.U\\Kl.l. AUMuliV.

The Lowell Armory was ereeted in 1889, under the administration
of Governor Ames, and is three stories in heiglit, with a frontage of i 15
feet, and is 200 feet in dejDth. Its architecture is ornate, although solid
and substantial, combining an imposing and enduring appearance with

r.OSTOX EAST .AUMi)1;Y. detail of BALCiiN'Y, ami i; Ml, INC CIN WITH CAlSSiiX.

attractiveness to the eye. It is occupied by four companies of the M. V.

M.: Comijanies C and G, of the vSixth Regiment, Company M. of the

Ninth Regiment, and Company D, of the Second Corps of Cadets, all of
which are commodiously and luxuriously quartered, each company hav-
ino- a .suite of five rooms set apart for its separate use.

238

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

The drill shed is one hundred and fifty feet long by sixty wide, with a
balcony overlooking the floor built out from the head house, and measuring
fifteen by sixty feet. The head house with twenty-nine rooms, is fin-
ished throughout in ash, to match the inside finish of the various rooms.
The armorer's quarters are fitted with all necessary tools and requisites
for the care and repair of weapons. Rooms are set apart for the use of
the first division of the Ambulance Corps. The basement contains in ad-
dition to store-rooms, a large number of toilet-rooms, and a rifle range
115 feet in length with three targets. The head house terminates in a
tower, 115 feet high, suitably crenellated and pierced for rapid-fire artil-
lery. On the third floor are gymnasiums, a band-room, and the quarters
of the janitor.

In the officers' room of Company C, there is a photograph of
Luther C. Ladd, a member of the Lowell City Guards, Company D, who
was killed in the riot at Baltimore, April 19, 1861, while marching to the
defense of the national capital. The frame of the photograph is formed
of shells which were picked up on Ship Island, about seventy-five miles
fnmi New Orleans, by H. B. Ripley, a member of the same company.

There are handsome lawns around and about the armory, which
are always very neatly kept, and the several associations take great pride
in adding to the attractiveness of their respective quarters.

THE SlMtlNGFIEI.D AK.MOIiV.

This edifice, although not one of the larger armories, has a very im-
posing front elevation, and is as well finished as any in the state, and is
kept in perfect order and condition by its janitor, ilr. E. S. Witherell,
whose little oflice is a museum of military souvenirs and relics; and to whose

courtesy the editor owes
the unusually good photo-
graph from which the view
given was engraved.

It fronts on How-
ard, just off of Main St.,
and is easily accessible
by the street cars from any
portion of the city; situated
as it is in the very heart of
Springfield.

It is occupied by
Company B, Second Regi-
ment, M. V. M., (otherwise known as the Springfield City Guards, organi-
zed August 15, 1852, and at first attached to the Third Artillery M.V. M.
Later on, it was designated, Company B, Twelfth Regiment, 1855; Com-

'■// /;. li.iailU

SAI.KTING THE WolIMiEli.

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

239

KavoriU^ riclui"

faintucj bij L. btlailU.

ATTACK ON' A COXVOY.

pany F, Tenth Regiment, 1859, and on June 21, 1861, it was mustered
into the serviee as Company F, Tenth Regiment, il. V. ]\I., and later
attached to the Sixth CorjDs of the Army of the Potomac, where it partici-
pated in the greatest battles of the Virginian and Pennsylvanian cam-
paigns. Since then its record has been one of soldierly discipline and
good marksmanship, and,
as is told elsewhere, of
effective serviee in the
Santiago campaign of 1 898.
Its company quarters, pre-
sent m a n y interesting
souvenirs, including a
bronze tablet to the mem
ory of those comrades who
fell in Cuba, under the
leadership of Capt. Henry
A. McDonald, who als^
holds the responsible posi-
tion of City Marshal.

Company G, Second Regiment, M. V. M. otherwise known as the Pea-
body Guards, dates back to 1868, being named after Col. Everett Peabody,
the first Massachusetts colonel killed in the war, who met his death at Pitts-
burg landing April 6, 1862. At iirst, its membership was limited to Wil-
cox Post of the G. A. R. under whose auspices it was organized. In the
ranks were 32 men who had held commissions in the civil war, but after-
wards the membership was extended to veterans not members of AVilcox
Post, and finally to all desirable recruits, the last veteran in the ranks be-
ing Major Sessions, who resigned the captaincy in 18SS. It is command-
ed by Capt. John J. Leonard, who has been a member of the company
since April i i, 1877.

The roll of membership has included many of Springfield's leading
business and professional men, and some of the most famous marksmen of
the world. The company has been prominent in social events; it has en-
tertained many of the crack companies of New England, and has vi.sited
them at their homes.

It was among the first companies in the state who took an active
part in rifle shooting, and from 1882 to 1889, won six prizes in State
matches in as many different years. Its annual target shoot for the com-
pany badges is an event of the season. In 1894. it led the regiment in the
number of men qualified as marksmen, and in the total nimiber of credits.
Its quarters reflect the spirit of discipline which has characterized the com-
pany, and a bronze tablet records the names of seven men who gave
their lives for the flag during the Spanish-American war in 1898.

240

REGIMENTS AxVD ARMORIES

Compati}' D, Second Regiment, M. V. M., which also occupies
quarters at the Springfield Armory, is the junior company of the regi-
ment, having been organized May 3, 1894. Its tirst commander was
Captain, now Colonel, Roger Morgan, of Springfield, and after his appoint-
ment he was sricceeded by
Captain Henry S.Warriner.
the jDresent commanding
officer, who led it during
tlie Spanish American war
and was wounded at El
Cancy by a Spanish ^Mauser
bullet. Comjjany K was
the first infantry company
in the United States to be
mustered into the United
State's service for the Span-
ish-American war. and its
captain was the senior vol-
unteer officer on the list of
[Massachusetts w o u n d e d
during the war. At the
battle of El Caney, as ajj-
pears elsewhere, Company
K lost one man killed and
seven wounded, but on its
return, after being mus-
tered out of the United
States service, immediately
rejoined the Massachusetts Volunteer Alilitia, with full ranks.

The Springfield Armory is also the headquarters of the Second
Regiment, and of the Connecticut River division of the Naval Brigade.
There is neither battery of artillery, troop of cavalry or independent com-
pany of foot, to divide with these two organizations, their co,sy and hand-
some armory, and the just esteem and admiration of the good people of
Springfield.

Both organizations, while full of soldierly emulation, and desire to
excel in all martial exercises and discipline, co-operate with each other in
all social and public enterprises, and take a just pride in making the arm-
ory a neat and attractive rendevous. Their social gatherings are recog-
nized as among the most j^opular and enjoyable of the year, and the sou-
venirs and menus issued, arc most attractive; while their high reputation
for faithful and efficient performance of duty, however irksome or dan-
"■erous, has relieved them from all imputation of military exclusiveness.

SAVIM, 1111: ILAti.

THE SPRIX(JFIELI) AIOIOIIY.

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 243

Company H, Naval Brigade, M. V. M. occupies tastefully and
elegantly furnished quarters, whose walls are embellished with choice
pictures, one of which is a splendid marine painting of "The Kearsarge and
Alabama" presented by a patriotic citizen of Springfield, and valued at
$1500. The "Sinking of the Birkenhead" a British troop ship, in which a
British regiment awaited almost certain death while the women and
children were being transferred to a place of safety, is another impres-
sive lesson of soldierly devotion and discipline. The great central chande-
lier, surmounted by a corona of naval cutlasses, is also an original and fit-
ting ornament. A complete collection of projectiles and fixed artillery
ammunition, very fully represents the older and more recent changes in the
art of gunnery.

Lieutenant commanding J. K. Dexter and his brother officers occu-
py cosy quarters, tastefully draped, and embellished with trophies of
arms and armor, pictures, flags, etc., etc.

The company was organized March 6, 1893, with fifty-three men
and five commissioned officers, viz: J. K. Dexter, lieutenant and chief;
H. S. Grossman and F. H. Weston, lieutenants, junior grade; and W. O.
Cohn and W. S. Barr, ensigns. Its seijvice on land and sea, as elsewhere
detailed in the history of the Naval Brigade, is a record of good dis-
cipline, superior marksmanship, excellent duty at sea, and a readiness for
active service, as shown in its service during the war of 189S-99. It has
a landing on the Connecticut River for practice with the steam launch and
■ ship's cutter provided; and a one-pounder Hotchkiss rapid-fire gun en-
ables the company to attain proficiency when serving the secondary bat-
teries; now so important a part of the armament of a modern cruiser or
battleship. Its rifle practice, as elsewhere shown, is worthy of great
commendation.

THE LAWKF.NCE ARMORY.

The State Armory at North Lawrence, is one of the medium class
as to size, having an area of 67x187 feet, the head house being 67x40
feet, the drill shed 67 x 127 feet, and the gun shed 67x20 feet in area.
It fronts on Amesbury, between Essex and Methuen Streets, and differs
little in appearance from the other armories of its class. It is finished in
oak and ash, is well fitted, and kept in prime order by Armorer John P.
Ryan, and gives its occupants every facility for comfort, convenience,
and the acquisition of a high degree of military skill and discipline.

It is occupied by Battery C, of Major A. N. Duchesney's First
Battalion of Light Artillery, commanded by Captain Wm. N. Steadman,
who occupy the lower floor of the head house, and keep in readiness four
steel ten-pounder rifled guns, and one Gatling.

On the second floor are the officers' and company quarters, and
store rooms of Company F. Ninth Regiment M. V. M.. known as the

244 RSGIMEXTS AND ARMORIES

Lawrence Light Infantry, commanded by Captain Joseph H. Joubert; and
opposite these, the room-; of the rank and file, and commissioned
ofl&cers, of Company L, Eiglitli Regiment, AL V. iL, Captain James M.
Forbes.

Botli these infantry companies were sent to tlie West Indies during
the Spanish-American war, and both liave suffered severely from fever
and other tropical diseases, during their stay in Cuba and Puerto Rico, and
since their return.

Like their comrades in other regiments, the inmates of the Law-
rence Armory have added to the other attractions of their quarters, choice
engravings, etc., etc., the war pictures of Detaille, De Xeuville and Eliza-
beth Thompsim being very much in evidence.

. THE KAI.L RIVEU AI:MOKV.

The Fall River city council of 1 894 and 1 895 seriously considered
the proposition of constructing a large and handsome armory, and on Jirne
3, 1895, the land owned by the city at the corner of Pine and Seabm-y
Streets, known as the Ruggles Park site, was set aside for an armory, and
the sum of §100,000 appropriated for the erection of a suitable building
thereon, as provided by the armory act.

Previous to this, several sites had been discussed and favored by
different parties, but during all the discussion there was a strong under-
current in favor of a site on the corner of We.st Bank and Durfee Streets,
and at a hearing held in the council chamber July 19, 1895, on the peti-
tion of William B. Edgar and others for an increase of the appropria-
tion to cover the cost of this site, many prominent men advocated this
location, and, largely owing to the tireless work of Richard P. Borden,
Esq., an ex-officer of Company F, an additiinial appropriation of 825,000
was made.

On December 16, a communication was received from the Armory
Commission, stating that after purchasing the site named, the appropria-
tion as already authorized was insufficient for the erection of a suitable build-
ino-. On December 26, the further sum of §25,000, asked for by the
Armory Commission, was set apart, making the whole sum available for
the purpose §150,000.

The site was surveyed April 4, 1896, by Thomas Kieran, the first
two stakes being driven by Capt. S. L. Braky and Lieut. Wm. B. Edgar.
Three davs later, Capt. Braley turned the first shovelful of dirt of the ex-
cavation for the foundation and thereafter the work was carried on by
Beattie & Wilcox of Fall River, with celerity, and the massive structure
is a lasting mmiument to their ability and skill as builders. The archi-
tects. :\Iessrs. Waitt& Cutter of Boston, also drew the plans for the Spring-
field Armory.

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

245

The survey of other armories suggested many new ideas, which
were incorporated in the plans for the Fall River edifice. The arrange-
ment of the head house differed radically from that in other armories, and
plans submitted by Joseph M. Darling received careful consideration and
some of the ideas contained were incorporated in the plans of Waitt &
Cutter.

The building was turned over to the State by the contractors on
Monday, February 8, 1897, and on the uth Capt. Braley was made cus-

Favoritc Pictures. No. 7.

THE mvoi:.\c.

I'aiNliNU I'll r. /l.liiill,:

todian of the building as the senior officer occupying it. It was dedicated
in due form Wednesday, February 34, 1897.

The masonry work was under the supervision of Foreman Oscar
Schult, and the carpentry work under the direction of Foreman Alfred M.
Borden, the material used being Fall River granite, rock faced, and from
the quarries of the contractors in the eastern part of the city. In the guise
of a huge fortress, the castellated walls rise, in the tower eighty feet
above the grade, and their crenellated ramparts are five feet in height, while
the tower is nineteen feet higher than the rest of the head house, which is
four stories high. The windows are narrow, as is fitting in a fortress, and
are so placed as to allow an enfilading fire should the building ever be
attacked. The head house is seventy-five feet deep with a frontage on West

246 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

Bank Street of ninety-live feet, and is aj^proached by an incline built of
granolithic work leading- to the arched doorway or sallyport, on either side
of which are incandescent arc hghts of unique and appropriate pattern.

Hig'h up on the facade of the head house, below the row of dentals
in the top coping, is a section of finished stone bearing the inscription,
"Armory, M. V. M." At either end of this inscription are the insignia
of the army and navy. Below it is sculptured the coat of arms of the
State.

Just inside the p,)rtal is a marble tablet inscribed as follows:

Armory Erected A. D. 1S98.

RoEjer Wolcott. Governor.
Samuel Dalton, Adjutant General,
William Stedman Greene, Mayor,
John W. Leighton, Josiah Pickett, Joseph N. Peterson, Armory Commissioners.

-Augustus N, Sampson, Clerk.

Waitt & Cutter, Architects.

Louis G, Destremps. Supervising Architect.

The main hallway, leading from the door to the drill shed, is eleven
feet wide and fifty feet in length. On either side of this hallway are the
suites of rooms for use of the ciaiipanies in the armory, two on each floor.
At the present time. Company M, of the First Heavy Artillery, i.s quar-
tered on the first floor, and Companies F and I, of the Naval Brigade, on
the second.

Just inside the main door^A-ay. opening from the hallway on each
side are the rooms for the company commanders. These rooms are ten
by fifteen feet in size. At present, the room on the right, on entering the
building, is occupied by the armorer, Joseph Farwell.

Beyond this is the lieutenants' room, 11x19 feet, connected by
doorways with the commanding officer's room and with the company
quarters. The corner of the building is occupied by the non-commissioned
officers' room, I2.\;i6, which also opens into the company room. The
company room is 30x32 feet, and opening from it, on the outer side of the
building, is a large room 14x20, devoted entirely to lockers for uniforms.
In each suite of rooms is a small toilet room, and one is connected with
each of the commanding officers' rooms. These are all fitted with marble
and nickel trimmings. On the north side of the company room, is a
handsome gun rack with closets underneath for the belts and other equip-
ments. Stairways open from the hallway on both .^ides, at the rear end,
near the door of the drill hall.

On the second floor, directly over the main doorway of the build-
ing, is a small room, 10x10, used by the qtiarteruiaster of the Heavy Artil-
lery. The head house is finished in brown ash, with wainscoting six
feet high. The decorations are simple and plain, but lend a handsome
effect to the rooms.

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 249

The drill hall is 75x80 feet in area without side galleries. The roof
is supported by a series of steel trusses with conneeting purlines. The
ironwork and steelwork for this roof was supplied by the Boston Bridge
Works. From the floor to the roof tree is 45 feet. The drill hall is
supplied with three turret ventilators, and eontains two one-pounder,
rapid-fire Hotchkiss guns, and two three-inch breech loading rifles.

x\t the south end of the hall, opening froin the second floor, is a
balcony or gallery 12x20 feet from which visitors may have an excellent
view of the door.

The building was fitted with steam heating apparatus and plumb-
ing by Miller & Johnson. The electric lighting was put in by Edgar &
Buflington. The company rooms are lighted by incandescent lights, and
the drill hall is lighted by five incandescent arc lights and 72 incandes-
cent lamps. The posts supporting the gallery rail are carried up to a
height suitable for the support of a cluster of electric lights, there being
four of these groups along the front of the gallery.

The following Fall River concerns, also contributed to the com-
pletion and decoration of this handsome armory: the painting and finish-
ing, Josiah Lee; furniture by Frost & Atwood; the carpets by E. S. Brown
& Company; curtains and other upholstery, Watson & Hentershee.

Company M, of the First Heavy Artillery, now commanded by
Captain David Fuller, was raised in 187S, by Sierra Braley, its first com-
mander, who held that position until 1897, having enli.sted in the Third
regiment M. V. M. in 1862, and served almost continually for nearly
thirty-five years. The company is armed with Springfield rifles of the
latest pattern, with rod bayonet, and in the matter of rifle practice.
Company M has given more attention to this vital branch of military
training than many other companies, and has become famous for profici-
ency in the use of the rifle. Up to 1897, Company M held the right of
the line in the regiment. By the resignation of Major Richard H. Morgan
to take a place on the staff of the commander-in-chief, the Cape battalion
became the third in seniority, and Company M the ninth in Hue.

Company F, of the Massachusetts Naval Brigade, was organized
September 30, 1892, through the efforts of First Lieutenant John D.
Munro of the First regiment, and William B. Edgar, who now commands
the division or company. With only the month of October left for tar-
get practice, this company, numbering nearly sixty men, set to work so
vigorously, and was so assiduously and skillfully coached by its officers,
that at the close of the month every man had qualified as a marksman.
This record immediately placed the company in a prominent position in the
State militia, and Colonel Chase, in his report for the season, made spec-
ial mention of the achievement as an unusual one, and one which was an
example to the whole State force.

250 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

This record has been followed by repeated success, and that of
1895 was a truly remarkable one for a volunteer company. Of the 58 men
enrolled, all but six reached the highest class, sharpshooters. That rec-
cord, 284 out of a possible 290, won the State prize of $25 for qualifying-
every man, and the Efficiency Cup of the Naval brigade, which trophy
was retained in 1896, 1897 and 189S, and still decorates the handsomely
furnished quarters of that company. It is valued at §500, and seems
likely to become the permanent property of ComiDany F, whose Lee-Met-
ford rifles, cased in glass, and in fine order, are ranged over against it.

A handsome brass trophy, recently acquired, tells its own story as
follows:

"Military and N^aval Tournament, Boston.
Presented to Division F. N. B.
For Proficiency in Naval Light Artillery Drill, Boston, 1899."

A tablet in the main hallway, recalls the services and untimely
death of Lynward French, coxswain in 1892, and chief boatswain's mate
at the time of his death at Guantanamo in 1898.

Division or Company I, Naval Brigade, occupies the other suite on
the same floor, and was organized in 1898, under Lieutenant G. R. H.
Buffington, formerly a member of Company M, First Regiment, M. V. M.
Its record is one of active .service, in the Spanish-American war, and will
be found at length in the pages devoted to the Naval Brigade. It is
armed with breech-loading Springfield rifles of the obsolete pattern,
which should in justice to a fine, and deserving body of men, be at once
replaced by the Krag-Jorgensen or some equally effective weapon ; as
much of the drill now learned must be un-learned when modern weapons
are substituted.

THE FITl'IlliURG .iUMOKY.

The Fitchburg Armory is situated on Church street, and was first
-occupied December 21, 1891. The first cost of the building was $60,000,
and although one of the smaller State armories, its proportions are im-
pressive, and its castellated front, broad portal, and crenellated and em-
battled tower and ramparts, make it an imposing and suggestive archi-
tectural feature of the city.

The head house covers an area of 74x43 feet, and is occupied by
the quarters of the commissioned and non-commissioned officers, of Com-
l^anies B and D, of the Sixth Regiment, M. V. M., the company quarters,
and the office of the armorer. A stone escutcheon, bearing the State
shield, with the inscription, "Armory, AI. ^'. ^L," cut in bold relief, are
the only attempts at exterior ornamentation, with the exception of its
bold, plain, and yet graceful mouldings, antique arched windows, and
crosslet-pierced merlons.

The interior of the head -house is finished in hard wood, and every

Photo, by ./. C. Mriiillr,,,, FiUliliurg.

THE KliClllU l:i. --lAll: Al.-.Mc.li-l .

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

251

provision is made for the comfort and convenience of the occupants.
The rooms are all nicely furnished and decorated, and the arm -racks and
lockers, for uniforms and equipments, are ample and neat in appearance.
The drill-shed has an area of 60x101 feet, and is overlooked by a
balcony, reached from the second floor of the head-house. Unlike sev-
eral other drill-sheds in the State, a continuous mw of seats, for the use
of spectators and men not on duty, extends along b(jth sides of tlie liall.

AUMOUIliS KOT OWXED BY THE STATE.

Towns.

Ortranizatioii. Kent.

Allowance.

Adams

Co. M, Second Infantry .• . . .

liooo

I400

Amesbury

B, Eighth

400

Attleborough .

I, Fifth

600

150

Beverly .

E, Eighth

400

Brockton .

Battery I. First Heavy Artillery

600

400

Braintree

Co. K, Fifth Infantry

400

Cambridge

B, Fifth "...

400

Battery B, First Heavy Artillery

400

300

Carlisle .

Troop F, Cavalry Detachment .

Chelmsford

Cavalry

300

Chelsea .

Battery H, First Heavy Artillery

650

400

Concord .

Co. I, Sixth Infantry .

400

Clinton

K, Ninth "...

400

Danvers .

K, Eighth "...

400

Framingham .

E, Sixth "...

750

350

Gardner .

F, Second " ...

400

350

Greenfield

L, " " ...

450

375

Gloucester

G, Eighth "...
M, Naval Brigade .

(

( 1000

280

Haverhill

F, Eighth Infantry

600

Hudson .

M, Fifth

5oo

200

Holyoke .

D, Second

400

180

Marblehead

C, Eighth

300

Marlborougli .

F. Sixth

400

300

Maiden .

L, Fifth

400

Medford .

E, " " . .

360

Arni.CMnd niil.

Milford .

M, Sixth

500

400

New Bedford .

G, Naval Brigade

Soo

400

Battery E, First Heavy Artillery

700

400

Northampton .

Co. I, Second Infantry

400

loo

Newburyport .

A, Eighth

400

200

L, Naval Brigade

400

200

Newton .

C, Fifth Infantry .

400

Natick

L, Ninth "...

400

100

Orange

E. Second "...

400

Plymouth

D, Fifth "...

600

200

Salem

H, Eighth " . . . .

1000

400

Stoneham

H, Sixth " . . . .

600

400

Somerville

M, Eighth " . . . .

300

100

Southbridge

K, Sixth " . . . .

400

Taunton .

Battery F, Fir.st Heavy .Artillery

400

Wakefield

Headquarters Sixth Infantry, 9 mos .

200

I GO

Co. A. " "...

400 1

400

Waltham .

F, Fifth Infantry ....

1123

400

Westford .

Troop F, Cavalry Detachment

'75

175

Woburn .

Company G, Fifth Infantry

400

252

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

Besides the State armories, hitherto described and illustrated here-
in, and built under the act of i8S8, there were in 1S98 forty-four smaller
armories, occupied by companies and detachments, whose rent is par-

riwlo, by J, c'. MmiUun^ tucnoitrg,

FrTCHBt'RG STATE AR.MORV.

DUILL SHED.

tially or wholly paid by the Slate. Their location, occupants, rent and
State allowance, in 1898, are given in the accompanying table.

Besides the above, the headquarters and four companies of the
First Corps Cadets, which occupy their Columbus avenue armory, received
an allowance of Si, 800, and the headquarters and three companies of the
Second Corps Cadets at Salem received Si, 000. The State also paid
dockage amounting to Si, 1 79- 16 for the U. S. S. :\Iinnesota, the head-
quarters and h(.)me of the Xaval Brigade at Boston. The whole amount
returned as the cost of rent, by the cities, towns and organizations inter-
ested, was S5o,7i 1. 10, of which amount the State liquidated $36,645.26.

In accordance with an act of the Legislature, approved ^larch 10,
1898, Governor Wolcott, by General Orders No. 17, A. G. O. c, s, ap-
pointed a committee of five commissioned officers of the volunteer militia
••to investigate and report, as to the advisability of changing the militia
laws, so that the Commonwealth shall provide all armories, ranges, and
a state range for the volunteer militia." These were to serve without
pay, to be allowed Si, 000 for clerk hire and travelling expenses, and to
report not later than January i , 1 899.

This Board, as finally constituted, consisted of Brigadier-General,
Thomas R. Mathews; Colonel, Richard D. Sears; Lieutenant-Colonel,

OP' MASSACHUSETTS.

253

Thomas F. Edmands; Alajor, Harry P. Ballard; and the late Captain
Elisha H. Shaw, of Chelmsford, Troop F, Cavalry, whose fatal illness
and untimely decease deprived the Board of the services of an esteemed
and faithful officer.

The Board reported at date of December 7, 1S98, that so great had
been the change between the conditions existing at the time of the
appointment of the Board, and those caused by the changes made during
the service of the infantry, heavy artillery, naval brigade, and ambulance
and signal service corps, in the Spanish-American War, that only a tenta-
tive report, suggesting a general plan of future action, seemed possible.

In effect, the report suggested the gradual abolition of company
armories, and the substitution of central depots, accommodating a bat-
talion, at least, the reasons assigned being the great gain in speedy mo-
bilization, fewer company and local jealousies, a loftier esprit de corps, and
greater economy in expenditure, with far better results.

The extension and improvement of the State rifle range, and the
purchase of several more in the different sections of the State — all allow-

Photo, htj J. C. MouUon, Fitchburg'

KITCHliUKS SIATE MOIoliV. BoAIUl l;ouM.

ing of "iudging-distance instruction, skirmish-firing drill, and what is
known in the drill regulations as fire discipline," were recommended.

The Board was very positive as to the 'necessity of changing exist-
ing laws, so that all armories and rifle ranges should be wholly owned, or
leased, and occupied and controlled by the State. They said:

254 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

■'Armories and ranges should be owned or leased, and controlled solely by the
State. They should not be used, except by the organizations of the Volunteer Militia,
and should be restricted in their use to purely military purposes.

"Cities and towns should not, as now, be required to provide armories and
ranges. The State decides where they are to be located— the State should bear the
entire expense.

"Upon locating any portion of the militia in a given localitv, prompt measures
could then be taken to furnish armory and range facilities and equipments; namely,
according to the actual needs of a command, and so avoid the unmilitary situation of
asking assistance from the civil authorities, who may be unfamiliar with, if not antag-
onistic to, the military establishment.

"Commanders of organizations would thus be relieved of the necessity of
demanding such accommodation from the civil authorities— a demand which, often
made with lack of tact, serves to raise opposition, where harmonious support is most
important. The present method often results in a discouraging delay, or, what is,
perhaps, worse for the military efficiency of a command, a resort to political methods
and the creating of political obligations, in order that the civil authorities may be in-
duced to furnish the needed armory or range.

"So far as ranges are concerned, it would seem to be impossible for the State
to assume this control and expense, under the present system of location. Though
the towns or cities in which troops are located at present get an allowance for armo1-y
rent, they get nothing for a range. They may cover its expenses bv putting it to any
use, when it is not required for actual practice by the militia.' Should" the State
assume control, it would be obliged to assume the expense of buildings, range-keeper,
superintendent of pits, targets, markers, and keeping the place in order and repair."

The committee added recommendations that the acts and resolves,
referring- to the State militia, shotild be so amended as to allow of State
action, assuming control of all the armories and rifie ranges in the State.

The State armories have become an important factor in the life of
a large number of the officers and men of the Massachusetts militia, and
many of the rooms are attractive, well furnished, and well kept in every
sense of the word. The social features of the life of many companies
provide largely for the happiness of friends and relatives, and are often
enlarged and dignified by the countenance and support of a large number
of retired militiamen and fine members, who generally well represent the
business and professional men of the community, many of whom have
seen sharp service, at home or abroad.

It is believed that there are very few armories in which eamblin"-
and intemperance have had any countenance or encouragement. Even in
the company rooms there seems to be an intensely military and practical
atmosphere pervading all meetings for drill or business, and self-respect
is seldom sacrificed, even in the hours of relaxation. There is very little
reason to believe that any yotmg man of average character will ever dete-
riorate morally through his armory associations. On the contrary, he
should find therein improveinent in health, physique, and all the sterner
and manlier virtues.

5 a;

\ tl^ ^

CHAPTER Viri.

THE STATE CAMP GROUNDS OF MASSACHUSETTS.
By Captain Luke R. Landy.

THE importance of havin,^ a good muster field or camp ground, has
long been recognized by the leaders of our citizen soldiery, as
necessary "in the piping times of peace" for the instruction of
bodies of troops in movements which cannot be executed in
armories and. in the unhappy event
of war, as an ample and necessary
station or post, at which regiments
and batteries could be organized
and raw recruits taught the rudi-
ments of those stern realities of
the active life of a soldier in the
field, which, in a few short years
creates the war veteran.

At the close of the civil war
the public mind was in a state of
apathy concerning military mat-
ters, and for some years was little
inclined to take any interest in the
"pageantry of mimic war." Later
on the idea of a suitable camp
ground was agitated by prominent
military men throughout the state,
and the Adjutant-General (Major-
General James A. Cunningham) in
his report for the year 1870, recom-
mended that the state should sell
the arsenal and grounds at Cambridge, and with the proceeds pur-
chase suitable land for a camp ground, and erect an arsenal thereon.
This recommendation was renewed in his report for the year 1871, and
in his inaugitral address in 1872, his Excellency, ^Villiam B. Washburn,
recommended that action be taken to provide the militia with a per-
manent camp ground, thereby saving a large part of the cost of hir-
ing land, and the expense of transportation of camp equipage.

In April, 1872, the following act was passed by both branches of
the Legislature, and received the governor's approval:

C.\I'T. LL'KF. H. I.AMiV.

2 5.5

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

■'An Act to authorize the purchase of kind for a Camp (Tr(_>und for
the .Militia."

Bi' it t'luu-tt'd, eti\ as /ol/ou's:

Section i. The Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Council,
may purchase in behalf of the Commonwealth, not exceeding 200 acres of land,
at a cost of not more than $15,000, to be held and used as a camp for military or-
ganizations of the state ; and may cause the same to be properly graded and fenced,
and suitable buildings to be erected thereon for the storage and safe keeping of
military property ; Provided the cost of buildings, fencing and grading shall not exceed
the sum of |2o,ooo.

Section 2. This act shall take effect on its passage.

In accordance with the above act, the committee on military affair.s
of the Governor's Council, consisting of Lieutenant Governor Thomas
Talbot, and Councillors William L. Reed and E. B. Stoddard, examined
parcels of land in different parts of the state, and finding none satisfac-
tory, recommended December 26, that the matter be referred to the next
council, btit on April 3otli, 1873, the committee recommended that several
parcels of land in the town of Framingham, about 2 i miles from Boston,
be purchased. The report was acceiDted and the several parcels of land
were accordingly purchased, and otie small lot condemned, the owner re-
fusing to sell. The price paid was $14,638.00. In 1873, additional land
was purcha,sed at a cost of §2, i 1 5.00, making the entire co.st $16,753.00.
Little was done the first year to level the field, the only work done
being the removal of several stone walls. In accordance with General
Orders No. 5, A. G. O. Series of 1S93, the First Brigade consisting of the

First and Third
Regiments of Infan-
try, the First Bat-
talion of Artillery,
and the First and
Second Battalions of
Infantry, went into
camp for five days
on Tuesday, August
5, under the com-
mand of Brigadier-
Gen eral Isaac S.
Burrill, and the state
camp grt)und was
inaugurated without
other ceremonies.
The possession of the grounds was appreciated by officers and men, and
the wisdom of the innovation is now generally acknowledged.

THE A\VKWAKD SQUAD.

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

259

The Camp Cioiiud.

The campground, consisting of 124 S-9 acres, is situated about one
and one-half miles north of the Boston and Albany Railroad, on the road
to Saxonville, and one mile east of the village of Framingham Centre. It

A KEGIJLENT.ii DET^UL FOR GUAED 3I0UXT, ISOS.

is bounded on the north by the Worcester Turnpike, running south
3025.19 feet; and on the east by Concord Street and running west 2124.30
feet; about 97 acres are cleared land, the balance consisting of a wooded
hill in the southwest corner, and about iive acres of swamp lying between
the hill and the mu.ster field. The swamp land is of no practical value in
its present condition, being under water eight months out of the year.
The grounds are intersected by a ravine running east and west, the land
on the north of the ravine being known as the muster field, and that to-
wards the south, as the arsenal grounds. The land when purchased was in-
tersected by stone walls, traces of which may be seen at the present day.
The part known as the 23arade is a tri-angiilar space of about 50 acres, (out-
side the line of tents when camp is pitched) is fairly level, some depres-
sions varying from three to five feet being noticeable towards the west.
The soil is light and sandy, heavy rains soaking into the ground in a very
short time.

The greater part of the land on the arsenal grounds is barren,
having little or no loam to grow grass on. The hill in the southwest
corner furnishes e.\:cellent gravel for grading. The swamp is apparently
bottomless, sounding-rods having been inserted eighteen feet without

26o REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

strikin;^ hard bottom; form^^ the boundary of the grounds to the north-
west; is designated on the deeds as ••meadow bottom" and it contains a few
springs of excellent water. The muster field f(5rraerly jnelded good crops
of grass, but the necessity of cutting it early in Alay, in order to prepare
the field for the June encampment, renders it worthless or nearly so. In
1875, a picket fence, five and one-half feet high, and five thousand three
hundred and fifty feet long, to be built on the east and north sides, was con-
tracted for, and was finished in 1876 at a cost of §5,943.13. It has eight
(8) double gates twelve feet wide, flanked by granite posts. A fence was
also built on the south side the same year, and the west boundary line is
marked with stone posts, as is also the east side, at a distance varying
from 26 to 40 feet outside the fence.

Bnilcliiigs.

There are, at the present writing, eighty-three buildings on the
State camjj ground, a large proportion of which have been erected since
the year 1883, through the energy and foresight of the present Adjutant-
General ( ;Major General Samuel Dalton) who early saw the great saving
that could be made to the state and its militia by erecting permanent
.structures. The first briilding erected on the grounds, was the arsenal,
built in 1873 at a cost of §17,200.00. It is a massive-looking building
of brick, 40 x 100 feet, two and one-half stories high, with a seven foot
cellar. Originally intended for a store-house and arsenal, it would do very
well for some kinds of storage, but is not adapted to the requirements of
an arsenal, and the adjutant general in his report for the year 1877,
called attention to its poor con.struction. When first erected, it was used
to store conij^any property, camp equipage, militia supplies, powder, etc.,
but it is now used chiefly for militia supplies and to store state camp
equipage. Here are received all supplies for the militia from the various
arsenals of the U. S. Government, and from private contractors, such as
arms, infantry, cavalry and artillery equipments, uniforms, etc. and issued
to the various organizations on requisitions approved by the quartermaster-
o-eneral; as many as 600 requisitions being filled in some seasons. Here
also rifles are repaired and other necessary work done. In 1875, the super-
intendanfs house, the headquarter's stables, a small guard-house and a
cook-house for brigade headquarters were erected. In 1877, the magazine
and .store-house, at the west of the arsenal, were built. These buildings,
like the arsenal and house, were faulty in construction, and later on re-
quired repairs to put them in good condition. The magazine is of brick
with thick walls, having a wooden annex in which cartridges are made.
In 1885, the board floor was replaced by concrete, covered with hard pine.
In 1878, a stable was built at the arsenal with stalls for three horses; in
18S1. a guard house (now used as a prison') was erected at the north centre

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 263

of the grounds where the hospital now stands. It was subsequently
moved to its present loeation at the south of the main entrance.
The great need of stables had long interested those who
were required to use horses in eamj), and temporary structures had been
erected and barns hired in the neighborhood, at great personal cost, and
much inconvenience. The adjutant-generals repeatedly recommended
that some action be taken towards properly caring for horses, but nothing
was done until 1880, when the adjutant-general (Major General A. Hun.
Berry,) contracted for portable barns, at an expense of $500 a year for
three years; but these proved very unsatisfactory, the horses having
little or no protection from the inclemency of the weather. In 1883, the
adjutant-general contracted for the erection of three infantry stables jo x

29 I -2 feet, with stalls for 12 horses, and a grain room; two artillery stables,
one 30 X 112 feet with 49 stalls, and a grain room, and one 30 x 125 feet
with 53 stalls and a grain room, and two cavalry stables, one 30 x 172 feet
vv-ith 72 stalls and a grain room, and one 30 x 225 feet with 10 1 stalls and
2 o-rain rooms. These stables gave ample room and good accommodation
for all horses, until the increase of horses in the artillery, when a stable

30 x 30 feet with stalls for 12 horses was built for the artillery headquar-
ters, and 18 feet was also added to each of the infantry .stables, to accom-
modate the increased number of horses at regimental headquarters.

In this year ( 1883) a board was appointed by the Governor, con.sist-
ing of the adjutant-general and Generals Peach and AVales, with authority
to make improvements on the camp ground, and with power to expend all
money received from the sale of condemned property. This board decided
to build, besides the stables previously referred to, guard houses at the
main entrance and permanent brigade headquarters: and also to enlarge
the headcpiarters stable. The buildings erected were as follows : one
building for general's headquarters, two buildings for the general's staff,
one dining hall and one reception building, and also eleven sink buildings.
In 1S84, a new cook house was erected at brigade headquarters, and twenty-
three cook houses of uniform pattern were erected in the rear of camp.
The following year these were moved to the rear 176 feet on the right, and

31 feet on the left. In 1886, a building for the Governor's headquarters,
with rooms for the Governor and members of his staff, and an office for
the adjutant-general was erected. A hospital was also built at the nortli
centre of the field, and properly equipped with bedding, etc. to care for the
sick in camp. In 18S8, the store-house at the west of the arsenal was
moved to the rear of the muster field and divided into 24 rooms, and an-
other store-room building, 30 x 328 feet, was erected and divided into 64
rooms, giving ample accommodations for each regimental lieadquarters
and company to store camp equipage. In iS.Sq. a building was erected
north of the Governor's building, for the accommodation of members of

264 REGIMENTS AXD ARMORIES

the press. Roofed horse sheds were also erected at brigade headquarters,
but in 1894 the roofs were removed to prevent injury tu horsemen. In
1892, a bath house was erected in rear of the camp on the right, with 10
apartments for officers and 40 for enlisted men, with tubs and running
water in each apartment.

In 1894, five mess buildings were erected as follows: three build-
ings 40x280 feet for infantry, having a seating capacity of 1008 each, and
two buildings for artillery and cavalry 40x120 feet, having a seating
capacity of 360 each. These buildings are substantially built and are a
great improvement over mess tents; it is estimated that their erection
is a saving to the state of over S2000 a year. In 1894, a veterinary hos-
pital was erected in rear of the artillery stables, having four box stalls, an
office for the surgeon in charge, and a store room. In 1895, another sink
building was built at the west of the field to accommodate the cavalry
battalion.

The writer has made the plans and specificati(jns of all the build-
ings erected since 18S2. No attempt was made at ornamentation, but
iitility and economy were the chief jDoints looked to in their erection. It
is a noteworthy fact that nearly all the buildings on the muster field, except
the mess house, were jjaid for from the sale of condemned, obsolete and un-
serviceable property.

Fort T)jltoi!.

The earthwork known as '-Fort Dalton," so named in honor of the
Adjutant-General, is an earthen parapet 138 feet lung with two short
flanks 1 1 and 16 feet long respectively, having a command (in front of the
guns) of 47 feet and lin front of the mortars) of 91 feet. Through the
energy of Hon. Henry L. Davis, an amendment was made to the forti-
fication bill appropriating §5000, to have the work built; it was com-
menced in ]\Iay, 1883, and raj^idly pushed to completion. The arma-
ment consists of two lo-inch Rodman guns and four siege mortars. The
interior slope of the left flank and 4" feet of the curtain are revetted with
plank; the slopes of the parapet and the ditch are sodded; the gun plat-
forms and mortar beds are bolted together and bedded in hydraulic
cement, and are slightly raised above the ground. The magazine is
placed at the right flank; the floor is six feet below the surface of the
ground, and it is biiilt of heavy hard pine timbers, but is too damp to keep
powder in for any length of time. Previous to the erection of the fort,
the mortars were placed in mortar beds at the north part of the field
and the first shots were fired into the swamp, a distance of about 500
yards, by Captain A. F. Fessenden, Company B, of the First Regiment.
(jcneral Morris Shaff, Inspector-General, in his report for the year 1SS2,
calls attention to Colonel Dalton's report on the mortar practice, and says
'•it has been through this officer's .steadfast and intelligent zeal that any

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

267

instruction was given." Colonel Dalton was inspector of ordnance on the
staff of (governor John D. Long. The fort occupies a space of 80x242
feet, including the ditch, and is surrounded by an ornamental fence of
posts, with a double set of chains.

Rijlf Range.

The rifle range, first instituted on the state camp ground in 1875.
was composed of six paper targets, revolving into pits; in 1878 these ^\t^
were made continuous, a length of 282 feet, and eleven cast iron targets
were erected for 200 yards. In 1891, these were replaced by twelve paper
(sashi targets, and a 500 yard range, facing north, was built at the right
of the 200 yard range, but the long distance range was finally abandoned.

AT MF.SS IX r\y,V ()\.l> STYLE.

as being dangerous. As in use at present, the rifle range has twelve paper
targets, 16 feet ajDart. They are backed by iron targets, placed on an in-
cline, 30 feet in the rear, for the purpose of stopjjing the bullets which
pass through the targets. The marking is done by means of indicators,
giving th.e number of the shot, and also by a marking plug and disc,
placed on the target, in the hole made by the bullet. The indicators are
manipulated by markers, who are stationed in the pit underneath the tar-
get. As a protection against bullets going over the hill in rear of the
range, two shields of planking and gravel have been built, extending the
entire length of the range, the first 14 feet high, and 15 yards in front of

268 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

the firing points, and the second 5 feet high and 80 yards in front. A

wind dial is placed about half distance between the targets and the firing

points.

IVater Siipplv.

All the water for the use of the militia while in camp, is now drawn
from Leonard's Pond, distant about 1,200 yards. Previous to 18S9, the
water supply was from sixteen wells, but the water in these wells finally
became unfit for use, and by Resolve, Chapter 88, approved May 23, 1889,
$6,500 was appropriated for a water supply. The water is drawn from
the jDond and forced through the pipes with a No. 5 Davidson steam
pump, worked by a 15 horse-power boiler; a 4-inch wrought iron pipe is
laid to the right rear of the muster field; from there a 3 -inch branch runs
the entire length of the field, in front of the cook houses, with branches
to the bath house, wash houses and hydrant. Another 2 -inch branch runs
north outside the fence, supplying brigade headquarters, and a stand-pipe
is also provided for street sprinkling. The water is of good quality and
gives general satisfaction. An iron tank, holding 15,000 gallons, is
placed on the hill in the rear of the rifle range, giving a reserve supply
the greater part of the year, as a protection against fire. One hydrant is
placed near the centre of the line of buildings at the rear of camp, and a
hose carriage with Soo feet of 2 1-2 linen hose, is kept on hand at the
arsenal, and, during camp, at the headquarters of the centre regiment.

It is estimated that the land, buildings, and grading, including the
rifle range, since the land was purchased, has cost about $108,000. The
land, originally costing $135 per acre, has increased many times in value.
It is believed that the buildings on the muster field (with the excejjtion of
the mess houses) have jsaid for themselves in the saving of the cost of the
tents, which they have replaced, and the state has an excellent piece of
property which has a good market value; but while it is generally conceded
that the camp groiind is excellent in many respects, it is, without doubt,
too small for the present system of drill. It is also impossible to get
proper bathing facilities for such a large number of men as are assembled at
a camp of either brigade, which would be easily obtainable if the camp
was at the sea shore, or on one of the islands in the harbor. It would
seem also that the arsenal would be more advantageously located in Bos-
ton, where supplies could be more readily received and issued, than in its
present isolated situation.

CHAPTER IX.

QUARTERMASTER AND COMMISSARY GENERAL.
By Charles W. Hall.

Appiovid by Ihirry E. Converse, Acting Quai'teiuKistcr-General. 189S-1S39.

THE governor and council, in the colonial period, ordinarily, per-
formed all the various duties of raising, arming and caring for
the military forces of the colony. The small revenues of the
Province of Massachusetts Bay. in the seventeenth century,
seldom exceeded two thousand pounds per annum, and the necessity of
employing special officers in times of great exigency was met by the
establishment of a "Council of Warre," which had the power of life and
death over the colonists, and could "impress" such property as was needed.

These, in their turn, called upon such persons as they knew to be
best adapted or situated to perform any given service, and "gave them
warrant" to act for and in behalf of the county or province. That this
system was an imperfect one, must be granted; but that the ability of the
rulers of that day used it to good advantage is also apparent.

The militia system of that day obliged the greater proportion of
its soldiers to provide their own arms, and to a certain extent their own
ammunition. Tentage, bedding, blankets, etc., etc., were provided only
for the sick and wounded, and each man had to furnish himself as best he
could. Artillery, extra and heavy ammunition, and in the more continu-
ous campaigns, extra arms and the like, were supplied by authority. The
archives at the State house contain a great number of the original war-
rants, accounts, orders, letters and acknowledgements, which demonstrate
most fully the merits and defects of this primitive system, and are of
o-reat interest. The following will be found to appertain chiefly to such
matters as are today attended to by a duly commissioned or acting quar-
termaster general, but the commissary, whose modern metier is chiefly to
supply food, seems to have been the head of the supply department,
while the quartermasters were rather officers of horse, who provided food,
forage, etc., for the troop to which they were attached.

In Governor W'inthrop's Journal, it is recorded of the first warlike
expedition of the Boston Colony, that on August 24, 1836, "John Ende-
cott, Esquire, and four captains, with twenty mxcn each, sayled for Block
Island" and that they returned September 14. All the men had corslets,
and it is also written, "The souldiers who went were all voluntiers, and
had only theire victual provided, but no pay. The whole charge of this
came to about 200 pounds. The seamen had all wages."

27° REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

Billeting was early resorted to. and colonial methods are thus
illustrated by orders of council issued in King Philip's War, and dated
about February 14, 1675: —

To ye Constabulary of Lynn, etc.

These require you to take care for the billeting of the Norfolk Soldiers, Jas.
Dickinson, Richard Currier. & Thomas Mudgett, for a few meales until they come to
Salisbury, they having not exceeding 8d. a meal.
By ye Council E. R.

To Constabulary of Marlborough, Sudbury and other Townes of the Massachusetts
Colony.

These require you to take care of the billeting of the Plimouth forces, passing
through yr seuerall bounds as their necessity requires, and for soe doing this shall be
a sufficient order.

By ye Council.

EDW. RAWSON, Sec'y.

They at first, however, chiei^y depended on their Committee of
War. for all necessary preparations for service.

To the Committee of Militia of Boston, Dorchester and Roxbury.

You are hereby ordered and required to impresse what Armour, Breasts, Backs,
and Head Pieces, yt you can find in yr respective limitts, and to cause the same to bee
clensed and repared. and sent to Mr. Fairwether. Commissary, at Boston, to bee in a
readiness to bee sent to the Army, by ye firste opertunity. Hereof fail not at yr
perill. nth Jan'y 1675. E. R.

Issued and warned accordingly E. R.

In 1676, Lieutenant Richardson at Chelmsford, is appointed to
receive ammunition and provisions from Major Daniel Gookin, and to send
(.)Ut scouts, who are to receive "20s'for every scalp, and 40s for every
prisoner."

The Committees of war are directed "to procure Biskett Porke & Cheese, also
ammunition for 500 men for one month; Shoes. Stockings Shirts and Hose for Re-
cruits; 300 bush, oats, 100 bush, barley, also fifty Basketts of Indian Corne. to bee
parzed (parched) and beat into meale & putten in sacks for carrige, for ye use of
horse or man. as there shall bee occasion. E. R. S.

14th Febr. 1675.

This "A^okake" — the Indian's chief reliance in war and hunting,
made by rudely parching the flinty yellow corn in the hot ashes and beat-
ing it to a coarse meal — was early adopted by the English wood-rangers
of those days as an ideal "emergency ration," and seems to have been
largely provided for the colonial troops, as appears further in the follow-
ing ancient "report of committee":

Boston February, 15. 1675.
The Committee's estimate of what will serve 300 soldiers one month :
Biskett. 15 cwt. ; Porke, 20 barrills; Beefe, 30 barriUs; (Some think ounly Porke,
and said, salt.) Bacon, 10 cwt.; Cheese, 10 cwt.; Stockings and Shoes, 200 pr. each:
Shirts and drawers. 100 of each; Westecoats, 50; Wallets, 100; 300 sm. baggs, for
each man to carry nokake : 300 bush, oats, 100 bush, barley, 50 bush. Indian Corne,
pjirhfdjiid hi-jtiiiloiiokake; Sackes for bread and corn, 6 bar. powder; 12 cwt. shott;
Flints 20 hd, ; Mr. Joseph Smith. Commissary.

Ordered that the Committee of the Army forthwith elect, etc., etc.

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 271

It being necessary to provision Marlborough as a centre of military
activity, the following orders were issued to the committee, or to some
person named therein, to prepare transportation, not by wagon, but on
pack horses.

On Feb, 24, 1675. it was ordered "to p'vide furniture for 80 horses, now to set
forth on their marche from Marlbury w'th ye prouisions." Warrants were also issued
to the constables of Boston, Charlestown. Cambridge, Braintree, Watertown. and
Woburn, demanding six horses from each town, except Woburn, which was called
upon to furnish nine.

March i, 1675, the council ordered "Capt. Pytt to cause ye coopers at Cam-
bridge and Charlestowne to make so many 4 gallon Rundletts to put powder in, as
may suffice to carry 200 wt. of powder from Marlborough to Brookfield on ye coun-
try's service."

The following order shows, that at that time a liquor ration was
served when procurable. The importance of cheese, as an article of
food, is also observable:

Ye Cotmcill doth order yt the commissary do forthwith pr'vide 6.000 lbs.
bread; Bacon and cheese proportionate, also to send 300 gallons Rhum, 4 gallons
Brandy, & six Gallons Wine. May 31, 1676.

The commissaries of those days, despite the authority conferred
upon them, had troubles of their own. Thus John Roote, or Root, of
Westfield, having acted as commissary for two years, had bought some
provisions for the troops, and given a bill upon the treasurer of the
county, or province, as directed. His customer brought him into court,
and it cost him about twelve pounds to settle the same. In his petition
to the cotirt for recompense, dated June 5, 1679, the hapless commissary
complains, that he had thus far received only three jiounds for his two
years' service.

The following is the earliest appointment of a quartermaster, found
by me, and, as will be seen, it is in a troop of horse, as are mo.st of those
noted in this period.

Mr. Samuel Partrigg of Hadley is allowed and appointed by this Court to be
Quarterm'r for ye Troope under ye co'mand of Major Pynchon, and is to have com-
ision accordingly. The magistrates have Passed this; their Brethren the Deputies
thereto assenting.

20 March, 1682. EDWARD RAWSON, sec'y.

The Deputies consent hereto.

RICHARD SPRAGUE, per order

In 1689, the Indian wars necessitated the re-organization of the
troops of the colony. The regiments appear to have depended upon the
commissaries for their supplies, but each of the troops of horse elected a
quartermaster. Thus the Lynn Troop elected Corporal Joseph Collins to
be their qitartermaster, and he was "approved by the Governor and Coun-
cil" June 7, 1689. The troop of horse of Weymouth and Hingham, in
like manner chose Corporal S. French, and the Beverly Troop, Thomas
West, to be their quartermasters

272 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

The following seems to have served both as commission and in-
structions for Jonathan Remington, who for some time ajjpears to have sup-
plied the troops at Groton.

I.VSTIiUtTIOXS.

To Jonathan Remington, Commissary.

Whereas the Governor and councill have appointed you Commissary for the
headquarters at Groton, you are to take the Provisions and Am'nitions sent up for the
supplys of the Souldiers that are, or may be quartered or rendezvoused there, into
your Care and Charge, and Lodge the same in the most Convenient and safe Garrison
that you can provide, there to be continued under a sufficient Guard. If the Inhabi-
tants will billet out the Souldiers, whilst they remain there, at the Rate of Three Shill-
ings per week as money upon the Publiek Acco't, it will be allowed them.

You are to deliver out the Provisions in the Shares unto the Souldiers, at the
usual and customary allowance Viz : — Bisket, one Pound ; Porke, three quarters of a
pound; Pease, halfe a pint to each man a day, and other provisions proportionably.
Endeavouring to be as frugal of ye Bisket whilst the Souldiers abide there as you can,
that so it may be preserved to their march, and supply them with bread baked there
in the towne upon the publique acco'tt. And deliuer out ye Amminition to the Soul-
diers as they shall need it, for their Scouting there or marching out. Seeing that they
do not waste the same, the Captains to give orders therein. You are timely to advise
before ye Prouisions and am'nition be too neere expended, that fresh supply may be
sent. What Cattle, Hoggs, or other prouisions are taken up, the townes are to be al-
lowed for. Beefe at 12s., and Porke at i6s., and proportionably for less quantities,
and carried to the publique acco'tt, for which pass bills to the treasurer.

12 Sept. 1689. Past by the Governour and Councill.

The following sets forth the resources of the garrison of the
chief citadel of the colony.

.SfPPLIES AT FOIiT.

Boston 4, Sept. 1689
Souldiers at Boston. — From Essex, Lower Regt., 85; Boston Lower Regt.. 65:
Plymouth Lower Regiment, 150; Indians to be added, 20; Garrison Souldiers, 40;
Total, 360 men.

Ammunition — 5, 200 lbs. Shott. 3 cwt, lead, 2 pair moulds, 1,000 flints, 50 car-
tridge boxes, 200 homes to make powdre (homes), i Reame of paper; (cartridge) one
Minister, one Chirurgeon and chest fitted with Medicines, linen, flax, tow, etc.

One hundred and fifty bush. Indian corne made into nokake, putte in casks,
40 bush. Pease, 40 bush. Indian Corne, 10 Cwt. Bread, 2 Firkins Butter, 3 Hhds. Rum, i
Hhd. Suger, 30 bbls. Porke, 6 hhds. Salt, 2 bbls. Flour, 5 Cwt. Tobacco, 3 Gross Pipes,
3 doz. candles.

One thousand yds. of Linen and Oznabriggs, 20 upper leather tanned hides.- 3
pes. military Canvass for bags for nokake, etc., 500 needles, 12 lb. thread. 10 pes.
trading cloth, 3 pes. white cotton, 3 pes. green cotton, coats, drawers and waystcoats,
shoes, stockings. An able Armorer.

Two great kittles, 2 smaller, 2 small of 2 galls, each, 20 narrow axes. Two
do. broad. 100 hatchets, 3 doz. awls, 2 handsaws, 4 hammers, 4 lb. lod. nayles, 4
lbs. 6d. nayles, 10 lbs. hobb and 3d. nayles.

Two Sloops to transport ye Souldiers, and one of ye barges, 2 smaller open
boates to attend, 6 doz. cod hooks, 3 dozen lines, 50 Fuzees, or Indian guns pr'vided to
impress men &c. as may be needed.

Much more could be quoted concerning the warlike operations of
the closing decade of the seventeenth, and the French and Spanish wars
of the eighteenth century, as showing the greater scope of the work done
by the purveyors of food, foreign transportation, arms, etc., etc. The
transport system enlarges its operations over highways, and even regular
military roads, with long trains of huge wagons, or heavy sleds, instead

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 273

of the pack-horses of the earlier settlers. The fleets of transports, num-
ber many vessels, and the lake expeditions, vex the inland seas and rivers
with thousands of canoes, batteaux, whaleboats, and stout galleys. Can-
non, pateraros, or swivels, wall-pieces, boat-guns, in short, artillery of
all kinds abound; for if the cannon of that day were small and inefficient,
the number carried by even a small vessel must have lined her bulwarks
with tire.

"The committee," however, still led in overseeing the work of
preparation, and when the War of Independence broke out "the commit-
tee" was the head, and the commissary and quartermaster the subordi-
nates who did their will, and cared for the daily needs of depots, regi-
ment, troop, and battery. It woi:ld seem that the present custom of
appointing a qtiartermaster for each regiment, was adopted late in the
eighteenth century, and it is said that a commissary-general was first com-
missioned in the British army in 1793. Previous to that time, the pro-
visioning of that army was chiefly left to contractors, whose extortion
and dishonesty in Marlborough's time are said to have destroyed more
men than were slain by the enemy. The commission of John Rogers,
Commissary-General of the forces besieging Boston, appears to have anti-
dated the British creation by nearly twenty years, but the commissaries
seem to have cared for the provision of food, etc., leaving to the quarter-
masters the care of munitions, arms, clothes, etc., etc.

In the first days of the revolution, there were found dealers who
tried to enrich themselves out of the pay of the soldiers, and on report of
their extortions, the congress ordered that the commissaries of the army
should supply necessaries to the soldiers at cost, to an amount not ex-
ceeding one-half their monthly wages.

The following list of "deptity commissaries" was prepared after
the battle of Bunker Hill, for the Congress of Massachusetts Bay," and
is reproduced as far as may be, verbatim et literatim.

June 29th 1775
May it Please your Honours.

I am told that the list of persons that I recommended and lodged in Congress
is mislaid, for which reason I now send a coppy of said list (as underneath). A crjnsid-
erable part of them by my own personal knowledge, I am satisfied will do, and all the
rest come well recommended.

Your Hon'rs Obed't & trulv devoted H'ble Servant.

'JOHN PIGEON, (Com-y General)

Mr. Samuel Norton, Boston, recommended by Col. Lincoln; Capt. Ebenezer
Craft, Sturbridge, by Colonel Earned, Rev. Mr. Paine, et al ; Mr. Jedediah Estabrooks,
Lunenburg, by Mr. Gill and Dr. Taylor; Mr. Ezekiel Cheever, Boston, and Mr. Sam-
uel Russell Gerry, Marblehead, by myself; Mr. Ebenezer Warren. Boston, by the
Hon'ble Com. of Supply; Mr. John Fenno, Boston, by Secretary Ward; Mr. Ale.xan-
der Shepard. Newton, by myself; Mr. Ephraim Russell, Stowe, by Col. N. Doolittle,
and the Postmaster-General.

Mr. Samuel Pell, Boston, and Mr. William Molineux, Boston, recommended by
Mr. Pitt; Mr. David Henshaw, Jr., Boston, by Dr. Church; Mr. John Checkley, Bos-

274 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

ton, by Dr. Church & others; Mr. Jabez Brown, Stowe, by the Paymaster-General;
Mr. Joseph Clarke, Boston, by Gen. Warren & Dr. Church; Mr. Gillam Taylor, Bos-
ton, by Gen. Warren & others; Mr. Andrew Newell, Charlestown, by Mr. Cheever;
Captain James Littlefield, Wells, by Colonel Scammon and others.

Mr. Waterman Thomas, Marshfield, recommended by Gen. Thomas; Mr. Peter
Clark, Newfoundl'd, by Dr. Powler & Son; Mr. Timothy Newell, Sturbridge, by Capt.
Timo' Parker; Mr. John Story, Ipswitch, by Colonel Farley; Mr. Eliakam Atherton.
Boston, by Colonel Whitcomb; Mr. William Holmes, Boston, by his father; Mr.
Enoch Woodbridg-e, Stockbridge, by Col. Porter.

Resolved; that the Persons within-named, be duly appointed Deputy-Com-
missaries, agreable to the recommendations within mentioned,

Mr. Greenleaf.
Capt. Carpenter.
Attest. Sam. Freeman, Sec'y. Esq. Johnson.

Thomas Hodgkins was appointed quartermaster of Colonel Moses
Little's regiment, at the camp at Cambridge, June 3, 1775, and others
were appointed and commissioned in the several regiments.

As will be seen in Chapter VI. folio 10 1, the office of state quar-
termaster, established in 1786, was held by Amasa Davis of Boston until
April, 1 82 1, when the duties of a quartermaster-general, were merged
in those of the adjutant general.

Richard Devens, commissary-general in 1787, was the last person
formally elected to fill this office, it being in 1793, merged in those of the
quartermaster general, who was aided by a deputy commissary.

.Since 1S2 i there had been no commissary or quartermaster-general,
except in time of war, btit when necessary, these offices have been revived;
and the labors of the gentlemen chosen have always been as onerous and
comprehensive, as the results have been honorable to the iiicum bents, and
satisfactory to the state and the nation.

IN THE ITVII. WAl;.

Especially worthy of recognition were the services of Brigadier-
General John H. Reed, of Boston, who was commissioned quartermaster-
general. April 2, 1 86 I, and held that position through the Civil War, and
until January 9, 1869. Acting under him, during this period, were the
following assistant quartermasters-general;

Colonel William Brown, of Boston, commissioned October 29, 1861, died Feb-
ruary 16, 1863; Colonel Charles Amory, of Boston, commissioned October 7, 1861,
resigned May 9, 1863; Colonel Charles H. Dalton, of Boston, commissioned May 23,
1861, resigned January 5, 1866; Lieutenant-Colonel Frank E. Howe, of New York,
State Agent, New York City, commissioned August 23, 1861, resigned January 5, 1866;
Lieutenant William P. Lee, of Boston, commissioned June 14, 1861, resigned October
31, 1862; Lieutenant Waldo Adams, of Boston, commissioned June 14, 1861, resigned
January 5, 1866; Lieutenant Charles Sprague Sargent, of Brookline, commissioned
November 3, 1862, resigned January 5, 1866; Captain John C. Hoadley, of New Bed-
ford, commissioned September 27, 1863, resigned January 5, 1864; Major George C.
Trumbull, of Boston, commissioned January 4, 1864, resigned January 5, 1866; Major
George R. Preston, of Boston, commissioned January 6, 1864, died February 25, 1864;
Lieutenant William W. Clapp, Jr., of Boston, commissioned February 20, 1864,
resigned January 5, 1866; Captain Charles A. Dunbar, of New Bedford, commissioned
August I, 1864, promoted major January i, 1866, resigned July 10, 1866; Lieutenant-

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

275

Colonel Robert R. Corson, of Philadelphia, State Agent in Philadelphia, commis-
sioned December 9, 1864, resigned January 3, 1866; Major Charles F. Blake, of Boston,
commissioned August 7, 1862, resigned January 5, 1866; and Major Charles N. Emer-
son, of Pittsfield, commissioned August 20. 1862, resigned January 5, 1866; were made
Deputy Quartermasters-General.

The tasks performed by Qtiartermaster-General Reed, his deputies
and assistants, can never be adequately recognized by their fellow citi-
zens. It was his and their duty to provide arms, ammunition, uniforms,
tentage, all forms of transportation and equi23ment, for myriads of men
(if all branches of military service, who sprung to arms, from the heart
uf an intensely peaceful and practical population, as the fabled steel-
clad warriors sprang up from Jason"s fateful sowing of the teeth of the
dragon, in the field of Ares the Col-
chian war-god.

The pages of the Adjutant-
General's reports of 1861-1866, inclu-
sive, are full of details, showing the
endless variety, immense amount, and
enormous cost of tlie supplies thus pur-
chased, and transportation afforded;
and the labors and services of the
officers and agents wlio thus faitlifu'.ly
served the citizen-soldiery of the old
Bay State, should be fully recognized
and forever remembered, albeit, unlike
the glorious deeds of the soldiery of
that stipreme struggle, they could not
awaken that popular enthusiasm and
approval which was justly their due.

Not less worthy of commenda-
tion were the services of Commissary-
General Colonel Elijah D. Brigham,
of Boston, commissioned June i j, 1 S6 1 ^
promoted Brigadier-General May 14,
1864, resigned January 5, 1866. At
an early date the food supply at the State camps and detached posts of
the volunteers was placed on an even footing with tlmse of the regular
service, under like conditions, while the cjuality of the rations served
was kept at a high standard of uniform excellence.

IN' TIIK SPAXISlI-AJIKIilCAX WAI.-.

Since the resignation of General Reed, the adjutant-general has
performed the duties of quartermaster-general, itntil the Spanish-Ameri-
can War, added to duties already onerous, a burden which could no longer
be carried.

CciLONEI, IIARKV E. COSVER.SE.
Acting' (Jiuirterniaster-Oeneral, 1S9S-99.

276 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

Colonel Harry E. Converse, of Maiden, commissioned assistant
quartermaster-g-eneral January 7, 189;, prior to the declaration of war
with Spain, had been detailed to prepare for the purchase of all material
necessary to place the troops of Massachusetts on a war footing, and
equipped to take the field and proceed on foreign service, without delay,
and ready for any service. Soon after war was declared he was made
acting quartermaster-general, and was ready at once to purchase and dis-
tribute everything needful for the thousands of men placed at the disposal
of the president by the State of Massachusetts.

While the volunteers were mu.stering at the State Camp at South
Framingham, Colonel Converse was constantly on duty, directing the
issue of supplies, taking receipts for all property taken into service, and
giving all the aid possible to the officers of the regular service, there on
duty; and remained at this point, or at Fort Warren, nearly all the time
that Massachusetts troops were posted at these places.

On the return of the volunteers, he was instructed to arrange for the
comfort of the men, and visited Springfield and New London, making
perfect arrangements for the swift transportation of the Second Infantry;
and later, again w-ent to New London to receive and transport the Ninth
Infantry, accompanying it to Boston. In these instances, his arrange-
ments provided for relays of engines and other details, which secured the
most perfect service. Other duties included careful and kindlv arrano-e-
ments for the comfort of the returning sick and wounded soldiers, and the
issue to the Massachusetts Volunteer Aid Association of such clothino-
supplies, etc , as were donated by the State.

The labor necessitated at the camp ground and arsenal was enor-
mous, and for a long time was carried on day and night, under the direc-
tion of Mr. Luke R. Landy, superintendent of the arsenal, and the duty was
promptly and well performed. Lists to be found in the Adjutant-Gen-
eral's Report for 1898, show the details, which include the purchase and
issue of an average of over 5,000 each of the following articles: Rifles,
gun-slings, belts and plates, canteens and straps, haversacks, meat-cans,
dippers, knives and forks, spoons, felt hats, forage caps, blouses, leggings,
overcoats, trousers, working blouses and trousers, rubber and woolen
blankets, hat ornaments, etc. Besides these, the details of issue covered
many thousands of articles, including 1 15,500 cartridges, 1,268 wall-tents,
with fittings, and 3,390 knapsacks, making a total of 174,764 articles,
excluding the cartrido^es.

CHAPTER X.

THE MILITARY VETERINARIAN.
By Lieut. Austin Peters, Vet. Surg., First Battalion Cavalry, M. V. M.

THE history of the modern military veterinarian, i.s .so clo.sely asso-
ciated with the development of the veterinary profession, as to be
actually a part of it.

The development of veterinary science, as a profession re-
quiring a special stndy and train-
ing-, dates from the establishinent
of the first veterinary school, in
France, in 1761, followed a few
years later, by the fonnding of
similar institutions in other con-
tinental cottntries and in England.

An important portion of the
work carried on in most of these
schools, has been the training of
veterinarians for the armies of
their resiJective countries. The
term veterinary probably derives its
origin from the Latin adjective
veterinarius, meaning "relating to
beasts of burden," and the earliest
writers upon medicine devoted a
portion of their energies to de-
scribing the diseases of animals,
and the treatment of the same.
These writers were Aristotle,
Hippocrates, Celstts, and many
others of the most ancient and learned Greek and Roman physicians.

While from the very earliest ages the diseases of animals have been
recognized as of the utmost importance, yet there was no effort to give
men a systematic education as veterinarians, tmtil the establishment of
the modern veterinary colleges. Prior to that time, veterinary education
was acquired, by those who had a taste for it, by reading the writings of
others, and by their own observation. Of course, the earlier observers
had no books to consult, but they recorded what they saw, and their suc-
cessors had the benefit of these works, and added to tliem the re-

LIEIJT. AUSTIN I'ETEK.S, VET. .sria;K(lN".

28o

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

suits of their own experience; and thus veterinary knowledge ac-
cumulated, century after century, until the founding of the veterinary
schools of Europe, by the various European governments.

Before the fall of the great Roman Empire, the value of the veter-
inarian was recognized, and he came from the same class of students
which supplied the philosophers and doctors. Veterinarians were em-
ployed to attend the animals used in the gladiatorial arena, and mo.st of
them were both human and animal practitioners combined, as they at-
tended to the surgical needs of the gladiators, as well as to the wounds of
the quadrupeds. Veterinarii were also attached to the cavalry of the
Roman armies, for the earlier Greek and Roman generals fully appreci-
ated the necessity of preserving their horses and beasts of burden in a con-
dition of health and usefulness for the purposes of war.

As an example, the noted Greek general, Xenophon (349 to 259,
B. C.) a famous cavalry officer and leader, wrote a treatise on horseman-
ship, with special regard for the preservation of the health and strength
of horse and rider, amid the hardships and exposures of war.

After the fall of Rome, during the dark ages of the feudal period,
and in the early glimmering of the dawn of a gradual return to civiliza-
tion, the "Stahlmeisters," or "Masters of the Horse," to the various
princes and barons, acted in the capacity of veterinarians to their employ-
ers. Some of them wrote books upon the diseases and management of
the horse, and with the advent of printing, many of the later of these
works were printed, most of them partaking of the features of the "horse

books" of the present time.
The lirst veterinary
school was founded by
Claude Bourgelat, in the
city of Lyons, France.
He, through the influence
of a friend, received per-
mission from the French
government, Aug. 5, 1761,
to found a school for the
sti:dy of the diseases of the
domesticated animals. The
government assisted him
by giving the school 50,000
livres, payable in equal
It was opened to sttidents January

iiiAi: iF.RJiASTF.r; s

■n'AKF.HOrSE A\I) TUANSl'dltTATIilN IN
THE FIELD.

amounts in six consecutive years

2, 1762, and soon acquired a continental celebrity.

The first year there were three Danes, three Swedes, three Aus
trians, three Prussians, three Sardinians, and ten Swiss among the stu

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 281

dents, sent there by their respective governments to study the elements
of the new medical cult. Many of these foreign students, upon complet-
ing' their courses of study, returned to their own countries for the purpose

THE CAKE OF CHIEF AND WAKUIOK— THE AliAlUAN WAKUUU.SE.

of establishing veterinary schools under the management of their own
o-overnments. One reason for the establishment of these veterinary col-
leo^es by the different continental governments, was due to the recognition
of the necessity of educated veterinarians for their armies. In nearly all
these schools, the training of the military veterinarian, was from the very
fir.st and always has been one of the most important features, and in some
instances the most important feature.

The most striking demonstration of this fact was the establishment
of the Veterinary Institute at Vienna, Atrstria. Billings, in his "Relation
of Animal Diseases to the Public Health," says:

"The establishment of this school was preceded by the ojDening of
a school for the treatment of the diseases of the horse, and operative
practice, in 1764, with the consent and support of the government, by an
Italian, named Luigi Scotti, who, in company with an apothecary, named
Mengmann, was sent by ]\Iaria Theresa to Lyons, to study the principles
of veterinary medicine."

During this visit to France, Scotti received 420 gulden each year
from the government.

282 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

"On their return they presented the government with a proposal
for the erection of a school, and recommended a course of study of
two years, considering the study of anatomy as the most important sub-
ject. They recommended that the students be chosen from such experi-
enced smitlis of the army as could read and write, and felt confident that
they could make competent veterinarians in the time mentioned.

"There were but two teachers attached to the school, which was
opened January 12, 1S67, the whole being under the supervision of a mil-
itary official, who attended to the general order, cleanliness, and deport-
ment of the students. The purpose of the school was limited to the edu-
cation of better-qualified smiths for the army, and only army horses were
treated therein.

"The students were taken for the full two years' course, and only
at the expiration of the same were new students taken.

"While this horse-school was still in active operation, J. Gottlieb
Wolstein, surgeon, and a selected military farrier, by the name of
Schmid, were sent by the minister of war to Alfort, to carefiilly study the
principles and practice of veterinary medicine, as there taught. (Alfort
is another French school in the suburbs of Paris, established in 1765.)

"Both of them were paid by the government, as well as having an
allowance for the necessary expenses, in return for which they were
obliged to bind themselves for life to serve the government, and on their
return Wolstein was named as professor and Schmid as assistant.

"Wolstein, on his return to Austria, gave the government his ideas

^Hp'?' '^^HM^w

^^K '^BS^^''^'

I Ml \v\(;n\ Ty:\i\

with reference to the formation of a veterinary school, and on the jjd of
July, 1777, he received 13,740 florins toward the erection of the school;

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

283

and on the 26th of December, 1777, instructions were issued for the reg-
ulation of the school, which was soon opened.

■•The institution was i^laced under control of the minister of war,
and the supervision was given to a brigadier. It was opened to both mil-

TIIF. AltMY MTILE-TEjUI.

itary and civil students. The military students came either from cav-
alry regiments, or were selected by the school from among young smiths
who displayed unusual ability.

"The admittance of civil students was dependent upon the judg-
ment of the teachers, who were made responsible for the ability and char-
acter of the same.

"From 1778 to 1799, 17S military, 137 civil, and 144 foreign stu-
dents graduated at the school."

This school has undergone very few changes in regard to the way it
is conducted, from its foundation until the present time, having always been
under the control of the ^Minister of War. Hence its military importance
has been recognized as paramount to everything else.

The same condition obtains in the other continental veterinary
schools as in the Austrian, but to a lesser degree. At present, in most,
if not in all of the European countries, the value of veterinary service
to agriculture is chiefly recognized, and the veterinary schools are under
the supervision of the Ministers of Agriculture. But even in these schools
those students who wish to become army veterinarians, enter with that
object in view, and are subject to a certain amount of military discipline
and supervision, from the time of their matriculation, until they graduate
and are assigned to their respective positions.

284 ■ REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

In England, the veterinary colleges have more closely resembled
those in this coiintry; always partaking to a certain extent of the character
of private enterprises; depending for their income, chiefly upon the fees
of their students and the receipts of their hospitals. Students do not
matriculate with the avowed intention of entering the army, but after re-
ceiving their degrees, the flower of the younger veterinary profession of
Great Britain is chosen for the army, those of the greatest promise
mentally, and of the finest physique and best appearance, being taken;
and therefore after all, the British Army, perhaps, fares better than any
other in the selection of veterinarians. Only members of the Royal Col-
lege of Veterinary Surgeons are eligible, and at first have to serve a pro-
bationary period of six months at the Army Veterinary School, at Alder-
shot; at the expiration of which time, the candidate is rejected, if not
adapted to his profession from a military point of view, or is assigned
for duty.

Although the English Government has not assumed .supervision
of the veterinary schools of Great Britain, or accorded them pecuniary
support as has been the case upon the continent, yet. on the other hand,
the position of the army veterinarian in England is the best, both in rank
and pay in any civilized nation. The veterinary department in the Brit-
ish Army is independent in itself, and its chief has the rank of colonel;
his subordinates holding the various lower commissions from lieutenant
up to the grade of its chief oiificer.

In the armies of the larger continental countries, the veterinary
department is a separate one; but in a few of the smaller nationalities, it is
attached to the medical department. In all the governments of Europe,
the army veterinarian is a commissioned officer, and in very few of these
countries does he rank lower than 2d lieutenant, with the exception of
one or two, where the assistant veterinarian enters with the rank of ser-
geant, but receives his commission upon being promoted from this grade.

In the United States army, the reverse of this condition obtains.
The veterinarians are appointed without rank, wear no uniform, and are
neither officers, enlisted men, or civilian employees; and receive just what
consideration commanding officers choose, or choose not, to give them.

This is a .state of affairs that exists in no other country, which pre-
tends to be civilized, upon the face of the earth. It is a disgrace to the
nation; and one which, while it continues, will make it difficult, or very
nearly impossible, to secure the services of veterinarians of ediication and
ability for the Army of the United States.

^Massachusetts, being tme of the older states, and ever ready to en-
courage science and education; and having frequently before now adopted
military reforms in her militia, that were afterward taken up in the United
States Army; through her legislature, enacted the following law:

OF massachusp:tts. 285

Chapter 23:! of the Aets of the ^lassachusetts Legislature of iSgi,
provides:

Section 4. "There shall be allowed to each of the battalions of artillery and
cavalry, a veterinary surgeon, who shall rank as a First Lieutenant; and whenever a
vacancy shall occur, the position of assistant surgeon shall be abolished."

This act was approved by His Excellency, Governor Wm. B. Rus-
sell, April 23. 1891 .

To Captain Francis H. Appleton, of Co. A, First Corps Cadets, M.
V. M., who was a member of the House of 1891, belongs the credit of the
introduction and passage of this bill; and to him is due the thanks of the
veterinary profession, for the interest he has taken in its behalf.

Major Horace G. Kemp, ist Battalion, Cavalry. ]\I. "\". M., was at
the time a member of the State Senate, and chairman of the joint com-
mittee on militaiy affairs. He presided at the hearing given upon the
bill. Among those present at the hearing and advocating the passage
nf the bill, were Adjutant-General Dalton, Colonel Francis Peabody, Jr..
Colonel J. F. Wheelwright, all of Governor Russell's staff; Captain F. H.
Appleton, First Corps of Cadets; Lieutenant William Hall, Light Battery
A, beside several members of the veterinary profession, and others.

The first appointment made under this law, was that of Dr. S. Gor-
don Sawyer, at that time a student at the Harvard Veterinary School,
who was appointed in time to attend the encampment of the ist Brigade
in 1 89 1, and he also served at the encampment of the .same brigade in
1892; he acting as veterinarian to the 1st Battalion of Light Artillery,
M. V. M.

In April, 1S93, Dr. F. H. Osgood, a graduate of the Massachusetts
Ao-ricultural College, at Amherst, class of 1S78, and of the New Veterin-
ary College, Edinburgh, Scotland, class of 18S1, was appointed by ]\Lajor
Merrill as veterinary surgeon to the ist Battalion of Light Artillery,
and reappointed by Major Duchesney, Major Merrill's successor, about
six weeks later, and the position has since been filled by him.

The writer was the second in order of appointment, after the pas-
sage of this bill. Major Horace G. Kemp, ist Battalion of Cavalry, ap-
pointed him upon his staff in the summer of 1891, his commission bear-
ing date July i,and he has served continuously since then. Prior to
1 89 1, the 1st Brigade consisted of three regiments of infantry, a troop of
cavalry and a light battery, while the 2nd Brigade, in addition to three
infantry regiments, had a battalion of cavalry and a battalion of artillery,
thus making the 2d Brigade the larger.

In order to equalize the two brigades, the battalion of artillery was
transferred to the ist brigade and the light battery to the 2nd brigade.
As there is a veterinarian on the staff of the battalion of artillery, and

286 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

one on the staff of the battalion (.)f cavahy, this arrangement also gives
each brigade a veterinarian. Although the veterinary surgeon is on the
battalion commander's staff, he is at the same time expected to inspect all
the horses used by the different organizations at the brigade encamp-
ment, with some assistance from his colleague, and also to look after any
horses on the field which may require his attention on account of sickness
or accident.

The veterinarians in the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia are
looked upon as officers of the medical department, and are responsible to
the Surgeon-General for the proper performance of their duties, and for
the care of property belonging to the state, issued to them from his office.

Their equipment consists of a pocket instrument case, of the model
furnished to the French army veterinarians, provided with a leather pouch
with sling strap and buckle, by which to carry it; a catheter and pair of
saddle bags, and a supply chest, stocked with such medicines and dress-
ings as the veterinarian may send in a requisition for. Each is also sup-
plied with necessary books of record, such as property book, daily sick
report book, register, prescription journal, and veterinary inspection
books, stable books, and order file.

At the state camp ground at Framingham, there is a hospital stable
containing four box stalls, a store-room and an office, situated conven-
iently near the stables for the artillery and cavalry horses. This hospital
stable is supplied with a set of slings in which a disabled horse can be
suspended, beside a reserve supply of such medicines as cannot conven-
iently be carried in the supply chest or saddle bags, which are used in
common by the two veterinarians. There is also a supply of about 300
aluminum tags with straps, to buckle around the necks of horses hired for
state duty, when any necessity for doing so is apparent.

It will be seen by the above, that the veterinarian has received his
full share of help and encouragement from the medical department, in the
performance of his work.

The appointment of educated veterinarians as commissioned offi-
cers in the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, has not only been a fitting
recognition of a branch of medical science requiring special ediication and
training, but it has also been of very great importance to the good of the ser-
vice in a number of ways.

Prior to the appointment of veterinary officers by the comuKUi-
wealth, if a horse, or horses, met with death, or injury, during a tour of
duty, there was sure to be a claim for compensation before the legisla-
tive committee on miHtary affairs, the following winter, or for damages, for
the loss of, or serious injury to, a horse. These were frequently of an ex-
orbitant character; and at the same time there was a dearth of particulars
as to the nature of the disease, or the character, and extent of the injuries;

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 287

the real age and true value of the animal in question, and also, some-
times, a difficulty in ascertaining the extent to wliich the state was re-
sponsible, or whether the trouble was due to the fault or carelessness of
some indi\-iclual.

Xow, in case a claim for the death, or injury, of a horse, is being
made before the military committee, there is an officer, who can be sum-
nn)ned to the hearing, who can say what the condition and value of the
animal was; what the nature of the disease, or injury, may have been, and
also, whether such accident, or malady, may have been unavoidable, or
was diie to some one's lack of care.

In this way, the state has been saved money, not only in compara-
tive freedom from unreasonable claims, but in a decrease in the number
of claims presented; as by having a veterinarian upon the field during
each encampment, the loss caused by sickness, or accident, has been re-
duced to a minimum. In fact, the loss of a horse, or serious injury to one,
has become unusual.

Furthermore, the service has been improved, by securing a better
class of horses, than could formerly be obtained, as the cavalry and artil-
lery horses are now inspected by the veterinarians, before leaving their
home stations, and any animal unfit for military service is rejected, and
pay is not allowed for it, so that its place must be filled by a suitable one.

Better horses are also at present secured than formerly, as owners,
having learned that the animals are under veterinary .supervision during
the tour of duty, no longer hesitate about allowing their equines to be
hired "to go to muster;" while, in years gone by, there were many stable
keepers who would shoot a horse quite as quickly as they wotild let him
for this purpose.

Since the custom of racing horses up and down, at all times and
hours, has been stopped, and horses can be used only for military duty;
and now that their owners know that in case of sickness or injury, their
property will receive as good care as if at home; this prejudice is dying
out, with the resulting benefit to the service of a supply of animals, much
superior to any that could at one time be obtained.

In several instances, the veterinary insi^ection has undoubtedly
prevented the spread of glanders and farcy to many stables, as on more
than one occasion, the veterinarian of the ist Brigade encampment, has
detected cases of this dangerous malady among horses tmder his charge,
which have been isolated and killed, because of the loathsome disease.

The late surgeon-general, Brigadier-General E. J. Foster, says in
his last annual report:

"Veterinary Officers. — These officers continue to save expense to the State, by
a careful inspection of all horses to be used for military service, rejecting all found to
be unsound."

288

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

The example set by Massachusetts in issuing commissions to veter-
inarians in the state militia, will surely be followed by the national gov-
ernment, in appointing veterinary surgeons in the regular army, and also
by the various states, in creating similar positions in their volunteer
troops.

Several futile attempts have been made by the U. S. Veterinary
Medical Association, through its military committee, to secure legislation

lyH^ta^Hi^

THE HORSE GUAl:!). A LITTLE S\V( il,-|i-I'LAY.

from congress, giving the army veterinarians, suitable rank and position,,
and in time these efforts will surely prevail, as in all civilized countries,
education in every branch of science will in time secure its full recoo--
nition, as that special branch of learning becomes more fully developed
and the members of a given profession increase in numbers and influence.

CHAPTER XI.

THE AMBULANCE CORPS. M. V. M.
By Captain Myles Standish.

THE ambulance corps is a new-comer among military organiza-
tions, not only in the volunteer militia, but also in the regular
armies of the world. Its duties are first aid to the wounded; their
transportation to field hospitals and their care within the walls
of the hospitals, including both nursing and cooking, as well as the trans-
portation of hospital supplies, the
erection of tents and establishment
of hospital posts.

These duties, until recent
times, have been performed, in large
measure by men detailed from the
line, the musicians, the convales-
cent sick, and such others as the
medical officers could borrow from
the combatant arms of the service.
In the Regulations for the
Army of the United States, 1857,
Art. XXXVI., Troops in Campaign,
Par. 716. Battles, we have the fol-
lowing: —

"Before the action, the quarter-
master of the division, makes all the
necessary arrangements for the trans-
portation of the wounded. He estab-
lishes the ambulance depots in the rear,
and gives his assistants the necessary
instructions for the service of the ambu-
lance wagons, and other means of remov-
ing the wounded."

719. ■•The medical director of the division, after consultation with the quar-
termaster-general, distributes the medical officers and hospital attendants at his dis-
posal, to the depots and active ambulances. He will send officers and attendants,
when practicable, to the active ambulances, to relieve the wounded who require
treatment before being removed from the ground. He will see that the depots and
ambulances are provided with the necessary apparatus, medicines and stores. He
will take post, and render his professional services at the principal depot."

From this it will be seen that the wounded fell into the hands of
men who had no training in the service required of them.

CAPT.IIN ini.ES STANliISH,
Comniandiilfi .Vnibiilaiice L'-ups, M. V. M.

290

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

This method of caring for the v\'ounded, and this divided responsi-
bility between the quartermaster's department and medical department,
with the consequent loss of life, became so notorious because of its ineffi-
ciency, that in March, 1864, congress passed a law For the Organization of
Ambulance Corps in the Armies of the United States, from which I make
the following extracts: —

"An act to establish a uniform system of ambulances in the armies of the
United States: — Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of
the United States of America, in Congress assembled, that the medical director, or
chief medical officer of each'army corps, shall, under the control of the Medical Direc-
tor of the army to which such armj' corps belongs, have the direction and supervision
of all ambulances, medicine and other wagons, horses, mules, harness and other fix-
tures appertaining thereto, and of all officers and men who may be detailed or em-
ployed to assist him in the management thereof, in the army corps in which he may
be serving.

Section 2. "And be it further enacted; That the commanding officer of each
army corps shall detail officers and enlisted men for service in the ambulance corps
of such army corps, upon the following basis, viz. : One captain, who shall be com-
mandant of said ambulance corps; one first lieutenant for each division in such army
corps; one second lieutenant for each brigade in such army corps; one sergeant for
each regiment in such army corps; three privates for each ambulance, and one pri-
vate for each wagon; and the officers and non-commissioned officers of the ambulance
corps shall be mounted. Provided, That the officers, non-commissioned officers and
privates so detailed for each army corps, shall be e.xamined by a board of medical
officers of such army corps, as to their fitness for such duty, and that such as are found
to be not qualified, shall be rejected and others detailed in their stead.

MULE TRAIN Willi ~

Section 5. "And belt further enacted : That the captain shall be the com-
mander of all ambulance, medicine and other wagons in the corps, under the immediate
direction of the Medical Director, or chief medical officer, of the army corps to which
the ambulance corps belongs. He shall pay special attention to the condition of the
ambulances, wagons, horses, mules, harness and other fixtures appertaining thereto,
and see that they are at all times in readiness for the service; that the officers and
men of the ambulance corps are properly instntcted in their duties, and that their

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

291

duties are performed, and that the regulations which may be prescribed by the Secre-
tary of War, or the Surgeon General, for the government of the ambulance corps are
strictly observed by those under his command. It shall be his duty to institute a
drill in his corps, instructing his men m the most easy and expeditious manner of

KEGIMENT.VL HO.sPHAL AND IlOSriTAL FLAn, ((lENEVA Cl:Ob>) M:cciM
I.AKKl.ANI), KLA., MAY, l^9^.

moving the sick and wounded, and to require in all cases that the sick and wounded
shall be treated with gentleness and care, and that the ambulances and wagons are at
all times provided with attendants, drivers, horses, mules and whatever may be
necessary for their efficiency; and it shall be his duty also, to see that the ambulances
are not used for any other purpose than that for which they are designed and ordered.
It shall be the duty of the medical director, or chief medical officer of the army corps,
previous to a march, and previous to and in time of action, or whenever it may be
necessary to use the ambulances, to issue the proper orders to the captain for the dis-
tribution and management of the same, for collecting the sick and wounded and con-
veying them to their destination. And it shall be the duty of the captain faith-
fully and dilligently to execute such orders. And the officers of the ambulance corps,
including the medical director, shall make such report, from time to time, as may be
required by the secretary of war, the surgeon general, the medical director of the
army, or the commanding officer of the army corps in which they may be serving; and
all reports to higher authority than the commanding officer of the army corps, shall be
transmitted through the medical director of the army to which such army corps be-
longs."

Under this law, for the first time, the medical department had con-
trol of its own equipment and material, with men to do the work required,

292

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

who were subject to the orders of the medical director. This corps, it
will be noticed, was composed of officers and men detailed from the line,
and were not enlisted for, and did not belong to, the medical department.
vSuch instruction as they received was apparently given by a layman, — an
officer from one of the combatant branches of the service; nevertheless, it
was a vast improvement over any previous method of transportation for
the sick and wounded, in that it allowed the medical department to direct
its own affairs. This organization rendered very elficient service during
the remainder of the War of the Rebellion, and the ambulance and field
hospital service of the United States' armies became models f(.)r the mili-
tary stirgeons of Europe.

During the year in which the law was passed, creating this organi-
zation in the United States, there met in Geneva, Switzerland, a conven-
tion of delegates from nearly all European nations. This convention

formulated articles
of the sufferings of
armies in the field,
Geneva. August 22,
Subsequently
joined this conven-
so-called Treaty of
subscribed to by
civilized nations of
the present organi-
lance corps is based
ment, and its bene-

NVALI.>' EN 1 S.

for the amelioration
the wotmded in the
which was signed at
1S64.

many nations have
tion, until now the
Geneva has been
thirty-four of the
the world, and as
zation of all ambu-
upon this agree-
ficent results are

iiniversally acknowledged to have greatly lessened human suffering,
it seems to me necessary to introduce it in full; —

Article I. "Ambulances (field hospitals) and military hospitals shall be acknow-
ledged to be neutral; and, as such, shall be protected and respected by belligerents so
long as any sick or wounded may be therein. Such neutrality- shall cease, if the am-
bulances or hospitals, shall be held by a military force.

Article II. "Persons employed in hospitals and ambulances, comprising the
staff for superintendence, medical service, administration, transport of the wounded,
as well as chaplains, shall participate in the benefit of neutrality while so employed,
and so long as there remain any wounded to bring in or to succor.

Article III. "The persons designated in the preceding article may, even after
occupation by the enemy, continue to fulfil their duties in the hospital or ambulance
which they serve, or may withdraw to join the corps to which they belong. Under
such circumstances, when these persons shall cease from these functions, they shall
be delivered by the occupying army to the outposts of the enemy. They shall have
the special right of sending a representative to the headquarters of their respective
armies.

Article IV. "As the equipment of military hospitals remains subject to the laws
of war. persons attached to such hospitals cannot, in withdrawing, carry away articles

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 295

which are not their private property. Under the same circumstances an ambulance
shall, on the contrary, retain its equipment.

Article V. " Inhabitants of the country who may bring help to the wounded
shall be respected and remain free. The generals of the belligerent powers shall make
it their care to inform the inhabitants of this appeal addressed to their humanity, and
of the neutrality which will be the consequence of it. Any wounded man, enter-
tained and taken care of in a house, shall be considered as a protection thereto. Any
inhabitant, who shall have entertained wounded men in his house, shall be exempted
from the quartering of troops as well as from the contributions of war which may be
imposed.

Article VI. "Wounded or sick soldiers, whatever their nationality, shall be
cared for. Commanders-in-chief shall have the power to deliver immediately to the
outposts of the enemy, soldiers who have been wounded in an engagement, when cir-
cumstances permit this to be done, with the consent of both parties. Those who
are recognized as incapable of serving, after they are healed, shall be sent back to
their country. The others may also be sent back, on condition of not again bearing
arms during the continuance of the war. Evacuations, together with the persons un-
der whose direction they take place, shall be protected by an absolute neutrality.

Article VII. "A distinctive and uniform flag shall be adopted for hospitals,
ambulances and evacuated places. It must on every occasion be accompanied by the
national flag. An arm badge — brassard — shall also be allowed for individuals neut-
ralized, but the delivery of it shall be left to military authority. The flag and the
arm badge shall bear a red cross on white ground.

Article VIII. "The details of the execution of the present convention shall
be regulated by the commander-in-chief of belligerent armies, according to the in-
structions of their representative Governments, and in conformity with the general
principles laid down in this convention.

Article IX. "The high contracting powers have agreed to communicate the
present convention to those governments which have not found it convenient to send
plenipotentiaries to the International Convention at Geneva, with an invitation to
accede thereto; the protocol is for that purpose left open.

Article X. "The present convention shall be ratified and the ratifications shall
be exchanged at Berne, in four months or sooner, if possible.

"In witness hereof, the representative plenipotentiaries have signed the same
and have affixed thereto the seal of their arms.

"Done at Geneva, the 23rd day of August, 1864."

Under the provisions of this treaty, all the great nations of Europe
iminediately organized ambulance corps, but the ambulance corp.s organ-
ized under the law of 1S64 in the United States, was promptly disbanded
at the close of the war, and although the United States was a signatory
power to the Treaty of Geneva, ten years elapsed before an organization
was formed in the United States under this treaty.

On September 25, 1S84, there appeared an editorial in the Boston
Medical and Surgical Journal, calling attention to this omission on the part
of the United States, and recommending that an ambulance corps be
formed in the volunteer militia of the State of Massachusetts. This edi-
torial was written by Dr. Herbert L. Burrell of Boston, afterwards sur-
geon-general of the state.

296 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

As a result of the attention drawn to the subject by this editorial,
the following act was passed by the Great and General Court of the State
of Massachusetts: —

"An Act Creating the Ambulance Corps of the Massachusetts Vol-
unteer Militia.

Section i. "There shall be attached to each brigade of the Massachusetts Vol-
unteer Militia, an ambulance corps, to consist of one commissioned officer with the
rank of lieutenant, two sergeants and thirteen privates. The officers shall be medi-
cal officers, appointed by brigade commanders and commissioned in accordance with
existing laws; the enlisted men to be enlisted by the lieutenants of said corps, and
mustered into service by the assistant inspector of brigades. The commissioned offi-
cers under this act, shall receive the same pay and emoluments as now received by
second lieutenants of cavalry, and the enlisted men shall receive the same pay as now
paid enlisted men of infantry. The corps constituted by this act shall be instructed
in such manner, as may from time to time be prescribed by the surgeon general.

Section 2. "This act shall take effect upon its passage."

(Approved May 14, 1885.)

Brigadier-general B. F. Peach of the 2nd brigade appointed Dr. Sam-
uel B. Clarke of Salem, ambulance officer of the 2nd brigade, his commis-
sion dating June 10, 1885; and the first ambulance corps to be formed in
the United States under the Treaty of Geneva, was hurriedly enlisted, prin-
cipally from medical students of Harvard University, performing its fir.st
tour of duty during the summer encampment of the 2nd brigade in 1885.

The hospital corps of the United States army, which is the corres-
ponding organization in the service of the United States, was not organ-
ized until 1887: the Massachusetts' ambulance corps, therefore, ante-dates
it by nearly two years. Brigadier general Nathaniel "Wales of the ist
brigade appointed as ambulance officer. Dr. Amasa Howard of Chelmsford,
who was commissioned April 28, 1887.

He organized an ambulance corps under the provisions of the law,
and their first tour of duty was at the annual encampment of the ist brig-
ade in 1887.

In the 2d brigade, Lietttenant Samuel B. Clarke resigned April 20,
1886, and Dr. Oliver G. Burgess of Boston was commissioned on the same
date. Lieutenant Burgess resigned April 21, 1887, and Dr. Clarke was
re-commissioned on the same date. Lieut. Clarke resigned the second
time October 24, 1889. Dr. Arthur W. Clarke of Bo.ston, then an enlisted
man in the corps, was promoted to the lieutenancy, November 9, 1889.
Lieutenant A. W. Clark remained until February 16, 1894, when tipon
his resignation, Dr. William Alfred Rolfe of Boston, also an enlisted man
in the corps, was promoted to the lieutenancy, February 21, 1894.

In the 1st brigade, itpon the resignation of Brigadier-General
Nathaniel Wales, Lieutenant Amasa Howard resigned as ambulance offi-

' f

i.-,

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 299

cer, and General B. F. Bridges, who succeeded to the command of the
brigade, appointed as his successor, Dr. Myles Standish of Boston, who
was commissioned IMarch i, 1889.

When these two corps were organized, as there was no model in the
United States army to follow, much of the detail of equipment and uni-
form had to be thought out de novo. The result has been that the equip-
ment, drill and organization of the ambulance corps of the Massachusetts
militia, has had an individuality, which it otherwise would not have pos-
sessed. The most striking feature of the equipment, consists of the litter,
which was designed by Surgeon-General Holt, with suggestions from
Colonel William C. Capelle of the adjutant-general's office, and others.

This litter is divided into two sections, each being encased in a
canvas cover, when not in use, and when in use, being joined by inserting
the ferrules of one section into the socket joints of the other, form a
complete and practical litter, compact and easily carried, one which has
proved its value by twelve years of use.

This litter is now known as the Massachusetts litter. The men
were equipped with white canvas haversacks, containing medical and
suro-ical supplies for first aid work. The uniform determined upon, was
the same as the uniform of the infantry soldier, except that the facings
were olive green, and the enlisted men wore upon each arm the white
brassard, bearing the red cross, prescribed by the Geneva convention.
As there was no book of instructions or regulations for the use of the
ambulance corps, the first year or two was largely experimental, consist-
ino- principally of lectures on first aid to the injured, and some rudimen-
tary drill with the litters.

During the first one or two encampments, regular drill hours were
not observed; very little was done beyond placing the litters behind the
line at ceremonies, and caring for such accidents as happened on the field.
The ambulance itself was far more likely to be in use as a picnic wagon,
than for purposes of drill for the ambulance corps.

On January i, 1S9S, the ambulance corps of the ist brigade printed
"A manual of instruction for stretcher drill, as prepared and practised by
the ambulance corps of the ist brigade, M. V. M." This manual was
soon adopted by both organizations, and was used until 1894.

In 1893, the work of the corps had attracted such favorable com-
mendation on all sides, that a propo.sition to increase the number of en-
listed men, and consequently the efficiency of the organization, was acted
upon without opposition by the legislature, and the ambulance corps — by
Section 25, Chapter 367, Acts of 1893 — was allowed twenty-five enlisted
men in each brigade. The rank of ambulance officer was raised to that
of first lieutenant, and the non-commissioned officers and enlisted men
became interested in their work.

300 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

In the following year, 1894, an act to provide for there-organiza-
tion of the ambulance coi-ps was passed as follows: —
"Be- it euactid, etc.

Section i. "There shall be an ambulance corps attached to the militia, con-
sisting of one captain, one first lieutenant, one second lieutenant, seven sergeants, ten
corporals and forty-one privates. The commissioned officers shall receive the same
pay and emoluments as a captain, first lieutenant and second lieutenant of cavalry.
The captain and first lieutenant shall be medical officers. The commissioned officers
shall be appointed by the commander-in-chief on the recommendation of the surgeon-
general. Non-commissioned officers shall be appointed by the permanent commander
of the corps. The ambulance corps shall be stationed at the State House and else-
where as the commander-in-chief may direct, and shall be instructed in such manner
as may from time to time be prescribed by the surgeon-general, acting under authority
from the commander-in-chief.

Section 2. "Upon the passage of this act the two ambulance corps now attached
to the militia shall be consolidated, and the officers of said corps now in commission,
shall continue to hold their present commissions until the re-organization of said
corps under this act.

Section 3. "All acts or parts of acts inconsistent with this act are hereby
repealed.

Section 4, "This act shall take effect upon its passage."
(Approved April 11, 1894.)

By this act, it will be seen that the two brigade corps were amal-
gamated, the number of enlisted men increased to fifty-eight, and the or-
ganization given three commis.sioned officers, viz., captain, first lieuten-
ant and second lieutenant. Upon the passage of this act, the governor
commissioned, as captain. First Lieutenant Myles Standish, formerly of
the 1st brigade ambulance corps; First Lieutenant William A. Rolfe,
formerly of the 2d brigade ambulance corps, and Second Lieutenant Rob-
ert E. Bell of the First Corps Cadets. The fifty-eight enlisted men, viz.,
seven sergeants, ten corporals and forty-one privates, is the equivalent in
enlisted men to a full company of infantry under the Massachusetts law.

In spite of this large corps, it did not seem expedient to adopt the
infantry company tactics without change, and drill the corps as if it were
an infantry conlpan3^ and for this reason. The greater part of the actual
work is done in detachments; a squad of four men and a corporal are or-
dered to report to the commander of a battery for some special duty, a
detachment of twelve men in charge of a sergeant, are sent to accompany
a regiment in a mock battle, or a lieutenant and twenty-five men, includ-
ing sergeants and corporals, are assigned to a brigade on its tour of duty;
and if there is a mock battle, these men are subdivided again under ser-
geants, and sent to attend the various regiments of the brigade. In all of
these instances, it is evident, that the squads will be under the ultimate
command of a non-commissioned officer, therefore it seemed necessary that
they should be accustomed to obeying orders from their non-commis-
sioned officers.

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 303

Therefore the whole corps is divided iiito two divisions, each under
the charge of a lieutenant, who is a medical officer, but for purposes of
military drill in the armory, each division is usually given in charge of
its senior sergeant. Each division is again divided into two sections,
each in charge of a sergeant, and the drill is then substantially the drill
of an infantry company, drilled in platoons, with the sergeants in the posi-
tions of captain, and lirst and second lieutenant. The corporals act as
right and left guides of the platoons, and as No. i men of the middle
fours. By this organization, a detail can be made of any part of the corps,
without its losing its accustomed formation. A division under its lieuten-
ant and its non-commissioned officers; a section under its own sergeant,
and a squad of four men under its own corporal. By this system,
in an emergency, details can be made with the utmost rapidity.

The equipment was changed at the time of the re-organization, by
the adoption of a leather litter strap, which each man wears as a part of
his uniform, and the substitution of a leather duty pouch for the old white
cloth haversack. The hospital corps knife of the United States army was
also added to the equipment.

The advantages and disadvantages of the Massachusetts litter have
been much discussed in medico-military circles; but the advantages for
such work as this corps has to do, seem to the authorities of Massachu-
setts to far outweigh the disadvantages.

There is, first and foremost the fact, that each half of the litter
made up in its case, can be used in the same manner as a rifle, which is a
great aid in maintaining discipline.

Secondly, when not in use it is much more easily transported in
ordinary railroad trains, street cars, etc.

Thirdly, men with kits at right shoulder, can make their way
through crowds with great facility, where it would be next to impossible
to go with the ordinary litter. Two men can respond to an emergency
call on the line of march of a great parade, with the ease and alacrity
with which the corporal of a guard goes to a call from a sentry. The
same ease is experienced in getting quickly through a thick wood filled
with underbrush, where it is extremely difficult to carry a long litter
rapidly.

Fourthly, an advantage which has helped the corps out of many a
tight place is, that the lowest unit for litter work is a sqiuad of two men
with a litter, which doubles the effectiveness of the corps in an emergency:
a decided advantage over a system of drill in which the lowest unit is
a squad of four men with one litter : and, finally, it is light, and there
is nothing on it which can be lost or bent.

Moreover, it has seen many years of actual service, and has had
some very severe tests. On one occasion, 1 15 men of the ist brigade M.

304 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

V. M. fell prostrate with heat in fifteen minutes, and the corps had a quar-
ter of an hour of as active work as it will probably ever see. In these
fifteen minutes it took eighteen men to the regimental hospitals behind
the line; and twenty-fi_ve more were carried to quarters on these litters, in
addition to giving aid to a still further number, and determining that they
were not unconscious, and would be able to walk back to quarters.

Since the organization of the corps, but one of these litters has broken,
and that did not break at the joint, but at a knot in the wood near the handles.
Besides the litter, each man carries at the present time his litter straps,
hospital corps knife, and his duty-pouch, which contains four triangular
bandages; three assorted roller bandages, one of which, with a pair of
scissors, serves for a tourniquet; one small package of corrosive sublimate
tablets; first aid packages; one spool adhesive plaster, one and one-half inch
round-pointed scissors; one dozen safety pins; one ounce bottle of aro-
matic .spirit of ammonia; one ounce bottle of essence of ginger; one
oimce bottle of whisky.

The Manual of Stretcher Drill, heretofore referred to, continued in
tise till 1894, when new drill regulations for the Ambulance Corps, M. V,
M., were compiled and published by the officers of the corps, and adopted
for purposes of drill in 1895; this was .still further revised and enlarged
by Captain Alyles Standish, under orders from the surgeon-general, pub-
lished by the Commonwealth, and formally adopted for the use of the
Ambulance Corps, Massachusetts Volunteer Militia. From the fir.st to
the present time, these drills have increased in number and thoroughness,
and lectures are now given regularly.

The efficiency, discipline and morale of the corps have steadily in-
creased. The general routine of drill night during the winter, is as fol-
lows: —

1. A ten minutes' quiz, conducted by a sergeant, upon the subject
of the previous lecture.

2. A lecture by the lieutenant in charge of the division upon some
medical subject. This occupies froin twenty minutes to half an hotir.

3. A practical demonstration of .some bandage or splint, or im-
provised litter by a private of the corps.

4. A military drill, including litter work, for half an hotir.
Military courtesy and discipline are strictly maintained at all stages

of the evening's work, and at the close of the evening, comes the business
of the civil organization, which underlies the membership of the corps.

In camp, in addition to the actual work, which the emergencies of
the tour require, the drills are principally ambulance drills, with some
original work in the woods, improvising ordinary and horse litters.

Nor has the work of the corps been confined to service, in the care
of the sick and wounded of the military establishment alone.

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

305

Upon the occasion of the 1890 encampment of the Grand Army of
of tlie Repubhc, there marched throiig;h the streets of Boston, one August
day. sixty thousand veterans of the late war, and the streets were lined
with a multitude of sight-seers, estimated to have been five hundred thou-
sand people.

On that occasion Major O. H. Marion, Surgeon of the First Infan-
try. M. \'. M., organized a medical service for the day. The ambuhmce
corps of the ist and 2d brigades, M. V. M., volunteered for duty. I'irst

"LEST WE FORdET." SANTIACd. JULY, 1S!I8.

aid stations were placed at about two blocks apart, throughout the entire
line of march. Each station was marked with the red cross flag, had a
telephone, and was manned by a policeman and a detail from the ambu-
lance, and all the police and hospital ambulances were pressed into service
and stationed at central points. During the day, a large variety of calls
were responded to from these stations. There were people crushed
and trampled upon by the crowd, epileptics, broken bones and numer-
ous causes of disability. There were fifty calls from these stations for
ambulances, and it was a matter of pride to the medical staff of that day
that the longest interval between the ringing of the telephone and the
arrival of the ambulance, was not five minutes.

3o6 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

At the outbreak of the Spanish war, there being no legal provision
for an Ambulance or Hospital Corps in the Volunteer Army, the United
States Surgeon General requested that such men of the Massachusetts
Ambulance Corps as wished, should enlist in the Hospital Corps. U. S. A.,
to be discharged at the end of the war. Seventeen men responded to
this request, two others went as hospital stewards in Massachusetts regi-
ments, and First Lieutenant Robert E. Bell was commissioned acting
assistant surgeon. On the return of the troops from Cuba, the corps served
either under orders from the Adjutant-General, or at the reqiiest of the
Massachusetts Volunteer Aid Association, as follows:

August 23, upon the arrival of the United States hospital ship, Olivette, forty-
six men, under First Sergeant F. L. Gibson, removed her sick and wounded. The
work was difficult, owing to the construction of the ship and the very feeble condition
of the patients, most of whom were removed from the ship on litters to the ambu-
lances. August 26, upon the request of Major Havard, of the Olivette, five men.
including Sergeants Gibson and A. A. Blunt, went South with her. Unfortunately, at
Fernandina, Fla., the Olivette sunk in the river, giving the crew and medical corps
barely time to escape with their lives. August 30, orders were received at 10.30 a m.
to send ten men to Springfield on the 12 o'clock train to meet the sick of the Second
Regiment. Ten men were promptly secured, eight of whom, under Sergeant William
H. Sprague. took the noon train, two more following on the next.

September 4, twenty-one men, under Captain Standish, went on the S. S.
Lewiston to Camp Wickoff, Montauk Point, to convey sick soldiers thence to the
Boston hospital. On their return voyage the ship struck heavily on the Point Judith
breakwater, prostrating many of the attendants. The men of the corps remained
steadfastly at their posts, and followed promptly and without excitement all orders
given them. As the boat was rapidly sinking, and in a most dangerous position, a
breach was cut through the side of the ship on a level with the main deck, and bridges
hastily constructed out of shutters, doors, planks, mattresses, etc., from the ship to
the rocks, and thence to a lighter inside of the breakwater. Some sixty of the sick
were transferred to the lighter on litters; and although the ship threatened to slip
from the rocks at any time, there was no confusion or rough handling of the patients.
No sick man was dropped or fell from the litter during this transfer, although the
bridge, owing to its weakness and the motion due to the lurching of the ship, gave a
very insecure footing. That these patients were transferred safely was due to the
drill and discipline of the Ambulance Corps.

September 13. thirty-four men, under Captain Standish, received the sick from
the United States hospital ship Relief. September 19, forty six men, under Captain
Standish, assisted in rernoving the sick of the Ninth Regiment at the railroad station.
September 27, twenty men, under Captain Standish, unloaded the Massachusetts Vol-
unteer Aid Association's hospital ship. Bay State; and on October 28, thirty men,
under First Sergeant Gibson, a second time unloaded the same vessel.

The promptness with which the corps responded for frequent and
ardtious service, generally at very short notice, is deserving of the high-
est praise: and in closing this account of tlie Ambulance Corps, I can do
no better than make the following extract from the final report of the
Massachusetts Volunteer Aid Association:

"The .\mbulance Corps rendered a service, the value of which is inestimable.
Owing to their training in caring for sick and wounded men, they were able to per-
form their duties with quickness, and yet with extreme care. The organization is a
credit to Massachusetts, and its services during the months when the sick soldiers
were returning home, deserves, and has received, cordial appreciation and hearty
thanks."

CHAPTER XII.

THE MASSACHUSETTS RIFLE TEAM IN ENGLAND.

N< ) nation has made its mark in history which has not, at some jDeriod
of its existence, been pre-eminently distinguished for its mar-
tial spirit and proficiency in arms. As we study the jjrogress
(if military art, and dwell in succession on the proudest day of
each of the great nations of the earth, we learn that when this art was
neglected, the fall of the nation was not far distant. It is none the less
true of states, for as they advance, in civilization, progress and wealth,
so the will and power to defend the same increases with equal pace.

-._,^ Alassachusetts, with

all her attributes, stands
among the first, not only in
literature, art and the higher
sciences, but
she was the
first to put into the field
those noble patriots and
skilled marksmen, whose
shots at Concord and Lex-
ington were "heard around
the world." and gave to the
country the first light of
liberty.

Again, in 1861, Mass-
achusetts fired the first shots
at Baltimore, which were
the re-awakening of a new
life for the nation, and, in
the end, the beginning of a brighter destiny for the South.

The use of the rifle was not much heard of in those days, for the
army was equipped with Springfield muskets, muzzle-loading, with ball
and "ball and buck" cartridge, primed and fired by a percussion cap.

Colonel Berdan and his sharpshooters were among the first to make
iise of the rifle in the warfare of that epoch, and great was the execution
which they did, while covered by stone walls, trees, or any other available
shelter, and many officers and men fell by their unerring aim.

The contest for supremacy and efficiency with the military rifle has

AMElMl AS IXFANTltY AND liKITISII lAVAI.RY.
RANGE I'USITIOX.

3o8

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

been a decided feature of the militia training of the past few years, and
to-day hundreds of members of the M. V. M. have made themselves not
only proficient, but experts, with the Springfield rifle.

By systematic and careful training in rifle practice, introduced sev-
eral years ago, and largely through the efforts of Colonel H. T. Rock-
well, the picked volunteer marks-
men of ^Massachusetts increased in
j^roficiency, until they were able,
under his leadership, to visit Creed-
moor, and in competition with the
marksmen from other states, and
the regular army, bear away the
palm of victory.

Later, under the leadership
of ]\Iajor James P. Frost, a citizen
soldier possessing indomitable
courage and pluck, these same vol-
unteers met in competition the
expert riflemen of the United States
army and volunteers at Chicago,
where another victory crowned
tlieir efforts.

Having won the champion-
ship of the United States, and the
I liter-state championship. Major
Frost believed he could, with the
same team, make a creditable
showing in competition with the
volunteers of Great Britain. The team of riflemen was a strong one;
all had proved reliable and steady shots, and in practice had surpassed
every previously known record, under like conditions, in this country.

Ha^■ing received permission from the state authorities, (and been
duly endorsed by the national government) to take a team, armed and
equipped, to England, Major Frost set about inaking the necessary
arrangements — a task which would have discouraged almost any one,
except an enthusiast like himself. The correspondence necessary to
arrange every detail of the matches, and the transportation of a team of
sixteen men to England and back, was voluminous and exacting; yet it
was important, in order to make a careful estimate of the cost of the
project.

It was finally decided that $6,500 was enough to cover the expenses
of the trip, in a manner worthy of the dignity and reputation of the
state. This amount was raised by private subscription.

I,li;ri KXANT-CllLdNKL OTIS II. JIM:l(iN,
First HegiiiiCMt, M. V. M.

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 309

Lavish thanks are certainly due to those gfenerous citizens who
contributed so liberally to an enterprise which meant so much to the coun-
try, the state and the individual; to the country, because the national ser-
vice rifle was to be pitted against the national arms of England, under
the same conditions: to the state, because her citizen soldiers were to wager
their honors, reputation and prowess against the picked representatives of
all England, and to the individual riflemen, because each felt a deep
responsibility to acquit himself with honor and ghiry.

The money having been raised and deposited in the hands of the
treasurer, Mr. Asa P. Potter, and every detail for the trip arranged, the
team which consisted of members of the M. V. M. was finally brought to-
gether at Boston. The team was made up as follows: Major James P.
Frost, Second Regiment, Captain; Major Charles W. Hinman, ist brigade;
Major Otis H. Marion, Surgeon, First Regiment; Major Geo. H. Benyon,
Adjutant, Fifth Regiment; Lieutenant Sullivan B. Newton, Quartermas-
ter, First Cavalry; Lieutenant S. S. Bumstead, Second Regiment; Lieuten-
ant R. B. Edes, Fifth Regiment; Sergeant-Major W. M. Merrill, 2d brig-
ade; Sergeant W. C. Johnston, Jr., 2d brigade; Sergeant M. W. Bull, Sec-

"THE Tliir ACROSS THE ATLANTIC WAS A VERY PLEASANT ONE."

ond Regiment; Sergeant George Doyle, Fifth Regiment; Corporal W. D.
Huddleson, First Regiment; Private F. R. Bull, Second Regiment; Priv-
ate L. T. Farnsworth, Second Regiment; Sergeant W. M. Farrow, Second
Regiment.

Clad in their state uniforms, and in hea^-y marching order, after
paying their respects to the Governor of the Commonwealth and Mayor
of Boston, and receiving their hearty good wishes and God speed, on
June 1 8, 1889, they started in a special car for New York, arriving at 1 1.30
p. m., at the Sturtevant House, where they were met by Captain Shep-
hard of the National Rifle Association and other New York militiamen,
who greeted them heartily, and after a brief but pleasant call, wished
them bon voyage and a successful journey. On Wednesday, June ig, the
team sailed on the steamship City of Chicago, of the Inman Line. The
trip across the Atlantic was a very pleasant one, without accident or
mishap, and great interest in the team and its enterprise was shown by
the passengers. Daily exercise with setting-up drill and practice in
sighting rifles in various positions, together with plenty of sleep and ex-

3IO

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

cenzie

emplary habits, kept the men in excellent condition, and although still a
little affected by the rolling and pitching of a ten days' ocean voyage,
they lost no time in preparing for their first match with the English
riflemen.

Un June 29, the men landed at Liverpool, where they were met at
the wharf by Captain G. F. Gratwicks, who had been detailed by the
National Rifle Association of England, to arrange for the matches and
look after the interests of the Massachusetts team. Thanks to the courtesy
of the customs authorities, the members of the team were allowed to
proceed at once to the Lime Street Station, Liverpool, where two saloon
carriages were placed at their disposal by the London & North Western
Railway Company, for the journey to London. The agent of the com-
pany, Mr. Fred W. Thompson, a volunteer officer, took especial pains to
make the trip one of extreme comfort.

At Rugby, the party was met by :\Lajor Woolman Williams, a
member of the Honorable Artillery Company of London, who was most
assiduous in perfecting the arrangements for the hospitable reception of
the. American team. On arri\-al at
the Euston Station, London, Alajor
Dtirrant, Major Baker, Cap-
tain Nunn, Mr. Macke
and other gentlemen of
Honorable Artillery C(
pany, were in waiting
receive the team, and c
veyed them in carriages
the First Avenue Hotel,
where, thanks to the
hospitality of the
Court of Assistants,
dinner was served,
^lajor Durrant pre-
sided, and after din-
ner in a few well
chosen words, pro-
posed the first toast "The Otieen" which was drunk witli cheers. He
then heartily welcomed the ilassachusetts Volunteers to England, and
expressed the pleasure which he was sure all British volunteers would ex-
perience in meeting them. After dinner the team were the guests of
^liss Grace Hawthorne at her theatre, "The Princess."

On Sunday, after church time, the team was taken in charge by
members of the Honorable Artillery Company, who took them in carriages
to Hyde Park, Kew Gardens, and thence to Richmond, where they dined

ililtECT STAXDINd li.ism^iSS op EXCKLLEN'T JIAIiK.SMEN

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

311

at the famoiis Star and Garter Inn. Theday \va.^ one round of enjoyment
and pleasure, thanks to the eourt of assistants of the Honorable Artillery
Coniijany.

Monday morning, July i, found the team in eampaign uniform, simi-
lar to the one worn by the ^I. V. ^I.,
at the present day, and ready for busi-
ness and vietor3^

The team then i^roceeded to
Xitnhead, a half-hour's ride from Lon-
don, when the ranges were placed at
(lur disposal for the forenoon. The
reader must imagine for himself the
sensation of trying to hold a rifle steady,
with " sea legs " on and a heavy swell
in the air. The boys found the targets,
however, as they swung around, and
linally nailed them in place with bullets,
so that at the end of the fcirenoon tliey
were doing good shooting.

Nunhead Range is a queer little
place, and rather dilajjidated. Back of
the targets, which were old wooden
frames, that had seen better days, were
piles of faggots twenty to thirty feet
high, as a j^i'otection to the houses in the vicinity. The pits were any-
thing but pleasant paths and green pastures, as Quartermaster Newton
can testify, whose amiable disposition made everything seem serene, —
however dark and slippery the quicksands were beneath him.

As a token of noble hospitality and encouragement, a well known
member of the South London Rifle Club gave ten guineas, about $50.00,
to be divided among the five making the highest scores in the forenoon
practice. The winners of the jDrizes were: ^lajor Hinman, 31 points;
Lieutenant Bumstead, 30 points; Lieutenant Hussey, 30 points; Sergeant
Biill, 30 points; Private Farrow, 30 points.

The practice at the longer ranges was not .so good, there being some
difficulty in finding the elevation, in a very tricky " fish tail " wind. At
2.30 p. m. the Massachusetts team found themselves lined up against the
picked team of the Honorable Artillery Company, for the first match on
British soil. The conditions of the match were twenty-one rounds each,
at 200, 500 and 600 yards, seven shots at each range, to be fired from a
standing position at 200 yards, and in any prone position at the other dis-
tances. The ^lassachusetts team used the SiDringfield rifle; the Eng-
lish team, the Martini-Henry rifle.

('Oi;i:i.< r and i.xcuuueci jiMU-i.^ii .iui.itaky

•STASDIXU rOSITIONS.

3'-

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

At 2 00 yards the Massachusetts team were in much better form than
in the morning practice, while the Honorable Artillery Company's team
were not in nearly as good form as might have been expected.

At the close of the shooting at 200 yards, the Massachusetts team
led their opponents thirty-nine points, and at 500 yards twenty-four points
more were added to their score. At 600 yards the Honorable Artillery
Company's team improved matters, and at one time it looked as if the gap
between the two teams would be materially narrowed. However, one or
two unfortunate shots neutralized the good .shooting of several members,
and in the end the Massachusetts team won by fifty-four points.

After the match, both teams were entertained at dinner at the head-
quarters of the Honorable Artillery Company. The reception then given
the Massachusetts team was a most hospitable and pleasant one, and will
long be remembered by every member of the team. Following are
the scores:

FIRST INTERNATIONAL MATCH, NUNHEAD RANGE.

Bumstead. Lieut.
Bull, Sergt. . . .
Huddleston, Corp
Farrow, Priv . .
Merrill, Sergt.-Maj

Bull, Priv

Doyle, Sergt. . .
H in man, Major .
Farnsworth, Priv

Edes, Lt

Johnston, Sergt.
Hussey, Lieut. .

M.VSSACIUSKTTS TEAM

4-5-5-5-5-4-5—33
4-3-4-4-4-5-4—28

5-5-4-4-4-4-4—30
4-4-5-4-5-5-4— 3 >
4-4-4-4-5-5-4—30
5-4-5-5-4-4-4—31
4-4-4-4-4-4-4—28

4-4-4-5-5-4-4—30
3-4-5-4-3-4-4—27
4-4-3-4-4-4-3—26
5-5-4-4-4-5-4—31
5-4-4-4-4-4-4—29

354

HOSOKABLE ARTILT
200 Yari.s

Gilbert, Priv 4-5-2-3-5-3-5—27

Wood, Sergt 3-5-4-4-4-4-5—30

Wace, Sergt. L M. ... 2-4-4-4-5-2-4—25

Rosenthal, Priv 4-2-3-4-3-4-4—24

Bateman, Capt 4-3-4-3-3-4-4—2 5

Munday, Major 5-4-4-5-5-5-4—32

Homer, Priv 4-2-3-4-5-4-2—24

Angel, Priv 5-3-2-3-5-4-3—25

Bookings, Sergt 4-3-3-4-4-5-4—27

Parker,'" Priv 4-4-3-4-4-4-4—27

Gibson, Lieut 2-5-5-3-3-4-4—26

Payne, Priv 2-4-4-4-4-2-3—23

-'.nil Y.viu'>

600 Yards

TuTAL

5-4-4-5-5-5-5-

-33

2-3-5-3-5-2-3-

-23

4-5-3-5-5-4-5-

-31

5-2-5-5-4-4-4-

-29

5-5-2-5-5-5-4-

-31

5-4-3-4-3-5-3-

-27

5-4-3-4-4-5-5-

-30

3-5-4-2-5-3-4-

-26

5-5-5-5-2-5-5-

-32

2-3-5-2-5-4-4-

-25

5-4-5-5-5-4-4-

-31

3-3-4-5-4-3-2-

-24

5-5-5-5-5-5-5-

-35

3-3-3-2-4-3-5-

-23

4-5-3-5-2-5-3-

-27

2-2-5-5-5-4-3-

-26

5-5-5-4-4-5-2-

-30

5-4-2-3-3-4-4-

-25

2-5-5-5-2-5-4-

-28

5-2-5-5-3-3-3-

-26

5-4-5-5-4-5-2-

-30

3-2-2-5-0-2-5-

-19

5-4-3-2-5-2-5-

-26

4-4-4-5-0-2-4-

-23

365

296

loi 5

.EltY COMPANY.

.5011 Yai:D-«

600 Yards

Total

4-5-4-4-5-5-5-

-32

5-4-5-3-5-5-5-

-32

4-4-4-5-4-5-4-

-30

4-4-5-5-5-4-3-

-30

5-5-5-4-4-5-3-

-31

5-4-5-5-3-5-2-

-29

5-4-5-3-2-5-5-

-29

2-5-5-4-5-4-5-

-30

5-5-5-5-4^-4-

-32

5-2-3-2-4-4-5-

-25

5-5-3-5-3-4-5-

-30

0-2-5-5-2-2-4-

-20

5-3-5-5-5-5-3-

-31

5-4-0-4-5-5-2-

-25

5-4-5-4-5-2-4-

-29

5-2-5-2-5-3-2-

-25

2-2-5-2-4-4-5-

-24

5-2-5-4-5-5-0-

-20

3-5-5-5-3-5-3-

-29

3-2-2-0-5-5-0-

-"7

2-2-5-0-3-4-4-

-20

3-5-2-5-0-5-5-

-25

4-2-4-3-5-2-4-

-24

4-2.5-4-5-0-4-

-24

315 341

Massachusetts Team won by 54 points.

305 961

The second match was with a team from the First Volunteer Bat-
talion, Royal Berkshire Regiment. The match took place at Chum, about

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

313

seventy miles from London. The Great Western Railway courteously
attached a carriage to the mid-way express from Paddington and slipped
it at Didcot, for the convenience of the team; and here let me say, to have
a special coach or carriage, as they are termed in England, is considered
a great privilege and honor. Lord Wantage and Lord Bury travelled
with the Americans, as the team was often called, from London to the
range. At Didcot they were met by Mr. Fidler, the captain of the Berk-
shire team, and there was a large assemblage of spectators to witness the
match.

The Massachusetts team were delighted with the range, it being in
a large, open, flat tract of land, a marksman's paradise compared with the
enclosed tricky Xunhead range. The arrangements for the competition
were of the most satisfactory character. Each team used two targets at
each distance, the targets being of iron, and revolving to enable the mark-
ers to verify the score; each range shot at having targets of a size and shaj^e
peculiar to that distance.

At 200 yards, the earlier marksmen on both sides did fairly well, but
after half of
tors on each

through, it
that t h c
setts team
and as the
the Berkshire
off , the Amer-
rapidly i m -
that at the
the 200 yard

Courfe.it/ rears<'N\ M'li'i-.nn-.

EXULlSll LONG I!AX«E PUSITIOX.

the competi-
side had .shot
w a s found
M a s s a c h u-
was leading,
last pairs of
men tailed
ican position
proved, so
conclusion, at
range, they

were thirty-seven points ahead. At 500 yards. Private \\'arwick set the
example of a clear score of bulls' eyes, and Sergeant Kemp left the eye
only once. Sergeant Doyle, not to be outdone by the Englishmen, put ujj
a clean score of bulls' eyes. Only two of the Massachusetts team failed to
reach thirty, making the average of the team at 500 points, an excellent
(me. On commencing at 600 yards, the Massachusetts team were leading
by sixty-three points. Doyle kept up his good shooting, making thirty-
four, and a total at the three ranges of ninety-seven, while five others of
the team reached a total of ninety or more. At the close of the match,
which resulted in a victory for the Massachusetts team by ninety-two
jjoints, both teams were entertained at luncheon by Lord Wantage, at
the range-house near by.

It may be of interest to know that Lord Wantage is commander of
a brigade of English volunteers. He is one of England's largest land-
owners, possessing a tract twenty-four miles by twenty-six miles.

314 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

Running through this tract of land, where the range is and where
he holds his encampments, is to be seen the old Roman road, and it was
here that the battle of Ashendune was fought.

After luncheon, Lord Wantage expressed, in a most courteous and
hearty way, the delight it gave him to welcome and to meet the American
riflemen, in friendly competition. " They were from the same stock as our-
selves, and he could not but think that they looked upon their visit to
England as something like coming home. At all events. Englishmen
were glad to have them in their midst.

The day's work done, and the victory won, we bade adieu to our
friends and rivals at the station, and embarked fi-)r Loudon, to enjoy a
good dinner and a pleasant evening at a theater, by special invitation.

Following is the score in detail:

SECOND INTERNATIONAL MATCH, CHUM RANGE.

MASSACIlrSETTS TEAM.

2011 Vauls SOU Yards COfI Yards Total

Doyle, Serpft 4-3-5.4-4-4-4_28 5-5-5-5-5-5-5—35 5-5-5-5-5.4-5-

Hinman, Major 4-3-5-4-3-4-4—29 4-3-5-5-5-5-5— 3^ 5-4-5-5-5-4-5"

Bull, Sergt. M. A. . . . 4-5-4-5-4-5-5—32 4.4.5-4-5-5.4—31 5-5-5-3-2-5-5-

Bumstead, Lieut 4-5-5-4-5-4-5—32 2-5-5-5-5-5-5—32 5-5-4-3-4-3-5-

Hussey, Lieut 4-4-2-3-5-4-4—26 5-4-5-5.4-5-5—33 ;.4_5-;_3.5-5-

Farrow, Priv 4-4-5-5-5.4.4_3i 5-4-4.5-4.5-4—3, 5_4.4.4-3-3-5-

Bull, Priv. F. R 3-5-4-40-5-4—25 5-3-5-5-4-5-4-3' 5-3-5-5-5-5-4-

Merrill, Sergt. -Major . . 4.4-4-4-4-3-5 — 28 4-5-5-5.4-5-5—33 2-2-5-5-5-3-5-

Farnsworth, Priv. . . . 4-3-4-4-4-0-4—23 5-5-4-4-5-5-5 — 33 3-3-4-4-5-5-4-

Johnston, Sergt 3-3-4-4-4-4-5 — 27 5-4-2-4.5.5-4—29 5-2-5-5-3-4-4-

Edes, Lieut 3-4-4-4-4-4-3—36 5-4-3-5-4-3-4—28 3-3-3-3-5-5-5-

Huddleston, Corp. . . . 4-4-5-4-4-5-2— 2S 5.5-3-3-4-2-5-27 2-4-4-5-4-3-4-

335 375 374 1064

r.EiiKsiiiin; tea.m.

2(1(1 Yai-ils .',0:1 Yanls i Yaiils

Fidler, Priv 4-5-4-4-5-4-5—3' 2-5-4-5-4-5-5—30 5.2-4-5-4-5.4-

Warwick, Priv 4.3.5.5.4-3-4—28 5.5.5.5.5.5.5—35 3.5-3-4-2-4-5-

Marks, Priv 3-2-4-5-4-4-3—25 5.5.5.5.3.5.5—33 4.4.5.5.5.2.4-

Linders, Priv 4-4-4-4-5-4-4—29 4-5-4-5-3-3-5—29 3.2-5-5-5-3-5-

Kemp, Sergt 2-4-3-3-4-4-4—24 5-4-5-5.5-5-5—34 3-3-4-4-4-4.5-

Howe, Sergt 4-3-3-5-4-2-3—24 3-5-2-5-5-5-5—3° 3-4-5-5-5-4-4-

Green, Corp 4-5-4-4-4-4-4—29 5.3.5.5.3.2.2-24 4.5.4.4.4.5.3-

Ferris, Corp 3-2-2-4-4-3.4—22 4.5-5.5.3.4.5—31 5.5.3.3.3.5.4-

Monis, Priv 4-3-4-4-2-3-4—24 2.3.3.3.5.2.5—23 5.3.5.4.5.5.5-

Moore, Sergt 3-3-3-4-4-4-4—25 5-3-4-5-3-5-5-3° 3-4-2-3-5-2-2-

Deacon, Sergt 4-4-4-3-3-2-0—20 2-2-3-4.5.4.5 — 25 3-5-2-4-3-5-2-

McDonald. Sergt 0-4-2-3-4-0-4—17 2-3-5-2-4-5-4—25 5-4-2-2-3-2-4-

2gS 349 325 972

Massachusetts Team won by 92 points.

The third match with the picked shots of the London Rifle Brigade
took place on Wednesday, Jtily 3, at Rainham, in Essex, a delightful spot
a short distance out of London. Mr. Cecil Newton, of the London, Til-

«4

•28

■27

«5

«4

OF MASSAC 11 rSICTTS. S'S

bury & Southern Railway, in response to the application of Quartermas-
ter Gratwick, kindly placed saloon carriages at the service of the teams,
who journeyed together from Fcnchurch Station. The excursion was a
most enjoyable one, thanks to the exertions of Captain Wilberforce, Mar-
shal Armour, Sergeant Preston, and other members of the brigade who
assisted them. The weather was fine, the light good, and there was very
little wind.

At the close of the 200-yard contest, the Massachusetts team led
by thirty-two points. At the 300-yard targets they made one of the most
brilliant displays of marksmanship on record. Doyle, for the third day
in succession, made an unbroken .string of bull's eyes. The .same good
fortune fell to Lieutenant Bumstead; and four others made thirty-three,
and none dropped below thirty points; the average being over thirty-two
points per man.

Sergeant Ashley put up thirty-three for the brigade, and the ma-
jority of the other members were in good shooting trim; but the Massa-
chusetts marksmen were a little too miich for them, for they placed their
lead at seventy points. At the 600 yards range the Englishmen made a
gallant effort to score a victory at this distance, but although Private Locke
got within one point of the possible, and Ashley, Desmond and Preston
shot up well, yet the Americans could not be shaken off; and adding seven
points to their previous lead, they won the event by seventy-seven points.

In the evening, the team was sumptuously entertained by the Lon-
don Rifle Brigade, at the Holborn Restaurant, which is .said to be the
finest in London. During the evening the American flag and state colors
were brought into the dining-room amid loud cheers. At this time Lord
Clinton presented to Major Foster, as a memento of the occasion, the
silver badge of the brigade. The .scores, which are given below, are well
worthy the attention of either the military expert or sportsman.

THIRD INTERNATIONAL MATCH, RAYNHAM RANGE.

JHSS.VCHL.SETTS TEAM.
•200 Yards

Bumstead, Lieut. . . . 5-4-4-4-5-4-5 — 31

Huddleston, Corp. . . . 4-5-4-4-5-4-5 — 31

Doyle, Sergt 4-4-4-4-4-3-5—28

Hinman, Maj 4-4-5-5-5-4-5—32

Merrill, Sergt. Maj. . . 4-4-4-3-5-4-4—28

Farrow, Priv 4-4-3-5-4-4-4 — 28

Bull, Sergt 4-4-3-4-5-4-5—29

Johnston, Sergt 4-4-4-4-5-4-4 — 29

Bull, Priv 5-4-5-4-4-5-4—31

Farnsworth, Priv. . . . 4-4-3-2-4-4-5 — 26

Hussey, Lieut 3-4-4-3-5-4-5—28

Edes, Lieut 2-4-4-4-4-4-4 — 26

347 390 347 1,084

500 Vnnis

(;0(i Yanl3

Total

5-5-5-5-5-5-5—35

4-5-5-5-5-5-5-

-34

100

5-4-5-5-5-4-5 — 33

5-5-4-5-5-5-4-

-33

5-5-5-5-5-5-5 — 35

5-3-5-5-5-4-5-

-32

5-4-5-4-5-5-5—33

4-5-5-4-4-5-3-

-30

5-5-4-5-4-5-5—33

5-5-5-5-4-3-5-

-32

5-5-3-5-5-5-4—32

4-5-5-5-4-5-3-

-3>

5-5-5-5-5-5-3—33

3-5-3-5-4-5-4-

-29

5-5-4-4-4-5-5—32

4-4-5-2-5-3-3-

-26

5-4-5-4-5-4-5—32

2-2-2-4-4-4-5-

-23

5-5-5-5-2-4-4—30

0-5-4-4-5-5-5-

-28

4-5-4-5-5-5-4-32

4-4-4-0-5-3-4-

-24

5-4-4-5-4-3-5—30

5-3-5-5-2-3-2-

-25

3>6

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

LONDON KIKLK IIKIUAUK.

Elkington, Corp 5-3-4-5-5-5-4—3'

Ashby, Priv 2-4-3-4-4-3-4—24

Lock, Priv 4-4-4-4-2-4-3—25

Mardell, Priv 5-3-5-3-4-5-2—28

Preston, A. Sergt.

Lattey, Priv

Siegert, Priv. . . .
Waldearrave, Earl .

3-3-4-4-5-3-3-
4-4-5-5-4-4-4-
4-3-4-4-3-3-4-
4-5-4-4-4-5-5-

Desmond, Sergt 3-4-4-2-3-4-3—23

Tavton, C. Sergt 4-4-4-2-4-4-3—25

Keiliher, Priv 3-2-3-4-5-3-3—23

Lintott, Sergt 2-4-4-4-4-3-4—15

315

."lOO Yaids

-4-5-5

5-4-5-5

5-4-4-5-5-5

3-2-5-4-5-5

5-3-5-5-3-5

4-5-5-3

5-4-3-5

5-5-5-3

4-3-3-4

4-4-4-5

3-4-5-5-3-4-5

2-4-4-5-5-5-4

3"
5-

5 — j'

-3-4-5—31

5-5-4—31

4-5-5 — 32

5-5-4—18

4-5-4—30

3-0-2-3-3-3-4-

coo Y;irils
3-5-5-5-3

5-5-4-5-'

5-5-4-5-

5-5-3-4-

5-5-5-4-

4-4-5-2-

5-3-5-3-

■2-4-5-3-

•4-5-5-5-

-5-4-3-5-

■4-3-4-3-

-5-4-4-4-

3-3-

5-5-
4-4-
3-4-
2-4-

5-4-
4-3-
4-5-
3-2-

■2-2-

2-3-

-29
-32
-34
-29

-31
-26
-18
-26

-31
-28
-21
-26

91
89

88
88
S?
87
85
85
84
81

73
69

340 1007

Massachusetts team won by 77 points.

Thursday, Jttly 4, is a day long to be remembered by the team, not
only because it wa^ the anniversary of the day that gave America her
independence, but also because it was the fourth victory of the team over
the English Volunteers. The day -was a beautiful one and we had to make
an early start, as Brighton, that delightful sea-shore resort in Sussex, is
about two hours' ride from London. The jotirney to the coast was made
extremely comfortable throitgh the management of the London, Brighton
and South Coast Railway.

On our arrival at Brighton, we were met at the station by Captain
Cortis, captain of the Sussex team, and members of the First Sussex

Regiment. We were
soon seated comfortably
in tally-ho coaches and
driven throttgh the most
beautiful
"^^^'^^ streets of

Brighton and around the
world-renowned parade.
A halt was made at the
Aquarium at the invita-
tion of the superinten-
dent, who made our half
hour's stay very pleasant
and interesting. Leaving
the Aquarium, we pro-
ceeded to the Shepstone
range on the downs. We
were obliged to leave our coaches about three-qtiarters of a mile from the
range and proceed on foot over a dusty, uneven path. Tired and hungry.

COUKECT AND INCUKliECT ESl-.I.lSII MIl.ri'AIlY KNEKI.INU

I'osrnoN.

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

317

A// I'ear^oii's Maijazinc.

KKOM THH LEFT SIIOVLDEIJ AT LOXli l!\X(iK.

we reached the range, to be received by JMajor Blomfield, who introduced
us to the Sussex team, who were quietly awaiting our arrival. After en-
joying a hasty lunch, which had been provided by the Sussex team, the
competitors went to
the firing -point, which
I may add wa.s a
mound built up about
fifteen to twenty feet,
across which a 2Duffy
and trick)- wind swept
with intense force —
the whole range being
in a broad valley or
basin.

A strong 3
o'clock wind made it
difiicult, from this exposed position, to make bulls-eyes; therefore outers
and magpies frequently made their appearance. The Sussex team seemed
at home in these conditions, and led the Massachusetts team twelve points
at the 200-yard range.

This was the first time that the team had been beaten at any range,
and, of course, the Sussex men were quite delighted, and felt sure that
victory would perch upon their banner.

But fortune or science had decreed otherwise; for at the soo-yard
range the Massachusetts team began to piill out the bull's-eye disc, so that
when six men had fired, they had wiped out the debit of twelve, and were
leading by twenty points, and on leaving this range :\Iassachusetts was
twenty-five points ahead.

The 600-yard range only served to oiDcn the gap wider, and swelled
the total to seventy-eight points in favor of the Massachusetts team.

At the conclusion of the match, both teams were driven back to the
Royal Pavilion. This building, once the palace of George IV., is now
used by the city of Brighton as a jjlace of public entertainment. Many of
the furnishings remain the same as in King George's time. The teams
were received by the Mayor and other officials of Brighton, and invited to
sit down to a sumptuous banquet in the dining-room of George IV., the
same room in which General Grant was so lavishly entertained when mak-
ing a tour of the world.

During the evening the Mayor, in behalf of the Sussex team, pre-
sented a silver cigarette case to Lieutenant Hussey for the highest score,
and as a memento of the occasion.

With many courteous expressions of pleasure, gratitude, regret and
goodby, we were escorted to the station to take the night mail for London,

3i8 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

to which was attached a saloon carriage, as a special favor from the man-
agement of the railroad. To say that the boys were tired, would, how-
ever, but meagrely represent their physical condition, after four days of
shooting and traveling many hundred miles, to say nothing of the loss of
sleep. Following is a summary of the score:

FOURTH INTERNATIONAL MATCH, BRIGHTON RANGE.

MASSACHUSETTS TEAM.

200 Yards 500 Yards 600 Yards T.ital

Hussey, Lieut 4-4-4-4-3-4-5—28 5-3-5-4-5-5-5—32 5-4-4-4-5-5-5—32 9~

Edes, Lieut 4-4-4-4-4-5-4—29 5-2-3-5-5-5-5—3° 2-5-5-5-5-4-5—31 90

Bull, Sergt 4-3-4-3-4-3-4—25 5-4-5-4-4-5-5—32 4-5-2-5-5-3-5—29 86

Farrow, Priv 4-4-5-5-4-4-4—30 4-5-4-4-5-5-5—32 4-4-3-0-3-5-5—24 86

Hinman, Maj 2-5-3-5-4-3-3—25 4-5-4-5-3-5-5—31 3-5-5-5-2-5-4—29 85

Bull, Priv 4-5-4-2-4-3-5 — 27 3-5-5-3-5-5-3—29 3-5-3-5-5-2-4—27 S3

Huddleston, Corp. . . . 4-4-4-4-5-5-4—30 3-5-3-4-5-5-4—29 2-4-3-2-4-2-5—22 Si

Farnsworth, Priv. . . . 3-4-4-4-0-4-3—22 4-4-5-5-5-3-5-3' 2-5-2-5-4-5-3—26 79

Bumstead, Lieut 4-4-5-4-3-3-4—27 2-3-4-4-5-3-5—26 4-2-5-4-3-3-5—26 79

Doyle, Sergt 3-4-3-4-3-4-5—26 5-2-3-2-4-4-2—22 3-3-5-5-5-5-4—3° 78

Merrill, S. Maj 4-3-4-5-3-4-2—25 5-4-5-5-5-°-5— 29 2-4-5-2-4-2-3—22 76

Johnston, Sergt 4-3-4-3-4-2-2—22 3-5-4-2-0-5-5—24 3-5-5-3-5-4-2—27 73

316 347 325 988

SUSSE.X TEA.M.

200 Yards 500 Yards 600 Y"ards

Leggett, Sergt 5-3-4-4-4-5-4—29 4-5-5-5-5-5-4—33 4-°-3-4-3-5-4— 23 85

Tisdale, Priv 3-3-4-5-5-2-4—26 5-3-5-3-2-3-3—26 4-5-4-4-5-2-4—28 80

Brown, Corp 4-5-4-4-4- 3-3— 27 3-3-5-2-5-3-4—25 5-5-5-5-3-2-3—28 80

Fowler, Priv 5-4-4-3-4-4-3—27 5-5-5-3-4-3-5—3° 4-2-°-3-4-5-5— 23 80

Cortis, Capt 4-4-4-5-4-5-3—29 2-5-5-5-4-3-5—29 0-3-3-3-3-5-4—21 79

Barr, Priv 4-4-4-5-5-4-5—32 3-5-2-0-3-4-3—20 5-4-4-5-4-K-5— 27 7S

Liley, Qmr 5-5-2-3-4-5-5—29 4-5-5-4-5-4-2—29 2-2-4-3-2-2-5—20 78

Gates, Priv 4-2-4-4-4-4-3—25 3-4-5-4-2-4-3—25 5-3-2-3-4-3-3—23 73

Donovan, Sergt 3-4-4-3-4-4-4—26 4-5-4-3-5-2-2—25 5-2-3-5-2-3-2—22 73

Kirk, Corp 3-5-5-3-3-5-4—28 3-3-2-4-3-4-3—22 3-4-0-4-4-4-2—21 71

Livesay, Major 4-4-0-4-4-3-5—24 4-4-2-2-4-4-4—24 5-2-2-4-0-4-3—20 6S

Milton, Priv 5-4-4-4-4-2-4—27 3-0-4-5-3-4-5 — 24 2-2-2-4-2-2-0—14 65

328 312 270 910

Massachusetts Team won by 78 points.

The fifth and last match, as arranged by Captain Gratwick, Honor-
able Secretary to the Massachusetts team, took place at Nunhead, with a
very strong team from the South London Rifle club, consisting of repre-
sentatives drawn from various volunteer regiments, some of whom came
several hundred miles to engage in the contest. The weather was bright
and clear, with amoderateand somewhat tricky breeze from the left.

Although very tired from a week's shooting and traveling about,
the Massachusetts team put up the best score of the week, at 200 yards;
averaging thirty per man, including a thirty-three by Sergeant-Major
Merrill. The British team, in which all nationalities were represented,
shot steadily, averaging close upon inners.

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 319

The Massachusetts team opened at the 500 yard range with twenty-
eight points in hand. The shooting at this range was very interesting,
the first six men making exactly an equal number of points, and only four
points divided the la.st six, being in favor of the Massachusetts team. At
this range. F. R. Bull made a clean score, and Lieutenant Craig came
within one point of it.

At 600 yards, the shooting was a little more difficult, but the Massa-
chusetts team rose to the emergency, and won the match by forty-three
points.

In the evening, the South London Club entertained their oppo-
nents at dinner. The occasion was one of great enjoyment, especially to
the Massachusetts team, as it was at the triumphal conclusion of five of
the greatest shooting matches with military rifies that ever took place in
any country. The following is the detailed score:

FIFTH INTERNATIONAL MATCH, NUNHEAD RANGE.

MASSACHUSETTS TEAM.

•2110 Y.irds .500 Yards GOO Yards Total

Hinman, Maj 5-4-5-4-4-4-5—31 4-4-4-5-4-5-4—30 5-5-5-5-5-5-5—35 9^

Merrill, S. Maj 4-4-4-3-3-4-5—27 4-5-4-5-5-5-5—33 2-5-4-4-4-3-4—29 89

Johnston, Sergt 3-4-4-4-4-4-4—27 5-4-3-4-5-5-2—28 4-3-5-2-5-4-2—25 89

Bumstead, Lieut 4-4-4-4-4-5-4—29 4-5-3-5-4-5-4-3° 4-3-5-5-5-4-5— 3' 9°

Dovle, Sergt 5-4-5-4-4-5-5—32 4-3-4-5-5-5-5—31 3-5-2-5-3-5-2—25 88

Hiiddleston, Corp. . . . 5-5-5-5-5-4-4—33 5-2-2-5-5-5-5—29 2-3-4-4-4-3-4—24 86

Farrow, Priv 4-4-5-4-4-4-4—29 2-3-4-5-4-5-5—28 3-3-5-5-5-4-4—29 86

Farnsworth, Priv. . . . 5-4-4-5-4-4-5—31 5-4-5-5-5-4-5—33 4-5-4-4-5-5-2—29 93

Edes, Lieut 5-3-3-5-4-5-5-3° 4-4-5-5-5-5-5—33 3-3-5-5-5-4-3—28 91

Hussey, Lieut 4-5-4-4-4-4-4—29 4-4-5-5-4-5-5—32 2-0-5-4-5-5-4—25 86

Bull, Sergt 5-4-5-5-5-4-5—33 2-4-5-5-5-5-4—3° 5-2-5-5-5-5-5—32 95

Bull, Priv 5-4-4-4-4-4-4—29 5-5-5-5-5-5-5—35 2-3-2-5-5-4-3—24 88

360 372 336 1,068

SOUTH LONDON CLUB.
200 Yards 500 Yards 600 Yards

Craig, Lieut 5-4-4-4-4-4-4—29 4-5-5-5-5-5-5—34 5-4-5-5-5-3-5—32 95

Trask, Sergt 4-4-5-5-5-3-4— 30 5-5-5-5-3-5-5—33 2-2-5-3-3-5-5 — 27 90

McKerrell, Major .... 4-3-4-5-5-4-5—3° 4-4-4-4-5-4-5-3° 5-5-4-2-4-4-4—28 88

Heath, Band Master. . . 5-5-4-4-4-4-4—30 5-5-5-5-5-5-3—33 5-4-3-2-4-5-2—25 88

Smith, Color Sergt. . . 3-4-4-4-4-4-4—27 4-5-5-5-5-4-2—30 5-5-5-4-4-4-3—3° 87

Coleman, Priv 4-4-4-4-5-4-4—29 4-4-4-5-5-3-5-3° 5-2-5-5-3-5-3—28 87

Wells, Sergt 4-4-4-4-4-5-4-29 4-4-5-5-5-4-4—31 5-5-3-3-3-3-4—26 86

Delafield, Priv 4-4-4-3-3-4-4—25 4-3-5-5-5-4-4—3° 5-5-5-3-4-3-5—3° 86

Foster, Capt 4-4-4-3-4-5-3—27 5-5-3-4-3-5-4—29 4-4-3-3-5-5-2—26 82

Tukes, Priv 2-2-4-3-4-2-4—21 4-3-5-4-4-5-5-3° 4-3-4-4-4-5-5—28 79

Ro.se, Capt 5-4-4-4-2-4-3—26 4-4-4-4-4-5-5—30 3-5-2-3-°-3-5— 21 77

Lowe, Priv 4-4-5-4-4-4-4—29 5-3-3-4-5-3-5—28 3-4-4-2-3-4-4—24 81

332 368 325 1025

Massachusetts Team won by 43 points.

Saturday morning, July 6, was not unlike the previous ones, in
point of work and hurry, for on this day the team were to be the guests of

320 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

Major AIcKenzie at Epping Forest, and were to try the Alartini-Henry
rifle at Honey-Lane range.

A most royal time we liad, and as we journeyed through the forest
with its grand old trees, making the shade as dense at mid-day as if night-
fall were i:pon us, our minds reverted to the days and deeds of Robin
Hood. "A grand old place, and a most hospitable man," was the iiniversal
verdict of the team, as we reluctantly left to return to London, where we
arrived about four o'clock in the afternoon, to take our departure for
Wimbledon. A tally-ho was awaiting us at the First Avenue Hotel, and
arrayed in heavy marching order, we mounted the coach and were driven
away amid the cheers and farewells of a throng of people, who had congre-
grated about the hotel to see us off. The Shah of Persia was expected in
London, and as we journeyed through the streets, we cotild hear at times
on either hand, "Here comes the Shah!" Then, again, some patriotic
American, seeing the dear old Stars and Stripes waving triumphantly over
us, would give forth a cheer, such as Americans love to give under similar
circumstances. The ride to Wimbledon was delightful, and as we neared
the camping-ground, the clarion bugle notes of Sergeant-^Iajor Merrill
announced our coming, and the English Volunteers, with that hearty hos-
pitality so characteristic of true English gentlemen, met us with open
arms, and escorted us to our quarters.

Sunday, the first day of our stay in camp, was one of rest and quiet,
as the camp had not fairly opened. There was very little going on except
the work of getting things in order. The team took advantage of the day
and kejot perfectly quiet. Our able quartermaster. Lieutenant S. B.
Newton, had provided ample and comfortable quarters, which were laid
out in artistic style, with flowers blooming about the flag staff, in the
center of our parade, from which the stars and stripes floated with the state
flag below them.

We were quartered near the London-Scottish Regiment which by
vote, made us honorary members of the Regimental Mess.

The morning of July .Sth came too soon, yet the routine of camp life
must be complied with, even by tired and weary soldiers, and consequently
we rose up bright and early to raise our colors at the staff head. Not
long after the band came, and saluted the flag with such airs as the Star
Spangled Banner, Hail Columbia and others equally patriotic.

As soon as the booths were open, in which entries were inade for the
different matches, members of the team were on hand to take their
chance, although they were to be won with a Martini-Henry rifle. The
Springfield rifle with its wind-gauge and peep sights was barred; although
in some of the individual matches the Springfield rifle with the buck-horn
sight was allowed, making it practically the same as the Martini-Henry.

In all the matches, in which members of the team entered, they

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

331

came off victorious. Chief among these matches was the Steward's
Purse. This Corporal Huddleson captured with a score of 34 —
^^-5-5.5.5-5.5) out of a, possible 2^, winning a telescope woilh about
§150. The various matches were '^hot for on stated days, during the two
weeks of the encampment.

The following members of the Team won prizes during the Wim-
bledon meeting: Corporal W. D. Huddleson won a telescope valued at
26 pounds and ten shillings in the Steward's match; and, in the same match.
Private W. M. P'arrowwon 4 pounds; Sergeant M. W. Bull 3 pounds; Ser-
geant-Major W. M. Merrill i pound; Sergeant Geo. Doyle i pound;
Lieutenant R. B. Edes, i pound; Lieutenant S. S. Bunistead, i pound;
^lajor C. W. Hinman, also won in the following matches in the Alexandra,
5 pounds; in the Alfred, 5 pounds; in the All-Comer's Aggregate, 2 pounds;

Vouneay Pearson's Matjazine.
SEKUT. S.J. WALLINGFOKl), THE BEST SHOT IN THE lUlITISH AKMY, FHIIXG IS MILITAKY LYING i-USITIoN.

in the Duke of Cambridge, 3 pounds, and in the Perinet et Fils, i pound;
W. D. Huddleson won 5 pounds in the Alfred and 2 pounds in the ^Vind-
raill series; Sergeant AL W. Bull won 3 pounds in the Alfred; and private
W. iL Farrow won 5 pounds in the Albert match. Total value of
prizes won nearly 80 pounds.

It was the good fortune of the Rifle Team to dine with many of the
organizations, and to participate in their festivities. It was also an equal
pleasure to give two "At Homes," at which the Massachusetts team could
entertain, in a meager sort of way, the friends who had so lavishly enter-
tained them. They were privileged to have as guests many very distin-
guished persons — in all walks of life, from the nobility down to the hum-
blest private who captured the Queen's prize — the greatest honor that
can come to the English volunteer. Minister Lincoln and General New,
with a host of American friends from London, made extra exertions to
call. It was a great pleasure to entertain, as best we could, under the con-

322 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

ditions of camp life, the officers of the National Rifle Association, and
officers of the various organizations who had been so kind and courteous
to us, together with many crack shots and distinguished teams.

Sunda}' service at Wimbledon, is a particiilarly interesting ceremon}-,
because members of all the organizations attend in frill dress uniform.
The Massachusetts team, with their uniforms of blue and gold, made a
striking contrast to the many-colored uniforms of the English. The
service, conducted by the Bishop of London, was a very impressive one.

The second week at Wimbledon was as eventful as the first, for the
exhibition of skirmishing by the team, attracted a large throng of people,
who witnessed with astonishment the remarkable, and to the English, won-
derful, work of the team, and especially of Messrs. Huddleson and Doyle.

The day was one of those characteristic of Wimbledon, made up
of alternate rain and sunshine, leaving unmistakable pools of water all
over the field. Between the .showers, Major Frost marched the team to
the firing point, commencing at 600 yards, and advanced and halted them
by bugle-call, at distances unknown to the men. They were allowed fifteen
seconds at each halt for firing, finally advancing to 150 yards, and then
retired in the same manner. During the two-and-one-half minutes occu-
pied in actual firing, they made a record of hits which quite surprised the
English officers and volunteers. Following is the score:

SIvlllMISlI riiACTlCK Al n I11IU.F.1IOX.

Bulls Iniicrs Magpies Outers TJits Score

Corp. Huddleson 24 8 9 6 47 191

Sergt. Doyle ii 11 7 25 52 166

Major Hinman 11 9 6 7 33 123

Lieut. Hussey 9 9 7 6 31 114

Sergt. Bull 9 7 5 5 -6 96

Sergt. Johnston 4 9 2 7 22 76

Priv. Bull 5 5 4 8 22 73

Priv. Farnsworth 6 i 3 15 25 73

Lieut. Edes 3 5 7 8 23 72

Lieut. Bumstead i 1 5 '5 -o 5°

This ended the tour of duty of the ^Massachusetts Rifle Team at
Wimbledon, and two days later, July 20, came the grand final scene at
Wimbledon camp, A large and fashionable gathering assembled to wit-
ness the presentation of the prizes, which were displayed on a large table,
upon a raised dais. The London Scottish A'olunteers formed a guard of
honor, and in addition to the muster of the prize winners, the Canadian,
American and other teams were drawn up in line. The 276 winners re-
ceived their prizes at the hands of Lady Wharncliffe, who graciously added
a few words of congratulation to each recipient. The principal winners
were loudly cheered, as were also the Massachusetts team, who "with
their blushing honors thick upon them," were marched upon the dais to
receive, each man, a Queen's Wimbledon badge, as a memento of their

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

323

visit — an honor highly appreciated. As the day drew to an end, and the
golden sun, kissing the hill-tops and the snowy tents, bade farewell to the
closing day, and to the last camp at Wimbledon ; so did the Massachusetts
Rifle Team, with full hearts beating
with admiration and gratitude for
their English friends and brothers,
bid them farewell, but that was not
enough. With bands of music and

of men in martial array, they

escorted us to our train, amid
and farewells innumerable,
lingering, loving glances, and

ories for the nation
who had treated us so
we were on our way to
Our stay in Paris
pleasure and sight-see-
Whitelaw Reid,
minister to
the first to wel-
tendered them a
days later, the
French navy
honor

cheers
With
m e m-
people
well,
Paris .

was given to
Hon.
American
France, was
come the team, and
receiJtion. A few
A d m i r a 1 of the
gave a reception in
of the team. A
accommodations at a
World's exhibition
us long for American hotels and
American food. We had not
long to wait, for Hon. W. F.
Cody, "Buffalo Bill," came to
our rescue, and saved sixteen
men from the pangs of hunger, by invit-
ino- us to a sumptuous dinner a la Ameri-
cain. Our visit to the Wild West show and
ride in the old Deadwood coach brought
to mind days long ago, when some of the
team had encountered the Indians on the
great western plains. The sight of the
American flag, and the uniform of United
States soldiers, seemed to inspire the Indian
to do his best, much to the pleasure of the immense audience.

July 29 found the team back in London. On invitation of Minis-
ter Lincoln, the team called upon him, and from his hands each member

Courtesy Pearson's Mitgaziite.

THE "TEXAS Oiai'" WMH VAIIHTKiNS.

I'nti! recently authorizecl in Ilif riiiUHl states Army

:inJ still a favorite witli many tiooil shots.

324

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

received a beautiful badge, as a souvenir of the trip. The design is ex-
ceedingly artistic. The American and English colors stand side by
side, crossed at the top of a shield bearing the names of the English
teams which the Massachusetts team met in competition. Under
this is a scroll with the legend, "England 18S9." He also gave a
sleeve badge bearing the words, "Wimbledon 1889." After this visit
the team called upon Lord !Mayor Whitehead of London, who showed
them every courtesy possible, conducting them through Guild Hall, the

L'UL. W.M. F. CODY (lUI'IALO liU.L).

library, council chamber and museum, explaining in a most clear and de-
lightful manner the inniimerable objects of interest. He also allowed them
to inspect the gold plate of the corporation of the city of London, after
wliich they were invited to a substantial lunch. The next visit was to
Consul General New, at St. Helen's Place, Bishopsgate, there to receive
congratulations and praises for the good work done.

July 30. by invitation, the team passed several pleasant and instruc-
tive hours at Woolwich Arsenal, and in the evening dined with Major

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 325

Williams, of the Honorable Artillery Company, at the Holland Restau-
rant, closing a most enjoyable and interesting tour of duty, and at mid-
night took the train for Liverpool, sailing on Wednesday, by the eity of
Chicago, for New York.

Let me add here, first of all, that the team can never be sufficiently
thankful to the National Rifle As.sociation, of England, for detailing as
Honorable Secretary tt) the team. Captain G. F. Gratwiek, secretary of the
English Twenty Club, who so faithfully, fairly and courteously managed
all the details of the matches, and personally gave every moment of his
time to the team, from the time they landed at Liverpool until they left
London for America. The team's appreciation of Captain Gratwiek and
his services were but feebly expressed by the presentation to him of a
gold watch; yet the tender love and affection, which every member of the
team had for him. will last long after the lustre has left the gold, and the
hands pass the meridian of life: nor can I be unmindful of the Duke of
Cambridge, who paid us a special visit and complimented the team so
highly for their soldierly bearing and efficient work.

To Lord Wantage, the chairman of the council of the N. R. A.; to
Sir Henry Fletcher, Bart. M. P., the vice chairman; to Captain Mildmay,
the secretary, and to the officers of the different teams which we met in
competition, and to many others, the team is greatly indebted for the
courtesy, consideration and pleasant entertainments given us while in
England.

The voyage homeward was one of quiet and rest, without any event
worthy of note. The morning of August 10, found the steamship City
of Chicago steaming into New York harbor, with yards of bunting float-
ing from every available place, proclaiming to America the glorious suc-
cess of her citizen soldiers of the Massachusetts Rifle Team. Scarcely
had we set our feet on American soil than we were quite unexpectedly
made the recipients of hearty and formal greetings from military men in
New York, who received us with all the honors, and a breakfast at the
Manhattan club. Sunday morning we arrived in Boston on the nine
o'clock train, which was decorated with bunting and devices, represent-
ing and symbolizing victory and success. A committee representing the
militia, consisting of Colonel Rockwell, Colonel Mathews, Major Kemp
and Major King, were awaiting the arrival of the team to escort them to
Young's hotel; where they were entertained at breakfast, by and with the
heads of the military department of the state, Adjutant-General Samuel
Dalton presiding. The cordial greeting and pleasant meeting of many
friends, and their congratulations upon the great success of the team,
with their commendations of the soldierly and gentlemanly manner in
which its members had conducted themselves while abroad, will long be
remembered and cherished by every member.

326 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

The following day, August 12, the City of Boston gave a breakfast
to the team, at which many high ol^cials and enthusiasts in rifle shooting,
together with friends, were present to extend a welcome to their fellow
citizens, who had so honorably and successfully represented the state and
city in England.

A few days later. Major J. P. Frost and the rifle team were tendered
a reception by the Boston Press Club, of which .Major Frost is a member
and director. The occasion was one of very great enjoyment. I believe
further that every member of the team individually, had banquets ten-
dered him by his personal friends. These festivities closed a series of
ovations, banquets and receptions, which were the expressions of a grate-
ful people to Major J. P. Fi'ost, for his untiring exertions in carrying
through from beginning to end, an enterprise which meant so much to the
country, the state, and to the members of the rifle team who made it pos-
sible to achieve these crowning victories.

I think with propriety I may add a word of praise to the quarter-
master of the team, Lieut. vS. B. Newton, whose eificient and substantial
services were rendered at all times, as if thoughtful of others before himself,
which is par excellence, the highest attribute of a quartermaster. To the
adjutant of the team. Major George H. Benyon, is due the highest com-
mendation, for the able manner in which he discharged his duties. To
every member of the team is due just and commendable praise for the
soldierly and gentlemanly bearing, which made its discipline perfect and
its work easy.

When we consider that sixteen men, taken from varii)us walks in
life; travelling about eight thousand miles; subjected to diflicult and trying
conditions, and entering into five team competitions, to say nothing of the
individual matches, were landed safely at home without a mishap or injury,
and with every man in a better physical condition than when he left, it is
scarcely neces.sary to say that they took excellent care of themselves.

Perhaps it may not be out oi place here to relate briefly, what
great Britain does for her volunteers in the way of rifle shooting. The
ancient English pastime of practicing at the butts was revived in the
National Rifle Association of Great Britain in i860 by Lord Elcho. At
the opening of the Wimbledon range in that year. Queen Victoria fired
the first shot, la bull's eye) and thus inaugurated these great meetings, dur-
ing which many thousands compete annually.

At the first meeting in i860, only 67 prizes were offered, of the
value of 2,238 pounds sterling. The number of prizes and aggregate
value have increased yearly, until they reached in 1891, 3,766 prizes, val-
ired at 12,317 pounds sterling, not including the challenge-cups and
shields, some twenty-four in number, the value of which is not stated.
Nearly eleven thousand jjounds of this anioimt was in money prizes.

OK MASSACHUSETTS.

327

irclME AiiAIM.

The prizes for each succeeding year have gradually increased over
those given in 1891. During the thirty-three years of the National Rifle
Association's comiJetitions at Wimbledon and Bisley, about 58,000 prizes
have been awarded, aggregating in value about 335,500 pounds sterling or
$1,623,820.

The number of competitors for prizes at these meetings, during the
past few years, has averaged about 36,000 in matches, and over 35,000 at
the pool targets. Does America offer as great inducements to hei volun-
teers to become proficient marksmen? The volunteer foi'ceof the United
States is the nucleus from which we must build all bulwarks of defense
against foreign attack or domestic violence. It should, therefore, be in-
structed in every branch of military science, and particularly in that of rifle
shooting, for the indispensable qualification of experts in this art, is
shooting to hit. No matter how well the school of the soldier, company
and battalion, and other military exercises and drills are performed, they
are only for the purpose of placing a soldier in a position where he can
most effectively use the rifle. A fire-arm in the hands of a soldier, igno-
rant of the fir.st principles which govern its effective use, and who stands
in fear of its action, is more dangerous to himself and his comrades than
to the object against which it should be directed.

The vast expenditure of money in the maintenance of an army, the
training of officers and the purchase of costly weapons, is futile, if this

328

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

army is uninstructed in the proper use of the implements with which the
enemy is to be conquered: With the introduction of magazine guns, it is
now even more essential than ever, that the soldier should be '•fire dis-
ciplined."

Experience with the demoralized French soldiers, in some of the im-
portant battles of the Franco-Prussian war, demonstrated that excited men
may uselessly expend in a few minutes, all the ammunition they can carry.

The knowledge acquired on the rifle range, alone, will teach the
soldier to husband his resources, estimate the distance of his adversary,
cause the weapon in his hands to be extremely destructive to his enemy,
and tend to establish a high grade of military efficieucy.

To what extent have these international rifle matches been fraught
with good? First of all, they have helped draw together more firmly the
bonds of friendship of the two great English-speaking nations; they have
also incited individuals and organizations to put forth their best efforts
to obtain a place on the scroll of our nation's best marksmen; they have
exemplified to the English people that good, harmonious team-work under
a competent and energetic captain, well versed in all that pertains to rifle
shooting, is much more successful than that of a team made up of men,
who are looking after their own personal record, regardless of the other
members of the team.

They have also established the fact, that the Springfield rifle.
America's military arm, with its fine sights and wind gauge, is superior in
action and effectiveness, to the Martini-Henri rifle, England's military arm.
They have also settled the question of superior marksmanship, and the
crown of laurel falls upon America, and her little band of Massachusetts
Riflemen.

Cottrlesy of Pearson's Maiiazine.

LOSG RAXGE POSITKiN. IIEAI> UKID UP 1!Y lUTIM; A
STRAl- OX THE WKIST.

CHAPTER XIII.

THE FIRST BRIGADE.
Lieutenant-Colonel Bowdoin S. Parker, Assistant Adjutant-General.

THE Commonwealth of Massachusetts, by Chajjter 108. of the Acts
of the year 1809, took its first step in militia organization, pur-
suant to the Statutes of Congress, passed May 8, 1792, and on
March 2, 1803. for the purpose of " Establishing an Uniform
Militia throughout the United
States." Under this act, the First
Brieade of the Massachusetts Mili-
tia was instituted. The system
adopted purported to make an ac-
tive militiaman of every able-
bodied man, between the ages of
seventeen and forty-five years.
A limited number of companies
of " Cavalry, Artillery, Light In-
fantry and Grenadiers or Rifle-
men," were permitted to be formed
by special authority granted, while
all the residue were called the
" Standing Militia." Theoreti-
cally, the system provided an or-
ganization that included all men
liable to military duty in the state.
In Massachusetts, this sys-
tem resulted as in other states ; it
was nowhere a success. The fre-
quent removals of the population
from place to place, and from state to state ; the long periods of peace ;
the difficulty of enforcing necessary discipline and the disinclination of
the proper officers to make themselves unpopular by a rigid enforcement
of the system, soon resulted in weakness, and the "Standing ]\Iilitia "
gradually became an ill-organized force, useless from a military .stand-
point, and an object of public ridicule. The sequel was a change in the
system.

Th,- 5V''«' System.

By Chapter 92, of the Acts of the year 1S40, the present system of
organization came into being. In brief, it divides the militia into two

I.IErTKXANT-COl.ONEI, liOWDOIN S

330 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

classes. First, the " Enrolled Militia," embracing all persons liable to
military duty; and, second, the " Volunteers, '" who may or may not be
also included in the first class. The latter constitute the only efficient and
really available military force of the state.

The Volunteer Militia was established on a basis of 10,000 men,
divided into three divisions of six brigades. The brigades were num-
bered consecutively. Thus it happens that the ist brigade has always
been the "First," and the location and number of its units have been so
far localized that its identity is made definite and distinct. Changes in
the organizations composing the brigade unit have from time to time taken
place, but there has remained a continuity of certain integral bodies,
within it, sufficient to make a harmonious connection in the brigade history.

The several brigades of the state were originally formed to cm-
brace the troops within contiguous counties. The First, up to a late day,
was the distinctive Suffolk county brigade, although containing at times
companies from Norfolk, Plymouth and Bristol counties.

It was at first composed of the following organizations, viz: —

One company cavalry. I National Lancers 1.
F'our companies. Fifth Regiment Artillery.
Ten companies. First Regiment Infantry.
Three companies, Fir.st Battalion Infantry.
Two companies. Third Battalicm Infantry.

In 1857, the brigade was made up entirely of troops from Boston
and Roxbury.

During this period, there was little uniformity in either uniform
or drill. Scott's and Hardee's tactics were used, with a variety of intri-
cate combinations of both, the matter being seemingly left to the fancy or
caprice, of the captain of each individual company. These peculiarities, or
what would now be deemed glaring defects, were not localized in any
particular brigade. But a few years had elapsed, when the Great Rebel-
lion broke the quietness of peace, and the efficiency of the militia was
brought to the test of actual service: how well it served the state and
nation, has passed into our country's history.

At the first alarm, organizations of the brigade, with portions of the
militia, were summoned to the defense of the national capital : these with
the rapid enlistment of members of the militia into volunteer regiments
for the war, left only the skeleton of a militia force behind. Many
organizations however, performed military duty, within the state, as at
Fort Warren, Fort Independence, at various recruiting camps, etc. The
six brigades were nominally retained up to near the close of the war, but
the duties of the times were so all-absorbing, that little time was ex-
pended up(m the militia. It was not until Appomattox ended the long

OV MASSACHUSETTS. 331

stru'1-gle, with victory, that the militia became a.i^ain a matter of interest
to the state.

The new re-organization consolidated the six brigades into a two divi-
sion formation, with ilajor General Benjamin F. Butler, commanding.
The first brigade re-organized consisted of the Second Battalion of Infan-
try. Colonel Robert J. Hamilton of Springfield, six companies; Third
Battalion of Infantry, :\Iajor Daniel A. Butler, of New Bedford, four com-
panies; Third Battalion of Infantry, Major Austin C. Wellington of Bos-
ton, four companies; Sixth Regiment of Infantry, Colonel Melvin Beal of
Lawrence, eight companies; Tenth Regiment of Infantry, Colonel John
W. Kimball of Fitchburg, eight companies; First Battalion Light
Artillery, Major George S. Merrill of Lawrence, two companies; Troop
F, Cavalry, unattached, Captain Christopher Roby of Chelmsford. A
total of 30 companies of infantry, 12 light batteries of artillery and one
troop of Cavalry.

In 187S, the third and fourth battalions were made the First Regi-
ment of Infantry; the Tenth Regiment and Second Battalion were reduced
to six companies and made the vSecond Battalion; and Battery A, with
the Artillery Battalion organization transferred to the Second Brigade.
The only changes since made, have been the transfer of Battery C and
the Artillery Battalion organization to the First Brigade, the enlargement
of the First and Sixth Regiments, to twelve companies each, and the
making of the second battalion into a regiment of eight, and after-
ward of twelve companies, with the addition of the Signal Corps — a new
organization.

7?;/7,- Practice.

Perhaps the most remarkable achievement in the brigade history,
has been its wonderful record in the development of rifle shooting.
This important branch, so far as relates to the Massachusetts militia, had
its initial development, in the ist brigade. Prior to 1880, it had been
little practiced, out.side of a few companies, but the next ten years saw it
extend throughout the whole force, and the number and excellence of the
brigade marksmen, became the popular theme throughout the United
States and England.

State teams, largely made up of members of the ist brigade,
repeatedly vanquished the rifle teams of the other states and the regular
army at "Creedmore" and other meets; nor were they satisfied with this:
they went to England and carried off the honors at "Wimbledon," as is
elsewhere recorded in this history.

The new recruit is now, from the first, taught the use of the rifle,
and in every company in the brigade, a majority of the members are quali-
fied marksmen, while many companies make it a rule to require every
man to become a qualified marksman of record.

332 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

V^otahle Parjdcs.

By numerous official reports, it is evidenced, that the brigade early
established its reputation as an excellent military body: this reputation it
has never lost. It has uniformly been distinguished for solidity, precis-
ion and discipline. It has never posed as a "show brigade," but has main-
tained its high position by soldierly bearing and attainments.

Among the notable public occasions, in which it has taken part,
may be mentioned, — the parade in honor of Millard Fillmore, President
of the United States, September 17, 185 i, on which occasion, the troops
were reviewed by the President, the governor and many distinguished
officers; the reception of Kossuth, the year following; the reception and
review in honor of the Prince of Wales, October 15, i860; the reception
and review given to Henry Wilson, Vice-President of the United States,
June 17, 1875, at which, General Sherman and staff and many public men
were present; the reception and review in honor of Rutherford B. Hayes,
President of the United States, the year following; the reception and
review in honor of Chester A. Arthur, President of the United States,
October 11, 1882; the dedication of the Soldiers' Monument, on Boston
Common; the celebration of the 250th anniversary of the founding of
Boston, etc. Upon each of these public occasions, the brigade has been
commended in official orders and by the press for its excellent discipline
and soldierly bearing.

BRIGADE COMMANDERS AND THEIR URGANIZATIONS.

Brigadier-General Tyler was the first brigade commander, after the
re -organization of 1840. He gave much time and attention to the duties
of his office, and succeeded in bringing the organization into a very credit-
able position; continuing in command until 1849.

Gt-iitijl ELiiii.iiids.

Brigadier-General B. F. Edmands succeeded General Tyler: he
was, however, soon promoted to the command of the division and, conse-
quently, had little opportunity to accomplish much as brigade commander.

General yiiidrews.

Brigadier-General Samuel Andrews of Roxbury, was commissioned
and assumed command. May 13, 1850. He continued in office nearly
eight years, and was a popular officer. A gradual improvement was
maintained for several years; yet it was hardly sustained during the latter
part of his administration. He was promoted to be the division com-
mander, February 25, 1858.

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 333

Gciin.il linllock.

Brigadier-General William "W. Bullock of Cambridge, previously
colonel of the Second Regiment of infantry, succeeded to the command.
Pic had the honor of being at the head of the brigade at the outbreak of
the Civil War, in iS6i. The part taken by the militia during the dark
days that followed, has already been noted. It is enough to say that the
brigade then did its whole duty.

Geih'ijl Bun ill.

After the organization of the militia at the close of the rebellion,
Brigadier-General Isaac S. Burrell of Roxbury, was elected brigade com-
mander, his commission bearing date July 26, 1866. General Burrell was
an experienced officer, having served as colonel of the Forty-second Mas-
.sachusetts Regiment in the war, and at the time of his promotion was
lieutenant-colonel, commanding the First Regiment of Infantry. Under
his command, the brigade was soon placed in good shape. The troops
did not have the facilities for drill and instruction during the year, now
possessed, but the annual encampments were, in the main, well utilized,
and a basis was then laid, upon which subsequent commanders have built
the present admirable structure. In 1868, the olifice of brigade-major was
dropped, and that of assistant adjutant-general substituted, with the rank
of lieutenant-colonel. Charles W. Wilder of Boston, on General Burrell's
staff, was the first to be commissioned to that position. General Burrell
gave ten years' service to the brigade, and retired with a record highly
honorable to himself, and of great benefit to the militia of the Common-
wealth. He died at Bo.ston, September 13,1895.

Gciu-rji Moore.

Brigadier-General Hobart Moore, of Boston, was chosen comman-
der, August 12, 1876. Although riot a veteran of the war, he was admit-
tedly, one of the ablest tacticians in the state. During the war, he was
employed as drill-master, in training and preparing recruits for service
and in this duty, proved himself a very valuable officer. He was also
familiar with the militia requirements of the time, having served as an
officer for many years, and being as.sistant adjutant-general of the brigade
on the staff of General Burrell, for the six years preceding his elevation to
the command. General Moore was fortunate in securing Lieutenant-Col-
onel Solomon A. Bolster, of Boston, a veteran of the war and an adminis-
trative officer of marked ability, as his assistant adjutant-general. Gen-
eral Moore's administration w'as not characterized by any radical changes
or innovations, but the general affairs of the brigade were well attended
to, and the efficiency of the force was fully maintained. By an act of the
Legislature, limiting the terms of all officers to five years, he was honor-

334 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

ably discharged in 1872. Of General Moore, it may well be said, that be
had the love and commanded the respect of all who knew him; he was of
a quiet disposition, and possessed a genial temperament. After his retire-
ment, he continued to be the military instructor of the Boston public
schools, la position he had filled during his service as brigade commander)
until his death, which occurred at Boston, April 25, 1894.

General IVales.

At an election, held February 21, 1882, Nathaniel Wales, of Bos-
ton, then colonel of the First Regiment of Infantry, was chosen brigade
commander. General Wales was not only a militia officer of experience
but had also an enviable war record. Entering the United States service
September 6, 1861, as a member of the Twenty-fourth Massachusetts
Volunteers, in which he held the rank of first sergeant; he was, in 1862,
promoted to be first lieutenant, in the Thirty-second Massachusetts Volun-
teers, and the same year transferred to the Thirty-fifth Massachusetts Vol-
unteers, as first lieutenant and adjutant; promoted to major in 1865, and
discharged i\Iay 9, 1864, with the brevet ranks of lieutenant-colonel and
colonel.

He entered into his new duties with ardor. His selection of a corps
of staff officers was most happy ; most of them were war veterans, and
each was designated with special reference to the particular duty he was to
perform. A school of staff instruction was organized, and continued dur-
ing all the years he held command. In this school he acted as instructor,
and each .staff officer was required to become thoroughly posted in the
minutest details of the tactics, from the duties of a soldier to the evolu-
tions of a brigade and a division. The subject of emergency or riot duty
was made a special study, and the principal cities, especially Boston, were
mapped and platted, with reference to a possible call ; each staff officer
was also required to prepare military papers upon subjects given, which
papers were read, criticised and discussed at Staff meetings ; in this way
he soon had a staff of most efficient officers, each fully competent to as-
sume command of a regiment or even of the brigade. It is not too much
to say that General Wales associated and perfected the most accomplished
and perfectly equipped .staff the brigade has ever had. Lieutenant-Col-
onel William M. Olin of Boston, was Assistant Adjutant-General. Col-
onel Olin had seen three years' active service dtiring the war, and resigned
as Military Secretary of the Commander-in-Chief, with the rank of colonel,
to accept the brigade staff position.

General Wales was an enthusiast in everything he undertook ; no
labor was too great, no minutiae too small, for his personal attention, if
thereby the interest or advancement of any portion of the brigade could
be subserved; even the social gatherings of individual companies were

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 335

not neglected, and hardly a public parade or social occasion took place at
which he was not personally present or represented by some of his staff.
In this way he kept in close touch with all portions of his command, and
was personally known to almost every man in the brigade.

Among the more important details of his administration may be
mentioned, the bringing together of the militia and the regular army, es-
pecially the officers. This gave the regular officers a better understand-
ing of the purposes, aims and standing of the militia ; it also enabled the
militia officers to obtain many valuable points, which were used to advan-
tage. This mingling with the " Regulars " has since so become a part of
the usual practice, that it is now accepted as a matter of course.

The organization of the Signal Service, upon a permanent basis, was
due to General Wales, also, the closer association of the militia with the
police forces of the state as an aid to the civil jjower. He was the fir.st to
try the experiment of holding the annual encampment early in June,
instead of September or October; which innovation has ever since been
followed, to the acceptance of all. He encouraged rifle practice, and the
advance made in this branch during his term of office, was marvelous; a
new office was created, and the brigade, and each regiment, has since had
an "Inspector of Rifle Practice" upon its staff, to attend to this important
work.

General Wales was ever foremo.st in adopting new changes that
promised to be of advantage; the annual encampments became practical
schools of instruction and every suggestion, deemed of value as tending to
interest the men in their duties, wa^ quickly utilized; field manoeuvres,
affording instruction in methods of advance, attack, defense and retreat,
were practised with profit, and the brigade was soon placed far in advance
of its previous position. In the judgement of competent military author-
ities, the brigade had no superior for all around efficiency in the militia
or national guard of the country.

After a most brilliant administration of about seven years. General
Wales resigned. He was, in 1897, the only ex-commander of the brigade
then living.

General Hiidacs.

Brigadier-General Benjamin F. Bridges of South Deerfield, was
commissioned, January 5, 1889; he was an experienced militia officer,
with a record of over twenty-eight years" service, having risen from a
private through all the military grades from lieutenant to colonel. His
command of the .Second Regiment of Infantry for the ten years preceding
his last promotion, had made him thoroughly familiar with the require-
ments and duties of the new position. As a tactical officer, he had few
equals in the state. The brigade headquarters were retained at Boston,

336 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

following the invariable custom of all previous commanders. The new
staff, among whom were several who had served on the former brigade
staff, were mostly from Boston, and were selected with care.

Bowdoin S. Parker of Boston, was appointed assistant adjutant-gen-
eral and chief of staff. Lieutenant-Colonel Parker was a war veteran, and
had seen many years' service as a militia officer. He had been three
years adjutant of the Second Regiment, while it was commanded by Gen-
eral Bridges, and judge advocate of the brigade, for the seven years' term
of General Wales.

There was no marked change in general management under the
new administration; indeed, the standard of the organization was already
so high that the room for improvement was confined to narrow lines.
Beyond a certain point, perfection is only reached by a close attention to
small details, — trifles, yet all important trifles. Under the new system
of United States Drill Regulations adopted by the militia. General Bridges
has made a number of changes in camp rotitine, which have reduced the
actual labor of the rank and file, without impairing efficiency. He was
the first to introduce at camp special visiting days for the general public,
and so well has this worked that for several years, only one day of the
five allowed for camp duty, has been open to visitors holding general
passes. No other organization of the militia has restricted camp passes
to a single day. It has resulted in making the camps of the brigade more
strictly military; it has made the duties of camp lighter for both officers
and men, and has materially decreased the expenses attendant upon enter-
taining the swarms of visitors, that of late years tend to overflow the
brigade encampments at Framingham. Under present conditions, inost
of the old-time pomp and glitter of " ye olden time " has gone; ceremo-
nies are few; the revelry of the old " good time " is lost in a stricter dis-
cipline, and the military spirit is everywhere apparent. The multitudi-
nous duties of the field are performed with a regiilarity, precision and
snajJ, never before attained in the militia.

One important matter, has been brought to a high state of perfec-
tion by General Bridges, and that is the embarkation, transportation and
disembarkation of the trooiDs composing the brigade. It is a frequent re-
mark of regular army officers, that the brigade, in this respect, is in advance
of the United States troops. The administration of General Bridges has
been pre-eminently noted for the great harmony existing among the officers
of all ranks. The many encampments held since he took command, have
been, as nearly absolutely perfect, considered from a military stand-
point, as it is possible for a military organization to attain. The large
number of new men which attends the annual encampments, necessitates
much elemental work, each year. It is safe to say that the brigade has
now attained as high a position as it will ever be possible for it to reach.

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 337

In i.S97(rcneral liridi^-es, and those of his staff who were eligible
■under the Statute, were plaeed upon the "Retired List," with commenda-
tory endorsements, by the commander-in-chief, upon their several appli-
cations for retirement. Subsequently, by special Act of the General
Court, three members of the staff, who were veterans of the Civil War,
were promoted one grade in rank, viz.: Bowdoin S. Parker, Assistant
Adiutant-Crcneral, and David Clark, Medical Director, each to the rank of
Colonel; and Thomas F. Cordis, Assistant Inspector-General of Rifle
Practice, to the rank of Lieutenant -Colonel.

General Bridges was appointed warden of the State Prison at
Charlestown in 1893, and removed to Boston, where he has since resided.

Gt'iifij/ Mathews.

Brigadier-General Thomas R. Mathews, of Boston, succeeded to
the command July 19, 1897. He was a veteran of the Civil War, having
served three years in the First Regiment M. V. M. Entering the militia
as First Lieutenant, Company D, Fir,st Regiment of Infantry, January 2 i ,
1878, he served in the First until elected brigade commander, passing
through all the grades to colonel, which latter position he held for over
eight years. He therefore came to the new position with a thorough
experience in all general military requirements.

Walter C. Hagar, of Boston, was made assistant adjutant -gen-
eral, and a new brigade staff, with two exceptions, was commissioned,
but as most of the work of the year had already been performed,
nothing new was attempted in 1897.

Early in 1898 during the Spanish War, the three regiments of
infantry of the brigade were mustered into the United States service.
The Second saw active field work in Cuba, and the Sixth in Puerto
Rico, while the First was retained for heavy artillery service at Fort Warren,
in Boston Harbor, and along the New England Coast. As only the
batteries of light artillery, the cavalry, and signal corps remained in the
State for duty, the mihtia, for the time being, was allowed to exi.st as
best it might, pending the return of the infantry regiments. In 1899, these
having been mustered out of the United States service, again took their for-
mer places in the brigade, and the camp of this year was made notable by
the presence of so many officers and men who had seen actual service.

The Spanish war naturally produced many changes in the personnel
of the organizations. The results of the war service, however, have been
marked, and in many respects beneficial. The essentials are now better
recognized, while the ornamental or show part is held at its real value.

General Mathews' administration has been conscientious and prac-
tical; the brigade in his hands will continue to hold its enviable position
as a well-disciplined, thoroughly instructed and efficient military body, of
which the Commonwealth may well be proud.

CHAPTER XIV.

THE FIRST REGIMENT OF HEAVY ARTILLERY— 1844-1S99.
By Colonel James A. Frye, I. G. R. 1'., Mass. (Late Major of the Regiment.)

RU-M lime immemorial, the most striking characteristic of the regi-
ment now borne on the militia register of Massachusetts as the
First Heavy Artillery has been its healthy esprit de corps. In serv-
ing under its colors, whether in peace or in war, the oificers and

men of the "Old First" have ever
had a pride peculiarly their own.
While the space allotted to this
sketch admits of only the briefest
mention of the stirring events of
many crowded years, the mere out-
line given may at least serve to ex-
plain and justify this regimental
23ride.

And first, it must be said
that the men whose work resulted
in the ultimate formation of the
regiment, were also the men by
whose struggles and sacrifices the
nation was founded; for although
its < ifficial existence dates only from
1844, the initial steps towards its
organization were taken long be-
fore the close of the last century.
To-da}' there are but fourteen regi-
ments in our regular establish-
ment which can lay claim to longer
continuous service, while the regi-
mental organizations of the National Guard, which can e\'en approximate
its honorable record, may be reckoned on the fingers of a single hand.

At the close of the Revolution, despite the universal military
exhaustion following that tremendous struggle, the men of ^lassachu-
setts, in the wisdom born of bitter experience, set themselves .sturdily to
the task of strengthening their Commonwealth against the dangers of an
unknown future. At this period were chartered the numerous indepen-

CUL. J.VMKS A. FKYK.

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 339

dent companies of infantry and artillery — each bearing- prondly on its
rolls the names of Revolutionary veterans — from which slowly, and at
times almost painfully, the present armed, equipped, and efficient Massa-
chusetts Volunteer .Militia has finally been evolved. Among these still
vigorous commands of the olden time, three — the Roxbury Train of
Artiller}', 1784; the Independent Boston Fusileers, 1786; and the Boston
Light Infantry, 1798 — still answer to-day at the adjutant's call, marching
in the regimental line of the First as D, G, and K Batteries, and keeping
alive by their presence the traditions of the Shay Rebellion of 1787, the
naval war with France in 1798, and the War of 18 12. Long years ago,
these quaint designations went officially into disuse, but the regiment still
treasures the service-record with which they were once associated.

During an eventful half-century, regimental changes innumerable
have taken place, for the Legislature of Massachusetts — faithfully follow-
ing the example set by the Congress of the United States — has periodi-
cally amused itself by military experiments. As the years have gone by,
companies have been organized, disbanded, or transferred from regiment
to regiment, corps designations have been varied to meet any passing
fancy, and officers have been legislated out of, or into, commission, until
the effect on the casual observer is most bewildering. And yet, through
over fifty years of peace and war, of political indifference, or political in-
ter-meddling, the "Old Regiment" has steadfastly clung to the best tradi-
tions of patriotism; and the time is still to come when it shall fail in
instant response to the call of authority, when danger threatens either
Republic or Commonwealth.

1844 — 1 86 1.

From the close of the Revolution until well into the second third
of the present century, the militia of Massachusetts formed two very dis-
tinct classes: the enrolled ("corn-stalk") militia, with its four-days' train-
ing; and the armed, uniformed, and drilled militia, comprised in the
independent companies. It hardly need be recalled here how farcical had
become the militia of the former class — the worthy citizen with his law-
ful "good mufket or firelock, a fufficient bayonet and belt, two fpare
flints, and a knapfack," showing on general muster-days an ardor at-
tributable not only to patriotism, but also to old New England rum — but
what really should be noted, is the fact that at this time, after long years
of struggling to escape from the contempt into which it had fallen through
such unfortunate associations, the organized and active militia had finally
succeeded in compelling the legislature to recognize it, as the only mili-
tary element worthy of consideration or support from the Commonwealth.

In 1844, the enrolled militia having ceased to exist except on paper,
there was decreed a general re-organization of the active establishment,
and it was at this date that the present regiment came into being. Two

34°

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

small battalions of field artillery formerly attached to the ist Brigade,
were consolidated into a five-company regiment, to which Colonel Chase
was assigned as commanding officer, and the newly formed organization
was designated officially as the Fifth Regiment of Artillery. That its
component parts could already point to service records of no mean length,
is shown by the militia register of that day, and the fact that four of its
five companies were, in effect, picked commands, had much to do with
its early reputation for efficiency. As a matter of curious record, the fol-
lowing table showing the composition of the original regiment, is worthy
of preservation:

FIFTH REGIMENT OF ARTILLERY.

COLOXEL CH.\SE, 1844.

COMP.VNY.

STATION.

Boston.

Roxbury.

Dorchester.

ORIGINAL DESIGNATION.

Boston Artillery.
Columbian Artillery.
Washington Artillery.
Roxbury Train of Artillery,
Dorchester Artillery.

CH.VRTERED.

May 7, 1783

June 17, 179S

May 29, 1810

April 12, 1784

It is a matter for regret that a complete roster of the original regi-
ment cannot be given, but in the early days the office of the adjutant-gen-
eral had a wholesome dread of contracting bills for printing, and the
reports for the first fourteen years of the existence of the regiment, lack
all minor details as to dates of commissions and discharges, even failing-
to give the initials of regimental commanders. The first official roster of
the militia appears in the records for 1858.

At the time of this re-organization, the artillery arm was much in
evidence in the Massachusetts service, for there were twenty-six compan-
ies of field artillery, with fifty-two guns, as against only eighty-three com-
panies of infantry. At first thought, this apparent disproportion may ap-
pear amusing, but its explanation is not difficult. The Revolution had
found the colonies wofully weak in artillery of every kind, while as
nearly every able-bodied man at that time was skilled in the use of small-
arms, the raising of efficient infantry had been a matter of comparative
ease. Mindful of earlier experiences, the authorities of Massachusetts
had fostered the artillery, and had liberally provided for its maintenance.

At this time an artillery company comprised "one captain, two
lieutenants, four fergeants, four corporals, fix gunners, fix bombardiers,
one drummer, one fifer, and fixty-four privates or matrofses." Each
company was provided, either by its town or by the State, with a gun-
house, or armory, and its armament consisted of two bronze six-pounder
field guns, with limbers, and one caisson. Six sets of harness were also
furnished, for use on ordered duty. The ammunition supph' was fairly

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 341

liberal, anKumtiiii;" annually to "forty round-fhot, and forty rounds of
cannifter-fhot, with a quantity of powder not exceeding' one-hundred
pounds, which fhall be expended on days of infpection and review, and
in experimental gunnery." The guns, it is interesting to note, were
identical in type with those of the regular artillery.

At the inspection of 1845, the regiment paraded four companies —
the Dorchester company lE) having been disbanded — with an effective
strength of 226. In the year following, the comjjanies, while retaining
their artillery materiel, were also armed, equipped and drilled as infantry,
their work calling the following comment from Adjutant-General Oliver
— "The Fifth Regiment Artillery (Suffolk and Norfolk), Colonel Chase,
is the best in the State. Its appearance at the late review was highly ajj-
proved by competent judges. All the companies are furnished with
guns, carriages, and caissons of the new pattern, are all armed and
equipped as infantr}-, and are under good discipline." Apparently the
adjutant-general later modified this opinion, for in 1S46 he reports the
four companies of the regiment as "one flourishing, one fair, two de-
pressed;" — the depression doubtless being attributable to the law enacted
in this year which directed, that but one company of each artillery regi-
ment should retain its field guns, while the remaining commands were
assigned to infantry duty alone.

Colonel Chase obtained his promotion in 1847, his successor being
Colonel Perkins, who was in command of the regiment on its first tour
iitider the law of 1849, which allowed an annual encampment of two and
a half days. In this year the regiment encamped under canvas at Nepon-
set, with the ist Brigade, and Adjutant-General Devereux reported favor-
ably upon its performance of duty. In 1850, Colonel Perkins resigned
his commission. He was succeeded by Colonel Robert Cowdin — under
whom later on the regiment was destined to go into active service — and the
period of "depression" speedily came to an end. Colonel Cowdin was an
energetic officer, with pronounced ideas on making the regiment, rather
tlian the company, the unit of administration. Following the custom of
the earlier days, each company up to this time had clung to its own dis-
tinctive uniform, and the resultant regimental line had been in conse-
quence unique, if not altogether pleasing to the eye of the martinet.
From now on, however, a regimental uniform was adopted, minor differ-
ences in trimmings and cap-devices ser\-ing to distinguish the companies,
and the effect on the esprit of the command was both immediate and
marked. The encampment of 185 1, at Medford, was a regimental one,
and the systematic work by which it was characterised caused General
Devereux to report — "The regiment deserves honorable mention for its
neat and orderly and well conducted encampment, its full ranks, and its
good discipline."

3^-

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

:\Ieanwliile, the Zklexican War — in which the regiment was well
represented by individual officers and men, who served in the single
regiment of volunteer infantry required from Massachusetts — had done
not a little toward stimulating interest in military affairs. A new com-
pany {E) was raised in Boston, and served its first tour at the encamp-
ment held at Neponset in 185 i, while in the following year, another Bos-
ton company (F) was attached to the command. The year 185 i is marked
in regimental annals, by the exchange of the flint-lock for the "percus-
sion" musket, as well as by escort duty performed during the visit to
Massachusetts of President Fillmore. In 1852, the command paraded in
honor of Louis Kossuth, the Hungarian patriot. Its regimental encamp-
ment for this year was held on Boston Common — a site which would
hardly be selected for the purpose by a commanding officer of to-day. By
this time the command, save in name, had ceased to be artillery, general
orders having prescribed infantry drill for all of its companies.

In 1853 an entire division of militia went into camp at North Abington,
the regiment reporting with two additional companies (G and H) which
had been organized early in that year. It also served its tour at the
division encampment held at Quincy in 1854, as an eight-company com-
mand.

But the legislature had been growing restless, and in 1855 its mem-
bers engineered a general re-organization of the state forces. At this
time all artillery regiments lost their former names, and the artillery arm
—with the exception of Cobb's Light Battery— went out of existence so
far as concerned Massachusetts. In the general turmoil, Colonel Cowdin
found his commission vacated, and when the astonished regiment came to
its senses it found itself re-christened as the Second Regiment of Infantry,
commanded by Colonel Moses H. Webber, under a commission dated
February 26, 1855. Of its eight companies, four had been disbanded or
transferred to other commands, though a partial recompense had been
attempted by the assignment to the regiment of B and F companies of
the disbanded Third Light Infantry Battalion. The appended table will
serve to indicate in a general way the composition of the re-organized
regiment.

SECOND REGIMENT OF INFANTRY.

t'OLOXEL WKBBEi;. ISiw.

COMrANY.

D
E
F

COMMANDING.

Capt. T. Evans.
Lieut. W. G. Barker
Capt. J. B. Whorf.
Capt. I. S. Burrell.
Lieut. M. Moore.
Capt. A. Harlow.

FOiniEU DESIGNATION.

A, 5th Regiment, Artillery.

B, 3rd Baftalion, Light Infantry.

C, 5th Regiment, Artillery.

D, 5th Regiment, Artillery.

E, 5th Regiment, Artillery.

F, 2nd Battalion, Light Infantry.

OKGANIZED.

May

1785.

Aug.

2 1

1852-

May

29.

1810.

April

12,

1784.

Dec.

18S1.

June

18,

1849.

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

343

Colonel \Vebber's tour in coimnission was a short one, his resigna-
tion taking effect in 1856. He was followed in the command by Colonel
William W. Bullock, under whom the regiment went into camp at Quincy
in 1856, and at Chelsea in 1857. In the latter year Colonel Cowdin re-
joined the regiment as lieutenant-colonel, and in 1S58, on the promotion
of Colonel Bullock to the command of his brigade, he again became regi-
mental commander. In this
year the regiment, with its
division, went into camp at
North Bridgewater.

The year 1858 was
also marked by the re-arm-
ing of the command with
the Springfield rifled mus-
ket, model of 1855. which
had long been desired by its
officers. An extract from
the report of Adjutant-Gen-
eral Stone for 1857, indicates
the estimation in which the
discarded arm was held: —
"The improved musket, is-
sued to the troojjs of the
army, is capable of doing
execution at from seven to
nine hundred yards dis-
tance, whereas the musket
now in the hands of the
volunteers (militia) is not
capable of doing execution
at one-half that distance.
Besides, they are constantly liable to get out of order, and not imfre-
quently bursting, causing more injury to the holder than to his enemy."

In 1859, with a view to increased efficiency in the militia, another
partial re-organization was ordered. The existing First Infantry was
broken up, and four of its companies — C, D, F, ("Boston Fusileers"), and
H — were attached to the Second, as I, K, G, and H, respectively, thus
bringing the regiment up to its full ten-company complement. This
proved but a momentary condition, however, for a rigid inspection
resulted in the disbandment of Company E of the old regiment, and H and
K of its newly acquired fractions.

Events had now begun to move rapidly towards civil war. On
September 7, 8, and 9, i88g, the entire militia of Alassachusetts was

CULUKS Of Flits r KEKl'., HEAVY AUTILl.EliV.

344 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

assembled by Governor Banks in the historic camp of instruction at Con-
cord, where the regiments were inspected and reviewed by General Wool
of the United States Army, the "Hero of Buena Vista." On this memor-
able tour, the regimental roster bore the names of the following field
officers and company commanders; —

Field Officers— Colonel Robert Cowdin, Lieutenant Colonel Isaac S. Burrell,
Major Isaac F. Shepard.

Captains commanding— Company A. Captain Clark B. Baldwin; Company B,
Captain Edward Pearl; Company C, Captain Walters. Sampson; Company D, Cap-
tain Thomas L. D. Perkins; Company F, Captain Arthur Dexter; Company G, Cap-
tain Henry A. Snow; Company I, Captain Joshua Jenkins,

At this time the company organization in the regiment was that
prescribed by Scott's infantry tactics, each command having a captain,
with first, second, third and fourth lieutenants. The new Hardee drill
regulations for infantry, however, were in process of adoption, and here-
after vacancies occurring in the grades below that of second lieutenant
remained unfilled.

For the second and last time, in i860, the annual encampment was
held on Boston Common, and the regiment performed its duty; fully real-
izing that the near future would call for practical application of the les-
sons learned during the long years of peace then drawing to a close. On
October 17, i860, the regiment paraded for H. R. H., the Prince of
Wales, on the occasion of his visit to Boston. From this time forward,
the efforts of both officers and men were devoted to preparation for active
service. In this work they received little aid or encouragement from
state headquarters, for the absurd seven-company organization was still
permitted to continue.

THE CIVIL WAR— 1861-1865.

It is impossible, within the limits imposed, to give anything beyond
the lightest outline of the services rendered to the country by this com-
mand during the dark days of the Civil War. In point of fact, the rec-
ords of two volunteer regiments call for consideration in this connection,
for the Second Infantry, M. V. M., was the parent organization of both
the First and Forty-Second Regiments, Massachusetts Infantry, U. S. V.
Happily for those who have entered the service in later years, the volume
by Rev. Warren H. Cudworth, chaplain and historian, covers the opera-
tions of the former command, while the record of the latter is fully given
in the reports of the adjutant-general of Massachusetts for 1862-3.

Immediately after the fall of Fort Sumter, April 12, 1861, the Sec-
ond Infantry, through Colonel Cowdin, tendered its .services to Governor
Andrew, in the expectation of being at once ordered to the defense of
Washington. To the chagrin of the command, this offer was not accept-
ed; but the regiment, nevertheless, had the honor of representation in

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 345

the historic "March tliroiigh Baltimore" of April 19, for Captain Samj)-
son's Company (C) of the Second had been detached and assigned (as
Company K) to the Sixth Infantry, serving with credit during the three-
months' campaign of that command.

Failing to obtain orders for immediate service, Colonel Cowdin,
without loss of time, began to prepare his regiment for a longer and
sterner task than that which lay before the militia commands sent out
under the first call for troops, and under his supervision the work of re-
organizing and recruiting the regiment was speedily pushed to comple-
tion. Of the original companies but five remained ; for C had gone out
with the Sixth, and it was decided to leave I in the militia establishment.
The full ten-company complement was therefore made up by consolida-
ting, as Company A, two companies of Brookline militia, while four vol-
unteer companies were raised — two in Boston, and one each in Chelsea
and Roxbury — and attached to the regiment as Companies C, I, H, and K.
At this time Captain Baldwin's company changed its letter from A to E.
(Jn May 23, Companies A, B, G, and H, were mustered into the service of
the United States, followed by D, F, K, and I, on May 24 ; E, on May 25 ;
and C, with the field and staff, on May 27. The completed regiment now
took the official designation of the First Regiment of Massachusetts In-
fantry, United States Volunteers.

From 2klay 25 to June i, the command was quartered in Faneuil
Hall, from whence it marched to Fresh Pond, Cambridge, where it
remained in camp, until ordered to the front a fortnight later. Leaving
Boston on June 15, it reached Washington after a two-days' journey, hav-
ing the proud distinction of being not only the first three-years' regiment
to leave Massachusetts, but also the first armed and equipped long-term
command to reach the national capital. Like the Sixth, it made the
march through Baltimore, being the second command to appear in its
streets en route to Washington. Before de-training, ball cartridges were
issued, and the march was made with loaded and cajDped muskets. A
mob had gathered quickly on the arrival of the regiment, but no violence
was attempted, for the grim and business-like bearing of the regiment
carried its own effectual warning.

At the time of its muster into the service of the L^nited States, the

following field officers and company commanders held commissions in the

regiment: —

Field Officers— Colonel Robert Cowdin, Lieutenant-Colonel George D. Wells,
Major Charles P. Chandler.

Captains commanding — Company A, Captain Edward A. Wild; Company B,
Captain Edward Pearl; Company C, Captain Gardner Walker; Company D, Captain
Ebenezer W. Stone; Company E. Captain Clark B. Baldwin; Company F, Captain
Alfred W. Adams; Company G, Captain Henry A. Snow; Company H, Captain Sum-
ner Carruth ; Company I, Captain Charles E. Rand; Company K, Captain Abial G.
Chamberlain.

346 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

On reaching- Washington the regiment marched up Pennsylvania
Avenue, passing in review before President Lincoln, and then proceeded
to its camp of instruction at Georgetown. Until July 17, the command
furnished details for picket duty, and saw some service m minor skir-
mishes. On the latter date it was attached to Richardson's brigade, and
ci-ossed the Potomac as advance guard of the Army of the Potomac.
Two days later it went into action at Blackburn's Ford, losing several
men — among whom was Lieut. W. H. B. Smith, the first officer killed in
the regiment. In the action at Bull Run, July 21, the regiment was
posted on the left flank of the Union Army, and was not seriously en-
gaged, although it had some casualties — Lieut. E. B. Gill, Jr., being among
the killed. In the retreat following this disastrous battle, Richardson's
Brigade covered the Union rear, and the First sullenly withdrew from the
field, with unbroken ranks and unshaken determination.

On returning to the vicinity of Washington, the command was
detailed for garrison duty in Fort Albany — a heavily-armed work in the
outer line of defenses — where for a time it performed artillery duty,
leaving this post August 13 to encamp at Bladensburg, where it became
attached to Hooker's brigade. On September 7, the regiment was ordered
on a month's march through lower Maryland, its duty being the suppres-
sion of the spirit of disloyalty which had there become apparent. On
October 27 it went into winter quarters at Budd's Ferry, on the lower
Potomac, where it remained until April 5, 1S62, meanwhile having a
number of trivial disputes with the Confederate forces entrenched on the
opposite bank of the river.

With the opening of the Peninsular campaign of 1862, the regi-
ment again became involved in active operations. It was engaged in the
siege of Yorktown, in which Companies A, H, and I, gained distinction
for the command, by storming and destroying a Confederate out-work,
which had greatly annoyed our forces. This desperate undertaking was
brilliantly carried out under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Wells. The
storming party lost heavily in its rush for the redoubt, but never faltered
until it had swept triumphantly over the parapet.

In the battle of Williamsburg, May 5, the regiment again .suffered
severe losses, the records showing forty-three casualties for the day's
work. From ilay 1 5 to June 24, the regiment was constantly on picket
and skirmish duty, in consequence of the operations around the Chicka-
hominy ; but it was not engaged in a general action until the battle of
Fair Oaks, June 25, Avhen it added sixty-four names to its rapidly-grow-
ing casualty list. In the daring change of base to the James River, it
had the honor of acting as rear-guard. It was in action on June 29 at
vSavage's Station, and on June 30 at Glendale, where it lost sixty-two
officers and men. Major Chandler being among those killed in this battle.

'i^>ftl

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 347

At ^lalvern Hill, July i, the regiment was supporting the artillery, and
met with little loss. During the month of July, the First, with the rest
of the army, remained inactive at Harrison's Landing; but early in Aug-
ust it took part with Hooker's division in a reconnaisance in foree, and for
a second time engaged at Malvern Hill, where one hundred prisoners
were taken in a fierce charge tipon the Confederate position. Soon after
this action, when the Federal army beo-an its retrogade movement from
Harrison's Landing, Grover's brigade, and with it the First, again held
the post of honor in covering the withdrawal of the forces.

The theatre of operations now changed from the Peninsula to the
vicinity of Washington, which was again threatened by the Confeder-
ates. On August 21 the regiment took transports at Yorktown, disem-
barking at Alexandria, and almost immediately starting in purstiit of
Stonewall Jackson's corps, which had made a daring raid in that vicinity.
The enemy was brought to action at Kettle Run (Bristow Station) on
August 27, and after a sharp engagement was driven from his position.
Two days later the regiment for a second time went into action on the
Bull Run battlefield, and on September i it took part in the fight at Chan-
tilly, the records showing seventy-three casualties for these two actions,
Lieutenants Harris and Mandeville being among the killed. For the next
three months the regiment was employed in garrison, picket, and provost
duty, enjoying a hard-earned and much-needed respite from its trying
work on the firing-line.

At this time ^lajor-General Heintzelman, in a letter to Governor
Andrew, wrote — "The First and Eleventh Massachusetts Regiments,
under command of Bi-igadier-General Grover, were engaged in the siege
of Yorktown, and in the battles of Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, Glendale,
and i\Ialvern Hill, on the Peninsula, and in General Pope's army, in those
of Kettle Run, Bull Run, and Chantilly. In all those actions these regi-
ments behaved with distinguished success, and the State has reason to be
proud of them. They have carried her white flag with the foremost."

General Grover also wrote : "As an act of justice to those noble
regiments, the First, Eleventh, and Sixteenth Massachusetts Volunteers,
which I had the honor to command during the Peninsula Campaign, I beg
leave to state that for soldierly bearing and bravery in the field they have
been everywhere conspicuous, and have, on every occasion which has
come under my notice, done honor to their State."

Owing to its detached service, the regiment lost its chance of tak-
ing part in the battles of South Moimtain and Antietam, but its active
campaigning was still far from completed. On September 8, Captain
Baldwin was promoted to the lieutenant-colonelcy, and Captain Walker to
the majority of the regiment, and on the 26th of the same month Colonel
Cowdin, for gallantry in action, was commissioned brigadier-general of

34S REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

volunteers. In December, having been relieved from its detached duty,
the command rejoined its corps, and was present during the bombard-
ment of Fredericksburg on the i ith and 12th, crossing the river on the
following day to take an active j^art in the fighting, and adding thirty-two
casualties to its records. On the 16th it covered the withdrawal of its
corps, having been kept on the skirmish line for this purpose until the
last possible minute. On this date the newly appointed regimental com-
mander. Colonel Napoleon B. McLaughlin — captain. Sixth United States
Cavalry — joined the First, relieving Lieutenant-Colonel Baldwin.

After the disastrous experfment at Fredericksburg, the regiment
went into camp for a few weeks of comparative quiet, broken only by the
ridiculous "mud march" of January 21, 1S63, when the unsuccessful
attempt to flank Lee was made. In February a rigid inspection of the 150
regiments in the Army of the Potomac was held, and the First had the
distinction of being among the eleven commands commended for perfect
efficiency and discipline.

With the other commands of Sickle's Third Corps, the First was
heavily engaged at Chancellorsville, May 2-3, 1S63, having ninety-eight
castialties to show for its efforts, with Captain C. E. Rand among its
killed. The command has always claimed that the death of Stonewall
Jackson resulted from a volley fired from its ranks, and — though this
claim has been a matter for controversy — it is an established fact that this
gallant soldier met his fate in the immediate front of the line of the First.
In this engagement the regiment fought stubbornly and well, and its
officers and men bitterly resented the result of the battle.

After the campaign of Chancellorsville came another period of
inaction, lasting until June 11, when the movements began which culmi-
nated in the terrific struggle of July 1-3, 1863, at Gettysburg. Here the
old First ilassachusetts, imder command of Lieutenant-Colonel Baldwin —
Colonel McLaughlin being in the hospital — won imperishable renown by
its stubborn fighting at Round Top, where with the Third Corps, it hurled
back the desperate attack of the veterans of Longstreet, Anderson and
McLaws. "Hardly a regiment in the Third Corps," writes Chaplain Cud-
worth, "but had lost so many of its number as to render its management
impossible. In the First, Colonel Baldwin and Adjl^tant Mudge had
been crippled, a large number of officers and men lay scattered about,
wounded and dead, and the rest having been forced back, Captain Mc-
Donough took the few remaining in his immediate vicinity and pursued
the enemy as they retired, until their scattered and discomfited ranks dis-
appeared in the shadows of the forest. A remarkable instance of coolness
under fire was exhibited by Lieutenant James Doherty, who, observing
that his men were a little tremulous, ordered them to bring their guns to
the .shoulder, and, while the rebel battle-line was all ablaze with deadly

Coli.nel Climles Pfali', L'. S. V., C.pinmaiHlini;

Garrison at Fori Pickering.
FIRST HKAVY A1!1-|1.LK1!V AT FOKT PICKKHISC, 1898.

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 349

volleys, and a perfect tornado of whizzing missies was flying at, over and
among his men, pnt them through the manual of arms, as quietly as he
would in front of their quarters in camp." Another manifestation of
intrepidity was made by Corporal X. ^l. Allen, who, "observing that the
color-sergeant had been shot down, and that the flag must fall into the
hands of the enemy, who were then rapidly advancing, turned back and,
under a shower of bullets, lifted the flag and brought it off unharmed."
One hundred and twenty -three casualties, including Lieutenant Henry
Hartley, killed, and nine officers wounded, are on record, to testify to the
devotion of the regiment in this historie battle, and the regimental monu-
ment which to-day stands on the ground so grimly held, forms a worthy
memorial to the men of the First, who gave their lives in checking the
wave of rebellion at its high -water mark at Gettysburg.

After the battle, the regiment took part in the pursuit of Lee, on
his retreat into Virginia, becoming engaged on July 23, when the enemy
was driven from a strong position at Wapping Heights. With this action
came a short cessation from field service, for orders were received on
July 30, detaching the command from its corps, for duty in suppressing
the draft riots in Xew York. Subsequently the regiment served a short
tour at the conscript camp at Riker's Island, and then for a time guarded
a depot for Confederate prisoners at David's Island.

Orders to re-join its corps were received on October 17, and the
command reached the front in time to take part in the action at Kelly's
Ford, on the Rappahannock, on November 7, and in the battle of Locust
Grove, on the 27th. Its losses in these actions were slight. From this
time until early in the following spring it was called upon to take jjart
only in minor operations.

One of General Grant's first cares, on being assigned to command
in the East, was the re-organization of the Army of the Potomac, and on
March 25, 1864 — the i.st and 3d Corps having been broken up — the regi-
ment found itself incorporated in the 2nd Division, 4th Corps. The men
keenly felt this change, for the services of the old 3rd Corps had already
become historic, and common sufferings and privations had knitted its
component parts strongly together. Oiit of respect for this sentiment,
the regiments of the old corps were allowed to retain their original badge,
and the First still wears the famous "White Diamond," under which it
won distinction in years gone by.

Though its term of office had nearly expired, the First yet entered
sturdily upon the labors of the Wilderness Campaign, taking a worthy
part in the terrific battles of the Wilderness on May 5 and 6. In the lat-
ter, it held its ground in the face of Long.street's daring charge, although it
had the misfortune of losing Lieutenant-Colonel Baldwin, who was cap-
tured while on picket duty. On May 12, it was heavily engaged in the

350 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

action at Spottsylvania Court House. Its casualties in this campaign
reached an even fifty. Captain M. H. Warren being among its killed.

But the regiment had now faithfully fought its way to the bitter
end of its term of enlistment. On May 21 the orders, which detached it
from its corps, were issued, and on the 25th — almost three years to a day
after its entry into the voh:nteer service — it reached Boston, where it was
received with a well-earned demonstration of pride and afifection. A ban-
quet was held in Faneuil Hall, at which Governor Andrew welcomed back
the war-worn remnant of the First, and thanked it in the name of the
Commonwealth for its faithful service. On the 28th, the command formed
on Boston Common for the mustering-out ceremony, and when the roll
had been called for the last time, the men turned in their arms and tat-
tered colors, broke ranks, and ceased to be soldiers of the United States
volunteer army.

Mere figures can do but little in indicating the part played by the
First Massachusetts in the War of the Rebellion, yet a few statistics are
worthy of preservation for convenience of reference. In its three-years'
service the regiment was engaged in twenty general actions, besides tak-
ing part in its due proportion of skirmishes and minor affairs. Of the
seventy -one commissioned officers on its roster, thirteen gave their lives
for their country — nine while serving with the regiment, and four after
becoming attached to other commands. Of its enlisted men, one hun-
dred and eight were killed in action or died from wounds, fifty-five died
from disease or accident, and seven died in confinement as prisoners of
war. The discharges for physical disability, resulting from wounds or
the hardships of campaigning, reached the terrible aggregate of over six
hundred. The grim fact that but four htindred and ninety-four officers
and men, out of a total enrolment of sixteen hundred and forty-five, were
mustered out on the return of the regiment needs no further comment.
During its service the command marched twelve hundred and sixty-two
miles, travelled thirteen hundred and twenty-five by rail, and seven hun-
dred and twenty-four by transport. It gave to the Union army six gen-
eral officers, and furnished for other regiments eight field and forty-one
line officers.

The full regimental roster follows; names followed by a star
beinof those of officers who died while in the service: —

Colonels — Robert Cowdin, Napoleon B. McLaughlin.
Lieutenant-Colonels — George D. Wells,* Clark B. Baldwin.
Majors — Charles P. Chandler,* Gardner Walker.
Surgeons — Richard H. Salter, Edward A. Whiston.

Assistant-Surgeons — Samuel A. Green, Francis LeB. Munroe, Thomas F.
Oakes, Neil K. Gunn,* Isaiah L. Pickard,* John B. Garvie.
Chaplain — Warren H. Cudworth.

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 351

Captains— Edward A. Wild, Edward Pearl, Ebenezer W. Stone, Jr., Alfred W.
.\danis, Henry A. Snow, Sumner Carruth, Cliarles F. Rand,* Abial G. Chamberlain,
Georije H. Smith, Francis H. Ward, George E. Henry, Charles M. Jordan, Charles S.
Kendall, William C. Johnston, Francis \V. Carruth, Miles Farewell, Henry Parkin-
son, John McDonough, Forrester A. Pelby, Muses H, Warren,* Frank Thomas, John
S. Clark.

First Lieutenants— John R. Lee, William L. Candler, Joseph Hibbert, Jr.,
George H. Johnston, John L. Rogers, William H. Lawrence, Albert S. Austin, Charles
E. Mudge, William H. Sutherland,* Charles L. Chandler,* William P. Cowie, John M.
Mandev'ille.* Horatio Roberts, Henry Hartley,* Amos Webster, Joseph H. Dalton,
Shadrick K. Morris, John S. Willey, George Myrick, William E. Hayward, George L.
Lawrence, Frederic E. Dolbeare, William H. Fletcher, William P. Drury.

Second Lieutenants— Daniel G. E. Dickinson, Oliver Wolton, 2d., Robert A.
Saunders, Elijah B. Gill, Jr.,* William H. B. Smith,* James Doherty,* Nathaniel
Averill, Harrison Hinckley, Rufus M. Maguire, Edward G. Tutien.

After the First had left for the front, its place in the militia was
not left vacant, for a skeleton organization under command of Lieutenant-
Colonel Burrell, with fourteen oihcers and two hundred and sixteen men
on the rolls of its seven companies, still kept alive the name of the Second
Infantry. On the departure of the volunteer command, recruiting at once
began, and on May 26, 1862, Washington being thought in danger
after Banks had been driven from the Shenandoah Valley — the famous
emergency order was issued by which the entire militia of Massachusetts
was mobilized in Boston, ready for departure if required, and the Second
Infantry responded to the call with live hundred and fifteen officers and
men.

When President Lincoln, on August 4, 1862, called for the services
of 300,000 nine-months' men, the Second instantly responded, going into
camp at Readville, where the necessary companies were raised to fill its
regulation complement. On October 14, it was mustered into the service,
leaving for the front on November 2 i , with thirty-nine officers and nine
hundred and twenty-two men, under command of Colonel Burrell. vSince
there was already a Second JMassachusetts in the Volunteer service the
command was re-christened as the Forty-second Regiment of Massachu-
setts Infantry, a designatioii which it retained until the re-organization of
1866. The command bore upon its roster, on taking the field, the fol-
lowing field officers and company commanders: —

Field Officers — Colonel Isaac S. Burrell, Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph Stedman,
Major Frederick G. Stiles.

Captains commanding — Company A, Captain Hiram S. Coburn; Company B,
Captain Ira B. Cook; Company C, Captain Orville W. Leonard; Company D, Captain
George Shreive; Company E, Captain Charles A. Pratt; Company F, Captain John D.
Coggswell; Company G, Captain Alfred N. Proctor; Company H, Captain David W.
Bailey; Company I, Captain Cyrus Savage; Company K, Captain George P. Davis.

After a hazardous trip from New York, by detachments, in unsea-
worthy transports, the regiment finally reached New Orleans, having been
as-sio-ned to duty in the Department uf the Gulf. Here Colonel Burrell,
with D, G and I companies, was detached and ordered to Galveston,

352 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

Texas, which lay under the guns of our fleet but lacked a garrison. On
January i, 1863, the covering gunboats were attacked by a Confederate
naval force, which destroyed the "Harriet Lane," and eventually drove
the rest of the flotilla to sea. Deprived of naval support. Colonel Burrell
was attacked by a force of five thousand Confederates, with thirty-one
guns, and after inflicting a loss of over two hundred upon his assailants,
was compelled to surrender his command.

The remainder of the regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel Stedman,
was attached to the Nineteenth Corps, and was broken up into detach-
ments and assigned to engineer, picket, and garrison duty. Individual
companies were in action at Port Hudson, Lafourche Crossing, and Brash-
ear City. The enlisted men taken prisoners having been paroled, the
regiment returned to Boston, and was mustered out August 20, 1S63. It
had lost four men killed in action, thirty-two from death by disease, and
it had had twenty wounded in its various engagements.

In 1864, answering the call for 100 days' volunteers, the Forty-
Second went into the field for a second time, being mustered in on July
22, and at once reporting at Washington under command of Lieutenant-
Colonel Stedman. The regiment was stationed in the defenses at Alex-
andria, where it was rejoined by Colonel Burrell, who had been exchanged
in time to return with his command at the expiration of its second term
of service. After faithfully performing this tour of garrison duty, the
regiment returned and was mustered out November 1 1, 1864.

On the memorable occasion of the "Return of the Colors," De-
cember 22, 1865, both the First and Forty-Second were represented.
The former command paraded one-hundred and fifty veterans, under
the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Baldwin, who jealously guarded four
tattered flags under which they had fought from Blackburn's Ford to
Spottsylvania, while the latter was represented by ninety veterans, under
Colonel Burrell, who escorted two colors which told of faithful, if less

distinguished, service.

1S65 — 1898.

The close of the Civil War was followed by the inevitable re-
action, and for a time the existence of the regiment hung upon a very
slender thread. The militia was far from being a popular institution,
for among the able-bodied men of the State there were but few who had
failed to obtain a taste of the realities of soldiering, and to .such men
the routine of drill and of annual encampment seemed tame indeed. But
the devotion of the ex-volunteer officers and men of the First, saved it
from the fate of the many regiments whose gloriotis war records were al-
lowed to lapse at this period. The Forty-Second, on its return from the
volunteer service, had retained its place in the line of the militia, and
many companies of the First, after the muster-out of the volunteer regi-

The l."i-Incli Hnrim;ins at Fort Warnii.

iSattalion Inspection at Fo-t M'arri'n.

Fii:-]- i;e(.imext heavy Ai;rii,i.Ei!v, m. v m.. lais.

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

353

ment, had maintained their organization as "tmattached" commands.
With these tmits available, the work of re-habilitating the command was
not difficult, and on May i8, iS66, the orders were issued for re-organiza-
tion. With the rare lack of sentiment, characteristic of those high in
authority, the command was designated the Tenth Regiment of Infantry,
bnt the unanimoits protest of its officers speedily remedied this wrong,
and the old number — under which it had fought and suffered in its years
of campaigning — was restored.

The following table will indicate the composition of the re-organ-
ized command: —

COMPANY.

ST.VTION.

COMMASDINO.

FORMER DESIGNATION.

Roxbury

Capt. G. O. Fillebrown

66th, unattached company

East Boston

" G. H. Smith

9th,

Boston

" H. K. Thomas

45th,

Roxbury

■• J. P. Jordan

Company D.42d Infantry

South Boston

■■ M. E. Bigelow

1st, unattached company

Roxbury

•• J. T. Ryan

67th,

Boston

A. N. Proctor

25th,

Chelsea

J. Q. Adams

4th,

Dorchester

•• E. Merrill, Jr.

Company I, 42d Infantry

South Boston

■' G. H. "Johnston

8 1st, unattached company

Colonel Burrell, as senior officer, remained in command of the re-
organized First until July 26, 1S66, when he received his star, and
assumed command of the brigade. His successor was Colonel George H.
Johnston, formerly adjutant of the "War First." At this period the
officers of the regiment, with few exceptions, were men who had held
volunteer commissions either in the First or the Forty-second, while a
heavy percentage of the non-commissioned officers and men were sea-
soned veterans.

The first field-duty following the war was performed at the encamp-
ment of 1 866, at Sharon, where the regiment reported with an efficient
strength of 533. The annual camps of instruction for i867-8-9-'72, were
held at Hull; for 1870, at Concord; for 1871, at Quincy ; for 1873-91, in-
clusive, 1S93-S, atthe State reservation at South Framingham ; for 1892-
4-6-7-8, at Fort Warren, Boston Harbor; and for 1899, at Fort Rodman,
New Bedford Harbor. Almost without exception, the regiment has
brought to these yearly tours a higher percentage of its enrolled strength
than any other command in the Massachusetts service — which is equiva-
lent to saying that its record is unsurpassed in the militia service of the
United States — and the long file of inspection reports shows uniform com-
mendation of its discipline and systematic, effective work. The records
prove that weak companies and inefficient officers have not been allowed
to block the progress of the command, and the remedies of disbandment
and removal have been applied unhesitatingly in such cases.

354 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

The regiment paraded June 22, 1867, as escort to President John-
son, and again June 16, 1869, as escort to President Grant. In i8;o a
new company ( L) was organized in Newton, and attached to the First.
This company became C, on the disbandment in 1872 of the command
which formerly had borne that letter. At the "Crreat Boston Fire" of
1S72, the regiment was on duty for thirteen days, from November 9,
reporting with 563 officers and men, under command of Lieutenant-
Colonel Proctor, and rendering most valuable service in the protection of
life and property. This year, also, was rendered noteworthy by the
exchange of the muzzle-loading Springfield rifle, with which the com-
mand had been armed since the war, for the Peabody breech -loading rifle
(calibre .433) which had been purchased and issued by the State. In 1875,
Companies D and G paraded with the escort to General Grant, at the
Lexington Centennial, April 17, and on June 17, of this year the regiment,
with the entire militia of Alassachusetts, took part in the monster military
parade commemorating the hundredth anniversary of the Battle of Bunker
Hill. On this occasion over eleven thousand men, including the Seventh
New York, Fifth Maryland, First Rhode Island, and First and Second
Pennsylvania, passed in review before General Sherman, commanding the
army, and the officers of his staff. On November 29, 1875, the command
also paraded as a funeral escort when the remains of Vice-President Wilson
were brought to Boston.

Meanwhile the regiment had been under command of Colonel
Henry W. Wilson, commissioned December 12, 1872, on the resignation
of Colonel Johnston. It was destined, however, soon to undergo another
of the periodical re-organizations with which it had become so familiar
through earlier experience. The legislature of 1876, in its wisdom,
passed an act vacating the commissions of all general, field, and .staff
officers, and followed this step by a thorough shaking up of the entire
State force — and when the dust raised by this operation had subsided, the
regiment emerged as the First Battalion of Infantry, commanded by Lieu-
tenant-Colonel Nathaniel Wales, formerly major of the Thirty-Fifth Mas-
sachusetts, and brevet lieutenant-colonel of volunteers. Of its ten com-
panies, B, E, F, I, and K, had been lost through disbandment or trans-
feral, while a new command had been attached by the transfer of Com-
pany I, Brockton, from the disbanded Third Infantry. The First, also,
now found itself attached to the 2nd Brigade, but this proved merely a
temporary arrangement.

In 1877, the Peabody rifle was replaced by the Springfield
.45 calibre, breech-loader, and rifle-practice received a new impetus. On
June 26 of this year the battalion paraded as escort to President Hayes;
again turning out on the occasion of the dedication of the Soldiers' and
Sailors' Monument on Boston Common, September 17.

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

355

But the legislature, with good reason, had again become dissatis-
fied with its military handiwork. On December 3, 1878, there was
decreed still another general re-organization, and this time, for a wonder,
the old First was destined to benefit by the new order of things. By the
consolidation of the First, Third, and Fourth Infantry Battalions, and by
the organization of a new company in Fall River, there was evolved a
really modern and effective twelve-company command, which, with some
minor changes, has wisely been allowed to continue its existence for over
twenty years. The new "Old First," resulting from the legislation of
this year, was made up as follows: —

Colonel, Nathaniel Wales; Lieutenant-Colonel, Daniel A. Butler; Majors,
Austin C. Wellington, William A. Smith, Alfred B. Hodges.

COMPANY.

ST.VTIOS.

CO.MM.\N-DING.

FORMEK UE.SIGNATION.

Boston

Capt. A. S. Weld

Co. A, ist Battalion

Infantry

Cambridge

L. Hawkes

•■ B, 4th

Boston

•• H. B. Clapp

■• C, 4th

Boston

■• A. W. Hersey

•• D, I St

New Bedford

W. Sanders

■• E, 3rd

Taunton

Lieut. G. F. Williams

■' F, 3rd

Taunton

Capt. W. A. Willard

" G, 3rd

Plymouth

H. Morrissey

•■ H, 3rd

Brockton

B. Morse

•• I. 1st

Boston

H. F. Knowles

•• A, 4th

Boston

H. Parkinson

■■ D, 4th

Fall River

" S. L. Braley

Organized Dec. 17,

1878.

The legislation of this year is worthy of more than passing com-
ment, for it gave an organization to the regiments of Massachusetts which
was the envy of the regular establishment until up to the Spanish war.
The new First instantly felt the effect of this improved system, and its
three compact battalion.s — each under immediate command of its major —
developed a generous rivalry which brought to the command a new lease
of life.

The regiment paraded on September 17, 1880, the two hundred and
fiftieth anniversary of the settlement of Boston. On February 21, 1882,
Colonel Wales received his general's commission. His successor was
Colonel Austin C. Wellington, under whom the regiment took its first
steps as a coast-artillery command, the legislature of this year having as-
signed it to this dttty. An appropriation of $5,000 was obtained from the
general government, with which Battery Dalton, armed with two lo-inch
Rodman guns and four 10-inch siege mortars, was erected on the reserva-
tion at Framingham, and firing with projectiles was held here in the fall.
On October 1 1, the command was turned out for escort duty at the visit
of President Arthur.

356 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

In iSSj, the First regained one of its long-lost "war" companies by
the transfer from the Eighth Infantry of H, (Chelsea) to fill the vacancy
caused by the disbandment of the Plymouth company, while in 1884 one
of the Taunton companies (G) was disbanded, a new comjDany being raised
in Natick to take its letter. In the latter year the entire regiment, on
September 13, was enabled to have a day's gun practice at Fort Warren,
a post with which it was destined to become familiar in later years.

The command went to New York, August 9, 1885, to take part in
the funeral parade for its old commander, General Grant, and won uni-
versal commendation for its magnificent appearance. On September 4,
it again obtained a tour of gun practice at Fort Warren, showing a marked
advance over the firing of the previous year. By order of the legislature,
the First was detailed as escort to Governor Ames during his visit to Phila-
delphia on the one hundredth anniversary of the signing of the Constitu-
tion. The tour took place on September 15, 16 and 17, 1887, and was
a memorable one in regimental annals. The military parade was under
the command of Lieutenant-General Sheridan, and the regiment won fresh
laurels by its solid and soldierly bearing.

Another company which had served with the regiment during the
Civil War was regained in 1888, Company G, ( Natick 1 being transferred
to the Ninth Infantry, while Company D, Fifth Infantry (the old-time
"Fusileei-s") returned to the First to take its former letter. Since this
event, no company changes have taken place in the command. On Sep-
tember 18, the regiment met with a heavy loss in the death of Colonel
Wellington, who had labored untiringly for its advancement. He was
almost idolized by his officers and men, and the regimental parade ordered
for his funeral proved the saddest tour ever served by the First.

Under Colonel Thomas R. JIathews, who succeeded Colonel Wel-
lington, the First, on October 8, took part in the general mobilization of
1888. On November 28, 1889, at the time of the serious "Thanksgiving
Day Fire," the Boston companies assembled at their armories in readiness
for a call for guard duty, but their services were not required. On Feb-
ruary 29, 1892, the regiment paraded as escort to Governor Russell at the
ceremony of the presentation of long-service medals to the veterans of
the militia, twenty-eight of its own officers and men receiving the coveted
decoration at this time. This year was also marked by a week's tour of
artillery instruction and target practice, August 7-13, at Fort Warren,
where, under the supervision of Lieutenant-Colonel Hovey, most satisfac-
tory work was accomplished. At the time of the disastrous "Lincoln St.
Fire," March 10, 1893, both the Boston and out-lying companies were
assembled to aAvait orders, but occasion for their services did not arise.
In 1894, an appropriation of $2,500 by the legislature was devoted
to the erection of a model gun and mortar battery in the South Armory,

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 357

and to the purchase of instruments for the scientific study of artillery
work. On October 9 the regiment took part in a general mobilization of
the militia under conditions of field service.

By act of the legislature the oificial designation of the command was
changed, June i, 1897, to that of the First Regiment of Heavy Artillery,
and henceforth infantry drill became a matter of minor consideration.
On July 19, Colonel Mathews was promoted to the command of his brig-
ade, and was succeeded by Colonel Pfaff, whose privilege it was in 1898
to take the regiment into its .second period of war service. At the dedi-
cation of the Shaw ^Memorial, on Beacon Hill, May 31, six companies of
the regiment paraded under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Hovey.
^Meanwhile, by order of the war department. Lieutenant E. M. Weaver,
Second LTnited States Artillery, had been attached to the staff of the regi-
ment as instructor in artillery work, to which serious attention was now
given.

And this study was soon to find its practical application, for the
strained relations between this country and Spain were rapidly approach-
ing the breaking point. Step by step, events moved towards the inevit-
able, until the destruction of the Maine, in the harbor of Havana, on Feb-
ruary 15, 1898, at length brought the regiment face to face with the prob-
ability of a second term in the volunteer service of the United States.

THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR, 1898.

The month of April, 1898, found the First Heavy Artillery, in
common with the other regiments of Massachusetts, ready in every
respect for field service, and only awaiting the call to arms. At this time
not a little anxiety was felt for the coast towns of New England, for the
new system of fortifications was yet far from completion, and there was
not enough regular artillery for the garrisoning of the few posts which
were approximately in a defensible condition. It was known that by
April 20, Cervera's squadron, consisting of the Spanish torpedo-gunboat
fiotilla, and the powerful cruisers Almirante Oquendo, Cristobal Colon,
Infanta Maria Teresa, and Vizcaya, had been assembled at the Cape Verde
Islands, and the presumption was that his objective would be some weak
point on oiu" long, open coast-line. Lender these conditions, Governor
Wolcott found himself overwhelmed with petitions for protection from
the dreaded naval raids, and naturally and promptly turned to the regi-
ment for relief in this emergency. On April 25, Congress declared a
state of war to exist, and on the afternoon of that day came orders direct-
ing the regiment to report at once for duty at Fort Warren. Early on
the morning of the 26th, the regiment was mobilized at the South Armory,
in Boston, and at noon it had arrived at its post, after marching in review
before the governor.

358 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

The First thus had the high honor of being the earliest militia
regiment in the country to come to the assistance of the general govern-
ment — for its enrohnent in the service of the United States began on this
date — and it later had the added distinction of being the first volunteer
regiment to complete its muster. Furthermore, it went at once on duty
at what was thought to be the most exposed position on the coast, stand-
ing guard at its post of danger, while the infantr}- commands of the
National Guard were passing their first few weeks of service at inland
camps of instruction, far removed from any possibility of contact with
the enemy.

The command went to the front in magnificent condition, fully
armed, uniformed, and equipped; with rations, small-arm ammunition,
tentage, hospital stores — even with cases of heavy shoes, for emergency
use. Its oflicers were all men of long service in the State establishment,
while the men in its ranks were trained militiamen, and not raw volun-
teers. It left its home stations with 786 officers and men for duty — over
ninety-nine per cent, of its enrolled strength — a fact which speaks vol-
umes for its discipline.

The following table gives the organization of the regiment as mus-
tered into the service of the United States May 9, 1898. The sequence
of battalions and batteries is that of the column formation, while the
numerals indicate relative rank on the regimental roster: —

I. Colonel Charles Pfafi.
2. Lieutenant-Colonel Charles B. Woodman.
Staflf. — 19, First Lieutenant Horace B. Parker. Adjutant; 21, First Lieuten-
ant John S. Keenan, Quartermaster; 5, Major Howard S. Bearing, Surgeon; 31, First
Lieutenant William A. Rolfe, Assistant-Surgeon; 36, First Lieutenant William S.
Bryant, Assistant-Surgeon; 25, First Lieutenant John B. Paine, Range Officer; 35.
First Lieutenant George S. Stockwell, Signal Officer.

KIKST BAirALlUX.

3. Major Perlie A. Dyar.

Battery G, Station, Boston. — 11, Captain Albert B. Chick; 28, First Lieutenant
Frank S. Wilson; 40, Second Lieutenant James H. Gowing.

Battery H, Station, Chelsea. — 15. Captain Walter L. Pratt; 27, First Lieuten-
ant William Renfrew ; 39, Second Lieutenant Bertie E. Grant.

Battery A, Station, Boston. — 16, Captain John Bordman, Jr. ; 29, First Lieut-
enant E. D wight Fullerton; 45, Second Lieutenant Sumner Paine.

Battery L, Station, Boston. — 12, Captain Frederick M. Whiting; 26, First
Lieutenant William L. Swan; 38, Second Lieutenant Frederick A. Cheney.

^KCO.M) li.iTIALlON.

4. Major George F. Quinby.

Battery D, Station, Boston. — 8, Captain Joseph H. Frothingham; 32, First
Lieutenant Norman P. Cormack; 44, Second Lieutenant William J. McCuUough.

Battery C, Station, Boston. — 14, Captain Charles P. Nutter; 20, First Lieut-
enant Charles F. Nostrom ; 46, Second Lieutenant Joseph S. Francis.

Battery K, Station, Boston. — 17. Captain Frederic S. Howes; 30, First Lieut-
enant P. Frank Packard; 41, Second Lieutenant Albert A. Gleason.

Battery B. Station, Cambridge. — 13, Captain Walter E. Lombard; 22, First
Lieutenant John E. Day; 37, Second Lieutenant Marshall Underwood.

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 359

Tllli:l) r.ATI'Al.lllN.

6. Major James A. Frye.

Battery M, Station, Fall River.— 7, Captain Sierra L. Braley; 23, First Lieut-
ant David Fuller; 42, Second Lieutenant Frederick W. Harrison.

Battery F, Station, Taunton. — 10, Captain Norris O. Danforth ; 24, First Lieut-
enant Ferdinand H. Phillips: 47. Second Lieutenant James E. Totten.

Battery E, Station, New Bedford. — 18, Captain Joseph L. Gibbs; 33, First
Lieutenant Harold C. Wing; 48, Second Lieutenant Charles H. Fuller.

Battery I, Station, Brockton.— 9, Captain Charles Williamson; 34. First Lieut-
enant George E. Horton ; 42, Second Lieutenant Wellington H. Nilson.

The mustering--in ceremony was condticted by Brevet Lieutenant-
Colonel Carle A. Woodruff, Second United States Artillery, commanding;
defenses of Boston Harbor, and on its conclusion, for the tenth time in
its fifty-fottr years of service, the regiment found itself officially re-chris-
tened—this time as the First Regiment of Massachusetts Heavy Artil-
lery, United States Volunteers. It had now bound itself to a two years'
term in the service of the government — "unless sooner discharged."

On May 10, the day following the muster-in, telegraphic orders
from General Merritt detached Major Frye, with E, F, I, and M, Batter-
ies, to report to Colonel Woodruff for dtity, with the garrison of Fort
Warren, while the remainder of the command was directed to hold itself
in readiness for immediate assignment to stations. On May 13, at mid-
nio-ht, word was received from the Boston Navy Yard that the Spanish
squadron had been sighted off Nantucket, with its cotirse laid for Boston,
but this bit of exciting information unfortunately proved over-.sanguine.
Governor Wolcott visited the post on May 18, reviewed the regiment —
in which his oldest son was serving as a private — and presented to the
officers their volimteer commissions.

Meanwhile, orders had arrived for the breaking up and distribu-
tion of the First and Second Battalions, and on June i Lieutenant-Colonel
Woodman, with G and L Batteries, left for Fort Rodman, New Bedford,
to relieve the small regular garrison there stationed. Colonel Pfaff, hav-
ing been assigned to the command of all defenses at points on the north
shore of ALassachusetts Bay — Fort Constitution and the other works at
Portsmouth being later included in this command — established his head-
quarters on June 3 at Fort Pickering, Salem, where he was joined on the
6th by Major Dyar, with Batteries C and D. On this date, also. Battery
A took station at Nahant, to guard the mining casemate at that point,
while Battery H proceeded to Fort Sewall, Marblehead. On the 7th Bat-
tery B took transport for its post in the works at Plum Island, covering
Newburyport Harbor and the mouth of the Merrimac, and Major Quinby,
wnth Battery K, took station at Stage Fort, Gloticester Harbor.

At these posts the regiment remained on duty tmtil the close of
hostilities, save in the case of Batteries A and B — the former being added
to the garrison at Fort Pickering on July 25, the latter changing station

36o REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

from Plum Island to Forts Constitution and McClary, Portsmouth, on July
8, and re-joining; at Fort Pickering- on August 27. Too much credit can-
not be given to the men of the regiment for their discipline and faithful
work while at these stations. The absolute necessity for using troops of
the artillery arm at exposed points along the coast, deprived them of their
opportunity for seeing any of the fighting in Cuba and Porto Rico, and
the sudden collapse of the war cut off their final hope — that of service
with the siege train in the expected operations for the reduction of
Havana. Through the monotonous summer months they steadily kept
at their engineering work and garrison duty, and returned, when their
services no longer were needed, in the consciousness that, whatever their
disappointment, their orders had been honorably carried out.

In spite of efforts made to retain the command in the service
for duty with the army of occupation, orders were received directing
preparations to be made for its muster-out, and on September 19 the bat-
teries re -assembled from their isolated stations and went into camp at
South Framingham. Here the regiment remained until October 5, when
it proceeded to Boston, passed in review before Governor Wolcott, and
then went on furlough for thirty days. On November 4 the batteries
reported at their home-stations, where the final papers were made out,
and on November 14, under supervision of Lieutenant-Colonel Weaver,
the regiment was finally mustered out of the volunteer service, turning
in its weather-worn colors to be preserved at the State House, with the
battle -rent flags which marked its service of over a third of a century

before.

The record of the regiment in the Spanish-American War was hon-
orable in the extreme; that it was not brilliant was the fault of circum-
stances. During its term of service there were no desertions from its
ranks, no serious punishments had to be inflicted for offences against dis-
cipline, and in no single instance was it found necessary to give a dishonor-
able discharge. That the officers of the command looked closely to the
Avelfare of their men, is shown conclusively by the fact, that but one death
occurred in the regiment during a service of over six months.

After its muster out. the First promptly returned to its place in the
line of the militia, and without loss of time took up again the routine of
the peace establishment. It is to-day in its traditional condition of efii-
ciency, and stands ready for whatsoever orders may come to it. Its record,
though it has been but scantily given in these pages, yet speaks most elo-
quenUy of faithful service, ungrudgingly rendered through long and trying
years. The regiment has deserved well of Country and of Common-
wealth.

(Copvnght hi' the author, iSgi).)

(iilV. n-OI.COTT PRESENTING THE COM5IISSI0XS, SEfOXD EEGT., II. V. Jl., .MA\ 1.;, ls:i^.

CHAPTER XV.

THE SECOND REGIMENT OF INFANTRY, M. V. M.

By A. G., a Friend of the Regiment.

EVERY good citizen must wish that the time may come, when the
nations shall learn war and need armies no more. But that time
has not yet arrived, and nations do still need armies, both for pre-
serving peace at home, and for defense against foreign inva-
sion. The motto, " To insure peace, be prepared for war," is still ap-
propriate and timely, and often when the peace of a country would seem
to argue that armies are unnecessary in that country, peace itself exists,
because there is an army there to compel peace. The reason, or one rea-
son, that an army is not needed, is often because an army exists.

These facts are true in America, where, in recent years have arisen,
in various localities, troubles which were ended, and which could only be
ended by calling into action the militia of the state; and the time is yet
fresh in the minds of many, when there arose in this country those
gigantic disturbances of treason which only thousands and hundreds
of thousands of soldiers could quell.

That result was reached only by four years of hard campaigning,
and when the veterans returned from the bloody fields, where many of
their comrades had fallen, it was no wonder that the soldiers and their
friends at home wished for a long respite from war. But when, in thinking
over what had transpired in the country, they came to realize how neces-

302 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

sary an army had been, it was no wonder that they sliould favor a mili-
itary force, and soon after the return of the soldiers, militia companies
si^i-ang- tip in all parts of the loyal North. Massachusetts was not be-
hind her sister states in this regard. There were several companies or-
ganized in the western part of the State within two years after the war
had ceased. One of these was made tip of men from Hinsdale, Washing-
ton, Becket and vicinity, and included among its officers Captain Francis
E. Warren, Lieutenant Francis W. Taylor and Sergeant William Wallace
Gleason. There were other companies formed in that region soon after
this one; and in 1898, there were in existence in Western Massachusetts,
four companies of militia, constituting what was then known as the " First
Battalion of Infantry, M. V. M.," John W. Trafton, of vSpringficld, major
commanding.

These were: Company A, Captain E. E. Butler, of Enfield,
commanding; Company B, Captain H. C. Lombard, of Springfield; Com-
pany C, Captain Anson F. Stevens, of Worthington; Company D, Captain
Elisha C. Tower, of Hinsdale. In this year six other companies were or-
ganized in the same region; viz: Company E, Captain Israel C. Weller, of
Pittsfield, commanding; Company F, Captain Joseph B. Parsons, of
Northampton; Company G, Captain Samuel B. Spooner, of Springfield;
Company H, Captain Marcus T. Moody, of Northampton; Company I,
Captain George H. Knapp, of Chicopee; Company K, Captain O. S. Ttit-
tle, of Holyoke. On November 1 1, of this year orders were issued by
Governor Bullock, designating the ten companies as the "Second Regi-
ment Infantry, M. V. M," and, pursuant to orders issued soon after, the
line officers of these commands met at Springfield, December 8, to elect
field officers, and the regimental roster was then made up as follows:

Colonel, Joseph B. Parsons, of Northampton; Lieutenant-Colonel,
John W. Trafton, of vSpringfield; Major, Israel C. Weller, of Pittsfield;
Adjutant, Hubbard M.Abbot, of Northampton; Quartermaster, Eugene D.
Capron, of Springfield; Surgeon, D. B. N. Fish, of Amherst; Assistant
Surgeon, John F. Hurley, of Chicopee; Chaplain, P. V. Finch, of Green-
field. The regiment, thus officered, was assigned to the Third Brigade,
^I. V. M., General Robert H. Chamberlain commanding.

Captaincies made vacant by the promotions at the regimental elec-
tion, were filled by advancing lieutenants. Events in the history of the
regiment, included the resignation the next year of Captain Spooner, of
Company (t; and his place was filled by the promotion of First Lieuten-
ant H. G. Gilmore, who M^as soon after promoted to be major, in place of
I. C. Weller, who had been advanced to the lieutenant-colonelcy, on the
resignation of Lieutenant Colonel J. W. Trafton. Captain Gilmore"s pro-
motion was followed in his company by the election of Lieutenant PI.
^l. Phillips to be captain. In 1869, Captain H. C. Lombard, of Company

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 365

B, resigned, and Lieutenant John L. Knight was made captain, and about
this time Captain O. S. Tuttle, of Company K, resigned, and Embury P.
Clark, the second sergeant of the company, received the unanimous vote
of his comrades for the captaincy, and was duly commissioned with that
rank.

Captain Stevens, of the company in western Hampshire, desiring
to go into business at the west, resigned his command, leaving Lieuten-
ant Charles E. Underwood, of Goshen, in charge; but soon after, the com-
pany was disbanded; and in the same year another Company C was organ-
ized, this one in the lowlands of the district, with Fordyce A. Rust, of
Easthampton, for Captain. This company C, also, soon ceased to exist,
but the movement kept on spreading, reaching Amherst, where, in the
same year of '69, the third Company C was organized, with Captain Ed-
niund Boltwood in command. In this year Captain Tower's company of
Berkshire men was disbanded.

In 1S70, Company A, of Enfield, was disbanded, and a new company
organized at Greenfield, under Captain Bowdoin S. Parker. To take the
place of the disbanded Berkshire men, a new company was organized
at Westfield, with Captain Andrew L. Bush as leader, and these
two new companies were assigned to the Second. In this year Captain
Phillips was given a place on the brigade staff, and Lieutenant Francis
E. Gray was promoted to the captaincy of Company G. About this time
Captain Knapp, of the Chicopee company, resigned, and Lieutenant W.

C. Tracy was promoted.

The history of the regiment for 1 87 1 , included the promotion of Cap-
tain Clark, of Company K, to be major, in place of H. G. Gilmore, ad-
vanced. Captain Parker, of Greenfield, resigned, and Anson Witliey, of
that town, was chosen commander, and he was followed in the captaincy
by Gorham D. Williams. Following resignations in their companies.
Lieutenants N. E. Kellogg, of Company B; James A. Baker, of Company
C; Lewis Day, of Company F, and Charles H. Flanders, of Company K,
were promoted to the captaincies. In this year General Henry S. Briggs
of Pittsfield, became captain of Company E. The Chicopee company, and
Company H, of Northampton, ceased to exist in 1872, and a new Com-
pany H, was organized; this one at South Deerfield, with Charles S. Bab-
cock for captain. The letter I, which had been borne by the Chicopee
inilitia, was given a new company, organized at Shelburne Falls, with H.
B. Rowley for captain. The record of '72, shows R. J. Hamilton, of
Springfield, to be captain of Company B; David McGuire, captain of Com-
pany F, and E. A. Ramsey captain of Company K. There were no im-
portant changes of officers in 1873, bi:t there was one fact which impar-
tial history miist record. The uniforms of the men were nearly worn
out, and, the legislators assembled at the state house, being unapprecia-

366 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

tive of the militia, no appropriation could be secured, and the command
was excused from the annual muster.

When, in 1874, the office of regimental paymaster was established
by legislative enactment, Lieutenant Byron Porter, of .Springfield, was
commissioned in that capacity. This year Lieutenant Lorenzo Draper,
of Comj^any C, was piximoted to be captain, and Lieutenant B. F. Prouty,
of Company F, was advanced. The same year, Caintain Draper's company
was disbanded, and still another Company C was organized, this one at
Stockbridge, with Captain Charles E. Brace in command. In 1875, Major
E. P. Clark was promoted to the lieutenant-colonelcy, in place of Homer
G. Gilmore, resigned; and Captain Andrew L. Bush, of Westfield, was ad-
vanced to the majority. Lieutenant Phineas .Solomon being given the cap-
taincy thus vacated.

The Second remained at this status, with Colonel Parsons in com-
mand, until 1876, when orders were issued from state headquarters,
directing the re-organization of the militia, and the discharge of all gen-
eral and field officers. In keeping with this order, the field officers of the
Second, Parsons, Clark and Bush, were mustered out. This general order
provided also for the inspection of the companies, with a view to disband-
ing such of them as did not come up to the given standard of efficiency.
The result of the inspection in the Second, was the disbanding of Com-
panies A, of Greenfield; D, of Westfield; F, of Northampton, and K, of
Holyoke. This left the Second witli six companies, of which Captain R.
J. Hamilton, of Springfield, was senior line officer; and he was soon after
elected lieutenant-colonel, and Captain B. F. Bridges, whcj had succeeded
to the command of the .South Deerfield company, in place of Captain Bab-
cock, was chosen major. The battalion remained thus officered until
December, 1878. The company which had been organized at Stock-
bridge was disbanded, and one was organized at South Adams to take its
place. The Pittsfield company was also disbanded, and a new company
organized at Holyoke.

At this time two companies located in 'Worcester, and belonging to
the old Tenth militia, were assigned to the Second, making a regiment of
eight companies, viz.: Company A, of Worcester, Captain E. R. Slnmi-
way commanding; Company B. of .Sjjringfield, Captain F. G. Soirthmayd;
Company C, of Worcester, Captain Joseph P. ]\Iason; Company D, of
Holyoke, Captain Embury P. Clark; Company E, of Shelburne Falls,
Captain F. W. ^lerriam; Company F, of North Adams, Caj^tain F. N.
Raj'; Company G; of Springfield, Captain G. F. Sessions; Company H, of
South Deerfield, Captain Parcellus D. Bridges. Pursuant to orders from
brigade headquarters, the line officers met at .Springfield, and promoted
the two field officers above named, one rank, each, and gave (me majority
to Captain Mason, of Worcester., and the other to Captain F. X. Ray, of

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

369

Xorth Adams. The latter was sticceeded in his company command by
Captain John E. Drew, and he by Captain Ricliardson. CajDtain Mason
was succeeded by Captain T. E. Leavitt. Colonel Hamilton, however,
(lid not assume command of the regiment, and was succeeded in August,
1879, ^y Lieutenant-Colonel Bridges, who, on being promoted, trans-
ferred the headquarters from Springfield to South Deerfield, where they
remained for nearly ten years, or until the promotion of Colonel Bridges
to be general.

Upon the election of Colonel Bridges to the full command
of the regiment, the line oilficers in Aiigust, 1S79, paid Captain Clark, of
the Holyoke comjJany, the emphatic comjilimcnt of an election over

themselves to the lieutenant-colonelcy; the full significance of this in-
dorsement by his comrades-in-arms, appearing in the fact, that some of
the captains insisting on his promotion were his seniors in the line. He
was now second officer of the regiment, and, on the promotion of Colonel
Bridges, was elected, in February, 18S9, to the colonelcy of the regi-
nient, which position he still holds.

3iIajor Mason, who had been a candidate for the lieutenant-colonelcy,
continued the third ofiicer of the regiment until 18S1, when, upon his res-
ignation, Captain ]\Ierriam, of the Shelburne Falls company, was pro-
moted to the majority. In this he remained until his promotion to the
lieutenant-colonelcy in February, 1889; and in this latter capacity he
served until his retirement in 1893, with the rank of colonel; the governor
availing himself of a provision of the law to give this well-deserved com-

370 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

pliment for his long continued efficient service in tlie militia. Major Ray-
resigned May 27, 1881, and was succeeded by Captain George F. Sessions,
who remained until November, 1S83, when he left the majority to accept
the captaincy of his old company at Springfield, and to succeed him as
major. Captain E. R. Shumway, of Worcester, was promoted in 1884.
The latter remained major until his promotion to the lieutenant-colonelcy
in 1S93, which position he filled with credit.

On the change of the law, so as to give twelve companies to a regi-
ment, four new companies were organized for the Second, viz.: Company
I, of Northampton, Captain C. O. Lovell commanding; Company K, of
Amherst, Ca2Dtain H. E. Messenger; Company L, of Greenfield, Captain
Fr. G. Fessenden; Company M, of Adams, CajDtain R. A. Whipple. With
this change in the law, also came the provision for a major for each bat-
talion of four companies, and the three majors of the Second were then,
in the order named, Merriam, Shumway and P. D. Bridges. The latter
had been promoted from the captaincy of the South Deerfield company,
and was succeeded in the company command by Captain A. C. Boynton.
Following the latter, this company had for commandei-s. Captain E. M.
Roche and Captain M. D. Bridges, and was disbanded April, 1894. At
the same time, K, of Amherst, of which the commanders had been Cajj-
tains H. E. Messenger, Willis G. Towne and Edgar G. Thayer, was also
disbanded. In place of the South Deerfield company, one was organized
at Worcester, having the same letter, H, and with Captain Charles E.
Burbank in command. He was succeeded by Captain Walter E. Hassam.

To fill the Amherst company's place, a new Company K,
was organized at Springfield, with Captain Roger Morgan in com-
mand. On the disbanding of the North Adams company, and the one at
Shelburne Falls, companies were organized in their stead at Gardner and
Orange, with the same letters, F, and E, respectively. Captain S. T.
Chamberlain was the first commander of the Gardner troops, and Cap-
tain T. E. Leavitt, who had come up from Worcester, headed the Orange
militia. The successors of Captain Chamberlain, were Captains C. N.
Edgell and H. H. Bolles, the latter being the present commander. Cap-
tain Leavitt, of the Orange comj^any, was succeeded by Captain Philip I.
Barber, until 1898. Major Whipple's successor in command of the
Adams company, was Captain E. N. Jones, who was followed by Captain
Herbert O. Hicks.

The later history of the present Holyoke company, includes the
leadership of Captains Dwight O. Judd, W. J. AUyn, Charles W. Brown,
and W. J. Crosier. The successors of Captain Spooner, in command of
Company G, have been Captains H. G. Gilmore, H. M. Phillips, F. E.
Gray, A. H. G. Lewis, G. F. Sessions, H. M. Coney, and J. J. Leonard,
Captains Ciray and Sessions each serving twice, and Cajitain Leonard serv-

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 373.

ing nineteen years. Following Captains Lombard and Knight, Company
B has been commanded by Captains N. E. Kellogg, R. J. Hamilton, W. S.
Holbrook, F. G. Southmayd, and Henry McDonald. The latter has
served seven years. He previously served with credit in the army and
navy, having in the two branches of the service a combined record of
eight years.

In Company A, the commanders since Shumway have been
Captains George H. Cleveland, W. D. Preston, W. A. Condy, and Edwin
G. Barrett, while of the later Company C, i.e., the one at Worcester, the
commanders succeeding Captains Mason and Leavitt have been Cap-
tains Frank L. Child (who served twice), Winslow S. Lincoln, E. A. Har-
ris, F. G. Davis, H. B. Fairbanks, and P. L. Rider. Major P. D. Bridges
continued in office until 1895, when, as the senior of three officers, he was,
on his own application, placed by the- governor on the retired list. The
three battalion commanders in the regiment now are, in the order named,
Major F. G. Southmayd, of Springfield, who received his commission
February, 1889; ]\Iajor R. A. Whipple, of Adams, who was commissioned
November, 1893, and Major H. B. Fairbanks, of Worcester, who was com-
missioned in July, 1895.

The adjutants of the Second, dating back to the early days of the
regiment, soon after the war, have been Lieutenants H. M. Abbott,
of Northampton; E. D. Capron, of Springfield; David McGuire, of
Northampton; C. W. Mutell, of Springfield; Bowdoin S. Parker,
of Greenfield; J. B. Bridges, of South Deerfield; G. H. Cleveland,
of Worcester; C. A. Pierce, of South Deerfield; C. E. Bridges, of
South Deerfield; J. E. Lancaster, of Worcester, and Paul R. Haw-
kins, of Springfield. The quartermasters of the Second have been,
Lieutenants E. D. Capron, of Springfield; J. D. Parsons and W. G.
Mclntyre, of Northampton; William Mink, of Pittsfield, and C. D. Colson,
of Holyoke. The latter was commissioned in 1879, ^^^^1 has served with
efficiency during all the seventeen years.

Of the surgeons w4io have served the Second, the list is as follows:
Majors D. B. N. Fish, of Amherst; H. G. Stickney and David Clark,
of Springfield, and Orland J. Brown, of North Adams. The assistant
surgeons have been Lieutenants John F. Hurley, of Chicopee; David
Clark, of Springfield; G. M. Read, of South Deerfield; O. J. Brown, of
North Adams, and Joseph T. Herrick, of Springfield. Of the paymasters
of the Second, the list runs thus: Lieutenants Byron Porter, of Spring-
field; T. F. Cordis, of Longmeadow; Charles L. Hayden, of South Deer-
field; E. M. Estes, of Springfield, and A. C. Edson, of Holyoke.

There have been four inspectors of rifle practice in the Second,
viz.: Lieutenants S. S. Bumstead, M. W. Bull and Paul R. Hawkins, of
Springfield, and Albert E. Taylor, of Chicopee Falls. The chaplains of

374 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

the Second have included nine clergymen of the Connecticut valley, one of
whom, as will be seen, has twice served the regiment. The list is as follows:
Revs. P. V. Finch, of Greenfield; C. E. Swan and J. Sturgis Pearce, of
Xorthampton; A. H. Sweetser, of Springfield; John F. Moors and P. V.
Finch, of Greenfield; H. W. Eldredge, of South Deerfield; C. C. Bruce,
of Amherst, and J. W. Carney and J. W. Welwood, of Holyoke.

In the earlier years of the history of what is now the Second,
many of the officers and men were veterans who had done duty in
the "war for the flag." One of these was the late General Henry S.
Briggs, son of the old time Governor George N. Briggs, and before
the war, captain of the Allen Guards of Pittsfield. This company
was one of the first that responded to Lincoln's earliest call for vol-
unteers in 1 86 1. It will be remembered that this Avas a call for
troops, to serve for three months only. The leader of the Pittsfield
company, and many of his men, were not content with that brief ex-
perience, and they again entered the service, the men in various regi-
ments going soon after, to the war, and their captain leading to the
front the legion which became famous as the "Fighting Tenth,"' and
winning for himself a general's stars, which honor the state empha-
sized, after the war, by making him auditor of JMassachusetts.

Captain H. C. Lombard of one of the Springfield companies,
also served with credit as an officer in the Tenth, and for years after
the war was an efficient court officer at Springfield, and was at the
time of his death, the senior deputy sheriff of the county of Hampden,
and, with few exceptions, the senior in the state. Colonel Gilmore's war
record was in the Tenth; and a creditable one it was, too; while Major
Spooner, who was captain of one of the Springfield companies of the Sec-
ond, had served in the Forty-sixth, as senior captain; and in that legion he
attained the majority. At the time of his captaincy of this company of
the vSecond, the rank and file thereof were all men vho had served in the
war. The estimation in which he is held in Springfield, is shown by the
fact that he was twice mayor of the city; and the people of the cottnty have
testified their appreciation of his qualities, by re-electing him to the office
of register of probate, until he has filled that position for more than thirty
years. His brother 'register in the adjoining connty of Hampshire, Cap-
tain Hubbard ^l. Abbott, did well as a soldier in the old Thirty-seventh,
in which he was sergeant-major and lieutenant. Captain Henry M. Phil-
lips, once postmaster of Springfield, and a good one, and since then the
state treasitrer, had an experience in the war for the Union. Captain
Tuttle, one of the commanders of one of the Holyoke companies of the
Second, was colonel of a Vermont regiment at the front.

Colonel Joseph B. Parsons, was one of the sticcessors of General
Briggs in command of the Tentli, and in that capacity well deserved for

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 377

his bravery, the eagles that he wore, while his comrades who served with
him in active war, and those in the home guards thereafter, cherish, to
this day, an affectionate remembrance for "Colonel Joe" Parsons. Major
Marcus T. Moody, who for a time commanded a company of the old Sec-
ond, was first captain, and then Major in the Thirty-seventh, and .served
in the war with great credit. On account of severe wounds received at
Spottsylvania, lie resigned before his regiment came home.

In this enumeration, no one would excuse the omission of the
name of General Horace C. Lee, commander of one of the Springfield
companies of home militia, who was the brave leader of the Twenty-
seventh, heroes of Roanoke, Newbern and other fields in the "Old North
State." He was for years after the war, postmaster of vSpringfield. Major
Trafton, the commander of the old First Battalion, from which the Second
Regiment grew, was an officer in the army. He was a son of the well-
remembered 2iIethodist divine and member of Congress, Rev. Dr. Mark
Trafton. Captain Stevens of Worthington had served as a drummer in
the Forty-sixth, and Lieutenant Hay ward of his company of the Second
was also a member of the Forty-sixth, serving in that regiment as a mem-
ber of the company commanded by Captain Russell H. Conwell, now the
famous Baptist minister of Philadelphia, who is known throughout the
country for his platform eloquence.

Several of the chaplains of the Second had war records. Rev. Mr.
Sweetser served in the Thirty-first and Fifty-ninth; and Rev. P. "\'. Finch
was chaplain of the Sixteenth Connecticut; while the record of Chaplain
"Jack" Moors, as he was affectionately called by his comrades in arms of
the Fifty-second, was highly creditable to him, and remains a precious
leo-acy of remembrance to those associated with him, in that brave thou-
sand of the defenders of the Union.

One of the lieutenants of the first Holyoke company of the Second
was James G. Smith, whose soldierly qualities won him high respect as
the adjutant of the Forty-sixth. He went through the dangers of war un-
scathed, btit met sudden death by accident at Chicopee. This tragic hap-
pening saddened his comrades and friends, as have but few horrors in the
local annals of the region. Who that witnessed, will ever forget, his
bravery under fire at Gum Swamp, and in other engagements of the cam-
paigns of the regiment. Captain Knapp of the Chicopee company of the
Second, was a soldierly officer of a company from Chicopee, in the Forty-
sixth. Captain Warren of the early company of eastern Berk.shire men,
had served with bravery as a sergeant in a company of General Bartlett's
famous Forty-ninth. Soon after his home military experience, with this
mountain company of miHtia, he went west, and located, finally, at Chey-
enne, Wyoming, when that smart city was but a village of tents. The
only frame building in the village was a store, where a Berkshire man had

378 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

begun merchandizing, and with him Captain Warren took np the life of a
salesman; and his subsequent successes in business and in political life
are the boast of his many friends in the west, and of those who remember
him in New England. He was first president of the territcnial council of
Wyoming; then territorial treasurer; twice territorial governor by presi-
dential appointment; and the first governor, by election, of the state of
Wyoming; and is now serving his second term in the senate of the United
States. Sergeant Gleason has been for years, Senator Warren's business
partner at Cheyenne, and Francis W. Taylor, the Berkshire company's
first lieutenant, had served with credit in the old Tenth, and is an enter-
prising business man at Springfield. Captain John L. Knight, one of the
commanders of Springfield's Company B, had a good war record.

Colonel John L. Rice, who was a member of Company G, and who
afterward served Springfield as postmaster and then as cit}^ marshal, ser-
ving in each capacity with efficiency, was an officer in the army of the
Union. So was the late Captain E. C. Pierce, who was also a member of
this Springfield company <if militia. Rob Roy McGregor, a long-tried
and faithful clerk in the Springfield post-office, who was also a member of
this company, did duty as a soldier in North Carolina. He was the sec-
ond orderly sergeant of Company G. The first was the late Captain J. K.
Newell, who had done brave service in the Tenth at the front, and who,
after the war, wrote a valuable history of that regiment. Captain Peter
S. Bailey, another member of company G, had been an officer in the
Twenty-seventh. He has faithfully served one Springfield bank in an
official capacity, for a quarter of a century. Still another one of this
company G, was Captain W. P. Marsh, a former Springfield merchant,
whose creditable war record was in the Eighth Connecticut. And yet
another of this band of home guards was Captain H. K. Cooley, who won
in the Twenty-seventh the right to his title, while Captain S. B. Parker,
of the same htmdred, won distinction in the war as one of the historic
legion known as "Duryea's Zouaves." Captain F. E. Gray, one of the
commanders of Company G, was at the front as an officer of the Thirty-
seventh, and helped to make the enviable record of that legion. Lieu-
tenant C. W. Mutell, one of the adjutants of the Second, was a soldier in
the Forty-sixth, and acquitted himself well as orderly sergeant of Com-
pany H, of the Forty-second Regiment, in its second term of service.
Captain Chamberlain had a creditable war record as a member of the
Ninth Vermont, and Captain Leavitt was one of the brave Thirtieth
i\Iaine. Captain Fr. G. Fessenden, once an officer of the Greenfield mil-
itia, is the present able member of the superior court bench from Frank-
lin county, his honor Judge Fr. G. Fessenden.

Another of the Greenfield militia officers. Captain Anson AVithev.
was an efficient postmaster of the town, while Captain Frederic E. Pierce

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 381

now serves with credit in that capacity. Captain Gorham D. Williams,
aforetime one of the Greenfield officers, is a worthy member of the Frank-
lin bar. The Northampton captaincy was once held by another able law-
yer, wlio was also a legislator of note, Senator Richard W. Irwin; while
the present efficient commander of the Northampton company. Captain H.
L. Williams, is one of the Hampshire city's best men. Greenheld's mem-
ber of the superior court bench, is not the only one who has had an expe-
rience in the militia, for his honor. Judge E. B. Maynard, of Springfield,
once ••trained" witli Company B. It will be remembered that, before his
appointment to the bench, his honor served Springfield as mayor, and cred-
itably, too. So, also, did another one of Company B — Hon. William H.
Haile, ex-senator and ex-lieutenant-governor, and one who has had much
to do with many good causes, in which Springfield people are interested.
Lieutenant-Colonel Shumway served well as sergeant in the Fourth Ver-
mont, one of the legions that made up the historic army of the Potomac.
Major Southmayd has creditably served Springfield as city marshal. Major
Whipple, who is one of the Berkshire deputy sheriffs, served with credit
in the Eighth Massachusetts at the front. Major Fairbanks, who well
commands the Third Battalion of the Second, had no war experience.
Lieutenant Hawkins, the efficient adjutant of the Second, has served in
that capacity before, having previously served as first lieutenant of Com-
pany B, and as Inspector of Rifle Practice on Colonel Clark's staff, one year.
Surgeon Clark, who came years ago to Massachusetts from Ohio, served
with credit in the Thirteenth Ohio, and in the Sixth Veteran U. S.
Volunteers.

Colonel Clark, the commander of the Second, was a faithful soldier
in the Forty-sixth. A native of Buckland, and attending school at Charle-
mont, when quite young he came with his family to Holyoke, where his
father set up in the shoe business, and where, a few years later, the son
enlisted with other Holyokeans, to take a hand in the contest for the flag
of their cotrntry. Before this military experience, he had been a clerk in
a Holyoke store, and after returning from the war, he learned the drug
trade in the same city, where he began work in the office of the water com-
missioners in 1876, serving there as registrar for seventeen years. Yield-
ing to a popular demand. Colonel Clark, who had served Holyoke also as
school committee, accepted in September, 1892, a nomination as candidate
for the shrievalty of Hampden county; and on his election, he removed
his residence to Springfield, the county seat, and transferred to that city
the headquarters of the regiment from Holyoke, where they had been
since his promotion to the colonelcy. They first occupied an office rented
for the purpose on Elm street, but since the erection of the fine new
armory on Howard street, that elegant structure has contained the office
of the colonel of the Second. There, also, are the quarters of the drill

382 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

room of the Springfield companies. A more extended description of this
armory will be found in the article entitled "The State Armories."

Field and Staff, iSq-j-qS.

Colonel, Embury P. Clarke, Springfield; Lieutenant-Colonel, Edwin R. Shum-
way, Worcester; Major, Frederick G. Southinayd, Springfield; Major, Reuben A.
Whipple, Adams; Major, Harry B. Fairbanks, Worcester; First Lieutenant and Adju-
tant, Paul R. Hawkins, Springfield; First Lieutenant and Quartermaster, Charles D.
Colson, Holyoke; Major and Surgeon, Orland J. Brown, North Adams; First Lieuten-
ant and Assistant Surgeon, Joseph T. Herrick, Springfield; First Lieutenant and Pay-
master, Archibald C. Edson, Holyoke; First Lieutenant and Inspector Rifle Practice,
Albert C. Taylor, Chicopee Falls; Chaplain, Rev. John C. Welwood, Holyoke.

Noii-Cominis^ioiii'd Staff.

Sergeant Major, Paul J. Norton, Springfield; Quartermaster-Sergeant, Melvin
N. Snow, Holyoke; Hospital Steward, Lawrence H. Fortier, Holyoke; Drum Major,
Dennis J. Callinan, Springfield; Paymaster Sergeant, Charles B. Hitchcock, Spring-
field; Chief Bugler, Ralph E. Mathewson, Springfield; Color Sergeant, William L.
Clough, Springfield; Color Sergeant, Sayward Galbraith, Springfield; Orderly, Ross
L. Lusk.

Line.

Company A— Captain, Edwin G. Barrett, Worcester; First Lieutenant, Moses
H. Tisdell, Worcester; Second Lieutenant, Frederick H. Lucke, Worcester.

Company B — Captain, Henry McDonald, Springfield; First Lieutenant, Wil-
liam L. Yotmg, Springfield; Second Lieutenant, Harry J. Vesper, Springfield.

Company C — Captain, Phineas L. Rider, Worcester; First Lieutenant, William
F. Gilman, Worcester; Second Lieutenant, Frank L. Allen, Worcester.

Company D — Captain, William J. Crosier, Holyoke; First Lieutenant, Rob-
ert W. Hunter, Holyoke; Second Lieutenant, Francis D. Phillips, Holyoke.

Company E — Captain, Phillip I. Barber, Orange; First Lieutenant, Frank P.
Hosmer, Orange; Second Lieutenant, Edwin R. Gray, Orange.

Company F — Captain, Arthur L. Stone, Gardner; First Lieutenant, Albert A.
Fowler, Gardner; Second Lieutenant, .\lbert L. Potter, Gardner.

Company G — Captain, John J. Leonard, Springfield; First Lieutenant, Joseph
P. Quirk, Springfield; Second Lieutenant, Thomas A. Sweeney, Springfield.

Company H — Captain, Walter E. Hassam, Worcester; First Lieutenant, Wright
T. Prior, Worcester; Second Lieutenant. Edward B. Fish, Worcester.

Company I — Captain, Henry L. Williams, Northampton ; First Lieutenant,
Glenroy A. Thayer, Northampton; Second Lieutenant, Daniel J. Moynahan, North-
field.

Company K — Captain, William S. Warriner, Springfield ; First Lieutenant,
Philip C. Powers, Springfield; Second Lieutenant, Henry H. Parkhurst, Springfield.

Company I — Captain, Frederick L. Pierce, Greenfield; First Lieutenant, Charles
H. Field, Greenfield; Second Lieutenant, Fayette B. Mason, Greenfield.

Company M — Captain, Herbert O. Hicks, Adams; F'irst Lieutenant, George E.
Simmons, Adams; Second Lieutenant. Ernest J. Laferriere, .\dams.

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 383

IN THE si'anish-amerii:an war.

By Coliuu-l Embury P. ('.lurk.

WliL'U the foregoin,!;' page was penned, I had little rea.son to appre-
hend that the Seeond Regiment would be ealled into aetive .serviee; and
still less cause to anticipate that the redemption of Cuba, and the extinction
of Spanish dominion in the West Indies, would be essayed by the repub-
lic; and call my gallant comrades into serviee beyond the narrow seas.

Without some record of our service and trials, in that brief but
glorious campaign, the history already written would be incomplete; and
yet, it is with some hesitation that
I attempt to describe the great
events, in which the regiment was
a more or less important factor,
since I, as its commanding officer,
must, at best, seem to say those
things of the regiment and my-
self, which are best said by other
men.

I have chosen, therefore, to
continue the record of the Second
Regiment oi Infantry, M. V. M..
by practically repeating the lan-
guage of the othcial report, as re-
turned to the Adjutant-General of
the state. It was my dtity to make
a just, true and soldierly report,
and I prefer to adhere closely to
the direct, military method of
composition, which recites facts,
and leaves to others the province
of criticism, and the allotment of
praise or blame, except so far as either is meted out by a competent mili-
tary tribunal or authority.

The following narrative covers the operations of the Second Regi-
ment of Infantry, M. ^'. M., from the time it was mu.stered into the ser-
vice of the United States under the call of the President for troops, dated
April 23, 1898, to November 23, 1898, when it was mu.stered out of the
United .States service at Springfield, Mass., exactly six months from the
date of its muster-in.

On April 29, 1S98, I was designated by the Commander-in-Chief of
the M. V. M. to recruit a regiment of volunteers for the service of the
United States, it being provided that members of the militia should be

coLo.NKi. F,.Mr.n:v p ( i.m;k.

384 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

given the preference in enlistments for such regiment of volunteers, and
that any vacancies were to be filled by the enlistment of other citizens of
the Commonwealth.

On April 29, 1898, the following order was issued:

Commonwealth of Massachusetts,

Adjutant General's Office, Boston, Mass., April 29, 1898.
General Orders No. 45.

The four volunteer regiments designated as the quota of the Commonwealth,
will encamp at the state camp ground. South Framingham, Mass., as follows:

The regiment of infantry, to be commanded by Colonel Embury P. Clark will
report at the camp ground on Tuesday, May 3, at 12 o'clock, noon. The volunteer
regiment to be commanded by Colonel Fred B. Bogan, will report at the camp ground
on Wednesday, May 4, at 1 1 o'clock a. m. The volunteer regiment to be commanded
by Colonel William A. Pew, Jr., will report at the camp ground on Thursday, May 5,
at II o'clock, a. m. The volunteer regiment to be commanded by Colonel Charles F.
Woodward, will report at the camp ground on Friday, May 6, at 1 1 o'clock a. m.
Colonel E. P. Clark will assume command of the camp.

By order of the Commander-in-Chief,

SAMUEL DALTON, Adjutant General.

The Second Regiment reported for duty at the state camp ground
on May 3, at the hour designated in G. O. No. 45, and by special order
No. 48. A. G. O., the camp became ofificially known as "Camp Dewey."

Physical examinations of the officers and men were begun May 4,
under the direction of Surgeon Bushnell, U. S. A.

The roster of the regiment when it left the state, was as follows:

Colonel, Embury P. Clark, Springfield; Lieutenant-Colonel, Edwin R. Shum-
way, Worcester; Majors, Frederick G. Southmayd, Springfield; Reuben N. Whipple,
Adams; Henry B.Fairbanks, Worcester; Adjutant, Paul R. Hawkins, Springfield;
Quartermaster, Everett E. Sawtell, Springfield; Surgeon, Henry C. Bowen, Spring-
field; Assistant Surgeons, Ernest A. Gates, Springfield; John E. Hitchcock, North-
ampton; Chaplain, John C. Welwood, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Company A, Worcester— Captain, Edwin O.Barrett; First Lieutenant, Moses
H. Tisdell; Second Lieutenant, William H. Plummer.

Company B, Springfield— Captain, Henry McDonald; First Lieutenant, William
L. Young; Second Lieutenant, Harry J. Vesper.

Company C, Worcester — Captain, Frank L. Allen; First Lieutenant, Arthur C.
King; Second Lieutenant, Herbert H. Warren.

Company D, Holyoke— Captain, William J. Crosier; First Lieutenant, Robert
W. Hunter; Second Lieutenant, Frank D. Phillips.

Company E, Orange— Captain, Philip I. Barber; First Lieutenant, Frank D.
Hosmer; Second Lieutenant, Oscar D. Hapgood,

Company F, Gardner— Captain, Alonzo L. Potter; First Lieutenant, Fred A.
Lovejoy; Second Lieutenant, Louis G. Brown.

Company G, Springfield— Captain, John J. Leonard; First Lieutenant, William
C. Hayes; Second Lieutenant, Edward J. Leyden.

Company H, Worcester— Captain, Charles S. Holden ; First Lieutenant, Edwin
B. Fish; Second Lieutenant, Harry T. Gray.

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 387

Company I, Northampton— Captain, Henry L. Williams; First Liuntenant,
Glenroy A. Thayer; Second Lieutenant, Daniel J. Moynahan.

Company K, Springfield— Captain, William L. Warriner; First Lieutenant,
Philip C. Powers; Second Lieutenant, Harry H. Parkhurst.

Company L, Greenfield— Captain, Frederick E. Pierce; First Lieutenant,
Charles H. Field; Second Lieutenant, Fayette B. Mason.

Company M, .Vdams— Captain, Herbert O. Hicks; First Lieutenant, George J.
Crosier; Second Lieutenant, Ernest J. Laferriere.

Physical examinations of the enlisted men were concluded May 10,
on which day the last company of the regiment was mustered into the
United States service.

Late on the night of Alay 12, orders were received from the war
department, ordering the regiment to start at once for Key West, Fla.
The uncompleted work of equipping the regiment was pushed actively,

UEADiJUAr.TEKS OF COLOXEI. t'LARK, SECOND i;E(il.MKNr,
P.clore Saiitiai:o »lr <'iib;i. .Inly I- to Anj,'. 13, isi'S.

and, thanks to the energetic work of the ofificers of the Adjutant-Gen-
eraVs department, and of Caj^tain Luke R. Landy, was completed within
a few hours after the orders had been received. Reveille was sounded at
4 a. m. the next day, and by 8 a. m. the camp was broken, all tents
packed, together with all baggage and equipment not worn or carried,
and the command was in full marching order, ready to move whenever
notified. The Governor, with members of his staff and council, state of-
ficials and members of the general court, arrived in camp in the after-
noon, and at 4 o'clock reviewed the regiment.

After passing in review, the regiment was formed in hollow
square, and the commissions of the officers were presented to them by His
Excellency, Governor Wolcott.

Soon after 5 o'clock the regiment, 943 strong, marched from the

388

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

camp ground to the railway station, where it entrained for Newport, R. I.
The special train reached Newport about lo p. m., and the regiment was
transferred to the steamer Plymouth, of the Fall River Line that night,
and arrived at New York early on the morning of the 14th. At New York
the regiment was transferred to the transports Vigilancia and Saratoga.
Both transports steamed down the harbor and anchored off Bedloe's
Island, when orders were received directing the regiment to proceed to
Tampa, Fla., by rail. The transports proceeded to the Pennsylvania
railroad pier, Jersey City, where the regiment was transferred to a special
train of three sections. We left Jersey City about 9 p. m., amid a fare-
well demonstration by the people in the vicinity.

The trip South was uneventful. Cordial demonstrations were given
us all along the route, this being especially noticeable in the states south
of Mason and Dixon's line. On the afternoon of May 18, I received
telegraphic orders to proceed to Lakeland, Fla., instead of Tampa. We
reached Lakeland on the evening of that day, but did not detrain until

FIF.I.I) A\I> ^1 M F AT MF^>
SecoTul Kigiment, JI. V. .M., Lakehuul, Fin., 1S98.

the next morning, when the regiment went into camp at Lake :\Iorti)n.

At this time the Second was attached to the Second Cavalry Bri-
gade, Fifth Army Corps, General Young commanding, and composed of
the First and Tenth Cavalry, U. S. A., the Seventy-fir.st New York Vol-
unteers, and Second Massachusetts Volunteers.

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 389

On Alay 30, Second Lieutenant F. D. Phillips, Company D, was
detailed as Reg;imental Commissary officer, and First Lieutenant G. A.
Thayer, Company L as Regimental Ordnance Officer, botli under S. O.
No. I. Both these officers creditably performed their duties throughout

COMMISSARV DEPAnTMFNT IX THK FIELH.
Second Kegiraeiit, M. V. .M.. .S;iriti;i^'i> ilt- Ciitju, 1S!>S.

the campaign. Private Weslie S. Brass, Company 1, was the first mem-
ber of the Second to give his life for his country. He was attacked with
pneumonia on the day the regiment arrived at Lakeland, and died on the
2 1st. At the request of his parents, I caused the body to be embalmed
and shipped to Westfield, Mass. I notiiied His Excellency, the Governor,
of the young man's death, and received a sympathetic mes.sage in reply.

Our stay at Lakeland was brief, and, on the whole, a novel and
pleasant experience. The surroundings gave a picturesque tone to our
camp life, and the general health of the men was apparently unimpaired.

On Monday, May 29, orders to break camp and proceed to Tampa
were received, and in compliance the regiment jDroceeded to Tamjaa on
the following day, where it went into camp at Ybor City, a suburb of
Tampa. The regiment was now attached to the ist brigade, 2nd division
of the Fifth Corps, the Brigade Commander being Colonel Van Horn,
Eighth U. S. Infantry. The other commands of the brigade were the
Eighth and Twenty-second Infantry, U. S. A.

The regiment remained in camp in Ybor City until June 6th. Sec-
ond Lieutenant, H. H. Warren was detailed as A. D. C. on the .staff of the
Division Commander, and Private W. W. Eddy, Company C, was also de-
tailed as messenger on the staff.

Sergeants W. W. Ward, Company G, and W. E. Barton, Company
C, were by S. F. O. No. i, detailed as color sergeants of the regiment.

During the afternoon of June 6, the following order was
received: —

390 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

Headquarters, ist Brigade, 2nd Division, Fifth Corps.

Tampa, Fla., June 6th, 189S.
Commanding' Officer, Second Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry.

Sir; — The Brigade ComiBander directs' that you have your command ready to
load the wagons at 9.30 o'clock this evening. Will move to-night.

Very respectfully,

W. H. KELL,
Capt. Twenty-Second Infantry, Actg. Asst. Adjt.Gen'l.

Under these orders the regiment broke camp in the early evening,
and was ready to move at any time after g.30; bnt, owing to some miscal-
cnlation we were kept waiting tmtil late in the afternoon of the following
day, before we were provided with transportation to Port Tampa, where
we were to go.

The following orders were issited before leaving Tampa: —

Headquarters Fifth Army Corps,

Tampa, Fla., June 6th, 189S.
The Commanding General, 2nd Division, Fifth Army Corps.

(To be transmitted by him to Brigade Commanders for their information):
Sir: — In order that they may have their commands in readiness for the trans-
ports, Division Commanders will be notified as far in advance as possible. It is de-
sired to ship complete organizations with all their baggage and rations on the same
train, if possible a regiment to a train. As the distance is so short, men can be
crowded in trains. Upon arival at wharf, the cotnmanding officers of regiments will
report to Lieutenant Colonel Humphrey, who will designate the transport each regi-
ment is to go on.

Commanding officers will see that men and baggage are unloaded from the
trains and loaded on the transports rapidly. Colonel Humphrey has entire control of
loading transports and his orders must be obeyed.

Very respectfully.

Signed: E. J. McCLERNAKD,

.Assistant Adjutant-General.
Official copy respectfully furnished the commanding officer, ist Brigade.
Official. Signed: H. H. Warren. Signed: H. C. Carbaugh,

Aide. Assistant Adjutant-General.

Official copy respectfully furnished the commanding officer, Second Massachu-
setts Volunteer Infantry for his information and guidance.

By command of Colonel Van Horn :
W. H. KELL,
Captain Twenty-Second Infantry, A. A. .\. G.

In Compliance with these orders, I reported t(5 Lientenant-Colonel
Humphrey, on our arrival at Port Tampa, and as he was imable to put us
on a transport that night, we were compelled to bivouac on the pier.

On the following day, the 8th, Headqitartcrs and the First Battalion
embarked on the vS. S. Orizaba, the Second Battalion on the S. S. Seneca,
and the Third Battalion on the S. S. Concho. The transports remained
in the harbor until the 14th. On the 13th, Headquarters and the First

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

391

and Third Battalions were transferred to the S. ti. Knickerbockei; known
as Transport No. 13. Companies E and M were plaeed on the S. S.
^lanteo, and companies L and I on tlie vS. S. Seneca.

The Fifth Corps sailed on the 14th for Santiago de Cuba, arriving
otf there on the 20th. The landing was begun on the 22nd, at Daiquiri,
an anchorage about eighteen miles east of the entrance to the bay of San-
tiago. To Company E, of Orange, Cajjtain P. I. Barber, belongs the
honor of being the first company of the Second to land, and Second Lieu-
tenant E. J. Laferriere, Company M, was the first officer ashore. Imme-
diately after landing, I was directed by General Lawton, the division com-
mander, to assume command of the First Brigade, Colonel Van Horn
having been seriously injured the day before. As soon as the brigade
had landed, the advance was begun, and the command marched some four
miles into the interior and bivouacked. The Third Battalion of the vSec-

^*^*^;' r^s-^^^^t-^T^ip*.

- ^ /-•:"-•%'

**'*3«*'

CAMP OF SECOND REGIMENT, M. V. M.
.sie.Lre <)f Santiago lie Culia, July, ItiiiS.

ond Regiment had not landed at the time the advance was begun, but did
so the next day, and joined the regiment aboirt noon.

The advance was resumed early in the morning of the 23d, and just
before noon we arrived at Siboney on the route to Santiago. The regi-
ment remained here until the afternoon of the 24th. The engagement
between the dismounted cavalry, under Generals Wheeler and Young, and
the enemy at Las Guasimas, occurred early in the forenoon of this day,
and by order of the division commander, I took the Eighth and Twenty-
Second Regiments, leaving the Second Massachusetts Volunteers to guard
Siboney, and proceeded to the battle-field, arriving just as the affair was
over. "We returned to Siboney, and, after rations had been issued, late in
the afternoon the advance was resumed. The march was continued until
dark, when the regiment went into bivouac on the battle ground of Las
Guasimas. Company G, which had been left behind at Siboney to unload
stores from the shijjs, arrived early the next morning and the advance was
resumed. A halt was made after proceeding about two miles, and the
command went into camp, near what was forinerly the Sevilla plantation.
The advance was again resumed on the 27th. and the troops went into

392 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

camp that afternoon in a position in rear of the city of Santiago, and with-
in sight of tlie enemy's lines.

On the 29th, I was relieved from the command of the First Brigade
by the arrival of Brigadier-General William Ludlow, U. S. V., and
resumed command of the Second.

On the afternoon of June 30, three days' rations having been
issued, the 2nd Division began its advance upon El Caney, a strong
Spanish outpost to the north of Santiago. The route of the i st Brigade was
a most difficult one, owing to the narrow and slippery trail, the number of
streams to be forded, and the fact that the greater portion of the march
was made in the darkness. The command bivouacked about 10 o'clock,
only a short distance from the enemy's lines. The regiment was aroused
at 4 a. m., July i, and about 5 o'clock the advance was resumed. About
6.30 o'clock the battle of El Caney was begun by Capron's battery, which
opened fire on the Spanish fort on the hill.

The 1st Brigade, to which the Second was attached, was assigned
a position SDUth of the village of El Caney, and began the attack from that
(luarter about 6.45 a. m.

No regiment went into action in that battle under such unfavorable
conditions as the Second Massachusetts. Fifty-five per cent of the men were
recruits without training, and it was armed with an obsolete rifie using
black powder, while all other regiments, as well as the enemy, were armed
with small caliber, magazine rifles using smokeless powder. As soon as
we got into action, the smoke from the black powder revealed our posi-
tion, and we became a target for the concentrated fire of the enemy; but

SPANISH FORT.
El CiiTioy, Santiagc) dp Cuba, July, 1S.18.

owing to their poor marksmanship, we were saved from great loss of life.

The battle terminated about 4.30 o'clock p. m., when the enemy's
works were captiired.

The conduct of the officers and men under fire was commended by
our most captious critics, but, considering how we were handicapped by

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

393

obsolete arms, black powder, and so large a percentage of recruits, I feel
that the regiment deserves high praise for its work in this action.

The following order, relative to the work of the ist brigade, in the
battle of El Cancy, was issued by the brigade commander to the Eighth

SECOND REOnrENT, M. V. 31. LMREXCHED CAMP.
Siege, Santiago de Cuba, July, i.s;tb.

and Twenty-second Infantry, U. S. A., and the Second Massachusetts
A'olunteers, comprising the brigade.

Headquarters, First Brigade, 2nd Division, Fifth Army Corps,

In Front of Santiago de Cuba, July 3, 1898.
General Orders.

The Brigadier General Commanding, desires to congratulate the officers and
men of this command, on the gallantry and fortitude displayed by them in the invest-
ment and capture of Caney, on Friday, July ist, inst.

Infantry attacks on fortified positions well defended, are recognized as the most
difficult of military undertakings and are rarely successful. The defense was con-
ducted with admirable skill behind an elaborate system of block houses, intrench-
ments and loop holes, nevertheless, after a stubborn and bloody combat of nearly
eight hours, the place was taken and its garrison practically annihilated. The ex-
ploit is the more notable that the affair was entered upon and carried through by men,
most of whom had never been under fire. The high percentage of casualties shows
the severity of the work, fourteen per cent of loss among its officers, and eight per
cent of the enlisted force. This action, though of relatively minor importance, will
take its place as one of the conspicuous events in military history, by reason of its suc-
cess under conditions of great difficulty, and all who contributed toward the achieve-
ment have reason for present and future congratulations.

By command of Brigadier General Ludlow,

W. H. KELL,
Captain, Twenty-Second Infantry. Actg. Asst. Adjt. General.

394 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

Our loss in this action consisted of First Lieutenant, Charles H.
Field, L Company, killed, together with Privates, Arthur H. Packard and
George A. Richmond of G Company, Private Frank E. Moody of K Com-
pany, and Private George A. Brooks of E Company. Privates John J. Ma-
lone, B Company, Anatole Dugas, D Company, and Joseph W. Lanois, L
Company, were mortally wounded, and died in the regimental hospital
the following day.

Lieutenant Field was instantly killed, as were Privates Packard,
Moody and Brooks. Private Richmond lived for a very brief time after
being wounded. Lieutenant Field was an excellent officer, and the regi-
ment sustained a severe loss in his death.

The officers wounded were: Captain "\V. S. Warriner, K Company,
Second Lieutenant Daniel J. Moynahan, I Company, Secoad Lieutenant
Oscar D. Hapgood, E. Company. All these officers were shot through the
body, the wounds being very serious. I am glad to say that all recovered,
and rejoined the regiment on its return to the United States.

The enlisted men wotmded were: Corporal R. H. Coit, D Company,
Corporal Ward Lathrop, K; Corporal Charles Hoadley, K; Corporal Fred
Simons, M; Corporal L. L. Richardson, F; Artificer Henry E. Ariel, L;
Wagoner F. H. Boulle, K; Wagoner A. A. Thiele, M; and Privates C. H.
Ashley, J. F. Ferrier, H. S. Meyrick, C. J. Riordan, A. E. Rose, and W.
B. Riopel, of B Company; Edmund Damour and Frederic Slate, of D
Company; B. A. Bristow, Thomas Breslin, D. A. DeTour, F. A. Has-
tings, J. A. Nolan, and L. M. Willard, of E Company; Henry Kent, F
Company; P. J. Bresnan, and E. P. Marble, of G Company; R. A. Bark-
man, K Comjjany, G. E. Blackmer, E. M. Cornell, G. H. DeRiviere, F. C.
Schiller, of L Company; A. L. Carey, Walla Paradise, and John Walsh,
of M Company.

But little time was allowed the troops to rest after the capture of
El Caney. Before 6 o'clock the division Avas again in motion toward the
San Juan hills, to join the ist division. After marching until 9, the troops
bivouacked by the roadside, and at 3 a. m. resumed the march, which,
owing to the darkness and the difficulties of the route, was interrupted
many times. It was not until 10 o'clock that the regiment emerged into
the road at the El Pozo mill, and marching up this road under a heavy fire
of sharpshooters, went into position on a hill almost at the extreme right
of the American line.

During the afternoon, the regiment suffered two more casualties,
Corporal Joseph Eaton, Company D, and Private J. F. Farrell, Com-
pany L being wounded by sharpshooters. About 10 p. m. the enemy
opened a heavy fire, and made an attempt to break through our lines,
but was repiilsed. Two members of the second were wounded during
this affair. Private Robert G. Kelly, Company (r. fatally, and P. N. White

OK MASSACHUSETTS. 395

of Compan)' A, through the left shoulder and body. Private Kelly was
shot through the mouth, and several days later died in the Division Hos-
jjital. Our total easualties on July ist and 2nd, were nine killed and thir-
ty-nine wounded.

On the afternoon of Sunday, July 3, we heard the news of the
destruction of the vSpanish fleet. On July 4th, we again advanced to the
right, beginning the movement to completely invest the City of Santiago
from the land side. The brigade advanced to a .stronger position, on a
hill which commanded the rear of the city. Here breastworks were dug,
and the men worked zealously, although there was a deficiency of in-
trenching tools, and knives, spoons and mess plates and cups had to be
used.

The command remained in this position until July 10th, when it
was moved further to the right, and took position in some trenches for-
merly occupied by the Cuban auxiliaries. On the afternoon of this day,
the American forces opened fire upon the city, the enemy making only a

(•IIF,El;i\(i Fnl:MAI. SIKliKXhEl: (IF SANTIAGCI, JULY 1

feeble response. On the i itb, we were again moved to the right, and on
the I2th, we completed the investment of the city, the right of our bri-
gade resting on the harbor, on the north side of the city. On arrival at
our last position, the work of digging intrenchments was begun, and
pushed rapidly until, early on the morning of the 14th, they were com-
pleted. At this time we were within a few hundred yards of the enemy's
works.

At 11.20 on the morning of the 14th, we were ordered into the
trenches, and preparations made for action. There was no firing, how-
ever, and soon after i p. m. a messenger from corps headquarters, an-
nounced the surrender of the city. On the 17th, the formal surrender took
place. At this time all the regiments were paraded in front of their
intrenchments, and a national salute fired as our flag was raised over the pal-
ace in the city, with the bands all playing the "Star Spangled Banner,"
and the men cheering.

After the surrender of Santiago, the following orders were pub-
lished to the army: —

396 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

Headquarters Fifth Army Corps,

Camp near Santiago de Cuba, July i6, 1898.
General Orders, No. 24.

The following message from the President of the United States, will be pub-
lished to each regiment in this Army at 12 o'clock tomorrow:

Washington, July 16, 1898.
General Shafter;

The President of the United States sends you and your brave army the pro-
found thanks of the American people for the gallant achievement at Santiago, result-
ing in the surrender of the city, and all of the Spanish troops and territory under
General Toral. Your splendid command has endured, not only the hardships and sacri-
fice incident to campaign and battle, but in stress of heat and weather, has triumphed
over obstacles which would have overcome men less brave and determined. One and
all have displayed the most conspicuous gallantry, and earned the gratitude of the
nation. The heart of the people turns with tender sympathy to the sick and wounded.
May the Father of Mercy protect and comfort them.

(Signed) WM. McKINLEY.
By command of Major General Shafter;

E. J. McCLERNAND, Assistant Adjutant General.
(Official) W. H. McKITTRICK, Aide.
Commanding Officer, Second Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry.

Headquarters U. S. Troops in Cuba,

Santiago de Cuba, July 19, 1898.
General Orders, No. 26.

The successful accomplishment of the campaign against Santiago, resulting in
its downfall and the surrender of the Spanish Forces, the capture of large amounts of
military stores, together with the destruction of the entire Spanish Fleet in the har-
bor, which, upon the investment of the city, was forced to leave, is one of which this
Army can well be proud.

This has been accomplished through the heroic deeds of the army, and to its
officers and men, the Major General Commanding offers his sincere thanks for their
endurance of hardships unknown in the American army. The work you have accom-
plished may well appeal to the pride of your countrymen, and has been rivalled upon
but few occasions in the world's history. Landing upon an unknown coast, you faced
danger in disembarking and overcoming obstacles, that, even in looking back, seem
insurmountable. Seizing, with the assistance of the Navy, the towns of Daiquiri and
Siboney, you pushed boldly forth, gallantly driving back the enemy's outposts in the
engagement of La Guasima, and completed the concentration of the army near Se-
villa, within sight of the Spanish stronghold at Santiago de Cuba.

The outlook from Sevilla was one that might well have appalled the stoutest
heart; behind you ran a narrow road, made well nigh impassable by rains, while to
the front you looked out upon high foothills, covered with a dense tropical growth,
which could only be traversed by bridle paths, terminating within range of the
enemy's guns. Nothing daunted, you responded eagerly to the order to close upon
the foe, and attacking at Caney and San Juan, drove him from work to work, until he
took refuge within his last and strongest entrenchments immediately surrounding
the city.

Despite the fierce glare of a southern sun and rains that fell "in torrents,"
you valiantly withstood his attempts to drive you from the position your valor had

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

i97

won. Holding in your vice-like grip the army opposed to you, after seventeen days
of battle and siege, you were rewarded by the surrender of nearly 24,000 prisoners, —
12,000 being those in your immediate front, the others scattered in the various towns
of eastern Cuba; freeing completely the eastern part of the island from Spanish
troops. This was not done without great sacrifices. The death of 230 gallant soldiers,
and the wounding of 1,284 others, shows but too plainly the fierce contest in which
you were engaged. The few reported missing are undoubtedly among the dead, as no
prisoners were lost.

For those who have fallen in battle with you, the Commanding General sor-
rows, and with you will ever cherish their memory. Their devotion to duty sets a
high example of courage and patriotism to our fellow countrymen.

All who have participated in the campaign, battle and siege of Santiago de
Cuba, will recall with pride the grand deeds accomplished, and will hold one another
dear for having shared great sufferings, hardships and triumphs together. All may
well feel proud to inscribe on their banners the name of "Santiago de Cuba."
Bv command of Major General Shafter,

E. J. McCLERNAND,

Official: J. D. MILEY, Aide. Assistant Adjutant-General.

Commanding Officer, Second Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry.

The Second remained in its
position in front of Santiago until Atig-
ust 1 2th. Dnringthis period sickness,
due to cliinatic conditions, appeared,
and the men. weakened by the hard-
ships and exposure incident to the
campaign, were unable to resist it. At
one time fully sixty-five per cent of the
regiment was unfit for duty by reason
of illness.

On July 6, Major F. G. South-
mayd was obliged to leave the regi-
ment owing to seriotis illness. He
obtained sick leave and went to the
United States, rejoining the regi-
ment at Caiup Wikoff on its arrival
there. Captain Henry ^McDonald, Com-
pany B, and Captain F. L. Allen, of
Company C, were also obliged to go
north on sick leave.

On August 12, the regiment
marched to Santiago, and, with the
entire brigade, embarked on board
the "Mobile" for the United States.
Several deaths occurred during the
passage, among them being Second

^^:

MAJOR-GKNEKAL WHEELEK.

At El Caney, Cuba, July, 1S9S.

398 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

Lieutenant Harry J. Vesper, ComiJany B. His body was buried at sea
some miles south of Cape Hatteras, with due military honors. The "Mo-
bile" arrived at Camp Wikoff, August 19, and the regiment disembarked
the next day and marched to the detention camp, where it remained until
the 25th. On that day it marched to the permanent camp, and on the day
following received a furlough of sixty days, with orders to report for
muster out of the United States service, at South Framingham, at the ex-
piration of that time. Later, the place of muster-out was changed to
Springfield, and on November 3, the regiment reported at that place, and
was mustered out of the service of the United States, by Lieutenant Col-
onel E. M. Weaver, Fifth -Massachusetts Infantry U. S. V.

On the day the regiment left Camp Wikoff for home, the following
communication was sent to me: —

Headquarters U. S. Forces

Camp Wikoff L. I.

August 27, 1S98.
To the officers and soldiers of the Second Massachusetts Regiment.

"Today you return to your homes, and you will receive the plaudits and adula-
tion of the people of the great commonwealth of Massachusetts.

You have cheerfully endured hardships and privations, and have bravely met
and conquered a foreign foe in a foreign land. You have contributed your full part
in a campaign, which has elevated this great republic to the leading position among
the nations of the earth. You have proven yourselves worthy descendants of the
heroes of Lexington, Concord and Bunker Hill, and have taught the world that the
same spirit which animated those who won renown in the battles of the Revolution,
the war of 1812, the war with Mexico, and the great armed conflict of a third of a
century ago, is to-day fresh and strong in the hearts of the people of the great state
of Massachusetts.

Joining you in revering and honoring your heroic dead, I bid you adieu, and
beg you take with you my congratulations and best wishes for your future.

(Signed) JOS. WHEELER,

Major General, U. S. V., Commanding.

I have to report the death of ^Lijor and Surgeon, Henry C. Bowen,
which occurred at the Second Division Hospital, near Santiago, on August
13, of malarial fever. JNLajor Bowen was an efficient officer, and, until
prostrated by disease, worked unceasingly for the good of the regiment.

From ^lay 21, to November 3, inclusive, the total number of deaths
in the regiment from disease was eighty-nine. Nine were killed in bat-
tle or died from wounds received, making the total casttalties to Novem-
ber 3, i8g8, ninety-eight — a little more than ten per cent, of the total
enrollment.

CHAPTER XVI.

THE WORCESTER LIGHT INFANTRY.

(COMPANY C. SECDMi IIKCJI.MENT, -M. V. M.)

By Major Frederick G. Stiles.

IT would be impossible to give a complete history of the Worces-
ter Light Infantry from its first organization to the present date,
(1897), in the limited space allotted to that purpose; but the
writer has gleaned from the annals of the past, and from per-
sonal recollections, such facts and
reminiscences as especially deserve
to live forever in the hearts of the
people of the Commonwealth of
Massachusetts.

In 1S03. at the instigation of
a few leading citizens of the town
of Worcester, an application was
made to the legislature for a char-
ter to form an infantry company,
said application being written by
the late Governor, Levi Lincoln,
while lying in bed with a broken
leg.

The charter was granted, and
the first parade took place June 6,
I S04, the company forming on the
Old Common, between Main Street
and the Old South Church.

The officers in command

were: Levi Thaxter, Captain; _ ^^

Enoch Flagg, First Lieutenant; and

Levi Lincoln, Ensign. The latter was unable to march, not having
recovered from his accident. The route was down Main Street, through
Lincoln Square and Lincoln Street, to the residence of Levi Lincoln, who
appeared at the door on crutches, and received and acknowledged the salute
of the company. Afterwards they paraded the town, and were the lions
of the hour.

The captains commanding to date are recorded as follows: —

400

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

Captain Levi Thaxter,

1804 to

1806

Enoch Flagg,

1806 to

1809

Wm. E. Green,

1809 to

I8II

Isaac Sturtevant, - -

1811 to

I8I2

John W. Lincoln, - -

1812 to

I8I6

Sewall Hamilton - -

1816 to

1820

John Coolidge, - - -

1820 to

1822

Samuel Ward, - - -

1822 to

1824

Artemus Ward,

1824 to

1826

John Whittemore, -

1826 to

1827

Chas. A. Hamilton, -

1828 to

I83I

Zenas Studley,

1831 to

.832

Wm. S. Lincoln, - -

1832 to

1834

Charles H. Geer, - -

1834 to

1836

Henry Hobbs, - - - -

1836

Dana H. Fitch,

1837 to

1838

D. Waldo Lincoln, -

1838 to

1840

Ivers Phillips,

1 841

Henry W. Conklin, -

1842

Joseph B. Ripley, -

1843

Edward Lamb, - - -

1844 to

1848

Levi Barker, - - - -

1849

Edward Lamb, - - -

1850 to

1852

Charles S. Childs, -

1852

Captain Samuel P. Russell, - 1853 to 1854
George W. Barker, - 1854
George F. Peck, - - 1855

Edward Lamb, 1856 to 1859

Harrison W. Pratt, - 1859 to 1862
George W. Prouty, - 1862 to 1865
James M. Drennan, - 1865 to 1869
George H. Conklin, - 1869 to 1870

Joel H. Prouty, 1870 to 1871

John Callahan, - - - 1871

John A. Lovell, 1871 to 1874

John J. Upham, - - 1874 to 1875
Levi Lincoln, Jr., - - 1875 to 1877
Joseph P. Mason, - - 1877 to 1879
Thos. E. Leavitt, - - 1879

Frank L. Child, 1879 to 1880

Winslow S. Lincoln, 1880 to 1883
Edward A. Harris, - .1883 to 1889
Frank L. Child, - - 1889 to 1890

Fred G. Davis, 1890 to 1891

Harry B. Fairbanks, 1891
Phineas L. Rider, - 1895 to 1898
Frank L. Allen, - - 1898

The officers of the Worcester Light Infantry have always ranked
among the representative men of the town and city; the company has
always held an enviable position with the militia of Massachusetts, and
in every emergency has been ready to report at the call for duty.

In 1807, war with England was considered inevitable, and on the
4th of Augtist, the company, then under the command of Captain Enoch
Flagg, voted its services at a moment's notice, to James Sullivan, then
Governor of Massachusetts; but it was not needed at that time. War with
England, however, was only postponed, not averted, and on September 1 1,
1814, the Worcester Light Infantry, under Captain John W. Lincoln, Sew-
all Hamilton, First Lieutenant, and John Coolidge, Ensign, marched from
Worcester to Boston, to repel British invasion. The company was sta-
tioned at South Boston, and remained there until relieved from duty Octo-
ber 31, then returning to Worcester.

In 1846, in the war with Mexico, the company volunteered its ser-
vices to the government, but the quota of troops from Mas.sachusetts being
full, it was not ordered to report.

From that date, the militia of the State was looked upon by many
as an useless expense, and the non-resistance party succeeded in disband-
ing several companies; but, fortunately, the Worcester Light Infantry
was not among the number.

For many years, also, the militia was poorly housed, and partially

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

401

kept up by individual members and a few public -spirited citizens, who
were wiser than their generation, and realized that the time might come
when an armed force would be needed.

That exigency arose in 1S61, when the first gun was fired upon
Sumter and our flag, and it became necessary to defend the national
honor and existence.

Public opinion then changed, and too much could not be done for
the man, who would become a soldier, and volunteer for the defense of the
best government the world had ever known.

On the evening of April 16, 186 1, the company had assembled for
drill at the armory in Horticultural Hall. Between 10 and 11 o'clock, Col-

TIIE WORCESTKl: STATL XllMolil.

onel John W. Wetherell, of Governor Andrew's staff, appeared with ver-
bal orders for Captain Pratt, calling out the Worcester Light Infantry for
active duty, and to report at the State House, Boston, forthwith.

The order was received with cheers, and all were anxious to start.
Absent members were notified, and in six hours every comrade had assem-
bled for duty, and, as soon as transportation could be furnished by the rail-
road corporation, were en route for Boston. It was the first company to

402

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

leave the city, and, as a part of the "Old Sixth" Regiment, the first to
leave the State, and in passing through Baltimore, Maryland, April 19,
1 86 1, on their way to Washington, D. C.the regiment was assailed by the
mob, and the first blood of the Civil War was shed. The company num-
bered ninety-nine oificers and men, all told. The officers were: Captain,
Harrison W. Pratt; First Lieutenant, George W. Prouty; Second Lieu-
tenant, Thomas S. Washburn; Third Lieutenant, J. Waldo Denny; Fourth
Lieutenant, Dexter F. Parker; Sergeants, Thomas S- Washburn, Orderly,
John A. Lovell, L Stewart Brown, Charles A. Stratton, and James A.

Taylor; Corporals, Joel H. Prouty, Edward P. Stone, Brown P. Stowell,
and ^^'illiam H. Hobbs.

The company has had several alphabetical designations. In 1842,
when the writer was a member, it was Company B, and that was its letter
when ordered to Boston, but when attached to the Sixth Regiment, it
was changed to Company G. It is now Company C, Second Regiment
Infantry, M. V. M.

After the return to ^Massachusetts, andmu.ster out of the Old Sixth,
August 2, 186 1, other companies were recruited from the members, by
officers and privates of the company who had received commissions to

SKCOXI) -MASf^ACllL'S^ETIS VOUNTKKKs l.N CL-IJA. -TALlvIXi; IT OVKIi."

SECOND MASSACHUSETTS VOUNTEKI:* IX CUBA. SOME OF OUl! CUIIAN ALLIES.

OF MASSACHUSETTS. • 405

raise them. Captain J. Waldo Denny enlisted a eompany for the Twen-
ty-Fifth Regiment, M. V. M., 1S61; Captain Harrison W. Pratt one for the
Thirty-Fourth Regiment, M. V. M., 1861, of which regiment William S.
Lincoln, son of Levi Lincoln, was colonel.

Frederick G. Stiles raised a company for the Forty-Second Regi-
ment, M. V. M.. in 1S62; George W. Pronty one for the Fifty-First Regi-
ment, M. V. AL, in 1S62; and Augustus Ford for the Forty-Second Regi-
ment, M. V. M., 1864.

These companies served in the armies of the Union in the follow-
ing States: Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, Louisiana, Texas, Miss-
issippi and Arkansas. All these companies served until mustered out by
expiration of term of service; giving the Worcester Light Infantry a
record of furnishing more than 600 officers and men for the armies of the
United States.

Since that time, the years have come and gone; officers and men
have been mustered in, and mustered out; yet still the company lives on;
and officers and men have been indefatigable in their efforts, and can
justly feel proud of the high standard of excellence in discipline and drill
which the company has attained.

A veteran association was formed in 1877, whose membership is re-
cruited from the rank and file of the company; who are gladly welcomed
when, by reason of expiration of service, or honorable discharge, they
cease to be actives, giving them an opportunity to keep up the old as.soci-
ations and interest, always attributes of a good soldier.

There is also a second wing, the Honoraries; composed of some of
our most honored citizens, who are, perhaps, a little too old to shoulder a
mu.sket, or too busy to give the necessary time, but who take an interest
in military affairs; and prove it by contributing to supporting, and giv-
ing not only prestige, but valuable assistance to the company,

A yisit to Tialtimon:

The Worcester Light Infantry, Company C, Second Regiment In-
fantry, M. V. M., under Captain Fred G. Davis, with Harry B. Fairbanks,
first lieutenant; Phineas L. Rider, second lieutenant; and forty-eight ac-
tive members; forty-three veteran and honorary members of the com-
pany; twenty-three veterans of the "Old Sixth" Massachusetts regiment,
and Battery B, Band, twenty-four pieces, left Worcester Saturday, April
18, 1 89 1, by rail en route for Washington, D. C, arriving at Camden Sta-
tion, Baltimore, Sunday, the 19th, at 3.25 o'clock p. m. Here we were
met by the mayor, Robert C. Davidson, on the part of the city; Colonel
William H. Love, on the part of the governor; Captain E. C. Knower, on
the part of the L^'nited States army; Commander A.J. Pritchard, of the
United States navy; and Lieutenant-Colonel William Howard, Fourth

4o6

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

Battalion National Guard of Maryland; General William E. W. Ross;
Colonel Robert W. Scarlett, of G. A. R. Post, No. 46; with Commander
Daly, Colonel Theodore F. Lang- and Captain W. B. Burchinal, of the
Department of Maryland G. A. R.; Colonel E. H. Wardwell of the resi-
dent members of the "Old Sixth"; Colonel Francis B. Stevens, of the De-
scendants of the Revolutionary .Soldiers; Commander W. O. Saville, of
the Xaval ^'eteran Association, and C. A. Combs, of the Third Maine
Regiment.

There were delegations also from Btirnside Post No. 22; Dodge
Post, No. 44, Dennison Post, No. 8; Lincoln Post (colored). No. 7; G. A. R.

WUKCCSiKU SI ATE AKMOUV. liOAUU Of OFKICEUS' KOO.M.

and a delegation of forty from Ellsworth Camp. Sons of Veterans.

The Fifth Alaryland Regiment, 200 strong, under command of
Captain Frank Nolan, acted as escort, and the line was headed by the Du-
shane Post Band and Drum Corps, twenty-three pieces.

The route of march from the station to the hotel was up Eutaw
Street to Franklin, to Howard, to Baltimore; down Baltimore to the
Carrollton House, where upon their arrival, the visitors were welcomed by
Mayor Robert C. Davidson, in a neat and loyal speech, giving the Infan-
try and party the liberty of the city of Baltimore.

Every attention was shown us during our stay; receptions were

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

407

given, and every place of interest was visited; not the least of these being
Pratt Street, which the tragedy of thirty years ago has made historical.

Leaving Baltimore Tuesday, April 22, via. the Baltimore & Ohio
Rail Road, the battalion arrived in Washington, D. C, leaving the cars
at the same station at which they had arrived thirty years before.

On their arrival. Captain Davis was met by Captains Kcllcy. ]\Iiller
and Ebert, representatives of the Washington Light Infantry, which
corps escorted the visiting Infantry and party to the Ebbitt House; and
during the time of our stay in Washington, showed us every attention;

uoia i,.siLK aixil. Ai:.\lui;V. UoUcLSiLi; Llolli imamkv koum.

furnishing an excursion to Mount Vernon, and an escort to every other
place of interest.

Not the least of these courtesies was a banquet given by the
Archons to the veterans of the "Old Sixth" Regiment, which they will
always remember with pleasure; and the camp-fire of Kit Carson Post
was a re-union never to be forgotton.

On Friday, April 24, the party left Washington, en route for home,
arriving in WcU'cester Saturday, April 25, with nothing to mar the pleas-
ure of the trip; each member of the pai'ty voting it to be the most enjoy-
able and satisfactory of any in the history of the company. The Worces-
ter Lio-ht Infantry is with us now, as it was in the past, a living example
of patriotism, and loyalty to the City, the State and the Nation.

4o8 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

The Company ^Armories.

The armories occupied by the Worcester Light Infantry since its
formation in 1803 to 1896, many of them provided and maintained at the
company's expense, deserve some notice.

The first armory, or place of meeting, I am credibly informed, was
the gun house, which stood upon the old common, near where the Bige-
low monument now stands. It was built for the "Worcester Artillery
Company about 17S4, which company was organized by Major William
Treadwell, in 1782. The battery consisted of two six-pounder brass field
pieces, taken from the British during the Revolutionary War, and said to
have been captured by the major.

The Worcester Light Infantry shared this building in common
with the artillery for a time, afterward removing to the second story of a
wooden building, which stood upon the site of the present City Hall. It
was at this place that the company received orders to march to Boston,
during the war of 1812-14. The building was taken down in 1823, and
the present City Hall was built.

The third location was a narrow room in the second story of the
same building. When the town building was altered, about 1838, the
company was assigned a room in the attic, directly over the one previously
occupied, which made the fourth removal. It remained there until 1854,
at which time it made its fifth removal, to the third story of the north
side of the Central Exchange building on Main Street.

The sixth armory was in the Central School building, on the west
side of Main Street, in 1854. The company made but a short stay there,
removing for the seventh time, 1856, to the Bliss building, corner Me-
chanic and Norwich Streets.

The eighth armory was Horticultural Hall, to which they removed
in 1858, and whence they so nobly responded to the first call for troops,
in the war of 1 861 -1865.

In 1865, they occupied the City Hall for a short time, removing the
same year to Brinley Hall. The company occupied these quarters in com-
mon with the Worcester City Guards; and the hall has since become the
headquarters of the Grand Army of the Republic.

The eleventh migration was to Warren Hall, Pearl Street, in 1869.
The twelfth was in 1871, to Taylor's Block. Main vStreet, where they were
burned out, and the old records and all of the company's property was
destroyed. The thirteenth settlement, and what it was supposed would
be a permanent one, was in the building now used as Police Headquar-
ters, called the New Armory, on Waldo Street, in 1875, but the building
not being considered strong enough, the city militia was obliged to
vacate.

C^F MASSACHUSETTS. 409

Their fourteenth removal was to Clark's Block, over the Boston
Store, Main Street; the fifteenth to Piper's old theatre building, from
which place they made the sixteenth removal, to the Chase Building,
Front Street, in 1SS9.

In 1890, the new armory, its seventeenth and present quarters, at
the junction of Grove and Salisbury Streets, was made ready for the city,
splendid accommodations being provided. And here we leave the Worces-
ter Light Infantry, trusting that this last and best location may be a per-
manent one for all time.

'T)isttiigmsht-d CM embers.

The original charter of the company bears the date of 1804, and
has the signature of Harrison Gray Otis, speaker of the House; Caleb
Strong, then Governor; Levi Thaxter; John Nelson, Jr., afterward Rev.
John Nelson, D. D., of Leicester, and thirty-three others.

i\Iany of the principal citizens of Worcester have been in the ranks
of the company. Among these may be mentioned Joseph R. Caldwell,
Edward D. Bangs, Secretary of the State of Massachusetts; William Lin-
coln, the historian of Worcester; Joseph Millard, the historian of Lancas-
ter; Hon. Isaac Davis, Hon. George W. Richardson, Hon. D. Waldo Lin-
coln, all mayors of Worcester, and others distinguished in the civil and
military history of the state and nation.

%oU of Honor.

The following members of the Worcester Light Infantry served as
officers in the armies of the United States during the Civil War,
1861-1865:

William S. Lincoln, Colonel, Thirty-Fourth Massachusetts Volun-
teers, Brevet Brigadier-General.

Harrison W. Pratt, Captain, Company G, Old Sixth; Major, Thirty-
Fourth Massachusetts Volunteers.

George W. Prouty, First Lieutenant, Company G, Old Sixth; Cap-
tain Company D, Fifty-First Massachusetts Volunteers.

Thomas S. Washburn, Second Lieutenant, Company G, Old Sixth;
Captain Twenty-First Massachusetts Volunteers.

J. Waldo Denny, Third Lieutenant, Company G, Old Sixth; Cap-
tain Twenty-First Massachusetts Volunteers.

Dexter F. Parker, Quartermaster, Couch's Division; Major, Tenth
^Massachusetts Volunteers.

John A. Lovell, First Lieutenant and Captain, Thirty-Fourth Mass-
achusetts Volunteers.

J. Stewart Brown, Adjutant, Fifty-First :Massachusetts Volunteers.

Joel H. Prouty, Second Lieutenant, Fifty-First Massachusetts Vol-
unteers.

Brown P. Stowell, Second Lieutenant, Forty-Second Massachusetts
Volunteers.

4IO REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

A. S. Badger, vSecond Lieiitenant, Twenty-Sixth Massachusetts
Volunteers; Captain, First Texas Cavalry.

William Belser, Second and First Lieutenant and Captain, Thirty-
Fourth Massachusetts Volunteers.

Luther Capron, Jr., First Lieutenant, Company D, Fifty-First
Massachusetts Volunteers.

John W. Emerson, First Lieutenant and Captain, Forty-Second
Massachusetts Volunteers.

George F. Conklin, Lieutenant, Thirty-First Massachusetts Unat-
tached Artillery.

John B. Dennis, Captain, Seventh Connecticut Volunteei-s.

Church Howe, Quartermaster-Sergeant, Old Sixth; Captain, F"if-
teenth Massachusetts Volunteers.

Samuel O. LaForest, First Lieutenant, Twenty-First Massachusetts
Volunteers; Captain, Company H, Forty-Seventh Massachusetts Voliin-
teers.

J. T. M. Pierce, Commissary Department, Couch's Brigade.

Henry M. Richter, First Lieutenant, Twenty-Fifth Massachusetts
Volunteers.

Dennis M. Sheenan, Second Lieutenant, Twenty-Fifth Massachu-
setts Volunteers.

John W. Stiles, Second Lieutenant, Thirty-Fourth Massachusetts
Volunteers.

Charles P. Trumbull, Quartermaster, Thirty-Fourth Massachusetts
Volunteers.

Peter J. Turner, First Lieutenant, Fourth Rhode Island Volun-
teers.

Tohn M. Studley, Captain, Fifteenth, and Lieutenant-Colonel,
Fifty-First Massachusetts Volunteers.

John F. Methuen, First Lieutenant, U. S. Army.

Frederick G. Stiles, Captain, Company E, and Alajor, Forty-Second
Massachusetts Volunteers.

Dennis A. Nolan, Lieutenant, Eighth Pennsylvania Cavalry.

Levi Lincoln, Jr., First Lieutenant, Thirty-Fourth Massachusetts
Volunteers.

Geo. P. Johnson, Captain of Ordnance, Strong's Division.

Ira B. Hastings, Fifteenth Massachusetts Volunteers.

George A. Johnson, Second Lieutenant, Twenty-Fifth Massachu-
setts Volunteers.

Albert H. F'aster, Captain, Twenty-Fifth Massachusetts Vol-
unteers.

Augustus Ford, First Lieutenant and Captain, Forty-Second
Massachusetts Volunteers.

James M. Drennan, Captain, Twenty-Fifth Massachusetts Vol-
unteers.

William H. Valentine, Second Lieutenant, First Lieutenant and
Captain, Twenty-First Massachusetts Volunteers.

A. C. Walker, First Lieutenant, Thirty-Fourth Massachusetts Vol-
unteers.

J. M. Knapp, Lieutenant, Twenty-Fifth Massachusetts Volunteers.

OF MASSACHL'SETTS.

411

R. A. Hacker, Second Lieutenant, Twenty-Fifth jMassacliusetts
^'olunteers.

John E. Callig-an, First Lieutenant, Thirty-Fourth Massachusetts
\'ohinteers.

Charles H. Stratton, Second Lieutenant, Twenty-Fifth Massachu-
setts Volunteers.

Frederick Wigand, Second Lieutenant, Twenty-Fifth Massachu-
setts Volunteers.

George F. Peck, Battery E, First Michigan Artillery.

Calvin E. Pratt, Colonel, Thirty-First New York Volunteers; Bre-
vet Brigadier-General.

Samuel P. Russell, Captain, Regiment of New York Volunteers.

AT KEST 'NEATll SOUTUEUN SKIES '■

CHAPTER XVII.

SIXTH REGIMENT OF INFANTRY, M. V. M.
By Colonel Charles K. Darling and Others.

THE Sixth Regiment, AI. V. M., will always be especially honored
in the military annals of the Republic, as well as of the State of
Massachusetts, for to the "Old Sixth" belongs a laurel, which
can never be wrested from it, and which time can never fade.
Its -'baptism of fire," when, on the 19th of Aj^ril, 1861, it fought
its way through Baltimore, to the relief of threatened Washington, and
its prompt response to the first
call for volunteers, to preserve the
unity of the republic and the free-
dom of mankind, were the first of
the many priceless sacrifices laid
upon the altar of their country by
the citizen soldiers of the War of
the Rebellion.

This pre-eminence cannot
justly be ascribed solely to the
fortune of war, or to the provi-
dence of God, for the fact that the
Sixth Alassachusetts was the first
loyal regiment to prepare for the
long-impending storm of war, is
just as certain, as that it was the
first armed organization to start
for the national capital; the first
to be attacked by a horde of armed
traitors, and to repulse them with
loss; the first to seal its devotion
with the lives of four of its soldiers
and the wounds of many more, and
the first to enter Washington, ready and willing
executive in its greatest peril.

The Si.xth Regiment, at the close of the year 1S60, was composed
of the following companies:

Company A, of Lowell, organized in 1S55, as the "Lawrence
Cadets," but in i860, known as the "National Greys," took the field in their

COLONEL ca.lULEs K. B.VKLINU.

to protect the national

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 413

uniforms of blue frocks and pantaloons, with white crossbelts, and wearing
tall round caps with white pompons.

Company B. of Groton, one of the oldest organizations in the state,
was raised in 1775. under command of Captain William Swan, and later
attached to the Sixth Regiment of militia. Colonel Jonathan Reed com-
manding, October 16, 1778, when Amos Farnsworth was commissioned
"First Lieiitenant, to rank as Captain," by a majority i 15) of "the Coun-
cil of Massachusetts Bay, in New England." For three generations, it
had been known in Middlesex County as the "Groton Artillery," and
until 1 86 1, always kept two brass field-pieces at its armory. It had adopted
the dark blue frocks and light blue trousers of the U. S. infantry.

Company C, the old "ilechanic Phalanx," of Lowell, wearing-
grey uniforms, with yellow trimmings, was organized February 16, 1825,
in the old town of Chelmsford, before Lowell was incorporated.

Company D, also of Lowell, and organized September 21, 1841, as
the "City Guards," was uniformed in grey, with buff trimmings.

Company E, of Acton; called the "Davis Guards," in honor of Cap-
tain Isaac Davis, of the Acton minute-men, who was killed at the North
Bridge, Concord. April 19, 1775; was organized April 19, 185 i, and wore
the uniform of the regular service.

Company F. of Lawrence, or the "Warren Light Guard," named
after General Joseph Warren, who fell at the battle of Bunker Hill, was
organized March 3, 1855, and also wore the blue.

Company G, of Worcester, the veteran "Worcester Light Infantry,"
organized in 1803, and later known as Company B, Third Battalion of
Rifles, took the field, wearing ftill dress uniforms of blue.

Company H, the "Watson Light Guards," of Lowell, organized in
185 I, left the state wearing grey uniforms.

Company I, of Lawrence, organized in 1849 ^^ ^^e "Lawrence
Light Infantry," affected the dark blue frocks, jaunty kepi and red
trousers of the French infantry.

To these were added in 1861, when the regiment was ordered to
Washington, the following companies:

Company K, of Boston, the old "Washington Light Guards," organ-
ized in 1810, as the "Washington Artillery," and long known as Company
C of the First Regiment of Infantry, was detached to join the Sixth, and
wore grey uniforms.

Company L, the "Stoneham Light Infantry," was a part of the
Seventh Regiment, but joined the Sixth, wearing the regular blue.

Thus there was little uniformity in the dress of the regiment, and
as many new men went forward, in their usual attire, the Sixth was uni-
form in its regimental appearance, only when it was able to wear the gray
overcoats which the care of the state executive had provided for all.

414 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

During the years of their militia service, their gay uniforms,
showy parades, joyotis re-unions and short tours of duty, had been looked
upon by too many wiseacres as a "foolish waste of time and money," if
not worse; and a host of philanthropists, and agitators, unable to realize
the inevitable result of that "irrepressible conflict," which Seward had de-
clared, and for which so many of them had labored and prayed, found,
when the injustice and sin of ages had ripened their bitter fruit, that upon
the "military dandies," whom they had derided, and upon the "follies"
which they had condemned as "an useless expense," "a relic of barbar-
ism," and "an institution unworthy of a Christian people," rested the last
hope of the safety, the honor, and the very life of the nation.

Fortiinately, Governor Nathaniel P. Banks had been, in fact, as
well as in theory, Commander-in-Chief of the Massachusetts militia,
and had not disdained to wear its uniform, to accompany it to camp, and
to nurture and encourage that ancient and soldierly spirit, which had de-
fended the infant colonies from savage, pirate and adventurer; swept
Spaniard and Frenchman from the coasts and borders of the loyal col-
onies, and had set aside the trammels of kingcraft, unbroken for cen-
turies, and given to the world the hope of universal freedom. His exam-
ple and encouragement had done much to revive the popularity of the state
militia, and to prepare it for this critical period of our national history.

The Sixth was pervaded with this revival of military spirit, and its
officers — it would almost seem with a premonition of the great part which
they were to play in the national tragedy, so soon to be enacted — met at
the American House, in Lowell, on January 21, 1861; it is said, at the
suggestion of General Benjamin F. Butler, who had been for a number of
years, an active and honored member of the association.

At that meeting, Alajor B. F. Watson presented the following res-
olution:

"Resolved: That Colonel Jones be authorized and requested forthwith, to
tender the services of the Sixth Regiment to the Commander-in-Chief and Legisla-
ure, when such services may become desirable, for the purposes contemplated in
General Order No. 4,"

This order, be it remarked, covered the use of the militia outside
the limits of the state; in any case of "rebellion against the authority of
the United States."

This resolution passed with complete unanimity; was probably the
first action taken by any loyal military organization which served in the
Civil War, and was laid before the Legislature of Alassachttsetts by Gen-
eral B. F. Butler, then a member of the state senate. ' This assurance of
readiness, and pledge of fealty, undoubtedly decided Governor Andrew
to select the Sixth for immediate duty, when he issued the following
order:

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 415

Commonwealth of Massachusetts,

Adjutant-General's Office, Boston, April 15, 1861.

Colonel Jones:

Sir: I am directed by His Excellency, the Commander-in-Chief, to order you
to muster your regiment on Boston Common forthwith, in compliance with a requisi-
tion made by the President of the United States. The troops are to go to Washing-
ton By order of His Excellency, the Commander-in-Chief.

WILLIAM SCHOULER, Adjutant-General.

The order was received with the utmost enthusiasm, and by tele-
graph and mail, by the clangor of bells, beat of drums, and hurried sum-
mons of swift-footed messenger and galloping horseman, the citizen sol-
diery of old Middlesex were summoned, as in the grand old days of
Lexington and Concord.

Companies A, C, D, and H, of Lowell, were promptly assembled
on the morning of April 16, at Huntington Hall, where a vast multitude
blockaded the adjacent streets, to bid them good-bye. Company B, of
Groton, whose members were scattered through seven or eight different
towns, was no less punctual, although the work of man and horse
throughout the evening and night before, will long be told of from gen-
eration to generation. No less ready were the Acton men, who, likewise,
were summoned in the shadows of evening and the darkness of the night,
and mustering forty men by 4 o'clock a. m., had, like Davis and his min-
ute-men, three generations before, seen the sun rise as they bade their
loved ones farewell, and marched to meet the foe.

Companies E, and I, of Lawrence, left the city amid the cheers
and hurrahs of thronging thousands, and at Lowell found still greater
crowds, whose loyalty and enthusiasm knew no bounds. Company C, of
Worcester, ordered late at night of April 16, to meet and join the Sixth at
Boston, at noon of the 17th, came in promptly, with ninety-seven officers
and men, although the men were widely scattered, and a fierce rainstorm
was raging at the time.

Finally, Company L, of Stoneham, last of all the companies to be
summoned, and receiving its orders at 2 o'clock a. m. of the i/th; was
called out, fitted for the journey, and paraded under Captain Lyman Dike
at the State House in Boston, at 1 1 a. m. of the same day. Company K,
of Boston, was no less prompt, and responded with seventy men.

In January, every man of the Sixth Regiment had been notified of
the tender of service, and the likelihood of a speedy call therefor, and
had been asked to declare any disability or unwillingness to serve. When
the eight companies of the Sixth an.swered to the roll-call at Boston, April
16, they averaged about fifty-eight rank-and-file, each, beside their line
and staff officers.

And here it seems fitting to say that the energy and activity with
which the officers of these companies notified their men, and the wonder-

4i6 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

fill unanimity and readiness Avith which the members of every organiza-
tion responded to the call, are in themselves remarkable proofs of the
capabilities of the Massachusetts militia. Not since the warlike and un-
settled days, when the war-arrow of the Anglo-Danes was broken into
splinters and sent oiit with the mustering word to the four airts of
heaven; not since the Gaelic "cross of fire," scorched with flame and red-
dened with blood, sped from hamlet to hamlet, to summon the brave, have
civilized men gathered more hastily for march and battle. There is o-reat
reason to doubt, whether any regulars in existence would have been as
speedily at the rendezvous under like conditions.

Arrived in Boston, they were met at the stations by great throngs
of people, and greeted with every possible demonstration of enthusiasm,
pride and sympathy. They occupied quarters in Faneuil Hall, and over
the Boylston Market, and on the 17th, having exchanged their Springfield
muskets for rifles, received a stand of colors at the hands of Governor
Andrews, who said with deep feeling:

Soldiers: Summoned suddenly, with but a moment for preparation, we have
done all that lay in the power of men to do— all that rested in the power of your state
government to do— to prepare the citizen soldiers of Massachusetts for this service.
We shall follow you with our benedictions and our prayers.

Those whom you leave behind you we shall cherish in our heart of hearts. You
carry with you our utmost faith and confidence. We know that you never will return
until you can bring the assurances that the utmost duty has been performed, which
brave and patriotic men can accomplish. This flag, sir, take, and bear with you. It
is an emblem upon which all eyes will rest, reminding you always of that which you
are bound to hold most dear.

In reply. Colonel Edward F. Jones said, with soldierly directness
and brevit)':

Your Excellency, you have given to me this flag, which is the emblem of all
that stands before you. It represents my whole command, and, so help me God, I
will never disgrace it.

At 7 o'clock on the evening of the 17th, the regiment was marched
to the Boston & Albany depot, through a perfect storm of applause, and took
the cars for Washington. All along the route the people of the towns trav-
ersed, thronged the borders of the line, and at every center of popula-
tion, the firing of cannon, the ringing of bells, the tempestuous cheering of
myriads of spectators, and every possible evidence of popular enthusiasm
and admiration, attended the pas.sage of the train. At Worcester, the
military and fire department were in line, and saluted and cheered them;
and at New York, the great metropolis mustered her troops and poured
out her people by hundreds of thousands to do them honor. At noon on
the iSth, they cros.sed the ferry to Jersey City, to receive there,
and throughout New Jersey, a constant succession of enthusiastic and
patriotic ovations.

^ e

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 419

On arriving at Philadelphia, they found the popular enthusiasm at
fever heat, and being utterly unable to traverse the streets by platoons,
were oblig'ed to move through the dense masses of shouting spectators,
marching by fours. The officers were assigned quarters at the Contin-
ental hotel, and the soldiers, tired and nearly exhausted, found repose
at the new Girard House, where they were glad to retire at an early hour.

They were, however, aroused shortly after midnight, to continue
on their journey, leaving Philadelphia at i o'clock a. m.. of April 19, the
anniversary of the English attacks on the militia at Lexington and Con-
cord, in 1775. It was not without some misgivings that Colonel Jones had
learned, in a conference with Brigadier-General P. S. Davis, of the ist
Brigade, M. V. M., that in his opinion, and that of several prominent
Philadelphians, there was much danger of an attack upon the regiment in
its passage through Baltimore to Washington. General Davis, having
been sent forward by Governor Andrews to provide subsistence and
transportation, said that he would not take the responsibility of ordering
the Sixth to proceed; or to remain at Philadeljjhia to await further infor-
mation or orders.

Colonel Jones promptly said, "My orders are to reach Washington
at the earliest possible moment; and I shall go on." General Davis as
promptly replied, "Colonel, if you go on, I shall go with you." In the
course of this conference. Colonel Jones said that his chief fear was, that
the train might be destroyed by an obstruction on the track, or the fall of
a bridge, causing a wholesale slaughter of his men; for which the friends
of the regiment might hold him responsible. He concluded, "Aly orders
are peremptory, and, whatever maybe the consequences, I must proceed."

Every precaution was taken. A pilot engine preceded the train,
which was made up so as to carry the regiment with the right in front;
the field and staff officers occupying the foremost car, and the companies
following in their regular order. At the Havre-de-Grace ferry, Com-
pany K, of Boston, was, by an error of the trainmen, made to change
places with Company D, of Lawrence; and Company L, of Stoneham, was
transferred from the right to the left wing. Naturally enough, this
change was overlooked.

Orders were given to the band, to j^lay no pieces which were sec-
tional, or likely to give offense; twenty rounds of ball cartridges were
issued to each man; the rifles were loaded and capped; and Colonel Jones
went through the train, directing that the companies should march in sec-
tions, while pas.sing through Baltimore.

The railroad company, however, was accustomed to draw the cars
across the city with horses, and six cars had started, before any
annoyance of importance had been experienced. Major Watson, who had
gone to the car transporting ComjDany K, supposing it to be the left flank

420

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

company, had barely time to get no board the car before it also started after
the others; and it was hardly under way, before it was attacked by men with
clubs, bricks and paving-stones. Several men were injured by these mis-
siles, and finally, when bullet-wounds were also received, Major Watson
ordered his men to lie on the floor and load, and to rise and fire, at will,
through the car windows. Three times the car was thrown from the
track, but each time Major Watson got out, compelling the driver to
assist in removing the obstructions, and to proceed with the car, and
Company K safely rejoined the other six companies.

Four companies, C, I, D, and L, had been left behind, and Super-
intendent William P. Smith, of the B. & O. R. R., informed Colonel
Jones that the tracks were so obstructed that they could not be drawn
across. He added: "If you will send an order for them to march across,
I will deliver it." Colonel Jones wrote the desired order, and gave it to
Superintendent vSmith, but it was never delivered. President Garrett, of
the B. & O. R. R., shortly after said to Colonel Jones: "Your soldiers
are liring upon the people in the street." "Then they must have been
fired upon first," was the reply; to which President Garrett re-
sponded: "No, they have not." "Colonel Jones answered; "My men are
disciplined; my orders were strict, and I believe that they have been im-
plicitly obeyed."

Meanwhile, the four companies, cut off from the regiment and
unable to proceed in the cars, left them and formed in line to continue

their journey on
foot. The mob had
gathered in thou-
sands; windows,
doors and roofs were
thronged with spec-
tators and foes, and
the streets were
crowded with an
excited mob. Cap-
tain A. S. Follans-
bee, of Company C.
took command of
the little battalion,
numbering about
220 men, and gave
the order to march.
Thousands of men, yelling, cursing and uttering the vilest taunts, slowly
gave way in front, and pressed on flank and rear, throwing stones and
clubs, and finally opening a scattered fire with pistols and muskets.

t ^

W'^s

L-i_ J*^

Hk^

Sn*^^ -^ , :

^^^^^^^^Vv>-^ '

lS^

<;it(H;i' ON 'IHE YALE OFF SAN'TIA(iO, ISJS.
Siirt'. ("rile. C'upt. Barry, Gen. Garretson. Col. Woodwanl. Capt. Ham.

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

4^1

CiKol'l" ON DUAUli Tllli s. S. MISSISSU'I'I. l.sSsi.
Lieut. J.^ckson. Lieut. Thayer. Major Darling. Lieut. Draper. Lieut, Wliali-ii.

ilarching by sections, with the regimental colors proudly displayed
in the center, the battalion pressed forward; but many were injured by
blows and missiles, and at last Corporal Sumner Henry Needham, nf
Company I, fell,
mortally wounded; a
fate which he
seems to have ex-
pected, as he had
said to a comrade as
they left the car:
"We shall have
trouble to-day, and I
shall never come out
of it alive. Promise
me, if I fall, that my
body shall be sent
home." His fall was
followed by more
steady and persis-
tent file-firing, and
the rest of the march was in every sense of the word, a mortal combat.

A bridge had been partially stripped of its planking, and a rude
barricade was being thrown up with planks and rubbish, but the bridge
was crossed, the barricade carried, and the battalion kept on its way.
Private Charles A. Taylor, of Company D, fell, and was literally stoned
and beaten to death by the mob. Luther Crawford Ladd, of the same
company, only seventeen years old, was mortally wounded and left to his
fate, crying out, as the column .staggered forward, "All hail to the Stars
and Stripes!" and so went down to death, amid what brutalities, we may
never know. Addison Otis Whitney, another comrade, was killed about
the same time, and Captain Dike, of Company L, Stoneham, shot through
the thigh and crippled for life, hobbled into a public house, and was car-
ried to a place of safety, just in time to escape death at the hands of a
party of ruffians, who rushed into the house shortly after his exit.

Still the survivors fought and struggled on, bearing with them sev-
eral disabled comrades, and at last rejoined their comrades at the Wash-
ington depot. Here there was some delay. The re-united regiment de-
manded to be led against the mob, to avenge their dead and wounded
comrades; and to rescue the band and those who had fallen by the way; and
the mob with every moment was increasing in numbers, and becoming
more and more dangerous.

President Garrett at last said to Colonel Jones: "For God's sake.
Colonel, "-ive your orders to start the train, or you will never get out of

422 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

the city, for they are already tearing up the track." The colonel still felt
unwilling to desert those left behind, but his orders were imperative, and
the attitude and strength of the mob grew more and more alarming. The
train started, and the rioters ran on ahead, felled telegraph poles across
the track, and placed heavy anchors and other obstructions between the
rails. These were removed, and then a rail was taken up, and the train
was again stopped imtil it could be replaced; and thus, stojaping, repair-
ing, starting, and stopping, again and again, with some desultory fighting
and considerable activity on the part of the construction party and the
police, the train finally reached the Relay house, and thence proceeded to
Washington, where they arrived late in the afternoon of that memorable
19th of April, 1 86 1, having lost four men, killed, and thirty-six officers
and men wounded, many of them seriously.

Th,' Civ for 'Ve)igi\iJice.

Only those of us who lived in those stirring times, can imagine the
tremendous storm of indignation and desire for retribution, which per-
vaded the loyal north, and especially Massachusetts. Even the feeling of
deep regret for the brave boys and gallant men who had met death and
wounds, thus early, was scarcely so universal as the fierce demand that
Baltimore should drink to the dregs, the chalice of national vengeance.
"Through Baltimore, or over its ruins," was, at first, the jDopular senti-
ment throughout the north, until, later, it became evident that only a
small proportion of her people were responsible for the utterly iinpro-
voked and treasonable outrage.

Governor Andrew at once transmitted to George 'William Brown,
mayor of Baltimore, the following despatch, which has become historical:

To His Honor, the Mayor:

I pray you to cause the bodies of our Massachusetts soldiers, dead, in Baltimore,
to be immediately laid out, preserved in ice, and tenderly sent forward, by express, to
me. All expenses will be paid by the Commonwealth.

John A. Andrew, Governor of Massachusetts.

^layor Brown responded in a vein which showed that he considered
the passage of the Sixth through Baltimore, "as an invasion of the soil of
Maryland"; promising, however, that the wishes of Governor Andrews, in
regard to the dead and wounded, .should be gratified, and declaring that
"Baltimore wotild claim it as her right to pay all expenses incurred."

Governor Andrews responded as follows:

I appreciate your kind attention to our wounded and our dead, and trust that
at the earliest moment the remains of our fallen will return to us. I am overwhelmed
with surprise that a peaceful march of American citizens, over the highway, to the
defense of our common capital, could be deemed aggressive to Baltimore. Through
New York, the march was triumphant.

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 423

The T^etitri! of the First Union Dead.
The body of Charles A. Taylor was buried in Baltimore; but Mer-
rill S. Wright, detailed by Colonel Jones for that purpose, brought back
the bodies of Luther Crawford Ladd and Addison Otis Whitney, of Low-
ell, and Sumner Henry Xeedham, of Lawrence; arriving in Boston about
5 Y>- ™-' May 2, where they were received at the Boston & Albany R. R.
station, by (xovernor Andrews and staff, with the First Corps of Inde-
jjendent Cadets, and the Brigade Band. Draped with American flags,
and received with the highest tokens of military honor, the dead of tlie
Sixth were escorted to King's Chapel, and placed for the night in the
Vassall tomb, under the ancient church. Many of the buildings along
the rorite, and, indeed, throughout the city, were draped in mourning,
and thousands of flags floated at half-mast.

On the 2d of Alay, Lawrence received the body of Needham, and
in the draped city hall the dead militiaman lay in state, while tens of thou-
sands poured in to view the long sleep of the volunteer; no longer, in their
estimation, a "holiday soldier"; but a hero, patriot and martyr, worthy of
all worship and honor. He was laid to rest in the cemetery at Law^rence,
and over his grave the city government erected a substantial and suitable
monument of j\Iassachusetts granite; as simple as the character of the
dead, and as enduring as his courage and devotion.

On Monday, May 6, Mayor Sargent and the city officials of the city
government of Lowell, with a detachment of the Richardson Light Infan-
try, took home the bodies of Luther C. Ladd and Addison O. Whitney.
They were laid in funereal state in Huntington Hall, where thousands
were unable to gain admittance. For some years they slept peacefully in
the Lowell cemetery, where they were at first buried, but on April 28,
1865, they were deposited in the vault under the splendid monument in
Merrimac (now Monument) Square, erected with the joint appropriations of
the state of Massachusetts, and city of Lowell, and dedicated in the pres-
ence of an immense concoiirse, June 17, 1865. It bears the names of Ladd
and Whitney, with a terse inscrijation, and the following sentiment, from
the greatest of English poets.

"Nothing is here for tears — nothing to wail,
Or knock the breast; no weakness, no contempt,
Dispraise or blame; nothing but well and fair
And what may quiet us in a death so noble."

Oliartered in the Ceipilol.

The Sixth was warmly welcomed at Washington by the national
authorities, who were daily anticijjating an assault by the enemy. As the
first armed force to come to the relief of the capital, their arrival was a
great relief, and they were quartered in the Senate chamber and the ad-
•joining halls and lobbies. Temporary barricades were at once thrown

4^4 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

up, with barrels of cement, building stone, iron ornaments and other ma-
terial, and for a time the capitol became a veritable fortress.

Colonel Jones is said to have slept fur several nights in the vice-
president's chair, in uniform and belted with revolver and sword; his
staff around him, and captains and lieutenants, with their men, restino- on
the floors, which had echoed the tread of every prominent statesman and
patriot since the days of Adams; and, alas! of many brilliant men who
had plotted for the downfall of the republic.

It was a weird and striking picture, when the gas jets were turned
down until mere glimmers of light fell on the stately walls and their sleep-
ing defenders; and no sound broke the silence, save the softened tread of
the sentinels, or the occasional passing of the officers of the guard.

On the 20th, the Sixth paraded Pennsylvania Avenue in columns of
platoons, in open order and with open files, making as much show as
possible, to give the disloyal an impression of superior force. Thereafter,
the regiment, for a while, drilled, built ovens and stored provisions for a
possible siege, and acted as guards until the arrival of other troops, includ-
ing the Eighth Massachusetts and Seventh New York regiments. Thev
were ordered to the Relay House ]May 5, and during a rather stormy sea-
son built booths and huts on Elk Ridge Heights, and held this important
railway junction. On May 13, they marched, under General B. F. Butler,
to Baltimore, and under cover of night and a heavy thunder storm occu-
pied Federal Hall, and began that occupation of Baltimore which paralyzed
the work of secession in Maryland.

On May 16, the Sixth returned to the Relay House, and on the 25th
were paraded as a mark of respect to the late Colonel Ellsworth, whose
remains were being carried north by a jjassing train. On May 29, a new
stand of colors was presented to the regiment by Messrs. Rufus Story,
John H. Wat.son and Henry Paret of New Jersey. On June 13, the Sixth
was detailed, with the Thirteenth New York and Cook's Battery, to pre-
serve order at the elections, and on June 17, paraded to receive the First
Regiment, ^1. V. M., then on their way to Washington. On June 21,
another banner was presented to the Sixth by some New York ladies; on
the 26th it again encamped in Baltimore. On the 31st it guarded the
officers who arrested Charles Howard, then president of the Board of
Police Commissioners, and on July i, returned to the Relay House, where
it celebrated the "glorious 4th" and was presented with a magnificent silk
banner inscribed, "Loyal Citizens of Baltimore, to the Sixth Reo-iment,
M. V. M., Pratt Street, April 19, 1861."

The term of service of the regiment expired on July 22, but at
the request of General Banks, all but twenty-one members decided to
remain until existing fears of an impending attack on Washington were
verified or allayed.

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 425

TIIK. THANKS OK OUNCUKSS.

The following resolution was duly engrossed on pareliment and
sent to the commanding officer:

Thirty-seventh Congress of the United States, at the First Session, in the House
of Representatives, July 22, 1861.

Resolved : That the thanks of this House are due, and are hereby tendered to
the Sixth Regiment of the Massachusetts Volunteers, for the alacrity with which
they responded to the call of the President, and the patriotism and bravery which
they displayed on the 19th of April last, in fighting their way through the city of
Baltimore, on their march to the defense of the Federal Capitol.

GALUSHA A. GROW.

Attest: Speaker of the House of Representatives.

EM. ETHERIDGE, Clerk.

j\Iajor General Dix published a congratulatory order on relieving
the regiment from duty, July 29, 1861, and on the same date the Master
of Transportation of the B. & O. R. R. thus expressed to Colonel Jones
his admiration for the regiment and its commander:

"Before you leave our midst, we cannot omit to express to you our appreciation
of the extreme courtesy and manliness which have been shown by you during our
constant intercourse, beginning in our station at Baltimore, during the fearful morn-
ing of the 19th of April last. While at all times rigidly performing your duty to the
government, you have acted so as to command universal respect."

W. P. SMITH, Master of Transportation.

On July 29, the Sixth set out for home, reaching Baltimore to
receive a kindly reception, and leaving for Boston at 5 p. m. via Philadel-
phia and New York, where it arrived August i . All along the route they
were received with the most gratifying and assiduous attentions, and on
arriving in Boston, after enjoying a generous reception, the regiment was
mustered out, August 2, 1861, under the following order:

"The Sixth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, Colonel Jones, has
returned home. It was the first which went forward to the defense of the national
capitol. It passed through Baltimore, despite the cowardly attack made upon it, and
was the first to reach Washington. Its gallant conduct has reflected new lustre upon
the Commonwealth, and has given new historic interest to the 19th of April. It has
returned after more than three months of active and responsible service. It will be
received by our people with warm hearts and generous hands.

"The Regiment is now dismissed till further orders,"

The reception which greeted the regiment at Lowell, and those
which at Lawrence, Groton, Acton and Stoneham, Boston and Worcester,
were accorded to the local companies, were most generous, enthusiastic and
impressive, fitly ending the brief but important term of service of "The
Old Sixth." No less than four hundred of their number are recorded as
having served thereafter in sixty-five different Massachusetts regiments
and batteries, and many others again became loyal soldiers and sailors of
the Union, in the organizations of other states and the regular service.

426 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

KOSTER. SIXTH KEGIMEXT, M. V. M., ISGl.

Colonel, Edward F. Jones, Pepperell; Lieutenant-Colonel, Benjamin F. Wat-
son, Lowell; Major, Josiah A. Sawtelle, Lowell; Surgeon, Norman Smith. Groton ;
Chaplain. Charles Babbidge, Pepperrell; Adjutant, Alpha B. Farr, Lowell; Quarter-
master, James Munroe, Cambridge; Paymaster, Rufus L. Plaisted, Lowell; Assistant
Surgeon, Jansen T. Paine, Charlestown.

Noii-Coiiiimssioiied Staff.

Sergeant-Major, Samuel W. Shattuck, Groton; Quartermaster Sergeant,
Church Howe, Worcester; Commissary Sergeant, John Dupee, Boston; Drum Major.
Frederick K. Stafford, Lowell; Hospital Steward, William H. Gray, Acton.

Lfm Officers.

Company A, Lowell.— Captain, Josiah A. Sawtelle; First Lieutenant, Andrew
S. Johnson; Second Lieutenant. Andrew C. Wright; all of Lowell.

Company B. Groton.— Captain, Eusebius S. Clarke; First Lieutenant. George
F. Shattuck; Second Lieutenant, Samuel G. Blood; all of Groton.

Company C. Lowell.— Captain, A. S. FoUansbee ; First Lieutenant, Samuel D.
Shipley; Second Lieutenant, John C. Jepson ; all of Lowell.

Company D. Lowell.— Captain. James W. Hart; First Lieutenant, Charles _E.
Jones; Third Lieutenant, Samuel C. Pinney; Fourth Lieutenant, Llewellyn L. Craig;
all of Lowell.

Company E, Acton.— Captain Daniel Tuttle; First Lieutenant, William H.
Chapman; Second Lieutenant, George W. Rand; Third Lieutenant, Silas P. Blodgett;
Fourth Lieutenant, Aaron L. Fletcher; all of Acton.

Companv F, Lawrence.— Captain, Benjamin F. Chadbourne; Second Lieuten-
ant, Melvin Beal; Third Lieutenant, Thomas J. Cate; Fourth Lieutenant, Jesse C.
Silver; all of Lawrence.

Companv G, Worcester.— Captain, Harrison Pratt; First Lieutenant, George
W. Prouty; Second Lieutenant. Thomas S. Washburne; Third Lieutenant, J. Waldo
Dennv: Fourth Lieutenant. Dexter F. Parker: all of Worcester.

' Company H, Lowell.— Captain, John F. Noyes; Third Lieutenant, George E.
Davis; Second Lieutenant, Andrew F. Jewett; Third Lieutenant, Benjamin W. War-
ren; all of Lowell.

Company I, Lawrence.— Captain, John Pickering; First Lieutenant, Daniel S.
Yeaton; Second Lieutenant, A. Lawrence Hamilton; Third Lieutenant, Eben H.
EUenwood; Fourth Lieutenant, Eugene J. Mason; all of Lawrence.

Company K, Boston.— Captain Walter S. Sampson; First Lieutenant, Ansel D.
Wass; Second "Lieutenant, Moses J. Emery; Third Lieutenant, Thomas Walworth;
Fourth Lieutenant, John F. Dunning; all of Boston.

Company L, Stoneham.— Captain, John H. Dike: First Lieutenant, Leander
F. Lynde: Second Lieutenant, Darius W, Stevens; Third Lieutenant, James F.
Rowe; Fourth Lieutenant, William B. Blaisdell; all of Stoneham.

.\S ENLISTEIl FOI; XI SE MONTHS.

In 1S62, the Sixth Massachu.setts was the first regiment in the
State to respond to the call, which required from Massachusetts seventeen
'regiments of infantry, and a battery of hght artillery. It included seven
of the comjaanies of its previous organization, viz., A, C, D, and H, of
Lowell; B, of Groton; E, of Acton; and I. of Lawrence; the latter in-
cluding a part of Company F, of Lawrence, which could not be recruited
up to the minimtim force in time. In its place there was a new Company
F, from Cambridge, and a Company G, from Lowell and a Company K,
from Chelmsford, and the neighboring towns, made up the ten required.

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 427

The old regimental organization and records were retained, and
about seventy-five officers and men of the "Old Sixth" served in the new
regiment.

ROSTEU, SI.XTII KE(iIMENT, M. V. M., ISIS.

Field and Staff.

Colonel Albert S. Follansbee, Lowell; Lieutenant-Colonel, Melvin Beal, Law-
rence: Major, Charles .\. Stott; Surgeon, Walter Burnham, Lowell; Chaplain, John
W. Hanson, Haverhill; Adjutant, Thomas O. Allen, Lowell; Quartermasters, William
G. Wise, Lowell, resigned January 26, 1863; Charles H. Coburn, promoted January 29,
1865; Assistant Surgeons, Otis M. Humphrey, Lowell; George E. Pinkham.

N on-Commissioned Staff.

Sergeant Major, William F. Lovrien, Lowell; Quartermaster Sergeant. Oliver
H. Swift; Commissary Sergeants, Charles H. Coburn, and John T. Billings, both of
Lowell; Hospital Stewards, Frank J. Milliken; Isaiah Hutchins, of Acton; Drum
Major, Elisha L. Davis, Lowell.

Line Officers.

Company .\, Lowell.— Captains. Andrew C. Wright, discharged November,
1862, Alfred J. Hall, promoted June 3, 1863; First Lieutenants, Enoch J. Foster, Lowell,
discharged February 20, 1863. George W. Snell, Lowell, promoted February 24, 1863;
Second^Lieutenants, Alfred J. Hall, George W. Snell, and Solomon Clark, all of
Lowell.

Company B, Groton. — Captain, George F. Shattuck; First Lieutenant, Samuel
G. Blood; Second Lieutenants, Edward D. Sawtelle, killed January 30, 1863, Joseph A.
Bacon, promoted; all of Groton.

Company C, Lowell. — Captain, John C. Jepson ; First Lieutenant, John W,
Hadley: Second Lieutenant, Isaac M. Marshall; all of Lowell.

Comjjany D, Lowell. — Captain, James W. Hart; First Lieutenant, Samuel C.
Pinney; Second Lieutenant, Hiram C. Muzzey; all of Lowell.

Company E, Acton. — Captain, Aaron C. Handley ; First Lieutenant, Aaron S.
Fletcher, resigned; Second Lieutenants, George AV. Rand, promoted, George W.
Knights ; all of Acton.

Company F, Cambridge. — Captain, John S. Sawyer; First Lieutenants, Theo-
dore Collamore, resigned, Calvin A. Damon, promoted ; Second Lieutenant, Lowell
Ellison; all of Cambridge.

Company G, Lowell. — Captain, George L. Cady; First Lieutenant, Selwyn E.
Bickford; Second Lieutenant, .Alfred H. Pulsifer; all of Lowell.

Company H, Lowell. — Captain, Rodney C. Person; First Lieutenant, Charles
E. Poor; Second Lieutenant, Albert Pinder; all of Lowell.

Company I. Lawrence. — Captain, Augustine L. Hamilton; First Lieutenant,
Eben H. Ellenwood; Second Lieutenants, Robert H. Barr, killed, Frederic G. Tyler,
promoted; all of Lawrence.

Company K, Dracut, Chelmsford, Acton, Andover, Billerica, etc. — Captain,
Charles E. A. Bartlett. Boston; First Lieutenant, William F. Wood, Acton; Second
Lieutenant, Shapleigh Morgan, Dracut.

On September g, 1S72, the Sixth left Camp "Wilson, near Lowell,
and reached Boston at noon. It took an afternoon train for Providence
to Groton, Conn., whence it proceeded, by steamer, to New York. On
the afternoon of the loth, after a most hospitable and enthusiastic recep-
tion, the regiment marched down Broadway to the Jersey Ferry, and took
the cars for Philadelphia, where a like reception awaited its members.
The journey was continued to Baltimore, which was reached too late in
the evening for a completion of the programme of the reception commit-
tee; but the warmth and heartiness, the kindliness and enthusiasm of the

428 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

crowd which greeted the vSixth, evidenced the esteem in which "the Old
Sixth" was held by the greater majority of the people of Baltimore.

At Washington the reception accorded the Sixth was equally grati-
fying; but after a single night in the city it was ordered to Fortress Mon-
roe, and on arriving there was sent to Suffolk, Va., then occupied by a
force of about 5,000 men, under General O. F. Terry.

Here the Sixth formed a permanent camp, and at once began that
formidable line of earthworks which for nine miles protected Suffolk, from
the banks of the Nansemond to the flanking :norasses of the Great Dis-
mal Swamp.

Under General John J. Peck — who had succeeded General Terry
in command — the regiment occupied a portion of these works; and on
November 17, 1862, took part in a brief reconnoisance to the banks of
the Blackwater. On December i, as part of a force of 2,300 infantry,
800 cavalry, and the Seventh Battery, M. V. M., under Colonel vSpear, of
the Eleventh Pennsylvania Cavalry, the Sixth marched out to Beaver
Dam Church, three miles from Franklin. Here the cavalry charged a
body of horsemen and artillery, and captured some twenty prisoners and
a section (two guns) of the celebrated Rocket Battery, of fourteen guns
or tubes, presented to General McClellan, and lost by him in the Wilder-
ness camjDaign.

On December 11, the Sixth again marched out to the Blackwater,
and at Tanner's Ford, about two miles below Zuni, found a crossing place
covered by Confederate rifle-pits. A short skirmish ensued, in which
Second Lieutenant Robert H. Barr, of Company I, was shot through the
heart, while cautioning his men to keep under cover. When hit, he said,
simply: "I am shot," attempted to continue his directions to his men,
then staggered and fell, dying almost instantly.

Similar demonstrations were made at the same time at Zuni, and
near Franklin, which resulted in the expendittire of much ammunition
and the loss of a few dozen men on either side. The movement — what-
ever it may have been intended to be — was made in conjunction with
Burnside's fatal attack on Fredericksburg, and Foster's dashing raid into
North Carolina, and threatening movements near Charleston and Savan-
nah. It is possible that nothing more was expected of General Peck than
a demonstration along the line of the Blackwater; it is certain that it
was not the fault of his troops that nothing more was accomplished.

On the night of January 29, 1S63, another Blackwater exjjedition
began, in which General Corcoran, with a part of his brigade, the Elev-
enth Pennsylvania Cavalry, Seventh Massachusetts, and Follett's batteries,
the Thirteenth Indiana, One Hundred and Thirtieth New York, the Mas-
sachusetts Sixth, and other regiments, took part. General Roger A. Pryor
commanded the enemy, with headquai'ters at the "Deserted House," about

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 429

ten miles out on the Carrsville road. The fighting began some two miles
from the "Deserted House," and continued by moonlight and dawn, until
after broad daylight broke upon the scene, most of the fighting being by
the artillery, which was pushed forward on the narrow roads, supported
by infantry, which could seldom make a flanking movement. The affair
was a defeat for the Confederate forces, who, however, escaped beyond
the Blackwater. The Federal troops lost twenty-six killed, and eighty
wounded. The Sixth lost six men — Lieutenant E. D. Sawtelle, of Com-
pany B, Groton; George W. Blodgett, of Westford; A. Withington, of
Townsend; B. F. Leighton, of Cambridge. Augustus Reed and Francis I.
Howard, of Westford, both of the same company, were fatally injured,
and died of their wounds.

On April 9th the regiment was ordered to be ready to move, and
it was rumored that its destination was Newbern, N. C; but on the loth
new^s was received that General Longstreet, with 40,000 men, was advan-
cing against Suffolk. On the nth, all women and children were ordered
to leave Suffolk, and on the same day the investment of Suffolk was
begun.

Long.street's works — at no time formidable — were about four miles
from the Suffolk defenses. The siege lasted twenty-two days, until May
3, when Longstreet, having collected everything eatable in the district,
besides a large herd of cattle, mules, horses, etc., evacuated his works
and retreated to join the army of Virginia.

On May 13, the Sixth marched out to the old "Deserted House," to
protect certain workmen in taking out the rails of the Seaboard & Roanoke
Railroad. At Carrsville, on the 14th, while thus engaged, a rebel battery
opened fire upon the laborers, who gave up their task. On the 15th, an
attack with infantry and artillery was made upon the Union position, which
was repulsed; and on the i6th there was considerable skirmishing without
material gain to either party.

The Sixth lost in the fighting of the 15th two men killed, and six-
teen wounded comrades. On the i6th one man was killed and five
wounded.

On Ma.y 25, Colonel R. S. Foster commanding the brigade, issued
a very complimentary and friendly order, bidding the regiment farewell,
and thanking them for the services rendered. The general commanding
issued a like order which we reproduce.

Headquarters United States Forces,

Suffolk, Va. May 25, 1863.
General Orders, No, 34.

I. The term of service of the Sixth Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteers,
being about to expire, the Commanding General is unwilling to let the occasion pass
without expressing his reluctance at parting with it, and his appreciation of the ser-
vice it has rendered.

430 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

2. Among the earliest, if not the first, to take the field, it served its original
term with credit and distinction. With unremitting patriotism, since the necessity of
the country still called for brave hearts and strong arms, it again offered itself. Its
second term has been served almost exclusively with this command. Its record is an
honorable one. Whatever have been the demands of duty and discipline, they have
met a cheerful response; and its steadfast and courageous demeanor before the enemy
is witnessed by the list of its lamented and honorable dead.

3. The Commanding General trusts that many of this veteran regiment may
again be found rallying to the flag, whose honor they have so long and so ably con-
tributed to sustain.

4. In recognition of the services rendered by the Massachusetts troops, the bat-
tery between Fort McClellan and Fort Nansemond, will be hereafter known as Bat-
tery Massachusetts.

By command of Major-General Peck.

BENJAMIN B. FOSTER, Major, A. A. G.
Official, CHARLES R. STIRLING, A. D. C.

Returning home by sea, the Sixth enjoyed a pleasant voyage, and
as formerly, received a warm greeting on their arrival in Boston, and con-
tinued ovations in the cities and towns from which its companies had been
recruited. Here they were soon mustered out, some returning almost im-
mediately into the service.

THE HUNDRED I).\YS' C.\MP.VIGN.

In 1864 there were many three year regiments about to be mus-
tered out, and a large number in .process of organization not fully ready
to take the field and to fill the gap; the government called for a number of
regiments to serve one hundred days. Five of the Massachusetts regi-
ments responded, the Sixth being the first accepted. The organization
went to camp at Readville July 13, under Lieutenant-Colonel Melvin Beal,
and were mustered in in the following order: July 14, Company K; July
15, Companies A, I and G; July 18, Companies C, F, D and H; July 17,
Company B; and July 19, Company E. The colonel, lieutenant-colonel,
adjutant, surgeon and first [assistant surgeon were mustered in on the
17th, and on the 20th the regiment left camp with thirty-six officers and
994 enlisted men, arriving in Washington for the third time. Here, until
Augu.st 21, the regiment was encamped near Fort C. F. Smith on Arling-
ton Heights, Va., but was then ordered to Fort Delaware, Del.; where
some 9,000 confederate prisoners were imprisoned.

The pleasantest relations existed between the Sixth and these
prisoners, and no attempt to escape was made during their tour of duty.
There were a few deaths from disease, but on the whole the experiences
of the Sixth in this campaign were very pleasant. On October 19 the
regiment was relieved and embarked for home, reaching Boston October
21, and was mustered out at Readville October 27, 1864.

REGIMENTAL UOSTER, ONE HUNDRED D.iYS.

Field and Staff.
Colonel, Alberts. FoUansbee, Lowell; Lieutenant-Colonel, Melvin Beal, Law-
rence; Major, Thomas C. Allen, Lowell; Surgeon, Walter Burnham, Lowell ; Assis-

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 431

tant Surgeons, AVilliam Bass, Lowell; George Sergeant, Lawrence; Chaplain, John
Wesley Hanson, Haverhill; Adjutant, Edmund Coleman; yuartermaster, William E.
Farrar.

Nou-Commissioned Staff.

Sergeant-Major, Samuel W. Grimes: Quartermaster-Sergeant, William H.
Spaulding: Commissary Sergeant, Orford R. Blood; Hospital Steward, Henry S.
Woods; all of Lowell.

Line Officers.

Company A, Boston.— Captain, Joseph M. Coombs; First Lieutenant, Moses
Briggs; Second Lieutenant. George A. Chipman.

Company B, Groton.— Captain, George F. Shattuck; First Lieutenant, Joseph

A. Bacon; Second Lieutenant, William T. Childs.

Company C, Lowell.— Captain, Benjamin F. Goddard ; First Lieutenant, W.

B. McCurdy; Second Lieutenant, John A. Richardson.

Company D, Lowell.— Captain, James W. Hart; First Lieutenant, Samuel C.
Pinney; Second Lieutenant, Hiram C. Mussey.

Company E, Acton.— Captain, Frank H. Whitcomb; First Lieutenant, George
W. Knights; Second Lieutenant, Isaiah Hutchins.

Company F, Boston.— Unattached Company known as the "Andrew Light In-
fantry" organized in April, 1864, Captain, Henry W. Wilson; First Lieutenant, Ed-
mund C. Colman, made Adjutant, August i, 1864, and Archelaus N. Leman; Second
Lieutenant, Richard J. Fennelly.

Company G, Lowell.— Captain, Nathan Taylor; First Lieutenant, Charles H.
Bassett; Second Lieutenant, Paul Paulus.

Company H, Boston. ^New company, raised by officers. Captain, Moses E.
Ware; First Lieutenant, George L. Tripp; Second Lieutenant, Albert A. Chittenden.

Company I, Salem.— The old "Salem Mechanic Light Infantry," organized
February 22, 1807, Captain, Edmund H. Staten ; First Lieutenant, Joseph H. Glidden;
Second Lieutenant, George M. Crowell.

Company K, Lawrence.— New company; Captain, Edgar J. Sherman; First
Lieutenant, Moulton Batchelder; Second Lieutenant, John D. Emerson.

l.\ THE SP.INISII-A.MEKIC.VN WAli.

Of all the Massachusetts regiments which took the field during the
summer of 1898, none started out with brighter prosjaects or a more hearty
God speed from its friends than did the Sixth. It was encamped at South
Framingham only long enough to muster in and equip the men. It went
into Camp Dewey on May 6, and left on the evening of the 20th, under
orders to report to the commanding general at Camp Alger, Virginia.

Of the twelve companies which composed the regiment, only one
company (L), which was composed entirely of colored men under colored
officers, was from Boston. The home towns and cities of the other com-
panies, were as follows: Company A, of Wakefield, Companies B and D of
Fitchburg, Companies C and G of Lowell, Company E of South Framing-
ham, Company F of Marlboro, Company H of Stonehain, Company I of
Concord, Company K of Soiithbridge, Company M of Milford.

The roster of the Sixth Massachusetts Regiment, when mustered
in, was as follows: —

Field and Staff.

Colonel, Charles F. Woodward: Lieutenant-Colonel, George H. Chaffin;
Majors, George H. Taylor, Charles K. Darling, George H. Priest; Adjutant, Butler

432 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

Ames; Quartermaster, Stanwood G. Sweetser; Chaplain, William F. Dusseault ; Sur-
geon-Major, Otis H. Marion; Assistant-Surgeons, George F. Dow, Frederic A.
Washburn.

Noii-Coiiimisstoih'c/ Staff.

Sergeant-Major, William Hussey; Quartermaster Sergeant, Frank H. Hackett;
Hospital Stewards, Harrie C. Hunter, Stephen E. Ryder, Edwin D. Towle; Chief
Musicians, William R. Murphy, Frank J. Metcalf.

Liih' Olfici'is.

Company A, Wakefield.— Captain, Edward J. Gihon; First Lieutenant, Charles
E. Walton; Second Lieutenant, Frank E. Gray.

Company B, Fitchburg. — Captain, Albert R. Fellows; First Lieutenant, James
C. Smith; Second Lieutenant, Herbert B. Allen.

Company C, Lowell. — Captain, Alexander Greig, Jr. ; First Lieutenant, Thomas
Livingstone; Second Lieutenant, Fred D. Costello.

Company D, Fitchburg.— Captain, John F. McDowell; First Lieutenant,
Andrew J. Whalen; Second Lieutenant, William L. Conrad.

Company E, South Framingham. — Captain, John S. McNeilly; First Lieuten-
ant, Clarence W. Coolidge; Second Lieutenant, George F. Howland.

Company F, Marlboro.— Captain, Thomas F. Jackson; First Lieutenant, Frank-
lin G. Taylor; Second Lieutenant, Frank E. Moore.

Company G, Lowell. — Captain, William Fairweather; First Lieutenant,
George S. Howard; Second Lieutenant, Lewis G. Hunton.

Company H, Stoneham.— Captain, Warren E. Sweetser; First Lieutenant,
George R. Barnstead; Second Lieutenant, Henry A. Thayer.

Company I, Concord. — Captain, Cyrus H.Cook; First Lieutenant, Joseph S.
Hart; Second Lieutenant, William N. Decker.

Company K, Southbridge. — Captain, Ulysses A. Goodell; First Lieutenant,
Newton E. Putney; Second Lieutenant, William P. La Croix.

Company L, Boston. — Captain, William J. Williams; First Lieutenant, Wil-
liam H. Jackson; Second Lieutenant, George W. Braxton.

Company M, Milford. — Captain, John F. Barrett; First Lieutenant, Charles
H. Kimball; Second Lieutenant, Freeman L. Smith.

One of the pleasantest episodes in the campaign of the Sixth,
occurred on the day after the regiment left Massachusetts. The people
of Baltimore, wishing to do something to efface the memory of the recep-
tion which was given the "Old Sixth" in that city in 1861, gave the new
Sixth Massachusetts a welcome, which will always dwell in the memories
of those who participated in the affair. From the time when the hr.st
section of the train bearing the Bay State troops pulled into the Mount
Royal station, until the last man left the Camden station on the other
side of the city; there was no cessation of the cheers and enthusiasm.

After an address of welcome by Mayor Malster at the Mount Royal
station, and a response by Colonel Woodward, the regiment started on its
march across the city. The line of march was made to conform as nearly
as possible to the route over which the "Old Sixth" marched in '61, and
many of the boys who had fathers or other relatives in the old regiment,
felt their hearts beat faster at the thought of marching through the same
streets where the tragedy of thirty-seven years before was enacted.

Never before has a Mas.sachusetts, or any other regiment, received
such an ovation away from home, and very seldom at home. The cheer-
ing was incessant. Several times the regimental fife and drum corps

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 433

started "Dixie" and then the crowds went wild. Men threw up their hats
and yelled, women waved their handkerchiefs and screamed, and even the
children caught the fever of excitement, and shouted at the top of their
voices. Just before reaching the Camden station, as the head of the col-
umn passed the spot where the "Old Sixth" had sustained its heaviest
losses, the drum corps started "Dixie" again and marched into the station to
its strains. The station was jammed with people, and the cheers and yells
which went up from them literally shook the building.

At nine o'clock that evening, the regiment arrived in Washington,
not "wet, dirty and well" as Charles A. Dana once said of General Grant,
but dirty and well, although not wet, for they had been all day on the
cars, with the exception of the short march in Baltimore. It was too late
for the people of Washington to turn out and welcome them, and besides,
their coming had not been widely announced.

When the Sixth Regiment arrived in Washington in '61, the first
armed regiment to reach there after President Lincoln's call for troops, it
was quartered in the hall of the House of Representatives in the Capitol.
But no such accomodations were given in '98. When the regiment de-
barked at the B. & O. station, Colonel Woodward formed his men and
marched across the city to where they were to take trains on the South-
ern Railroad for Camp Alger.

The regiment arrived at Dun-Loring, the station nearest the camij;
about midnight, and the men were obliged to pass the remainder of the
night on the cars, disembarking early in the morning. They were dirty,
stiff, and hungry, but a cup of hot coffee braced them up, and they started
on their four-mile march to camp. Tents were soon pitched, and by night
everything was running smoothly.

Camp Alger was not a pleasant place. In fact, a poorer location for
a large camp could hardly have been found. The weather was intensely
hot, and water was very scarce and poor. Most of the streams had been so
polluted as to render the water unfit for use, and the surgeons repeatedly
cautioned the men against drinking it before it had been boiled. More
tropps were arriving every day, and the water supply grew smaller and
smaller, until finally Major-General Graham, who commanded the camp,
appointed Adjutant Butler Ames of the Sixth as corps engineer officer,
with instructions to devote all the time he could spare from his regimen-
tal duties to securing a proper and adequate supply of water. Artesian
wells were driven in various parts of the camp, the first one being near
the camp of the Sixth, and this one alone gave a plentiful supply of good
water for the regiments near it.

On May 24, the Sixth was brigaded with the Sixth Illinois, and the
Eighth Ohio, — the President's own — and, pending the arrival of a brigade
commander. Colonel D. Jack Foster of the Sixth Illinois, the senior col-

434 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

onel of the brigade, was placed in command. A little later, Brigadier
General George A. Garretson of Ohio, a personal friend of President
McKinley, was assigned to command the brigade; and this fact, together
with the fact that the "President's own" regiment was in the brigade,
caused the men of the Sixth to think that they would be the first to go to
the front.

On ^lay 28, the troops at Camp Alger were reviewed by the Presi-
dent, and the Sixth easily took the palm for excellence in appearance and
marching. In the reviewing party, besides the President and Mrs. McKin-
ley, were Secretary Alger, Secretary Long, General Miles, Senator Lodge,
and also several members of both houses of Congress. This was the
lirst presidential review since 1865. Then President Johnson reviewed
troops who were returning victorious from many hard-fought fields, while
President McKinley reviewed men whose work had not yet begun, but
who were animated by the same spirit of patriotism and love of country,
which were manifested by the troops in the Civil War.

In June the Ninth Massachusetts Regiment arrived at Camp Alger,
and the men of the Sixth went over to their camp, about two miles away,
to welcome their friends from home. The two Alassachusetts regiments
were the best equipped of any of the regiments at Camp Alger. During
the whole time that the Sixth remained there, it had the reputation of
being the best drilled, best equipped, and best disciplined regiment on
the ground.

After the first two weeks the boys began to grow impatient. They
wanted to move and to see some active service. They were not at all home-
sick, for they were worked too hard for that. Hardly a day passed that
there were not from fifty to two hundred men detailed from the command
to build roads and bridges, and do other engineering work around the
camp. Colonel Lusk, the corps engineer officer, remarked that the men
of the Sixth were better fitted for that work than those of any other regi-
ment, as a large percentage of them were skilled mechanics. In fact,
representatives of almost every profession could be found among them.
Lawyers, doctors, civil engineers and draughtsmen were common; and,
besides these, there were many students from Harvard and the Institute
of Technology.

One of the first orders issued by Colonel Woodward was, that the men
should not sleep on the ground, as the camp was surrounded by swamps;
so bedsteads were built, a foot or two from the ground, and covered with
bark or boughs. It was probably owing to his precaution, that there were
fewer cases of malaria in the Sixth than in any other of the adjoining-
regiments.

On June 7, the recruiting detail, consisting of Majors Taylor and
Darling, Captain Cook, and one private or non-com from each company.

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 435

left for Boston. The regiment left Massaehusetts with 943 men, and it
was proposed to raise it to the ftill war strength of 1,327 men, 32 recruits
being needed for each company.

On June 17, Bunker Hill day. there was a grand celebration by the
Bay State boys at Camp Alger. From early morning until late at night,
the camp resounded with the rejoicings of the Massachusetts men and
their friends. An elaborate program of athletic sports was carried out
during the day, and in the evening there was a band concert and refresh-
ments in the camp of the Ninth.

Unfortunately, about this time, there developed some feeling be-
tween the brigade and regimental commanders, growing out of, it is
alleged, the objection of General Garretson, then in command of the
brigade, to having colored troops in the same regiment with white ones;
and it was stated that Company L would be taken out of the Sixth, and
put into the North Ohio colored battalion. This feeling was naturally
also reflected to some extent between members of General Garretson's
staff and Regimental officers.

After the celebration of the 17th, things quieted down again, and
the regular routine work was resumed. vSickness had broken out in
the camp, and although the Sixth had a smaller number of cases than any
other regiment, the fact that even a few of their comrades were ill, served
to make the boys restless. On June 27, Private Leon E. Warren, of Com-
pany H, of Stoneham, who had been ill with typhoid fever for about ten
days, died at the Fort Myer Hospital. There were several other men at
Fort Myer very ill, and the regimental surgeons were becoming anxious.
To try to improve the condition of the men, practice marches were or-
dered, and one brigade at a time would start for the Potomac River,
about ten miles away, remaining over night and returning the next day.

July 4, found the command still at Camp Alger, and although there
were many rumors, no definite orders were received for its departure.
On the afternoon of the 4th the news of the destruction of Cevera's fleet
was received, and every regiment in the camp turned out with band and
drum corps to celebrate the victory.

On the next day, July 5, the long expected orders were received.
The Sixth was to leave Dun-Loring station by train for Charleston,
South Carolina, and to embark there on transports for Ciiba. It took only
a very short time to break camp. The baggage was loaded on wagons,
and at 4.30 o'clock in the afternoon the regiment left the camp for the
station. The trip to Charleston was devoid of interest, and was very tire-
some to the men, cooped up as they were for twenty-four hours in the
cars. It was 9.30 o'clock on the evening of the 6th when the first section
arrived at Charleston, and it was thought advisable to keep the men on the
cars all night.

436

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

Previous to leaving Camp Alger, three offieers of the regiment had
resigned — Surgeon-]\Iajor Otis H. Alarion and Lieutenant Kimball of Com-
pany yi, because of ill-health, and First Lieutenant Charles E. Walton of
Company A.

The Yale, on which the regiment was to embark, was not ready for
them when they arrived in Charleston, and it was not until the afternoon
of the 8th that the regiment was on board and ready to sail. Even then
there was a delay of several hours, as orders had been received from
Washington to hold the steamer until the arrival of General Miles and his
staff, who were going on her. About midnight on the Stli, General Miles
arrived on board, and in a few moments the great screws commenced to
revolve, and the Sixth was on its way to the front. Several of the men

were left behind in
the hospitals of
Charleston, among
them being Captain
Williams of Com-
pany L, who had a
serious attack of
typhoid fever.

There was
much to interest the
men cm the trip;
and some of the
principal objects of
interest were the
officers who were
serving on the staff
of General Miles.
Among them were Colonel AL P. Maus,who conducted the negotiations
with Geronimo when that famous chief surrendered; Lieutenant-Colonel
Andrew Rowan, whose lonely ride through Cuba to communicate with
Gomez, had made him famous; General Greenleaf , the chief surgeon of the
army in the field, and Judge-Advocate General Claus.

Quarters were assigned to each regiment on the deck of the Yale
while the olificers and "non-coms" were given staterooms. It was so close
below, however, that many of the officers preferred to sleep in their ham-
mocks on deck. A regular routine of work was laid out for the men, but,
owing to the crowded condition of the decks, little could be done beyond
getting a limited amount of exercise. Ammunition in small quantities
was once issued, and target practice held for an hour or more. All the
men were in good spirits for the first few days, although there was
some grumbling about the food, which was very poor and scarce.

SIXTH 1;EGIMENT,1'. S. v., KMBAl!KIN(i AT c IIAHLESTOX

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

437

UNLOAUIXU MULES AXO IIOKSES.

On the afternoon of the loth a steamer was sighted going north.
The Yale signalled, asking news from the front, and received the reply:
"Continuous heavy fighting in front of Santiago for the past two days."
This stirred the men up,
and made

them impa-
tient for their share of
the work. Early the
next m o r n i n g Cape
^laysi was sighted, and
during the forenoon the
Yale passed Guantan-
amo where the marines
were encamped, and
Daiquiri where the first
landing was made.
About noon she arrived
off Siboney, and re-
ported to the New York,
Admiral Sampson's flagship, and the admiral came on board and was
closeted with General ]Miles for some time. General Miles then went
ashore to communicate with General Shaffer, and in a very short time
those on board the Yale, saw that the town of Siboney was in flames.
The surgeons had been trying to induce General Shaffer to order the
town burnt for some time, fearing that the houses there were infected;
but it was not until General Miles landed that it was done. One old army
officer, when he heard that General ^liles had arrived, remarked: "Thank
the Lord. We'll get something done now;" and that seemed to be the
general opinion among the regulars.

On the night of the nth a terrific rain storm came up. The rain
fell in torrents, and every one on the deck of the Yale was wet through.
The men were lying in three or four inches of water, and the baggage floated
off into the scuppers. There was no shelter, so they were obliged to
grin and bear it. They huddled together under the lee of the deckhouses
until daylight, when there was a krll in the storm, but it soon started in
again harder than ever. Ponchos were of no use. They were soaked
through in five minutes, and woolen blankets and clothes were worse.
The sun came out about noon, however, and dried things off, making
every one feel more cheerful.

On the I2th General Miles again went on shore, and Colonel Wood-
ward was informed that the regiment would be landed on the shore of a
small bay, on the west side of the city, to take the Sacopa battery, and then
join the right wing of the army. The next morning, however, a truce
was on, and the landing was postponed. Every day the Yale cruised up

438

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

and down the shore, usually returning to Siboney at night. The men
were anxious to land, and were fretful and discontented. Rations were
short and very poor, and fresh water was scarce. A"o one was allowed to
land unless it was absolutely neces.sary, as the quarantine regulations were
very strict.

On the 14th the fleet got into position to bombard the city and bat-
teries, and the troops on the Yale prepared to land; but before the bat-
tleships had fired a shot, the news was signalled that the city had sur-
rendered. The Yale was up with the fleet when the news was received,
and the Sixth joined with the sailors on the fleet in cheering the announce-
ment. It is claimed that the Spanish General was shown the soldiers on
the transport, who were marching about to give the impression of much
greater numbers; and that this ruse de guerre added materially in inducing
the surrender.

From the 14th to the 17th, the Yale made her daily trips up the
coast, returning to Siboney each night. <Jn the 17th came the formal

.surrender of the city, and
the same day the Yale
started for Guantanamo,
where she anchored. The
Rita, a prize steamer, with
the Sixth Illinois on board,
also arrived at Guantanamo
the same day Many of the
oificers of the Sixth Massa-
chusetts visited the marines
on the hill, and inspected
the camp and the intrenchments. The mail from the North arrived at
Guantanamo on the 20th, and a detail was sent from the Yale to see if
there was any mail for the Sixth. After spending the greater part of a
day they unearthed several sacks, and for a time the boys were happy.

While they were at Guantanamo, the men learned that the Sixth
was to be part of the expedition against Porto Rico, which was to be
commanded by General Miles, and on the afternoon of the 21st, the expe-
dition got under way. It consisted of the battleship ^Massachusetts, the
cruiser Columbia, the converted yacht Gloucester, the Yale, the Rita, and
several other transports. There were about 3,500 men in the expedition
— the Sixth Massachusetts, Sixth Illinois, four companies of recruits for
the regulars, four batteries of artillery, a signal and hospital corps, and
the teamsters and mule packers. On the morning of the 23rd, Corporal
Charles Parker, of Company A, died, and was buried at sea the same
day. Chaplain Dusseault read the burial service, and a squad of twelve
men fired the customary three volleys over his ocean grave.

I.ANI>IN(: IN SMMI, r.MMf

Jl_!_-!.* -. "

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 441

At daybreak on the 2Sth, land was sighted, and the little Glouces-
ter immediately started for the entrance of the harbor of Gtianica. She
lired a few shots, and landed several boatloads of men before any of the
infantry were allowed to land. The transports ran in to within 200 yards
of the shore, and the men were landed from small boats. The men from
the Gloucester had driven back the few Spaniards who were on the beach,
so that the landing was made without opposition. As the troops marched
up the street of the little town, they were cordially welcomed by the
natives.

About 9 o'clock in the evening, one of General Garretson's aides rode
into the camp of the Sixth and reported that a company of the Sixth Illi-
nois which had been doing outpost duty, had been fired upon and needed
reinforcements. Lieutenant-Colonel Chaffin, who owing to the tempo-
rary indisposition of Colonel Woodward was in command of the regi-
ment, ordered ilajor Darling to select two companies and lead them to
the support of the outpost. Companies L and M were chosen, and were
marched along the road to the hill on which the Illinois company was
posted. After looking over the ground it was decided that it would be bet-
ter to get nearer to the Spanish troops, who were camped around a large
hacienda about a mile distant ; so the companies of the Sixth advanced
up the Yauco road. About midnight the Spanish opened fire, and
although no damage was done, it was thought advisable to have help
at hand in case an attack was attempted. Accordingly, a messenger was
sent back to the regiment, and five companies. A, C, E, G and K, started at
once under command of ilajor Tayl()r. They marched about three miles
along the road leading to Yauco, to the first outpost, and it was decided
that they should remain there until daylight. When morning came, it was
found that it would be necessary for the Americans to make the attack,
and preparations were made accordingly. General Garretson in his
report of the affair says:

"Packs were thrown off and the command formed for attack. The company of
the Sixth Illinois remained on the hill on which the house of Ventura Quinoses is situ-
ated, and protected our right flank. The remaining companies were collected, two
as support and three as reserve.

"After advancing to within 200 yards of the plain of the hacienda Santa De-
sidera, the advance guard of our attacking force was discovered by the enemy, who
opened fire from a position on a hill to the west. The north and east slopes of this
hill intersect each other, forming a solid angle. It was along this angle that the
enemy was posted. Their reserve, posted in a road leading from the hacienda to the
east, also opened a strong fire on the road. A body of the enemy inoved against the
company on our right. Company G, Sixth Illinois, stationed on the hill of Ventura
Quinoses. This company had entrenched itself during the night, and, after repuls-
ing the attacking force, directing its fire against the enemy on the hill to the west.

"The conformation of the ground was such, that the fire of the enemy's re-
serves and party on the left was effective in the seemingly secure hollow in which
our reserves were posted. The heavy volumes of fire, the noise of shots striking the
trees and on the ground, and the wounding of two men among the reserves, caused a

443 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

momentary confusion among the troops. They were quickly rallied and placed under
cover. The fire of the advanced party and supports was directed against the party
of the enemy on the hill, and temporarily silenced their fire from that direction.

"Our advanced guard of two companies, ignoring the enemy on the hill, then
deployed mainly to the right of the road, and were led with quick and accurate mili-
tary judgment and great personal gallantry by Lieutenant Langhorn, ist cavalrv.
against the reserves of the enemy. The supports and one company of the reserves
under the direction of Captain L. G. Berry, charged against the party on the west
hill through the barbed wire fence and chaparral.

"The reserves were deployed along the barbed wire fence running at right
angles to the road, conducted through the fence, and brought up in the rear and to
the left of the attacking party by Lieutenant Butler Ames of the Sixth Massachusetts.
The enemy was driven from the hill and retired to the valley, disappearing behind
the hacienda. The reserves of the enemy ceased firing and retired.

"It was supposed that they had retired to the hacienda, as this house was sur-
rounded on the sides presented to our view, with loopholed walls. The troops on
the hill were collected along the road. A reserve of three companies was established
at the intersection of the road to Yauca. The two companies in advance, which
were deployed, wheeled to the left and advanced through the cornfield on our right.
The remainder of the command deployed and advanced to the hacienda, enveloping
it on the left. It was then discovered that the enemy had retired from the hacienda
in the direction of Yauco, along cleverly concealed lines of retreat.

"As the object of the expedition was considered accomplished, and, in obedi-
ence to instructions received from Major-General Miles, no further pursuit was under-
taken.

"The battalion of recruits of the regular army, under Captain Hubert, re-
ported for orders, having heard the firing, but was not needed, and was returned to
camp.

"The force of the enemy engaged in the battle consisted of battalion, 25 Patria
of the Spanish army, and some volunteers, in all about some 600 or 700 men.

The casualties on our side were, four slightly wounded. After the occupation
of the Yauco, the casualties of the enemy were found to have been one lieutenant and
one cornet killed, and 13 seriously, and 32 slightly wounded.

"After the confusion resulting from the first unexpected fire, the conduct of
the troops was excellent. They were speedily rallied, and afterward obeyed orders
given through my staff officers without hesitation.

"The following officers of the command are respectfully commended for gal-
lantry and coolness under fire: Major C. K. Darling, Sixth Massachusetts Volunteers;
Captain E. J. Gihon, Sixth Massachusetts Volunteers, who was painfully wounded
early in the action, and remained in command of his company until it reached
camp; Captain L. G. Berry A. A. G. Volunteers (First Lieutenant, Seventh United
States Artillery;) Lieutenant G. T. Langhorn, First United States Cavalry aide;
Lieutenant G. M. Wright, Eighth Ohio Volunteers, and Major W. C. Hayes, First
Ohio Cavalry, acting aide. Major George W. Crile, brigade surgeon, and Major
Frank Anthony, Sixth Illinois Volunteers, were present under fire with hospital at-
tendants, and rendered necessary aid to the wounded."

General Garretson also said, in his final order, issued when he
relinquished command of the brigade on September i: "I congratulate
the officers and men of the Sixth Massachusetts Infantry, that having
had, to a greater extent than others of my command, an opportunity to
show their efficiency under fire, they have not failed in the test."

During the early part of the skirmish, Lietttenant Langhorne, of
General Garretson's staff, called for volunteers to charge the position
held by the Spaniards on a hill, and dislodge them. Lieutenant Frank E.
Gray, of Company A, at once stepped forward, and with the first platoon
of Company A, performed the required duty. On this account Lieuten-

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

443

ant trray was afterward recommended fur promotion by General (iarret-
son, and received Iiis captain's commission while the regiment was at
Utuado.

For several days after the skirmish at Guanica, the regiment re-
mained in camjD. On the j8th, news was received of the surrender of
Ponee, and of the occupation of tlie town by General Miles, with-the first
of the reinforcements from the States. On the morning of the 30th,
orders were received to break camp, and the regiment left for Yauco,
arriving there about two o'clock in the afternoon, the distance being about
twelve miles. Major Priest, and Companies B and D, were left at Guan-
ica as a garrison. The next morning the brigade started for Tallaboa, a

A PORTO RICAN TOWN ANI> AlIEKICAN EXCAlirilEXT, 18.18.

distance of ten miles, leaving Company L, under Lieutenant Jackson, to
guard Yauco. The regiment was the advance guard on this march, which
was a very hard one. The command arrived at Tallaboa at 3 p. m., and
camped for the night, starting early the next morning for Ponce, twelve
miles away. Major Darling was sent back to Yauco, from Tallaboa, with
fifty-two sick men, to take command of the post there. Here he remained
for the next week, having under his command two companies of the
Nineteenth United States Infantry, and a company each of the vSixth Mas-
sachusetts and Sixth Illinois.

The brigade arrived at Ponce in the afternoon, and marched through
the town to a large, open field beyond, where the tents were pitched.

444

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

While the regiment was encamped at Ponce, Colonel Woodward,
Lieutenant-Colonel Chaffin, Major Taylor, Captain Goodell and Captain
Barrett wei'e ordered, on August 3, to appear before a board composed of
Generals Henry, Wilson and Garretson, to be examined as to efificiency.
Captain Barrett went before the board, and was returned to his company;
but all the other officers preferred to tender their resignations, which
were immediately accepted. Chaplain Dusseault, who was appointed to
his position by Colonel Woodward, also resigned with his commanding
officer.

The position taken by these officers is thus stated by ex-Lieuten-
ant-Colonel Chaffin, and is published in justice to them.

Southbridge, Mass., August 19, 1899.
To Charles W. Hall, Editor Regiments and Armories,

Dear Sir; — Your favor of recent date inviting me to give my personal reasons
for resigning from the office of lieutenant-colonel of the Sixth Massachusetts United
States Volunteers, August 3, 1S9S, is at hand. At that time we were in camp near
Ponce, Porto Rico. The previous evening several officers of the regiment, including
the Colonel and myself, received orders to appear before a board of regular army offi-
cers to e.xamine into our efficiency, and we learned that it was a board authorized by
a new law not to consider charges, but having power to determine upon the efficiency
of all volunteer officers appointed by the governors of the several states. We were
astounded to find that, under this new law, these regular army officers could become
our accusers, and at the same time, act as judge and jury. For some time previous

THE AQUEDUCT,

iiiUTo mco.

to this action on their part, there had been evidences of persecution of our regiment.
The regiment had been confined in contracted quarters on board cars and boat, with
insufficient rations, poor in quality and limited in quantity, and then been obliged to

MASSACHUSETTS.

445

march during the heat of the day in a tropical cliinate improperly clothed, while
carrying' equipments averaging- over forty pounds each.

Referring to my personal connection with such experiences: At the time that
General Garretson of Ohio became commander of our brigade, lots were drawn for

cvci.i', ( i.rr., rnM'K, imkto laro. iwis.

seniority of rank and precedence between the officers of the Sixth Massachusetts and
the Eighth Ohio regiments in accordance with the provisions of the U. S. Army regu-
lations, page 2, articles X and XII. The lot determining the precedence for my rank
fell to me and I won for the Sixth Massachusetts. The General manifested marked
displeasure at the result, and thereafter, upon all possible occasions evinced a feeling
of enmity.

To further substantiate my representation of persecution to the regiment I
refer to the statement of Colonel Woodward dated August 20, 1898, and published
September I, 1898. However, we endured persecution and hardships, and performed
all the duties devolving upon us to the best of our ability; even though we felt that
more than our share of details was given us.

On receiving the order to appear before this board we tried to ascertain if
there were any complaints or grounds of accusation against us, and could only learn
that there was dissatisfaction because there had been straggling upon the marches.
Knowing, as I did, the suffering endured by the men upon these marches, and feeling
fully assured that I had done everything, consistent with my conception of proper
conduct of a considerate officer, to get the men along on these trying occasions, I
could only conclude that the board ordered my appearance for the express purpose of
securing my position for some one else. Under these circumstances, it was my privi-
lege to resign, and receive an honorable discharge. I was satisfied that the only other
course would be to go before a tribunal, where there would be no opportunity for de-
fense, and receive a discharge for incompetency, by a verdict determined beforehand
as the result of long continued plotting and intrigue.

Moreover, from these developments, it seemed more than probable that the
men under our command would continue to suffer uncalled-for hardships until our
places were secured; so that consideration for the welfare of the soldiers under us also
prompted us to act as we did, and I am rejoiced to think that from this time forth less
severe service was required from our regiment, and better allowances made for the
comfort of the soldiers.

446 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

In tendering my resignation, I acted upon my own responsibility to the best of
my judgement, being satisfied that under the circumstances, this was the only course
for a self-respecting officer to take.

After our resignations had been given and the matter settled as far as our con-
nection with the service was concerned, the charge that I "remained in my tent while
a part of my regiment was engaged; that I was within sound of the fight and did not
assemble balance of regiment to re-enforce part engaged if it should have been
required, and that therefore I was incompetent" came like a thunderbolt from a clear
sky.

I absolutely deny this charge, and declare it to be false, and give account of
myself at this time by stating the following facts.

We landed at Guanica, Porto Rico, July 25, 1898. Colonel Woodward was ill,
as acting commander of the regiment, I superintended and had charge of the disem-
barking of the soldiers of my regiment, and later in the day, had charge of the camp
near the place of landing. During the evening I received orders to send out a detail
of two companies, which orders were obeyed, and later I executed a second order send-
ing five companies at three o'clock in the morning of the 26th of July to relieve the
first detachment, when they were fired upon by the enemy. The engagement lasted
less than twenty minutes. At that time I was reclining in a hammock, strung be-
tween two posts, out in the open field. I was aroused by the first sound of firing and
immediately gave orders for every man in the remainder of my regiment to be ready
to fall in for duty at a moment's notice, and anxiously waited for orders and received
none.

The Sixth Illinois Regiment was in camp between our location and the scene of
the encounter, and nearer the place of engagement, and their commander did no
more than I did, and received no censure. This was the only encounter in which the
soldiers of my regiment had an opportunity to take part.

The next day, July 27, I was officer of the day, had a hard day's service and
was personally thanked for efficient discharge of duty, by General Guy V. Henry,
Division Cpmmander. On the twenty-ninth day of July the march already spoken of
toward Ponce was entered upon. Colonel Woodward was in command of the regi-
ment, and I did everything to the fullest extent of my ability to render assistance and
alleviate the intense suffering of the soldiers during their progress on this march, and
throughout the remainder of my term, of service.

Contemplating the situation, I feel that great injustice has been done me, in
taking advantage of this new law, before mentioned, to deprive me of a position which
I obtained by long and faithful service, and in which I believe I did my full duty, and
then, after my connection with the army was ended, and there was no opportunity for
obtaining redress, by preferring a charge of incompetency when the facts in the case
would positively controvert such an accusation.

Thanking you for your invitation to render this statement, having the appro-
val of my conscience to sustain me in my present position, and feeling, that, ulti-
mately, "right the day must win," I remain,

Very sincerely yours,

GEORGE H. CHAFFIN,

Late Lieutenant-Colonel Sixth Mass. U. S. V.

A.s Major.s Darling and Priest were both ab.sent on detached service,
the command of the regiment devolved upon Captain Cyrus H. Cook, of
Company I, as the senior captain. Later, General Miles recom-
mended to Governor Wolcott the appointment of Lieutenant-Col-
onel Rice, who had been serving as Inspector General on his
personal staff, as the new colonel of the Sixth, and Governor
Wolcott made the appointment. Adjutant Butler Ames was pro-
moted to be lieutenant-colonel, Second Lieutenant Htmton of Company
G, to first lieutenant, and Sergeant-Major Gardner Pierson to second lieu-
tenant. Lieutenant Frank Gray of Company A, was appointed acting

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 449

adjutant, and was later made captain and assigned to Company K. First
Lieutenant C- W. Coolidge of Company E, was made adjutant. Captain
E. J. Gihon of Company A, who was wounded at Guanica, was recom-
mended for promotion, but the war department had decided that there
could be, (should vacancies occur,) only two majors to a regiment of infan-
try. He was, however, commissioned major by Governor Wolcott, and
had command of a battalion from that time.

On August 5 Major Darling arrived in Ponce from Yauco, with
Company L, and preparations were made for the march across the island.
On the /th, Krag-Jorgensen rifles were issued to the men in place of the
old Springfields, which they had carried since leaving home, and on the
morning of the 9th the command left Ponce.

A few miles out on the road, they were overtaken by the new com-
mander. Colonel Rice, and the men had a chance to see what their new
colonel looked like. They saw a man who looked every inch a soldier,
and, who, from his appearance, would command the respect and obedience
of every man in the regiment. He stopped only a few minutes, however,
and then rode on to join General Henry, and a little later the command
went into camp for the night at a coffee plantation called Guaraguas.
The men found sleeping places in the storehouses and drying sheds and
the officers after taking supper with the owner of the plantation, slept on
the veranda of the house. That evening Colonel Rice and Lieutenant-
Colonel Ames assumed their new positions, having taken the oaths of
office. The next day's march was only four miles, as the roads were in a
terrible condition from the rain which had been falling heavily. The
rain seemed to fall in torrents; the blanket rolls with the woolen and rub-
ber blankets were on bull-carts at the rear and the men ploughed along
through the mud, soaked to the skin by the heavy downpour. When the
camping ground was reached there was no shelter, and the men, wet,
weary and shelterless, spent the night standing around the fires. It was
altogether the worst night experience of the regiment.

The next day's march to Adjuntas, where the command arrived at
about 4 o'clock, was equally harrassing. Rain fell most of the time; the
road was heavy and in some places dangerous; and on the way one of the
carts containing the tentage of the Sixth fell over a precipice and the bull
train became stalled. The original orders directed the command to march
straight through from Adjuntas to Utuado, but the road was so bad, that
the orders were changed and a day's march was limited to nine miles.
An early start was made on the 13th, Major Darling's battalion being left
to garrison Adjuntas. The distance from Adjuntas to Utuado was fifteen
miles, but the Si.xth, instead of taking two days for the march, made it in
eio-ht hours, and marched into Utuado about three o'clock in the afternoon.
Here they were greeted with the news that the peace protocol had been

450 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

signed, and that they were not to advance npon Arecibo, as had been the
original intention.

That day's march was one that the men will long remember. The
road wound iip over and along the mountains, and down a long valley,
skirting cliffs fringed and crested with tropical foliage, watered by moun-
tain rivulets, and with bearing coffee fields on every side. The scenery
was magnificent, and the sight of so many novel and beautiful sights
enlivened the march, and made the men forget the discomforts of the
preceding day. When the regiment arrived at Utuado, General Henry
complimented the men upon their appearance, and said that they had
made the best time of any command over that road.

On the morning of the 14th there were white flags at all the out-
posts, and orders came from General Miles to send teams back to Ponce
for tents and supplies, which seemed to indicate that the regiment would
remain in Utuado for some time. On the 17th, Major Darling, with three
companies of his battalion rejoined the regiment, having left Company
F, under Captain Jackson, at Adjuntas; and on the 19th this company
also arrived, uniting the regiment again. The first camping ground of
the Sixth was very bad, and it was not until the 24th, when four com-
panies of the Nineteenth Infantry, U. S. A., which had been occupying
buildings in the town, moved out, that the men had a chance to get
under cover. These "barracks" were stores, warehouses and the like, and
afforded at least protection from the rains.

There were, at this time, a great many sick in the regiment, 175
reporting for sick call on one morning. On the morning of the 26th, the
Sixth Illinois, which had been with the Sixth Massachusetts since leaving
Camp Alger, were ordered north; and the sight of their departing com-
rades made the boys feel as if they, too, would like to see their homes.
Colonel Rice did not give them much time to be homesick, however, as
regular drills were held every day, and there was plenty of work for all.
After the 26th of Augu.st the Sixth had the town to themselves, with the
prospect of remaining there some time. On the 2nd of September,
Colonel Rice returned from Ponce, where he had gone to meet his wife.
As soon as Mrs. Rice arrived she took charge of the sick, and from that
day on she was the good angel of the regiment.

At this time the health of the command was improving, although
there were still many sick in the hospital. On the 14th the hospital ship.
Bay State, sent out by the Massachusetts Volunteer Aid Association,
arrived at Ponce, and on the i6th Drs. Crockett and Monahan rode into
Utuado. The Bay State was prepared to take home 100 men, but there
were twice that number sick. Dr. Burrell, who was in charge of the Bay
vState, decided to sail around to Arecibo, which was the nearest port to
Utuado, and the vessel anchored there on the afternoon of the 19th. The

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

451

next morning eighteen wagon loads of sick men were started for Arecibo,
and on the 22nd the Bay State sailed for Boston, where she arrived on
the 27th, with every man safe, and improved in health, as a result of the trip.

Dnring the early part of September, reports of depredations by the
"Black Hand," — a name given to a band of gnerillas — began to come in
with alarming frequency, and a company of mounted Kentuckians had
been added to the garrison at Utuado, and had reported to Colonel Rice
for duty. Lieutenant-Colonel Ames took charge of the civil government,
and Company C was sent to the town of Lares to relieve the Spanish gar-
rison, and do guard duty there. Details of from two to sixteen men were
sent out to guard plantations within a radius of twenty-five miles, and
thereafter a good de-
gree of order was main-
tained.

Company E was
at this time doing pro-
vost guard duty in
Utuado, with Captain
McNeilly acting as pro-
vost marshal, and was
later relieved by Com-
pany K, Lieutenant La
Croix succeeding Cap-
tain McNeilly. It be-
came necessary at dif-
ferent times to detach
companies from the regiment to garrison some of the smaller towns,
and almost every company had a taste of this kind of duty.

Company C, of Lowell, was the first company to be sent on this
service. They left Utuado September 17, and remained at Lares, the
post assigned them, i:ntil October 19, when orders were received to march
to Arecibo, and board the transj^ort for home. On September 28, Captain
Cook, of Company I, was ordered to march with his company to Camuy,
and occupy the town. The company marched to Arecibo, and there took
the train for Camuy, where they were met by the alcalde. After the
Spanish garrison had been relieved, the Spanish flag was lowered, and
the Stars and Stripes hoisted over the municipal building, and CajDtain
Cook took formal command of the town in the name of the United States.
The same proceeding was gone through with in all the towns occuj^ied
by the different companies, and in every town the men were well received,
and hospitably treated by the natives. Besides taking possession of
Camuy, Company I also marched to Hatillo and Quebradilla, neighboring
towns, and relieved the garrisons there.

PUKTIJ lilCAN TliAXSI'OKTATION.

452 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

On October 6, Company E left to occupy Ysabella, a town about
thirty miles from Arecibo, but were delayed by a washout on the railroad.
While waiting at Arecibo for the damage to be repaired, a riot broke out
in the town, and the company was ordered to report at the house of the
British vice-consul to preserve order. They quickly dispersed a crowd
which had gathered and no damage was done.

Company B was ordered to Hatillo on October 8, to relieve the
detail from Company I, v/hich was in charge of the town; and on the loth.
Companies H, F, K, and L, under Major Darling, marched to Arecibo,
and took possession of that place. A small detail was ordered to occi:py
Vega Baja, the next town, and several other details were sent to the
neighboring plantations to protect the Spanish owners from the "Black
Hand," which was very busy in that vicinity. On October 12, Company
K, under command of Captain Gray, left Arecibo for Barcelonita, and on
the 13th formally took possession. During the afternoon, the people
became excited and paraded the streets, clamoring for a new alcalde. A
meeting of the officials of the town was held, and the alcalde tendered his
resignation, an example which was quickly followed by other officials and
a new alcalde was chosen.

Colonel Rice arrived at Arecibo with Companies A and G, and the
latter was sent to Bayamo. Major Darling was placed in charge of civil
affairs in the district of Arecibo, and Major Priest, with Company D, was
left at Utuado.

On the 1 2th the Bay State again arrived at Arecibo and discharged
her cargo of hospital .stores. She then took on board 115 sick men and
sailed for Ponce, where she took seventeen more, and to Guanica, where she
picked up five more, making 137 in all. She sailed for Boston, arriving
on the 28th, having lost two men on the trip, Sergeant William E. Walters
of Company E and Private Paul F. French of Company M. Private French
died early on the voyage and was buried at sea, but Sergeant Walters'
body was brought home for burial.

Meanwhile, on October 18 the Sixth was relieved by the Sixth Regi-
ment, U. S. Volunteer Infantry "immunes," and was ordered to proceed
to San Juan, and embark on the transport Mississippi for home. The reo-i-
ment went on board the transport on the 20th, and on the morning of the
2 I St started for Boston. The Mississippi arrived in Boston harbor Octo-
ber 27, and was met at quarantine by Governor Wolcott and his staff. As
the governor climbed up the side of the steamer, the boys cheered until the
noise could be plainly heard on the dock, where an immense crowd was in
waiting.

The regiment landed about 4 o'clock in the afternoon, and marched
through the crowded streets and by the State House. On dismissal the
several companies were verbally furloughed.

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 453

The Sixth came home 937 strong, the men brown, hearty and well.
The men in their dingy khaki uniforms and campaign hats, caught up in
front with Spanish rosettes, marched and looked like a regiment of regu-
lars, and at their head rode Colonel Edmund Rice, whose care and disci-
pline had so largely preserved them from sickness, and enabled them to
disembark in such magnificent condition. It was the first time that the
people of Boston had had a chance to see the new commander of the Sixth,
and he created a great deal of interest as he rode at the head of the regi-
ment, looking neither to the right nor left. A more soldierly looking
man, or a more thorough soldier, never rode through the streets of Boston.
Hehad'takena regiment, originally one of the best in the state, but dis-
oro"anized and dispirited by unforeseen conditions, had restored its morale
and regimental pride, and in less than three months had made it a force
which any officer might be proud to command. Every man in the com-
mand admired and respected him, and too much cannot be said for the
results he accomplished.

The roster of the regiment upon its return from the Spanish-Amer-
ican war was as follows:

Ftfid and Staff.

Colonel. Edmund J. Rice; Lieutenant-Colonel, Butler Ames; Majors, Charles
K. Darling, George H. Priest; Adjutant, Clarence W. Coolidge; Quartermaster, Stan-
wood G. Sweetser; Chaplain. George D. Rice; Surgeon-Major, George F. Dow; Assis-
tant Surgeons, Frederic A. Washburn, Herman W. Gross.

Noit-Coiiiiiiissioiifd Slaff.

Sergeant-Major, J. Victor Carey; Quartermaster-Sergeant, George G. King;
Hospital Stewards, Stephen E. Ryder, Harrie C. Hunter, Edwin D. Towle; Chief
Musician, Edwin G. Morse: Principal Musicians, William R. Murphy, Frank J. Medcalf.

Liiw Otjiccrs.

Company A — Captain, Edward J. Gihon: First Lieutenant, Louis G. Hunter;
Second Lieutenant, Frank E. Edwards.

Company B — Captain, Albert R. Fellows; First Lieutenant, Herbert B. .\llen;
Second Lieutenant, James C. Smith.

Company C — Captain, Alexander Greig, Jr. : First Lieutenant, Thomas Living-
ston; Second Lieutenant, Fred D. Costello.

Company D — Captain, John F. McDowell; First Lieutenant, Andrew J.
Whelan; Second Lieutenant, William L. Conrad.

Company E — Captain, John S. McNeiUey; First Lieutenant, George F. How-
land; Second Lieutenant, Thomas Talbot.

Company F — Captain, Thomas E. Jackson; First Lieutenant, Franklin G.
Taylor; Second Lieutenant, Frank E. Moore.

Company G — Captain, William Fairweather; First Lieutenant, George S.
Howard; Second Lieutenant, Gardner W. Pearson.

Company H — Captain, Warren E. Sweetser; First Lieutenant, George R.
Barnstead; Second Lieutenant, Henry A. Thayer.

Company I — Captain, Cyrus H. Cook; First Lieutenant, Joseph S. Hart; Second
Lieutenant, William N. Decker.

Company K — Captain, Frank E. Gray; First Lieutenant, Newton E. Putney;
Second Lieutenant, William P. LaCroi.x.

Company L— Captain, William J, Williams; First Lieutenant, William H.
Jackson; Second Lieutenant, George W. Braxton.

Company M — Captain, John F. Barrett; First Lieutenant, Freeman L. Smith;
Second Lieutenant, Arthur J. Draper.

454 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

On November 3 the men assembled at their armories and were fur-
lotighed for sixty days, and at the end of that time were mustered out of
the United States service. Many of the men who wished to remain in the
service, enlisted in the regular army, and a large number were transferred
to the other Massachusetts regiments which were encamped at various
points in the South.

During the summer the Sixth lost twenty-six men, a striking con-
trast to the number of deaths in the other two regiments which saw for-
eign service. Following is the list:

Private Leon E. Warren, Company H, June 26, Fort Myer.
Private Martin Welsh, Company K, July 9, Fort Myer.
Corporal Charles F. Parker, Company A, July 23, steamship Yale.
Private Ernest D. Marshall, Company F. July 27, steamship Lampasas.
Private Willis H. Page, Company F, August 4, steamship Lampasas.
Quartermaster-Sergeant George C. Wendon, Company C, August 18, steam-
ship Relief.
Sergeant Asa B. Trask, Company M, August 24, Adjuntas, P. R.
Private William A. Chute, Company D, August 24, Ponce, P. R.
Corporal Clarence H. Warren, Company E, August 26, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Corporal A. L. Wilkinson, Company M, September i, Utuado, P. R.
Corporal Herbert D. Bellamy. Company C, September 7. Utuado, P. R.
Private Ralph P. Hosmer, Company I, September 11, Utuado, P. R.
Private John E. Riley, Company I, September 26, Utuado, P. R.
Private Charles A. Hart, Company I, September 26, Utuado, P. R.
Private Charles E. McGregor, hospital corps, October 9, South Framingham.
Private George E. Adams. Company I, October 10, Utuado, P. R.
Private Paul T. French, Company M, October 24, steamship Bay State.
Sergeant William E. Walters, Company E, October 26, steamship Bay State.
Private George Sayles, Company K, October 28, Fort Monroe.
Private Myris H. Warren, Company A, November 24, Melrose.
Private Patrick Kelley. Company M, November 27, Milford.
Private John J. Delaney, Company D, December 8, Fitchburg.
Private J. Otis Cole. Company F, December 9, Marlboro.
Private George F. Cutting, Company B. December 12, Fitchburg.
Private Lewis Sasseville, Company F, December 30, Marlboro.
Private Charles E. Johnson, Company M, January 20, 1899, Milford.

Of these, and such as these, whose supreme self-sacrifice is else-
where recorded, it may well be said, in the words of tliegrand old Spartan
epinicion, or "song of victory":

"He who fights well among the foremost, if he fall, shall be sung
among his people; or if he live, shall be in reverence in their council; old
men shall give place to him; his tomb shall be in honor, and the children
of his children."

CHAPTER XVril.
THE MASSACHUSETTS VOLUNTEER AID ASSOCIATION.

IN connection with the services of the regiments which took j^art in the
Spanisli-American war, a great, brave and eminently nseful work was
accomplished, in caring for the wounded, sick and convalescent, by
the ^lassachusetts Volunteer Aid Association. Such volunteer acces-
sories to the regular Medical Departments have long been a feature of the
^Massachusetts way of carrying on war, and caring for its victims. It is
only just to embody in this brief history the priceless services thus rendered
in 1 897- 1 899 and later.

No one, who did not see the work done during the summer of 1898
by the Massachusetts Volunteer Aid Association, can have any concep-
tion of what the Association meant to the Massachusetts soldier; and
not to the Massachusetts soldier alone, as the men of other states can
testify to the benefits that they received from this organization.

No state in the Union made a more prompt and effective response
to the call of the national government during the war with vSpain, than did
Massachusetts. She promptly furnished her quota of the troops asked for,
and then, for good measure, sent about 4,000 more. She sent her men to
the front better equipped than those of any other state; and then, to cajj
the climax, did not forget them when they were beyond her borders. In
the camp, on the battlefield, and in the hospitals, her representatives and
her ministrations were always with them; and the fathers, the mothers,
the wives, and the daughters at home, never for a moment forgot the
needs of the sons, the husbands and the brothers at the front.

The Massachusetts Vokinteer Aid Association was formed wdth the
simple object of furnishing to the state troops those comforts which the
national government did not provide. Before the war was over, the asso-
ciation found that its work had broadened until it was ministering to
almost the whole army. What Massachusetts did for its soldiers, was soon
a matter of comment in every regiment that went into service, and the
remark, "I wish I was in one of the Massachusetts regiments," was often
heard in the camps.

To Governor Wolcott is due the credit of taking the initiative in
forming the association, and there were plenty of people who were ready
to take hold and carry out the work when it was once started. As Secre-
tary Hayes said: "Those of us who were too young to go to the last war,
and are now too old to go to this one, wish to do what we can for the men
who must do the fighting."

456 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

Soon after the association was formed, Dr. H. L. Burrell, formerly
surgeon-general of the state militia, suggested the idea of fitting out a
hospital ship, and, after some correspondence with the surgeon-general of
the navy, this idea was adopted. The steamship Marmion was purchased
of the Boston Fruit Company for $50,000, fitted out as a hospital ship,
and re-named the Bay State. She made three trips to the tropics, and
was universally conceded to be the best hospital ship of her size afloat.
Of course a great deal of money was needed for the work, and as a
starter. President Draper sent out a request to about twenty of his
wealthy friends, asking them to give $1,000 each to the fund. Practi-
cally all of them gave the amount asked for.

The newspapers took the matter up. and the money began to pour
in. For weeks it was impossible for the treasurer's office force to open
the mail and enter and acknowledge the subscriptions, they came so fast.
All in all, the people of the state contributed over $200,000 to the associa-
tion, giving a striking demonstration of the generosity and patriotism of
the people of the Commonwealth.

Physicians and nurses by the score swung into line and volunteered
their services to help the good work along.

Each department of the vessel was taken in charge by a committee
of physicians, and everything necessary was piiton board. It is unneces-
sary to tell of the service rendered by the Bay State, as the people of the
whole United States already know it. How many lives she saved can
never be told. She made three trips to the tropics, just when .she was
most needed, and many a soldier, who, to-day, is happy among his dear
ones, would, but for the Bay State, have fotmd a grave in Cuba or Porto
Rico.

Not only the men, but the women of the state, were anxious for a
chance to help. A meeting was held at the State House, attended by
women of the state, from the Berkshires to Cape Cod, and their one cry
was: "What can we do?" The men hardly knew what to say; and just
then a young woman, with a natural talent for organization, came to the
front. She was Miss Alice S. Clement, of Newton, and she was made
secretary of the women's committee. As soon as she heard that abdomi-
nal bands were among the things most needed, she had samples made and
sent to the women's organizations, and within a week pledges amounting
to 4,000 bands were received at headquarters. Letters were sent broad-
cast, suggesting the formation of auxiliary associations, and before the
war ended there were 320 of these societies at work. When the camp
hospitals began to fill, letters were sent to the surgeons in charge, asking
them to write to the association for anything needed; and as this did not
seem to be enough, agents of the association were sent to the different
camps, to see for themselves what was wanted.

< 2 '

■A

OF MASSACHUSl-rnS. 459

It was iiere tliat a traycdy fmind a place in this history. The late
Sherman Hoar entered into this work with all his energy. From camp to
camp, and from hospital to hospital, he went, not once but many times. In
response to his reports to the association, food suitable for invalids, hos-
pital stores and equipments, and clothing, were sent wherever needed. It
was while he was engaged in this kind of work that Mr. Hoar contracted
the disease, from the effects of which he died a few weeks later.

By this time the contributions had so increased that a storehouse
was hired, and young women, who had never done a day's labor in their
lives, volunteered their services, and silent day after day unpacking large
cases of goods, and sorting and re-packing them for shipment to the sol-
diers.

All through the Cuban and Porto Rican campaigns, the association
did noble work, sending supplies to the camps and hospitals, and bringing
home on the Bay State hundreds of sick men and convalescents.

But it was when Camp "Wikoff was established at Montauk that the
association did its greatest work. A committee was sent to the camp to
see what was needed, and at once reported that diet kitchens should be
established, so that the .sick men might have nourishing and palatable
food. Accordingly Si 0,000 was appropriated for this jaurpose, and soon
a kitchen was in operation in connection with every hospital in the camp.
Men from all states, to the number of 1500 or more, were fed from these
kitchens every day. Other agents were sent down to help Dr. Prescott,
who had charge of the work. A tug was chartered, which made two trips
daily between the camp and New London, carrying supplies, and many a
sick soldier did the Alert take from the camp to New London, and many
an anxious mother and wife did she carry to the camp. When the soldiers
reached Montauk on the transports, the first persons to greet them were
the agents of the association, and when they left the camp, the same
agents were the last people to say "Good- by" and see that they were made
comfortable for the trijj to their homes. When the Massachusetts men
arrived in Boston, the agents of the Volunteer Aid looked out for them;
and those who came to Massachusetts for treatment, were all cared for in
the same manner, no matter Avhere their homes were.

Many men, who should have gone to the hospitals when they re-
turned, wished to stay at their homes, so a force of volunteer doctors was
organized, and for many weeks they visited the returned invalids, giving
them the best of care and treatment. Miss Clement also arranged for a
corps of women visitors, to call on each family and investigate their needs,
and at one time had on her list si.xty families, who were being supplied
with food and medicines.

Chronologically, the principal items of interest in the history of
the Massachusetts Volunteer Aid Association, are as follows:

46o REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

May 3 — In response to an invitation issued by Governor Wolcott,
fifty prominent gentlemen met in the execi:tive council chamber at the
State Hotise, for the purpose of taking some action in regard to supplying
the needs of the state troops in the field. The following executive com-
mittee was appointed by the Governor, with power to add to their num-
bers: Eben S. Draper, Henry L. Higginson, Elihu B. Hayes, George von
L. Meyer, Patrick A. Collins, James Phillips, Robert M. Burnett, T. Jef-
ferson Coolidge, Jr. This committee organized by electing Mr. Draper
chairman, Mr. Hayes secretary, and Mr. Higgin.son treasurer.

May 9 — The offices of the association were opened in the Common-
wealth building, 1 1 Mt. Vernon street, and Edward C. Mansfield was ap-
pointed assistant secretary.

May 1 7 — A finance committee was appointed, composed of Chair-
man Draper, Nathaniel Thayer, J. Malcolm Forbes, J. Montgomery Sears,
Dudley Pickman, I. T. Burr and Henry Parkman. On the transportation
committee were placed H. B. Chapin, Lucius Tuttle, Henry M. Whitney,
A. M. Graham and Mr. IngersoU. A medical committee was established,
consisting of Henry P. Wolcott, Herbert L. Burrell, vSamuel A. Green and
Edward H. Bradford.

May 19 — Mass meetings were held in the .State House by representa-
tives of the principal women's clubs and organizations throughout the state.

May 31 — Steamship Marmion was purchased from the Boston Fruit
Company for $50,000, to be fitted out as a hospital ship. On this date, Miss
Alice S. Clement began the preliminary work of providing the women of
the state with .something definite to do for the soldiers. Surgeon Sieg-
fried, U. S. N., having sriggested that abdominal bands are a hygienic
necessity for troops campaigning in tropical countries, and having pro-
vided a sample from which to work. Miss Clement set a few of her friends
at work, with the result that sixty samples were made to be sent to
women's clubs.

June 23 — The hospital ship Bay State was commissioned by Presi-
dent McKinley, and Dr. G. A. Siegfried of the navy was detailed to act as
medical inspector of the vessel.

June 24 — Bill appropriating $50,000 for the purchase of the Bay
State, was signed by Governor Wolcott.

June 2 I — The first important shipment of supplies for the Mas-
sachusetts troops, was sent to Colonel Bogan, of the Ninth Regiment, at
Falls Church, Va. Other large shipments to the other regiments of
the state volunteers were sent during this month.

July S — The first big shipment of goods to Cuba, was made on
the converted cruiser St. Louis, Sherman Hoar taking them to Ports-
mouth, and personally superintending their lading on the warship. The
shipment included 17,000 pounds of canned goods, 5000 pounds of

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

461

stimulants and liqiiids, 3,000 corncob pipes, 1000 pounds of tobacco and
forty-six cases of wearing apj^arcl, contributed by the women's supply
committee. All these goods were for the Second, .Sixth and Ninth
regiments. Shipments of goods to the army camps took place nearly
every day throughot:t July.

July 13 — A supply committee consisting of the foUowino- o-entle-
men: Eben D. Jordan, Edward C. Johnson, John vShepard, Herbert
Batcheller, Harry Dutton, Louis Howe, Luther Adams, Jacob C. Bates,
Wallace L. Pierce, Charles D. Sias, C. F. Goodridge, William J. Seaver,
Freeman J. Doe, Elwyn G. Preston, W. B. Thomas, William S. Spald-
ing, George V. Fletcher, Lewis D. Jackson, Si:llivan B. Newton, Jacob
Fottler, Edward B. Newton, Edward L. Shurtleff, N. Green, J. .S.
Badger and Andrew G. Weeks, Jr., was organized.

July 18 — Sherman Hoar and Dr. Titcomb, of Concord, started on
their first visit to the army camps and hospitals in the .South, to see what
further the association could do for the soldiers.

July 19 — Shipment of ten tons of goods to Cuba on the Harvard;
taken to Portsmouth by Sumner Clement.

July 25 — Shipment of forty tons of supplies to Cuba on the fruit
steamer Dumois, in charge of Dr. E. G. Brackett, who went to act as the
association's agent at .Santiago; followed a few days later by a ten-ton
shipment on the Barnstable, in charge of Walter Austin.

Aug. 4 — First detachment of nine sick soldiers brought home from
Fort Monroe.

Aug. 6 — Hospital ship Bay .State sailed on her first trip to Cuba,
with the following medical and navigating staff; —

Dr. Herbert L. Burrell, siirgeon superintendent; first surgeon. Dr.
Eugene A. Crockett; second surgeon. Dr. J. T. Bottomly; purser, William
H. Seabury; first assistant surgeon. Dr. T. J. Alanahan; second assistant
surgeon. Dr. C. A. Spaulding; head nurse. Miss C. W. Cayford; ntirses,
Miss Janet Anderson, Miss Muriel G. Gait, Miss Anna M. Blair, Miss
Sadie Parsons, Miss Sarah Frazer; baymen, S. Hooker, F. P. Droese, L.
L. Kemp, W. L. Lyford, Peter Salvasen, N. E. Nichols. Navigating
department — Percival F. Butman, master; Charles Clare, first officer;
William M. Swasey, second officer; Solomon Bateman, quartermaster;
George A. Gridley, quartermaster; Charles Brown, boatswain; Charles
Lindgren, chief engineer; H. Kelly, first assistant engineer; G. Ander-
son, second assistant engineer; F. J. Leonard, steward.

Aug. 10 — Dr. C. F. Painter sent to Montauk Point to investigate the
needs of the camp.

Aug. II — Second detachment of fifteen sick soldiers brought home
from Fort Monroe.

Aug. 16 — Dr. W. H. Prescott sent to Montauk to establish relief

462 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

work there, and $10,000 apiDropriated by the association for diet kitchens.

Aug. 18 — The first big shipment of supplies was sent to Montauk.
Tug Alert, chartered to carry goods daily from New London to Montauk,
and F. P. Wheeler sent to New London, to act as purchasing agent at that
point.

Aug. 23 — Arrival of hospital ship Olivette with 165 sick soldiers,
who were provided for by the association. Grafton Gushing sent to Alon-
tauk to assist in the diet kitchen work. W. Cameron Forbes, H. E. War-
ner, and Dr. E. H. Bradford added to executive committee.

Aug. 29 — T. J. McLaughlin, sent to Montauk to look out for the
needs of the Ninth Regiment.

Aug. 30 — The Bay State returned from her first trip, bringing nine-
ty-nine sick soldiers of the Second and Ninth Regiments.

Sept. 5 — Bay State sailed for Porto Rico, carrying Dr. J. Booth
Clarkson, to act as representative of the association on the island.

Sept. 6 — Wreck of Steamer Lewiston, on her way home from Mon-
tauk, with 1 1 3 sick soldiers on board; every man being brought safely to
Boston by rail, through the energetic work of Dr. T. B. Shea.

Sept. 13 — Arrival of hospital ship Relief, with 247 sick soldiers, all
of whom were provided for by the association.

Sept. 14 — Eleven convalescents brought home from Montauk, by
way of New London, in charge of Mr. Mansfield.

Sept. 15 — Expedition sent out in charge of Dr. J. Babst Blake,
brings nineteen men home from Chickamauga hospitals.

Sept. 16 — Dr. C. J. Fitzgerald brings fourteen more men from
Montauk.

Sept. 20 — Dr. Fitzgerald arrives with twelve more convalescents
from Montauk.

Sept. 27 — Arrival of Bay State from Porto Rico with ninety-nine
sick men.

Oct. 6 — Bay State sails again for Porto Rico with relief supplies.

Oct. 7 — Death of vSherman Hoar, from disease contracted in army
hospitals, while at work fm- the association.

Oct. 18 — Treasurer Higginson authorized to sell the Bay State to
the government, the matter having been arranged by President Draper
and Secretary Hayes while on a trip to Washington for the purpose.
Purchase price of $100,000 agreed upon. Of this amount, which was
duly received, $50,000 was refunded to the state, in payment of the amount
advanced for the purchase of the vessel from the Boston Fruit Company.

Oct. 28 — Return of Bay State from Porto Rico, bringing 135 sick
and convalescent .soldiers, mostly of the Sixth Regiment.

CHAPTER XIX.

FIRST BATTALION, LIGHT ARTILLERY.

AT the date of the settlement of Boston and Plymouth, the world
knew nothing of what we call Light Artillery, although there was
no lack of cannon of almost every calibre. Plymouth's fortress-
church, and the batteries which guarded Boston Neck, and the
harbor front, with every sea-going craft of even moderate tonnage, and the
garrison houses of the outlying towns, all formd a place and a pretty con-
stant necessity for artillery. Culverin, Demi-culverin, Falcon, Saker,
Drake, Pateraro, "Chambers" (breech -loading swivels,) and huge wall-
pieces and swivels, were not lacking for garrison defense, or sea-warfare.
In the field, however, our ancestors seem to have relied wholly on sword,
pike and musketry, until in later years they began to encounter the
regular troops of the French empire.

In the State archives there are ancient warrants, letters and
accounts, giving the details of shipments of plain, clumsy guns of English
iron, brass and bronze pieces from Holland, and "Bilboa of Spain," the
spoil of French, Spanish and mongrel "privateers and pyrates," and even
of good fighting and better booty, beyond the Pillars of Hercules, where
Morrocco, Algiers and Tunisian pirates, harassed all Christian commerce
which would not pay tribute to the Alussulman rulers of the African
Coast. A certain skill in the use of cannon, was expected of every able
seaman, and shij^'s officer, until in the present century, the right of pri-
vate war upon the high seas, was practically abolished. It followed, of
course, that there were few points along the coast, where some artillery
could not be found and utilized against the public enemy, and artillery
companies, beginning with the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Com-
pany in 1637-38, were formed in every important town, and long consti-
tuted an important branch of the active militia.

But both colonies had lost their original charters, wh^n, in 1690, the
great Vauban, allotted to the cannon then existing, their several places
in the domain of the artillerist. He rated the sixteen and twenty-four
pounders as ''siege guns," and the four, eight and twelve pounders as
"field artillery," ignoring a vast number of the many different calibres;
and notably many since his time prominent in the estimation of great
generals and sea commanders, such as the six, nine and eighteen pound
guns.

His authoritative dicta, for a while, largely reduced the number of
calibres made and used, simpli.fied the problem of ammunition supply, and

464 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

prepared the way for that greater mobilization of the artillery arm, which
Frederick the Great was the first to appreciate, accomplish and profit by.
For nearly sixty years, however, guns in the field remained only "guns of
position." although the smaller pieces were, to some extent, used with
considerable tactical ability, and Vauban's dicta simply meant that the
larger pieces should never be taken on a campaign unless for the purposes,
of a siege, or for the defense of an intrenched camp.

To use an epigram of a prominent military writer: "Guns lived in
magazines; were taken out as occasion required, and wei-e manoeuvered
by men on foot, either with drag ropes, or bullocks." In Massachusetts,
this could be truly said of the Massachusetts Artillery, nearly a century
after Frederick the Great had demonstrated the terrible power and celerity
of "horse artillery." During the entire eighteenth century and late into
the nineteenth, slow oxen and over-taxed horses drew the heavy pieces,
with their massive and uncouth tumbrils and wagons over the country
roads, or through the wilderness, to the scene of battle. There they were
placed in position, and if necessary, moved by men with ropes (prolonges)
to repel an attack, and sometimes placed to enfilade an advancing
column, or hostile line.

In 1759, Frederick the Great, of Prussia instituted "horse artillery";
i. e., batteries whose guns, made as light as the German artificer and de-
signer of that day could be brought to countenance, were accompanied
by officers and men on horseback. The carriages were still clumsy, and
could not be turned at a sharp corner in a narrow road, and the guns were
cumbrous, being at least twenty-two calibres in length; but their mobility
and effect so exceeded those of other nations, that; after great losses and
ruinous defeats; Austria, from twenty years of disaster, learned the lesson
taught by the Prussian king, and adopted the new artillery arm in 1779;
France in the throes of the revolution in 1791-93, and Russia and Eng-
land even slower to learn, in the latter year. These batteries were
reallv mounted gunners, accompanying clumsy guns, for up to 18 16, the
gun carriage and limber could rarely be carried through a narrow way,
having a turn at right angles. Most of the older cannon then in use had
double trails: were elevated by means of quoins or wooden wedges; to
some extent were loaded with loose powder, shovelled in by a powder
scoop, at the end of a rammer, and had no sights except grooves cut in
the rings at the chase and breech.

Direct shell fire was unknown; shrapnel had not been invented, and
ricochet fire with solid shot at long range, and grape, canister and lang-
rao-e at short distances, were the main reliance of the artillerist. The
chief improvements made by the Prussian conqueror, had been the reduc-
tion of the length of the piece from 22 to 18 calibres, and of its weight
from 250 pounds of metal to the pound weight of shot to 159 pounds, les-

OF MASSACUUSliTTS.

465

sening the weight of the six-pounder from 1,500 to 900 pounds. Besides
this, the trail was so fastened to the limber as to favor a very short turn
to right or left. The powder wagons and tumbrils, or two-wheeled cov-
ered carts, were still just what their name implies, heavy, clumsy, and
easily disabled in rough ground.

The Alassachusetts artillery arm was formerly closely modelled on
its English prototype, and when in 1745, Sir William Pepperell invaded
Cape Breton, to beseige Louisburg, three companies of the English
Royal Artillery Regiment accompanied the little army. Richard Gridley,
who had served with this force, later retired on half-pay, and settled in
Boston. When the Revolution broke out he was made colonel of the First
Artillery Regiment; which he organized, as had been the custom of fifty
years before, except that he commissioned an extra major, and also two

AHTILLEliY, BOMBAKDIEIt AND MATROSSES, 172.5-177C.

surgeon's mates, or as we now call them, assistant-surgeons, making two
battalions, each commanded by a major, and having its own surgeon's
assistant. This organization included the following officers: colonel,
lieutenant-colonel, two majors, surgeon, two surgeon's mates, adjutant,
quartermaster, two cadets, four conductors, one store-keeper, two clerks.

There were ten companies, each of which consisted, when complete,
of a captain, captain-lieutenant, first lieutenant, two second lieutenants,
or "fire-workers," four sergeants, four corporals, six gunners, six bom-
bardiers, and thirty-two matrosses.

In England, the captain-lieutenant was a recognized rank until
1S72. The "fire-worker," a military term applied to the second-lieuten-
ant lowest in rank, was also known in the British service during the early
part of the 19th century.

The bombardier is an old term for an artillery man having skill in

466 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

loading and firing shells, while tlie gunner's duties are still recognized by
modern artillerists. "Matross" is an obsolete term, for what we now call
a heavy artillerist, a soldier armed with a musket or rifle, who guarded
his piece on the march, and manned it in battle. Practically, therefore,
Gridley's First Regiment of Artillery was the prototype and model of all
the Massachusetts artillery companies existing previous to the year
1856.

These were generally furnished with one or two six-pounder brass
guns, kept in the local gun house or company armory, furnished with one
caisson, and ropes for manoeuvering. The company was generally armed
with muskets, although a number of men, especially assigned to artillery
duty, were sometimes equipped only with the artillery sword, a short,
straight, heavy, sharp-pointed, double-edged weapon, with simple massive
cross hilt, like the ancient Roman sword. These, by the way, are now
very rare, and desirable as curiosities.

In 1840, there were enrolled in the militia, in the First Brigade, ist
Division, the First Battalion of Artillery, three Boston companies; Second
Battalion, the Roxbury, Dorchester and Weymouth companies, and the
detached Waltham company; seven companies.

Jn the 2d Brigade, ist Division, the Third Battalion of Artillery,
consisting of the Abington, Hanover and Plymouth companies, and the
detached Norton company; four companies.

In the 2d Division, 3d Brigade, the First Regiment of Artillery, of
the Charleston, Watertown, Lexington and Concord companies, and the
detached Groton company; four companies.

In the 4th Brigade, the Fourth Battalion of Artillery of the Salem.
Lynn and Gloucester companies and the Fifth Battalion of the Newbury-
port and Andover companies; four companies.

In the 3d Division, Fifth Brigade, the Sixth Battalion, of the Lan-
caster, Leominster and Barre companies, and the detached Milford com-
pany; four companies.

In the 6th Brigade, the Second Regiment of Artillery, the Spring-
field, Belchertown, Westfieldand Monson companies, and the Third Regi-
ment of Artillery, the Northampton, Northfield, Greenfield, Buckland,
and Plainfield companies; nine companies.

Of these thirty-four companies of artillery, it was recommended
that twenty-two be disbanded, or re -organized as infantry companies.

In 1 84 1, there were only twenty-eight artillery companies, to fifty-
four of infantry, seventeen of riflemen, and two of grenadiers, and the
artillery equipment was improved by the purchase of sixteen six-pounder
guns, one twelve-pound howitzer, and a lot of artillery swords.

In 1844, there were twenty -six companies, with two six-pounder
guns and one caisson each: fifty-two guns in all. Those of the Boston

BUGLER HEEL) SAVINli CAPTAIN' BIGELOW, OF THE MNTll ,M ASSAl lUSETTS BATTEKY, AT

GETTYSBURG, JULY 2, 1863.

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

469

Artillery Company. Company A, Kiftli Rcyiment, were kept in a ''tjun-
house near the foot of the common," as some readers will remember. In
1845, there were five regiments and three detached companies of artillery:
twenty-three companies in all, and in 1847 only twenty companies.

None of these companies, however, bore any relation to the light
battery of to-day.

Soon these too, had all been swallowed up by the infantry force,
and Washington's plan of having two field pieces with each infantry bat-
talion, which at date of August 9, 1776, had given him seventeen brigades
of infantry with sixty-eight three, four and six-pound field guns, besides
the heavier pieces of the siege train, had become an obsolete idea.

In 1808, Secretary of War Dearborn, at Washington, D. C, ordered
certain experiments, with two six-pounders, one ammunition wagon, one
liti-ht horse wagon carrying four men, besides the driver, and horses for
officers, one sergeant and three men, which greatly astonished the mili-
tary men of that day by showing that light artillery could be moved along

A LIiaiT IIATTEKV IN AlTION.

the country roads "at from five to six miles an hour;" and in 1S34, Secre-
tary Poinsett organized the first regular battery of horse artillery, each
man being separately horsed to allow of the most rapid movement. The
guns themselves showed considerable improvements; chiefly adopted in
1S31; when the "brackett" or double trail was replaced by the "stock" or
single trail; the quoin or wedge by the elevating screw% and the bare
axles were covered bv convenient ammunition boxes.

470 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

The batteries which so greatly aided in winning- the j^rincipal bat-
tles of the Mexican war, were horse artillery, and their mobility and dis-
cipline made them greatly superior to the Mexican batteries, which were
organized and manoeuvercd in the old way. It was some years later,
however, that the Massachusetts militia force possessed a modern light
battery.

Battery A, Light Artillery, was organized December 29, 1S53, under
Captain Moses G. Cobb, of Charlestown, and attached to the ist Brigade,
1st Division, M. V. M.

The "First Artillery" was organized by Major Edward J. Jones,
August 2, 1862, after Battery A had been disbanded, as elsewhere recited.
Besides this battery a section of light artillery had been formed in Salem,
and was in 1860-61, attached to the 4th Brigade.

The War of the Rebellion brought into the field the following light
batteries, all of which deserve honorable mention: —

First Light Artillery, Captain Josiah Porter, left the State, Octo-
ber 3, 1 861; Second, Ormond F. Nims, August 8, 1861; Third, Dexter
H. Follett, October 7, 1861; Fourth, Charles H. Manning, November 27,
1S61; Fifth, Max Eppendorf, October 23, 1861.

Sixth, Charles Everett, June 20, 1862; Seventh, Phineas A. Davis,
April 20, 1861; Eighth, Asa M. Cook, June 10, 1862; Ninth, Achille de
Vecchi, July 3. 1862; Tenth, J. Henry Sleeper, September 25, 1862,
Eleventh, Edward J. Jones, August 25, 1864; Twelfth, Jacob Miller;
December 8, 1862; Thirteenth, Philip H. Tyler, November 3, 1862;
Fifteenth, Timothy Pearson, February 4, 1S63; Fourteenth, Joseph
W. B. Wright, February 25, 1S64; Sixteenth, Henry D. Scott, March 11,
1864.

These batteries, with scarcely an exception, were at one time or
another, of especial service to the union forces, and it is almost invidious
to particularize in so brief an article. The frontispiece of this volume how-
ever, ilkustrates a cri.sis in the battle of Gettysburg, when Phillip's Fifth
and Bigelow's Ninth Massachusetts Batteries, with three others, enfiladed
the victorious Confederate advance, which drove back vSickle's Third
Corps at the Peach Orchard, July 2, 1863, and forced their right wing to
turn on the artillery, which covered the ground with their dead. One
after another, the other batteries were safely drawn off to form a second
line of defense, but Bigelow's Ninth covered the retreat; retired, firing
a prolonge, for some four hundred yards, until it was checked by the angle
of two converging stone walls, and was ordered to hold the position at all
hazards. Here without infantry supports, and unable to use canister on
the infantry which charged on either flank, the battery was fought, until
Lieutenant Erickson was killed, Captain Bigelow badly wounded, and
only two guns could be .saved from capture. Captain Bigelow, led by

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 471

Bugler Rccd into the vortex: (if the new Hne of fire, escaped capture, and
the Fifth Battery prevented the confederates from carrying- off the guns
left on the field. Both of these episodes have been selected for illu.stration,
and the results are generally commended by experienced artillerymen.

At the Encampment held bj- the Massachusetts ]\Iilitia at Medford,
October iS, 1865, the following batteries of light artillei'y were present.

First (Cummings) Battery, of Boston; Second (Baxter's) Battery,
of Boston; Third, (Ayer's) Battery, of ]\Ialden; Fottrth (Mclntire's) Bat-
tery, of Lawrence.

These were in 1S67 attached to the ist and 2d Brigades, the two
Boston batteries goingtothe ist Brigade. In 1 868, Captain James B. Ayer,
of Maiden, had been succeeded in the command of the Third Battery, by
Edward E. Currier of the same town. In 1S69, Section A, Light Artil-
lery, of Worcester, Lieutenant Henry W. Reed commanding, organized
as the Fifth Battery, and was attached to the 3d Brigade, then composed
of the Second and Tenth Infantry.

In 1870, James B. Ayer of Maiden, again commanded the Third,
and George S. Merrill, of Lawrence, succeeded Henry X. Mclntire as
captain of the Fourth Battery.

In 1871, the First Battalion of Light Artillery was formed under
Major Dexter H. Follett, the batteries were lettered, and Battery A, for-
merly the First, was commanded by Edwin C. Langley, of Chelsea; the
Second, now Battery B, by Charles W. Baxter; and the Third, Captain
Clark W. Baldwin; Fourth, Geo. S. Merrill, and Fifth. John G. Reed,
were still independent batteries.

In 1873, the adjutant-general ordered that "The Third Light Bat-
tery [oi Maiden) Captain Clark G. Baldwin, and the Fourth Light Bat-
tery (of Lawrence) Captain George S. Merrill, be designated and known
as the Second Battalion of Light Artillery, attached to the 2d Brigade,
and these were duly lettered C and D, the Fifth (Worcester) Battery
being still unlettered. At this time the armament of these batteries were
as follows: Battery A, Boston, six six-pound Napoleons; Battery B, Bos-
ton,, six ten-pound Parrott rifles; Battery C, Maiden, four ten-pound
Parrott rifles; Battery D, Lawrence, four twelve-pound Napoleons; Fifth
Battery, Worcester, four ten-pound Parrott rifles. In 1875, the number
of guns in Batteries A and B was reduced to four.

In 1876, the legislature passed an act reducing the number of field
batteries, in time of peace, to three; and Battery B, of Boston, Captain C.
W. Baxter, and Battery D, of Lawrence, Captain George G. Durrell, wars
a little the lowest in membership and efficiency, and were disbanded, leav-
ing the force composed of Battery A, Boston, four twelve-pound brass Na-
poleons; Battery B, of Worcester, four ten-pound Parrott rifles; and Bat-
tery C, of Melrose four ten-pound Parrott rifles.

472 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

In iS86, Battery C, of 2kIelrose, Captain Boyd, havin.L^ fallen below
the required membersliip and efficiency, was disbanded. Company ^I, of
the Eighth Regiment of Infantry, ^l. V. ]\I., was transferred to the artil-
lery arm, and designated Battery C, ^lay lo, 1886, under the command
of its captain, Lawrence N. Duchesney.

In 1 891, the ten-pound Parrott rifles manned by Batteries B and C,
were exchanged for the three-inch, ordnance, muzzle-loading rifles now in
use, and in 1894 the six Gatling guns, which had for some years formed
a part of the armament of the three batteries, were turned into the de-
partment, and re-issued to the infantry regiments.

The official record of Battery B is as follows: Organized as a sec-
tion of artillery. First Lieutenant Henry W. Reed commanding, ilay 14,
1869; recruited and organized as the Fifth Battery October 18, 1869.
Captain Reed was succeeded by John G. Rice, 1S71-1877; George L.
Allen, 18/7-1881; Henry C. Wadsworth, 1882-1883; George L. Allen,
1 883- 1 884; Fred W. Wellington, 1884-18S7; John E. Merritt, 18S7-1889;
George L. Allen, J8S9-1891; Lawrence G. Bigelow, 1891-1894; Joseph
Bruso, Jr., 1894-189S; William A. Lewis, 1898-1S99; Herbert W. Haynes
February 17, 1899.

Battery B has always been a Worcester battery, and has uniformly
been commended for its strength and discipline. It has formed a part of
the First Battalion ever since 1S91, when Battery A was detached there-
from, and left with the Second Brigade, while Battery B took its place in
the First Battalion, which was assigned to the First Brigade.

The official record of Battery C, which includes the infantry ser-
vice of its original organization, is as follows: Company K, Sixth Regi-
ment, 'SI. V. ~Sl., Captain Edgar J. Sherman, organized 1S64, and mus-
tered into the United States service July 14, 1864, serving until October
27, 1864. Ti'ansf erred to the Eighth Regiment of Infantry, and desig-
nated Company AI, Captain Lawrence A^. Duchesney, December 3, 1878.
Transferred from the Eighth Regiment of Infantry to the artillery arm, and
designated Battery C, ^lay 10, 1886, and transferred from the Second to
the First Brigade May 18, 1891, while still under the command of Captain
Duchesney, who became major of the battalion May 9, 1S93, and was suc-
ceeded by Captain W^illiam L. Stedman, of Lawrence, who still com-
mands the battery. None of the ilas.sachusetts batteries were in the
United States service during the Spanish- American 'War, but for some
time they acted as a part of the First Brigade Corps of observation, cov-
ering the coast from Telegraph Hill, Hull, to Newburyport.

CHAPTER XX.

TROOP F, CAVALRY, FIRST BRIGADE, M. V. M.
By Captain Elisha H. Shaw (deceased), and Captain Amos R. Leighton, commanding

THIS troop Avas organized September 5. 1864, through the active
efforts of Christopher Roby, Esq., of West Chelmsford, its first
commander. Tlie prime cause of its formation was to assist in

defending our northern frontier against the attacks then threatened
from Canada, b}' Southern sympathiz-
ers with the rebellion. Captain Roby
raised one hundred men, and was
elected captain, with Edgar S. Park-
hurst, First Lieutenant; Warren C.
Hamblet, Second Lieutenant; Samuel
F. Dalton, Assistant Surgeon; and Her-
bert H. Emerson, Adjutant, all resi-
dents of Chelmsford; and the members
of the troop belonged in the towns of
Chelmsford, Billerica, Dracut and
Westford.

At its first encampment in West-
ford, the troop was presented with a
stand of colors by Colonel Charles H.
Dalton, a grandson of Captain Noah
Spaukling, who in earlier times com-
manded a company of Chelmsford
mounted men, and from whom Troop
F received its early name — "The

Spaulding Light Cavalry, Company F." Captain Roby remained in
command thirteen (13) years, and in 1877 was succeeded by Captain Sher-
man H. Fletcher, of Westford, who retained the command for eleven (in
years.

During Captain Fletcher's administration the several squads were
re-organized and their location changed. The headquarters of the troop
was moved from West Chelmsford, and squads were established at North
Chelmsford, Carlisle, Westford, Groton and Pepperell.

In 1888, Captain Fletcher resigned, and Horace W. Wilson, of Car-
lisle, was elected Captain — headquarters remaining at Westford — and

TlIK LATE C.\PT.\IN ELISII.V II. SII.WV.

Hid Xov. ai, isa.s.

474

REGIMEXTS AND ARMORIES

held this office until September, 1893, when Elisha H. Shaw, of North
Chelmsford, was chosen captain, and the headquarters were removed to

'^ IT** S'^fi-^ ..

North Chelmsford. The troop since its organization has been composed
of men residing in the towns of Northern Middlesex, and most of them
have owned their horses.

The names of the past officers of the troop are as follows: —

Captains — Christopher Roby, Chelmsford; Sherman H. Fletcher,
Westford; Horace W. Wilson, Carlisle; Elisha H. vShaw, Chelmsford.

Adjutants — Herbert H. Emerson, Chelmsford; Elijah D. Bearce,
Chelmsford.

Assistant Surgeons — Samuel L, Dalton, Boston; Levi Howard,
Chelmsford; Josepl^B. Heald. Westford; Walter H. Leighton, Lowell.

laniNii Til WATICK

Lieutenants — Edgar S. Parkhurst, Chelmsford; Warren C. Hamb-
let, Chelmsford; Allan Cameron, Westford; Arthur H. Clement, Boston;
James A. Davis, Dunstable; Benjamin F. Day. Westford; Nathan B.

TiiL 111 i.i.i; I viJ.

OF MASSACHUSETTS. 477

Laphnian. Clu-hnsfdrd; W. L. KittrcdL;-c, Wcstford; Everctl C Williams,
Ciroton; William H. Quigley, Chelmsford.

The present officers are: —

Captain — Amos R. Leighton, Lowell.
Assi.stant Surgeon — Amasa Howard, Chelmsford.
First Lieutenant — John J. Monahan, Westford.
Second Lieutenant — Edward tL Keyes, Chelmsford.

The troop is now composed of four detachments, located as fol-
lows: —

Squad No. i — North Chelmsford; squad No. 2, Chelmsford; squad
No. 3, Carlisle; squad No. 4, Westford.

The following is added to the above modest statements by the
editor: —

At the yearly encampment of the ist Brigade, under Brigadier-
General Thomas R. Mathews, held at the State Camp Grounds, South
P'ramingham, during the week closing August 25, 1899, Troop F entered
the camp with 106 officers and men, splendidly mounted, and generally
furnishing their own horses.

While the carbines carried were not of the most desirable pattern,
and more liberality on the part of the State was evidently desirable in the
matter of equij^ments, the troop made a fine appearance, and in the
parades, review\s, manoeuvres, and all other duties of the camp, reflected
great credit upon officers and men.

As there has, fortunately, been no invasion of the soil of ^lassa-
chusetts, nor any intestine riot or oittlawry requiring the use of cavalry,
this fine body of volunteer horse, has never had an opportunity to dis-
play its valor and endurance in the field, or its ability to act swiftly and
effectively in the vindication of the laws of the Commonwealth.

Notwithstanding this disadvantage, the esprit da corps of Troop F
has never been dimmed or diminished, and its ex-members still take a
pride in its past history and present reputation.

It is a costly and onerous service, requiring much extra trouble and
expenditure, as well as the training of both man and horse; but the rough
riding displayed at Framingham, in addition to the regular cavalry exer-
cises, demonstrated a spirit of einulation and soldierly love of equitation,
which argues well for the future of the troop.

It should also be said, that in the use of the rifle — albeit the car-
bine can hardly be expected to compete on equal terms with the long ser-
vice rifle — Troop F has always secured a high record for general efficiency
as marksmen.

478

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

The Record of Alarksmen, M. V. M., 1S9S, gives Troop F the fol-
lowing official standing: —

Four distinguished marksmen, thirty-two sharpshooters, nine
first-class marksmen, twenty-four second-class marksmen, five third-class

OVER THE SUALLONV.-

marksmen, eight unqualified members, out of a total of eighty-two men.
At the cavalry competition at Walnut Hill, October 31, 1898, teams of
ten. fifteen shots each, at 200 yards, possible score 750, Troop F led with
569 points, against 504 for Troop D, and 493 points for Troop A.

In 1S87, Troop F, with the same number of men, was credited
with five distinguished marksmen, thirty-five sharpshooters, nine first-class
marksmen, thirty-one second-class marksmen, two third-class marksmen;
each and every member of the troop having qualified; a record unequalled
by any other organization. At the cavalry competition of 1S97, the
Troop F teams carried off the trophy, making a score of 608 points, oiit
of a possible score of 750, against 557 for Troop D, and 527 for troop A.

In revolver practice, the troop boasts of several first-class shots, and
many who much exceed average proficiency, qualifying fifty-three revol-
ver marksmen, in 1897, out of eighty -two members.

Since 1898 the membership of Troop F has been largely increased,
owing to the efforts of Captain Amos R. Leighton and his fellow officers,
ably seconded by the non-commis.sioned officers and men.

BIOGRAPHIES OF OFFICERS

OF THE

M. V. M.
PAST AND PRESENT

L'EXVOI.

WITH the brief moiiogTuph of the late Captain Elisha H. Shaw
on Troop F Cavalry, and the following biographies of olScers
of the i\Ia.ssachiisetts militia, past and jaresent, ends the First
\"oli:me of the "Regiments and Armories of ^^lassachusetts."
Since its first inception the work has been greatly enlarged in scope
and interest. Hundreds of illustrations have been designed, or sought out
and reproduced. The Spanish-American war has renewed the laurels of
the citizen soldiery of the Bay State, and, in a number of instances,
crowned a second time the veterans of the great civil war. A foreign
war has practically denuded the republic of its regular troops, and any
emergency would force the national government to rely on that State Mil-
itia, whose history this work seeks to perpetuate, while demonstrating
the practical and laborious effort which underlies its apparently unevent-
ful existence, and the great personal sacrifice of time and money, made
by the men and officers who, from generation to generation, have learned
and practiced the arts of war, that their people might enjoy prosperity and
peace, without fear of foreign aggression or domestic anarchy.

The Second Volume will begin with the official history of the Sec-
ond Brigade, and the several organizations of which it is composed, and be
followed by those of the Cadets battalions, Naval Brigade, and .Signal Ser-
vice Corps, with a most complete and exhaustive history of State Rifle
Practice, and another on the history of the ]\Iedical Department, which,
in itself, will be a most interesting chapter of the history of I\Iassachu-
setts. Short sketches of individual Regiments, Batteries, Companies,
Veteran Associations, Societies, etc., etc., which are legitimately con-
nected with the history of the State Militia will form a part of the la.st
volume, and the biographical section will continue the series of individ-
ual histories.

The illustrations of the Second Volume will doubtless excel those
of the First, in number if not in interest, as there will necessarily be less
official and historical detail therein. The co-operation of the subscribers
to this work is earnestly requested, that this closing volume may be . an
interesting and reliable compendium of the past history an.l present con-
dition of the State ]\Iilitia. ilore it cannot be, for an exhaustive recital
of the services, sufferings, achievements, successes and supreme sacrifices
of the citizen soldiers of Massachusetts, would make a library of itself,
and require the entire life-work of several investigators and historians to
complete it.

482 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

The "Regiments and Armories of Massachusetts," is the pioneer
work in this great field, it being the first dealing with the general history
and development of the militia of a State of the American Union. It
has a purpose beyond that of realizing its cost and amassing profits ; for
it also seeks to awaken a more just and generous, popular pride and ti'ust
in the only form of military organization which can be safely fostered and
continuously enlarged and developed by a free people.

The citizen soldiery of a State have never degraded or enslaved it ;
have rarely willingly aided in the degradation and enslavement of their
neighbors, and can be made as effective and well-disciplined as any regu-
lar troops on earth, with less expense and more safety to the .State. This
belief and a desire to realize and perpetuate it, in a larger and even better
disciplined Massachusetts Militia; is the main theme and inspiration of
this volume, and will characterize its successor.

The practical loss of the year iSgS, owing to the fact that many of
the authors and subscribers to this work were en campaign, or engaged
in exacting official service, has greatly delayed its completion, and at the
same time necessitated unexpected and material additions to the original
conception. It will be found that it is both larger and better for the un-
avoidable delay and interruption.

Necessarily limited to a comparatively small edition, this work
should be promptly secured by everyone, whose associations with the
Massachusetts Militia, either personal, hereditary, or sympathetic, make it
desirable. Canvassers cannot long be kept in the field, and the delivery
of the second volume will be hastened as fast as possible. The character
and experience of its principal authors, will always make their part of the
work a valuable and indispensable addition to every well-chosen jjublic
and private library, in which the history of JMassachusetts is properly rep-
resented.

Beyond these con.siderations, the biographies herein contained will,
in the years to come, when human sorrow has long since ceased to lament
the departed, and even bronze and stone have become meaningless re-
minders of a long past generation, have an ever-increasing value in the eyes
of po.sterity, and re -awaken and increase in the hearts of the men of that
splendid future, that patriotism and unselfish devotion which dies not
with regiment or soldier, but draws new life and power as generation after
generation, give unselfish service, and utter self-devotion to the preserva-
tion of just government and true freedom.

ROGICU WOI.COTT,
Govi'iiiorofJIassachusetts, lSH7-'i8-!lii, Coiiimandcr-in-Chicf. M. V M.

ROGER WOLCOTT,

tiOVEKSOK OK MASSAI'IIUSKTTS AM) COMM AM)ER-IX-CHIEK M. V. M.

Roger Wolcott, now Governor of the State of ^lassachusetts, and
Commander-in-Chief of the militia of the Commonwealth, was born in
Boston, July 13, 1847. His remote ancestor, John Wolcott, of Tolland,
in Somersetshire, England, was a gentleman of good birth and repute,
and comfortable estate, whose fair acres lay in one of the many fertile,
well-watered, and pleasant vales of one of the most beautiful counties
of the sottth of England. His son Henry, and his wife Elizabeth, are
thus spoken of in the "Family Chronologie," A. D., 1690: "This hap-
pie paire were married about ye yeare 1606. He came to New Englande
about ye yeare 1628. and in 1630 brought over his family to avoid the per-
secutions of those tymes against the Dissenters."

Henry Wolcott was himself in comfortable circumstances, and
readily devoted a liberal part of his estate to the enterprise of settling
and building New England. His name is found in the list of "freemen"
of Boston, as early as 1630; but in less than six years later, we find him
among the pioneer settlers of Windsor, Conn. There the English puri-
tan and his wife lived many years, until, as the old chronicle goes on to
say, "they dyed in hope, and ly buried under one tomb in Windsor."

Simon, the younger son of Henry Wolcott, begot Roger Wolcott —
a man of marked individuality and strong character, who filled several
offices of trust, and was second in command under Sir William Pepperrell,
in that famous expedition which resulted in the capture of Louisbourg,
Cape Breton, in 1745. In 1750, he became Governor of Connecticut.

His son, Oliver Wolcott, was a member of the Continental Coa-
oress, and was one of the immortal signers of the Declaration of Inde-
pendence. With the rank of brigadier-general, he served, in 1777, under
General Gates, took part in the battle of Saratoga, and the siege which
resulted in the surrender of General Burgoyne and his Hessian mer-
cenaries. At the close of the war he was elected major-general of the
Connecticut militia, served in both branches of the Connecticut legisla-
ture, was for many years Jridge of Probate, and later, Chief Justice of
the Court of Common Pleas; and after serving as Lieutenairt-Governor
for ten years was elected Governor of Connecticut, which position he
held at the time of his death.

Frederick Wolcott, son of the above, and fifth in the line of
descent, graduated at Yale, first in his class, and was for forty years Judge
of Probate, during which period, it is said, that not a single decree made
by him was reversed on appeal. He took a deep interest in all public mat-

486 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

tei's, and economic and social reforms, and witii his brother, Oliver Wolcott,
did much to advance the mercantile and manufacturing interests of his
section.

His son, J. Huntington AVolcott, sixth in descent, entered the old
and reputable house of A. & A. Lawrence & Co., Boston — a leading firm
in manufacturing and mercantile circles. He was a gentleman of great
energy, sagacity, and probity, in the estimation of his contemporaries,
and married Cornelia, daughter of Samuel Frothingham, Esq. Of this
union was born the subject of this sketch; but his mother died in 1850,
when he was little more than three years old.

Roger Wolcott received most of his early education in a private
school in Boston, and later, graduated at Harvard College in the class of
1870, which elected him class orator. His oration on Commencement
Day on "The Early Franciscans," was highly commended. He chose
the legal profession; but, as a rule, did not practice in the courts.

He was a member of the Common Council of Boston from 1877 to
1879; served in the House of Representatives from 1882 to 1884; was
elected Lieutenant-Governor in 1892, 1893, and 1894, and by the death of
Governor Greenhalge in 1896, became acting governor of the State, since
which time, by the choice of the peoj^le, he has filled the Governor's chair
to date.

He was married September 2, 1S74, to Edith, grand-daughter of
William H. Prescott, the historian, himself the grandson of Colonel
William Prescott, of Pepperrell, the fearless leader of the militiamen at
Bunker Hill. Of this union were born Huntington F., who died in
infancy, Roger, William Prescott, S. Hi:ntington, Cornelia F.,and Oliver.
Roger, after having served as private in Battery A, First Heavy Artil-
lery, during the Spanish war, is now second lieutenant of Battery L, in the
same regiment.

Governor Wolcott has a brief but creditable militia record in the
Massachusetts militia, of which he is now the commander-in-chief, having
served as private and sergeant in the Second Regiment Infantry, M. V. M.
His chief work in this regard is a part of the history of the splendid
services of the State of ^Massachusetts during the Spanish-American war
of 1S98-99, whose imminence he early realized. Always ready and
anxious to advance the interests of the militia of the State, he was at
once the head and co-laborer of the staff of military officials, whose
foresight and preparation made the Massachusetts Volunteers the best
equipped and provided of all the militia who took the field.

He was no less anxious for their welfare and comfort when cam-
paigning abroad, and sick or disabled, and his record as a War-Governor
adds another chapter to the already noble record of the intelligent, faith-
ful, and humane labors of the war-rulers of Massachusetts.

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FREDERICK T. GREENHALGE,

I.ATF. (;OVKI!XOU OK AIASSACHUSETTS AND CCl.MMANUEIMN-CIIIEF, 51. V. M., lSn4-'jr,-!)G.

Frederick T. Greenhalge was born in Clitheroe, near Lancaster,
Eno-land, July 19, 1842. While he was still a boy his parents moved to
this country, and in 1854 took up their residence in Lowell, where their
son entered the public schools of that city, and in due time gradtiated
from the high school with marked honors.

He entered Harvard in 1859, and was obliged to leave the univer-
sity because of the death of his father. In 1S62, he taught school, study-
in"- law in his spare moments. In 1863, he offered to enlist in the army,
but could not pass the medical examination. He went to Newbern, N. C,
hoping to get a position in a colored regiment. He afterward summed
up his own experience in the following words: "I got neither commis-
sion, pension, nor record — nothing but malaria."

Mr. Greenhalge's home life was an exceptionally happy one. He
married, in 1872, Miss Isabel Nesmith. Of that union there are three
children — Frederick B., Harriet Nesmith, and Richard Spalding.

Mr. Greenhalge was admitted to the Middlesex bar in 1865. In
1 86 8, his official career began with his election to the Common Council of
Lowell, serving in that body for two years, and in 1871 and 1S72, on the
school board.

He was elected Mayor of Lowell in 1880 and 1S81, making one of
the most thoroughly business-like mayors the city ever had.

In 1885, he represented his city in the lower branch of the legisla-
ture. In 1888, he was elected to Congress, and at once leaped into prom-
inence, his speeches receiving attention all over the country.

Again in 1890, he was a candidate for Congress, but was defeated
by the Democratic nominee.

In 1893, Mr. Greenhalge was elected Governor of Massachusetts
by a large majority. In his inat:gural address January 4, 1894, Governor
Greenhalge advised retrenchments in State expenditure, a correspond-
ino- reduction of taxes, and an incidental equitable adjustment of the
public burden. He also advocated especial generosity in dealing with
State charities.

His courage and consistency in following out a course, once decided
upon as the right one, were shown by his unqualified opposition to the
proposition to abolish the executive council, notwithstanding the fact that
that body several times refused to confirm his appointments, and thus, to
some extent, opposed a barrier to the execution of his plans.

In 1S94, Governor Greenhalge was, however, re-nominated and
re-elected, and his course, as a whole, needed no better vindication.

492 REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

In November, 1895, he was again elected, by the largest plural-
ity of any of the three years, in opposition to Hon. George Fred Wil-
liams, after a campaign remarkable alike for a most stirring canvass, and
the utmost courtesy and respect which existed between the nominees.

Late in November, 1895, the Governor went to the Atlanta Expo-
sition, accompanied by several members of his staif. At Atlanta he made
two noteworthy addresses — one on Massachusetts day, and the other on
Kentucky day. They were models of oratory, and made a profound
impression, which must be the deeper for the fact that they were among
the last that he made.

The effect of the hard work, and the worry of the last campaign,
was the beginning of the end. His health began to break under the
enormous strain, and before the election he was obliged to cancel several
engagements to speak.

On Saturday afternoon, February 29, Governor Greenhalge suf-
fered a partial shock of paralysis, as a result of his physical ailments.
Then began a brave fight for life, but a losing one, for the sapper and
miner had been at work for some months, and the patient's constitution
had been wrecked, and on Wednesday night, March 4, 1896, Governor
Greenhalge passed away, to the universal regret of the people of Mas-
sachusetts.

His generous opponent in his last great campaign thus uttered his
Ijest and noblest eulogy: "Few men in public life were so well beloved,
personally, and few men had a more i;nswerving purpose to do the right.
I know of no higher tribute that can be paid to the memory of any public
man Massachusetts has lost in a generation."

Governor Greenhalge, at the time of the inception of this history,
was the commander-in-chief of the Massachusetts militia, and as such
was interested in the successful completion of the work. Witli no per-
sonal military record or experience, he ever showed himself a friend of
the State service, and during his incumbency, many important improve-
ments, for the comfort and convenience of the militia, and arrangements
for promoting its efficiency, were projected or completed.

It does not detract from the credit already given to those officers,
whose experience and enthusiasm directed the necessary operations, to
say that the late governor was always mindful of those military duties
and responsibilities which every governor of Massachusetts has assumed,
from the days of Winthrop and Winsli.nv to the present day, and that in
this regard he is entitled to a like meed of such praise as his chivalrous,
political antagonist offered to his memory, when, in the prime of his
powers, and leading in the race for honorable success, he was called
hence into that peace from which mortal praise or blame can no longer
awake him.

OK MASSACHUSETTS.

493

ADJUTANT GENERAL SAMUEL
DALTON.

Samuel Dalton, Adjutant General of the
State of Massachusetts; son of Joseph A.
and Mary (Fairfield) Dalton, was born at
Salom, Mass., June 25, 1840. His father,
Joseph A. Dalton, served during the Civil
War as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Forty-
Ninth Regiment, M. V. M., and later was
always interested in the preservation and
encouragement of the old New England
military spirit and traditions, being the
commander of the Salem Veteran Associa-
tion at the time of his death in 1898.

Samuel Dalton received his education
in the public schools of Salem, graduating
from the high school in 1856. He first
entered the employment of his father,
then engaged in the leather trade ; but
soon after came to Boston and became a
clerk in the house of Gore Bros., and still
later became a salesman with the firm of
E. B. Hall & Co.

The military spirit of his family and
ancestors early impelled young Dalton to
join the State militia, and, in 1858, he en-
listed in the Second Corps Cadets, and re-
mained a member thereof until the out-
break of the great Civil War. In 1861 he
enlisted in the Fourteenth Regiment, M.
Y. M., which at date of June i, 1862, was
merged into the First Regiment of
Heavy Artillery, M. V. M., and stationed
on the fortified lines about Washington
and Alexandria. He was early made ser-
geant; on February 15, 1862, commis-
sioned second lieutenant, and at date of
June 7, 1862, promoted to first lieutenant ;
which grade he retained until the regi-
ment was mustered out at the expiration
<jf its term of service.

For over two years, the regiment, con-
sisting of two strong battalions of eight
companies each, was employed in con-
structing defenses and lines of communi-
cation, which formed part of the formida-
ble fortifications around Washington, and
in garrisoning the same. Thev were a
splendid body of men physically, and
moved out in perfect order and with ex-
quisite precision, when in 1864 they were
summoned to take the field.

On May 19, 1864, on the Fredericks-
burg Road, on the way to Spottsylvania
Court House, they encountered Rhode's
Division of Ewell's Army Corps, and for
several hours held in check this entire
force, until they were re-enforced and re-
lieved. The regiment, mustering for
duty at morning 181 7 officers and men,
lost in this splendid fight, 2 officers killed

and 15 wounded: 56 enlisted men killed,
297 wounded, and 27 missing, a total of
397 casualties in this single engagement.

Between May 5 and December 16, 1S64,
the regiment was engaged — and at some
points several times — at Fredericksburg
Road, North Anna River, Tolopotomy,
Petersburg, Deep Bottom, Petersburg
Mine, Poplar Grove, Boydton Plank Road,
and the Weldon R. R. In these engage-
ments the casualties amounted to 919
men.

On his return from the war Lieutenant
Dalton entered business in Boston, under
the firm name of Nichols & Dalton. and a
little later, April 6, 1866, rejoined the Sec-
ond Corps Cadets, as captain of his for-

AD.JUT.Wr CKNEIIAI, S.WllKL H.U.TON.

mer company. He was promoted major
April 3, 1874; discharged April 28, 1876;
re-elected major May 2, 1876; elected
lieutenant-colonel, March 14, 1877; ap-
pointed colonel and inspector of ordnance
on the staff of Governor John D. Long,
December 10, 1881, which position he re-
signed January 3, 1883.

On January 4, 1883, he was appointed,
by Governor Benjamin F. Butler, Adju-
tant General of Massachusetts, which po-
sition he has held under each succeeding
governor for nearly seventeen years.
The rank of brigadier general, attained
by him at the date of his appointment,
has since been superseded by the rank of
major-general.

494

REGIMEXTS AND ARMORIES

During his long service tlie active
militia of the State has increased over
50 per cent., and the condition of the force
and its effectiveness for duty ; the armory
and camp accommodations; and skill
in rifle practice and naval' exercises, have
been extraordinarily improved. With
these gains, the weight of responsibility
thrown upon the adjutant general has
been correspondingly increased, notwith-
standing the willing and efficient co-op-
eration of his subordinate officers of the
staff, field and line.

In 1S98, the Spanish-American War
brought to the supreme test of sudden and
urgent summons, and hasty mobilization,
the militia as organized and fostered
under General Dalton's administration.
That not even the regular army troops
were more prompt to answer the call;
went more completely equipped to camp
or transport ; or were cared for in hospital
or transport with more tender and effi-
cient helpfulness, has become a matter of
history, established by universal con-
temporary consent.

Only in one respect were the men of
Massachusetts wanting — the possession of
arms of equal effectiveness and range with
those of the troops of Spain— and this
defect Adjutant General Dalton had for
years labored and desired earnestly to
cure. Had the siege of Santiago been
followed by that of Havana, the losses
from this remarkable weakness of equip-
ment would have terribly vindicated the
warnings and fears of General Dalton.

General Dalton was married at Salem,
Mass., March 9, 1891, to Hannah F.,
daughter of W. F, and Abigail Nichols,
of that city. Their family consists of a
daughter, Edith R., and a son, R. Osborne
Dalton.

CHARLES W. HALL.

Charles Winslow Hall, editor of "Regi-
ments and Armories of Massachusetts,"
the eldest son of Isaac Clark and Susan-
nah (Ryder) Hall, was born at Chelsea,
Mass., November 2, 1843. His father was
descended from John Hall, born at Cov-
entry, England in 1609, who settled at
Yarmouth, Mass., dying there in 1696,
and on the maternal side from Kenelnm
Winslow, brother of Edward Winslow, the
first governor of Plymouth. On his
mother's side Mr. Hall is descended
from Samuel Rider, one of the original
proprietors of the town of Yarmouth,
1638-39, born in Plymouth, England, A.
D. 1601, who was a lieutenant under

Captain Myles Standish, and one of those
in charge of the defences of Yarmouth,
and died there December 22, 1679.

Charles Winslow Hall studied in the
public schools of Chelsea until 1854, when
the family removed to Winthrop. Then
he attended the old Chapman Hall
school, and later went to Williston Acad-
emy, Easthampton, Mass., and the old
Pierce Academy, Middleboro.

He was attending school at the Paul
Wing Academy, Springhill, East Sand-
wich, when the war broke out in 1861,
but his parents refused to allow him to
enlist, and he returned to Prince Edward
Island.

In 1862 he enlisted in Company H,
Forty-third Regiment, M. V. M., Colonel

CIIATII.ES W. n M.T..

Charles M. Hjlbrook commanding; which
regiment was sent to Newbern, N. C. His
personal military experience was closed
by the mustering-out of the regiment at
Readville, July 30, 1863. During this
time Private Hall had been under fire at
Kinston, N. C, December 14, 1S62; twice
at Whitehall, N. C, December 16, 1862,
where, under a heavy fire, he cut down a
tree, which had become locked between
the wheels of a caisson on the right flank
of the regiment; and again at Blount's
Creek, N. C, April 9, 1863, when General
Spinola attempted to relieve Major-Gen-
eral John G. Foster, then besieged in
Little Washington, N. C. Later he was
one of those who volunteered to run the

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

495

blockade of the Tar River in open boats,
to carry food and ammunition, but was
not accepted, as the skilled boatmen of
Cape Cod and the South Shore were very
properly chosen for the service, which
they most gallantly and successfully per-
formed.

Mr. Hall, on his return from this ser-
vice, was attacked by a severe throat dis-
temper, and barely recovered. During
his convalescence, he for some time aided
in teaching the blacks, at a school organ-
ized by the chaplain, the late Reverend
Jacob M. Manning, of the Old South
Church ; and on his return voyage to
Massachusetts, in the steamer "Convoy."
volunteered as nurse, to aid in caring for
the hundreds of sick and wounded on
board. The "Convoy" went ashore south
of Minot's Ledge, off Cohasset, Mass.,
and Private Hall vohtnteered to remain
by the ship, and aided in getting the
transport afloat, and caring for the sick
and dying until they were safely landed
at the wTiarf at Boston.

Mr. Hall attended Chauncey Hall
School at Boston, and the Harvard Law
school, and in 1867 was admitted to
practice at the Suffolk bar. He had
never fully recovered from his sickness
at Newbern, and for some years he
was in business at Charlottetown, P. E.
L, returning to Boston in 1874.

Here he was chiefly engaged in jour-
nalism and literary work; serving on the
editorial staff of the Boston Commercial
Bulletin. Journal of Commerce, and New
England Illustrated News; contributing
to a number of popular publications, in-
cluding the Youth's Companion, Cottage
Hearth, and Oliver Optic's Magazine ; and
publishing several works of juvenile and
historical fiction.

In 1 88 1 he went to Dakota Territory,
became interested in the work of settling
the great prairie-land, and until i8g8 was
well-known as a pioneer, attorney and
journalist, in North and South Dakota,
Minnesota, and the states bordering
thereon. During these years, he was
prominent in Northwestern journalism,
serving successively on the Fargo Re-
publican, EUendale Commercial, Dickey
County Leader, Minneapolis Northwest
Trade and Hardware Trade, and for five
years (1893-1S98) was editor of the St.
Paul Trade Journal.

Mr. Hall was married September 17,
1870, to Sarah Emily, daughter of George
and Juliana (Ryder) Foster, of Char-
lottetown, P. E. I. Of this marriage were
born Arthur Winslow, Caroline Daisy

and Beatrice Foster Hall. Mrs. Hall died
at Grand Rapids, Dakota, in 1884. July
9, 1890, he married Isadora, daughter of
William M. and Hannah John, of Bloom-
ington. 111. He now resides at Winthrop,
Mass.

His published works include "Twice
Taken," Lee & Shepard, Boston, 1867, an
historical romance, founded on the two
sieges of Louisburg, Cape Breton; "Leg-
ends of the Gulf," Charlottetown, 1870,
poems dealing with Acadian life ; "Adrift
in the Ice-Fields," and "Drifting Round
the World," stories of fiction and adven-
ture, Lee & Shepard, Boston; and "Car-
tagena, or the Lost Brigade," a story of
the American brigade sent in 1741 to con-
quer Cartagena, S. A., and Santiago de
Cuba, under Admiral Vernon.

Mr. Hall's chief service to literature
has been in connection with the practical
interests of the country, and its history
and development. An omnivorous and
swift reader, yet none the less quick and
accurate in his observations of active
men and their surroundings, and through
life, thrown in contact with "all kinds and
conditions of men," he has acquired a
widespread reputation as a ready, yet
accurate writer.

His early desire for a soldier's life
has always impelled him to study mili-
tary text books and histories, and such
ancient papers as dealt with the military
records of New England. "The Regi-
ments and Armories of Massachusetts,"
reflects the results of his lifelong admira-
tion for the citizen soldiery of the old Bay
State, and close study of historical data
overlooked by most of his contemporaries.

COLONEL WILLIAM C. CAPELLE.

ASSIST.VNT ADJLT.VNT GENERAL, M. V. M.

{Portrait on page pj.)

William Curtis Capelle. son of Curtis
Capelle, of Groton, and Mary A. Brown,
of Concord, his wife, was born in Lexing-
ton, February, 9, 1833, and is descended
from the early English settlers of the
country. His great great grandfather,
John Capell, born 1726, marched from
Newtown (Newton) to join the expedition
to Lake George and Ticonderoga. during
which expedition he died (1758) leaving
four orphan children. One of these chil-
dren, John Capell, was in the battle of
Bunker Hill, Siege of Boston, and later,
in Captain Cook's Company, of the Thir-
ty-seventh Regiment, in the Continental
Army. Two other great grandfathers

496

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

were in the Revolutionary War — William
Tarbell. of Groton, and Abel Brown, of
Concord.

The first-named was in the expedition
to reinforce the Northern Army under
General Gates, and was afterwards en-
listed in Concord, by Jonas Heywood,
marched to West Point, and placed in
Captain Thorp's Company of the Seventh
Massachusetts Regiment, Colonel John
Brooks, commanding. The last named,
after a service of three years, was re-
enlisted in Boston for a term of three
years, marched to West Point, and was
placed in Captain Mane's Company in the
Second Regiment of the Massachusetts
Line, under Colonel Sprout, and was hon-
orably discharged by General Knox, three
months after the declaration of peace.

Colonel Capelle, by inheritance from
his Revolutionary ancestry, is a member
of the Society of the Sons of the Revolu-
tion, a charter member of the Massachu-
setts Society, and of the Board of Man-
agement since its incorporation in 1891.

He early became connected with the
Militia of the Commonwealth, having
joined the Roxbury Company of the Fifth
Artillery (Company D), in 1854, and
served as corporal, sergeant, and lieuten-
ant, six years.

During the Civil War, while acting as
clerk, the following recommendation by
the late Surgeon-General William J. Dale,
bore witness to the importance of his ser-
vices, and procured for him the necessary
military rank, to enable him to enlarge
his sphere of usefulness;

Office of the Surgeon-General,

Boston, Oct. 8, 1S64.
Governor; I respectfully recommend
that William C. Capelle, Chief Clerk in
this office, should be commissioned as
Captain in the Massachusetts Military
Service, with orders to report to this of-
fice. The reasons for this are ; First. Mr.
Capelle has performed his arduous duties
here in such a naanner as to justify the
good opinion formed of him at the time
of his appointment. His exactness, meth-
od, and order, his promptness and unfail-
ing courtesy, have been of the greatest
assistance to me, and make him invaluable.
Second. He is charged with the care of
the ambulance, and other medical prop-
erty of the State, and sees, on the arrival
of wounded officers and soldiers, that
everything is in readiness and without de-
lay. Third. He has charge of the prop-
erty of the United States turned over to
me for the use of the Massachusetts Regi-

ments, and frequently has to visit United
States military posts, for the purpose of
receipting for supplies, turning them over,
etc., besides being charged with respon-
sible duties of a confidential character,
such as ascertaining the truth of alleged
abuses, reporting upon cases referred
from the e.xecutive department, in regard
to men at Gallops Island, and other ren-
dezvous. His duties are distinct from
Dr. Hooker, and are of the character of a
military assistant. From want of rank
he is frequently delayed in visiting posts,
being only a civilian. He is remarkably
well posted in points of military etiquette,
and on occasions of ceremonial, would
be of great assistance to yourself.

I do not ask this on other grounds than
that of mere convenience and necessity,
for you know that I have no official starch
in me, but for the obvious and necessary
reason that I can get through my own
work easier and more expeditiously.
Very respectfully.

Your obedient servant,
WM. J. DALE,

Surgeon-General.
To His Excellency Gov. Andrew.

On November 2, 1864, Governor An-
drew appointed, by Special Order No.
1,186, "William C. Capelle, of Boston,
Master of Ambulance, with rank of Cap-
tain. To report to Surgeon-General."
Captain Capelle reported promptly for
duty November 3, 1864. The surgeon-
general issued a special order. No. 29,
directing Captain Capelle to "forthwith
inspect the ambulance, purchase haver-
sacks for easier conveyance of dressings,
examine condition of surgical instru-
ments, and be in readiness for any emer-
gency that may arise. "

He was appointed on the staff of Gov-
ernor Andrew as captain, 1864, promoted
to major by Governor Bullock, January i,
1866, and continued on the staff of Gov-
ernor Claflin, his services as a staff officer
terminating July 27, 1872.

He was again appointed on the staff of
Governor GretJnhalge as Assistant Adju-
tant-General, with the rank of Colonel,
January i, 1893; re-appointed by Gover-
nor Wolcott, January 7, 1897. His ser-
vices during the Spanish-American War
have continued the long and unbroken
record of his meritorious devotion to the
State Militia. He is a member of Joseph
Warren Lodge, F. A. M., and of the Mas-
sachusetts Consistory (32nd) Ancient Ac-
cepted Rite. He has been a Justice of
the Peace, by appointment, since 1S63.

OF MASSACHUSETTS

497

Colonel Capelle has spent over forty
years in the military service of the com-
monwealth, thirty-seven years of which
service have been rendered at State head-
quarters. Not the least of these services
has been the untiring and painstaking
courtesy with which he has aided younger
and less experienced officers to properly
perform their clerical duties ; authors,
journalists, and other investigators, to
secure reliable data concerning the mili-
tary establishment and history of the
State, and a host of claimants for pen-
sions. State aid, etc., etc., who have ever
found in him a patient and obliging of-
ficial.

COLONEL AUGUSTUS N. SAMPSON.

{Portrait oil pjgt- 22^.)

Colonel Augustus Newman Sampson,
author of the historical portion of the
article on "The State Armories," son
of George R. and Abby J. (Lemoyne)
Sampson, was born in Boston, August 8,
1S39.

He is of Pilgrim stock, being a direct
descendant from Henry Sampson, of the
Mayflower band. He received his early
education almost entirely at the Chauncy
Hall School, Boston, but finished under
private tutors, one of whom was the late
Bishop Brooks. In early life, Colonel
Sampson gave much time to art, of which
he was very fond, and at one time was a
pupil of Peter Stephenson, the celebrat-
ed sculptor of the "Wounded Indian,"
with whom he made a trip abroad in 1S56.
At the close of his school life he entered
the office of Sampson & Tappan, mer-
chants, and remained with them until the
opening of the Civil War, wnen he en-
listed in the United States service. He
had previously served some time in the
State militia, having joined the Boston
City Guards in March 1856, and was elect-
ed Fourth Lieutenant of Company B,
Fourth Battalion Rifles, March 29, 1861.

On April 23, he was elected Third Lieu-
tenant of his company, and on July 16
was commissioned Second Lieutenant of
Company B, Thirteenth Regiment Mas-
sachusetts Volunteers. He was promo-
ted to the first lieutenancy of Company A,
same regiment, June 28, 1S62, which rank
he held to the close of his service. After
the war he was not regularly employed
until the autumn of 1867, when he en-
tered the employ of the Merchants'
Union Express Company, and afterwards
of the American Express Company.

He continued in the express business

for about four years, and then became
connected with the house of Marshall,
Son & Co., importers of, and dealers in
bookbinders' and paper-box makers' ma-
chinery and .supplies, where he remained
for fourteen years, leaving it to accept
the position of City Clerk in Boston, to
which he was elected in 1885. He served
acceptably for two years as city clerk,
and then re-entered business in October,
1888, becoming general manager, and
later, managing director of the New
England Phonograph Company.

Colonel Sampson served on the military
staff of Governor Rice as Lieutenant-Col-
onel and Assistant Inspector-General, to
which he was appointed May 6, 1876.

During Colonel Sampson's service on
the staff of Governor Ames, he was spe-
cially appointed inspector of clothing,
and performed a notable service for the
State by the careful and impartial man-
ner in which he inspected the entire new
outfit of uniforms for the militia, under
an appropriation to entirely refit the
State force.

On July 5, 18S2, he was appointed by
General Peach as Captain and aide-de-
camp on the staff of the 2nd Brigade,
where he served until January 6. 1887,
when he was appointed by Governor
Ames, colonel and assistant inspector-
general upon his staff, where he served
for three years, retiring at the end of
Governor Ames' term of office.

Upon the appointment of the armory
commissioners, under the act of 1888,
Colonel Sampson was made clerk of the
Board, and from his long experience in
the militia, and his thorough knowledge
of their wants, he has been of great ser-
vice to the commissioners. His account
of the work of the commissioners, will be
read with interest.

He is a past commander of the Edward
\\\ Kinsley Post, No. 113, G. A. R., com-
panion of the Massachusetts Command-
ery. Loyal Legion; member of the Sec-
ond Brigade Staff Association; fine
member of the First Corps of Cadets;
member of the Thirteenth Regiment
Association ; of the Old Guard of Massa-
chusetts; of Governor Rice's and Gov-
ernor Ames' staff associates; and presi-
dent of the Threottyne Club. He is also
connected with numerous fraternal or-
ganizations. He is a life member of the
American Unitarian Association, and a
member of the Boston Art Club, the
Unity Club, and the Minot J. Savage
Club. In politics he is an independent
Repnblican.

498

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

SUPT. LUKE R. LANDY.
CPoi'trait oil Page 2?7.)

The subject of this sketch was born in
Manhattanville, New York, April 18.
1840. He was the son of John and Ann
(McKeon) Landy. His father was an
officer in the New York State militia. In
1846 his parents removed to Boston,
where his father entered the real estate
business and young Landy received his
early training in the Boston public
schools. He enlisted in Company F,
First Regiment, M. V. M., Jan., 1861.
May 24 the regiment was mustered into
the United States service and departed
for Washington, D. C, June 13. They
were attached to the ist Brigade
(Hooker's old brigade), 2d Division, 3d
Army corps, Army of the Potomac.

He participated in the following battles
and skirmishes : the first Bull Run, siege
of Yorktown, Williamsburg. Fair Oaks,
Savage's Station, Gaines' Mill, Glendale,
first Malvern Hill, second Malvern Hill,
Bristow Station, second Bull Run, Chan-
tilly, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville,
Gettysburg and Wopping Heights.

On his return from the war he engaged
in the business of organ builder, and
later on he carried on the business of
cabinet-making on his own account, until
February i, 1879, when on account of his
special qualifications, he was selected to
take charge of the State Arsenal and
grounds at South Framingham, Mass.,
which position he has satisfactorily filled
to date.

Superintendent Landy is prominent in
Masonry, having held office in various
Masonic bodies, and has been High Priest
of Concord Royal Arch Chapter. He is
also a member of the Natick Commandery
of Knights Templars. Among his military
associates he is acknowledged leader,
and an active member of the Ed. W. Kins-
ley G. A. R. Post 113, and is a Past Col-
onel of Fair Oaks Command, No. 20,
Union Veterans Union.

During the Spanish-Aiuerican war his
duties at the arsenal were incessant and
most exacting, requiring at times constant
attendance and action, both day and
night. These duties, as will be seen on
reference to the report of Acting Quarter-
master-General Converse.were performed
with that exactness, ability and courtesy
which has always characterized the sub-
ject of this brief sketch.

Luke R. Landy was married Nove mber
21, 1872, to Caroline L., daughter of
Varus and Nancy Stearns, of Keene,

N. H. His wife died in 1897, leaving one
child, a daughter.

DR. AUSTIN PETERS.
(Tort rait on page 2ji}.)

Dr. Austin Peters was born in the town
of West Roxbury, now a part of Boston.
The site of the old homestead is now a
part of Franklin Park.

He entered the Massachusetts Agricul-
tural College at Amherst, in 1877, and
graduated in 1881. During these years
the military instructors at the college
were Lieut. C. A. L. Totten, Fourth
Artillery, U. S. A., and Lieutenant C. A.
Morris. Fifth Artillery, U. S. A.

In the College Cadet Corps he served as
private, .sergeant and Second Lieutenant,
and upon graduation was awarded the
second prize for agricultural studies; and
also a second prize for a military essay,
entitled "The Militia." He entered the
American Veterinary College in New
York City, in the autumn of 1881, and
graduated in the spring of 1883.

Dr. Peters, in 1884, entered the Royal
Veterinary College, at London, England,
and, in 1885, passed with honors the ex-
amination necessary to become a member
of the Royal College of Veterinary Sur-
geons. Returning to Boston he was em-
ployed from January, 1886, to 1891, by
the Massachusetts Society for promoting
Agriculture in scientific work, chiefly in
investigating the dangers to human
health from the use of milk from tubercu-
lous cows.

In December. 1S96, Dr. Peters was ap-
pointed a member of the Massachusetts
Board of Cattle Commissioners, by Gov-
ernor Wolcott, to fill a vacancy caused by
the resignation of one of the members,
and was elected chairman at the first
meeting he attended, when the board
was reorganized.

On October i. 1897, he was re-appoint-
ed by Gov. Wolcott, for a term of three
years (the term for which he was ap-
pointed the previous December having
expired), and upon qualifying, he was
again elected chairman of the commis-
sion. The legislature of 1899 passed a
bill abolishing the cattle commission, and
providing for the appointment of a new
commission, not to exceed three mem-
bers, the former board having consisted
of five. Gov. Wolcott appointed Dr.
Peters a member of the new commission
for a term of three years, commencing
June I, 1899, and when this board was

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

499

organized. Dr. Peters was elected its
chairman.

Dr. Peters was appointed July t, 1891,
Veterinary Surgeon on the staff of Major
Horace G. Kemp, First Battalion Cavalry,
M. V. M., with the rank of First Lieu-
tenant.

Upon the retirement of Major Kemp
in 1897. and the election of Major \V. A.
Perrins to the command of the First Bat-
talion of Cavalry, the new commandant
appointed Dr. Peters as a member of
the staff of the cavalry battalion.

In 1S98 Surgeon-General Blood recom-
mended "that veterinary surgeons Austin
Peters and F'rederick H. Osgood be made
captains, and detached, one on the staflE
of the ist Brigade and one on the staflE
of the 2d Brigade."

LIEUT. -COLONEL OTIS H. MARION.
{'VortiJit oil pJge ^08.}

Otis H. Marion, A. B. M. D., was born
of Abner and Sarah (Prescott) Marion, at
Burlington, Mass., (formerly a part of
Woburn) January 12, 1847. Major Marion
rightly comes by his military bearing and
enthusiasm, for he is descended from that
revolutionary stock that knew only suc-
cess through their indomitable will and
perseverance. A grandson of John C.
Marion, of Woburn ; great-grandson of
Isaac Marion, and a great-great-grandson
of Isaac Marion, of Boston; a brother
of that General Francis Marion, who
has handed down to his kindred and to
posterity the true spirit of patriotism.
On the maternal side his lineage is by
regular gradations from Captain Jonathan
Prescott, born 1677; a brother of Jonas
Prescott, born 1674; from whom sprung
that hero and patriot. Colonel William
Prescott, whose heroic deeds are emblaz-
oned on the page cf history, and whose
monument adorns Bunker Hill. He is a
grandson of Samuel P. Prescott ; a great-
grandson of John Prescott, brother of Dr.
Prescott, who joined and rode with Paul
Revere, on that memorable night when
they alarmed the people of Lexington and
Concord with the tidings that the British
were coming.

Marion's boyhood days were spent at
home. At the age of fourteen, when the
Civil War br.ike out, he acted as drummer-
boy for a military company, formed and
commanded by Captain Ward B. Froth-
ingham; this company inet and drilled at
Lexington, inspired by the deeds of those
noble heroes of 1775.

In 1864, he went to Meridian, N. H., to
attend Kimball Union Academy. At
this time the war spirit had inspired the
young men of the Academy to prepare to
defend their country. Consequently a
military company was formed, the state
furnishing arms, of which Marion was a
member. During 1865, he was in Boston,
but his desire for an education was mani-
fest, and in 1866 he returned to Kimball
Union Academy, and graduated in 1869,
with the largest class that ever graduated
from the institution, being sixty-nine
in number.

The following autumn he entered Dart-
mouth College, and graduated in 1873.
In the fall of 1873 he entered the medical
department of Harvard University, from
which he graduated in 1876, serving 1876-
78 as house surgeon at the Boston City
Hospital. The winter of 1878 he spent
abroad, returning to enter upon the prac-
tice of his profession at Brighton. In
1879 he removed to AUston, where he has
since conducted a large practice. He is a
member of the Massachusetts Medical
Society, Cambridge Medical Society,
Massachusetts Benevolent Society, and
several other medical associations and
clubs. He is consulting physician of the
Women's Charity Club Hospital.

On May 11, 1883, he was commissioned
by Governor B. F. Butler as surgeon of
the First Regiment Infantry, M. V. M.,
with the rank of Major, which position he
held until August, 1897, when he was
commissioned by Gov. Roger Wolcott as
Medical Director of the First Brigade
M. V. M., with the rank of Lieutenant-
Colonel, which position he now holds.
Soon after being commissioned the first
time, he was appointed a member of the
Board of Medical Officers, M. V. M., which
position he still retains, as its President,
having examined, during his term of
office, every medical officer who has
entered the M. V. M. during that period.

When the war with Spain broke out
Lieutenant-Colonel Marion was one of
the first to oflfer his services to the
United States government. He was
commissioned by Governor Wolcott as
Major and Surgeon of the Sixth Regiment
Infantry, U. S. V. and mustered into the
United States service May 4, 1898. While
troops were at ■ Framingham in prepara-
tion for the South, he was detailed as
Brigade Surgeon. Soon after the regi-
ment arrived at Camp Alger, at Falls
Church, Va., he was detailed Brigade
Surgeon on the staflE of General Garret-
son, who commanded the 2nd Brigade of

REGIMEXTS AND ARMORIES

the First Division of the 2nd Army Corps,
which position he held ttntil he was
obliged to leave the service on account
of malarial fever. He organized the
Massachusetts Commandery of the Naval
and Military Order of the Spanish-Ameri-
can war, of which he is Junior Vice Com-
mander.

Lieutenant-Colonel Marion has always
been an enthusiastic military man, es-
pecially in the medical department. It
was through his efforts and example,
in a great measure, that the medi-
cal department of the M. V. M. has
been developed to its present state
of efficiency. He was the first to
have a regimental hospital thoroughly
equipped and in operation at the camps of
the First Regiment, and this was partly at
his own expense. He was the first to in-
troduce Red Cross work into the militia.
In 1S84, while at camp, he gave a talk on
"First aid to the injured," to the officers
of the Brigade. In 1885. he gave a lecture
on Red Cross work to a large audience at
the old HoUis Street Church.

The following year he established
classes, and gave a course of lectures to
members of the regiment. All members
who pass the examination receive a cer-
tificate to that effect, and are entitled to
wear an "Emergency badge." which the
doctor designed, and which is authorized
by the Adjutant-General's department of
the State. Through his exertions, every
military organization in the state has had
courses of emergency work by their re-
spective surgeons. He was also the first
to introduce physical training or athletics
into the militia, thinking thereby to in-
crease its efficiency.

Lieutenant-Colonel Marion has written
several articles on the needs and wants
of the militia; and was among the first
to advocate equipping the M. V. M. with
mess kits and emergency rations for use
in the field and in the armories, in case of
troops being called suddenly into service.
He was the first to introduce the system
of company bearers into the M. V. M., and
had had them in active work nearly two
vears before they were ordered as such by
the State in the various organizations.

The jointed stretcher now in use by the
M. V. M. was designed by Lieutenant-
Colonel Marion and introduced into the
service by the late Surgeon-General A. F.
Holt. It was also thriiugh his earnest
solicitation, that the regimental hospital
tents now in service, were issued and
equipped by Surgeon-General Holt.

During the National Encampment of the

G. A. R. in Boston, in 1889, Lieutenant-
Colonel Marion as Surgeon-in-Chief had
full charge of the medical department.
The thoughtfulness and carefulness with
which every detail was carried out for
the comfort and protection of the 50,000
men in line, was evidence of his executive
ability, and received the highest praise
from the G. A. R.

A prominent Free Mason and Odd Fel-
low, a member of the Society of the Sons
of the American Revolution, Association
of Military Surgeons of United States,
Massachusetts Rifle Association, Massa-
chusetts Emergency and Hygiene Associa-
ton, chairman of Committee on Lectures,
Boston City Hospital Club, Dartmouth
Club, University Club and others.

He was surgeon of the Massachusetts
Rifle Team that went to England in 1889
and won such signal victories over the
English Volunteers. He ranks as sharp-
shooter, having won several medals in
the different classes for shooting.

He was married December 17, 1880, to
Carrie E. Johnson, daughter of Hon. J.
W. Johnson of New Hampshire. They
have three children, James Willis John-
son, Philip Prescott, and Thalia Marion.

MAJOR FREDERICK G. STILES.
[Portrjit on P^Jgi' ^gg.)

Major Frederick Green Stiles was born
in Worcester, Mass., June 19,1825, and was
educated in the common schools of his
native town. In 1840, at the age of fif-
teen, he went into the trade of ornamental
painting, coach and omnibus building, a
business with which he was closely iden-
tified for considerably over fifty years.

At the commencement of his niilitary
associations it was Major Stiles' good
fortune to possess, besides the usual re-
quirements, an ancestry that had been
prominent in the early hostilities of this
country. His great-grandfather, Jere-
miah Stiles, was in Colonel Stark's fam-
ous regiment of New Hampshire militia,
and under his command was at the battle
of Bunker Hill on that memorable June
17, 1775. In addition to this, an uncle,
Tristram Stiles, was a sailor on board the
U. S. sloop-of-war Essex, Captain Porter,
which took the "Alert," the first prize
capture of the war of 1812.

Major Stiles' own military experience
began in 1842, when, at the age of seven-
teen, he joined the Worcester Light In-
fantry. In this organization he served
with credit through the various grades of

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

501

third, second and first sergeant, fourth
third and first lieutenant, besides holding
the post of Drill Ofiicor of the company
from the date of receiving his sergeant's
warrant until he was appointed quarter-
master of the 3d Division, Militia of
Massachusetts, Jul}' 8, 1849. This com
mission he retained, under Major-Gen-
eral George Hobbs, until he was honor-
ably discharged with the rank of major
on February 11, 1856.

In 1S61, in the Civil War Major
Stiles raised and commanded a com-
pany of the Forty-Second Regiment of
Massachusetts Volunteers. In 1862 he was
advanced to the position of major of the
Forty-Second Regiment, and served with
that organization in the 19th Army Corps,
Department of the Gulf, during the years
1862 and 1863, and with the 22d Army
Corps, Army of the Potomac, in Virginia
during the year 1864. On November
II, 1864, after having gone through the
war with merited distinction, he was mus-
tered out of active service by reason of
the expiration of his term.

It has been Major Stiles' additional
honor to hold the office of President of
the Worcester Light Infantry Veterans'
Association since 1891. The company
was organized June 3, 1803.

COLONEL EMBURY P. CLARK.
{ Port r jit on Page j8^.)

Colonel Embury P. Clark, son of Chand-
ler and Joanna (Woodward) Clark, was
born in Buckland, Franklin County,
Mass., March 31, 1845. His early educa-
tion was received in the common schools
of Buckland, until, in 1858, his parents re-
moved to Holyoke, where he for a short
time attended the public schools.

In 1862, when only seventeen years of
age, he enlisted in Company B, of the
Forty-sixth Regiment, Massachusetts
Volunteers, then mustered in for nine
months' service, and served with credit
during its campaigns in North Carolina
and ivith the Army of the Potomac.

After his return from the war he was
for several years employed in the drug
business, and later as paymaster for a
large manufacturing concern. In July,
1876, his fellow-townsmen in Holyoke
gave expression to their esteem and con-
fidence by electing him water registrar,
a position which he held for several
years.

He early took a great interest in the
cause of education, and was a member

of the school board of Holyoke for nearly
eighteen years. He is especially inter-
ested in music, and has been a member of
several church choirs; was one of the
founders, and for several years president,
of the Holyoke Choral Union, and is an
ex-president of the Connecticut Valley
Musical Association.

The record of his military service in the
Massachusetts Volunteer Militia is a long
and most creditable part of his personal
history, without including his actual ser-
vice in the War of the Rebellion, already
recited. In 1868, he was a sergeant in
Company K, Second Regiment Infantry ;
was elected captain of Company D, June

4, 1869; commissioned major, August 14.
1871 ; and chosen lieutenant-colonel,
August 31, 1875, but upon the reorganiza-
tion of the militia in 1876, was honorably
discharged, with all the other officers
then holding commissions above the rank
of captain. He re-entered the service as
captain of Company D, Second Regiment
Infantry, December 23, 1878, and was
commissioned lieutenant-colonel August
2, 1879, which position he held until Feb-
ruary 2, 1889, when he was commissioned
colonel, which position he has held until
the present writing.

During the Spanish-American War, the
greater part of the Second Infantry, M.
V. M., was mustered into the service of
the United States, and Colonel Clark,
with nearly all his field and line officers,
recruited it to a war footing, and took
part in the siege and capture of Santiago
de Cuba. Colonel Clark was commis-
sioned for this service May 10, 1898, and
on landing, June 22, was directed by Gen-
eral Lawton to take command of the ist
Brigade, 2d Division, Fifth Army Corps,
which he led in the advance upon San-
tiago until June 29, when relieved by
Brigadier-General William Ludlow, U.

5. V. Colonel Clark led the Second into
action at the battle of El Caney, July i,
and began the attack with the other
regiments of the brigade, at about 6.45
a. m., the contest closing with the cap-
ture of the Spanish position about 4.30 p.
m. of the same day. On July 2, the Sec-
ond was again under fire before Santiago,
and took an active part in the siege until
the surrender of Santiago, July 14, 1898.
On November 3, 1898, Colonel Clark,
with his regiment, was mustered out of
the United States service. On February
I, 1899, he was nominated by President
McKinley to be brigadier-general of vol-
unteers, by brevet, for gallantry in the
battle of El Caney. On February 2, 1899,

502

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

he was again commissioned colonel of the
old regiment, with which, excepting very
short intervals, he has served in war and
peace for over thirty years. A veteran
of two wars, and still lithe, erect and ap-
parently in the prime of manhood,
Colonel Clark seems likely to largely ex-
tend the record of an honorable service,
which has already exceeded the limit of
a generation of human activities.

Colonel Clark is also a member of the
Military Service of the United States, and
a past commander of Kilpatrick Post, G.
A. R., Holyoke, Mass. Colonel Clark
was in 1892 elected sheriff of Hampden
Cotmty, and removed to Springfield,
where he now resides.

He married, in 1886, Eliza A., daughter
of Perley and Julia M. Seaver, and his
home life has always been a happy one.

As an author. Colonel Clark's contribu-
tion to this history is practically confined
to the succinct report, returned by him to
the adjutant general of the State, at the
close of the service of the Second Infan-
try, U. S. v., in the Spanish-American
War. The earlier record is by another
author, whose modesty refuses to accept
the recognition due him for his very in-
teresting recital.

COLONEL BOWDOIN S. PARKER.
{Portrait on Page S-9)

Colonel Bowdoin Strong Parker, of
Boston, son of Alonzo and Caroline
(Gunn) Parker, and author of "The First
Brigade M. V. M.," was born in Conway,
Franklin County, Mass., August 10, 1841.
His paternal grandparents were George
and Betsy (Kimball) Parker; and his
maternal grandparents, Levi and Delia
(Dickinson) Gunn, of old Massachusetts
stock.

The family removed to Greenfield when
he was a lad of ten and his education was
mostly attained there, in the public
schools and by private tutors. He studied
law in the offices of Hon. Wendell Thorn-
ton Davis, of Greenfield, and Colonel
Thomas William Clarke, of Boston, and
was graduated from the Boston Uni-
versity Law School with the degree of
LL. B. in 1876; having been admitted to
the SuflEolk bar in 1875.

Colonel Parker's military career began
with service in the Civil War, which he
entered in 1862, as a member of Company
A, Fifty-second Regiment Infantry, Mas-
sachusetts Volunteers. He served in all
the battles in which his regiment was en-

gaged, including the assault, siege and
capture of Port Hudson, La., and was
honorably discharged at the expiration of
his term of enlistment. After the war he
entered the State militia as a member of
Company A, Second Regiment of In-
fantry, and was captain of his company
in 1870-71. Upon the re-organization of
the regiment in 1879, he was commis-
sioned adjutant ; in 1884 was promoted to
captain and judge-advocate of the ist
Brigade; during this period of service he
tried a large majority of all cases brought
before courts martial and courts of in-
quiry in the militia; he also frequently
.served as acting assistant inspector gen-
eral, and as acting judge advocate gen-
eral. In 1889 he was made assistant adju-
tant general of the ist Brigade, with the
rank of lieutenant-colonel, which latter
position he continued to hold until 1897,
when, at his own request, he was placed
upon the officers' "retired list." In 1899,
he was given the full rank of Colonel by
special act of the Legislature.

For many years Colonel Parker has been
considered one of the best posted officers
in the State upon military law, procedure
and the customs of the service. He is
unquestionably an authority upon all
general military matters, having a grasp
of the intricacies and details of the ser-
vice quite unsurpassed. During nearly
nine years which he served as chief of staff
of the ist Brigade, he exhibited rare quali-
ties, both as an administrative and execu-
tive officer, and his work was repeatedly
commended by superior officers and the
commander-in-chief. He had, in a large
degree, the confidence and respect of
brother officers of all grades, and to his
tact and discretion in harmonizing differ-
ences, many misunderstandings between
officers were amicably adjusted, resulting
in lasting friendships. He is a member
and ex-officer of Edward W. Kinsley Post,
No. 113, Grand Army of the Republic,
Boston.

In the Masonic fraternity he has held
many offices, being past master, past high
priest, past eminent commander of
Knights Templars, past district deputy
grand master of the Grand Lodge of
Masons, past vice-president of the Massa-
chusetts Union of Knights Templar Com-
manders, and is a permanent member of
the Grand Commandery of Knights Tem-
plars and appendant orders of Massachu-
setts and Rhode Island. He was founder
and for many years president of the Con-
necticut Valley Masonic Relief Associa-
tion, and has held numerous offices in a

OF MASSACHUSKTTS.

503

large number of societies. Among the
many with which he has been connected
may be mentioned the District Deputy
Grand Masters' Association, Knights of
Honor, the Jeffrey's and Winthrop Yacht
clubs, the Bostoniana and Middlesex
clubs.

Prior to his removal to Boston in 1881,
he held many public offices in Greenfield;
in iSSg-yoand '91, he represented ward 10,
in the Boston Common Coiincil, where he
was a leading member, serving on numer-
ous coiTimittees. and, as a member of the
committee on ordinancesand laws.assisted
in revising the entire code of regulations
and ordinances of the city. In 1892 and
1893, he was representative from the same
ward in the legislature, serving both years
upon the committee on the judiciary, the
second as chairman of the committee, and
as such was leader of the House. He was
also a member of the joint special commit-
tee appointed in 1892 to investigate and re-
port a revision of the judicial system of
Probate and Insolvency Courts and the
inferior courts of the State. The recom-
mendations of this committee, made to
the Legislature in 1893, were afterwards
substantially adopted, resulting in many
needed reforms and a large saving in ex-
penses to the State. He introduced many
measures, and was a leading debater on
the floor of the House, upon nearly all
important questions of legislation. He
was an earnest advocate of the law pro-
viding for the sale of new issues of stock
to quasi-public corporations at auction ;
the anti-stock watering act; the prohibit-
ion of free railroad passes to members of
the Legislature, State officers and judges;
numerous bills for the benefit and pro-
tection of working-men, and the notable
Bay State Gas investigation, for which he
introduced the original order.

Colonel Parker has had a successful
professional career, notably in the
branches of patent and trade-mark law,
having been counsel in many important
cases before the United States Courts, in
this and other States. He is a member of
the United States Circuit Court bar; also
of the bar of the United States Circuit
Court of Appeals. He compiled and ed-
ited the Massachusetts Special Laws for
the five years, 1889 — 93, published by the
Commonwealth.

As a writer for the public press, he has
made notable contributions; and as a pub-
lic speaker, has made many addresses.

Colonel Parker was married June 25,
1867, by the Rev. Stephen H. Tyng, Jr.,
D. D., at the Church of the Holy Trinity,

New York, to Miss Katherine Helen Eagle,
of that city, who died September 22,
1899. He has one daughter, Helen Caro-
line Parker.

Colonel Parker removed from the city
proper to the Dorchester district about
seven years ago. There he has since re-
sided, in a beautiful location on Pope's
Hill, overlooking the harbor and Dorches-
ter and Quincy bays.

CAPTAIN MYLES STANDISH.
[Porliait on Page 281).)

Myles Standish, A. M., M. D., is a
descendant in the eighth generation from
Capt. Myles Standish, of Plymouth and
Duxbury. He is the son of Francis
Standish, a well-known builder of Bos-
ton, Mass., born in Bath, Me., in 1815,
and Caroline A. Rogers, of Boston. Dr.
Standish was born in Boston, Oct. 10,
1 85 1, and married in 1890, Louise M.
Farwell, a daughter of Asa Farwell. of
Boston. They have four children, Bar-
bara, Lora, Myles and Alexander.

Dr. Standish fitted for college at the
Roxbury Latin School, entered Bowdoin
College in 1871, and was graduated A.B.
in 1875; entered the Medical School of
Harvard University in 1876 and was
graduated M. D. in 1879. He received
the degree of A. M., at Bowdoin College
in 1878. Upon graduation, he was ap-
pointed House Physician of the Carney
Hospital, Boston, and remained one year,
when he went abroad and spent a year,
in the study of ophthalmology in Berlin,
and subsequently one semester in
Vienna. Upon his return home he was
appointed House Surgeon at the Massa-
chusetts Charitable Eye and Ear Infirm-
ary. Upon leaving this institution in
1884, and establishing himself in private
practice, he v/as elected assistant to the
Ophthalmic Surgeons of the Boston City
Hospital, Feb. 20, 1884; also as Ophthal-
mic Surgeon to out-patients at the
Carney Hospital, June 4, 1884, and on
July 14, 1884, Assistant in the Ophthal-
mic Department of the Massachusetts
General Hospital.

On Jan. iS, 1886, Dr. Standish was
appointed Instructor in Ophthalmology
in the Boston Polyclinic, and on Feb. 7,
1 888, Assistant Ophthalmic Surgeon at
the Massachusetts Charitable Eye and
Ear Infirmary. Upon receiving this ap-
pointment, he resigned the positions held
at the Massachusetts General Hospital
and the Boston City Hospital.

S04

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

In April, 1888, Dr. Standish was elected
Dean of the Boston Polyclinic. On June
I, 1889. he was nominated and appointed
Ophthalmic Surg'eon on the staff of the
Carney Hospital. On May 28, 1892, he
was appointed Assistant to the Chair of
Ophthalmology in the Medical School of
Harvard University, and Oct. 27, 1S92,
elected Ophthalmic Surgeon on the staff
of the Massachusetts Charitable Eye and
Ear Infirmary.

He also was elected a member of the
American Ophthalmological Society in
1884; of the Boston Society for Medical
Improvement in 1887, and of the Boston
Medical Library Association in 1886. He
passed his examination for entrance to
the Massachusetts Medical Society in
1880.

Dr. Standish has written a number of
papers, which have been published in the
Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, and
the Transactions of the American Oph-
thalmological Society. He is a member
of the New England Historic Genealogi-
cal Society, and Treasurer and Clerk of
the Standish Monument Association.

He was appointed second lieutenant
and ambulance officer, in the ist Brigade
M. V. M., March i, 1889, and promoted to
first lieutenant. May 19, 1893. When the
ambulance corps of the ist and 2d Brig-
ade were amalgamated and made an in-
dependent medical corps organization in
1894, Lieutenant Standish was made
captain of the new organization, and
commissioned April 26, 1894.

Captain Standish was elected a mem-
ber of the Association of Military Sur-
geons of the United States on July 11,
1893. He has contributed several papers
which have been been published on the
proceedings of this association, one of
which, advocating the use of colored
canvas for hospital tents, has received
wide-spread and most favorable notice.
The use of such tents, a measure most
favorable to the comfort and recovery of
the sick and wounded, has been adopted
by the United States Army.

Dr. Standish, besides his professional
and military associations, is a member of
Mizpah Lodge, F. A. and A. M., Cam-
bridge, Mass.

COLONEL CHARLES KIMBALL

DARLING.

(Portrait on Page 412.)

Charles Kimball Darling, to whom the

readers of Regiments and Armories are

largely indebted for the history of "The

Sixth Regiment, M. V. M.," is the son of
Joseph, and Mary Alice (Knight) Dar-
ling, born at Corinth, Vermont, June 28,
1864. His mother was descended from
John Knight, who came from England
and settled at Newburyport, in 1635.
His father, a leading member of the
bar, now resides at Chelsea, Vermont.

Colonel Darling, after attending the
public schools of Corinth, fitted for col-
lege at the Barre, (Vt.), Academy, and
later entered Dartmouth College, gradu-
ating in 1885. After leaving college, he
went to Fitchburg, Mass., and was in the
employ of the Fitchburg, Old Colony and
Cheshire lines until 1891, when he went
upon the staff of The Fitchburg Daily
Sentinel, meanwhile studying law, and
later, in 1893, leaving journalism to at-
tend the Boston University Law School.
In 1895, he was admitted to practice at
the Worcester County bar; having pre-
viously, in 1894, been appointed editor
of the "Early Laws of Massachusetts" in
the office of the Secretary of the State,
which position he held for four years.
In 1S96, he was chosen instructor
in criminal law, at the Boston Univer-
sity, and has been for some years his-
torian of the Massachusetts Society, Sons
of the American Revolution, and vice-
president of the Boston Chapter.

His military record began in youth at
West Point, where he attended the
United States Military Academy for
nearly two years. He was appointed
sergeant-major of the Sixth Regiment of
Infantry, M. V. M., September 12, 1887;
was commissioned adjutant, Feb. 25,
1889, and elected major, April 4, 1893.
In the latter capacity he served until the
declaration of war with Spain, when he
was mustered into the United States ser-
vice May 13, 1898, as major of the Sixth
Regiment of Massachusetts Infantry,
U. S. Volunteers.

While the regiment was at Camp
Alger, near Dunn Loring, Va., Major
Darling accompanied Major Taylor and
Captain Cook north, and recruited the
Sixth to its full war strength of 106 men
to the company, rejoined it at Charles-
ton, S. C, and embarked for Santiago de
Cuba, under Brigadier-General G. A.
Garretson, U. S. V. After some, delays
off Santiago, the Sixth was ordered to
Porto Rico, landing at Guanica, July 25.
Major Darling led the advance which on
the morning of the 26th was attacked by a
Spanish force with headquarters at
Yauco. A sharp but desultory skirmish
followed, in which Captain Gihon, of

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

505

Company I, and three enlisted men were
wounded, and the enemy were forced to
retire. CMi July 31, Major Darling was
left at Yaueo with a part of the regiment,
while the advance started for Ponce,
where they arrived August i. Here,
owing to the resignation of his superior
officers. Major Darling was summoned
from Yauco to take command, which he
held until August 9, when Colonel Ed-
mund Rice was mustered in, while the
army was en route to Utuado. At Adjun-
tas. Major Darling was detached with
four companies to serve under General
Garretson, but rejoined the regiment
at Utuado, August 15. Later Major
Darling returned to Ponce for supplies,
which duty involved very difficult and
dangerous travel and transportation.
On Oct. 10, he was detached, with four
Companies, to proceed to .\recibo, where
a quarrel between the Spanish troops
and the natives culminated in the death
of five of the latter, and a general up-
rising of the people. The presence of
Major Darling's force, and the removal
of the Spanish troops October 12, averted
a terrible conflict, although forty-seven
plantations in the vicinity of the city
were given to the flames. On the i8th
Major Darling's force was relieved, and
left by rail for San Juan, whence the
regiment sailed for home October 21,
arriving at Boston on the 27th. Major
Darling was mustered out, with his regi-
ment, January 21, 1899, and commis-
sioned Colonel of the Sixth Regiment
Infantry, M. V. M., May 23, 1899, which
command he now holds. Colonel Dar-
ling was appointed United States Mar-
shal of the District of Massachusetts,
February 8, 1899. He has an enviable
record as an orator, and is often unable
to accept the kindly invitations, which
request his presence at political, literary,
and social functions.

He has long been an active and influ-
ential member of the Sons of Veterans;
commanded the Massachusetts Division
ini89i-92; was made Adjutant General
by Commander-in-Chief Maccabe, in 1893,
and elected commander-in-chief at In-
dianapolis, August, 1898. He is a mem-
ber of the University Club of Boston ;
the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Com-
pany, and many social and dining clubs.

COLONEL JAMES A. FRYE.

(Tuilrait on puge J^8.)

Colonel James A. Frye, recently ap-
pointed inspector-general of rifle practice,

and author of Chapter XU', "The First
Regiment, Heavy Artillery," was born
in Boston in 1863, and graduated from
the Boston Latin school in 1882, ranking
as cadet-captain, with first prize for
company drill. Entering Harvard with
honors, he received his degree with the
class of 1886, later following a three
years' course of study in the Harvard Law
school.

The son of James N. Frye— one of the
founders and earlier presidents of the
Massachusetts Rifle Association — he in-
herits his taste for shooting. While at
Cambridge, he organized the Harvard
Shooting Club, serving for two terms as
its president, and in 18S9 winning the all-
round championship of the university, at
rifle, pistol and shot-gun shooting. He
has been identified with the Massachu-
setts Rifle Association for nearly twenty
years, and has served it as director, ex-
ecutive officer and vice-president. In
1890, he achieved the coveted score of 50
points at 200 yards, off-hand, and later he
placed to his credit runs of 15 and 17
consecutive bulls-eyes, scored under like
conditions. In the service, he ranks as
distinguished marksman, having won his
individual medal at the state, general
competition of 1891.

Colonel Frye entered the service of
Massachusetts November 10, i890,enlisting
as sergeant-major in the First Infantry.
April 1, 1 89 1, he was commissioned sec-
ond lieutenant in Company L, of this
regiment, declining the first lieutenancy
of the same company, which was offered
him April 18. May 9, 1891, he was ap-
pointed first lieutenant and regimental
adjutant, serving a tour of over five years
in this exacting position. Declining a
position as signal officer, naval brigade,
offered him November 30, 1896, he ac-
cepted an appointment from Governor
Wolcott on the general staff, and Janu-
ary, 7, 1897, was commissioned colonel
and assistant inspector-general of rifie-
practice, later being detailed to inspec-
tion duty with troops, in addition to his
work in the rifle department. July 30,
1897, he declined an appointment as
lieutenant-colonel and assistant adjutant-
general of brigade.

At the approach of the late war he re-
signed his commission to accept that of
major. First Heavy Artillery, under date
of April 1, 1898, entering the service of
the United States in this grade on April
26, and being mustered under his volun-
teer commission May 9. May 10, by tele-
graphic orders from department head-

5o6

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

quarters, he was detached with his bat-
talion — E, F, I and M batteries — and
directed to report to Colonel C. A. Wood-
ruff, Second United States Artillery, for
duty at Fort Warren, where he was sta-
tioned until September 19, being second
in command of the defences of Boston
harbor from June 6, until that date. He
was honorably discharged from the vol-
unteer service November 14, on the mus-
tering-out of his regiment, and, Decem-
ber 28, was again appointed by Governor
Wolcott as colonel and assistant inspector-
general, to rank from November 14. His
latest commission as inspector-general
of rifle practice was issued July i, 1899.

As a writer on military matters.
Colonel Frye has done much to call at-
tention to our national deficiencies. He
is a member of the Military Historical
Society of Massachusetts, and holds an as-
sociate membership in the Military Ser-
vice Institution of the United States,
and in the United States Naval Institute.
In 1897 he was commissioned by Gov-
ernor Wolcott as delegate from Massachu-
setts to the coast defense convention
held at Tampa, Fla., and was elected
secretary of the National Defense Asso-
ciation, formed at that time. He is now
serving as secretary of the commandery
of the Massachusetts, Naval and Military
Order of the Spanish-American War.

MAJOR FRANK H. BRIGGS.

Major Frank H. Briggs, Assistant Ir
spector General of the First Brigade, w.i
born in South Boston, February 26, iS'.",
and was educated in the Boston pabli«
schools, being a graduate of the Rice
Grammar School, and of the English High
School, and holding the grades of pri-
vate, sergeant, and captain, at the latter
institution. He then attended the Mas-
sachusetts Institute of Technology, and
was there commissioned first lieutenant
of the single company then receiving
military instruction. He graduated from
the institute in 1881, receiving the degree
of Bachelor of Science. On February 5,
1884, he enlisted in Company K, First
Regiment Infantry (the "Tigers") and on
March 6, 1884, was appointed by Colonel
Austin C. Wellington, sergeant-major of
the regiment. On April 11, 1884, he was
elected second lieutenant of Company A,
on May 6, 1885, was commissioned as first
lieutenant, and on May 2, 1885, as cap-
tain. In this capacity he served for

almost five years, until appointed assist-
ant inspector-general, with the rank of
major, by Brigadier-General B. F.
Bridges, January 21. He retired Sep-
tember 7, 1S97.

Major Briggs is well known among ri-
flemen, having served from 1884 to 1886
inclusive, as assistant statistical officer at
all the State rifle matches, and having
been since 1886 chief statistical officer

MA.KJl; FliANK 11. IIKICGS.

under Colonels Rockwell, Chase, and
Hall. He has also been a marksman
every year since he has been in service,
and in 1S94 attained the grade of sharp-
shooter.

He wears the Red Cross badge, having
qualified for the same in the First Regi-
ment, and he also has the long-service
medal. He was one of the charter mem-
bers of the Ma.ssachusetts Society, Sons
of the Revolution, and served as its treas-
urer for four years. He is well known in
political life, having served in the Com-
mon council of Boston for five years, and
acted as chief marshal of the Republican

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

507

Torchlijjlit Procession in 1S92. He is
also a member of the Society of the War
of 1S12, the Boston Athletic Association,
the University Club, the Military Service
Institutions of the. United States, and the
Massachusetts Rifle Association.

CAPTAIN GEORGE P. HOW.

Captain George Phineas How, a veteran
of the late war, though now deceased,
was born in Concord, Mass., on January

CAPTAIN' OEDHUE I'. IKIW.

24, 1829. The historic associations of his
birthplace may have been in part the
cause of his early fondness for military
service, for as far back as 1851 and 1852
he enlisted with Company A, First Regi-
ment of Artillery, under Capt. J. B. Wood.
Owing to his general aptitude for the
duties imposed upon him, he rapidly rose
to the rank of .second lieutenant, January
29, 1853, and was discharged September
27, 1S54.

In 1 861, when the Civil War broke out
and the call for troops reached the north,
Captain How was among the first to re-
spond, but on account of the condition of
his health, his physicians forbade his
going at the three months call for men in

April. In the fall of 1862, however, no
longer willing to be repressed from mere
want of perfect health, he joined the
Forty-seventh Regiment, under Captain
Richard Barrett, Colonel Lucius H.
Marsh commanding. He was appointed
sergeant-major before leaving for the
south, by Colonel Marsh, a post he com-
mendably retained until his term of duty
expired at the end of ten months' service.
His regiment during this time formed a
portion of the Red River department,
under General Banks, and was stationed
in or about New Orleans.

Sergeant-Major How was later elected
captain of Company L, Fifth Regiment
of Infantry, formerly Company C, Si.xth
Regiment, M. V. M., June 20, 1872, and
resigned January 15, 1876. After repeated
refusals his resignation was finally ac-
cepted with great reluctance and regret.
.\s an excellent officer, a thoroughly well-
informed man, and a quiet and efficient
worker. Captain How was generally pop-
ular and deservedly esteemed. In No-
vember, 1884, after his resignation as
captain, he was persuaded with some
difficulty to take charge (as its first com-
mander) of the Old Concord Post, of the
G. A. R., and again came into association
with military affairs, if not in its duties.

Captain How throughout his life was
at all times a very earnest Free Mason,
and from the year 1851 was closely identi-
fied with the order. Becoming in October,
1852, a member in full standing of the
Corinthian lodge, he passed rapidly
through all the inferior positions, and
was elected in 1859 Master of the Lodge.
This office he held for four years, and
then for two years again, after a short
interregnum. He was also a charter mem-
ber of the Walden Royal Arch Chapter in
1873, its highest officer in 1881 and 1882,
and its chaplain at the time of his death.
Captain How died of apoplexy, at his
home in Concord, June 7, 1885, aged 56
years.

COLONEL CHARLES KENNY.

Colonel Charles Kenny was born in
Poughkeepsie, N. Y., in the year 1856;
and attended the public schools until he
was fifteen years of age. He removed to
Boston in 1870, and was employed as a
clerk in the prosperous business estab-
lishment of Clark & Brown, hack and liv-
ery stable keepers, buying out, a few
years later, the senior partnership, and
so devoting to the business his personal
attention, energy and enterprise, as to

5o8

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

make it, within a few years of constant
prosperity and success, the largest and
most flourishing of its kind anywhere in
the United States. The large and
magnificent establishments, loo Massa-
chusetts avenue, and 22 Charles street,
on the back bay, inaugurated within the
last few years, are regarded as among
the notable institutions of the city, in
this line. The equipment is absolutely
perfect, leaving nothing to be desired in
the way of taste, usefulness or conven-
ience. His clientele is from the most re-
fined and fashionable circles of society,
to whom "Kenny & Clark's" is deemed
invaluable, by reason of their constant
readiness to meet any call that may be
made. The amount of money invested in
their business is extremely large, the
Charlesgate establishment alone costing
them 130,000, exclusive of the land, for
which they pa'd $8g,ooo.

In politics Colonel Kenney has always
been a Republican, and he has a large
circle of friends, who value highly his

COT.OXEI- Cn.VIiLES KESXEY.

estimable qualities of character. He is a
member of the leading social clubs and
organizations of the city.

He was in the military service of the
State for six years, having retired in 1892,
with the rank of lieutenant and quarter-
master of the 1st Battalion of Light Ar-
tillery. On January 4, 1894, he was ap-

pointed aide-de-camp and assistant quar-
termaster-general on the staff of Gov-
ernor Greenhalge, and resigned January
6,1897.

His wedded life has been one of ideal
happiness. He married the only daughter
of the late Chase Langmaid, one of the
largest real estate owners of Boston, and
they have three charming children, two
boys and a girl, the eldest of whom is six
years old. The family home is at 213
Beacon Street, and in the summer months
at a fine residence at Marblehead.

CAPTAIN GEORGE O. NOYES.

Captain George O. Noyes, a son of
George Numan and Sarah (Foster) Noyes,
was born in South Boston, February 28,
1843, receiving his education in the
Mather and Lawrence public schools of
that district. In 1837 his parents moved to
Melrose, where his education was com-
pleted in the High school of that town.

In business, he began as a salesman in
the dry goods trade, although for the past
eighteen years he has been a book-keeper
in the cotton goods business.

In 1862 he enlisted in Company K, of
the Thirty-Eighth Regiment of Infantry,
Massachusetts Volunteers, and served in
the Army of the Gulf, participating in the
battle of Fort Bisland, April 12-13, 1863,
and the siege of Port Hudson from May
23 to June 14, 1863. Was in the assaults
of May 27 and June 14, being wounded
during the latter.

After his discharge from the hospital,
he rejoined the regiment at Baton Rouge,
and was in the engagement at Cane
River,La., April 23, and Mansura, May 16,
1864. He served with his regiment under
Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley, and
was in the battles of Berry ville, Va.,
September 3; Opequan, September 19;
Fisher's Hill, September 22; and Cedar
Creek, the scene of Sheridan's famous
ride, October 19, 1864. He afterwards
served in Savannah, Ga., until mustered
out with the regiment, July 13, 1865.

He joined the Ancient and Honorable
Artillery Company July 28, 1873. and
was elected adjutant June 7, 1880, and
June 6, 1892; has twice been sergeant and
also commissary sergeant. He joined
John A. Andrew Post 15, G. A. R., in
1868; was officer of the day for 1870 and
1881 ; senior vice-commander in 1883, and
commander in 1884.

Captain Noyes has also rendered the

OF MASSACHUSliTTS.

509

Comniimwealth valuable service in the
viilnnteer militia. May 15, 1871, he en-
listed as a private in Company A (the

CM'TAIX fJEOIiCE O. NOYES.

Boston Light Infantry), ist Battalion of
Infantry, and was promoted to the various
grades of corporal, sergeant, and first ser-
o-eant, second and first lieutenants. The
ist Battalion having been changed to the
4th, he was elected captain of Company A.
January 29, 1877, which position he held
until March 22, 1878, when he resigned
his commission. Captain Noyes is a com-
rade and charter member of Gettysburg
Post, 191, G. A. R., an officer of Revere
Lodge of Masons, a member of St. An-
drew's Royal Arch Chapter, and Ad-
jutant of DeMolay Commandery of
knights Templars.

In Noveinber, 1867, Captain Noyes was
married to Emma Flora Nichols, at
.\uburndale, Mass., whose death occurred
January 4, 1871.

LIEUTENANT-COLONEL JOSEPH A.
INGALLS.

Lieutenant Joseph A. Ingalls, son of
Ephraim and Elizabeth (Cloon) Ingalls,
-was born in Swampscott, Mass., then a

part of Lynn, on March 10, 1841. He de-
scends in a direct line from the famous
Ingalls stock, in 1629 the earliest
settlers of Lynn. Colonel Ingalls, after
having completed his education in the
public schools of Swampscott, came to
Boston in 1858, and found employment as
assistant book-keeper with the Massachu-
setts Steam Heating Company, then lo-
cated on Bromfield Street. This concern
was later changed to Clogston, Parker &
Gordon, and still later to T. S. Clogston
& Co., at which time Colonel Ingalls be-
came a partner in the firm. Again, in
1875, the concern was reorganized as In-
galls & Kendricken, with their place of
business on Stidbury Street, where they
are located at the present time.

Colonel Ingall's military service be-
gan at the time when our country was in
the midst of the late civil war. He was a
member of the Drill Club of Lynn in i860,
known as the Ellsworth Cadets, which
was afterward Company I, Eighth Regi-
ment. He was mustered in with this
company August 20, 1862, for a nine-
months' term, being appointed soon after

i.ir.l'TENANT-(i)T,ONi;i. .losi'.rri

IN(^\LI.S.

his enlistment Quartermaster Sergeant,
a position he ably filled during the re-
maining months of his term of service.

5IO

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

From this time on, the promotions and
appointments which were conferred upon
Colonel Ingalls were numerous and rap-
idly successive. In Jitly, 1864, he was
made Quartermaster of the Eighth Regi-
ment, jNI. V. M., which in August, 1867,
was succeeded by the rank of Captain and
Quartermaster of the 2d Brigade, Brig-
adier General George H. Pierson. Then
came the commission of Captain and A.
D. C. in August, 1869; Major and Assist-
ant Inspector General of the 2d Brigade
in July, 1873, and Lieutenant Colonel and
Assistant Inspector General on the staff
of Governor Alexander H. Rice in 1876.
Upon the election of General B. F.
Peach, Jr., to the command of the 2d
Brigade, Colonel Ingalls was appointed
Major and Assistant Inspector General
on his staff, March 22, 1882, and resigned
on account of ill health April 17, 1891.
Colonel Ingalls acquired the long service
medal and also qualified as sharpshooter.
In all of these capacities Colonel Ingalls
showed himself to be a man of unusual
energy and executive ability; his person-
ality and general fitness to assume com-
mand winning for him everywhere success
and good-will. It was the occasion of
great regret when Colonel Ingalls felt
himself obliged to tender his resignation.
All of those with whom he had come in
contact during his military associations
considered his withdrawal in the light of
a misfortune to themselves.

In the matter of fraternal relations.
Colonel Ingalls is intiinately connected
with the Loyal Legion, the G. A. R.
Post 113, and the F. & A. M. His mem-
bership in all of these organizations
broitght with it the highest esteem of his
comrades.

During the summer Colonel Ingalls re-
sides in the old Ingalls homestead at
Swampscott, while during the remaining
portion of the year he makes his home in
Boston. He was married in February,
1879, to Miss Mary A. Bright, daughter of
Horace O. Bright, of Cambridge, by
whom he had two children, Horace Bright
Ingalls and Claire Ingalls.

his education in the public schools of
this town being followed by his entrance
into business as an accountant in Boston.
He is at present chief clerk of the Calumet
& Hecla Mining Company at Calumet,
Mich.

He was married October 13, 1870? to
Miss Carrie Edith Olin, of Roxbury,
Mass., one child, Augusta Bowen, having
been born to Captain and Mrs. Lathrop.

Although Captain Lathrop's father was
a chaplain in the United States navy, he
himself had had no military experience

CAPTAIN JOSEPH H. LATHROP.

Captain Joseph H. Lathrop, until 1894,
at which date he removed from Massachu-
setts, a prominent and well-known militia-
man, and son of Rev. John Pierce and
Maria (Long) Lathrop, was born in Bor-
dentown, N. J., December 31, 1842. At
an early age he moved to Dedham, Mass.,

CArXAIX .IliSKPH II

until the breaking out of the Civil War.
Answering to the call for men, he enlisted
August 25, 1862, and was mustered Sep-
tember 12, 1862, as a private in Company
D, of the Forty-Third Regiment, Massa-
chusetts Infantry, (nine months). His
appointment as sergeant speedily fol-
lowed. During his first term of service
he participated in the battles of Kins-
ton, Whitehall, Goldsboro, and Blount's
Creek, N. C. At the expiration of
his term of service in North Carolina,
Virginia and Maryland, he was mustered
out with the regiment July 30, 1S63. He
was commissioned Second Lieutenant in
the Fourth Massachusetts Cavalry, Janu-
ary 25, 1864, promoted First Lieutenant

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

January 5, 1865, and was appointed
Adjutant February 3, 1S65. During this
term of service he took part in the battles
around Petersburg, Va., and the opera-
tions north of the James River. He
was severely injured in July, 1S64, before
Petersburg, and April 6, 1S65, was taken
prisoner in the action at High Bridge,
Va., where the entire detachment of the
Fourth Massachusetts Cavalry engaged
were killed, wounded or taken prisoners.
Released April 9, 1865, by the surrender
of the Confederate Army at Appomattox
Court House, he was mustered out with
the regiment at Richmond, Va., Novem-
ber 14, 1865.

In our State Militia, Captain Lathrop
was commissioned August 7, 1882, as Cap-
tain and Aide-de-Camp on the staff of
General Nat. Wales, of the ist Brigade,
M. V. M., and was also a member of the
rifle team, being on the winning teams of
1884 and 1886. His resignation occurred
April 4, 1888, only to be followed by his
appointment, April 18, 1889, as Provost
Sergeant on the staff of General B. F.
Bridges, Jr., of the 1st Brigade. January
22, 1890, he was commissioned Captain
and Aide-de-Camp on the same staff.
His final resignation, which took place
March 17, 1894, was caused by his re-
moval from the state.

Since his removal to Michigan Captain
Lathrop has enlarged his military record
in the militia of the state of his adoption,
and on July 20, 1897, was commissioned
Assistant Adjutant General of the ist
Brigade, Michigan National Guard.

Fraternally, Captain Lathrop is a
companion of the Massachusetts Com-
mandery. Military Order of the Loyal
Legion, and a member of Charles W.
Carrol Post 144, G. A. R., of Dedham,
Mass. Previous to his going to Michi-
gan, his relations with these organiza-
tions were close and intimately sustained.

CAPTAIN HENRY E. FALES.

Captain Henry E. Fales, whose death
occurred in January, 1897, and who ft>r a
considerable number of years was identi-
fied with the Massachusetts Volunteer
Militia, a son of Silas and Roxa Fales, was
born in Norfolk, Mass., November 6,
1837. He learned the carpenter trade
when a young man, and worked with his
father at that business for a short time,
after which he began to study the profes-
sion of law. After being admitted to the
bar, he came to Milford in 1862, and soon

acquired an extensive practice. About
the close of the war Captain Fales left
Milford for a time and went to Pottsville,
Pa., where he became interested in a coal
mine, but remained there only a short
time, when he returned to Milford and
resumed his legal profession.

Captain Fales was an esteemed mem-
ber of the Worcester County bar, and
stood high in his profession. He had be-
come noted for his great success before
juries, and previous to his death was the
recipient of a large and constantly in-

lAvrAIX UEXKY K. F.U.ES.

creasing practice. He served his town
for twenty years as Park Commissioner.
Politically he was in early life a Repub-
lican, but later joined the Democratic
party. He represented Milford for two
years in the Legislature, and during his
career he was a recognized Democratic
leader in the House of Representatives.

The military record of the subject of
our sketch began in 1S68, at which time
he joined the Mayhew Guards, Company
F, Tenth Regiment, of Milford, as a
private, being made a sergeant a year
later. He stibsequently went through
the grades of first and second lieuten-
ant, and was elected captain in 1872,
serving in that command until the re-or-

512

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

ganization of the State militia in 1876,
when Captain Fales was tendered and ac-
cepted an appointment on the staff of
Brigadier General Hobart Moore, of the
Massachusetts ist Brigade, which posi-
tion he filled most acceptably until 1891,
when he resigned. Mr. Fales was three
times married, his first wife being a Miss
Sherman, who lived only a short time
after her marriage. His second marriage
was to Clara A. Hayward, daughter of
Samuel W. Hayward, of Milford, who
died August 2, 1886. Two children re-
sulted from this union, viz : Harold E.
and Miss Clara R. Fales. In September,
1891, Mr. Fales jnarried Miss Mary A.
Parkhurst, who, with his two children,
now survive him.

B. Following this came a professional
course of three years at the Harvard Law
School, with a degree of LL. B. in 1894.
The same year he was admitted to the
Suffolk bar, and since that date has prac-
ticed with considerable success; being
at the present writing counsel to the Bos-
ton Board of Police.

Captain Bangs first became interested
in military affairs in 1889, at which time
he entered the First Corps of Cadets as a
private, and continued his service for
three years to March 19, 1892.

In 1895 he was commissioned Captain
and Judge Advocate of the 2d Brigade,
which commission he has since retained.

CAPTAIN FRANCIS R. BANGS.

Captain Francis Reginald Bangs, Judge
Advocate of the 2d Brigade, and son of
Edward and Anne Outram (Hodgkinson)
Bangs, was born in Watertown, Mass.,

CAPTAIN CHARLES D. LYFORD.

Captain Charles Dana Lyford, son of
Nathaniel and Mary Goding Lyford, was
born in Brookline, Mass., July 21, 1839.
He was educated in the public schools,
and was graduated from the Brookline
High School in the class of 1877. Having

C.\I'T.\I\ FIIAM IS 1:. r.AXCS

December 24, 1869. He prepared for col-
lege in Mr. Hopkinson's private school,
entering Harvard in 18S7 and graduating
in the class of '91, with the degree of A.

joined the Signal Corps, ist Brigade,
Oct. 23, 1885, he served as private "until
June 7, 1S87, when he was promoted to a
sergeantcy. Early in the following year

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

5'3

the commander of this Corps resigned,
and Sergeant Lyford was unanimously
elected to fill the vacancy with the rank of
Lieutenant. Under his command the
corps grew in efficiency, taking up tel-
egraphy and map-drawing. March 15,
1889, Lieutenant Lyford was promoted to
captain and provost marshal on the staff
of Brigadier General Bridges, which po-
sition he continued to fill until his resigna-
tion from military service, April 24, 1895.

Captain Lyford ranked as a sharp-
shooter, and was the winner of many med-
als with the rifle. He was also consid-
ered one of the best horsemen in the
service, and, indeed, filled every position
to which he was promoted, with notable
zeal and efficiency.

The high standing of the Signal Corps,
under his command, was due in no small
degree to the personal efforts of the Cap-
tain. He is now Superintendent of the
Harvard Co-operative Society, which
conducts the most extensive business of
its kind in the country, and under his
able management has trebled its capacity
in the last eight years.

Captain Lyford has a charming home,
situated on the hills of Watertowh,
Mass., where his old military friends are
sure to find a royal welcome.

Captain Lyford was married November
22, 1893, to Mabel Hay ward, of Chestnut
Hill, Newton.

CAPTAIN EZRA N. JONES.

Captain Ezra N. Jones (retired), son
of Henry and Ruth (Woodbury) Jones, was
born on the i8th of July, 1847, in North-
field, Vt., where he received his educa-
tion in the public schools, and later
studied under his father, then principal
of the local academy. In April, 1864, he
enlisted in Company H, of the Seven-
teenth Vermont Regiment, organized at
Burlington, Vt., which joined the regi-
ment at Cold Harbor, June 15, 1864.
The regiment was engaged in the Wilder-
ness, at Cold Harbor, Weldon Railroad,
Chapin's Farm, Hatch's Run, Fort
Steadman and other actions about Peter.s-
burg and Richmond. In fourteen months
it had ten officers and seventy-two men
killed in action, 314 wounded, and
seventy-two taken prisoners. Fifty-seven
died of disease, thirty-three died in
prison, and three by accident. It was
honorably mustered out on the 14th of
July, 1865.

On November 8, 1887, Captain Jones
was made first lieutenant of Company M,

Second Regiment, M. V. M. ; was elected
captain December 18, 1893, and resigned
May 20, 1895.

For a number of years after the war
Captain Jones lived in Lowell, Mass.,

CArT.VIX EZl! \ N. .KIXES.

but in 1875 he moved to Adams, Mass.,
where he has ever since been continu-
ously employed by the Renfrew Com-
pany eighteen years as Superintendent
of their mill at Maple Grove.

Captain Jones is a member of Paw-
tucket Lodge, Lowell; Corinthian Chap-
ter, Royal Arch Masons; a past grand
master of Hoosac Valley Lodge, A. F.
and A. M. ; a member of the I. O. O. F.,
I. O. U. W., and of Post No. 129, G. A. R.,
and is greatly respected by the people of
his town, having been one of its select-
men for seven years, and for some time
the chairman of the Board.

He was married on the 25th of Decem-
ber, 1872, to Isabella A. Newton, and has
two children, Charles H. and Jessie M.

CAPTAIN CHARLES W. KNAPP.

Captain Charles W. Knapp, son of
Philip C, and S. H. Knapp, was born in

514

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

Lynn, Mass., December i8, 1S50, and re-
ceived his preparatory education in the
public schools of his native city. When
about eighteen years of age he enlisted

CAPT.VIN CH.iRLES W. KXAri'.

in Company D, Eighth Regiment, M. V.
M., and by faithful service rose from pri-
vate to corporal and sergeant. August
26, 1876, he was commissioned quarter-
master Seventh Battalion, M. V. M., and
quartermaster 2nd Brigade, M. V. M.,
June 30, 1882. He also enlisted in Com-
pany D, First Battalion Cavalry, M. V.
M., and later joined the Ancient and Hon-
orable ' Artillery Company, May 24, 1880,
and was elected adjutant June 6, 1899.

Captain Knapp is connected with the
Sewall and Day Cordage Co., Boston.
He resides at Auburndale, Mass.

His zeal in military affairs is evidenced
by his efforts to familiarize himself with
every arm of the service, and the com-
missions he has held are evidences of his
ability.

Not only in military but civic affairs,
has he made his influence felt. He has
been twice called to serve his constituents
in the Lynn City Council. He was a
member of the Newton City Council in
1892 and 1893, and was president of the
same in 1894. His interest in social and

fraternal associations has been equally
active. He is a member of various Ma-
sonic bodies, having been knighted in
Olivet Commandery, Lynn, Mass.

FIRST LIEUTENANT
TANT WILLIAM G.

AND ADJU-
BUTLER.

First Lieutenant and Adjutant William
G. Butler, son of Joseph W. and An-
geline T. Butler, was born in Boston,
August 27, 1837, and received his educa-
tion in the one school which was at that
time set apart for the use of colored
children. His first employment began in
learning the various branches of the
barber's trade, at which business he
worked steadily for many years in the
different localities of Newburyport,
Georgetown, Boston, Salem, Rockland
(Me.), and East Cambridge. In 1867,
however, he secured a situation much
more to his advantage with the New
England Mutual Life Insurance Com-

Fii:sr I, II. I 11 \\Nr wii.uam c. iini.Ki;.

pany, and as a result of his faithful ser-
vices has remained with them up to the
present time.

Lieutenant Butler's relations with the
militia, were, for a number of years, in-

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

timate and pleasant. He was appointed
in Julv, 1 87 1, to the position of adjtitant,
with the rank of first lieutenant, on the
staff of Major Lewis Gaul, of the famous
2d Massachusetts Battalion of colored
troops, a commission which he felt him-
self obliged to resign in July, 1875, owing
to the pressure of more important de-
mands. During his term of service Lieu-
tenant Butler was held in high regard by
his superior officers, and his resignation
when it occurred was the source of much
regret in many quarters. Despite
the fact that his official connections no
longer exist, Lieutenant Butler is still a
well-known man in the militia of the state.
In his fraternal associations Lieutenant
Butler has always been a prominent and
closely identified member. He joined the
Celestial Lodge of Masons in 1882, and
was master from 18S6 to 1891. He is a
member of the Royal Arch Chapter, and
recorder of Lewis Hayden Coinmandery
K. T. During the years of 1893 and 1894
he was elected and served as deputy
grand master of the chapter, and is now
serving as grand master of Prince Hall,
Grand Lodge of Masons. In addition to
the above. Lieutenant Butler is also Sov-
ereign Prince of the Royal Secret, and
Grand Secretary of the Scottish Rite Con-
sistory.

in the Second Regiment of l\Iassachusetts
Infantry, M. V. M. He took part in the
Santiago de Cuba campaigns, and lost
his dearly loved son, by disease, in this

MAJOR REUBEN A. WHIPPLE.

Major Revtben A. Whipple was born at
Smithfield, R. I., August 11, 1846, and re-
ceived his education at the public schools
at Adams, Mass., to which town his par-
ents removed when he was seven years old.

He comes from a very distinguished
family, who were famous during the Rev-
olution for their patriotic services, both
on sea and land. He is directly de-
scended from Commodore Abram Whip-
ple, his grandfather, who was in the War
of 1812, and later (in 1819) captain in the
Rhode Island National Guard. Major
Whipple has in his possession the latter's
commission, which he prizes as an heir-
loom of very great value.

At an early age the major enlisted in
the Eighth Regiment, M. Y. M., on July
16, 1864, and served faithfitUy until the
expiration of his tenn of service, No-
vember 10, 1864. He joined the Second
Regiment, as captain of Company M, on
November 18, 1887, and on November 3,
was elected major of the regiment, in
which position he was mustered into the
service of the United States May 10, 1898,

MAJOi: EEUBEN A. WIIIPPI.K.

service. On his return he retained his
position in the regiment, until he ac-
cepted a commission as captain in the
Twenty-Sixth Regiment, U. S. Volun-
teers, Colonel Edmund Rice command-
ing, and he is now in active service in the
Philippine Islands.

On his return from the civil war, he went
into btisiness with his father, who dealt
in lime, at Adams, Mass., with whom he
continued until he entered the service of
the town, as superintendent of streets,
bridges and parks, which position he has
retained until the present year.

He has served the town as selectman,
both before and after the divison of North
Adams therefrom, and he has always
taken an active part in the general ad-
vancement and welfare of the commu-
nity. He is a member of the order of A.
F. and A. M., and of the George E. Savles
Post, 126, G. A. R.

He was married on November 21, 187 1,
to Eva M. Todd. Of this union were
born George E., Rena, Susan F. and
Robert Lee Whipple

5i6

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

COLONEL FRED WILLIAMS
WELLINGTON.

Fred Williams Wellington was born in
1851, at Shirley, Massachusetts, but his
parents removed in 1855 to Worcester,
where he received his education in the
public schools, with the exception of two
years of study in the schools of France
and Germany.

He began his business life when seven-
teen years old as a bookkeeper in the
First National Bank of Worcester; but in

COLONKL KKi:l) W. WELLINGTON.

October, 1869, became manager of the
Southbridge Street coal office of F. W.
Wellington & Co., and in April, 1872, was
admitted as a partner in the firm. He
withdrew in 1874, and was associated with
J. S. Rogers & Co., in the retail coal
trade, withdrawing in 1875, and forming
a partnership with J. S. Rogers and A. A.
Goodell, under the same firm name, to
carry on a strictly wholesale business.
In 1877, he established a wholesale and
retail coal business for himself on Ham-

mond Street, under the name and style of
Fred W. Wellington & Co. On the death
of his cousin Colonel Austin C. Welling-
ton, in 1889, he was elected president and
general manager of the A. C. Wellington
Coal Co., of Boston — a corporation having
large wharves at 438 Federal Street, Bos-
ton ; K Street, South Boston ; Bunker
Hill, Commerce Street, Charlestown ;
Main Street, Cambridgeport ; and Har-
vard Street, Brighton. In 1891 he was
elected treasurer and general manager
of the same corporation, which position
he still holds, while managing the busi-
ness of Fred W. Wellington & Co., of
Worcester. In this latter concern he has
never had a partner, yet the business has
grown steadily, until the yard has now an
area of 89,000 feet, and a storage capacity
of 40,000 tons of coal.

Colonel Wellington's military tenden-
cies seem, in some degree, to be heredi-
tary, derived from that Roger Welling-
ton, one of the first settlers of Water-
town, who later settled at Boston. Di-
rectly descended from him were Captain
Timothy and Benjamin Wellington, mem-
bers of Captain Parker's company, which
met the fire of Pitcairn's infantry at Lex-
ington — Benjamin having the honor of
being the first American prisoner of the
Revolution, being captured early in the
morning, while on the way to the muster,
but escaping in time to reach the Com-
mon before the attack.

Four brothers of Colonel Wellington
served in the War of the Rebellion, each
in a different arm of the service. Ed-
ward as a lieutenant in the Second Cav-
alry, M. V. M. ; Frank, as a private in
the Twenty-fifth Massachusetts Infantry ;
Charles, as a gunner on the United States
steamer Aroostook ; and George, as a cor-
poral in the Second Heavy Artillery, M.
Y. M. The latter was captured at the
surrender of Plymouth, N. C, sent to
Anderson ville, Ga., and died after a year
of suffering. His body lies iinmarked
among the "unknown" victims of that
fatal prison-pen.

Colonel Wellington first joined the
militia when eleven years old, enlisting
as a musician in the First Company State
Guard of Worcester, and served as a
drummer until the close of the war in
1865, the service of this company being
confined to the state. The same patriot-
ism which inspired his brothers, would
doubtless have led him to distinction, or
a soldier's grave, on the battlefields of
the Rebellion, had he been born a few
years earlier.

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

517

His military record is as follows; Com-
missioned second lieutenant of Battery
B, Light Artillery, March 27, 1882; first
lieutenant, January 22, 1S83; captain,
September 29, 1884; appointed assistant
inspector-general, on the staff, of the com-
mander-in-chief January 6. 1887; re-
signed January 4, 1891 ; served in First
Battalion Artillery, Battery B, January
7, 1891, to April 20, 1891; re-appointed
assistant inspector-general, January 4,
1894, which latter position he still holds.

In the Masonic Order he is a thirty-
second degree member of the Massachu-
setts Consistory, and of the Worcester
County Commandery, Knights Templars.

He was married September 4, 1883, to
Lydia A., widow of General Arthur A.
Goodell, former colonel of the Thirty-
sixth Regiment, M. V. M.

nine months, during which period Ser-
geant Berry through his exceptional
aptitude for military life, was succes-

MAJOR-GENERAL A. HUN BERRY.

The life of Major-General A. Hun
Berry is in the main that of a man whose
prominence in military circles has been
so marked and so generally recognized as
to demand but little additional testimony
from the pen of a biographer. To mili-
tary men, at least, his name has been
familiar for more than a score of years,
and his able management of military
affairs is as well known as his name.

Born in Lynn, Mass., 1843, the son of
Nehemiah Berry and Maria Hun Bassett,
General Berry, after graduating from the
public schools, began his technical studies
preparatory to becoming a civil engineer.
Although this has nominally been his
profession through life, still General
Berry's tastes have led him to pursue the
more congenial calling of an art in-
structor. In this capacity he conducted
for a good many years drawing courses
in several of the schools of Boston,
Newton and Lynn. Of late years, how-
ever, he has been engaged in the manu-
facture of ventilating wheels.

General Berry's interest in military
affairs, by far the more salient factor of
his life, began in i860 at the tiiue he was
an instrument in organizing the Hardee
Cadets, a drill club in Lynn, commanded
by Captain Thomas Herbert. This initial
experience was followed in the spring of
1862 by the enlistment of the above organ-
ization as Company I, of the Eighth Regi-
ment, and its immediate march to the
front, with General Berry as First Ser-
geant. The regiment was absent some

.^lA.JOK-GENEHAl. A. IICN' IlEliliY.

sively commissioned Second and First
Lieutenant. In May, 1864, he was
on service with his company, tem-
porarily designated as the Eleventh Un-
attached, in the harbor fortifications at
Marblehead and Gloucester. Relieved
from these duties in the course of a few
months, he accepted the post of adjutant
of the Eighth Regiment, tendered him by
Colonel Peach, the Eighth still being a
regiment of the volunteer militia, with its
organization unaltered. For some ten
years General Berry held the adjutant's
commisson, relinquishing it to assume the
office of Major of the same command in
1874.

While he was still an adjutant, and a
year prior to his promotion as Major, Gen-
eral Berry was appointed a member of
the Board of Examiners, a board which
originally consisted, besides himself, of
General Blackmer and Colonel Mason. In
May, 1876, he was appointed by Governor
Rice to a position on his staff, and as-
signed by him to duty as assistant in-
spector general, with the rank of lieu-
tenant-colonel. In this position he re-

5if

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

mained until January, 1879, when he was
honored with the appointment of Adju-
tant General, with the rank of major
general.

The ability displayed by General
Berry in the discharge of the duties of
this office, fully justified his appointment.
His administration, which lasted from
1879 to 1883, was notable and successful,
and the military records of the Massachu-
setts Volunteer Militia amply justify the
following prediction contained in a press
commentary upon his appointment to the
position.

"General Berry is an accomplished gen-
tleman and a thorough officer, and hav-
ing taken an active part in the work of
the Inspector General's Department has
acquired a knowledge and a familiarity
with the entire militia and all its details,
such as few men possess. Probably no
officer in the state has so large an ac-
quaintance with the officers and men of our
militia as he, and he will bring to the ad-
ministration of the affaii-s of his depart-
ment a business equipment, a capacity
for work and a soldierly method which
will be of invaluable assistance in sustain-
ing the present high standing of thi.-
militia. His clean army record, his
long and faithful service as adjutant of
the Eighth Regiment, his intelligent per-
formance of the delicate and responsible-
duties of assistant inspector general,
and his reputation as a true gentleman,
are the good and sufficient reasons which
appear to have decided Governor Talbot
in the making of this appointment."

ASSISTANT ADJUTANT-GENERAL
S. A. BOLSTER.

Solomon A. Bolster was born in Paris.
Maine, on the loth of December, 1835,
and was educated at the public schools
of his native town and at the O.xfonl
(Me.) Normal Institute, afterwards work-
ing on a farm in summer and teaching
school in the winter. In 1857, at the age oi
22, he began to read lav/ with his cousin,
William W. Bolster, then of Dixfield, anil
now of Auburn, Me., and was later duly
admitted to practice, and attended the
Harvard Law School, whence he gradu-
ated with the degree of LL. B., return-
ing to Dixfield, where he joined his cotis-
in and remained a year. He enlisted in
the Twenty-third Maine Regiment, going
into camp on the loth of September,
1862, and was at once appointed first ser-

geant, and soon after promoted to a sec-
ond lieutenancy. He was mustered out
July 15, 1863, and on September 7, came
to Boston, where he has since remained.

He joined the First Regiment of Infan-
try, M. V. M., June 22, !'866 ; was elected
second lieutenant of Company A, July
21, 1866, and appointed judge advocate
on General Burrell's staff, January 27.
1867, which position he occupied until
May 21, 1870. He was then appointed
assistant inspector general, with the rank
of major, and acted as such until dis-
charged by an Act of the Legislature,
April 28, 1876. Immediately affer this he
was elected commander of the ist Bat-
talion, but declined to accept the posi-
tion, not desiring to remain in the service
for any longer time.

On August 15, 1876, he was appointed
assistant adjutant-general of the ist
Brigade, under General Hobart Moore,
with the rank of lieutenant-colonel,
and remained in that position until Janu- '
ary, 1882. He accompanied General

Moore to the National Celebration at
Yorktown. Judge Bolster is a Mason of

.\SSTS1 \ \ I

high standing, being Past Master of
Washington Lodge, A. F. & A. M., Past
High Priest of Mount \'ern(in Chapter.

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

519

and Past Thrice Illustrious Master of Rox-
bury Council, R. & S. M. ; Past Com-
mander of the Joseph Warren Command-
ery of K. T. He has been District Dep-
uty of the Grand Chapter; District Dep-
uty of the Grand Lodge; and is a 32nd
degree member. A. s! R. He is also
Past Commander of Thomas G. Stevenson
Post, No 26, G. A. R., and a member of
the Massachusetts Commandery of the
Military t)rder of the Loyal Legion of the
United States. He has been judge of the
municipal court in the Roxbury district
since April 22, 1885.

He was married on the 30th of October,
1864, to Sarah Jane Gardner, of Dixfield,
Maine, and has four sons and one daugh-
ter, named respectively Percy G., Wil-
fred, Mav M., Stanlev M., and' Rov H.

but remained on duty. On June 3, of
the same year, at Bethesda Church, he
received a shell wound in the right hand,

COLONEL ISAAC F. KINGSBURY.

Colonel Isaac F. Kingsbury, appointed
assistant adjutant-general June 16,
1872, and for many years active in that
capacity, was born January 2, 1841, in
Newton, where he has always resided.
Having received his education in the pub-
lic schools of his native town, he entered
the State Normal School at Bridgewater,
graduating in 1859. After his gradua-
tion, until he entered the Union army,
he was employed at the Boston agency
of the Taunton Copper Company. On
July 25, 1862, he was mustered into the
service of the United States, as sergeant
of Company K, Thirty-second Massachu-
.setts Volunteers, and served with that
regiment through its active campaigning
with the Fifth Corps in the Army of the
Potomac. His soldierly qualities ensured
his rapid promotion. On the 30th of
October, 1862, he was made color-ser-
geant, and early in December was de-
tailed as acting sergeant-major, receiv-
ing the fu'.l appointment January i, fol-
lowing. February 14. 1863, he was com-
missioned second lieutenant, with rank
from December 15, 1862, and assigned to
Company C, being detailed as acting adju-
tant. In June, 1863, he was commis-
sioned first lieutenant, with rank from
February 6, 1863, and on the 21st of
July was assigned to duty as adjutant.
In the spring of 1864 he was detailed as
brigade inspector for the 2d Brigade, ist
Division, Fifth Army Corps, and in June,
1865, was commissioned captain.

On May 12,1 864, at the battle of Laurel
Hill, he was slightly wounded by a spent
canister ball, being temporarily disabled.

<;i!

•"^^r*

^^^^^^^H L^^^^A^

COLONEI. ISA.iC V. Kl Xl iSliUlIY.

which resulted in the amputation of a
finger, and, but for skillful surgical care,
would have lost his right hand. This
wound, and an attack of typhoid fever
which followed, necessitated his return
home. In August, being convalescent but
unfit for field service, he was, by order
of the Secretary of War, placed on de-
tached service at Galloupe's Island, Bos-
ton Harbor, where, during the winter of
1864-65, he served as commissary of mus-
ters, and acting assistant adjutant-gen-
eral of the post. In the latter capacity
he acted as well for the Commonwealth
of Massachusetts as for the General Gov-
ernment, having charge of making up the
rolls of recruits sent from this and neigh-
boring states. Later, he was sent in
charge of recruits to the front in Tennes-
see, and with convalescents to Fortress
Monroe and Washington. He was mus-
tered out of service at the expiration of
his term, July 13, 1865.

Having spent a short vacation at the old
homestead in Newton, after he was re-
leased from the army, he was appointed
government truckman in the Boston Cus-

520

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

tom-House. When Andrew Jackson came
into the presidency, and General Couch
succeeded Hannibal Hamlin as collector of
the port of Boston, Captain Kingsbury
was considered too thorough a Republi-
can to be retained in office, and was dis-
charged ; but was subsequently reinstated
in the customs service by Collector Rus-
sell, and continued therein in various
capacities until his appointment by Gov-
ernor Washburn, as assistant adjutant-
general, with the rank of colonel.

Colonel Kingsbury's military experi-
ence, joined with his natural abilities and
his excellent practical education, made
hiin a valuable and efficient staff officer,
and the military department of the State
government owed much of its efficiency
to his efforts. He was also an active
member of the State militia, subsequent
to the war, being commissioned captain
eft Company L, First Regiment Massachu-
setts Volunteer Militia, upon its organiza-
tion, October lo, 1870.

Colonel Kingsbury was a gallant sol-
dier, and a good officer in active service,
and a valuable servant of the Common-
wealth in his official capacity. He is a
most genial gentleman, and popular in
the best sense of the word. He is a fine
musician, being an active member and
director of the famous Cecilia Club, of
Boston. He has never held public civil
office.

COLONEL FREDERICK T. WALSH.
Colonel Frederick T. Walsh, of Low-
ell, Mass., son of Thomas and Mary
(Pollard) Walsh, was born in Pawtucket,
R. I., March 1, 1958. His life has been
spent, according to the demands of his
business, in the different cities of Law-
rence, Mass., Providence, R. I., and
Santa, Cruz, Cal., and Lowell, Mass. It
was in the public schools of the latter
city that he received his education,
graduating from the Lowell High School
in 1876. After a year's special study in
chemistry in the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, he began to learn calico
printing in the Hamilton Print Works
of Lowell. Some years later he accepted
the position of chemist for the Walpole
Dye and Color Works at Walpole; and
later he returned to the Hamilton Print
Works at Lowell as a color maker, where
he is at present superintendent. His
technical education was obtained under
the able teaching of his father, Mr.
Thomas Walsh, who for twenty years has
been at the head of the Walpole Dye &

Color Works. In i8g6 Lieutenant Walsh
accepted a position as agent for the Lowell

COLONEL FUEDEUICK T. WALSH.

Bleachery of Lowell, which position he
now retains.

In politics, he has served as a member
of the Republican city committee for sev-
eral years, and also as a member of the
Lowell School Board.

He began his military experience as a
member of the Borden School of Tech-
nology, and in 1893 enlisted as a private
in the First Corps Cadets, and later was
appointed corporal. On January 4, 1894,
he was appointed by the late Governor
Greenhalge assistant quartermaster gen-
eral, with the rank of colonel. After
the death of Governor Greenhalge he
served for the balance of the term on
Governor Wolcotfs staff, and resigned
January 6, 1897. On the completion of
his term of service, wishing again to
renew his connection with the militia, he
re-entered the First Corps Cadets, as a
private in Company A.

BRIGADIER GENERAL AUGUSTUS
P. MARTIN.

Brigadier General Augustus P. Martin,
the son of Pearl Martin, who during his

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

lifetime was one of Boston's most promi-
nent merchants, and descended from an
ancestry that fig-ured conspicnously in

i',i:i(;.\iiiKi;-(iENKi:M. Ai(a sTii> !■. maktin.

our early wars, was born in Abbot, Piscat-
aqua County, Maine, November 23, 1835.
In the family records of both branches of
his ancestry are to be found inany proofs
of the heroism and fortitude of his fore-
fathers; hereditary characteristics which
have been transmitted to the present gen-
eration.

General Martin's paternal grandfather,
Robert Martin, enlisted at the early age of
sixteen as a soldier in the French and
Indian wars, and was taken prisoner and
held in captivity until an exchange of
hostages gave him his freedom. He was
brave and fearless, powerful and sol-
dierly, both by instinct and habit, and dis-
played even in his tenth decade the same
vigor of body and staunchness of spirit
which characterized him in his earlier
years. General Martin's grandfather,
Moses Rollins, fourth in line of direct
descent from Nicholas Rawlins, one of
the pioneer settlers who left the mother
country, rendered services of merit under
Colonel Samuel Appleton, who com-
manded the Massachusetts forces in the
war with King Philip and his dusky war-
riors in 167Q.

\Vhen seven years old, General Mar-
tin's parents removed to Boston and he re-
ceived an education, which began in the
public schools, was continued in the old
Wilbraham Academy, and completed in a
private school in Melrose. On the attain-
ment of his majority he began what has
since proved an active business career, as
a salesman for the firm of Fay & Stone,
boot and shoe dealers, in whose service
he remained until the commencement of
the Civil War.

He had previously, in 1854, joined the
Boston Light Artillery (Cobb's Battery),
and after having been commissioned sec-
ond lieutenant in 1858, had resigned his
rank in i860, retaining, nevertheless, both
his membership in the company, and a
lively interest in military affairs. The fol-
lowing year the storm which had been so
long impending finally burst. Troops were
called for to render three months' service
in defense of the country, and General
Martin, going to the front with his bat-
tery, served until the expiration of the
three months. After his return home on
September 5, 1861, he was commis-
sioned first lieutenant of the Third
Massachtisetts battery, and on Oc-
tober 7, left again for the front;
this time being assigned to Fitz-John
Porter's division at Washington. On
November 28, Lieutenant Martin was
commissioned captain, his battery being
throughout the war attached to the Army
of the Potomac, and sharing in all its en-
gagements.

Captain Martin's first achievements in
active service were thus summarized in a
war correspondent's account of the battle
of Gaine's Mill, June 27, 1862:

"Probably the greatest carnage of this
bloody day was produced by the inces-
sant discharges of double-shotted canister
from the brass guns of Martin's Battery.
He had taken up a position in the hollow
between two small hills, and the enemy
advancing from the opposite side in double
column at quick time, were unable to
see the battery until they reached the
crest of the hill, 100 yards distant from
the mouths of the cannon. The command
to fire, from Captain Martin, resulted in
sweeping the enemy from the field like
chaff in the wind."

In July, 1S62, Captain Martin was as-
signed to duty as Chief of Artillery of the
First Division, Fifth Corps, and when in
May, 1863, the artillery of the Fifth
Corps was organized into a brigade, he
was immediately placed in coinmand, in
recognition of his gallant record in past

522

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

engagements. His services at the head of
his brigade were of the most efficient and
meritorious character, and at the Battle
of Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863, his skill and
courage were important factors of the
successes achieved. A dispatch, sent just
after the battle, says: "Captain Martin,
Chief of the Corps of Artillery, has been
highly complimented for his skillful and
effective disposition of the batteries in
his command, and as a young and tal-
ented officer has proven himself a worthy
successor of General Weed in the position
he holds." Similar words of praise were
elicited also by his services at the siege
of Yorktown, the battles of Hanover
Cotirt House, Mechanicsville. Gaines'
Mill, Malvern Hill, Harrison Landing,
Mannassas, and many other prominent
actions of the war.

On March 13, 1865, Captain Martin was
gazetted by the War Department, "Brevet
Colonel for gallant and meritorious ser-
vices during the War."

On his return home at the close of the
war, he occupied his former position as
salesman for over two years, at the ex-
piration of which time he was admitted
as partner into the house of Francis Dane
& Co., where he remained three years, and
then commenced business for himself
under the firm name of Martin & Skinner.
As senior tnember of this firm he met
with marked success, until his prominence
and activity in public affairs necessitated
his retirement from business.

General Martin first became active in
public life about 1877, at which time he
served as chief marshal at the dedication
of the Army and Navy Monument. A
year later, in 1878, he was elected Com-
mander of the Ancient and Honorable Ar-
tillery Company, of Massachusetts, serv-
ing in this office for one year. On June
2, 1879, on the 241st anniversary of the
Ancient and Honorable Artillery, Gen-
eral Martin presented to the Military
Museum of the Company the sword worn
by him through his services in the prin-
cipal battles oi the War of the Rebellion.
In 1879 he was elected Commander of the
Massachusetts Commandery of the Mili-
tary Order of the Loyal Legion.

On September 17, 1880, he officiated as
chief marshal at the celebration of the
250th anniversary of the settlement of
Boston. In 1882, he was commissioned by
Governor Long brigadier-general on his
staff.

General Martin has been presi-
dent of the New England Shoe and
Leather Association, a director of the

Howard National Bank, of the John
Hancock Life Insurance Company,
of the Metropolitan Railroad Com-
pany, vice-president of the Home Savings
Bank, president of the N. E. Mutual Acci-
dent Association, director of the United
States Trust, and president of the Dor-
chester Savings Bank.

His prominence in the National Demo-
cratic party secured his nomination and
election as Mayor of Boston in 1883.

To the conduct of his office General Mar-
tin brought a degree of ability, honesty
and fearlessness, that made his mayoralty
one of the most beneficial in the history of
the city. Throughout his incumbency he
stood squarely on the platform upon
which he was elected, and fought the ele-
ments of corruption and "bossism" that
were making a too rapid progress in their
career of evil. To his persistency Boston
owes an improved charter, and one which
makes some of the old troubles impossible,
no matter what may be the complexion of
the civic administration. He received
the cordial support of Boston's leading
citizens for a second term, but was de-
feated by a small majority.

In 1894 he was appointed by the late
Governor Greenhalge to the Board of
Police Commissioners, and since that
time has held the responsible and im-
portant position of chairman.

General Martin was married in Febru-
ary, 1859, to Miss Abbie Farmer, daughter
of the late Jonathan and Elizabeth
B. (Leavitt) Pierce, and since his mar-
riage, with the exception of the war per-
iod, has resided in Boston. He has four
children, Flora Elizabeth, Franklin Pearl,
Charles Augustus, and Everett Fav.

MAJOR ARTHUR E. PERRY.

Major Arthur E. Perry, who retired
with the above rank in June, 1896, was
born in New Bedford, Mass., March 3,
1S58. The son of Eben and Josephine
(Miles) Perry, he was educated at the
Friends' Academy, of New Bedford, Har-
vard College, and at the Boston Uni-
versity Law School. He is well known
to the legal profession as the junior mem-
ber of the law firm of Knowlton & Perry,
of New Bedford, the senior member, Mr.
Knowlton, being attorney-general of the
State. Descended from the same ances-
tors as Commodore Perry, the naval hero
of Lake Erie, it is no wonder that Major
Perry early in life manifested an interest
in military service.

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

In March. 18S6, he entered Company E.
First Retviment, M. Y. M., as a private,
a grade from which, two months later, ho
was advanced to the position of second
lietxtenant, passing over the intervening
non-commissioned grades. His general
aptitude, and creditable work as a subal-
tern, secured for him, April, 1S89, pro-
motion to the first lieutenancy. Two
years later, in March, 1891, he was
chosen commanding officer of the com-
pany in which he had at first enlisted.
This position, the duties of which he dis-
charged at all times with conspicuous
tact and fidelity, he retained for five years
until oil June, 2, 1896, he retired from the
service with the rank of major. During
his second lieutenancy, in 1887, he visited
Philadelphia with his company, to par-
ticipate in the opening e.xercises of the
Constitutional celebration. Major Perry
had an enviable record as a marksman,
and for some years was a member of the
company rifle team, and later became a
member of the regimental rifle team,
being at different times captain of both

visional Militia, during the recent Spanish
War, and was commissioned captain June
30, 1898. The company was relieved from
duty (see general order No. 18) November
10, 1898.

CAPTAIN THOMAS S. HATHAWAY.

Captain Thomas S. Hathaway, former-
ly commanding officer of Company E, of
the First Regiment, and son of Horatio
and Ellen (Rodman) Hathaway, was born

of these teams. He was also captain of
the regimental team which shot at Sea
Girt, N. J., in 1895. He organized the
iSth company of Massachusetts Pro-

CAITAIN' THii.MAS S. HATHAWAY.

in New Bedford, Mass., Dec. 5, 1866. He
received his preparation for a college
course at the Friend's Academy in New
Bedford, and entered Harvard in 18S5, in
the class of '"89." A course of four
years study at Cambridge was completed
in 1889 by his receiving the degree of
A. B.

His record as a militiaman is short,
sharp and successful. He first became
attached to the state militia May 19,
1 89 1, in which year he enlisted in Com-
pany E of the First Regiment. As
the result of conscientious work and a
general aptitude for military service
the subject of our sketch was commis-
sioned Second Lieutenant in April of
1892 scarcely more than a year after his

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

original enlistment, passing over by this
step all the intervening grades. His
next promotion was in January of 1896,
this time to the first lieutenancy, and
his last veas to the captaincy in January
of 1897, which commission he held for
one year, and resigned December, '97.
He took a great deal of interest in rifle
practice, and for several years, and up to
the close of his service, ranked as a sharp-
shooter. In a mtinicipal way Captain
Hathaway has served his city creditably
as a common councilman for the two
years of 1895-96 and 1896-97.

CAPTAIN JOHN P. WILEY.

Captain John Parker Wiley, son of Jos-
eph and Margaret Wiley, was born in Bos-
ton, October 8, i860. His education began
in the public schools of Boston and was
completed in those of the city of New
York. Graduating in 1876, Captain
Wiley then entered the employment of
the publishing house of G. W. Carleton &

CArXAIX .TOIIN' p. Wir.EY.

Company, of New York, with whom he
remained until 1879, when he returned to
Boston and took charge of the book de-
partment of the New England News

Company, which situation he at present
retains.

Captain Wiley first joined the militia in
August, 1880, enlisting as a private in
Company D, of the Fifth Regiment, then
the "Independent Boston Fusiliers." At
the end of three years' service he was dis-
charged, and for soine time had no con-
nection with any military body. In Sep-
tember, 1887, he joined the First Regi-
ment, in which he advanced steadily
through all the grades to first sergeant,
Company G; was appointed sergeant-
clerk, non-commissioned staff, ist Bri-
gade, under General Bridges in 1893;
passed through thegrades in non-commis-
sioned staff (provost sergeant and ser-
geant-major), until finally appointed pro-
vost marshal on the staff of General Ben-
jamin F. Bridges, with the rank of cap-
tain May 2. 1895. This position, after the
resignation of General Benjamin F.
Bridges, he resigned, August 11, 1897.

Captain Wiley is fraternally connected
with the RoyalArcanum. On October 25,
1882, he married Frances Emma Davies,
of Carbondale, Pa., a union which has
been blessed with two children, Walter
T. and Ethel Mav.

CAPTAIN HENRY GAGE WOOD.

Captain Wood was born in HoUis, Hills-
boro County, New Hampshire, August i,
1853, and was educated as a civil en-
gineer. He came to Natick, Mass., in 1872.
being employed as a civil engineer on the
viaduct of the Boston Water Works, but
afterwards became prominent as a suc-
cessful shoe manufacturer, and his active
business life from that time is well
known in Natick. He was an ardent
worker in masonry, and his signal ability
earned for himself and lodge a reputation
which extended far beyond the borders of
his Grand Jurisdiction. He was a 32nd
Degree Mason, holding many positions of
honor and trust, and in 1888 was elected
Junior Grand Warden of the Grand Lodge
of Massachusetts.

Captain Wood entered the Massachu-
setts Volunteer Militia in 1885, and was
elected Captain of Company "G" First
Regiment, and his untiring perseverance
and ability was shown in the high stand-
ard his company attained, in winning the
first prize for the greatest improvement
shown in that year. He also won the
medal for the highest score made in the
State Rifle Match. His ability as a mili-
tary officer was recognized by his ap-

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

525

pointment as Inspector of Rifle Practice
of the First Regiment, an office which his
rapidly increasing business compelled

C.VPTAIX IIEXKV I!. WiM't).

him shortly to resign. While enjoying, in
company with his wife, a brief vacation
at Old Orchard Beach, he met with an
accident which eventually caused his
death. He died on October 17, 1895,
and was buried with Masonic honors in
Dell Park Cemetery, in Natick, Mass.,
leaving large a circle of friends and asso-
ciates to mourn his untimely loss.

CAPTAIN JOS. H. FROTHINGHAM.

Of the seventy-two captains of infantry
of the line in the State service, the first
in point of seniority is Captain Joseph H.
Frothingham. commanding Battery D,
First Heavy Artillery, who now (1899) is
ending his thirteenth year as company
coinmander, and bis thirty-first year of
continuous duty in the volunteer service.
Born at Boston, February 22, 1850, he re-
ceived his education in the public schools
of that city and of Chelsea. From his
boyhood until the present, he has main-
tained an active and enthusiastic interest
in military matters, and the value of his

services to the State is a matter of record :
for the study of the filed inspection re-
ports covering his term in command of his
company, will demonstrate that D,of the
First, since it came under his administra-
tion, has been uniformly found in a con-
dition of high efficiency. Captain Froth-
ingham has to his credit a long and honor-
able military record. Enlisting in Com-
pany D, Seventh Infantry, December 11,

1868, he served therein until June 24,

1869. It is worthy of note that within a
month of his enlistment he was detailed
as instructor of recruits. Re-enlisting in
Company D, First Infantry, June 25,
1869, he was promoted corporal, October
4, 1869; sergeant, October 26, 1870; first
sergeant. May 21, 1872, and was dis-
charged September 21, 1872. He re-en-
listed in Company D, First Battalion In-
fantry, September 28, 1872, and was on
duty with that command when the troops
stationed in Boston were ordered out to
preserve order and protect property after
the great fire of November 9, 1872. He
was mustered into Company D, First Bat-
talion Infantry, June 18, 1872; promoted

r.\PT.\IN' .lOSKPH II. KltOTIIINCHAM.

sergeant, September 23, 1874 ; discharged,
June, 10, 1876. Re-enlisting, he was pro-
m.oted first sergeant, May i, 187S, and

526

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

served in this grade until he received his
first commission. His commission as sec-
ond lieutenant bears the date of July 5,
1882; he became first lieutenant, April 16,
1883, and was commissioned captain,
May 27, 1887. He was also commissioned
captain United States Volunteers, April
26 to November 4, 1898,

It has been his privilege to take part in
many memorable military functions. He
has taken part in the reviews of the
Massachusetts troops by Presidents
Grant, Hayes and Arthur, and Generals
Sherman, Sheridan and Miles. He also
assisted in the celebration of the centen-
nial anniversaries of the battles of Con-
cord, Lexington, and Bvmker Hill, and
paraded at the military funeral of General
Grant, in New York, August 8, 1885. He
was in command of his company when
the regiment took part in the observance
of the looth anniversary of the signing of
the Declaration of Independence, at
Philadelphia, in 1887. During his service
of more than a quarter of a century, he
has been absent from but four drills, and
he has yet to miss a tour of ordered duty.
His services have often been sought on
military boards. He was detailed by
the commander-in-chief, December 16,
1892, as a member of the Board for revis-
ing the Militia Laws and the State Regu-
lations; March 23, 1895, as a member of
the adoption of a regulation field cooking-
apparatus for military purposes ; and
July 16, 1895, as a member of the Board
on the reorganization of the Eighth In-
fantry. He served with his company and
regiment, while mustered into the United
States service as the First Regiment of
Massachusetts Heavy Artillery, U. S. V.,
during the Spanish-American War, being
stationed with Battery C, of the same
regiment, at Fort Pickering, Salem, Mass.
The old work was largely strengthened
and improved by the detachment, whose
service, if uneventful, was at least per-
formed with credit to officers and men.

His ability as a commander is unques-
tioned, since his command ranks among
the foremost in drill, discipline, and the
excellence of its interior economy. His
popularity is evident from the fact that
he has repeatedly been called upon to
refuse promotion to field rank. Though
best known in connection with his service
in the famous "Roxbury City Guard"
— the Battery D, First Regiment, Heavy
Artillery, of to-day — he yet is numbered
among the members of Washington
Lodge, F. and A. M., and the Military
Historical Society.

CAPTAIN HENRY PARKINSON,
JUNIOR.

Captain Henry Parkinson, junior, son
of Henry and Mary A. Parkinson,
was born May 19, 1843, at Nantucket,
Mass., and is of English descent, his pa-
rents having come from England in 1823,
settling in Nantucket. When he was
five years old they removed to East Bos-
ton, where he received his early educa-
tion in the old Lynn School. Leaving
school he learned the masonry trade with
his father, with whom he remained until
May 23, 1861, when he enlisted in Com-
pany B, First Massachusetts Regiment,

I MTAIX IIF.NKV I'MiKIN

serving as first sergeant until August 26,
of the same year, when he was commis-
sioned second lieutenant. He was in
Richardson's Brigade, and participated
in the battles of First Bull Run, Budd's
Ferry Camp, Siege of Yorktown, White
Oak Swamp and Fair Oaks, where he
was severely wounded June 25, 1862. He
was one of the first officers who returned
home wounded, and was the recipient of
marked kindness from the people of East
Boston, who vied with each other in their
efforts to mitigate his sufferings. Before
he was fully recovered he joined his regi-
ment, then at Fairfax Cemetery, and was

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

527

commissioned captain, Company G, First
Massachusetts, August 3, 1862. At Fred-
ericksburg, December, 1862, with the reg-
iment he took part in the memorable bat-
tle, being in the Centre Grand Division,
under General Stoneman. At Chancel-
lorsville, he was taken prisoner and went
to Libby Prison, but was paroled after
five weeks, and sent to Parole Camp at
Annapolis; but in June, 1863, was ordered
to report to his regiment. At the battle
of Gettysburg he was again severely in-
jured ; was picked up and carried to the
rear by his sergeant, and with several
other wounded officers was sent from the
Gettysburg Station through Baltimore to
the hospital in Philadelphia. As soon as
he was able he was sent home, where he
was incapacitated for duty for two and
one-half years, although, in the mean-
time, he repeatedly applied to Surgeon
General Dale for permission to join his
company, which appeal was, of course,
rejected. His fellow townsmen, in con-
sideration of his gallant services, recom-
mended his appointment as postmaster at
East Boston, which office he held during
1866. On his return to health Captain
Parkinson was elected captain of Compa-
ny B, First Regiment, M. V. M., June 19,
1866, which position he held until July
28, 1874. He was elected first lieutenant
Company G, First Regiment, August 26,
of the same year, and captain Company
D, of the Fourth Battalion of Infantry,
December 3, 1878. He resigned his com-
mand February 5, 1883. He was once
more elected captain. Company K, First
Boston Light Infantry, March 24, 1886,
and served for two years, when he re-
signed, after giving the best years of his
life to the service of his State and coun-
try.

After leaving the post office. Captain
Parkinson rejoined his father in business,
and remained with him until 1874, when
he received an appointment in the Bos-
ton Custom House service, where he is
still on duty.

CAPTAIN HENRY F. KNOWLES.

Captain Henry F. Knowles, born at
Eastham, Mass., March 11, 1847, was the
son of Thomas S. and Catherine P.
Knowles, who removed to Boston in
1S51. He was ediicated in the Boston
public schools, in which he acquired a
practical and liberal education.

He enlisted July 1.1862, in Company H,
Forty-third IVIassachusetts Volunteers, at
first attached to the Eighteenth Army

Corps, under Major General Foster, and,
later to the Ninth Army Corps, under
Major General John Sedgwick, and was
engaged in the battles of Kinston, White-
hall and Goldsboro, N. C, in 1862. The
Forty-Third Massachusetts was mustered
out in July, 1863; and he re-enlisted July
18, 1864, in the Forty-Second Massachu-
setts Volunteers, under Colonel Isaac S.
Burrell, attached to the Twenty-second
Army Corps, then assigned to the defense
of Washington, D. C, and was discharged
November 1 1, 1864.

Later, he entered the employ of the
Boston & Lowell Railroad, where he re-
mained until the year 1866, when he be-

^rSilWHr

•j

'f^^^^^r^ -^J^^^^

^^^Hp ^'^^^r •'

CAPTAIN HENRY F. KNOWLES.

came a successful salesman in the rubber
business, and, in 1892, was appointed New
England agent for the Globe rubber
Company, of Trenton, N. J.

In July, 1876, he joined Company A,
4th Battalion; later Company K, of the
First Regiment, Massachusetts National
Guard ; and was elected second lieutenant
September 25, 1876; first lieutenant, Jan-
uary 19, 1877; and captain April i, 1878,
which office he resigned in April, 1880. In
1895, he received a stroke of paralysis,
from which he seemed to have practically
recovered, but a second stroke prostrated
him in November, 1897. From this sec-
ond attack he again rallied, and on Feb-
ruary 22, 1898, attended the reunion of
the Forty-third Massachusetts (Tiger)

528

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

Regiment. On February 24, 1898 — only
two days later, he was again prostrated,
while visiting New Bedford, and died al-
most instantly.

Captain Knowles was a good soldier and
comrade; an efficient officer; clear-cut,
enterprising and courteous in business,
and generally esteemed by all who
knew him. He was one of the myriads
of unassuming citizens whose genuine
worth has ennobled and illumined the
military history of Massachusetts.

CAPTAIN WILLIAM S. PEPPERELL.

Captain William Southwood Pepperell,
engineer, ist Brigade, was born in Car-
diff, Wales, and when sixteen years of
age joined the Third Glamorganshire Ar-
tillery Volunteers, serving three years
as trumpeter, and one year as gunner in
Battery E. He severed his connection
with that corps in 1872, when he came to
Boston, where he has since resided.

He was mustered into Company K,

In 1885, Colonel Austin C. Wellington,
to fill one of the vacancies existing in
Company A, proposed the name of Ser-
geant-Major Pepperell, and he was unani-
mously elected second lieutenant of his
company, his commission dating May 27.
He was promoted to first lieutenant,
July 31, 1889, resigning December 14, 1891.

He re-entered the service March 6, 1 893,
as sergeant-major of the ist Brigade,
and on March 19, 1894, was appointed by
General Bridges, engineer, with the rank
of captain.

Captain Pepperell resigned August 19,
1897, having won the long service medal.
He has also had a marksman's badge for
every year of service, excepting his first
year, when he failed to qualify.

\I\ \\ II 1 1 \M

TM-,TTF,liF.M,.

First Regiment, M. V. M., (Boston Light
Infantry), May 19, 1882; promoted cor-
poral. May 8, 1883; sergeant, February
28, 1884; sergeant-major, First Regiment,
June 2, 1884.

MAJOR CHARLES P. NUTTER.

Major Charles Peary Nutter, son of
Walter B. Nutter, was born in Laughlins-
town, Westmoreland County, Penn.,
March 25, 1864, but spent the greater
part of his life in New England, whither
his parents removed when he was five
years of age. He attended the public
schools of Cape Elizabeth, Me., and after
a full course in the North Bridgeton, (Me.)
Academy, he later, in 1883, took the
engineering course in the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, where he re-
ceived his initial training in military ex-
ercises. Later Major Nutter enlisted in
Company C, of the First Regiment, M.
V. M., August 7, 1885. He successively
and creditably served as private, corporal
and sergeant, until May 11, 1891, when he
received his first commission as second
lieutenant. This on March 11, 1895, was
in its turn superseded by the rank of
captain. Since then he has retained the
command of his company, now Battery
C, First Heavy Artillery, M. V. M., and
was mustered into the service of the
United States, May 9, 1898, with the
First Massachusetts Heavy Artillery, U.
S. v., during the Spanish-American War;
Batteries C and D serving as a garrison
at Fort Pickering, Salem ; and largely
strengthening and improving that work
during their tour of duty. Since the re-
turn of his regiment to the service of the
State, he was elected major, July 14,
1899, and assigned to duty with the 3d
(Cape) Battalion. He was appointed by
Governor Roger Wolcott, a member of
the Board of Military Examiners, May
29, 1899, a position whose duties he still
performs.

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

529

Major Nutter is ranked as one of the
most expert marksmen in the militia.
His sct>re for 1893, of 27 and 29, out of a
possible 35 at 100 yards, was in 189.^, 30
and 33, out of a possible 35; and in 1895

MA.ioi! inAi:i,i;s p. NrTiEi!.

his score was 43 out of a possible 50, at
200 yards, and 36 out of 50, at 500 yards.
His official record in 1897, as a distin-
guished marksman, was 49, 49, 48, at
200, 500, and 600 yards, and for eight
years past he has been a member of the
First Regiment Rifle Team in the state
competition, and for two seasons when
the teams competed at Sea Girt, N. J.,
for the Hilton Trophy.

Since he received his degree from the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Major Nutter has been actively engaged
in his profession of electrical engineering.
For the last six years he has been in
business for himself, and is now located
at 161 Pearl Street, Boston. In July,
1893, he married Miss Carrie F. Plaisted,
daughter of George Plaisted, merchant,
of Boston. They have one son, Julian
P. Nutter.

FIRST LIEUTENANT RALPH SMITH.

First Lieutenant Ralph Smith was born

in Lexington, Mass., September 28, 1857,

but a few years later his parents, Billings
and Martha Smith, went west and settled
in Monticello, Iowa, where Lieutenant
Smith was educated in the local schools,
finally graduating with honors from the
Monticello High School.

After graduating. Lieutenant Smith
left Iowa, and, returning east, entered
the employment of the Walworth Manu-
facturing Company, of Cambridge. He
left them after several years of satisfac-
tory service, to acquire the trade of pat-
tern-making, but later became connected
with the undertaking firm of W. L. Lock-
hart, with whom he remained over twelve
years, lea/ing them in 1892 only to build
up for himself a trade in the livery and
undertaking business. In this line he has
met with a great degree of success, and
conducts at the present time one of the
best equipped establishments in the city
of Cambridge.

A strong taste for military affairs early
led Lieutenant Smith to associate him-
self with the State militia. In Novem-

LIEfTENANT KM.PM SMI I II

ber, 1881, he joined Company B, of the
First Regiment, and was rapidly prt)-
moted ; being corporal in May, 1883; ser-
geant in January, 1884; second lieutenant
in January, 1884; and finally first lieuten-

53°

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

ant, in July, 1885. This steady promo-
tion from the ranks was entirely due to
the fact that Lieutenant Smith was an
■earnest, methodical and energetic work-
er, a man to be relied upon at all times,
and an officer who commanded the atten-
tion and respect of his subordinates. His
resignation, September, 1887, was neces-
sitated by a press of business, and was
greatly regretted by his company and
superior officers.

Fraternally, Lieutenant Smith is Past
Master of Cambridge Lodge, No. 17, N.
E. O. P., and he is also a member of the
Grand Lodge of the order.

Lieutenant Smith was married in
March, 1883, to Miss Ina B. Centre, of
Cambridge, their home being brightened
"by the presence of three children, Ralph,
Trancuta, and Esther.

FIRST LIEUTENANT J. W. SANDERS.

First Lieutenant Joseph W. Sanders,
son of William and Elizabeth (Timlin)
Sanders, was born May 10, 1856, in Bos-

the English High School, after a special
course of one year in advanced standing.
Lieutenant Sanders was at first engaged
for a number of years as book-keeper of
a wholesale shoe house, successfully ad-
vancing, until at present he is the presi-
dent of the Samuel Hano Company,
blank book manufacturers, of Boston.

The only ancestor of Lieutenant San-
ders who had a military record, was his
great-grandfather. Captain William San-
ders, who served with great credit in the
Revolutionary War. The military career
of Lieutenant Sanders began in the Bos-
ton School Regiment. Later he enlisted
in the Fourth Battalion, which was after-
wards merged into the First Regiment.
His general aptitude for military training
speedily won for him a succession of rapid
promotions to the corporalcy, sergeantcy,
and to a commission as second lieuten-
ant by Governor Butler. He was further
promoted to first lieutenant, by Governor
Robinson, a rank which he held to the
expressed approbation of both his com-
pany and fellow officers, until his resigna-
tion. Subsequently to his resignation, he
was elected captain, but declined to
serve.

Fraternally Lieutenant Sanders is a
well-known member of Eastern Star
Lodge, and Ridgely Encampment, I. O.
(). F., Royal Arch Chapter of Melrose
Council, Beauseant Commandery of
Knights Templars of Maiden, also of the
Mystic Shrine, of Boston, and Past Mas-
ter of the Converse Lodge of Masons, of
Maiden. In June, 1884, he was married
to Miss Estelle M. Boole, of Maiden.

LIEUTEN.VNT J. W. SANDERS.

ton, Mass. His education was begun in
the Prescott School, of East Boston, con-
tinued in the public schools of Boston,
and completed in 1874 by graduation from

CHAPLAIN JOHN CORNWELL
WELWOOD.

Rev. John Cornwell Welwood, M. A.,
son of Thomas and Abby (Cornwell) Wel-
wood, was born in Jersey City, May 15,
1852, and prepared for college in the Poly-
technic Institute of Brooklyn, N. Y., to
which city his family had removed in
1856. He graduated from the Wesleyan
University at Middletown, Connecticut,
in 1874, and received the degree of M. A.
in 1877.

He then determined to study for the
ministry, and finished a three years'
course at the Cambridge, Mass., Theolog-
ical School, receiving the degree of B. D.
He was rector of Grace Church, Brook-
lyn, E. D. 1877-1S78. and of St. Peter's
Church, Beverly, Mass., from 1878-1883.

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

53'

In 1S.S2 he travelled abroad. After re-
turning from Europe, in December, 1S8:.
he married Miss Alba E. Wall of Savin
Hill, Dorchester, Mass., descended on

ond class marksman ; in 1S93 in the first
class, and in 1894 he became a sharp-
shooter, the only chaplain in the United
States, so far as the records show, who
has so qualified.

At the outbreak of the war with Spain
Mr. Welwood volunteered with his regi-
ment and went to the front, sharing the
dangers and hardships of his comrades in
the battle of El Caney, the bombardment
(if Santiago and the trying ordeal of a
summer campaign in a tropical climate.
Upon his return from the war he accept-
ed a call to the Church of the Holy Spirit,
Brooklyn, N. Y.

The subject of this sketch, aside from
his military record and his pronounced
success in his chosen work in life, is fav-
orably known as a man of letters. Mr.
Welwood edits a small paper, which be-
gun as a parish journal, has developed
into a general Church paper. It has been
most favorably received, as an exponent
of the broad-church school of thought.
It is bright and racy, and has a reputa-
tion all over the State as being the most
fearless paper that treats of the affairs of
the Episcopal Church. Many of his ser-
mons have been published in book form,
and such a volume would be favorably re-
reived, and be an appropriate souvenir in
military circles.

tllAri.AIN'

her mother's side from the Abbot family,
so well known in New England, of which
Abiel Abbot was such a prominent repre-
sentative, and a direct descendant in the
ninth generation of John Cotton, the fa-
mous divine of colonial days. Mr. and
Mrs. Welwood have had but one child,
Frances Amory, born February 12, 1885.
Mr. Welwood was associate rector of
Christ Church, Brooklyn, from 18S3-1889,
in which latter year he became rector of
St. Paul's Protestant Episcopal Church,
Holyoke, Mass. It was during his settle-
ment here that Rev. Mr. Welwood be-
came chaplain of the Second Regiment,
M. V. M.

After entering the militia he conceived
the idea of preaching annually to each
company of the regiment. The satisfac-
tory execution of this work and the deep
interest which the enthusiasm and tact
of Chaplain Welwood always inspire, have
resulted in his making a closer acquaint-
ance with the members of the widely sep-
arated companies.

In 1891 and 1S92, he qualified as a sec-

CAPTAIN WALTER E. HASSAM.

Captain Walter E. Hassam was born
in Northfield, Vermont, September 14,
1865, where he was educated in the pub-
lic schools, graduating from the High
School in due course. His uncle, John
Hassam, served in the Mexican War, and
his father, Nelson Hassam, in the War of
the Rebellion. In 1883, he entered Nor-
wich University, a military school, and
selected the civil and military engineer-
ing course, graduating as first lieutenant
after four years of tuition by efficient of-
ficers detailed from the U. S. A. Having
removed to Worcester, Mass., he joined
Company C, Second Regiment, M. V. M.,
in 18S9, where, after service in the vari-
ous non-commissioned grades, he was
elected first lieutenant of Company H,
May 2, 1894, and was promoted to the
captaincy June 28, 1895.

Company H was practically a new com-
pany, and the phenomenally short time
in which it was recruited warrants some
notice of its formation. Colonel Clark
made the call for a new company April
17, 1S94; on April iS, recruiting papers

532

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

were started; and on April 24, a petition
signed by sixty-one men was presented
to Mayor Marsh and the Board of Alder-
men of Worcester,

On May 2, the company was mustered
into the service as Company H, and the
election of officers took place the same
evening-, resulting in the choice of Charles
E. Burbank, Captain ; Walter E. Hassam,

CAPTAIN WALTER E. HASSAM.

First Lieutenant ; and Wright S. Prior,
Second Lieutenant. Captain Hassam re-
tained the command of Company H for
over two years, and resigned December
8, 1897.

Since 1887, Captain Hassam has been
retained by the city of Worcester as Civil
Engineer, in which vocation, as in his
military record, his professional efficiency
and stability of character have insured
his success.

Captain Hassam was married October
16, 1890, to Miss Mary E. Whittaker, of
Worcester. They have a daughter, Everil
Mai Hassam, born May 15, 1891.

COLONEL ROGER MORGAN.

Colonel Roger Morgan was born in
Springfield, Mass., on the i8th of Febru-
ary, 1867, and received his education in

the public schools of his native city, fin-
ishing with a course at the Institute of
Technology, in Boston, during which he
received his first military knowledge. He
has always been a resident of Springfield
and in 1886 secured a responsible position
in the great Morgan Envelope company.

In February, 1892, he was elected
vSecond Lieutenant ot Company G, Sec-
ond Regiment, M. V. M., and served for
two years as battalion adjutant. In
1894 Company K, of the Second Regiment
of Amherst, was disbanded, and its sta-
tion removed to Springfield, whereupon
Lieutenant Morgan was elected captain
of a company raised in its place, which
position he resigned, Dec. 11, 1896.

On Jan. 7, 1897, he was appointed
assistant quartermaster-general with the
rank of colonel, on the staff of Governor
Roger Wolcott, and in this capacity was
privileged to assume and aid in execu-
ting the onerous duties, which the

COLONEL ROGEU .■MOKOAN.

Spanish-American war imposed upon
Quartermaster-General Converse and
his assistants. This iast position he stilL
retains.

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

533

In 1899, he resigned his position with
the Morgan Envelope Company, to be-
come treasurer of the Hopper-Morgan
Company, manufacturers of writing
tablets, pads and other stationery spe-
cialties at Springfield, Mass.

CAPTAIN WILLIAM J. CROSIER.

Captain William J. Crosier was born
March 25, i860, at Hoosick Falls, N. Y. A
few years later his parents moved to

C.VrTAlX IVll.l.l \M .1. OROSIER.

North Adams, Mass., and to Williams-
port, Mass., in 1868, where he received
most of his education, in attendance upon
the public schools. He was always am-
bitious to earn his own support, and at
an early age found employment with thf
Willamstown Manufacturing Company,
removing in 1882 to Holyoke, Mass.

There he entered the service of thu
Holyoke Machine Company, with whom
he stayed two years; and later, on the ist
of January, 1884, he went into business
with the B. F. Nichols Belting Company,
where he fills the position of secretary
and is a partner of the concern.

On February 14, 1894, he was elected
captain of Company D, Second Regi-
ment Infantry, M. V. M.

During the Spanish-American War,

Captain Crosier, with the greater portion
of his company, volunteered, and was
commissioned captain of Company D,
Second Regiment of Massachusetts In-
fantry, U. S. Volunteers, which, as part
of the ist Brigade, 2d Division Fifth
Army Corps, took part in the battle of
El Caney, July i, 1898, and the succeed-
ing investment of Santiago de Cuba.
Company D, lost one enlisted man, killed,
and two wounded, at El Caney, and a
corporal was wounded July 2.

Captain Crosier was mustered out of
the United States service May 10, 1898,
and resumed his service in the Second
Regiment of Infantry, where he still
commands Company D.

Captain Crosier was married April i,
1886, to Miss Jessie Casey, who died in
April, 1889, leaving a son, named Ray.
In September, 1892, he was married to
Miss Anna Corner, and they have two
children. Bertha and Walter.

CAPTAIN EDWIN G. BARRETT.

Captain Edwin G. Barrett, son of
Joseph Franklin and Clarissa L. Barrett,

CAPT.Vl.N KUWIN G. BAUUETT.

born in Springfield, Mass., June 29, 1868,
was educated in the common schools; and

534

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

later removed to Worcester, where he en-
gaged in the boot and shoe business, and
now resides. His connection with the
Massachusetts militia began May 25,
1885, with his enlistment in Company A,
Second Regiment of Infantry, M. V. M.
His military record shows steady and
rapid promotion, as follows: Corporal,
sergeant, first sergeant; discharged, May
25, 1885. Re-enlisted, May 25, 1888; pro-
moted second lieutenant, July 18, 1888,
and later made acting adjutant of his bat-
talion ; elected captain, April 5, 1894.
Mustered into the United States service
as captain of Company A, Second Regi-
ment, of Massachusetts Infantry, U. S.
Volunteers, May 10, 1898, Captain Bar-
rett served through the Santiago cam-
paign, and was duly mustered out with
the regiment, November 3, 1898. Cap-
tain Barret's efficiency, tact and courtesy
have made his strict discipline and energy
acceptable to the rank and file of his com-
pany, and enabled him to win and re-
tain both the respect and esteem of his
subordinates.

Fraternally, Captain Barrett is a member
of the Independent Order of Red Men,
the "Grange," and the Knights aiii!
Ladies of Honor. He married Novem-
ber I, 1893, Miss Florence G. Pond, cil
Worcester, Mass.

CAPTAIN WILLIAM D. PRESTON.

Captain William D. Preston, son of
Samuel H. and Elizabeth (Quinn) Pres-
ton, was born in Worcester, Mass., De-
cember 23, 1855, receiving his education
and spending his youth in the city of his
birth. After leaving school he learned
the business of a machinist, and for the
past twenty -one years has been in the
employ of the Ivers-Johnson Arms and
Cycle Company. He now holds with this
firm the responsible position of foreman.

Captain Preston enlisted in the Worces-
ter City Guards, now Company A Second
Regiment, M. V. M., as private, April 16,
1880, and at intervals of two years was
rapidly promoted as follows : corporal,
April, 1882; sergeant, September, 1882;
second lieutenant, January, 1884; and
captain, 1886. During his command of
the company for the next three years, it
was in a most satisfactory condition,
much, if not most of which, being di-
rectly due to his unremitting attention
and energy. He was a deservedly popu-
lar man with his company, as well as
with his superior officers, and his retire-

ment in June, 1S89, occasioned by pres-
sure of business, was much regretted.

His enthusiasm for military matters,
however, led him to accept, the following
year, the position of brigade sergeant-
major, offered him by General Bridges on

LAPTAIX WILM.VM D. PRESTON.

his staff. Early in 1891, he enlisted in
his old company under Captain Condy,
and served as corporal and sergeant until
December, 1892, when the Ivers-Johnson
Arms and Cycle Co. moved their works
from Worcester to Fitchburg, when he
reluctantly severed his connection with
the company with which he had been so
intimately associated.

CAPTAIN JOHN J. LEONARD.

Captain John J. Leonard, commanding
Company G, Second Regiment Infantry,
M. V. M., (Peabody Guard) was born in
Alden, Erie County, New York, May 22,
1856.

He was mustered as a member of Com-
pany G, April II, 1877; appointed ser-
geant, September i, 1879; discharged
April II, 1880. He again enlisted April 12,
1880; was appointed first sergeant, April
19, 1880; and discharged April 12, 1882.

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

535

He enlisted the third time April 24. 1882;
was elected first lieutenant, June 27, 1882,
and captain, March 8, 1888. He was de-
tailed acting major at the camps of the
ist Brigade, in 1894 and 1895. During
the Spanish-American War he was mus-

the Springfield Diocesan Catholic Total
Abstinence Union, and is a member of
the High Standing Committee of the
Massachusetts Catholic Order of For-
esters.

CAPTAIN .JOHN .1. LEOXAHD.

tered into the Second Regiment of Massa-
chusetts Infantry, U. S. V., May lo,
1898, as captain of Company G. the regi-
ment being attached to the ist Brigade,
2d Division of the Fifth Army Corps, and
participated in the Cuban expedition and
campaign against Santiago. He led his
company at the battles of El Caney and
San Juan Hill. Two of his men were
killed at El Caney, and another was
mortally wounded at San Juan Hill.
He was detailed acting major, July 7,
and mustered out November 3, 1898.

He has been in the employ of the city
of Springfield ever since he was twenty-
two years old, and is now secretary of the
Board of Assessors.

He was married on February 22, 1881,
to Alice Louise Murphy, of Monson, and
they have seven children, five boys and
two girls: Alice A. G., John J., Jr.,
Francis C. Robert M., Henry G., William
P. and May Philippine.

Captain Leonard is connected with a
number of social and fraternal societies
in Springfield. He is the secretary of

CAPTAIN HENRY McDONALD.

Captain Henry McDonald, son of
Charles P. and Sarah L. (Madden) Mc-
Donald, was born in the city of New
York, May 19, 1852. His father^ of Scotch
ancestry, but born in Dublin, Ireland,
emigrated to this country, and located
in New York city, where he was a me-
chanic. He died in July, 1868, leaving
four children : Henry, the subject of this
sketch ; Charles S., since deceased ; Mary,
wife of John J. Crowley: and Annie, wife
of George E. Davies, of West Springfield,
with whom the widow and mother makes
her home.

Captain McDonald was educated in the
public schools of New York, and when
fourteen years old entered the United
States Navy, serving on board the "St.
Mary" and the "Hartford" for over three
years, and also with the South Atlantic
squadron, until April 13, 1868, when he
was discharged, and returning to New
York, worked at his trade.

In March, 1870, he enlisted in Company
C, of the Second Regular Infantry, then
on active service, and within the next
five years served in thirty-eight different
states and territories, either on detached
service, or with the regiment itself.
During the period of the reconstruction
of the South, and the reign of terror of
the Ku Klux Klan, he saw service in most
of the southern states, and later, during
the Indian troubles, spent several months
with the cavalry of the Seventh Regi-
ment, then escorting the mails, protecting
railways, and taking part in frequent
skirmishes. He was discharged, with the
rank of sergeant, in 1S75. and the same
year came to Springfield, where he has
resided ever since. He has always pre-
ferred an active life to a sedentary one,
and has therefore been constantly em-
ployed. He was with the Smith & Wes-
son Manufacturing Company, at the
Springfield United States Armory, and
with the Ballard Arms Company, as long
as it was in business.

He joined the City Guards, of Spring-
field, (then Company B. Second Battalion
Infantry). September 22. 1876. was com-
missioned first lieutenant. Company B,
Second Regiment Infantry. M. V. M.,
April 2, 1887, and elected captain Janu-

536

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

ary ii, 1889. In the Spanish-American
War, he was mustered in as captain of
Company B, Second Regiment of Massa-
chusetts Infantry, U. S. Volunteers,
May 6, 1898, and took part in the bat-
tles of El Caney, San Juan Hill, and
the siege of Santiago de Cuba. At
El Caney, Company B lost one man
killed and six wounded. Later Captain
McDonald was furloughed on account
of severe illness, but was mustered out

Katie A. Burke, of Springfield, August
27, 1884, and they are the parents of
four very interesting children : Charles B.,
Edna R., Harry H. and Irving T. Mc-
Donald.

C.\rTAIX IIEXEV

with his regiment, November 3, 1S98.
He was again commissioned captain of
his old company February 9, 1899.

In 1886, he was appointed deputy sher-
iff, under Sheriff Simon Brooks, and has
served ever since, under various sheriffs,
all the time bearing the reputation of
being one of the most efficient under-
sheriffs in the county. He was ap-
pointed court crier at the same time,
which position he has up to this time con-
tinuously held.

For seven years captain McDonald
was a member of the fire department, and
one of its most reliable and popular of-
ficers; and he has always taken a lively
and intelligent interest in the general
welfare and advancement of the city.

He was united in marriage with Miss

CAPTAIN THOMAS HOLBROOK AT-
WOOD.

Captain Thomas Holbrook Atwood is
the son of William H. and Leonora (At-
kins) Atwood, lineal descendants of those
Pilgrims, who in 1621 and later, settled
on Cape Cod. His great-grandfather,
Thomas Holbrook, about A. D. 1760, was
chairman of the selectmen of Wellfleet.
His parents lived in Chelsea, Mass., when
he was born in 1842, but later removed to
Boston, where their son attended the pub-
lic schools. He was visiting friends in

CAPT.VIN TIIOM.VS II. .^TWociIl.

Iowa when the Civil War broke out, and,
without returning home, enlisted Novem-
ber 26, 1861, in Company I. 4th Iowa
Cavalry at Mount Pleasant, Iowa, Colonel
A. B. Porter commanding. The regi-
ment, then 1200 strong, proceeded in mid-
winter to southern Missouri, where it fre-
quently encountered the confederates,
who at that time waged, under Price and
Mosby, a most merciless and desperate

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

537

guerilla warfare. After engagements at
Little Red River, Batesvifle. etc., the
regiment joined the brigade at Fort
Plains, and under Major General Curtis,
and Brigadier General Vandevar, crossed
the Ozark mountains into Arkansas.
Forced marches and exposure, with short
rations of food for days at a time, and the
use of stagnant water broke down hun-
dreds of men — and at Helena, Ark., with
700 others, young Atwood was carried in
a blanket on board a steamer and laid on
the hurricane deck for seven days, during
which time scores of men died and were
buried, wrapped in their blankets, in the
sandy banks of the river. At Boston Bar-
racks Hospital, St; Louis, his life long
vibrated between recovery and death, but
he finally became convalescent. He was
warden of the hospital for some months,
but his health did not improve, and he
reluctantly returned home, as the only
reasonable hope of ultimate recovery,
and was discharged in the year 1863.
After several years of impaired health,
Captain Atwood engaged in the inanufac-
turing stationery and printing business,
under the firm name of T. H. Atwood &
Company.

In 1864 he sold out his interest, and be-
came the New York agent for Carter,
Rice & Co., wholesale paper dealers,
with headquarters at Syracuse. Some
years later he entered the employment
of John Carter & Company, with offices
in Boston.

Captain Atwood is a comrade of Ed-
ward \V. Kinsley Post 113, G. A. R.,
Boston, and a member of Crescent Coun-
cil, No. 71, Royal Arcanum.

In 1875 he was appointed quartermas-
ter of the First Regiment, M. V. M., by
Governor Gaston, acting with great credit
to himself and the entire satisfaction of
his regiment for several years, when his
business interests compelled him to re-
sign.

Captain Atwood married, November
17, 1869, Miss Nancy Almeda Coombs,
daughter of Captain John Coombs, of
Thomaston, Me.

CAPTAIN LEVI HAWKES.

Captain Levi Hawkes, an ex-officer of
the State militia, widely known and es-
teemed, and a veteran of the late war,
was born in Boston, August 19, 1838. His
parents, Levi Hawkes and Caira (Doug-
las) Hawkes, were both born in the Bay
State, the former in Boston, and the lat-

ter in Bedford. Captain Hawkes was
educated in the public grammar and high
schools of Cambridge.

Captain Hawkes began his business life
as a plumber's apprentice, and has stead-
ily advanced from one success to another,
until to-day there is no better known nor
more reputable plumbing establishment
in existence, than that of Levi Hawkes
of Cambridge.

Like many other of our older military
men. Captain Hawkes begun his militia-

CVPT-VIX LEVI HAWKf;s.

career at the breaking out of the Civil
War, enlisting April 16, 1 861, in Company
C of the Fifth Regiment, from which he
was soon transferred to the command of
Colonel Wardrop of the Third Regiment.
At the expiration of ninety days — his
original term of service — he was dis-
charged in July. 1861 ; but he immediate-
ly re -enlisted in Company H, of the
Eighteenth Massachusetts. This term
expired in February, 1864, but he
again re-enlisted and served through the
war, until the final mustering out.

During his long and faithful service,
Captain Hawkes participated in the fol-
lowing engagements, including several of
the most fiercely contested conflicts of
the rebellion : Siege of Yorktown, Han-

538

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

over Court House, Gaine's Mills, Second
Bull Run, Antietam, Shepardstown, Fred-
ericksburg, Chancellorville, Aldie, Get-
tysburg, Rappahanock Station, Culpep-
per, Wilderness three days. Laurel Hill,
Spottsylvania, North Anna, Tolopotomy,
Bethesda Church, Cold Harbor, and
Siege of Petersburg. Captain Hawkes
was wounded in action at Fredericks-
burg, Rappahanock Station, and Laurel
Hill, and served under Colonels Barnes,
Hayes and White, of the Eighteenth Mas-
sachusetts, and all of the generals com-
manding the Army of the Potomac.

For some years after the close of the
war, the subject of our sketch had no
connection with any military organiza-
tion ; but in January, 1874, he was com-
missioned captain of Company B, of the
First Battalion, afterwards known as the
Fourth Battalion, and later on consoli-
dated with the First Regiment — a post
which he retained with great credit until,
at his own urgent request, he was dis-
charged in October, 1879, after five years
service.

Fraternally Captain Hawkes holds
memberships in Friendship Lodge I. O.
O. F., Mizpah Lodge of Masons, and John
A. Logan Post of the G. A. R. He mar-
ried, August 3, 1867, Miss Adeline D.
Young, of Cambridge, Mass.

LIEUTENANT-COLONEL ORLAND J.
BROWN.

Lieutenant-Colonel Orland J. Brown,
M. D., of North Adams, Mass., was born
in Whittingham, Vermont, February 2,
1848. His early education was received
in the public schools of his native town,
and later, at the Powers Institute, in
Bernardston, Mass. At sixteen, he began
teaching in the public schools, thus ex-
tending his own acquirements and earn-
ing money to fit himself for the profes-
sion of medicine. He graduated in June,
1870, with the degree of M. D., from the
University of Vermont, and studied in
the hospitals of New York during the re-
mainder of that year.

On January i, 1871, he began the prac-
tice of medicine and surgery in Adams,
Mass., and in 1872 removed to North
Adams, where he has since continuously
been an honored and successful practi-
tioner, particularly excelling in the treat-
ment of women's and children's diseases.
As he was determined to keep in full
touch with the improved methods of prac-
tice, he took several special courses of

study in the hospitals of Chicago and
New York.

Dr. Brown is very prominent in the
political affairs of North Adams; and has
a wide and favorable reputation through-
out the state. In 1882, he was appointed
one of the State medical examiners for
Berkshire County, which position he still
holds. In 1889, he was elected State Rep-
resentative for the First Berkshire Dis-
trict, and in the House was vigilant and
active, lueriting special credit for his
work with the Committee on Public
Health.

Dr. Brown is a member and officer of
the Massachusetts State Medical Society,

l.ll.LTKNANT-COI.OXEL Or:l,.\XT> .1. BROWN.

the Massachusetts Medico-Legal Society,
and of the Association of Military Sur-
geons of the United States. He was for
many years one of the health officers of
the town of North Adams, and has served
the State continuously since 1878 as a
medical officer of the Massachusetts Vol-
unteer Militia.

He was appointed assistant surgeon,
2d Battalion, M. V. M., with the rank of
lieutenant, by Colonel Robert J. Hamil-
ton, in 1878; Dr. David Clark, of Spring-
field, being the senior surgeon. In 1880,
the battalion being merged in the Sec-

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

539

ond Regiment, M. V. M., he was re-ap-
pointed by Colonel Bridges, of South
Deerfield, Mass., and, later, again re-ap-
pointed by Colonel E. P. Clark. In 1884
Dr. Brown was made surgeon, with the
rank of captain.

In a continuous service of nearly
twenty-two years. Dr. Brown never
missed a field day, and was but once ab-
sent — through sickness — from an annual
encampment. In 1898, he had partially
prepared to accompany the "Second" to
Cuba, but was warned that his health
would not warrant it, and he was forced
to content himself with rejoining their
sick and wounded at Montauk, and de-
voting himself to their care and cvire. In
January, 1899, Dr. Brown decided to re-
sign, to make room for men who had seen
and honorably borne the dangers and
hardships of Cuban warfare. He was ac-
cordingly promoted and retired with the
rank of lieutenant-colonel, having de-
voted nearly all the best years of his life
to assiduous and efficient effort, for the
maintenance of a high type of virile and
healthy manhood in the ranks of his old
regiment.

Dr. Brown belongs to the Masonic and
other fraternal lodges, and is a member
of the First Universalist Church, of which
he has been deacon since 1885, and sup-
erintendent of the Sunday School since
1872.

He was married November 22, 1871, tu
Miss Eva M. Hodskins, who died on
October 15, 1873. Of this union there
was one child, William ©.(deceased at 18).
Of his second marriage, with Miss Ida M.
Haskins, which occurred on September
13, 1877, there is one daughter, Agnes O.,
his only surviving child. The mother
died in 1881, in giving birth to a second
child, Ida M. His present wife is Alice,
daughter of Edward and Celestia (Stev-
ens) Stowell, to whom he was married
December 16, 1884.

ASSISTANT SURGEON JOSEPH T.
HERRICK.

Joseph Thomas Herrick, assistant sur-
geon, ranking as first lieutenant of the
Second Regiment Infantry M. V. M., was
born in Madura, South India, Aug. 17,
1859. His father, Rev. James Herrick,
was a Canadian by birth, while his
mother, Elizabeth Crosly, came from a
Vermont family. In 1845 Rev. and Mrs.
Herrick left their home in America, and

taking up their residence in South India,
devoted themselves for almost forty
years to missionary work. In 1884, they
returned to the United States, their son,
who, in 1872, at the age of twelve, had
preceded them to America, being at that
time twenty-five years old. He was
educated in the public schools of New-
ton, Mass., after which he took a four
years' classical course in the Academy at
St. Johnsbury, Vermont. Having chosen
medicine as a profession, and for three
years attended the medical school of the
University of the City of New York,
he applied himself to hospital practice,
serving in 1883-85 at the Workhouse and

.•\SSI>'I 1 \ I ~l l:i,l,' i\

ri'II T. IIKRIilCK.

Almshouse Hospital, Blackwell's Island,
N. Y. In April, 1885, he settled in
Springfield, and began the practice of
his profession. His eminent success as a
physician secured, in June, 1896, his ap-
pointment as assistant surgeon on the
staff of the Second Regiment with the
rank of first lieutenant, which position
he held until Sept, 9, 1898, when he re-
signed.

Besides his military associations,
Lieutenant Herrick is a Fellow of the
Massachusetts Medical Society, and of the
Springfield Medical Society. He mar-

540

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

ried in September, 1886, Miss Mary F.
Fairbanks, daughter of the late Colonel
Franklin Fairbanks, of Fairbanks, Morse
&Co., St. Johnsbury, Vt. They have
one son, Paul Fairbanks.

LIEUTENANT CHARLES D. COLSON.

Charles D. Colson, quartermaster, with
the rank of first lieutenant. Second
Regiment Infantry, M. V. M., was born in
the city of Lowell, Mass., on May 10,
1846, and was educated in the public
schools. He began his business career
with the Middlese.x Company, where he

LIKL'TEXANT IIIARLES D. COLSON.

remained two years, and in 1886 he en-
tered the employment of the Hamilton
Manufacturing Company, with whom he
stayed for nine years. In 1875 he re-
moved to Holyoke, and became paymas-
ter at the Lyman Mills, occupying that
position for six years, and afterwards ac-
cepted a similar place with the Whit-
more Manufacturing Company.

Froin his early youth he took a great
interest in military affairs, and studied,
with great attention, the records of the
late Civil War.

He joined the militia in 1865, becoming

a member of Company G, Sixth Regi-
ment: was corporal in 1869; second lieu-
tenant of Company K, of the Second Reg-
iment, March 9, 1876; and was dis-
charged November 29, 1876.

On December 23, 1878, he was com-
missioned first lieutenant of Company D,
Second Regiment, and quartermaster,
August 14, 1879; discharged for time ex-
pired, April 21, 1 88 1 ; he was again com-
missioned quartermaster, with the rank
of first lieutenant, in the Second Regi-
ment July 16, 1881, which position he
held inost acceptably until placed on the
retired list with the rank of captain,
March, 1899.

LIEUTENANT WILLIAM F. OILMAN.

William F. Gilman, D. D. S., was born
in Taunton, Mass., on the i8th of July,
1857, but his parents soon after removed
to Worcester, Mass., where, for most of
the time since, he has made his home, and

LIETTEXAXT WILLIAM F. (MLJUX.

his father practiced medicine for many
years. Lieutenant Gilman received his
education in the public schools; after
leaving the public schools he attended the
Highland Military Academy for four
years, graduating therefrom in 1878, hold-

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

541

ins at the time of his ,e;raduation the
office of first lieutenant and adjutant.

In 1 88 2, he graduated from the Boston
Dental College, and immediately com-
menced the practice of his profession, in
which he has gained an enviable reputa-
tion, not only in Worcester, but elsewhere
throughout the state.

In January. 1878, he joined the Worces-
ter Light Infantry, known as Company C,
of the Tenth Regiment Infantry, M. V.
M., and in 1879 was transferred with the
company to the Second Regiment.

In June, 1S82, at the expiration of his
term of service, he received his discharge,
but re-enlisted in the same company
December 4, 1889, and was at once ap-
pointed corporal, and afterwards ser-
geant. He was elected second lieutenant
August 25, 1891, and to the first lieuten-
ancy August 12, 1895, TQsigning November
I, 1897.

Dr. Oilman is one of the leading citizens
of Worcester, where he is well and favor-
ably known, not only for his skill and
proficiency in the profession of his choice,
but also for the energy and public spirit
by which he has always been character-
ized.

LIEUTENANT ALBERT E. TAYLOR.

Albert Eaton Taylor, present inspector
of rifle practice on the colonel's staff of
the Second Regiment, and son of George
Sylvester and Asenath (Cobb) Taylor,
v/as born in Chicopee Falls, Mass., Octo-
ber 9, 1865. An education in the public
schools of Chicopee was followed by his
entrance into commercial life as a clerk
in the Chicopee Manufacturing Company.
At the expiration of five years' service,
he transferred his interests to the knit
underwear industry, a business in which
he has since been remarkably successful,
the present firm name being the Taylor
Bramley Company.

In municipal afifairs, Mr. Taylor has
.served his city in the years of 1895 and
1897 as common councilman; in 1898 as
alderman, he being elected from "VVard
Four in the first instance ; from Ward
Five m 1897; in 1898 at large, and in 1899
at large for two years. Fraternally, his
associations are extensive and satisfac-
tory. He is a Past Master of Belcher
Lodge, F. and A. M., Chicopee, Mass.,
and Past High Priest of Unity Chapter,
Chicopee. Additionally, he is a member
of the Springfield Council, R. & S. Masons,
of the Springfield Commandery, Knights
Templars, and Melha Temple of the Mys-

tic Shrine, Springfield, Mass. In all of
these organizations his membership is
highly esteemed.

In June, 1895, he married Miss Florence
Mabel Parsons, of Westfield, Mass., since
which time Mr. and Mrs. Taylor have re-
sided in Chicopee Falls.

Lieutenant Taylor first became a sol-
dier May 5, 1894, enlisting in Company
K, Second Regiment, M. V. M. The fol-

I.IEl'TKNAXT .\I,P,EI!T K. TAVI.Ol;.

lowing June he was appointed sergeant, a
rank which he held until. May 13, 1896,
he was appointed inspector of rifle prac-
tice on the staff of Colonel Clark, of the
Second Regiment. This commission he
at present retains.

CAPTAIN WILLIAM R. SWAN.

Captain William Russell Swan was born
in Woodstock, Oxford County, Me., No-
vember 28, 1827. In 1834 he removed to
Paris, Maine, spent his early life on a
farm, and received his education in the
town schools. He came to Boston in 1848
and located at Chelsea, where he still
resides, spending the summer months at
Poland, Me.

He enlisted in Company D, First Regi-

542

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

ment Artillery, May 9, 1851, was ap-
pointed corporal August 18, 1851 ; elected
fourth lieutenant, March 10, 1852; third
lieutenant. May 14, 1852; second lieuten-

CAPTAIX Wir.r.IAAt R. SWAX.

ant, May 17, 1853; and captain, February
17, 1855 ; at which time the company was
transferred to the Fifth Regiment Infan-
try. Following a custom of the company
at that time, he resigned March 27, 1857,
having held the office two years. He
iminediately re-enlisted as a private,
and was appointed sergeant. May 13,
1857; elected first lieutenant, April 4.
1859, and again elected captain, June 13,
i860, holding office for a period of two
years, during which time the company in
1861 volunteered for three months, being
engaged in the first battle of Bull Run,
and was mustered otit, July 31, 1861, at
Boston. Seeing no immediate chance of
active service with this company, he re-
signed his commission, January 6, 1862;
returned to Paris, Maine; recruited a
company, and was commissioned cap-
tain of Company K, Thirteenth Regi-
ment, Maine Volunteers, dating from De-
cember 13, 1861 ; mustered in for three
years, and assigned to the Department of
the Gulf. He was detached from the reg-
iment, February 7, 1862, and assigned to

Fort Bienvenue, La., having in charge
the reconstruction of that fort, which
was partially destroyed by the Confeder-
ates when they abandoned it. He was
relieved from this detail, and returned to
the regiment at New Orleans, La.,
August 31, 1863. He was attached to the
e.xpedition into Texas, in October, 1863,
being engaged in the taking of Browns-
ville, Point Isabel, Mustang Island and
Corpus Christi, returning to New Or-
leans in January, 1864. March 7, 1864, he
was discharged by reason of disability,
caused by malarial fever.

CAPTAIN J. HENRY BROWN.

Captain J. Henry Brown, son of Ezra
and Abigail (Leavitt Gushing) Brown,
was born in Charlestown, Mass., June 14,
1844; received his education in the pub-
lic schools, and later engaged in mercan-
tile pursuits. He traces his lineage from

HENRY BRO^^'>f.

military ancestors, as his great-grand-
father, Captain Andrew Sampson, of the
Plymouth County Regiment, was at Bun-
ker Hill and the Cushings, of Hingham,
are all descended from Revolutionary
stock. He joined the 2d Battalion of In-

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

543

fantry in 1S62, and in the winter of 1864
enlisted in Company H, of the Thirty-
third Regiment, under Captain Edward
B. Blasland, joining the regiment at
Raleigh, January 31, 1865; was trans-
ferred to Company H, Second Massachu-
setts Volunteers, and served until July
14, of the same year, when he was hon-
orably discharged. At the first muster of
the Seventh Regiment, ist Brigade, held
at Sharon after the war, he was ap-
pointed corporal of Company B; pro-
moted sergeant and first sergeant, and
finally elected second lieutenant. Com-
pany B, July 9, i86g, and first lieutenant,
January 25, 1870. He was discharged
April 8, 1873, and elected first lieutenant.
Company H, Fifth Regiment, March 15,
1877. He was elected captain of Com-
pany H, June 6, 1878, and served until
November 28, 1885, when he resigned.

Captain Brown was a member of the
General Court, 1877; was superintendent
of the Mystic Department, Boston Water
Works, and has always taken an active
part in public affairs. He is a prominent
Mason and Odd Fellow, a member of the
Knights of Honor, of Gettysburg Post,
No. 191 G. A. R.,the Ancients and Honora-
bles.and the Old Guard of Massachusetts.
Since the war he has carried on business
as a mason and builder. He has been
twice married. His record in war was
one of active service, and since the war
his zeal in military matters has suffered
no diminution, while his activity in social
and business functions is worthy of emu-
lation.

CAPTAIN EDWARD E. MASON.

Captain Edward E. Mason, son of John
F. and Eleanor (Payson) Mason, captain of
Company B, Fifth Regiment, was born
in Cambridge, Mass., August 12, 1865.
Here he was educated and has resided
ever since.

An irrepressible liking for things mili-
tary has characterized Captain Mason
from the day his eyes first beheld a par-
ade of soldiers. When a mere boy, he
organized and drilled a boys' company in
Cambridge. In 1882 he spent a week in
camp, as Captain Bancroft's orderly.
This was his first actual military experi-
ence, and its influence was lasting.

He enlisted in Company B, July 12,
1886, then commanded by Captain
Thomas C. Henderson. The ensuing year
he acquired quite a reputation as a
marksman. Year by year he has im-
proved in this direction, until he at pres-

ent ranks as an expert sharpshooter, be-
sides being qualified as a marksman with
the revolver.

The steady promotions of Captain
Mason are the best evidence of his mili-

CAPTAIV EIiWAIil) E. M.\.SON.

tary ability ; and occurred in the follow-
ing order: Appointed corporal, July 10,
1888 ; sergeant, July 22, 1889 ; and elected
second lieutenant. May 18, 1891: he was
unanimously elected captain, July 12,
1893, at which time Company B was
nearly in a state of collapse. There were
but two non-cominissioned officers in the
ranks, no money in the treasury, a large
number of outstanding bills, and the
prospect of the annual encampment a
week ahead. With characteristic energy.
Captain Mason set to work, and before
the six days had elapsed had recruited the
entire company and secured sufficient
funds to convey the boys to South Fram-
ingham. From that day to this, things
with Company B have gone as merrily as
a wedding bell. Its captain is now serv-
ing his thirteenth year in the militia, and
wears, in consequence, one of the long
service medals. His popularity among
all ranks is a deserving one. He has a
record of which any man might be proud.
Captain Mason was married June 24,

544

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

1890, to Miss Susan A. Walker, of South
Boston, the couple, together with their
two children, Edith "Walker and Marion
Eleanor, having resided in the City of
Elms for the past five years.

Captain Mason was at first associated
with the wholesale carpet trade, but for
the last seventeen years has successfully
owned and conducted a large wholesale
and retail provision business in Cam-
bridge.

CAPTAIN FREDERICK \V. HENTZ.

Captain Hentz was born in Roxbury.
Mass., May i, 1833 ; the youngest of seven
children of Frederick W. and Caroline
Hentz. His father, who was the leading
confectioner of Roxbury for many years,
died in 1861. Mrs. Hentz successfully
carried on her husband's business for
several years, and was noted for her
patriotism during the Civil War. His
brother, Albert E. Hentz, enlisted for
the war, and was in active service in

tary tactics. He has held many official
positions, but says that he has never
since felt so elated, as when he became
drum major of the drum corps of the
Roxbury Latin School. And, indeed,
these were "trying times," and more than
once the twenty or moi^e lads compris-
ing this corps, displayed their loyalty in
doing escort duty to Roxburys soldier
sons as they came marching home. When
seventeen years old he removed to Wake-
field, Mass., and was employed by Lin-
nell & Co., as an express messenger.
Here he made many friends, and later
became quite prominent in town affairs,
in Masonic, Odd Fellow and other soci-
eties, and in the fire department.

In November, 1875, he married Miss
Lizzie A. Linnell, the only child of Lieu-
tenant L. F. Linnell, his employer, who
was first lieutenant of Company C,
Eighth Regiment, Massachusetts Volun-
teers, of Marblehead, a company which
claims the honor of being first to report
at Faneuil Hall for duty, on President
Lincoln's call for troops in 1861,

Captain Hentz took an active interest
in the militia, and after enlisting in Com-
pany A, of the Sixth Regiment, ad-
vanced through the lieutenancies, and
was elected captain in March, 1882, but
resigned in the fall of the same year,
owing to changes in business, which
called him away from Wakefield.

Of late years the captain has held a
responsible position in the U. S. Treas-
ury Department.

CM'T-MN I'in;iiKl;li K w. iucntz.

Company A, Thirteenth Massachusetts
Volunteers, vintil twice wounded and
disabled at the battle of Antietam.

Captain Hentz was educated in the
public and Latin schools, and gained
at the latter his first knowledge of mili-

CAPTAIN J. ALBERT SCOTT.

Captain J. Albert Scott was born in
St. Johns, N. B., December 18, 1867. He
came to South Deerfield, Mass., when two
years old, and removed to Worcester the
year following, where he was educated
in the public schools, with the exception
of one year in the schools of Brooklyn,
N. Y., and Jamaica, L. I. He afterward
attended and graduated from the Wor-
cester Business College.

He enlisted in Company C, Fifth Regi-
ment, July 8, 1887, was appointed cor-
poral, March 25; sergeant, April 7, 1889;
elected second lieutenant, November 14,
1892, and captain on January 15, 1894,
which commission he held until Septem-
ber 8, 1896, when he formally took leave
of his men, having handed in his resigna-
tion some weeks previously. Of this oc-
casion, a press correspondent said :

"As soon as Captain Scott had formally

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

545

given up his command, the company
broke ranks, and the men crowded about
him to express their regret at his retire-
ment.

"Sergeant Rob Daley, in behalf of the
members of the command, presented him
a handsome silver loving cup, inscribed

CAPTAIN J. ALBEUT ScoTI'

with his record in the company, and a tes-
timonial of the friendship and esteem of
its members. In a brief speech. Sergeant
Daley also expressed the regret of the
company at the captain's retirement.

"Captain Scott responded briefly, thank-
ing the men for their support, and wishing
them success in the future.

"Captain Scott has been a member of
the Fifth Regiment rifle team for several
years, and did much to make his com-
pany expert riflemen.

"In business he has been equally pro-
gressive, and for some years clerk of the
Newton Sewer Department. He is a
member of Dalhousie Lodge of Masons."

Although Captain Scott has seen but
little more than thirty-one years, he has
won his way, by force of sterling charac-
ter, into general esteem, as a citizen, man
of affairs, and military officer, and is se-
cure in the well-merited respect of his
associates. His residence is at West
Newton, Mass.

CAPTAIN JOHN U. WESCOTT.

Captain John U. Wescott was born in
Patten. Maine, April 19, 1868. He came
of good rugged New England stock, his
father having served during the War of
the Rebellion in the Seventh Maine Regi-
ment. When seven years old, his parents
removed to Medford, Mass., where he re-
ceived his education in the public schools,
later graduating from the High School.

He joined Company E, Fifth Regiment,
M. V. M., November, 1884, and having
served through all the grades, was
elected second lieutenant, November 20,
1890; first lieutenant, March 23, 1891, and
captain, April 24, 1894, which position he
resigned December 3, 1897.

Captain Wescott has always borne the
reputation of a zealous, hard-working of-

ficer, ready for duty in an emergency,
and is popular ainong his brother officers.
He began his business career with
Messrs. Hall, Haight & Co., large dealers
in leather. South St., Boston, but in 1898
opened in business for himself. He
was married May 16, 1895, to Miss Eula-
lia Rockett, of Salem, and resides in
West Medford, where he has always lived
since his boyhood.

546

REGIMENTS AND ARMORIES

LIEUTENANT-COLONEL WILLIAM
H. OAKES.

Lieutenant-Colonel William H. Oakes
was born in Cohasset, Mass., January 24,
1857. His parents removed to Charlestown

MLl ri;.NAM

Ml, \MLI.IAM II. o.\KF.S

resentatives he was for two years the
chairman of the Committee on Military
Affairs.

Major Oakes has always been active in
furthering the interests of Charlestown.
Socially, Major Oakes is well known as a
member of the Odd Fellow and Masonic
fraternities, the Charlestown Improve-
ment Association, and the Charlestown
Club. He is an active member of the
17th of June Carnival Association, and
for three successive years was chief mar-
shal of the morning carnival parade.

LIEUTENANT-COLONEL L.C. LANE.

Lieutenant-Colonel Leonard C. Lane
was born in Plymouth, N. H., on March
14, 1836, and received his education in the
public .schools of his native town. He
comes of good military stock, his grand-
father having been engaged in the War
of 1 81 2, and his father having been a cap-
tain in the New Hampshire militia.

Colonel Lane enlisted in Company E,
Sixteenth Massachusetts Volunteers, and

while he was very young, and he grew up
"a Charlestown boy," in every sense of
the word. He is best known as one of the
most prominent officers in the militia.
He enlisted in Company A. Fifth Regi-
ment, M. V. M., in 1874: January 8, 1883,
he was promoted to the second lieuten-
ancy of "the Charlestown Cadets," and
June 22, 1895, became captain of that
popular company. After nearly four years i»i:
of remarkable success in this capacity, f'^>
he was commissioned major. Fifth Regi-
ment of Infantry, January 30, 1889,
which position he held until August
6, 1897, when he was elected lieutenant-
colonel, which position he still holds.

In his political career he has repre-
sented Ward 4 three times in the Common
Council and twice in the State Legisla-
ture, being returned each year with
steadily increasing majorities. While in
the lower house of the city government,
he served on several of the most import-
ant committees. In the House of Rep-

LIEUTENANT-CQLONEL L. C. L.VNE.

was assigned to the Army of the Po-
tomac, being engaged with it in the bat-
tle of Mine Run, where he was severely

OF MASSACHUSETTS.

547

wounded, having been shot through the
body. He was long confined to the
hospitals at Alexandria, Va., New Haven,
Conn., and Readville, Mass., and was dis-
charged as unfit for further service, on
December 15, 1864. He joined the Mas-
sachusetts State Militia on May 29, 1874,
in Company F, of the Fifth Regiment,
and was elected captain on June 24, 1874;
major of the Fifth Regiment on Decem-
ber 29, 1875; and lieutenant-colonel on
July 24, 1876, and served until 1882, when
he resigned.

Colonel Lane has always been identi-
fied with the city of Waltham, having
had charge for the last thirty years of
the material department of that great
corpora