Frances & Gleb Popoff, Their 'Book
MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA
THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
IN MEMORY OF
MRS. FRANCES M. LOEBER POPOFF
BA'lO, MA '21
1899-1954
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A
T Pv E A T I S E
CONCERNING
RELIGIOUS AFFECTIONS.
IN THREE PARTS.
PART I. Concerning the Nature of the AFFECTIONS, and
their Importance in RELIGION.
PART II. Shewing what are NO CERTAIN SIGNS that RE*
LIGIOUS AFFECTIONS are GRACIOUS, or that they
are .NOT.
PART III. Shewing what ARE DISTINGUISHING SIGNS
of truly gracious and HOLY AFFECTIONS.
By JONATHAN EDWARDS, A. M.
And Paftor of the firft Church at Northampton*
Lev. ix. utt. and x. I, 2. And there came a fire out front be for? iht
Lord,* upon the altar; <which wh^n all the people fi >;. thcyfboiaed,
and fell on their faces. And Nadab and Abibu offered jirangc fire
before the Lord, 'which he commanded them not : and there went outfit*
from the Lord, and devoured them, and they died before the Lord.
Cant. ii. 12, 13. *The flo^wers appear on the earth, the time oftbffotgin?
of birds is COM?, and the <voice of the turtle is heard in our land. T&if
jig-tree putteth forth her green 'figs , and the <vinet with the tender graft*
give a good fmzlL Verf. I $ Take us the foxes, the little fixes which
fpsil the~<v:ues : for our <vine$ have tender grapes.
E L I Z A B E T II - T O W N :
Printed by SHEPARD KOLLOCK, for ROBERT HODGE,
No. 237, 'Queen-Street, NEW-YORK,
.M,DCC,LXXX\'IL
THE
R E F A C E.
THERE is no queftion whatfoevcr, that is of greater im
portance ta. mankind, and that it more concerns every
individual perfon to be well refolved in, than this, What are.
the diftingui/king qualifications oj thufe that are in favour with
God, and intitled to his eternal rewards? Or, which comes to
the fame thing, What is the nature of true religion ? and wherein
do lie the di/linguiflnng notes of that virtue and holinefs, that is
acceptable in the fight of God ? But though it be of inch im
portance, and though we have clear and abundant light in the
word of God to dire&.us in this matter, yet there is no one
point, wherein profefling Chriftians do more differ one from
another. It would be endlefs to reckon up the vaiiety of opini
ons in this point, that divide the Chriftian world ; making ma-
nifeft the truth of that of our Saviour, Strait is the gate, and
narrow is the way, that leads to life, ana 1 few there be thatjtndit.
The confideration of thefe things has long engaged me to
attend to this matter, with the utniofl diligence and care, and
exaclnefs of fearch and inquiry, that I have been capable of :
it is a fubject on which my 'mind has been peculiarly intent,
ever fince I fir/I entered on the ftudy of divinity. But as to
the fuccefs of my inquiries, it mud be left to the judgment of
the reader of the following treatife.
I am fenfible it is much more difficult to judge impartiallydf
that which is the fubjeci of this difcourfe, in the mid ft of ti.-s
duft and fmoke of fuch a fta'e of controverfy, as this lai
now in, about things of this lur HC- : as ii is more tliflicmt to
write impartially, fo it is more difficult to KV<! impartially*.
Many will probably be hurt in their fpiriis, to find fo much that
appertains to religious affelion, here con : and perhaps
indignation and contempt will be excited in others, by finding
fo much here juftifieu and approved. And it may be, fcn;o
will be ready to charge me with ill-confidence with myfelf, ia
fo much approving lome things,, and fo much condemning
others ; as I have found, thi.-- has aKvjys been objected to me
by (brne, ever iince the beginning of oar late ccatroveriiesahout
religion. It is a Iiani thing to be a hearty zealous friend of
what has been good a;:d glorious, in the late extraordinary
appearances,
iv The PREFACE.
appearances, and to rejoice much in it ; and at the fame time,
to fee the evil arid pernicious tendency of what has been had,
and earneftly to oppofe that. But yet,' I am humbly, but fully
perfuaded, we (hall never be in the way of truth, nor go on
in a way acceptable to God, and tending to the advancement
of Chriil's kingdom, till we do fb. Theie is indeed fomething
very myflerious in it, that fo much good, and fo much had,
fhould be mixed together in the church of God : as it is a my
flerious thing, and what has puzzled and amazed many a good
Chriftian, that there mould be that which is (o divine a;id pre
cious, as the faving grace of God, and the new and divine na
ture, dwelling in the fame heart, wiih fo much corruption,
hypocrify, and iniquity, in a particular faint. Yet neither of
thefe, is more myfterious than real. And neither of them is
a new or rare thing. It is no new thin^, that much falfe reli
gion mould prevail, at a time of great reviving of true religion ;
and that at fuch a time, multitudes of hypocrites fhould ipring
up among true faints. It was fo in that great reformation, and
revival of religion, that was in Jofiah's time ; as appears by
Jer. iii. 10. and iv. 3, 4. and alfo by the great apoflafy that there
was in the land, fo loon after his reign. So it was in that great
out-pouring of the Spirit upon the Jews, that was in the days
of John the Baptifl ; as appears by the great apoftafy of that peo
ple, fo foon after fo general an awakening, and the temporary
religious comforts and joys of many ; John v. 3,5. " Ye were
" willing for a feafon to rejoice in his light." So it was in thofe
great commotions that were among the multitude, occafioned
by the preaching of Jefus Chrift : Oj the. many that were then
called, but few rtwe. chofin ; of the multitude that were routed
and affe&ed by his preaching, and at one time or other appear
ed mightily engaged, full oi admiration of Chrift, and eleva
ted with joy, but few weie true difciples, that flood tue {hock
of the great trials that came afterwards, and endured to the end :
many were like the ftonv ground, or thorny ground ; and but
few, comparatively, like the good ground. Of the whole heap
that was gathered, great part was chaff, that the wind after
wards drove away ; and the heap of wheat that was left, was
comparatively fmali ; as appears abundantly, by the hiflory of
the New Te'ftament. So it was in that great out-pouring of
the Spirit that was in tfie apofiles days ; as appears by Mar.h,
xxiv. 10 13. Gal. iii. i. and iv. 11, 1,5. Phil. ii. 21. and iii.
.to, 19. and the two epiflles to jhe Corinthians, and man-y
other
The PREFACE.
other parts of the New Teftament. And fo it was in the great
reformation from Popery. It appears plainly to have been in
the viiible church of God, in times of great reviving of religion,
from time 10 time, as it is with the fruit-trees in the Turing ;
there are a multitude of blofloms ; all which appear fair and
beautiful, and there is a prcrniiing appearance of young fruits :
but many of them are but of ihort continuance, they loon fall
oil, and never come to maturity.
Not that it is to be fuppofed that it will always be fo : for
though there never will, in this world, be an entire purity ;
either in particular faints, in a per-ect freedom horn mixtures
of corruption ; or in the church of God, without any mixture
of hypocrites with faints, 2nd counterfeit religion, aud falfe
appearances of grace, with true religion and real holineis: yet,
it is evident, that there will come a time of much greater purity
in the church of God, than !r.is been in ages jju.il ; it is plain
by thefe texts of Icripture, II. lii. i. Ezek. xhv. 6, 7, 9. Joel in.
37. Zech. xiv. 21. Pfal. Ixix. 32, 35,36. If. xxxv. 8, 10. chap,
iv. 3, 4. Ezek. xx. 38. i'fal. xxxvii. 9, 10, 1 1, 29. And one
great reafon of it will be, that at that time, God will give much
greater light to his people, to diilinguifh hew. /^u true religion
and its counterfeits, Mai. iii. t q. " And he {hall fit as a refiner
'* and purifier of filver : and he (hall purify the fons of Levi,
" and purge them as gold and filver, that they may offer to the
** Lord an offering in righteoufnefs." With verf. 18. which
is a continuation of the prophecy of the fame happy times,
*' Then (hall ye return, and difcern between the righteous and
' the wicked ; between him that ferveth God, and him that
" ferveth him riot."
It is by the mixture of counterfeit religion with true, not
difcerned and diftinguifhed, that the devil has had his greateil
advantage againft the caufe and kingdom of Chrift, all along,
hitherto. It is plainly by this means, principally, that he baa
prevailed againft all revivings of religion, that ever have been,
iince the firft founding of the Chriilian church. By this, he
hurt the caufe of Chriilianity, in, and after the apoilolic age,
much more than by all the perfecntionsof both Jae-ws and Hea
thens : the apoftles, in all their epiilles, ihew themfelves much
more concerned at the former rnifchief, than the latter. By
this, Satan prevailed againft the reformation, begun by Luther,
Zuinglius, &c. to put a flo;> to its progrefs, and brine; it into
difgrace ; ten timei niore, than by all uiafc bloody, cruel, and
before
vi The P R E F A C E.
before unheard-of pcrfecutions of the church of Rome. By
this principally, has he prevailed again ft revivals of religion,
that have been in our nation fince the reformation. By this he
prevailed againft New-England, to quench the love, and fpoil
the joy of her efpoufals, about an hundred years ago. And I
think, I have had opportunity enough to fee plainly, that by
this, the devil has prevailed againft the late, great revival of
religion in New-England, fo happy and promifing in its begin
ning : here moft evidently has been the main advantage Satan
has had againft us ; by this he has foiled us ; it is by this means
that the daughter of Zion in this land, now lies on the ground,
in fuch piteous circurnftances, as we now behold her ; \vithher
garments rent, her face disfigured, her nakednefs expofed, her
.limbs broken, and weltering in the blood of her own wounds,
and in no wife able to arife ; and this, fo quickly after her late
great joys and hopes : Lam. i. 17. " Zlon fpreadeth forth her
*' hands, and there is none to comfort her : the Lord hath
" commanded concerning Jacob, that his adverfanes mall be
' round about him : Jerufalem is as a menftruous woman
** among them." I have feen the devil prevail the fame way,
againft two great revivings of religion in this country. Satan
goes on with mankind, as he began with them. He prevailed
againft our firft parents, and caft them out of paradife, arid fud-
clenly brought all their happinefs and glory to an end, by ap
pearing to be a friend to their happy paradifaic ftate, and pre
tending to advance it to higher degrees. So the fame cunning
ferpent, that beguiled Eve through his fubtilty, by perverting
us from the fimplicity that is in Chrift, hath fuddenly prevail
ed to deprive us of that fair profpe}, we had a little while ago,
of a kind of paradifaic ftate of the church of God in New-
England.
After religion has revived in the church of God, and ene
mies appear, people that are engaged to defend its caufe, are
commonly moft expofed, where they are leaft fenfible of danger.
While they are wholly intent upon the oppofition that appears
openly before them, to make head againft that, and do negleft
cave hilly to look all round them, the devil comes behind them,
and gives a fatal Itab unfeen ; and has opportunity to give a
more home ftroke, and wound the deeper, becaufe he ftrikcs
at his leifure, and according to his pleafure, being obftrutled
by no guard or refiftance.
And fo it is likely ever to be in the church, whenever reli
gion
The PREFACE. vit
gion revives remarkably, till we have learned well to diflinguifa
between true and falfe religion, between faving affections and
experiences, and thofe manifold fair mews, and glittering ap
pearances, by which they are counterfeited ; the confequences
of which, when they are not diiHnguiilied, are often iricxpref-
fibly dreadful. By this means, the devil gratifies himfelf, by
bringing it to pafs, that that mould be offered to God, by mul
titudes/ under a notion of a pleafing acceptable fervice to him
that is 'indeed above ail thirgs abominable to him. By tins
means, he deceives great multitudes aboutthe itate of their fouls;
making them think they are fomething, when they are no
thing; and fo eternally undoes them: and not only fo, but efta-
blifhes many in a ftrong confidence of their eminent holinefs,
who are in God's fight, fome of the vileft of hypocrites. By
this means, he many ways damps and wounds religion in the
hearts of the faints, obfcures and deforms it by corrupt mix
tures, caufes their religious affections wofully to degenerate,
and fometimes for a confiderable time, to be like the manna,
that bred worms and ifank; and dreadfully cnfnares and con
founds the minds of others of the faints, and brings them into
great difficulties and temptation, and entangles them in a wil-
dernefs, out of which they can by no means extricate therr-
felves. By this means, Satan mightily encourages the hearts
of open enemies of religion, and ftrengthens their hands, and
fills them with weapons, and makes Srong their fortreffes;
when at the fame time, religion and the church of God lie ex-
pofed to them, as a city without walls. By this means, he
brings it to pafs, that men work wickednefs under a notion of
doing God fervice, and to fin without reftrainf, yea with ear-
neft forwardnefs and zeal, and with all their might. By this
means, he brings in even the friends of religion, infenfibly to
themfelves, to do the work of enemies, by deftroying religion
in a far more effectual manner than open enemies can do, un
der a notion of advancing it. By this means, the devil fcatters
the flock of Chrift, and lets them one againft another, and that
with great heat of fpirit, under a notion of zeal for God ; and
religion by degrees, degenerates into vain jangling; and during
the ftrife, Satan leads both parties far out of the right way, dri
ving each to great extremes, one on the right hand, and the
other on the left, according as he finds they are mod inclined,
or moft eafily moved and fwayed, till the right path in the
middle is almoft wholly neglected. And in the midft of this
confufion ,
Vill
The PREFACE,
confufion, the devil has great opportunity to advance his owtl
intereft, and make it ilrong in ways innumerable, and get the
government of ail into his own hands, and work his own will.
And by what is feen of the terrible confequences of this coun
terfeit religion, when not cliiHnguiihed from true religion,
God's people in general have their minds unhinged and un fet
tled, in things of religion, and know not where to let their
foot, or what to think or do ; and many are brought into
doubts, whether there be any thing at all in religion; and here-
iy, and infidelity, andatheifm greatly prevail.
Therefore, it greatly concerns us to ufe our utmoft endea
vours, clearly to difcern, and have it well fettled and eftablifh-
ed, wherein true religion does confift. Till this be done, it
may be expecled that great revivings of religion will be but of
lliort continuance: till this be done, there is but little good to
be expecled of all our warm debates, in converfation and front
the prefs, not knowing clearly and dilimctly what we ought to
contend for.
My defign is to contribute my mite, and ufe my bed (how
ever feeble) endeavours to this end, in the enfuing Treatife:
wherein it muft be noted, that my defign is fornewhat diverfe
from the defign of what I have formerly publifhed, which was
to (hew tki dijiinguijhing. marks of a work of the Spirit of God*
including both his common and faving operations; but what I
aim at now, is to fhew the nature and figris of the gracious ope
rations of G6d's Spirit, by which they are to be diftinguifhed
from all things whatfoever that the minds of men are the fub-
jecls of, which are not of a faving nature. If I have fucceeded
in this my aim, in any tolerable meafure, I hope it will tend to
promote the intereft of religion. And whether I have fuc
ceeded to bring any light to this fubjecl, or no, and however
my attempt may be reproached, in thefe captious, cenforious
times, I hope in the mercy of a gracious and righteous God,
for the acceptance of the fincerity of my endeavours; and hope
alfo for the candour and prayers of the true followers of the
meek and charitable Lamb of God,
SUB-
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SUBSCRIBERS NAMES.
A.
EVEREND Burgefs Allifon, A. M. Bordentown, New*
XV Jerfey,
Mr. Abijah Abbot, New-York,
Tbotnas Allen, bookfeller, New-York, 4 books,
Robert Armftrong, Orange county,
Thomas Allen, jun. fiudeiit of Harvard College, Cam*
bridge,
Nathaniel Andrufs, cooper, Newark,
Shelly Arnett, printer, New-Brunfwick,
Reuben Ayers, Poundridge,
Silas Ayers, Morris county,
Ebenezer Ady, Columbia county,
Samuel Adams, fchoolmafter, Amwell.
B.
Rev. Benoni Bradnof, Blooming-Grove,
Rev. Ifaac Blauvelt, Dutchefs county,
Dr. Arthur Brew, Philadelphia,
Mr. John Batten, (Indent of divinity, New-York^
Walter Bicker, hatter, do.
Henry Brewfter, Blooming-Grove,
Nathan Brewfter, John's Town,
Samuel Beach, Charlefton, South-Carolina, 12
Ambrofe Barnaby, fchoolmafler, Suffolk county,
David Baldwin, jun. WardfcfTon,
Leonard Bleecker, merchant, New- York,
Ifaac Beers, New-Haven, 7 books,
David Baldwin, Wardfeiibn,
Zophar Baldwin, do.
Ichabod Baldwin, do.
Silas Baldwin, do.
Jofeph Baldwin, CQ<
Jeffe Baldwin, do.
John Banks, officer of the cufioms, New-Vofkj
BaiTit, of the academy, Scheneftady,
John Burchan, Philadelphia,
Benjamin Bcnnet, Bucks county, Pennfyivarj.7,.
Daniel Baker, Effex county,
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES,
Mr. John Beers, Morris county,
Jacob R. Bergen, Princeton,
John Brittin, Bafkenridge,
Kbcnezcr Benjamin, Columbia county,
Comfort Bailey, do.
John Burr, do.
David Beebe, do.
* Daniel Benjamin, do.
Thomas Bourn, do.
Phil. Bebee, do.
Wiliiam A. Bahcock, do.
William Boftwick, do.
Lewis Beebe, Pawlett,
John Burnett, Morris-Town,
John Bryan, Somerfet county,
Jofeph Bevers, Hunterdon county,
David Bifhop, Ringwood, Hunterdon county,,
C.
Rev. Jedidiah Chapman, Orange-Dale,
Rev. John Camp, Columbia county,
Rev. Henry Channing, New-London,
Dr. James Cogfwell, New-York,
Mrs. Mercy Crane, Crane-Town,
Sarah Crane, Newark,
Mr. Matthias Crane, hatter, New-York,
Matthias Cazier, A. B. Orange-Dale,
Jofeph Campbell, Horfeneck,
Mofes Newel Combs, Newark,
Peter Cole, tanner, New- York,
John D. Coe, Orange county,
Albert Cooper, do.
John Cox, do.
Daniel Coc, do.
Arthur Conolly do.
David Crofby, jun. Frederickfburgh,
Henry Cronk, Weft Point, -
Jomes Crommeline, Brunfwick,
James Carpenter, merchant, Gofhen,
John Collins, Wardfeffon,
John Chadler, Blooming-Grove,
Daniel Cornogg, Chefler county, Pennfylvania,
James Camp, Newark,
William Coffin, Effcx county.
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES.
John Conger, Efq. Woodbridge,
Daniel Cook, Efq. Mendliam,
jSilas Condict, Efq. Morris-Town,
Jglhua Coit, Efq. New-London,
Mr. David Crane, (fon of Stephen) Elizabeth -Town,
John Chandler, do.
Jofeph Cree, printer,
Elifha Collins, Columbia county,
John Cooper, Morris county,
John Cooper, Woodbridge,
Jofhua Corihon, high fheriffof Hunterdon county.
D.
Rev. John Duryee, Rarifan,
Rev. Eliphaz Dazey, Kent county, ftate of Delaware,
Mr. Thomas Dobfon, bookfeller, Philadelphia,
Elijah Dod, Horfencck,
George T. Duryee, Long-Ifland,
John Decker, Ulfter county,
John Dod, jun. WardfeiTon,
Ifaac Dodd, Efq. do.
Mr. Cornelius Davis, New- York,
Thomas Davis, Newark,
Silvarms Davis, do.
Johannes Decker, Biooming-Grove,
Timothy Dunning, merchant, Goihen,
William Durell, "New-York,
Matthias Day, printer,
Peter Dumont, Efq. New-Brunfwick, 12 books,
Mr. John Darbe, M. D. Morris county,
John Davis, Columbia county,
Nicholas Dudley,
William Donnington, EHzabeth-Town ?
Nicholas Dubois, Somerfet county.
E.
Rev. Jonathan Elmer, New-Providence,
Mifs Mary Ellis, South-Carolina,
Mr. Benjamin Egbert, merchant, New- York,
James R. Englifh, merchant. New-Jerfey 3
Abraham Eights, Albany,
Abel Eaton, Columbia county.
F.
Rev. Mr. Fordham, Black River,
Mifs Mary Farrill, Englilh Town,.
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES,
Mr. John Fulfom, Albany.
Samuel Froft, Mouis county,
Jofhua Finch, Columbia county,
Jabez Fox,
David Frothingham, printer,
John Frazee, Morris county.
G,
Mr. Hugh Gaine, bookfeller and printer, New-York, 7 books,
Thomas C. Green, bookfeller, New-London, 7 books,
Jofeph Gould, fen. Horfeneck,
ofeph Gould, jun. do.
William Gould, do.
John Gould, do.
Stephen Gurnee, fen. Orange county,
Stephen Gurnee, jun. do.
Mofes Gale, do.
George George, Montgomery county, Pennfylvania,
Matthew Green, printer,
Peter Gary, Amwell, New-Jerfey,
Daniel Graham, Efq. Uifler county.
H.
Reuben Hopkens, Efq. attorney at law, Gofhcn, 12 books^
MefTrs. Hudfon and Goodwin, printers, Hartford, 12 books,
Jofeph Hanifon, Efq. Hor fence k,
Mrs. Jane Haviland, Elizabeth-Town,
Mr. Thomas Holme, Penneypeck, Pennfylvania,
Daniel Hitchcock, houfe-carpen:er, New- York,
Nathaniel W. Howell, Blooming-Grove,
Jofeph Hunt, Orange county,
Benjamin HalRead, do.
Chriftian Hurtin, Gofnen,
Timothy Hntron, New-York,
Silas Hough, Bucks county, Pennfylvania,
Major John Holme, Penneypeck, Pennfylvania,
Mr. Ichabod B. Halfey, iludent of phyfic, Scotch Plains,
John Hendricks, Eiizabeth-Town,
Daniel Halfey, do.
Thomas Hurlbutt, Columbia county,
Pat. Hamilton, do.
Eiima Holiiften, do.
Gabriel HofF, Baptift Town, New-Jcrfey,
]ofeph Hart, Kingwood townfhip, Hunterdon county,
sekiel Holmes, Greanwich, New-Jerfey.
Jk4
*
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES.
I.
Rev. Samuel Jones, D. D. Pallor of the Baptift church, Pen-
DC/peck, Pennfyivania,
Mr. John Johnfon, King's county,
Elijah Jones, merchant, Albany county,
Abraham Joralemon, Crane-Town,
John Jenkins, Dorchefter, Malfachufetts,
Thomas Jackfon, Columbia county,
Jonathan Jacobs, do.
Levy Jones, do.
c>hn ingraham, do.
>hn Johnfon, Newark.
K.
Rev. Na'.hanKer, A. M. Golhen,
Rev. WaKcr King,
Mr. Shepard Kolbck, printer, Elizabeth- Town, 50 books,
Paul Khul, K-'-iriterdon county,
Eheiiezer C. Kilborn, New-York,
Danipl Kiichel, Morris -To w j,
Nicholas Kortwright, jun.
Ebenezer Kingibui \ .
L.
Rev. William Linn, New-York,
Rev. John Lindiley, Orange county,
J)r. Jofliua Lathrop, of Norwich, Conne&icut,
Mrs. Katherine Linkleter,
Mifs J-'tne Loxley, Philariel])bia,
Gilbert Livlngfton, Efq. Poughkeepfie,
Mr. Samuel London, bookfeller, New- York, 7 books,
Jafper Griffing, jun. Guilford, Conne6Hcut,
Gabriel Ludlum, Goflien,
Aaron Lane, filverfmim, Elizabeth-Town,
Jacob Lewis, Bafkenridge,
Mel. Lathrop, Columbia county,
Aniaia Learned, New-London,
Ebenezer Leller, do.
Wiiliain Lowry, Alexandria, New-Jerfey,
M.
Rev. Dr. John Mafon, New-York,
Rev. John ArDonnald, V. D. M. Albany,
Jacob Martin, Efq. Micldidcx, New-Jerfey,
Elihu Mirvir.'j', Ef-j. Judge .of Orange county,
Mr. William Mscclure, Datches county,
SUBSCRIBERS. NAMES.
Col, Seth Marvirie, Orange county,
Capt. Samuel Morgan,
Mr. James M'Coy, ftudent of divinity, Orange-dale,
Johannes Miller, Ulfter county,
Anthony Marvine, fludent of law, Gofhen,
William Mitchell, Chefter county, Pennfylvania,
James Muir, bookbinder, Philadelphia,
Ephraim M'Call, Columbia county,
Stephen M'Crea, New-York,
Edward M'Gennifs.
N.
Mr. David Nichols, Newark,
Samuel Nott.
O,
Rev. Uzal Ogden, Newark, ,
Capt. Abraham Onderdonk, Orange county,
Mr. Jofeph Owen, of Bedford,
Wilmot Oakley, Huntington, Long-lfland,
Michael Ofbourne, Eiizabeih-Town,
Oakley.
P.
Rev. James Proudfit, New-Perth,
Mr. John Parfoneit, Horfeneck,
Daniel Phcenix, merchant, New- York,
John P. Pearfs, do.
William Pilchard, bookfeller, Philadelphia, 7 books,
Nathaniel Patten, bookfeller, Hartford, 6 books,
Samuel Phillips, Chefter county, Pennfylvania,
John Phillips, do. do.
Thomas Prentice, Elizabeth-Town,
John Pien r on, do.
Francis Price, Efq. SufTex county,
Mr. Stephen Palmer, Columbia county,
David Phillips, do.
William Pittinger, Hunterdon county.
R.
Rev. William Rogers, A. M. Philadelphia,
Rev. Dirck Romeyn,V. D.M. Schenelady,
Hon. David Ramfey, Efq. South-Carolina,
Mr. Henry Rome, merchant, New-York.
John Roflell, Orange county,
Peter Read, do.
Richard Roberifon, tanner, New-York,
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES,
Mr. Abraham Raymond, Columbia county,
Gamaliel Ripley.
S.
Rev. John Shepard, Eflex county, New-Jerfey,
Rev. John Stevens, Columbia county,
Dr. Ifaac Sherwood, Orange county,
Ifaac Snowden, Efq. Philadelphia,
William Smith, Efq. St. George's Manor, Suffolk county,
MefTrs. Smith and Phelps, bookfellers, in Hartford, 12 books-,
Mr. Peter Studdiford, ftudent in divinity, New- York,
James Saur, Orange county,
John Saur, jun. do.
Benjamin Saur, do.
Ifaac Serjeant, WardfefTon, 12 books,
Richard Sill, A. M. Albany,
John Sawyer, A. B. Orford, New-Hampfhire,
Nathan Sheppard, Cumberland county, New-Jerfey,
George Shaw, cabinet-maker, Philadelphia,
Archibald Stewart, Suflex county, 2 books,
Edward Savage Salem, Washington county,
James Seely, Poundridge,
Edward Scofield, Stanford,
Auften Smith, jun. do.
Peter Smith, Concord, SufTex county, New-Jerfey,
Henry Squier, Eflex county,
Edward Sherman, Columbia county,
Daniel Smith, do.
Ephraim Smith, do.
John Skinner, do.
Jonas Saffbrd, Poultney.
T.
Henry Townfend, Efq. iron mafter, Orange county,
Mr. John Tobias, merchant, Albany county,
William Tbompfon, Efq. attorney at law, Orange county,
Lathrop Thomfon, A. B. Windfor, Vermont,
Deacon Hezekiah Thomfon, do. do.
Mr. Benjamin Thaw, Philadelphia,
Jofeph Tatem, do.
Rulif Traphagen, Elizabeth-Town,
Nehemiah Teunis, do.
Aaron Thompfon, fchoolmafter, Eflex county,
Philip Temple, Columbia county,
Malachi Thomas, do.
SUBSCRIBERS NAMES.
Mr. Jacob Tallman, Clark's-Town,
Thomas Talmage, New-Brunfwick.
Zeb. Tracy.
U. &V.
Rev. Thomas Uftlck, A. M. Philadelphia,
Rev. William Van Home, A. M. Scotch-Plains
Lucas Van Beverhoudt, Efq. Morris county,
Mr. Peter Vandervoort, jun.
Beckman Van Beuren, merchant, New-York,
Samuel Van Steinberg, do.
Samuel Vail, Somerfet county^
W.
Hev. . Wefterlow, V. D. M. Albany,
Rev. Mofes C. Welch,
Mr. Alexander Phosnix Waldron, New-York,
John D. Witt, jun. Dutches county,
Benjamin Wallace, of the city of Albany, merchant,
J. W. Wilkin, A. B. Goflien,
Major Jacob Wright, do.
Ifaac Wheaton, Efq. Cumberland county, New-Jerfey t
Mr. Elbert Willet, Albany,
William \Vatts, Bucks county, Pennfylvania,
Thomas Woodruff, ^d.
Stephen Wheeler, Elizabeth-Town,
Jefle Woodruff, do.
Seth Woodruff, do.
John Wright, Mendham, Morris-county,
Jofiah Warner, Columbia-county,
Luther Wafhburn, do.
Stephen Webb,
Maurice Wurts, Hunterdon county,
John Wurts, Flanders, Morris county,
Y.
Mr. William Young, bookfeller, Philadelphia,
James Yorke.
Z.
Mr. Cbriftian Zabrifkie, Bergen county.
THE
T H E
IKE
Of the Reverend
EDWARDS;
PART L
Containing the Hi/lory of his Life, from his BiRTM to hit
SETTLEMENT in the work of the. MINISTRY.
MR. JONATHAN EDWARDS was born Oftober 5,
1703, at Wiridfor, a town in Connecticut. His lather
was the Rev. Mr. Timothy Edwards, minifter of the gofpel
on the eaft fide of Connecticut river in Windfor. He began
to refide and preach at Wmdfor in November 1694, but was
not ordained until July, 1698. He died January 27, 17,58*
in the 89th year of his age, not two months before this his fon.
He was in the work of the miniflrv above fifty-nine years t
And from his firft beginning to refide and preach there, to his
death, are above fixty-three years ; arid was able to attend on
the work of the miniitry and preach conilantiy until within a
few years before his death. He was very univerfally eftecmed
and beloved as an upright, pious, exemplary man, and faithful
nnnifter of the gofpel ; and was greatly ufeful. He was born
at Hartford in Connecticut, May 14, 1669, received the hon
ours of the college at Cambridge in New-England, by having
the degrees of Batchelor and Mailer of Arts given him the
fame day, July 4, 1694, one in the forenoon, and the other
in the afternoon.
On the 6th day of November 1694, he was married to Mis,
Either Stoddard, in the 2<}d y^ar of her age, the daughter of:
the late famous Mr. Solomon Stcddard of Northampton ; whole
great parts anri zeal for experimental religion are well knowri
in all the churches in America ; and will probably be tiani-
mi tied to pofterity yet unborn, bv his valuable writings. The/
P livtd '
a6 The LIFE of the Reverend
lived together in the married flate above fixty-three years*
Mrs. Edwards was born June 2, 1672.
They had eleven Children : All which lived to adult years,
viz. ten daughters, and this their only fon and fifth child.*
Mr.
* As the following more large and particular account, of Mr. Ed
wards's anceilors may gratify feme readers, it isinferted here in the
Margin*
Mr. Edwards's grandfather" was Mr. Richard Edwards. His
firft wife was Mrs. Elizabeth Tiittle, daughter of Mr. William
Tuttle of New-Haven in Connecticut, and Mrs. Elis Tuttle his
wife, who came out of Northamtonfhire in England* His fecond
wife was Mrs. Talcot, lifter to governor Talcot : By his firil wife
he had feven children, the oldeft of which was the Rev. Mr. Timo
thy Edwards of Windfor, his father, before mentioned. By his
fecond wife Mrs. Talcot, he had fix children.
The father of Mr. Richard Edwards was Mr. William Edwards,
who came from England young and unmarried. His wife, Mrs,,
Agnes Edxvards, who alfo came out of England, had two brothers
in England, one of them Mayor of Exeter, and the other of Barn-
ftable. Mr. W T illiarn Edwards's father was the Rev. Mr. Rich.
Edwards, minifto of the gofpel in London. He lived in Queen
Elifabeth's day, and his wife Mrs. Anne Edwards aflifted in making
a ruff for the queen. After the death of Mr. Edwards me married
to one Mr. James Cole. She with her fecond hufband, and her
fon William Edwards came into America, and all died at Hartford
in Connecticut.
Mr. Edwards's grandfather, (Mr, Solomon Stoddard, and his
predecefTor at Northampton) married Mrs. Mather, the relidt of .the
Rev. Mr. Mather his predeceffor, and the firft minifter at Northamp
ton. Her maiden name was Efiher Warham, daughter and youngeft
child of the Rev. Mr. John Warham, minifter at Windfor in Con
necticut, who came out of England, before which he was minifter
in Exeter in England : He had four children, all daughters : and
Mrs. Warham furvived him, and had two daughters by Mr, New-
.bury, her fecond hufband.
Mrs. Efther Warham had three children by Mr. Mather, viz.
Eunice, Warham and Eliakim. And me had twelve children by
Mr. Stoddard, fix fons and fix. .daughters : Three of the fons died
in infancy. The three that lived to adult years were Anthony,
John and Ifrael. Ifrael died in prifon in France. Anthony was the
Rev. Mr. Anthony Stcddard, late minifter of the Gofpel at Wood-
bury
Mr. J O N A T H A N E D W A R D S. 27
Mr. Edwards entered Yale College in the year 1716,
and received the degree of Batchelor of Arts in September,
1720, a little before he was feventeen years old. He had the
charafter of a fober youth, arid a good fcholar while he was a
member of the college. In his fecond year at college, and
thirteenth of his age, he read Locke on the human underftand r
ing, with great delight and profit. His uncommon genius, by
which he was, as it were by nature, formed for clofenefs of
thought and deep penetration, now began to exercife and dif-
cover itfelf, Taking that book into his hand, upon fome oc-
cafion, not long before his death, he faid to fome of his feleft
friends, who were then with him, That he was beyond ex-
preflion entertained and pleafed with it, when he read it in his
youth at college ; that he was as much engaged, and had more
fatisfaclion and pleafure in ftudying it, than the moil greedy
mifer in gathering up handfuls of filver and gold from fome
new difcovered treafure.
.Though he made good proficiency in all the arts and
fcierices, and had an uncommon taile for natural philofophy,
which he cultivated to the end of his life, with that juftnefs
and accuracy of thought which was almoft peculiar to him ;
yet moral philofophy or divinity was his favorite ftudy. In
this he early made great progrefs. He
bury in Connecticut, who lived to a great age, and was in the
work of the miniftry fixty years: He died September 6, 1760, in
the eighty-fecond year of his age, John was the honourable John
Stoddard, Efq. who lived at Northampton, and who often, efpecially
in his younger years, ferved the town as their reprefentative at the
great and general court in Bofton ; and was long head of the county
of Hampfhire as their chief Colonel, and chief judge of the court of
common pleas : And he long ferved his majeily, and the province
of the Maffachufetts-Bay, as one of his Majefty's council. He was
remarkable as a politician, and for his fpirit of government ; a wife
counfellor, an upright and fkilful judge, a fteady and great friend
to the intereft of* religion. He was a great friend and admirer of
Mr. Edwards, and greatly ftrengtbened his hands in the work cf the
miniftry while he lived, A more particular account of the life and
character of this truly great man may be feen in the fermon which
Mr. Edwards preached and publiihed on the occafion of his death.
Mr. Stoddard's father was Anthony Stoddard, Efq, of Bofton, 'a
zealous congregational man. He had" five wives, the firft of which,
Mr. Stoddard's mother, was Mrs. Mary Downing, filler to Sir
George Downing, whofe other fifter married Governor
Mr. Solomon Stoddard was their oldeft child.
2$ The LIFE of the Reverend
He lived at college near two years after he took bis fir ft de
gree, defigning and preparing for the work of the rniniftry. -After
which, having paffed the pre-recjuifite trials, he was , licenced
to preach the gofpel as a candidate. And being pitched upon,
and applied to by a number of minifters in New-England, who
were intruded to aft in behalf of the Engliih preibyterians at
New-York, as a perfon to be fent to them, he complied with
their requeft, and went to New-York the beginning of Auguft,
3722; and preached there -to very good acceptance about
eight months. But by reafon of the fmallnefs of that fociety,
and fome fpecial difficulties that attended 'it, he did not think
they were in a capacity to fettle a rninifier, with a rational
profpeft of anfwering the good ends propofed. He therefore
left them, the next fpring, and retired to his father's houfe ;
where he fpent the fummer in clofe ftudy. He was indeed
earneftly folicited by the people he had been among at New-
York to return to them again; but for the reafon juft men
tioned, he could not think himfelf in the way of his duty to
gratify them.
In September, 1723, he received his degree of Matter of
Arts ; about which time he had invitations from feveral coru
gregations to come among them in order to his feltlement in
the work of the miniftry ; but being chofen tutor of Yale-
College the next fpring in the year 1724, being in the twenty
firft year of his age, he retired to the college, and attended
the bufmefs of tutor there above two years.
While he was in this place, he was applied to by the peo
ple at Northampton, with an invitation to come and fettle in
the work of the miniftry there, with his grandfather Stoddard,
who by reafon of his great age, flood in need of alii fiance,
He therefore refigned his tutorfhip, in September, 1726, and
accepted of their invitation ; and was ordained in the work of
the miniftry at Northampton, colleague with his grandfather
Stoddard, February 15, 1727, in the twenty fourth year of
his age, where he continued in the work of the miniftry until
June 22, 1750, twenty three years and four months.
Between the time of his going to New-York and his fettle-
mept a,t JvJqrthamptpn, he formed a number of refolutions,
and committed them to writing : the particular time, and
fpecial occafion of his making many of them, he has noted in
his diary which he then kept ; as well as many other obferva,
lions arid rules, which related to his pwn exercifcs and con,
duft,
Mr. J O N A T H A N E D W A R D 3. 9
3uK And as tbefe refolutions, together with 'the
noted in his diary, may juftly be confidered, as the foundation
and plan of his whole life, it may be proper here to give the:
reader a tafte and idea of them : Which will therefore be
done in the following extracts,
PART II.
Containing Ex TRACTS from his PRIVATE WRITINGS,
SECTION I.
His RESOLUTIONS.
BEING fenfible that I am unable to do any thing with
out God's help, I do humbly intreat him by his grace to
enable me to keep thefe refolutions, fo far as they are agreeable
to his will, for thrift's fake.
Remember to read over tkefe RESOLUTIONS once, a Week.
1. Refolved, That I will do whatfoever I think to be moft
to God's glory, and my own good, profit and pleafure, in the
whole of my duration, without any confederation of the time,
whether now, or never fo many myriads of ages hence. Refol
ved to do whatever I think to be my duty, and moft for the
good and advantage of mankind in general. Refolved to do
this, whatever difficulties I meet with, how many and how
great foever.
2. Refolved, to be continually endeavouring to find out
fome new invention and contrivance to promote the fore-men
tioned things.
4. Refolved, never to do any manner of thing, whether in
foul or body, lefs or more, but what tends to the glory of God ;
nor be, nor fuffer it, if I can avoid it.
5. Refolved, never to loofe one moment of time ; but im
prove it the moft profitable way I poflibly can.
6. Refolved, to live with all my might, while I do live.
7. Refolved, never to do any thing, which I (hould be
afraid to do, if it were the laft hour of my life.
9. Refolved, to think much on all occafions of my own
dying, and of the common circumflances which attend death,
11, Re.
30 The LIFE of the Reverend
1 1 . Refolved, when I think of any theorem in divinity to
be folved, immediately to do "what 1 can towards folving it, if
circumftances do not hinder.
13. Refolved, to be endeavouring to find out fit objects of
charit^ and liberality.
14. Refolved, never to do any thing out of revenge.
15. Refolved, never to fuffer the lead motions of anger to
irrational beings.
17. Refolved, that I will live fo as I mall wifh I had done
when I come to die.
18. Refolved, to live fo at all times, as I think is beft in
my devout frames, and when I have clearelt notions of things
of the gofpel, and another world.
20. Refolved, to maintain the ftricleft temperance in eating
and drinking.
21. Refolved, never to do any thing, which if I mould fee
in another, I mould count a juft occafion to defpife him for,
or to think any way the more meanly of him.
24. Refolved, whenever I do any confpicuoufly evil aclion,
to trace it back, till I come to the original caufe ; and then
both carefully endeavour to do fo no more, and to fight and
pray with all my might agairift the original of it.
28. Refolved, to fludy the fcriptures fo fteadily, conftantly
and frequently, as that I may find, and plainly perceive myfelf
to grow in the knowlege of the fame.
30. Refolved, to itrive to my ntmoft every week to be
brought higher in religion, and to a higher exercife of grace,
than I was the week before,
32. Refolved, to be ftriclly and firmly faithful to my truft,
that that in Prov. xx. 6. " A faithful man who can find ?"
may not be partly fulfilled in me.
33. Refolved, always to do what I can towards making,
maintaining and eftablifhmg peace, when it can be without
over-balancing detriment in other refpecls.
34. Refolved, in narrations never to fpeak any thing but the
pure and fimple verity.
36. Refolved, never to fpeak evil of any, except I have
fome particular good call for it.
37. Refolved, to enquire every night, as I am going to bed,
wherein I have been negligent, what fin I have committed,
and wherein I have denied myfelf : Alfo, at the end of every
week, month and year.
38. Re-
Mr* J O N A T H A N D W A R D S< 3t
38. Refolved, never to fpeak any thing that is ridiculous*
or matter of laughter on the Lord's Day.
39. Refolved, never to do any thing that I fomuch queftion
the lawfulnefs of, as that I intend^ at the fame time, to con-
fider and examine afterwards whether it be lawful or no : ex
cept I as much queftion the lawfulnefs of the omiffion.
41. Refolved, to afk myfelf at the end of every day, week,
month and year, wherein I could poflibly in any refpeft have
done better.
42. Refolved frequently to renew the dedication of myfelf
to God, which was made at my baptifm ; which I folemnly
renewed, when I was received into the communion of the
church ; and which I have folemnly re-made this twelfth day
of January, 1722 3.
43. Refolved, never henceforward, till I die, to acl as if
I were any way my own, but entirely and altogether God's,
agreeable to what is to be found in Saturday, January 12.
46. Refolved, never to allow the leaft meafure of any fret
ting uneafinefs at my father or mother. Refolved to fufFer no
effecls of it, fo much as in the leaft alteration of fpeech, or
motion of my eye : and to be efpecially careful of it, with ref-
peft to any of our family.
47. Refolved, to endeavor to my utmoft to deny whatever is
not moft agreeable to a good, and univerfally fweet and bene
volent, quiet, peaceable, contented, eafy, compaffionate, ge
nerous, humble, meek, modeft, fubmiffiye, obliging, diligent,
and induftrious, charitable, even, patient, moderate, forgiv
ing, fmcere temper ; and to do at all times what fuch a temper
would lead me to. Examine ftriftly every week, whether I
have done fo.
48. Refolved, conftantly, with the utmoft nicenefs and di
ligence, and the ftrifteft fcrutiny, to be looking into the ftate
of my foul, that I may know whether I have truly an intereft
in Chrift or no ; that when I come to die, I may not have
any negligence refpefting this to repent of.
50. Refolved, I will aft fo as I think I fhall judge would
have been beft, and moft prudent, when I come into the future
world.
52. I frequently hear perfons in old age fay how they would
live, if they were to live their lives over again : Refolved, thai-.
I will live juft fo as I can think I fhall wijn I had done, fuppo-
fmg I live to old age.
q,t. Wheiv
2 a The LIFE t)f the P^verend
54. Whenever I hear any thing fpoken in converfation of
any perfon, if I think it would be praife-worthy in me, Refol
ved to endeavor to imitate it.
55. Refolved, to endeavor to my utmoft to aft as I cari
think I mould do, if I had already feen the happinefs of Hea*
vcn, and Hell torments.
56. Refolved, never to give over, nor in the leaft to fiac-
ken my fight with my corruptions, however unluccefsiul I
may b.e.
57. Refolved, when I fear misfortunes -and adverfities, to
examine whether I have done my duty, and refolve to do it ;
and let it be juft as providence orders it, I will, as far as 1 can,
be concerned about nothing but my duty arid niy fin.
62. Refolved, never to do any thing but duty ; and then
according to Eph. vi. 6, 7, 8. do it willingly and cheerfully
as unto the Lord, and not to man ; knowing that whatever
good thing any man doth, the fame mall he receive of the
Lord.
6,5. Refolved, very much to exercife myfelf in this all my
live long, viz. with the greateft opennefs I am capable of, to
declare rny ways to God, and lay open my foul to him : till
my fins, temptations, difficulties, forrows, fears, hopes, de-
fires, and every thing, and every circumftance ; according to
Dr. Manton's 27th fermon on the cxix Pfalm.
67. Refolved, after afflictions, to inquire, what I am the
better for them, what good I have got by them, and what I
might have got by them. *
* The Refolutions are feventy in number. But part of them are
here tranfcribed, as a fpecimen of the whole. The number here af
fixed to them, is that by which they are numbered in the original
manufeript ; and retained here for the fake of the references made to
fome of them in the diary, as the reader will prefently fee.
SECTION II.
Extratts from his PRIVATE D I A H Y.
SATURDAY, December 22, 1722. This day revived by
God's fpirit. AfFecled with the fenfe of the excellency of
liolinefs. Pelt mere exercife of love to Chrift than ufual.
Have
Mr* J o tt A t n A .N E D w A R D s* 33
Have alfo felt fenfibie repentance of fin, becaufe it was com
mitted againft fo merciful and good a God. This night made
the 37 ih Refolution.
Saobatkday night > Dec. 23* Made the 381!! Refolution.
Monday, Dec* 24. Higher thoughts than ufual of the excel*
lency of Jefus Chriil and his kingdom.
WedntJ'day t January 2, 1722 -3. Dull. I find by expe
rience, that let me make refoiutions, and do what I will; with
never fo many inventions, it is all nothing, and io no purpofe
at all, without the motions of the Spirit of God : for if the
Spirit of God fliould be as much withdrawn from me always,
as for the week pall, notwithftanding all I do, I mould not
grow ; but fhould languish, and miferably fade away. There
is no dependence upon myfelf. It is to no purpofe to refolve,
except we depend on the grace of God ; for if it were not for
his men* grace, one might be a very good man one day, and a
very wicked one ^he next*
Sabbathday, January 6, at night. Much concerned about
the improvement of precious time. Intend to live in continual
mortification, without ceafmg, as long as in this world.
Tuefday, January 8, in the morning. Higher thoughts than
ufual, of the excellency of Chrilt, arid felt an unufual repent
ance of (in therefrom.
Wcdnefday, January 9, at night. Decayed, I am fornetimes
apt to think, I have a great deal more of holinefs than I have.
I find now and then, that abominable corruption which is di
rectly contrary to what I read of eminent Chriftians. How
deceitful is my heart ! I take up a ftrong refutation, but hov/
foon docs it weaken !
Thurfday, January 10, about noon. Reviving. 'Tis a
great diflionor to Chriil, in whom I hope I have an intereir,
to be uneafy at my worldly flate and condition. When I fee
the profperity of others, and that all things goeafy with them ;
the world is fmooth to them, and they are happy in many re(-
pecls, and very profpcrous, or are advanced to much honor,
Sec. to grudge and envy them, or be the leaf! unealy at it ; to
with or long for the fame profperity, and that it would ever ba
fo with me. Wherefore concluded always to rejoice in every
one's profperity, and to expeft for myfelf no happinefs of that
nature as long as I live ; but deprnd upon afflictions^ and betake
myfelf entirely to another happinefs,
J thirv;
34 TksLli * of the Ret
I think I find myfelf much more fprightly and healthy, bctfi
in body and mind, for my felf denial in eating, drinking, and
fteeping.
I think it would be advantageous every morning to confider
my bufmefs and temptations ; and what fins I fhail be expofecJ
to that day ; and to make a refolution how to improve the day,
and to avoid thofe fins. And fo at the beginning of every
week, month and year.
I never knew before what was meant oy not fettifig our
hearts upon thefe things. 'Tis not to care about them, to depend
upon them, to afflicl: ourfeives much with fears of lofing them,
nor pleafe ourfeives with expectation of obtaining them, or
hope of the continuance of them. At night made the 4 ill
Refoluiion.
Saturday, January 12, in the morning. I have this day
folemnly renewed my baptifmal covenant and felf-dcdication,
which I renewed when I was received into the communion of
the church. I have been before God ; and have given myfelf,
all that I am and have to God, fo that I am not in any refpeft
my own : I can challenge no right in myfelf, I can challenge
no right in this under/landing, this will, thefe affections that
are in me ; neither have I any right to this body, or any of its
members : No right to this tongue, thefe hands, nor feet : no
right to thefe fenfes, thefe eyes, thefe ears, this frnell or tafie.
I have given myfelf clear away, and have not retained any
thing as my own. I have been to GOD this morning, and
told him that I gave myfelf wholly to him. I have given every
power to him ; fo that for the future I will challenge no right
in myfelf, in any refpecl. I have exprefly promifed him, and
do noxv promife Almighty God, that by his grace I will not.
I have this morning told him, that I did take him for my
\vhole portion and felicity, looking on nothing elfe asaiiy part
of my happinefs, nor afting as if it were ; and his law for the
conftant rule of my obedience : and would fight with all my
might againft the world, the fiefli, and the devil, to the end of
my life. And did believe in Jefus Chrift, and receive him as
a Prince and a Saviour ; and would adhere to the faith and obe
dience of the gofpel, how hazardous and difficult foever the
profeffion and pra&ice of it may be. That I did receive the
blefled Spirit as my teacher, fanclifier and only comforter; and
cherifh all his motions to enlighten, purify, confirm, comfort
and affiil me. This I have done. And I pray God, for the
fake
Mr. JO NATHAN ED WARDS. 35
fake of Chriil, to look upon it as a felf-dedication ; and to re
ceive me now as entirely his own, and deal with me in all re-
Jpects as fuch ; whether he ailli6ts me orprofpers me, or what
ever he pleafes to do with me, who am his. Now, hence
forth I am not to aft in any refpeft as my own. I (hall aft
as my own, if lever make ufe of any or my powers to any
thing that is not to the glory of God, and don't make the glo
rifying him my whole and entire bufmefs ; if I murmur in the
leaft at affliftions; if I grieve at the profperity of others; if I
am any way uncharitable ; if I am angry becaufc of injuries ;
if I revenge : If I do any thing, purely to pleafe myfelf, or if
I avoid any thing for the fake of my eafe : If I omit any thing
becaufe it is great felf-denial : If I truft to myfelf ; If I take any
of the praife of any good that I do, or rather GOD does by
me ; or if I arn any way proud. This day made the ^2d and
43d Refolutions.
Monday, January 14. -The dedication I made of myfelf to
my God, on Saturday laft, has been exceeding ufeful to me.
I thought I had a more fpiritual infight into the fcripture, rea
ding the 8th chapter to the Romans, than ever in my life
before.
Great inflances of mortification are deep wounds given to
the body of fin, hard blows that make him ftagger and reel :
we thereby get great ground arid footing againft him. While
\ve live without great inftances of mortification arid felf-denial,
the old man keeps whereabouts he was ; for he is ilurdy and
obftinate, and will not ftir for final 1 blows. After the great-
efl mortifications, I always find the greateft comfort.
Supposing there was never but one compleat ChrifHan, in
all refpecls of a right ftamp, having chrifHanity mining in its
true luftre, at a time in the world; Refolved to aft juft as I
would do, if I ftrove with all my might to be that one, that
fiiould be in my time.
TiiefJay, January 15. It feemed yeflerday, the day before
and Saturday, that I mould always retain the fame refolutions
to the fame height, but alas, how foon do I decay ! O, how
weak, how infirm, how unable to do any thing am I ! What
a poor, inconfiftent, what a miferable wretch, without the af
fiance of God's fpirit ! While I (land, I am ready to think
J (land in my own ftrength, and upon my own legs ; and I
am ready to triumph over my enemies, as if it were I myfelt
that cauled them to flee ; When alas ! I arn but a poor infant,
upheld
36' The. LIFE of the Reverend
upheld by Jefus Cbriil ; who holds me up, and gives me liber
ty to fmile to fee my enemies flee, when he drives them before
ine ; and fo I laugh, as though 1 myfelf did it, when it is only
Jefus Chriit leads me along, and fights hirnfelf againft my
enemies. And now the Lord has a little left me, and how
weak do I find myfelf ! O, let it teach me to depend lefs on
myfelf, to be more humble, and to give more of the praife of
my ability to Jefus. Chrifi. The heart of man is deceitful
above all things, and delperately wicked, who can know it ?
Saturday, February 16. I do certainly know that I love
liolincfs, Inch as the gofpel requites.
At night. I have been negligent for the nfbnth paft in
thefe three things ; I have not been watchful enough over my
appetite in eating and drinking ; in rifing too late a mornings;
and in not applying myfelf \viih applications enough to the
duty of fecret prayer.
S ab bath day ) February 17, near funfet. Renewedly pro-
mi fed, that I will accept of God, for my whole portion ; and
that I will be contented, whatever elfe I am denied. I will not
murmur, nor be grieved, whatever profperity > upon any ac
count, I fee others enjoy, and I am denied.
Saturday, March 2. O, how much pleafamer is humility
than pride ! O, that God would fill me with exceeding
great humility, and that he would evermore keep me from
all pride ! * The pleafures of humility are really the moft
refined, inward and exquifite delights in the world. How hate
ful is a proud man ! How hateful is a worm that lifts up itfelf
with pride ! What a foolifh, filly, miferable, blind, deceived,,
poor worm am I, when pride works !
Wtdnejday^ March 6, near fun-fet. Felt the doclrines r,f
fleclion, free grace, and of our not being able to do any thing
without the grace of God ; and that holinefs is entirely,
throughout, the work of God's fpirit, with more pleafure than
before.
Monday morning. April i. I think it heft not to allow my
felf to laugh at the faults, follies and infirmities of others.
Saturday night \ April 7. Tbis week I found myfelf fo far
gone, that it feenied to me, that I (hould never recover more..
Let God of his mercy return unto me, and no more leave me
thus to fink and decay ! 1 know, O Lord, that without thy
help, I mall fall innumerable times, notwithflanding all m,y
refoliuioris, how often foever repeated.
Saturday
Mr. JON A T H AN EDWARD s. 37
Saturday night, April 14. I could pray more heartily this
night, for the ibrgivenefs of my enemies, than ever before.
I'Vcdncfday, Mav i, forenoon. Lafl night I came home,
after my melancholy parting from New-York.
I have always, in every different ftate of life, I have hither-
to heen in, thought the troubles and difficulties of that ftate,
to be greater than thofe of any other, that I propofed to be
in ; and when I have altered with atfiirance of mending myfelf,
I have Mill thought the fame ; yea, that the difficulties of that
flate, are greater than thofe of that I left lafl. Lord, grant
that from hence I may learn to withdraw my thoughts, affec
tions, defires and expectations, intirely from the world, and
may fix them upon the heavenly ftate ; where there is fulneis
of joy; where reigns heavenly, fwect, calm and delightful
love without alloy ; where there are continually the deareft
expreflions of this love : Where there is the enjoyment of the
perfons loved, without ever parting : Where thofe perfons,
\vho appear fo lovely in this world, will really be inexprefiibly
more lovely, and full of love to us. Flow fweetly will the
mutual lovers join together to fing the praifes of God and the
Lamb ! How full will it fill us with joy to think, this enjoy
ment, thefe fweet exercifes, will never ceafe or come to an
end, but will laft to all eternity.
Remember, after journeys, removes, overturning? and altera
tions in the ftate of my life, to reflect and confider, whether
therein I have managed the beft way poflible, refpecting my
foul ? And before fuch alterations, if forefeen, to refblve how-
to aft.
Tkurfday, May 2. I think it a very good way to examine
dreams every morning when I awake, what are the nature,
circumftances, principles and ends of my imaginary actions
and padions in them, to difcern what are my chief inclina
tions, &c.
Saturday night, May 4. Although I have in fome meafure
fubdued a difpolitiori to chide and fret, yet I find a certain in
clination, which is not agreeable to chrifUan fweetnefs of
temper and convcrfation : either by too much dogmaticalnefs,
too much of the egorifm ; a difpofition to be telling of my
own diflike and (corn ; and freedom from thofe that are in
nocent, yea common infirmities of men ; and many other fuch
like things. O that God would help me to difcern all the
Caws and defects of my temper and coavcrfaiion, and help
me
3 The L i F E of the Reverend
me in the difficult work of amending them : And that he would
fill me fo full of chrillianity, that the foundation of all thefc
difagreeable irregularities may be deftroyed, and the contrary
iweetnefies and beauties may of themfelves naturally follow.
Sabbathday, May 3, in the morning. This day made the
47th refolution.
Sabbathday, May 12. I think I find in my heart to be glad
from the hopes I have that my* eternity is to be fpent in fpiritual
and holy joys, arifing from the manifeftation of God's love,
and the exercife of holinefs and a burning love to him.
Saturday night, May 18. I now plainly perceive what great
obligations I am under to love and honour my parents. I have
great reafon to believe, that their counfel and 'education have
been my making : notwithstanding, in the time of it, it feem-
cd to do me fo little good. I have good reafon to hope that
their prayers for me, have been in many things very powerful
and prevalent ; that God has in many things, taken me under
his care and guidance, provifion and direction, in anfwer to
their prayers for me. I was never made fo fenfible of it as
now.
Wednesday, May 22, in the morning. Memorandum. To take
fpecial care of thefe following things ; evi) ireakirg, iicuing,
eating, drinking and Seeping, fpeaking fimple verity, join
ing in prayer, flightinefs in fecret prayer, liftlefnefs and negli
gence, and thoughts that cherim fin.
Saturday, May 25, in the morning. As I was this morning
reading the feventeenth refolution, it was fuggefied to me,
that if I was now to die, I fhould wifh that I had prayed more
that God would make me know my ftate, whether it be good
or bad ; and that I had taken more pains to fee and narrowly
fearch into this matter. Wherefore, Mem. For the future
moft nicely and diligently to look into our old divines opinions
concerning converfion. Made the forty-eighth refolution.
Friday, June i, afternoon. I have abundant caufe, O my
merciful father, to love tbee ardently, and greatly to blefs
and praife thee, that thou haft heard me in my eartieft requeft,
and haft fo anfwered my prayer for mercy to keep from decay
and finking. O, gracioudy, of thy mere goodnefs, ftill con
tinue to pity my mifery, by reafon of my finfulnefs. O my
dear Redeemer, I commit myfelf, together with my prayer
febd thankfgiving into thine hand.
Monday^
Mr. J O N A T H A N E D W A R B S* 39
Monday, July I, Again confirmed by experience of the
liappy efTefts of (tricl temperance, with refped both to body
and mind. Refolved for the future to obferve rather more of
rneeknefs, moderation and temper in difputes.
Tkurfday, July 18, near fun-fet. Refolved to endeavor ta
make fure of that fign the apollle James gives of a perfect
man, Jam. iii. 2. " If any man offend not in word, the fame
" is a perfect man, and able alfo to bridle the whole body."
Monday, July 22, I fee there is danger of my being drawn
into tranfgreffion by the power of fuch temptations as a fear
of Teeming uncivil, and of offending friends. Watch againft if,
TusJ'day, July 23. When I find thofe groanings which
cannot be uttered, the Apoftle fpeaks of j and thofe foul-break
ings, for the longing it hath, the Pfalmifl fpeaks of, (Pfal. cxix.
20.) to humour and promote them to the utmoft of my power,
and be not weary of earneftly endeavouring to vent my de-
fires.
To count it all joy when I have occaiion of great felf-demal,
becaufe then I have a glorious opportunity of giving deadly
wounds to the body of fin, and greatly confirming and eftab-
lifiiing the new nature : To feek to mortify fin, and increafe
in holinefs : thefe are the beft opportunities, according to
January 14.
To improve afflictions of all kinds as bleffed opportunities
of forcibly bearing on in my chriftian courfe, notwithftanding
that which is fo very apt to difcourage me, and to damp the
vigour of my mind, and to make me lifelefs : Alfo as oppor
tunities of truiling and confiding in God, and getting a habit
of that, according to the 5/th refolution. And as an oppor
tunity of rending my heart off from the world, and fetting k
upon Heaven alone. To improve them as opportunities to
repent of, and bewail my fin, and abhor myfelf. And as a
bleffed opportunity to exercife patience ; to truft in God, and
divert my mind from the affliction, by fixing myfelf in religi
ous exercifes. Alfo, let me comfort myfelf, that it is the very
nature of afflictions to make the heart better ; and if I am
made better by them, what need I be concerned, however
grievous they ieem for the prefent ?
Friday afternoon, July 26. To be particularly careful to
keep up inviolable a truft and reliance, cafe and entire reft irt
God in all conditions, according to ^/th refolution ; for this
I have found to be wonderfully advantageous to me.
40 27i. LIFE of the Reverend
Monday, July 29. When I am concerned how I (hall
perform any thing to public acceptance, to be very careful
that I have it very clear to me, that I do what is duty and
prudence in the matter.
Wednesday, July 31. Never in the lead to feek to hearfar-
caftical relations of others faults. Never to give credit to any
thing faidagainft others, except there is very plain reaion for
it; nor to behave in any refpecl the otherwife for it.
Wednesday, shigiijl j. To efleem as fome advantage that
the duties of religion are difficult* and that many difficulties
are fome times to be gone through in the way of duty. Re
ligion is the jfweeter, arid what is gained by labour, is abun
dantly more precious : As a woman loves her child the bettef
for having brought it fourth with travail. And even to Chrift
Jefus himfelf, his mediatorial glory, his victory and triumph,
his kingdom which he hath obtained ; how much more glori
ous is it, how much more excellent and precious, for his
having wrought it out by fuch agonies !
Friday, Augujl 9. One thing that may be a good help to
wards thinking profitably in time of vacation is, when I light
on a profitable thought, that I can fix my mind on, to follow
it as far as poflibly I can to advantage.
Sabbathday, after meeting, Augujl 11. Refolved always to
do that which I (hall wifli I had done, when I fee others doit.
As for inftance, fometimes I argue with myfelf, that fuch an
acl: of good nature, kindnefs, forbearance, or forgivenefs, &c.
is not my duty, becaufe it will have fuch and fuch confe-
quences: yet, when I fee others doit, then it appears amiable
to me, arid I wifli I had done it ; and I fee that none of thofe
feared inconveniences follow.
Tuefday, Augufl 13. I find it would be very much to ad
vantage, to be thoroughly acquainted with the fcriptures.
When I am reading doftririal books, or books of controverfy,
I can proceed with abundantly more confidence ; can fee up
on what footing and foundation I ftand.
Thurfday^ Auguft iq. The objection my corruptions make
againlt doing whatever my hands find to do with my might is,
that it is aconflant mortification. Let this objection by no
means ever prevail.
Monday^ September 2. There is much folly, when I am quite
fure I am in the right, and others are pofitive in contradicting
me, to enter into a vehement or long debate upon it.
Monday,
Mr. JONATHAN EDWARDS. 41
Monday, September 23. I obfcrve that old men feldom have
any advantage of new discoveries ; becaufe they are beltde a
way of thinking, they have been To long nfed to. Refolved,
if ever I live to years, that I will be impartial to hear the rea-
fons of all pretended difcoveries, and receive them if rational,
how long fo ever I have been ufcd to another way of thinking.
Thurfday, Oftober 18. To follow the example of Mr. B
who, though he meets with great difficulties, yet undertakes
them with a fmiling countenance, as though he thought them
but little ; and fpeaks of them as if they were very fmall.
Thurfday, November 26. It is a mod evil and pernicious
practice in meditations on afflictions, to fit ruminating on the
aggravations of the affliction, and reckoning up the evil, dark
circumftances thereof, and dwelling long on the dark fide ; it
doubles and trebles the affli&ion. And fo when fpeaking of
them to others, to make them as bad as we can, and ule our
eloquence to fet forth our own troubles, and are all the while
making new trouble, and feeding and pampering the old ;
whereas the contrary practice would ftarve our afflictions. If
we dwelt on the light fide of things in our thoughts, and ex
tenuated them all that poffibly we could, when fpeaking of them,
we fhould think little of them ourfelvcs ; and the affliction would
really, in a great meafure, vanifh away.
Thurfday night, December 12. If at any time I am forced
to tell others of that wherein I think they are fomething to
blame ; for the avoiding the important evil, that would other-
wife enfue, not to tell it to them, fo that there fhall be a
probability of their taking it as the effect of little, fretting,
angry emotions of mind.
December 31, at night. Concluded never to fairer nor ex-
prefs any angry emotions of mind more or lefs, except the
honor of God calls for it, in zeai for him, or to preferve myfeli
from being trampled on.
Wednefday, January i, 1723 4*
NOT to fpend too much' time in thinking even of impo
tant and ncceifary worldly bulinefs. To allow every
thing it's proportion of vhonght, accordm-:; to it's urgency and
J'' Friday.*
4 2 The LIFE of the Reverend
Friday, January 10. (After having wrote confiderable in
a fhort hand, which he ufed when he would have what he
wrote effectually concealed from every body but himfelf, he
notes the following words in round hand) Remember to a6l
according to Prov. xii. 23. " A prudent man concealeth know-
" lege."
Monday, February 3. Let every thing have the value now,
that it will have on a fick bed : and frequently in my purfuits
of whatever kind, let this come into my mind i " How much
mail I value this on my death bed ?"
Wednesday, February 5. Have not in time part in my prayers,
enough infilled upon the glorifying God in the world, and the
advancement of the kingdom of Chrilt, the profperity of the
church, and the good of men. Determined that this objection
is without weight, viz. That it is not likely that God will make
freat alterations in the whole world, and overturnings in king-
oms and nations, only for the prayers of one obfcure perfon,
feeing fuch things ufed to be done in anlwer to the united, ear
ned prayers of the whole church : and if my prayers fhould
have fome influence, it would be but imperceptible and fmall.
Thurfday, February 6. More convinced than ever of the
ufefulnefs of a free religious converfation. I find by converf-
ing on natural philofophy, I gain knowlege abundance fafter,
and fee the reafons of things much clearer, than in private
ftudy. Wherefore earneitly to feek at all times for religious
converfation ; for thofe that I can with profit and delight and
freedom fo converfe with.
Sabbathday, February 23. If I ac"l according to my refo-
lution, I mall defire riches no otherwife than as they are help-
nil to religion. But this I determine, as what is really evident
from many parts of fcripture, that to fallen man they have a
greater tendency to hurt religion.
Saturday, May 23. How it comes about I know not; but
1 have remarked it hitherto, that at thofe times when I have
read the fcripture mod, I have evermore been moil lively, and
in the bed frames.
Saturday n?gh, June 6. This week has been a remarka
ble week with me with refpecl to defpondencies, fears, per
plexities, multitudes of cares and diffraction of mind ; being
the week I came hither to New-Haven, in order to entrance
upon the office of tutor of the college. I have now abundant
reafon to be convinced of the troublefomenefs and vexation of
the world, and that it never will be another kind of world.
Mr. J O N A T H A N E D \V A R D S. 43
Tueflay, July 7. When I am giving the Relation of a
thing, to abitain from altering either in the matter or manner
oi" fpeaking, fo much, as that if every one afterward fiiould
altar as much, it would at lalt come to be properly falfe.
Tuefday, September 2. By a fparingnefs in diet, and eating,
as much as may be, what is light and eafy of digeftion, I ihail
doubtlefs be able to think clearer, and ihall gain time. lit.
By lengthening out my life. 2dly. mall need lefs time for di-
geltion after meals. 3dly. fhall be able to itudy clofer without
wrong to my health. 4thly. mail need lefs time to ileep.
5thly. fhail feldorner be troubled with the head-ach.
Sabbath clay, November 22. Confiding that by-danders
always efpy fome faults which we do no.t fee ourfelves, or at
leaft are not fo fully fenfible of : there are many fecret workings
of corruption which efcape our fight, and others only are fen
fible of: Refolved therefore, that I will, if I can by any con
venient means, learn what faults others find in me, or what
things they fee in me, that appear any way blame-worthy, un
lovely or unbecoming.
SECTION III.
REFLECTION^ the foregoing EXTRACTS.
THE foregoing extracls were wrote by Mr. Edwards in
the 2oth and 21 ft years of his age, as appears by the dates.
This being kept in mind, the judicious reader will make pro
per allowance for feme things, which may appear a little juven
ile, or like a young chriftian, as to the matter, or manner of
expreffion ; which would not have been found, had it not
have been done in early life. Which, indeed are no blemiihes,
the whole being taken together : as by this, It appears more
natural, and the firength of his refolution, and fervor of rninci
and fits Holland difcerning in divine things, fo feldom found
even in old age, are the more Striking. And in this view, we
iliall be led to admire his confcientious ftrianefs, his zeal and
.pamfulnefs, his experience and judgment in true religion, at fo
early an age. For here are not only tire moll convincing evi-
leiices of fmcerity and thorough religion, of his engaging in a
re devoted to GOD in good earneft, fo as to make religion
his
44 T&e LIFE of the. Reverend
his only bufinefs ; but through his great attention tothismatter,
he appears to have the judgment and experience of grey hairs.
This is the beginning of a life;fo eminently holy and ufeful
as Mr. Edwards's was. He who became one of the grcatelt
divines in this age ; has had the applaule and admiration of
America, Britain, Holland, and Germany, for his piety, and
great judgment and ikill in divinity ; and has been honored
above moil others in the chriftian world, in this century ; in
his being made the inftrument of doing fo much good : He be
gan his life thus : He entered on a public life with fuch views,
Inch exercifes, fuch refolutions.
This may lerve ; a direction and excitement to thofe who
are young, to devote themfelves to GOD in good earnert, and
enter on the bufinefs of Uriel and thorough religion without
delay : especially thofe who are looking towards the work of
the miniftry, as they would take the inpft direct, the only
way to anfwer the good ends which theyprofefs to feck.
It is to be lamented, that there is fo much reafon to think,
there are fo few inftances of fuch early piety in oi;r day. If
the proteftant world abounded with young per/cms of this ffamp ;
with young men, who are preparing for the work of the mini-
itry, with f ich a temper, fuch exercifes, and fuch refolutions,
what a delightful profpccl: would this afford, of the near ap
proach of happier days,$han the church .of GOD has ever yet
ieen ! What pleafmg hopes that the great, the merciful head
of the church, was about to fend forth labourers, faithful, fuc-
cefsful labourers into his harvcit ; and blefs his people with
*' Paftc r s which fhall feed them with knowlege and under-
" (landing !"
But ii our youth neglect all proper improvement of the
mind ; are fhy of ferioufnefs and Uriel piety ; choofe to live
llrangers to it, and keep at a diftance from all appearance of
it ; are wanton, and given to carnal pleafures ; what a gloomy
profpecl does this afford ! If they who enter into the work of
the miniftry ; from a gay, carelefs, and what mayjuflly becalltd
a vicious life, betake themfelves to a little fuperficial fludy of
divinity, and foon bgin to preach ; while all the external feri-
oufnefs and zeal they put on, is only from worldly motives ;
they being without any inward, experimental acquaintance with
ipiritual, divine things, and even fo much as any tafte for true
divinity ; no wonder if the churches " fuck clry breads ;"
and there are many ignorant watchmen.
But, as the bell comment on the foregoing refolutions and
diary ; and that the reader may have a more particular, full
and
Mr. J O N A T H A N E D \V A R D S. 45?
and inftru&ive view of Mr. Edwards's entrance on a religious
life, and progrefs in it, as confuting in the views and exercifcs
or his mind; a brief account thereof is here infcrted, which'
was found among his papers, in his own hand-writing : and
which, it feems, was wrote near twenty years after, tor his
own private advantage.
SECTION IV.
An Account of his CONVERSION, EXPERIENCES, ^^/RE
LIGIOUS EXERCICES, given by himjdf.
I Had a variety of concerns and exercifes about my foul from
my childhood ; but had two more remarkable feafons of
awakening, before I met with that change, by which I was
brought tonhofe new difpofitions, and that new fenfe of things,
that I have fince had. The firft time was when I was a boy,
fomc years before I went to college, at a time of remarkable
awakening in my father's congregaiion. I was then very much
affecled for many months, and concerned about the things of
religion, and my foul's falvation ; and wa* abundant in duties.
I ufed to pray five times a day in fecret, and to fpend much
time in religious talk with other boys ; and ufed to meet with
them to pray together. I experienced I know not what kind
of delight in religion. My mind was much engaged in it, and
had much felf-righteous pleafure ; and it was my delight to
abound in religious duties. I, with fome of my fchool-mates,
joined together and built a booth in a fwamp, in a very fecret
and retired place, for a place of prayer. And befides, I had
particular fecret places of my own in the woods, where I ufed
to retire by myfelf ; and ufed to be from time to time much af-
fefted. My afFeclions feemed to be lively and eafily moved,
and I feemed to be in my element, when engaged in religious
duties. And I am ready to think, many are deceived with
fuch affeftions, and fuch a kind of delight, as I ihen had in re
ligion, and miftake it for grace.
But in procefs of time, my ccmviclions and affeclions wore
off; and I entirely loft all thofe affe&ions and delights, and left
off fecret prayer, at leaft as to any conftant performance of it ;
and returned like a dog to his vomit, and went on in ways of
Jin. Indeed*
4.5 The LIFE of the Reverend
Indeed, I was at fome times very uneafy,efpecially towards
tlie latter part of the time of my being at college. 'Till it pleafed
Cod, in my laft year at college, at a time when I was in the
in id ft of many uneafy thoughts about the flate of my foul, to
feize me with a plurify ; in which he brought me nigh to the
grave, and (hook me over the pit of hell.
But yet, it was not long after my recovery, before ! fell
again into my old ways of fin. But God would not fuffer me
to go on with any qui-etnefs ; but I had great arid violent in
ward druggies : 'Till after many conflicts with wicked inclina
tions, and repeated refolutions, and bonds that I laid myfelf
under by a kind of vows to God, I was brought wholly to
break off all former wicked ways, and all ways of. known out
ward fin ; and to apply myfelf to feek my falvation, and prac-
tife the duties of religion : But without tha-jkkind of affetiion
and delight, that I had formerly experienced. My concern
now wrought more by inward flruggles and conflicts, and felf-
refleiiions. I made feeking my falvation the main J^ufinefs of
my life. But yet it feems to me, I fought after a miferable
manner : Which has made me fome rimes fince to queftion,
whether ever it ifliied in that which was faving ; being ready
to doubt, whether fuch miferable feeking was ever fucceeded.
But yet I was brought to feek falvaiion, in a manner that I ne
ver was before I felt a fpirit to part wirh ail things in the
world, for an intereft in Chrift. My concern continued and
prevailed, with manv exercifing thoughts and inward ftruggles;
but yet it never feemecl to be proper to exprefs my concern
thar I had, by the name of terror.
From my childhood up, my mind had been wont to be full
of objections againil the doclrine of God's fovereignty, in choo-
fmg whom he would to eternal life, and rejecting whom he
pleafed; leaving them eternally to perifh, and be everlaflingly
tormented in hell. It ufed to appear like a horrible doclrine
to me. But I remember the time very well, when I feerned
to be convinced, and fully fatisfied, as to this fovereignty of
God, and his jufiice in thus eternally difpofing of men, accor
ding to his fovercign pleafuie. But never could give an ac
count, how, or by what means, I was thus convinced ; not in
the lead imaginiwg, in the fimeofit, nor a long time alter,
that there was any extraordinary influence of God's fpirit in
it : but only that now I faw further, and my rcafon appre
hended the juilice and reafonablenefs of it. However, my
mind
Mr. J O N A T H A N E D W A R D S. 47
mind refted in it ; and it put an end to all thofe cavils and ob-
jeftions, that had until then abode with me, all the preceding
part of my life. And there has been a wonderful alteration in
my mind, with refpecl to the doctrine of God's fovereignty,
from that day to this ; fo that I fcarce ever have found fo much
as the rifingof an obje6tion againft God's fovereignty, in the
moft abfolute fenfe, in (hewing mercy to whom he will fhew
inercy, and hardening and eternally damning whom he will.
God's abfolute fovereignty, and juftice, with refpefl to falva-
tion and damnation, is what my mind feems to reft allured of,
as much as of any thing that I fee with my eyes ; at leaft it is
fo at times. But I have often times fince that firft conviclion,
had quite another kind of fenfe of God's fovereignty, than I
had then. I have often fince, not only had a conviction, but
a delightful conviion. The doclrine of God's fovereignty
has very often appeared, an exceeding pleafant, bright and
fweet doclrine to me : and abfolute fovereignty is what I love
to afcribe to God. But my firft conviction was not with
this.
The firft that I remember that ever I found any thing of
that fort of inward, fweet delight in God and divine thing?,
that I have lived much in fince, was on reading thofe words,
i Tim. i. 17. " Now unto the King eternal, immortal, invifi-
44 ble, the only wife God, be honor and glory for ever and
" ever, Amen." As I read the words, there came into rnv
foul, and was as it were diffufed through it, a fenfe of the glory
of the Divine Being ; a new fenfe, quite different from any
thing I ever experienced before. Never any words of fcrip-
ture leemed to me as thefe words did. I thought with myfelf,
how excellent a Being that was ; and how happy I fhouid be,
if I might enjoy that God, and be wrapt up to God in Heaven,
and be as it were f wall owed up in Him. I kept faying, and as
it were fmging over thefe words of feripture to myieif ; and
went to prayer, to pray to God that I might enjoy him ; end
prayed in a manner quite different from what I ufed to do;
with a new fort of affeclion. But it never carne into rny
thought, that there was any thing fpiritual, or of a faving na
ture in this.
From about that time, I began to have a new kind of ap
prehenfions and ideas of Chrirf, and the work of redemption,
and the glorious way of falvation by him. I had an inward,
. fweet fenfe of thefe things, that at times came into my heart ;
and
48 The LIFE of the. Reverend
and my foul was led away in pleafant views and contemplations
of them. And rny mind was greatly engaged, to fpend my
time in reading and meditating on Chrift ; and the beauty and
excellency of his perfon, and the lovely way of falvation, by
free grace in him. I found no books fo delightful to me, as
thofe that treated of thefe fubjecls. Thofe words, Cant. ii. i.
ufed to be abundantly with me : " I am the rofe of Sharon,
*' the liliy of the valleys." The words feemed to me, fweetly
to reprefent, the lovehnefs and beauty of Jefus Chrift. And
the whole book of Canticles ufed to be pleafant to me ; and I
ufed to be much in reading it, about that time. And found,
from time to time, an inward fweemefs, that ufed, as it were,
to carry me away in my contemplations ; in what I know not
how to exprefs otherwife, than by a calm, fweet abftraftion of
foul from all the concerns of this world ; and a kind of vifion,
or fixed ideas and imaginations, or being alone in the moun
tains, or fome folitary wildernefs, far from all mankind, fweet-
ly converfing with Chrift, and wrapt andfwallowed up in Qod.
The fenfe I had of divine things, would often of a fudden as-
it were, kindle up a fweet burning in my heart ; an ardor of
my foul, that I know not how to exprefs.
Not long after I firft began to experience thefe things, I gave
an account to my father, of fome things that had palled in my
mind. I was pretty much aflfefted by the difcourfe we had to
gether. And when the difcourfe was ended, I walked abroad
alone, in a folitary place in my father's pafture, for contempla
tion. And as I was walking there, and looked up on the fky
and clouds ; there came into my mind, a fweet fenfe of the glo
rious majefty and grace of God, that I know not how to ex
prefs. I feemed to fee them both in a fweet conjunction : ma
jefty and meeknefs joined together : it was a fweet and gentle,
and holy Majefty ; arid alfo a majeftic meeknefs ; an awful
fweetnefs ; a high, and great* and holy gentlenefs.
After this my fenfe of divine things gradually increafed, and
became more and more lively, and had more of that inward
f weetneis. The appearance of every thing was altered : there
teemed to be, as it were, a calm, fweet calt, or appearance of
divine glory, in almoft every thing. God's excellency, his
willloin, his purity and love, feemed to appear in every thing ;
in the fun, moon and ftars ; in the clouds, and blue fky ; in the
grafs, flowers, trees ; in the water, and all nature ; which ufed
greatly to fix my mind. I often ufed to fit and view the moon,
for
Mr. J o x A T ii A x E r> w A n D s> 39
for a long time ; and fo in the. day time, fpent much time in
viewing the clouds and iky, to behold the fweet glory of God in
thefe things: in the mean time, finging forth with a low voice,
my contemplations of the creator and redeemer. And fcarce
any thing, among all the works of nature, was fo fweet to me
as thunder and lightning. Formerly, nothing had been fo terri
ble to me. I ufed to be a perlbn uncommonly terrified with
thunder : and it ufed to ilrike me with terror, when I law athun-
der-ftorm rifing. But now, on the contrary, it rejoiced me.
I felt God at the firft appearance of a thunder-ftorm. And
ufed to take the opportunity at fuch times, to fix myfelf to
view the clouds, and fee the lightnings play, and hear the ma-
jeftic and awful voice of God's thunder : which often times
was exceeding entertaining, leading me to fweet contemplations
of ray great and glorious God. And while I viewed, ufed
to fpend my time, as it always feemed natural to me, to fing
or chant forth my meditations ; to fpeak my thoughts in foli-
loquies, and fpeak with a finging voice.
I felt then a great fatisfa6iion as to my good eftate. But
that did not content me. 1 had vehement longings of foul
O O
after God arid Chrift, and after more holinefs ; wherewith
my heart feemed to be full, and ready to break : which often
brought to my mind, the words of the Pfalmift, Pfal. cxix.
28. " My foul breaketh for the longing it h:uh." I often felt
a mourning arid lamenting in my heart, that 1 had not turned
to God fooner, that I might have had more time to grow in.
grace. My mind was greatly fixed on divine things ; I was
almofl perpetually in the contemplation of '.them. Spent
moft of my time in thinking of divine things, year after year.
And ufed to fpend abundance of my time, in walking alone
in the woods, and folitary places, for meditation, foliloquy
and prayer, and converfe with God. And it was always my
manner, at fuch times, to fing forth my contemplations. And
was almo{t conilantly in ejaculatory prayer, wherever I was.
Prayer feemed to be natural to me ; as the breath, by which
the inward burnings of my heart had vent.
The delights which I now felt in things of, religion, wer
of an exceeding different kind, from those forementioned,
that I had when I was a boy. They were totally of another
kind ; and what I then had no more notion or idea of, than
one born blind has of pleafant and beautiful colours. They
\vcreof a more inward. iv.ir<\. fou!-unima:i:'ir .ami refrr filing
O LIT. ure.
$O -The L l r </ Afc Reverend
nature. Thofe former delights, never reached ihc heart ;
and did not arife from any fight of the divine ''excellency of
.the things of God ; or any taiie of the foul-fatisfying, and
life-giving good, there is in them.
My fenfe of divine things feemed gradually to increafe,
until I went to preach at New-York ; which was about a year
and a half after they began. While 1 was there, I felt them,
very fenfibly, in a much higher degree, than I had done be
fore. My longings after God and holinefs, were much in-
creafed. Pure arid humble, holy and heavenly chnftianky,
appeared exceeding amiable to me. I felt in me a burning
dcfire to be in every thing a complcat chriftian ; and conform
ed to the bleiTed image of Clirill : and that 1 might live in all
things, according to the pure, fweet and bleiTed rules of the
gofpel. I had an eager thiriiing after progrefs in thefe things.
My longings after it, put me upon purfuing and preiTmg after
them. It was my continual f I rife day and night, and conftant
inquiry, how I mould be more holy, and live more holily, and
more becoming a child of God, and difciple of Chrift. I
fought an encreafe of grace and holinefs, and that I might
Jive an holy life, with vaflly more earneihiefs, than ever I
fought grace, before I had it. I ufed to be continually examin
ing myfelf, and iludying and contriving for likely ways and
means, how I ihould live holily, with far greater diligence
and earneftnefs, than ever I purfued any. thing in my life :
But with too great a dependence on my own ftrength ; which
afterwards proved a great damage to me. My experience had
not then taught me, as it has done fince, my extreme feeble-
nefs and impotence, every manner of way ; and the innumera
ble and bottomlefs depths of fecret corruption and deceit, that
there was in my heart. However, I went on with my eager
purfuit after more holinefs ; and fweet conformity to Chrift.
The Heaven I defiied was a Heaven of holinefs ;*to be with
God, and to fpend my eternity in divine love, arid holy com
munion with Chrift. My mind was very much taken up with
contemplations on Heaven, and the enjoyments of thofe there ;
and living there in perfeft holinefs, humility and love. And
it ufed at that time to appear a great part of the happinefs of
Heaven, that there the faints could exprefs their love to Chrift.
It appeared to me a great clog and hindrance and burden to
me, that what I felt within, I could not exprefs to God, and
give vent to, as I defired. The inward ardor of my foul,
feemed
Mr. JONATHAN EDWARDS. 51
feemed to be hindered and pent up, arid could not freely flame
out as it would. 1 ufed often to think, hoW in Heaven, this
fweet principle (hould freely and fully vent and etfprefs itfelf.
Heaven appeared tome exceeding delightful as 1 a world of -love.
It appeared to me, that all happinds con li lied in living in
pure, humble, heavenly, divine love.
I remember the thoughts 1 ufed' then to have of holinefs.
I remember 1 then laid foitie'.imes to ni) felf, I do' certainly
know that I love holinefis, fuch as the gofpel prefcribes. It
appeared tb me, there was nothing in it but what was ravifrr-
ingiy lovely. It appeared tome, to be the higheft beauty and
amiableiiefs, above all other beauties : that it Was a divine
beauty ; far purer than any thing here upon earth ; and that
eve-y thing elfe, was like mire, filth and defilement, in corn-
pa rifon of it.
Holinefs, as I then wrote down fome of my Contemplations
on it, appeared to me to be of a fweet, pleafant, charming,
ferene, cairn nature. It feemed to me, it brought aii inexprefii-
ble purity, brightness, pcacefulnefs and ravifhment to the
foul : and that it made the foul like a field or garden of God,
with all manner of pleafant flowers ; that is alf pleafant, de
lightful and undilturbed ; enjoying a fwedt c^lm, and the
gently vivifying beams of the fun. The foul of a' true chrif-
tian, as I then wrote my meditations, appeared like fuch a
little white flower, as we fee in the fpring of the year ; low
and humble on the ground, opening it's hofoni, to receive th
pleafant beams of the fun's glory ; rejoicing as it were, in a
calm rapture ; difTufing around a fweet fra'grancy ; {landing
peacefully and- lovingly, in the midft of other flowers round
about; all in like manner opening their bofoms, to drink iii
the light of the fun.
There was no part of creature-holinefs, that I then, and at
other times, had fo great a fenfe of the lovelinefs of, a's humili
ty, brok^nnefs of heart and poverty of fpirit : and there was
nothing that I- had fuch .a fpirit to long for. My heart as it
were panted after this, to lie low .before God, and in the dufl ;
that I might be nothing, arid that' God might be all ; that I
might become as a little child.
While I -was there at New- York, I fomefimes was much
afFefted with reflexions on my paft life, conficle'ring how late
it was, before I began to be truly religious ; and how wicked
ly I had live'd till then : and once fo as to weep abundantly,
and for a considerable time together. On
5^ .: The L-rr E of the -.Reverend
Qn January 12, 1722 3. I made a folemn dedication of
myfelf to God, and wrote it down ; giving up myjeif, and
all that I had to God .; to be for the futuie in no refpecl my
own; to ai as one thai had no right to himfelf, in any refpeci:.
Arid folemnly vowed to take God for my whole portion and
felicity ; looking on nothing eife as any part of my happinefs,
Jior acting as if it were : and his law ior the conftant rule of
iny obedience : engaging to fight with all my might, againft
the world, the fie in and the devil, to the end of my life.
But have rea fun to be infinitely humbled, when I confider,
how much I 'have failed of anfwcririg my obligation.
I had, then abundance of fweet religious converfation in the
family where I lived, with Mr. John Smith, and his pious
mother. My heart was knit in affection to thofe, in whom
were appearances of true piety ; and I could bear .the; thoughts
of no other companions, but fuch as were holy, and the dif-
ciples of the bleifed Jtfus.
I had great longings for the advancement of C brill's
kingdom in ihe world. Mv. fecret prayer u fed to be in great
part taken up in praying for it: If I heard the leaft; hint
of any thing that happened in any part of the world, that ap
peared, to me, in fonic refpeci Brother, to have a favorable
afpeft on the intereft of Cin ill's, kingdom, my foul -eagerly
catched.at.it ; and it would much animate and refreih me. I
Hied to be earneft to read public news-letters, mainly for that
end ; to fee if I could not find fome news favorable to the
intereft of religion in. the, world.
I very frequently ufed to retire into a folitary place, on the
banks of Hudfon's river, at fome diftance from the city, for
contemplation, on divine' thing.s, and fecret converfe with
God ; and had many fweet hours there. Sometimes Mr,
Smith and. I walked there together, to converfe. of the things
ofGoci ; and our conyerfution ui^d much to ti'^n-on the ad-r
vancement of. C'nri ft '.s' kingdom in the world, .and the glori
ous things that God would accompliPri for his church in the
latter d.ays.
I had then, and at other times, the greateft delight in the
holy fcriptures, of any book whcUi'bever. Oftentimes in
reading it, every word fecmc-d to touch my heart. I felt an
harmony between fomcthing in my heart, and thofe fweet and
powerful words. I feemed often to fee fo much light, exhibit-
<^cl by cvt>.ry fcntence, and fuch a rtfrcfhing ravifhing food
' communicated,
Mr. J Q X A T II A N E D W A R D S. ;j
communicated,, that I-could riot; get along in reading. Ufed
oftentimes to dwell long on one ientcncc, to fee the wonders
contained in it ; and yet alnaofi every ientence feemed to be
full of wonders.
L came away from New-York in. the month of April, 1723,
and had a 'moil, bitter parting with Madam Smith and her fon.
My heart teemed -to fink within me, at leaving the family and
city, where I. had. enjoyed fo many fweei and pleafant days. I
wcnt from New-York to Weathersueld by water. As I failed
away, I kept fight of the city as long as 1 could ; and when I
was O L U of fight, of it, it would affect me much to look that
way, with a kind of melancholy mixed with fweetnefs. How
ever, tlrat night alter this lorrowful parting, I ( was greatly com-
for-red in God at Welicheiter, where, we went afhore to lodge -
end- had a pieafant time of it all the voyage to Saybrook. It
was fweet to me to think of meeting dear chriftians in Heaven,
where we fliould never, part more. At Saybrook we went
amore to lodge on Saturday, , and there kept Sabbath ; where I
had a fweet and refrefhing feafon, walking alone in the fields.
After I came home to Windfor, remained much in alike
frame, of my mind, as I- had been in at New- York ; but only
iome times felt my heart re:idy- to fink, with the thoughts or.
my friends at. New r York. And my refuge and fupport was in
contemplations on the heavenly Hate ; as I find in my diary of
May i, 1723. It was my comfort to think of that Hate, where
there is fulnefs of joy ; where reigns heavenly, fweet, calm
and delightful love, without alloy; where there are continu
ally the dearell expreflions of this love; where is the enjoy -'
rnent of the perfons loved, without ever parting ; where thefe
perfons that appear fo lovely in this world, will really be inex-'
preflibly more lovely, and full of love to us. And how fweetly
will the mutual lovers join together to fing the praifes of God
and the Lamb ! How full will it fill us with joy, to think, that
this enjoyment, thefe fweet excrcifes will never ceafe or come
to an end ; but will lafi to all eternity !
Continued much in the fame frame in the general, that I
had been in at New-York, till I went to New-Haven, to live
there as tutor of the college ; having one fpecial feafon of un
common fweetnefs : particularly once at Bolton, in a journey
from Bolton, walking out alone in the fields. After I went to
New-
54 The L i F of the Reverend
^Jew- Haven, I funk in religion ; my mind being diverted from
my eager and violent piwfuhs after hohnefs, by fome affairs
fhat greatly perplexed and diilracied my mind.
In September, 1725, was taken ill at New-Haven ; and en-
favoring to go home to Windior, was fo ill at the North
Village, that 1 could go no further : where I lay fick-tor about
a quarter of a year. And in this fickncls, God was plealed to
vifit me again with the fvveet influences of his fpirit. My mind
was greatly engaged there on divine, pleafant contemplations,
and longings of foul. I obferved that thole who watched with
me, would often be looking out for the morning, and fecmed
fo-\viHi for it. Which brought to my mind thofe words of
the' Pfalmiit, which my foul with fweetnefs made its' own lan
guage. " My foul waiteth for the Lord, more than they that
tt ' watch for the morning 1 , I fay, more than they that watch
^ for the morning." And when the light of die morning came,
and the beams of the fun came iri at the- windows, it reirefhed
rtiy foul from one morning to another. It feemed to me to be
fome image of the fweet light of God's glory.
I remember, about thai time, I ufe$ gre'a-'tly to" long for the
converfion of fome that I was concerned- with* It 1'ec tried to
me, I could gladly honor thern, and with delight be a fervant to
them, and lie at their feet, if they were but truly holy.
But fome time after this, I was again greatly diverted in m^
mind, with. fome temporal concerns, that exceedingly took up
my thoughts, greatly to the wounding of my foul ; and \\ent
on through various exercifes, thai it would be tedious: to' relate^
that gave me much more experience of rny own heart, than
ever I had before.
Since I came to this town, [Northampton] I have often had
fweet complacency in God, in views of his- glorious pedetri-.
OTIS, and the excellency. of Jefus Chriir. God has appeared to
me. a glorious and lovely Being, chiefly on the accc.unt of his
hoiiftlls. The holinefs of Godhas always appeared to me the iroft
lovely. t>f all his attributes. The doftrines of God's abfolute
fovcreignty, and free grace, in (hewing mercy to whom he would
mew mercy; and man's abfolute dependance on the operations
of God's holy fp'irit, have very often appeared to me as fvveet
and glorious doFfrines. Thefe doclrines hax r e been much my
delight, God's fovereignty has ever appeared to me, as great
part
Mr. J O N A T H A N E D W A R D S. $
part of bis glory. It has often been fweet to me to go to God,
and adore him as a fovereign God, and aik fovereign mercy of
Him.
I have loved the doctrines of the gofpel : They have been
to my foul like green paftures. The gofpel has feemed tome
to be -the richeft treafure ; the treafure that I have moil d-efhed
and longed that it might dwell richly in me. The way of fai-
vation by Chnft, has appeared in a general way, glorious and
excellent, and moft pleatant and beautiful. It has often feem
ed to me, that it would in a great meafure fpoil Heaven, to re
ceive it in any other way. That text has often been affecting
and delightful to me, Ifai. xxxii. 2. " A man (hall be an hiding
" place from the wind, and a covert from the temped," &c.
It has ofieu appeared fweet to me, to be united to Chnft ; to
have Him for my head, and to be a member of his body: and
alfo to have Chrift for my teacher and prophet. I very often
think with fweetnefs and longings and pantings of foul, of be
ing a little child, taking hold of Chrift, to be led by Him thro*
the wildernefs of this world. That text, Matt, xviii. at the
beginning, has often been fweet to me, "Except ye be cori-
** verted, and become as little children, &c." I love to think
of coming to Chrift, to receive falvation of him, poor in fpirit,
and quite empty of felf ; humbly exalting Him.alorie; cut en
tirely off from my own root, and to grow into, and out of Chrilt,
to have God in Chrift to be all in all ; and to live by faith on
the Son of God, a life of humble, unfeigned confidence iii
Him. That fcripture has often been fweet to me, Pfal. cxv.
i. "Not unto us, O Lord, not unto us, but unto thy name
" give glory, for thy mercy, and for thy truth's fake." And
thofe words of Chrift, Luke x. 21. " In that hour Jefus rejoi-
44 ced in fpirit, and faid, I thank thee, O Father, Lord of Hea-
'* ven and earth, that thou haft hid thefe things from the wife
" and prudent, and haft revealed them unto babes : even f<>
" Father, for fo it feemed good in thy fight." That Sovereign
ty of God that Chrift rejoiced in, feerned to me to be worthy
to be rejoiced in ; and that rejoicing of Chrift, feemedto ine to
fliew the excellency of Chrift, and the fpirit that he was of.
Sometimes only mentioning a fingle word, caufes my h^.uri
to burn within me: or only feeing th* name of Chrift, or tho
name of fome attribute of God. And God has appeared glo
rious to me, on account of the timity. It has made me havq
exalting thoughts of God, that he Sptbfilts in thrse perfoii-5 ;
lather, Son, and HoJv Ghcft, T 'he
^56 . The- LIFE of the Reverend \
The fweeteft joys and delights I have : experienced, have not
been thofe that have arifen from a hope of my own good efb.e ;
but in a direct view of the glorious things of the gofpci.
When I enjoy this iwcetnefs, it feems ,to cany me above the
thoughts of my own fafe elhue.. IL fecms at fuch tin:es.a lofs
,that I cannot bear, to take off my eye from the glorious, '.plea-
fan t obje8 I behold without me, to turn my eve in upon myicif
and my own good ellate.
V. . My heart has been much on the advancement of Chrift's
.kingdom in the world. The hiftories of the paft advancement
of Chriil's kingdom, have been fweet to me. When I ha\e
read hiftories of pall ages, the pleafanteft thing in all my read
ing has been, to read of the kingdom of Chriit being promoted.
And when 1 have expe&ed in my reading, to come to any fuch
.thing, I have lotted upon it all the way as I read. And my
mind has been much entertained and delighted, with the
fcripture promifes and prophecies, of the future glorious ad-
'vancemcnt of Chrifl's kingdom on earth.
I have fometimes had a fenfe of the excellent fulnefs of
Chriil, and his meetnefs and fuitablenefs as a Saviour; where
by he has appeared to me, far above all, the chief of ten thou-
fands. And his blood and atonement has appeared fweet, and
.his righteoufnefs fweet ; which is always accompanied with
an ardency of fpirit, and inward ftrugglings and breathings and
groanings, that cannot be uttered, to be emptied of myfelf, and
fwallowed up in Chrift.
Once, as I rid out into the woods for my health, Anno 1737 ;
and having lit from my horfe in a retired place, as my manner
commonly has been, to walk for divine contemplation and
prayer ; I had a view, that for me was extraordinary, of the
glory of the Son of God ; as mediator between God and man ;
and his wonderful, great, full, pure and fweet grace and love,
and meek and gentle condefcenfion. This grace, that appeared
to me fo calm and fweer, appeared great above the Heavens.
The perfon of Chriir. appeared ineffably excellent, with. an ex-
, cellency great enough to fwallow up all thought and concepti
on. Which continued, as near as I can judge, about an hour ;
v.'hich kept rne, the greater part of the time, in a flood of tears,
and weeping aloud. I felt withal, an ardency of foul to. be,
what I know not otherwife ho'w to exprefs, than to Le emp
tied and annihilated ; to lie in the dull, and to be full ol Chrift
ylone ; to love him wi'l? a holy and pure love ; to trufl in him,;
to
Mr. JONATHAN EDWARDS. 'f
live upon him ; to ferve and follow him, and to be totally wrapt
up in the fulnefs of Chriit ; and to be perfectly fanftified and
made pure, with a divine and heavenly purity. I have feve-
ral other times, had views very much of the fame nature, and
that have had the fame effecis.
I have many times had a fenfe of the glory of the third per-
fon in the Trinity, in his office of fanttifier ; in his holy ope
rations communicating divine light and life to the foul. God
in the communications of his holy Spirit, has appeared as an
infinite fountain of divine glory and fweemefs ; being full and
fufficient to fill and fatisfy the foul : pouring forth itfelf in
Tweet communications, like the fun in its glory, fweetly and
pleafantly diffufing light and life*
I have fometimes had an affecling fenfe of the excellency of
the word of God, as a word of life ; as the light of life ; a
fweet, excellent, life-giving word : accompanied with a thirft-
ing after that word, that it might dwell richly in my heart.
I have often fmce I lived in this town, had Very afFecling
views of my own fmfulnefs and vilenefs ; very frequently fo as
to hold me in a kind of loud weeping, fometimes for a confi-
derable time together : fo that I have often been forced to fhut
myfelf up. I have had a vailly greater fenfe of my own wick-
ednefs, and the badnefs of my heart, fince my converfion, than,
ever I had before. It has often appeared to me, that if God
fhould mark iniquity againfl me, I mould appear the very worft
of all mankind ; of all that have been fince the beginning of the
world to this time : and that I fhould have by far the loweit
place in hell. When others that have come to talk with me
about their foul concerns, have expreffed the fenfe they have
had of their own wickednefs, by faying that it feerned to them
that they were as bad asfthe Devil himfelf ; I thought their
expreffions feemed exceeding faint and feeble, to reprcfent my
wickednefs. I thought I fhould wonder, that they fbould con
tent themfelves with fuch expreffions as thefe, if I had any rea-
fon to imagine, that their fin bore any proportion to mine. It
feemed to me, I fhould wonder at my felf, if I ihould exprefs
my wickednefs in fuch feeble terms as they did.
My wickednefs, as I am in myfelf, has long appeared to me
perfectly ineffable, and infinitely fwallowing up all thought and
imagination ; like an infinite deluge, or infinite mountains over
my head. I know not how to exprefs better, what my fin*
appear to rnc to be, than by heaping infinite upon infinite, and
H multiplying
^8 the LIFE of ike Reverend
multiplying infinite by infinite. I go about very often, for this
many years, with thefe expreilions in my mind, and in my
mouth, " infinite upon infinite infinite upon infinite !" When
I look into my heart, and take a view of my wickednefs, it
looks like an abyis infinitely deeper than hell. And it appears
to me, that were it not for free grace, exalted and raifed up to
the infinite height of all the fulnefs and glory of the great JE
HOVAH, and the arm of his power and grace ftretched forth,
in all the majefty of his power, and in all the glory of his fo-
vereignty ; I 'fhouid appear funk down in my fins infinitely
below hell itfelf, far beyond fight of every thing, but the pier
cing eye of God's grace, that can pierce even down to fuch a
depth, and to the bottom of fuch an abyfs.
And yet, I am not in the lead inclined to think, that I have
a greater conviction of fin than ordinary. It feems to me, my
conviction of fin is exceeding fmall, and faint. It appears to
me enough to amaze me, that I have no more fenfe ot my fin.
I know certainly, that I have very little fenfe of my finfulnefs.
That my fins appear to me fo great, do not fecm to me to be,
becaufe I have fo much more conviction of fin than other chri-
ftians, but becaufe I am fo much worfe, and have fo much more
wickednefs to be convinced of. When I have had thefe turns
of weeping and crying for my fins, I thought I knew in the
time of it, that my repentance was nothing to my fin.
I have greatly longed of late, for a broken heart, and to lie
low before God. And when I aik for humility of God, I can
not bear the thoughts of being no more humble, than other
chriftians. It feems to me, that though their degrees of humi
lity may be fuitable for them ; yet it would be a vile felf-exal-
tation in me, not to be the lowed in humility of all mankind.
Others fpeaking of their longing ^o be humbled to the dufr.
Though that may be a proper expreilion for them, I always
think for myfelf, that I ought to be humbled down below hell.
It is an exprefTion that it has long been natural for me to ufc
in prayer to God. I ought to lie infinitely low before God.
It is affecting to me to think, how ignorant I was, when
I was a young chriftian, of the bottomlefs, infinite depths oi
wickednefs, pride, hypocrify and deceit left in my heart.
I have vaftly a greater fenfe of my univerfal, exceeding de
pendence on God's grace and ftrength, and meer good pleafure,
of late, than I ufed formerly to have ; and have experienced
more of an abhorrence of my own righteoufnefs. The thought
of any comfort or joy, arifing in me, on any coniideration, or
reflection
Mr. JONATHAN EDWARDS. 59
refk'&ion on my own amiablenefs, or any of my performances
or experiences, or any goodnefs of heart or life, isnaufeous and
deteuable to me. And yet I am greatly airlifted with a proud
and felf-righteous fpirit ; much more fenfibly, than I ufed to
be formerly. I fee that ferpent rifmg and putting forth it's
head, continually, every where, all around me.
Though it feems to me, that in fome refpe&s I was a far
better chriftian, for two or three years after my firft ccnverfion,
than I am now ; and lived in a more conftant delight and plea-
fure : yet of late years, I have had a more full and conftant fenfe
of the abfolute fovereignty of God, and a delight in that fove-
reignty ; and have had more of a fenfe of the glory of Chrift,.
as a mediator, as revealed in the gofpel. On one Saturday
night in particular, had a particular diicovery of the excellency
of the gofpel of Chrift, above all other doctrines ; fo that I could
not but fay to my felf ; " This is my chofen light, my chofen
41 doclrine:" and of Chrift, " This is my chofen prophet/' It
appeared to me to be fweet beyond all expreiiion, to follow Chrift,
and to be taught and enlightened and inftrucled by him ; to
learn of him, and live to him.
Another Saturday night, January 1738 9, had fuch a fenfe,
how fweet and bleifed a thing it was, to w r alk in the way of du
ty, to do that which was right and meet to be done, and agreea
ble to the holy mind of God ; that it caufed me to break forth
into a kind of a loud weeping, which held me fome time ; fo
that I was forced to (hut myfelf up, and faften the doors. I
could not but as it were cry out, " How happy are they which
" do that which is right in the fight of GOD ! They are blef-
" fed indeed, they are the happy ones ! I had at ths lame time,
a very afFecling fenfe, how meet and fuitable it was that God
mould govern the world, and order all things according to his
own pleafure ; and I rejoiced in it, that God reigned, and that
his will was-done.
PART
The L i F E of the Reverend
PART III,
Containing a Hiftory of his Life from his ENTERING on the
Work of the Miniltry, unto his DEATH.
SECTION I.
His GENERAL MANNER of LIFE.
MR. EDWARDS made a fecret of his private devotion, and
therefore it cannot be particularly known : though there is
much evidence, that he was punctual, conftant and frequent in
fecret prayer, and often kept days of failing and prayer in fecret ;
and fct apart time for ferious, devout meditations on fpiritual
and eternal things, as part of his religious exercife in fecret. It
appears by his diary that in his youth he determined to attend
fecret prayqr more than twice a day, when circumftances would
allow. He was, fo far as it can be known, much on his knees
in fecret, and in devout reading God's word, and meditation,
upon it. And his conftant, folemn converfe with God in thefe
exercifes of fecret religion made his face, as it were, to mine be
fore others. His appearance, his countenance, words and whole
demeanor, (though without any thing of aiieded grimace and
four aufterity) was attended with a ferioufnefs, gravity and fo-
Jemnity, which was the natural genuine indication and expref-
dfion of a deep, abiding fenfe of divine things on his mind, and
of his living conftantly in the fear of God.
Agreeable fro his refolutions, he was very careful and abfte-
mious in eating and drinking ; as dcubtlefs it was neceffary fb
great a fludent, and a perfon of fo delicate and tender a bodily
make as he was, fhould be, in order to be comfortable ?.nd ufe-
ful. When he had, by careful obfervation, found '"'.at kind,
and what quantity of diet, beft fuited his conftitution, and ren
dered hirn moft fit to purllie his work, he was very ftrift and
exaft in complying with it; and in this refpecl: lived by rult\.
and herein coiiftantly pratlifed great felf-denial : Which he
alfo did in his conftant early rifing, in order to redeem time
for his itudy. He ufed himfelf to rife by four or between fou?
ftiid five in the mornin.
Air. JONATHAN E D w A R D s. 61
Though he was of a tender and delicate confti union, yet few
{Indents are capable of clofe application more hours in a day
than he. He commonly fpent thirteen hours every day in his
fludy. His moil ufual diverfion in the fummer was riding on
horleback and walking. He would commonly, unlefs diverted
by company, ride two or three miles after dinner to iome lone
ly grove, where he would di /'mount and walk a while. At
which times he generally carried his pen and ink with him, to
note any thought that mould be fuggefted, which he chofe to
retain and purfiie, as what promifed fome light on any impor
tant fubjecl. In the winter he was wont almoft daily to take
an ax and chop wood moderately for the fpace of half an hour
or more.
He had an uncommon thirft for knowlege, in the purfuit of
which, he fpared no coft nor pains. He read all the books,
efpecially books of divinity, that he could come at, from w r hich
he could hope to get any help in his purfuit of knowlege. And
in this, he confined not himfelf to authors of any particular
feel or 'denomination ; yea took much pains to come at the
books of themoft noted writers, who advance a fcheme of divi
nity moft contrary to his own principles. But he iludied the
BIBLE more than all other books, and more than moil other
divines do. His uncommon acquaintance with the Bible ap
pears in his fermons, and in moft of his publications : and his
great pains in ftudying it are rnanifeft in his manufcript notes
upon it ; of which a more particular account may be given
hereafter. He took his religious principles from the Bible,
and not from any human fyilem or body of divinity. Though
his principles were Calvinijlic, yet he called no man, father.
He thought and judged for himfelf, and was truly very much
of an original. This is evident. by what he publifhed in his
life-time, and is yet more fo by his MSS. Many volumes of
which he has left ; and the reader may expecl a more particu
lar account of them in the fequel. For reading was not the
only method he took to improve his mind ; but he did this
much by writing; without which, it is probable no Undent
can make improvements to the bell advantage. Agreeable to
refolution nth, he applied himfelf with all his might to
find out the truth; He fearched for undcrftanding and know
lege, as for filver, and digged for it, as forbid treafures. Eve
ry thought on any fubjecl, which appeared to him worth pur-
fuing and preferring, he purfued, as far as he then could, with
his
2 The L I F^.0/* the Reverend
his pen in his hand. Thus he was all his days, like the bufy
bee, collecting from every opening flower, andftoring up a flock
of knowlege, which was indeed fweet to him, as the honey
and the honey-comb. And as he advanced in years and in
knowlege, his pen was more and more employed, and his rna-
nufcripts grew much falter on his hands.
He was thought by fome, who had but a flight acquaintance
with him to be fliff and unfociable; but this was owing to
want of better acquaintance. He was not a man of many
words indeed, and wasfome-what referved among Grangers, and
thofe on whofe candor and friendfhip he did know he could re
ly. And this was probably owing to two things. Firft, the
ilricl guard he fet over his tongue from his youth, which ap
pears by his refolutions, taking great care never to ufe it in any
way that might prove mifchievous to any; never to fin with
Us tongue.; or to improve it in idle, trivial and impertinent
talk, which generally makes up a great part of the converfa-
tion of thofe who are full of words in all companies. He was
fenfible that in the multitude of words there wanteth not Sin :
and therefore refrained his lips, and habituated himfelf to think
before \\zjpoke, and to propofe fome good end even in all his
words ; which led him to be above many others, agreeable to
St. James's advice, flow to /peak. Secondly, this was in part
the effeft of his bodily confiiuuion. He poiTefled but a com
parative fmall flock of animal life : his animal fpirits were low
and he had not ftrength of lungs to fpare, that would be ne-
celfary in order to make him what would be called, an affable,
facecious gentleman, in all companies. They who have a great
flow of animal fpirits, and fo can fpeak with more eafe and lefs
expcnce, may doubtlefs lawfully practice free converfation in
all companies for a lower end, (e. g. to pleafe and render them-
felves acceptable) than he, who has not fuch a flock to expend
upon. It becomes him to referve what he has, for higher and
more, important fervice. Bcfides, the want of animal fpirits
lays a man under a natural inability to that freedom of con
verfation, at all tirpes, and in whatever company he is ; which
thofe of more life naturally go into ; and the greatefl degree of
a fociable difpofuioa, humility and benevolence, will not re*
move this obfiacle,
He was not forward to enter into any difpute among flran-
gers, and in companies where were perfons of different fenti-
merits; as he was fenfible thai fuch difpuies are generally un
profitable
Mr. JONATHAN E D \v A R D s. 63
profitable, and often finful and of bad confequence ; and he
thought he could difpute to the Left advantage with his pen in
his hand : Yet he was always free to give his fentirnents on
any fubjecl propofed to him ; and remove any difficulties or
objections offered by way of enquiry, as lying in the way of
what he looked upon to be the truth. But how groundlefs the
imputation of Jlijf and unfodablt was, his known and tried
friends bed knew. They alwas found him eafy of accefs, kind
and condefcending ; and though not talkative, yet affable
and free. Among fuch whofe candor and friendship he had
experienced, he threw off the referve, and was moft open and
free; quite patient of contradiction, while the utmoft oppofi-
tion was made to his fentirnents, that could be by any plaufible
arguments or objections. And indeed, he was on ail occafions
quite fociable and free withal, who had any fpecial bufinefs
with him.
In his conduct in his family he praclifed that confcientious
exa&nefs which was perfpicuous in all his ways. He main
tained a great efleem and regard for his amiable and excellent
confort. Much of the tender and kind was exprefiTed in his
converfation with her and condu6l towards her. He was wont
frequently to admit her into his itudy, and converfe freely with
her on matters of religion. And he ufed commonly to pray
with her in his fludy, at leaft once a day, unlefs fomething
extraordinary prevented. The time in which this ufcd to be
commonly attended, was juft before going to bed, after prayers
in the family. As he rofe very early himfelf, he was wont
to have his family up in feafon in the morning ; after which,
before the family entered on the bufmcfs of the day, he attend
ed on family prayers. When a chapter in ti[ie Bible was read,
commonly by candle-light in the winter ; upon which he a iked
his children queftions according to their age and capacity; and
took occafion to explain fome paiTages in it, or enforce^ any
duty recommended, &c. as he thought mod proper.
He was careful and thorough in the government of his
children ; and, as a confequence of this, they reverenced,
eiteemed and loved him. He took fpecial care to begin his
government of them in feafon. When they fir ft difcovered
any confiderable degree of will and ftubbornnefs, he would at
tend to them till he had thoroughly fubdued them and brought
them to fubmit. And fuch prudent thoiough discipline, ex-
rcifed with tlje greateft calmncfc, sn<] commonly without
ft ri king
64 The LIFE of the Reverend
Unking a blow, being repeated once or twice, was generally
fufficient for that child; and effectually eftablifhed his parental
authority, and produced a chearful obedience ever after.
He kept a watchful eye over his children, that he might ad-
roonifh them of the firjl wrong ilep, and direct them in the
right way. He took opportunities to treat with them in his
ftudy, fingly and particularly about their own foul's concerns ;
and to give them warning, exhortation and direction, as he
law occafion. He took much pains to in fir u ft them in the
principles of religion ; in which he made ufe of the Afftmbly's
Shorter Catechijm : not meerly by taking care ihat they learned
it by heart; but by leading them into an underftanding of the
<lo6trine? therein taught, by afking them queftions on each an-
fwer, and explaining it to them. His ufual time to attend
this was on the evening before the fabbath. And as he believ
ed that the Sabbath or holy time began at fun-fet the evening
before the day, he ordered his family to finifh all their fecular
bufmefs by that time or before; when they were all called to
gether, and a pfalm was fung and prayer attended, as an intro-
duclion to the fanctifying the Sabbath. This care and exacl:-
nefs effectually prevented that intruding on holy time, by at
tending on fecular bufmefs, too common in families where the
evening before the Sabbath is pretended to be obferved.
He was a great enemy to young people's imfeafonable com
pany-keeping and frolicking, as he looked upon it a great means
of corrupting and ruining youth. And he thought the excufe
many parents make for tolerating their children in it, (viz. that
it is the cuftom, and others children pra&ife it, which renders
it difficult, and even impoilible to reftrain theirs) was infuffici-
ent and frivolous : and manifefted a great degree of ftupidity, on
fuppofition the practice was hurtful and pernicious to their louls.
And when fome of his children grew up he found no difficulty
in retraining them from this pernicious pradtice ; but they cheer
fully complied with the will of their parents herein. He allow
ed not his children to be from home after nine o'clock at night,
when they went abroad to ifee their friends and companions.
Neither were they allowed to fit up much after that time, in his
own houfe, when any came to make them u vifit. It any gen
tleman delired acquaintance with his daughters ; after handfome-
}y introducing himfelf, by properly confulting the parents, he
was allowed all proper opportunity for it ; a room and fire if
needed : but muit not intrude on the proper hours of reft and
lleep, or the religion and order of the family.
He
Mr, J O N A T H A to 13 \V A R D S^ 6$
He had a ftrit and inviolable regard to juftice in all his deal-,
ings with his neighbours, and was very careful to provide for
things honed in the light of all men ; fo that fcarcely a man
had any dealings with him, that was not confcious of hisup-
rightneis* He appeared to have a facred regard to truth in his
words, both in promifes and narrations, agreeable to his refolu-
tiotis. This doubtlefs was one reafon why he was not fo full
of words as many are. No man feared to rely on his veracity.
He was cautious in chufing his intimate friends, and there
fore had not many that might properly be called fuch. But to
them he fhewed himfelf friendly in a peculiar manner. He was
indeed a faithful friend, and able above moil Others to keep a
fecret. To them he difcovered himfelf more than to Others, led
them into his views and ends in his conduit in particular inftan-
ces : by which they had abundant evidence that he well uader-
itooJ human nature ; and that his general rcfervednefs, and ma
ny particular inftances of his conduit, which a ftranger might
impute to ignorance of men, were really owing to his uncom
mon knowlege of mankind*
His converfation with his friends was always favoty and pro
fitable : In this he was remarkable, and almoft imgular. He
was not wont to fpend his time with them, in fcandal, evil-
fpeaklno; and back-biting, or in foolidi jefting, idle chat, and
telling itorics : But his mouth was that of the juit, which bring-
eth forth wifdom, and his lips difperfed knowlege. His tongue
was as the pen oi a ready writer, while he converfed about im
portant, heavenly, divine things, which his heart was fo full of,
in fuch a natural and free manner, as to be moft entertain
ing and inftmtive : fo that none of his friends could enjoy
his company without inftrution and profit, unlefs k was by
their own fault.
His great benevolence to mankind difcovered itfelf, among
other ways, by the uncommon regard he mewed to liberality,
and charity to the poor and diftrefied. He was much in recom
mending this, both in his public difcourfes and private conver
fation. He often declared it to be his opinion, that profefled
chriftians, in thefe days are greatly deficient in this duty , an4-
much more fo, than in moil other parts of external chriitianity,
He oftc-n obferved how much this is fpokeri of, recommended
and encouraged in the hoty fcripture, efpecially in the New-
Teftameni. And it was his opinion, that every particuJar
church ought by frequent and liberal contributions, to maintain
vk, that might be ready for rife poor and necefiitous
66 . The Lilt of the- Reverend
members of that church : and that the principal bufmcfs of dea
cons is to take care of the poor in the faithful and judicious
diftribution ,and improvement of the church's temporals, lodged
in their hands. And hedid not content himfelfwith only re
commending charity to others, but pradifed it much himfelf:
Though, according to his mailer's advice, he took great care
to conceal his deeds of charity ; by which means doubtlefsmoft
of his alms-deeds will be unknown till the refurrection, which
if known, would prove him to be as great an inltance of charity
as any that can be produced in this age. This is not mere
conjecture, but is 'evident many ways. He was forward to
give on all public occafions of charity, though when it could
properly be done, he always concealed the mm given. And
fpme inftances of his giving more privately have accidentally
come to the knowlege of others, in which his liberality appear
ed in a very extraordinary degree. One of the inftances was
this. Upon hearing that a poor obfcure man, whom he never
faw, or any of his kindred, was by an extraordinary bodily
diforder, brought to great ftraits; he, unafked, gave a confi-
derable film to a friend to be delivered to the dHlrefled perfon ;
having firft required a-promife of him, that he would let nei
ther the perfon, who was the objel of his charity, nor any
one elfe know by whom it was given. This may ferve both as
an inftance of his extraordinary chanty, and of his great care
to conceal it. *
Mr. Edwards had the mofl univerfal character of a good
preacher of almoftany minillerin this age. There were but few
that heard him, who did not call him a good preacher, howe
ver they might difiike his religious principles, and be much of
fended at the fame truths when delivered by others : And moft
admired him above all that ever they heard. His eminency
as a preacher feems to be owing to the following things.
Firft, The great pains he took in competing his iermons,
efpeciafly in the firft part of his life. As by his early rifing,
and conftant attention to his ftudy, he had more time than
/moft others; fo he fpent more time in making his fermons.
He wrote moft of his fermons all out, for near twenty years
after he firft began to preach ; though he did not wholly con
fine himfelf to his notes in his delivering them.
Secondly,
* As both the giver, and the object of his chanty are dead, and
all the ends of the propofed fecrecy are anfwered ; it is thought not
inconliftent with the above mentioned promife, to make known the
faft, as it is here related.
Mr. J O N A T H A N E D W A R D S. 6/
Secondly, His great acq uaintance with divinity, his ftudy
and knowlege of the bible. His extenfive and imiverfal
knowlege,and great clearnefs of thought, enabled him to handle
every fubjecl: with great judgment and propriety, and to bring
out of his treafury things new and old. Every fubjeft he
handled was indruclive, plain, entertaining and profitable ;
which was much owing to his being matter of the fubjeft, and
his great fkill to treat it in a moft natural, eafy, and profitable
manner. None of his compofures were dry fpeculations, or
unmeaning harangues, or words without ideas. When he
dwelt on thofe truths which are much controverted and op-
pofed by many, which was often the cafe, he would fet them
in fuch a natural and eafy light, and every fentiment from
fiep to ftep, would drop from his lips, attended with fueh clear
and {hiking evidence, both from fcripture and reafori, as even
to force the affent f every attentive hearer.
Thirdly, His excellency as a preacher was very much the
efFecl; of his great acquaintance with his own heart, his in
ward fenfe and high relifh of divine truths, and the high ex-
ercife of true, experimental religion. This gave him a great
infight into human nature : He knew what was in man, both
the faint and the finner. This helped him to fkill, to lay truth
before the mind, fo as not only to convince the judgment, but
touch the heart and conference ; and enabled him to fpeak
out of the abundance of his heart, what he knew, and teftify
what he had feen and felt. This gave him a tafte and difcern-
ing, without which he could not have been able to fill his
fermons, as he did, with fuch ftriking, affefting fentiments,
all failed to folemnize, move, and reclify the heart of the
hearer. His fermons were well connected, not ufually long,
and commonly a large part taken up in the improvement ;
which was clofely connected with the fubjeft, and confifted
in fentiments naturally flowing from it.
But no defcription of his fermons will give the reader the
idea of them which they have who fat under his preaching, or
have even read fome of his difcourfes which are in print.
There is a great number now in manufcript, which are pro
bably as worthy the view of the public, and at leaft tend as
much to inftruft and quicken chriftians, as moft that have
been publimed, in this century.
His appearance in the defk was with a good grace, and his
delivery eafy, natural and very folemn. He had not a ftrong,
loud
68 The L i F E of the Reverend
Joud voice ; but appeared with fuch gravity and folemnity,
and fpake with fuch diftinclnefs, ciearnefs and precifion ; his
\vords were fo 'full of ideas, fet in fuch a plain and finking
light, that few fpeakers have been fo able to demand the au
tendon of an audience as he. His words often discovered a
great degree of inward fervor, without much noife or exter
nal emotion, and fell with great weight on the minds of his
Jiearers, He made but little motion of his head or hands in
the defk, but fpake fo as to difcover the motion of his own
heart, which tended in the moll natural and effectual manner
to move and affecl others.
As he wrote his fermons out at large for many years, and
always wrote 3 confiderable part of moil of his public difcour-
ies ; fo he carried his notes into the defk with him, and read
the moil that he had wrote ; yet he was not fo confined to his
potes, when he had wrote at large, but that, if fome thoughts
\vere fuggefied while he was fpeaking, which did not occur
\vhen writing, and appeared to him pertinent and finking, he
would deliver them ; and that with as great propriety and
fluency, and oftner with greater pathos, and attended with a
inore fenfible good efTecl: on his hearers, than all he had wrote,
Though, as has been obferved, he was wont to pead fo con
fiderable a part of what he delivered ; yet he was far from
thinking this the bed way of preaching in general ; and look-,
cd upon his ufmg his notes fo much as he did, a deficiency and
infirmity. And in the latter part of his life was inclined to
think it had been better, if he had never accujfiorned himfelf
to ufe his notes at all, It appeared to him that preaching
vvholly without notes, agreeable to the cuftom in moft protef*
tarit countries, and what feems evidently to have been the man
ner of the apoftles and primitive miniflers of the gofpel, was
by far the rnofl natural way ; and had the greateft tendency on
the whole, to anfwer the end of preaching : and fuppofed that
pone who had talents equal to the work of the minifuy, was
incapable of fpeaking memoriter, if he took fuitable pains for
this attainment from his youth. He would have the young
preacher write all his fermons, or at leaft moft of them, out
at large ; and jnftead of reading them to his hearers, take pains
to commit them to mernorv. Which, though it would require
p great deal of labour at firft, yet would foon become eafier
by ui'e, and help him to fpeak more correctly and freely, and
JL-C of great fervice to him all his clays.
His
Mr. J O N A T K A N E D W A R D S. 69
His prayers were indeed extempore.. He was the farthefl
from any appearance of a form, as to his words and manner
of exprefiion of almoft any man. He was quite fmgular and
inimitable in this, by any who have not a i'pirit of real and
undiflembled devotion. Yet he always expreiJed himfelf with
decency and propriety. He appeared to have much of the
grace and fpirit of prayer ; to pray with the fpirit and with
the under/landing : and he performed this part of duty much
to the acceptance and edification of thofe who joined with him.
He was not wont, in ordinary cafes to be long in his prayers :
an error which he obferved was often hurtful to public and
focial prayer, as it tends rather to damp than promote true
devotion.
He kept himfelf quite free from worldly cares. He gave
himfelf wholly to the work of the miriiflry, and entangled not
himfelf with the affairs of this life. He left the particular
Dver-fight and direction of the temporal concerns of his family,
almoft entirely to Mrs. Edwards ; who was better able than
moft of her fex to take the whole care of them, on her hands.
He was lefs acquainted with moil of his temporal affairs than
many of his neighbours ; and feldom knew when and by whom
his forage for winter was gathered in, or how many milk
kine he had ; whence his table was furnifhed, &c.
He did not make it his cuftom to vifit his people in their
own houfes, unlefs he was fent for by the fick ; or he heard that
they were under fome fpecial affliction. Inftead of vifiting
from houfe to houfe, he ufed to preach frequently at private
meetings in particular neighbourhoods ; and often call the
young people and children to his own houfe : when he ufed
to pray with them and treat with them in a manner fuited to
their years and circumftances. And he catechifed the chil
dren in public every Sabbath in the fummer. And he ufed
fometimes to propofe queftions to particular young perfons in
writing, for them to anfwer afte*- a proper time given them
to prepare. In putting out thefe queftions, he endeavoured to
fuit them to the age, genius and abilities of thofe to whom
they were given. His queftions were generally fuch as re
quired but a fhort anfwer ; and yet could not be anfwered
without a particular knowlege of fome hiftorical part of the
fcnpttire; and therefore led, and even obliged perfons to fludy
&c bible,
He
70 The LIFE of the Reverend
He did negleft vifiting his people from houfe to houfe,
becaufe he did not look upon it, in ordinary cafes, to be one
part of the work of the gofpel minifter. But he fuppofed that
mmifters (hould, with refpe6t to this, corifult their own talents
and circumftances, and vifit more or lefs, according to the
degree in which they could hope hereby to promote the great
ends of the gofpel miniftry. He. obferved that fome minifters
had a talent at entertaining and profiting by occaGonal vifits
among their people. They have words at will, and a knack
at introducing profitable, religious difcourfe in a free, natural,
and, as it were undefigned way. He fuppofed fuch had a call
to fpend a great deal of their time in vifning their people.
Sut he looked on his talents to be quite otherwife. He was
riot able to enter into a free converfation with every perfon he
met with, and in an eafy manner turn it to what topick he
pleafed, without the help of others, and, as it may, be, again ft
their inclination. He therefore found that his vifits of this
kind mitft be in a great degree unprofitable. And as he was
fettled in a. great town, it would take up a great part of his
time to' vifit from houfe to houfe ; which he thought he could
fpend in his ftudy to much more valuable purpofes, and fo as
much better to promote the great ends of his miniftry. For
it appeared to him, that he could do the greateft good to fouls,
and moft promote the intereft of Chrift by preaching and writ
ing, and converfing with perfons under religious impreflions
in his ftudy ; where he encouraged all fuch to repair ; where,
they might be fure, in ordinary cafes, to find him : and to
be allowed eafy accefs to him, and where they were treated
with all defirable tendernefs, kindnefs and familiarity. In
times therefore of the out-pouring of God's fpirit, and the
revival of religion among his people, his ftudy was thronged
with perfons to lay open their fpiritual concerns to him, and
feek his advice and direction : whom he received and converf-
ed with, with great freedom and pleafure, and had the beft
opportunity to deal in the moft particular manner with each
one.
HE was a.fkilful guide to fouls under fpiritual difficulties,
was therefore fought unto not only by his own people,
but by many .who lived fcores of miles off. He became fueh
an able guide, partly by his own experimental acquaintance
with divine things, and unwearied ftudy of God's word; and
partly by his having fo much concern with fouls under fpiri
tual
Mr. J O N A T H A ' N E D W A R D S. 71
tual troubles. For he had not been fettled in the work of the
miniftry many years before the fpirit of God was wonderful
ly poured out on his people, by which a great concern about
their fouls became almoft univerfal ; and a great number were
hopefully the fubjefts of faving converfion. This >vas prin
cipally in the year 1734. A particular account of which has
been wrote by him, entitled, A faithful narrative of Iks fur-
prizing work of God in the converjion of many hundred fonts in
Northampton. Which has been printed in England, Germany
and America ; to which the reader muft be refered.
And there was another remarkable time of the outpouring
of God's fpirit in the years 1740, and 1741, in which North
ampton partook largely ; though not exclufive of mofl other
parts of the land. Mr. Edwards in this time had to deal not
Only with his own people, but with multitudes of others. The
hearing that the fame things were at Northampton feme years
before, and the fame Mr. Edwards had for knowlege, piety,
And a great acquaintance with experimental religion, naturally
led both minifters and people, in almoft all parts of New-Eng
land, to look to him fordireclion and affiftance, in this ex
traordinary time. Being in this time earneftly folicitedby the
minifters and people of many places to come and preach
among them, he went to many ; though he was not able to
gratify all who defired him. And his preaching was attended
with great fuccefs.
And as many of the minifters and people in New-England,
had been unacquainted with fuch things as then appeared, they
were greatly expofed to run wild, as it were, and actually did.
by the fubtle temptations of the devil, taking advantage of the
ignorance and wickednefs of men's hearts, go into great ex
tremes both as oppofers and friends to the work of God. Mr.
Edwards was greatly helpful by his direction and afliftance
againft the two oppofite extremes, both in converfion, preach
ing and writing. His publications on this occafion were efpe-
cially of great and extenfive fervice. Of which it maybe
proper to give fome account here.
The firll is a fermon preached at New-Haven, Sept. 10,
1741, On the. diftinguifhing marks of the fpirit of God, &c.
In the year 1742, he published a book of five parts, intitleJ,
Some thoughts concerning the prefent revival of religion in AV&-
England, and the way in which it ought to be ackiwzylrged and
promoted^ c.
In
72 The LIFE of 'tin Reberend .
In the- year 1746, he publimed a Trecttift on Religious Af+
fe&ions, All whieh might be juftly confidered by the church
of chriftas a voice behind them faying, " This is the way, walk
** therein/' F/pecialfy the laft-memioned book, which has
beau eiteemed by many the bell that has been wrote on that
fubjeft; fetting the diftin&ion between true and falfe religion
in the moft clear and ftriking light.
To the fame purpofe, is The life of the Rev. Mr. DAVID
BRAINERD, with reflexions and obftrvations thereon ; pub-
limed by Mr. EDWARDS in the year 1749.
Mr. Edwards was what by iome is called a rigid Calvinift*
Thofe doclrines of Calvinifm, which have been moft objected
againft, and given the greateft offedce, appeared to him as fc.rip-
tural, reafonable and important as any; and he thought that to
give them up, was in effeft to give up all. And therefore he
looked upon thofe who called themfelves CalviniJ}s t that were
for palliating the matter, by, as it were, triming off the knots of
Calvinifm, that they might conform it more to the tafte of
thofe who are moil difpofed to object againft it, were really
giving up and betraying the caufe they pretend to efpoufe ;
and were paving the way not only to Arminianifm, but to
Deifm. For if thefe doftrines, in the whole length and breadth
of them were relinquifhed, he did not fee, where a man could
fet his foot down with confiftency and fafety, fhort of Deifm>
or even Atheifm itfelf ; or rather univerfal Scepticifm.
He judged that nothing was wanting, but to have thefe doc
trines properly ftated and judicioufly and well defended, in order
to their appearing mod agreeable to reafon and common fenfe,
as well as the doctrines of revelation ; and that this there
fore was the only effectual method to convince, or filence and
Ihame the oppofers of them. All will be able to fatisfy them
felves of the truth of this, by reading his treatife on Jujhfica-
lion, and his two lafl books on the Freedom of the Will, and
Original Sin.
. In this view of things, he thought it of importance that mi-
nifters mould be very critical in examining candidates for tlx?
rniniftry, with refpeclto their principles \ as well as their religi
ous difpofition and morals. And on this account he met with
confiderable difficulty and oppofition in fome inftances. His
opinion was, that an erroneous or unfaithful mimfter was likely
to
Mr. JONATHAN EDWARD & y%
to do more hurt than good to the church of Chrift ; and there
fore he could not have any hand in introducing a man into the
miniflry, unlefs he appeared found in the faith, and manifefted
to a judgment of charity, a difpojition to bcjaithjuL
SECTION II.
His DiSMtssiOM from Northampton, with the accajion and
circwnftances of it*
MR. EDWARDS was very happy in the efteern and love
of his people for many years, and there was the greatell
profpeft of his living and dying fo. He was the lail niinifter
almoit in New-England that would have been pitched upon tea
be oppofed and renounced by his people. But by what has
come to pafs with refpe6t to this, we have an inftruclive lefTon
on the inilability of all human affairs, and the unreafonablcnefa
of trufling in man.
In the year 17-|4 Mr. Edwards was informed that fome
of the young perfons in town, who were members of the church,
had books in keeping, which they improved to promote lafcivU
ous and obfcenc difcourfe among the young people. And up
on enquiring, a number of perfons were found to teftify, that
they had heard one and another from time to time talkobfccne-
ly ; as what they were led to by reading a book or books*
which they had among ther.i. Upon which Mr. Edwards
thought the brethren of the church ought to look into the
matter. And in order to introduce it, he preached a fermort
from Heb. xii. 1,5, 16. " Looking diligently, left any man fail
" of the grace of God, led any root of bitternefs fpringingup
" trouble you, and thereby many be defiled : left there be any
" fornicator, or profane perfon as Efau, &c/' After fermoa
he de fired the brethren of the church to ftay, and told them
what information he had got ; and propofed whether they
thought proper to take any nieafures to examine into the mat
ter. They with one confent and much zeal, manifciled ii toi
be their opinion, that it ought to be enquired into. And pro-\
ceeded to choofe a number of men, to affiit their paftor in exa*
xuining into the afl^ir. Upon which Mr. Edwards appointed
74' The LIFE of the Reverend
the time for their meeting at his houfe : and then read a cata
logue of the names of young perfons, whom he defired to come
to his houfe at the fame time. Some were the accufed, and
force witneffes ; but it was not then declared of which number
any particular pcrfon was.
When the names were publifhed, it appeared, that there
were but few of the confiderable families in town, to which
none of the perfons named did belong, or were nearly related.
Whether this was the occafion of the alteration or not, before
the day appointed came, a great number of heads of families
altered their minds (yea many condemned what they had done,
before they got home to their own houfcs) and declared, they
did not think proper to proceed as they had done; that their
children mould not be called to an account in fuch a way for
fuch things, &c. &c. And the town was fuddenly all on a
blaze. This ftrengthened the hands of the accufed, and fome
refufed to appear, and others that did appear, behaved unman
nerly, and with a great degree ofinfolence, and contempt of
the authority of the church. And little or nothing could be
done further in the affair.
This was the occafion of weakening Mr. Edwards's hands in
the work of the miniftry, elpecially among the young people :
with whom by this means he greatly loft his influence! This
feemed in a great meafure to put an end to Mr. Edwards's ufe-
fulnefs at Northampton, and doubtlefs laid a foundation, and will
help to account for the furprizing events which will by and by be
related. To be fure he had no great vifible fuccefs after this ;
but the influences of God's fpirit were greatly withheld, and
fecurity and carnality much incrcafed among them. That great
and fingular degree of vifible religion and good order which
had been found among them, foon began gradually to decay;
and the youth have fince been more wanton and dilTohite.
Mr. Stoddard, Mr. EdwarJs's grand-father and predeceflor
in the work of the miniftry, was of the opinion, that uncon
verted perfons had a right in the fight of God, or confidered
as fuch, to the facrament of the Lord's fupper ; that therefore
it was their duty to come to that ordinance, though they knew
they had no true goodnefs, or gofpel holinefs. He maintained,
; that vifiblq, chrifHanity does not confift in a profeflion or ap
pearance of that wherein true holinefs or real chrifHanity con-
fifts. That therefore the profefiicn which perfons make in or
der to be received as vifible membejs of Chrifl's church, ought
not
Mr. JONATHAN EDWARDS. 75,
not to be fach as to exprefs or imply a real compliance with, or
confent to the terms of the covenant of grace, or a hearty em
bracing the gofpel. So that they who really rejeft Jefus Chrift,
and diflike the gofpel way of falvation in their hearts, and
know that this is true of themfelves, may make the profefiion
without lying and hypocrify. Accordingly, he endeavoured to
form a fhort profeflion for perfons to make in order to be ad
mitted into the church and come to the facrament, anfwerable
to this principle. And it took place and was praclifed upon in
Northampton ; and perfons were admitted into the church,
and to the facrarnent, not under the notion of their being true
faints, or that they had any real goodncfs.
Mr. Stoddard's appearing to maintain this principle made a
great noife in the country ; and he was oppofed as introducing
fomething contrary to the principles and pra6Hce of alrnoft all
the churches in New-England. And the matter was publicly
controverted between him and Dr. Increafe Mather, of Bofton.
However, through Mr. Stoddard's great influence and afcen-
dance over the people at Northampton, it was introduced there
though not without oppofition. And his principles by degrees
fpread very much among minifters and people in that country,
and in other parts of New-England ; though no church except
Northampton publicly and profefledly afted upon this principle
by altering the profeilion that thofe made, who were admitted
to the facrament, to fuit it to fuch a notion : but required of all
who joined to the church a profefTion of that wherein true chriiti-
anity or real godlinefs confilis. And of late years his opinion that
perfons who have no real goodnefs, but are in a chrifllefs (late,
and know themfelves to be fo, may make a chriftian profeifioti
and come to the facrament, without lying and hypocrify ; and
that they have a right, and it is their duty fo to do, has greatly
fpread in the country.
Mr. Edwards had fome hefitation about this matter when be
firft fettled at Northampton, and afterwards ; but did not re
ceive fuch a degree of conviclion, that the admitting perfons
into the church, who made no pretence to real godlinefs was
wrong, as to prevent his praclifing upon it with a good confci-
ence, for fome years. But at length his doubts about the mat
ter greatly increafed, which put him upon examining it more
thoroughly than he had ever before done, by fearching the
fcripture, and reading and examining fuch books, as were xvrit-
teri to defend the admiffion of perfons to facraments, without R
profeflioii
f 6 The L I F E of the Reverend
profeflion of faving faith. And the refult was a full convifti-
on that it was wrong, and (hat he could not practice upon it
with a good conscience. He was fully convinced that to be a
vifible chriitian was to put on the vifibility or appearance of a
real chriftian ; that the profeflion of chriltianity was a profef-
fion of that, wherein real chriftianity corififts ; was therefore a
profeflion of true refpe6l of Chriit, and a hearty embracing the
go (pel, &c. That therefore no perfon who rejected Chrift in
his heart, could make fuch a profeflion confident with truth.
.And therefore, as the ordinance of the Lord's fupper was infti-
tuted for none but vifible profefling chriftians, none but thofe
\vho are real chriftians have a real right in the fight of God to
come to that ordinance : and that none ought to be admitted
thereto, who do not make a profeflion of real chriftianity, and
fo cannot be received in a judgment of charity as true friends
to Jefus Chrift, or real faints, *
When Mr. Edwavds's fentiments were known, in the fpring
of the year 1744, it gave great offence, and the town was put
into a great ferment : and before he was heard in his own de
fence, or it was known by many what his principles were, the
general cry was to have him difmifled, as what alone would
fatisfy them. This was evident from the whole tenor of their
conduct, as they neglecled and oppofed the moft proper means
of calmly confidering, and fo underftanding the matter in dif-
pute, and perfifted in a refufal to attend to what Mr. Edwards
bad to fay in defence of his principles. And from beginning
to end oppofed the meafures which had the beft tendency to
compromife and heal the difficulty ; and with much zeal pur-
fued thofe, which were calculated to make a feparation certain
and fpeedy,
Mr, Edwards thought of preaching on the fubjecl, that they
might know what were his fentiments, and what were the
grounds of them, (of both which he was fenfible the moft of
them were quite ignorant) before they took any flep for afepa^
ration between him and hjs people. But that he might do
nothing
* They who have a defire more fully to underftand this controverfy
and know if it is juftly rcprefented here, may do it by reading what
Mr. Edwards \vrotconthisoccafion, in order to explain and vindicate
jhis principles ; together with the Rev, Mr. Williams 's anfwer, and
Mr. Edwards 's reply to him. And if they pleafe, they may confuk
, Mather, and Mr, Stoddard before wrote on this fubjeft.
Mr. JONATHAN ED \v A R D s. 77
nothing to increafe the tumult, but on the contrary take all
thofe ileps, which he could with a good confcience, that tended
to peace, he firft propofed the thing to the church's Handing
committee ; fuppofing that if he entered on the fubjeft pub
licly with their con lent, it would prevent the ill coniequences
which otherwife he feared would follow. But the luoft of
them would by no means confent to it, but flrenuoully oppofed
it. Upon which he gave it over for the prcferit, as what in.
fuch circumftances would rather raife a tumult, and blow the
fire up to a greater height, than arifwer the good ends propofed.
Mr. Edwards being fcnfible that his principles were not un-
derftood, and much mifrep relented through the country ; and
finding that his people were in too much of a heat calmly to
attend to the matter in controverfy then; and were in a difpo-
fition even to refufe to hear him preach upon it, propofed to
print what he had to fay on the point ; as this fecmed to be the
only way left him to have a fair hearing. Accordingly his peo
ple confented to put off the calling a council, till what he
ftiould write was publifhed. But they manifefled great unea-
finefs in waiting, before it came out of the prefs. And when
it was publifhed, it was read but by very few of them. Mr.
Edwards being fenfible of this, renewed his propofal to preach
upon it, and at a meeting of the brethren of the church afked
their confent in the following terms : " I defire that the bre-
" thren would manifeft their confent, that I mould declare the
'* reafons of my opinion relating to full communion in the
" church, in leflures appointed for that end : Not as an aft
" of authority, or as putting the power of declaring the whole
" counfel of God out of my hands ; but for peace fake, and
" to prevent occafion of ftrife." But it pailed in the nega
tive.
Mr. Edwards then propofed that it mould be left to a few
of the neighbouring minifters, whether it was not, all things
confidered, reaforiable that he {hould be heard in this matter
from the pulpit, before the affair fhould be brought to an iffue.
But this alfo paffed in the negative.
However, he having had the advice of the minifiers and
meffengers of the neighbouring churches, who met at North
ampton to advife them under their difficulties, proceeded to
appoint a lefture, in order to preach on the fubjecl, propofnig
to do fo weekly until he had finiihed what he had to fay. On
Monday there was a precincl or fociety meeting, in. which a
vote
78 The L i F E of the Reverend
vpte was pafTcd to choofe a committee to go to Mr. Edwards,
and defire him not to preach lectures on the fubject in contro-
verfy, according to his declaration and appointment. And
accordingly, proceeded to choofe a committee of three men
for this purpofe, who waited on him, and did their errand.
However, Mr. Edwards thought proper to proceed according
to his propofal, and accordingly preached a number of fermons
until he had fmifhed what he had to fay on the fubjecl. Thefe
lectures were very thinly attended by his own people : but great
numbers of Grangers from the neighbouring towns attended
them, fo many as to make above half the congregation. This
was in February and March 17,50.
The calling a decifive council to determine the matter of
difference between paflor and people, or rather to difmifs the
paflor from his church and people, (for the delay of which a
great deal of impatience had been publicly manifeiied) was now
more particularly attended to by Mr. Edwards and the church.
Mr. Edwards had before this infilled upon it |rom time to
time, that they were by no means ripe for fuch a procedure ;
(as they had not yet given him a fair hearing in defence of his
caufe: which if they would do, perhaps the need of fuch a
council would be fuperfeded. And befides, he thought there
was abundant public evidence, that they were not yet in a tem
per fuited to attend on, and be aclive in fuch a tranfaclion, as
he diffolving the relation between them and their pallor ;
vvhich would, as things then Hood, probably be the event.
He obferved, " That it was exceeding unbecoming churches
" of the L^mb of God to manage their religious affairs of the
" greater! importance in a ferment and tumult, which ought
" to be managed with great folemnity, deep humiliation, and
*' fubmiffion to the awful frowns of heaven, humble depen-
" dence on God, and with fervent prayer and fupplication to
*' him. That therefore for them to go about fuch an affair,
" in fuch a manner as they did, would be moft unbecoming
" the gofpel, greatly to the difhonor of God and religion, and
" a way in which a people cannot expect a bleffing. That
" fuch a great affair as this mould be gone about with calm
" consideration ; but that fuch a temper as the people were
" then in, was wholly inconfiltent with this/'
But having ufed all means which he could think of within
his power to bring them to a more calm and charitable temper,
and to hear and weigh what he had to fay in his own defence,
with
Air. JONATHAN EDWARDS. 79
with attention and candor ; and finding that nothing prevailed ;
but rather the tumult and uproar was increafed ; he confent-
ed that a decifive council fhould be called without any further
delay.
But a difficulty attended the choice of a council, which was
for fome time infuperable. It was agreed that the council
fhould be mutually chofen, one halt by the patter, and the
other half by the church : but the people infiAed upon it that
he fhould be confined to the county in his choice. Mr. Ed
wards thought this an unreafonable reilraint on him, as it was
known that the minifters and churches in that county were al-
moft univerfally againft him in the comroverfy that divided
him and his people, and made the two parties. He indeed did
not fuppofethat the bufinefs of the propofed council would be
to determine whether his opinion which was the occafion of
the difficulty between him and his people was right or no; or
that what they were to judge of, depended upon this. But their
bufinefs would be to fee and determine whether any pofiible
way could be devifed for an accommodation between paftor
and people, and to ufe their wifdom and endeavour in order
to this. And if they found this impracticable, they muft deter
mine, whether things were now ripe for a feparation ; whe
ther what ought in jufiice to be previous to a feparation had al
ready actually been done, fo that there was nothing further in
juftice to be demanded by either of the parties concerned, be
fore a feparation mould take place. And if he was ciifmifTed
by them, it would be their bufinefs to fet forth to the world in
what manner and for what caufe he was difmifled : how far he
was innocent, and whether he might yet be employed in the
work of the mini ftry, &c. All which were matters of great
importance to him, and required upright and impartial judges.
And confidering the great influence a difference in religious
opinions has to prejudice men one againft another; and the
clofe connexion of the point, in which moll of the minifters
and churches in the county differed from him, with tho matter
to be judged of, he did not think they could be reafonably
looked upon fo impartial judges, as that the matter ought to be
wholly left to them. Befides, he thought the cafe being fo new
and extraordinary, required the ableit judges in the land. For
thefe, and fome other reafons, which he offered, he infiflecl
upon liberty to go out of the county for thofe members of the
propofed council, la which lie waa to ba*re a choice. In this,
a:?
8o The LIFE of the Reverend
as. was juft now faid, the people ftrenuoufly and oWlindety
oppofed him. They at length agreed to leave the matter to a
council confiding of the miniilers and meffengers of the fiv#
neighbouring churches : who, after they had met twice upon
it, and had the cafe largely debated before them, were equally
divided, and therefore left the matter undetermined.
However, they were all agreed, that Mr. Edwards ought to
have liberty to go out of the county for foine of the council.
And at the next church meeting, which was on the 26th of
March, Mr. Edwards offered to join with them in calling a
council, if they would confent that he mould chufe two of the
churches out of the county, in cafe the council confifted of ^but
ten churches. The church however refufed to comply with
this at one meeting after another repeatedly ; and proceeded
to warn a church meeting and choofe a moderator, in order
to adl without their paftor.
But to pafs by many particulars, at length at a meeting of
the church, warned by their paftor, May 3d. they voted their
confent to his propofal of going out of the county for two of
the churches, that fhould be applied to. And then they pro
ceeded to make choice of the ten minifters and churches, of
which the council mould confift. Accordingly, the churches
were fent to, and the council convened on the 191!! of June.
Who, after they had made fome fruitlefs attempts for a com-
ppfition between the paftor and church, paffed a refolve, by the
majority of one voice * only, to the following purpofe : " That
" it is expedient that the paftpral relation between Mr. Ed-
" wards and his church be immediately didblved if the peo-
" pie dill perfift in defiring it." And it being publicly put to
the people, whether they Itill infilled on Mr. Edwards's dif-
mifiion from the paftoral office over them ? A great majority
(above two hundred againft twenty) zealoufly voted for his dif-
million. And he was accordingly difmiiled June 22, 1750.
The dillenting part of the council, entered their proteft againft
this proceeding, judging that it was too much in a hurry, a$
they were by "no means ripe for a reparation, confidering the
paft
* One of the churches which Mr. Edwards chofe did not fee fit
to join the council. However, the minifter of that church being
at Northampton at the fitting of the council, was defired by Mr.
Edwards and the church to lit in council and aft, which he did. But
there being no meflenger from the church, the council was not full,
and there was a difparity ; by which means doubtlefs, there was one
Tote more for an immediate difaiiffion, than againft it.
Mr. JONATHAN E D w A R D s. 8k
paH: conduct, and preient temper of the people. And fome of
that part of the council ; that were active, expreiTed themfelves
furpnzed at the uncommon zeal and engagedneis o; (pint, pub
licly manifested by the people in their voting for a difmiilion ;
which evidenced to them, and all obferving fpe6tators, that
they were far from a temper of mind becoming iiich a iolemn
and awful tranfaion, coniidered in all its circumttances.
Being thus difmiifed, he preached his farewel fermon on the
-firft of July, from 2 Con i. 14* Thedolrine he obferved from
the words was this, " Minifters and the people that have been
" under their care, muit meet one another before Chrift's tri-
" bunal, at the day of judgment." It was a remarkably folemn
And affecting- difcourle, and was publilhed at the defire of foine
of the hearers.
After Mr. Edwards was difmilTed from Northampton, he
preached there foine times occafionally when they had no other
preacher to fupply the pulpit : till at length a great uneafmefs
was mani felled by many of the people, at his preaching there
at all. Upon which, the committee for fupplying the pulpit,
called the town together, to know their minds with refpecl: to
that matter : when they voted that it was not agreeable to their
minds, that he mould preach among them. Accordingly,
when Mr. Edwards was in town, and they had no other minif-
ter to preach tp them, they carried on public worfhip among
themfelves, and without any preaching, rather than to invite
Mr. Edwards !
Every one mud be fenfible that this was a great trial to Mr.
Edwards. He had been near twenty-four years among that
people ; and his labours had been, to all appearance, from
time to time greatly blefled among them : and a great number
looked on him as their fpi ritual father, who had been the
happy inflniment of turning them from darknefs to light, and
plucking them as brands out of the burning. And they had
from time to time profefled that they looked upon it as one of
their grcatell privileges to have (uch a mbiirer, and mamielled
their great love and cfteem of him, to fuch a decree, thai,
(as S . Paul fays of the Gilatians) if it had been pofllble, they
would have plucked out their own eyes, and ?iven them to him.
And they had a great intereil in his heart : lie had borne them
on his heart and carried them in his bofom for many years ; ev-
ercifing a tender concern and love for them : for their grod he
nting, contriving, labouring: ..rThc had
L pourr!
Sa The L I F of the Reverend
poured out ten thoufand fervent prayers ; in their good he had
rejoiced as one that findeth great fpoil ; and they were dear to
hjm above any other people under heaven.
Now to have this people turn againfl him, and thnift
him out from among them, in a great tumult and heat, with
hafle, and a great degree of violence ; like the Jews of old flop
ping their ears and riming upon him with furious zeal, not allow
ing him to defend himfelf by giving him a fair hearing ; and
. even refilling fo much as to hear him preach; many of them
furmifmg arid publicly fpeaking many ill things as to his ends
and defigns ! To have the tables turned (o fuddcnly and the
voice fo general and loud againft him. This furely mull come
very near to him, and try his fpirit. The words of the pial-
millfeems applicable to this cafe, " It was not an enemy that
" reproached me, then I could have borne it ; neither was it
" he that hated me, that did magnify himfelf againit me, then
" I would have hid myfelf from him. But it was THOU
" my guide and mine acquaintance. We took fweet counfel
" together, and walked unto the houfe of God in company."
Let us therefore now behold the man !
The calm and ledatenefs of his mind ; his meeknefs and
humility in sjreat and violent oppofition, and injurious treat
ment j his refolution and fteady conduct through all this dark
and terrible ftorm, were truly wonderful, and cannot be fet in
fo beautiful and affecting a light by any defcription, as they ap
peared in to his friends, who were eye-witnelles.
Mr. Edwards had a numerous and chargeable family, and
little or no income, exclufive of his falary : and confidering
how far he was advanced in years ; the general difpofition of
people who want a minifter to prefer a young man w r ho has
never been fettled, to one who has been difmifled from his peo
ple ; and what mifreprefentations were made of his principles
through the country, it looked to him not at all probable that
he mould ever have opportunity to be fettled again in the work
of the miniftry, if he was difmiffed from Northampton : And
he was not inclined or able to take any other courfe, or go in
to any other bufmefs to get a living. So that beggery as well
asdifgrace ftared him full in the face, if he perliited in his prin
ciples. To be fure, he viewed himfelf as taking the moft direct
way to thefe, according to the natural courfe of things, by dif-
co\ering and adhering to his principles, in the fituation he then
was. For he forefaw all this, before it came upon him ; and
therefore had the opportunity and the temptation to efcape it, by
concealing his principles. When he was fixed in his princi
ples
Air. JONATHAN EDWARDS. 83
pics, and before they were publicly known, he told fome of his
1 riemls, that if he discovered and perfilled in them, it would molt
likely irluc in his difmiftion and difgrace ; and the ruin of him--
fclf and family, as to their temporal intercfts. He therefore
firit fat clown and counted the c:oft, and deliberately took up
the crofs, when it was fet before him in its full weight and mag
nitude and in direct oppofition to all worldly views and mo
tives. And therefore his condud in thefe circumilances, was
a remarkable exercife and difcovery of his confcientioufnefs ; and
his readinefs to deny himfelf, and ibrfake all that he had, to
follow Chrift.
A man muft have a confiderable degree of the fpirit of a mar
tyr, not to flinch in fuch a cafe as this ; but go on with the fled-
faftnefs and refolution with which he did. He, as it were,
put his life in his hand, and ventured on where truth and duty
appeared to lead him, unmoved at the threatning dangers on
every fide.
However, God did not farfake him. As he gave him thofe
inward fiipports by which he was able in patience to poffefs
his foul, arid calmly and courageoufly row on in the ftorm,as
it were, in the face of boiftrous winds, beating hard upon him,
and in the midft of gaping waves threatning to fwallow him
up : fo he foon appeared for him, in his providence, even
beyond all his expectations. His correfpondents and other
friends in Scotland, hearing of his difmiftion, and fearing it
might be the means of bringing him into worldly flraits, gener-
oufly contributed a handfome fum, and fent it over to him.
And God did not leave him without tender, valuable friends
at Northampton. For a fmall number of his people who op-
pofed his difmiflion from the beginning, and fome who ac~lc i <:
on neither fide, who joined with him after his difmiffion, aruj
adhered to him, under the influence of their great efteem and
love of Mr. Edwards, were willing and thought themfelves
able to maintain him : and infixed upon it that it 'was his duly
to ftay among them, as a dillinft and feparate congregation
from the body of the town, who had rejected him.
Mr. Edwards could not fee it to be his duty to flay among
them, as circumftances were; as this would probably be a
means of perpetuating an unhappy divifion in the town ; ani
there was to him no profpecl of doing the good there, which
would counterbalance the evil. However, that lie might do
all he could to fatisfy his tender and afflicted friends ; and 1 e-
caufe in the multitude of counfellors there is fafetv, he con-
fen ted
84 The. LIFE of the Reverend
fented to afk the advice of an ecclefiaftical council. Accord
ingly, a council was called, and convened at Northampton on
the i^th of May 1751.
The town on this occafion was put into a great tumult and
fire. They who were aftive in Mr. Edwards's difiniilion
fuppofed, though without any ground, and contrary to uuth,
that he was contriving and attempting wirh his friends, again
to in 1 reduce himfelf at Northampton. They drew up a re-
monltrance againil their proceedings, and laid it before the
council (though they would not acknowlege them to be an
ecclefiaftical council) containing many heavy, though ground-
iefs, infinuations and charges againft Mr. Edwards, and bitter
accufations of the party who had adhered to him : But refufed
to appear and fupport any of their charges, or fo much as
to give the gentlemen of the council any opportunity to confer
with them, about the affair depending ; though it was dili
gently fought.
The council having heard what Mr. Edwards, and they who
adhered, to him, and any others who defjredto be heard, had to
fay, advifed, agreeable to Mr. Eclvvards's, judgment and expec
tation, that he mould leave Northampton, and accept of the
million to which he was invited at Stockbridge ; of which a
more particular account will be given prefently.
Many other fafts relative to this for rowful, ftrange, furpriz-
ing affair (the moft fo doubtlefs of any of the kind, that ever
happened in New-England ; and perhaps, in any part of the
chriftian wor.ld) might be related ; but as this more general
Inlforyofit, may be fufficient to anfwer the ends propofed,
viz. to rectify fome gfofs mifreprefentations that have been
made of the matter, and difcover the great trial Mr. Edwards
had hercm, it is thought belt to fupprefs. other particulars.
As a proper clofe to this melancholy ilory ; and to confirm,
end further illuftrate what has been related,, the following letter
from Jofeph Haw'ley, Efq. (a gentleman who was well ac
quainted with, and very aclive -in the tranfa&ions qf this whole
affair, and; very much a head and leader in it) to the Rev. Mr.
Hall of Sutton, publimed in a weekly news-paper in Bo(ion>
!My jo, 1760, is here inferted,
To.
Mr. JONATHAN ED w A R D s. 85
To the lltu. Mr, HALL of S u T T o N.
Northampton, May 9, 1760.
Rev. Sir,
IH A V E often wifhecl that every member of the two eccle-
fiafiical councils (that formerly fat in Northampton upon
the unhappy differences between our former moft worthy and
reverend paftor Mr. Jonathan Edwards and the church here)
whereof you was a member ; I fay fir, I have often wifhed
cvei y of them truly knew my real fenfe of my own conduct in
the affairs that the one and the other of laid councils are privy
to; and as I have long apprehended it to be my duty not only
to humble myfelf before God for what was unchriflian and
Cuful, in my conduct before faid councils, butalfo to confefs
iny faults to them, and take fhame to myfelf therefor before
them. I have often fludied with myfelf in what manner it
was pra6iicable for me to do it ; and when I underilood that
you fir, and Mr. Eaton, were to be at Cold Spring at the time
of their late council, I refolved to improve the opportunity
fully to open my mind there io you and him thereon ; and
thought that probably fome method might be then thought of
in which my reflections, on myfelf touching the matters above
hinted at, might be communicated to moft if not all die gentle
men aforefaid, who did not refide in this county : But you
know, fir, how difficult it was for us to converfe together by
ourfelves when at Cold Spring, without giving umbrage to
t-hat people ; I therefore propofed writing to you upon the
matters which I had then opportunity only moft fummarily to
fugged ; which you. fir, fignified would be agreeable to you :
1 therefore now undertake what I then propofed, in which I
humbly afk the divine aid ; and that I may be made rnofl
freely willing fully to confefs my fin and guilt to you and the
world in thofe inflances which I have reafon to fuppofe fell
under your notice, as they were public and notorious trarif-
ations, and on account whereof, therefore, you fir, and all
others who had knowlege thereof, had juft caufe to be offend
ed at me.
And in the firil place, Sir. I apprehend that with the clnifch
and people of Northampton, I filmed isnd erred exceedingly
86 The L I F E of the Reverend
in conferring and labouring that there fhould be fo early a
difmiffion of Mr. Edwards from his paftoral relation to us,
even upon the fuppofition that he was really in a miflake in
the difputed point : not only becaufe the difpute was upon
matters fo very difputable in themielves and at the greateft re
move from fundamental, but becaufe Mr. Edwards fo long
had approved himfelt a moft faithful and painful paftor to faid
church ; and alfo changed his fentiments in that point wholly
from a tender regard to what appeared to him to be truth ;
and had made known his fentiments with great moderation
and upon great deliberation againft all worldly motives, and
from mere fidelity to his great mailer, and a tender regard to
the fouls of his flock, as we had the higheft reafon to judge :
which confiderations now feem to me fufficient ; and would
(if we had been of a right fpirit) have greatly endeared him
to his people, and made us to the lafl degree, reluttant to part
ing with, and difpofed us to the exercife of the greateft can
dour, gentlenefs and moderation : how much of the reverfe
whereof appeared in us, I need not tell you, Sir, who was an
eye-witnefs of our temper and conduct.
And although it does not become me to pronounce decifive-
ly on a point fo difputable as what was then in difpute ; yet I
beg leave to fay, that I really apprehend that it is of the high-
eft moment to the body of this church, and to me in particu
lar moft folicitoufly to enquire, whether like the Pharifees and
lawyers in John Baptift's tome, we did not rejecl the counfel
of God againft ourfelves, in rejecting Mr. Edwards and his
doftrine : which was the ground of his difmiflion. And I
humbly conceive that it highly imports us all of this church,
inoft ferioLifly and impartially to examine what that moft wor
thy and able divine about that time publifhed in fupport of the
fame, whereby he being dead yet fpeaketh.
But there were three things, Sir, efpecially in my own parti
cular conduct before the firft council, which have been juftly
matter of great grief and much trouble to mealmoft ever fince,
to wit.
In the fit fi place I confefs, Sir, that I acled very immodeftly
and abufively to you, as well as injurioufly to the church and
myfelf, when with much zeal and unbecoming a durance, I
moved the council that they would interpofe to filence and
flop you in an adtlrefs you was making one morning to the
people, wherein you was, if I do riot mifrernember, briefly
exhorting
Mr. J O N A T II A N E D W A R D S. 87
exhorting them to a tender remembrance of the former affec
tion and harmony that had long fubfifled between them and
their reverend pallor, and the great comfort and profit which
they had apprehended that they had received from his niinif-
try ; for which, Sir, I heartily afk your forgivenefs ; arid I
think, that we ought inftead of oppofing an exhortation of
that nature, to have received it with all thankfulnefs.
Another particular of my condu6i before that council,
which I now apprehend was criminal, arid was owing to the
want of that tender affeclion and reverend refpecl; and efteem
for Mr. Edwards which he had highly merited of me, was my
ilrenuoufly oppofing the adjournment of the matters fubmitted
to that council, for about two months ; for which I declare
myfelf unfeignedly forry ; and I with lhame remember, that
I did it in a peremptory, decifive, vehement and veryimmodeft
manner.
But, Sir, the mofl criminal part of my conducl at that time,
ihat I am confcious of, was my exhibiting to that council a
fet of arguments in writing, the drift whereof was to prove
the reafonablenefs and neceffity of Mr. Edwards's difmiflioii
in cafe no accommodation was then effefted with mutual con-
fent ; which traftby clear implication contained fome fevere,
uncharitable, and if I do not mifremember, groundlefs and
llanderous imputations on Mr. Edwards, and exprefTed in
bitter language ; and although the original draft thereof was
not done by me, yet I foolifhly and finfully confented to
copy it ; and as agent for the church, to read it and deliver
it to the council, which I could never have done, if I had not
had a wicked relilh for perverfe things : which conducl; of
mine, I confefs was very finful : am perfuaded was highly
provoking to God, and for which I am afhamed, confounded,
and have nothing to anfwer.
As to the church's remonflrance (as it was called) which their
committee preferred to thelaft of faid councils, to all which I
was confeming, and in the compofing whereof I was very
aclive, as alfo in bringing the church to their vote upon it ;
I would in the firft place only obferve, that I do not remem
ber any thing in that fmall part of it which was plainly dif-
curfive of the expediency of Mr. Edwards'? re-fettlement here
as pallor to a part of the church, which was very exceptiona
ble ; but as to all the refidue, which was much the greatelt
part thereof (and I am pot certain that any part was wholly
free 1 !
88 The LIFE of the Reverend
free) it was every where larded with unchriflian bitteiTi'cfs,-
farcaflical and unmannerly infmuations, contained divers direct
grievous and criminal charges and allegations againit Mr. Ed
wards ; which I have fmce good reaion to fuppofe were ail
founded on jealous and uncharitable miftakes, and fo were
realty grofe flanders, alfo many heavy and reproachful charges
upon divers of Mr. Edwards's adherents, and fome fevereceri-
fures of them all indifcriminaLeiy ; all of which (if not wholly
falfe and groundlefs) yet were altogether unneceffary, and
therefore highly criminal. Indeed I am fully convinced,
that the whole of that compofure, excepting the fmail part
thereof abovementioned, was totally unchriftian, a fcandalous,
ahufive, injurious libel, againft: Mr. Edwards and his particular
friends ; efpecially the former, and highly provoking and de-
teftable in the fight of God ; for which I am heartily fony
and afhamed ; and pray I may remember it with deep abafe-
ment and penitence all my days. Nor do I now think that
the church's conduct in refufmg to appear and attend before
that council to fupport the charges and allegations in laid re-
monftrance againfl Mr. Edwards and- (aid brethren, which they
demanded, was ever vindicated by all the fubtle anfvvers that
were given to faid demand; nor do I think that our conduct
in that iniiance was capable of a defence, for it appears to me,
that by making charges of fcandalous matters againft them be
fore faid council, we neceilarily fo far gave that council jurif-
diclion ; arid I own with forrow and regret, that 1 zealoufly
endeavoured, that the church fhould perfeveringly refufe to
appear before faid council for the purpofe abovefaid j which I
humbly pray God to forgive.
. Another part of my conduct, Sir, of which I have long re
pented, and for which I hereby declare my hearty forrow, was
my obftinate oppofition to the hft council's having any confer
ence with the church ; which faid council earneftly and re
peatedly moved for, and which the church finally denied (as
you know.) I think it difcovered a great deal of pride and vain
iuflieiency in the church, and (lie wed them to be very opinia-
tive, efpecially the chief iticklers, one of whom I own I was,
and think it was running a moil prefumptuous rifk, and atitfg
the part of proud fcorners, for us to refufe hearing and candidly
and ferioufly confideriiigwhat that council could fay or propofe
to us ; among whom there were divers juftly in great reputa
tion for grace and wifclom.
la
Mr. JONATHAN EDWARDS* 89
In thefe inflances, Sir, of my condu8, and others (to which
you was not privy) in the courfe of that moft melancholy con
tention with Mr. Edwards, wherein I now fee that I was very
much influenced by vaft pride, felf-fufficiency, ambition and
vanity. I appear to myfelf vile, and doubtlefs much more fo
to others who are more impartial ; and do in the review there
of, abhor myfelf, and repent forely : and if my own heart con-^
demns me it behoves me folemnly to remember, that God is
greater, and knoweth all things : and I hereby own, Sir, that
inch treatment of Mr. Edwards, as is herein before mentioned,
wherein I was fo deeply concerned and aclive, was particularly
and very aggravatedly fmful and un grateful in me, becaufe I
\vas not only under the common obligations of each individual
of the fociety to him, as to a moft able, diligent and faithful
paftor ; but I had alfo received many inftances of his tender-
nefs, goodnefs, and generofity to me, as a young kinfman,
whom he was difpofed to treat in a moft friendly manner.
Indeed, Sir, I mnft own, that by my conduct in confulting
and acling againft Mr. Edwards within the time of our moifc
unhappy difputes with him, and efpecially in and about that
abominable remonftrance I have fo far fymbolized with Bala
am, Ahitophel and Judas, that I am confounded and filled
with terror oftentimes when I attend to the moft painful firni-
litude.
And I freely confefs, that on account of my conduct above-
mentioned, I have the greateft reafon to tremble at thofe moft
folemn and awful words of our Saviour, Matt, xviii. 6. and
thofe in Luke x. at the i6th : and I am moft forely fenfible
that nothing but that infinite grace and mercy which faved fome
of the betrayers and murderers of our bleficd Lord, and the
perfccutors of the martyrs, Can pardon me ; in which alone
I hope for pardon, for the fake of Chrift, whofe blood (bleffeci
be God) clearifeth from all fin. On the whole, Sir, I am con
vinced, that 1 have the greateft reafon to fay as David, " Have
" mercy upon me, O God, according to thy loving kiiuinefs,
" according to the multitude of thy tender mercies blot out
" my trangreiTions, warn me thoroughly from mine iniquity.
" and cleanfe me from my fin ; for I acknowlege my tranfgrel-
* fions, and my fin is ever before me : hide thy face from my
fins, and blot out all mine iniquities : create in rne a c'ean
heart, O God, and renew a right fpirit within me; caft rae
M ** not-
9*
The L i F E .of the Reverend
" not away from t|iy prefence, and take not thy holy fpirit
'* from me. Keftore unto me the joy of thy falvation, and
" uphold me with thy free fpirit."
And I humbly apprehend that it greatly concerns the church
of Northampton molt ierioufly to examine whether, the many
hard fpeeches, fpoken by many particular members againlt
their former parlor, fome of which the church really counte
nanced, and efpecially rhofe fpoken by the church as a body, in
that moft vile remoriftrance are not fo odious and ungodly, as
to be utterly uncapable of defence ; and whether faid church
.were not guilty of great fin in being fo willing and difpofed for
fo flight a caufe, to part with fo faithful and godly a minifter
as Mr. Edwards was. And whether ever God will hold us
guiltlefs until we cry to him for Chrift's fake to pardon and
fave us from that judgment which fuch ungodly deeds deferve,
and publicly humble and take ihame to ourfelves therefor. And
I moft heartily wiih and pray that the town and church of
Northampton would ferioufly and carefully examine whether
they have not abundant caufe to judge that they are now lying
under great guilt in the fight of God : arid whether thofe of us
who were .concerned in that moft awful contention with Mr.
Edwards, can ever more reafonably expecl God's favor and
blefTmg, until our eyes are opened, and we become thoroughly
convinced that we have greatly provoked the moft High, and
been injurious to one of the beft of men ; and until we IhaH
be thoroughly convinced that we have dreadfully perfecuted
Chrift by perfecutirig and vexing that juft man and fervant of
Chrift ; until we {hail be humble as in the duft therefor, and
until we openly in full terms, and without baulking the matter,
confefs the fame before the world, and moft humbly and earn-
eftly feek forgivenefs of God, and do what we can to honor
the memory of Mr. Edwards, and clear it of all the afperfions
which we unjuftly caft upon him ; fince God has been plealed
to put it beyond our power to afk his forgivenefs. Such terms
I am perfuaded the great and righteous God will hold us to,
and that it will be in vain for us to hope to efcape with impu
nity in any other way. This I am convinced of with regard
to myfelf, and this way I moft folemnly propofe to take my-
felf (if God in his mercy fhall give me opportunity) that fo by
making free confeflion to God and man of my fin and guilt,
and publicly taking fhame to myfelf therefor, I may give glory
to
Mr. JONATHAN EDWARDS. g i
to the God of Ifrael, and do what in me lies, to clear the "me
mory of that venerable man from the wrongs and injuries I was
fo active in bringing on his reputation and character ; and I
thank God that he has been plea fed to fpare my life and op
portunity therefor to this time, and am forry that I have delay
ed the affair fo long.
"Although I made the fubflance of almoft all the foregoing
reflexions in writing, but not exaftly in the fame manner to
Mr. Edwards and the brethren who adhered to him, in Mr.
Edwards's 1-ife, and before he removed from Stockbrit'ge, and
I have reafon to believe that he, from his great candor and
charity, heartily forgave me and prayed for me : yet becaufe
that was not generally known, -1 look on myfelf obliged to take
further fieps ; for while I kept filence, my bones waxed old,.
Sec.
For all thefe my great fins therefor, in the firft place, I
humbly and rnoil earneftly alk forgivenefs of God ; "nextly, of
the relatives and near friends of Mr. Edwards. I alfo afk the
forgiveness of all thpfe who w ; ere called Mr. Edwards's adhe
rents ; and of all the members of the ecclefiafHcal councils
above mentioned.; and lad-ly, of all chriftiaix people, ; who have
had any knowlege of the matters abovefaid, or any of them.
I have no deiire, Sir, that you fhould make any fecret of
this- letter; but defire you would communicate the fame to,
whom you mall judge proper, and I purpofe (if God (hall give
me opportunity) to procure it to be publifhed in foine one of
the public news papers ; for I can not devife any other way of
making known rny fentiments of the foregoing matters to all
who ought to be acquainted therewith, and therefore I think I
ought to do it, whatever remarks I may foiefee will be made
thereon.
Probably when it comes out, fome of my acquaintance will
pronounce me quite over run with vapours ; others will be
furnifhed with matter for mirth and pleafantry ; others will
curforily pafs it over as relating to matters quite ftale ; but
fome I am perfuaded will rejoice to fee me brought to a fenfe
of my fin arid duty ; and 1 myfelf ihall be confcious that I have
done fomething of what the nature of the cafe admits, towards
undoing what is, and long has been, to my greateft remorfe
and trouble that it was ever done.
Sir, I defire that none would entertain a thought from my
having fpoken refpeclfully of Mr. Edwards, that I am difaffecl-
ed
gs The L I F E of the Reverend
ed to our prefent paftor ; for the very reverfe is true ; and I
have a reverend efteern, real value, and hearty affection for him,
and blefs God, that he has notwithftanding all our unworthU.
nefs, .given us one to fucceed Mr, Edwards, who (as I have
reafon to hope) is truly faithful.
I conclude this long letter, by heartily defirjng your prayers,
that my repentance of my fins above mentioned may be un
feigned and genuine, and fuch as God in infinite mercy for
Chrift's fake will accept : And I beg leave to fubfcribe myfelf,
5jr, ypur real, though very unworthy fiiend,
and obedient fervant,
JOSEPH H A w L E Y,
SECTION III.
His MISSION to the INDIANS at STOCK-
BRIDGE, ?<;,
r lP H E Indian Million at Stockbridge (a town in the weftern
JL part of the province of the Malfachufetts-Bay, fixty miles
from Northampton) being vacant by the death of the late Reve
rend Mr. Sergeant, the honored and reverend commiflioners for
Indian affairs, in Bofton, who have the care and direction of it,
applied to him, as the tnoft fuitable perfon they could think of
tobetruft with that million. And he was at the fame time in^
vited by the inhabitants of Stockbridge ; and being advifed by
the council, above mentioned, to accept of the invitation, he
repaired to Stockbridge ; and was introduced and fixed as milTi,-
onary to the Indians there by an ecclefiaftical council called for
that purpofe, Auguft 8, 1751.
When Mr. Edwards firft engaged in the miflion, there was
a hopeful profpect of its being extenfively ferviceable, under his
care and influence ; not only to that tribe of Indians which was
fettled at Stockbridge, but among the Six Nations : fome of
whom were coming to Stockbridge to fettle, and bring their
own, and as many of their neighbours children as they could get ;
fo be educated arid inftrudted there t For this end, a houfe fo
a bpard-
Mr. JONATHAN EDWARDS. 93
3 .boarding fchool, which was projected by Mr. Sergeant, was
i're&ed on a tnu c .t ofland appropriated to that ufc by the Indi
ans at Stockbridge : where the Indian children, male and fe
male were to be educated, by being cloathed and fed, and inftruc-
ted by proper perfbns in ufeful learning. And the boys to be
learned husbandry or mechanic trades, and the girls all forts of
woman's work. For the encouragement of which, fome gene
rous fu'ofcriptions were made 1 both in England and America.
And the great and general court of the province of the Mafia-
chufetts-Bay, did much to promote the attain, and provided lands
for the Mohocks to lettle on, who ihould incline to come. And
the generous Mr. Hollis, to encourage the thing, ordered twen
ty-four Indian children to be educated on the fame footing, whol
ly at his coii. Alfo the fociety in London, for propagating the
gofpel among the Indians in and about N^w-England, directed
their cornmiilioners in Bofton to do confiderable towards this
deiign.
But partly by reafon of fome unhappy differences that took
place among thofe who had the chief management of this affair
at Stockbridge, of which a particular account would not ba
proper in this place ; and partly by the war breaking out be
tween England and France, which is generally very fatal to
fuch affairs among Indians, this hopeful profpecl: came to
nothing.
Mr. Edwards's labours were attended with no remarkable
vifible fuccels while at Stockbridge : though he performed the
bufmefs of his million to the good acceptance of the inhabitants
in general, both Englifh and Indians, and of the comimiffion-
ers, who fupported him honorably, and confided very much in
his judgment and wifdom in all matters relating to the million^
Stockbridge proved to Mr. Edwards a more quiet, and, on
many accounts, a much more comfortable fituation than he
was in before. It being fo much in one corner of the coun
try, his time was not fo much taken up with company, as it
was at Northampton, though many of his friends, from almoft
all parts of the land, often made him pleafant and profitable
vifits, And he had not fo much concern and trouble with
other churches as he was obliged to have when at Northamp
ton, by being frequently fought to for advice, and called to
allifl in ecclcfiaftical councils. Here therefore he followed his
' 'loved ftudy more clofely, and to better purpofe than ever.
In thefe fix years he doubtlefs made fwifter advances in know-
lege than ever before, and added :aore to his manufcripts than
in apy fix years of his life. And
<jl The LIFE of the Reverend
And this was probably as ufeful a part of his life as any.
For in this time he wrote the two la ft books that have been
publiihed by him (of which a more particular account will be
given hereafter) by which he, has doubtlefs greatly ferved the
church of Chrift, and will be a bleffing to many thoufands yet
unborn.
Thus, after his uprightnefs and faithfulnefs had been fuffici-
ently tried at Northampton, his kind rnafter provided for him
a quiet retreat, which was rendered the more fweet by the pre
ceding, ftorm ; and where he had a better opportunity to pur-
file and finim the work God had for him to do.
SECTION IV.
His being made PRESIDENT of NE .w-jE RSE Y
COLLEGE; his SICKNESS and D E A T H.
ON the 24th of September, 1757, the Rev. Mr. Aaron
. Burr, Prefident of New- Jerfey College, died. And at
the next meeting of the Truflecs, Mr. Edwards was chofen
his fucceiTor. The news of which was quite unexpected, and
not a little furprizrng to him. He looked on himfelf in many
refpecls fb unqualified for that bufmefs, that he wondered that
gentlemen of fo good judgment, and fo well acquainted with
him., as he knew fome of the Truftees were, mould think of
hiJii -for that place. He had many objections in his own mind
againft undertaking the bufinefs, both from his unfitnefs, arid
his particular circumflances ; yet could not certainly determine
that it was not his duty to accept. The following extraft of a
letter which he wrote to the Truftees, will give the reader a
view of his fentiments and exercifes on this occaiion, as well
as of the great defigns he was deeply engaged in, and zealoufly
profeciuing.
Mr. JONATHAN EDWARDS. 9.5
Stockbriclge, \yth Ottober IJ^J'
Reverend and Honored Gentlemen,
I Was not a little furprized, on receiving the unexpected no
tice of your having -made choice of me to fucked the late
Prefidpnt Burr, as the head of NaiFau Hall.- 1 am much in
doubt whether I am called to undertake the bufmefs, which
you have done me the unmerited honor to choofe me for
If fome regard may be had to my outward comfort, I might
mention the many inconveniencies and great detriment, which
muft be fuflained, by my removing with my numerous family,
ib for from all the eilate I have in the world (without any prof-
peel: of difpofing of it, under prefent circumttances, without
lofing it, in great part) now when we have fcarcely got over
the trouble and damage fuftairied by our removal from North
ampton, and have but juft began to have our affairs in a com
fortable fi (.nation for a fubfi Hence in this place ; and the ex-
pence I muft immediately be at to put myfelf into circum-
ftance tolerably comporting with the needful fupport of the
honor of the office I am invited to ; which will not well con-
fift with my ahility. But this is not my main objection : The
chief difficulty in my mind, in the way of accepting this im
portant and arduous office, are thefe two : Firft my own de
fects, unfitting me. for fuch an undertaking, many of which are
generally known ; befules other, which my own heart is con-
Iciou? to. I have a confHtution in many refpecls peculiarly
unhappy, attended with flaccid folids, vapid, fizy and fcarce
fluids, and a low tide of fpirits ; often occafioning a kind of
childifli weaknefs and contemptiblenefs of fpeech, prefence'aad
demeanor ; with a difagreable dulnefs and fliffnefs, much un-
fiting me for conversation, but more especially for the govern
ment of a college. This poornefs of conflitution makes me
fhrink at the thoughts of taking upon me, in the decline of
life, fuch a new and great bufmefs, attended with fuch a mul
tiplicity of cares, and requiring fuch a degree of afclivity, alert-
nefs and fpirit of government ; cfpecially as fucceeding one,
fo remarkably well qualified in thefe refpecls, giving occafiort
to every one to remark the wide difference. I am alfo defi
cient in fome parts of learning, particularly in Algebra, and
the higher parts of Mathematics, and in the Greek daffies ;
my Greek learning having been chiefly in the new teilamenr.
The
96 J7ie LIFE of ths Reverend
The other thing is this ; that my engaging in this buiintfs*
will not well conlift, with thofe views, and that courfe of em
ploy in my ftudy, which have long engaged, and fwallowed
up my mind, and been the chief entertainment and delight of
my life.
And here, honored firs, (emboldened by the teftimony I have
now received of your unmerited efleem, to rely on your can
dor) I will with freedom open myfelf to you.
My method of ftudy, from my firfl beginning the work of
the miniilry, has been very much by writing; applying myfcif
in this way, to improve every important hint ; purluing the
clew to my utmoft, when any thing in reading, meditation or
conversation, has been fuggefted to my mind, that feemed to
promife light in any weighty point Thus penning what ap
peared to me my heft thoughts, on innumerable fubjefts for
juy own benefit. The longer I profecuted my itudies in
this method, the more habitual it became, and the more plea-
fant and profitable I found it. The further I travelled in this
way, the more and wider the field opened, which has occafion-
ed my laying out many things, in my mind, to do in this
manner, if God mould fpare my life, which my heart hath
been much upon : particularly many things againlt moft oi
the prevailing errors of the prefent day, which I cannot with
any patience fee maintained (to the utter fubverting of thegof-
pel of Chrift) with fo high a hand, and fo long continued a
triumph, with fo little controul, when it appears fo evident to
me, that there is truly no foundation for any of this glorying
and inCult. I have already publifhed fomething on one of the
main points in difpute between the Arminians and Calvinifts :
and have it in view, God willing. (as I have already fignified
to the public) in like manner to confidcr all the other contro
verted points, and have done much towards a preparation for
it But befides thefe, I have had on my mind and heart
(which I long ago began, not with any view to publication) a
great work, which I call a Hi/lory of the Work of Redemption,
a body of divinity in an entire new method, being thrown in
to the form of an hiftory, confidering the affair of chriflian
Theology, as the whole of it, in each part, {lands in reference-
to the great work of redemption by Jefus Chrift ; which I fup-
pofe is to be the grand defigti of all God's defigns, and the
fummum and ultimum of all the divine operations and decrees ;
particularly confidering all parts of the grand fcheme in there
hiitoricajl
Mr. J O N A T H A N E D W A R D S. 97
Iiiftorical order. The order of their e.xiftencc, or their being
brought forth to view, in the courfe of divine difpenfations,
or the wonderful leries of fucceflive a6ls arid events ; begin-'
ning from eternity and descending from thence to the great
work and fucceiTi've difpenfations of the infinitely wife God
in time, confidering the ciiief events coming to pafs in the
church of God, and revolutions in the world of mankind, af-
fefting the irate of the church and the affair of redemption,
which we have account of in hiftory or prophecy ; until at lad
we come to the general refurreclion, laft judgment, and con-
fummation of all things ; when it ihall be faid, It is done. I
am Alpha and Omega, the Beginning and the. End. Concluding
my work, with the confideration of that perfeft ftate of things,
which mall be finally fettled, to lafl for eternity. This
hiflory will be carried on with regard to all three worlds, Hea
ven, Earth and Hell : confidering the connected, fucceffiva
evems and alterations, in each fo far as the Scriptures give any
light ; introducing all parts of diviiiity in that order which is
inoft fcriptural and mod natural : which is a method which
appears to me the molt beautiful and entertaining, wherein
every divine doclrine, will appear to greateil advantage in the
bri ritcit light, in the rnoft itriking manner, (hewing the ad
mirable contexture and harmony of die whole.
I have alfo for my own profit and entertainment, done much
towards another great work, which I call the Harmony of the
Old and Ne.w Teftament in three parts The firfi confidering
the prophecies of the Meiiiah, his redemption and kingdom ;
the evidences of their references to the Meffiah, &c. comparing
them all one with another, demonftrating their agreement and
true (cope and fenfe : alfo confidering all the various particulars
wherein thefe prophecies have their exadl tuifilment ^ flawing
the univerfal, precife, and admirable correlporidence bc-t,vcea
predictions and events. The fecond part : Confidering tli
types of the Old Telia .iiei if, (licwing the evidence of their beiftg
intended as reprefentations of the great things of the goipcl ot
Chrilt : and the agreement of the type with the antitype. Tlia
third and great part 'cotifidering the harmony of the Old and
New Teftament, as to dottrine and precept. In the courfe of
this work, I find there will be occafion for an explanation of a
very great part of the holy fcripture \ which may, in fuch a
view bo explained in a method, which to in- il.cu.is the moit
N
9$ Tlie LIFE of the Reverend
entertaining and profitable, beft tending to lead the 'mind to
a view of the true ipirit, defign, life and foul of the fcriptures, as
well as to their proper ufe and improvement.
I have alfo many other things in hand, in fome of which I
have made great progrefs, which I will not trouble you with
an account of. Someofthefe things, if divine providence fa
vour, I mould be willing to attempt a publication of So
far as I myfelf am able to judge of what talents I have, for
bene&ting my fellow creatures by word, I think I can write
better than I can fpeak.
My heart is fo much in thefe (Indies, that I cannot find it
in my heart to be willing to put myfelf into an incapacity to pur-
iue them any more, in the future part of my life, to fuch a de
gree as I muft, if I undertake to go through the fame courfe
of employ, in the office of a prefident, that Mr. Burr did, in-
fbru&ing in all the languages, and taking the whole care of the
inftru&ion of one of the clafles in all parts of learning, befides
his other labors. If I mould fee light to determine me to ac
cept the place offered me, I fhould be willing to take upon me
the work of a Prefident, fo far as it con fi its in the general in-
fpeftion of the whole fociety and fubfervient to the'fchool, as
to their order and methods of ftudy and inftruclion, aflifting
myfelf in immediate inflruftion in the arts and fciences (as dif-
cretion mould clire6l andfcoccafion ferve, and the flate of things
require) efpecially the fenior clafs : and added to all mould be
willing to do the whole work of a profeffor of divinity, in
public and private leclures, propofmg queftions to be anfwered,
and fome to be difcuffed in writing and free converfation, in
meetings of graduates and others, appointed in proper ieafons
foi thefe ends.-^r-It would be now out of my way, to fpend
time,^n a conftant teaching of the languages ; unlefs it be the
Hebrew tongue, which 1 fhould be willing to improve myfelf
in, by inftrufting others.
On the whole, I am much at a lofs, with refpeft to the
way of my duty in this important affair : I am in doubt,
whether if I (hould engage in it, I mould not do what both
you and I fhould be forry for afterwards. Nevcrthelefs, I
think the greatnefs of the affair, and the regard due to fo
worthy and venerable a bocfy, as that of the Truftees of Naf-
fau-Hafl, requires my taking the matter into ferious confidera-
tion : And unlefs you fhould appear to be difcotiraged, by the
things whichl have now reprefented,as to any further expectation
from
Mr. J O N A T H A N E D W A R D S. 99
from me, (hall proceed to afk advice, of fuch as I efleem moft
wife, friendly and faithful ; if after the mind of the Commil-
fioners in Boflon is known, it appears that they confent to
leave me at liberty, with refpeft to the bufmefs they have im-
ployed me in here."
In this fufpence he determined to afk the advice of a num
ber of gentlemen in the miniftry, on whofe judgment and
friendship he could rely, and to al accordingly. Who upon
his, and his people's deiire, met at Stockbridge, January 4,
1758. And having heard Mr. Edwards's reprefentation of
the matter, and what his people ha(- to fay by way of objection
againit his removal, determined it was his duty to accept of
the invitation to the prefidency of the college.
i When they publtfhed their judgment and advice to Mr.
Edwards and his people, he appeared uncommonly moved and
affecled with it, and fell into tears on the occafiori ; which was
very unufual for him, in the prefence of others : and foon af
ter faid to the gentlemen, who had given their advice, that it
was matter of -wonder to him, that they could fo eafily,asthey
appeared to do, get over the objections he had made againft
his removal, to be the head of a college ; which appeared great
and weighty to him. But as he thought it his duty to be di-
recled by their advice, he mould now endeavor cheerfully to
undertake it, believing he was in the way of his duty.
Accordingly, having had, by the application of the truflees
of the college, the confent of the commifTioners to refign their
miflion ; he girded up his loins, and fet .off from Stockbridge
for Princeton in January. He left his family at Stockbridge,
not to be removed until fpririg. He had two daughters at
Princeton, Mrs. Burr, the widow of the late Prefident Burr,
arid his oldeft daughter that was unmarried.
His arrival at Princeton was to the great fatisfaftion and joy
of the college. And indeed all the greateft friends to the col
lege, and to the intereft of religion, were highly fatisfied and
pleafed with the appointment of Mr. Edwards to the prefidency
of that college, and had their hopes and expectations greatly
raifed hereby. And his conefpondents and friends, and well-
wifhers to the college in Scotland, greatly approved of it.
The corporation met as foon as could be with convcnienc\\
after his arrival at the college, when he was by them fixed ia
the president's chair.
While
loo The LIFE of the Reverend
While at Princeton, before his ficknefs, he preached in the
college-hall from Sabbath to Sabbath, .to the great acceptance
of the hearers : but did nothing as prefident, unlcfs it was to
give out foine queftions in divinity to the fenior clafs, to be an-
fwered before him ; each one having opportunity to ftudy and
write what he thought proper upon them. When they 'came
together to anfwer them, they found fo much entertainment
and profit by it, efpecially by the light and inflation Mr. Ed
wards communicated in what hefaid upon the queftions, when
they had delivered what they had to fay, that they fpoke of it
with the greateft i a tis faction and wonder. t
During this time, Mr. Edwards fcemed to enjoy an uncom-
itnon degree of the prefence of God. He told his daughters,
he had had great exercife, concern and fear, relative to his eo'x
gaging in that bufmefs ; but fmce it now Appeared, fo far as he
could fee, that he was called of God to that place and work,
lie did cheerfully devote himfelf to it, leaving hi in (elf and the
event with God, to order what feemed to Him good.
The Small-pox had now become very common in the coun
try, and was then at Princeton, and likely, to fpread. And as
Mr. Edwards had never had it, and inoculation was then pr&c-
tifed with great fuccefs in thofe parts, he propofed to be inocu-
Jated, if the phyfician ihould advife to it, and the corporation
would give their confent.
Accordingly, by the advice of the phyfician, and confent of
the corporation, he was inoculated February 13. He had it
favorably, and it was thought all clanger was over : But a fe-
condary fever fet in ; and by reafon of a number of puftles in
his throat, the obftru&ion was fuch, that the medicines necef-
fary to ftanch the fever, could not be adminiflered. It there
fore raged until it put an end to his life on the 22d of March
37,58, in the ,5,5th year of his age.
After he was fenfible that he fhouldnot fupvive that ficknefs,
a little before his death, he called his daughter to him, who
attended him in his ficknefs, and addreHed her in a few words,
which were immediately taken down in writing, as near as
could be recollected, and are as follows :
" DEAR LUCY,
" It feems to me 'to be the will of God that I muft fhortly
" leave you ; therefore give rnv kindeft love to my dear wife,
44 and tell her, that tile uncommon union, which has fo long
" fubfiiled
Mr. J O N A T H A X E D...W A R D S. O1
** fubfifted between us, has been of fuch a. nature, as I truff is
" fpiritual, and therefore -will continue forever : And 1 hope
" Ihe fliall be fupported under fo great a trial, and fubmit cheer-
" fully to the will of God. And as. to my children, You arc
" now like to be left fatherlefs, which I hope will be an in-
" ducement.to you all to feek a Father, who will never fail you.
" And as to my funeral, I.wouid have it to he like Mr. Burr's ;
** and any additional Turn of money that might be expe61ed;tO'
" be laid out that way, I wouldhav-e.it difpofed of to charita-
" bleufes." *
He faid but very little in his ficknefs ; but was an admirable
inftance of patience and refignation to the laft. Juft at the
clofe of his life, as fome perfons, who flood by, arid expecled
he would breathe his. lafl La a few minutes, were lamenting his
death not only as a great frown on the college, but as having
a dark afpecl on the intereft of religion in general ; to their
furprize, not imagining that he heard, or would ever {peak
another word, he laid, " TRUST IN GOD, AND YE
NEE'b'NOT FEAR." Theie were his laft words. And
what could have been more fuitable to the occahon ! And
what need of more ! In thefe is as much matter of inftructi-
on and fupport, as if he had wrote a volume. This is the only
confolation to his bereaved friends, who are fenfible of the
k)fs they, arid the church of Chrift havefuftained in his death ;
God is allfiiffidcnt , andjnll has the care, cf ins church.
He appeared to have the uninterrupted ufeof Iris reafon to
the laft, and died with as much calmnefs and compofure, to
all appearance, as that with which one goes to fleep.
The
* Prefident Burr ordered en his death bed,' that- his funeral fhould
not be attended with that pomp aad coil, by procuring and giving
away a. great number of coilly rnourninefcarfs, &c. and theccnfump-
tion of great quantities of fpirituous liquors; which is an extrava
gance that is become toocuftomary in thofe parts, efpecially at the fu
nerals of the great and the. rich : and that nothing fhould be expended
hut what was agreeable to the dictates of chriitian decency. And
that' the fum which mud be expended at a modijh funeral, over arid,
above the neceifary coft of a decent one, fiiould be given to the poor,
cut of his ellate.
it is to be wifhed and hoped, that the laudable example cf thefe
tv/o worthy Prefi dents, in which they bear their civ ing teftimony
againft a praclicc fo unchriftiar, and of fuch bad tendency fo many
wavs, will have {bme good eUcct.
iu2 The LIFE of the Reverend
The phyfician who .inoculated and conftantly attended him
in his ficknefs, has the following words in his letter to Mrs.
Edwards on this occafion : " Never did any mortal man more
" fully arid clearly evidence the fincerity of all his profeflions,
" by one continued, univerfal, calm,, cheerful refignation and
" patient fubmiilioa to the divine will, through every ftage of
*.* his diieafe, than he. Not fo much as one difcontented ex-
" preffion, nor the leaft appearance of murmuring through the
" .whole. And never did an)J pcrfon expire with more per-
" feel freedom from pain '. not fo much as one diftorted hair;
" but in the moil proper fenfe of the words, he really fell
" afleep."
I
_ , ; .:
' I
PART IV.
Containing an Account of his MANUSCRIPTS, and
the BOOKS l publifaed by him.
SECTION I.
His MAN U S C R I P T S.
MR. Edwards has left a great many volumes in manufcript,
which he wrote in a miscellaneous way on almoftall fub-
jects in divinity ; which he did, not with any defign they mould
ever be publiihed in the form in which they are ; but for the fatis-
faclion and improvement of his own mind, and thathemightre-
tain thethoughts which appeared to him worth preferving. Some
idea of theprogrefs he had made, and the materials he had col-
letted in this way, he gives in the foregoing letter to the Truf-
tees of NafTau-Hall. He has wrote much on the prophecies of
the Mefliah, JuHification, the Divinity of Chrift, and the
Eternity of Mell Torments. He wrote a great deal on the
BiMe, in the fame way, by opening his thoughts on particular
paflagcs of it, as they occurred to him in reading or meditati
on ; by which he has caft much light, on many parts of the Bi
ble, which has efcaped other interpreters. And by which his
great and painful attention to the Bible, and making it the only
rule of his faith, are rnanifeft. H
Mr. J O N A T II A N E D W A R D 9. 103
If the public was willing to be at the coft, and publiflung
books of divinity met with as much encouragement now, as it
has fometimes, there might be a number of volumes publimed
from his manufcripts, which would afford a great deal of new
light and entertainment to the church of Chrift : though they
would be more imperfect, than if he himfelf had prepared them
for public view.
As the method he took to have his mifcellaneous writings in
fuch order, as to be able with eafe to turn to any thing he had
wrote upon a particular fubject, when he had occafiori, is per
haps as good as any, if not the bell that has been propofed to
the public ; fome account of it will here be given, as what
may be of advantage to young ftudents, who have not yet gone
into any method, and are difpofed to improve their minds by
writing.
He numbered & his mifcellaneous writings. Thefirft thing
he wrote is No. I, the fecond No. 2, and fo on. And when
he had cccafion to write on any particular fubjecT:, he firft fet
down the number, and then wrote the fubje& in capitals or large
character, that it might not efcape his eye, when he mould have
occafion to turn to it. As for inllance, if he was going to write
on the happinefs of Angels, and his laft No. was 148, he would
begin thus 149. ANGELS, their HAPPINESS. And when
he had wrote what he defigned at that time on that fubject, he
would turn to an alphabetical table which he kept, and under
the letter A, he would write, Angels, their happinefs, if this
was not already in his alphabet ; and then fet down the number,
149, clofe at the right hand of it. And if he had occafion to
write any new thoughts on this fame fubjecl ; if the number
of his mifcellanies was increafed, fo that his laft number was
261, he would fet down the number 262, and then the fubjecl,
as before. And when he had done writing for that time, he
turned to his table, to the word Angels ; and at the right hand
of the number 149, fet down 162. By this means he had no
occafion to leave any chafms : but began his next fubjecl where
he left off his lath The number of "his mifcellaneous writings
ranged in this manner, amounts to above 1400. And yet by a
table contained on a fheet or two of paper, any thing he wrote.
can be turned to, at pleafure.
SECTION
104 . The L I F E rf the Rcvertnil
SECTION II.
His PUBLICATIONS.
"V yJ"R. EDWARDS was greatly efteemed and famed as an
iVJL AUTHOR, both in Europe and America. His pub
lications naturally raifed in the reader of taile and judgment,
an opinion of his greatnefs and piety. His books met with a
good reception in Scotland efpecially, and procured him great
efteern and applaufe there. A gentleman of note there for his
Superior genius and talents, has the following words concern
ing Mr. Edwards, in a letter to one of his correfpondents in
America. *' I looked xm him as incomparably the gicateft
divine and philofopher in Britain or her Colonies ; and re
joiced that one fo eminently qualified for teaching divinity
was choferi Prefident of New-Jerfey College," And in ano-
ier letter the fame gentleman fays, " Ever fmce I was ac
quainted with Mr. Edwards's writings, I have looked upon
him as the greateft divine this age has produced. And a
Rev. gentleman lately from Holland, fays, That Mr. Ed
wards's writings, efpecially on the Freedom of the Will^
were hadingreatefteem there : that theprofelfors of the cele
brated academy, prefented their compliments to Prefident
Edwards. Several members of the claflis of Amfterdam
gave their thanks, by him, to pious Mr. Edwards, for his
jiiil obfervations on Mr. Brainerd's life ; which book was
translated in Holland, and was highly approved of by the
Univerfity of Utrea ."
A brief account of what he publifhed is therefore here fub-
joined.
A Sermon preached at Bofton, on i Cor. i. 29, 30, 31.
with a preface by one of the miniilers of Bofion.
A Sermon preached at Northampton, in the year 1734,
from Math. xvi. 17, intitled, A divine and fupernatural Light
immediately imparted to the foul by the Spirit of God.
The Narrative which has been mentioned, wrote Nov. 6,
1736, which was firft printed in*London, and recommended
by'Dr. Watts, and Dr. Guyfe ; and had two editions there.
And then it had another edition in Bofton, in the year 1738*
recommended by four of the fenior Miniilers in Bofton. To
which were prefixed five difcourfes on the following fubjecls.
I. Juftifi-
Mr. JONATHAN E D w A k s. 105
I. Juftification by faith alone. II. Prefling into the king*.
tloin of God. III. Ruth's refolution. IV. The juilice of
God in the damnation of Sinners. V. The excellency ot
Jefus Chrift.
Delivered at Northampton, chiefly at the time of the won
derful pouring out of the Spirit of God there.
The difcourfe on Juftification by faith alone, may be re^-
commended as one of the heft things that has been wrote oil
lhat fubjeft ; fettirig this truth in a moft plain, fcripturalj and
convincing light ; and as well worthy the careful perufal of all
chriftians ; efpecially candidates for the miniftry. The other
difcourfes are excellent, having much divinity in them, and
lending above mod that are publimed, to awaken the confcience
of the (inner, and indruct and quicken the chriftian.
A Sermon preached at Enfield, July 8 1741, intitled, Sin
ners in the hands of an angry God. Preached at a time o
great awakenings there ; and attended with remarkable imprei-
fions on many of the hearers.
A Sermon on the dillinguifhing marks of a work of the
Spirit of God, preached at New-Haven, Sept. 10, 1741, from
i John iv. i. publifhed' with great enlargements. This was
reprinted in Scotland.
Some thoughts concerning the prefent revival of religion in
New-England, and the way in which it ought to be acknow
ledged and promoted, humbly offered to the public, in a trea*
life on that fubjecl, in five parts. Published in the year 174*2.
This had a fecond edition in Scotland.
A treatife concerning religious arTeclions. Publifhed in
the year 1746. Thefe three lafl have been mentioned before,
with the particular occafion arid delign of their publication.
A treatife intitlcd, An humble attempt to promote explicit
agreement, and vifible union of God's people in extraordinary
prayer, for the revival of religion, &c. Recommended by five
of the principal minillcrs in Bofton. Publifhed in 1747. In
which he (hews his great acquaintance with fcripturc, and his
Attention to, and good undemanding of the prophetic part of
it.
An account of the life of the Rev. Mr. David Brainern, mini-
fter of the gofpel an 1 miffionary to the Indians. &c. wfib re-
flecUon^and obfe: vasions thereon. Publifhed in tlic year 1749.
An cnquirv ir.ro the qualifications for full communion ill
ihe vifible cljLVich. Publiihed in the year 1^40, intendetl as
O im
io6 T/ie LIFE of ike Reverend
an explanation and vindication of his principles in die matter,
\vhich occafioned his difmiffionfrom Northampton.
A reply to the Rev. Mr. William's anfwer to the foremen-
tioned inquiry. Publifhed in the year 1752.
A Sermon preached at Newark, before the Synod, Sept,
28, 17,52, from Jam. ii. 19. irititled, True grace diftinguith-
ed from the experience of Devils.
A careful and ftricl: inquiry into the modern prevailing no
tion of that freedom of will, which is fuppofed to be eifential
to moral agency, &c. Publifhed in the year 1754.
. This is juilly thought by good judges to be one of the grea-
teft efforts of the human mind, that has appeared, at lealt in
this century. In which the author mews that force and
ilrength of mind, that judgment, penetration and accuracy of
thought, that juftly.intitles him to the character of one of the
greateft genius's of this age. This treatife doubtlefs goes fur
ther towards fettling the main points in controverfy between
Calviniils and Arminians, than any thing that has been wrote :
he having herein abundantly demonflrated the chief principles
on which Arminians build their whole fcheme, to be falfe and
jnoft abfurd. Whenever therefore this book comes to be
generally attended to, it will doubtlefs prove fatal to Armi-
nian and Pelagian principles. This was reprinted in London,
Anno 1762 : and has been introduced by the Rev. T. Clap,
Prefident of Yale College, to be recited there by the Students.
The great chriltian do&rine of Original Sin defended ; evi
dences of its truth produced, and arguments to the contrary
anfwered. Containing, in particular, a reply to the obje6lions
and arguings of Dr. John Taylor, &c. Publifhed in the year
17,58. This was in the prefs when he died.
Befides thefe, he publifhed feveral Ordination Sermons,
arjd fojie others, preached upon particular occasions.
APPENDIX,,
r -
N D I X. 107
APPENDIX, No. I.
Containing a brief ACCOUNT of Mrs. ESTHER
BURR, and fame ExtraBs ^LETTERS wrote by her.
MRS. BURR and her children were inoculated at the fame
time her father was, and were recovered when he died.
But alter Ihe was perfectly recovered to ail appearance, me was
fuddenly ieized with a violent diforder, which carried her but of
the world in a few clays : and which the phyfician (aid he could
call by no name but that of a MtJJe.nger ftnt,fudd&nly to call
her out oj the world. She died April 7, 1758, iixteen days af
ter her father, in the 27th year of her age. She was married
to Mr. Burr, June 29, 1752 ; by him me had two children, a
fon and a daughter.
Mrs. Burr exceeded mod of her fex in the beauty of her per-
fon ; and in a decent and eaiy gefture, behaviour and conver-
fation : not ftiir and (larch on the one hand, nor mean and in
decent on the other, in her unaffected, natural freedom with
perfons of all ranks, with whom me converfed. Her genius was
much more than common. She had a lively, fprightly imagi
nation, a quick and penetrating thought, and a good judgment.
She had a peculiar imartnefs in her make and temper, which
yet was confident with pleafantnefs and good nature : and ihe
knew how to be pleafant and facetious without trefpailmg on
the bounds of gravity, or ftri6t and ferious religion. In Ihort,
file feemed to be formed to pleafe, and efpecialiy to pleafe one
of Mr. Burr's tafle and talents, in whom he was exceeding hap
py. But what crowned all .her excellencies, and was her chief
glory, was her Religion. She was hopefully converted when
Ihe was (even or eight years old ; and ihe made a public pro-
feiiion of religion when (lie was about fifteen years of age ; and
her converfation and conduct to her death, was exemplar) and as
becometh godlinefs. Bi't as her religious feritiments and*cxer-
cifes, will bell be underitood by thofe who were ftrangers to her^
by her own words ; the following extracts are made from letters
which ihe wrote not long before her death.
Tko
A P P E N D- I X.
The following is an extract from a letter (he wrote to her
mother, not long after Mr. Burr's death, dated at Princeton
October 7, 1757. After giving Come account of Mr. Burr's
death, and representing the fenfe (he had of the greatnefs of the
lofs Ihe and her children had fuitained, me writes in the follow
ing words :
" TVJ O doubt, dear Madam, it will be fome comfort to you,
.X^l to hear that God has not- utterly forfuken, although he
has call down, I would fpeak it to the glory of God's name,
that I think he has in an uncommon degree ditcovered hiinfjf
to be an allfufficient God, a full fountain of all good. Al
though all itreams were cut off', yet the fountain is left full.
" I think I have been enabled to call my care upon him, and
have found great peace and calm in my mind, iuch as this world
cannot give, nor take.
" I have had uncommon freedom, and nearnefs to the throne
of grace. God has ieemed fenfibly near in fuch a fupporting and
comforting manner, that I think I have never experienced the
like.
" God has helped me to review my pad and prefent mercies,
with fome heart-affecting degree of thankfulncis.
u I think God has given me fuch a fenfe of the vanity of the
world, and uncertainty of all fublunary enjoyments, as I never
had before. The world vaniihes out of my light. Heavenly
and eternal things appear much more real and important than
ever before, I feel myfelf to be under much greater obligati
ons to be the I/ord's, than before this lore affliction-
" The way of falvation by faith in Jefus Chrift has appeared
more clear and excellent ; and I have been conf trained to ven
ture my All upon Him ; and have found great peace of foul, in
what I hope has been a&ings of faith. Some parts of the
Pfalms have been very comforting and refrefhing to my foul.
" I hope God has helped me to eye his hand in this awful
difpenfation ; and to fee the infinite right he has to his own,
and to difpofe of them as he pleafes.
" Thus, dear Madam, I have given you fome broken hints
of the exercifes and fupports of my mind, fince the death of
HIM, v/hofe memory and example, will ever be precious to me
as my own life.
" O, dear Madam ! I doubt not but I have your, and my
Jnonored father's prayers daily for me ; but give me leave to rn-
treat you boi-i to requeil earneftly of the Lord, that I may never
his ckaftenins, nor faint under this his fevcrc ttroke \
APPENDIX, 109
which I am fenfible there ig great danger of, if Gcd iheukl only
dei.y me the flip-ports that he has hitherto gnidoully granted.
* O, I am afraid I (liall conduct fo as to bring ditnonor on
m\ God, and the religion which I profefs ! No, rather jet me
die this moment, than be left to bring difhonor en God's holy
)me 1 mutt conclude with once more
1 am overcome
begging, that as my dear parents remember themfelves, they
would not forget their greatly afflicted daughter, (now a lonely
widow) nor her fatherkfs children.
" My duty to my ever dear and honored parents, love to
rny brothers and fillers. From,
Dear Madam,
your dutiful and affectionate daughter,
ESTHER BUR R."
u To my ever honored Father.
Princeton, November 2, 1757.
* HONORED SIR,
" "\7OUR moft affectionate, comforting letter by my brother,
JL was exceedingly refreihing to me, although I was fome-
thing damped by hearing that I fliould not fee you until fpring. *
But it is my comfort in this difappointment, as well as under
all my affli6tions, that God knows what is belt for me, and for
his own glory. Perhaps I lotted too much on the company
and converfation of fucli a near and dear and affectionate father
and guide. I can not doubt but all is for the beft, and I am
fatisiied that God ihould order the affair of your removal as (hall
be for his glory, whatever comes of me.
" Since I wrote my mother's letter, God has carried me
through new trials, and given me new fupports. My little fon
has been lick with the flow fever, ever fince my brother left us,
and has been brought to the brink of the grave. But I hope
in mercy God is bringing him up again. I was enabled to re-
iign the child (after a Icvere ftruggle with nature) with the greateft
freedom
* When Mr. Edwards wrote the letter fhe refers to, he did not
think of going to Princeton till fpring ; but he afterwards determined
, aad went in January, as is before related.
no A P P E N D I X.
iireeciom. God fhewed me that the child was not my own,
but his ; and that he had a right to recall what he had lent,
whenever he thought fit ; and"l had no reafon to complain,
or fay God was hard with me. This filenced me.
" But O, how good is God ! He not only kept me from
complaining, but comforted me by enabling me to offer up the
child by faith, I think, if ever I acled faith. J faw the fulnefs
there was in Chriftfor little infants, and his willingnefs to ac
cept of iuch as were offered to him. " Suffer little children
" to come unto me, and forbid them not ;" were comforting
words.
" God alfo (hewed me in fuch a lively manner, the fullnefs
there was in himfelf of all fpiritual bleflings, that I faid, Al
though all ftrflams were cut off, yet fo long as my God lives,
I have enough. He enabled me to fay, " Although then flay
*' me, yet will I truft in tbee."
"* In this time of trial, 1 was led to enter into a renewed
and explicit covenant with God, in a more folemn manner
than ever before ; and with the greateft freedom and delight.
After much felf-examination and prayer, I did give up myfelf
and children to God, with my whole heart. Never until now,
had I a fenfe of the privilege we are allowed in covenanting
with God { This ai of foul left rny mind in a quiet and fteady
trail in God.
*' A few days after this, one evening, in talking of the glo
rious ftate my dear departed hufband niufi be in, my foul was
carried oat in fuch longing defires after this glorious flate, that
I was forced to retire from the family to conceal my joy.
When alone, I was fo tranfported, and my foul carried out in
fach eager defires after perfection, arid the full enjoyment of
God,' and to ferve him uninterruptedly, that I think my nature
would not have borne much more. I think, dear Sir, I had
that night a foretafte of heaven. This frame continued in forne
good degree the whole night. I flept but little, and when I
did, my dreams were all of heavenly and divine things. Fre
quently fmce, I have felt the fame in kind, though not in de
gree. Thus a kind and gracious God has been with me in fix
troubles, and in {'even.
" But O Sir, what caufeofdeep humiliation and abafe"
merit of foul have I, on account of remaining corruption ;
ivhich I fee working continually, efpecially pride ! O, how
inany Oiapes doth pride cloke itfelf in !
Satan
A P P E N D I nt
<: Satan is alfo bufy mooting his darts ; but, bleflc
God, thofe temptations of his, that ufed to overthrow me, as
yet, have not touched me. O, to he delivered from the power
of fatan, as well as fin ! I can not help hoping the time is near.
God is certainly fitting me for himfelf ; and when I thu.k it
will be foon that I ihali be called hence, the thought is traa-
porting/'
APPENDIX, No. IL
Containing a Jhort Jlietck of Mrs. EDWARDS^ LIFE and
CHARACTER.
MRS. Sarah Edwards, the amiable confort of Prefitknt
Edwards, did not long furvive him. In September ihe
fet out in good health on a journey to Philadelphia, to take
care of her two orphan grandchildren, which were now in that
city; and had been, fince the death of Mrs. Burr. As they
had no relations in thofe parts, Mrs. Edwards propofed to take
them into her own family. She arrived there by the way of
Princeton, Sept. 21, in good health, having had a comfortable
journey. But in a few days (he was fuddenly feized with a
violent dyfentery, which put an end to her life on the fifth
day, October 2, 1758, in the 49th year of her age. She
faid not much in her ficknefs ; being exercifed moil of the time
with violent pain. On the morning of the day ihe died, (he
apprehended her death was near : when (he exprened her en
tire refignation to God, and defire that God might be glorifi
ed in all things ; and that (lie might be enabled to glorify him
to the laft : and continued in fuch a temper, calm and refign-
ed, till (he died.
Her remains were carried to Princeton, which is about 40
miles from Philadelphia, and depofited with Mr. EdwarrVs,
Thus they who were in their lives remarkably lovely and plca-
fant, in their death were not much divided. Here lie the fa
ther and mother, the fon and daughter, who are laid together
in the grave, within the fpace of a little more than a year,
though a few months before their dwelling was more than ijo
miles apart. Two prcfidcnts of the fame college, and their
confortSj
**3 A P P & N D I X.
conforts, than whom it will doubtlefs be hard to find fouf
perfons more valuable and ufeful ; in a few months are cat
off from the earth forever ; and by a remarkable providence!
are put, as it were, into one grave ! And we the furvivorsare
left under the gloomy apprehenfion that thefe righteous are
taken away from the evil to come !
Surely America is greatly emptied by thefe deaths ! How
much knowledge, wifdomarld holinefs is gone from the earth
forever ! And where are they who mall* make good their
j i ' &
ground .
v Mrs. Edwards was born in New-Haven, in Connecticut,
Jan. 9, 1709 10. Her father was the Rev. Mr. James
Pierpoint, who was long an eminently godly and ufeful mirii-
iier of the gofpel at New-Haven.* She was married to Mr.
Edwards, July 20, 1727, in the i8th year of her age.
Though Mrs. Edwards's full character will not be attempt
ed here, yet it is thought proper to mention a few things, in
which me excelled, and fet an example worthy the imitation
of all.
She remembered her creator in the days of her youth, and
became truly and remarkably religious at about five years old.
Was a more than ordinary beautiful perfon ; of a pleafant,
agreeable countenance ; of an amiable, courteous converfaiion
and behaviour : the law of kindnefs was in her tongue.
She was eminent for her piety and experimental religion.
Religious converfation was much her delight ; and this {he
promoted in all companies as far as was proper and decent for
her : and her difcourfe mewed her underilanding in divine
things, and the great impreiTion they "had on her mind. The
friends of true religion, and they who were ready to engage
in religious converfation, and delighted in that which was rnoft
eJTential and practical in true religion, were her peculiar
friends and intimates. To whom me would open her mind
freely, and tell them the exercifes of her own heart ; and
what God had done for her foul, for their encouragement,
and
* He was tlie cldeft fen of Mr. John Pierpoint of Roxrniry,
came out o-f England. Her mother was Mrs. Mary Pierpoint, eldefc
daughter of the Rev. Mr. Samuel Hooker, minitfer cf the gofpel
at Farrnington, in Connecticut, and fon of the Rev. Mr. Thomas
Hooker, once minifter of the gofpel y.t Hartford, and famous a A
divine, through all the churches in New- England.
A P 3? E & D i X, 113
nd excitement in the ways of God. Her mind appeared, to
them who were moft converfant with her, conRantly to attend
to divine things, even on all occafions, aid in all bufinefs o
life.
The religious duties of the clofet, (he was a great friend to>
and took much delight in them. She highly prized focial wor-
fhip. Was wont to attend the private meetings for religious
worlhip, which were kept up at Northampton, while Mr. Ed
wards lived there. And'promoted and attended meetings o
perfons of her own fex only, in order for prayer and religious
tonverfation. She was a conilant attender on public worlhip ;
land behaved with great gravity and ferioufnefs in, the houfe ct*
God,
She paid proper deference to Mr. Edwards, and treated
him with decency and refpecl at all times. As he was of a
weakly% infirm conftitution, and was peculiar and exact in his
diet, (he was a. tender nurfe to hirh ; chearfully ai tending upon
him at all times, and miniftenng to his comfort : and (pared
no pains to conform to his inclinations, and make things agreea
ble arid comfortable to him.
She accounted it her greateft glory, aiid that where! m ih.j
could bed ferve God ami her, generation, in being a means of
promoting Mr. Edwards's comfort and ufcfulneis in this way.
And no perfon of difcerning could be converfant in the family
without obferving and admiring thc^reat harmony and mutual
k>ve and elteern that fubfifted bctv/cc ? them.
When (he herfelf laboured under bodily diforders and pains,
Xvhich was often the cafe, (he was nor vvont to be i'ull if iiei'
complaints, and put on a dejected or four coiuiiei \ance, bein;.;
out of humour with every body and every thing, as in! e Was
disregarded and negl<?6led : but. ilis wo::iii Dhre r.p under them
with patience, and a kind of 6hterfuJne& and ^'^<\ hr.nic-.r;.
She vvas a good o*c"onamift j managing her houiholcl ^ilaiif.
with difcretion ; in which the was labosious and .'^i gent. S l ic
was very careful that nothing iliould be wafted aiiJ ioir. And
often, when (he did ar.y "! in^ to five a imaii lir^'c-:. <i r &itf&t-
ed her children to do it in any io fiance, or faw ibe-i; *Va{t<! an)
ihin r L>; : ihc would mention the words of oar Savio:ir : WhidH,
ihe (aid, (he often thought of, as cout-iiiiinc; a myxitrj vvo1 r
remembering : when, as the region why his difoipJefc ihcWfUl
gatlier up the fragments, he favs, TkA, nothing bl /"//'. Si^e
took ulmoii the whole care ot' the rc--.v,, a ili^u> -..^ \'.
-ii4 APPENDIX,
without doors and within : and in this {he \vas peculiarly fuit-
ed to Mr. Ed wards 's difpofition, who chofe to have no care of
any worldly bufmefs..
She had an excellent way of governing her children : fhe
knCw how tomake them regard and obey her cheerfully without
loud, angry words, or heavy blows. She feldom flruck her
children a blow ; and in fpeaking to them ufed mild, gentle
and pleafant words. If any correction was needful, it was not
her manner to give it in a paflion. And when fhe had ccca-
fion to reprove and rebuke, fhe would do it in few words,
without heat and noife, with all calmnefs and gentlenefs of
mind. And in her directions or reproofs, in any matters cf
importance, fhe would addrcfs herfelf to the reafon of her
children, that they might not only know her inclination and
will, but at the fame time, be convinced of the reafonablenefs
of it. She need fpeak but once ; fhe was cheerfully obeyed ;
murmuring and anfwering again was not known among them.
And the kind and gentle treatment they had from their mother,
while (lie ftriclly and punftualy maintained her parental autho
rity, feemed naturally to beget and promote a filial regard and
refpeft ; and lead them to a mild, tender treatment of each
other ; for qnarelling and contention, as it frequently takes
place among children, was not known among them. She care
fully obferved the fir ft appearances of refentment arid ill-will
towards any, in her young children ; and did not connive at
it and promote it, as many who have the care of children do,
but was careful to (hew her difpleafure at it, at id fupprefs it to
her utmofi : not by angry, wrathful words and blows, which
often provoke children to wrath, and flir up and confirm their
irafcible paflions, rather than abate and fupprefs them.
As me was fenfible that in many refpecls, the chief care of
forming children by government and inftruclion, naturally
lies on mothers ; as they are molt with their children in their
mofl pliable age, when they commonly receive impreffions by
which they are very much formed for life : fo fhe was very
careful to do her part in this important bufmefs. And when
fiie met with any fpccial difficulty in this matter, or fore fa w
any, fhe was wont to apply to Mr. Edwards for advice and
afiifiance : and on fuch occafions they would both attend to it,
as a matter of great importance.
But this was not all, in which me cxprelTed her care for her
children. She thought that parents had great and important
duty
A P P E N D.I- X. 115
duty to do towards their children hefore they werecapable of
government and in(lru6Hon. For them ihe conflarnly and
earncltly prayed, arid bore them on her heart before God, in
all her ibcretand moft Iblemn addrefles to him ; and that evert
before they were born. . The evidence of her pregnancy, arid
confederation, that it was with a rational, immortal creature, which
came into exiilence in an undone, and infinitely dreadful ftaie,
was fufiicient to lead her to bow before God daily for his blef-
fiiig on it ; even redemption, and eternal life by Jefus Chrift.
So that through all the pain, labour and forrow, which attend'
ed her being mother of children, me was in travel for them,
that they might be born of God by having Chriil formed in
them.
As the law of kindnefs was in her tongue, fo her hand*
were not withheld from beneficence and charity. She was al
ways a friend and patronefs of the poor and helplefs ; and
much in acts of chanty, as well as recommending it to others
on all proper occafions.
She was remarkable for her kindnefs to her friends and vifi-
tants, who reforted to Mr. Edwards's. She would ipare no
pains to make them welcome, and provide for their conveni
ence and comfort. And ihe was peculiarly kind to Grangers,
who came to her houfe. She would take fuch kind and fpe-
cial notice of fuch, and fo foon get acquainted with them, as
it were, and (hew fuch regard and concern for their comfort,,
and fo kindly offer what me thought they needed, as to difco-*
ver me knew the heart of a flranger, and well underftood how
to do it good ; and fo as to oblige them to feel in fame mea-
fure as if they were at home.
She made it her rule to fpeak well of all, fo far as me could
with truth, and jurtice to herfelf and others. She was not
wont to dwell with x delight on the imperfections and failings
of any ; and when fhe heard perfons fpeaking ill of others, Ihe
would fay what fhe thought fhe could with truth and juftice-
in their excufe ; or divert the obloquy by mentioning thole
things that were commendable in them. Thus fhe was tender
of every one's character, even of theirs who injured and fpoke
evil of her and carefully guarded againfl the too common
vice of evil fpeaking and backbiting. She- could bear injuries
and reproach with great calmnefs and patience, without any 8
difpofition to render evil for evil ; but on the contrary, was,
ready to pity and forgive thofe whq appeared to. be her enemies*
ji6 A P P E N D I X,
She had lorsg told her intimate friends that fhe had, after
long ftruggles and exercifes, obtained, by God's grace, an ha-,
bitual wiliingnefs to die herfelf, or part with any of her mod
near relatives. That (he was willing to bring forth children
for death j and refign up him whom fhe efteerned fo gieat a
blefling to her and her family, her neareft partner, to the flroke
<>f death, whenever God mould fee fit to take him. And when,
fhe had the greaieft trial in the death of Mr. Edwards, fhe
found the help and comfort <# fuch a difpofition. Her con-,
verfation and conduel: on this occafion was even to the admira
tion of her friends. It was fuch as discovered that me was fen-t
fible of the great lofs, fhe and her children had fuftained in his
death ; and at the fame time fhewed,, that {lie was quiet an4
refigned, and had thofe invifible fupports and comfprts by
which fhe could truft in God with quietnefs, hope and hunif
ble joy.
They lived together in the married ftate above thirty years.
In which time they had eleven children ; all which are now
living, except the fecpnd daughter, who died February, 14,
1748, (of whom the public have fome accbunt in the life QI
Mr. Brainerd, P. 2,51.) and their third daughter, Mrs. Burr,
before mentioned ; and their youngeft daughter, named Eliza
beth, who died fmce her parents, file furyiving children are
three fons, and five daughters.
-.fr$--SMt-fr.t--fr *-*- +
f-j^i'f^S Y^Tf^^f ^^^ *^ * ^
A
T R E A T I S E
CONCERNING
RELIGIOUS AFFECTIONS,
IN THREE PARTS.
PART I.
Concerning the NATURE of the AFFEC
TIONS, and their IMPORTANCE
in RELIGION.
i PETER i. 8.
Whom having not [ten, ye. love ; in whom though now ye -fee
him not, yet bditving, ye. rejoice with joy un/peakable., and
full of glory.
IN thefe words the apoftle reprefents the ftate of the mind
of the Chriftians he wrote to, under the perfections they
were then the fubjecls of. Thefe perfecutions are what
he has refpeft to, in the two preceding verfes, when he
fpeaks of the trial of their faith, and of their being in hea-
vint/s through manifold temptations .
Such trials are of threefold benefit to true religion. Here
by the truth of it is manifcfted, and it appears to be indeed true
religion: they, above all other things, have a tendency to di-
ftinguifh between true religion and falfe, and to caufe the dif
ference between them evidently to appear. Hence they are
called by the name of trials, in the verfe next ly preceding the
text, and in innumerable other places : they try the faith and
religion of profeffors> of what fort it is, as apparent gold is
tried
130 TriE NATURE AND IMPORTANCE Pan L
tried in the fire, and manifefted, whether it be true gold or no.
And the faith of true Chriftians being thus tried and proved to
be true, is found to praife, and honour, and glory, as in that
preceding verfe*
And then, thefe trials are of further benefit to true religion ;
they not only maniieft the truth of it, but they make its eenul
ine beauty and amiablerufs remarkably to appear. True virtue
never appears fo loVely, as when it is molt oppreffed : and tlid
divine excellency of real Chrillianity, is never exhibited with
fuch advantage, as when under the greateft trials.: then it is
that true faith appears much more precious than gold ; and upon
this account, is found to praife, and honour, and glory.
And again, another benefit that fuch trials are of to true re
ligion, is, that they purify and increafe it, They not only
manifeft it to be true, but alfo tend to refine it, and deliver it
from thofe mixtures of that which is falfe, which incumber and
impede it ; that nothing may be left but that which is true.
They tend to caufe the amiablenefs of true religion to appear to
the beft advantage, as was before obferved ; and not only fo, but
they tend to increafe its beauty, by eftablifhing and confirming
it, and making it more lively and vigorous, and purifying it
from thofe things that obfcured its luftre and glory. As gold
that is tried in the fire, is purged from its alloy', and all" re
mainders ot drofs, and comes forth more folid and beautiful j
fo true faith being tried as gold is tried in the fire, becomes
more precious ; and thus alfo is found unto praife, and honour,
and glory. The upoftle feems to have refpe^Uo each of thefe
benefits, that perfecutions are of to true religion, in the verfe 1
preceding the text.
And in the^texf, the apoflle obferves how true religion ope
rated in the Chriilians he wrote to, under their per/editions,
\vhercby thefe benefits of pedecution appeared in them ; or what
manner of operation of true religion, in them, it was, whereby
their religion, under pcrfecution, was maniielted to be trui
religion, and eminently appeared in the genuine beauty and
<r*2#me/j of true religion,, and alfo appeared to be intreafid
and punj'icd, and fo was like to be found unto praife,, and ho*
nour, and glory, at the appearing of Jcfus Chrift. ' And there
were two kinds of operation, or exercife of true religion, in
tfee& Usdtr their fullerings, that theapofile takes : iiotice of iu
J-ht: text, v.-hcrein thcfe benefits appealed*
1. Love
OF fcELiGIOUS AFFEC'T JON Si lt
!. L0V2 to C'k fifl\ Whom having net fan, yz love: The world
Was ready to woj}cl$'r what Irraiigc principle it was, that influ
enced them 10 expoie themfelves to io great fiiflerings-, to for-
iake the tilings tha ! were ieen, ami renounce all that was dear
and pleainnt, which \v;i.s the object of fenfe. They feemed to
the men of the world about (hem, as though they were befrde
themfelves, and to act as though they hated themfelves ; there
\\ r as nothing in their view, that conld induce them thus to fuf"-
fer, and fupport them under, and carry them through fuch
trials. But although there was nothing that was feen, nothing
that the world faw, or that the Chriflians themfelves ever faw
with their bodily eyes, that thus influenced and fupported them,
yet they had a fupoi natural principle of love to fomething
*i.nfan~\ they loved Jefus Chrifr, for they faw him fpiritually,
whom the world faw not, and whom they themfelves had
never feen with bodily eyes.
. Joy in Chri/l. Though their outward fufTerings xvere
very grievous, yet their inward fpiritua! joys were greater than
their fuflferings ; and thefe fupported them, and enabled them
to fufFer with cheerfuhiefs.
There are two things which the apoftle takes notice of in the
text concerning this joy. i. The manner in \vhich it rifes, the
way in which Ghrif), though tinfeen, is the foundation of it,
viz. by faith ; winch is the evidence of tilings riot ieen ; //?.
zuhom, though IWD ye fee him not, yt beJievJBff, yt re,joiqt.'~~*
2. The s nature of this joy; unA^kahle^ a-ucljtii-of^iary. i'-;-
fj:e<ikab!e in the kind of it ; very different ii-'^n worldly jovs,
and carnal delights ; of a vaftly more pure, fubame. and heaven' v
nature, 4^eing lomcthing Inpernatural, and iru'y divine, and io
incflvihly excellent ; the iublimity and c-xquifne fweetnefs 01
which, there were no words to fee forth. Urifpeakabie aifo
in degree; it pleafmg God to give them this holy :oy, wit.l.: a
liberal hand, and in large meafure, in their 11 ate of pei lo
cution.
Their joy was fullofgloi ' ^h the jcy wasunrpe?';-
able, and no words were mfiiciv:;;: to neici ibe it ; yet io'.ncth'iig
might be faid of it, and no words more ;: ro reprefcnt it*
excellency than theic, that it was/?/// of glory ; ^r, r,s it is in
the original, glorified joy. In rejoicing with this jov, iheii
minds uVre filled, as it werCj with a glorious brightncfs. and
their natures exalted and perfected. It was a rn^ft wov.
122 THE NATURE OF Part L
noble rejoicing, that did not corrupt and dehafe the mind, as
many carnal joys do ; but did greatly beautify and dignify it ;
it was a prelibatioa of the joy of heaven, that raifed their minds
to a degree of heavenly bleffednefs ; it filled their minds with
the light of God's glory, and made them themieives to Ihine
with fome communication of that glory.
Hence the propofition or doclrine, that I would raife from
thefe words is this,
DOCT. True, religion, in great part, conjijls in holy affec
tions.
We fee that the apoftle, in obferving and remarking the
operations and exercifes of religion, in the ChtifHans he wrote
to, wherein their religion appeared to be true and of the rigflt
kind, when it had its greater! trial of what fort it was, being-
tried by perfecution as gold is tried in the tire, and when their
religion not only proved true, but was moft pure, and cleanfed
from its drofs and mixtures of that which was not true, and
when religion appeared in them moft in its genuine excellency
and native beauty, and was found to praife, and honour, and
glory; he fmgles out the religions affeclions of love and joy,
that were then in exercife in them : thefe are the exercifes of
religion he takes notice of, wherein their religion did thus
appear true and pure, and in its proper glory.
Here I would,
I. Shew what is intended by the afftBions.
II. Obferve fome things which make it evident, that a great
part of true religion lies in the affeclions.
- 9 *
I. It may be inquired, what the affeclioris of the mind are ?
I anfwer, The affeftions are no other, than the more vigo
rous and fenfible exercifes of the inclination and will of the
foul.
God has endued the foul with two faculties : One is that by
which it is capable of perception and fpeculation, or by which
it difcerns, and views, and judges of things ; which is called
the underflandiqg. The other faculty is that by which the foul
does not merely perceive and view things, but is fome way
inclined with refpecl to the things it views or confiders ; either
is inclined to them, or is difinclined, and wettefrom them: or
is the faculty by which the foul does not behold things, as an
indifferent
THE AFFECTIONS. 123
indifferent unaffected fpeclator, but either as liking or difliking,
pleafed or difpleafecl, approving or rejecting. This faculty is
called by various names : it is fometiraes called the inclination :
and, as it has refpeft to the actions that are determined ai;d
governed by it, is called the will: and the mind, with regard
to the exercifes of this faculty, is often called the heart.
The exercifes of this faculty are of two forts ; either thofe
bv which the foul is carried out towards the things that are in
view, in approving of them, being pleafed with them, and in
clined to them ; or thofe in which the foul oppofcs the things
that are in view, in disapproving them, arid in being difpleafed
wuh them, averfe from them, and rejecting them.
And as the exercifes of the inclination and will of the foul
are various in their kinds t fo they are much more various in
their degrees. There are fome exercifes of pleafednefs or dif-
pleafednefs, inclination or di inclination, wherein the foul is
carried but a little beyond a ftate of perfect indifference. And
there are other degrees above this, wherein the approbation or
diflike, pleafednefs or averfion, are ftrongcr ; \vhereinwe may
rife higher and higher, till the foul comes to act vigoroufly and
fenfibly, and the actings of the foul are with that ftrength, that
(through the laws of the union which the Creator has fixed
between foul and body) the motion of the blood and animal
fpirits begins to be fenfibly altered ; whence oftentimes arifes fome
bodily fenfation, efpeciaily about the heart and vitals, that arc
the fountain of the fluids of the body : from whence it comes
to pafs, that the mind, with regard to the exercifes of this faculty,
perhaps in all nations and ages, is called the heart. And it is
to be noted, that they are thcfe more vigorous and fenfibly
exercifes of this faculty, that are called the affections.
The will, and the ajfttlions of the foul, are not two faculties ;
the affections are not effentially dirlin6l from the will, nor do
they differ from the mere actings of the will and inclination of
the foul, but only in the liveiinefs and fenfiblenefs of exercife.
It muft he conleiled, that language is here fomewhat imper
fect, and the meaning of words in a confiderable meafure loofe
and unfixed, and not precifely limited by cuftom, which governs
the ufe of language. In fome fenfe, the affection of the foul
differs nothing at all from the will and inclination, and the
will never is in any exercife any further than it is ajfi&ed ; it
is not moved out of a .ftate of perfecl indifference, any other-
wife than as it is afft&td one way or other, and acls nothing
any further. But yet there are many actings of the will and
inclination,
T H E N A T U Px E OF Part I,
inclination, that are not fo commonly called a tf'efiwxs : in every
thing we do, wherein we act voluntarily, uiere is an excTcifb
of the will and inclination, it is our inthn-iiion that governs us
in our aftions : but all the aftings of the inclination and will,
in all our common aHons of life, are not ordinarily called at'-.
feclions. Yet, what are commonly called affections are not
eflentially different from them, but only in the degree and
manner of exerci'e. In every act of the will whatsoever, the
ibul either likes or diflikes, is either inclined or difindinsd to
what is in view : the(e are noi eilentially different from thoie
affeclions of love and haired : that liking or inclination of the
foul to a thing, if it be in a high degree, and be vigorous and
lively, is the very fame thing with the affection of love ; and
lhatdifliking and difmciining, if in a great degree, is the very
iame with hatred. In every aft of the will jor 3 or towards
iomethmg not prefent, the foul is in fame degree inclined to
that thing ; and that inclination, if in a confideiabie degree,
is the very fame with the affection of dt.fire. And in every
decree of the acl of the will, wherein the foul approves of
fomething prefent, there is a degree of pleafcciaefs ; and that
pleafecinefs, if it be in a confiderable degree, is the very farce
\vith the affection of joy or delight. And if the vvill difap-
provesof what is prefent, the foul is in fonie degree difpleafed,
and if that difpleafednefs be great, it is the very fame with the
fiffetuon of grief QT Jorrozc.
Such feems to be our nature, and fcch the laws of the union
of foul and body, that there never is in any cafe wbatfoever,
any lively and vigorous exerci-fe of the will or inclination of the
foul, wiihput fome effecl upon the body, in fome alteration of
the motion of iis fluids, and efpecially af the animal ipiriis.
And on tiie other hand, from the fan: lav/s of the union ^f
foul and body, (he coniiituiion of the body, ai:d the motion of
its fluids, ruay promote the cxercife of the affections. But yet,
it is not the bpdv, but the mind otdy, that is the proper feat of
ihe affeSjons. The body of m.an is no more capable of being
really the fuhjeci <>f lovg or hatred, joy or forrcw, fear or hope,
ihan tb.e bo^y of a tree, or than the fame body of man is capable
Ki" thinking aijd undedlanding. As it is the foul only that
lias ideas, fo it is the foul only tK : -.-: is p'eafed or difpleaicd
^vi'Ii its ideas. As it is the foul only t!i:;t thinks, fo it is
only ih-it l-jves or bates, rejoices or isgvu:vcd LJ: v!i;it
Nor a;.c tbele liiotipws of the animal fiiiius,
THE AFFECTION S3 125
and fluids of the boJv, any thing properly belonging to the
nature of the affections ; though they always accompany them,
in the prei'ent Itate ; bat are only eflecis oc concomir-inis or
ihe affections, that are entirely diilin6i from the affections
jhemfeives, and no way eiiential to them ; fo that an unbodied
fpirit may be as capable of love and haired, joy or for row,
hope or fear, or other affections, as one that is united to a body.
The affettims and paffiotu are frequently fpokcn of as the
fame ; and yet, in the mure common ufe of ipeech, there'is in
fome refpect a d .{Terence ; and affefhen is a word, that in iis
ordinary ligmiicution, ieems to be fomething more extenfive
than pxjjion, being ufed for all vigorous lively actings of the will
or inclination ; but pai'ion for thofe that are more ludden, and
whofe effects on the animal fpirits are more violent, and the
mind more overpowered, and lefs in its own command.
As all the exercifes of the inclination and will, are cither in
approving and liking, or difapproving and rejecting; fo the
affections are of two forts ; they are thofe by which the foul
is carried out to what is in view, cleaving to it, or foei&ng it ;
or thofe by which it is aveife fro.n it, and oppojes it.
Of the former fort are love, dejirs, hope, joy, gratitude, com
placence. Of the latter kind, are hatred, fear, anger, grief,
and fuch like ; which it is needlefs now to Hand particularly
to define.
And there are fome affections wherein there is a composition
of each of the aforementioned kinds of actings of the will ; as
in the effcction of pity, there is fomething of the former kind,
towards the perfon fluTering, and foniething of the latter, to
wards what he faffers. And fo in zeal, there is in it high
approbation of fome perfon or thing, together with vigorous
opi)o/ition to what is conceived to be contrary to it.
There are other mixed affections that might be alfo men
tioned, but I hailen to
II. The fecond thing propofed, which was, to obferve fome
things that render it evident, that true religion, in great parr,
confills in the affections. And here,
i. What has been laid of the nature of the aflFeclions, makes
this evident, and may be fufiicient, without adding any thing
further, 10 put this matter out of doubt : for who will deny that
true religion confifis in a great meafurc, in vigorous a:ic! lively
actings of the indiiialic-ii and rrz// of the foul, or the iervcat
fix^rcifes oi ' \x\^htaii ? 1'lidt
126 RELIGION CONSISTS MUCH Part L
That religion which God requires, and will accept, does not
confift in weak, dull, and lifelefs wouldings, raifmg us but a
little above a ftate of indifference : God, in his word, greatly
infifts upon it, that we be in good earnerl, fervent in /bint,
and our hearts vigorouily, engaged in religion ; Rom. xii. n.
.' Be ye fervent in fpirit, ferving the Lord." Deut. x. 12.
" And now Ifrael, what doth the Lord thy God require of
' thce, but to fear the Lord thy God, to walk in all his ways,,
' and to love him, and to ferve the Lord thy God with ail
" thy heart, and with all thy foul ?" And chap. vi. 4, 5.
" Hear, O Ifrael, the Lord our God is one Lord : and thou
u frmlt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all
** thy foul, and with all thy might." It is fuch a fervent, vigor
ous en gaged nefs of the heart in religion, that is the fruit of a
real circumcifion of the heart, or true regeneration, and that
has the promifes of life ; Deut. xxx. 6. " And the Lord thy
" God will circumcife thine heart, and the heart of thy feed,
" to love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all
** thy foul, that thou mayft live."
If we be not in good earned in religion, and our wills and
inclinations be not ftrongly exercifed, we are nothing. The
things of: religion are fo great, that there can be no fuitable-
nefs in the exercifes of our hearts, to their nature and impor
tance, unlefs they be lively and powerful. In nothing is vigour
in the aftings of our inclinations fo requifite, as in religion ;
anl in nothing is lukewarmnefs fo odious. True religion is
evermore a powerful thing ; and the power of it appears, in the
fir ft place, in the inward exercifes of it in the heart, where is
the principal and original feat of it. Hence true religion is
called the power ofgodli.nefs, in diftinclion from the external
appearances of it, that are the form of it, 2 Tim. iii. 5. " Hav-
" ing a form of godlinefs, but denying, the power of it." The
Spirit of God, in thofe that have found and folid religion, is a
fpirit of powerful holy affection ; and therefore, God is faid to
have given them the. Spirit of power, and of love, and of a found
mind, 2 Tim. i. 7, And fuch, when they receive the Spirit of
God, in his fanciifving and faving influences, are faid to be
baptized with the. Holv Gknft, and with fire ; by reafon of the
power and fervour of thofe exercifes the Spirit of God excites
in their near s, whereby their hearts, when grace is in exercife,.
may be faid to burn within them ; as is faid of the difi?ipl-es fc
.Luke xxiv. 32.
The
IN K o L Y AFFECTIONS. is;r
The bufmefs of religion is, from time to time, compared to
thofe exercifes, wherein men are wont to have their hearts
and Itrength greatly exercifed and engaged ; fuch as running,
xvreflling, or agonizing for a great prize or crown, and fight
ing with ftrong enemies that leek our lives, and warring as
thofe that by violence take a city or kingdom.
And though true grace has various degrees, and there are
fome that are but babes in Chrift, in whom the exercife of the
inclination and will towards divine and heavenly things, is
comparatively weak ; yet every one that has the power ofgod-
linefs in his heart, has his inclinations and heart exercifed to
wards God a*nd divine things, with fuch flrength and vigour,
that thefe holy exercifes do prevail in him above all carnal or
natural affections, and are effectual to overcome them : for
every true difciple of Chrilt, loves him above father or mother,
wife and children, brethren and fifters, houjes and lands ; yea,
than-his own life.. From hence it follows, that where-ever true
religion is, there are vigorous exercifes of the inclination and
will towards divine objefts : but by what was faid before, the
vigorous, lively, and fenfible exercifes of the will, are no other
than the affections of the foul.
2. The Author of the human nature has not only given af-
feftions to men, but has made them very much the fpring of
mens attions. As the affections do not only neceffarily belong
to the human nature, but are a very great part of it ; fo (inaf-
much as by regeneration, perfons are renewed in the whole
man, and fanftified throughout) holy affections do not only ne-
ceffarily belong to true religion, but are a very great part of
that. And as true religion is of a practical nature, and God
hath fo conftituted the human nature, that the affections arc
very much the fpring of mens actions, this alfo fhews, that true
religion muft confift very much in the affections.
Such is man's nature, that he is very unaclive, any otherwife
than he is influenced by fome affection, either love or hatred,
drfire, hope, fear, or fome other. Thefe affections we fee to
he the fprings that fet men a-going, in all the affairs of life, and
engage them in all their purfuits : thefe are the things that put.
men forward, and carry them along, in all their worldly bufmefs ;
and efpecially are men excited and animated by thefe, in all
affairs, wherein they are earneflly engaged, and which they purfue
with vigor. We fee the world of mankind to be exceeding
bufy
RELIGION CONSISTS M y c K
Part L
.b-rfyandaaive; and the afieaions of men are t!,e fpring, of
all to and Hatred, al! *#><: andSr
ke away a
, d aomte,^, and the world -.vould
g KS meafm-e, piotionlofs and dead; there wor.M be
ro'fuch thing as aaivity amongft mankind, or any earr.cft
n -rfuit whatfoever. It is affection that engages tnc covetous
r'a" a" d h'rn that is greedy of worldly grphts, in his purluits ;
r-f!' is by the aflWVions, that the ambitious man is put ior-
w"-d ft his purfi.it. of worldly glory; and it is the etfeAions
SS that aauate the voluptuous man, in his purfuit of pieafura
and fsnfaal delights: the world continues, from ace ; to age, m
coannnal commotion and agitation, m a purfuit of tr.efc
hings" but take away all aiRflion, and the pnng of all h|
rnotion would be gone, and the motion irfeli would ccsk-.
A-d as in worldly things, worldly aflea^ons are very much me
-S of mens niotion and aftioa ;. fo ip. religious^tters the
fprin? of their aflions are very much religious arr f a,on.
that has doarinal knowledge and fpeculaf.on only, without
aiFeaion, never is engaged in the budnefs ot reugioa.
, Nothine is more manifcft in fail, than that the things of
rthVion take'hoW of mens for.ls, no further than they a^a
em There are multitudes that often hear the word of G. 'A,
thewn hear of thofe things that are infinitely great and ,m-
t and that moil nearly concern them, and all that :s r.card
' ftobe wholly incffcaual upon them, and to make no
ation in their difpofition or behaviour ; and the re^on is,
ae not afF t aed with what they hear There arc many
V ten hear of the glorious perfeftions of God, Ins a.mighty
and boundlcfs wifdom, his infinite majdty, and that no-
ofGod, by which he. is of purer eves than tobchoid w.l,
cannS uJ on iniquity, and the heavens are not pure m
= cann ,
i, fiaht, aad oi God's infinite goodnefs and mercy, ano htar
of t? Veat works of God's wifdom, power and goodnefs,
Whemin there appear the admirable mamfeftations of thefe
^V commands of God, and his graces co-ngs and
i- 'and tlv- tweet invitations ot tne gofpel ; 1 ^y-they
fear thrf, limigs. and yet amain as they e brlA
J N HOLY A F F E C t I O tf S. 12cj[
I no fenfible alterations on them, either in heart or practice,
.ufc they are not affected with what they hear ; and ever
will be fo till they are affected. I am bold to aflert, that there
never was any conliderable change wfroifght in the mind or con-
veriation of any one pcrfon, by any thing of a religions nature,
that ever he read, heard or Ihw, that trad not his aife&ion.s
moved* Never was a nature I man engaged earneitly to leek:
his falvation ; never were any fuch brought to cry after wiidorn,
and lift up their voice for underilanding, and to wrellle with
God in prayer for mercy ; and never was one humbled, and
brought: to the foot of God, from any tiling that ever he heard
c>r imagined of his own unwortliinefs and defervings of God's 1 '
diiplealure ; nor was ever one induced to fly for refuge unto
Chriil, while his heart remained unuiiected. Nor was there;
ever a faint awakened out of a cold, lifekfs frame, or recovered
from a declining irate in religion, and brought back from a la
mentable departure from God, without having his heart. affec
ted. And, in a word, there never wns any thing; confiderable
fejuugnt to pafs in the heart or lire of any man living, by
tilings cf religion, iUat had not his heart deeply aifectccl by thbfe
things,
4.. I ne r.oi-/ icriptiires do every where place rciigiuii ,,.. v ,
much in the affections ; fuc.h as fear, hope, love, hatred, dc-Irj,
jov, foirow, gratitude, compaifion, aad zeal.
The fcriptures place much of religion in godly fear ; info-
much that it is often fpoken of as the character of thoie
are truly religious pcrffonn, that they trcinbU at God*s zootcl,
that they fear be. fore, idm, that their J!&fk ircmlLs for fear of
him, and lhat ikty art afraid of his jitagm;'i;ts> that his excel*
i-racy wakes them aj raid, a>id Ins dread fcdls ujj-jn them ; and
the like: and a conip-Hution commonly given the faint- i '
{capture, is, fearers of(tod t or ,'/Jv f hat fear the Lo>d. And
becaufe the fturofGod is a great part of true gocllinef?, hence'
true gocilinds in general, is very commonly called by the mine*
of the f tar of God \ as every one knovrs, that knows any thing
of the Bible.
So hope in God and in (lie prornifes of his word, is often..
l^oken of in fhe fcripture, a a i^iy confiderable part of true
rdr.rioi:. It is mentioned as one of the three great things < f
whicii religion coniiils, i Cor, xiii. 13. Hope in the Lord is
nil') itly mentioned 'as the chancier of the faints : PfaL
[iapp] - heithat feaihtht : <^ 'b for h
R *
*3a R E L. I G I O N CONSISTS M U 'C H Part L
'' whofe hope, is in the Lord his God." Jer. xvii. 7. " Blejffefl is
" the man that trufteth in the Lojd,and whofe hope the Lord is."
Pfal. xxx i. 24. " Be of good.courage, and he fball ttrengthen your
" heart, all ye that hope in the Lord." And the like in many
other places. Religious fear and hope are, once and again, joined
together, as jointly confiitutmg the character of the true faints;
lYiil. xxxiii. 1 8. " Behold, the eye of the Lord is upon them
" that -fear him, upon them that hope in his mercy/' Pfal.
cxlvii. ii. " The Lord taketh pleafure in them ih-dtjear him,.
" in thole that hope in his mercy." Hope is fo great a part of
true religion, that the apoftle fays " we are laved by hope." Rom.
viii. 24. And this is ipoken of as the helmet of the Chriftian*
foidier, i Their, v. 8. " And for an helmet, the hope of falva-.
tion ," and the fare and ftedfaft anchor of the foul, which pre-
ferves it from being caft away by the florins of this evil \vorld,
Heb. vi. 19. "Which hope we have as an anchor of the foul,
" both lure and fleclfaft, and which cntereth into that within the
" vail." It is fpoken of *o * greut. fruit ond benefit which
true faints receive by ChrhTs returreclion, I Pet. i. 3. l * Bk.Tocl
*V be the God and Father of our Lord Jefus Chrift, which
*' accordini; to his abundant mercy, hath begotten us again unto
" a lively hope, bv the-^fujW-non of jefus Chrifl from the
v.-.Cvl.
Tlie fcriptut-cs place religion \-cry much in the afTcclion of
lova, in love to God, and the Lord Jefus Chriir, and love to
the people of God, and to mankind. The texts in which this
is .-manii^ft, both in the Old Teilament and New, are innume
rable. I3ut of this more afterwards.
-...The contrary.n.icction of hatred alfo, as having fin for its
object, is fpoki.-n oi in fciipture, as no inconlidcrable part of
true religion. It is fpoken of as that by which true religion
may be known and diiiinguimed, Prov. viii. i?,. " The fear
" of the Lord is to hate evil." And accordingly the faints are
called upon to give evidence of their fincerity by this, Pfal. xcvii.
jo. " Ye that love the Lord, hate evil." And the pfalmiit
often mentions it as an evidence of his fincerity ; Pfal. ci. 2, 3.
" I will walk within my houfe with a perfect heart. I will
" fet no wicked thing before mine eyes : I hate the work of
" them that turn aiide." Pfal. cxix. 104. " I hate every falfe
" way." So verf. 128. Again Pfal. cxxxix. 21. " Do I not
' hate them, O Lord, that hate thee ?
So holy defire, exercifed in longings, hungerings, and thirft-
ings after God and hoiinefs, is often mentioned in fcripture as
an
IN HOLY AFFECTIONS. 131
an important part of true religion; If. xxvi. 8. "The dcfire
" of our foul is to thy name, and to the remembrance of thee."
Pfai. xxvii. 4. " One thing have I defned of the Lord, and
" and that will I feek after, that I may dwell in the houfe of
" the Lord ail the days of my life, to behold the beauty of the
" Lord, and to inquire in his temple." Pial. xlii. i, 2. " As
" the hart panteth after the water-brooks, fo panteth my foul
" after thee, O God, my foul thirtieth for God, for the living
" God : when (hall I come and appear before God?" Pfal.
Ixiii. i, 2. "My foul thirfleth for thee, my flefh longeth for
" thee in a dry and thirfty land, where no water is : to fee thy
" power and thy glory, fo as I have feen thee in the fanftua-
*' ry." Pfal. Ixxxiv. 1,2. " How amiable are thy tabernacles,
'* O Lord, of hofts ! Mv foul longeth, yea, even fainteth for
" the courts of the Lord : my heart and my fielh crieth out
" for the living God." Pfal. cxix. 20. " My foul breaketh
" for the longing that it hath un'o thy judgments at all times."
So Pfal. Ixxiii. 25. and cxliii. 6, 7. and cxxx. 6. Cant. iii. i,
2. and vi. 8. Such a holy delire and thirit of foul is mention
ed, as one of thofe great tilings which renders or denotes a man
truly bSelied, in the' beginning of Chrift's fermonon the mount,
Matt. v. 6. " Bleffed are they that do hunger and thirft after
*' right eoufnefs : for tiiey (hail be filled/' And this holy thirft
is fpoken of, as a great thing in the condition of a participa
tion of the blefTings c" eternal life, Revv xx. 6. "I will give
" unto him that is at :rjl, of the fountain of the water of life
" freely."
The fcripturcF fpcak of holy joy, as a great part of true reli
gion. So it is reprefented in the text. Aud as an important
part of religion, it is often exhorted to, and prefTed, with great
earneftnefs; Pfal. xxxvii. 4. "Delight thyfelf in the Lord ;
" and he (hall give thee thedefircsof thinebeart." Pfal.xcviL
12. " Pvcjoice in the Lord, ye righteous." So Pfal. xxxiii. i.
" Rejoice in the Lord, O ye righteous." Matt. v. 12. " Re-
" joice and be exceeding glad." Phil. i.i. i. " Finally, bre-
*' thren, rejoice in the Lord." And chap. iv. 4. " Rejoice in
" the Lord alway : and again I f.-iy, Rejoice." i TheiT. v; 16.
" Rejoice evermore." Pfal. cxlix. 2. wi Let Ifrael rejoice in
' him that made him : let the children of Zion be joyful in
** their King." This is mentioned among the principal fruits
of the fyirii of grace, Gal, v. 22. " Tue fruit of ihe Spirit i&
" love
RELIGION CONSISTS- MUCH Part t.
M love, joy, ckc. The pfalmift mentions his holy joy, as an
evidence of his fincerity, Pfal. cxix. 14. "1 have rejoiced in
" the way of thy teftimonies, as much as in ail riches."
Rehgious farrow, mourning, and brokennefs of heart, arc
alfo frequently fpoken of as a gieat part of true religion. Thefe
things are often mentioned as dill inguiihing qualities of the
true faints, and a great part of their character ; Matth. v. 4,
*' Bleffed are they that mourn ; ior they fhaSl he comforted.'*
Pfal. xxxiv. 18. ** The Lord is nigh unto them that are of a
44 hroken heart : and faveth fuch as be of a contrite fpirit."
.If. Ixi. i, 2. "The Lord hath anointed me+-?o hind up ihe
** broken-hearted, to comfort all that mourn." This godly
forrow and brokennefs of heart is often fpoken of, not only as
a great thing in the diftinguilhirig character of the faints, but
that in them, which is pcculiatly acceptable and pleating to
God ; Pfal. li. 17. " The facrifices of God area broken fpirit :
41 a broken and a contrite heart, O God, thou wilt not defpife.'*
If. Ivii. i^. " Thus faith the high and lofty One that inhabiteth
*' eternity, whofe name is holy, I dwell in the high and holy
*' place ; with him alfo that is of a contrite and humble fpirit,
4 ' to revive the fpirit of the humble, and to revive the heart of
the contrite ones." Chap. Ixvi. 2. " To this man will I look,
44 even to him that is poor and of a contrite fpirit.
Another affccl ion often mentioned, as that in the exercifeof
which much o\ true religion appears, is gratitude ; efpecially as
exercifed in thfcnkfulnefs and praife to God. This being fa
much fpoken oi in the book of Pfalms, and other parts of the
holy fcriptures, I need not mention particular, texts.
Again, the hdjy fcnptures do frequent ly fpeak of co-mpaffion
or mercy i as a very great and eilential thing in true religion ;
infomuch that gbod m^n are in fcriprure denominated from
henee ; and a merciful man, and a good man, are equivalent
terms in fcripture^ If. Ivii. i. " The lighteous perifiieth and
41 no man layeth frto heart : and merciful men are taken away.'*
And the fcripture th<)ofes out this quality, as that by which,
hi a peculiar majiij^r, a ri^.'a/js man is de-cyphered ; Pfal.
xxxvii. -21. 'J The ngjjtequs ; ::.u-:U nuvrv, and giveth ;" and
verf. 26. " He is eaqr merciful, and lermeih." And Prov. xiv.
01. *' Me that honobreth the Lord, hath mercy on the poor.'*
And Col, iii, 12. "\Put ye on, as the elctl of Qod, holy and
** beloved, bowels da njercics, &c.'* This is one of thofe
things, by whi^i th'.xfe who are cri'ly bkiTed are defcribed
by'
IN H O F, Y A F F F C T 1 O K S. 133
by our Saviour, Matth. v. 7. " bleffed are the merciful, for
" they (hall obtain mercy." And this Chriil aiib fpeaks of,
as one of the weightier matters of the law, Matth. xxiii. 23.
" Wo unto you, Scribes and Phariiees, hypocrites ; for ye
*' pay tithe of minf, and anifc, and cummin, and have omitted
" the weightier matters of the law, judgrriefit, mercy, and faith."
To the like purnofe is that, Mic. vi. : J. <k He hath Ihewed thee,
" O man, what is t>;ood : and what doth the Lord require- of
'* thee, but to do j nil ice, and love mercy, and walk humbly with
" thy God ?" And alfo that, Hof. vi. 6." For Idefired mercy,
" and not facnhce." Which feems to have been a text much
delighted in by our Saviour, -by his manner of citing it once
and again, Matth. ix. 13. and xii. 7.
Zeal is alfo fpoken of, as a very eiferitial part of the religion
of true faints. It is fpoken of as a great thing Chrift had in
view, in giving himfelf for our redemption, Tit. ii. 14. "Who
*' gave himfelf for us, that he might redeem us from all ini-
" quity, and purify unto himfelf a peculiar people, zealous of
" good works." And this is fpoken of,, as the great thing
wanting in the lukewarm Laodiceans, Rev. iii. 15, 16, 19.
I have mentioned but a few texts, out of an innumerable
multitude, all over the fcripture, which place religion very
much in the affe6tions. But what has been obferved, may be
fufiicient to mew that they who would deny that much of true
religion lies in the affeftions, and maintain the contrary, mull;
throw away what we have been wont to own for our Bible,
and get fome other rule, by which to judge of the nature <>
religion.
5. The fcriptures do-reprefent true religion, as being fum-
manly comprehended in love, the chief of the affections, and
fountain of all other affections.
So our blefled Saviour reprefents the matter, in anfwer to
the lawver, who afked him, which was the great command
ment of the law, Mauh. xxii. 37 40. " Jefus faid unto him,
" Thou malt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and
" with all thy foul, and with all thy mind. This is the, firil
" and great commandment. And the fccond is like unto it,
; Thou ihalt lore thy neighbour as thyfelf. On thefe two
; ' commandments hang all the law and the prophets." Which
laft words fignify as much, as that thcfc two commandments
'iipreliend all the duty prefcabe:!. and the religion taught in
the
134 H E L I G I O N "C O N S I S--T S MUCH Part I.
the law and the prophets. And the apoftle Paul does from
time to time make the fame repiefentation of the matter ; as
in Rom. xiii. 8. ". He that loveth another, hath fulfilled the
" law." And verf. 10. " JUove is the fulfilling of the law."
And Gal. v. 14. " For all the law is fulfilled in one word,
" even irithis, Thou (halt love thy neighbour as thy/elf." So
likewife in i Tim. i. ,5. " Now the end of the commandment
" is charity, out of a pure heart, Sec." So the fame apofl'le
fpeaks of love, as the greaieft thing in religion, and as the vi
tals, cflence and foul of it ; without which, the greateft know
ledge and gifts, and the mot! glaring profeffion, and every thing
elfe which appertains to religion, are vain and worthless ; and
reprefents it as the fountain from whence proceeds all that is
good, in i Cor. xiii. throughout; for that which is there
rendered charity, .in the original, the proper Englifh is love.
Now, although it be true, that the love thus fpoken of, in
cludes the whole of a fincerefy benevolent propenfity of the
foul, towards God and man ; yet it may be confidered, that it
is evident from ^what has been before obferved, that this pro
penfity or inclination of the foul, when in fenfible and vigorous
exercife, becomes offtkHon* and is no other than affectionate
love. And furely it is fuch vigorous and fervent love which
Chrift fpeaks of, as the fum of all religion, when he fpeaks
of loving God with all our hearts, with all all our fouls, and
with ail our minds, and our neighbour as ourfelves, as the fum
of ail that was taught and prefcribed in the law and the pro
phets.
Indeed it cannot be fuppofed, when this afTeclion of love is
here, and in other fcriptures, fpoken of as the fum "of all reli
gion, that hereby is meant the aft, exclufive of the habit, or
that the exercife of the underftanding is excluded, which is
implied in all reafonable affection. But it is doubtlefs true,
and evident from thefe fcriptures, that the effence of all true
religion lies in holy love ; and that in this divine affeclion, and
an habitual difpofition to it, and that light which is the foun
dation of it, and tfoofe things which are the fruits of it; con-
fifts the ichole of religion.
From hence it clearly and certainly appears, that great part
of true religion confifts in the affections. For love is not only
one of the affections, but it is the fir ft and chief of the affec
tions, and the fountain of all the affections. From love arifes
hatred Q$ thofe things which are contrary to what we love, or
W *'? 1*1
tvhica
1 N H O L Y A F F E C T I O N S. 1 35
which oppofe and thwart us in thofe things that we delight in :
and from the various exercifes of love and hatred, according
to the ci re-urn fiances of the objecls of thefeafTc&ions, as prefent
or abfent, certain or uncertain, probable or improbable, arife
all thofe other affeclions of dejire., hope, ftar t jcy t grief, grati-
tilde, anger, &c. From a vigorous, affeclionate, and fervent
lovt to God, will neceifarily arife other religious affections ;
hence will arife an intenfe hatred and abhorrence of {m % Jear
of fm, and a dread of God's difpleafure, gratitude to God for
his goodriefs, complacence and joy in God when God is gra-
cioufly and ferifibly prefent, and gri*fve\\en he is abfent, and a
joyful hope, when a future enjoyment of God is expected, and
fervent zeal for the glory of God. And in like manner, from
a fervent love to men, will arife all other virtuous affections to
wards men.
6. The religion of the moft eminent faints we have an ac
count, of in the fcripture, confifted much in holy affections.
I mall take particular notice of three eminent faints, which
have exprefled the frame and fenti merits of their own hearts,
and fo ciefcribed their own religion, and the manner of their
iiitercourfe with God, in the writings which they have left us,
that are a part of the facred canon.
jThefirjl inftance I {hall take notice of, is David, that man
Vf r0e f'.' i .*"*". heart ; who has given us a lively portraiture
of his religion m UK. K ook of p rakns , Thofe ho] fonffs of h]s
J has there left us, are nu*^ dfe but the e xprefiio'ns and
breathings of .devout and holy a jf^ ons . fuch as . an hljmble
and fervent love to God, admiration of ^ glorious perfeBions
and wonderful works, earned dejires, thiriiings, and-paiulng, of
foul after God, delight and joy in God, a fvvcet and melting
gtatltudl to God for his great goodnefs, an holy exultation and
triumph of foul in the favour, fufiiciency, and faithfulnefs of
God, his love to, and delight in the faints the excellent of the
earth, his great delight in the word and ordinances of God, his
grief for his own and others fins, and his fervent zeal for God,
and againi! the enemies of God and his church. Arid thefc
expreffions of holy affections, which the pfalms of David are
every where full of, are the more to our prefent purpofe, he-
caufe thofe pfalms are not only the expreffions of the religion
or fo eminent a faint, that God fpeaks of as fo agreeable to his
mind ; but were alto* by the direction cf the Holy Ghofr,
penned
13$ RELIGION CONSISTS MUCH Part L
penned for the ufeof the church of God in its public woifhip,
Hot only in- that age, but in after ages ; as being fitted to ex-
prefs the religion of all faints, in all ages, as weil as the reli
gion of the pialmift. And it is moreover to be obferved, that
David, in the book of Pfalms, fpeaks not as a private perfon,
but as the pjalnn/l of Ifrad, as the fubordinate head of the
church of God, and leader in -their worfhip and praifes ; and in
many of the pfalms, fpeaks in the name of Chrift, as peribriat-
iog him in thefe breathings forth of holy affection ; and in
many other pfalms, he fpeaks in the name of the church.
Another inftance 1 fhall obferve, is the apoflle Paul; who
was, in many refpecls, the chief of all the minifters of the New
Teiiament; being above all others, a chofen veflel unto Chrift,
to bear his name before the Gentiles, and made the chief in-
ftrument of propagating and eftabiifhing the chriflian church in
the world, and of diftinclly revealing the glorious fnyfteries of
the go.fpel, for the inftruction of the church in all ages; and
(as has not been improbably thought .by fome) the moil eminent
fervant of Chrift, 'that ever lived, received to the higheft n
wards in the heavenly kingdom of his Mailer. By what is f?j
of him in the fcripture, he appears to have been a peHbn that
was full of affection. Arid* it is very manifeft, that the reli
gion he expreffes in his epiflles, confiikd veiy much in holy
Affections. It appears by all his expreiliors of himfelf, that h<
was, in the courfe of his life, inflamed, acluated - 1 entnely
f wallowed up, by a moft ardent loveio his.^"' 1OLls Lord eltecm -
rio- all things as lofs, for the ex-- fencv of the knowlege ot
Inrn, and efteeming. them ^t dung that he might win him.
He reprefents himfcJ<2s overpowered by this holy Election,
"smJ =a ii. were^compelled by it to go forward in his fervice*
through all difficulties and fufTerings, 2 Cor.,v. 14, 1-5. And
his epiflles are full of expreffions of an overflowing aticfcrion to
wards the people of Chrift: he fpeaks of his dear love, to them,
2 Cor. xii. 19. Phil. iv. i. 2 Tim. i. 2 ; of his abundant Icve^
2 Cor. ii. 4 ; and of his affectionate and tender love, as of a
nurfe towards her children, i Thcff. ii. 7, 8. "But we were
" gentle among you, even as a nurfe chrrifheth her children :
" fo, being afletlionately defirous of you, we were willing to-
" have imparted unto you, not the gofpel of God only, but alfa.
6; our own fouls, becaufe you were dear unto us." So alfohoj
fpeaks of his bowk of love, Phil. i. 8. Philem. ,5, 12, and 20.
So lie fpeaks of his earn^ care for others, 2 Cor. viii. 16, snaj
of
IN HOLY AFFECTION s> 137
fcf his bowels ffpity or mtrcy towards them, PhiL ii. i ; and of
liis concern tui others, even to anguijh of heart, 2 Cor* iu 4*
" For out of much a{ili6i:ion and anguiih of heart, I wrote un-
" to you with many tears ; not that you fhould be grieved, but
** that ye might know the love which I have more abundantly
" unto you/' lie fpeaks of ihc great conflid of his foul for
them, Col. ii. i. He fpeaks of great and continual grief \\\&t
lie had in his heart from compaffion to the Jews, Rom. ix. 2.
He fpeaks of his mouth's being opened, and his heart enlarged to
wards Chriftians, 2 Cor. vi. 1 1, " O ye Corinthians, our mouth
*' is open unto you, our heart is enlarged." He often fpeaks of
his affectionate and longing dejnes, i Their, ii. 8. Rom* i. 1 1
Phil. i. 8. and Chap. iv. i. 2 Tim. i. 4. The fame apoftle is
very often, in his epiftles, exprefTing theaffeclion of joy, 2 Cor.
i. 12. arid Chap. vii. 7. and verf> 9. 16. Phil. i. 4. and Chap.
ii. i, 2. and Chap. iii. 3. Col. i. 24, i TheiL iii. 9. He
fpeaks of his rejoicing with great joy ', Phil. iv. io Philem. i.
7. of his joying and rejoicing, Phil. ii. i. 7. and of his rejoicing
exceedingly, 2 Cor. vii. 13. and of his being filled ivith com-
jfort, and being exceeding joyful, 2 Cor. vii. 4. He fpeaks of
himfelf as always rejoicing, 2 Cor. vi. io. So he fpeaks
of the triumphs of his foul, Cor. ii. 44. and of his glorying
in tribulation, 2 1'heff. i. 4. and Rom. v. 3. He alfo exprel-
fes the afTeftion cf hope; in Phil. i. 20. he fpeaks of his ear-
neft expectation^ and his hope. He likewife cxprefTes an af~
fe61ion of godly jealoufy, 2 Cor. xi. 2, 3. And it appears by
his whole hiftory, after his converfion,. in the Ats, and alfo by
ail his epiftles, and the accounts he gives of himfelf there, that
the affection of zeal, as having the c^ufegf his Matter, and the
intereft and profperity of his church, iur its object, was mighty
in him, continually inflaming his heart, ftrongly engaging to
thofe great and coriflant labours he went through, in inflruct-
ing, exhorting, warning, and reproving others, travaiiiiig in
birth with them', conflicting with thofe powerful and innume
rable enemies who continually oppofed him, wreftling wiih prin
cipalities and powers, not lighting as one, who beats. the ai r ,
vanning the race fat before him, continual.!}' prefiing forwards
through all manner of difficulties and fufierings; fo that others
thought hi?n quite be fide himfelf. And how full he was of
afieclion, docs further appear by his being fo full of tears ; in
2 Cor. ii. 4. he fpeaks of his many tears ; .and {Q Acts xx. 19.
and of his tears that he fhed continually, night and da\, veil,
at. s "NOW
138 RELIGION CONSISTS M u-c il Fart L
Now if any one can confider thefe accounts given in the
fcripture of this great apoftle, and which he gives of himfelf,
and yet not fee that his religion confifted much in affection,
muft have a ftrange faculty of managing his eyes, to {hut out
the light which mines inoft full in his face.
The other inftance I (hall mention, is of the apoftle John,
that beloved difciple, who was the neareft and dearefl to his
Mafter of any of the twelve, and was by him admitted to the
greateft privileges of any of them ; being not only one of the
three who were admitted to be prefent with him in the mount
at his transfiguration, and at the raifing of Jairus's daughter,
and whom he took wkh him when he was in his agony, and
one of the three fpoken of by the apoftle Paul, as the three
main pillars of the Chriilian church; but was favored abote
all, in being admitted to lean on his Mafter's bofom, at Ivn
laft fupper, and in being chofen by Chrift, as the difciple to
whom he would reveal his wonderful difpenfations towards his
church, to the end of time ; as we have an account in the
book of Revelation ; and to fliut up the canon of the New
Teftament, and of the whole fcripture ; being preferved much
longer than all the reft of the apoftles, to fet all things in order
in the Chriftian church, after their death.
It is evident by all his writings, (as is generally obfcrved by
divines) that he was a perfon remarkably full of affection : his
addreffes to thofe whom he wrote to, being inexprcilibly tender
and pathetical, breathing nothing but the moil fervent love ;
as though he were all made up of fweet and holy affeflion.
The proofs of which cannot be given without difadvantage,
unlefs we fhould tranfcribe his whole writings.
7. He whom God fent into the world, to be the light of the
world, and head of the whole church, and the perfeft example
of true religion and virtue, for the imitation of all, the Shep
herd whom the whole flock fhould follow whcre-ever he goes,
even the Lord Jefus Chrift, was a perfon who was remarkably
of a tender and affeclionate heart ; and his virtue was expreffed
very much in the exercife of holy affections. He was rhe
greateft inftance of ardency, vigour arid ftrength of love, to both
God and man, that ever was. It was thefe aHeclions which
got the viftory, in that mighty ftruggle and conflict of his
affeclions, in his agonies, when he frayed more earncjlly, and
offered Jlrong crying and tears, and wreilled in tears and in
blood. Such was the power of the exercifcs of his holy love,
that
IN HOLY AFFECTIONS. 139
that they were ftronger than death, and in that great druggie,
overcame thofe flrong exercifes of the natural affections of fear
and grief, when he was fore amazed, and his foul was exceed
ing forrowful, even unto death. And he alfo appeared to be full
of affeclion, in the courfe of his life. We read of his great zeal,
^fulfilling that in the 6o,th Pfalm, " The zeal of thine houfe
" hath eaten me up," Johnii. 17. We read ol his grief for the
fins of men, Mark iii. 5. " He looked round about on them
" with anger, being grieved for the hardnefs of their hearts ;'*
and his breaking forth in tears and exclamations, from the con
federation of the fin and mifery of ungodly men, and on the fight
of the city of Jerufalem, which was full of fuch inhabitants,
Luke xix. 41, 42. " And when he was come near, he beheld
" the city, and wept over it, faying, If thou hadft known, even
" thou, at lead in this thy day, the things which belong unto
" thy peace ! but now they are hid from thine eyes." With
Chap. xiii. 34. " O Jerufalem, Jerufalem, which killed the
" prophets, and ftoneit them that are fent unto thee : how
" often would I have gathered thy children together, as a hen
" doth gather her brood under her wings, and ye would not?"
We read of Chrift's earncli defire, Luke xxii. 15. " With de-
" lire have I defired to eat this paifover with you before I
" fuffer." We often read of the affection of pity or companion
in Chriit, Ma-tth. xv. 32. and xviii. 34. Luke vii. 13. and of
his being moved with companion, Matth. ix. 36. and xiv. 14.
and Mark vi. 34. And how tender did his heart appear to
be, on occalion of Mary's and Martha's mourning for their bro
ther, and coming to him with their complaints and tears ? their
tears foon drew tears from his eyes ; he was affecled with their
grief, and-wept with them ; though he knew their forrow ihould
To foon be turned into joy, by their brother's being raifed from
the dead } fee John xi. And how ineffably affectionate was
that laiVand dying difcourfe, which Jefus had with his eleven
difciples the evening before he was crucified ; when he told
them he was going away, and foretold them the great difficul
ties and fufferings they ihould meet with in the world, when
he was gone ; and comforted and coiinfelled them, as his dear
little children ; and bequeathed " to them his Holy Spirit, and
therein his peace, and his comfort and joy, as it were in his
lad will and teftament, in the I3th, I4th, 1 5th, arid i6th
chapters of John ; and concluded the whole with that affecli-
vonate interceHbry prayer for them, and his whole church, hv
chapter xvii. Of all the difrourfes ever penned, or uttered by
the mouth of any man, this fcems to be the molt affect ionat^
and Ceding. 8. The
140 RELIGION CONSISTS MUCH Part 1*
8. The religion of heaven confiits very much in affection.
There is doubtlefs true religion in heaven, and true religioa
in its. utmoft purity and perfection. But according to the fcrip-
ture reprefcntation of the heavenly ffote, the religion of heaven
coniifts chiefly in holy and mighty love and joy, and the exprel-
iion of theie in .molt fervent and exalted praifes, So that the
religion of the faints in heaven, connits in the fame things with,
that religion of the faints on earth, which is fpoken of in our
text, viz. love,, yn&joy unfpeakable, and full of glory. Now, it
would be very fool ,im to pretend, that becaufe the faints in hea
ven be not united to fleih and blood, and have no animal fluids
to be moved (through the laws of union of foul and body) with
thofe great emotions of their fouls, that therefore their exceed
ing love and joy are no affections We are not fpezkiflg of the
alteclions of the body, but of the affections of the loul, the
chief of which are love and joy. When thefe are in the foul,
whether that be in the body or out of it, the foul is afftded
and moved. And when they are in the foul, in that itrength
in which they are in the faints in heaven, the foul is mightily
affected and. moved, or, which is the fame thing, has great affec
tions.. It is true, we do not experimentally know what love
and joy are in a foul out of a body, or in a glorified body ; i. e..
\ve have not had experience of love and joy in a foul in thefe
circumffonces ; but the faints on earth do know \s hat divine
love and joy in the foul are, and they know what love and joy
jire of the fame kind with the love and joy which are in heaven,
in feparate fouls there. The love and joy of the faints on,
earth, is the beginning and dawning of the light, lite, and blef-.
fednefs of heaven, and is like their love and joy there ; or ra
ther, the fame in nature, though not the fame with it, or like?
to it, in degree and circumflances. This is evident by many
fcriptures, as Prov. iv. 18. John iv, 14, and chap, vi, 40, 47,
50, 51, 54, 58. i John iii, 15. I Cor. xiii, 812, It is un-t
reafonable therefore to fuppofe, that the love and joy of the
faints in heaven, not only differ in degree and circumftances,
from the holy love and joy of the faints on earth, but is fo en^
tirely different in nature, that they are no affections ; and mere-*
ly becaufe they have no blood and animal fpirits to be fet in
motion by them, which motion of the blood and. animal fpi~
rits is not of the eiieoce of thefe affections, in men on the
earth, hut the effeft of them: although by tjieir reaction they
may make fome circumftantial difference in the. fenfation of
*hv ;n:nd. The.rc is a. fe.nfot.ipn .of the mind which loves and
-tic ices, .
IN HOLY AFFECTIONS. 141
rejoices,, that is antecedent to any efTec"ls on the fluids of the
body ; and this fenfation of the mind, therefore, does not de
pend on thefe motions in the body, and fo may be in the foul
without the body. And where-ever there are the exercifes of
|ove and joy, there is that fenfation of the mind, whether it be
in the body, or out ; and that inward fenfation, or kind of fpiri-
tual fenfc, or feeling, and motion of the foul, is what is called
aiicclion ; the foul when it thus feels, (if I may fo fay) and is
thus moved, is faid to be affected, and cfpecially when this in
ward fenfation and motion are to a very high degree, as they
are in the faints in heaven. If we can learn any thing of the
ftate of heaven from the fcripture, the love and joy that the
faints have there, is exceeding great and vigorous ; impreffing
the heart with the ftiongeft and moil lively fenfation of inex-
preflible fweetnefs, mightily moving, animating, and engaging
them, making them like to a flame of fire. And if fuch love
and joy be not affeclions, then the word ajfthon is of no ufe
in language. Will any fay, that the faints in heaven, in be
holding the face of their Father, and the glory of their Re-
deemer, and contemplating his wonderful works, and particu
larly his laying down his life for them, have their hearts no
thing moved and affected by ail which they behold or con-
fider ?
Hence, therefore, the religion of heaven, confifting chiefly
in holy love and joy, confifts very much in affeclion : and there
fore, undoubtedly, true religion confifls very much in affeclion.
The way to learn the true nature of any thing, is "to go where
that thing is to be found in its purity and perfection. If we
would know the nature of true gold, we muft view it, not in
the oar, but when it is refined. If we would learn what true
religion is, we muit go where there is true religion, and no
thing but true religion, and in its higheft perfection, without
any defect or mixture. All who are truly religious are not of
this world, they are Grangers here, and belong to heaven ; they
are born from above, heaven is their native country, and the
nature which they receive by this heavenly birth, is an hea
venly nature, they receive an anointing from above ; that prin
ciple of true religion which is in them, is a communication of
the religion of heaven ; their grace is the dawn of glory ; and
God fits the-m for that world by conforming them to it.
9. This appears from the nature anddcfign of th ordinances
and duties, which God hath appointed, as means cind exprcf-
jions of true religion. To
142 RELIGION CONSISTS MUCH Part I.
To inftance in the duty of prayer : It is manifeft, we are
not appointed, in this duty, to declare God s perfections, his
majeity, holinefs, goodnefs, and allfufficiency, and our own
meannefs, emptineis, dependence, and unworthinefs, and our
wants and defires, to inform God of tbefe things, or to incline
bis heart, and prevail with him to be willing to ihew us mer
cy ; but fuitably to affe6i our own hearts with the things w
exprefs, and fo to prepare us to receive the bleflings we afk.
And fiich geftures, and manner of external behaviour in the
\vorfhip of God, which cuftom has made to be fignifications
of humility and reverence, can be of no further ufe, than as
they have fome tendency to affecl our own hearts, or the hearts
of others.
And the duty of Tinging praifes to God, feems to be appoint
ed wholly to excite and exprefs religious affections. No other
reafon can be afligned, why we fhould exprefs ourfelves to God
in verfe, rather than in profe, and do it with mufic, but only,
that fuch is ;our nature and frame, that thefe things have a
tendency to move our affections.
The fame thing appears in the nature and defign of the
facraments, which God hath appointed. God confidering our
frame, hath not only appointed that we fhould be told of the
great things .of the gofpel, and of the redemption of Chrifl, and
inflructed in them by his word ; but alfo that they fhould be,
as it were, exhibited to our view, in fenfible reprefentadons, in,
the facraments, the more to arTecl us with them.
And the impre fling divine things on the hearts and affec
tions of men, is evidently one great and main end for which
God has ordained, that his word delivered in the holy fcrip-
tures, mould be opened, applied, and fet home upon men, in
preaching. And therefore it does not anfwer the aim which
God had in this inftitution, merely for men to have good com
mentaries and expofitions on the fcripture, and other good
hooks of divinity ; becaufe, although thefe may tend, as well as
preaching, to give men a good doclrinal or fpeculative under-
(landing of the things of the word of God, yet they have not
an equal tendency to imprefs them on mens hearts and affec
tions,. God hath appointed a particular, and lively application
of his word to men, in the preaching of it, as a fit means to
affeft fmnens with the importance of the things of religion,
and their own mifery, and neceflity of a remedy, and the glory
and fufiiciericy of a remedy provided ; and to llir up the pure
minds
IN HOLY AFFECTIONS. 143
minds of the faints, and quicken their affeftions, by often
bringing the great things of religion to their remembrance,
and letting them before them in their proper colours, though
they know them, and have been fully mftrutfed in them already,
2 Pet. i. 12, 13. And particularly, to promote thofe two af-
feftions in them, which are fpoken of in the text, love and joy :
*' Chrift gave fome, apoftles ; and feme, prophets ; and fbrne,
* evangelifls ; and fome, paftors arid teachers ; that the body
" of Chrift might be edified in love," Eph. iv. n, 12, 16. The
apoille, in inftrucYmg and counfelling Timothy, concerning the
work of the miniftry, informs him, that the great end of that
word which a mmifter is to preach, is love or charity , i Tim.
i. 3, 4, . And another affeclion which God has appointed
preaching as a means to promote in the faints, is joy ; and
therefore miniflers are called helpers of their joy, ^ Cor. i. 24*
10. It is an evidence that true religion, or holinefs of heart,
lies very much in the affeftion of the "heart, that the fcriptures
place the fin of the heart very much in hardnefs of heart,
Thus the fcriptures do every where. It was hardnefs of heart,
which excited grief and difpleafure in Chrift towards the Jews,
.Mark iii. 5. " He looked round about on them with anger,
" being grieved for the hardnefs of their hearts." It is from
mens having fuch a heart as this, that they treafure up wrath
for themfelves ; Rom, ii. 5. " After thy hardnefs and imperil-
' tent heart, treafureft up unto thyfelf wrath againft the dav
; of wrath, and revelation of the righteous judgment of God.'' 7
The reafon given why the houfe of Ifrael would not obey God,
was, that they were hard-hearted ; Ezek. iii. 7. " But the
' houfe of Ifrael will not hearken unto thee ; for they will not
" hearken unto me : for all the houfe of Ifrael are impudent
" and hard-hearted." The wickednefs of that perverfc rebelli
ous generation in the wildernefs, is afcribed to the hardnefs of
their hearts ; Pfal. xcv. 7 10. "To-day if ye will hear my
" voice, harden not your heart, as in the provocation, and as
" in the day of temptation in the wildernefs ; when yonr fa-
11 thers tempted me, proved me, and law my work : forty
" years long was I grieved with this generation, and faid, It
" is a people that do err in their heart, &c." This is fpoken
of as what prevented Zedekiah's turning to the Lord, 2 Chron.
xxxvi. 13. " He fliffened his ivck, and hardened his heart
J l from turning to the Lord God of Ifrael." This principle is
fpoken
i44 & L, i G i o N CONSISTS MUCH Part!.
fpoken of, as that from whence men are without the fear of
God, and depart from God's ways : If. Ixiii. 17. " O Lord,
" why hall thou mads us to err from thy ways ? and harden*
" ed our heart from thy fear ?" And meris rejecting Chrift,
andoppofing Chriftianity, is laid to this principle; A6ls xix.
9. " But when divers were hardened, and believed not, but
*' fpake evil of that way before the multitude." God's leav
ing men to the power of the fin and corruption of the heart,
is often exprelled by God's hardening their hearts ; Rom. ix.
18. " Therefore hath he mercy on whom he will have mercv,
" and whom he will, hehardeneth." John xii. 40. " He hath
*' blinded their minds, and hardened their hearts." And the
apoftle feems to fpeak of an evil heart, that departs from the
living God, and a hard heart, as the fame thing, Heb. iii. 8.
* { Harden not your heart, as in the provocation, &c." verf. 12,
13, " Take heed, brethren, left there be in any of you an evil
*' heart of unbelief, in departing from the living God : but ex-
" hort one another daily while it is called, To-day ; left any
<{ of you be hardened through the deceitfulnefs of fin." And
that great work of God in converfion, which confifts in deli
vering a perfon from the power of fin, and mortifying corrup
tion, is expreiled, once arid again, by God's " taking away
" the heart of ftone, and giving an heart of fleih/'Ezek. xi. 19.
and chap, xxxvi. 26.
Now, by a hard heart, is plainly meant an unafTecled heart,
or a heart not eafy to be moved with virtuous affections, like a
ftone, infenfible, ftupid, unmoved, and hard to be imprefied*
Hence the hard heart is called a Jlony heart, and is oppofed to
zv\ heart of flefli, that has feeling, and is fenfibly touched and
moved. We read in fcripture of a hard heart, and a tender
heart : and rloubtlefs we are to undeiftand thefe, as contrary
the one to the other. But what is a tender heart, but a heart
which is eafily impreiTed with what ought to affect it ? God
commends Jofiah, becaufe his heart was tender : 2nd it is evi
dent by thofe things which are mentioned as expreilions and
evidences of this tendernefs of heart, that by his heart being;
tender is meant, his heart being eafily moved with religious
and pious affeftion ; 2 Kings xxii. 19. " Becaufe thine heart
" was tender, and thou haft humbled thyfelf before the Lord,
** when thou heardft what I fpake againft this place, and
" againft the inhabitants thereof, that they fhould become a
" defolation and a curfe, and hall rent thy clothes, and wept
" before
IN HOLY AFFECTIONS. 14,5
** before me, I alfo have heard thee, faith the Lord." And this
is one .thing, wherein it is neceffary we mould become as little
children, in ordtr to our entering into the. kingdom of God, even
that we mould have our hearts tender, and ean'ly affected and
moved in fpi ritual and divine things, as little children have in
other things.
It is very plain in fome places, in the texts themfelves, that
by hardnefs of heart is meant a heart void of affeclion. So, to
fjgnify the oftrich's being without natural afrecHon to her
young, it is faid, Job xxxix. 16. " She hardeneth her heart
" againit her young ones, as though they were not hers." So
a perfon having a heart unaffected in time of danger, is expref-
fed by his hardening his heart, Prov. xxviii. 14. " Happy is
*' the man that fearcth alway : but he that hardeneth his heart,,
" (hall fall into mifchief."
Now therefore fmceit is fo plain, that by a hard heart, in
fcripture, is meant a heart dciluute of pious affefcHons, and
fmce alfo the fcriptures do fo frequently place the fin and cor
ruption of the heart in hardnefs of heart ; it is evident, that
the grace and holinefs of the heart, on the contrary, muft, in a
great meafure, confift in its having pious affettions, and being
eafily fufceptive of fuch affe&ion. Divines are generally
agreed, that fin radically and fundamentally confifh in what is
negative,. -or privative, having its root and foundation in a
privation dr want of holinefs. And therefore undoubtedly, it
it be fo that fin does very much confilt in hardnefs of hear?,
and fo in the want of pious affections of heart, holinefs does
confift very much in thvfe. pioas ajfcchons*
I am far from fuppofmg that all affeclions do fhew a tcrr.jr-
heart : hatred, anger, va : in glory, and other felfifh and felf-
exalting affeftions, may greatly prevail in the hardeft heart.-
But yet it is evident, that hardnefs of heart, and tender nefs of
heart , are exprefiions that relate to the a(Fe6Hons .of the heart,
and denote the heart's being Tufceptible of, or fhut up agsinft,
certain affections ; of which I thai; have bccaiion to fpeak more
afterwards.
Upon the whole, I think it clearly and abundantly evident
that true religion lies very much in 1 the arTeclions. Not that I
think thefe arguments prove, that religion in the hearts of the
truly godly, is ever in exaft proportion to the degree of affec
tion, and prefent emotion of the mind : for undoubtedly, there
is much affection in the true faints which is not ibiritual ; their
T religious
146 RELIGION CONSISTS MT treiH Part I.
religious affeclions are often mixed ; all is not from grace, but
much from nature. And though the afTeclions have not their
feat in the body, yet the conftitution of the body may very
much contribute to the prefent emotion of the mind. And ;
the degree of religion is rather to be judged of. by the fixednefs
and ftrength of the habit that is exercifed in affection, where
by holy affeciion is habitual, than by the degree of the prefent
exercife : and the ftrength of that habit is not always in propor
tion to outward effects and manifeftations, or inward effe6h,
in the hurry and vehemence, and fudden changes of the courfe
of the thoughts of the mind. But yet it is evident, that religion
confifts fo much in afieftion, as that without holy affection
there is no true religion : and no light in the underftanding is
good, which does not produce holy affeclion in the heart ; no
habit or principle in the heart is good, which has no fuch ex
ercife ; and no external fruit is good, which docs not proceed
from fuch exercifes.
Having thus confidered the evidence of the propofition laid
down, I proceed to fome inferences.
i. We may hence learn how great their error is, who arc'
for discarding all religious affections, as having nothing folid'
or fubftantial in them.
There feems to be too much of a difpofition this way, pre
vailing, in this land at this time. Becaufe many wbcf, 1 * in the
late extraordinary feafon, appeared to have great religious af-
feftions, did not manifeft a right temper of mind, and run into
many errors, in'the time of their affection, and the heat of their
zeal ; and becaufe the high affections of many feem to be
fo foon come to nothing, and fome who feemed to be mightily
raifed arid fwallowed with joy and zeal, for a while, feem to
have returned like the dog to his vomit: hence religious af-
feftions in general are grown out of credit with great num
bers, as though true religion did not at all confift in them.-
Thus we eafily and naturally run from one extreme to another.
A little while ago we were in the other extreme ; there was a
prevalent difpofition to look upon all high religious affeclions
as eminent exercifes of true grace, without much inquiiing in
to the nature and fource of thofe affections, and the manner in
which they arofe : if perfons did but appear to be indeed very
much moved and raifed, fo as to be full of religious talk, and
exprcfs themfelves with great warmth and earneftnefs, and to
be
I N H O L Y A F F E C T I O N S. 147
be filled, or to be v.ry full, as the phrafes were ; it was too
much the manner, without further examination, to conclude
fuch perfons were full of the Spirit of God, and had eminerit
experience of his gracious influences. This was the extreme
which was prevailing three or four years ago. But oflare, in-
i*ead of ejlee.ming and admiring all religious affc&ioys, without
dijlm&ion, it is a thing much more prevalent, to rtjeft and dif-
card all without diflirMion. Herein appears the fubtility of Sa
tan. While he faw thztaffiffions were much in vogue, know
ing the greater part of the land were not verfed in fuch things,
and had not had much experience of great religious affcthons,
to enable them to judge well of them, and diitinguiih between
true and falfe ; then he knew he could beft play his game, by
fowing tares amongft the wheat, and mingling falfe ajf'sthons
with the works of God's Spirit: he knew 'this to be a likely
way to delude and eternally ruin many fouls, and greatly to
wound religion in the faints, and entangle them in a dreadful
wildemefs, and by and by, to bring all religion into difrepute.
But now, when the ill confequences of thefe fcdfe affttlions
appear, arid it is become very apparent, that fome of thofe emo
tions which made a glaring (hew, and were by many greatly-
admired, were in reality nothing ; the devil fees it to be for his
intereft to go another way to work, and to endeavor to his ut-
iru>ft to propagate and eftablim a perfuafion, that all affections
and fenfible emotions of the mind, in things of religion, are
nothing at all to be regarded, but are rather to be avoided, and
carefully guarded againft, as things of a pernicious tendency.
This he knows is the way to bring all religion to a merelifelefs
formality, and effectually {hut out the power of godlincfs, and
every thing which is fpiritual, and to have all true Cbriftianity
turned out of doors. For although to true religion, there rnuft
indeed be fomething elfe befides affection ; yet true religion
confilts fo much in the afTeclions, that there can be no true re
ligion without them. He who has no religious affeclion, is ia
a ftate of fpiritual death, and is wholly deihtute of ihe power
ful, quickening, faving influences of the Spirit of God upon Iris
heart. As there is no true religion where there is nothing
elfe but affection, fo there is no true religion where' there is no
religious affttlion. As on the one hand, there muft be light in
the underitanding, as well as an afecled fervent heart ; where
there is heat without light, there can be nothing divine or hea
venly in that heart-: fo on the other hand, where there 'is a kiad
of
148 RELIGION CONSISTS MUCH Part I.
of light without heat,^Jiead ftored with notions and fpecula-
tions, with a cold and nnaffe6ted heart, there can be nothing
divine in that light, that knowlege is no true fpiritual know-
lege of divine things. If. the great things of religion are
rightly underftood, they will affect the heart. The reafonwhy
men are not affe&ed by fuch infinitely great, important, glo
rious, and wonderful things, as they often hear and read of, in
the word of God, is undoubtedly becanfe they are blind ; if
they were not fo, it would be impoffible, and utterly inconfif-
tent with human nature, that their hearts iliould be otherwife,
than ftrongly impreiled, and greatly moved by fuch things.
This manner of flighting all religious affe&ions, is the way
exceedingly to harden the hearts of men, and to encourage
them in their ftupidity and fenfeleflhefs, and to keep them in
a (late of fpiritual death as long as they live, .and bring them
at hit to death eternal. The prevailing prejudice -againft re
ligious ajfedions at this day, in the land, is apparently of aw
ful effect, to harden the hearts of fmners, and damp the graces
of many of the faints, and itund the life and power of religion,
and preclude the effect of ordinances, and hold us down in a
flate of dulncfs and apathy, and undoubtedly caufes many per-
fons greatly to offend God, in entertaining mean and low
thoughts of the extraordinary work he has lately wrought in
this land.
And for perfons to defpife and cry down all religious offcfti-
ens, is the way to (hut all religion out of their own hearts, and
to make thorough work in ruining their fouls.
They who condemn high affections in others, are certainly
not likely to have high affections themfelvcs. And let it be
confidered, that they who have but little religious affection, have
certainly but little religion. And they who condemn others
for their religious afft&ions, and have none themfelves, have
no religion.
There are falfe afafitGns, and there are true. A man's hav
ing much ajftdwn, does not prove th^t he has any true religion :
but if he has no affe.ftion, it proves that he has no true religion.
The right way, is not to reject all affections, nor to approve all ;
but to diftinguiih between affections, approving fome, and re
jecting others ; feparating between the wheat and the chaff, the
gold and the drofs, the precious and the vile.
2. If it be fo, that true religion lies much in the ajje
hence we may infer, that fuch means are to be defired, .as have
much
IN HOLY AFFECTIONS. 149
much of a tendency to move the affeclions. Such books, and
fuch a way of preaching the word, and adminiftration of ordi
nances, and fuch a way of worfeipping God in prayer, and
finging praifes, is much to be defired, as has a tendency deep
ly to affeti the' hearts ot thofe who attend thefe means.
Such a kind of means would formerly have been highly ap
proved of, and applauded by the generality of the people of the
land, as the moil excellent and profitable, and having the great-
eil tendency to promote the ends of the means of grace. But
the prevailing talle feems of late ftrangely to be altered : that
pathetical manner of praying and preaching, which would for
merly have been admired and extolled, and that for this reafon
becaufe it had fuch a tendency to move the affeclions, now, in
great multitudes, immediately excites difguft, and moves no
other affe6tions, than thofe of difpleafure and contempt.
Perhaps, formerly the generality (at leaft of the common
people) were in the extreme, of looking too much to an affec
tionate addrefs, in public performances : but now, a very
great part of the people feem to have gone far into a contrary
extreme. Indeed there may be fuch means, as may have a
great tendency to ftir up the paffions of weak and ignorant
peribns, and yet have no great tendency to benefit their fouls :
for though they may have a tendency to excite affeclions, they
may have little or none to excite gracious affections, or any
affections tending to grace. But undoubtedly, jf the things of
religion, in the means ufed, are treated according to their na
ture, and exhibited truly, fo as tends to convey jufl apprehen-
fions, and a right judgment -of them ; the more they have a
tendency to move the affe61ions, the better.
3. If true religion lies much in the affeclions, hence we
may learn, what great caufe we have to be aihamed and con
founded before God, that we are no more affecled with the
great things of religion. It appears from what has been faid,
that this arifes from our having fo little true religion.
God has given to mankind jffeftions, for the fame purpofe
which he has given all the faculties and principles of the human
foul for, viz. that they might be fubfervient to man's chief
end, and the great bufmcfs for which God has created him,
that is, the bufmefs of religion. And yet how common is it
among mankind, that their alfe&ions are much more exercifed
and engaged in other matters, than in religion ! In things
which
RELIGION c o N s i s T s M u c n Part I.
which concern mcns worldly int-erefl, their outward delights,
their honour and reputation, and their natural relations, they
have their defires eager, their appetites vehement, their love
>varrn and affectionate, their zeal ardent ; in thefe things their
hearts are tender and fenfible, eafily moved, deeply impreffed,
much concerned, very (enfibly affected, and greatly engaged ;
much depreffed with grief at worldly lofles, and highly railed
with joy at worldly fucceffes and profpeiity. But how inferi-
fible and unmoved are moil men, about the great things of an
other world ! how dull are their affenons ! how heavy and hard
their hearts in thefe matters ! here their love is cold, their de-
fires languid, their zeal low, .and their gratitude fmall. How
they can fit and hear. of the infinite height, and .depth, and length,
?nd breadth of the love of God in Chrift Jefus, of his giving
his infinitely dear Son, to be offered up a facrifice for the fins
of men, and o the upparallelled love of the innocent, holy and
tender Lamb of God, maniferled in his dying agonies, his bloo
dy fweat, his IOA^ and bitter cries, and bleeding heart, arid all
this for enemies, to redeem them from deferved, eternal bur
nings, and to bring to unfpeakable and everlalting joy and glory ;
arid yet be cold, and heavy, infenfible, and regardlefs 1 Where
are the exercifes of our affections proper, if not here ? what is
it that does more require them? and what can be a fit occafion
of tlieir lively and vigorous exercife, if riot fuchanone as this ?
can any thing he fet in our view, greater and more important ?
any thing more wonderful and furprifmg ? or more nearly
concerning our ipteneft ? Can we fuppofe the wife Creator
implanted fuch principles in the human nature as the affections,
to be of'ufe to us, and to be exercifed on certain proper occa-
fions, but to lie ilill on fuch an occaiion as this ? can any
Chrii|ian, who believes the truth of thefe things, entertain fuch
thoughts ?
df we ought ever t to exercife our affeclions at all, and, if the
Creator has not .unwifely eonftituted the human nature, in
making thefe principles a part of it, when they are vain angl
u(elefs ; then they ought to be exercifed about thofe objects
which are moil worthy of them. But is there; any thing, which
Cnriftians can find in heaven or earth, fo worthy to be the ob
jects oftljei^ admiration and love, their earned and longing ce-
fnes, their jippe, and their rejoicing, and their fervent zeal, as
thofe things that are held fonh to us in the gofpel of Jefus
Chnil ? in which, not only are things declared rnofl worthy to
affect
IN HOLY AFFECTIONS'. 15*
affect us, but ttiey are exhibited in the moft affetling manner.
The glory and beauty of the bleffed JEHOVAH, which is molt
worthy in itfelf, to be the object of our admiration and love,
is there exhibited in the moft affeciing manner that can be con
ceived of, as it appears finning in all ks luftre, in the face of
an incarnate, infinitely loving, meek, compaffionate, dying Re
deemer. All the virtues of the Lamb of God, his humility,
patience, meekncfs, fubmiffion, obedience, love and compaf-
fion, are exhibited to our view, in a manner the moft tending
to move our affedlions, of any that can be imagined ; as they
all had their greateft trial, and their higheft exercife, and fo
their brighteft manifeftation, when he was in the moft affeci
ing circumftances ; even when he was 1 tinker his laft fufferings,
thofe unutterable and unparallelled fufferings, he endured, from
his tender love and pity to us. There alfo, the hateful nature
of our fins is rnanifeft'ed in the moft affecting manner poffible;
as we fee the dreadful effects of them, in what our Redeemer,
who undertook to anfwer for us, fuffered for them. And there*
we have the moft affeciing rrianifeftaiions'O'f God's hatred of fin,
and his wrath and juftice in punching it; as we fee his juftice
in the ftricinefs and iriflexiblenefs of it, and his wrath in its'
terriblenefs, in fo dreadfully punifliing our* fins, in one wht>
was infinitely dear to him, and loving to us. So has God dif-
pofed things, in the' affair of our redemption, and in his glo
rious difpenfations, revealed to us in the gofpel, as though
every thing were purpofely contrived in fuch a manner, as to
have the greateft poflible tendency to reach our hearts in' the
moft tender part, and move our affections moft fenfibly and
ftrongty. How great caufe have we therefore to be
to the duft, that we arc no more affected !
PART
r 52 WHAT A R E N- o S i G N s Part 1 1,
PART II.
Shewing what are no certain Signs that religi
ous Affeffions are truly gracious, or that
they are not.
IF any one, on the reading of what has been juft now faid,
is ready to acquit himfelf, and fay, " lam not one of thofe
** who have no religfbus affeclions ; I am often greatly moved
with the confideration of the great things of religion;" let
him not content himfelf with this, that he has religious affec
tions : for, as was obferved before, as we ought not to reject
and condemn all affeclions, as though true religion did not at
all confift in affeftion ; fo, on the other hand, we ought riot to
approve of all, as though every one that w r as religiouOy affecled
had true grace, and was therein the fubjecl: of the faying in
fluences of the Spirit of God : and that therefore the right way
is to diftinguifh among religious affeclions, between one fort
and another. Therefore let us now endeavour to do this : and
in order to it, I would do two things.
I. I would mention fome things, which are no figns one
ivav or the other, either that affections are fuch as true reli
gion confifts in, or that they are otherwife ; that we may be
guarded againlt judging of affeclions by falfe figns.
II. I would obferve fome things, wherein thofe affeclions
which are fpiritual and gracious, differ from thofe which arc
not fo, and may be diitinguifhed and known.
FIRST, I would take notice of fome things, which are no
figns that affections are gracious, or that they are not.
I. It is no fign one way or the other, that religious affeclions
are very great, or raifcd .very high.
Some are ready to condemn all high affeclions : if perfons
appear to have their religious affeclions raifed to an extraordi
nary
TO DISTINGUISH AFFECTIONS. 153
ttary pitcbj they are prejudiced againft them, and determine
that they are delufions, without further inquiry. But if it be
as has been proved, that true religion lies very much in religi
ous affections, then it follows, that if there be a great deal of
true religion, there will be great religious affeclioris ; if true
religion in tire hearts of men be raifed to a great height, divine
and holy affections will be raifed to a great height.
Love is an affection ; but will any Chriftian fay, men ought
not to love God and Jefus Chrift in a Jiigh degree ? and will
any fay, we ought not to have a very great hatred of fin, and a
very deep forrow for it ? or that we ought not to exercife a
high degree of gratitude to God, for the mercies we receive of
him, and the great things he has done for the falvation of fallen
men ? or that we mould not have very great and ftrong defireS
after God and holinefs ? Is there any who will profefs, that his
affetlions in religion are great enough ; and will fay, " I have
" no caufe to be humbled, that I am no more affected with the
" things of religion than I am ; I have no reafon to be afhamed,
" that I have no greater exercifes of love to God, and forrow
" for fin, andgratitude for the mercies which 1 have received?"
Who is there that will go and blefs God, that he is affeBed
enough with what he has read and heard of the wonderful love
of God to worms and rebels, in giving his only begotten Son
to die for them, and of the dying love of Chrift ; and will pray
that he may not be affefted with them in any higher degree^
becaufe high affe6t.ions are improper, and very unlovely in
Chriftians, being enthufiaflical, and ruinous to true religion ?
Our text plainly fpeaks of great and high affections, when it
fpeaks of rejoicing -with joy unjpeakable, and full of glory : here
the mod Superlative exprefhons are ufed, \vnich language will
afford. And thefctiptures often require us to exercife very high
affeftions : thus in the firft and grea? comiianolment of the law,
there is an accumulation of expreffions, as though words were
wanting to exprefs the degree in which we ought to love God ;
Thoujtialt love, the Lord thy God with all thy kcurt, with, ail
thy foal, with all thy mind, ai:d with all thy jlrtngtk. So the
faints are called upon to exercife high degrees ot' joy : " Rejoice
(fays Chrift to his difciples,} and be exceeding glad,'- Matth. v
12. So it is fa id, Pfal. Ixviii. 3. " Let the righteous be glan
" let them rejoice before God : yea, let them exceedingh
*' rejoice/' So in the fame book of Ffylrns, the faints are of
ten called upon tojkoutfotjty ; and in Luke vi, 23. to " leap
U " for
154 WHAT ARE NO SIGNS Part II.
" for joy." So they are abundantly called upon to exercife
hi^h degrees of gratitude for mercies, to praife God with all
their hearts, with heaits lifted up in the ways of the Lord, and
ther fouls magnifying the Lord, finging his praifes, talking of
his wond^rous works, declaring his doings, &c.
And we find the moft eminent faints in fcripture often pro-
feffing high affections. Thus the pfalmift Jpeaks of his love,
as if it were unfpeakable ; Pfal. cxix. 97. " O how love I thy
" law !" fo he exprefTes a great degree of hatred of fin ; Pfal.
cxxxix. 21,22. " Do not I hate them, O Lord, that hate
" thee ? and am not I grieved with them that rife up againft
" thee ? I hate them with perfect hatred." He alfo exprefles
a high degree of forrow for fin : he fpeaks of his fins going
ever his head, as an heavy burden, that was too heavy jot him ;
and of his roaring all the day, and his mot/lure's being turned
into the drought oj fummer, and his bones being as it were bro
ken with forrow. So he often expreffes great degrees of fpiritual
defires, in a multitude of the firongeft expreflions which can
be conceived of ; fuch a? his longing, his /ours thirfting as- a
dry and thirfty land where no water is, his panting, his fejh
and heart crying out, his foul's breaking for the longing it hath^
Sec. He expreffes the exercifes of great and extreme grief
for. the fins of others, Pfal. cxix. 136. '* Rivers of water run
* down mine eyes, becaufe they keep not thy law." And verf.
53. " Horror hath taken hold upon me, becaufe of the wicked
' that forfake thy law." He expreffes high exercifes of joy,
Pfal. xxi. I. " The king mall joy in thy ftrength, and in thy
* falvation how greatly {hall he rejoice !" Pfal.lxxi. 23. " My
** lips fhall greatly rejoice, when I (ing unto thee." Pfal. Ixiii.
3, 4, ,5, 6, 7. " Becaufe thy lovino; kindnefs is better than life :
" my lips fhall praife thee. Thus will I blefsthee, while I live :
" I will lift up my hands in thy name. My foul fhall be fatis-
" fied as with marrow and fatnefs ; and my mouth fhall praife
" thee with joyful lips : when I remember thee upon my bed,
" and meditate on thee in the nisht-watcbes. Becaufe thou
O
' haft been my help ; therefore' in the fhadow of thy wings
" will I rejoice."
The apoftle Paul exprefles high exercifes of affeclion. Thus
he exprefles the exercifes of pity and concern for others
ood, even to anguifli oj heart; a great, fervent and abundant
.1 ve, and tarneft and longing defires, and exceeding joy; and
fpeaks of the exultation and triumphs of his foul, and his earueft
expedition
TO DISTINGU i. SH AFFECTIONS. 155
on and hope, and his abundant tears, and the travails
of hi$ foul, in pity, grief, earner} defires, godly jealoufy, and
fervent zeal, in many places that have been cited already, and
which therefore I need not repeat. John the Baptifl exprefled
" great joy," John iii. 39. Thofe bleffed women that anointed
the body of Jefus, are reprefented as in a very high exercife
of religious affecYion, on occafion of Chrift's refurre&ion ;
Matth. xxviii. 8. " And they departed from the ft^pulchre, with
" fear and great joy."
It is often foretold of the church of God, in her future happy
feafons here on earth, that they lhall exceedingly rejoice ; Pfal.
Ixxxix. i, 16. " They mall walk, O Lord, in the light of
" thy countenance. In thy name (hall they rejoice all the day ;
" and in thy righteoufnefs mall they be exalted.'* Zech. ix. 9.
" Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Zion ; fhout, O daughter
" of Jerufalem :' behold, thy King cometh, &c." The fame
is reprefented in innumerable other places. And becaufe high
degrees of joy are the proper and genuine fruits of the gofpel
of Chrift, therefore the angel calls this gofa] t .g(H>d itdings of
great joy, thatjliould be to all people.
The faints and angels in heaven, that have religion in its
higheft perfection, are exceedingly affecled with what they
behold and contemplate of God's perfections and works. They
are all as a pure heavenly flame of fire, in their love, and in
the greatriefs and ftrength of their joy and gratitude : their
praifes are reprefented, as the voice of many waters, and as the
voice of a great thunder. Now the only reafon why their af-
feftions are fo much higher than the holy affelions of faints
on earth, is, they fee the things they are affecled by, more ac
cording to their truth, and have their aMeclions more conform
ed to the nature of things. And therefore, if religious affec
tions in men here below, are but of the fame nature and kind
with theirs, the higher they are, and the nearer they are to
theirs in degree, the better ; becaufe therein they will be fo
much the more conformed to truth, as theirs are.
From thefe things it certainly appears, that religious affec
tions being in a very high degree, is no evidence that they are
not fuch as have the nature of true religion. Therefore they
do greatly err, who condemn perfons as eruhufiafts, merely be
caufe their affeclions are very high.
And on the other hand, it is no evidence that religious affec
tions are of a fpiiitual and gracious, naturc^becaufethey are greas.
It
156 WHAT ARE NO SIGNS Part II.
Jt is very manifeft by the holy fcripturc, our fure and infalli
ble rule to judge of things of this nature, that there are religi
ous affe6Horis which are very high, tliat are not f pi ritual and
favmg. The apoille Paul fv/eaks of affections in the Gala-
tians, which had been exceedingly elevated, and which yet he
manifeilly fpeaks of, as fearing that they were vain, and had
come to nothing, Gal. iv. 15. " Where is the bleffednefs you
** fpake of? for I bear you record, that if it had been poffi-
' ble, you would have plucked out your own eyes, and have
given them to me." And in the nthverfe he tells them,
*' he was afraid of them, left he had bellowed upon them la-
" hour in vain," So the children of Ifrael were greatly affec
ted with God's mercy to them, when they had feen how won
derfully he wrought for them at the Red fea, where (hey Jang
God's praife; though they foon forgat his works. So they
were greatly affected again, at mount Sinai, when they law
the marvellous manifeiiations God made of himfelf there ; and
feemed mightily engaged in their minds, and with great for-
wardnefs made anfwer, when God propofed his holy covenant
to them, faying, All that the Lord hatli fpoken wilt we do, and
l)e obedient. But how foon was there an endtoal! this mighty
forwardnefs and engagednefs of affection ? how quickly were
they turned afide after other Gods, rejoicing and fhoming
around their golden calf ? So great multitudes who were af
fected with the miracle of railing Lazarus from the dead, were
elevated to a high degree, and made a mighty ado, when Jefus
prefently after entered into Jerufalem, exceedingly magnify
ing Chrift, as though the ground were not good enough for
the afs he rode to tread upon ; and therefore cut down branches
pf palm-trees, and {Irawed them in the way ; yea, pulled off
their garments, and fpread them in the way ; and cried with
loud voices, Hofanna to the Jon of David, biffed is he that com*
eihm the namsof the Laid, ho/dnnah in the highejt ; fo as to.
make the whole city rin^ again, and put all into an uproar.
We learn by the evangeliil John, that the reafon why the peo
ple made this ado, was becaufe they were affected with th$.
miracle ofraifing Lazarus, John xii. 18. Here was a vaftmuk'
titude crying Hd/annaon this occafion, fo that it gave occafion
to thePharifees to fay, " Behold, the world is gone afser hiu,"
John xii. 19 ; but Chrift had at that time but few true difci-
ples. And how quickly was this ado at an end ? all of this
nature is quelled a:d vlcati, when this Jeius Hands bound, witi>
a
TO DISTINGUISH AFFECTIONS. 157
a mock robe and a crown of (horns, to be derided, fpit upon,
fcourged, condemned, and executed. Indeed there was a great
and loud outcry concerning him, among the multitude then,
as well as before ; but of a very different kind : it is not then,
Ho/iinna, hojanha t but Crucify^ crucify.
And it is the concurring voice of ail orthodox divines, that
there may be religious affections, which are railed to a very
high degiee, and yet there be nothing of true religion.*
II. It is no fign that affections have the nature of true reli
gion, or that they have not^ that they have great effects on the
* body.
All affections whatsoever, have in fome refpect or degree,
an effect on the body. As was obferved before, fuch is our
nature, and fuch are the laws of union of foul and body, that
the mind can have no lively or vigorous exercife, without fome
effect upon the body. So {object is the body to the mind, and
fo much do its fluids, efpecially the animal fpirits, attend the
motions and exercifes of the mind, that there cannot be fo
much as an intenfe thought, without an effect upon them.
Yea it is queftionable, whether an Unbodied foul ever fo much
as thinks one thought, or lias any exercife at all, but that there
is fome corresponding motion or alteration of motion, in fome
degree, of the fluids, in fome part of the body. But univer-
fal experience {hews, that the exercife of the affections have
in a fpecial manner a tendency to fome fenfible effect upon
the body. .And if this be fo, that all affections have fome ef
fect on the body, we may then well fuppofe, the greater thofe af
fections be, and the more vigorous their exercife, (other cir-
cumftances being equal) the greater will be the effect on the
body. Hence it is not to be wondered at, that veiy great and
ftrong exercifes of the affections mould have great effects on the
body. Ancl therefore, ieeing there are very great affections,
both common and fpiritual ; hence it is not to be wondered
at, that great effects on the body mould arife from both thefe
kinds of affections. And confequently thefe effects are no
figns that the affections they arife from, are of one kind or
the other.
Great effects on the body certainly are no fure evidences that
affections are fpiritual ; for we fee that fuch effects oftentimes
arife from great affections about temporal things, and when re
ligion is. no way concerned in them. And if great affections
about
?: " Mr. Stoddard obferves, " That common affections are forne*
f f times ftronger thin fa viug." CM tie ;o Cb rjl, P. 21,
1^8 WHAT ARE NO SIGNS Part II.
about fecular things, that are purely natural, may have thefe
effects, I know not by what rule we mould determine, that
high affeclions about religious things, which arife in like manner
from nature, cannot have the like effect.
Nor on the other hand, do I know of any rule any have to
determine, that gracious and holy affections, when railed as
high as any natural affections, and have equally ftrong and vi
gorous exercifes, cannot have a ;reat effe6t on the body. No
fuch rule can be drawn from reafon : I know of no reafon, why
a being affecled with a view of God's glory fhould not caufe
the body to faint, as well as being affected with a view of So
lomon's glory- And no fuch rule has as yet been produced
from the fcripture : none has ever been found in all the late
controversies which have been about things of this nature.
There is a great power in fpiritual affeclions : we read of the
power which worketh in Chriftians,* and of the Spirit of God
being in them, as the Spirit of power, t. and of the effectual
working x)f his power in them,! yea, of the working of God's
mighty power in them.|| But man's nature is weak : flefh
and blood are reprefented in fcripturc as exceeding weak ; and
particularly with refpe6t to its unfitnefs for great fpiritual and
heavenly operations and exercifes, Matthew xxvi. 41. i Cor.
xv. 43. and 50. The text we are upon fpeaks of joy unjpeak-
able, and fall of glory. And who that considers wliat man's na
ture is, and what the nature of the affeclions are, can reafon-
ably doubt but that inch unutterable arid glorious joys, may be
too great and mighty for weak dud and allies, fo as to be con-
fidera'oly overbearing to it ? It is evident by the fcripture, that
true divine difcoveries, or ideas of God's glory, when given in
a great degree, have a tendency, by affecling the mind, to
overbear the body ; becaufe the fcripture teaches us often, that
if thefe ideas or views ihould be given to fuch a degree, as they
are given in heaven, the weak frame of the body could not
fubfiit under it, and that no man can, in that manner, fee God
and live. The knowlege which the faints have of God's beau
ty and glory in this world, and thofe holy affections that
arife from it, are of the fame nature and kind with what the
faints are the fubjccls of in heaven, differing only in degree
and circumftances : what God gives them here, is a foretafte
of heavenly happinefs, and an earned of their future inheritance.
And who (hall limit God in his giving this earned, or fay he
jfhall give fo much of the inheritance, iuch a part of the future
reward,
* Eph, iii. 7. f 2 TinuL 7. { Eph. iii. 7. 20. || Eph.i. 19*
TO DISTINGUISH AFFECTIONS. 159
reward, as an earned of the whole, and no more ? And
feeing God has taught us in his word, that the whole reward
is fuch, that it would at once deftroy the body, is it not too
bold a thing for us, fo to fet bounds to the fovereign God, as
to fay, that in giving the earned of this reward in this world,
he (hall never give fo much of it, as in the leaft to diminim.
the ftrength of the body, when God has no where thus limited
hiinfelf ?
The pfalmift fpeaking of vehement religious affections he
had, fpeaks of an effect in his flefh or body, beiides what was
in his foul, expreily diftingtiiming one from the other, onc&
and again, Pfal. Ixxxiv. 2. " My foul longcth, yea, even fainteth.
" for the courts of the Lord: my heart and myjjle/h crieth out
" for the living God." Here is a plain diitin6lion between the
heart and the flefh, as being each affected. So Pfal. Ixiii. I.
" My foul thirfteth for thee, my rlefh longeth for thee in a dry
" and thirfty land, where no water is." Here alfois an evident
deiigned diltinction between the foul and the fleih.
The prophet Habakkuk fpeaks of his body's being overborn,
by a fenfe of the majefty of God, Hab. iii. 16. " When I
** heard, my belly trembled : my lips quivered at the voice :
44 rottennefs entered into my bones, and I trembled in myfelf."
So the pfalmift fpeaks exprefly of his fleih trembling, Pfal. cxix,
120. " My fleih trembleth for fear of thee."
That fuch ideas of God's glory, as are fometimes given in
I this world, have a tendency to overbear the body, is evident,
becaufe the fcripture gives us an account, that this has fome
times actually been the effecl of thofe external manifeftations
God has made of himfelf, to fome of the faints, which were made
to that end, viz. to give them an idea of God's majefty and
glory. Such inftances we have in the prophet Daniel, and the
apoftle John. Daniel giving an account of an external repre-
fentation of the glory of Chriii:, fays, Dan. x. 8. " And there
" remained no ftrength in me; for my comelinefs was turned
" into corruption, and I retained no ftrength.*! And the apoille
John giving an account of a like manifeftation made to him,
fays, Rev. i. 17. " And when I faw him, I fell at his feet as
" dead." It is in vain to fay here, thefe were only external
manifeftations or fymbols of the glory of Chrift, which thefe
faints beheld : for though it be true, that they were outward
representations of Chriit's glory, which they beheld with their
bodily eyes ; yet the end and ufe of tlicfe external fymbols or
reprefentations, was to give to thefe prophets an idea of the
thing
i6o WHAT ARE NO SIG&S Part If,
thing reprefented, and that was the true divine glory and ma-
jelly of Chrift, which is his fpiritual glory ; they were made
ufe of only as fignifications of this fpiritual glory, and thus un
doubtedly they received them, and improved tnem, and were
affe6t,ed by them. According to the end for which God intend
ed thefe outward %ns, they received by them a great and lively
apprehenfionof the real glory and inajefly of God's nature, which .
they were figns of; and thus were greatly affecled, their fouls
fwallowed up, and their bodies overborn. And I think, they ;
are very bold and daring, who will fay God cannot, or {hall
not give the like clear and affefting ideas and apprehenfions
of the fame real glory and rnajefiy of his nature, to none of
his faints, without the intervention of any fuch external ma-
dows of it.
Before I leave this head, I would farther ohferve, that it is]
plain the fcripture often makes ufe of bodily efTecls, to exprefs
the flrength of holy and fpiritual affeclions ; fuch as titm^
blingi* groaning, t being fick^ || crying out, i panting, k and
fainting. ** Npw if it be fuppofed, that thefe are only figu
rative exprefiions, to reprefent the degree of affeclion ; yet I
hopeall will allow, that they are fit and fui table figures to repre- ;
fent the high degree of thofe fpiritual afleclions, which the;
Spirit of G6d makes ufe of them to reprefent : which I do
BOt fee how they would be, if thofe fpiritual affeclions, let them
be in never fo high a degree, have no tendency to any fuch
things ; but that on the contrary, they are the proper effefts,
and fad tokens of falfe affections, and the delufion of the devil,
I cannot think, God would commonly make ufe of things
which are very alien from fpiritual affcftions, and are ftirewd
marks of the hand of Sa*an, and fmell frrong of the bottornlefs
pit, as beautiful figures, reprefent the high degree of holy and
heavenly affections.
III. It is no fign that afTeftions are truly gracious afTeclions.-
or that they are not, that they caufe thofe who have them, to
be fluent, fervent and abundant, in talking of the things of
religion.
There
.
* Pfal. cxix. 120. Ezra ix. 4. If. Ixvi. 2, . Hab. h'L r
i Rom. viii. 26. |j Cant. ii. 5. and v. 8. t PfaL Ixxxiv. 2, PiaL
xxxviii. 10. and xlii, i. and cxix, 131. '** Pfal. Ixxxiv, 2. and
cxjx. 8 i.
TO DISTINGUISH AFFECTIONS. l6l
There are manv perfons, who if they fee this in others, are
greatly prejudiced agaiitii them, Their being fo full of talk, is
with them, a fufficienl ground to condemn them, as Phanfees, .
and oilentatious hypoerites. On the other hand, there a*e
many, who if they fee this effect in any, are very ignoramly
and imprudently forward, at once to determine that they are
the true children of God, and are under the fa v ing influences
cf his Spirit, and fpeakof it as a great evidence of a new crea
ture : they fay, fnch an one s month is now opened : he ufi.d to
be flow to /peak ; but now he. is full and free : he is free now to
open his heart, and tell his experiences, and declare the praifcs
of God \ it comes from him, as free as water from a fountain ;
and the like. And efpecially are they captivated into a confi
dent and nndouhting perfuafion that they are favingly wrought
upon, if they aie not only free and abundant, but very ailec-
tioii'iiie and earned in their talk.
But this is the fruit of but little judgment, a fcanty and
fhort experience ; as events do abundantly {hew: and is a mif-
take per Tons often run into, through their trailing to their
own wiidomand difcernmg, and making their own notions their
rule, inilead of the holy feripture. Though the fcripturc be
full of rules, both how we mould judge of our own Mate, and
alfo how we mould be conduced in our opinion of others ; yet
we have no wliere any rule, by which to judge ourfelves or
ot l:ers to be in a good eftate, from any fuch effect : lor this is
but the religion of the mouth and of the tongue, and what is
in the feripture reprefented by the leaves of a tree, which
though the tree ought not to be without them, yet are no where
given as an evidence of the goodnefs of the tree.
That perfons are difpofed to be abundant in talking of things
of religion, may be from a good caufe, and it may be from a
bad one. It may he becaufc their hearts are very full of holy
affections ; for out of the abundance of 'he /ia>'t, the man.
elk : and it may be became perfons licaits are very full of reli
gious affection which is not holy ; for ilil! out of the abundant
of the -he^rt the nioiuh fpeaketh. It is vciy m;ich the naturr
of the affections, of whatever kind they be, and whatever ob
jects they are exercifed about, if they are ilrong, to difpofe per
fons to be very much in (peaking of that which tliojiare a fleer
ed wi.'h : and not orilv to f-eak much, but to fpcak verv earn-
X citly
162 WHAT ARENO SIGNS part II.
eftly. and fervently. And therefore pcrfons talking abundantly
and very fervently about the things of religion, can be an
evidence of no more than this, that they are very much affec
ted with the things of religion ; but this may be, (as has been
already mown,) and there be no grace. That which men are
greatly affected with, while the high affection lafts, they will be
earneilly engaged about, and will be likely to fhew that earn-
eitnefs in their talk and behaviour ; as the greater part of the
Jews, in all Judah and Galilee, did for a while, about John
the BaptifVs preaching and bdptifrn, when they were willing
for a feafon to rejoice in his light : a mighty ado was made,
all over the land, and among all forts of perfons, about this
great prophet and his miniflry. And fo the multitude in like
manner, often manifeiled a great earnellnels, a mighty enga
ged nefs of fpirit, in every thing that was external, about Chriil
and his preaching and miracles, being qfionijlied at his doctrine ,
anon with joy receiving the word, following him, fometimes
night and day, leaving meat, drink, and deep to hear him ; once
following him into the wildernefs, failing three days going,
to hear him ; fometimes crying him up to the clouds, faying,
Never man fpake like this man ! being fervent and earneft in
\vhat they faid. But what did tiiefe things come to, in the
greater part of them ?
A perfon may be over-full of talk of his own experiences ;
commonly falling upon it, every where, and in all companies ;
and when it is fo, it is rather a dark fign than a good one. As
a tree that is over-full of leaves, feldcm bears much fruit : and
ss a cloud, though to appearance very pregnant and full of
water, if it brings with it over-much wind, feldom affords much
rain to the dry and thirfty earth : which very thing the Holy
Spirit is pleafed feveral times to make ufe of, to reprefent a
great fliew of religion with the mouth, without anfwerable fruit
in the life, Piov. xxv. 14. " Whofo boafleih himfeif of a falfe
*' gift, is like clouds and wind without rain." And the apofde
Jude, fpeaking of fome in the primitive times, that crept in una-
vv gs among the faints, and having a great fliew of religion,
.re for a while not fufpecled, Theje are clouds (fays he) with-
cutwater, earned about of winds, Jude verf. 4. and 12. Ar.d
the apoftle Peter, fpeakin^of the fame, fays, c Pet. ii. 17.
'! Thcfe are clouds without water, carried with a terapeft/'
/ Falfe
TO D I S T I N T G V I S II AFFECTIONS. 163
Falk" affeelions, if they are equally ftrong, are much more
forward to declare tbemfelves, than true : becaufe it is the
nature of falfe religion, to affect Ihew and obfervation ; as it
was with the Pharifees. t
IV. It is no ficrn that affections are gracious, or that they
are other wife, that perfons did not make them themielves, or
excite them of their own contrivance, and by their own
iirength.
There are many in thefe days, that cbndemn all affections
which are excited in a way that the fubjecis of them can give
no account of, as not deeming to be the fruit of any of their
own endeavours, or the natural confequence of the faculties and
principles of human nature, in fuch circumftanccs, and under
fuch means ; hut to be from the influence of fome extrinfic
and fupernaturaj power upon their minds. How greatly has
the doftrine of the inward experience or fenfible perceiving ot"
the immediate power and operation of the Spirit of God, been
reproached and ridiculed by many of late ? They fay, the man
ner of the Spirit of God, is to co-operate in a filent, fecret and
undiicernible way win. the uie of means, and our own endea
vours ;
i That famous experimental divine Mr. Shepard, fays, " A Pha-
(( rifee's trumpet (hull be heard to the town's end ; when [irn-irvi 1 ",-
'-' walks through tne town unfeen. Hence a man will foinetimes co-
fc vertly commend himfelf, (and >v;v/\//'ever comes in,) and tells you
** a long ftory of converfion : and an hundred to one if fome lie or
(( other flip not out with-it. Why, the fecret meaning is, / 'pray
" admire me. Henee complain of wants and weakneffes ; pray think
t( what a kroken-hearlcd Chriftian lam. " Parab. of the ten virgins,
Part I. page 179, 180.
And holy Mr. Flavd fays thus, <( O reader, if thy heart were
" right with God, and thou didfl not cheat thyfelf with a vain pro-
tf feliion, thou wouldiL have frequent bufinefs with God, which thou
** wouldit be loth thy deareft friend, or the wife of thy bofom fhou'd
" be privy to. Nou eft rcligic, uhi omnia patent. Religion doth net
" lie open to all, to the eyes of men. Obferved duties maintain our
t( credit ; but fecret duties maintain our life. It was the faying of an
(C heathen, about his fecret correfpondency with his friend, What need
<( the world be acquainted with it ? c fhoa ahd I are they're enough to
" each othr. There are inclofed pleafures in religion, v/hich r.nnc-
'' but renewed fpiritual fouls do feelingly uidcrltaad." F/xva's
Chap, II, fcft. ~.
264 -WHAT ARE NO SIGNS Part II.
voi.rs ; 10 that there is no diftifiguifhing by fenfe, between the
influences of the Spirit of God, and the natural operations of
the faculties of our own minds.
And it is true, that for any to expect to receive the feving
influences of the Spirit of God, while they neglect a diligent
improvement of the appointed means of ;_r?.ce, is unreasonable
preemption. And to expect that the Spirit of God will fa-
vingly operate upon their nvnds, v, ilhout the Spirit's making; ufe
of means, as fubfervient to the effect, is enthufiaftica!. It is
alfo luxlqubtedly true, that the fpirit of God is very various in
the manner and ciraimifances of his operations, and that fomc-
times he operates in a way more fecrtt and gradual, and from
fmaller beginnings, tKanat others.
But if there be indeed a power, entirely different from and
beyond our power, or the power of all means and infiruments,
and above the power of nature, which is rcquiiite in order to
the production of faving grace in the heart, according to the
general profeflion of the country ; then certainly, it is in no
wife unrcafonable to fuppofe, that this effect mould very fre
quently be produced after fuch a manner, as to make it very
roanifeft, apparent, and fenfible that it is fo. If grace be in
deed owing to the powerful and efiicatious operation of an ex-
trinfic agent, cr divine efficient cut of cuiftlves, why is it
unreaionxble to fuppo'c, it mould fee m to be fo, to them who
are the fubjcct- of it ? Is it a ft range thing that it fhould ieem
it is? When grace in, the heart indeed is not produced
by cur ftrength, nor is the effect of the natural power of our
own faculties, or any means cr inilr'umentr, hut is properly the
workman/hip and production of the Spirit of the Almighty, is
it a ftrange and unaccountable thing, that it fhouid fecin to
them \vho are fubjects of it, agreeable to truth, and not right
contrary to tmth ; fo that if peilons.tell of effects that they are
confcious to in their own- minds, that.feem to
them not to be
but from,
irom the natural power 'or operation of their mil
the I u per natural power of fomc other agent, it fhould at ci;ce
be looked upon as a fare evidence of their being under a dclufion,
hecaufe things feem to them to be as they are r for this is the
objection which is made : it is looked upon as a clear evidence,
that che appichcraion.s and "affections that many performs have,
.-re nr-t re-ally from fuch a raufe, hecsufe they r-em to them to
be from that can fc : they declare that \\hat they are ron:'i:5ous
<>l\ il-t rtis to them evidently not to be from thcmftlves but from
the inighty ppwer of the fpirit of God; and criers from lurce
TO DISTINGUISH AFFECTIONS. 16,5
condemn thorn, md determine what they exprncnce is not
from the fpirit of God, but from thernfelvcG, or irorn the devil,
unreafoniibly are multitudes treated at this dry, by their
neighbours,
If it be indeed fo, as the fcrlp'nir? abundantly teache?, that
grace in th,' ib'i], is io the crrlcb of God's power, that it is fitly
compared to thofc excels, which are fartneil from being ow
ing; to any ftrcngth in the fubjcct, fuch as a. generation, or a
being begolte.n,3nd refiirreklion or a being rcijtd from the dead,
and creation, or a bang brought out of nothing into being, and
that it is an eilixt wherein the mighty power of Goci is greatly
glorified, and the exceeding greatnefs oi his power is inanifeft-
ed :* then what account can be given of it, that the Almighty,
in fo great a work of his power, fnould fo carefully hide his
p.nvc r, that the fubjecls of it fliould be able to difccrn nothing
of it ? or what reafon or revelation have any to determine that
he does for If we may judge by the fcripture, this is not a-
greeable to God's manner, in his operations and difpenfations ;
but on the contrary, it is God's manner, in the great works of
his power and mercy which he works for his people, to order
things fo, as to make his hand vifible, r.nd his power cor;fpjcii-
ous, and mens dependence on him mod evident, that no rielri
Ihould glory in his prefence,! that God alone might be exalt
ed,}: and that the excellency of the power might be of God ar.d
not of man,|! and that Chrift's power might be mahifefted in
our weaknefs, and none might fay, mine own hand hath favcd
me.** So it was in moil of thofe temporal falvations which
God wrought for Ifrael of old, which were types of the ialva-
tion of God's people from their fpiritual enemies. So it was in
the redemption or Ifrael from their Egyptian bondage ; he re
deemed them with a ftrong hand, and an outilretched arm ;
r.nd that his power might be tlje more confpiCUOUS, he fuffefea
Ifrael iirft to be brought, into the mod helplefs and forlorn cir-
ncc?. So it was in the great redemption of Gideon ;
God would have his army diminifhed to a handful, and they
wivhout any other arms, than trumpet?, and lamps, and earth
en pitchers. So it v/as in the deliverance of Ifrael from Go-
1'--f 01' ! ,1 1iT /-^.
in at
the
by
wifdotn
:f Eph. i. i- 20. f i Cor. i. 77. iS, 29. {
2 Cor. iv. 7. 2 Ccr. :di, 9. ** judg. vii. 2.
166 WHAT ARE NO SIGNS Part II.
wifdom knew not God, and all the endeavours of philofophers
had proved in vain, for many ages, to reform the world, and
k was by every thing become abundantly evident, that the
world was utterly helplefs, by any thing elfe but the mighty
power of God. And fo it was in molt of the conversions
of particular penbns, we have an account of in the hiilory of
the New-Teltament : they were not wrought on in that filent,
fecret, gradual, and infenfible manner, which is now infilled
on ; but with thofe manifeft evidences of a fupernatural pow
er, wonderfully and fuddenly caiifmg a great change, which in
thefe days are looked upon as certain figns of delufion and
enthufiafm.
The apoftle in Eph. i. 18, 19. fpeaks of God's enlighten*
ing the minds of Chriftians, and fo bringing them to believe
in Chrift, to the end that they might know the exceeding great-
nefs of his power to them who believe. The words are, The
eyes of your under /landing being enlightened \ that ye may know
what is the, hope of his calling, and what the riches of the glory
of his inheritance in the faints, and what is the exceeding great-
nefs of his power to us-ward who believe, according to the work-,
ing of his mighty power, &c. Now when the apoftle fpeaks of
their being thus the fubjecls of his power, in their enlightening
and effectual calling, to the end that they might know what his
mightv power was to them who believe, he can mean nothing
elfe, than that they might know by experience. But if the faints
know this power by experience, than they feel it, and difcern
it, and are confcious of it ; as fenfibly diftinguifhable from the
natural operations of their own minds, which is not agreeable
to a notion of God's operating fo fecretly, and undifcernibly,
that it cannot be known that they are the fubjefts of the in
fluence of any extrinfic power at all, any otherwife than as
.they may argue it from fcripture affertions ; which is a different
thing from knowing it by experience.
So that it is very unreafonable and unfcriptural, to determine
that affections are not from the gracious operations of God's
Spirit, becaufe they a-re fenfibly not from the perfons themfelves,
that arc the lubje^is of them.
On the other hand, it is no evidence that affections are gra
cious, that they are not purpofely produced by thofe who are
the fubjefts of them, or that they arife in their minds in a man
ner they cannot account for.
There
TO D 1 S T I N G U I S H A F F E C T I O N S. 1 67
There are fome who make this an argument in their own
favour, when fpeaking ot what they have experienced, they fay,
4i I am fure I did not make it myfeli : it was a fruit of nocon-
" trivance or endeavour of mine ; it came when I thought no-
" thing of it ; if I might have the world for it, I cannot make
" it again when I pleaie." And hence they determine, that
what they have experienced, muft be from the mighty influence
of the Spirit of God, and is of a faying nature ; but very igno-
rantly, and without grounds. What they have been the fub-
jefts of, may indeed not be from themfelves directly, but may
be from the operation of an invifible agent, fome fpirit befides
their own : but it does not thence follow, ihat it was. from the
Spirit of God. There are other fpirits who have influence on
the minds of men, befides the Holy GhoIK We are di reeled
not to believe every fpirit, but to try the fpirits whether they
be of God. There are many falfe fpirits, exceeding bufy with
men, who often transform themfelves into angels of light, and
do in many wonderful ways, with great fubtility and power,
mimic the operations of the Spirit of God. And there are
many of Satan's operations, which are very diftinguiihable
from the voluntary exercifes of mens own minds. They are
fo, in thofe dreadful and horrid fuggeflions, and blafphempus
injections with which he follows many perfons ; and in vain
and fruitless frights and terrors, which he is the author of.
And the power of Satan may be as immediate, and as evident
in falfe comforts and joys, as in terrors and horrid fuggefHons ;
and oftentimes is fo in facl. It is not in mens power to put
themfelves into fuch raptures, as the Anabaptifts in Germany,
and many other raving Enthufiaits like them,- have been the
fubjects of.
And befides, it is to be conddered, that perfons may have
thofe impreffions on their minds, which may not be of their
own producing, nor from an evil fpirit, but from the Spirit of
God, and yet not be from any fcving, but a common influence
of the Spirit of God : and the fubjc&sof fuch imprcffions, may
be of the number of thofe we read of, Heb. vi. 4, 5. " that
" are once enlightened, and taRe of the heavenly gift, ami are
4 made partakers of the Holy Ghoff, and taPe the good word
" of God, and the power of the world to come ;" and vet
may be wholly unacquainted with thofe bdt'.r things that 'ac-
company jalvation, Ipoken of veif. 9.
And
\V II AT .ARE NO S I G N. Si 1'urt II.
:r a good nor evil fpirit have any immedi
ate hand, perfons, eipecialiy fuch as are of a weak and vapoury
habit of body, and the brain weak, and eaiily fufceptive of i;n-
preiTions, may have llrange apprehenfions and imaginations,
and fh-ong alic6tb:is attending them, unaccountably arifing,
which- are not voluntarily produced by themfelves. We fee
that inch perfons are liable to fuch impreflions, about temporal
things ; and there is equal reafon;why they mould about ipiri-
tiidi things. As a perfun who is aflcep, has dreams, that he is
ii'jt the voluntary author of ; fb may fuch perfons, in like man
ner, be the fubjefrs of involuntary impreflions, when they aie
awake.
V. I" is no fign that religious aiTccHons are truly holy and
fpiritual, or that they are not, that they come with ICXLS of
fvripture, remarkably brought to the mind.
It is no i:g:i tl:at affections arc not gracious, that they are
occafionccl by -fcriptures lo corning to mind ; provided it be the
fcripture ufelf, or the truth which the fcripture fo brought
contains and teaches, that is the foundation of the afleU< M,
znd not merely cY mainly, the fudden and unufual manner of
its coming to the mind.
But on the odier hand, neither is it any fign that affections
are gracious, that, they aiife on occafion of fcriptiues brought
fuddenly and wonderfully to the mind ; whether thofe afTefiions
be fear or liope, joy or fbrrow, or any other. Some feem to
look upon this, as a good evidence that their affeftions are fav-
ing, efpecially if the affections excited are hope or joy, or any
o.her which are pleating and delighiful. They \\iil mention
it -as an evidence that all is right, that their experience cume
with the. zvord, and will fay, "There were fuch and fuch f \vc-jt
'* promiL-s brought to my mind : they came fuddenly, as if
* they were fpoke to me : I had no hand in bringing fuch a
'* text to my own mind ; I was not thinking of any thing laiJ-
'* ing to it; it came all at once, fo that I was furprifed. I
" had not thouglft of it a lo> .^ nine before ; I did not know at
" fi.rft th'Jt it was fcripture ; I did not remember that ever I
** had read it." And it may be, they will, add, " One fcrip-
4i ture came flowing in after another, and fo texts all over the
" Bible, the mod fvveet and pleafant, and the molt apt and
* fai table, which could be devifed ; and filled me full as I could
*' hold : I could not but Rand and admire : the tears flowed ;
" I was full of ioy, and could nut djubt any longer." And
thus
t o b i s f i N G u i s H AFFECTIONS. 16*9
thus they think they have undoubted evidence, that their affec
tions mull he from God, and of the right kind, and their itate
good: but without any manner of grounds. How come they
by any fjich rule, as that if any affections or experiences a rife
with promifes, and comfortable texts of fcripture, unaccounta
bly brought to mind, without their recollection, or if a great
number of fweet texts follow one another in a chain, that this
is a certain evidence their experiences are faving ? where is any
fuch rule to he found in the Bible, the great and only fure di-
reciory in things of this nature ?
What deceives many of the lefs underftanding and confide-
rate fort of people, in this matter, feems to be this ; that the
fcripture is the word of God, and has nothing in it which is
wrong, but is pure and perfect : and therefore, thofe experi
ences which come from the fcripture muft he right. But then
it would be confidered, affections may arife on cccafioit of the
fcripture, and not properly come ft om the fcripture, as the
genuine fruit of the fcripture* and by a right life of it ; but
from an abufe of it. All that can be argued from the purity
and perfeclion of the word of God, with refpeftto experiences,
is this, that thofe experiences which are agreeable to the word
of God, are right, and cannot be otherwife : and not that thofe
affeftions mult be right, which arife on occa/ton of the word of
God coming to the mind.
What evidence is there that the devil cannot bring texts of
fcripture to the mind, and mifapply them, to deceive perfons ?
There feems to be nothing in this which exceeds the power of
Satan. It is no work of fuch mighty power, to bring founds
or letters to perfons minds, that we have any reafon to fup-
pofe, nothing ihort of omnipotence can be fufficient for it. If
Satan has power to bring any words or founds at all to perfons
minds, he may 4iave power to bring words contained in the
Bible. There is no higher fort of power required in men, to
make the founds which exprefs the words of a text of fcripture,
than to make founds which exprefs the words of an idle
ftory or fong. And fo the fame power in Safari, which is
fufficient to- renew one of thofe kinds of founds in the mind,
is fuflicieru to renew the other : the different fignification,
which depends wholly on ciulotn, alters not the cafe, as to abili
ty to make or revive the founds or letters. Or will any fup-
pofe, that texts of fcripture are fuch facred things, that the devil
J.urft not abufe them, nor touch them ? In this alfo they are
Y miflaken.
170 WHAT ARE NO SIGNS Part II.
miitaken. He who was bold enough to lay hold on Chrift
himfelf, and carry him hither and thither, into the wildernefs,
and into an high mountain, and to a pinnacle of the temple,
is not afraid to touch the (capture, and abufe that for his own.
purpofes : as he fhewed at the fame time that he was fo bold
with Chrift, he then brought one fcripture and another, to de
ceive and tempt him. And if Satan did prcfume, and was
permitted, to put Chrift himfelf in mind of texts of fcripture
to tempt him, what reafon have we to determine, that he dare
not, or will not be permitted, to put wicked men in mind of
texts of fcripture, to tempt and deceive them ? -And if Satan
may thus abufe one text of fcripture, fo he may another. Its
being a very excellent place of fcripture, a comfortable and
precious promife, alters not the cafe, as to his courage or
ability. And if he can bring one comfortable text to the mind,
Ib he may a thoufarit} ; and may choofe out fuch fcriptures as
tend moll to fei ve his purpofe ; and may heap up fcripture-prO"
mifes, tending, according to the perverfc application he makes
of them, wonderfully to remove the rifmg doubts, and to con-
iirm the falfejoy and confidence of a poor deluded finner.
We know the devil's inflruments, corrupt and heretical
teachers, can and do pervert the fcripture, to their own and
others damnation, 2 Pet. iii. 16. We fee they have the free
vile of fcripture, in every part of it ; there is no text fo preci
ous and facred, but they are permitted to abufe it, to the eter
nal ruin of multitudes of fouls ; and there are no weapons they
make ufe of with which they do more execution. And there
is no manner of reafon to determine, that the devil is not per
mitted thus to life the fcripture, as well as his inflruments.
For when the latter do it, they do it as his inilruments and
fervants, and through his infhgation and influence : and doubt-
lefs he does the fame he inftigates others to do ; the devil's fer
vants do but follow their mailer, and do the fame work that he
does himfelf,
And as the devil can abufe the fcripture, to deceive and de-
ftroy men, fo may mens own folly and corruptions as well.
The fin which is in men, afts like its father. Mens own
hearts are deceitful like. the devil, and ufe the fame means to
deceive.
So that it is evident, that perfons may have high afTeclions
of hope and joy, arifing onoccafion of texts of fcripture, yea
precious promifes of fcripture coming fuddenly and remarkably
TO DISTINGUISH AFFECTIONS. 17!
to their minds, as though they were {poke to them, yea a
gscat multitude of fuch texts, following one another in a won
derful manner, and yet all this be no argument that thefe af
fections are divine, or thai they are any other than the effects
of Satan's deiufions.
And I would further obferve, thai perfons may have raifed
and joyful affeclions, which may come with the word of God,
and not only fo, but from the word, and thofe iffeclions not
be from Satan, nor yet properly from the corruptions of their
own hearts, but from fome influence of the Spirit of God with
the word, and yet have nothing of the nature oltrue and laving
religion in them. Thus the flony-ground hearers had great
joy from the word ; yea, which is reprefented as arifing from
the w.ord, as growth from a feed ; and their affections had,
in their appearance, a very great and exaci refemblance with
thofe reprefented by the growth on the good ground, the differ
ence not appearing, until it was difcovered by the confequen-
ces in a time of trial : ancl yet there was no faying religion in
thefe affe6tions. ||
VI. It is no evidence that religious affeclions are faving, or
that they are otherwife, that there is an appearance of love in
them.
There are no profeffmg Chriftians who pretend, that this is
an argument againit the truth and faving nature of religious
affcPrions. But on the other hand, there are fome who fup-
pofe, it is a good evidence that affeclions are from the fanclify-
ing and faving influences of the Holy Ghofl. Their argu-
. merit is, that Satan cannot love ; this affection being directly
contrary to the devil, whofe very nature is enmity and malice.
And it is true, that nothing is more excellent, heavenly and
divine, than a fpirit of true Chriftian love to God and men :
it is more excellent than knowlege, or prophecy^ or miracles t
Qt fpeaking with the. tongue of men and angels. It is the chief
of the graces of God's Spirit, and the life, effence and fum of
ail true religion ; and that by which we are mod conformed ta
heaven
|| Mr. Stoddard, in his Guide fo Crrfi, fpeaks of it as
rting* for perfons while in a natural condition, and before they have
ever truly tqcepted of Chrift > to have fcHpture-/*ttwj/ come to them,.
with a great deal of refrcjbing ; which they take as tokens of God's !o-i'e,
aud Lope that God has accepted them ; aad fo are confident of their goad
eilate. Page 8, 9. ImprelH
WHAT ARE NO SIGNS Part IL
heaven, and moft contrary to hell and the devil. But yet it is
ill arguing from hence, that there aie no counterfeits of it. It
may be obferved, that the more excellent any thing is, the
more will be the counterfeits of it. Thus there are many iiitae
counterfeits of filver and gold, than of iron and copper : there
?ire many falfe diamonds and rubies, but who goes about to
counterfeit common iiones ? Though the more excellent ihiogs
are, the more difficult it is to make any tLirig that lhail he like
them, in their effential nature and internal virtue ; yet the
more manifold will the counterfeits be, and the more will art
and fubtilty be e.xercifed and difplayed, in an exact imitation
of the outward appearance. Thus theie is the greateii danger
of being cheated in buying of medicines that are moil exceU
lent and fove-reign, though it be moil difficult to imitate them,
with any thing of the like value and virtue, and their counter
feits a/e good for nothing when we have them. So it is -with
Christian virtues and graces ; the fubtilty of Satan, and rnens
deceitful hearts, are wont chiefly to beexercifed in counterfeit
ing thofe that are in higheft repute. So there are perhaps no.
graces that have more counterfeits than love and humility ;
thefe being virtues wherein the beauty of a true Chriftiandces
especially appear.
But with refpecl: to love ; it is plain by the fcripture, that
perfons may have a kind of religious love, and yet have no fa-,
ving grace, Chrift fpeaks of many profeffing Chriftians ihat
liave fuch, love, whole love will not continue, and fo (hall fail
offalvation, Matth. xxiv. 12, 13. " And becaufe iniquity (hall
*' abound, the love of many fhall wax cold. But he that (hall
*' endure unto the end, the fame fhall be faved." Which lat
ter words plainly fhew, that thofe fpoken of before, whofe love
fhall not endure to the eftd, but wax cold, fhould not be faved.
Perfons may fee-rn to have hvve to God and Chrilf, yea to
liave very Rrong and violent affections of this nature, and yet
have no. grace. For this was evidently the cafe with many
gracel&fs Jews, fiich as cried Jcfus up (o high, following him
day and night, without meat, drink, or deep; fuch a:> faid t
Lord, I will follow the: wkilhdrjQU'tr thai ^o^/l y and cried,
]oja?Lna ta the. Ion of I) avid, t
The
f Agreeable t-> this Mr. Stoddard obfcrves, in his Gwde to Clrifl^
that forrre fin ners have pangs of affeftkon, and give an account that-
nd a fpirh of love to Gc-..i,_ x\<\ of their ai.ning at the glory
of
TO DISTINGUISH AFFECTIONS. 173
The apofde feems to intimate, that there were many in his
davs, who had a counterfeit love to Chrill, in Eph. vi. 24.
Grace be with all them that love our Lord je fits Chri/l in fince-
lity. The la ft word, in the original, fignifles inincorruption^
which (hews, that the apoftle was fenfiblethat there were many
who had a kind of love to Chrift, whofe love was not pure and
fpintual.
So alfo Chriftian love to the people of God maybe counter
feited. It is evident by the (cripture, that there mav be firorig
affections of this kind, without faving grace; as there were
in the Galatians towards the apoille Paul, when they were
ready to pluck out their eyes and give them to him ; although
the apoftle expreffes his fear that their affections were come to
nothing, and that he had befknved upon them labour in vain,
Gal. iv. 11, 15.
VII. Perfons having religious affeftions of many kinds, ac
companying one another, is not fufficient to determine whe
ther they have any gracious affections or no.
Though falfe religion is wont to be maimed and monftrons,
and not to have that entirencfs and fymmetry of parts, which
is to be feen in true religion ; yet there may be a great variety
of falfe affections together, that may referable gracious affec
tions.
It is evident that there are counterfeits of all kinds of gra
cious affections ; as of love to God, and love to the brethren, as
has beenjuft now obferved; fo of godly J'orrcw Jorjin, as in
Pharaoh, Saul, and Ahab, and the children of Ifrael in the
wildernefs, Exod. ix. 27. i Sam. xxiv. 16, 17. and xxvi. 21.
i Kings xxi. 27. Numb. xiv. 39, 40. and of mejeaf of God,
as in the Samaritans, who feared the Lord, and ferved their
own gods at the fame time, 2 Kings xvii. 32, 33. and thofe
enemies of God we read of, Pfal. Ixvi. 3. who through the great-
nefs of God's power, fubmit themfdvts to him, or, as it is in
tt>e Hebrew, lie unto him, i. e. yield a counterfeit reverence
and
of God, having that whirh has a great rcfemhlance of faving grace;
and that fometimes their common affeftions are flronger than faving.
And fuppofes, that fometimes natural men rrriv have fiich violent
pangs of falfe affection to God, that they may think themfelVss wil-
|iHg to be damne4. Page 2 r , and 6f.
1/4 W HAT ARE NO S I G N S Part II.
and fubraiiTion : fo of a gracious gratitude, as in the children
ofllrad, who fang God's praife at the Red fea, Pfal. cvi. 12.
and Naaman the Syrian, after his miraculous cure, of his lepro-
iy, 2 Kings v. ij, & c .
So olfpihtualjoy, as in the (tony-ground hearers, Matth.
xiii. 20. and particularly many of John the BapufVs hearers,
John v. 35. So of zeal, as in Jehu, 2 Kings x. 16. and in
Paul before his converfkm, Gal. i. M . Phil. iii. 6. and the
unbelieving Jews, A6U xx.i. 3. Rom. x. 2. So gracelefs per-
fons may have earnejt religious dtprcs, which may be like
Balaam s defires, which he expreffes under an extraordinary
view that he had of the happy ftate of God's people, as diilin-
guilhed from all the reft of the world, Numb, xxiii. 9, 10.
They may alfo have a firorig hope of eternal life, as the Phari-
fees had.
And as men, while in a ftate of nature, are capable of a re-
femblance of all kinds of religious affeaions, fo nothing hin
ders but that they may have many of them together. And
what appears in f a a, does abundantly evince that it is very of
ten fo indeed. It teems commonly to be fo, that when 'falfe
affeaions are raifed high, there are many falfe affeaions attend
each other. The multitude that attended Chrift into Jerufa-
lem, after that great miracle of raifing Lazarus, feem to be
moved with many religion? affeaions at" once, and all in a high
degree. They feem to be filled with admiration, and there
was a fnew of an high affbaion of love, and alfo of a great de
gree of trjsrence, in their laying their garments on the ground
ibrChrifl to tread upon ; and alfo of great gratitude to him,
for ^the great and good works he had wrought, p raifing him
with loud voices for his falvation ; and earned: de/ires of the
coming of God's kingdom, which they fuppofed Jefus was now
about to fet ur> ---' /{ ' - ' - -^"i
-iw,^, u. v mciKc me w:iuie ciiy ring Vvitn tiie none or the
and appeared great in their zeal and forwardnefs to attend ]< , -.,
and affrft him without further delay, now in the time of the
great ! feafl : of the pufj'ovtr, to fet up his kinadom. And it is
eafy, from nature, and the nature of the affections, to give an
account why, when one affeftion is raifed very hiirh,that it
ftouid excite others ; efpecially if the affeaion which is railed
be that of counterfeit love, as it was in the multitude
WHO
TO DISTINGUISH AFFECTIONS. \*]
who cried Hofanna. This will naturally draw many other af-
feclions after it. For, as was oWerved before, love is the
chief of the affections, and as it were the fountain of them.
Let r.s fuppofe a pcrfon who has been for fume time in great
exercife and terror through fear of hell, and his heart weaken
ed with diftrefs and dreadful apprehenfions,and upon the brink
ofdefpair, and is all at once delivered, by being firmly made
to believe, through forne delufion of Satan, that God has par
doned him, and accepts him as the cbjefcl of his dear love, and
promifes him eternal life ; as fuppofe through fome vifion, or
ftrong idea or imagination, fuddenly excited in him, of a per-
fon with a beautiful countenance, fmiling on him, and with
arms open, and with blood dropping down, which the perfon
conceives to be Chrift, without any other enlightening of the
underfrdnding, to give a view of the fpiritual divine excellency
of Chrift and his fulnefs, and of the way of falvation revealed
in the gofpel ; or perhaps by fome voice or words coming as
if they were {poke to him, fuch as thefe, Sort, be. of good c/tcer,
thy fins be for given, thee ; or, Fear not, it is the father's good
meafure to give you the kingdom, which he takes to be immedi
ately fpoken by God to him, though there was no preceding
acceptance of Chrift, or clofing of the heart with him : I fay,
if we Oiould fuppofe fuch a cafe, what various paflions would
naturally croud at once, or one after another, into fuch a per-
fon's mind ? It is eafy to be accounted for, from mere princi
ples of nature, that a perfon's heart, on fuch an occafion, fliould
be raifed up to the fkies with tranfpoits of joy, and be filled
with fervent affection, to that imaginary God or Redeemer,
\vho he fuppofes has thus refcued him from the jaws of fuch
dreadful deftruclion, that his foul was fo amazed with the feais
of, and has received him with fuch endearment, as a peculiar
favourite ; and that now he (hould be filled with admiration
and gratitude, and his mouth mould be opened, arid he full
of talk about what he has experienced ; and that, for a while,
he mould think and fpcak of fcarce any thing eife, and fhculd
fcem to magnify that God who has clone Ib much for him,
and call upon others to rejoice with him, and appear with a
chearful countenance, and talk with a loud voice : and how
ever, before his deliverance, he was full of quarreliing.s againfl
thejuilice of God, that now it fliould be ealy for him to fu[>-
rmt to God, and own his uir.vorthinefs, and cry out againfl
himfelf, and appear to be verv bumble before God. and lie at
his
1-6 \V H AT ARE NO S I G N S Part tit
his feet as tame as a lamb ; and that he fhould now confefs hi*
tinworthinefs, and cry out, Why me. ? why me ? (Like Saul*
who when Samuel told him that God had appointed him to
be king, nukes anfwer, AM not / a Btnjamite, of the J'nialleji
oftlie tribes of l/'rael, and my family the. teajl of all the families
cf the tribe of Benjamin ? wherefore thin J'peakejl thou Jo to me?
Much in the language oif David, the true faint, a Sam. vii. 18,
'-' Who arn I, and what is ray father's houfe, that thou halt
** brought me hitherto ?") Nor is it to be wondered at, that
now he fhould delight to be with them who acknowlege and
applaud his happy circumftaaces, and ihould love all fuch as
elteem and admire him and what he has experienced, and have
violent zeal againR ail fuch as would make nothing of fuch
things, and be difpofed openly to feparate, and as it were to
proclaim war with all who be not of his party, and mould
now glory in his fuflerings, and be very much for condemning
and cenfuring all whofeem to doubt, or make any difficulty of
thefe things ; arid while the warmth of his affections laft, mould
be mighty forward to take pains, and deny himfelf, to promote
the intereft of the party who he imagines favour fuch things,
and feem earneftly defirous to increafe the number of them, as
the Pharifees compared fea and land to make one profdyte:\
And fo I might goon, and mention many other things, which
will naturally arife in fuch eircurnfrances. He muft have but
(lightly confulered human nature, who thinks fuch things as
thefe cannot arife in this manner, without any Lfernatural
interpofition of divine power.
As from true divine love flow all Chriilian aSe&ions, fo;
from a counterfeit love in like manner naturally flow other iaifs:
affcftions. In both cafes, love is .the fountain, and the other?
affections are the ft reams. The various faculties, principle^
and afieSions of the human nature, are as it were many chan-l
ne's from one fountain : if there be fweet water in the foun*.
fain, fweet water will from thence flow out in:o thofe various
rlsuir.iels ; but if the water in the fountain be poifonous, tbea<;
poiionous ftreams will alibflow out into all thole channels. So|
that
J ff AiTociating with godly men does not prove that a man haj|
" .gnu^ : Ahirhophel was David's companion. Sorrows for the af>
c< Hictions of the church, and delires for the converiion of fouls, dtf^
et not prove it. Theie things may he found in carnal men, aid fd
** can be no evidences of grace." ' Stoddard's Nature offering con*
TO DISTINGUISH AFFECTIONS. I//
that the channels and flreams will be alike,, correfponding one
with another ; but the great difference will lie in the nature of
the water. Or, man's nature may be compared to a tree, with
many branches, coming from one root : if the lap in die root
be good, there will alfo be good lap distributed throughout the
branches, and the fruit that is brought forth will be good and
wholefome ; but if the lap in the root and flock be poifonous,
fo it will be in many branches, (as in the other cafe,) and the
fruit will be deadly. The tree in both cafes may be alike ;
there may be an exact refemblance in fhape ; but the differ
ence is found only in eating the fruit. It is thus (in fome
meafure at leaft) oftentimes, between faints and hypocrites.
There is fometirnes a very great fitnilitude between true and
faife experiences, in their appearance, and in what is exprel-
fed and related by the fubjects of them : and the difference be
tween them is much like the 'difference between the dreams or
Pharaoh's chief butler and baker ; they feemed to be much
alike, infomuch that when Jofeph interpreted the chief butler's
dream, that he mould be delivered from his imprifonment, and
reitored to the king's favour, and his honourable office in the
palace, the chief baker had raifed hopes and expectations, and
told his dream alfo ; but he was wofully difappointecl ; and
though his dream was fo much. like the happy and well-boclin r
dream of his companion, yet it was quite contrary in its iflue.
VIII. Nothing can certainly he determined concerning the
nature of the affections by this, that comforts and joys feem to
follow awakenings and convictions of confcieace, in a certain
order.
Many perfons feem to be prejudiced againfl anfections and
experiences that come in fuch a method, as has been much
iniifted on by many divines ; firlf, fuch awakenings, fears and
awful apnrehenfions followed with fuch legal humblings, in
a fenfe of total finfulnefs and helpleflhefs, and then, fuch and
fuch light and comfort : they look upon all fuch fchemes, lay
ing down fuch methods and (teps, to be of mens deviling: and
particularly ii high affections of joy follow great diftrefs ar.d
terror, it is made by many an argument againft thole al
tion?. But fuch prejudices and objections are without reafoa
or fcripture. Surely it cannot be unreafbnable to fuppofc, that
before G xi delivers perfons from a ftatc of fm and CKpoll /
to deftr notion, he ihould give them fome c<
fc>... evil lie delivers irom : th
W HAT ARE NO S I G N T S Part II.
fenfibly, and underftand their own falvation, ami know fomc-.
thing of v/hr.t Goi does for them. At men th;;t art fa
are in two exceeding different (tares, fo ' in
flation, and then in a ilate of juftiricatbn and lefs ; and
as God in the work of the fulvation of mankind, ck-als with them
fuitably to their intelligent raticr.-il nrture : fo it feems realbn-
able, and agreeable to God's wi . : ...it men \\i;o arc fcv'i.d.
fjiould be in thefe two ibtc- firft, that tney fliouldj
fenfibly to themfelves, be in a itate of condemnation, and fo
in a Hate of \voful calamity and dreadful mifcry, and fo after
wards fenfibly in a flute of deliverance and happinefs , and that
they ihor.id be firft fenf.ble of their abfolnte extreme iK-cefiity,
and afterwards of Chrift's fuffieiency and God's mercy through
him.
And that it is God's manner of dealing with men, to lead
them into a wzlderncfs, before h& fpsafis coJnfortabt] , and
fo to order it, that they mall be brought inu> difttefs, and made
to fee their own helpleil: -:fs, and abfolute dependence on his
power and grace, before^^Epears to work ary szu.at deliverance
for them, is abundantly fflpnifcit by the fcriptir/e. Then is
God wont to repent himffijjor nis ptvf effing pfopte, when their
Jireugth is gone ^ and there isnontjhut up or trjt, and when
they are brought to fee that their falfe gods cannot help them,
and. that the rock in whom they triulal is vain, Dent, xxxii.
36, 37, Before God delivered the children of Ifbel out of
Jigypt, they were prepared for it, by being made to Jet-that they
ztjdrc in an evil cafe, and to cry unto God, becc.ufc of their haid
bondagt, Exod. ii. 23. and v. 19. And before God wrought
that great deliverance for them at the Red Tea, they were brought
into great diirreis, tht icildcynej} had Jliut them w, they could
not turn to the right hand nor the Kir. and the Red fea was be
fore them, and the great Ein-ptian l-.of: behind, pr.d they were
brought to Ice that they could do nothing to help themielves, nud
that if God did not help them, they iliouid be Irtimediately
{wallowed up ; and then God appeared, ainl turned thtir cries
into fbngs. So before they wejre brougjit to then uit, ai.d to
c-:joy the milk and l:o-:.y of C:-.ir.u:r., God /W//:,/\ through a
great and terrible, witdernefs,, that lit n.i^ht humble iher,^ and
tc..u/i ike 1.1 ichai was in their
'erend, Deut. .yiiit 2, 16
of Mood twelve years, w<^ n< :mtil fhe had
/ all '< i In ing an ru/'i/u'y /-
*j any, aivi fo Wasleft \ Ipld ha ing no UiOJ '' to
fpend ;
TO DISTINGUISH A F F E C T IONS. 179
fpend ; and thea f"he came to the great Phyfician, without any
or price, a 'id was healed by him, Luke viii. 43, 44.
Chriit woidd anfwer the reci (j , of Cana
an, he fir! I feemed utterly to deny I ! huinMed her, and
brought her to own hferfelf worthy to be call. , and thea
,ved her mercy, and received her as a
xv. 22. &c. The apoftle Paul, before a rerrr. ;iverance,
was preffffd out ofmenjtire, above Jtrcuvui, ir,-/bmuch that he
-id e.vtn of lift ; but had the fentcticc of d&
ght not trv.ii in himfdf, but in God I hat raifed the.
. ; . 8,9, 10. There was firft a great tempslt, anrl
the ihip was covered with the waves, and jnft ready to fink, and
the difciples were brought to cry to Jefus, Lord, five us, we pc-
riJJi \ and then the wir.ds and. leas were rebuked^ and there was
t calm, Matth. viii, 24, 25, 26. The leper, before he is
-.!, mult have his mourh itopped, by a covering on his
Tip, and was to acknov/Iege his great mifery an '
.efs, by rending his cloaths, and' crying:, " Urr.
"- clean," Lev. xiii. 45. And b:*
heals them, are brought t- i \!,and
kavi not obeyed the voice of the. Lord, and t-j lee that they lie
down in their jhame, and that confujion covers them, and that
in vain is jalvatwn hoped for from the. hills, and from the mul
titude of mountains, and that God only can fuve them. Jer. iii*
-^ , .'4, 25. Jofcph, who was (bid by his brethren, and therein
was a type of Chriit, brings his brethren into e"cat perplexity
and diftfefs, and brings them to rellecT: on their fir,, and to fay,
we are verily guilty i and at lait to rrf;g!i up the;. .-.tirely
into his hands for bondmen ; and then reveals himfelf to them,
as their brother and their faviouf.
And if we confidiT thole extraordinary manifcfiations which
G.->d made of himfelf to faints of old, we ihall find that lie com
monly fir i! rnaniieded himfelf in away which was terrible, ami
then by thofe things that were conifortahle. So it was with
Abraham ; fird, a honor of %r?at diirkn>-fs fell ujfon him* and
then Gocl revealed rmrdeH' to him in fweet piornifes, Gen.xv.
12, 13. So it was with Mofes at mount Sinai ; fir!r, God
appeared to him in all the terrors of his dreadful majdlv, io
that Motes fiid, 7,'\ w;,' and quake., and then lie made
' : (joodnefs to pals before !,;m, arid proclaimed his narnf,
The Lord God gracious and mrfrif at, &c. So it was with Elijah ;
fiiTr, there is a ftnnnv u-ind, Slid [ua :e, and devouring
iii'i 1 , oiiJ, then j iUil, fn . inrrs jcix. So it
W4S
i f do WHAT A R N-O SIGNS Part II.
was with Daniel ; he fiift f'aw ChriiTs countenance as light
ning, that terrified him, and caufed him to faint away ; and
then he is ftrengthened and refreihed with fuch comfortable
words as thefe, Daniel, a man greatly beloved* Dan. x. So it
was with the apoftle John, Rev. i. And there is an analogy
obfervable in God's difpenfations and deliverances which he
works for his people, and the rnanileftation which he makes of
himfelf to them, both ordinary and extraordinary.
But there are many things in fcripture which do more di
re ft I y {hew, that this is God's ordinary manner in working fal-
vation for the fouls of men, and in the manifellations God
makes of himfelf and of his mercy in Chrift, in the ordinary
works of his grace on the hearts of fmners. The fervant that
owed his prince ten thoufand talents, is firft held to his debt,
and the king pronounces fentence of condemnation upon him,
and commands him to be fold, and his wife and children, and
payment to be made ; and thus he humbles him, and brings"
him to own the whole debt to be juft, and then forgives him all.
The prodigal fon fpends all he has, and is brought to fee him-
felf in extreme circumftances, and to humble himfelf, and own
his unworthinefs, before he is relieved and feafted by his father,
Luke xv. Old inveterate wounds muft be fearched to the bot
tom, in order to healing : and the fcripture compares fin, the
wound of the foul, to this, and fpeaks of healing this wound
without thus fearchingof it, as vain and deceitful, Jer. viii. 11.
Chrift, in the work of his grace on the hearts of men, is com
pared to rain on the mown grafs, grafs that is cut down with
a fcythe, Pfal. Ixxii. 6. representing his refrefhing, comforting
influences on the wounded fpirit. Our firft parents, after they
had finned, were firft terrified with God's majefty and juftice,
and had their fin, with its aggravations, fet before them by their
Judge, before they were relieved by the promife of thee feed of
the woman. Ghriftians arefpoken of as thofe " that have fled
*' for refuge, to lay hold on the hope fet before them," Heb.
vi. 18. which representation implies great fear, and fenfe ot
danger preceding. To the like purpofe, Chrift is called " a hid-
" ing-place from the wind, and a covert from the tempeft, and
" as rivers of water in a dry place, and as the fhadow of a
" great rock in a weary land," If. xxxii. at the beginning.
And it feems to be the natural import of the word go /pel, glad
tidings, that it is news of deliverance and falvation, after great
fear and diilrsfs. Theieis all reafon to fuppofc, that God deals
TO D I S T I N G U I S II A F F C T I O N S. l8l
with particular believers, as be dealt with his church, which he
firft made to hear his voice in the law, with terrible thunders
arid lightnings, and kept her under that fchoolmafter, to prepare
her for Ghrift ; and then comforted her with the joyful found
or the gofpel from mount Sion. So lihevvife John the Bapiiic
came to prepare the way for Chrift, and prepare mens hearts
for his reception, by (hewing them, tberr fins, and by bringing
the felf- righteous Jews off from their cwri righfeoufhefs, tell
ing them that they were a generation of vipers, and (hewing
them their danger of the wrath to come, telling them that the ax
was laid at the, root of the trees, Sec.
And if it be indeed God's mariner, (as I think the forego
ing coniiderations (hew that it undoubtedly is,) before he gives
men the comfort of a deliverance from their fin and mifery,
to give them a confiderable fenfe of the greatnefs and dread-
fulnefs of thofe evils, and their extreme wretchednefs by rea-
fon of them ; furely it is not unreafonable to fuppofe, that
perfons, at leaft oftentimes, while under thefe views, mould
have great diftrelTes arid terrible apprehenfions of mind : ef-
pccially if it be confidered what thefe evils are, that they have
a view of; which are no other than great and manifold fins,
againft the infinite majefty of the great JEHOVAH, and the
fuffering of the fiercenefs of his wrath to all eternity. And the
more fo Hill, when we have many plain inflances in fcripture,
of perfons that have aftually been brought into extreme diftrefs,
by fuch convictions, before they have received faving confola-
tions : as the multitude at Jerufalem, who \f eft pricked in their
heart, and faid unto Peter, and the reft of the apcjlles, Men and
brethren, what fliall we do ? and the apoitle Paul, who trembled
and was ajlonijlied, before he was comforted : and the jailor,
when he called for a ii^ht, and fprang in, and came trembling,
and fell down before Paid and Si/as, and f aid > Sirs, what mujt
I do to befaved?
From thefe things it appears to be very unreafonable in pro-
fe fling Chriftians, to make this an obje$ion againft the truth
and fpiritual nature of the comfortable and joyful affeftions
which any have, that they follow fuch awful apprehenfions
and diftrefles, as have been mentioned.
And on the other hand, it is no evidence that comforts and
jqys axe right, becaufe they fuccecd great terrors, and amaz
ing-
3 Sa WHAT ARE NO Sic N s Part II.
ing fears of hell.* This feems to be whit fome perfons lay
g.e^t weight upon ; efteerning great terrors an evidence of a
great work, of the law wrought on the heart, well preparing
the way for foiicl comfort : not configuring that terror, and a
conviction of confciencc, arc different things. For though
conviclions of confcience do often caufe terror ; yet they do
not confiit in it ; and terrors do often arife from other caufes.
Convictions of confcience, through the influences of God's
Spitir, confift in conviction of' finfulnefs of heart and practice,
and of the dreadfulnefs of fin, as committed againit a God of
temble majefiy, infinite holinefs and hatred of fin, and ftfifc
juftice in punilhing of it. But there are fome perfons that
have frightful apprehenfions of hell, a dreadful pit ready to
fwal'ow them up, and flames juft ready to lay hold of them,
and devils around them, ready to feize them ; who at the fame
time feem to have very little proper enlightenings of confci
ence, really convincing them of their finfulnefs of heart and
life. The devil, if permitted, can terrify men as well as the
Spirit of God, it is a work natural to him, and he has many
\vaysofdoingit, in a manner tending to no good. He may
exceedingly affright perfons, by imprefling on them many ex
ternal images and ideas, of a countenance frowning, a fword
drawn, black clouds of vengeance, words of an awful doom
pronounced, t hell gaping, devils coming, and the like, not to
convince perfons of things that are true, and revealed in the
word of God, but to lead them to vain and groundlefs deter
mination :
* Mr. Shepard fpeaks of cs mens being cafe down as low as hell-
" by forrow and lying under chains, quaking in appreherition ot
*' terror to come, and then raifed up to heaven in joy, not a hi? t.)
*' live ; and yet not rent from lull : and fuch are objects of pitv now,
** and are like to be the objects of terror at the great day." Parable
tfike ten Virgins, P. L p. 125.
T " The way of the Spirit's working, when it does convince men,
" is by enlightening natural confcience. The Spirit does not work.
** ty r S? v ^ n S a teftimonjr, but by affixing natural confcience to do its
" work. Nature;! confcience is the mftitnnent in the hand of God,
* to accufe, condemn, terrify, and to urge to duty. The Spirit
" of God leaovs men into the ccnfideration of their danger, and make?
** them to be affected therewith, Prov. xx. 27. 'The J'pirit cf man ,>
* ; the candle of the Lord, /tanking all the ifevoard farts of ice &//V."
Scji.iard's Guide to Cbrijr, pag* 1 44.
TO DISTINGUISH AFFECTIONS.
initiations ; as that their day is pad, that they are reprobated,
that God is implacable, that he lias come to a refutation im
mediately to cut them off, &c.
And the terrors which fume perfons have, are very much
owinj; to the Danicukir conftitution and temper they are of.
ig is more iiianifeft, than that fome perfons are of fucli
a temper and frame, that their imaginations are more lirongly.
imprcifed with everything they areaffele4 with, than others ;
and the impreflion on the imagination re-afts on the affection,
and raifes that ftill higher; and fo affection and imagination
aft reciprotally, one on another, till their affection is r::u j d to
a vail height, and the perfon is fwallovved up, and loics all poi-
feflion of himfelf.* \
And fome fpeak of a great fight they have of their wic&pd-
nefs, who really, when the matter comes to be well exami
ned into and throughly weighed, are found to have little or
no convictions of confcience. They tell of a dreadful hp.rd
heart, and how their heart lies like a Hone ; vJien truly they
have none of thofe things in their mind* or thoughts, wherein
the hardnefs of mens heart does really confift. They tell of a
dreadful load and fink of fin, a heap of black and loatUome
iilthinefs within them ; when, if the mazier be carefully in
quired into, they have not in view any thing wherein the cor
ruption of nature does truly confift, nor have they any thought
of any particular thing wherein their hearts are finfuiiy dcfec-
tue, or fall ihort of what ought to be in them, or any exer-
cifes at all of corruption in them. And many think alfo they
have great convi6iions of their aclual fins, who truly have none.
They tell how their fins are fet in order before them, they fee
them ftand encompailing them round in a row, with a dreadi;.:!
frightful appearance; when really they have not fo much as
one of the fins they have been guilty of in the courfe oi their
lives, coming into view, that they are affected with the aggra
vations of.
Arid if perfons have had great terrors which really have been
from the awakening and convincing influences of the Spirit of
God,
* The famous Mr. Perkins diflingiiifries between " tbofe for rows
" thac conic through convidions of c'-.n^r:.-nce, and melancholic
" paifioiis adfing only from mejre imj , ftrongly conceived
" in the brain "; which he fays, ufuaiiy come on a fu-vkicu, like
" lightening into a hoafe," vol. i. of his worlis, page 385.
184 WHAT ARE NO SIGNS Part II.
God, it doth not thence follow that their terrors muft needs
iilue in true comfort. The unmonified corruption of the heart
may quench the Spirit of God, (after he has been ftriving,)
by leading men to prefumptuous, and felf-exalting hopes and
joys, as well as otherwife. It is not every woman who is real
ly in travail, that brings forth a real child ; but it may be a
inonftrous production, without any thing of the form or pro
perties of human nature belonging to it. Pharaoh's chief
baker, after be had lain in the dungeon with jofeph, had a
vifion that raifed his hopes, and he was lifted up out of the dun
geon, as well as the chief butler ; but it was to be hanged.
But if comforts and joys do not only come after great terrors
and awakenings, but there be an appearance of Jack prepatory
conviclions and humiliations, and brought about very diilincily,
by fuck fteps, and in fuck a method, as has frequently been
obfervable in true converts ; this is no certain fign tl;at the
ligrht and comforts which follow arc true and faving. And for
tliefe following reafons,
Fir ft y As the devil can counterfeit all the faving operations
and graces of the Spirit of Gocl, fo he can counterfeit thofe
operations that are preparatory to grace. If Satan can coun
terfeit thofe eflecls of God's Spirit which are fpecial, divine
and fancYifying ; fo that there ihall be a very great refemblance,
in all that can be obfervecl by others ; much more eafily may
lie imitate thofe works of God's Spirit \vbich are common,
und which men, while they are yet his own children, are the
fubjecls of. Thefe works are in no wife fo much above him
as the other. There are no works of God ihat are fo high and
divine, and above the powers of nature, and out of the reach
of the power of ail creatures, as thofe works of his Spirit,
whereby he forms the creature in his own image, and makes it
fo be a partaker of the divine nature. But if the devil can be
the .author of ftieh refemblances of thefe as have been fpoken
of, without doubt. he may of thofe that ;>re of an infinitely in
ferior kind. And it is abundantly evident in fact, that there
are falfe humiliations, and f.iife ftibmiiiions, as well as faifc
comforts.* How far was Saul brought, though a very wick
ed man, and of a haughty fpirit, when he (though a great king)
was
* T^erertefable Stoddard obferves, " A man m?y fay, that now
" he can jiulify God however he deals with him, an I notbebro
" oif from his owii nV'iteoafheis ; and that feme men clo j.ufdiy
GctL
To DISTINGUISH AFFECTIONS. 185
was brought, in conviclion of his (in, as it were to fall dowri
all in tears> weeping aloud, before David his own fiibjeclj
(and one that he had for a long time mortally hated, and open
ly treated as an enemy,) and condemn himfelf before him, cry*
ing out, " Thou art m.ore righteous than I : for thou haft re-
'* warded me good, whereas I have rewarded thee evil ?" And
at another time, " I have finned, I have played the fool, I have
erred exceedingly," i Sam. xxiv. 16, 17* and chap, xxvi*
21. And yet Saul feems then to have had very little of the in
fluences of the Spirit of God, it being after God's Spirit had
departed from him, and given him up, and an evil fpirit from
the Lord troubled him. And if this proud monarch, in a pang
of affeclion, was brought to humble himfelf fo low, before a
fubjecl that he hated, and ftill continued an enemy to ; there
doubtlefs may be appearances of great conviclion and humilia
tion in men, before God, while they yet remain enemies to
him, and though they finally continue fb. There is oftentimes
in men, who' are terrified through fears of hell, a great ap
pearance of their being brought off from their own righteouf*
nefs, when they are not brought off from it in all ways, although
they are in many ways that are more plain and vifible. They
have only exchanged fome ways of trufting in their own righ-
teoufnefs, for others that are more fecret and tub til. Oftentimes
a great degree of difcouragement, as to many things they ufed to
depend upon, is taken for humiliation: and that is called a fub-.
million to God, which is no ahfjlute fubmmion, but has fome
fecret bargain in it, that it is hard to difcover.
Secondly, If the operations and eftecls of the Spirit of God 4
in the convictions and comforts of true converts, may befophif*
ticated, then the order of them may be imitated. If Satan can
imitate the things themfelves, he may eafily put them one af
ter another, in fuch a certain order. If the devil can make A,
B, and C, it is as eafy for him to put A firft, and B next, and
C next, as to range them in a contrary order. The nature of
A a divine
God, from a partial conviftion of the righteoufnefs of* their coil-<
demnation ; Confdence takes notice of their fmfulnefs, and tells
them that they may be righteouily damned ; as Pharaoh, who-
juftiiied God, Exod. ix. 27. And they give fome kind of confentl
to it, but. many times it does not continue, they have only a pang
upon them, that dually dies away after a little time." Guide tv
Irifti page 71.
WHAT ARE NO SIGNS Part II.
divine things is harder for the devil to imitate, than their or-
der. He can exactly imitate divine operations in their nature,;
though-his coun:erfeits many be very much like them in exter
nal appearance ; but he can exaclly imitate their order. When
counterfeits are made, there is no divine power needful in or
der to the placing one of them firfl, and another laft. 'And
therefore no order or method of operations and experiences, is
any certain fign of their divinity. That only is to be trufted
to, as a certain evidence of grace, which Satan cannot do, and :
which it is impoffible mould be brought to pals by any power 5
fhoi t of divine.
Thirdly, We have no certain rule to determine how far God'a
own Spirit may go in thofe operations and convictions which in
themfelves are not fpiritual and faving, and yet the perfon that
is the fubjecl of them, never be converted, but fall ihortof fal-|
vation at lad. There is no necelfary conne6tion in the nature \
of things, between any thing that a natural man may experience 1
while in a fiate of nature, and the faving grace of God's Spirit.
And if there be no connection in the nature of things, then there
can be no known and certain co'nne6Hon at all, unlefs it be by
divine revelation. But there is no revealed certain connection
between a ftate of falvation, and any thing that a natural man
can be the fubjecl: of, before he believes in Chrift. God has
revealed no certain connection between falvation, and any qua
lifications in men, but only grace and its fruits. And there-*-;
fore we do not find any legal convittions, or comforts following
thefe legal convictions, in any certain method or order, ever
once mentioned in the fcripture, as certain figns of grace, or
things peculiar to the faints ; although we do find gracious
operations and effecls themfelves, fo mentioned, thouiands of
times. Which mould be enough with Chriflians, who are wil
ling to have the word of God, rather than their own philofo-
phy and experiences, and conjectures, as their fufiicient and
fare guide in things of this nature.
Fourthly, Experience does greatly confirm, thatperfons feem-
ing to have convictions and comforts following one another in;
iuch a method and order, as is, frequently obfervable in true,
converts, is no certain fign of grace. * I appeal to all thofe
miniflers
* Mr. Stoddard, who had much experience of things of this nature,;
long ago obierved, that converted and unconverted men cannot be;
certainly diilinguiftied icy the account they give of their experience :
the
TO. DISTINGUISH AFFECTIONS.
minifters in this land, who have had much occafion of dealing
with fouls, in the late extraordinary feafon, whether there has
not been many who do not prove well, that have given a fair
account of their experiences, and have fcemed to be converted
according to rule, i. e. with convictions and afte6tions, fuc-
ceeding dillimHiy and exactly, in that order and method, which
has been ordinarily infilled on, as the order of the operations
of the Spirit of God in convei fion.
And as a feeming to have this diflinclnefs as to flaps and
method, is no certain fign that a perfon is converted ; fo a
being without it, is no evidence that a perfon is= not converted.
Tor though it might be made evident to a demonftration, on
fcripture-principles, that a (inner cannot be brought heartily to
receive Chrill as his Saviour, who is not convinced of his. fin
and mifery, and of his own einptinefs and helpleilhefs, and his
juft defert of eternal condemnation; and that therefore fuch
convictions muft he fome way implied in what is wrought in
his foul ; yet nothing proves it to be neceifary, that all thofe
things which are implied or prefuppofed in. an aft of faith in
Chriit, tnuft be plainly and diitinttly wrought in the foul, info
many fucceflive and feparate works of the Spirit, that mall be
each one plain and manifeft, in all who are truly converted,
On the contrary, (as Mr. Shepard obferves) fomefimes the
change made in a faint, at firft work, is like a confufed chaos;
fo that the faints know not what to make of it. The manner
of the Spirit's proceeding in them that are horn of the Spirit,. is
very often exceeding myflerious an4 unfearchable : we, as it
were, hear the found of it, the effect of it is difcernible; but
no man can tell whence it came, or whither it went. And it
is oftentimes as.difficult to know the way of the Spirit in the
new birth, as in the full birth: Eccl. xi. 5. "Thou knoweftnot
" what is the way of the Spirit, or how the bones do grow in
" the worab of her that is with child : even fo thbu knoweil
" not the works of God, that worketh all." The ingcnerating .
of a principle of grace in the foul, feems in fcripture to be ;"
compared to the conceiving of ChrilHn the womb, GaJ.iv. 19. (
And therefore the church is called Chrift's mother, Cant.
11. And fo is every particular believer, Matth. xii. 49,
And the conception of Chrift in the womb of theblefied virgin,,
by
the fame relation of experiences being common to both. And that
many perfons have given a fair account of a work ofconverfipn, that:
have carried well in the eve of the world for fcveral years, but have-
not proved well at kit, j^jgeal to the learned) p. 75,76,
t88 WHAT ARE NO SIGNS Part II.
by the power of the Holy Ghoft, feems to be a defigned refera-
blance of" the conception of Chnft in the foul of a believer, by
the power of the fame Holy Ghoft. And we know not what
is the way of the Spirit, nor how the bones do grow, either in
the womb, or heart that conceives this holy Child. The new
creature may ufe that language in Pfal. cxxxix. 14, 15. " I am
* fearfully and wonderfully made ; marvellous are thy works,
*' and that my foul knoweth right well. My fubftance was not
* hid from thee, when I was made in fecret," Concerning
the generation of Chrift, both in his perfon, and alfo in the
hearts of his people, it may be faid, as in If. liii. 8. " Who
' can declare his generation ?" We know not the works of
God, that worketh all. It is the glory of God to conceal a thing,
(Prov. xxv. 2.) and to have kis path as it were m the mighty
waters, that his footjleps may not be known : and efpecially in
the works of his Spirit on the hearts of men, which are the
higheft and chief of his works. And therefore it is faid, If. xL
13, " Who hath dire61ed the Spirit of the Lord, or being his
" counfellor hath taught him ?" It is to be feared that fome
have gone too far towards directing the Spirit of the Lord, and
marking out his footfteps for him, and limiting him to certain
ileps and methods. Experience plainly (hews, that God's Spi
rit is unfearchable and untraceable, in fome of the bell of ChrU
ilians, in the method of his operations, in their converfion.
Nor does the Spirit of God proceed difcernibly in the fleps of
a particular eftablifhed fcheme, one half fo often as is imagin
ed. A fcheme of what is necefTary, and according to a rule
already received arid eftahlifhed by common opinion, has a vaft
(though to many a very infenfible) influence in forming perfons
notions of the fteps and method of their own experiences. I
know very well what their way is ; for I have had much op
portunity to obferve it. Very often, at fir ft; their experiences
appear like a confufed chaos, as Mr. Shepard exprefles it : but
then thofe pafTages of their experience are picked out, that have
rnoft of the appearance of fuch particular fteps that are infifted
on ; and thefe are dwelt upon in the thoughts, and thefe are
told of from time to time,.in the relation they give : thefe parts
grow brighter and brighter in their view; and others, being
neglected, grow more and more abfcure : and what they have
experienced is infenfibly ftrained to bring all to an exaft con
formity to the fcheme that is eftablifhed. And it becomes na^
fqr minijlers, who. have to deal with them, and dire&
them
TO DISTINGUISH AFFECTIONS. 189
diem that infift upon diftinftnefs and clearnefs of method, to do
fo too. But yet there has been fo much to be feen of the ope
rations of the Spirit of God, of late, that they who have had
much to do with fouls, and are not blinded with a feven-fold
vail of prejudice, mult know that the Spirit is fo exceeding
various in the manner of his operating, that in many cafes it is
impoffible to trace him, or find out his way.
What we have principally to do with, in our inquiries into
our own ftate, or directions we give to others, is the nature of
the effect that God has brought to pafs in the foul. As to the
fteps which the Spirit of God took to bring that effect to pafs,
we may leave them to him. We are often in fcriprure exprefs-
ly directed to try ourfelves by the nature of the fruits of the
Spirit ; but no where by the Spirit's method of producing them.*
Many do greatly err in their notions of a clear work of conver-
fion ; calling that a clear work, where the fucceflive fleps of
influence, and method of experience is clear: whereas thai
indeed is the cleareft work, (not where the order of doing is
cleared, but) where the fpiritual and divine nature of the work
done, and effect wrought, is moft clear.
IX. It is no certain fign that the religious affections which
perfons have are fuch as have in them the nature of true reli
gion, or that they have not, that they difpofe perfons to fpend
much time in religion, and to be zealoufly engaged in the ex
ternal duties of worfhip.
This
* Mr. Shepard, fpeaking of the foul's clofing with Chrift, fays.
*' As a child cannot tell how his foul comes into it, nor it may be when ;
" but afterwards it fees and feels that life ; fo that he were as bad
" as a beaft, that ihould deny an immortal foul ; fo here." Para
ble of the ten Virgins, Part II. p. 171.
" If the man do not know the time of his converfion, or firft clo-
" fing with Chrift ; the minifter may not draw any peremptory con-
** clufion from thence, that he is not godly." Stoddard's Guide to
Chrift, p. 83,
" Do not think there is no compunclion, or fenfe of fin, wrought
" in the foul, becaufe you cannot fo clearly difcern and feel it ; nor
" the time of the working, andfirft beginning of it. I have known
*' many that have come with their complaints, that they lucre never
" huxibled, they never fell it fo; yet there it hath been, and many
" times they have feen it, by the other fpeclacles, and blefTed God
*< for it." Skcpard's Sound Belic-vcr, page 58. The late impreffion
jn Bctfon.
190 W H A T A R E NO S I G N S Part IL
. This has, very unreasonably, of late been looked upon as an
argument againit the religious affections which fome have had*
that they fpsnd fo much time in reading, praying, linging,
hearing fernjons, and the like. It is plain from the icnpture,
that it is the tendency of true grace to caufe perfons very much
to delight in fuch religious exercifcs. 1 rue grace had this ef-
fecl: <p Anna the prophetefs ; Luke ii. 37. " She departed not
" from the temple, hut ferved God with failings and prayers
" night and day." And grace had this eflecl npon the primi-
live Chriftians in Jenifdem ; Atls ii..4.6, 47. " And they con-
" tinuing daily with one accord in the temple, and breaking
" bread from houfe to houfe, did eat their meat with gladnefs
" and finglenefs of heart, praifmg God." Grace made Daniel
delight in the duty of prayer, and folemnly to attend it three times
a day : as it alfo did David, Pfal.lv. 17. " Evening, morning,
" and at noon will I pray/' Grace makes the faints delight in
Tinging praifes to God : Pfal. cxxxv. 3. " Sing praifes unto his
"name, for it is pleafant." And'Cxlvii. I. " Praife ye the
" Lord : for it is 'good to fing praifes unto our God ; 'for it is
" pleafant, and praiilt is comely." It alfo caufes them to de
light to hear the word of God preached : it makes the gofpel a
joyful found to them, Pfal. Ixxxix. 15. and makes the feet of
tbofe who publifh thefe good tidings, to be beautiful; If. lii. 7.
" How beautiful upon the mountains are the feet of him that
" bringeth good tidings !" &c. It makes them love God's
public worm ip ; Pfal. xxvi. 8. "Lord I have loved the babi-
*' tation of thy houfe, and the place where thine honor dwcl-
" letli." And xxvii. 4. "One thing have I defired of the
" Lord, that will I fcek after, that I may dwell in the houfe of
fi the Lord all the days of my life, to behold the beauty of the
" Lord, and to inquire in his temple." Pfal. lxx r xiv. j, 2, &c.
" Plow amiable are thy tabernacles, O Lord of b'ofts ! rny foul
<s longeth, yea, even fainteth for the courts of the Lord.
" Yea, the fparrov/ hath -found an- houfe, and the fwallow a neft
" for herfeif, where fiie may<lay her young, even thine altars,
" O Lord of hods,. my King, and rny God. Bleffed are they
" that dwell in thy boufe : they will be flill praifmg thee.
*' Bleffed is the man in whofe heart are the ways of them,
*' who paffing through the^ Valley of Baca, go from ftren^th
*' to ftrength, every one of them in Zion appeareth before
ec God." verf. 10. " A ciav in thy courts is better than a thou-
land.';
This
TO DISTINGUISH AFFECTIONS. igi
This is the nature of true grace. But yet, on theother hand,
perfons being difpofed to abound and to be zealoufly engaged
in the external exercifesof religion, and to fpend much time in
them, is no Cure evidence of grace ; becairfe fuch a difpofition
is found in many that have no grace. So it was with the K-
raelites of old, whofe fervices were abominable to God ; they
attended the " new moons, and fabbaths, and calling of afiem-
" biies, and fpread forth their hands, and made many prayers,"
Ii r . i. 12 i^. So it was with the Pharifees ; they made long
players and fa/led twice a zietk. Falfe religion may caufe per-
ions to be loud and earnell in prayer : If. Iviii. 4. " Ye mall not
" fa ft as ye do this day, to caufe your voice to be heard on
11 high." That religion which is not fpiritual and laving,
may caufe men to delight in religious duties and ordinances :
If. Iviii. 2. " Yet they feek me daily, and delight to know my
" ways, as a nation that did righteoufnefs, and forfook not the
" ordinance of their God: they afk of me the ordinances of
" juftice : they take delight in approaching to God." It may
caufe them to take delight in hearing the word of God preach
ed ; as it was with Ezekiel's hearers, Ezek. xxxiii. 31, 32.
" And they come unto thee as the people cometh, and they
" fit before thee as my people, and they hear thy words, but
" they will not do them : for with their mouth they {hew
" much love, but their heart goeth after their covetoufnefs.
" And lo, thoii art unto them as a very lovely fong of one that
" hath a pleafant voice, and can play well on an inilfument :
" for they hear thy words, but they do them not." So it was
with Herod; he heard John the Baptift^/W/y, Mark vi. 20.
So it was with others of his hearers, " for a feafon they rejoic-
" ed in his light," John v. 35. So the itony-ground hearers
heard the word with joy.
Experience {hew?, that perfons, from falfe religion, may be
inclined to be exceeding i&undant in the external exercifes of
religion ; yea, to give themfelves up to them, and devote al-
moft their whole time to them. Formerly a ioit of people
were very numerous in theRomifh church, called .reclufes, who
forfook the world, and utterly abandoned the fociety of mankind,
and ihut themfelves up clofe, in a narrow cell, with a vow-
never to ftir out of it, nor to fee the face cfany of mankind any
more ; (unlefs that they might be vifit :d in cafe of fickncfs ;)
to fpend all their days in the exercifes of devotion and converfe
with God. There were alfo in old time, great multitudes call
ed
W H A T A R X N O S I C N S ' Part. II,
ed Hermites and Anchorites, that left the world to foend all
their days in lonefome defarts, to give themfelves up to religious
contemplations and exercifes of devotion ; fome forts of them
having no dwellings, but the caves and vaults of the mountains,
and no food, but the fpontaneous productions of the earth. L
once lived, for many months, next door to a Jew, (the houfes
adjoining one to another,) and had much opportunity daily to
obfeirve him ; who appeared to me the devouteft perfon that ever
I faw in my life ; great part of his time being fpent in acls of
devotion, at his eaftern window, which opened next to mine,
feeming to be moll earneftly engaged, not only in the day-time,,
but fometimes whole nights.
X. Nothing can be certainly known of the nature of religious
affe&ions by this, that they much difpofe perfons with their
mouths to praife and glorify God. This indeed is implied in
what has been juft now obferved, of abounding and fpending much
time in the external exercifes of religion, and was alfo hinted
before : but becaufe many feem to look upon it as a bright evi
dence of gracious affeftion, when perfons appear greatly difpo-
fedto praife and magnify God, to have their mouths full of his
praifes, and affectionately to be calling on others to praife and
extol him, I thought it deferved a more particular confidera-
tion.
No Chriftian will make it an argument againft a perfon, that
he feems to have fuch a difpofition. Nor can it reafonably be
looked upon as an evidence for a perfon, if thofe things that
have been already obferved and proved, be duly confidered, viz.
that perfons, without grace, may have high affections towards
God and Chrift, and that their affections being ihrong, may fill
their mouths, and incline them to fpeak much, and very earneft
ly, about the things they are affected with, and that there may
fre counterfeits of all kinds of gracious affection. But it will
appear more evidently and directly, that this is no certain fign of
grace, if we confider what inltances the fcripture gives us of it
in thofe that were gracelefs. We often have an account of this,
in the multitude that were prefent when Chrift preached and
wrought miracles ; Mark ii. 12. " And immediately he arofe,
M took up his bed, and went forth before them all, infomuch
" that they were all amazed, and glorified God, faying, We
" never faw it on this fafhion." So Matth. ix. 8* and Luke
v, 26, Alfo Matth. xv. 31. " Infomuch that the multitude
" wondered when they faw the dumb to fpeak, the maimed to
w be whole, the iarne to walk, and the blind to fee : and. they
" .glorified
TO D t S T i N G ij I S H A F F E C T t O N S, 193
** glorified the God of Ifrael." So we are told, that on occa-
fion of (Thrift's raiting the fon oi the widow of Nain, Luke
vii. 1 6. " There came a fear on ail: and they glorified God,
*' faying, That a great prophet is rifen up among us ; and,
" That God hath viiited his people." So \ve read of their
glorifying Chnit, or fpeaking exceeding highly of him, .Luke
iv. 15. " And he taught in their fynagogues, being gloiilled of
'* all*' 1 And ho.v did they praife him with loud voices, crying,
Ho/anna to tkc fon fif David, hofanna in the highejt ; blejfed is
he that cometh in the name, of the Lord> a little before he was
crucified ! And after Chriit's afcenlion, when the apoilles had
healed the impotent man,, we are told, that " all men glorified
" God lor that which was done," A&s iv. 21* When the
Gjntiles in Antiojh of Pifidia, heard from Paul and Barnabas,
that God would reject the Jews, and take the Gentiles to be
his people in their room, they were affected with this goodnefs
of God to the Gentiles, and glorified the word of the, Lord :
but all that did fo were not true believers ; but only a certain
cleft number of them ; as is intimated in the account we have
of it, Aels xiii. 48. " And when the Gentiles heard this, they
" were glad, and glorified the word of the Lord : and a? many
" as were, ordained to eternal life, believed." So of old the
children ofllrael at the Red fea, J^ng God's praife ; bat foon
for gat his works. And the Jews in EzekiePs time, with
their mouths f/iezoed much love, while their hearts went after their
covetoufne/s. And it is foretold of falfe profeilbrs, and real
enemies of religion, that they mould (hew a forwardnefs to glo
rify God ; If. Ixvi. 5. " Hear the word of the. Lord, ye that
' tremble at his word, Your brethren that hated you, that catt
** you out for my name's fake, laid Let the Lord be glorified/*
It is no certain figVi that a perfon is graciouily affected, if in
the midit of his hopes and comforts, he is greatly affected with.
God's unmerited mercy to him that is fo unworthy, and feems
greatly to extol and magnify free (;race. Thofe that yet re
main with unmortiSed pride and enmity againM Cod, may,
when they imagine that they have received extraordinary kind-
ttefs from God, cry out of th'cir tinwoithiriefs, and magnify
God's u&deTerved goodnefs to them, from no other conviction
of their ill-clcfervings, and from no higher principle, than
Saul had, who while he yet remained with unfubdued pride
and enmity agai nil David, was brought, though a king, to ac-
knowlege his unworthinefs, and cry oiit, I have pLtytd the foot,
B b > 1 hM
194 WHAT ARE NO SIGNS Part IL
I have erred exceedingly, and with great affeftion and -admira
tion, to magnify and extol David's unmerited and unexamp
led kindnefs to him, i Sam. xxv. 16 19. and xxvi. 21. and
from no higher principle, than that from whence Nebuchad
nezzar was affe&ed with God's difpenfations, that he faw and
was the fubjecl: of, and praifes, extols and honours the
King of heaven ; and both he t and Darius, in their high af-
feftions, call upon all nations to praife God, Dan. iii. 28,
29, 30. and iv. i, 2, 3, 34, 35, 37. and vi. 25, 26, 27.
XI. It is no fign that affetions are right, or that they are
wrong, that they make perfons that have them, exceeding con
fident that what they experience is divine, and that they are
in a good ellate.
It is an argument with forne, agairift perfons, that they are
deluded if they pretend to be allured of their good eftate, and
to be carried beyond all doubting of the favor of God ; fup-
pofing that there is no fuch thing to be expe6kd in the church
of God, as a full and abfolute afTurance of hope ; unlefs it be
i:> fome very extraordinary circumftances ; as in the cafe of
martyrdom : contrary to the doclrine of Proteftarits,.which has
been maintained by their moft celebrated writers againft the
Papifts ; and contrary to the plaineft fcripture-evidence. It is
manifeft, that it was a common thing for the faints that we
have a hiftqry or particular account of in fcripture, to be af-
fured. 'God in the plaineft and mofl pofitive manner, reveal
ed and teftified his fpecial favor to Noah, Abraham, Ifeac, Ja
cob, Mofes, Daniel, and others. Job often fpeaks of his fin-
cerity and uprightnefs with the greateft imaginable confidence
and affurance, often calling God to witnefs to it ; and fays
plainly, " I know that my Redeemer liveth, and that I mall
' fee him for myfelf, and not another," Job xix. 25,&c. David,
throughout the book of Pfalms, almoft every where fpeaks
without any hefitancy, and in the mofl pofitive manner, of
God as his God ; glorying in him as his portion and heritage,
his rock and confidence, his fhield, falvation, and high tower,
and the like. Hezekiah appeals to God, as one that knew
that he had walked bafore him in truth, and with a perfect
heart, 2 Kings xx. 3. Jefus Chrift, in his dying difcourfe
with his eleven difciples, in the i^th, i^th, and i6th chap
ters of John, (which was as it were Chrift's laft will and tefta-
ment to his difciples, and to his whole church) often declares his
fpecial
TO DISTINGUISH AFFECTIONS. 195
fpecial and everlafting love to them, in the plaineft and moft
pbfitive terms ; and promifes them a future participation with
him in his glory, in the moil abfolute manner ; and tells them
at the fame time, that he does fo, to the end, that their joy
might be full ; John xv. 1 1. " Thefe things have I fpoken un-
" to you, that my joy might remain in yon, and that your joy
41 might be full." See alfo at the conclufion of his whole dii-
courfe, Chap. xvi. 33. ** Thefe things have I fpoken unto you,
41 that in me ye might have peace. In the world ye (hall have
*' tribulation : but be of good cheer, I have overcome the
t{ world." Chrift was not : afraid of fpeaking too plainly and
pofitively to them ; he did not defire to hold them in the leaf!
fufpence. And he concluded that lall difcourfe of his, with a
prayer in their prefence, wherein he fpeaks pofitively to his
Father of thofe eleven difciples, as having all of them favingly
known him, and believed in him, and received and kept his
word ; and that they were not of the world ; and that for their
fakes he fanclified himfelf; and that his will was, thatthey mould
be with him in his glory : arid tells his Father, that he fpake thefe
things in his prayer, to the end, that, his joy might be fulfilled
in them, verf. 13. By thefe things it is evident, that it is
agreeable to- Chrift's defigns, and the contrived ordering and
difpofition Chrift makes of things in his church, that there
ihould be fufficient and abundant provision made, that his faints
might have full aflurance of their future glory.
The apoftle Paul, through all his epiftles, fpeaks in an allu
red ftrain ; ever fpeaking pofitively of his fpecial relation to
Chrift, his Lord and Mafter and Redeemer, and his intereil
in, and expectation of the future reward. It would be endlefs
to take notice of all places that might be enumerated ; I (hall
mention but three or four : Gal. ii. 20. " Chrift liveth in me :
41 and the life which I now live in the flefh, Llive by the faith
' of the Son of God, who loved me, and gave himfelf for me."
Phil. i. 21. " For me to live is Chrift, and to die is gain."
2 Tim. i. 12. " I know whom I have believed, and I am per-
" fuaded that he is able to keep that which I have committed
4i unto him againft that day.'"' 2 Tim. iv. 7,8."! have fought
41 .a good fight, I have finifhed my courfe, I have kept the faith.
" Henceforth there is laid up for me a crown of righteouf-
" nefs, which the Lord the righteous jud^e will give me at
that day."
And
10,6 W HAT ARE N Q S I G U S Part II,
And the nature of the covenant of grace, and God's declared 1
ends in the appointment and conllituiibn of things in that co
venant, do plainly ihew it to be God's defign to make ample
provifion for the faints, having an affured hppe of eternal life,
while living here upon earth. For fo are all things ordered
and contrived in that covenant, that every thing might be
made fure on God's part. The covenant is ordered in all things
and Jure: the promifes are moft full, and very often repeated,
#nd various ways exhibited ; and there are many witnefies, and
many feals ; and God has confirmed his promifes with an oath.
And God's declared defign in all this is, that the heirs of the
promifes might have an undoubting hope, and full joy, in an
allurance of their future glory, Heh. vi. 17, 18. " Wherein
^ God willing more abundantly to fhew unto the heirs of pro-
*' mile the immutability of his counfel, confirmed it by an oa-^h :
" that by two immutable things, in which it was impoflvble for
' God to lie, we might have a ftrong confola?ion, wno have
'* fled for refuge to lay hold upon the hope fet before us." But
all this would be in vain, to any fuch purpofe, as the. faints
flrong confolation, and hope of their obtaining future glois^ if
their intereft in thofe fure promifes in ordinary cafes, was not-
attainable. For God's promifes and oaths, let them be as fure
as they will, cannot give fr.rong hope and comfort to any parti
cular perfon, any further than he can know that thofe promifes
3re made to him. And in vain is provifion made in Jefu's Chrift,
that believers might be perfect as pertaining to the confer
ence, as is fignified Hcb. ix. 9, if aflurance oiiWdpm from the
guilt of fin is not attainable.
It further appears that affurance is not only attainable in fome
very extraordinary cafes, that all Chriflians'are directed to give
all diligence to inake their calling and election fure, and are told
how they may do it, 2 Pet. i. 5 8. And it is fpoken of as a
thing very unbecoming of Chriftians, and an argument of fome-
thing. very bhmable in them, not to know whether Chriit be in
them or no, 2 Cor, xiii. 5. " Know ye not your own felves,
' how that Jefus Chrift is in you, except ye be reprobates r"
And it is implied that it is an argument of a very blameable neg
ligence in Chriftians, if they practice Chriftiaoity after fuch a
manner as to remain uncertain of the reward, in that I Cor,
ix. 26. " I therefore fo run, as not uncertainly/' And to add
po more, it is manifcft, that Chrifiians knowing their interctU
in the laving benefits of Chriftianity is a thing ordinarily attaiiia-
fel?| becaufe the cpoiUes tell us by what means Chriflians (and
not
TO DISTINGUISH AFFECTIONS. 197
jK)t only apflflles and martyrs] were wont to know this ; i Cor.
ji, 12. " Now we have received, not the fpirit of the v/orld, but
" the Spirit which is of God ; that v^e might know the things
" that are freely given to us of God. And i John ii. 3. "Arid
" hereby we do know that we know him, if we keep his com-
" mandments. And verf, 5. " Hereby know we that we are
" in him." Chap, iii. 14. "We know that we have paifed
" from death unto life, becaufe we love the brethren." vtrf. 19.
ft Hereby we know that we are of the truth, and fhall afiure
** our hearts before him." verf. 24, " Hereby we know that he
" abideth in us, by the Spirit which he hath given us." So Chap,
iy. i?, and Chap. v. 2. and verf. 19,
Therefore it muft needs be very unreafonable to determine,
that perfons are hypocrites, and their affections wrong, becaufe
they feem to be out of doubt of their own falvation, and
the affefiions they are the fubjecls of feem to banilh all fears of
hell.
On the other hand, it is no fufficient reafon to determine
that men are faints, and their affections gracious, becaufe the
affedions they have are attended with an exceeding confidence
that their {late is good, and their affections divine.t Nothing
can be certainly argued from their confidence, how great and
ftrongfoever it feems to be. If we fee a man that boldly calls
God his Father, arid commpnly fpeaks in the moil bold, fami
liar,
+ <( O profeffor, look carefully to your foundation : Be not high
fe minded, but fear. You have, it may be, done and fufFered many
** things in and for religion ; you have excellent gifts and fweet
" comforts; a warm zeal for God, and high confidence of your in
tegrity : all this maybe right, for ought that I, or (it mavbej ycu
know : but yet it is poffible it may be falfe alfo. You have
fcmetimes judged yourfelves, and pronounced yourfelves upright ;
but remember your final fentence is not yet pronounced by your
Judge. And what if God weigh you over again, in his more equal
balance, and fliould fay, Mtne, ^Tekel, Thou an weighed in the ba
lance, and art found wanting? What a confounded man wilt thou
be, under fuch a fentence ! Qu<& fphndent in confpedu kctn ?>//>, fvr-
dcnt in con/peffu Juditis ; Things that are highly efteemed of men,
are an abomination in the light of God : he feeth not as men
feeth, Thy heart may be falfe, and thou not know it : yea, it
may be falfe, and thou ftrongly confident of its integrity." Fla-
f ve/'s Touch/tone of Sincerity, Chap. ii. feel. 5.
" Some hypocrites are a great deal more confident than many
%f faints." Stoddard's dij'.ourje on the v,'^ iQ kno^v jinceriy and fyf$+
P- i? 8,
19$ WHAT ARE NO SIGNS Part II.
liar, and appropriating language in prayer, My Father, my dear
Redeemer, my Jwett Saviour , my beloved, and the like; and
it is a common thing for him to ufe the moil confident expref-
fions before men, about the goodnefs of his ftate ; fuch as, /
know certainly that God is my Father ; I know Jo furdy as there
is a God in heaven, that he is my God ; I know Ijliall go to hea
ven, as well as ij I were there ; 1 know that God is now mani-
Jefting himfelf to my /bul, and is nowjmiling upon me ; and feems
to have done for ever with any inquiry or examination into his
ftate, as a thing fufficiently known, and out of doubt, and to
contemn all that fo much as intimate or fuggeft that there is
fome reafon to doubt or fear whether all i* right ; fuch things
are no figns at all that it is indeed fo as he is confident it is.*
Such an over-bearing, high-handed and violent fort of confi
dence as this, fo affecling to declare itfelf with a moft glaring
{how in the fight of men, which is to be feen in many, has
not the countenance of a true Chriilian affurance : it favours
more of the fpirit of the Pharifees, who never doubted but that
they were faints, and the moft eminent of faints, and were bold
to go to God, and come up near to him, and lift tip their eyes,
and thank him for the great diflinclion he had made between
them and other men : and when Chrift intimated that they
were blind and gracelefs, defpifed the iuggeftion , John ix. 40.
" And fome of the Pharifees which'were with him, heard thefe
" words, and fuid unto him, Are we blind alfor" If they had
more of the fpirit of the Publican, with their confidence, who
in a fenfe of his exceeding un worthiness, ftood afar off, and
durft not fo much as lift up his eyes to heaven, but fmote on
his breaft, and cried out of himfelf as a fmner, their confidence
would have more of the afpecl of the confidence of one that
humbly trufls- and hopes in Chrift, and has no confidence in
himfelf.
If
* " Doth the work of faith in fome believers, bear upon its top.
" branches, the full ripe fruits of a bleffed aflurance ? Lo, what
'" ftrong confidence, and high built perfuaficns of an intcireft in God,
'* have fometimes been found in unfanftified ones ! Yea, fo ftrong
" may this falfe affurance be, that they dare boldly venture to go to
(< the judgment- feat of God, and there defend it. Doth the Spirit
" of God fill the heart of the allured believer with joy unfpeakable,
" and full of glorv, giving them, through faith, a prelibation or
*' foretafts of heaven itfelf, in thofe firft- fruits of it? how near to
*' this comes what the apoftle fuppofes may be found in apoftates I 1 *
Iluflandry f^irituali^cdy Chap, xii.
TO DISTINGUISH AFFECTIONS.
If we do but confuler what the hearts of natural men are,
what principles they are under the dominion of^ what blmdnefs
snd deceit, what felf- flattery, fell-exultation, and felf-confi-
dence reigns there, we need not at all wonder that their high
opinion of themfelves, and confidence of their happy circum-
ilances, be as high and flrong as mountains, and as violent as
a temped, when once conference is blinded, and conviclions
killed, with falfe, high affeclions, and thofe forementioned
principles let loofe, fed up and prompted by falfe joys and
comforts, excited by fome pleafmg imaginations imprefled by
Satan, transforming himfelf into an angel of light.
When once a hypocrite is thus eflablifhed in a falfe hope,
he has not thofe things to caufe him to call his hope in quef-
tion, that oftentimes are the occafion of the doubting of true
faints ; as, Jirft t he has not that cautious fpirit, that great fen fe
of the vail importance of a fure foundation, and that dread of
being deceived. The comforts of the true faints increafe
awakening and caution, and a lively fenfe how great a thing it
is to appear before an infinitely holy, juft,. and omnifcient
Judge. But falfe comforts put an end to thefe things, and
dreadfully flupify the mind. Secondly, The hypocrite has not
the knowlege of his 'own blindnefs, and the deceitfulnefs of his
own heart, and that mean opinion of his own understanding,
that the true faint has. Thofe that are deluded with falfe dif-
coveries and affections, are evermore highly conceited of their
light and underflandin^. Thirdly, The devil does not aflault
the hope of the hypocrite, as he does the hope of a true faint.
The devil is a great enemy to a true Chriftian hope, not only
becaufe it tends greatly to the comfort of him that hath it, but
alfo becaufe it is a thing of a holy, heavenly nature, greatly
tending to promote and cheriih grace in the heart, and a great
incentive to ftri6lnefs and diligence in the Chriftian life. But
he is no enemy to the hope of a hypocrite, which above ail
things eflablifhes his intereft in him that has it. A hypocrite
may retain his hope without oppofition, as long as he lives,
the devil never diflurbing it, not attempting to difturb it. But
there is perhaps no true Chriftian but what has his hopeaffault-
ed by him. Satan alTaulted Chrift himfelf, upon this, whether
he were the Son of God or no : and the fervant is not above
his Mailer, nor the difciple above his Lord ; it is enough for
the difciple, that is moft privileged in this world, to be as his
Mafter, Fourthly^ He who has a falfe hope, has not that fight
of
fcotf W HAT A s N o S i G N i Part 1L
of his own corruptions, which the faint has. A true Chrif-
tian has ten times fo much to do with his heart, and its corrupt
tions, as an hypocrite : and the fins of his heart and pra6tice #
appear to him in their blacknefs ; they look dreadful ; and it
often appears a very myfterious thing, that any grace can be 4
confiftent with fuch corruption, or mould be in fueh a hearts
But a falfe hope hides corruption, covers it all over, and thd
hypocrite looks clean and bright in his own eyes.
There are two forts of hypocrites : one that are deceived with
their outward morality and external religion j many of which
are profeiied Arminians, in the doclrine of juilifkation : and
the other are thofe that are deceived with falfe difcoveries and
elevations ; which often cry down works, and raens cnvn righ-
teoufnefs, and talk much of free grace j but at the fame time
make a righteoufnefs of their difcoveries, and of their humilia
tion, and exalt themfelves to heaven with them. Thefe two
-Kinds of hypocrites Mr. Shepard, in his expofition of the Pa
rable of the ten virgins, diftinguifhes by the names of legal ami
evangelical hypocrites ; and often fpeaks of the latter as the
woril. And it is evident that the latter are commonly by far
the moft confident in their hope, and with the moft difficulty
brought off from it : I have fcarcely known the inftance of fuch
an one, in my life, that has been undecerved. The chief
grounds of the confidence of many of them, are the very fame
kind of impulfes and fuppofed revelations, (fometimes with
texts of fcripture, and fometimes without,) that fo many of late
have had concerning future events ; calling thefe impulfes
about their good eftate, the witnefs of the Spirit ; entirely mif-
underilanding the nature of the witnefs of the Spirit, as I {hall
fhew hereafter. Thofe that have had vifions and impulfes
about other things, it has generally been to reveal fuch things
as they are defirous and fond of: and no wonder that perfons
who give heed to fuch things, have the fame fort of vifions or
impreflions about their own eternal falvation, to reveal to them
that their fins are forgiven them, that their names are written
in the book of life, that they are in high favour with God, &c*
and efpecially when they earneftly feek, expeft and wait
for evidence of their elecHon and falvation this way, as the
fureft and moft glorious evidence of it. Neither is it any
wonder, that when they have fuch a fuppofed revelation of
their good eflate, it raifes in them the higheft degree of con
fidence of it. It is found by abundant experience, that thofe
who
tO DISTINGUISH AfFECTlONS. 2OI
who arc led away by impulfes and imagined revelations, are
extremely confident : they fuppofe that the great JEHOVAH
has declared thefe and thofe things to them ; and having his
immediate teftimony, a 41 rong confidence is the higheft virtue.
Hence they are bold to fay, I know this or that ; / know cer
tainly ; / am as fure as that I have a being, and the like :
and they defpife all argument and inquiry in the cafe. And
above all things elfe, it is eafy to be accounted for, that im-
preilions and impulfes about thai which is fo pleafing, fo fuiting
their felf love and pride, as their being the dear children o
God, diftingui (heel from moft in the world in his favor, mould
make them ftrongly confident : efpccially when with their im
pulfes and revelations they have high affeclions, which they
take to be the moil eminent excrcifes of grace. I have known
of feveral perfons, that have had a fond defire of fomething of
a temporal nature, through a violent paflion that has pofTeired
them, and they have been earneftly piirfuing the thing they
have defired mould come to pafs, and have met with great dif
ficulty and many discouragements in it, but at laft have had
an impreflion or fuppofecl revelation that they fhould obtain
what they fought ; and they have looked upon it as afure'pro-
1 niife from the Moft High, which has made them moft' ridicu-
Koufly confident, againft all manner of reafon to convince them
to the contrary, and all events working againft them. And
there is nothing hinders, hut that perfons who are feeking their
falvation, may be deceived by the like del-drive impreflions, and
be made confident of that, the fame way.
The confidence of many of: this fort of hypocrites, that Mr,
Shepard calls evangelical hypocrites, is like the confidence or
fome mad men, who thin!; they are kino-s : they will maintain
it againft all manner of reafon and evidence. And in cms
fenfe, it is much more immovable than a truly gracious aflur-
ance ; a true aflurance is not upheld, but by the fouls being
kept in a holy frame, and grace maintained in lively exercifc.
If the actings of grace do much decay in the Chriftian, and Ue
falls into a lifelefs frame, he lofes his alfurance : hut this kind
of confidence of hypocrites will not be fhaken by fin ; they (ae
leaft fome of them) will maintain their boldnefs in their hope,
in the moft corrupt frames and wicked ways j which is a fine
evidence of their delufion.*
C c And
' Mr. Shepard ("peaks of it, as a '' preiiinvMuous pence, tb*t is
** not interrupted aiu broke by c/il works." AaJ Tiy.,". That " the
** fpirit
Sos t WHATARE NO SIGNS Part II.
And here I cannot but obferve, that there are certain doc
trines often preached to the people, which need to be delivered
with more caution and explanation than they frequently are ;
for as they are by many underftood, they tend greatly to efta-
bliih this delufion and falfe confidence of hypocrites. The doc
trines I fpeak of are thofe of Chnjhans living by faith, not by
fight ; their giving glory to God, by trujling him in the dark ;
living upon Chrijl, and not upon experiences ; not making their
good frames the foundation of their faith ; which are excellent
and important doctrines indeed, rightly underftood, but cor
rupt and deftru&ive, as many underftand them. The fcripture
fpeaks of living or walking by faith, and not by fight, in no
other way than thefe, viz. a being governed by a refpeft: to
eternal things, that are the objects of faith, and are not feeri,
and not by a refpecl to temporal things, which are feen ; and
believing things revealed, that we never faw with bodily eyes;
and alfo living by faith in the promife of future things, with
out yet feeing or enjoying the things promifed, or knowing
the way how they can be fulfilled. This will be eafily evident
"to any one that looks over the fcriptures, which fpeak of faith
in oppofition to fight ; as 2 Cor. iv. 18. and v. 7. Heb. xi. i,
8, 13, 17, 29. Rom. viii. 24-. John xx. 29. But this doctrine,'
as it is underftood by many, is, that Chriftians ought firmly to
believe arid truft in Chrift, without fpi ritual fight or light, and
although they are in a dark dead frame, and, for the prefent,
have no fpiritual experiences or difcoveries. And it is truly
the duty of thofe who are thus in darknefs, to come out
of darknefs into light, and believe. But that they mould con
fidently believe and truft, while they yet remain without fpi
ritual light or fight, is an antilcriptural and abfurd doctrine.
The fcripture is ignorant of any fuch faith in Chrift of the
operation
" fpirit will figh, and not fmg in that bofom, whence corrupt dif-
pofitions and paffions break out." And that " though men in
fuch frames may feem to maintain the confolation of the Spirit,
and not fufpect their hypoerify, under pretence of trufting the
Lord's mercy ; yet they cannot avoid the condemnation of the
world." Parable of the ten virgins. Parti. P. 139.
Dr. Ames fpeaks of it as a thing, by which the peace of a wicked
man may be diftinguimed from the peace of a godly man, " that the
" peace of a wicked man continues., .whether he performs the duties
" of piety and righteoufnefs, or uo ; provided thofe crimes are avoid-
" ed that appear horrid to nature itielf." Cajesof con/tiencc, lib. III.
Chap, vii,
TO DISTINGUISH AFFECTIONS. 203
operation of God, that is not founded in a fpi ritual fight of
Chrift. That believing on Chrift, which accompanies a title
to everlafting life, is a " feeing the Son, and believing on
" him." John vi. 40. True faith in Chrili is never exercifed,
any further than peifons " behold as in a glafs the glory
*' of the Lord, and have the knowlege of the glory of God
" in the face of Jefus Chrift," 2 Cor. iii. 18. and iv. 6. They
into whofe minds " the light of the glorious gofpel of Chriir,
*' who is the image of God, does not ihirie, they believe not,"
fi Cor. iv. 4. That faith, which is without fpiritual light, is
not the faith of the children of the light, anii of the day ; but
the prefumption of the children of darknefs. And therefore
to prefs and urge them to believe, without any fpiritual light
or fight, tends greatly to help forward the deltifions of the
prince of darknefs. Men not only cannot exercife, faith with
out fome fpiritual light, but they can exercife faith only juft
in fuch proportion as they have fpiritual light. Men will truft:
in God no further than they know him : and they cannot be in
the exercife of faith in him one ace further than they have a
fight of his fulnefs and faithfulnefs in exercife. Nor can they
have the exercife of truft in God, any further than they are in
a gracious frame. They that are in a dead carnal frame,
doubtlefs ought to truft God ; becaufe that would be the fame
thing as coming out of their bad frame, and turning to God :
but to exhort men confidently to truft in God, and fo hold up
their hope and peace, though they are not in a gracious frame,
and continue ftill to be fo, is the fame thing in effe6l, as to ex
hort them confidently to truft in God, but not with a gracious
truft : and what is that but a wicked prefumption ? It is juft
fo impoflible for men to have a ftrong or lively truft in God,
Vhen they have no lively exercifes of grace, or fenfible Chrif-
tian experiences, as it is for them to be in the lively exerciles
of grace, without the exercifes of grace.
It is true, that it is the duty of God's people to truft in him
vhen in, darknefs, and though they remain ftill in darknefs, in
that fenfe, that they ought to truft in God when the afpecls of
his providence are dark, and look as though God had forfaken
:them, and did not hear their prayers, and many clouds ga
ther, and many enemies furround them, with' a formidable
afpeft, threatning to fwallow them up, and all events of pro
vidence feem to be againft them, all circumftances feem to
lender the promifes of God difficult to be fulfilled, and God
WHAT ARE NO SIGNS Part II.
muft.be trufted out of fight, i. e. when we cannot fee which
\vay it is poflible for him to fulfil his word, every thing but
God's mere word makes it look unlikely, fo that if perfons be
lieve, they muft hope againil hope. Thus the ancient Patri
archs, and Job, and the Pfalmift, and Jeremiah, Daniel, Sha-
drach, Meihech and Abednego, and the apoftle Paul gave glory
to God by trufting in God in darknefs. And we have many
inftances of fuch a glorious victorious faith in the eleventh ofc
the Hebrews. But how different a thing is this, from trufting j
in God, without fpiritual fight, and being at the fame time in
a dead and carnal frame !
There is alfo fuch a thing as fpiritual light's being let into
the foal in one way, when it is not in another ; and fo there is
fuch a thing as the faints trufting in Gocl, and alfo knowing
their good eftate, when they are deftitute of foine kinds of
experience. As for iaftance, they may have clear views ox
God's fufficiency and faithfulnefs, and fo confidently truft in
him, and know that they are his children ; and at the fame
time, not have thofe clear and fweet ideas of his love, as at
other times : for it was thus with Chrlft himfelf in his laft paf-
fion. And they may have views of much of God's Sovereignty,
holinefs, and allfufficiency, enabling them quietly to fubmit to
him, and exercife a fweet and moil encouraging hope in God's
fulnefs, when they are not fatisfied of their own good eflate.
But how different things are thefe, from confidently trufting
in God, without fpiritual light or experience !
Thofe that thus infift on perfons living by faith, when they
have no experience, and are in very bad frames, are alfo very
abfurdin their notions of faith. What they mean by faith is,
believing that they are in a good eihte. Hence they count it
a dreadful fin for them to doubt of their ftate, whatever frames
they are in, and whatever wicked things they do, becaufeit is
the great and heinous fin of unbelief ; and he is the beft man,
and puts moft honor upon God, that maintains his hope of
his good eftate the moft confidently and immoveably, when he
has the leaft light or experience; that is to fay, when he is
in the worft and wickedeft frame and way ; becaufe, forfooth,
that is a fign that he is ftrong in faith, giving glory to God,
and againft hope believes in hope. But what Bible do they
learn this notion of faith out of, that it is a man's confidently
believing -
TO DISTINGUISH AFFECTIONS.
believing that he is in a good eftate ? * If this be faith, the
Pharifees had faith in an eminent degree; feme of which,
Chrift teaches, committed the unpardonable fin againil the
Holy Ghoft. The fcripture reprefents faith, as that by which
men are brought into a good eftate ; and therefore ircaimot be
the fame thing, as believing that they art already in a good
eftate. To fuppofe that faith confifts in peifons believing that
they are in a good eftate, is in effect the fame thins:, a s to hip
po fe that faith confifts in a perfon's believing that he has faith,
or in believing that he believes.
Indeed perfons doubting of their good eftate, may in feveral
refpels arijtfrom unbelief. It may be from unbelief or be
caufe they have fo little faith," that they have fo little evidence
of their good eftate : If they had more experience of the actings
of faith, and fo more experience of the exercife of grace, they
would have clearer evidence that their ftate was good ; and fo
their doubts would be removed. And then their doubting of
their ftate may be from unbelief thus, when though there be
many things that are good evidences of a work of grace in
them, yet they doubt very much whether they are really in a
{tate of favour with God, becaufe it is they, thofe that are fa
unworthy, arid have done fo much to provoke God to anger
againft them. Their doubts in fuch a cafe arife from unbelief,
as they arife from want of a fufncient fenfe of, and reliance on
the infinite riches of God's grace, and the fufficiency of Chrift
for the chief of linners. They may alfo be from unbelief,
when they doubt of their ftale, becaufe of the my fiery of God's
dealings with (hem : they are not able to reconcile fuch dif-
penfations with God's favour to them : or when they doubt
whether they have any intereft in the r;romifes, becaufe the
promifes
* " Men do not know that they are godly, by believing that they
" are godly. We know many things by faith, Heb. xi. 3. By faith
<( 'we underftand that the -ii-orlds were made by the <wsr-2 of God. Faith
" is the evidence of tbi;;gs Kotfeen, Heb. xi. i. Thus men know the
" Trinity of perfons of the Godhead; that Jefus Chrift is the Son
" of God ; that he that believes in him will have eternal life ; the
" refurreclion of the dead. And if God mould tell a faint that he
*' hath grace, he might know it by believing the word of God.
" But it is not this way, that godly men do know that they have grace.
" It is not revealed in the word, and the Spirit of God doth net tef-
" tify it to particular perfons." Sloddard's nature of ja
P. 83, 84-
*o6 WHAT ARE NO SIGNS Part II.
promifes from the afpeft of providence appear fo unlikely to
be fulfilled; the difficulties that are in the way, are fo many
and great. Such doubting arifes from want of dependence
upon God's almighty power, and his knowlege and wifdom,
as infinitely above theirs. But yet, in fuch perfons, their un
belief, and their doubting of their ftate, are not the fame
thing ; though one arifes from the other.
Perfons may be greatly to blame for doubting of their ftate,
on fuch grounds as thefe laft mentioned ; and they may be to
blame, that they have no more grace, and no more of the pre-
fent exercifes and experiences of it, to be an evidence to them
of the goodnefs of their flate : men are doubtlefs to blame for
being in a dead carnal frame ; but when they are in fuch a
frame, and have no fenfible experience of the exercifes of grace,
but on the contrary, are very much under the prevalence of
their lufts, and an unchriflian fpirit, they are not to blame for
doubting of their flate. It is as impoflible, in the nature of
things, that a holy and Chriilian hope, fhould be kept alive, in
its clearnefs and llrength, in fuch circumftances, as it is to keep
the light in the room, when the candle is put out; or to main
tain the bright fun-fhinein the air, when the fun is gone down.
Diftant experiences, when darkened byprefent prevailing luft
and corruption, will never keep alive a gracious confidence and
affurance ; but that fickens and decays upon it, as neceflarily
as a little child by repeated blows on the head with a hammer.
Nor is it at all to be lamented, that perfons doubt of their flate
in fuch circumftances; but on the contrary, it is defirable and
every way bed that they ihould. It is agreeable to that wife
and merciful conftitution of things, which God hath eftablifh-
ed, that it ihould be fo. For fo hath God contrived and con-
ilituted things, in his difpenfations towards his own people,
that when their love decays, arid the exercifes of it fail, or be
come weak, fear mould arife ; for then they need it to reftrain
them from fin, and to excite them to care for the good of their
fouls, and fo to ftir them up to watchfulnefs and diligence in
religion : but God hath fo ordered that when love rifes, and
is in vigorous exercife, then fear mould vanifh, and be driven
away; for then they need it not, having a higher and more
excellent principle in exercife, to reilrain them from fin, and
ftir them up to their duty. There are no other principles, which
human nature is under the influence of, thai will ever make
men
TO DISTINGUISH AFFECTION S. 207
wen confcientious, but one of thefe two, fear or love : and there
fore, if one of thefe ihould not prevail as the other decayed,
God's people when fallen into dead and carnal frames, when
love is afleep, would be lameniably expofed indeed. And
therefore God has wifely ordained, that thefe two oppofite
principles of love and fear, ihould rife and fall, like the two
oppofite fcales of a balance ; when one rifes, the other finks.
As light and darknefs neceffarily and unavoidably fucceed
each other ; if light prevails, fo much does darknefs ceafe, and
no more ; and if light decays, fo much does darknefs prevail :
fo it is in the heart of a child of God ; if divine love decays
and falls afleep, and luft prevails, the light and joy of hope goes-
out, and dark fear and doubting arifes ; and if on the contrary,
divine love prevails, and comes into lively exercife, this brings
in the brightnefs of hope, and drives away black luft, and fear
\vith it. Love is \hzjpirit of adoption, or the childlike princi
ple ; if that {lumbers, men fall under fear, which is the fpirit
cj bondage, or the fervile principle : and fo on the contrary.
And if it be fo, that love, or the fpirit of adoption, be carried
to a great height, it quite drives away all fear, and gives full
affurance ; agreeable to that of the apoftle, i John iv. 18. "Theie
*' is no fear in love, but perfect love cafts out fear" Thefe two
oppofite principles of lull; and holy love, bring hope and fear
into the hearts of God's children, in proportion as they pre
vail ; that is, when left to their own natural influence, with
out fomethirig adventitious, or accidental intervening ; as the
diflemper of melancholy, doclrinal ignorance, prejudices of
education, wrong inflruclion, falfe principles, peculiar temp
tations, &c.
Fear is cail out by the Spirit of God, no other way than by
the prevailing of love : nor is it ever maintained by his Spirit,
but when love is afleep. At inch a time, in vain is all the
faint's felf-examinations, and poring on pail experience, in
order to ei'iablifh his peace, and get aifurance. For it is con
trary to the nature of things, as God hath conilituu:d them,
that he ihould have affurance at fuch a time.
They therefore do dire6tiy thwart God's wife and gracious
constitution of things, who exhort others to be confident in
their hope, when in dead frames ; under a notion of living by
faith, and not by fight, and Irufting God in the dark, and liv
ing upon Chrifl , and not upon experiences ; and warn them not
to doubt of their good cllate, leil they (liould be guilty of the
dreadful
ao8 WHAT ARE NO SIGNS Part. II,
dreadful fin of unbelief. And it has a direct tendency to efta-
bliih the moft prefumptuous hypocrites, and to prevent their
ever calling their ftate in queilion, how much foever wicked-
nefs rages, and reigns in their hearts, and prevails in their
lives ; under a notion of honouring God, by hoping agamjl
hope, arid confidently trufting in God, when things look very
dark. And doubtlefs vail has been the mifchief that has been
done this way.
Perfons cannot be faid to forfake Chrift, and live on their
experiences of the exercifes of grace, merely becaufe they take
them and ufe them as evidences of grace ; for there are no
other evidences that they can or ought to take. But then may
perfons be faid to live upon their experiences, when they make
a righteoufnefs of them ; and inllead of keeping their eye on
God's glory, and Chrift's excellency, they turn their eyes off
thefe objects without them, on to themfelves, to entertain
their minds, by viewing their own attainments, and high ex
periences, and the great things they have met with, and arc
bright and beautiful in their own eyes, and are rich and in-
creafed with goods in their own apprehenfions, and think that
God has as admiring an efteem of them, on the fame account,
as they have of themfelves : this is living on experiences, and
not on Chrift ; and is more abominable in the fight of God,
than the grofs immoralities of thofe who make no pretences to
religion. But this is a far different thing from a mere impro
ving experiences as evidences of an interelt in a glorious Re
deemer.
But to return from this digreflion, I would mention one
thing more under the general head that I am upon.
XII. Nothing can be certainly concluded concerning the
nature of religious affections, that any are the fubjects of, from
this, that the outward rnanifeftations of them, and the relation
perfons give of them, are very affecting arid pleafmg to the
truly godly, and fach as greatly gain their charity, and win
their hearts.
The true faints have not fuch a fp'irit of difcerning, that they
can certainly determine who are godly, and who are not. For
though they know r experimentally what true religion is, in the
internal exercifes of it; yet thefe are what they can .neither
feel,
TO DISTINGUISH AFFECTIONS* s
feel, nor fee, in the heart of another.* There is nothing iri
others, that comes within their view, but outward manifestations
and appearances ; but the fcripture plainly in'
way of judging what is in men by outward appe
uncertain, and liable to deceit ; I Sam. xvi.
** feeth not as man feeth ; for man looketh on
mates, that this
irances, is at beft
7. "The Lord
the outward a-^
" pearance, but the Lord looketh on the heart." If. xi. 3.
-" He mall not judge after the fight of his eyes, neither reprove
* after the hearing of his ears."t They corimonly are but
-poor judges, and dangerous counfellors in foul cafes, who are
.'1 t '- s* n
quick and peremptory in determining perfons
themfelves in their extraordinary faculty of di,
dates, vaunting
cernmg
and dif-
tinguiihing, in thefe great affairs : as though iill was open and
<tlear to them. They betray one of thefe thre things'; either
that they have had but little experience ; or
weak judgment ; or that they have a great de<
felf-confidence, and fo ignorance of themfelve
are perfons of a
ree of pride and
. Wife and ex*
perienced men will proceed with great caution in fuch an
affair.
When there are many probable appearances of piety in others,
it is the duty of the faints to receive them cordially into their
charity, and to love them and rejoice in thern^ as their brethren
in Chrift Jefus. But yet the bed of meri may be deceived,
when the appearances feem to them exceeding fair and bright,
even fo as entirely to gain their charity, and cinquer their hearts.
Dd It
* '* Men may have the knowlege of* their own coiiverfion: the
' knowlege^that other men have of it is uncertain'; becaufe no man
c can look into the heart of another, and fee the workings of grace
" there.'* Standard's nature of facing cofr-verjipn, chap* xv. at the
beginning.
t Mr. Stoddard obferves, That tf all vifible figns arc common to
" converted and unconverted men : and a relation of experiences*
" among the reft." Appeal to the learned, p. -.7.
c< O how hard is It for the eye of man to di'fcern betwixt cliafFand
f< wheat !^ and how many upright hearts are now cenfared, whom
God. will clear ! how many falfe hearts are now approved, whom
God will condemn : Men ordinarily have no conviftive proofs,
s but only probable fymptoms ; which at inoft beget but a conjee*
" tural knowlege of another's ftate. And they that iliall percmpto-
" rily judge either way, may poillbiy wrong the generation of the
" upright, or on the other fide, abiblve and jaftify the wicked. And
t( truly confidering what hath been faid, it 'is no wonder that dange-
" rous mifrakes are fo frequently made' in ihis nutter/' Ft'jyJ's
mflandy f^mtnali^d t chap, xii/
WHAT ARE NO SIGNS Part II.
It has been a common thing in the church of God,
bright profeffors, that are received as eminent faints, an
for fuch
among the
faints, to fall away and come to nothing.* And this we need
not wonder at, if we confider the things that have been already
obferved : what things it has been fhown, may appear in men
who are altogether gracelefs. Nothing hinders but that all thefe
things may meet together in men, and yet they be without a
fpark of grace in their hearts. They may have religious affec
tions of many kinds together ; they may have a fort of affection
towards God, that bears a great refemblance ofdear love to him $
and fo a kind of love to the brethren, and great appearances of
admiration of God's perfections and works, and iorrow for fmj|
and reverence, fubmiflion, felf-abafement, gratitude, joy, religi- '
ous longings, and zeal tor the intereft of religion and the good of
fouls. And thefe affections may come after great awakening*
and convictions of confcience ; and there may be great appear*!
ances of a work of humiliation ; and counterfeit love and joy,
and other affections may feerri to follow thefe, and one another,
juft in the fame order, that is commonly obfervable in the holy
affections of true converts. And thefe religious affections may
be carried to a great height, and may caufe abundance of tears,
yea, may overcome the nature of thofe who are the fubjects of
them, and may make them affectionate, and fervent, and fluent
in fpeaking of the things of God, and difpofe them to be abund<j|
ant in it ; and may be attended with many fweet texts of fcriplj
ture, and precious promifes, brought with great impreflion om
their
* " Be not offended, if you fee great cedars fall, ftars fall fronf
<f heaven* great profeflbrs die and decay : do not think they be all
** iuch : do not think that the cleft ihall fall. Truly, fome are fuch
" that when they fall, one would think a man truly fandified might
" fall away, as the Arminians think: i John ii. 19. " They were
" not of us." I fpeak this, becaufe the Lord is fhaking ; and I
t( look for great apoftafies : for God is trying all his friends, through
" all the Chriilian world. In Germany what profeffion was there !
f( who would have thought it ? 1 he Lord who delights to manifeft
tf that openly, which "'-as hid fecretly, fends a fword and they fall."
Shepard's Parab. Part I. p. 1 1 8, 1 19.
" The faints may approve thee, and God condemn thee ; Rev.
" iii. i " Thou haft a name that thou liveft, and art dead/' Men
" may fay, There is a true Nathanael ; and God may fay, There is a
" felf-cozening Pharifce. Reader, Thou haft heard of Judas and
* e Demas, of Ananias and Sapphira, of Hymeneus and Philetus, once
" renowned and famous profefibrs, and thou haft heard how they
* proved at laft," Flavd'sToucliftone of Sincerity, chap. ii. feft. $ i
TO D I S T I N G U I 3 H A F F E C T I O N S. 211
their minds ; and may difpofe them with their mouths to praise
and glorify God, in a very ardent manner, and fervently to call
upon others to praifc him, crying out of their unwortlfinefs, and
extolling free grace. And may, moreover, difpoifef them to
abound in the external duties of religion, fuch as prayer, hearing
the word preached, finging, and religious conference ; and thefe
things attended with a great refemblance of a Chriftianaifurance,
in its greateft height, when the faints mount on eagles wings,
above all darknefs and doubting. I think it has been made plain,
that there may be all thefe things, and yet there be nothing
more than the common influences of the Spirit of God, joined
with the delufions of Satan, and the wicked and deceitful heart.
To which I may add, that all thefe things may be attended with
a fweet natural temper, and a good doctrinal knowlege of re
ligion, and a long acquaintance with the faints way of talking
2nd of expreiling their affc^iions and experiences, and a natural
ability and fubtilty in accommodating their expreffions and man
ner of fpeakingto the difpofitions and notions of the hearers, and
a taking decency of expreffion and behaviour, formed^y a ^n^L
education. How great therefore may the rcfer^biai-fce bt, s to
all outward expreifions and appearances, between an hypocrite;
and a true faint ! Doubtlefs it is the glorious prerogative of the
omnifcient God, as the great fearcher ofjrarts, to be able well to
feparate between iheep and goats.' AnCjjwhat an indecent, felf-
exaltation, and arrogance is it^-ii^ poor ,/JIible dark mortals, to
pretend that they can determine and kn<Jv, who are really fiucere
and upright before God, ai'ii who are not!
Many feem to lay great weight on that, and to fuppofe it.
to be what may determine ihem with refpeS to others real piety,
when they not only tell a Splaufible flory, but when, in giving
an account of their experiences^ they make fuch a reprelenta-
tion, and fpeak after fucli a manner, that thzyjeel their talk ;
that is to fay, when their talk feems to harmonize with their
own experience, and their hearts are touched and arfefted and
delighted, by what they hear them fay, and drawn out by it, in
dear love to them. But there is not that certainty in fuch
things, and that full dependence to be had upon them, which
many imagine. A true faint greatly delights in holinefs ; it is
a mod beautiful thing in his eyes ; and God's work, in fav-
ingly renewing and making holy and happy, a poor, and before
perifhing foul, appears to him a moil glorious work : no won
der therefore, that his heart is touched, and greatly afFefted,
when he hears another give a probable account of this work*
wrought
WHAT ARENO SIGNS Part II.
wrought on his own heart, and when he fees in him probable
appeTran&es of holinefs ; whether thofe pleafmg appearances
have any thing real to anfwer them, or no. And if he ufes
the fame w\>rds, which are commonly made ufe of, to exprefs
the afTeclion^ of true faints, and tells of many things follow*
ing one another in an order, agreeable to the method of the
experience of him that hears him, and alfo fpeaks freely and
boldly, and with an air of affurance ; no wonder that the other
thinks his experiences harmonize with his own. And if be.
iides all this, in giving his relation, he fpeaks with much afc
feftion ; and above all, if in fpeaking, he feems to mew much
^fFeclion to him to whom he fpeaks, fuch an affeclion as the
Oalatians did to the apoftle Paul ; thefe things will naturally
have a powerful influence, to affecT; and draw his hearer's heart,
3nd open wide the doors of his chanty towards him. David
fpeaks as one who had felt AhithophePs talk, and had once a
Iweet favour and relifh of it. And therefore exceeding great
was his furprife and difappointment, when he fell ; it was al*
Bioftttv j mfcK&r him. Pfai. Iv. 12, 13, 14. "It was not an
4< enemy then I\ould have borne it ; but it was thou, a man,
**' mine equal, myWuide, and mine acquaintance : we took.
<* fweet counfel toglf^er, ? 4 Qcl walked unto the houfe of : God
<{ in company," |o
It is with profefTors^uf rel/giwn, efpecially fuch as become
fo in a time of outpoujr/ig of the^pirit of God, as it is with
the bloflbms in the ipring ;* there^are vaft numbers of them
upon the trees, which all look fair a*id pomifing ; but yet very
many of them neverlcome to any thfng. And many of thofe,
that in a little time wither up, and <|rop off, and rot under the
trees; yet for a while, look as beautiful and gay as others;
and not only fo, but fmell fweet, and fend forth a pleafarU
odour ; fo that we cainnot, by any of our fenfes, certainly diftin-
guifh thofe blofToms which have in them that fecret virtue, which
will afterwards appear in the fruit, and that inward folidity
2nd ftrength which mall enable them to bear, and caufe them
to be perfected by the hot fummer fun, that will dry up the
Others. It is the mature fruit which comes afterwards, and
not
* A time of outpouring of the Spirit of God, reviving religion,
and producing the pleafant appearances of it, in new converts, is i!
fcripture compared to this very thing, viz. the fpring fcafon, who
the. benign influences of the heavens cayfe the bloffoms to put forth
Cant. ii. 'ii, jz.
TO DISTINGUISH AFFECTIONS/ 213
not the beautiful colours and fmell of the bioiTom, that we mud
judge by. So new converts, (profelledly fo,) in their talk
about things of religion, may appear fair, and be very favoury,
and the faints may think they talk feelingly. They may reliih
their talk, and imagine they perceive a divine iavour in it ;
and yet all may come to nothing.
It is firange how hardly men are brought to be contented
with the rules and directions Chrift has given them, but they
mull needs go by other rules of their own inventing, that feem
to them wifer and better. I know of no directions or counfels
which Chrift ever delivered more plainly, than the rules he
has given us, to guide us in our judging of others fincerity ;
viz. that we mould judge of the tree chiefly by the fruit : but
yet this will not do ; but other ways are found out, which are
imagined to be more diftinguifhing and certain. And woful
have been the mifchievous confequences, of this arrogant fet-
ting up mens wifdom above the wifdom of Chrift. I believe
many faints have gone much out of the way of Chrift's word,
in this refpeft : and fome of, them have been chaftifed with
whips, and (I had almoft faid) fcorpions, to bring them back
again. But many things which have lately appeared, and do
now appear, may convince, that ordinarily, thofe who have
gone fartheft this way, that have been moft highly conceited
of their faculty of difcerning, and have appeared moft forward,
peremptorily and fuddenly to determine the ftateof mens fouls,
have been hypocrites, who have known nothing of true reli
gion.
In the parable of the wheat and tares, it is faid, Matth. xiii.
26. " When the blade was fprung up, and brought forth fruit,
" then appeared the tares alfo." As though the tares were
not difcerned, nor diftinguilhable from the wheat, until then,
as Mr. Flavel obferves ;t who mentions it as an obfeivation
of Jerome's, that wheat and tares are fo much alike, ^until the
blade, of the wheat comes to bring forth the ear, that it is next
to i?npojjible to diftinguifli them. And then, Mr. Flavel adds,
'* How difficult fo ever it be to difcern the difference between
*' wheat and tares ; yet doubtlefs the eye of fenfe can much
" eafier difcriminate them, than the moft quick and piercing
*' eye of man, can difcern the difference between fpecial and
" common grace. For all faving graces in the faints, have
' their
f Hufbandry fpiritualized, Chap. xii.
WHAT ARE NO SIGNS Part II.
" their counterfeits in liypocrites ; there are fimilar works in
*' thofe, which a fpiiitual and veryjudicious eye may eafily mif-
' take,for the favingand genuine effects of a fan6Hfying fpirit. 1 *
, As it-is the ear or the fruit which diftinguiihes the wheat
from the tares, fo this is the true Shibboleth, that he who
iiands as judge at the paffages of Jordan, makes ufe of to dif-
tinguifli thofe that fhall pafs over Jordan into the true Ca
naan, from thofe that mould be flam at the paffages. For the
Hebrew word Shibboleth, fignifies an ear of corn. And per
haps the more full pronunciation of Jephthah's friends, Shib
boleth, may reprefenta full ear with fruit in it, typifying the
fruits of the friends of Chrift, the antitype of Jephthah ; and
the more lean pronunciation of the Ephrai mites his enemies,
may reprefent their empty ears, typifying the fhow of religion
in hypocrites, without fubftance and fruit. This is agreeable
to the doclrine we are abundantly taught in fcripture, viz. That
he who is fet to judge thofe that pafs through death, whether
they have a right to enter into the heavenly Canaan or no, or
whether they fhould not be flain, will judge every man ac
cording to his works,
We feem to be taught the fame things, by the rules given
for the prieft's difcerning the leprofy. In many cafes it was
impoflible for the pried to determine whether a man had the
leprofy, or whether he were clean, by the moft narrow infpec-
tion of the appearances that were upon him, until he had wait
ed to fee what the appearances would come to, and had fhut
up theperfori who (hewed himfelf to him, one feven days after
another ; and when he judged, he was to determine by the
hair, which grew out of the fpot that was fhewed him, which
was as it were the fruit that it brought forth.
And here, before I finifh what I have to fay under this head,,
I would fay fomething to a ftrange notion fome have of late
been led away with, of certainly knowing the good eftate that
others are in, as though.it were immediately revealed to them
from heaven, by their love flowing out to them in an extraor
dinary manner. They argue thus, that their love being very
fenfible and great, it may be certainly known by them who feel
it, to be a true Cbiiflian love : and if it be a true Chriftian love,
the Spirit of God muft be the author of it : and inafmuch as
the Spirit of God, who knows certainly, whether others are
the children of God or no, and is a fpirit of truth, is pleafed,
by an uncommon influence upon them, to caufe their love to
flow
TO DISTINGUISH AFFECTIONS. 215
flow out, in an extraordinary manner, towards fuch a perfon,
as a child of God ; it mull needs be that this infallible Spirit,
who deceives none, knows that that perfon is a child of God.
But fuch perfons might be convinced of the falfenefs of their
reafonirig, if they would confider whether or no it be not their
duty, and what God requires of them, to love thofe as the
children of God, who they think are the children of God, and
whom they have no reafon to think otherwife of, from all that
they can fee in them, though God, who fearches the hearts,
knows them not to be his children. If it be their duty, then
it is good, and the want of it fin ; and therefore, furely, the
Spirit of God may be the author of it : the Spirit of God, with
out being a fpirit of falfehood, may in fuch a cafe affift a per-
fon to do his duty, arid keep him from fin. But then they ar
gue from the uncommon degree arid fpecial manner, in which
their love flows out to the perfon ; which they think the Spirit
of God never would caufe, if he did not know the object to be
a child of God. But then I would afk them, whether or no it
is not their duty to love all fuch as they are bound to think are
the children of God, from all that they can fee in them, to a
very great degree, though God, from other things which he
fees, that are out of fight to them, knows them not to be fo,
It is mens duty to'' 'love all whom they are bound in charity to
look upon as t v children of God, with a vaflly dearer affec
tion than they i ! 'rimonly do. As we ought to love Chrift to
the utmoft cap-' \cy of our nature, fo it is our duty to love thofe
who we think are'fb near and dear to him as his members, with
an exceeding dear affeclion, as Chrift has loved us ; and there
fore it is fin in us not to love them fo. We ought to pray td
God that he would by his Spirit keep us from fin, and enable
us to do our duty : and may not his Spirit anfwer our prayers,
and enable us to do our duty, in a particular inflance, without
lying ? If he cannot, then the Spirit of God is bound not to
help his people to do their duty in fome inftances, becaufe
he cannot do it without being a fpirit of falfehood. But fure
ly God is fo fovereign as that comes to, that he may enable us
to do our duty when he pleafes, and on what occafion he
pleafes. When perfons think others are his children, God
may have other ends in caufing their exceedingly endeared love
to flow out to them, befides revealing to them whether their
opinion of them be right or no : he may have that merciful
f nd in it, to enable them fco do their duty, and to keep them
from
si6 WHATARE NO SIGNS Part IL
from that dreadful infinite evil, fin. And will they fay GoJ
{hall not fhow them that mercy in fuch a cafe ? If I am at a
di fiance from home, and hear, that in my abfence, my houfe
is burnt, but my family have, in fome extraordinary manner,
all efcaped the flames ; and every thing in the circumflances of A
the ftoiy, as I hear it, makes it appear very credible ; it would
be fin in me, in fuch a cafe, not to feel a very great degree of
gratitude to God, though the ftory indeed be not true. And
is not God fo fovereign, that he may if he pleafes, mew me
that mercy on that occafion, and enable me to do my duty in-
a much further degree than I ufed to do it, and yet not incur
the charge of deceitfulnefs, in confirming a falfehood ?
It is exceeding manifelr, that error or miftake may be the
occafion of a gracious exercife, and confequently a gracious in
fluence of the Spirit of God, by Rom. xiv. 6. " ILe tjiat eateth
*' to the Lord, he eateth, and giveth God thanks ;. r and he that
" eateth not to the Lord, he eateth not, and giveth '(jod thanks."
The apoftle is fpeaking of thofe, who through erroneous and
needlefs fcruples, avoided eating legally unclean meats. By this
it is very evident, that there may be true exercifes of grace, a
true refpecl to the Lord, and particularly, ) a true thankfulnefs,
which may be occafioned, both by an erroneous judgment and
praftice. And confequently, an error may-be the occafion of
thofe truly holy exercifes that are from tljgijjfellible Spirit of
God. And if fo, it is certainly too much' ixjr us to determine,
to how great a degree, the Spirit of Godjmay give this holy
exercife, on fuch an occafion.
This notion, of certainly difcerning another's flate, by love
flowing out, is not only not founded on reafon or fcripture,
but it is anti-fcriptural,it is.againft the rules of fcripture ; which
fay not a word of any fuch way of judging the ftate of others
as this, but direct us to judge chiefly by the fruits that are feen
in them. And it is againft the doclrines of fcripture, which
do plainly teach us, that the ftate of others fouls towards God,
cannot be known by us, as in Rev. ii. 17. " To him thatover-
" cometh will I give to eat of the hidden manna, and I will
" give him a white ftone, and in the ftone a new name writ-
" ten, which no man knoweth^Javing he that receiveth it" And
Rom. ii. 29. " He i? a Jew, which is one inwardly; and cir-
" cumcifion is that of the heart, in the fpirit, and not in the
** letter, whofe praife is not of men, but of God." That by this
laft
TO DISTINGUISH AFFECTIONS; 217
laft expreffion, whofc. praiftis net of men, but of God, the apo-
ftle has refpeci to the mfuidiciency of men to judge concerning
him, whether he be inwardly a Jew or no, (as they could eafiiy
fee by outward marks, whether men were outwardly Jews,) and
would iignify, that it belongs to God alone to give a determin
ing voice in this matter, is^confirmed by the lame apoille's ufe
of the phrafe, in i Cor. iv. 5. " Therefore judge nothing be-
1 fore the time, until the Lord come, who both will bring to
" light the hidden things of darknefs, and will make mariifeft
" the counfels of the hearts :" and then mall every man have
praife of God. The apoltle, in the two foregoing verfes, fays*
14 But with me it is a very fmall thing that I ihould be judged
" of you, or of man's judgment : yea, I judge not mine own
" felf. For I know nothing by myfelf, yet am I not hereby
" juftified : but he that judgeth me is the Lord." And agair^
it is further confirmed, becaufe the apoille in this fecond chap
ter to the Romans, directs his fpeech efpecially to thofe who
had a high conceit of their own holinefs, made their boaft of
God, and were confident of their own difcerning, and that
they knew God's will, and approved the things which were
excellent, or tried the things that differ (as it is In the margin.)
Verf. 19. " And were confident that they were guides of the
" blind, and a light to them which are in darknefs, inilruc-
" tors of the foolifli, teac$^pf babes ;" and fo took upon
them to judge others. See veW. i. and 17, 18, 19, 20.
And how arrogant rn^ft thejiotion be, that they have, who
imagine they can certainly know others godlinels., when that
treat apolile Peter Intends not to fay any more concerning
ylvanus, than that he was " a faithful brother, as he (JuppoC-
" ed ?" i Pet. v. 12. Though this Sylvanus appears to have
been a very eminent minifter of Chrift, and ail evangelill, and
"a famous light in God's church at that day, and an intimate
companion of the apoll'es. See ?. Cor. i. 19. i Their, i. i.
aud 2 Tiieff. i. i.
CONCERNING SIGNS Part III.
PART III.
Shewing what are diftinguiihing Signs of truly
gracious and holy Affections.
I Come now to the SECOND thing appertaining to the
trial of religious affe61ions, which was propofed, viz. To
take notice of fome things, wherein thofe affeciions that are
ipirituai and gracious, do chilcr tioni (hofe that are not fo.
But before I proceed tlirecliy to the diilinguilhing characters,
I would previoully menticn feme things which I clefire may bs
obferved, concerning the marks 1 fhali lay down-.
i. That I am far from undertaking to give fuch %ns of gra
cious affections, as mall be fuitkient to enable any certainly
to diftiuguiih true afifetlion from ialfe in others ; or to deter
mine pofmvely which of their n^j&hponrs are true profeiTois,
arid which aie hypocrites. ImfMoing, I mould be guilty of
that arrogance which I have been condemning. Though it be
plain that Chiiit has given riA?s lo all Chriitians, to enable
them to judge of profeilbi s of religion, whom they are concern
ed wiih, lo ;ar as is nece/fary lor their cfwn iafeiy, and to pre
vent their being led into a fnaie byfaife teachers, and falfe pre
tenders to religien ; and though it be alfo beyond doubt, that
the fcripturcs do abound with rules, whicfy may be very fei vice-
able to minilleis, in counleihng and conducting fouls commit-
ted to their care m things appertaining to their fpiritual and
eternal ilate ; ye', it is alfo evident, that it was never God's
defign to give us any rules, by which we may certainly know,
who of our fellow-profellors are his, and to make a full and
clear feparatidn between flieep and goats : but that on the con-
tiary, it was God's defign to referve this to him fell', as his prer
rogative. And therefore no fuch diilinguilhing figns as lhall
enable Chriitians or miniflers to do this, are ever to be expect
ed to the world's end : for no more is ever to be expected from
any figns, that are to be found in the word of God, or gather
ed from it, than Chrifl defigned them for. No
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 219
ff. No fuch figns are to be expected, that (hall be fulhcient
to enable thofe fainis certainly to diicern their own good eilate,
who are very low in grace, or are fuch as have much departed
from God. and are fallen into a dead, carnal and unch 1
frame. It is not agreeable to God's defign, (as lias been alrea
dy obferved,) that inch fhould know their gooc! ellr.tc : nor is
it definable that they fhould ; but, on the contrary, every way
bell, that they fhould not ; and we have reafon to blcfs God,
that he has made no provifion that fuch fhould certainly know
the i!.ate that they are in, any other way, than by iirll coming
out of the ill frame arid way they are in.
Indeed it is not properly through the defeft of the figns giv
en in the word of God, that every faiin living, whether ilrong
or weak, and thofe who are in a bad frame, as well as others,
cannot certainly know their good eflate by them. For (he rules
in themfeh r es are certain and infallible, and every faint has, or
has had thofe things in himfelf, which are fure evidences of
grace ; for every, even the Uaft act of grace is fo. But it is
thr.yr.oh his defect to whom the figns are given. There is a
twofold defect in that faint who is very low in grace, or in an
il! frame, which makes it impoffible for him to know certain
ly that he has true grace, by the heft figns and rules which
can be given him.
Fir/l, A de feel: in the oljeft, or the qualification to be view
ed and examined. 1 do not mean an cliential defeat ; becaufe
I fuppofe the perfoh'.to be a real faint; but a delect in degree :
grace being very firall, cannot he clearly and certainly difcern-
ed and diftinguifhed. Things that are very frnali, we cannot
clearly difcern their form, or diitinguifh them one from ano
ther; though, as they are in thernfelves, their form may be
very different. There is doubtlefs a great difference between
the body of man, and the bodies of other animals, in the fir ft
conception in the womb : but yet if we fhould view the dif
ferent embryos, it might not be poffihle for us to difcern the
difference, by reafon of the impcrfccl flatc of the cbjecl: ; but
as it comes to greater perfection, the difference becomes very
plain. The difference between creatures of very contrary
qualities, is not fo plainly to be feen while they are very young,
even after they are actually brought forth, as in their more
perfect flate. The difference between doves and ravens, or
doves and vultures, when they firfl come out of the egg, is not
fo
220 CONCERNING SIGNS Part III
fo evident ; but as they grow to their perfection, it is exceed
ing great and manifeit. Another defeft attending the grace
of thofe I am fpeaking, is its being mingled with fo much cor?
ruption, which clouds and hides it, and makes it impofiible
for it certainly to be known. Though different things that are
before us, may have in themfelves many marks thoroughly
diflinguiihing them one from another ; yet if we fee them only ,
in a thick fmoke, it may neverthelefs be impofiihle to diftin^
guifh them. A fixed ftar is eaftly uiilinguilhable from a comet, ,
in a clear iky ; but if we view them through a cloud, it may
^be impoffible to fee the difference. When true Chriflians
are in an ill frame, guilt lies on the confcience ; which
will bring fear, and fo prevent the peace and joy of an allured
hope.
Secondly, There is in fuch a cafe a defect in the eye. A$
the feeblenefs of grace and prevalence of corruption, obfcures
the object ; fo it enfeebles the fight ; it darkens the fight as to
all fpiritual objecls, . of which grace is one. Sin is like fome
diftempers of the eyes, that make things to appear of different
colours from thofe which properly belong to them, and like
many other diftempers, that put the mouth out of tafle, fo as
to difenable from diftingiiiftung good and wholefome food
from bad, but every thing tafles bitter. Men in a corrupt and
carnal frame, have their fpiritual fcnfes in but poor plight for
judging and diflinguifhing fpiritual things.
For thefe reafons, no figns that can be given, will actually
fatisfy perfons in fuch a cafe : let the figns that are given, be
never fo good and infallible, and clearly laid down, they will
not ferve them. It is like giving a man rules, how to diftin-
guifh vifible objecls in the dark : the things themfelves may
be very different, and their difference may be very well and
diftinclly defcribed to him ; yet all is inefficient to enable
him to diftinguifli them, becaufe he is in the dark. And there
fore many perfons in fuch a cafe fpend time in a fruitlefs la
bour, in poring on paft experiences, and examining themfelves
by figns they hear laid down from the pulpit, or that they read
in books ; when there is other work for them to do, that is
much more expefted of them ; which, while they negleft, all
their felf-exatpi nations are like to be in vain, if they fliould
fpend never fo much time in them. The accurfed thing is to
be deftroyed from their camp, and Achan to be (lain ; and un
til this be done, they will be in trouble. It is not Cod's defigr*
that
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 221
that men flionld obtain aiTuranceun any other way, than by
mortifying corruption, and increafing in grace, and obtaining
the lively exercifes of it. And although felf-examination be a
duty of great tife and importance, and by no means to be ne
glected ; yet it is not the principal means, by which the faints
do get fatisfaction of their good eilate. Aflurance is not to be
obtained fo much by felf -examination^ as by aclion. The apof-
tle Paul fought affa ranee chiefly this way, even by forgetting
the things that we.re. behind, and reaching forth unto ihofe things
that were before, preffing towards the mark for the prize of the
high calling of God in Chrift Jefus ; if by any means he might
attain unto the refarreclion of the dead. And it was by this
means chiefly that he obtained aiiurance, i Cor. ix. 26. " I
" therefore fo run, as not uncertainly." He obtained aflurance
of winning the prize, more by running, than by confidtring.
T\\QjwiftneJ's of his pace, did more towards his affurance of
aconqueil, than the Jlri&nefs of his examination. Giving all
diligence to grow in grace, by adding to faith, virtue, ?<:. is
the direction that the apoftle Peter gives us, for making our call-
in? and election furc, and having an entrance miuijlered to us
abundantly, into Chrift' s evtrlajling kingdom ; iignifying to us,
that without this, our eyes will be dim, and we {hall be as men
in the dark, that cannot plainly fee things part cr to come, either
the forgivenefs of our fins pad, or our heavenly inheritance that
is future, arid jfor off, 2 Pet. i. 5 n.J-
Therefore, though good rules to diftinguifh true grace from
counterfeit, may tend to convince hypocrites, and be of great
life to the faints, in many refpe&s ; and among other benefits
may be very ufeful to them to remove many needlefs fcruples,
and eftablifh their hope ; yet I am far from pretending to lay
down any fuch rules, as fhall be fufficient of themfelves, with
out other means, to enable all true faints to fee their good
eftate, or as fuppoling they mould be the principal means of
their fatisfaction.
3. Nor
J " The way to know your godlinefs, is to renew the vifible ex
ercifes of grace." fc The more the vifible exercifes of grace are
renewed, the more certain you will be. The more frequently
thefe actings are renewed, the more abiding and confirmed your
aflurance will be." " The more mens grace is multiplied, the
more their peace is multiplied ; 2 Pet. i. 2. Grace and peace be mul
tiplied unto you, through the knvwlege of God arid jfe/vs Ckrijl our
Lord," StouJiird's U-\-y lo hivw Jlnceriy ci:;j t.'v .'ocri :j } p. 139. and
i22 THE FIRST SIGN Part III.
3. Nor is there much encouragement, in the experience of
prcfent or paft times, to lay down j ules or marks to diftinguifh
between true and falfe affections, in hopes of convincing any
confiderable number of that fort of hypocrites, who have been
deceived with great falfe. difcoveries and aff eel ions, and are once
fettled in a falfe confidence, and high conceit of their own fup-
pofed great experiences and privileges. Such hypocrites are fo
conceited of their own wifdom, and fo blinded and hardened
with a very great fdf-righteoufnefs, (but very fubtil and fecret,
tinder the difguife of great humility,) and fo' invincible a fond-
iKiscf their pleafing conceit, of their great exaltation, that it
iifually figniiies nothing at all, to lay before them the moft con
vincing evidences cf their hypocrify. Their ftate is indeed de
plorable, arid next to thofe that have committed the unpardon
able 'fin. Some of this fort of peifons feem to be moft out of
the reach of means of conviction and repentance. But yet the
.lay ing down good rules may be a means of preventing fuch hy
pocrites, and of convincing many of other kinds of hypocrites ;
and God is able to convince even this kind, and his grace is not
to be limited, nor means to be neglefted. And befides, fuch
rules may be of ufe to the true faints, to detecl: falfe afreclions,
which they may have mingled with true ; and be a means of
their religion's becoming more pure, and like gold tried in the
fire.
Having premifed thefe things, I now proceed directly to take
notice of thofe things in which true religious afFe&ions are cli-
ftinguilhed from falfe.
I. AffecTions that are truly fpiritual and gracious, do arife
from thofe influences and operations' on the heart, which are
fp -.ritual, fupcr natural, and divine.
I will explain what I mean by thefe term?, whence will ap-
poar their ufe to diftinguifh between thofe afteclions which are
fpiritual, and thofe which are not fo.
We find that true faints, or thofe perfons who are fanctified
by the Spirit of God, are in the New Feftament called Jjttriiuat
perfons. And their being fpiritual is fpoken of as their pecu
liar character, and that wherein they are diftinguiihed from
thofe who are not fanclined. This is evident, becaufe thofe
v.'ho are fpiritual are fet in oppofiticn to natural men, and carnal
men. Thus the fpiritual 1 man and the natural man are fct in
oppofition one to another, I Cor. ii. 14, I <>. " The natural man
" receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God ; for they are fool-
" iflinels unto him : neither can he know them, becaufe they
" are
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS.
" are fpiritually diicerned. But he that is fpiritunl, jud
" things.'* The icripture explains itfelf to menu an u
man, or one that has no grace, by a natural m.i;i -. tl:
apoille Juib, fpeaktng of certain ungodly intn t that had crept
in unawares among the faints, verf. 4. ot '!:: , fays, verf.
19. Theft are ienfuai, hating not the Spirit. I his the apoftle
gives as a reafori why they behaved thetnfcU'es in fach a wicked
manner as he had dticiibed. Here the word tranllated/j/T/zW,
in the original is natural ; which is the very fame, which in
thofc veries in I Cor. chap. ii. is translated natural. In the
like manner, in the continuation of the fav :fc, in the
next verfe but one, fpiritual men are oppofcd to earned men ;
which the connection plainly (hews mean the fame, as fpuituai
men and natural men, in the foregoing verfes ; And I, brethren,
could not faak unto you, as unto fpiritual, but as unto carnal ;
i. e. as in a great mt-afure unfantlilied. That by carnal the
apoftle means corrupt and unfan&ified, is abundantly evident,
by Rom. vii. 25. and viii. 1,4,5,6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 17. Gal. v.
16. to the end. Col. ii. 18. Now therefore, if by natural and
carnal, in thefl- text.-, be intended tinfan&ifedi then doubtlefs
by fpiritual, v/iucii is oppofc-d thereto, is meant /anttifitd and
gracious.
And as the faints are called fpiritual in fcnpture, fo we alfo
find that there are certain properties, qualities, and principles,
that have the fame epithet given them. So we read of a//>/n-
tual mind, Rom. viii. 6, j. and tf fpiritual wifdom, Col. i. 9.
and of fpiritual bltjjings, Eph. i. 3.
Now it may be obierved, that the epithet fpiritual, in thefs
and other parallel texts of the New Teftarnent, is not ufed to
beeaufe they have their feat in the foul, and not in the body :
for there are fome properties that the fcripture calls curiial or
&Jkly> which have their fetit as much in the foul, as thoie pro
perties that are called fpiritual. Thus it is with pride and ielt-
righteouTn^fs, and a man's tnifling to his own wifdorn, \\hich
theapofdecalls/^/y, Col. ii. 18. Nor arc things called fpiri
tual, been ufe they are converfant about thofe things that are
immaterial, and not corporeal. For fo w:;s tlie wifdorh of the
wife men, and princes of -this world, con- k>ul fpirits--,
and immaterial beings ; which yet the apofHe {oc-.. ; :s ci:' as na
tural men, totally ignorant of thofe things that arc fniritna!,
i Cor.
25?4 THE FIRST SIGN Part itL
a Cor. chap. ii. But it is with relation to the Holy Gko/l, or
Spirit of God, that perfons or things are termed ipiritual, in
the New Teftament. Spirit, as the word is ufed to fignify the
third perfon in the Trinity, is the fubftantive, of which is
formed the adje6tive fpintual, in the holy fcriptures. Thus
Chriftians are called ipiritual perfons, becaufe they are born
of the Spirit, and becaafe of the indwelling arid holy influences
of the Spirit of God in them. And things are called fpintual
as related to the Spirit of God ; i Cor. ii. 13, 14. " Which
" things alfo we (peak, not in the words which man's wifdom
*' teacheth, but which the Holy Ghofl teacheth ; comparing
" fpintual things with fpiritual. But the natural man receiv-
" tih not the things of the Spirit of God." Here the apoftle 1
himfelf exprefsly iignifies, that by fpiritual things, he means
the things of the Spirit of God, and things which the Holy Ghojl
teacheth. The fame is yet more abundantly apparent by view-
'ing the whole context. Again, Rom. viii. 6. " To be carnal-
" ly minded, is death ; but to \>z fpiritually minded, is life and
" peace." The apoftle explains what he means by being car
nally and fpiritually minded, in what follows in the gth verfe,
and (hews that by being fpiritually minded, he means a having
the indwelling and holy influences of the Spirit of God in the
heart. But ye are not in the fleih, but in the Spirit, if fo bt
the Spirit of God dwell in you. Now if any man have not
the Spirit of Chrift, he is none of his. The fame is evident by
all the context. But time would fail to produce all the evi
dence there is of this, in the New TeftamenL
And it mud be here obferved, that although it is with re
lation to the Spirit of God and his influences, that perfons and
things are called fpiritual ; yet not all thofe perfons who are
fubjel to any kind of influence of the Spirit of God, are ordi
narily called fpiritual in the New Teftament. They who have
only the common influences of God's Spirit, are not fo called,
in the places cited above, but only thofe, who have the fpecial,
gracious and faving influences of God's Spirit ; as is evident,
becaufe it has been already proved, that by fpiritual men is
meant godly men, in oppofition to natural, carnal arid unfaric-
tified men. And it is moft plain, that the apoftle by fpiritually
minded, Rom. .viii. 6. means gracioufly minded. And though
the extraordinary gifts of the Spirit, which natural men might
have, are fometimes called fpintual, becaufe they are from the
Spirit ; yet natural men, whatever gifts of the Spirit they had,
were
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 225
were not, in the ufual language of the New Teftament, called
ipiritual perfons. For it was not by mcns having the gifts of
the Spirit, but by their having the virtues of the Spirit, that
they were called fpiritual ; as is apparent, by Gal. vi. i. " Bre-
*' thren, if any man be overtaken in a fault, ye which are fpiri-
" tual, reflore fuch an one in the fpirit of meeknefs." Meek-
nefs is one of thofe virtues which the apoftle had juft fpoken of,
in the verfes next preceding, (hewing what are the fruits ojthz
Spirit. Thofe qualifications are faid to be fpiritual in the
language of the New Teitament, which are truly gracious and
holy, and peculiar to the faints.
Thus when we read of fpiritual wifdom and underftanding,
(as in Col. i. 9. We. de/irc-thatyc, may be filled with ike know-
lege of his will, in all wifdom and fpiritual underftanding;)
hereby is intended that wifdom which is gracious, and from
the fanctifying influences of the Spirit of God. For doubtlefs,
by fpiritual wifdom, is meant that which is oppofite to what
the fcripture calls natural wifdom ; as the fpiritual man is op-
pofed to the natural man. And therefore fpiritual wifdom is
doubtlefs the fame with that wifdom which is from above,
that the apoftle James fpeaks of, Jam. iii. 17. " The
" wifdom that is from above, is firft pure, then peaceable,
" gentle, &c." for this the apoftle oppofcs to natural wifdom ,
verf. 15. " This wifdom defcendeth not from above, but is
" earthly, fenfual" the laft word in the original is the fame
that is tranflated natural, in i Cor. ii. 14.
So that although natural men may be the fubjects of many
influences of the Spirit of God, as is evident by many fcripturcs,
as Numb. xxiv. 2. i Sam. x. 10. and xi. 6. and xvi. 14. i Cor,
xiii. i, 2,3. Heb. vi. 4, , 6. and many others ; yet they arc
not in the fenfeof the fcripture, fpiritual perfons ; neither are
any of thofe effecls, common gifts, qualities or affeftions, that
are from the influence of the Spirit of God upon them,
called fpiritual things. * The great difference lies in thefe two
things.
i. The Spirit of God is given to the true faints to dwell in
them, as his proper lafting abode ; and to influence their hearts,
as a principle of new nature, or as a divine fupernatural fprinw;
of life and action. The fcriptures rcprefcnt the Holy Spirit,
not only as moving, and occafionally influencing the faints, but
as dwelling in them as his temple, bis proper abode, arid ever-
lafting dwelling-place, i Cor. iii. 16. a Cor. vi. 16. lohnslv.
F f *<\
226 THE FIRST SIGN Part III,
16, 17. And he is rcprefented as being there fo united to the
faculties of the foul, that he becomes there a principle or fpring
of new nature and life.
So the faints are faid to live by Chrift living in them, Gal.
ii. 20. Chrift by his Spirit not only is in them, but lives in
them ; and fo that they live by his fife ; fo is his Spirit united
to them, as a principle of life in them ; they do not only drink
living water, but this living water becomes a well or fountain of
water, in the foul ; fpringmg up into fpi ritual arid everlajling
tiff* J onn lv - 14- and thus becomes a principle of life in them :
this living water, this evangelift himfelf explains to iniend the
Spirit of God, Chap. vii. 38, 39. The light of the Sun of
righteoufnefs does not only mine upon them, but is fo com
municated to them that they fhine alfo, and become little ima
ges of that Sun which fhines upon them ; the fap cf the true
vine is not only conveyed into them, as the fap of a tree may
be conveyed into a veffel* but is conveyed as fop is from a tiee
into one of its living branches, where it becomes a principle
of life. The Spirit of God being thus communicated and uni
ted to the faints, they are from thence properly denominated
from it, and are called fpiritual.
On the other hand, though the Spirit of God may many
ways influence natural men ; yet becaufe it is not thus com
municated to them, as an indwelling principle, they do not
derive any denomination or character from it ; for there be
ing no union it is not their own. The light may fhine upon
a body that is very dark or black ; and though that body be
the fubjeft of the light, yet, becaufe the light becomes no
principle of light in it, fo as to caufe the body to mine, hence
that body does not properly receive its denomination fronvit,
fo as to be called a light fame body. So the Spirit of God act
ing upon the foul only, without communicating itfelf to be an
active principle in it, cannot denominate it fpiritual. A body
that continues black, may be faid not to have, light, though the
light fhines upon it : fo natural men are faid not to have the
Spirit, Jude 19. fenfual or natural, (as the word is elfewhere
rendered,) having not the. Spirit.
2. Another reafon why the faints and their virtues are called
fpiritual, (which is the principal thing,) is, that the Spirit of
God, dwelling as a vital principle in their fouls, there produces
thofe effe&s wherein he exerts and ccmmunica'.es himfeif in
his
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 227
his own proper nalurt. Holinefs is the nature of the Spirit of
God, therefore he is called in fcripture the Holy Gko/f. Holi
nefs, which is as it were the beauty and fweetnefs of the divine
nature, is as much the proper nature of the Holy Spirit, as
heat is the nature of fire, or fweetreis was the nature of that
holy anointing oil, which was the principal type of the Holy
Ghoft in the Mofaic dispensation ; yea, 1 may rather lay, that
holinefs is as much the proper nature of the Holy Ghoft, as
fweetnefs was the nature of the fvveet odour of that ointment.
The Spirit of God fo dwells in the hearts of the faints, that he
there, as a feed or fpring of life, exerts and communicates
himfelf, in this his fweet and divine nature, making the foul
a partaker of God's beauty and Chrift's joy, fo that the faint
Jhas truly fellowship with the Father, and with his Son jefus
Chrift, in thus having the communion or participation of the
Holy Ghoft. The grace which is in the hearts of the faints,
is of the fame nature with the divine holinefs, as much as it is
pofTible for that holinefs to be, which is infinitely lefs in degree ;
as the brightness that is in a diamond which the fun ihines tjpon,
is of the fame nature with the brightnefs of the fun, but only
that it is as nothing to it in degree. Therefore Chrift fays,
John iii. 6. " That which is born of the Spirit, is fpirit ;" z. t.
the grace that is begotten in the hearts of the faints, is fome-
thing of the fame nature with ihat Spirit, and fo is properly
called a Jpiritual nature. ; after the fame manner as that which
is born of the flefh is flem, or that which is born of corrupt
nature is corrupt nature.
But the Spirit of God never influences the minds of natural
men after this manner. Though he may influence them many
ways, yet he never, in any of his influences, communi
cates himfelf to them in his own proper nature. Indeed he
never a&s difagreeably to his nature, either on the minds
of faints or finners : but the Spirit of God may aft upon
men agreeably to his own nature, and not exert his pro
per nature in the acts and exercifes of their minds :
the, Spirit of God may a6t fo, that iiis actions may be agreeable
to his nature, and yet may not at all communicate himfelf in
his proper nature, in the effect of that action. Thus, for in-
fiance, the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters,
and there was nothing difagreeable to his nature in that aclion ;
but yet he did not at all communicate himfelf in that aclion,
there was nothing of the proper nature of tbe Holy Spirit in
22 8 T H F I R S T S I G N Part III.
that motion of the waters. And fo be may aft upon the minds
of men many ways, and not communicate himfelf any more
than when he acts on inanimate things.
Thus not only the manner of the relation of the Spirit, who
is the operator, to the fubjeft of his operations, is different ;
as the Spirit operates in the faints, as dwelling in them, as asi
abiding principle of aclion, whereas he doth not fo operate
upon finners ; but the influence and opzraticnitfdf'^ different,
and the ejftEl wrought exceeding different. So that not only
the perfons are called Jpintital, as having the Spirit of God
dwelling in them ; but thofe qualifications, affeclions, and ex
periences that are wrought in them by the Spirit, are alfoy^z-
ritualy and therein differ vaftly in their nature and kind from
all that a natural man is or can be. the fubjeft of, while he re
mains in a natural ftate ; and alfo from all that men or devils
can be the authors of. It is a fpiritual work in this highfenfe;
and therefore above all other works is peculiar to the Spirit of
God. There is no work fo high and excellent ; for there is no
work wherein God doth fo much communicate himfelf, and
wherein the mere creature hath, in fo high a fenfe, a partici
pation of God ; fo that it is expreffed in fcripture by the faints
" being made partakers of the divine nature," 2 Pet. i. 4. and
" having God dwelling in them, and they in God,'" i John
iv. 12, 15, 1 6. and chap. iii. 21. " and having Chrift in them,"
John xvii. 21. Rom. viii. 10. " being the temples of the living
V God,'* 2,Cor. vi. 16. " living by thrift's life," Gal, ii. 2d.
" being; made partakers of God's holinefs," Heb. xii. 10. " hav-
" ing Chriit's love dwelling in them," John xvii. 26. " having
" his joy fulfilled in them," John xvii. i?. " feeing light in
" God's light, a W being; made to drink of the river of God ? s
" pleafures," Pfal, xxxvi. 8, 9. " having fellowfhip with God,
" or communicating and partaking with him," (us the word
fignifies,) i John i. 3. Not that the faints are made partakers
of the eifence of God, and fo are godded with God, and chrifled
with Chrift, according to the abominable find blafphemous lan
guage and notions of feme heretics ; but, to ufe the fcripture
phrafe, they are made partakers of God's jutncfi t Eph. iii. 17,
18, 19. John i. 16. that is, of God's fpiritual beauty and hap-
pinefs, according to the meafure and capacity of a creature ;
for fo it is evident the word julnffs fignifies in fcripture-lan-
guage. Grace in the hearts of the faints, being therefore the
molt glorious work of God, wherein he communicates of the
goodnefs of his nature, it is doubtkfs his peculiar work, and
tti
OF GRACIOUS A F F E c T i o N ? s.
in an eminent manner, above the power of all creatures. And
the iniluences of the Spirit of God in this, being thus peculiar
to God, and being thofe wherein God does, in fo high a man
ner, communicate himielf, and make the creature partake of
the divine nature, (the Spirit of God communicating itfelf in its
own proper nature ;) this is what I mean by thofe influences
that are divine, when I fay that truly gracious ajfe&ions do anfe
J'rom thofe influences that are fpiritual and divine.
The true faints only have that -which is fpiritual ; others
have noihing which is divine, in the fenfe that has been fpokeu
of. They not only have not thefe communications of the Spi
rit of God in fo high a degree as the faints, but have nothing
of that nature or kind. For the apoftle James tells us, that
natural men have not the. Spirit ; and Chrift teaches the riecefii-
ty of a new birth, or being born of the Spirit, from this,
that he that is born ofthejlefk, has only Jlejh, and no Jpirit,
John iii. 6. They have not the Spirit of God duelling in
them in any degree ; for the apoflle teaches, that all who have
the Spirit of God dwelling in them are fome of his, Rom. viii.
9 11. And an having the Spirit of God is fpoken of as a
certain fign that perfons fhs'l have the eternal inheritance; for
it is fpoken of as the earneft of it, 2 Cor. i. 22. and v. j. Eph.
i. 14. and an having any thing of the. Spirit is mentioned as a
fure fign of being in Chriir, j John iv. 13. ** Hereby know
*' we that we dwell in him, becaufe he hath given us ^/'his Spi-
" rit." Ungodly men, not only have not fo much of the divine
nature as the faints, but they ZTQ not partakers of it ; which im
plies that they have nothing of it ; for a being partaker of the
divine nature is fpoken of as the peculiar privilege of the true
faints, 2 Pet. i. 4. Ungodly men are ftoi partakers oj God's ho-
lincfs, Heb. xii. 10. A natural man has no experience of any
of thofe things that are fpiritual : the apoflle teaches us that he
is fo far from it, that he knows nothing about them, he is aper-
fecl ftranger to them, the talk about fuch things is all foolifh-
nefs and nonfenfe to him, be knows not what it means, i Cor.
ii. 14. u The natural man receiveth not the things of the
" Spirit of God ; for they are fooliilmefs to him : neither can
*' he know them, becaufe they are fpiritually difcerned." And
to the like purpofc Chrift teaches us that the world is wholly
unacquainted with the Spirit of God, John xiv. 17. '* Even
" the Spirit of truth, whom the world cannot receive, becaufe
" it feeth him not, neither knoweth him." And it is further
evident, that natural men have nothing in them of the fame
nature
THE FIRST S i G K Part III.
nature with the true grace of the faints, becaufe the apoftlc
teaches us, that thole of them who go fai theft in religion, have
no charity, or true f hriftian love, i Cor. chap. xiii. So Chrift
clfewheie reproves the Pharifees, thofe high pretenders to re
ligion, that they had not the love of God in them, John v. 42.
Hence natural men have no communion or fellowship with
Chrift, or participation with him, (as thefe words flgnify,) for
this is-fpoken of as the peculiar privilege of the faints, i John
i. 3. together with veri. 6, 7. and i Cor. i. 8, 9. And the
fcripture fpeaks of the aftua'l being of a gracious principle in
the foul, though in its firft beginning, as a feed there planted,
as inconfiilent with a man's being a imner, i John iii. 9* And
natural men are reprefented in fcripture, as having no ipirituai
light, no fpiritual life, and no fpiritual being ; and therefore
converfion is often compared to opening the eyes of the blind,
railing the dead, and a work of creation, (wherein creatures
are made entirely new,) and becoming new-born children.
From thefe things it is evident, that thole gracious influen
ces which the faints are the fubjecls of, and the effecls of
God's Spirit which they experience, are enti:ely above nature,
altogether of a different kind from any thing that men find
within themfelves by nature, or only in the excrcife of natural
principles ; and are things which no improvement of thofe
qualifications, or principles that are natural, no advancing or
exalting them to higher degrees, and no kind of competition
of them, will ever bring men to ; becaufe they not only differ
from^whak is natural, and fram every thing that natural men
experience, in degree and circumftances, but alfo in kind ;
- arid are of a nature vaftly more excellent. And this is what I
mean by fapcr natural, when I fay, that gracious affections are
Jrom tkcjk influences that are fupcr natural.
From hence it' follows, that in thofe gracious exercifes and
affections which are wrought in the minds of the faints, through
the faving influences of the Spirit of God, there is a new in
ward perception orjenfation of their minds, entirely different in
its nature and kind, from any thing that ever their minds were
the fubje8s of before they were fanctified. For doubtlefs if
God by his mighty power produces fomething that is new, not
only in degree and circumilances, but in its whole nature, and
that which could be produced by no exalting, varying, or com
pounding of what was there before, or by adding any thing of
the like kind; I fay, if God produces fornethirig thus new h<
a
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS 231
a mind, that is a perceiving, thinking, corifcious thing ; then
.cloubtlefs fomething entirely new is felt, or perceived, or
thought-; or, which is the fame thing, there is forne new len-
fation or perception of the mind, which is entirely of a new
fort, and which could be produced by no exalting, varying, or
compounding of that kind of perceptions or fenfations which
the mind had before ; or there is what fome nieiaphyiicians call
a new fimple idea. If grace be, in the fenfe above defcribed,
an entirely new kind of principje ; then the exercifes of it are
alfo entirely a new kind of exercifes. And if there be in the
foul a new fort of exercifes which it is confcious of, which the
foul knew nothing of before, and which no improvement, com-
petition, or management of what it was before confcious or fen~
fible of, could produce, or any thing like it ; then it follows,
that the mind has an entirely new kind of perception or fen fa-
tion : and here is, as it were, a new Jpiritual fenfe that "the
mind has, or a principle of new kind of perception or fpiritual
fenfation, which is in its whole nature different from any ior-
mer kinds of fenfation of the mind, as tailing is diverfe from
any of the other fenfes ; and fomething is perceived by a true
faint, in the exercife of this new fenfe of mind, in fpiritual and
divine things, as entirely diverfe from any thing that is perceiv
ed in them, by natural men, as the fwcet taile of honey is di
verfe from the ideas men get of honey by only looking on if,
and feeling of it. So that the fpiritual perceptions which a
fanftified and fpiritual perfon has, are not only diverfe from all
that natural men have, after the manner that the ideas or per
ceptions of the fame fenfe may differ one from another, but ra
ther as the ideas arid fenfaticns of different fenfes do differ.
Hence the work of the Spirit of God in regeneration is often in.
fcripture compared to the giving a new fenfe, giving eyes to
fee, and ears to hear, unftopping th ears of the deaf, and open
ing the eyes of them that were born blind, and turning from
darknefs unto light. And becaufe this fpiritual fenfe is irr>
menfely the moil noble and excellent, and that without which
all other principles of perception, and all our faculties are
ufelefs and vain ; therefore the giving this new fenfe, with the
bleffed fruits and effects of it in the foul, is compaied to a raif-
ing the dead, and to a new creation.
This new fpiritual fenfe, and the new difpofitions that at
tend it, are no new faculties, but are new principles of nature.
' 1 ufe the word principle s^ for want of a word of a more deter-
ruinate
232 THE FIRST SIGN- Part
minate fignification. By a principle of nature in this place, I
mean that foundation which is laid in nature, either oid or
new, for any particular mariner or kind of exercife of the fa
culties of the foul ; or a natural habit, or foundation for action,
giving a perfon ability nd*difpofmon to exert the faculties in
exercifes of fuch a certain kind ; fo that to exert the faculties
in that kind of exercifes, may be faid to be his nature. So
this new fpiritual fenfe is not a new faculty of undemanding,
but it is a new foundation laid in the nature of the foul, for a
new kind of exercifes of the fame faculty of underftanding. So
that new holy difpofition of heart that attends this new fenfe,
is not a new faculty of will, but a foundation laid in the na
ture of the foul, for a new kind of exercifes of the fame faculty
of will.
The Spirit of God, in all his operations upon the minds of.
natural men, only moves, imprelles, affifts, improves, or fome
way ats upon natural principles; but gives no new fpiritual
principle. Thus when the Spirit of God gives a natural man
vifions, as he did Balaam, he only imprefTes a natural principle,
viz. the fenfe of feeing, immediately exciting ideas of that fenfe ;
but he gives no new fenfe; neither is there any thing fuperna-
tural, fpiritual or divine in it. So if the Spirit of God imprefles
on a man's imagination, either in a dream, or when he is awake,
any outward ideas of any of the fenfes, either voices, or ihapes
and colours, it is only exciting ideas of the fame kind that he
lias by natural principles and fenfes. So if God reveals to any
natural man, any fecret fact ; as for infhnce, fomething that
he fhall hereafter fee or hear ; this is not infufing or exercif-
ing any new fpiritual principle, or giving the ideas of any new
fpiritual fenfe ; it is only imprefiing, in an extraordinary man
ner, the ideas that will hereafter be received by fight and hear
ing. So in the more ordinary influences of the Spirit of God
on the hearts of Tinners, he only afMs natural principles to do
the fame work to a greater degree, which they do of them-
felves by nature. Thus the Spirit of God by his common in
fluences may aflift mens natural ingeniofity, as he aflifted Be-
zaleel and AhoUab in the curious works of the tabernacle : fo
he may aflift mens natural abilities in political affairs, and im
prove their courage, and other natural qualifications ; as he is
faid to have put his fpirit on the feventy elders, and on Saul,
fo as to give him another heart : fo God may greatly aflift na
tural mens reafon, in their rcafoning about fecular things, or
about
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS.
about the doclrines of religion, and may greatly advance the;
clearnefs of their apprehensions and notions of things of reli
gion in many refpe&s, without giving any fpiritual ferife. So
in thofe awakenings and convifclions that natural men may have,
God only affids confcience, which is a natural principle, to do
that work in a further degree, which h naturally does. Con*
fcience naturally gives men an a'ppreheriuon of right and wiong,
and fuggefts the relation there is hetween right and wrong, and
a retribution : the Spirit of God affifts mens confciences to do
this in a greater degree, helps confcience againft the ftupify-
ing influence of worldly objects and their lufts. And fo there
are many other ways might be mentioned wherein the Spirit
afch upon, aflifts and moves natural principles ; but after all,
it is no more than nature moved, acled, and improved ; here
is nothing fupernatural and divine. But the Spirit of God in
his fpiritual influences on the hearts of his faints, operates by
infufmg or exercifing new, divine and fupernatural principles;
principles which are indeed a new and fpiritual nature, and princi
ples vailly more noble and excellentthan all that is in natural men.
From what has been faid it follows, that all fpiritual and
gracious affe6lions are attended with, and do arife from forne
apprehenfion, idea, or fenfation of mind, which is in its whole
nature different, yea exceeding different from all that is or can
be in the mind of a natural man; and which the natural man
difcerns nothing of, and has no manner of idea of, (agreeable
to i Cor. ii. 14.) and conceives of no more than a man with
out the fenfe of tatting can conceive of the fweet tafle of honey,
or a man without the fenfe of hearing can conceive of the me
lody of a nine, or a man born blind can have a notion of the
beauty of the rainbow.
But here two things mull be obferved, in order to the right
underftandingof this.
i. On the one hand it mull be obferved, that hot every t!i!n
which in any refpecl appertains to fphitual afieciions, is new
and entirely different from what natural men can conceive of,
and do experience; fome thing;; are common to gracious affec
tions with other affections ; manv circumftances, appendages,
and effects are common. Thus a faint's love to God has 2 great
many tilings appertaining to if, which are common with a
man's natural love to a near relation : love to God makes a
man have defiies of the honour of God, and a defire to pleafo
hs m : *o -Vr?s a natural man's love to bis friend make him de-
G fire
*34 THE FIRST SIGN Part IIL
fire his honbur, and defire to pleafe him : love to Godcaufes a
man to delight in the thoughts of God, and to delight in the
prefence of God, and to defire conformity to God, arid the en
joyment of God ; and fo it is with a man's love to his friend :
and many other things might be mentioned which are common
to both. But yet that idea which the faint has of the lovelinefs
of God, and that fenfation, and that kind of delight he has in
that view, which is as it were the marrow and quinteffence of
bis love, is peculiar, and entirely diverfe from any thing that
a natural man has, or can have any notion of. And even in
thofe things that feem to be common, there is fomcthing pecu
liar : both fpirimal love and natural, caufe defires after the ob
ject beloved ; but they be not the fame fort of defires; there is
a fenfation of foul in the fpiritual defires of one that loves God,
which is entirely different from all natural defires: both fpiri
tual love and natural love are attended with delight in the ob
ject beloved; but the fenfations of delight are not the fame,
but entirely and exceedingly diverfe. Natural men may have
conceptions of many things about fpiritual affections ; but there
is fomcthing in them which is as it were the nucleus, or kernal
of them, that they have no more conceptions of, than one
born blind has of colours.
It may be clearly illuftrated by this : we will fuppofe two
men ; ene is born' without the fenfe of tailing, the other ha^
it ; the latter loves honey, and is greatly delighted in it, hecaufe
he knows the fweet taite of it ; the other loves certain founds
and colours ; the love of each has many things that appertain
to it, which is common ; it caufes both to defire and delight
in the object beloved, and caufes grief when it is abfent, &c.
but yet that idea or fenfation which he who knows the tafte of
honey, has of its excellency and fweetnefs, thzit is the foundation
of his love, is entirely different from any thing the other has
or can have ; and that delight which he has in honey, is whol
ly diverfe from any thing that the other can conceive of ; though
they both delight' in their beloved objects. So both thefe per-
ibns may in fome refpects love the fame object : the one may
love a delicious kind of fruit, which is beautiful to the eye, and
of a delicious tafte ; not only becaufe he has feen its pleafant
colours, hut knows its fweet tafte ; the other, perfectly ignorant
of this, loves it only for its beautiful colours : there are many
things feem, in fome refpect, to be common to both ; both love,
both defire, and both delight ; but the love, and defire, and de
li eht of the one, is altogether diverfe from that of the other*
The
TO DISTINGUISH AFFECTIONS. 235
The difference between the love of a natural man and fpiritual
man is like to this ; but only it mint be obferved, that in one
refpect it is vaitly greater, viz. that the kinds of excellency
which are perceived in fpiritual objects, by thefe different kinds
of pcrfons, are in themfelves vaitly more diverfe than the dif
ferent kinds of excellency perceived in delicious fruit, by a tqji-
ing and a taftdefs man ; and in another rsfpcft it may not
be fo great, viz. as the fpiritual man may have a Spiritual ienfe
ortalte, to perceive that divine and moil peculiar excellency, but
in fmall beginnings, and in a very imperiecl degree.
2. On the other hand, it muft be obferved, that a natural
man may have thofe religious apprehenfions and affections, which
may be in many refpects very new and furprifmg to him, and
what before he did not conceive of ; and yet what he experi
ences be nothing like the exercifes of a principle of new nature,
or the fen fat ions of a new fpiritual fenfe : his affections may
be very new, by extraordinarily moving natural principles, in a
very new degree, and with a great many new circumttances,
and a new co-operation of natural affections, and a new com-
pofition of ideas ; this may be from fome extraordinary power
ful influence of Satan, and fome great delation ; but there is
nothing but nature extraordinarily acted. As if a poor man,
that had always dwelt in a cottage, and had never looked be
yond the obfcure village where he was born, mould in a jell,
be taken to a magnificent city and prince's court, and there
arrayed in princely robes, and fet in the throne, with the
crown royal on his head, peers and nobles bowing before him,
and mould . be made to believe that he was now a glorious
monarch ; the ideas lie would have, and the affections he
would experience, would in many refpects be very new, and
fuch as he had no imagination of before ; but all is no more,
than only extraordinarily raifmg and exciting natural princi
ples, and newly exalting, varying, and compounding fuch fort
of ideas, as he has by nature ; here is nothing like, giving
him a new fenfe.
Upon the whole, I think it is clearly manifeft, that all truly-
gracious affe&ions doarife from fpecial and peculiar influences
of the Spirit, working that fenjible cffetl or Jtnjation in the
fouls of the faints, which are entirely different from all that
is poflible a natural man fhould experience, not only different
in degree and circum fiances, but different in its whole nature :
fo that a natural man not only cannot experience that which
is individually the fame, but cannot experience any thing but
what
236 T H E F I R S T S I G N Part III,
\vhat is exceeding diverfe, and immenfely below it. in its kind ;
and that which the power of men or devils is not fulHcient to
produce ibe like of, or any thing of the fame nature.
I ha ve,jri filled largely on this matter, becaufe it is of great
importance^an-U ufe, evidently to difcover and demonitrate the
deluuons.Q,f Sat-an, in many kinds of falfe religious affections,
which multitudes are deluded by, and probably have been in
all ages of .the Chriftian church ; and to fettle and determine
many articles ol doctrine, concerning the opeiations of the
Spirit ot God, ..and the nature of true grace.
Now therefore, to apply thefe things to the purpofe of this
difcourfe. v
From hence it. appears, that impreflions which fome have
made on their imagination, or the imaginary ideas which they
have of God, or Chrift, or heaven, or any tiling appertaining
to religion, have nothing in them that is fpiritual, or of the
natuie of true^ grace. Though f'uch things may attend what
is fpiritual, and be mixed with it, yet in themfelves they have
nothing that is fpiritual, nor are they any part of gracious
experience.
Here, f ^r the fake of the common people, I will explain
what is intended by imprejjions on the imagination, and imagi-.
nary ideas. The imagination is that power of the mind, where
by it can have a conception, or idea of things of an external
or outward n a lire, (^hat is, of fuel) fort of things as are iheob-
jecls of the outward fenfes,) when thofe things are not prefent,
and be not perceived by the fenfes. It is called imagination
from the word image ; becaufe thereby a perfon can have an
image of fome external thing in his mind, when that thing is
not prefent in reality, nor any thing like it. All fuch kiiuj
of things as we perceive by our five external fenfes, feeing,
hearing, fmdling, tajiing, z.n& feeling, are external things ; and
when a perfon has an idea, or image of any of thefe forts ot
things in his mind, when they are not there, and when he doe?
not really fee, hear, fmell, tafte, nor feel them ; that is to
have an imagination of them, anJ thefe ideas are imaginary
ideas : and when fuch kind of ideas are flrongly impreffed
upon the mind, and the image of them in the -mind is very
lively, almofi as if one faw them, or heard them, &V. that is
called an imprcjjwn on the imagination. Thus colours, and
fh'ipes, and a form of countenance, they are outward things ;
feecaufe they are that fort of things which are the objects of tbs
outward
OF GRACIOUS A 1- 1' E C T I O K S. 7
outward fcnie of feeing : and therefore when any peifon has
in his mind a lively idea ot any fhape, or colour, or ionri of
coruntetiance ; that is to have an imagination of thole things.
So if he has an idea, of fuch foil of li^ht or darnels, as he
peiceives by the fenfe of feeing ; that is to have anjdea of out-
\vard ih-ht, siid io is an imagination. So if he has an idea of
ary marks made on paper, i'uppofe letters and words written
in a book ; thai is to have an external and imaginary idea of
fuch kind of things as we iometimes perceive by our bodily
eyes. And when we have the ideas of that kind of things
which we perceive by any of the other icnies, as of any founds
or voices, or words i'poken ; this is only to have ideas ot out
ward things, viz. of inch kind of things as are perceived by
the external i'cnfe of hearing, and fo that alfo is imagination :
and when thefe ideas are hvelily impreiled, altnoil as if they
weie really heard with the ears, this is to have an impreflion
on the imagination. And fo I might go en,- and in fiance in
the ideas of things appertaining to the other three fenfes cf
-faulting* to/ting, an&Jeeting,
Many who have had fuch thincs have very ignorantty fup-
pofed them to be of the nature of fpiritual difcoveiies. The)r
have had lively ideas of iome external (hape, and beautiful
form of countenance ; and this they call fpiriti . liy feeing
Chrift. Some have had imprefled upon them ideas of a great
cutward light ; and this they call a fpiritual difcovery of God's
or Chrift's glory. Some have had ideas of Chrift's hanging on
the crofs, and his blood running from his wounds ; and this
they call a fpiritual fight of Chrift crucified, and the way of
falvation by his blood. Some have feen him with his arms
open ready to embrace them ; and this they call a difcovery of
the funiciency of Chrift's grace and love. Some have had
lively ideas of heaven, and of Chrift on his throne there, and
{hining ranks of faints and angels ; and this they call feeing
heaven opened to them. Some from time to time have had a
lively idea of a perfon of a beautiful countenance fmiling upon
them ; and this they call a fpiritual difcovery of the love of
Chriit to their fouls, and tailing the love of Chrift. And they
look upon it a inOicient evidence that thefe ihings are fpiritual
difcoveries, and that they fee then; fpiiitually, becaufe they fay
they do not fee thefe ihings with their bodily eyes, but in their
hearts ; for they can fee them when their eyes are {hut. Ar.:l
h) like manner, the imaginations of fome have been iinnreiTcd
with,
1*38 " THE FIRST SIGN Part III.
with ideas of the fenfe of hearing ; they have had ideas of
words, as if they were fpoke to them, fornetimes they are the
words of fcripture, and iometimes other words: they have had
ideas of Chrift's fpeaking comfortable words to them. Thefe
things they have called having the inward call of Chrift, hear
ing the voice of Chrift fpiritually in their hearts, having the
witnefs of the Spirit, and the inward teilimony of the love of
Chrift, &c.
The common, and lefs confiderate and underftandingfort of
people, are the more eafily led into apprehenfions that thefe
things are fpiritual things, becaufe fpiritual things being invi-
fible, and not things that can be pointed forth with the finger,
we are forced to ufe figurative expreflions in fpeaking of them,
and to borrow names from external and fenfible objects to flg-
nify.them by. Thus we call a clear apprehenfion of" things
fpiritual by the name of light ; and an having fuch an appre
henfion of fuch or fuch things, by the name oi feeing iuch
things ; and the conviclion of the judgment, and the perfua-
fion of the will, by the word of Chrift in the gofpel, we figni-
fy \xyfpiritually hearing the call of Chrift : and the fcripture it-
felf abounds with fuch like figurative expreflions. Ferfons
hearing thefe often ufed, and having prefled upon them the
necefiity ^f having their eyes opened, and having a difcovery
of fpirituai things, and feeing Chrift in his glory, and having
the inward call, and the like, they ignoramly look and wait
for fome fuch external difcoveries, and imaginary views as have
been fpoken of; and when they have them, are confident that
now their eyes are opened, now Chrift has difcoveied himfelf
to them, and they are his children ; and hence are exceedingly
affecled and elevated with their deliverance and happincfs, and
many kinds of affections are at once fet in a violent motion in
them.
But it is exceeding apparent that fuch ideas have nothing in
them which is fpiritual and divine, in the fenfe wherein it has
been demonftrated that all gracious experiences are fpiritual
and divine. Thefe external ideas are in no wife of fuch a fort,
that they are entirely, and in their whole nature diverfe from
all that men have by nature, perfcfily different from, and vaft-
)y above any fenfation which it is poflible a man (hould have
.by any natural fenfe or principle, fo that in order to have them,
a man mini have a new fpiritual and divine fenfe given him,
in order to have any fenfadons of ihat fort : fo far from this,
that
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 239
that they are ideas of the fame fort which we have by the ex
ternal fenfes, that are fome of the inferior powers of the hu
man nature ; they are merely ideas of external obje8s, or
ideas of that nature, of the fame outward fenfitive kind ; the
fame fort of fen fat ions of mind (differing not in degree, but
only in circum fiances) that we have by thofe natural principles
which are common to us with the beafls, viz. the five exter
nal fenfes. This is a low, miferable notion of fpiritual fenfe,
to fuppofe that it is only a conceiving or imagining that fort of
ideas which we have by our animal fenfes, which fenfes the
beafls have in as great perfection as we ; it is, as it were, a
turning Chrift, or the divine nature in the foul, into a mere
animal. There is nothing wanting in the foul, as it is by na
ture, to render it capable of being the fubjecl; of all thefe ex
ternal ideas, without any new principles. A natural man is
capable of having an idea, and a lively idea of fhapes, and co
lours, and founds when they are abfent, and as capable as a
regenerate man is : fo there is nothing fupernatural in them.
And it is known by abundant experience, that it is not the
advancing or perfecting human nature, which makes perfons
more capable of having fuch lively and ftrong imaginary ideas,
but that on the contrary, the weaknefs of body and mind, and
diftempers of body, makes perfons abundantly more fufceptive
of fuch impreffions. *
As to a truly fpiritual fenfation, not only is the manner of
its coming into the mind extraordinary, but the fenfation it-
felfis totally diverfe from all that men have, or can have, in a
ftate of nature, as has been fhown. But as to thefe external
ideas, though the way of their coming into the mind is feme-
times unufual, yet the ideas in thernfelves are not the better
for that; they are ftill of no different fort from what men have
by their fenfes ; they are of no higher kind, nor a whit better.
For
* " Conceits and .whimfies abound molt in men of weak reafbn :
children, and fuch as are cracked in their underftanding, have
moil of them ; ftrength of reafon bsinifhes them, as the fun iloes
mifts and vapours. But now the more rational any gracious per-
fon is, by fo much more is he fixed and fettled, and fatisfied in th
grounds of religion : yea, there is the higheft and purer! r
religion ; and when this change is wrought upon ir.er., ir i rrsr-
ried on in-a rational way, If. i. 18, John xix. q,' f F!,.- -.7"j / : '/v
fir Sufferings, Chap, vi,
V
240 THE F t n s T SIGN Part III.
For infl.ince, the external idea a man has now of Chrift hang
ing on the crofs, and fhedcling his blood, is no better in itfelf,
than the external idea that t:ie jews his enemies had, who
ilood round his crofs,' and faw this with their bodily eyes. The
imaginary idea which men have now, of an external brightnefs
and glory of God, is no better than (he idea the wicked
congregation in the wildernefs had of the external glory of the
Lord at mount Sinai, when they faw it with bodily eyes ; or
nay better than that idea which millions of curfed reprobates
will have of the external glory of Chrift at the day of judg
ment, who (hall fee, and have a very lively idea of ten thou-
fand times greater external glory of Chrift, than ever yet was
conceived in any man's imagination : t yea, the image of
Chrift, which men conceive in their imaginations, is not in
its own nature, of any fuperior kind to the idea the Papifis con
ceive of Chriit, by the beautiful and affecting images of him
which they fee in their churches ; (though the way of their
receiving the idea may not be fo bad ;) nor are the affections
they have, if built primarily on fuch imaginations, any better
than the affections railed in the ignorant people, by the fight
of thofe images, which oftentimes are very great; efpeciaily
when thefe images, through the craft of the priefts, are made
to move, and fpeak, and weep, and the like, t Merely the
way
t " If any man fhouldfee, and behold Chrift really, imme<Hat"!y,
** this is. not the fa ving knowledge of him. I know the faints do
" know Chrift as if immediately prefent ; they are not Grangers by
" their diftance : if others have fren him more immediately, I wjtl
ft not difputeit. But if the/ havefeen the Lord jefus as immediately
ts as if here on earth, yet Capernaum faw him fo ; nay feme of them
' were difciples for a time, arid followed him, John vi. And yet
' the Lord was hid from their eyes. , Nay, all the world dial! fee
" him in bis glory, which mall ama: them; and yet this is fbr
' lliort of having the fa ving knowledge of him, which the Lord
" doth communics.te totheelecl:. So that though you :c the Lord
" fo really, as that you become familiar with him, yet Luke xiii. 26.
" Lord, ha-vff IMS not eat and drank, &c.-*-and fo pcrifn." Gfapard's
" Parable of the tc'U <vir?ivs, P.I. p. 197, 1Q?
t " Satan is transformed into an angel of light : and hence we
** have hear:! thai fo.riC have h.--ard voices ; for-i-j; liave fl:^n tlie vrry
*' blocd of Chrill dropping on them, and his wounds in his fide j
* fomeftave feen a great ii^ht fhining in the chamber ; feme won-
" dsrfiiilv aiJjcled \vith t!>cir drca.ns j ionie in great diurefs bave
had
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 241
way of perfons receiving thefe imaginary ideas, do not alter
the nature of the idjas themfelves that are received : let them
be received in what way they will, they are {till but external
ideas, or ideas of outward appearances, and fo are not fpiritual.
Yea, if men ihould aclually receive fuch external ideas by the
immediate power of the moil high God upon their mindsj they
would not be fpiritual, they ihould be no more than a common
work of the Spirit of God ; as is evident in facr,, in the inftance
of Balaam, who had imprefTed on his mind, by God himfelf,
a clear and lively outward reprefentation or idea of Jefus Chrift,
as the Star rifing out of Jacob, whenfo hear dike, words of God,
and knew the knowledge of the Moft Higk t and faw the vijion of
the Almighty, failing into a trance, Numb. xxiv. 16, 17. but
yet had no manner of fpiritual difcovery of Chrift ; that Day-
ilar never fpiritually rofe in his heart, he being but a natural
man.
And as thefe external ideas have nothing divine or fpiritual
in their nature, and nothing but what natural men, without
any new principles, are capable of; fo there is nothing in their
nature which requires that peculiar, inimitable and unparal
leled exercife of the glorious power of God, in order to their
production, which it has been fhown there is in the production
of true grace. There appears to be nothing in their nature
above the power of the devil. It is certainly not above ths
power of Satan to fugged thoughts to men ; becaufe other-
wife he could not tempt them to fin. And if he can fuggeft any
thoughts or ideas at all, cloubtlefs imaginary ones, or ideas of
things external are jipt above his pow^r; for the external
ideas men have are'the lowcil fort of ideas. Thefe ideas may
be raifed only by impreilions made on the body, by moving
H h the
had inward witnefsj TJ:y JIKS are forgiven ; and hence fuch liber
ty and joy, that they are rer.dy to leap up and down the chamber.
O adulterous generation ! this is natural and ufual with men, they
would fain fee Jefus > and have him prefect to give them peace ; and
hence Papifts have his linages. Wo to them tl.st has e no other
manifefted Chrift, but fuch an one." Szfjsrd's Parable of the t*x
wtf. P.I. p. 1 9 3.
v Confider how difficult, yea and. impofiible it is to determine that
fuch a voice, vifion, or rex-elation is of God, and that Satan cr.n to
i> ;?<-n or roanterfeit it ; feeing he hathlcfc no certaia marks by which
we may diilinguifh one f{>irit 1 !
.';/ erws, Caufe 1 4.
fi4 2 Yrtfe FIRST SIGN Part III.
the animal fpirits, and imprefling the brain. Abundant expe
rience does certainly (how, that alterations in the body will
excite imaginary or external ideas in the mind ; as often, in
cafe of a high fever, melancholy, &c. Thefe external ideas
areas much below the more intellectual exercifes of the foul,
as the body is a lefs noble part of man than the foul.
And there is not only nothing in the nature of thefe external
ideas or imaginations of outward appearances, from whence
we can infer that they are above the power of the devil ; but
it'is certain alfo that the devil can excite, and often hath ex
cited fuch ideas. They were external ideas which he excited
in the dreams and vifions of the falfe prophets of old, who were
under the influence of lying fpirits, that we often read of in
fcripture, as t)eut. xiii. i. i Kings xxii. 22. If. xxviii. 7.
Ezek. xiii. 7. Zech. xiii. 4. And they were external ideas
that he often excited in the minds of the heathen priefls, ma
gicians and forcerers in their vifions and ecftafies ; and they
were external ideas that he excited in the mind of the man
Chrift Jefus, when he {hewed him all the kingdoms of the
world, with the glory of them, when thofe kingdoms were
not really in fight.
And if Satan, or any created being, has power to imprefs
the mind with outward reprefentations, then no particular fort
.of outward reprefentations can be any evidence of a divine
power. Almighty power is no more requifite to reprefent the
fhape of man to the imagination, than the fhape of any thing
elfe : there is no higher kind of power neeefTary to form in
the brain one bodily Giape or colour thaj^another : it needs a
no more glorious power to reprefent thlriorm of the body of
man, than the form of a chip or block ; though it be of a very
beautiful human body, with a fwect fmile in his countenance,
or arms open, or blood running from hands, feet, and fide :
that fort of power which can reprefent black or darknefsto the
imagination, can alfo reprefent white and mining brightnefs:
the power and (kill which can well and exa6tly paint a ftraw,
or a flick of wood, on a piece of paper or canvas ; the fame in
kind, only perhaps further improved, will be fufiScient to paint
the body of a man, with great beauty and in royal majefly, or
a magnificent city, paved with gold, full of brightnefs, and a
glorious throne, &c. So it is no more than the fame fort of
power that is requifue to paint one as the other of thefe on the
brain. The fame fort of power that can put ink upon paper,
can
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 243
can put on leaf-gold. So that it is evident to a demon ftration,
it we fuppoie it to be in -the devil's power to make any fort of
external reprefentation at all on the fancy, (as without doubt it
is, and never any one queflioned it who believed there was a
devil, that had any agency with mankind;) I fay, ii'f'o, it is
demonltrably evident, that a created power may extend to ail
kinds of external appearances and ideas in the mind.
From hence it again clearly appears, that no iuch things
have any thing in them that is fpiritual, fupernatural, and di
vine, in the lenfe in which it has been proved that all truly
gracious experiences have. And though external ideas, through
man's make and frame, do ordinarily in lome degree attend
fpiritual experiences, yet thefe ideas are no part of their fpiritual
experience, any more than the motion ot the blood, and beating
of the pulfe, that attends experiences, are a part of fpiritual
experience. And though undoubtedly, through mens infirmity
in tHe preicnt ftate, and eipecially through the weak conltitu-
tion of fome perfons, gracious affections which are very Itrong,
do excite lively ideas in the imagination ; yet it is alfo undoubt
ed, that when perfons affections are founded on imaginations,
which is often the cafe, thofe affections are merely natural and
common, becaufe they are built on a foundation that is not fpi
ritual ; and fo are entirely different from gracious affections,
which, as has been proved, do evermore arife from thofe opera
tions that are fpiritual arid divine.
Thefe imaginations do oftentimes raifa the carnal affections
of men to an exceeding great height* : and no wonder, when
the
* There is a remarkable paflage of Mr. John Smith, in his difcourfe
on the mortnefs of a Pharifaic righteoufnefs, P. 370, 371. of his fe-
lecT: difcourfes, dcfcribing that fort ot religion which is built on fuch
a foundation as I am here fpeakiag of. I cannot forbear tranfcribin^
the whole of it. Speaking of a fort of Chriltians, whefe life is no
thing but a flrong energy of fancy, lie fays, " Left their religion
might too grofsly difcover itfelf to be nothing elfe but a piece of art,
there may be fometimes fuch extraordinary motions Hi r red up with
in them, which may prevent all their own thoughts, that they may
feem to be a true operation of the divine life; when yet all this i's,
nothing el'e but the energy of their own feif-love, touched with fome
fleihly apprehensions of divine things, and excited by them. There.
are fuch things in our Chriftian religion, when, a carnal, unhallowed
tioas ot
God
244 THE FIRST SIGN Part III.
the fubjec~ls of them have an ignorant, but undoubting perfua-
fion, that they are divine manifeftations, which the great JE
HOVAH immediately makes to their fouls, therein giving them
teftimonies, in an extraordinary manner, of his high and pecu
liar favour.
Again, it is evident from what has been obfervedand proved
of the manner in which gracious operations and effects in 'he
heart are fpiritual, fupernatural and divine, that the immediate
fuggefting of the words of fcripture to the mind, has nothing in
it which is fpiritual.
I have had occafion to fay fomething of this already ; and
what has been faid may be fufficient to evince it : but if the
reader bears in mind what has been faid concerning the nature
of ipiritual influences and effects, it will be more abundantly
manifefl that this is no fpiritual effeft. For I fuppofe there is
no perfon of common undemanding, who will fay or imagine,
God and heirs of heaven, ever-flowing dreams of joy and pleafure
that blefled fouls fhall fwim in to all eternity, a glorious paradife in
the world to come, always fpringing up with well-fcented and fra
grant beauties, a new Jerufalem paved with gold, and befpangled
with ftars, comprehending in its vail circuit fuch numberlefs varie
ties, that a bufy curiofity may fpend itfelf about to all eternity. I
doubt not but that fometimes the moil fleihly and earthly men, that
fly in their ambition to the pomp of this world, may be fo ravimed
with the conceits of fuch things as thefe, that they may feem to be
made partakers of the powers of the world to come. I doubt not but
that they might be much exalted with them, as the fouls of crazed
or diftrafted perfons feem to be fometimes, when their fancies play
with thofe quick and nimble fpirits, which a diflempered frame cf
body, and unnatural heat in their heads, beget within them. Thus
may thefe blazing comets rife up above the moon, and climb higher
than the fun ; which yet, becaufe they have no folid confidence of
their own, and are of a bafe and earthly alloy, will foon vanifh and
fall down again, being only borne up by an external force. They
may feem to themfelves to have attained higher than thofe noble Chri-
fUans, that are gently moved by the natural force of true goodnefs :
they feem to be pleniores. Deo, (/. e. more full of God) than thofe that
are really informed and actuated by the divine Spirit, and do move
"Gn fteadijfy and conlantly in the way towards heaven. As^the feed
that wa$ fown in {tony ground, grew up, and lengthened out its blade
farter, than that which was fown in the good and fruitful foil. And
as the motions of our fcnfe, and fancy, and paffions, while our fouls
are in this mortal condition, funk down deeply into the body, are
many times more vigorous, and make flronger imprefTions upon us*
. than
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTION 3
that the bringing words (let them be what words they will) to
the mind, is an effeft of that nature which it is impcilihle the
mind of a natural man, while he remains in a (late of nature,
fliould be the fubjet of, or any thing like it ; or that it requires
any new divine fenfe in the ioul ; or that the bringing founds
or letters to the mind, is an efFecl of fo high, holy and excel
lent a nature, that it is impoiiibk any created power mould be the
caute of it.
As the fuggefting words of fcripture to the mind, is only ths
exciting in the mind ideas of certain founds or leUsrs; fo it is
only one way of exciting ideas in the imagination ; for founds
and letters are external things, that are the objects of the exter
nal fenfes of feeing and hearing. Ideas of certain marks upon
paper, fuch as any of the twenty-four letters, in whatever or
der, or any founds of the voice, are as much external ideas, as
of any other fhapes or founds whatsoever : and therefore, by
what has been already faid concerning thcfe external ideas, it
is
than thofe of the higher powers of the foul, which are more AibtiJ,
and remote from thefe mixt animal perceptions : that devotion which
is there feated, may feem to have more energy and life in it, than that
which gently, and with a more delicate kind cf touch, fpreads itfclf
upon the underftanding, and from thence mildly derives itielf through
our wills and affections. But however the former may be more boif-
terous for a time, yet this is of a more confident, fpermatical, and
thriving nature. For that proceeding indeed from nothing but a fen-
fual and flelhly apprehenfion of God and true happinefs, is but of a
flitting and fading nature : and as the fenfible powers and faculties
grow more languid, or the fun of divine light mines more brightly
upon us, thefe earthly devotions, like our culinary fires, will abate
their heat and fervour. But a true celeflial warmth will never be ex-
tingmfhed, becaufe it is of an immortal nature ; and being once feat
ed vitally in the fouls of men, it will' regulate and order all the moti
ons of it in a due manner ; as the natural heat, radicated in the hearts
of living creatures hath the dominion and ceconomy of the whole
body under it. True religion is no piece of artifice : it is no boiling
up of our imaginative powers, nor the glowing heats cf paffion ;
though thefe are too often miftaken for it, when in
meeknefs, felf-denial, univerfal love to God and all true goodnefs,
without partiality, and without hypocriiy, whereby we are taught
to know God, and knowing him to love him, and conform c
as much as c;ay be to all that perfection which filings in him."
2j6 TH-E FIRST SIGN Part III.
is ev ident they are nothing fpiritual : and if at any time the
Spiii: of God fuggetts thele letters or founds to the mind, this
is a common, and not any Jpecial or gracious influence of that
Spirit. And therefore it lollows from what has been already
proved, that thole affe6tions which have this effect for their
foundation, are no fpi ritual or gracious affections. But let it
be obferved what it is that I fay, viz. when this effect, even
the immediate and extraordinary manner oj words of fcriptures
coming to the mind, is that which excites the affections, and is
properly the foundation of them, then thefe aftedtions are not
ipiritual. It may be fo, that perfons may have gracious affec
tions going with Icriptures which come to their minds, and the
Spirit of God may make ufe of thofe fcriptures to excite them ;
when it is fome Ipiritual fcnfe, tafte or relim they have of the
divine and excellent things contained in thofe fcriptures, that
is the thing which excites their affections, and not the extraor
dinary and fuclden manner of /ords being brought to their
minds. They are affected with the initruction they receive from
the words, and the view of the glorious things of God cr Chriii,
and things appertaining to them, that they contain and teach ;
and not becaufe the words came fuddenly, as though fome
perfon had fpoke them to them, thence concluding that God
did as it were immediately fpeak to them. Perfons oftentimes
are exceedingly affected on this foundation ; the words of fome
great and high promifes of fcripture come fuddenly to their minds,
and they look upon the words as directed immediately by God
to them, as though the words that "moment proceeded out of
the mouth of God as fpoken to them : fo that they talce it as
a voice from God, immediately revealing to them their happy
circumftances, and promifing fuch and fuch great things to
them : and this it is that afreets and elevates them. There is
no new fpiritual understanding of the divine things contained
in the. fcnpture, or new fpiritual fenfe of the glorious things
taught in that part of the Bible, going before their affection,
and being the foundation of it : all the new underftanding they
have, or think they have, to be the foundation of their affection,
is this, that the words are fpoken to them, becaufe they come fo
fuddenly and extraordinarily. And fo this affection is built
gpolly on the fand ; becaufe it is built on a conclufion forwhich
they have no foundation. For, as has been fhown, the fudden
coining of the words to their minds, is no evidence that th&
bringing them to their minds in that manner, was from God.
And if it was true that God brought the words to their minds,
and
OF GRCIOUS AFFECTIONS 247
and they certainly knew it, that would not be fpiritual know-
iege ; it may be without any fpiritual fenfe : Balaam might
know that the words which God fuggefted to him, were indeed
fuggefled to him by God, and yet have no fpiritual knowlege.
So that thefe affections which are built on that notion, that texts
of fcripture are fent immediately from God, are built on no fpi
ritual foundation, and are vain and delufive. Perfons who have
their a'Feclions thus railed, if they fhould be inquired of, whe
ther they have any new fenfe of the excellency of things con
tained in thofe fcriptures, would probably fay, Yes, without he-
fitation : but it is true no otherwife than thus, that when they
have taken up that notion, that the words are fpoken immedi
ately to them, that makes them feem fweet to them, and they
own the things which thefe fcriptures fay to them, for excellent
things, and wonderful things. As for inftance, fuppoiing thefe
were the words which were fuddenly brought to their minds,
Fear not, it is your Father's good plea fare to give you thz
kingdom ; they having confidently taken up a notion that the
words were <ts it were immediately fpoken from heaven to them,
as an immediate revelation, that God was their father, and had
given the kingdom to them, they are greatly affetted by it, an J
the words feem fweet to them ; and oh, they fay, they are. excel
lent^ things that are contained in thofe words ! But the reafon why
the proinife feems excellent to them, is only becaufe they think
it is made to them immediately : all the fenfe they have of any
glory in them, is only from felf-love, and from their own ima
gined mtereft in the words : not that they had any view or fenfe
of the holy and glorious nature of the kingdom of heaven, and
the fpiritual glory of that God who gives it, and of his excellent
grace to finful men, in offering and giving them this kingdom,
of his own good pleafure, preceding their imagined intereft in
thefe things, and their being affe6led by them, and being the
foundation of their affe&ion, and hope of an intereil in them.
On the contrary, they firll; imagine they are iriterefted, and
then are highly affecled with that, and then can own thefe
things to be excellent. So that the fudclen and extraordinary
way of the fcripture's coming to their mind, is plainly the firic
foundation of the whole; which is a clear evidence of the
wretched delufion they are under.
The firil: comfort of many perfons, and what they call their
converfion, is after this manner: after awakening and terrors,
fome comfortable fvvcet promife comes fuddenly and wonder
fully to their minds ; and the manner of its coining makes
them
f 48 THEFinsTSiGSf . Part TIL
them conclude it comes from God to them: snd this is the
very thing that is all the foundation of their faith and hope,
and comfort : from hence they take their firft encouragement
to truft in God and in Chrift, becaufe they think that God, by
fome fcripture ib brought, has now already revealed to them
that he loves them, and has already promifed them eternal life ;
which is very abfurd ; for every one of common knowlege of
the principles of religion, knoxvs that it is God's manner to
reveal his love to men, and their intereft in the promifes, after
they have believed, and not before ; becaufe they muft firft
believe, before they have any intereft in the promifes to be re
vealed. The Spirit of God is a Spirit of truth, and not of
lies : he does not bring fcriptures to mens minds, to reveal to
them that they have an intereft in God's favor and promifes,
when they have none, having not yet believed : which would
be the' cafe, if God's bringing texts of fcripture to meris minds,
to reveal to them that their fins were forgiven, or that it was
God's pleafure to give them the kingdom, or any thing of that
nature, went before, and was the foundation of their firft faith*
There is no promife of the covenant of grace belongs to any
man, until he has firft believed in Chrift; for it is by faith
alone that we become interefted in Chrift, and the promifes of
the new covenant made in him : and therefore whatever fpirit
applies the promifes of that covenant to a perfon who has not
firft believed, as being already his, muft be a lying fpirit ; and
that faith which is firft built on fuch an application of pro
mifes, is built upon a lie. God's manner is not to bring
comfortable texts of fcripture to give men affurancc of
his love, and that they lhall be happy, before they have had a
faith of dependence.-^ And if the fcripture which comes to a
perfon's
+ Mr. Stoddard, in his G.'iMe to Chrift, p. 8. fays, that fore
times men after they have been in trouble a while, have fome pro
mifes come to them, with a great deal of refrefhing ; and they hope
God has accepted them :" And fays, that " In this cafe, the minif-
ter may tell them, that God never gives a faith of affurance, be
fore he gives a faith cf dependence.; for he never ^manifefts ^ his
love, until men are in a ftate of favor and reconciliation, which is
by faith of dependence. -When men have comfortable fcriptures
come to 'mem, they are apt to take them as tokens of God's love ;
but men muft be brought into Chrift, by accepting the Coffer of the
gofpel, before they are fit for fuch manifeftations. God's method is,
Srfcto make the fool accept of the ofttio of grace, and then to jwtii.
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 249
p.erfon's mind, be not fo propeilya promife, as an invitation ;
yet if he makes the Hidden or unufual manner ot the invita
tion's coming to his mind, the ground on which he believes
that he is invited, it is not true faith ; becaufe it is buiit on
that which is not the true ground of faith. True faith is buiit
on no precarious foundation : but a determination that the
words of fuch a particular text, were, by the immediate power
of God, fuggeited to the mind, at fuch a time, as though then
fpokeu and directed by God to him, becaufe the words came
after fuch a manner, is wholly an uncertain and precarious
determination, as has been now ihown ; and therefore is a
falfe and fandy foundation for faith ; and accordingly that faith
which is built upon it is falfe. The only certain foundation
which any peribn has to believe that he is invited to partake
of the ble flings of the gofpel, is, that the word of God declares
I i that
fed his good eftate unto- him." And p. 70. {peaking of them " that
feem to be brought to lie at God's foot, and give an account of
their doling with Chrifr, and that God has revealed Chrift to them,
and drawn their hearts to him, and that they do accept cf ChriiV"
he fays, " In this cafe, it is bell to examine whether by that light
that was given him, he favv Chrilt and falvation offered to him, or;
whether he faw that God loved him. or pardoned him: for the of
fer of grace and our acceptance goes before pardon, and therefore,
much more, before the knowlege of it."
Mr. Shepard, in his Parable of ike ten 'virgins. Fart. II. p. i .
fays, that " Grace and the loveofChriit (the faireft colours under
the fun) may he pretended ; but if you mall .receive, under this ap
pearance, that God witneHeth his love, iiril by an abfolute promilv-,
take heed there ; for under tills appearance you may as well bring i.i
immediate revelations, and from thence come to forfake the ferip -
tures."
And in Part I. p. 86. he fays " is Chrift yours? Yes, I fee i,\
How ? By any word or promife ! No : this is delalion." And p. 136.
fpeaking of them that have no folk! ground of peace, he reckons,
" Thofe that content themfelves with the revelation cf the Lora'-i
love, without the light of any work, or not looking to it." An.l
fays prefcntly after, " The teflimony of the Spirit does not make a
man more a Chriftian, but only evidenceth it ; as I: is the nature
ofawitnef", not to make a thing to he triu\ but to clear and evi
dence it."' And p. 140. fpeaking of them that fay they have ths
witnefs of the Spirit, that makes a difference between them and hypo.
c rites, he fays, " The witnefs of the Spirit makes not the lirft dif
ference : for rlrft a man is a believer, and in Chritf, and juiiincd,
called, and fanclificcl, before the Spirit docs v, -itnefs it ; clfe the Spi
rit fi;culd \\ itnefs to an untruth anvi lie,''
650 THE FIRST SIGN Part III.
that perfons fo qualified as he is, are invited, and God who
declares it, is true and cannot lie. If a firmer be once con
vinced of the veracity of God, and that the [captures are his
word, he will need no more to convince and fatisiy him that
he is invited ; for the fcriptures are full of invitations to fm-
ners, to the chief of finners, to come and partake of the bene
fits of the gofpel : he will not want any new {peaking of God
to him, what he hath fpoken already will be enough with him.
As the firft comfort of many perfons, and their affections at
the time of their fuppofed converfion, are built on fuch grounds
as thefe which have been mentioned ; fo are their joys and
hopes, and other affeclions, from time to time afterwards.
They have often particular words of fcripture, fweet declara
tions and promifes fuggelled to them, which by reafon of the
manner of their coming, they think are immediately fent from
God to them, at that time. ; which they look upon as their
warrant to take them ; and which they actually make the main
ground of their appropriating them to themfelves, and of the
comfort they take in them, and the confidence they receive
'from them. Thus they imagine a kind of converfation is car
ried on between God and them ; arid that God, from time to
time, does, as it were, immediately fpeak to them, and fatisty
their doubts, and testifies his love to them, and promifes them
fupports and fupplies, and his blefiing in fuch and fuch cafes,
arid reveals to them clearly their interefls in eternal bleffirigs.
And thus they are often elevated, and have a courfe of a fud-
den and tumultuous kind of joys, mingled with a ftrong con
fidence, and high opinion of themfelves ; when indeed the main
ground of thefe joys, and this confidence, is not any thing
contained in, or taught by thefe fcriptures, as they lie in the
Bible, but the manner of their coming to them ; which is a cer
tain evidence of their delufion. There is no particular pro-
inife in the word of God that is the faint's, or is any otherwife
made to him, or fpoken to him, than all the promifes of the
covenant of grace are his, and are made to him, and fpoken to
him :t though it be true that fome of thefe promifes may be
more
f Mr, Shepard, in \\isSmvdBeliever, p. 159. of the late im prof-
lion at Boiion, fays, <c Embrace in thy bofoin, not only fome few
promifes, but all.'' And th^n he afks the queflic-n, <c When may a
Chriftian make a promife without prefuraption, as fpoken to him ?"
Jie anfwers, " The rule is vary fweet, but certain ; when he takes
all
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS.
2,5 1
more peculiarly adapted to his cafe than others ; and God by
his Spirit may enable him better to underftand fome than others,
and to have a greater fenfe of the precioufnefs, and glory, and
foitablenefs of the bleflings contained in them.
But here fome may be ready to fay, What, is there nofuch
thing as any particular fpi ritual application of the promifes of
fcripture by the Spirit of God ? I anfwer, there is doubtlefs
fuch a thing as a fpi ritual and faving application of the invi
tations and promifes of fcripture to the fouls of men : but it
is alfo certain, that the nature of it is wholly mifunderftood by
many perfons, to the great enfnaring of their own fouls, and
the giving Satan a vaft advantage againfl them, and againft
the intereft of religion, and the church of God. The fpiritual
application of a fcripture promife does not confifl in its being
immediately fuggefted to the thought^ by fome extrinfic agent,
and being borne into the mind with this flrong apprehenfion,
that it is particularly fpoken and dire6ted to them at that time :
there is nothing of the evidence of the hand of God in thisef-
fecl, as events have proved, in many notorious instances ; and
it is a mean notion of a fpiritual application of fcripture ; there
is nothing in the natureof it at all beyond the power of the devil,
if he be not re (I rained by God ; for there is nothing in the
nature of the effect that is fpiritual, implying any vital com
munication of God. A truly fpiritual application of the word
of God is of a vaftly higher nature ; as much above the devil's
power, as it is, fo to apply the word of God to a dead corpfe,
as to raife it to life ; or to a ftone, to turn it into an angel. A
fpiritual application of the word of God con fids in applying it
to the heart, in fpiritually enlightening, fanttifying influences.
A fpiritual application of an invitation or offer of the gofpel
confifts in giving the foul a fpiritual fenfe or relifh of the holy
and divine bleffmgs offered, and alfo the fweet and wonderful
grace of the offerer, in making fo gracious an offer, and of
his holy excellency and faithfulnefs to fulfil what he offers,
and
all the fcripture, and embraces it as fpoken unto him, he may then
take any particular proiiife boldly. My meaning is, when a Chrif-
tian takes hold , and wreftles with God for the accompli fhment of
all the promifes of the New Teitament, when he fets all the com
mands before him, ^s a compafs and guide to walk after, when he
applies all the threatening^ to drive him nearer unto Chrift the end
, of th^rn. This no hypocrite can do ; this the faints (hall do ; and by
thij t'.icy may know when the Lord fpeaks in particular unto them."
THE FIRST SIGN Part III.
and his glorious fufficiency for it ; fo leading and drawing
forth the heart to embrace the offer ; and thus giving the man
evidence of his title. to the thing offered. And fo a fpiritual
application of the promifes of fcripture, for the comfort of the
iaints, confiRs in enlightening their minds to fee the holy ex
cellency and fweetnefs of the bleflings promifed, and alfo the
holy excellency of the promifer, and his faithfulnefs and fufli-
ciency ; thus drawing forth their hearts to embrace the pro
mifer, and tiling promifed ; and by this means, giving the fen-
fible aclings of grace, enabling them to fee their grace, and fo
their title to the promife. An application not confining in
this divine fenfe and enlightening of the mind, but confiiling
only in the word's being borne into the thoughts, as if imme
diately then fpoken, fo making perfons believe, on no other
foundation, that the promife is theirs; is a blind application;
and belongs to the fpirit of darknefs, and not of light.
When perfons have their affections raifed after this msnner,
thofe affections are really not raifed by the word of God ; the
fcripture is not the foundation of them ; it is not any thing
contained in thofe fcriptures which come to their minds, that
raife their affeclions ; but truly that effeO, viz. the ftrange
manner of the word's being fuggcfted to their rrind?, and a
proportion from thence taken up by them, which indeed is
not contained in that fcripture, nor any other ; as that his fins
are forgiven him, or that it is the Father's good pleafure to
give him in particular the kingdom, or the like. There are
propofitions to be found in the Bible, declaring that perfons
of fuch and fuch qualifications are forgiven and beloved of God :
but there are no propofitions to be found in the Bible declar
ing that fuch and fuch particular perfons, independent on any
previous knowlege of any qualifications, are forgiven and be
loved of God : and therefore, when any perfon is comforted,
and affected by any fuch propofition, it is by another word,
a word newly coined, and not any word of God contained in
the Bible.f And thus many perfons are vainly affeclcJ and
deluded.
Again,
f " Some Chriflians have retted with a work without Chn.ft,
which is abominable : hut after a man is in Chrift, not to i'jd<p by
the work, isiirftnotto jur'ge from a word. For though there is a
word, which may gi^'e a man a dependence on Chriit, without feeling
any work, nav \vhcn he feels none, as abfclute prornifh ; yet r.o
\vc,-d
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 2-3
Again, it plainly appears from what has been demonih'ated,
tii at no revelation of 'ficfet faEls by immediattd fuggfjiiwi, is
any thine fpi ritual and divine, in that fenfe wherein -'Tucic;^
J n I r
enecls and operations are lo.
By f'crtt fa&s> I mean things that have been done, or are
come to pafs, or (hall hereafter come to pafs, which die fectct
in that fenfe that they do not appear to the fenfcs, nor t ne
known by any argumentation, or any evidence to reafon, nur
any oilier way, but only by that revelation by immediate iW-
j^eftion of the ideas of them to the .mind. Thus for iuiiduce,
if it fhould be revealed to me, that the next year this land would
be invaded by a fleet trom France, or that fuch and fuch perfpns
would then be con verted, or that I rny felf fhould then be converted;
not by enabling me to argueout thefeevents fromanythin'rwhich
nowappears inprovidence; but immediately fuggeilin^ and bear-
inginupon mymind,in an extraordinary manner, the apprehend-
on or ideas of thefe facls, with aflrong fuggefiion or impreflicii
on my mind, that I had no hand in my felf, that thefe things would
come to pafs : or if it mould be revealed to me, that this day
there is a battle fought between the armies of fuch and fuch
powers in Europe ; or that fuch a prince in Europe wus this
day converted, or is now in a converted Hate, having been
converted formerly, or that one of my nc ghbours is convert
ed, or that I my felf am converted ; not by having any oilier
evidence of any of thefe facls, from whence I ar>rue them, but
an immediate extraordinary fuggefiion or excitation of thefe
ideas, and a ftrong impreflion of them upon my mind : this is
a revelation offecret facls by immediate fuggeftjon, as much
as if the facls were future ; for the facls being pail, prefent, or
future, alters not the cafe, as long as they are fe;ret and hid
den from my fenfes and reafon, and not fpo!;en of in fcrip-
ture, nor known by me any other way than by immediate ftt?-
gfftion. If I have it revealed to me, that fuch a revolution
is come to pafs this day in the Ottoman empire, it is ihe very
fame
vvord giving ajfiirance, but that which is made to fome work, He
*ba?$eluvrth,orisfooriii/pirit t &c. until that work is feen, has no
a.Turance from that promife." Skrfiard's Parable of ihe ten <virvin<
Part I. P . 86.
" If God ihould tell a faint that he has grace, ht might know
it by believing the word of God : but it is twt in thin-way th.tt ^Ovil-/
men do know th.it thr-y have grace ; it is net rcvcii!-:d in the wc.rd,
nl the Spirit of God doth net teftifv it to particular perfri, '*
St^rj'sNaturtiiffamtGonv'frSm. r. HA. Re.
$54 THE FIRST SIGN Part IIL
fame fort of revelation, as if it were revealed to me that fuch
a revolution would come to pafs there this day come twelve
months; becaufe, though one is prefent and the other future,
yet both are equally hidden from me, any other way than by
immediate revelation. When Samuel told Saul that the afles
which he went to feek were found, and that his father had left
caring for the aifes and forrowed for him ; this was by the fame
kind of revelation, as that by which he told Saul, that in the
plain of Tabor, there mould meet him three men going up to
God to Bethel, (i Sam. x. 2,3.) though one of thefe things was
future, and the other was not. So when Elifha told the king
of Ifrael the words that the king of Syria fpake in his bed
chamber, it was by the fame kind of revelation with that by
which he foretold many things to come.
It is evident that this revelation of fecret facls by immediate
fuggeftion, has nothing of the nature of a fpiritual and divine
operation, in the fenfe fore-mentioned ; there is nothing at
all in the nature of the perceptions or ideas themfelves, which
are excited in the mind, that is divinely excellent, and fo, far
above all the ideas of natural men ; though the mariner of ex
citing the ideas be extraordinary. In thofe things which are
fpiritual, as has been (hown, not only the manner of producing
the effeB, but the effeEt wrought is divine, and fo vallly above
all that can be in an unfanciified mind. Now fimply the hav
ing an idea of facls, fetting afide the manner of producing thofe
ideas, is nothing beyond what the minds of wicked men are
fufceptible of, without any goodnefs in them ; and they all,
either have or will have, the knowlege of the truth ol the
greater! and moft important facls, that have been, are, or ihall
be.
And as to the extraordinary manner of producing the ideas
or perception of facls, even by immediate {ugyeftion, there is
nothing in it, but what the minds of natural men, while they
are yet natural men, are capable of ; as is manifeft in Balaam,
and others fpoken of in the fcripture. And therefore it ap
pears that there is nothing appertaining to this immediate fug
geftion of fecret facls that is fpiritual, in the fenfe in which it
has been proved that gracious operations are fo. If there be
nothing ;n the ideas themfelves, which is holy and divine, and
fo nothing but what may be in a mind not fanctified, then God
can put them into the mind by immediate power, without fanc-
tifying it. As there is nothing in the idea of a rainbow itfelf,
that
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS 23,5
that is of a holy and divine nature ; fo that there is nothing
hinders but that an unfanclified mind may receive that idea ;
fo God if he pleafes, and when he pleaies, immediately, and
in an extraordinary manner, may excite that idea in anuniancti-
fied mind. So alfo, as the:e is nothing in the idea orhnowlege
that fuch and fuch particular perfons are forgiven and accepted
of God, and intitled to heaven, but what unfanctified minds
may have and will have concerning many at the day of judg
ment ; fo God can if he pleafes, extraordinarily and immedi
ately fuggeft this to, and imprefs it upon an unfanctified mind
now : there is no principle wanting in an unfanclified miml,
to make it capable of fuch a fuggeftion or irnpreffion ; nor h
there any thing in them to exclude, or necellarily to prevent
fuch a fuggeftion.
And if thefe fuggeftions of fecret facls be attended with
texts of fcripture, immediately arid extraordinarily brought to
mind, about fome other facls that feern in fome refpecls fimi-
lar, that does not make the operation to be of a fpiritual and
divine nature. For that fuggeftion of words of fcripture is no
more divine, than the fuggeftion of the facls themfelves ; as
has been juft now demonftrated: and two effefts together,
which are neither of them fpiritual, cannot make up one com
plex effecl, that is fpiritual.
Hence it follows, from what has been already mown, and
often repeated, that thofe affections which are properly found
ed on fuch immediate fuggeftions, or fuppofcd fuggeftions, of
fecret facls, are not gracious affections. Not but that it is pof-
fible that fuch fuggeftions may be the occa/ion, or accidental cauft
of gracious affections ; for fo may a rniftake and delufion ; but
it is never properly \\iQfoundation of gracious affeclions : fox"
gracious affeclions, as has been fhewn, are all the effeftsof an
influence and operation which is fpiritual, fupernatural, and
divine. But there are many affeftioris, and high affections,
which fome have, that have fuch kind of fuggeftions or reve
lations for their very foundation : they look upon thefe as
fpiritual difcoveries ; which is a grofs delufion ; and this delu
fion is truly the fpring whence their affeclions flow.
Here it may be proper to obferve, that it is exceeding manifeil
from what has been faid, that what many perfons call the wit-
nefs of the Spirit, that they are the children of God, has no
thing in it fpiritual and divine ; and confequently that the af
feclions built upon it, are vain and delufive. That which ma
ny
256 THE FIRST SIGN Part III.
ny call the witnefsof the Spirit, is no other than an immediate
fuggeftion and irnprejfficn of that far, otheruife fecret, that
they are converted, or made the chilchen of God, and fo that
their fins are pardoned, and that God has given them a title to
heaven. This kind of kriowlege, viz. knowing that a certain
peribn is converted, and delivered from hell, and imitled to
heaven, is no divine fort of knowlege in itfelf. This fort of
fat:}, is not that which requires no higher or more divine kind
of fuggeftion, in order to imprefs it on the mind, than any
oilier facl which Balaam had impreiTcd on his mind. It re
quires no higher fort of idea or fenfation, for a man to have
theapprehenfion of his own conveifion imprelfed upon him, than
t o have the app rehen (ion of his neighbor 'scon ver (ion, in like man
ner, imprefied : br.t God, if he pleafed, might imprefstheknow-
loge of-this facl:, that he had forgiven his neighbor's fins, and
given him a title to heaven, as well as any other facl, without
any communication of his holinefs : the excellency and im
portance of the fa ft, does not at all hinder a natural man's
mind being fufceptible of an immediate fuggeftion and imprei-
fion of it. Balaam had as excellent, and important, arid glori
ous facls as this, immediately impreffed on his mind, without
any gracious influence; as particularly, the coming of Chriif,
and his letting up his glorious kingdom, and the blefTednefs of
the fpiritual Ifrael in his peculiar favor, and their happinefs
living and dying. Yea, Abimeleck king of the Philiftines, had
God's fpecial fovor to a particular perfon, even Abraham re
vealed to him, Gen. xx. 6, 7. So it feems that he revealed to
Laban his fpecial favor to Jacob, fee Gen. xxxi.s^.and Pfal.cv.
1,5. And if a truly good man fhould have an immediate revt-
laiio:i or fuggeflion from God, after the like manner, con
cerning his favor to his neighbor, or hirnfelf ; it would
be no higher kind of influence ; it would be no more than
a common fort of influence of God's Spirit; as the gift of
prophecy, and all revelation by immediate fuggeftion is ; fee
i Cor. xiii. 2. And though it be true, that it is not pofli-
bic that a natural man fhould have that individual fuggef
tion from the Spirit of God, that he is converted, becaufe it is
not true ; yet that does not arife from the nature ot the influ
ence, or becaufe that kind of influence which fuggefts fuch CK-
c^llent fails, is too high for him to be the fubjecl of; but pure
ly from the uefeft of a faft to be revealed. The influence
which immediately fugged s this far, when it is true, is of no
different
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS* 2^7
different kind from that which immediately fuggefts other true
facts : and fo the kind and nature of the influence, is not above
what is common to natural men, with good men.
But this is a mean ignoble notion of the witnefs of the Spi
rit of God given to his dear children, to fuppofe that there is
nothing in the kind and nature of that influence of theSpiritof
God, in imparting this high and glorious benefit, but what is
common to natural men, or which men are capable of, and be
in the mean time altogether unfantified, and the children of
hell ; and that therefore the benefit or gift itfelf has nothing of
the holy nature of the Spirit of God in it, nothing of a vital
communication of that Spirit. This notion greatly debafes that
high and moft exalted kind of influence and operation of the
Spirit, which there is in the true witnels of the Spiritt. That
which is called the luitnefs of t fie Spirit, Rom. viii, is elfewhere
in the New Teftament called the feat of the. Spirit, 2 Cor i. 22*
Eph. i. 13. and iv. 13. alluding to the feal of princes, annexed
Jo the inftrtiment, by which they advanced any of their fubj efts
to fome high honor and dignity, or peculiar privilege in the
kingdom, as a token of their fpecial favor. Which is an evi
dence that the influence of the Spirit of the Prince of princes,
in fealing his favorites, is far from being of a common kind;
K k and
f The late venerable Stoddard in his younger time, falling in with
the opinion of fome others, received this notion of the witnefs of the
Spirit, by way of immediate fuggeftion ; but in the latter part of his
life, when he had more thoroughly weighed things, and had more
Experience, he entirely rejected it ; as appears by his treatife of the
.nature of faving convernon, P. 84. " The Spirit of God doth not
teltify to particular perfons, that they are godly. Some think that
the Spirit of God doth telHfy it to fome ; and they ground i ton Rom.
viii. 1 6. "The Spirit itfelf bcareth witnefs with our fpirit, that we
are the children of God/' They think the Spirit reveals it by giving
;an inward tefdrnony to it ; and fome godly men think they have bad
'experience of it ; but they may eafily mutake : \vhen the fpirit o'f God
xloth eminently ftir up a fpirit of faith, and iheds abroad the love oi
God in the heart, it is eafy to miftake it as a testimony. And that is
'Spirit difcovers the ^race of God in ChriH, and thereby draws forth
fpecial ?_<ftin?;s of faith and love* which are evidential; but it doth
not work in way of teftimony. If God does but help us to receive
'<he revelations in thc^or.I. we i'hal} have comfort enough without
nev,- revelations."
258 THE FIRST SIGN Part "III.
and that there is no effecl: of God's Spirit whatfoever, which is
in its nature more divine; nothing more holy, peculiar, inimi
table and diftinguiming of divinity: as nothing is more royal
than the royal feal ; nothing more facred, that belongs to a
prince, and more peculiarly denoting what belongs to him ; it
being the very end and defign of it, to be the moft peculiar
ilamp and confirmation of the royal authority, and great note
of diftinfcHon, whereby that which proceeds from the king, or
belongs to him, may be known from every thing elfe. And
therefore undoubtedly the feal of the great King of heaven arid
earth inftamped on the heart, is fome thing high and holy in its
own nature, foine excellent communication from the infinite
fountain of divine beauty and glory ; and not merely a making
known a fecret facl: by revelation or fuggeftion ; which is a fort
of influence of the Spirit of God, that the children of the devil
have often been the fubjefts of. The feal of the Spirit is a kind
of effecl of the Spirit of God on the heart, which natural men,
\vhile fuch, are fo far from a capacity of being the fubjeBs of,
that they can have no manner of notion or idea of it; agree
able to Rev. ii. 17. "To him that overcometh will I give to
" eat of the hidden manna, and I will give him a white ftone,
" and in the ftone a new name written, which no man know-
"- eth, faving he that receiveth it." There is all reafon to
fuppofe that what is here fpoken of, is the fame mark', evidence,
or bleiled token of fpecial favor, which is elfewhere called the
Jial of the. Spirit.
What has mi fled many in their notion of that influence of
the Spirit of God we are fpeaking of, is the word WITNESS,
its being called the witnefs of the Spirit. Hence they have ta
ken it, not to be any effetl or work of the Spirit upon the heart,
giving evidence, from whence men may argue that they are the
children of God ; but an inward immediate fuggeftion, as though
God inwardly fpoke to the man, and teftified to him, and told
him that he was his child, by a kind of a fecret voice, or im-
preflion : notobferving the manner in which the word witnefs,
or tejlimony, is often ufed in the New Teftament ; where fuch
terms often fignify, not only a mere declaring and aliening a
thing to be true, but holding forth evidence from whence a thing
may be argued and proved to be true. Thus, Heb. ii. 4.
God is faid to " bear witnefs, with figns and wonders, and di-
" vers miracles, and gifts of the Holy Ghoft." Now thefe mi
racles, here fpoken of, are called God's witnefs, not becaufc
. they
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS 259
they are of the nature of aflertions, but evidences and proofs.
So Ac'is xiv. 3. " Long time therefore abode they fpeaking bold-
" ly in the Lord, which gave teiiitnony unto the word of his
'* grace, and granted figns and wonders to be done by their
" hands." And John v. 36. " But I have greater witnefs than
11 that of John: for the works which the Father hath given
" me to finiih, the fame works that I do, bear witnefs of me,
" that the Father hath fent me. Again, chap. x. 25. " The
" works that I do in my Father's name, they bear witnefs of
" me." So the water and the blood are faid to bear witnefs,
i John v. 8. not that they fpake or afferted anything, but they
were proofs and evidences. So God's works of providence,
in the rain and fruitful feafons, are fpoken of as witneffes of
God's being and goodnefs, i. e. they were evidences of thefe
things. And when the fcriptures fpeaks of thejealof the Spi
rit, it is an expreflion which properly denotes, not an immedi
ate voice or fuggeftion, but fome work or efiecl of the Spirit,
that is left as a divine mark upon the foul, to be an evidence,
by which God's children might be known. The feals of prin
ces were the diftinguifliing marks of princes : and thus God's
feal is fpoken of as God's mark, Rev.^vii. 3. " Hurt not the
" earth, neither the fea, nor the trees', till we have fealed the
" fervants of our God in their foreheads ;" together with Ezek.
ix. 4. " Set a mark upon the foreheads of the men that figh,
" and that cry for all the abominations that are done in the
" midft thereof." When God fets his feal on a man's heart
by his Spirit, there is fome holy ftamp, fome image impreffed
and left upon the heart by the Spirit, as by the feal upon the
wax. And this holy ilamp, or impieffed image, exhibiting
clear evidence to the confcience, that the fwbjeft of it is the
child of God, is the very thing which in fcripture is called the
ftal of the Spirit , and the witnefs, or evidence of the Spirit.
And this image inftamped by the Spirit on God's childrens
hearts, is his own image: that is the evidence by which they
are known to be God's children, that they have the image of
their Father damped upon their hearts by the Spirit of adoption.
Seals anciently had engraven on them two things, viz. the
image, and the name of the perfon whofe feal it was. There
fore when Chrift fays to his fpoufe, Cant. viii. 6. " Set me as
" a feal upon thine heart, as a feal upon thine arm ;" it is as
much as to fay, let my name and image remain imprefled there.
The feals of princes were wont to bear their image; fo that
what
260 THE FIRST SIGN Part 111.
what they fet their feal and royal mark upon, had their imago
left on it. It was the manner of princes of old to have their
image engraven on their jewels and precious ftones ; and the
image of Auguftus engraven on a precious ftone, \vas ufed as
the feal of the Roman emperors, in Chrift's and the apoflles
times*. And the faints are the jewels of Jefiss Chrift, the
great Potentate, who has the poneflion of the empire of the
univerfe : and thefe jewels have his image inilampedupon their,
by his royal fignet, which is the Holy Spirit. And this is un
doubtedly what the fcripture means by the feal of the Spirit ;
efpecially when it is inftamped in fo fair and clear a manner,
as to be plain to the eye of confcience ; which is what the
fcripture calls our. f pint. This is truly an affeft that is fpiri-
tuat, fupernatural and divine. This is in itfelf of a holy na
ture, being a communication of the divine nature and beauty.
That kind of influence of the Spiiit which gives and leaves
this ftamp upon the heart, is fuch that no natural man can,
be the fubjecl of any thing of the like nature with it. This is
the higher! fort of witnefs of the Spirit, which it is poflible the
foul mould be the fubjeft of: if there were any fuch thing
as a witnefs of the Spirit by immediate fuggeftion or revela
tion, this would be vaflly more noble and excellent, and as;
much above it as the heaven is above the earth. This the devil
cannot imitate : as to an inward fuggeftion of the Spirit of
Ood, by a kind of fecret voice fpeaking, and immediately af*
ierting and revealing a fat, he can do that which is 3 thou-
land times fb like to this, as he can to that holy and divine effec},
or work of the Spirit of God, which has been now fpokcn
eft.
Another
* See Chambers *s diftionary, under the word ENGRAVING.
+ Mr. Shepard is abundant in militating againft the notion of mcns
knowing their good eftate by an immediate witnefs of the Spirit,
without judging by any efreftor work of the Spirit wrought on the
heart, as an evidence and proof that perfcns are the children of God.
Parab. P. I. p. 134. " KnvwingyaureleftwuofGod, How fo ? ^ Im
mediately ? Some divines think 'angels fee it riot fo, and that it is pe
culiar to God fo to do ; bat mediately ; for our word came in fewer,
find in n.uch rjfuraxcc > to make you enlarged for God, to turn you
from idols unto God, S3c ." Again in the fame page, " It is hea
ven to cleave to him in every command ; it is death to depart from
any command. Hereby I.KG-M we ikat >we are in kim. If it were pof-
fible to afk of the angels, how they know they are not devils, they
-"* would
OF GRACIOUS A F F E C T I O N S. 26 i
Another thing which is a full proof (hat the Tea] of tlie Spirit
its no reveLmon of any fatby immediate fnirgt-1-on, but is grace
iiie-f in the foul, is, that the /cat of tkt Spirit is cancel ihe far-
ncj^ of the Spirit, in the fcripture. It is vci v plain, that the
fe;il of the Spirit is the I'd me thing with the earneii of the Spirit,
by 2 Cor. i. 22. " Who hath aifo k:ak:d i;s, and given the
" earneii of the Spirit in our hearts." And Eph. i. 13, 14.
" In whom, after thjt ye believed, ye were iealed wiih that
" holy Spirit of promife, which is the eariiefl of our inherit-
" ance,
would anfwer the Lord's will is ours. So here, how do ycu know
you have net the nature of devils, and fo in a ftate of devils, bound
there until the judgment of the great day ? Becaufe God hath c >-;t! -.> -
cd our vile natures, and made our wills like unto his glorious will.'*
And p. 135. The major is the word, the minor experience,' and the
rtnclufok the Lord's Spirit's work, quickening your fpirits to it.
Now, fay fome, hew do you know this ? 1 hus ycu may be rnifrak-
en : fur many have been deceived thus. Grr.nt that; and lhall a
child not take bread r.'hen it is given him, though dogs fnatch at it t"
And p. 13-7. Jf you look to a ipi:;t witl r-nt a work, v/huil: you do
feek confolation, you cannot avcid the < word.
You fay the Spirit has fpoken peace tc you love Chrift ?
I look not to that ; but to the Spirit. V.'r.y, the word faith, He Wat
Ivvcs him not., let him be Anathema* So, is the league between your
fins and your fouls broken ? Anf. I look not to that. Why, John
faith, He that ccmmitteibjin is of the de<vil. Are you new creatures ?
that. Why, the word faith, vtilefsjcu bebGrsiarain, you
I look not to
cannot enter into the kin-dom of God." Fags 176, 177. " A man
faith,_I have Chriit ; and fo have not they. I afk, where is the Spi
rit ? You have the deed : where is the foil? You have tl;e tcflatvor ;
where is the executor? The Spirit in you ? Yes, I have it ; it has
witnefied Chrift is mine. Anf. It has witnefie:- ; but what has it
wrought ? where is the power of his death, killing thy lulls ? where
i;> the life of thefpirit \n Jefus in you ? where is the oil in your vefTe! ?
Truly I look for the Bridegroom ; but I regard not that : neither are
others to regard it, in way of evidence. Then I fay, the chief evi
dence is deftroyed in. t!-.e churches. I have known many that have had
affurances ; yet never faw them prove right, until it witneiTed this was
here. What mould be the caufes of this, and that men ihoul 5 .
bluftcrs in the churches bscaufe of th*. 1 ?, as though it wris building on
works? In feveral men they are feveral. i. An apfnef$ to out-run tin?
truth, and to fall from one extreme to another. 2. The apoL
eminent pro&flors, who have been deceived in their evidencing thus,
3. Corrupt experience. 4. A heart that never f'eic tl'e bk;
andbondageof fin, as thegreateft eviL" P"ge 215, 21.6. '* The
peac:,
262 THE FIRST SIGN Part III.
" ance, until the redemption of the purchafed poffeffion, unto
'* the praife of his glory." 4 Now the earneft i%part of the
money agreed for, given in hand, as a token of the whole, to
be paid in due time ; a part of the promifed inheritance, grant
ed now, in token of full pofleflion of thewhole hereafter. But
furely that kind of communication of the Spirit of God, which
is of the nature of eternal glory, is the higbell and moft. excel
lent kind of communication, fomething that is in its own na
ture fpiritual, holy, arid divine, and far from any thing that is
common ;
peace, andjoy, and aflfurance ofthat glory, which eye never faw, in the
i'uints, it is from the witnefs of the Spirit of glory ; not only becaufe
that God is their God, but becaufe they are his people. It is I fay
from the witnefs of God in his word ; not from themfelves, nor from
man only, that they approve me; nor from dreams, and diabolical
breathings ; but from the Spirit of God ; he brings tidings of it ; and
from Arch a fpirit (that you may know it) that not only mews you
God is your God, and fo you rejoice becaufe of this ; for thus it is
\, ith many a carnal heart, and he hath peace, being in horror, from
this, tbe Lord lo-ves me; but he makes you to rejoice, becaufe you
are the Lord's people, becaufe he hath changed your hearts : now the
peace is found, and joy is right : and here I would try the peace of
any man.'* Part II. p. 168, 169. " All -the heirs of the promifes,
as heirs that have legacies left them, they go to the will of the de-
ceafed father; and that comforts, that they hold to, that is fure;
fuch an one mall have it, if his name be there. But if one mall fay,
fbch a one hath promifed me fuch lands : Is it in his will ? No ; but
fmce he died, as I was taking a pipe, he came to rne : Oh be not
deceived !"
Again, in his Sound Believer, there is a long difcourfe of fancli-
ficrition as the chief evidence of juftification, from p. 221, for
many pages following ; I mall tranfcribe but a very fmall part of it.
" Tell me, how you will know that you are juftified. You will fay,
by the teftimony of the Spirit. And cannot the fame Spirit mine
upon your graces, and witnefs that you are fanclified, as well ?
i John iv. 13, 24. i Cor. ii. 12. Can the Spirit make the one clear
to you, and not the other ? Oh beloved, it is a fid thing, to hear
iuch queftions, and fuch cold anfwers alfo, that fanftilkationpofiibly
may be an evidence. May be ! Is it not certain ? Afiuredly to deny
it, is as bad as to affirm that God's own promifes of favor are not
true evidences thereof, and confequently that they are lies and un
truths."
Mr. Flavel alfo much oppofes this notion of the witnefs cf the Spi
rit by immediate revelation. Sacramental 'meditations, med. 4. fpeaking
of
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 263
common ; and therefore high above any thing of the nature ok
inf')iration, or revelation or hidden fafts by fuggeftion of the
Soirit of God, which many natural men have had. What is
the earned and beginning of glory, but grace itfelf, efpecially
in the more lively and clear exercifes of it ? It is not prophecy,
nor tongues, nor knowledge, but that more excellent divine
thing, charity that never failtth, which is a prelibation and
beginning of the light, fweetnefs, and bleffednefs of heaven,
that world of love or charity. It is grace that is the feed of
glory, and dawning of glory in the hear*, and therefore it is
grace
of the fealing of the Spirit, he fays, " In fealing the believer, he
doth not make ufe of an audible voice, nor the mimftry of angels,
nor immediate and extraordinary revelations ; but he makes ufe of his
own graces, implanted in our hearts, and his own promifes, written
in the fcripture : and in this method, he ufually brings the doubting
trembling heart of a believer to reft and comfort." Again, ibid.
<f Aflurance is produced in our fouls by the reflexive ads of faith :
the Spirit helps us to reflect upon what hath been done by him for
merly upon our hearts ; hereby <we kno~jj that <~^e know him, i John
ii. 3. To know that we know, is a reflex aft. Now it is imppMi-
ble there fhould be a reflex, before there hath been a direft aft. No
man can have the evidence of his faith, before the habit is infufed,
and the vital aft performed. The objeft matter, to which the Spirit
feals, is his own fapftifying operation." Afterwards, ibid, he fays,
" Immediate ways of the Spirit's fealing are ceafed. No man may
now expeft, by any new revelation, or fign from heaven, by any
voice, or extraordinary infpiraticn, to have his falvation fealed ; but
mult expeft that mercy in God's ordinary way and method, fearch-
ing the fcriptures, examining our own hearts, and waiting on the
Lord in prayer. The learned Gerfon gives an inftance of one that
had been long upon the borders of defpair, and at laft fwectly affured
and fettled : he anfwered, Non ex nova aliqua re -vitiations ; not by any
new revelation, but by fubjefting my underftanding to, and compa
ring my heart with the written \Vord. And Mr. Roberts, in hi siren-
tife of the covenants , fpeaks of another, that fo vehemently rant d af
ter the fealings and afiurance of the lore of God to his foul, tMt for
a long time he earnefcly defired fome voice from heaven ; and fore
times, walking in the folitary fields, earneftlv defired feme miracu
lous voice, from the trees or ftones there. This was denied him ;
but in time, a better was afforded, in a fcripturai way." Again, */</.
" This method of fealing, is beyond all other methods in the world.
For in miraculous voices andinfpirations, it is poffible there may fu-
leffe falfuin, be found fome cheat, or impoftures of the devil : but the
Spirit's witriefs in the heart, datable to the revelation i the fcrr Mr'
canaot deceive us."
204 T H E F I R S T S I G N Part III,
grace that is the earned of the future inheritance. What is it
that is the beginning or earneft of eternal life in the foul, but
fpi ritual life ? and what is that but grace ? The inheritance that
Chrift has purchafed for the cleft, is the Spirit of God ; nos
in any extraordinary gifts, but in his vital indwelling in the
heart, exerting and communicating himfelf there, in his own
proper, holy or divine nature : and this is the fum total of the
inheritance that Chrilt purchafed for the ele6L For fo are
things conflituted in the : affair of our redemption, that the Fa
ther provides the Saviotir, or purchafer, and the purchafe is
made of him ; and the Son is the purchafer and the price ; and
the Holy Spirit is the great bleiling or inheritance purchafed,
as is intimated Gal. iii. 13, 14. and hence the Spirit is often
fpoken of as the fum of the bleflings pro mi fed in the gofpel,
Luke xxiv. 49. Acts i. 4. and chap ii. 38, 39. Gal. iii. 14.
Eph. i. 13. This inheritance was the grand legacy which
Chrift left his difciples and church, in his laft will and reila-
merit, John, chap. xiv. xv. xvi. This is the fum of the bleih'ngs
of eternal life, which (hall be given in heaven. (Compare
John vii. 37, 38, 39. and John iv. 14. with Rev. xxi. 6. and
xxii. i, 17.) It is through the vital communications and in
dwelling oi the Spirit, that the faints have all their light, life,
holinefs, beauty, and joy in heaven : and it is through the vi
tal communications and indwelling of the fame Spirit, that the
iairits have all light, life, holinefs, beauty and comfort on
earth ; but only communicated in lefs meafure. And this vi
tal indwelling of the Spirit in the faints, in this lefs meafure
and final 1 beginning, is the earneft. of the. Spirit, the ear tie ft of
the future inheritance, and the firjl.-jruits of the Spirit, as the
apdftle calls it, Horn. viii. 22. where, by the frft-fimts of the
Spirit, the apoftle undoubtedly means the fame vital gracious
principle, that he (peaks of in all the preceding part of the
chapter, which he calls Spirit, and fets in oppofnicn to flefh
or corruption. Therefore this earneft of the Spirit, and firfl-
fruits of the Spirit, which has been mown to be the fame with
the feal of the Spirit, is the vital gracious lanclifying commu
nication and influence of the Spirit, and not any immediate
fuggeftion or revelation of facts, by the Spirit i.
And
i " After a man is in Chrift, not to judge oy the work, is not to
judge by the Spirit. For the apofilc makes the earneil of the Spirit
IG be the feal/ Now earneft it part of the money bargained for ; the
begnnng
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS 265
And indeed the apoftle, when in that Rom. viii. 16. he
fpeaks of the Spirit's bearing witnefs with our fpirit, that we
are the children of God, does fufficieatly explain himfelf, if his
words were but attended to. What is here expreifed, is con
nected with the two preceding vcrfes, as refulting from what
the apoftle had faid there, as every reader may fee. The three
verfes together are thus, For as many as are. led by the Spirit of
God, they arc. thefonsofGod : for ye have not received the f pint
of bondage again to fear \ but ye have received the Spirit of a~
doption, whereby we ciy t Abba, Father : the Spirit itf elf bear etk
witnefs with our /pints, that we are the children of God. Here,
'what the apoftle lays, if we take it together, plainly mews, that
what he has reipecl to, when he fpeaks of the Spirit's giving us
witnefs or evidence that we are God's children, is his dwelling
in us, and leading us, as a fpirit of adoption, or fpirit of a child,
difpofing us to behave towards God as to a Father. This is the
witnefs or evidence the apoftle fpeaks of, that we are children*
that we have the fpirit of children, or fpirit of adoption. And
r what is that, but the fpirit of love ? There are two kinds of fpirits
the apoftle fpeaks of, the fpirit of a Have, or the fpirit of bon
dage, that is fear ; and the fpirit of a child, or J'pirit of adop
tion, and that is love. The apoftle fays, we have not received
the fpirit of bondage, or of (laves, which is a fpirit of fear ; but
we have received the more ingenuous noble fpirit of children,
a fpirit of love, which naturally difpofes us to go to God, as
children to a father, and behave towards God as children.
And this is the evidence or witnefs which the Spirit of God
gives us that we are children. This is the plain fenfe of the
apoftle, : and fo undoubtedly the apoftle here is fpeaking of
the very fame way of calling out doubting, andy^r, and the
fpirit of bondage, which the apoftle John fpeaks of, i John iv.
18. viz. by the prevailing oflove t that is the fpirit of a child.
The fpirit of bondage works by fear, the (lave fears the rod ;
but love cries Abba, Father ; it difpofes us to go to God, and
behave ourfelves towards God as children ; and it gives us clear
evidence of our union to God as his children, and fo calls out
fear. So that it appears that the witnefs of the Spirit the apoftle
L 1 fpeaks
beginning of heaven, of the light and life! of it. He that fees not that
the Lord is his by that, fees no God his at all. Oh therefore, do
not look for a fpirit, without a word to reveal, nor a word to reveal,
v.without feeing and feeling of forae work firft. I thank the Lord,
I do but pity thofe that think other wife. If a fheep of Ch rift, oh,
wander not." Sfafard's Parab. P, I. p. 86,
266 THE FIRST SIGN Part IIL
fpeaks of, is far from being ' any whifper, or immediate fuggef-
tion or revelation ; but that gracious holy effeft of the Spirit of
God in the hearts of the faints, the difpofition and temper of
children, appearing in fweet child-like love to God, which
cafts Out fear, or a fpirit of a (lave.
And the fame thing is evident from all the context : it is
plain the apoftle fpeaks of the Spirit, over and over again, as
dwelling in the hearts of the faints, as a gracious principle, fet
in opposition to the flefli or corruption : and fo he does in the
words that immediately introduce this paffage we are upon,
verf. 13. For if ye live after the Jlefli, ye Jhall die : but if ye
through the Spirit do mortify the deeds of thejiejh.yefhall live.
Indeed it is part doubt with me, that the apoftle has a more
fpecial refpeft to the fpirit of grace, or the fpirit of love, or
fpirit of a child, in its more lively aftings ; for it is perfeft'
love or ftrong love only, which fo witnefles or evidences that we
are children, as to cart out fear, and wholly deliver from the
fpirit of bondage. The ftrong and lively exercifes of a fpirit of
child-like, evangelical, humble love to God, give clear evi
dence of the fouFs relation to God, as his child ; which does r;
very greatly and dire&ly fatisfy the foul. And though it be
far from being true, that the foul in this cafe, judges only by
an immediate witnefs, without any iign or evidence ; for it
judges and is aftured by the greateft fign and cleareft evidence ;
yet in this cafe, the faint ftandsin.no need of multiplied figns, ^
or any long reafoning upon them. And though the fight of
his relative union with God, and his being in his favor, is notj
without a medium, becaufe he fees it by that medium, viz*
his love ; yet his fight of the union of his heart to God is im
mediate : love, the bond of union, is feen intuitively : the faint \
fees and feels plainly the union between his foul and God ; it >
is fo ftrong and lively, that he cannot doubt of it. And hence
he is affured that he is a child. How can he doubt whether he
flands in a child-like relation to God, when he plainly fees a
child-like union between God and his foul, and hence does bold
ly, and as it were naturally and neceffarily cry, Abba, Father ?
And whereas the apoftle fays, the Spirit bears witnefs with \
cur Spirits : by our fpirit here, is meant our conference, which
is called the fpirit of man ; Prov. xx. 27. " The fpirit of man is
" the candle of the Lord, fearching all the inward parts of the |
" belly." We elfewhere read of the witnefs of this fpirit of ours \ , 1
2 Cor. i. 1 2. " For our rejoicing is this, the teftimony of our con-
" fcience." And i John iii. 19, 20, 21. " And hereby do we know <
" that we are of the truth, and fhall allure our hearts before him,
" For I
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS, 267
For if our heart condemn us, God is greater than cur heart, and
knoweth all things. Beloved, if our heart condemn us not, then
have we confidence towards God." When the apoftle Paul
fpeaks of the Spirit of God bearing witnefs with our fpint, h
riot to be underltood of two fpirits, that are two feparate, collate
ral, independent witnefles ; but it is by one, that we receive t
witnefles of the other : the Spirit of God gives the evidence by
infufing and fhedding abroad the love of God, the {pint pt a
child, in the heart ; and our fpirit, or our confcience, receives
and declares this evidence for our rejoicing.
Many have been the mifchiefs that have anien from that lalie
and delufive notion of the witnefs of the Spirit, that it is a kind
of inward voice, fuggeftion, or declaration from God to a man,
that he is beloved of him, and pardoned, defied, or the like,
fometimes with, and fometimes without a text ot Icnpture ;
and many have been the felfe, and vain, (though very high) at-
feftions that have arilen from hence. And it is to be feared
that multitudes of fouls have been eternally undone by it.
have therefore infifted the longer on this head.
But I proceed now to a fecorid chara&eriitic of gracious af
fections.
II, The firft objective ground of gracious affections, is the
tranfcendently excellent and amiable nature of divine things,
as they are in themfelves ; and not any conceived relation they
bear to felf, or felf-intereft.
I fay, that the fupremely excellent nature of divine things, is
the firji, or pri mary and original objective foundation of the
fpiritual affections of true faints ; for I do not fuppofe that all
relation which divine things bear to themfelves, and their own
particular intereft, are wholly excluded from all influence in
their gracious affedions. For this may have, and indeed has,
a fecondary and confequential influence in thofe affedions that
are truly holy and fpiritual; as I mall mew how by and by.
It was before obferved, that the affedion of love is as it were
the fountain of all affection ; and particularly, that Chriftian
love is the fountain of all gracious affections : now the divine
excellency and glory of God, and Jefus Chrift, the word of
God, the works of God, and the ways of God, &c. is the pri
mary reafon, why a true iaint loves thefe things; and not any
fuppofed intereft that he has in them, or any conceived benefit
that he has received from them, or (hall receive from them, or
any fuch imagined relation which they bear to his^ intereft, that
felf-love can properly be (aid to be the firft foundation of his love
to thefe things, Sorae
268 THE FIRST SIGN Part III.
Some fay that all love arifes from felf-love ; and that it is
impoifible in the nature of things, for any man to have any love
to God, or any other being, but that love to himfelf muft be
the foundation of it. But I humbly fuppofe it is for want of
confideration, that they fay fo. They argue, that whoever
loves God, and fo defires his glory, or the enjoyment of him,
he defires thefe things as his own happinefs ; the glory of God,
and the beholding and enjoying his perfections, are confidered
as things agreeable to him, tending to make him happy ; he
places his happinefs in them, and defires them as things, which
(if they were obtained) would be delightful to him, or would
fill him with delight and joy, andfo make him happy. And
fo, they fay, it is from felf-love, or a defire of his own happi-
nefs, thit he defires God mould be glorified, and defires to be
hold and enjoy his glorious perfections. But then they ought
to confuler a little further, and inquire how the man came to
place his happinefs in God's being glorified, and in contemp
lating and enjoying God's perfections. There is no doubt,
but that after God's glory, and the beholding his perfections,
are become fo agreeable to him, that he places his highefl happi
nefs in thefe things, then he will defire them, as he defires his
own happinefs. But how came thefe things to be fo agreeable to
him, thar he efteems it his highefl happinefs to glorify God,
?c?isriot this the fruit of love? a man muft firft love God,
or have his heart united to him, before he will efteem God's
good his own, and before he will defire the glorifying and en
joying of God, as his happinefs. It is not ftrong arguing, that
becaufe after a man has his heart united to God in love, as a
fruit of this, he defires his glory and enjoyment as his own hap
pinefs, that therefore a defire of this happinefs of his own, muft
needs be the caufe and foundation of his love : unlefs it be itrong
arguing, that becaufe a father begat a fon, that therefore his
fon certainly begat him. If after a man loves God, and has his
heart fo united to him, as to look upon God as his chief good,
and on God*s good as his own, it will be a confequence and
fruit of this, that even felf-love, or love to his own happinefs,
will caufe him to defire the glorifying and enjoying of God :
it will not thence follow, that this very exercife of felf-love,
went before his love to God, and that his love to God was a
confequtnce and fruit of that. Something elfe, entirely diftinct
from felf-lotfe, might be the caufe of this, viz. a change made
in the views of his mind, and relifh of his heart; whereby he
apprehends a beauty, glory, and fupreme good, in G}d's na~
as it is initfeif. This may be the thing that nrft draws
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 269
his heart to his, and caufes his heart to be united to him
prior to ail confiderations of his own iruereit or happintk, al
though after this, and as a fruit of this, he neceflanl) fttks his
intereft and happinefs in God.
There is fuch a thing, as a kind of love or affection, that a
man may have towards perfons or things, which dots properly
drift from felf-love; a preconceived relation to him, or icme
benefit already received or depended on, is truly the. firft foun
dation of his love, and what his affeftion does v.iioli) arife
from ; and is what precedes any rehfii of, or delight in the
nature and qualities inherent in the being beloved, as beauti
ful and' amiable. When the firft thing that draws a man's be
nevolence, to another, is the beholding thofe qualifications and
properties in him, which appear to him lovely in themfeivcs,
and the fubjecl of them, on this account, worthy of eileem
and good-will, love arifes in a very different manner, than
when it firft arifes from fome gift bellowed by another, or de
pended on from him, as a judge loves and favors a man that
has bribed him; or from the relation he fuppoies another has to
him, as a man who loves another, becanfe he looks upon him
.is his child. When love to another arifes thus, it does truly
and properly arife from felf-love.
That kind of affeclion to God or Jefus Chrift, which does
thus properly arife from felf-love, cannot be a truly gracious
and fpiritual love; as appears from what has beenfaid already:
for felf-love is a principle entirely natural, and as much in the
hearts of devils as angels ; and therefore furely nothing that is
the mere remit of it, can be fupernatural and divine, in the
manner before defcribedt. Chrift plainly fpeaks of this kind
of love, as what is nothing beyond the love of wicked men,
Luke vi. 32. " If ye love him that love you, what thank have
" ye? for fmners alfo love thofe that love them." And the
devil himfelf knew that that kind of refpect to God which was
fo mercenary, as to be only for benefits received or depended
on, (which is all one) is woi thlefs in the fight of God : other-
wife he never would have made ufe of fuch a fbnder before
God, againft Job, as in Job i. 9, 10. ** Doth Job ferve God
" for nought ? hail not thou made an hedge about him, and
" about
f " There is a natural love to Chrift, as to one that doth tKe
good, and for thine own ends; and fpiritual, for hiraftlf. whereby
the Lord only is exalted," Shefnrd* Par. of t!j? u-;t Fa^ws, P. 1,
270 THE FIRST SIGNT Part IIL
" about his houfe?"&c. Nor would God ever have implicit
ly allowed the objeftion to have been good, in cafe the accu-
iation had been true, by allowing that that matter mould be
tried, and that Job mould be fo delt with, that it might appear
in the event, whether Job's refpe6t to God was thus mercena-
jy or no, and by putting the proof of the fmcerity and good-
Kefs of hisrefpeft, upon that ifiTue.
It is unreafonable to think otherwife, than that the firft
foundation of a true love to God, is that whereby he is in him-
felf lovely, or worthy to be loved, or the fupreme lovelinefs
of his nature. This is certainly what makes him chiefly ami
able. What chiefly makes a man, or any creature lovely, is
bis excellency ; and fo what chiefly renders God lovely, and
irwft undoubtedly be the chief ground of true love, is his ex
cellency. God's nature, or the divinity, is infinitely excel
lent ; yea it is infinite beauty, brightnefs, and glory itfelf. But
how can that be true, love of this excellent and lovely nature,
which is not built on the foundation of its true lovelinefs ? how
can that be true love of beauty and brightnefs, which is not
for beauty and brightnefs fake ? how can that be a true prizing
of that which is in itfelf infinitely worthy and precious, which
is not for the fake of its worthiness and precioufnefs ? this in
finite excellency of the divine nature, as it is in itfelf, is the
true ground of all -that is good in God in any refpecl; ; but how
can a man truly and rightly love God, without loving him for
that excellency in him, which is the foundation of all that is
in any manner of refpecl good or defirable in him ? they whofe
affeclion to God is founded firft on his profitablenefs to them,
their affeclion begins at the wrong end ; they regard God only
lor the utmoft limit of the ftream of divine good, where it
touches them, and reaches their intereft ? and have no refpecl:
to that infinite glory of God's nature, which is the original good
and the true fountain of all good, the firft fountain of all love
linefs of every kind, and fo the firft foundation of all true love.
A natural principle of felf-love may be the foundation of
great affeclions toward God and Chrift, without feeing any
thing of the beauty and glory of the divine nature. There is a
certain gratitude that is a mere natural thing. Gratitude is
one of the natural affeclions of the foul of man, as well as an
ger; and there is a gratitude that arifes from felf-love, very
much in the fame manner that anger does. Anger in men is
an affection excited cgavift another, or in opposition to another,
for
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 271
for fomething in him that erodes felf-love : gratitude is an af-
feclion one has towards another, for loving him, or gratifying
him, or for fomething in him that fuits felf-love. And there
may be a kind of gratitude, without any true or proper love ;
as there may be anger without any proper hatred, as in parents
towards their children, that they may be angry with, and yet
at the fame time have a ftrong habitual love to them. This
gratitude is the principle which is in exercife in wicked men,
in that which Chrift declares concerning them, in the 6th of
Luke, where he fays, Sinners loi-' tho/e that love them ; and
which he declares concerning even the publicans, who were
fome of the moft carnal and profligate fort of men, Matt. v.
46. This is the very principle that is wrought upon by bribe
ry, in unjuft judges; and it is a principle that even the brute
beads do exercife ; a dog will love his mailer that is kind to
him. And we fee in innumerable inilances, that mere nature
is fufficient to excite gratitude in men, or to affecl their hearts;
with thankfulnefs to others for kindneffes received : andfome-
times towards them, whom at the fame time they have an ha-
bitual enmity againft. Thus Saul was once and again greatly
afFecled, and even diffolved with gratitude towards David, for
fparing his life ; and yet remained an habitual enemy to him.
And as men, from mere nature, may be thus affefted towards
men; fo they may towards God. There is nothing hinders,
but that the fame felf-love may work after the fame manner to
wards God, as towards man/ And we have manifeft inflances
of it in fcripture; as indeed the children of Ifrael,
God's praifts at the red fea, but Jbonforgat God's a\
in Naaman the Syrian, who was greaily affeted with the mi
raculous cure of his leprofy, fo as to have his heart engaged
thenceforward to worfhip the God that had healed hirri, and
him only, excepting when it would expofe him to be ruined in
his temporal intereli. So was Nebuchadnezzar greaiiy affect
ed with God's goodnefs to him, in refloring him to his reafors
and kingdom, after his dwelling with the bcalts.
Gratitude being thus a natural principle, it renders ingratitcdk
fo much the more vile and heinous ; because it ihews .a nr-
ful prevalence of wickednefs, when it even overb:
preffes the better principles of human nature : as it is niOiitsua
ed as an evidence of the high degree of the wickedfoffs ol
of the heathen, that they were without natural /;,
11.31. But that the want of -gratitude, or natural >
272 THE FIRST SIGN Part III.
are evidences of an high degree of vice, is no argument that
all gratitude and natural affection, has the nature of virtue, or
faving grace.
Self-love; through the exercife of a mere natural gratitude,
may be the foundation of a fort of love to God many ways.
A kind of love may arife from a falfe notion of God, that men
have been educated in, or have fome way imbibed ; as though
he were only goodnefs and mercy, and no revenging juftice ;
or as though the exerciies of his goodnefs were neceifary, and
not free and fovereign ; or as though his goodnefs were depen
dent on what is in them, and as it were conftrained by them*
Men on fuch grounds as thefe, may love a God of their own
forming in their imaginations, when they are far from loving
fuch a God as reigns in heaven.
Again, felf-love may be the foundation of an afTeclion in
men towards God, through a great irifenfibility of their Hate
with regard to God, and for want of conviftion of confcience
to make them fenfible how dreadfully they have provoked God
to anger ; they have no fenfe of the heinoufnefs of fin, as
againft God, and of the infinite and terrible oppofition of the
holy nature of God againft it : and fo having formed in their
minds fuch a God as fuits them, and thinking God to be fuch
an one as themfelves, who favours and agrees with them, they
may like him very well, and feel a fort of love to him, when
they are far from loving the true God. And mens affeclions
may be much moved towards God, from felf-love, by fome
remarkable outward benefits received from God ; as it was with
Naaman, Nebuchadnezzar, and the children of Ifrael at the
Red fea. '
Again, a very high aflfeclion towards God, may, and often
does arife in men, from an opinion of the favour and love of
God to them, as the firft foundation of their love to him. After
awakenings and diftrefs through fears of hell, they may fud-
denly get a notion, through fome impreflion on their imagina
tion, or immediate fuggeftion with or without texts of fcripture,
or by fome other means, that God loves them, and has for
given their fms, and made them his children; and this is the
firft thing that caufes their affections to flow towards God and
Jefus Chrifl : and then after this, and upon this foundation,
many things in God may appear lovely to them, and Chrift
may feem excel lent. And if fuch perfons are afkcd, whether
God appears lovely and amiable in himfelf ? they would per
haps
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 273
haps readily anfwer, Yes ; when indeed, if the matter be
ftri6ily examined, this good opinion of God was pui chafed and
paid for before ever they afForcled it, in the diftinguifhing and
infinite benefits they imagined they received from God : and
they allow God to be lovely in himfelf, no otherwife, than
that he has forgiven them, and accepted them, and loves them
above moft in the world, and has engaged to improve all his
infinite power and wifdom in preferring, dignifying and exalt
ing them, and will do for them juft as they would have him*
When once they are firm in this apprehenfion, it is eafy to
own God and Chrift to be lovely arid glorious, arid to admire
and extol them. It is eafy for them to own Chrift to be a love
ly perfon, and the beft in the world, when they are firft firm
in it, that he, though Lord of the univerfe, is captivated with
love to them, and has his heart fwallowed up in them, and
prizes them far beyond moft of their neighbours, and loved
them from eternity, and died for them, and will make them
reign in eternal glory with him in heaven. When this is the
cafe with carnal men, their very lufts will make him feem love
ly : pride itfelf will prejudice them in favor of that which they
call Chrift : felfifh proud man naturally calls that lovely that
greatly contributes to his intereft, and gratifies his ambition.
And as this fort of perfons begin, fo they go on. Their
affections are raifed from time to time, primarily on this foun
dation of felf-love and a conceit of God's love to them. Many
have a falfe notion of communion with God, as though it were
carried on by impulfes, and whifpers, and external reprefenta-
tions, immediately made to their imagination. Thefe things
they often have ; which they take to be manifestations of God's
great love to them, and evidences of their high exaltation above
others of mankind ; and fo their affections are often renewedly
fet a-going.
Whereas the exercifes of true and holy love in the faints
arife in another way. They do not firft fee that God loves
them, and then fee that he is lovely ; but they firft fee that God
is lovely, and that Chrift is excellent and glorious, and their
hearts are firft captivated with this view, and the exercifes
of their love are wont from time to time to begin here, snd
to arife primarily from thefe views ; and then, confequentially,
they fee God's love, and great favour to them* t The faint's
M m affc61ions
v ec There is a feeing of Chrift after a mrm believes, which i<!
Chrift in hi* love, ^V. But 1 fpcaiL of that iiri: fight cf him that pr;-
2/4 THE FIRST SIGN Part III.
affections begin with God ; and felf-love has a hand in thefe
affe6tions corifequentially, and fecondarily only. On the con
trary, thofe falfe affeftions begin with felf, and an acknow-
legement of an excellency in God, and an affectednefs with it,
is only confequential and dependent. In the love of the true
faint God is the lowed foundation ; the love of the excellency
of his nature is the foundation of all the affections which come
afterwards, wherein felf -love is concerned as an handmaid : on
the contrary, the hypocrite lays himfelf at the bottom of all, as
the firft foundation, and lays on God as the fupei ilructure ;
and even his acknowlegement of God's glory itfelf, depends
on his regard to his private intereft.
Self-love may not only influence men, fo as to caufe them
to be affeckd with God's kindnefs to them feparaiely ; but al-
fo with God's kindnefs to them, as parts of a community : as
a natural principle of felf-love, without any other principle,
may be fufficient to make a man concerned for the intereft of
the nation to which he belongs : as for inftance, in the prefent
war, felf-love may make natural men rejoice at the fuccefTes of
our nation, and forry for their difadvantagcs, they being con
cerned as members of the body. So the fame natural princi
ples may extend further, and even 10 the world of mankind,
and might be affected with the benefits the inhabitants of the
earth have, beyond thofe of the inhabitants of other planets ;
if we knew that fuch there were, and knew how it was with
them. So this principle may caufe men to be affected with
the benefits that mankind have received beyond the fallen angels.
And hence men, from this principle, may be much affected
with the wonderful goodnefs of God to mankind, his great
goodnefs in giving his Son to die for fallen man, and the mar
vellous love of Chriftiri fuffering fuch great things for us, and
with the great glory they hear God has provided in heaven for
us ; looking on themfelves as perfons concerned and iriterefted,
as being fome of this fpecies of creatures, fo highly favoured :
the fame principle of natural gratitude may influence men here,
as in the cafe of perfonal benefits.
But thefe things that I have faid do by no means imply that
all gratitude to God is a mere natural thing, and that there is
no
cedes the fecond aft of faith ; and it is an intuitive, or real fight of
him, as he is in his glory." Shefard's Parable of the ten Virgins,
Part I. p. 74.
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS
no fuch thing as a fpiritual gratitude, which is a holy and divine
afFeclion : they imply no more, than that there is a gratitude
which is merely natural, and that when perfons have affections
towards God only or primarily for benefits received, their affec
tion is only the exercife of a natural gratitude. There is doubt-
lefs fuch a thing as a gracious gratitude, which does greatly
differ from all that gratitude which natural men experience.
It differs in the following refpecls :
1. True gratitude or thankfulnefs to God for his kindnefs
to us, arifes from a foundation laid before, of love to God for
what he is in himfelf ; whereas a natural gratitude has no fuch
antecedent foundation. The gracious flirrings of grateful af
fection to God, for kindnefs received, always are from a flock
of love already in the heart, eftablifhed in the firft place on
other grounds, viz. God's own excellency ; and hence the af-
feclions are difpofed to flow out, on occafions of God's kind
nefs. The faint having feen the glory of God, and his heart
overcome by it, and captivated into a fupreme Jove to him on
that account, his heart hereby becomes tender, and eafily af-
fefted with kindnefTes received. If a man has no love to ano
ther, yet gratitude may be moved by fome extraordinary kind
nefs ; as in Saul towards David : but this is not the fame kind
of thing, as a man's gratitude to a dear friend, that his heart
was before poffeded with a high efteem of, and love to ; whofe
heart by this means became tender towards him, and more ea-
fily affefted with gratitude, and affefted in another manner.
Self-love is not excluded from a gracious gratitude ; the faints
love God for his kindnefs to them, Pfal. cxvi. i. " I love the
* Lord, becaufe he hath heard the voice of my fupplication."
But fomething elfe is included ; and another love prepares the
way and lays the foundation for thefe grateful affeclions.
2. In a gracious gratitude, men are afFefted with the attri
bute of God's goodncfs and free grace, not only as they are
concerned in it, or as it aflfecls their intereft, but as a part of
the glory and beauty of God's nature. That wonderful and
unparallelled grace of God, which is manifefted in the work of
redemption, and fhines forth in the face of Jefus Chrift, is in
finitely glorious in itfelf, and appears fo to the angels ; it is a
great part of the moral perfection and beauty of God's nature.
This would be glorious, whether it were exercifed towards us
or
276 THE SECOND SIGN Part III.
or no ; and the faint who exercifes a gracious thankfulnefs for
it, fees it to be fo, and delights in it as fuch ; though his con
cern in it ferves the more to engage his mind, and raife the
attention and affeclion ; and felf-love here affifts as an handmaid,
being fubfervient to. higher principles, to lead forth the mind
to the view and contemplation, and engage and fix the. atten
tion, and heighten the joy and love. God's kindnefs to them
is a glafs that God fets before them, wherein to behold the
beauty of the attribute of God's goodnefs : the exercifes and
ciifplays of this attribute, by this means, are brought near to
them, and fet right before them. " So that in a holy thankful
nefs to God, the concern our intereft has in God's goodnefs, is
not the firft foundation of our being affecled with it ; that was
laid in the heart before, in that flock of love which was to God,
for his excellency in himfelf, that makes the heart tender, and
fufceptive of fuch impreflions from his goodnefs to us. Nor is
our own intereft, or the benefits we have received, the only, or
the chief objective ground of the prefent exercifes of the af
feclion, but God's goodnefs, as part of the beauty of his nature ;
although the manifeftations of that lovely attribute, fet imme
diately before our eyes, in the exercifes of it for us, be the fpe-
cial occafion of the mind's attention ,to that beauty, at that time
and ferves to fix the attention, and heighten the affecYion,
Some may perhaps be ready to objeft againft the whole that
has been faid, that text, i John iv. 19. *' We love him becaufe
'* he firft loved us," as though this implied that God's love to
the true faints were \h^ Jtrfl foundation of their love to him.
In anfwer to this I would obferve, that the apoflle's drift in
thefe words, is to magnify the love of God to us from hence,
that he loved us, while we had no love to him ; as will be ma-
nifeft to any one who compares this verfe and the two follow
ing, with the 9th, loth, and nthverfes. And that God lov
ed us, when we had no love to him, the apoftle proves by this
argument, that God's love to the elecl, is the ground of their
love to him. And that it is three ways. i. The faints love to
God is the fruit of God's love to them, as it is the gift of that
love. God gave them a fpirit of love to him, becaufe he loved
them from eternity. And in this refpecl God's love to hiseieft
is the firft foundation of their love to him, as it is the founda
tion Oi f their regeneration, and the whole of their redemption,
ft. The exercifes and difcoveries that God has made of his won
derful love to finful men, by Jefus Chi i ft, in the work of re
demption,
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 277
uemption, is one of the chief manifeftations, which OoJ has
made of the glory of his moral perfection, to both angels and
men ; and fo is one main objective ground of the love of both
to God ; in a good confidence with what was faid before.
3. God's love to a particular elefl per fon, discovered by his
converfion, is a great maorfeftation of God's moral perfection
and glory to him, and a proper occafion of the excitation of
the love of holy gratitude, agreeable to what was before faid.
And that the faints do in thefe refpecls love God, becaufe he
firft loved them, fully anfwers the defign of the apoftle's argu
ment in that place. So that no good argument can be drawn
from hence, again ft a fpiritual and gracious love in the faints,
arifing primarily from the excellency of divine things, as they
are in themfelves, and not from any conceived relation they
bear to their intereft.
And as it is with the love of the faints, fo it is with thei -joy,
and fpiritual delight and pleafure : the fir ft foundation of : t is
not any confideration or conception of their intereft in div ne
things ; but it primarily confifis in the fweet entertainment
their minds have in the view or contemplation of the divine and
holy beauty of thefe things, as they are in themfelves. Arid
this is indeed the very main difference between the joy of the
hypocrite, and the joy of the true faint. The former rejoices
. in himfelf ; felf is the firft foundation of his joy : the latter re
joices in God. The hypocrite has his mind pleafed and de-
Jighted, in the firft place, with his own privilege, and the hap-
piaefs which he fuppofes he has attained to, or (hall attain to.
True faints have their minds, in the firft place, inexprefiibly
pleafed and delighted with the fweet ideas of the glorious and
amiable nature of the tilings of God. And this is the fpring
of all their delights, and the cream of all their pleafures ; it is
the joy of their joy. This f\veet and ravifhing en'ertain-
ment, they have in the view of the beautiful and delightful na
ture of divine things, is the foundation of the joy that they have
afterwards, in the confirleration of their being theirs. But the
dependence of the affettions of hypocrites is in a contrary or
der ; they firft rejoice and are elevated with it, that they are
made fo much of by God ; and then on that ground, he fcems
in a fort, lovely to them.
The firft foundation of the delight a true faint has in God, is
his own perfection ; and the firft foundation of the delight he
1m in Chriil,, is his own beauty ; he appears in himfelf the chief
THE SECOND SIGN Part III.
ten thoufand, and altogether lovely. The way of fal-
vation by Chrift is a delightful way to him, for the fweet and
admirable manifeftationsof the divine perfections in it : the holy
doftrines of the gofpel, by which God is exalted and man aba-
icd, holinefs honoured and promoted, and fm greatly difgraced
and difcouraged, and free and fovereign love manitefted, are
glorious doctrines in his eyes, and fweet to his tafte, prior to
any conception of his intereft in thefe things. Indeed the faints
rejoice in their intereft in God, and that Chrift is theirs ; and
fo they have great reafon : but this is not the firft fpring of their
joy. They firft rejoice in God as glorious and excellent in
himfelf, and then fecondarily rejoice in it, that fo glorious a
God is theirs. They firft have their hearts filled with fweet-
nefs, from the view of Chrift's excellency, and the excellency
of his grace, and the beauty of the way of falvation by him,
and then they have a fecondary joy, in that fo excellent a Sa
viour, and fuch excellent grace is theirs.* But that which is
the true faint's fuperftrufture is the hypocrite's foundation.
When they hear of the wonderful things of the gofpel. of God's
great love in fending his Son, of Chrift's dying love to finners,
and the great things Chrift has purchafed, and promifed to the
faints, and hear thefe things livelily and eloquently fet forth ;
they may hear with a great deal of pleafure, and be lifted up
with
* Dr. Owen on the Spirit, p. 199. fpeaking of a common work
of the Spirit, fays, "The erYefts of this work on the mind, which
is the iirft fubjecl affected with it, proceeds not fo far, as to give
It delight, complacency, and fatisfadion, in the lovely fpiritual nature
and excellencies of the things revealed unto it. The true nature of
faving illumination confiils in this, that it gives the mind fuch a
direct intuitive infight and profpecl into fpiritual things, as that in
their own fpiritual nature they fuit, pleafe, and fatisfy it ; fo that it
j!s transformed into them, caft into the mould of them, and refts in them ;
Rom. vi. 1 7. chap. xii. 2. i Cor. ii. 1 3, 14. 2 Cor. iii. 1 8. chap. iv. 6.
This,the work we have infilled on, reacheth not unto. For notwithftand-
iii% any difcovery that is made therein of fpiritual things unto the mind,
it finds not an immediate, direct, fpiritual excellency in them ; but
only with refpect unto fome benefit or advantage, which is to be at
tained by means thereof. It will not give fuch a fpiritual infight in
to the myftery of God's grace by Jefus Chrift, called his glory finn
ing in the face of Chrift, 2 Cor. iv. 6. as that the foul, in its firft di-
red view of it, fhould, for what it is in itfelf, admire it, delight in
it, approve it, and find fpiritual folace,- with refrefhrnent, in it. But
fuch a light, fuch a knowlege, it communicates, as that a man may
like it well in its' eftefts, as a way of mercy and falvation."
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 27 7
with what they hear; but if their joy be examined, it will be
found to have no other foundation than this, that they look up
on thefe things as theirs, ail this exalts them, they love to hear
of the crreat love of Chrift fo vaftiy diilinguifhing fome from
others ; for felf-love, and even pride itfelf, makes them affect
great diftin&ion from others. No wonder, in^ this confident
opinion of their own good eftate, that they feel well under iucK
doftrine, and are pleafed in the higheft degree, in hearing how
much God and Chrift makes of them. So that their joy is really
a joy in thernfelves, and not in God.
And becaufe the joy of hypocrites is in themfelves, hence it
comes to pafs, that in their rejoicings and elevations, they are
wont to keep their eye upon themfelves ; having received what
they call fpiritual difcoveries or experiences, their minds are
taken up about them, admiring their own experiences : and
what they are principally taken and elevated with, is not the
glory of God, or beauty of Chrift, but the beauty of their ex
periences. They keep thinking with themfelves, what a good
experience is this! what a great difcovery is this! what won
derful things have I met with ! and fo they put their experiences
in the place Chrift, and his beauty and fulnefs ; and iriftead
of rejoicing in Chrift Jefus, they rejoice in their admirable ex
periences ; inftead of feeding and feafting their fouls in the view
of what is without them, viz. the innate, fweet, refrefhing
amiablenefs of the things exhibited in the gofpel, their eyes are
off from thefe things, or at leaft they view them only as it were
fide-ways ; but the objecl that fixes their contemplation, is their
experience ; and they are feeding their fouls, and feafting a
felftfh principle with a view of their difcoveries : they takenaore
comfort in their difcoveries than in Chrift difcovered, which is
the true notion of living upon experiences and frames ; an:l
not a ufmg experiences as the figns, on which they rely for
evidence of their good eftate, which forne call living on ex
periences ; though it be very obfervable, that fome of them who
do fo, are moft notorious for living upon experiences, accord
ing to the true notion of it.
The affections of hypocrites are very often after this rriannf r ;
they are firft much affeftcd with fome impreflion on their ima
gination; or fome irripulfc, which they take to be an imme
diate fuggeftion, or teflimony from God, of his love and their
happinefs, and high privilege in fome refpecl, either with or
without a text of fcripturc ; they are mightily taken with this,
as
g8o THE SECOND SIGN Part IlL
a a great difcovery: and hence arife high affections. And
when their affcclions are raifed, then they view thofe high af-
feSions, and call them great and wonderful experiences ; and
they have a notion that God is greatly pleafed with thofe affec
tions ; and this affects them more ; and fo they are affecled
with their affections. And thus their affeciions rife higher
and higher, until they fometimes are perfecl'y fwallowed up :
and felf-conceit, and a fierce zeal rifes withal ; and all is built
like a caitle in the air, on no other foundation but imagination,
fell-love, and pride.
And as the thoughts of this fort of perfons are, fo is their
talk ; for out of the abundance of their heart, their mouth fpeak-
eth. As in their high affections, they keep their eye upon the,
beauty of their experiences, and greatnefs of their attainments ;
fo they are great talkers about tbemfeives. The true faint,
when under great Ipirimal affeclions, from the fulnefs of his
heart, is ready to be fpeaking much of God, and his glorious
perfections arid works, and of the beauty and amiablenefs of
Chriir, and the glorious things of the gofpel ; but hypocrites,
in their high affections, talk more of the difcovery, than they
do of the thing difcovered ; they are full of talk about the great
things they have met with, the wonderful difcoveries they have
had, how fure they are of the love of God to them, how fafe
their condition is, and how they know they mall go to hea
ven, See.
A true faint, when in the enjoyment of true difcoveries of
the fweet glory of God and Chrift, has his mind too much cap
tivated and engaged by what he views without himfelf, to ftand
at that time to view himfelf, and his own attainments : it would
be a diverfion arid lofs which he could not bear, to take his eye
off from the ravifhing objecl of his contemplation, to furvey
his own experience, and to fpend time in thinking with himfelf,
what an high attainment this is, and what a good flory I now
have to tell others. Nor does the pleafure and fweetnefs of
his mind at that time, chiefly arife from the confideration of
ihe fafety of his ftate, or any thing he has in view of his own
qualifications, experiences, or circumftances : but from the
divine and fupreme beauty of what is the obje6l of his direct
view, without himfelf; which fweetly entertains, and ilrongly
holds his mind.
As the love and joy of hypocrites, are all from the fource of
felt-love ; fo it is with their other affections, their ibrrow for
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 281
fin, their humiliation and fubmiflion, their religious defires an.-l
zeal : every thing is as it were paid for before-hand, in God's
highly gratifying their felfUove, and their lulls, by making fo
much of them, and exalting them fo highly, as things are in
their imagination. It is eafy for nature, as corrupt as it is,
under a notion of being already fome of the higheft favourites
of heaven, and having a God who does fo proteft them and fa
vour them in their fins, to love this imaginary God that fuits
them fo well, and to extol him, and fubmit to him, and to be
fierce and zealous for him. The high afleclions of many are
all built on the fuppofition of their being eminent faints. If
that opinion which they have of themfelves were taken awav,
if they thought they were fome of the lower form of faint'?'
(though they mould yet fuppofe themfelves to be real faints)
their high affections would fall to the ground. If they only faw
a little of the finfulnefs and vilenefs of their own hearts, and
their deformity, in the midft of their beft duties and their bell
affe&ions, it would knock their afFeclions on the head ; becaufc
their affeaions are built upon felf, therefore felf-knowlege
would deflroy them. But as to truly gracious affeaions, they
are built elfewhere; they have their 'foundation out of felf, in
God and Jefus Chrit't ; and therefore a difcovery of themfelves,
of their Own deformity, and the meannefs of their experiences,'
though it will purify their affeaions, yet it will not dcilroy
them, but in fome refpeb fweetenand heighten them.
III. Thofe affeaions that are truly holy, arc primarily found
ed on the lovelmefs of the moral excellency of divine things.
Or, (to exprefs it otherwife) a love to divine things for the
beauty and fweetnefs of their moral excellencv, is the firft be
ginning and fpring of all holy affe&ioris.
Here, for the fake of the'more illiterate reader, I will ex
plain what I mean by the moral excellency of divine things.
And it may be obferved, that the word nerd is not "to be
underftood here, according to the common and vulgar accepta
tion of the word, when men (peak of morality, end 'a ^^/be
haviour ; meaning an outward conformity to the duties of the
moral law, and efpccially the duties of the fecond table ; or
intending no more at fartheft, than fuch feeminnr virtues, a?
proceed from natural principles, in opposition to thofe virtues
that are more inward, fpiritual, and divine ; as the bonefty,
ce, gcnerofity, good-nature, and public (pint of many of
N n the
T H E T H I R D S I G N Part III.
the heathen, are called moral virtues, in diftinftion from the
holy faith, love, humility, and heavenly-mindednefs of true
Chriftians : I fay, the word moral is not to be underftood thus
in this place.
But in order to a right under/landing what is meant, itmuft
be obferved, that divines commonly make a diftin6tion be
tween moral good and evil, and natural good and evil. By
moral evil, they mean the evil of fin, or that evil which is
againft duty, and contrary to what is right and ought to be.
By natural evil, they do not mean that evil which is properly
oppofed to duty ; but that which is contrary to mere nature,
without any refpecl: to a rule of duty. So the evil of fuffering
is called natural evil, fuch as pain and torment, difgrace, and
the like : thefe things are contrary to mere nature, contrary to
the nature of both bad and good, hateful to wicked men and
devils, as well as good men and angels. So likewife natural
defeclsare called natural evils, as if a child be monftrous, or a
natural fool : thefe are natural evils, but are not moral evils,
becaufe they have not properly the nature of the evil of fin.
On the other hand, as by moral evil, divines mean the evil of
fin, or that which is contrary to what is right ; fo by moral
good, they mean that which is contrary to fin, or that good in
beings who have will and choice, whereby, as voluntary agents,
they are, and acl, as it becomes them to be and to aft, or fo
as is mod fit, and fimable, and lovely. By natural good,
they mean that good that is entirely of a different kind from
holinefs or virtue, viz. that which perfects or fuits nature,
confidering nature abftra6Uy from any holy or unholy qualifi
cations, and without any relation to any rule or meafure of
right and wrong.
Thus pleafure is a natural good ; fo is honor ; fo is ftrength ;
fo is fpeculative knowledge, human learning, and policy.
Thus there is a diftinftion to be made between the natural
good that men are pofTefled of, and their moral good ; and al-
fo between the natural and moral good of the angels in heaven :
the great capacity of their underftandings, and their great
ftrength, and the honorable circumftances they are in as the
great minifrers of God's kingdom, whence they are called
thrones, dominions, principalities, and powers, is the natural
good which they are poflefTed of; but their perfect and glorious
holinefs and goodnefs, their pure and flaming love to God,
and to the faints, and one another, is their moral good. So
divines
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS 283
Divines make a diftinftion between the natural and moral per-
f eftions of God : by the moral perfections of God, they mean
thofe attributes which God exercifes as a moral agent, or
wherebv the heart and will of God are good, right, and infi
nitely becoming, and lovely ; fuch as his nghteoufnefs, truth,
faithfulnefs, and goodnefs ; or, in one word, his holmels.
By God's natural attributes or perfections they mean thole at
tributes, wherein, according to our way of conceiving or God,
confiiis not the holinefs or moral goodnefs of God, but his
greamefs ; fuch as his power, his knowlege whereby he knows
all things, and his being eternal, from everlaftmg toeverlatt-
inz his omnipotence, and his awful and terrible majefty. <
'The moral excellency of an intelligent voluntary being, is
more immediately feated in the heart or will of moral agents.
That intelligent being whofe will is truly right and lovely, he
is morally good or excellent. . .
This moral excellency of an intelligent being, when it is
true and real, and not only external, or merely leeming and
counterfeit, is holinefs. Therefore holinefs comprehends all
the true moral excellency of intelligent beings : there is no
other true virtue, but real holinefs. Holinefs comprehends all
the true virtue of a good man, his love to God his gracious
love to men, his juitice, his charity, and bowels of mercies,
his gracious meekrWfs and gentlenefs, and all otner true Chn-
ftian virtues that he has, belong to his holinefs. So the holi
nefs of God in the more extenfive fenfe of .the word arid the
fenfe in which the word is commonly, if not umverfally uied
concerning God in fcripture.is the fame with the moral excel
lency of the divine nature, or his purity and beauty as a moral
agent comprehending all his moral perfections, his nghteouf
nefs, faithfulnefs, and goodnefs. As in holy men, their cha
nty Chriftian kindnefs and mercy, belongs to their holinefs ;
fo'thekindnefs and mercy of God, belongs to his holinefs.
Holinefs in man, is but the image of God's holinefs : there are net
more virtues belonging to the image, than are in the original:
derived holinefs has not more in it, than is in that undenvec
holinefs, which is its fountain : there is no more than grace
for grace, or grace in the image, arifwerable to grace in the
F f sphere are two kinds of attributes in God, according to
our way of conceiving of him, his moral attributes, which are
fummed up in his holinefs, and his natural attributes of ftrength.
*84 T H E T H I R D S I G N Part III.
knowlege, &c. that conftitute the greatnefs of God ; fo there
is a twofold image of God in man, his moral or /^z'nVwfl/ image,
which is his holinefs, that is the image of God's moral excel-
lency ; (which image was loft by the fall ;) and God's natural
image, confifling in man's reafon and undemanding, his na
tural ability, and dominion over I he creatures, which is the
image of God's natural attributes.
From what has been faid, it may eafily he underftood what
I intend, when I fay that a love to divine things for the beauty
of their moral excellency, is the beginning and fpring of all
holy affections. It has been already mown, under the former
head, that the firft objective ground of all holy affections is the
fuprerne excellency of divine things as they are in themfelves.
or in their own nature ; I now proceed further, and fay more
particularly, that that kind of excellency of the nature of di
vine things, which is the fuft objective ground of all holy af
fections, is their moral excellency, or their holinefs. Holy
ferfonsy in the exercife of holy afftBions, do love divine things
primarily for their holinefs : they love God, in the firft place,
for the beauty of his holinefs or moral perfection, as being
fupremely amiable in itfelf. Not that the faints, in the exer
cife of gracious affections, do love God only for his holinefs;
all his attributes are amiable and glorious in their eyes ; they
delight in every divine perfection ; the contemplation of the
infinite greatnefs, power, arid knowlege, and terrible majefty
of God, is pleafant to them. But their love to God for hi's
holinefs is what is moft fundamental and eiferitial in their love.
Here it is that true love to God begins; all other holy love to
divine things flows from hence : this is the moft eilemial and
diftinguifliing thing that belongs to a holy love to God, with
regard to the foundation of it. A love to God for the beauty
of his moral attributes, leads to, and necelfarily caufes a de
light in God for all his attributes; for his moral attributes can
not be without his natural attributes: for infinite holinefs fup-
pofes infinite wifdom, and an infinite capacity and greatnefs ;
and all the attributes of God do as it were imply one another.
The true beamy and lovelinefs of all intelligent beings does
primarily and rnoft eiTentially confifl in their moral excellency
or holinefs. Herein confifts the lovelinefs of the angels,
without which, with all their natural pei fecHons, their ftrength,
and their knowlege, they would have; no more lovelinefs than
devils. It 1S moral excellency alonf:, that is in itfelf, and ou
its
01 GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 285
its own account, the excellency of intelligent beings : it is
this that gives beauty to, or rasher is me beauty of their natu
ral perfe&ions and qualifications. Moral excellency is the
excellency of natural excellencies. Natural qualifications are
either excellent or oiherwife, according as they are joined with
moral excellency or 'not. Strength and knowlege does not
render any being lovely, without holinefs, but more hateful ;
though they render them more lovely, when joined with holinefs.
Thus the elect angel;; are the more glorious for their ftrength
and knowlege, becaufe thefe natural perfections of theirs are
fan&ified by their moral perfection. But though the devils are
very Hi ong, and of great natural understanding, they be not
the more lovely : they are more terrible indeed, but not the
more amiable ; but on the contrary, the more hateful. The
holinefs of an intelligent creature, is the beauty of all his natural
perfections. And fo it is in God, according to our way or con
ceiving or the divine Being : holinefs is in a peculiar manner
the beauty of the divine nature. Hence we often read of the
beauty of holmejs, Pfal. xxix. 2. Pfal.xcvi. 9. arid ex. 3. This
renders all his other attributes glorious and lovely. It is the
glory of God's wifdom, that it is a holy wifdorn, and not a
wicked fubtilty and craftinefs. This makes his majefty lovely,
and not merely dreadful and horrible, that it is a holy majefty.
It is the glory of God's immutability, that it is a holy immu
tability, and not an inflexible obftinacy in wickednefs.
And therefore it rrmft needs be, that a light of God's love
linefs mud begin here. A true love to God muft begin with
a delight in his holinefs, avid not with a delight in any other
attribute ; ior no other attribute is truly lovely without this, and
r.o otherwile than as (according to our way of conceiving of
God) it derives its lovelinefs from this ; and therefore it is
impofTibie that other attributes mould appear lovely, in their
true lovelinefs, until this is feen ; and it is irnpoifible that any
perfedlion of the divine nature Ihould be loved with true love
until this is loved. If the true lovelinefs of all God's perfections,
arifes from the lovelinefs of his holinefs ; then the true love of
all his perfections, ariics from the love of his holincfs. T'htv
that do ^not fee the glory of God's holinefs, cannot fee any
thing of the true glory of his mercy and grace: they fee no
thing of the glory of thofe attributes, as any excellency of
God's nature, as it is in itfelf ; though they may be airecled
with them, and love them, as they concern their intereft : for
thefe attributes are no part of the excellency of God's nature,
as
~6 TH.E THIRD SIGN Part III.
as that is excellent in itfelf, any otherwife than as they are in
cluded in his holinefs, more largely taken ; or as they are a
part of his moral perfection.
As the beauty oi the divine nature does primarily confift in
God's holinefs, lo does the beauty of all divine things. Here
in confiits the beauty of the faints, that they are faints, or holy
ones : it is the moral image of God in them, which is their
beauty ; and that is their holinefs. Herein confifts the beau
ty and brightnefs of the angels of heaven, that they are holy
angels, and fo not devils ; )an. iv. 13, 17, 23. Matth. xxv. 31.
Mark viii. 38. Actsx. 22. Rev. xiv. 10. Herein confiits the
beauty of the Chriftian religion, above all other religions, that
it is fo holy a religion. Plerein confifts the excellency of the
word of God, that it is fo holy ; Pfal. cxix. 140. "Thy word
" is very pure, therefore thy fervant loveth it." verf. 128. "I
" eftecm all thy precepts concerning all things to be right ;
" and I hate every falfe way." verf. 138. " Thy teftimonies
lf that thou haft commanded, are righteous, and very faithful.*'
And 172. "My tongue ihall fpeak of thy word ; for all thy
" commandments are righteoufnefs." And Pfal. xix. 7. 10.
" The law of the Lord is perfeft, converting the foul : the tef-
" timony of the Lord is fure, making wife the fimple. The
" ftatutes of the Lord are right, rejoicing the heart : the com-
" mandment of the Lord is pure, enlightening the eyes. The
' fear of the Lord is clean, enduring for ever : the judgments
" of the Lord are true, and righteous altogether : more to be
" defired are they than gold, yea, than much fine gold; fweeter
" alfo than honey, and the honey-comb." Herein does pri
marily confift the amiablenefs and beauty of the Lord Jefus,
whereby he is the chief among ten thoufands, and altogether
lovely ; even in that he is the holy One of God, Acts iii. 14.
and God's holy child, Acts iv. 27. and he that is holy, and he
that is true, Rev. iii. 7. All the fpiritual beauty of his human
nature, confifting in his meeknefs, lowlinefs, patience, heaven-
lefs, love to God, love to men, condefcenfion to the mean and
vile, and companion to the miferable, &c. all is fummed up
in his holinefs. And the beauty of his divine nature, of which
the beauty of his human nature is the image and reflection, does
alfo primarily confift in his holinefs. Herein primarily confifts
the glory of the gofpel, that it is a holy gofpel, and fo bright an
emanation of the holy beauty of God and Jefus Chriit : herein
confifts the fpiritual beauty of its doctrines, that they are holy
doctrines, or doctrines according to godlinefs. And herein
does conillt the fpiritual beauty of the way of falvation by Jefus
Chrift,
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 287
Chrift, that it is fo holy a way. And herein chiefly confifts the
glory of heaven, that it is the koly city, the holy Jerufalcm, the
habitation of God's holinefs, and fo of his glory, II. Ixni. 15.
All the beauties of the new Jcrufalero, as it. is defcribed in the
two laft chapters of Revelation, arc but various reprefentatioLS
of this : fee chap. xxi. 2, 10, n, 18, 21, 27. chap. xxii.
I, 3.
And therefore it is primarily on account of this kind of ex
cellency, that the faints do love all thefe things. Thus they
love the word of God, becavje it is very pure. It is on this
account they love the faints ; and on this account chiefly it is,
that heaven is lovely to them, and thofe holy tabernacles of
God amiable in their eyes : it is on this account that they love
God ; and on this account primarily it is, that they lovs
Chrift, and that their hearts delight in the do&rines of the gofpel,
and fweetly acquiefce in the way of falvation therein revealed.*
Under the head of the firft diftinguifhing chara&eriftie of
gracious affeclion, I obferved, that there is given to thofe that
are regenerated, a new fupernatural fenfe, that is as it were a
certain divine fpiritual tafte, which is in its whole nature di
verfe from any former kinds of fenfation of the mind, as talc
ing is diverfe from any of the other five fenfes, and that fomt-
thing is perceived by a true faint in trfe exercife of this new
fenfe of mind, in fpiritual and divine things, as entirely differ
ent from any thing that is perceived in them by natural men,
as the fweet tafte of honey is diverfe from the ideas men get of
honey by looking on it or feeling of it : now this that I have
been fpeaking, viz. the beauty of holinefs, is that thing in
fpiritual and divine things, which is perceived by this fpiritual
fenfe, that is fo diverfe from ail that natural men perceive in
them ;
* " To the right clofing with Chrift 's perfon, this is alib requir
ed, to tafte the bitternefs of fin, as the greateft evil : elfe a man will
never clofe with Chrift, for his holinefs in him, arid from him, ;>s
the greateft good. For we told you, that that is the right clofing
with Chrift for himfelf, when it is for his holinefs. For aik, a who-
rifh heart, what beauty he fees in the perfon of Chrift ; he will, after
he has looked over his kingdom, his righteoufnefs, all his works, fee
a beauty in them, becaufe they do ferve his turn, to comfort him on
ly. Afk a virgin, he will fee his happinefs in all ; but that which
makes the Lord amiable is his holinefs, which is in him to make him
holy too. As in marriage, it is the perfonal beauty draws the heart.
And hence I have thought it reafon, that he that loves the brethren
for a little grace, will love Chrift much more/' Sbepar,-
Fart L p. 84.
s88 THE THIRD SIGN Part IIL
them ; this kind of beauty is the quality that is the immediate
object of this fpirituai fenfe ; this is the fwoetnefs that is the
proper obje&ot this fpirituai tafte. The icripture often repre-
fents the beauty and i weetnefo of holincfs as the grand object of
a fpirituai tafte and Ipiritual appetite. This was the f-veet
food of the holy foul of Jeius Chrill, John iv. 32, 34. " I have
" meat to eat, that ye know not of. My meat is to do the will
" of him that fent me, and to finifti his work." I know of no
part of the holy icriptures, where the nature and evidences of
true and fmcere godlinefs, are fo much of fet purpofe, and fo
fully and largely infilled on and delineated, as the 1191!! Pfalm ;
the pfalmift declares his deiign in the h'rft verfes of the pfalm,
and he keeps his eye on this defign all along, and purfues it to
the end : but in this pfalm the excellency yf holinefs is repre-
fented ?.s the immediate objecl of a fpirituai tafte, relifh, appetite
and delight, God's law, that grand exprellion and emanation of
the holinefs of God's nature, and prescription of holinefs to the
creature, is all along reprefented as the food and entertainment,
and as the great objecl of the love, the appetite, the compla
cence and rejoicing of the gracious nature, which prizes God's
commandments above gold, yea, the fine ft gold, and to which
they atejtuteicr than th? honzy, and honey-comb :, and that upon
account of their holinefs, as I obferved before. The fame
pfalmift declare?, that this is the fwcetnefs that a fpirituai tafte
reliihssin God's law, Pfal. xix. 7, 8, 9, 10. " The law of the
" Lord is perfect : the commandment of the Lord is pure ;
" the fear of the Lord is clean ; the ftattites of the Lord are
'* right, rejoicing the heart : the judgments of the Lord are
" true, and righteous altogether : more to be defired are they
" than gold, yea, than much fine gold ; fweeter alfo than honey
" and the honey-comb."
A holy love has a holy objecl : the hclinefs of love ccnfifts
efpecially in this, that it is the love of that which is holy, as ho
ly, or for its holinefs ; fo that it is the holinefs of the objecl,
which is the quality whereon it fixes and terminates. An holy
y
nefs muft be above all other things agreeable to holinefs ; for
nothing can be more agreeable to any nature than itfelf ; holy
nature muft be above all things agreeable to holy nature :
2nd fo the holy nature of God and Chriit, and the word of'
God. and other divine things, rnuft be above all other things
agreeable to the holy nature that is in the faints.
And
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS* 289
And again, an holy nature doubtltfs loves holy things, ef-
pecially on the account of that for which fmful nature has en
mity againft them : but that for which chiefly fmful nature is
at enmity againft holy things, is their holinefs ; it is for this,
that the carnal mind is enmity againft God, and againft the
law of God, and the people of God. Now it is juft arguing
from contraries ; from contrary caufes, to contrary effects ;
from oppofite natures, to oppofite tendencies. We know that
holinefs is of a direclly contrary nature to wickeclnefs : as there
fore it is the nature of wickednefs chiefly to oppofe and hate
hoiiriefs ; fo it muft be the nature of holinefs chiefly to tend to,
and delight in holinefs.
The holy nature in the faints and angels in heaven (where
the true tendency of it bell appears) is principally engaged by
the holinefs of divine things. This is the divine beauty which
chiefly engages the attention, ' admiration and praife of the
bright arid burning Seraphim ; If. vi. 3. " One cried untoano-
" ther, and faid, Holy, holy, holy is the Lord of holts, the whole
" earth is full of his glory." And Rev. iv. 8. " They reft not
" day and night, faying, Holy, holy, holy, Lord God Almighty,
which was, and is, and is to come/' So the glorified faints, chap.
xv. 4. " Who {hall not fear thee, O Lord, and glorify thy name ?
" for thou only art holy.'*
And the fcriptures reprefent the faints on earth as adoring
God primarily on this account, and admiring and extolling aU
God's attributes, either as deriving lovelinefs from his holinefs,
or as being a part of it'. Thus when they praife God for hii
power, his holinefs is the beauty that engages them ; Pial. xcviii.
J . " O fing unto the Lord a new fong, for he hath clone marvel-
*' lous things : his right hand, and his HOLY arm hath gotten
" him the victory." So when they praife him for his juflice
and terrible majefty ; Pfaf. xcix. 2, 3. "The Lord is great in
" Z/ion, and he is high above all people. Let them pvaife thy
*' great and terrible name : for it is HOLY." veri". 5. " Exalt ye
" the Lord our God, and worfhip at his footilool : for he is-
f< HOLY." verf. 8, 9. "Thou wait a God that, forgaveft them,
'* though thou tookeft vengeance of their inventions. Exalt
" ye the Lord our God, and worfhip at his holy hill : for
< the Lord our God is HOLY." So when they praife God
for his mercy and faithful nefs ; Pfal. xcvii. 1 1, 12. " Lij;lit
" is fown for the righteous, an-J gladnefs for the upright in
f ' heart. Rejoice in the Lord, ye righteous : and give thanks
*' at the remembrance of his HOLIVKSS/' i Sam.iL 2.-"Tlicre
O o "is
290 THE THIRD SIGN Part III.
" is none HOLY as the Lord : for there is none befide thee :
** neither is there any rock like our God."
By this therefore all may try their affeftions, and particu
larly their love and joy. Various kinds of creatures ihew the
difference of their natures, very much, in the different things
they relifh as their proper good, one delighting in that which
another abhors. Such a difference is there between true faints,
and natural men : natural men have no fenfe of the goodnefs
arid excellency of holy things, at leaft for their holinefs ; they
have no tafte of that kind of good ; and fo may be faid not to
know that divine good, or not to fee it ; it is wholly hid from
them : but the faints, by the mighty power of God, have it
difcovered to them ; they have that iupernatural, moft noble
and divine fenfe given them, by which they perceive it ; and
it is this that captivates their hearts, and delights them above
all things ; it is the moft amiable and fweet thing to the heart
of a true faint, that is to be found in heaven or earth ; that
which above all others attracts and engages his foul ; and that
wherein, above all things, he places his happinefs, and which
he lots upon for folace and entertainment to his mind, in this
world, and full fatisfaftion and bleffednefs in another. By this
you may examine your love to God, and to Jefus Chrift, and
to the word of* God, and your joy in them, and alfo your love
to the people of God, and your defires after heaven ; whether
they be from a fupreme delight in this fort of beauty, without
being primarily moved from your imagined intereft in them,
or expectations from them. There are many high affeclions,
great feeming love and rapturous joys, which have nothing of
this holy relim belonging to them.
Particularly, by what has been faid you may try your difco-
veries of the glory of God's grace and love, and your affections
arifing from them. The grace of God may appear lovely two
ways ; either as bonum utile, a profitable good to me, that
which greatly ferves my intereft, and fo fuits my felf-love ; or
as bonumformofum, a beautiful good in itfelf, and part of the
moral and fpiritual excellency of the divine nature. In this
latter refpeft it is that the true faints have their hearts affecled,
and -love captivated by the free grace of God in the firft place.
From the things that have been faid, it appears, that if per-
fons have a great fenfe of the natural perfections of God, and
are greatly affecled with them, or have any other fight or fenfe
of God than that which confifts in, or implies a fenfe of the
beauty
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 291
beauty of his moral perfections, it is no certain fign of grace :
as particularly, mens having a great fenfe of the awful great-
nejs, and terrible majejt.y of God ; for this is only God's natural
perfe6iion, and what men may fee, and yet be entirely blind to
the beauty of his moral perfection, and have nothing of that
fpiritual tafte which relifhes this divine fweetnefs.
It has been mown already, in what was faid upon the firfl
diftinguiOiing mark of gracious affeclions, that that which is
fpiritual, is entirely different in its nature, from all that it is
poffible any gracelefs perfon mould be the fubjecl: of, while
he continues gracelefs. But it is poffible that thofe who are
wholly without grace, fhould have a clear fight, and very great
and aflecling fenfe of God's greatnefs, his mighty power, and
awful majefty ; for this is what the devils have, though they
have loft the fpiritual knowlege of God, confifting in a fenfe
of the arniablenefs of his moral perfections ; they are perfectly
deftitute of any fenfe or relifh of that kind of beauty, yet they
have a very great knowlege of the natural glory of God, (if I
may fo fpeakj or his awful greatnefs arid majefty ; this they
behold, and are affe6ied with the apprehenfions of, and there
fore tremble before him. This glory of God all mall behold
at the day of judgment ; God will make all rational beings to
behold it to a great degree indeed, angels and devils, faints and
finners : Chrift will manifeft his infinite greatnefs, and awful
majefty to every one, in a moil open, clear and convincing
manner, and in a light that none can refift, when he fhall come
in the glory of his Father, and every eye Jliall fee. him ; when
they fhall cry to the mountains to fall upon them, to hide them
from the face of him that fits upon the throne, they are repre-
fented as feeing the glory of God's majefty, If. ii. 10, 19, 21.
God will make all his enemies to behold this, and to live in a
moft clear and affecling view of it, in hell, to all eternity. God
hath often declared his immutable purpofe to make ail his ene
mies to know him in this refpeft, in fo often annexing thefe
words to the threatenings he denounces againft them, And they
Jliall know that I am the Lord', yea, he hath fworn that all men
fhall fee his glory in this refpeft, Numb. xiv. 21. "As truly as
" I live, all the earth fhall be filled with the glory of the Lord."
And this kind of manifeftation of God is very often fpoken of
in fcripture, as made, or to be made, in the fight of God's ene
mies in this world ; Exod. ix. 16. and chap. xiv. 18. and xv.
16. Pfal. Ixvi. 3. and xlvi. 10. and other places innumerable.
This
398 THE THIRD SIGN Part III.
This was a manifeflation which God made of himfelf in the
light of that wicked congregation at mount Sinai ; deeply af
fecting them with it ; fo that all the people in the camp trem
bled. Wicked men and devils will fee, and have a great fenfe
of every thing that appertains to the glory of God, but only
the beauty of his moral perfection. They will fee his infinite
greatnefs and majefty, his infinite power, and will be fully con
vinced of his omnifcience, and his eternity and immutability;
and they will fee and know every thing appertaining to his
moral attributes themfelves, but only the beauty and amiable-
nefs of them : they will fee and know that he is perfectly juft
and righteous, and true ; and that he is a holy God, of purer
. eyes than to behold evil, who cannot look on iniquity ; and
they will fee the wonderful manifefiations of his infinite good-
nefs and free grace to the faints ; and there is nothing wiil be
hid from their eyes, but only the beauty of thefe moral attri
butes, and that beauty of the other attributes, which arifesfrom
it. And fo natural men in this world are capable of having a
very affecting fenfe of every thing elfe that appertains to God,
but this only. Nebuchadnezzar had a great and very affecting
fenfe of the infinite greatnefs and awful majefly of God, of his
fupreme and abfolute dominion, and mighty and irrefiftible
power, and of his fovereignty, and that he, and all the inhabi
tants of the earth, were nothing before him ; and alfo had a
great conviction in his confcienceof his juflice, and an affecting
fenfe of his great goodnefs, Dan. iv. i, 2, 3, 34, 35, 37. And
the fenfe that Darius had of God's perfections, feems to be very
much like his, Dan. vi. 25, &c. But the faints and angels do
behold the glory of God confiding in the beauty of his holimfs :
and it is this fight only, that will melt and humble the hearts
of men, arid wean them from the world, and draw them to
God, and effectually change them. A fight of the awful
greatnefs of God, may overpower mens flrength, and be more
than they can endure ; but if the moral beauty of God be hid,
the enmity of the heart will remain in its full ftrcngth, no love
will be inkindled, all will not be effectual to gain the will, but
that will remain inflexible ; whereas the full glimpfe of the
moral and fpiritual glory of God mining into the heart, pro
duces all thefe effects as it were with omnipotent power, which
nothing can withfland.
The fenfe that natural men may have of the awful greatnefs
of God may affect then various ways ; it may not only terrify.
them,
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 293
tlsem, but it may elevate them, and raife their joy and praife,
tie their circumftances may be. This will be the natural effect
of it, under the real or fuppofed receipt of foine extraordinary-
mercy from God, by the influence of mere principles of nature.
It has been Ihown already, that the receipt of kintinefs may,
bv the influence of natural principles, affecl the heart with grati
tude and praife to God ; but if a perfon, at the fame time that
he receives remarkable kindnefs from God, has a fenfe of his
infinite greatnefs, and that he is but nothing in cornpaiifon of
him, furely this will naturally raife his gratitude and praife the
higher, for kindnefs to one fo much inferior. A fenie of
God's greatnefs had this effect upon Nebuchadnezzar, under
the receipt of that extraordinary favor of his reflorarion, afier
he had been driven from men, and had his dwelling with the
bealls : a fenfe of God's exceeding greatnefs raiies his grati
tude very high ; fo that lie does, in the moil lofty terms, extol
and magnify God, and calls upon all the world to do it with him :
and much more, if a natural man, at the fame time that he is
greatly affected with God's infinite greatnefs and majefly, en
tertains a ftrong conceit that this great God has made him his
child and fpecial favourite, and promifed him eternal glory in
his highefl love, will this have a tendency according to the
courfe of nature, to raife his joy and praife to a great height.
Therefore, it is beyond doubt, that too much weight has
been laid, by many perfons of late, on difcoveries of God's
greatnefs, awful majefly, and natural perfection, operating af
ter this manner, without any real view of the holy, lovely ma-
jefty of God. And experience does abundantly witnefs to w r hat
reafon and fcripture declare as to this matter; there having
been very many perfons, who have feemed to be overpowered
with the greatnefs and awful majefty of God, and confequen-
tially elevated in the manner that has been fpoken of, who have
been very far from having appearances of a Chriilian fpirit and
temper, in any manner of proportion, or fruits in practice in
any wife agreeable ; but their difcoveries have worked in away
contrary to the operation of truly fpiritual difcoveries.
Not that a fenfe of God's greatnefs and natural attributes is
not exceeding ufeful and neceilary. For, as I obferved before,
this is implied in a manifeflatioa of the beauty of God's holi-
nefs. Though that be fomething beyond it, it fuppofes it, as
the greater fuppofes the lefs. And though natural men may
have a fenfe of the natural perfections of God ; yet undoubted-
T H i FOURTH SIGN Part IIL
Iy this is more frequent and common with the faints, than with
natural men ; and giace tends to enable men to fee theie things
in a better manner, than natural men do; and not only en
ables them to fee God's natural attributes, but that beauty of
thofe attributes, which (according to our way of conceiving of
God] is derived from his holirieis.
IV. Gracious affe&ions do arife from the mind's being en
lightened, rightly and fpiritually to underlland or apprehend
divine things.
Holy affections are not heat without light ; but evermore
anfe from fome information of the underftanding, fome fpiri-
txzzl inftruSion that the mind receives, fome light or aftual
knowlege. The child of God is graeioufly affe6kd, becaufe
be fees and underftands fomething more of divine things than
lie did before, more of God or Chrift, and of the glorious things
exhibited in the gofpel ; he has fome clearer and better view
than he had before, when he was not affected : either he re
ceives fome underftanding of divine things that is new to him ;
or has his former knowlege renewed after the view was de
cayed ; i John iv. 7. " Every one that loveth, knoweth God."
PhtL r. 9. " I pray that your love may abound more and more
" in knowlege, and in all judgment." Rom.x. 2. "They have
" a zeal of God, but not according to knowlege." Col. Hi. 10.
*" The new man, which is renewed in knowlege." Pfal. xliii.
3, 4. " O fend out thy light and thy truth ; let them lead nit;
ee let them bring me unto thy holy hill." John vi. 45. " It
K is written in the prophets, And they (hall be all taught of
" God. Every man therefore that hath heard, and learned of
'* fhe Father, cometh unto me." Knowlege is the key that
fifft opens the hard heart and enlarges the affection.', and fo
opens* the way for men into the kingdom of heaven : Lukexi.
2. " Ye have taken away the key of knowlege."
Now there are many affections which do not arife from any
light in the underftanding. And when it is thus, it is a fure
evidence that thefe affections are not fpi ritual, let them be ever
fo high. * Indeed they have fome new appreherifions which
they
* " Many that have had mighty ftrong afFedions at firft converfi-
on, afterwards become dry, and wither, and confume, and pine, and
die away : and now their hypocrifv is manifeft ; if not to all the world
by
or GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS 295
they had not before. Such is the nature of man, that it is
impofiible his mind mould be affected, unlefs it be by fbme-
thing that he apprehends, or that his mind conceives of. But
in many perfons thofe apprehenfions or conceptions that they
have, wherewith they are affecled, have nothing of the nature
of knowlege or inftruclion in them. As forinftance; when
a pei fon is affected with a lively idea, fuddenly excited in his
mind, of fome fhape, or very beautiful pleafant form of coun
tenance, or fome mining light, or other glorious outward
appearance : here is fomething apprehended or conceived by
the mind ; but there is nothing of the nature of inftruouon in
it ; perfons become never the wifer by inch things, or more
knowing about God, or a Mediator between God and man,
or the way of falvation by Chrilt, or any thing contained in
any of the doclrines of the gofpel. Perfons by thefe external
ideas have no further acquaintance with God, as to any of the
attributes or perfections of his nature; nor have they any fur
ther underftanding of his word, or any of his ways or works.
Truly fpiritual and gracious affeclions are not raifed after th : s
manner ; thefe arife from the enlightening of the underftand
ing to underftand the things that are taught of God and Chritt,
by open profanenefs, yet to the difcerning eye of living Chnftians,
by a formal, barren, unfavoury, unfruitful heart and courfe ; bec.au {e
they never had light to conviction enough as yet. It is ilrange to
fee fome people carried with mighty affection againftfin and hell, and
after Chrift. And what is the hell you fear ? A dreadful place.
What is Chrift ? They fcarce know fo much as devils do : but that
is all. Oh truft them not ! Many have, and thefe 'will fall away td
fome luft, or opinion, or pride, or world ; and the reafon is, they
never had light enough, John v. 3$. " John was a burning and fhi-
*' ning light, and they did joy in him for a feafon ;" yet glorious
as it was, they faw not Chrift by it, efpecialiy not with divine light,
It is rare to fee Chriftians full both of light and afFecftion. And there
fore confider of this ; many a man has been well brought up, and i*
of a fweet loving nature, mild and gentle, and harmlefs, likes and
loves the beft tilings, and his meaning, and mind, and heart is good*
and has more in heart than in (hew ; and fo hopes all fhall go well
with him. I fay, there may lie greateft hypocrify under greateft af-
fedUons ; efpecialiy if they want light. You mall be hardened la
your hypocrify by them. I never liked violent afredHons and :
but v only fuch as were dropped in by light ; becaufe thofe come from
an external principle, and laft not, but thefe do. Men are not af
frighted by the light of the fun, though clearer than the Hghtn:r>.^."
Parable, Part I. p. 146.
THE FOURTH SIGN Part III.
in a new manner, the coming to a new underftanding of the
excellent nature of God, and his wonderful perfections, fome
new view of Chriit in his fpiritual excellencies and fulnefs, or
things opened to him in a new manner, that appertain to the
way of Jalvation by Chrift, whereby he now fees how it is,
and underftands thofe divine and fpiritual doctrines which once
were foolifhnefs to him. Such enlightenings of the under-
ftanding as thefe, are things entirely different in their nature,
from ftrong ideas of fhapes and colours, and outward brightnefs
andgiory, or founds and voices. That all gracious affeclions
do arife from fome inftruction or enlightening of the under-
ftanuing, is therefore a further proof, that affections which
arife from fuch impreffion on the imagination, are not gracious
affections, befides the things obferved before, which make this
e/ident.
Hence alfo it appears, that afFeclions arifmg from texts of
fcripture coming to the mind are vain, when no inftru&ion
received in the underftanding from thofe texts, or any thing
taught in thofe texts, is the ground of the affection, but the
manner of their coming to the mind. When Chrift makes the
fcripture a means of the heart's burning with gracious affec
tion, it is by opening the fcriptures to their under/landings ;
Luke xxiv. 32. " Did not our heart burn within us, while he
' talked with us by the way, and while he opened to us the fcrip-
* tures ?" It appears alfo that the affection which is occafioned
by the coming of a text of fcripture muft be vain, when the
affection is founded on fomething that is fuppofed to be taught
by it, which really is not contained in it, nor in any other
fcripture ; becaufe fuch fuppofed inftrucliion is not real inftruc-
tion, but a miftake, and mifapprehenfion of the mind. As
for inftance, when perfons fuppofe that they are exprefly taught
by fome fcripture coming to their minds, that they in particu
lar are beloved of God, or that their fins are forgiven, that
God is their father, and the like ; this is a miftake or rnifap-
prehenfion ; for the fcripture no where reveals the individual
perfons who are beloved, exprefly ; but only by confequence,
by revealing the qualifications of perfons that are beloved of
God : and therefore this matter is not to be learned from fcrip
ture any other way than by confequence, and from thefe qua
lifications; for things are not to be learned from the fcripture
any other way than they are taught in the fcripture.
Affections
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS 297
Affections really arife from ignorance, rather than inflruc-
tion, in thefc inflances which have been mentioned ; as like-
wife in Fome others that might be mentioned. As fome, when
they find themfelves free of fpeech in prayer, they call it God's
being with them; and this affecls them more ; and fo their
affections are fet a-going and increafed ; when they look not
into the caufe of this freedom of fpeech, which may arife ma
ny other ways befldes God's fpiritual prefence. So fome are
much afiecled with fome apt thoughts that come into their
minds about the fcripture, and call it the Spirit of God teach
ing them. So they afcribe many of the workings of their own
minds, which they have a high opinion of, and are pleafed and
taken with, to the fpecial immediate influences of God's Spirit ;
and fo are mightily affecled with their privilege. And there
are fome inftances ofperfons, in whom it feems manifeft, that
the firft ground of their affection is fome bodily fenfation.
The animal fpirits, by fome caufe, (and probably fometimes by
the devil) arefuddenly and unaccountably put into a very agree
able motion, canfmg perfons to feel pleafantly in their bodies;
the animal fpirits are put into fiich a motion as is wont to be
connected with the exhilaration of the mind; and the foul, by
the laws of the union of foul and body, hence feels plea-
fare. The motion of the animal fpirits dees not fir ft arife from
any affe&ion or apprehenfion of the mind whatsoever j but the
very firil thing that is felt, is an exhilaration of the animal fpU
rits, and a pleafant external fenfation, it may be in their breafts.
Hence through ignorance, the perfon being furprized, begins to
think, furely this is the Holy Ghoft coming into him. And
then the mind begins to be afTe6}ed and raifed ; there is firft
great joy ; and then many other affeclions, in a very tumultuous
manner, putting all nature, both body and mind, into a migh
ty ruffle. For though, as I obferved before, it is the foul only
that is the- feat of the affethons ; yet this hinders not but that
bodily fenfations may, in this manner, be an occa/ion of affec
tions in the mind.
And if mens religions affe&ions do truly arife from fome in-
flruclion or light in the underftanding^ yet the afFeftion is not
gracious, unleis the light which rs the ground of it be fpiritual.
AfTeclions may be excited by that underftanding of things,
which they obtain merely by human teaching, with the com
mon improvement of the faculties of the mind. Men may be
inuch affecled by knowlege of things of religion that they ob-
P p tain
298 THE FOURTH SIGN Part III.
tain this way ; as fome philofophers have been mightily affecl-
ed, and ahnofl carried beyond themielves, by the difcoveries
they have made in mathematicks and natural philofophy.
So men may be much affecled from common illuminations of
the Spirit of God, in which God affifts mens faculties to a
greater degree of that kind of underiianding of religious mat
ters, which they have in fome degree, by only the ordinary
exercife and improvement of their own faculties. Such illu
minations may much affeft the mind ; as in many whom we
read of in fcripture, that were once enlightened : but thefe af-
fe6lions are not fpiritual.
There is fuch a thing, if the fcriptures are of any ufe to
teach us any thing, as a fpiritual, fupernatural understanding
of divine things, that is peculiar to the faints, and which thofe
who are not faints have nothing of. It is certainly a kind of
nnderftanding, apprehending or difcerning of divine things,
that natural men have nothing of, which the apoflle fpeaks of,
i Cor. ii. 14. " But the natural men receiveth not the things of
" the Spirit of God ; for they are foolifhnefs unto him ; nei-
" ther can he know them, becaufe they are fpiritually difcern-
" ed." It is certainly a kind of feeing or difcerning fpiritual
things peculiar to the faints, which is fpoken of, i John iii. 6.
" Whofoever ftnneth, hath not feen him, neither known him.'*
SJohn 11. " He that doth evil, hath not feen God." And
ohn vi. 40. " This is the will of him that fent me, that eve-
*' ry one that feeth the Son, and believeth on him, may have
; everlafting life." Chap. xiv. 19. " The world feeth me no
" more; but ye fee me." Chap. xvii. 3. "This is eternal life,
' that they might know thee the only true God, and Jefus
" Chrift whom thou haft fent." Matth. xi. 27. " No man
" knoweth the Son, but the Father : neither knoweth any man i
'* the Father, but the Son, and he to whomfoever the Son will
*' reveal him." John xii. 45. " He that feeth me, feeth him
" that fent me." Pfal. ix. 10. " They that know thy name,
" will put their truft in thee." Phil. iii. 8. "I count all things
" but lofs, for the excellency of the knowlege of Chrift Jefus
' my Lord :" verf. 10. "That I may know him." And in
numerable other places there are, all over the Bible, which
(hew the fame. And that there is fuch a thing as an under-
ftanding of divine things, which in its nature and kind is
wholly different from all knowlege that natural men have, is
evident from this, that there is an underftanding of divine
things,
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTION- s. 299
tilings, which the fcripture calls fpiritual underflanding : Col.
1.9. " We do not ceafe to pray for you, and to defire that you
" may be filled with the knowlege of his will, in ail \vif-
" dom and fpiritual underftanding." It has been already mown
that that which is fpiritual, in the ordinary ufe of the word
in the New Teftament, is entirely different in nature and
kind, from all which natural men are, or can be the fubjecls
of.
Fram hence it may be furely inferred, wherein fpiritual un-
derftanding confifts. For if there be in the faints a kind of
apprehenfion or pe.ception, which is in irs nature perfectly
diverfe from all that natural men have, or that it is poffible
they mould have, until they have a new nature ; it muft con-
fiit in their having a certain kind of ideas orfenfations of mind,
which are fimply diverfe from all that is or can be in the minds
of natural men. And that is the fame thing as to fay, that
it confifts in the fenfations of a new fpiritual fen fe, which the
fouls of natural men have not ; as is evident by what has been
before, once and again obferved. But I have already mown
what that new fpiritual fenfe is, which the faints have given
them in regeneration, and what is the object of it. I have
mown that the immediate object of it is the fupreme beauty
and excellency of the nature of divine things, as they are in
themfelves. And this is agreeable to the fcripture : the apoftle
very plainly teaches, that the great thing difcovered by fpiritual
light, and underifood by fpiritual knowlege, is the glory of divine
things, 2 Cor. iv 3, 4. " But if our gofpel be hid, it is hid to
" them that are /oft : in whom the god of this world hath blind-
" ed the mindsof them that believe not, leaft the light of the
" glorious goftel of Chrifl, who is the image of God, fhould
'* Ihineunto pn :" together with verf. 6. " For God, who
" commande/ the light to fhine out of darknefs, hath mined in-
" to our iWts, to give the light of the knowlege of the glory
" of God, i/the face of Jefus Chrift." And chap, iii, 18. pre
ceding, " Jut we all with open face, beholding as in a glafs
' the glon'of the Lord, are changed into the fame image, from
glory tc'glory, even as by the Spirit of the Lord." And it
mult need be fo, for as has been before obferved, the fcripture
often teases, that all true religion fummarily confifts in the love
of divine things. And therefore that kind of underftanding or
knowle/e, which is the proper foundation of true religion, muft
be the -nowlege of the lovdine/s of divine things. For doubt-
!.cfs, t'at knowlege which is the proper foundation of low* is
300
THE FOURTH SIGN- Part III.
the knowlege of lovelinefs. What that beauty or lovelinefs of
divine things is, which is the proper and immediate objtft of
afpiritual fenfe of mind, was {hewed under the lail head infilled
on, viz. That it is the beauty of their moral perfeftion. There
fore it is in the view or fenfe of this, that fpiritual underitaucl-
ing does more immediately and primarily coniiii. And indeed
it is plain it can be nothing elfe ; for (as has been ftio\vn) then:
is nothing pertaining to divine things, befides the beauty ot their
moral excellency, and thofe properties and qualities of divine
things which this beauty is the foundation of, but what natural
men and devils can fee and know, and will know fully and clearly
to all eternity.
From what has been faid, therefore, we come necerTarily to
this conclufun, concerning that wherein fpiritual understanding
confifts ; viz. That it coniifts in a fenfe of the heart, of tilt
fitpreme beauty and fwe.etnefs of the holinefs or moral pe.rftB.ion
of divine things, together with all that difcermng and knowltgc
of things of religion, that depends upon y and Jlowsjrom fuck n
fenfe,
Spiritual underftanding confifts primarily in a Jin ft of heart
of that fpiritual beauty. I fay, a ft'nfe of heart ; for it is not
{peculation merely that is concerned in this kind of underfland-
ing ; nor can there be a clear diitin&ion made between the
two faculties of undemanding and will, as acting diftinclly
and feparately, in this matter. When the wind is fenfible of
the fweet beauty and amiablenefs of a thing, that implies a
ienfiblenefs of fweetnefs and delight in the pretence of the idea
of it : and this fenfiblenefs of the amiablenefs or delightful-
nefs of beauty, carries in the very nature of it, the fenfe of the
heart ; or an efFe<l and imprellion the foul is th: fubjecfc of, as
a fubftance poffefTed of tafte, inclination and will
There is a diftin&ion to be made between a mere notional
under/landing, wherein the mind only beholds hings in the
exercife of a fpeculative faculty ; and the Jen/e / the heart,
wherein the mind does not vi\\y f peculate and behold. \>\\\. relifhes
and feels. That fort of knowlege, by which a -nan has a
fenfible perception of amiablenefs and loathfomer.ifs, or of
fwtetnefs and naufeoufnels, is not juft the fame fort of know
lege with that, by which he knows what a triangs is, and
what a fquare is. The one is mere fpeculative kno\\>g e the
other fenfible knowlege, in'which more than the mere/ntdleft
is concerned ; the heart is the proper fiibject of it, or th foul as
a being that not only beholds, but has inclination, and ispleaf-
ed or difpleafed. And yet there is the nature of inftrfiion
la
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 30 1
in it ; as he that has perceived the fwcet tafteof honey, b
much more about it, than he who has only looked upon ; nd
felt of it.
The apoille feems to make a diftinction between .ntere fpr-
culative knowlege of the things of religion, and i,
ledge, in calling that the, form cf knowlege t and of ihe. tr;
Rom. ii. 20. " Which halt the fonn of knowlr-c, and of the
lf truth in the law." The latter is often reprelented bv reiiih-
ing, fmelliiig, or tailing; 2 Cor. ii. 14. " iMow lluuiks be to
*' God, which always car.feth us to triumph in Chrifl J
" and maketh manifeit the favor of his knov.lege in every place/*
Matth. xvi. 23. " Thou favoureftnot tlie things that be of God,
" but thofe things that be of men." i Pet. ii. 2, 3. " As new
< born babes deiire the fmcere milk of the word, that ye may
t( grow thereby ; if fo be ye have tafted that the Lord is praci-
'* ous." Cant. i. 3. " Becaufe of the favour of thy good oint-
t( ments, thy name is as ointmsnt poured forth, therefore do the
" virgins love thee :" compared with i John ii. 20. " But ye
" have an un&ion from the holy One, and ye know all things."
Spiritual underf Landing primarily con (if Is in \.hisfen/e,or tajle.
of the moral beauty of divine things ; fo that no knowlege can
be called fpintual,any further than it arifes from this, and has
this in it. But fccondarily, it includes all that di/cerning and
knowlege of things of religion, which depends upon, andjlows
fromjuch afenje.
When the true beauty and amiablenefs of the holinefs or true
moral good that is in divine things, is difcovered to the foul, it
as it were opens a new world to its view. This fhews the
glory of all the perfections of God, and of every thing; apper
taining to the divine Being. For as was obfervecl before, the
beauty of all arifes from God's moral perfection. This fhews
the glory of all God's works, both of creation and providence.
For it is the fpecial glory of them, that God's holinefs, ri^h-
tecufnefs, faithfulnefs, and good nefs are fo manifefted in them;
and without thefe. moral perfections, the] be no glory
in that power and fkill with which the
glorifying of God's moral perfections, is
the works of God's hands. By this fcnfe of th
of divine things, is uriderftood the fufficiency of Cnriifc as a Me
diator : for it is only by the difcovery of the beauty of the moral
perfection of Chrift, that the believer is let into the knowlege
of the excellency of his perfon, fo as to know any thing more of
it than the devils do : and it is only by the knowlege of the ex -
ccliency of Quid's perfon, that any know his fi y as a
THE F o r J R T ii SIGN Part III.
Mediator ; for the latter depends upon, and arifes from the for
mer. It is by feeing the excellency of Chriit's perfon, that the
faints are made fenfible of the precioufnefs of his blood, and its
farriciency to atone for fin : for therein coniifts the precioiifnefs
of ChrifVs blood, that it is the blood of fo excellent and amiable
a perfon. And on this depends the meritorioufnefs of his obe
dience, and fufficiency and prevalence of his intercellion. By
this flight of the moral beauty of divine things, is feen the beauty
of the way of falvation by Chrill ; for that conlills in the beau
ty of the moral perfections of God, which wonderfully mines
forth in every ftep of this method of falvation, irom beginning
to end. By this is feen the fitnefs and iuitablenefs of this way ;
for this wholly confifts in its tendency to deliver us from fin and
heli, and to bring us to the happinefs which confiits in the pof-
feifion and enjoyment of moral good, in a way fweetly agreeing
with God's moral perfections. And in the way's being con
trived fo as to attain thefe ends, confifts the excellent wifdom of
that way. By this is feen the excellency of the word of God.
Take away all the moral beauty and fwectnefs in the word, and
the Bible is left wholly a dead letter, a dry, lifelefs, taftelefs
thing. By this is feen the true foundation of our duty, the
worfhinefs of God to be fo eiteemed, honoured, loved, fubmit-
ted to, and ferved, as he requires of us, and the amiablenefs of
the duties thcmfelves that are required of us. And by this is
feen the true evil of fin : for he who fees the beauty of holinefs,
muft neceflarily fee the hatefulnefs of fin, its contrary. By this
men imderfhnd the true glory of heaven, which confifts in the
beauty and happinefs that is in holinefs. By this is feen the
amiablenefs and happinefs of both faints and angels. He that
fees the beauty of holinefs, or true moral good, lees thegreatefl
and mod important thing in the world, which is the iulnefs of
all things, without which all the world is empty, no better than
nothing, yea, worfe than nothing. Unlefs this is feen, nothing
is feen that is worth the feeing ; for there is no other true excel
lency or beauty. Unlefs this be underibocl, nothing is under-
ilood that is worthy of the exercife of the noble faculty of under-
ihnding. This is the beauty of the Godhead, and the divinity
of divinity, (if I may fo fpeak,) the good of the infinite foun
tain of good ; without which God himfelf (if that were pollible
to be) would be an infinite evil ; without which, we ourfclves
had better never have been ; and without which there had bet
ter have been no being. He therefore in effect knows nothing,
that knows not this ; his knowlege is but the fhadow of know-
le-e, or the form of knowl-ge, as the apoftle calls it. Well
therefore
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS.
therefore may the fcripture reprefent thofe who are defiitule of
that fpi ritual fenfe, by which is perceived the beauty of holi-
nefs, as totally blind, deaf, and fenfelefs, yea, dead. And well
may regeneration, in which this divine fenfe is given to the
foul by its Creator, be reprefenled as opening the blind eyes,
and raifing the dead, and bringing a perfon into a new world.
For if what has been faid be confidered, it will be manifeii,
that when a perfon has this fenfe and knowlege given him, h-j
will view nothing as he did before; though before he knewa&\
things after the flefli, yet henceforth he, will know them jo r;j
more ; and he is become, a i?ezu creature, old things are
away, behold, all things are become new ; agreeable to c Cor.
v. 16, 17.
And befides the things that have been already mentioned,
there arifes from this fenfe of fpiritual beauty, all true experi
mental knowlege of religion, which is of kfelf as it were a
new world of knowlege. He that fees not the beauty of ho'li-
nefs, knows not what one of the graces of God's Spirit is, be
is deftitute of any idea or conception of all gracious exercifes of
foul, and all holy comforts and delights, and all effecis of the
faving influences of the Spirit of God on the heart ; and fo is
ignorant of the greateit works of God, the moft important and
glorious eflfecls of his power upon the creature; and alfo is
wholly ignorant of the faints as faints, he knows not what
they are ; and in eflecl is ignorant of the whole fpiritual
world.
Things being thus, it plainly appears, that God's implant
ing that fpiritua! fupernatural fenfe which has been fpoken of,
makes a great change in a man. And were it not for the very
imperfect degree, in which this fenfe is commonly given at
firft, or the (mail degree of this glorious light that firft dawns
upon the foul ; the change made by this fpiritual opening of the
eyes in converfion, would be much greater, and more remark
able every way, than if a man, who had been born blind, and
with only the other four fenfes, mould continue fo a long time,
and then at once fliould have the fenfe of feeing imparted to
him in the midft of the clear light of the fun, mfcovering a
world of vifible objects. For though fight be more noble than
any of the other external fenfes, yet this fpiritual fenfe which
has been fpoken of, is infinitely more noble than that, or any
other principle of difcerning that a man naturally has, and the
pbjefi of this fenfe infinitely greater and more important.
This
304 T H E F o u R T H S I G N Part 1IL
This fort of underflanding or knowlege, is that knowlcge
of divine things from whence all truly gracious arlecrions do
proceed; by which therefore all affections are to be tried.
Thofe afFedlions that arife wholly from any other kind of know
lcge, or do re full from any other kind of appreheniions of
mind, are vain, t
From what has been faid, may be learned wherein the moft
rilVntial diiTerence lies between that light or underflanding
v/hich is given by the common influences of the Spirit of God,
on the hearts of natural men, and thatfaving inftruclion which
is given to the faints. The latter primarily and molt effen-
tially lies in beholding the holy beauty that is in divine things ;
which is the only true moral good, and which the foul of fallen
man is by nature totally blind to. The former eonfifts only in
a further understanding, through the a ill fiance of natural prin
ciples, of thofe tilings which men may know, in fome mcafure,
I'V the alone ordinary exercife of their faculties. And thi*
knowlege conliils only in the knowlege of thofe things per-
. f " Take heed of contenting yourfelves with every kind of know-
leg?. Do not worfhip every image of your own heads; efpecially
you that fall fhort of truth, or the knowlege of it. For when you
have fome, there may be yet that wanting, which may make you
iincere. There are many men of great knowlege, able to teach them-
felves, and others too ; and yet their hearts are unfound. How comes
tills to pafs ? Is it becaufc they have fo much light ? No ; but be-
cnule they want much. And therefore content not yourfelves with
every knowlege. There is fome knowlege which men have by the
light of nature, (which leaves them without excufe) from the book
of creation ; fome by power of education ; fome by the light of the
law, v/k-^eby men know their fin and evils; fome by the letter of
the gofpel ; and fo men may know much, and fpeak well ; and fo in
feeing, fee not : fome by the Spirit, and may fee much, fo as to
prophecy in Chriil's name, and yet bid depart, Matth. vii. New
there is a //>&/ efgh>y, whereby the cleft fee things in another man
ner : to tell you how, they cannot : it is the beginning of light in
heaven : and the fame Spirit that fills Chrift, filling their rninds, that
they knov/, by this anointing, all things ; which if ever you have,
you nrafl become babes and fools in your own eyes. , God will never
write his law in your minds, until all the fcribblings of it are blotted
oat. Account all your knowiege lofs for the gaining of this. It is
fad to fee many a man pleafing himfclf in his own dreaming delufi-
ons ; yet the poor creature in feeing, fees not ; which is God's hca-
ry curfe upon men under grcateft means, and which lays ail wafe
a:id defolate." Skfcrd's Paral'ie, Part. I. p. 147*
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS 305
taining to religion, which are natural. Thus for infiance, ia
thofe awakenings and convictions of confcience, that natural
men are often fubjecl to, the Spirit of God gives no knowlege
of the true moral beauty which is in divine things ; but only
affifts the mind to a clearer idea of the guilt of fin, or its re
lation to a punimmerit, and connection with the evil offufftr-
ing, (without any fight of its true moral evil, or odioulnefs as
fin,) and a clearer idea of the jwtana/perfeclions of God, where
in confifts, not his holy beauty and glory, but his awful and
terrible greatnefs. It is a clear fight of this, that will fully a-
waken the confciences of wicked men at the day of judgment,
without any fpiritual light. And it is a leflcr degree of the
fame, that awakens the confciences of natural men, without
fpiritual light, in this world. The fame difcoveries are in fome
meafure given in the confcience of an awakened {inner in this
world, which will be given more fully in the confciences of
fmners at the day of judgment. The fame kind of fight or
apprehenfion of God, in a leffer degree makes awakened fin-
ners in this world fenfible of the dreadful guilt of fin, againih
fo great and terrible a God, and fenfible of its amazing pu-
nifhment, and fills them with fearful apprehenfions of divine
wrath ; that will thoroughly convince all wicked men, of the
infinitely dreadful nature and guilt of fin, and aftoniih them
with apprehenfions of wrath, when Chrift fhall come in the
glory of his pbwer and majefty, and 'every eye (hall fee him,
and all the kindreds of the earth fhall wail becaufe of him.
And in thofe common illuminations, which are fomctimes
given to natural men, exciting in them fome kind of religious
defire, love and joy, the mind is only affifled to a clearer appre
henfion of the natural good that is in divine things. Thus
fometimes, under common illuminations, men are raifed with
the ideas of the natural good that is in heaven ; as its outward
glory, its eafe, its honor and advancement, a being there the
objects of the high favour of God, and the great refpeclofmen
and angels, ?c. So there are many things exhibited in the
gofpel, concerning God and Chrift, and the way of falvation,
that have a natural good in them, which fnifs the natural prin
ciple of felf-love. Thus in that great goodnefs of God to fm
ners, and the wonderful dying love of Chrift, there is a natu
ral good, which all men love, as they love themfelves ; as well
as a fpiritual and holy beauty, which is taen only by the regene
rate. Therefore there are many things eppcrraining to the word
Q q of
306 THE FOURTH SIGN Part III.
of God's grace delivered in the gofpel, which may caufe natu
ral men, when they hear it, anon with joy to receive it. All
that love which natural men have to God, and Chrift, and
Chriftian virtues, and good men, is not from any fight of the
amiablenefs of the holinefs, or true moral excellency of thefe
things ; but only for the lake of the natural good there is in them.
All natural mens hatred of fin, is as much from principles of
nature, as mens hatred of a tyger for his rapacioufnefs, or their
averfion to a ferpent for hispoifon and hurtfulnefs : and all their
love of Chriftian virtue, is from no higher principle than their
love of a man's good nature, which appears amiable to natural
men ; but no otherwife than filver and gold appears amiable in
the eyes of a merchant, or than the blacknefs of the foil is beau-
tiful in the eyes of the farmer.
From what has been faid of the nature of fpiritual under-
Handing, it appears, that fpiritual uriderftanding does not con-
fift in any new doctrinal knowlege, or in having fuggefted to
the mind any new propofuion, not before read or heard of : for
it is plain, that this fuggefting of new propofitions, is a thing
entirely diverfe from giving the mind a new tafte or relifh of
beauty and fweetnefs. * It is alfo evident, that fpiritual know
lege does not confift in any new doctrinal explanation of any
part of the fcripture ; for ftill, this is but doctrinal knowlege,
or the knowlege of propofitions ; the doctrinal explaining of
any part of fcripture, is only giving us to underftand, what
are the propofitions contained or taught in that part of fcrip
ture.
Hence it appears, that the fpiritual under/landing of the fcrip
ture, does not confift in opening to the mind the myftical mean
ing of the fcripture, in its parables, types and allegories ; for
this is only a doctrinal explication of the fcripture. He that
explains
* Calvin, in his Institutions, Book I. Chap. ix. i. fays,-" It is
not the office of the Spirit that is promifed us, to make new and be
fore unheard-of revelations, or to coin fome new kind of doctrine,
which tends to draw us away from the received doctrine of the gof
pel ; but to feal^and confirm to us that very doctrine which is by the
gofpd." And in the fame place he fpeaks of fome, that in thofe'days
maintained the contrary notion, pretending to be immediately led by the
Spirit, as perfons that were governed ly a moft haughty felf conceit ^ and
vot Jo properly to be looked upon GS only labouring under a miftake,as drivett
by a fort ofrainr J ~ - f -
O~F GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 307
explains what is meant by the ftony ground, and the feed's fpring-
ing up fuddenly, arid quickly withering away, only explains
what propofitions or doclrines are taught in it. So he that ex
plains what is typified by Jacob's ladder, and the angels of God
afcending and defcending on it, or what was typified by Jo-
fhua's leading Ifrael through Jordan, only {hews what propo
fitions are hid in thefe paflages. And many men can explain
thefe types, who have no fpiritual knowlege. It is poflible
that a man might know how to interpret all the types, parables,
enigmas, and allegories in the Bible, and not have one beam
of fpiritual light in his mind ; becaufe he may not have the
lead degree of that fpiritual fenfe of the holy beauty of divine
things which has been fpoken of, and may fee nothing of this
kind of glory in any thing contained in any of thefe myfteries,
or any other part of the fcripture. It is plain, by what the
apoftle fays, that a man might underftand all fuch myfteries,
and have no faving grace ; i Cor. xiii. 2. " And though I
" have the gift of prophecy, and underftand all myfteries, and
" all knowlege, and have not charity, it profiteth rne nothing."
They therefore are very fooiifh, who are exalted in an opinion
of their own fpiritual attainments, from notions that come into
their minds, of the myftical meaning of thefe and thofe paffages
of fcripture, as though it was a fpiritual underftanding of thefe
paffages, immediately given them by the Spirit of God, and
hence have their affeclions highly raifed : and what has been
{aid, mews the vanity of fuch affections.
From what has been faid. it is alfo evident, that it is not
fpiritual knowlege, for perfons to be informed of their duty,
by having it immediately fuggefted to their minds, that fuch
arid fuch outward aclions or deeds are the will of God. If we
fuppofe that it is truly God's manner thus to fignify his will
to his people, by immediate inward fuggeftions, fuch fugge-
ftions have nothing of the nature of fpiritual light. Such kind
of knowlege would only be one kind of doctrinal knowlege :
a proportion concerning the will of God, is as properly a doc
trine of religion, as a propofitiori concerning the nature of God^
or a work of God : and an having either of thefe kinds of pro
pofitions, or any other propofition, declared to a man, either
by fpeech or inward fuggeftion, differs vaftly from an having
the holy beauty of divine things manifefted to the foul, werein
fpiritual knowlege does moft efTentially confift. Thus there
was no fpiritual light in Balaam ; though he had the will of
God
308 THE FOURTH SIGN Part III.
God immediately fuggefted to him by the Spirit of God from
lime to time, concerning the way that he mould go, and what
he mould do and fay.
It is manifeft therefore, that a heing led and directed in
this manner, is not that holy and fpi ritual leading of the Spirit
of God, which is peculiar to the faints, and a diitinguilhing
mark of the fons of God, fpoken of Rom. viii. 14. " For as
" many as are led by the Spirit of God, are the fons of God."
Gal. v. 18. "But if ye be led by the Spiiit, ye are not under
" the law."
And if perfons have thewill of God concerning their attions,
fuggefted to them by fome text of fcripture, fuddenly and ex
traordinarily brought to their minds, which text, as the words
lay in the Bible before they came to their minds, related to the
aftion and behaviour of fome other perfon, but they fuppofe,
as God fent the words to them, he intended fomethmg further
by them, and meant fuch a particular a&ion of theirs ; I fay,
if perfons fhould have the will of God thus fuggefted to them
with texts of fcripture, it alters not the cafe. The fuggeflion
being accompanied with an apt text of fcripture, does not make
the fuggeftion to be the nature of fpiritual inftruclion. As
for inftance, if a perfon in New-England, on fome occafion,
xvere at a lofs whether it was his duty to go into fome popifh or
heathenifh land, where he was like to be expofed to many dif
ficulties and dangers, and mould pray to God that he would
fhew him the way of his duty; and after earned prayer, fhould
have thofe words which God fpake to Jacob, Gen. xlvi. fud
denly and extraordinarily brought to his mind, as if they were
fpoken to him ; " Fear not to go down into Egypt ; and I will
*' go with thee; and I will alfo furely bring thee up again."
In which words, though as they lay in the Bible before they
came to his mind, they related only to Jacob, and his behavior;
yet he fuppofes that God has a further meaning, as they were
brought and applied to him ; that thus they are to be under-
flood in a new fenfe, that by Egypt is to be underfiood this par
ticular country he has in his mind, and that the aftiori intended
is his going thither, and that the meaning of thepromifeis, that
God would bring him back into New-England again. There
is nothing of the nature of a fpiritual or gracious leading of the
Spirit in this; for there is nothing of the nature of fpiritual
under/landing in it. Thus to underftand texts of fcripture, is
KOI t have a fpiritual underftand ing of them. Spiritually to
wnderfiand
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 309
underftand the fcripture, is rightly to underftand what it in the
fcripture, and what was in it before it was unuerfloocl; it is to
underftand rightly, what ufed to be contained in the meaning of
it, and not the making a new meaning. When the mind is
enlightened fpiiitttaily and rightiy to understand the fcripture,
it is enabled to fee that in the fcripture, which before was nut
feen, by nafon of blindnefs. But if it was by reafon of blind-
nefs, that is an evidence that the fame meaning was in it be
fore, otherwife it would have been.no blindnefs ilot to fee it ;
it is no blindnefs not to fee a meaning which is not there.
Spiritually enlightening the eyes to underftand the fcripture. is
to open the eyes, PfaL cxix. 18. " Open thou mine eyes, that I
** may behold wondrous things out of thy law ;'' which argues
that the reafon why tjie fame was not feen in the fcripture be
fore, was, that the eyes vfcrcjkut ; which would not be the
cafe, if the meaning that is now underftood was not there be
fore, but is now newly added to the fpriptufe, by the manner
of the fcripture 's coming to my mind. This making a new
meaning to the fcripture, is the fame thing as making a new
fcripture; it is properly adding to the word, which is threaten*
ed with fo dreadful acurfe. Spiritually to underfund the fcrip
ture, is to have the eyes of the mind opened, to behold the won
derful fpiritual excellency of the glorious things contained in
the true meaning of it, and that always were contained in it,
ever fince it was written : to behold the amiable and bright
rnanifeftations of the divine perfections, and of the excellency
and fufficiency of Chrift, and the excellency and fuitablenefs of
the way of falvation by Chrift, and the fpiritual glory of the
precepts and promifes of the fcripture, &c. which things are
and always were in the Bible, and would have been feen before,
if it had not been for blindnefs, without having any new fenfe
added, by the words being fent by God to a particular perfou,
andfpoken anew to him, with a new meaning.
And as to a gracious leading of the Spirit^ it confifts in two
things ; partly in injlruciing a perfori in his duty by the Spirit,
and partly in powerfully inducing him to comply with that in-
{Irucliori. But fo far as the gracious leading of the Spirit lies
in inftruftion, it confifts in a perfon's being guided by a fpiri
tual and diftinguifhing taile of that which has in it true mon-l
beauty. I have fhewn that fpiritual knowlege primarily con-
fids in a tafte or relilh of the amiablenefs and beauty of that
-which is truly good and holy: this holy rclifh is a thing ihu
difcerns
3 ie THE FOURTH SIGN Part III.
difcerns and diflingui flies between good and evil, between holy
and unholy, without being at the trouble of a train of reafon-
ing* As he who has a true reliih of external beauty, knows
\vhat is beautiful by looking upon it ; he ftands in no need of
a train of reaioning about the proportion of the features, in or
der to determine whether that which he fees be a beautiful
countenance or no ; he needs nothing but only the glance of
his eye. He who has a rectified muficai ear, knows whether
the found he hears be true harmony; he does not need firft to
be at the trouble of the reafonings of a mathematician, about
the proportion of the notes. He that has a rectified palate,
knows what is good food, as foon as he taftes it, without the
rc a afon"mg of a phyfician about it. There is a holy beauty and
fweetnefs in words and aftions, as well as a natural beauty in
countenances and founds, and fweetnefs in food; Job. xii. 11.
" Doth riot the ear try words, and the mouth tafte his meet?"
When a holy and amiable a&ion is fuggefted to the thoughts
of a holy foul; that foul, if in the lively exercife of its fpiruual
tafte, at once fees a beauty in it, and fo inclines to it, and clo-
fes with it. On the contrary, if an unworthy unholy action
be fuggefted to it, its fanftined eye fees no beauty in it, and is
not pleafed with it; its fanclified tafte relifhes no fweetnefs in
it, but on the contrary, it is naufeous to it. Yea its holy tafte
and appetite leads it to think of that which is truly lovely, and
naturally fuggefts it ; as a healthy tafte and appetite naturally
{"tiggefts the idea of its proper object. Thus a holy perfon is
led by the Spirit, as he is inftru6ted and led by his holy tafte,
and difpofition of heart ; whereby, in the lively exercife of
grace, he eafily diftinguifhes good arid evil, and knows at once
what is a fuitable amiable behaviour towards God, and towards
man, in this cafe and the other; and judges what is right, as
it were fpontaaeoufly, and of himfelf, without a particular
deduction, by any other arguments than the beauty that is feen,
and goodnefs that is tafted. Thus Chrift blames the Pharifees,
that they did not, even of their ownfdves, judge what was right,
without needing miracles to prove it, Luke xii. 57. The apof-
t!e feems plainly to have refpecl 10 this way of judging of fpi-
ritual beauty, in Rom. xii. 2. " Be ye transformed by the
" renewing of your mind, that ye may prove what is that good,
** and perfe6r, and acceptable will of God."
There is fuch a thing zsgood tafte of natural beauty, (which
learned men often freak of,) that is excrcifed about temporal
things,
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 311
things, in judging of them ; as about the juftnefs of a fpeech,
the goodnefs of ftyle, the beauty of a poem, the gracefulnefs of
deportment, &c. A lale great philofopher of our nation,
writes thus upon it*; "To have a tafte, is to give things
" their real value, to be touched with the good, to be (hocked
*' with the ill ; not to be dazzled with falfe luilres, but in
" fpight of all colours, and every thing that might deceive
*' or arnufe, to judge foundly. Taftt and judgment then
11 fhould be the fame thing; and yet it is eafy to difcern a
" difference. The judgment forms its opinions from reflec-
*' tion : the reafon on this occafion fetches a kind of circuit,
" to arrive at its end ; it fuppofes principles, it draws confe-
" quences, and it judges; but not without a thorough know -
" lege of the cafe ; fo that after it has pronounced, it is rea-
" dy to render a reafon of its decrees. Good tajh obferves
" none of thefe formalities ; ere it has time to confult, it has
" taken its fide ; as foon as ever the object is prefented it,
" the impreflion is made, the fentiment formed, a(k no more
" of it. As the ear is wounded with a harm found, as the.
" fmell is focthed with an agreeable odour, before ever the
" reafon have meddled with thofe obje6ts to judge of them,
" fo the tajh opens itfelf at once, and prevents all reflection.
" They may come afterwards to confirm it, and difcover the
" fecret reafons of its conduft; but it was not in its power to
" wait for them. Frequently it happens not to know them at
" all, and what pains foever it ufes, cannot difcover what it was
" determined it to think as it did. This conduct is very dif-
" ferent from that the judgment obferves in its decifi <.::
*' unlefs we chufe to fay, that good tafte is as it were a firft.
" motion, or a kind of iriftincT; of right reafon, which hurries
" on with rapidity, and conduces more fecurely than all the
" reafonings fhe could make ; it is a firft glance of the eve,
" which difcov: rs to us the nature and relations of things in a
" moment."
Now as there is fuch a kind of taflc of the mind as tfeis,
which philofophers fpeak of, whereby perfons are guided 111
their judgment, of the natural beauty, gracefulnefs, propriety,
noblenefs and fublimity of fpeeches and actions, whereby they
judge as it were by the glance of the eye, or by inward fen ra
tion, and the firft impreffion of the objed ; fo there is likewifo
fuch
* Chambers's Didionary, under the vrord TASTE.
212 THE FOURTH SIGN Part III.
fuch a thing as a divine tajle, given and maintained by the
Spirit of God, in the hearts of the faints, whereby they are in
like manner led and guided in difcerning and diftinguifhing
the true fpiritual and holy beauty of actions ; and that moie
eafily, readily, and accurately, as they have more or lefs of the
Spirit of God dwelling in them. And thus the fon s of God art
led by the Spirit oj God, in their behaviour in the world.
A holy difpofction and fpiritual tafle, where grace is flrong
and hvely, will enable a foul to determine what aciions are
right and becoming Chriflians, not only more fpeedily, but
far more exactly, than the greateft abilities without it. This
may be illuftrated by the manner in which fome habits of mind,
and difpofitions'of heart, of a nature inferior to true grace,
will teach and guide a man in his aftions. As for inftance, if
a man be a very good natured man, his good nature will teach
him better how to acl: benevolently amongft mankind, and
will direct him, on every occafion, to thofe fpecches and ac
tions, which are agreeable to rules of goodnefs, than the ftrongeft
reafon \viii a man of a rriorofe temper. So if a man's heart
be under the influence of an entire friendfhip, and moil endear
ed affeclion to another ; though he be a man of an indifferent
capacity, yet this habit of his mind will direcl him, far more
readily and exaclly, to a fpeech and deportment, or manner of
behaviour, which {hall in all refpe&s be fweet and kind, and
agreeable to a benevolent difpofition of heart, than the greateft
capacity without it. He has as it were a fpirit within him,
that guides him ; the habit of his mind is attended with a tafte,
by which he immediately relifhes that air and mien which is
benevolent, and dif relifhes the contrary, and caufes him to
diftinguiOi between one and the other in a moment, more pre-
cifely, than the molt accurate reafonings can find out in many
hours. As the nature and inward tendency of a ftone, or other
heavy body, that is let fall from a loft, fliev/s the way to the
centre of the earth, more exafily in an inftant, than the abiefl
mathematician, without it, could determine, by his moft accu
rate observations, in a whole day. Thus it is that a fpiritual
difpofition and fade teaches and guides a man in his behaviour in
the world. So an eminently humble, or meek, or charitable dif
pofition, will direl a perfon of mean capacity to fuch a be
haviour, as is agreeable to Chriftian rules of humility, mcek-
nefs and charity, far more readily and precifely, than the moft
diligent ftudy, and elaborate reafonings, of a man of the ftrongeft
faculties,
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS* 313
faculties, who has not a Chriftian fpirit within him. So alfo
will a fpirit of love to God, and holy fear and reverence to
wards God, and filial confidence in God, and an heavenly
difpofition, teach and guide a man in his hehaviour.
It is an exceeding difficult thing for a wicked man, deflitute
of Chriftian principles in his heart, to guide him, to know
how to demean hirnfelf like a Chrifliari, with the life, and
beauty, and heavenly fweetnefs of a truly holy humble, Chrift*
like behaviour. He knows not how to put on thefe garments,
neither do they fit him ; Eccl. x. 2, 3. " A wife man's heart
" is at his right hand ; but a fool's heart is at his left. Yea
" alfo, when he that is a fool walkcth by the way, his wifdom
" faileth him, and he faith to every one that he is a fool :" with
verf. 15. " The labor of the foolifli wearieth every one of
" them, becaule he knowcth not how to go to the city." Prov.
x. 32. " The lips of the righteous know what is acceptable."
Chap. xv. 2. " The tongue of the wife ufeth kriowlege aright :
11 but the mouth of fools poureth out foo-lifhnefs." And chap,
xvi. 23. ** The heart of the righteous teacheth his mouth* end
" addeth learning to his lips."
The faints in^ thus judging of actions by a fpintual tafte,
have not a particular recourfe to the expre/s rules of God's
word, with refpe-hl to every word and aftion that is before
them, the good or evil of which they thus judge of: but yet
their tafte itfelf in general, is lubject to the rule of God's word,
and rnull be tried by that, and a right reafoning upon it. As a
man of a rectified palate judges of particular morfels by his
tafte ; but yet his palate itfelf muft be judged of, whether it be
right or no, by certain rules and reafons. But a fpiritual ta,
of foul, mightily helps the foul, in its reafonings on the word
of God, and in judging of the true meaning of its rules ; as it
removes the prejudices of a depraved appetite, and naturally
leads the thoughts in the right channel, cafls a light on the
word of God, and caufes the true meaning mod naturally to
come to mind, through the harmony there is between the dif-
pofition and reiifh of a faritified foui, and the true meai
of the rules of God's word. Yea, this harmony tends to briruj
the texts themfelves to mind, on proper occafions ; as the par
ticular flate of the ftomach and palate, tends to bring fuch par
ticular meats and drinks to mind, as are agreeable to that flate.
Thus the children of God are led by the Spirit of God in judging
of afclions tihemfclves, and in their iwr-ditatiyns upon, and juclg-
R r ing
314 T ii F o u R T H S i c N Part III*
ing of, and applying the rules of God's holy word : and fo God
teaches them hisjiatutes, and cau/es them to underjland the. way
of his precepts ; which the pfalmift fo often prays for.
But this leading of the Spirit is a thing exceeding diverfe
from that which fome call fo ; which confifts not in teaching
them God's flatutes and precepts, that he has already given ;
but in giving them new precepts, by immediate inward fpeech
or fuggeflion ; and has in it no tailing the true excellency of
things, or judging or difcerning the nature of things at all.
They do not determine what is the will of God by any tafle
or relim, or any manner of judgment of the nature of things,
but by an immediate diclate concerning the thing to be done ;
there is no fuch thing as any judgment or wifdom in the cafe.
Whereas in that leading of the Spirit which is peculiar to God's
children, is imparted that true wifdom, and holy difcretion,
fo often fpoken of in the word of God ; which is high above
the other way. as the ftars are higher than a glow-worm ; and
that which Balaam and Saul (who fometimes were led by the
Spirit in that other way) never had^ and no natural man caa
have, without a change of nature.
What has been faid of the nature of fpiritual underfland-
ing, as confifting mod efientially in a divine fupernatural fenfe
and relim of the heart, not only mews that there is nothing of
it in this falfejy fuppofed leading of the Spirit, which has been
now fpoken of; but alfo mows the difference between fpiritual
underilanding, and all kinds and forms of enthufiafm, all im
aginary fights of God and Chrift arid heaven, all fuppofed wit-
nellmg of the Spirit, and teilimonies of the love of God by
immediate inward fuggefiion ; and all impreilions of future
events, and immediate revelations of any fecret fai3s \vhatfo-
ever ; all enthufiaftical impreflions and applications of words of
fcripture, as though they were words now immediately fpoken by
God to a particular perfon, in a new meaning, and carrying
fomething more in them, than the words contain as they lie in
the Bible ; and all interpretations of the myftical meaning of
the fcripture, by fuppofed immediate revelation. None of
thefe things confift in a divine fenfe and relifh of the heart, of
the holy beauty and excellency of divine things ; nor have they
any thing to do with fucb a fenfe ; but all confift in impreflions
in the head ; all are to be referred to the head of imprejjwnson
the imagination, and confift in the exciting external ideas in the
mind, either in ideas, of outward fhapes and colours, or words
fpoken,
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 315
fpoken, or letters written, or ideas of things external and fenfi-
ble, belonging to aclions done, or events accomplished or to
be accompiiihed. An enthufiaftical fuppofed manifeftaticn of
the love of God, is made by the exciting an idea of a fmiling
countenance, or fome other pleafant outward appearance, or
by the idea of pleafant words fpoken, or written, excited in the
imagination, or fome pleafant bodily fenfation. So when per-
fons have an imaginary revelation of fome fecret facl, it is
by exciting external ideas ; either of fome words, implying a
declaration of that facl:, or fome vifible or fenfible circum-
ftances of fuch a facl. So the fuppofed leading of the Spirit,
to do the will of God, in outward behaviour, is either by ex
citing the idea of words (which are outward things) in their
minds, either the words of J'cripture or other words, which they
k)okuponas an immediate command of God ; or elfe by excit
ing and impreding ftrongly the ideas of the outward adlioris
t'hemfelves. So when an interpretation of a fcripture type or
allegory, is immediately, in an extraordinary way, ftrongly fug-
gefted, it is by fuggeft ing words, 1 as though one fecretly whifpefed
and told the meaning; or by exciting other ideas in the imagination.
Such fort of experiences and difcoveries as thefe commonly
raife the affeclions of fuch as are deluded by them, to a great
height, and make a mighty uproar in both foul and body.
And a very great part of the falfe religion that has been in the
world, from one age to another, confifts in fuch difcoveries as
thefe, and in the affections that flow from them. In fuch
things confifted the experiences of the' ancient Pythagoreans
among the Heathen, and many others among them, who had
ftrange ecftafies and raptures, and pretended to a divine afflatus,
and immediate revelations from heaven. In fuch things as
thefe feem to have confifted the experiences of the EiTenes, an
ancient feel: among the Jews, at, and after the times of the a-
poftles. In fuch things a thefe confifted the experiences of
many of the ancient Gnoftics, and the Montanifts, and many
other feels of ancient heretics, in the primitive ages of the
Chriftian church. And in fuch things as thefe confifted the
pretended immediate converfe, with God and Chrift, and faints
and angels of heaven, of the Monks, Anchorites, and Reclufes,
that formerly abounded in the church of Rome. In fuch things
confifted the pretended high experiences, and great fpirituality
of many feels of enthufiafts, that fwarmed in the world after
the reformation ; fuch as the Anabaptifts, Antinomians, and
Familifts t
316 THE FOURTH SIGN Part III.
Familifls, the followers of N. Stork, Tb, Muncer, Jo. Becold,
Henry Pfeifer, David George, Cafper Swenckfield, Henry
Nicolas, Johannes Agncola Eillebius ; and the many wild
enthufiafls that were in England in the days of Oliver Crom
well ; and the followers of Mrs. Hutchifon, in New-England ;
as appears hy the particular and large occounts given of all thefe
fects, by that eminently holy man, Mr. Samuel Rutherford, in
his Difplay of the fpiritual Anlicftrift. And in fuch things as
thefe confided the experiences of the late French prophets, and
their followers. And in thefe things feems to lie the religion of
the many kinds of enthufiafls of the prefent day. It is by fuch
fort of religion as this chiefly that Satan transforms himfelf in
to an angel of light : and it is that which he has ever mo ft fuc-
cefsfully made ufe of to confound hopeful and happy revival,'}
of religion, from the beginning of the Chriflian church to this
day. When the Spirit of God is poured out, to begin a glo
rious work, then the old ferpent, as faft as poffible, and by all
means introduces this baftard religion, and mingles it with the
true ; which has from time to time foon brought all things into
confufion. The pernicious confequence of it is not eafily ima
gined or conceived of, until we fee and are amazed with the
$wful effects of it, and the difrnal defolation it has made. If
the revival of true religion be very great in its beginning, yet
if this baftard comes in, there is danger of its doing as Gideon's
baftard Ahimelech did, who never left until he had flain all his
threescore and ten true born fons, excepting one, that was for
ced to flee. Great and flricl: therefore fliould be the watch and
guard that minifters maintain againfl fuch things, efpeciaily at
a time of great awakening: for men, efpeciaily the common
people, are eafily bewitched with fuch things; they having
iuch a glaring and gliflering fhew of high religion ; and the de
vil hiding his own fnape, and appearing as an angel of light,
that men may not be afraid of him, but may adore him.
The imagination or phantafy feems to be that wherein are
formed all thofe delufions of Satan, which thofe are carried
away with, who are under the influence of falfe religion, and
counterfeit graces and affe&ions. Here is the devil's grand
lurking-place, the very nefl of foul and delufive fpirils. It is
very much to be doubted, whether the devil can come at the-
foul of man, at all to affect it, or to excite any thought or mo
tion, or produce any effect whatfoever in it, any other way,
than by the phantafy'; which is that power of the foul, by which
it
OF GRACIOUS A F SECTIONS. 317
it receives, and is the fubjecl of the fpecies, or ideas of out
ward and fenfible things. As to the laws and means which
the Creator has eftabiifhed, for the intercoorfe and communi
cation of unbodied fpirits, we know nothing about them ; we
do not know by what medium they manifeft their thoughts to
each other, or excite thoughts in each oilier. But as to fpirits
that are united to bodies, thofe bodies God has united them to
are their medium of communication. They have no other me
dium of afting on other creatures, or being acled on by them,
than the body. Therefore it is not to be luppofed that Satan
can excite any thought, or produce any effect in the foul of
man, any otherwife, than by foroc motion of the animal fpiriis,
or by caufing fome motion or alteration in fomething which
appertains to the body. There is this reafon to think that the
devil cannot produce thoughts in the foul immediately, or any
other way than by the medium of the bodyv, viz. that he can-
not immediately fee or know the thoughts of the foul : it is
abundantly declared in the fcripture, to be peculiar to the om-
nifcient God to do that. But it is not likely that the devil can
immediately produce an efre6r, which is out of the reach of his
immediate view. It feems unreafonable to fuppofe, that his im
mediate agency fhould be out of his own fight, or that it fhould
be irnpoflible for him to fee what he himfelf immediately does.
Is it not unreafonable to fuppofe, that any fpirit or intelligent
agent, fhould by the act of his will, produce effects, accord
ing to his understanding, or agreeable to his own thoughts, and
that immediately, and yet the effects produced, be beyond the
reach of his underftanclmg, or where he can have no immediate
perception or difcerning at all ? But if this be fo, that the de
vil cannot produce thoughts in the foul immediately, or any
other way than by the animal fpirits, or by the body, then it
follows, that he never brings to pafs any thing in the foul, but
by the imagination or phantafy, or by exciting external ideas.
For we know that alterations in the body, do immediately ex
cite no other fort of ideas in the mind, but external ideas, or
ideas of the outward fenfcs, or ideas which are of the fame out
ward nature. As to reflection, abftrat?iion, reafon ing. &c. and
thofe thoughts and inward motions which are the fruits of thefe
acls of the mind, they are not the next effects of impreflionson
the body. So that it inuil be only by the imagination, that Sa
tan has accefs to the foul, to tempt and delude it, or fugeft
any
THE FOURTH SIGN Part III.
any thing to it. * And this feems to be the reafon why per-
ibns that are under the difeafe of melancholy, are commonly f'o
vifibly ar.d remarkably Tubjeft to the fuggeftions and tempta
tions of Satan; that being a difeafe which peculiarly affecls the
animal fpirits, and is attended with weaknefs of that part of the
body which is the fountain of the animal fpirits, even the brain,
v. 7 hich is, as it were, the feat of the phantafy. It is by impref-
fionsrnade on the brain, that, any ideas are excited in the mind,
v by the motion ef the animal {pints, or any changes made in
the body. The brain being thus weakened and difeafed, it is
Icfs under the command of the higher faculties of the foul, and
yields the more eafily to extrinfic impreflions, and is over-pow
ered by the difordered motions of the animal fpirits ; and fo the
devil
* t( The imagination is that room of the foul, wherein the devil
doth often appear. Indeed (to fpeak exactly,) the devil hath no ef
ficient power over the rational part of a man : he cannot change the
will, fce cannot alter the heart of a raan. So that the utmoft he can
do, in tempting a man to fin, is by fuafionand fuggeition only. But
then how doth the devil do this r Even by working upon the imagi
nation. He ohferveth the temper, and bodily conftitution of a man ;
and thereupon fuggefis to his fancy, and injecls his fiery darts there
into, by which the mind a^id will come to be wrought upon. The
devil then, though he hath no imperious efficacy over thy will, yet
becaofe he can thus ftirand move thy imagination, and thpu being
lisrarally deftitute of grace, canft not withftand thefe fuggeftions ;
hence it is that any lin in thy imagination, though but in the outward
works of the foul, yet doth quickly lay hold on all. And indeed, by
this means do arife thofe horrible deliiiions, that are in many errone
ous ways of religion : all is becaufe their imaginations are corrupted.
\ea, how often are thefe diabolical delufions of the imagination,
taken far the gracious operations of God's Spirit ? It is from hence
that many have pretended to enthufiafms ; they leave the fcriptures,
and wholly attend to what they perceive and feel within t(iem." Eur-
gf/f OK Original Sin, p. 360.
The great Turretine, fpeaking on that queftion, What is tie power
tfA-fgfU ? fays, " As to bodies, there is no doubt, but that they
can do a great deal upon all forts of elementary andfublunary bodies,
to move them locally, and varioufly to agitate them. It is alfo cer
tain, that they can ad upon the external and internal fenfes, to ex
cite them, or to bind them. Eut as to the rational foul itfelf, they
can do nothing immediately upon that ; for to God alone, who knows
and fearches the hearts, and who has them in his hands, does it alio
appertain to bow and move them whitherfoever he will. But angels
can a-fl upon the rational foul, .only mediately, by imaginations."
I y'hcolog. Elencb. Loc. ViL %/?. 7.
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS
devil has greater advantage to affect the mind, by working on
the imagination. And thus Satan, when he 'calls in thofe hoi-
rid fuggeilions into the minds of many melancholy perfons,
in which they have no hand themfelves, he does it by exciting
imaginary ideas, either of fome dreadful words or femences, or
other horrid f outward ideas. And when he tempts other per
fons who are not melancholy, he does it by preferring to the
imagination, in a lively and alluring manner, the objefts ef
their lufts, or by exciting ideas of words, and fo by them ex
citing thoughts ; or by promoting an imagination of outward
actions, events, circumftances, &c. Innumerable are the ways
by which the mind might be led on to all kind of evil thoughts,
by exciting external ideas in the imagination.
If perfons keep no guard at thefe avenues of Satan, by which
he has accefs to the foul, to tempt and delude it, they 'will fee
likely to have enough of him. And efpecially, if in (lead of
guarding againlt him, they lay themfelves open to him, and
feek and invite him, becaufe he appears as an angel of light,
and counterfeits the illuminations and graces of the Spirit of
God, by inward whifpers, and immediate fuggefiions of fairs
and events, pleafant voices, beautiful images, and other ira-
preffionson the imagination. There are many who are deiii-
ded by fuch things, and are lifted up with them, and feek after
them, that have a continued courfe of them, and can have theai
almoft when they will ; and efpecially when their pride and
vain-glory has moft occafion for them, to make a Chew of them
before company. It is with them, fome thing as it is with thole
who are profeftors of the artoi telling where loft things are to
be found, by impreffions made on their imaginations ; thev
laying themfelves open to the devil, he is always at hand to
give them the defired impreiTion.
Before I finifti what I would fay on this head of imaginations,
counterfeiting fpiritual light, and affections arifing from them.
I would renewedly (to prevent mftiinderftanding of what has
been faid) ddire it may be obferved, that I am far from deter
mining, that no affeftions are fpiritual which are attended with
imaginary ideas. Such is the nature of man, that he can Icarce-
ly think of any thing intenfely, without fome kind of o;u
ideas. They arife and interpoie themfelves unavoidably, in the
courfe of a man's thoughts ; though oftentimes they are very
confuted, and are not what the mind regards. When the mind
is much engaged, and the thoughts iiueufc, oftentimes the ima
gination
320 . THE FIFTH SIGN Part III.
gination is more Itrong, and the outward idea more lively,
cfpecially in perfons ot Tome conftitutions of body. But there
is a great difference between thefe two things, viz. lively ima
ginations ari/itig fromjirong affections , zndjirong affections ari-
Jitigfrom lively imaginations. The former may be, and doubt-
Ids often is, in cafe of truly gracious affedions. The affec
tions do not arife from the imagination, nor have any depen
dence upon it ; but on the contrary, the imagination is only
.the accidental effect, or confequent of the affection, through
the iii'irmiry of human nature. But when the latter is the cafe,
as it often is, that the affeclion arifes from the imagination, an4
is built upon it, as its foundation, inftead of a fpiritual illumi
nation or difcovery, then is the affection, however elevated,
worthlefs and vain. And this is the drift of what has been now
faid, of imprellions on the imagination. Having obferved this,
I proceed to another mark of gracious affections.
V. Truly gracious affections are attended with a reafonable
and fpiritual conviction of the judgment, of the reality and
certainty of divine things.
This feems to be implied in the text that was laid as the
foundation of this difcourfe, Whom having not fan, ye love ; in
whom though now ye fee. him not, yet BELIEVING,^ rejoice with
joy unjpcakable, and full of glory.
All thofc who are truly gracious perfons have a folid, full,
thorough and effectual conviction of the truth of the great
things of the gofpel ; I mean, that they no longer halt between
two opinions ; t he great dodrines of the gofpel ceafe to be any
longer doubtful things, or matters of opinion, which, though
probable, are yet difputable ; but with them, they are points
fettled .and determined, as undoubted and indifputable ; fo that
they are not afraid to venture there all upon their truth. Their
coriviclion is aneffi-ffual convi6lion : fo that the great, fpiritual,
rbyfterious, and invilible things of the gofpel, have the .influ
ence of real and certain things upon them ; they have the weight
and power of real things in their hearts ; and accordingly rule
in their affedlions, and govern them through the courfe of their
live*. With refjpeft to Chrilt's being the Son of God, and
Saviour of the world, and the great things he has revealed
concerning himfelf, and his Father, and another world, they
have not only a predominating opinion that thefe things are
true, and fo yield their affent, as they do in many other mat-
ivrri of doubtful fpeculation \ but they fee, that it is really fo :
their
or GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS 321
their eyes are opened, fo that they fee that really Jems is the
Chrift, the Son of the living God. And as to the things which
Chrift has revealed, of God's eternal purpofes and defigfls,
concerning fallen man, and the glorious and everlaiting things
prepared for the faints in another world, they fee that they are
lo indeed: and therefore thefe things are of great weight with
them, and have a mighty power upon their hearts, and influence
over their pra&ice, in fame meafure aniwerabte to their infinite
importance.
That all true Chriftians have fuch a kind of conviction of the
truth of the things of the gofpel, is abundantly manifeft from
the holy fcriptures. I will mention a few places of many ;
Matth. xvi. 15, 1 6, 17. " But whom fay ye that I am ? Simon
' Peter anfwered and laid, Thou art Chrift, the Son of the liv-
" ing God. And Jefus anfwered and faid unto him, Bleffed art
[< thou Simon Barjona : my Father which is in heaven hath
'* revealed it unto thee." John vi. 68, 69. " Thou haft the
' words of eternal life. And we believe, and are furethat thou
" art that Chrift, the Son of the living God." John xvii. 6, 7,
8. " I have manifefted thy name unto the men which thou gaveit
" me out of the world. Now they have known that ail things
I whatfoever thou haft given me, are of thee. For I have given
" unto them the words which thou gaveit me ; and they have
" received them, and have known furely that I came out from
; * thee, and they have believed that thou didft fend me." Awb
viii. 37. If thou believed with all thy heart, thou mayft." 2
Cor. iv. n, 12, 13, 14. "We which live, are always delivered
" unto death for Jefus fake. De%h worketh in us. We hav-
* ing the fpirit of faith, according as it is written, I believed,
" and therefore have I fpoken : we alfo believe, and therefore
" fpeak ; knowing, that he which raifed up the Lord Jefus, mall
" raife up us alfo by Jefus, and mail prc-fent us with you." To
gether with verf. 16. " For which caufe we faint not." And
verf. 18. "While we look eot at the things which are feen,"
&c. And chap. v. i. " For we know, that" if our earthly houfc
" of this tabernacle were diffolved, we have a building of Gocf.
" And verf. 6, 7, 8. "Therefore we are always confident,
' knowing that whilft we are at home in the body, we are abfent
II from the Lord : for we walk by faiih, not by light. We are
" confident, I fry, and willing rather vo be abfejit frorn the bo-
" dy, and prc r ent with the Lord." 2 Tim. i. i?,. " For the
:l which caufe I alfo fuffer thefe things ; neverthelefs I am not
" afhamed : for I know whom I have believed, and I ara per-
S f fuaded
v
322 THE FIFTH SIGN Part III.
" fuaded that he is able to keep that which I have committed
" unto him againit that day/' Heb. iii. 6. " Whofe hcuie are
" we, if w r e hold faft the confidence, and the rejoicing of the hope
" firm unto the end." Heb. xi. I . " Now faiih is the fubilunce
" of things hoped for, and the evidence of things not ften :" 10-
44 gether with that whole chapter, i John iv. 13, 14, 15, 16.
" Hereby know we that we dwell in him, and he in us, becaufo
44 he hath given us of his Spirit. And we have feen and Jo tell. -
4 ' fy,that the Father Tent the Son to be the Saviour of the work!.
" \Vhofoever (hall confefs that Jefus is the Son of God, God
44 dwelleth in him, and he in God. And we have known and
44 believed the love that God hath to us." Chap. v. 4, 5. " For
4< whatfoever is born of God, overcometh the world: and this
44 is the viclory that overcometh the world, even our faith.
4< Who is he that overcometh the world, but he that bdieveth
*' that Jefus is the Son of God r"
Therefore truly gracious affeclions are attended with fuch a
kind of conviclion and perfuafion of the truth of the things of
the gofpel, and fight of their evidence and reality, as thcfe and
other fcriptures fpeak of.
There are many religious affeclions, which are not attended
with fuch a conviclion of the judgment. There are many ap-
prehenfions and ideas which foine have, that they call divine
difjoveries, which are affeclirg, but riot convincing. Though
for a little while, they may feem to be more perfuaded of the
truth of the things of religion, than they ufed to be, and may
yield a forward ailent, like many of Chriit's hearers, who be
lieved for a while ; yet they have no thorough and effectual
conviclion ; nor is there any great abiding change in them, in
this refpecl, , that whereas formerly they did not realize the
great things of the gofpel, now thefe things, with regard to re
ality and certainty, appear new to them, and they behold them
quite in another view than they ufed to do. There are many
perfons who have been exceedingly railed with religious affec
tions, and think they have been converted, they do not go about
the world any more convinced of the truth of the gofpel, than
they ufed to be ; or at leaft, there is no remarkable alteration :
they are not men who live under the influence and power of
a realizing conviclion of the infinite and eternd things which
the gofpel reveals ; if they were it would be impcllible for
them to live as they do. Becaufe their affections are not attend
ed with a thorough conviclion of the mind, they are not at all
to be depended on ; however great a fhow and noife they make,
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 323
his like the blaze of tow, or crackling of thorns, orlike the for
ward flomilhing blade on ftony ground, that has no root, nor
deepnefs of earth to maintain its life.
Some perfons, under high affections, and a confident perfuafion
of their good eitate, have that, which they very igtiorantly call
a feeing the truth of the word of God, and which is very far
from it, after this manner ; they have fome text of fcripture com
ing to- their minds, in a fudden and extraordinary manner, imme
diately declaring unto them (as they fuppofe) that their fins are
forgiven, or that God loves them, and will fave them ; and it
may be have a chain of fcriptures coming one after another, to
the fame purpofe ; and they are convinced that it is truth ;. i. e.
they are confident that it is certainly fo, that their fins are for
given, and God does love them, c. they lay they know it is
fo ; and when the words of fcripture are fuggeiled to them, and
as they fuppofa immediately fpoken to them by God, in this
meaning, they are ready to cry out, Truth, truth ! it is certainly
Jo ! the. word of God is trut ! And this they call a feeing the
truth of the word of God. Whereas the whole of their faith
amounts to no more, than only a ftrong confidence of their own
good eftate, and fo a confidence that thole words are true, which
they fuppofe tell them they are in a good eitate : when indeed
(as was mown before) there is no fcripture which declares that
any perfon is in a good eftate direclly, or any other way than by
confequence. So that this, inftead of being a real fight of the
truth of the word of God, is a fight of nothing but a phantom,
and is all over a delufion. Truly to fee the truth of the word of
God, is to fee the truth of the gofpel ; which is the glorious
doftrine the word of God contains, concerning God, and Jefus
Chrifr, and the way of falvation of by him, and the world of glo
ry that he is entered into, and purchafed for all them who be
lieve ; and not a revelation that iuch and fuchparticular perfons
are true Chriftians, and (hall go to heaven. Therefore thofe ai-
feclions which arile from no other perfuafion of the truth of the
[: word of God than this, arife from delufion, and not true convic-
tion ; and confequently are themfelves delufive and vain.
But if the religious affections that perfons have, do indeed
arife from aflrong perfuafion of the truth of the Chriftian reli
gion ; their affections are not the better, unlefs their perfuafion
| be a rea/'onabU perfuafion orconyiftion. By a reafonable con-
\ viclion, I mean a conviclion founded on real evidence, or upon
\ 'that which is a good reafon, or jufl ground of conviclion. Men
; may have a ftrong perfuafion that the Chriilian religion is true,
when
THE FIFTH SIGN part III.
when their perfuafion is not at all built on evidence, but altoge
ther on education, and the opinion of others ; as many Mahome
tans are ftrongly-perfuaded of the truth of the Mahometan religi
on, becaufe their fathers, and neighbors, and nation believe it.
That belief of the truth of the Chriitian religion, which is built
on the very fame grounds with Mahometans belief of the Maho
metan religion* is the fame fort of belief. And though the thing-
believed happens to be better ; yet that does not make the belief
itfelf to be of a better fort: for though the thing believed hap
pens to be true, yet the belief of it is not owing to this truth, but
to education. So that as the conviction is no better than the Ma
hometans conviclion ; fo the affeclions that flow from it, are no
better, in themfelves, than the reliious aifeclions of
tans.
But if that belief of ChriiUan doclrines, which per fens af-
feclions arife from, be not merely from education, but indeed
from reafons and arguments which are offered, it will not from
thence neceffarily follow, that their affections are truly graci
ous : for in order to that, it is requifite, not only that the be
lief which their affeclions arife from, mould be a reafonablc,
but alfo ajpiritual belief or conviclion. I fuppofe none will
doubt but that fome natural men do yield a kind of affent of
their judgments to the truth of the Chrifiian religion, from
the rational proofs or arguments that are offered to evince it.
Judas, without doubt, thought Jefus to be the Mefliah, from
the things which he faw and heard ; but yet all along was a
devil. So in John ii. 23, 24, 25. we read of many that
believed in Chriji's name, when they faw the miracles that he
did ; whom yet Chrift knew had not that within them, which
was to be depended on. So Simon the forcerer believed, when
he beheld the miracles and figns which were done ; but yet re
mained " in the gall of bitternefs, and bond of iniquity," Acls
viii. 13, 23. And if there is fuch a belief or a (Tent of the judg
ment in fome natural men, none can doubt but that religious
affections may arife from that affent or belief; as we read of
fome who believed for a while, that were greatly affecled, and
anon with joy received the word.
It is evident that there is fuch a thing as. ^.Jfiritval belief or
conviclion of the truih of the things of the gofpel, or a belief
that is peculiar to thofe who are fpiritual, or who are regene
rated, and have the Spirit of God, in his holy communications,
and dwelling in them as a vital principle. So that the convic
tion they have, does not only differ from that which natural
men
OF G R A C I U S A F F E C T I O N S. 3^5
men have, in its concomitants, in that it is accompanied wi<h
good works ; but the belief itfeif is diverie, the affent and cvn-
vitlion of the judgment is of a kind peculiar to thofe who are
fpiritual, and that which natural men are wholly deilitute of.
This is evident by the fcripture, if any thing at all is fo ; John
xvii. 8. " They have believed that ihon didit fend me." Tit.
i. i. " According to the faith of God's clecr, and the acknow-
" ledging of the truth which is after godlinefs." John xvi. 27.
" The Father himfelf loveth you, becaufe ye have loved me,
'* and have believed that I came out from God." i John iv. 1,5.
*' Whofoever {hall confefs that Jefus is the Son of God, God
" dwelleth in him, and he in God." Chap. v. i. " Whofoever
" helieveth that Jefus is the,Chrift, is born of God." verf. 10.
" He that believeth on the Son of God, hath the witnefs in
" himfelf."
What a ffiiitual convi&ion of the judgment is, we are na
turally led to determine from what has been faid already, un
der the former head of a fpiritual under flanding. The convic
tion of the judgment arifes from the illumination of the under-
ftandmg : the pa fling of a right judgment on thinos, depends
on an having a right apprehenfion or idea of things. And
therefore it jfollows, that a fpiritual conviction of the truth of
the great things of the gofpel, is fuch a conviclion, as arifes
from having a fpiritual view or apprehension of thofe things
in the mind. And this is alfo evident from the fcripture,
which often reprefents, that a faving belief of the reality
and divinity of the things propofed and exhibited to us in the
gofpel, is from the Spirit of God's elightening the mind, to
have right apprehenfions of the nature of thofe things, and fo
as it were unvailing things, or revealing them, arid enabling
the mind to view them and fee them as they are. Luke x. 21,
22. " I thank thee, O Father, Lord of heaven and earth, that
" thou haft HID thefe things from the wife and prudent, and
'* haft REVEALED them unto babes : even fo, Father, for fo
" it feemed good in thy fight. All things are delivered unto
" me of my Father: and no man knoweth who the Son is, but
<c the Father ; and who the Father is, but the Son, end he to
*' whom the Son will REVEAL him." John vi. 40. " And
*' this is the will of him that fent me, that every one which
" SKSTH the Son, and BELIEVETH on him, may have ever-
" Lifting life." Where it is plain, that true faith arifes from
a fpiritual fight of Chrift. And John xvii. 6, 7, 8. " I have
" MANIFESTED
326 THE FIFTH SIGN Part III.
" MANIFESTED thy name unto the men which thou gaveft
" me out of the world. Now they have known that all things
" whatfoever thou haft given me, are of thee. For I ha\e
*' given unto them the words which thou gaveft me ; and they
" have received them, and have known iurely that I came out
" from thee, and they have believed that thou didft lend me."
Where Chriit's manifefiing God's name to the difciples, or
giving them a true apprehenfion and view of divine things, was
that whereby they knew that Chrill's doftrine was of God, and
that Chrift himfelf was of him, and was fent by him. Matth.
xvi. 16, 17. " Simon Peter faid, Thou art Chrift, the Son of
' the Jiving God. And Jefus anfwered and faid unto him,
" BleOed art thou Simon Barjona : for ilelh and blood hath
'* not REVEALED it unto thee, but my Father which is in
" heaven." i John v. 10. " He that believeth on the Son of
" God, hath the witnefs in himfelf." Gal. i. 14, 15, 16.
** Being more exceedingly zealous of the traditions of my
" fathers. But when it pleafed God, who feparated me from
" my mother's womb, and called me by his grace, to REVEAL
" his Son in me, that I might preach him among the heathen ;
" immediately 1 conferred not with flefh and blood."
If it be fo, that that is a fpiritual conviclion of the divinity
and reality of the things exhibited in the gofpel, which arifes
from a fpiritual unperilanding of thofe things ; I have mown
already what that is, viz. a fenfe and tafte of the divine, fu-
preme, and holy excellency and beauty of thofe things. So
that then is the mind fpiritually convinced of the divinity and
truth of the great things of the gofpel, when that conviclion
arifes, either direclly or remotely, from fuch a fenfe or view of
their divine excellency and glory as is there exhibited. This
clearly follows from things that have been already faid ; and
for this the fcripture is very plain and exprefs : 2 Cor. iv. 3,
to 6. " But if our gofpel be hid, it is hid to them that are
" loft : in whom the god of this world hath blinded the minds
*' of the?n that BELIEVE not, left the light of the GLORIOUS
' GOSPEL of Chrift, who is the image of God, fhould mine
" unto them. For we preach not ourfelves, but Chrift Jefus
*' the Lord ; and ourfelves your fervants for Jefus' fake. For
*' God who commanded the light to fhine out of darknefs,
" hath finned in our hearts, to give the LIGHT OF THE
" KNOWLEGE OF THE GLORY OF GOD, in the face of
A* Jefqs Chrift." Together with the laft verfe of the foregoing
chapter,
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 327
chapter, which introduces this, " But we all with open face,
*' behoiding as in a giafs the GLORY OF THE LOKD, aie
" changed into the Tame image, from glory to glory, even a*
*' hy the Spirit of the Lord." Nothing can he more evident,
than that a laving belief of the gofpel is here fpoken oi, by the
apou'le, as arifmg from the mind's being enlightened 10 behold
the divine glory of the things it exhibits.
Tins view or feme of the divine glory, and unparallelled
beauty of the things exhibited to us in the gofpel, has a tenden
cy to convince the mind of their divinity, two ways; diretily,
and more indircElly, and remotdy. i. A view of this divine
glory dirtft'y, convinces the mind of the divinity of theie
things, as this glory is in itieif a direct, clear, and ail-conquer
ing evidence of it ; efpecially when clearly difcoveied, or when
this fupernatural ferife is given in a good degree.
He that has his judgment thus diredly convinced and allur
ed of the divinity of the things of the gofpel, by a clear view
of their divine glory, has a rcafonqbU conviclion ; his belief
and aifurarice is altogether agreeable to reafon ; becaufe the di
vine glory and beauty of divine things is in itfelf, real evidence
of their divinity, and the moil direct and fhong evidence.
He that truly fees the divine, tranfcendent, fupreme glory of
thofe things which are divine, does as it were know their di
vinity intuitively ; he not only argues that they are divine,
but he fees that they are divine ; he fees that in them wherein
divinity chiefly con fifts ; for in this glory, which is fo vailly
andiiiexpreflibly diflmguiuied from the glory of artificial tilings,
and all other glory, docs mainly confiii: the true notion of di
vinity. God is God, and didmguimed from all oilier beings,
and exalted above them, chiefly by his divine beauty, whicli
is infinitely diverie from all other beamy. They therefore that
fee the (lamp of this glory in divine things, they fee divinity in
them, they fee God in them, and fo fee iliein to be divine ;
becaufe they fee that in them wherein the irueft idea of divini
ty does confiii. Thus a foul may have a kind of intuitive
knowlege of the divinity of the things exhibited in the goipel ;
not that he judges the doctrines of the goipel to be from GOG.
without any argument or deduction at all ; but it is without
any long chain of arguments ; the argument is but one, ana
the evidence direl ; the mind afcends to the tiuth of lue gof
pel but by one Hep, and that is its divine glory.
It would he very ftran^c, if any proieiTing Cliriilian fhotilj
328 T H E F I F T PI S i G N Part III.
deny it to be poffible, that there fliould be an excellency in di
vine things, which is fo tranfcendent, . and exceedingly differ
ent from what is in other things, that if it were feen, would
evidently diilinguifh them. We cannot rationally doubt, but
that things that arc divine, that appertain to the fupi erne Be
ing, are vaftly different from things that are human : that there
is a God-like, high, and glorious excellency in them, that does
fo diftinguifh them from the things which are of men, that the
difference is ineffable ; and therefore fuch, as, if feeri, will
have a moll convincing, fatisfying influence upon any one, that
they are wha't they are, viz. divine. Doubtlefs there is that
glory and excellency in the divine Being, by which he is fo in
finitely diftingui fhecl from all other beings, thit if it were feen,
he might be known by it, Jt would therefore be very tinrea-
fonable to deny, that it is pofiible for God to give manifeHa-
tions of this diftinguifning excellency, in things by which he
is pleafed to make himfeli known ; and that this diftinguiming
excellency may be clearly feen in them. There are natural ex
cellencies that are very evidently diftinguifhing of the fob j efts
or authors, to any one who beholds them. How vaftly is the
fpeech of an underftanding man different from that of a little
child ! And how greatly diftinguifhed is the fpeech of fome
men of great genius, as Homer, Cicero, Milton, Locke, Ad-
difon, and others, from that of many other undemanding men !
There are no limits to be fet to the degrees of manifeftation of
mental excellency, that there may be in fpeech. But the ap
pearances of the natural perfections of God, in the manifefta-
tions he makes of himfelf, may doubtlefs be unfpeakably more
evidently diftinguifhing, than the appearances of thofe excel
lencies of worms of the duft, in which they differ one from
another. He that is well acquainted with mankind, and their
works, by viewing the fun, may know it is no human work.
And it is reafonable to fuppofe, that when Chrift comes at the
end of the world, in the glory of his Father, it will 'be with
fuch ineffable appearances of divinity, as will leave no doubt
to' the inhabitants of the world, even the mod obftinate infidels,
that he who appears is a divine perfon. But above all, do the
manifeftalions of the moral andjpiritual glory of the divine Be
ing, (which is the proper beauty of the divinity,) bring their
own evidence, and (end to aifure the heart. Thus the difciples
were affured that Jefus was the Son of God, for " they beheld
" his glory, as the glory of the only begotten of the Father,
" full
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 329
" full of grace and truth." John i. 14. When Chrift appeared
in the glory of his transfiguration to his clifciples, with that
outward glory to their bodily eyes, which was a fweet and ad-
mirable fymbol and femblance of his fpiritual glory, together
with his fpiritual glory itfelf, manifefted to their minds ; the
rnanifeilation of glory was fuch, as did perfe&ly, and with good
reafon, a flu re them of his divinity ; as appears by what one
of them, viz, the apoftle Peter, fays concerning it, 2 Pet. i.
16, 17, 18. " For we have not followed cunningly devifed fa-
*' bles, when we made known unto you the power and coming
" of our Lord Jefus Chrift, but were eye-witneifes of his ma-
" jefty : for he received from God the Father, honour and
" glory, when there came fuch a voice to him frora he excel-
" lent glory, This is rny beloved Son, in whom I am well
" jMr t fed. And this voice which came from heaven we heard,
" when we were with him in the holy mount." The apoftle
calls that mount, the holy mount, becaufe the manifeftations of
Chrift which were there made to their minds, and which their
minds were efpecially imprefled and raviOied with, was the
glory of his koline/s, or the beauty of his moral excellency ; or,
as another of thefe difciples, who fa w it, expredes it, His glo
ry ', as full of grace and truth.
Now this diftinguifhmg glory of the divine Being has its
brighteft app nr?nce and manifeftafion, in the things propofed
and exhib:: '-I to us in the gofpel, the do&rines there taught,
the word there fpoken, and the divine counfels, acls and works
there revealed. Thefe things have the cleared, moft admirable,
and diftingui filing reprefentations and exhibitions of the glory
of God's moral perfections, that ever were made to the world.
And if there be fuch a diftinguiming, evidential maniieftation
of divine glory in the gofpel, it is reafonable to fuppofe that
there may be fuch a thing as feeing it : what mould hinder but
that it may befeen ? It is no argument that it cannot be feen,
that fome do not fee it ; though they mav be difcerning men
in temporal matters. If there be fuch ineffable, diilinguiming,
evidential excellencies in the gofpel, it is reafonable to fuppofe,
that they are fuch as are not to be difcerned, but by the fpec;al
influence and enlightenings of the Spirit of God. There is need
of uncommon force of mind to difcern the diflinguifhing excel
lencies of the works of authors of great genius : thofe things in
Milton, which to mean judges appear taflelefs and imperfec
tions, are his inimitable excellencies in the eyes of thofe who
T t are
330 THE FIFTH SIGN Part III.
are of greater difcerning, and better tafte. And if there be a
book, which God is the author of, it is moll reafonable to fup-
pofe, that the diftinguifhing glories of his word are cf fuch a
kind, as that the fin and corruption of mens hearts, which
above all things alienates men from the Deity, and makes the
heart dull and itupid to any fenfe ortaileof ihofe things where
in the moral glory of the divine perfections confifls ; I fay, it
is but reafonable to fuppofe, that this would blind men from dif
cerning the beauties of fuch a book ; and that therefore they
will not fee them, but as God is pleafed to enlighten them, and
reflore an holy tafte, to difcern and relim divine beauties.
This fenfe of the fpiritual excellency and beauty of divine
things, does alfo tend diredly to convince the mind of the truth
of the gofpel, as there are very many of the moil important
things declared in the gofpel, that are hid from the eyes of na
tural men, the truth of which does in effect confn't in this ex
cellency, or does fo immediately depend upon it and refult
from it, that in this excellency's being feen, the truth of thofc
things is feen. As foon as ever the eyes are opened to behold
the holy* beauty and amiablenefs that is in divine things, a mul
titude of molt important do6trines of the gofpel, that depend
upon it, (which ail appear ilrange and dark to natural men,)
are at once feen to be true. As for inftance, hereby appears
the truth of what the word of God declares concerning the ex
ceeding evil of fin ; for the fame eye that difcerns the tran-
fcend nt beauty of holinefs, neceflarily therein fees the exceed
ing odioufnefs of fin : the fame tafte which relifnes the fweet-
nefs of true moral good, tafles the bitternefs of moral evil.
And by this means a man fees his own fmfulnefs and loath-
fomenefs ; for he has now a fenfe to difcern objecls of this na
ture; and fo fees the truth of what the word , of God declaics
concerning the exceeding fmfulnefs of mankind, which before
he did not fee. He now fees the dreadful pollution of his
heart, and the defperate depravity of his nature, in a new
manner; for his foul has now a fenfe given it to feel the pain
of fuch a difeafe : and this mows him the truth of what the
fcripture reveals concerning the corruption of man's nature,
his original fin, and the ruinous undone condition man is in,
and his need of a Saviour, his need of the mighty power of
God to renew his heart, and change his nature. Men by feeing
the true excellency of holinefs, do fee the glory of all thofc
things,
OF GRACIOUSAFFECTIONS. 331
things, which both reafon and fcripture fhew to be in the divine
Being ; for it has been Ihovvn, that the glory of them depend
on this : and hereby they fee the truth of all that the fcripture
declares concerning God's glorious excellency and majefly, his
being the fountain of all good, the only happinefs of the crea
ture, &c. And this again thews the mind the truth of what
the fcripture teaches concerning the evil of fin againft fo glori
ous a God ; and alfo the truth of what it teaches concerning
fin's jufl defert of that dreadful punifliment which it reveals ;
and alfo concerning the impoiTibility of our offering any fatis-
fatHon, or fuiTicient atonement for that which is fo infinitely
evil and heinous. And this again {hews the truth of what the
fcripture reveals concerning the neceffity of a Saviour, to offer
an atonement of infinite value for fin. And this fenfe of fpi-
ritual beauty that has been fpoken of, enables the foul to fee
the glory of thofe things which the gofpel reveals concerning
the perfon of Chritt ; and fo enables to fee the exceeding beauty
and dignity of his perfon, appearing in what the gofpel exhibits
of his word, works, acls, and life : and this apprehenfion of the
fuperlative dignify of his perfon, fhews the truth of what
the gofpel declares concerning the value of his blood and righ-
teoufnefs, and fo the infinite excellency of that offering he has
made to God for us, and fo its fufficiency to atone for our fins,
and recommend us to God. And thus the fpirit of God dif-
covers the way of falvation by Chrift ; thus the foul fees the
fitnefs and fuitablenefs of this way of falvation, the admirable
wifdom of the contrivance, and the perfeft anfwerablenefs of
the provifion that the gofpel exhibits, (as made for us,) to our
necefiities. A ferife of true divine beauty being given to the
foul, the foul difcern? the beauty of every part of the gofpei-
fcheme. This a!fo fhews the foul the truth of what the word of
God declares concerning man's chief happinefs, as confiflins; in
holy exercifes and enjoyments. This fhews the truth of what
the gofpel declares concerning the unfpeakable glory of the hea
venly iiate. And what the prophecies of the Old Teftament,
and the writings of theapoftles declare concerning the glory of
the MefTiah's kingdom, is now all plain ; and alfo what the
fcripture teaches concerning the reafons and grounds of our
duty. The truth of all thefe things revealed in the fcripture, and
many more that might be mentioned, appear to the foul, only
by imparting that fpi ritual tafle of divine beauty, which has
been fpoken of ; they being hidden things to the foul before.
And
33 s THE FIFTH SIGN Part III.
And befides all this, the truth of all thofe things which the
fcripture fays about experimental religion, is hereby known ;
for they are now experienced. And this convinces the foul,
that one who knew the heart of man, better than we know our
own hearts, and perfectly knew the nature of virtue and holi-
nefs, was the author of the fcriptures. And the opening to
view, with fuch clearnefs, fuch a world of wonderful and glo
rious truth in the gofpel, that before was unknown, being quite
above the view of a natural eye, but now appearing fo clear
and bright, has a powerful and invincible influence on the
foul, to perfuade of the divinity of the gofpel.
Unlefs men may come to a reasonable folid perfuafion and
convi61ion of the truth of fhe gofpel, by the internal evidences
of it, in the way that has been fpoken, viz. by a fight of its
glory; it is impoflible that thofe who are illiterate, and unac
quainted with hiflory, mould have any thorough and effectual
conviclion of it at all. They may without this, fee a great
deal of probability of it ; it may be reafonable for them to give
much credit to what learned men, and hiftorians tell them ;
and they may tell them fo much, that it may look very probable
and rational to them, that the Chriftian religion is true; and
fo much that they would be very un reafonable not to entertain
this opinion. But to have a conviclion, fo clear, and evident,
and alluring, as to be fuflicient to induce them, withboldnefs
to fell all, confidently and fearlefsly to run the venture of the
lofs of all things, and of enduring the moft exquifiie and long
continued torments, and to trample the world under foot, and
count all things but dung for Chrifl ; the evidence they can
have from hifiory, cannot be fufHcient. It is irnpoflible that
men, who have not fomethingof a general view of the hiftori-
cal world, or the feries of hiflory from age to age, mould come
at the force of arguments for the truth of Chriftianity, drawn
from hiftory, to that degree, as effectually to induce them to
venture their all upon it. After all that learned men have
faid to then), there will remain innumerable doubts on their
minds; they will be ready, when pinched with fome great
trial of thfeir faith, to fay, " How do I knew this, or that ?
*' How do I know when thefe hiflories were written ? Learri-
" ed men tell me thefe hiflories were fo and fo attefled in the
" day of them ; but how do I know that there were fuch attef-
" tations then ? They tell me there is equal reafori to believe
" thefe fa< c ts s as any whatfoever that are related at fuch a dif-
" tance ;
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS
333
** tance ; but how do I know that other fafts which are reiaf-
" ed of thofe ages, ever were ?" Tho f e who have net feme-
thing of a general view of the feries of faiiloVical events, and
of the ftate of mankind from age to age, cannot fee the clear
evidence from hi (lory, of the truth of fats, in diitant ages;
but there will endlefs doubts and fcruples remain.
But the gofpel was not given only for learned men. There
are at Jeaft nineteen in twenty, if not ninety-nine in an hun
dred, of thofe for whom the icriptures were written, that are
not capable of any certain or effectual conviclion of the divine
authority of the fcriptures, by fuch arguments as learned men
make ufe of. If men who have been brought up in Heathen-
ifm, mufl wait for a clear and certain conviction of the truth
of Chriftianity, until they have learning and acquaintance with
the hiftories of politer nations, enough to fee clearly the force
of fuch kind of arguments ; it will make the evidence of the
gofpel, to them, immenfely curnberfome, and will render the
propagation of the gofpel among them, infinitely difficult.
Miferable is the condition of the HouiTatunnuck Indians, and
others, who have lately man i felled a defire to be inftrufted in
Chriftianity, if they can come at no evidence of the truth of
Chriftianity, fufficient to induce them to fell all for Chrift, in
any other way but this.
It is unreasonable to fuppofe, that God has provided for his
people, no more than probable evidences of the truth of the
gofpel. He has with great care, abundantly provided, and
given them, the moft convincing, alluring, fatisfying and ma
nifold evidence of his faithfulnefs in the covenant of grace; and
as David fays, made a covenant, ordered in ail things and Jure.
Therefore it is rational to fuppofe, that at the fame time, he
would not fail of ordering the matter fo, that there mould not
be wanting, as great, and clear evidence, that this is /us ccrc-
nant, and that thefe promifes are hispromifes; or which is the
fame thing, that the Chriftian religion is true, and that the
gofpel is his word. Otherwife in vain are thofe great afTurances
he has given of his faithfulnefs in his covenant, by confirming
it with his oath, and fo varioufiy eftabliihing it by feals and
pledges. For the evidence that it is his covenant, is properly
the foundation on which all the force and effect of thofe other
aflurances do {land. We may therefore undoubtedly fuppofe
and conclude, that there is fome fort of evidence which God
has given, that this covenant, and thefe promifes are his, be*
yond
334 THE FIFTH SIGN Part III.
yond all mere probability ; that there are fome grounds of af-
iurance of it held forth, which, if we are not blind to them,
tend io give an higher perfuafion, than any arguing from hif-
tory, human tradition, &c. which the illiterate and unac
quainted with hidoty, are capable of: yea, that which is good
ground of the higheft and moil perfect allurance, that mankind
have in any cafe wha:foever ; agreeable tothofe high expreliions
which theapoftle ufes, Heb. x. 22. " Let us draw near in FULL
'" ASSURANCE OF FAITH." And Col. ii. 2. " That their
*' hearts might be comforted, being knit together in love, and
s< Unto ALL RICHES OF THE FULL ASSURANCE OF UN-
*' DERSTANDING, to the acknowledgment of the myftery
" of God, and of the Father, and of Chrift." It is reafon-
able to fuppofe, that God would give the greatefl evidence
of thofe things which are greateft, and the truth of which
is of greateft importance to us: and that we therefore, if we are
wife, and a6t rationally, fhall have thegreateft defire of having
full, undoubting, and perfect aflurance of. But it is certain,
that fuch an aflurance is not to be attained, by the greater part
of them who live under the gofpel. by arguments fetched from
ancient traditions, hiftories, and monuments.
And if we come to fart and experience, there is not the leaft
reafon to fuppofe, that one in an hundred of thofe who have
been fmcere ChriRians, and have had a heart to fell all for
Chrift, have come by their conviction of the truth of the gof
pel, this way. If we read over ihe hiftories of the many thou-
fands that died martyrs for Chritt, fince the beginning of the
reformation, and have chearfully undergone extreme tortures,
in a confidence of the truth of the gofpel, and confidered their
circumftances and advantages ; how few of them were there,
that we can reafonably fuppofe, ever came by their allured per-
fuafion, this way; or indeed for whom it was poffible, reafon
ably to receive fo full and ftrong an affurance, from fuch argu
ments ! Many of them were weak women and children, and
the greater part of them illiterate peHbns, many of whom had
been brought up in popifh ignorance and darknefs, and were
but newly come out of it, and lived and died in times, where
in thofe arguments for the truth of Chriflianity from antiquity
and hiftory, had been but very imperfeclly handled. And in
deed, it is but very lately that thefe argumen's have been fet
in a clear and convincing light, even by learned men them-
felves : and fince it has been done, there never were fewer
thorough
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 335
thorough believers, among thofe who have been educated in
the true religion; infidelity never prevailed fo much, in any
age, as in this, wherein thefe arguments are handled to the
greatefl advantage.
The true martyrs of Jefus Chrift, are not thofe who have
only been ftrong in opinion that the gofpei of Chrift is true,
but thofe that have, fan the truth of it : as the very name of
martyrs or witneffes (by which they are called in fcripture) im
plies. Thofe are very improperly called witneffes of the truth
of any thing, who only declare they are very much of opinion
that fuch a thing is true. Thofe only are proper witneffe*,
who can, and do teflify that they have feen the truth of the
thing they affert ; John iii. 1 1. " We fpeak that v.-e do know,
and tejlify that we have feen." John i. 34. " And I faw 3
and bare record^ that this is the Son of God. i John iv. 14.
And we have fan, and do tcfify, that the Father lent the Son
to be the Saviour of the world." Acts xxii. 14, 15. " The
God of our fathers hath chofen thee, that thou (houSdil know
his will, aridy^ that juft One, and fhouldlt hear the voice of
his mouth : for thou (halt be his witne.fs unto all men, of
what thou hall; feen and heard." But the true martyrs of
Jefus Chrift are called his witnefTes : and all the faints, who
by their holy praclice under great trials, declare that faith,
which is the SUBSTANCE of things hoped for, and the EVI
DENCE of things not feen^ are called witneffes, Heb. xi. i. and
xii. i. becaufe by their profeffion arid pralice, they declare
their afTurance of the truth and divinity of the gofpei having
had the eyes of their minds enlightened to fee divinity in the gof
pei, or to behold that unparallelled, ineffable, excellent, and
truly divine glory mining in it, which is altogether dillinguifh-
ing, evidential, and convincing : fo that they may truly be
faid to have feen God in it, and to- have feen that it is indeed
divine ; and fo can fpeak in the ftyle of witneffes : and not on
ly fay, that they think the gofpei is divine, but fay, that it is
divine, giving it in as their teftimony, becaufe they have feen
it to be fo. Doubtlefs Peter, James, and John, after they had
feen that excellent glory of Chiift in the mount, would have
been ready, when they came down, to fpeak in the language
of witneffes, and to fay pofitively that Jefus is the Son of God:
as Peter fays, they were eye-wit riffles, 2 Pet. i. 16. And fo
all nations will be ready pofitively to fay this, when they fhall
behold his glory at the day of judgment; though what will
be
336 THE FIFTH SIGN Part III.
7>e university feen, will be only his natural glory, and not his
moral and fpiritual glory, which is much more dif.ingui filing.
But yet, it mull be noted, that among thofe who have a fpiri-
tual fight of the divine glory o.f the gofpe!, there is a great va
riety of degrees of ftrength of faith, as there is a vaft variety of
the degrees of clearnefs of views of this glory : but there is no
true and faving faith; or fpiritual conviction of the judgment,
cf the truth of the- gofpel, that has nothing in it, of this mani-
feliation of its internal evidence, in fome degree. The gofpel
of the bJefTed God does not go abroad a-begging for its evidence,
>much as fome think ; it has its higheft and rnoft proper evi
dence- in itfelf. Though great ufe may be made of external
arguments, they are not to be ncglecled, but highly prized and
valued ; for they may be greatly ferviceable to awaken unbe
lievers, and bring them to ferious confidera'ion, and to con
firm the faith of true faints : yea, they may be in fome refpecls
fubfervient to the begetting of a faving faith in men. Though
what was faid before remains true, that there is no fpiritual con-
viclion of the judgment, but what arifes from an apprehcnflon
of the fpiritual beauty and glory of divine things: for, as has
been obferved, this apprehenfiori or view has a tendency to con
vince the mind of the truth of the gofpel, two ways ; either
directly or indirectly. Having therefore already obferved how
it does this direclly, I proceed now,
2. To obfervehow a view of this divine glory does convince
the mind of the truth of Chriilianity, more indireclly.
t It doth fo, as the prejudices of the heart againft the
truth of divine things are hereby removed, fo that the mind
thereby lies open to the force of the reafons which are offered.
The mind of man is naturally full of enmity againft the doc
trines of the gofpel ; which is a difadvantage to thofe argu
ments that prove their truth, and caufes them to lofe their
force upon the mind : but when a perfon has difcovered to him
the divine excellency of Chriftian doclrines, this deftroys that
enmity, and removes the prejudices, and fanclifies the reafon,
and caufes it to be open and free. Hence is a vaft difference,
as to the force that arguments have to convince the mind.
Hence was the very different effecT:, which Chrift's miracles
had to convince the difciples, from what they had to convince
the Scribes and Pharifees : not that they had a ftronger reafon,
or
r GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS
337
or had their reafon more improved ; but their reafon was fanfcli-
fied, and thofc blinding prejudices, which the Scribes and
Pharifees were under, were removed, by the fenfe they had of
the excellency of Chrift and his dottrine.
Secondly ', It not only removes the hindrances of reafon, but
pofitively helps reafon. It makes even the fpeculative notions
more lively. It affifts and engages the attention of the mind to
that kind of objefts ; which caufes it to have a clearer view of
them, and more clearly to fee their mutual relations. The
ideas themfelves, which otherwife are dim and obfcure, by this
means have a light caft upon them, and are impreiled with
greater flrength, fo that the mind can better judge of them ;
as he that beholds the objects on the face of the earth, when
the light of the fun is caft upon them, is under greater advan
tage to difcern them, in their true forms, and mutual relations,
and to fee the evidences of divine wifdom and (kill in their con
trivance, than he that fees them in a dimftar-light, or twilight.
What has been faid, may ferve in fome meafure to (hew the
nature of a fpiritual conviction of the judgment of the truth
and reality of divine things ; and fo to diftinguim truly graci
ous affections from others ; for gracious affe&ions are ever
more attended with fuch a conviction of the judgment.
But before I difmifs this head, it will be needful to obferve
the ways whereby fome are deceived, with refpeft to this mat
ter ; and take notice of feveral things, that are fometimes taken
for a fpiritual and faving belief of the truth of the things of re
ligion, which are indeed very diverfe from it.
i. There is a degree of convi61ion of the truth of the great
things of religion, that arifes from the common enlightenings
of the Spirit of God. That more lively and fenfible apprehen-
fion of the things of religion, with refpecl: to what is natural
in them, fuch as natural men have who are under awakenings
and common illuminations, will give fome degree of convic
tion of the truth of divine things, beyond what they had be
fore they were thus enlightened. For hereby they fee the tnani-
feftations there are, in the revelation madein the holy fcriptures,
and things exhibited in that revelation, of the natural perfec
tions of God ; fuch as his greatnefs, power, and awful majefly;
which tends to convince the mind, that this is the word of a
great and terrible God. From the tokens there are of God's
U u grcainef*
338 T H FIFTH SIGN Part III.
greatnefs and majefty in his word and works, which they
have a great fenfe of, from the common influence of the
Spirit of God, they may have a much greater conviction that
thefe are indeed the 'word and works of a very great invifible
Being. And the lively apprehenfion of the greatnefs of God,
which natural men may have, tends to make them fenfible of
the great guilt, which fin againft fuch a God brings, and the
dreadfulnefs of his wrath for fin. And this tends to caufe them
more eafily and fully to believe the revelation the fcripture
makes of another world, and of the extreme mifery it thteatens,
there to be inflided on fmriers. And fo from that fenfe of the
great natural good there is in the things of religion, which is
fometimes given in common illuminations, men may be the
more induced to believe the truth of religion. Thefe things
perfons may have, and yet have no fenfe of the beauty and
amiabienefs of the moral and holy excellency that is in the
things of religion ; and therefore no fpiritual convi&ion of
their truth. But yet fuch convictions are fcunetiines miflaken
for faving convilions, and the affeclicns flowing from them,
for faving affeclions.
2. The extraordinary impreffions which are made on the
imaginations of fome peifons, in the vifions, and immediate
Irrong impulfes and fuggeftions that they have, as though they
faw fights, and had words fpoken to them, may, and often do
beget a ftrongperfuafiori of the truth of invifible things. Though
the general tendency of fuch things, in their final iffue, is to
draw men off from the word of God, and to caufe them to re
ject the gofpel, and to eflablifli unbelief and Atheifm ; yet for
the prefent, they may, and often do beget a confident perfua-
fion of the truth of fome things that are revealed in the fcrip-
tures ; however their confidence is founded in deluiion, and fo
v nothing worth. As for inftance, if a perfon has by fome in
vifible agent, immediately and ftrongly impreffed on his ima
gination, the appearance of a bright light, -and glorious form of
a perfon feated on a throne, with great external majefty and
beauty, uttering fome remarkable words, with great force and
energy ; the perfon who is the fubjecl: of fuch an operation,
may be from hence confident, that there are invifible agents,
fpiritual beings, from what he has experienced, knowing that he
bad no hand himfelf in this extraordinary effecl:, which he has
experienced : and he may alfo be confident, that this is Chrifl
whom
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 339
whom he faw and heard fpeaking : and this may make him
confident that there is a Chrifr, and that Chrili: reigns on a
throne in heaven, a he faw him ; and may be confident that
the words which h,e heard him fpeak are true, ><:. in the
fame manner, as the lying miracles of the Papifts, may for the
prelfent, beget in the minds of the ignorant deluded people, a
urong perfuaikjh of the truth of many things declared in the
New Teftament. Thus when the images oi Chrift, in Popifh
churches, are on' fome extraordinary occafions, made by prieft-
craft to appear to the people as if they wept, and ihed frcih blood,
and moved, and uttered fnch and fuch words ; the people may
be verily perfuaded that it is a miracle wrought by Ohrift him-
felf ; and from thence may be confident there is a 'Chrilt,' and
that what they are told of his death and fufferings, 'and refurre.c-
tion, and afcenfiori, and prefer.t government of the world is true ;
for they may look upon this miracle, as a certain evidence of all
thefc things, and a kind of occular demonftration ot them. This
may be the influence of thefe lying wonders for the prefent ;
though the general tendency of them is not to convince that
Jefus Chrift is come in the iieih, but finally to promote Atheifm,
Even the intercourfe which Satan has w^ith witches, and their
often experiencing his immediate power, has a tendency to con
vince them of the truth of fome of the doctrines of religion ; as
particularly the reality of an invifible world or world of fpirits,
contrary to the doctrine of the Sadduces. The general tendency
of Satan's influences is delufion : butyethemay mix fome truth
with his lies, that his lies may not be fo eafily difcovered.
There are multitudes that are deluded with a counterfeit faith,
from imprefTions on their imagination, in the manner which
has been now fpokcn of. They fay they know that there is a
God, for they have fcen him ; they know that Chrift is the Son
of God, for they have feen him in his glory ; they know that
Chrift died for finner?, for they have fcen him hanging on the
crofs, and his blood running from his wounds ; they know there
is a heaven and a hell, for they have feen the mifery of the dam
ned fouls in hell, and the glory of faints and angels in heaven,
(meaning fome external representations, ftrongly impreficd on
their imagination :) they know that the fcriptures are the word
of Gocl, and that fuch and fuch promifes in particular are his
Word, for they have heard him fpeak them to them, they came
to their minds faddenly and immediately from God, without
their having any hand in it.
3. Perfons may feem to have their belief of the truth of the
things of religion greatly incrcafed, when the foundation of it
is
I
34 THE SIXTH SIGN Part III.
is only a perfuafion they have received, of their intereft in them.
They firit, by fome means or other, take up a confidence, that
if there be a Chriftin heaven, they are theirs ; and this pre
judices them more in favor of the truth of them. When they
hear of the great and glorious things of religion, it is with this
notion, that all thefe things belong to them ; and hence eaiily
become confident that they are true ; they look upon it to be
greatly for their intereft that they mould be true. It is very
obvious what a ftrong influence mens intereil: and inclinations
have on their judgments. While a natural man" thinks, that
if there be a heaven and hell ; the latter, and not the former,
belongs to him ; then he will be hardly perfuaded that there is
a heaven or hell : but when he comes to be perfuaded, that
hell belongs only toother folks, and not to him ; then he can
eaiily allow the reality of hell, arid cry out of others fenfelelT-
nefs and fottiihnefs in neglecting means of efcape from it : and
being confident that he is a child of God, and that God haspro-
mifed heaven to him, he may feem ftrong in the faith of its
reality, and may have a great zeal againft that infidelity which
denies it.
But I proceed to another diilinguifhing fign of gracious
affections.
VI. Gracious affe&ions are attended with, evangelical hu
miliation.
Evangelical humiliation is a fenfe that a Chriftian has of his
own utter infufficiency, defpicablenefs, and odioufne^s, with an,
anfwerable frame of heart.
There is a diflinftion to be made between a legal and evan-,
gelical humiliation. The former is what men may be thefub-
jecls of, while they are yet in a ftate of nature, and have no
gracious affection ; the latter is peculiar to true faints : the for
mer is from the common influence of the Spirit of God, afliit-
ing natural principles, and efpecially natural conference ; the
latter is from the fpecial influences of the Spirit of God, im
planting and exercifing fupernatural and divine principles : the
former is from the mind's being affifted to a greater fenfe of the
things of religion, as to their natural properties and qualities, and
particularly of the natural perfections of God, fuch as his
greatnefs, terrible majefty, &c. which were manifefted to the
congregation of Ifrael, in giving the law at mount Sinai ; the
latter is from a fenfe of the tranfcendent beauty of divine things
in their moral qualities : in the former, a fenfe of the awful
greatnefs.
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS.
greatnefs, and natural perfections of God, and of the ftriclnefs
of his law, convinces men that they are exceeding fmful, and
guilty, and expofed to the wrath of God, as it will wicked
men and devils at the day of judgment ; but they do not fee
their own odioufnffs on the account of fin ; they do not fee the
hateful nature of fin ; a fenfe of this is given in evangelical hu
miliation, by a difcovery of the beauty of God's holinefs and
moral perfection. In a legal humiliation, men are made fenfible
that they are little and nothing before the great and terrible
God, and that they are undone, and wholly infufficient to help
themfelves ; as wicked men will be at the day of judgment :
but they have not an anjweiable frame erf heart, confifting in
a difpofition to abafe themfelves, and exalt God alone ; this
difpofition is given only in evangelical humiliation, by overcom
ing the heart, and changing its inclination, by a difcovery
of God's holy beauty : in a legal humiliation, the conscience
is convinced ; as the confciences of all will be moil perfectly
at the day of judgment ; but becaufe there is no fpiritual under-
ftanding, the will is not bowed, nor the inclination altered ;
this is done only in evangelical humiliation. In legal humi
liation, men arc brought to defpair of helping themfelves ; in
evangelical, they are brought voluntarily to deny and renounce
themfelves : in the former, they are fubdued and forced to the
ground ; in the latter, they are brought fweetly to yield, and
freely and with delight to proftraf e themfelves at the feet of God.
Legal humiliation has in it no fpiritual good, nothing of the
nature of true virtue ; whereas evangelical humiliation is that
wherein the excellent beauty of Chriftian grace does very much
confift. Legal humiliation is ufeful, as a means in order to
evangelical ; as a common knowlege of the things of religion
is a means requifite in order to fpiritual knowlege. Men may
be legally humbled and have no humility ; as the \\ icked at
the day of judgment will be thoroughly convinced that they
have no righteoufnefs, but are altogether fmful, and exceeding
guilty, and juftly expofed to eiernal damnation, and be fully
fenfible of their own helpleiTnefs, without the leaii mortifica
tion of the pride of their hearts : but the eflencp of evangelical
humiliation confifts in fuch humility, as becomes a creature, in
itfelf exceeding fmful, under a difpenfation of grace ; confifting
in a mean efteem of himfelf, as in himfelf nothing, and alto
gether contemptible and odious; attended with a mortification
of a difpofition to exalt himfelf, and a free renunciation of his
ewn glory. This
Jiff T H E S I X T H S I G N Part III.
This is a great and moft effential thing in true religion.
The whole frame of the gofpel, and every thing appertaining
to the new covenant, and all God's difpenfations towards fal
len man, are calculated to hring to pafs this effect in the hearts
of men. They that are deilitute of this, have no true religion,
whatever profeiTion they may make, and how high foever their
religious affections may be ; Hah. ii. 4. " Behold, his foul which
*' is lifted up, is not upright in him; but the juft fhall live by
*' his faith ;" i. c. he mall live by his faith on God's righteoui-
nefs and grace, and not his own goodnefs and excellency. God
has abundantly manifcfted in his word, that this is what he has
a peculiar refpecl: to in his faints, and that nothing is accept
able to him without it ; Pfal. xxxiv. 18. " The Lord is nigh
44 unto them that are of a broken heart, and faveth fuch as be
" of a contrite fpirit." Pfal. li. 17. " The facrifices of God
** are a broken fpirit : a broken and a contrite heart, O God,
" thou wilt not defpife." Pfal. cxxxviii. 6. " Though the Lord
41 be high, yet hath he refpecl unto the lowly." Prov. iii. 34.
" He giveth grace unto the lowly." If, Ivii. 15. " Thus faith
" the high and lofty One who inhabiteth erernity, whofename
" is Holy, I dwell in the high and holy place ; with him alfo
" that is of a contrite and humble fpirit, to revive the fpirit of
" the humble, and to revive the heart of the contrite ones."
If. Ixvi. i, 2. " Thus faith the Lord, The heaven is my throne,
" and the earth is my fooiftool : but to this man will I look,
" even to him that is poor and of a contrite fpirit, and tremb-
" leth at my word." Micah vi. 8. " He hath (hewed thee, O
" man, what is good; and what doth the Lord thy God re-
44 quire of thee, but to do juftly, and to love mercy, and to
" walk humbly with thy God ?" Matth. v. 3. " BlefTed are
*' the poor in fpint : for theirs is the kingdom of God." Matth.
xviii. 3, 4. " Verily I fay unto you, Except ye be converted,
44 and become as little children, ye fhall not' enter into the
" kingdom of heaven. Whoibever therefore (hall humble
'* himl'elf as this little child, the fame is greateft in the king-
" dom of heaven." Mark x. 15. " Verily I fay unto you,
*' W'nofoever fhall nor. receive the kingdom of God as a little
* s child, he mall not enter therein." The centurion, that we
have an account of, Lnke vii. acknowledged that he was not
worthy that Chnjl jlwidd enter under his roof, and that he was
not worthy to come to him. See the manner of the woman's
coming to Chriftj that was a fmner, Luke vii. 37, &c. " And
45 behold,
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS, 343
4i behold, a woman in the city, which was a Tinner, when
* (he knew that Jefus fat at meat in the Pharifee's houfe,
44 brought an alabafier-box of ointment, and flood at his
" f^et behind him weeping, and began to wafh his feet
44 with tears, and did wipe them with the hairs of her head."
She did not think the hair of her head, which is the natural
crown and glory of a woman, (i Cor. xi. 1,5.) too good to wipe
the feet of Chriit withal. Jefus moil gracioufly accepted her,
and fays to her, Thy faith hathfaved thee, go in peace. The
woman of Canaan fubmitted to Chrift, in his faying, It is not
meet to take the children's bread, and to caji it to dogs, and did
as it were own that (lie was worthy to be called a dog; where
upon Chrift fays unto her, " O woman, great is thy faith ; be
4 ' it unto thee, even as thou wilt," Matt.xv. 26, 27, 28. The
prodigal fon faid, " I will arife and go to my father, and I will
" fay unto him, Father, I have finned againft heaven, and be-
44 fore thee, and am no more worthy to be called thy fon ; make
" me as one of thy hired fervants," Luke xv. 18, &c. See al-
fo Luke xviii. 9, &c. " And he fpake this parable unto certain
" which trufted in themfelves that they were righteous, and
" defpifed others, &:c. The publican {landing afar off, would
" not fo much as lift up his eyes to heaven, but fmote upon
14 his bread, faying, God be merciful to me a finner. I tell
4{ you, this man went down to his houfe juilified rather than the
" other: for every one that exalteth himfelf, fhall be abafed;
44 arid he that humbleth himfelf, (hall be exalted." Matt, xxviii.
9. "And they came and held him by the feet, and worfhipped
" him." Col. iii. 12. " Put ye on, as the cleft of God hum-
" blenefs of mind." Ezek. xx. 41, 43. "I will accept you
11 with your fweet favour, when I bring you out from the
" people, &c. And there fhall ye remember your ways, and
44 all your doings, wherein ye have been defiled, and ye (hall
" lothe yourfelves in your own fight, for all your evils that ye
* 4 have committed." Chap, xxxvi. 26, 27, 31. "Anew heart
" alfo will I give unto you and I will put my Spirit within
" you, and caufe you to walk in my flatutes, &c. Then frail
*' ye remember your own evil ways, and your doings that were
14 not good, and (hall lothe yourfelves in your own fight, for
'* your iniquities, and for your abominations." Chap. xvi.
63. 4 That thou mayft remember and be confounded, and no
44 ver open thy mouth any more becaufe of thy fhame, whe-*
* 4 I am pacified toward thee for all that thou hail done, fail}*
344 T H E F I F X H S i G N Part III.
" the Lord." Job xlii. 6. " I abhor myfelf, and repent in dull
*' and ames."
As we would therefore make the holy fcriptures, our rule, in
judging of the nature of true religion, and judging of our own
religious qualifications and flate ; it concerns us greatly to
look at this humiliation, as one of the moft eifential things
pertaining to true Chriftianity.* This is the principal part
of the great Chriftian duty Q$ Jeff-denial. That duty confifts in
two things, viz. firjl, In a man's denying his worldly inclina
tions, and in for faking and renouncing all worldly cbjecls and
enjoyments ; and, Jecondly, In denying his natural felf-exalta-
tion, and renouncing his own dignity and glory, and in being
emptied of himfelf ; fo that he does freely, and from his very
heart, as Jt were renounce himfelf, and annihilate himfelf.
Thus the Chriftian doth, in evangelical humiliation. And this
latter isthegreateftand moft difficult part of felf-denial: although
they always go together, and one never truly is, where the
other is not ; yet natural men can come much nearer to the
former than the latter. Many Anchorites and Reclufes have
abandoned (though without any true mortification,) the wealth,
and pleafures, and common enjoyments of the world, who were
far from renouncing their own dignity and righteoufnefs ; they
never denied themfelves for Chrift, but only fold one luft to
feed another, fold a beaftly luft to pamper a devilifh one ; and
fo were never the better, but their latter end was worfe than
their beginning ; they turned out one black devil, to let in fc-
ven white ones, that were worfe than the firft, though of a fair
er countenance. It is inexpi effible, and alrnoft inconceivable,
how ftrong a felf-righteous, felf- exalting difpofition is naturally
in man ; and what he will not do and fuffer, to feed and grati
fy it ; and what lengths have been gone in a feeming felf-denial
in other refpecls, by EfTenes and Pharifees amang the Jews,
and by Papilts, many fedls of heretics, and erithufiafts, among
profeffing
* Calvin, in his inftitutions, Book II. chap. 2. 1 1. fays, " I was
always exceedingly pleafed with that faying of Chryfoftom, ' The
foundation of our philosophy is humility ;' and yet more pleafed with
that of Auguftine, ' As, fays he, the rhetorician being aiked, what
was the firft thing in the rules of eloquence, he anfwered, Pronunci
ation ; what was the fecoud, pronunciation ; what was the third, (till
he anfwered, pronunciation. So if you ihould afk me concernining
the precepts of the Chriftian religion, I would anfwer, nrftly, fecondly,
irdly, and for ever, Humility."
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS* 345
Uing Chriftians ; and by many Mahometans ; and by Py
thagorean philofophers, and others, among the Heathen : and
all to do facrifice to this Moloch of fpiritual pride or felf-righ-
feoufnefs ; arid that they may have fomething wherein to exalt
themfelves before God, arid above their fellow-creatures.
That humiliation which has been fpoken of, is what all the
j.lorioLis hypocrites, who make the moft fpkndid fliew of
mortiricatJori to the world, and high religious afil-ction, do
grofsly fail in. Were it not that this is fo much infifted on in
fcripture, as a molt eflential thing in true grace ; one would be
tempted to think that many of the heathen philofophers were
truly gracious, in whom was fo bright an appearance of many
virtues, and alfo great illuminations, and inward fervors and
elevations of mind, as though they were truly the fubjecls of
divine illapfes and heavenly communications^ It is true, that
many hypocrites make great pretences to humility, as well as
X x other
f " Albeit the Pythagoreans were thus famous for Judaic myfteri"
ous wifdom, and many moral, as well as natural accoiiipiif.nnents
yet were they not exempted from beading and pride ; which wa^
indeed a vice mod epidemic, and as it were congenial, among
philofophers ; but in a mere particular mariner, among the Pytha
goreans. So Hornius Hilt. Philofoph. L. 3. chap. n. "77?
of the Pythagoreans were not free from boa/ling* c They we;
H EPIAUTO A O FOI, Av as abounded in the f-nft a '
;-;>: c\\-c''L'j;cii-:, &r:d l^.i^lr^ e^;:v c:l;-:-:.<jl to .' '' im*
: -infills ad Horat, kcs r.
td. Thus indeed doss proud nature delight to walk in the fparks of
its own fire. And although many of thefe old philofbphers could,
by the ftrength of their own lights and heats, (
common elevations and raifu res of fpirit, { more
than ordinary, though rut fpeclal and favinj :>irit,)
abandon many groIL'r \iccs ; yet they we; .' i i
that mifcrsble curfed abvfs of {piritua! pride : i ; > f;ur vii their natural,
and moral and philofophic attainments, did ( : c
and render moft inveterate, thb> hell bred pelt oi >;tr. Yea
thofc of them thatfeeraed melt mcdeft, as the A who pro-
f:,Ted they knew nothing, and the Cynics, W!K. : , both
in words and habits, the pride of others, yet even they aboi
iu the mail notorious and viiible pride. So connatural and morally
eflential to corrupt naturr, in this envenomed roct, fountain, and
plague of fpiritual pride ; efpecially where there is any natural,
moral, or philcfopbic excellence to feed the fame. Whence Aufun
right! v judged all tht\ . Me virtues, to be but fpler.did fins. :
Ft Court ;/ the Gwtilet, Fart II. B. i 17,
346 THE SIXTH SIGN Part III.
other graces; and very often there is nothing whatfoever what
they make a higher proieihon of. They endeavour to make u
great fhew ot humility hi fpeech and behaviour ; but they com
monly make bungling work of it, though glorious work in
thtir own eyes. They cannot find out what a humble fpeech
and behaviour is, or how to fptak and a6l fo that there may
indeed be a favour of Chriiiian humility in what they fay and
dp : that fvveet humble air and mien is beyond their art, being
not led by the Spirit, or naturally guided to a behaviour becom
ing holy humility, by the vigor of a lowly fpirit within them.
And therefore th. y have no other way, many of them, but only
to be much in declaring that they be humble, and telling how
they were humbled to the cluit at fuch and fuch times, and
abounding in very bad expreffions which they ufe about them-
felves ; fuch as, lam the. leaft of all faints, I am a poor vile,
creature, I am not worthy oj the lea ft me icy, or that God jlwuld
look upon me I Oh, I have a dreadful wicked heart ! my heart is
uorje than the devil I Oh, this cur fed heart of mine, &c. Such
expreifions are very often uied, not with a heart that is broken,
not with fpiritual mourning, not with the tears of her that
wafhed Jefus's feet with her tears, not as remembering and
being confounded, and never opening their mouth more becaufc
cf their jha inc., when God is pacified, as the expreflion is, Ezek.
xvi. 63. but with a light air, with finiles in the countenance,
or with apharifaical alteration : and we mult believe that they
are thus humble, and fee thcmfclvt-s fo vile, upon the credit of
their fay /b ; for there is nothing appears in them of any favour
of humility, in the manner of their deportment and deeds that
they do. There are many that are lull of expreifions of their
own vilenefs, who yet expecl to be looked upon as eminent
and bi ight faints by others, as their due ; and it is dangerous
for any, fo much as to hint the contrary, or to carry it tovvards
them any otherwife, than as if we looked upon them fome of
the chief of Chriftians. There are many that are much in cry
ing out of their wicked hearts, and their great fhort-comings,
and unprofitablenefs, and fpeaking as though they looked on
thcmfelves as the meaneft of the faints ; who yet, if a minifter
mould feriouily tell them the fame things in private, and
mould fignify, that he feared they were very low and weak
Chriftians, and thought they had reafon folemnly to confider of
their great barrenncfs and unprofitablenefs, and falling fo
much fhort of many others ; it would be more than they could
digeft ; they would think themfelvcs highly injured ; and there
would
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 3^7
would be danger of a rooted prejudice in them agaiiiu fuch a
miniiter.
There are fame that are abundant in talking asninft legal
doBnnes, legal preaching, and a le^a 1 - fbirit^ who do but lirtlj
imdefltand the ihmg the y talk acaiini. A legal fpirit is a more
fubtil tiling than they imagine, it is too fnbul for them. It
lurks, and operates, and prevails in their hearts, and they arc
moit notoriouily guilty of it, at the fame time, when they arc
inveighing againu it. So far as a man is not emptied of him-
felf, and of his own righteoufnefs and goodnefs, in whatever
form or fhape, fo far he is of a legal fpirit.^ A fpirit of pridi
of a man's own righteoufnefs, morality, hoSinefs, aifedlion, ex
perience, faith, humiliation, or any goo 1; --is whatfoever, is a
legal fpirit. It was no pride in Adam before the fall, to be
of a legal fpirit ; becaufe of his circumstances, he might feck
acceptance by his own righteoufnefs. But a legal fpirit in a
fallen iinful creature, can be nothing alfo but fpiritual pride*;
and reciprocally, a fpiritually proud fpirit is a le.^al fpirit.
There is no man living mat is Sifted up with a conceit of his
own experiences and difcoveries, and upon the account of them
gliders in his own eyes, but what trulls in his experiences,
and makes a righteoufnefs of them ; however he may ufe hum
ble terms, arid fpeak. of his experiences as of the great things
God has done for hi,n, and it may be calls upon others 'O glori
fy God for them; yet he th-H is proud of his experiences, ar-
ro^ates fomethin to himfelf, as thou-h his experiences were
O *
foine dignity of his. And if he looks on them as his own
dignity, he neceiTarily thinks that God looks on th:m fo too ;
for he neceffdrily thinks his own opinion of them to be true ;
and confequently judges that God looks on them as he does ;
and fo unavoidably imagines that God looks on his experiences
as a dignity in him, as he looks on them himfelf ; and that ho
gliilers as much in God's eyes, as he does in his own. And
thus he trulls in what is inherent in him, to make him fliine
in God's fight, and recommend him to God : and with this
encouragement he goes before God in prayer ; and this makes
him expect much from God ; and this makes hitn think that
Chriil loves him, and thit he is willing to clothe him with
his righteoufnefs ; becaufe he fuppofes that he is taken with
his experiences and graces. And this is a high degree of living
on his own righteoufnefs ; and fuch perfons are in the high road
to hell. Poor deluded wretches, who think they look fo glitter
ing in God's eyes, when they are a fmoke in hi? nofe, and are
many
3-1 8 THE SIXTH SIGN Pan III.
many of them more odious to him, than the mod impure hc.ifl
in Sodom, that makes no pretence to religion ! To do as thcie
do, is to live upon experiences, according to the true notion of
it ; and not to do as thofe, who only make ufe of Tpi ritual ex
periences, as evidences of a ftate of grace, and in that way re
ceive hope and comfort from them.
There is a fort of men, who indeed abundantly cry down
works, and cry up faith in oppofition to works, and fet up them-
felves very much as evangelical perfons, in oppofition to thofe
that are of a legal fpirit, and make a fair (hew of advancing
Chrifl and the gofpel, and the way of fiee grace ; who are in
deed fome oi the s;reateft enemies to the goipel-way of free
grace, and the moil dangerous oppofers of pure humble
Chriitianity.t
There is a pretended great humiliation, arid being dead to.
the law. and emptied of felf, which is one of the bigged and
moft elated things in the world. Some there are, who have
made great profeffion of experience of a thorough work of the
law on their own hearts, and of being brought fully off from
works ; whofe converfation has favoured moil of a felf-righie-
ous fpirit, of any that ever I had opportunity to obferve. And
fome who think thernfclves quite emptied of themfelves, and
are
t <f Take not every opinion and doctrine from men or nngcls,
that bears a fair (View of advancing Chrift ; for they may be but
the fruits of evangelical hypocrify and deceit ; that being deceived
themfelves, may deceive others too ; Matth. vii. 15. "Beware of
" them, that come in flieep's cloathing ;" in the innocency, prity,
and meeknefs of Chrift and his people ; " but inwardly ai
proud, cruel, cenforious, /peaking evil of iulat ll?y foww r,i f . fy
their fruits you ft all karnu them* Do not think, beloved, that S^L'-i
will not feek to fend delufions among us. And do you think thefe
delufions will come out of the Popifn pack, whefe inventions fmell
above ground here ? No, he inuft come, and will come with more
evangelical, fine-fpun devices. It is a rule obferved arnongft jefaits, at
this day, if they would conquer religion bv fabtiln-, never cppoie re
ligion with acrofs religion \ but fet it againft itfeh j
by the gofpel. And look, as churches pleading for v, e .v in
vented devi fed works ; fo when faith is preached, men will liav*e their
new inventions of faith. I fper.k not this againil tl.e doct-'
where it is preached ; but am glad of it : not that 1 would ha. - e men
content themielvcs with every form of faith ; for I bc!ic\c tiiat ir,r.ft
mens faith needs coanrming or trying. But I icetkt'
n that hand." Sh-pard's Fara!:U' t Fait I. ;, i?>.
OF G R A C I O U S A F F E C T I O N S. s$
a'~c confiJent that they are abaicd in the daft, are full as they
can hold with the glorv of their own humility, and lifted up
to heaven with an high opinion oi their abafeznent. Their
humility is a fwelling, felt-conceited, confident, fhowy, noiiy,
.alluinino; humility. It feems to be the nature of fpiritual pride
to make men conceited and oflcntatious of their humility. This
ears in that firfl-born or pride, among the children of men,
that would be called kis holincfs, even the man of fin, that ex
alts himfelf above all that is called Gud or is worfhipped ; he
ilyles himfelfySrz-'iZ/;^ of fervants \ and to make a ihevv of hu
mility, wafhes the feet of a number of poor men at his inaugu
ration.
For perfons to be truly emptied of themfelves, and to be
poor in fpirit, and broken in heart, is quite another thing, and
has other efrecls, than many imagine. It is aflonifhing how
greatly many are deceived about themfelves as to this matter,
imagining themfelves mofl humble, when they are moft proud,
and their behaviour is really the moft haughty. The cleceit-
fulnefs of the heart of man appears in no one thing fo much,
as this of fpiiitual pride and (eif-righteoufnefs. Thefubtilty of
Satan appears in its height, in his managing of perfons with re-
fpect to this fin. And perhaps one reafon may be, that here lie
lias moil experience : he knows the way of its coming in; he
is acquainted with the fecret fprings of it ; it was his own fin.
Experience gives vaft advantage in leading fouls, either in t
good or evil.
But though fpiritual pride be fo fubtil and fecret an iniquity,
and commonly appears under a pretext of great humility ; yet
there are two things by which it may (perhaps universally and
forely) be difcovered and diftinguifhed.
Thefrft thing is this ; he that is under the prevalence of
this diitemper, is apt to think highly of his attainments in reli
gion, as comparing himfeif with others. It is natural for him
to fall into that thought of himfelf, that he is an eminent faint,
that he is very high amongft the faints, and has diftinguifhingly
good and great experiences. That is the fecret language of
his heart, Luke xviii. 11. " God, I th?.nk thee, that I am not
<; as other men." And If. Ixv. r } . " I am holier than thou."
Hence fuch are apt to put themfelves forward among God's peo
ple, and as it were to take a high feat among them, as if there,
was no doubt or it but it belonged to them. Thev, as it were,
naturally do that which Chriff condemns, Luke xiv. 7. ?f,
THE SIXTH SIGN Part III.
take the highejl room. This they do, by being forward to take
upon them the place and bufmefs of the chief; to guide, teach,
direcTfc and manage; " They are confident that they are guides
' to the blind, alight of them which areiri darknefs, inllruc-
* ; tors of the foolilh, teachers of babes," Rom. ii. 19, 20. It
is natural for them to take it for granted, thar it belongs to them
to 3o the part of dictators and matters in matters of religion ;
and fo they implicitly affect to be called of men Rabbi, which
is by interpretation Matter, as the Pharifces did, Matih, xxiii.
6. 7. z. <?. they are apt to expeft that others mould regard them,
and yield to them, as mailers, in matters of religion.*
But he whofe heart is under the power of Chriflian humility,
is of a contrary difpofition. If the fcriptures are at all to be
r.elied on, fuch an one is apt to think his attainments in religion
to be comparatively mean, and to ei*eern himielf low among
the faints, and one of the leail of faints. Humility, or true low-
linefs of mind, difpofes perfons to think others better than
themfeives; Phil. ii. 3. " In lowlinefs of mind, let eacheileem
" others better than themfeives." Hence the> are apt to think
the loweft room belongs to them ; and (heir Inward difpofition
naturally leads them to obey that precept oi our Saviour, Luke
xiv. 10. It is not natural to them to take it upon them to do
the part of teachers ; but on the contrary, they are difpofed to
think that they are not the perfons, that others are fi:ter for it
than they; as it was with Mofesand Jeremiah, (Exod. iii. 11.
Jer. i. 6.) though they were fuch eminent faints, and of great
knowlege. It is not natural to them to think that it belongs to
them to teach, but to be taught : they are much more ea^er to
hear, and to receive inttruclion from others, than to dictate to
others; Jam. i. 19. " Be ye fwift to hear, flow to fpeak." And
when they do fpeak, it is not natural to them to fpeak with a bo;d,
mafterlyair; but humility difpofes them rather to fpeak, trem
bling. Hof. xiii. i. " When Ephraim fpake, trembling, he
" exalted himfelf in Ifrael ; but when he offended in Baal, he
" died." They are not apt to affume authority, and to take
upon them to be chief managers and matters ; but rather to be
fubjecl;
* " There be two tilings wherein it appears that a man has only
common gifts, and no inward principle ; j. Thefe gifts ever pufFup,
and make a man fomething in his own eves, as the Corinthian knov, -
hge did ; and many a pri; ate man thinks himfelf fit to be a minifter."'
WsiqarfsfarM, Parti, p. i8i,iCz.
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS 3^1
fubjecl to others; Jam. iii. 1,2. " Be not many mailers." i Fet.
.v. 5. " All of you be fubject one to ano her, and be clothed with
*' humility." Eph. v. 21. ! ' Submitting } ourielves one toano-
" ther in the fear of God."
There are fome per-ons experiences that naturally work that
way, to make them think highly oi their experiences ; and
they do often themielves fpeak of their experiences as very great
and extraordinary ; they freely fpeak of the great things they
have met with. This may be fpoken and meant in a good fenfe-
In one fenfe, every degree of laving mercy is a great thing :
it is indeed a thing great, yea, infinitely great, for God to be-
flow the lead crumb of chiidrens bread on hich dogs as we
are in ourfelves ; and the more humb e a perfon is that hopes
that God has befto\ved fuch mercy on him, the more apt will
he be ro call it a great thing that he has met with, in this fenfe.
But if by great things which they have experienced, they mean
comparatively great fpiritual experiences, or great compared
with others experiences, or beyond what is ordinary, which is
evidently oftentimes the cafe; then fb' a perfon to fay, / hav-s
met with great things, is the very lame thing as to fay, I am an
eminent Joint t and have more grace than ordinary : for to have
great experiences, if the experiences be true and worth the tell
ing of, is the fame thing as to have great grace: there is no
true experience, but the exercifc of grace ; and exactly accord
ing to the degree of true experience, is the degree of grace and
holinefs. The perfons that talk thus about their experience?,
when they give an account of them, expecl that others mould
admire them. Indeed they do not call it boating to talk after
this manner about their experiences, nor do they look upon it
as any fign of pride : becaufe they fay, they know that it was-
not lhe.y that did it, it was free grace, they are the great things
that God has done for them, they would acknowledge tkz
great mercy God hasjhown them, and not make light oj it. But
fo it was with the Pharifee that Chrift tells us of, Luke xviii.
He in words gave God the glory of making him to differ from
other men ; God, I thank the?, fays he, that I am not as ether
men.* Their verbally afcribing it to the grace of God, that
they
* Calvin, in his Inftitutions, B, III. chap. xii. $ 7. (peaking of
this Pharifee, obierves, " That in his outward confeffion, he acknow
ledges that the righteoufnefs that he has is the gift of God : but {%r
he) becaufe he trulls that he is righteous., he goes away ovt of the r~:
fence of God, unacceptable and odious."
352 THE SIXTH SIGN Part III.
they are holier than other faints, does not hinder their forward-
nei's to think fo highly of their holinefs, being a fure evidence
of the pride and vanity of their minds. If they were under the
influence of an humble fpirir, their attainments in religion
would not be fo apt to fhine in their own eyes, nor would they
be fo much in admiring their own beauty. The Chriflians
that are really the moft eminent faints, and therefore have the
mbft excellent experiences, " and are greateft in the kingdom
" of heaven, humble themfelves as a little child," Matt, xviii.
4. becaufe they look on themfelves as but little children in
grace, and their attainments to be but the attainments of babes
in Chriit, and are aftonifhed at, and aihamed of the low decrees
of their love, and their thankfulnefs, and their little know-
lege of God. Mofes when he had been converfing with God
in the mount, and his face (hone fo bright in -the eyes of others
as to dazzle their eyes, wift not that his face Jhonf* There are
fome perfons that go by the name of high profeffors, and fome
will own themfelves to be high profeffors, but eminently hum
ble faints, that will fhine brighter!: in heaven, are not at all apt
to profefs high. I do not believe there is an eminent faint
in the world that is a high profeflbr. Such will be much more
likely to profefs themfelves to be the leaft of all faints, and to
think that every faint's attainments and experiences are higher
than his.f
Such
f Luther, as bis words are cited by Rutherfoord, in his Difylay of
il:e fpiritital Antickrrft, p. 143, 144. fays thus, "So is the life of a
Chriftian, that he that has begun, feems to himfeir to have nothing ;
but ftrives and prelTes forward, that he may apprehend. Whence
Paul fays, I count not tryftlf to ba<ve apprehended. For indeed nothing
is more pernicious to a believer, than that prefumpticn, that be has
already apprehended, and has no further need of feeking. Hence alfo
many fall back, and pine away in fpiritual fccurity and flothfuJnefs.
So Bernard fays, To ficmd Jiiil in God's *w-y, is to go lack. Where
fore this remains to him that has begun to be a Chrifdan, to think
that he is not yet a Chriftian, but to feck that he may be a ChriiHnn,
Chriftian, and is not fenfible how he falls fnort. We reach after hea
ven, but are not in heaven. Wo to him that is wholly renewed, tli.it
is, that thinks himfeif to be fo. That man, without doubt, hs.r, ne
ver fo much as begun to be renewed, nor did he ever ta^c v/Lat it is to
be a Chriftian."
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS.
333
Such is the nature of grace, and of true fpiritual light that
they naturally difpofe the faints in the prefent (late, to look
upon their grace and goodnefs little, and their deformity great.
And they that have the moil grace and fpiritual light, of any
in this world, have moft of this difpofition. As will apper.r
moft clear and evident to any one that foberly and thoroughly
weighs the nature and reafon of things, arid confiders the things
following.
That grace and holinefs is worthy to be called little, that is,
little in comparifon of what it ought to be. And fo it feems
to one that is truly gracious : for fuch an one has his eye upon the
rule of his duty ; a conformity to that is what he aims at it is
what his foul ftruggles and reaches after; and it is by that
that he eftimates and judges of what he does, and what he has.
To a gracious foul, and efpecially to one eminently gracious,
that holinefs appears little, which is little of what it fnould he ;
little of what he fees infinite reafon for, and obligation to.
If his holinefs appears to him to he at a vaft di (lance from this^
it naturally appears defpicable in his eyes, and not worthy to
be mentioned as any beauty or amiablenefs in him. For the
like reafon as a hungry man naturally accounts that which is
fet before him, but a little food, a fmall matter, not worth
mentioning, that is nothing in comparifon of his appetite. Or
as the child of a great prince, that is jealous for the honor of
his father, and beholds the refpecl which men flicw him, na
turally looks on that honor and refpecl: very little, and not
worthy to be regarded, which is nothing in comparifon of that
which the dignity of his father requires.
But that is the nature cf true grace and fpiritual lighf,
that it opens to a pcrfon's view the infinite reafon there is thai-
he fhould be holy in a high degree. And the more grace hr
has, the more this is opened to view, the greater fenfe he has
of the infinite excellency and glory of the divine Being, anclol
the infinite dignity of the perlon of Chrift, and the hound-
lefs length and breadth, and depth and height, of the love o? r
Chrift to finners. And as grace increafcs, the field op?ns
more and more to a diftant view, until the foul is f wallowed
up with the vailnefsof the object, and the per f on is ailoniihe.l
to think how much it becomes him tc love this God, and this
glorious Redeemer, tint has fo loved man, and how lictle he
does love: And fo the more he apprehends, the more the
imallnefs of his grace and love ap^rars ftsarjge and wondeifn! :
Y v and
3<54 THE SIXTH SIGN Part III.
and therefore is more ready to think that others are beyond
him. For wondering at the littlenefs of his own grace, be can
Icarcely believe that ib flrange a thing happens to other faints :
it is amazing to him, that one that is really a child of God,
-fend that has alually received the favirig benefits of that un-
fpeskable love of Chrifi, fhould love no more : and he is apt
to look upon it as a thing peculiar to himfelf, a ftrange and
exempt inihnce ; for he fees only the outfide of other Chrif-
tians, but he fees his own infide.
Here the reader may poflibly objecl, that love to Gcd is really
increafed in proportion as the knowleie of God is increafed;
and therefore how fhould an increafe of knowlepe in a faint,
O
make his love appear lefs, in comparifon of what is known ?
To which I anfwer, that although grace and the love of God
in the faints, beanfwerable to the degree of knovvlege or fight
of God ; yet it is not in proportion to the object feen and
known. The foul of a faint, by having fomething of God
opened tofight, is convinced of much more than is feen.
There is fomething that is feen, that is wonderful ; and that
fight brings with ii a iirorig conviction of fomething vafily be
yond, that is not immediately feen. So that the foul, at the
fame time, is aliomfhed at its ignorance, and that it knows fo
little, as well as that it loves fo little. And as the foul, in a
fpiritual view, is convinced of infinitely more in the object, yet
beyond fight ; fo it is convinced of the capacity of the foul, of
kn&wingvaftly more, if clouds and darknefs were but removed.
Which caufes the foul, in the enjoyment of a fpiritual view,
to complain greatly of fpiritual ignorance, and want of love,
and long and reach after more knowlege, and more love.
Grace and the love of God in the moft eminent faints in
this work!, is truly very little in comparifon of what it ought
to be. Becaufe the higheil love, that ever any attain to in this
life, is poor, cold, exceeding low, and not worthy to be named
in comparifon of what our obligations appear to be, from the
joint confideration of thefe two things ; viz. i. The reafon
God has given us to love him, in the manifeftations he has
made of his infinite glory, in his word, and in his works ; and
particularly in the gofpel of his Son, and what he has done for
fniful man by him. And, 2. The capacity there is in the foul
of man, by thofe intelle6r.ua! faculties which God has given it,
of feeing arid underffanding thefe reafons, which God has
given us to love him. How final! indeed is the love of the
moft
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS 355
eminent faint on earth, in companion of what thefe things
jointly considered do require ! And this grace tends to con
vince men of; and efpecially eminent grace : for grace is of
the naiure of light, and brings truth to view. And therefore
he that has much grace, apprehends much more than others,
that great height to which his love ought to afcend ; and he
fens better than others, how little a way he has rifen towards
that height. And therefore, eftimating his love by the whole
height of his ddty, hence it appears aftoniftiingly little and low
in his eyes.
And the eminent faint, having fuch a conviction of the high
degree in which he ought to love God, this (hews him, not
only the littlenefs of his grace, but the greatnefs of his remain
ing corruption. In order to judge how much corruption or
fin we have remaining in us, we muft take our rneafure from
that height to which the rule of our duty extends : the whole
of the diiiance we are at from that height, is fin : for failing of
duty is fin ; otherwife our duty is not our duty ; and by how
much the more we fall mort of our duty, fo much the more fin
have we. Sin is no oiher than difagreeablenefs, in a moral
agent, to the law, or rule of his duty. And therefore the de
gree of fin is to be judged of by the rule : fo much difagreea-
hlenefs to the rule, fo much fin, whether it be in defect or excefs.
Therefore if men, in their love to God, do not come up half
way to that height which duty requires, then they have more
corruption in their hearts than grace ; becaufe there is r:-;re
goodnefs wanting, than is there ; and all that is wanting is firi:
it is an abominable defect ; and appears fo to the faints, efpe
cially thofe that are eminent ; it appears exceeding abominable
to them, that Chrifl mould be loved fo little, and thanked fo
little for his dying love ; it is in their eyes hateful ingratitude.
And then the increafe of grace has a tendency another way,
to caufe the faints to think their deformity vaitly more than
their goodnefs : it not only tends to convince them that their
corruption is much greater than their goodnefs, which is in
deed the cafe ; but it alfo tends to caufe the deformity that
there is in the leail fin, or the leaft decree of corruption, to ap
pear fo great, as vaftly to outweigh all the beauty there is in
their greareft holinefs ; for this ailo is indeed the caie. For the
leaft fin agairift an infinite God, has an infinite hatefulnefs or
deformity in it ; but the higheft degree of holinefs in a crea
ture, has not an infinite luveliriefs in it : and therefore ths
lovelinefc
THE SIXTH SIGN Part III.
lovelm.efs of it is as nothing, in comparifon of the deformity
of the leail fin. That every fin has infinite deformity and hate-
fi-lnefs in it, is moil demorifirably evident ; becauie what the
evil, or iniquity, or hatefulnefs of fin confifls in, is the violat
ing of an obligation, or the being or doing contrary to what we
fhould be or do, or are obliged to. And therefore by how
much the greater the obligation is that is violated, fo much the
greater is the iniquity and hatefulnefs of the violation. But
certainly our obligation to love and honor any being, is in
fome proportion to his lovelmefsand honourablenefs, or to his
worthinefs to be loved and honored by us ; which is the fame
thing. We are furely under greater obligation to love a more
lovely being, than a lefs lovely : and if a Being be infinitely
lovely or worthy to be loved by us, then our obligations to love
him, are infinitely great : and therefore, whatever is contrary
to this love, has in it infinite iniquity, deformity, and unwor-
thinefs. But on the other hand 3 with refpeft to our holinefs
or love to God, there is not an infinite worthinefs in that. The
fmof the creature againft God, is ill-deferving and hateful in
proportion to the diftance there is between God and the crea
ture : the greatnefs of the objecl, and the meannefs and inferir
ority of the fubjecr, aggravates it. But it is the reverfe with
regard to the worthinefs of the refpeft of the creature to God ;
it is worthlefs, and not worthy, in proportion to the meannefs
of the fubjecl. So much the greater the diftance between God
and the creature, fo much the lefs is the creature's refpecl wor
thy of God's notice or regard. The great degree of fuperiority
increafes the- obligation on the inferior to regard the fuperior ;
and fo makes the want of regard mere hateful : but the great
degree of inferiority diminishes the worth of the regard of the
inferior ; bccaufe the more he is inferior, the lefs is he worthy
of notice, the lefs he is, the lefs is what he can offer worth ;
for he can offer no more than hirnfelf, in offering his beft re-
fpecl: ; and therefore as he is little, and little worth,, fo is his
lefpecl little worth. And the more a perfon has of true grace
and fpiritual light, the more will it appear thus to him ; the
more will he appear to himfelf infinitely deformed by reafon
of fin, and the lefs will the goodnefs that is in his grace, or
good experience, appear in proportion to it. For indeed it
is nothing to it ; it is lefs than a drop to the ocean ; for finite
bears no proportion at all to that which is infinite. But the
?nc:e a perfon has of fpiritual light, tbt- more do things appear
to
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS.
to him, in this refpeft, as they are indeed. Hence it mo ft dc-
rnonlirably appears, that true grace is of that nature, that tho
more a perfoa has of it, vviih remaining corruption, the lefs
does his goodnefs and holinefs appear, in proportion to his de
formity ; and net only to his pad deformity, but to his prefent
deformity, in the fin that now appears in his heart, and in
the abominable defeats of his higbeft and beii affect-ions, and
brighteil experiences.
The nature of many high religious afTeclions, and great dif-
ccveries (as they are called) in many perfons that I have been
acquainted with, is to hide and cover over the corruption of
their hearts, and to make it feem to them as if all their fins was
gone, and to leave them without complaints of any hateful- evil
left in them ; (though it may be they cry out much of their
pail unworthinefs ;) a fure and certain evidence that their dif-
ccveries (as they call them) are darknefs and not light. It is
darknefs that hides mens pollution and deformity; but light
let into the heart difcovers it, fearches it out in its fecret cor-
ners, and makes it plainly to appear ; efpecially that penetrat
ing, all-fearching light of God's holinefs and glory. It is true,
that faving difcoveries may for the prefent hide corruption in
one fenfe ; they reihain the pqfitive cxercifes of it, fuch as
malice, envy, covetoufnefs, lacivioufnefs, murmuring, &c,
but they brino; corruption to light, in ^hat which is privative,
viz. that there is no more love, no more humility, no more
thankfulnefs. Which defetls appear moll hateful, in the eyes
of thofe who have the moil eminent exercifes of grace ; and
are very burdenfome, and caufe the faints to cry out of their
leannefs, and odious pride and ingratitude. And whatever
pofitive exercifes of corruption, at any time arife, and mingle
themfelve$ with eminent actings of grace, grace will exceed
ingly magnify the view of them, and render their appearance
far more henious and horrible.
The more eminent fainrs are, and the more they have of the
light of htaven in their fouls, the more do they appear to them-
felves, as the moil eminent faints in this world do, to the
faints and angels in heaven. How can we rationally fuppofe
the moil eminent faints on earth appear to them, if beheld any
otherwife, than covered over with the righteoufnefs of Chriif,
and their deformities fwal lowed up and hid in the corufcation
of the beams of his abundant glory and love ? how can we fup
pofe our mpft ardent love and praifes appear to them, that do
beheld
T H E s i x T ii S i G N Part III.
behold the beauty and glory of God without a vail ? how does
our higheft thankfulneis lor the dying love of Chrift appear to
them, who fee Chrift as he is, who know as they are known,
and fee the glory of the perfon of him that died, and the won
ders of his dying love, without any cloud or darkncfs ? and how
do they look on the deepeft reverence and humility, with which
worms of' the duft on earth approach that infinite Majefty,
which they behold ? do they appear great to them, or fo much
as worthy of the name of reverence and humility, in thofe that
they fee to be at fuch an infinite diftance from that great and
holy God, in whofe glorious prefence they are ? The reafon
why the higheft attainments of the faints on earth appear fo
mean to them, isbecaufe they dwell in the light of God's glory,
and fee God as he is. And it is in this refpeci with the faints
on earth, as it is with the faints in heaven, in proportion as
they are more eminent in grace.
I would not be underftood, that the faints on earth have, in
all refpecls, the worft opinion of themfelves, when they have
moft of the exercife of grace. In many refpe&s it is otherwife.
With refpeci to the pofitive exercifes of corruption, they may
appear to themfelves freeft and beft when grace is moft in ex
ercife, and worft when the aftings of grace are loweft. And
when'they compare themfelves with themfelves, at different
times, they may know$ when grace is in lively exercife, that
it is better with them than it was before, (though before, in
the time of it, they did not fee fo much badnefs as they fee
now ;) and when afterwards they fink again in the frame of
their minds, they may know that they fmk, and have a new
'argument of their great remaining corruption, and a rational
conviclion of a greater vilenefs than they faw before ; and may
have more of a fenie of guilt, and a kind of legal fenfe of their
(infulnefs, by far, than when in the lively exercife of grace.
But yet it is true, and demon ftrable from the forementioned
eonfiderations, that the children of God never have fo much
of a fenjible. and fpii iiual conviclion of their deformity, and fo
great, and quick, and abating a fenfe of their prefent vilenefs and
odioufnefs, as when trrey are higheft in the exercife of true and
pure grace ; and never are they fo much difpofed to fet them
felves low among Ciirifliaris as then. And thus he that is
greateft in the kingdom, or moft eminent in the church of Chrift,
is the fame that humbles himfelf, as the lea ft infant among them ;
Agreeable to that great faying of Chrift, Matth. xviii. 4.
A
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS.
153
A true faint may know that he has fonie true grace : and
the more grace there is, the more eafily is it known ; as was
obferved and proved before. But yet it does not follow, that
aji eminent faint is eafily fenfible that he is an eminent faint,
when compared with others. I will not deny that it is pof-
fible, that he that has much grace, and is an eminent faint,
may know it. But he will not be apt to know it ; it will not
be a thing obvious to him : that he is better than others, and
has higher experiences arid attainments, is not a foremoft
thought; nor is it that which, from time to time, readily of
fers itfelf ; it is a thing that is not in his way, hut lies far out
of fight; he muft take pains to convince himfelf of it; there
will be need of a great command of reafon, and a high degree
of ftriclnefs and care in arguing, to convince himfelf. And if
he be rationally convinced, by a very ftrict confideration of his
own experiences, compared with the great appearances of low
degrees of grace in fome other faints, it will hardly feem real
to him, that he has more grace than they ; and he will be apt
to lofe the conviclion, that he has by pains obtained ; nor will
it feem at all natural to him to acl: upon that fuppofiuon. And
this may be laid down as an infallible thing. That the per fon
who is apt to think that he, as compared with others, is a very
eminent faint, much dijhnguijlied in Chriftian experience^ in
whom this is a firfl thought, that rifts of itfelf, and naturally
offers itfelf \ he is certainly mijlaken ; he is no eminent Jaint ;
but under the great prevailings of a proud andje If -righteous fpirit.
And if this be habitual with the man, and is flatedJy the pre
vailing temper of his mind, he is no faint at all ; he has not
the leafl degree of any true Chriftian experience ; fo fiirely as
the word of God is true.
And that fort of experiences that appears to be of that ten
dency, and is found from time to time to have that effect, to ele
vate the fubje& of them with a great conceit of thofe experien
ces, is certainly vain and delufive. Thofe ftippofed difcoveries
that naturally blow up the perfon with an admiration of the
eminency of his difcoveries, and fill him with conceit, that
now he has feen, and knows more than mod other Chriftian?,
have nothing of the nature of true fpiritual light in them. All
true fpiritual knowlege is of that nature, that the more a per
fon has of it, the more is he fenfible of his own ignorance ; as
' is evident by I Cor. viii. 2. " He that thinketh he knowethany
" thing, heknoweth nothing yet as he ought to know." Agur,
when
360 THE SIXTH SIGN Part III.
when he had a great difcovery of God, and fenfe of the wonder
ful height of his glory, and of his marvellous works, and cries out
of his greatnefs and incomprehenfiblenefs ; at the fame time,
had the deepeft fenfe of his brutilh ignorance, and looked upon
himfelf the mod ignorant of all the faints; Prov. xxx. 2,3, 4.
" Surely I am more brutifh than any man, and have not the un-
' derftanding of a man. I neither learned wifdom, nor have the
" knowlege of the holy. Who hath afcended up into heaven, or
<4 defcended ? w ho hath gathered the wind in his fifts ? who hath
" bound the waters in a garment ? who hath eftablifhed all the
" ends of the earth ? what is his name, and what is his fon's
" name, if thou canft tdl?
For a man to be highly conceited of his fpiritual and divine
knowlege, is for him to be wife in his own eyes, if any thing
is. And therefore if comes under thofe prohibitions, Prov. iii. 7.
" Be not wife in thine own eyes ;" Rom. xii. 16. ** Be not wife
* in your own conceits :" and brings men under that wo, If. v.
2i. " Wo unto them that are wife in their own eyes, and pru-
" dent in their own fight." Thofe that are thus wife in their
own eyes, are fome of the lead likely to get good of any in the
world. Experience mews the truth of that, Prov. xxvi. 12.
Seeft thou a man wife in his own conceit ? there is more
" hope of a fool than of him."
To this fome may object, that the pfalmift, when we mull
fuppofe that he was in a holy frame, fpeaks of his knowlege
as eminently great, and far greater than that of other faints
Pfal. cxix. 99, i oo. " I have more understanding than all my
" teachers: for thy teftimonies are my meditation. I understand
" more than the ancients : becaufe I keep thy precepts.' 1
To this I anfwer two things :
(i.) There is no reftraint to be laid upon the Spirit of God,
as to what he (hall reveal to a prophet, for the benefit of his
church, who is fpeaking or writing under immediate infpiratwn.
The Spirit of God may reveal to iuch an one, and diftate to
him, to declare to others, fecret things, that otherwife would
be hard, yea impoffible for him to find out. As he may re
veal to him myfteries, that otherwife would be above the reach
cf his reafon ; or things in a diftant place, that he cannot fee ;
or future events, that it would be impoffible for him to know
and declare, if they were not extraordinarily revealed to him :
fo the Spirit of God might reveal to David this diftinguiihing
benefit he had received, by converfing much with God's tefti
monies ; and ufe him as his inftrumeat to record it for the
benefit
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 361
bc:iVit he had received, by converting much with God's tefti-
monies ; and ufb him as his initrument to record it for the
benefit of others, to excite them to the like duty, and to ufe-the
fame means to gain inowiege* Nothing can b ;.. d con
cerning the natural tendency of the ordinary rr> ; ences
of the Spirit oi God, from thst, that David declares ofhisdif-
tinguifhing knowlege under the extraordinary influences of
God's Spirit, immediately diclaa'ng to him the divine mind by
infpi ration, and uiing David as his infrruraent to write what
he pleated for the benefit of his church ; any more than we
can reafonably argue, that it is the natural tendency of grace
to incline men to curfj others, and wifli the mofl: dreadful rni-
feiy to them that can be thought of, becaufe David, under
infpi ration, often curies others, and prays that f-icii mifery may
come upon them.
(2.) It is not certain that the knowlege Dnvid here fpeaks
of, is ipiritual knovvlege, wherein holinefs does fundamen
tally confii't. But it may be that greater revelation which God
made to him of the Meiliah, and the things of his future king
dom, and the far more clear and extenfive knovvlege that he
had of the myfteries and doctrines of the gofpel, than others ;
as a reward for his keeping God's teftimonk s. In this, it is
apparent by .the book of Pfalms, that David far exceeded all
that had gone before him.
Secondly, Another thing that is an infallible fign of fpiritual
pride, is perfons being apt to think highly of their humility.
Falfe experiences are commonly attended with a counterfeit-
humility. And it is the very nature of a Counterfeit humility,
to be highly conceited of iticlf. Falfe religion:, a-t's-.itiens have
generally that tendency, efpecialiy when raifed to a great h,
to make perfons think that their humility is great, and accord
ingly to take much notice of their great Attainments in this re-
ipe6t, and admire them. But eminently gracious afFedions
(I fcruple not to fay it) are evernibi-c or a contrary tendency,
::nd have univerfally a contr;v. them.
They indeed make then- ::i tiicre is that
they mould be deeply humbled, and cauf- -.rr.edly to
third and long after it \ but they make thcr: humility,
or that which they have already attained to, to appear fmall ;
and their remaining pride great, and exceedingly abominable.
The reafon why a proud perlon (hould be apt to think his
humility great, and why a very humble pcrlbn fho'ild think his
Z z ' humility
362 THE SIXTH SIGN Part III.
humility final], may be eafily feen, if it be confidered, that it
is natural for pe'ions, in judging of the degree of their own
humiliation, to take their meafure from that which they efleem
their proper height, or the dignity wherein they properly Hand.
That may be great humiliation in one, that is no humiliation
at all in another; becaufe the degree of honorablenefs or con-
{iclerablenefs, wherein each does properly {land, is very differ
ent. For fome gieat man, to Hoop to loofe the latchet of the
{hoes of another great man, his equal, or to wafli his feet,
would betaken notice of as an acl of abafement in him ; and
he being fenfible of his own dignity, would look upon it fo
himfelf. But if a poor {lave is ken {looping to unlocfe the
{hoes of a great prince, no body will take any notice of this, as
any acl of humiliation in him, or token of any great degree of
humility: nor would the fhwe himfelf, unlefs he be horribly
proud, and ridiculouily conceited of himfelf: and if after he
had done it, he Ihould, in his talk and behaviour, fhew that
he thought his abafement great in it, and had his mind much
upon it, as an evidence of his being very humble: would not
every body cry out upon him, " Who do you think yourfeli
" to be, that you fbould think this that you have done, fuch a
" deep humiliation ?" This \vculu make it plain to a demori-
{Iration, that this ilave was fwbllen with a high degree of pride
and vanity of mind, as much as if he declared in plain terms,
/ think inyfclj to be, fome great one. And the matter is no lefs
plain and certain, when worthlcfs, vile and loathfome worms of
the dufl, are apt to put fuch a conflruclion on their acts of a-
bafement before God ; and to think it a token of great humili
ty in (hem, that they, under their affeclions, can find them
felves fo willing to acknowlege themfelves to be fo arid fo
mean and unworthy, and to behave themfelves as thofe that are
fo inferior. The very reafon why fuch outward acls, and fuch
inward exercifes, look like great abafement in fuch an one, is
becaufe he has a high conceit of himfelf. Whereas if he thought
of himfelf more jufily, thefe things would appear nothing to
him, and his humility in them worthy of no regard; but
would rather be aflonithed at his pride, that one fo infinitely
defpicable and vile, is brought no lower before God. W'heti
he fays in his heart, "This is a great act of humiliation ; it is
" certainly a fign of great humility in me, that I fhould feel
*' thus, and do fo;" his meaning is, "This is great humility
*' for me, for fuch a one as I, that am fo confiderable and
" worthy."
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 363
** worthy." He confiders how low he is now brought, and
compares this with the height of dignity, on which he in his heuit
thinks he properly ftands, and the diftance appears very great,
arid he calls it all mere humility, and as fuch admires if.
Whereas, in him that is truly humble, and really fees his own
vileneis and loathfomenefs before God, the distance appears the
other way. When he is brought loweft of all, it does not ap
pear to him, that he is brought below his proper ilation, but
that he is not come to it ; he appears to himfelf, yet vaftly
above it : he longs to get lower, that he may come to it ; but
appears at a great diftance from it. And this diftance he calls
pride. And therefore his pride appears great to him, and not
his humility. For although he is brought much lower than he
ufed to be ; yet it does not appear to him worthy of the nan*. ~
of humiliation, for him that is fo infinitely mean and deteftab'e
to comedown to a place, which though it be lower than what
he ufed to aflame, is yet vaftly higher than what is proper for
him. As men would hardly count it worthy of the name of
humility, in a contemptible flave, that formerly aflecled to be
a prince, to have his fpirit fo far brought down, as to take the
place of a nobleman ; when this is ftill fo far above his proper
ft eh ion.
All men in the world, in judging of the de-rcc of their own
and others humility, as appearing in any act of theirs, confi-
der two things ; viz. the real degree of dignity they ft anil in ;
and the degree of abafement, and the relation it bears to that
real dignity. Thus the complying with the fame low place,
or low acl, may be an evidence of great humility in one, that
evidences but little or no humility in another. But truly hum
ble Chriftians have fo mean an opinion of their own real d;
ty, that all their felf-abafement, when considered with rehiion
to that, and compared with that, appears very fmall to them.
It does not feem to them to beany great humility, or any abafe
ment to be made much of, for fuch poor, vile, abject creatures
as they, to lie at the foot of God.
The degree of humility is to he judged of by the degree of
thafimenti and the degree of the caufe for abafimrnt : but ho
that is truly and eminently humble, never thinks his :
great, considering the caufe. The caufe why he fh
a ha fed appears fo great, and the abafement r ne <! his
heart fo greatly ihort of it, that he takes much H;-J;L* notice o;
l.ui pride than his humility.
Everjr
364 THE SIXTH SIGN Part III,
Every one that has been converfant with fouls under convic
tions of fin, knows that thole who are greatly convinced oi 1.11,
are not apt to think tbernfelves greatly convinced. And the
reafon is this : men judge oi the degree of their own convic
tions of fin by two things jointly confidered ; viz. the degree of
fenfe which they have of guilt and pollution, and the decree of
caufe they have for fucha fenfe, in the degree of their real fin-
fulnefs. It is really no argument of any great conviction of
fin, for fome men to think themftlves to be very fir.iul, beyond
rnoft others in the world ; becaufe thev are io indeed, very
plainly and notoriously. And therefore a far lefs conviction of
fin may incline Inch an one to think fo than another ; he muft
be very blind indeed riot to be .fenfible of it. But he that is
truly under great convictions of fin, naturally thinks this to be
his cafe. It appears to him, that the canfe he has to be fenfible
of guilt and pollution, is greater than others iiave ; and there
fore he afcribes his fenfiBlenefs of this, to the greatnefs of his
fin, and not to the greatnefs of his fenfibility. It is natural
for one under great eonviclions, to think himfelf one of the
greatefl of linnets in reality, and alfo that it is fo very plainly
and evidently ; for the greater his cor.viiions are, ihe more
plain and evident it feerns to be to him. And therefore it ne-'
ceiTarily feemsto him fo plain and fo eafy to him to fee it, that
it may be feen without much conviction. That man is under
great convi6lions, whofe conviclion is tireat in proportion to
his fin. But no man that is truly under great convictions,
thinks his conviction great in proportion to his fin. For if he
does, it is a ceriain fi. s n that he inwardly thinks his fins fmall.
And if that be the cafe, that is a certain evidence that his con
viction is fmall. And this, by the way, is the main reafon,
-that perfons, when under a work of humiliation, are not ienii-
ule of it, in the time of it.
And as it is with conviction of fin, jufl fo it is, by parity of
region, with refpe6t to perlbns coin ic'iion or fenfibjenefs of their
own frneannefs and vilenefs, their own blindnefs, their own
impotence, and all that low fenfe that a Chrillian has of him
felf, in the exercife of evangelical humiliation. So that in a
high degree of this, the faints are never difpofed to think their
fenfiblenefs of their own meamiefs, fihhinefs, impotence, &c.
to be great ; becaufe it never a-)pt^rs great to them, confider-
ing the caufe
An
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS 3&j
An eminent faint is not apt to think himfelf eminent in any
thin^; all his graces and experiences are ready to appear to
him to be comparatively final! ; but especially his humility.
Tlu-re is nothing that appertains to Chriitian experience, and
true piety, that is fo much out ot his light as his humility.
He is a thouiund times more quick- fighted to difcern his pride,
than his ittiiniiuy : that he eafiiy difcx-rnsi and is apt to taks
much notice of, but hardly difcerns his humility. On the
contrary, the deluded hypocrite, that is under the power of
fpiritual pride, is fo blind to nothing as his pride ; and fo
quick-fighted to nothing, as the (hews of humility that are in him.
The humble Chriitian is more apt to find fault with his
own pride than with other mens. He is apt to put the belt
contraction on others words and behaviour, and to think that
none arc fo proud as himfelf'. But the proud hypocrite is
quick to difcern the mote in his brother's eye, in this refpecl;
while he fees nothing of the beam in his own. Pie i? very of
ten much in crying out of others pride, finding fault with others
apparel, a,nd v way of living ; and is affected ten times as much
with his neighbour's ring or ribbon, as with all the filthinefs
of his own heart.
From the difpofition there is in hypocrites to think high-
ly of their humility, it conies to pafs that counterfeit humility
is forward to put forth itfelf to view. Thofe that have it, are
apt to be much in fpeaking of their humiliations, and to
fet them forth in high terms, and to make a great outward
{hew of humility, in affecled looks, geilures, or manner of
fpeech, or meannefs of apparel, or forne affecled Cngularity.
So it was of old with the falfe prophets, Zech. xiii. 4. fo it
was with the hypocritical Jews, If. jyii. 5 and fo Chrifl te'ls
us it was with the Phariiees, Matth. vi. 16. But it is con-
trariwife with true humility ; they that have it, are not apt
lo difplay their eloquence in fetting of it forth, cr to ipeak of
the degree of their abaferneiu in iirong terms.* It does not
affcft
* It is an obfenrntion of Mr. Jones, in his excellent treatifc of the
canon of the Ne\, ; t, tijat the cvangelift Mark, who was the
companion of St. Peter, and is f-.ppo&d to have written his gofprl
un.L'r the direction of that apoftle, when hi mentions Peter's repc;>
taace after his denying his Maitsr, he docs not ufe fuch ilrong terms
it forth as the other evangeliils, 1' c only ufes thtfe v/ords,
" Whe^ he thought thereon, he we rk xiv. 72.; ivhereas
the other evangeliits lay thus, " , a::d \vcj-t biticrl/*"
^'lat-h. xvi. 75, Lu . ('2,
566 THE SIXTH SIGN Part III.
affect to (hew itfelf in any fingular outward meannefs of appa
rel, or way of living ; agreeable to what is implied in Matth.
vi. 17. " But tbou, when thou faiieft, anoint thme head, and
" warn thy face." Col. ii. 23. " Which things have indeed
" a (hew of wifdom in will-worfhip and humility, and neglect-
" ing of the body." Nor is true humility a noify thing ; it is
not loud and boifterous. The fcripture raprefents it as of a
contrary nature. Ahab, when he had a vifible humility, a re-
femblance of true humility, went Joftly, i Kings xxi. 27. A
penitent, in the exercife of true humiliation, is reprefented as
flill and filent, Lam. iii. 28. '* He fitteth alone and keepeth
" filenee, becaufe he hath borne it upon him." And filerice is
mentioned as what attends humility ; Prov. xxx. 32. " Jf thou
" haft done foolifhly in liftingup thyfelf, or if thou haft thought
" evil, lay thine hand upon thy mouth."
Thus I have particularly and largely fhewn the nature of
that true humility that attends holy affe6tions, as it appears in
its tendency to caufe perfons to think meanly of their attain
ments in religion, as compared with the attainments of others,
and particularly, of their attainments in humility : and have
(hewn the contrary tendency of fpi ritual pride, to difpofe per-
fons to think their attainments in thefe refpefts to be great.
I have infifted the longer on this matter, becaufe I look upon
it a matter of great importance, as it affords a certain diftinclion
between true and counterfeit humility ; and alfo as this difpo-
fition of hypocrites to look on themfelves better than others,
is what God has declared to be very hateful to him, " a fmoke
'* in his nofe, and a fire that burneth all the day," If. Ixv. .
It is mentioned as an inftance of the pride of the inhabitants
of that holy city (as it was called) Jerufaiem, that they eileemed
themfelves far better than the people of Sodom, and fo looked
upon them worthy to be overlooked and difregarded by them ;
Ezek. xvi. 56. " For thy fifter Sodom was not mentioned by
** thy mouth in the day of thy pride."
Let not the reader lightly pafs over thefe things in applica
tion to himfelf. If you once have taken it in, that it is a bad
fign for aperfon to be apt to think himfelf a better faint than
others, there will arife a blinding prejudice in your own favor;
and there will probably be, need of a great flriclnefs of felf-ex-
amination, in order to determine whether it be fo with you. If
on the propofal of the qneftion, you anfwer, No, it Jccms to
me t none arefo bad as /. Do not let the matter pafs off lo ;
but
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 367
but examine again, whether or no you do not think yourfeJf
better than others on this very account, hecaufe you imagine
you think io meanly of yourfelf. Have riot you an high opin
ion of this humility ? and if you aniwer a^ain, No, I have not
an high opinion of my humility ; it f terns to me I am as proud
as the devil ; yet examine again, whether felf-conceit do not
rife up under this cover ; whether on this very account, thai
you think yourfelf as proud as the devil, you do not think
yourfelf to be very humble.
From this oppofition that there is between the nature of a
true, and of a counterfeit humility, as to the elieem that the
fubjecls of them have of themfelves, ariies a manifold cc-;'ra-
riety of temper and behaviour.
A truly humble perfon, having fuch a mean opinion of his
righteoufriefs and holinefs, is poor in fpirit. For a perfon to
be poor in fpirit, is to be in his own fenie and apprehenlion poor,
as to what is in him, and to be of an anfwerable difpofition.
Therefore a truly humble perfon, efpecially one eminently
humble; naturally behaves himfelf in many refpecls as a poor
man. The poor ufdh intreaties, but the ricfianfwerdh roughly.
A poor man is not difpofed to quick and high refentmentwhen
he is among the rich : he is apt to yield toothers, for he knows
others are above him ; he is not ftiffand felf-willed ; he is pa
tient with hard fare : he expecls no other than to be defpifed,
and takes it patiently ; he does not take it heinoufiy that he is
overlooked, and but little regarded ; he is prepared to be in low-
place ; he readily honors his fuperiors ; he takes reproofs
quietly; he readily honors others as above him; he eafily
yields to be taught, and does not claim much to his underftand-
ing and judgment ; he is not over nice or humourforne, and
has his fpirit fubdued to hard things ; he is not affuraing, nor
apt to take much upon him, but it is natural for him to be fub-
jet to others. Thus it is with the humble ChrilHan. Hu
mility is (as the great Maflricht exprefTes it) a kind of holy
pufillanimiiy.
A man that is very poor is a beggar ; fo is he that is poor in
fpirit. This is a great difference between thofe affecKcns that
are gracious, and thofe that are falfe : under the former, the
perfon continues ftill a poor beggar at God's gates, exceeding
empty and needy ; but the latter make jr.cn spnear to them-
$68 THE SIXTH SIGN Part III.
fetyes rich, and increafed with goods, and not very ncceffi-
tous ; they have a great flock in their own imagination for their
fubfiilence.i
A poor man is modeft in bis fpeech and behaviour ; fo, and
much more, and more certainly and univerfally is one that is
poor in fpirit; he is humble and moded in his behaviour
amongftmen. It is in vain for any to pretend that they are
humble, and -,s little children before God, when they are haugh-
t}*, afluming, and impudent in their behaviour armmgft men.
The apoilie informs us, that the defign ofthegofpelis to cut off
all glorying, not only before God, but aifo before men, Rom.
iv. i, 2. Some pretend" to great humiliation, that are very
ha.'*hty, audacious and afTuming in their external appearance
and behaviour; but they ought to confider thofe fctlptures,
Pfal. cxxxi. i. "Lord, my heart is not haughty, nor mine eyes
" lofty t neither ck> I exercife myfelf in great matters, or in
" things too high for me." Prov. vi. 16, 17. " Thefe fix
" things cloth the Lord hate ; yea, fevcn arc an abomination
" unto him: a proud look," &c. Chap. xxi. 4. "An high
" look, and a proud heart, are fin." Pfal. xviii. 27. " Thou
" wilt bring down high looks." And Pfal. ci. . "Him
" that hath an high look, arid a proud heart, I will not fuffer."
i Cor.
f ' This fpirit ever keeps a man poor and vile in his own eyes,
and empty. When the roan hath got fome knowlege, and can dif-
courfe pretty well, and hath fome taites of the heavenly gift, ferns
fsveet illapfes of grace, and fo his confcience is pretty well quieted :
sndifhe hath got fomeanfwer to his prayers, and hath fvveet affec
tions, he grows full : and having eafe to his confcience, cafts off
fcnfe, and daily groaning under fin. And hence the fpirit of prayer
dks : he lofes his efteem of God's ordinances ; feels not fiich need
of them ; or gets no good, feels no life or power by them. This is
the wcful condition of forne ; but yet they know it not. But now
he that is filled with the Spirit, the Lord empties him ; and the more,
the longer he lives. So that though others think he needs not much
grace ; yet he accounts himfelf the poorer!. " Shepard's Parable oj the
ten virgins. Part. II. p. 132.
fi After all. fillings, be ever empty, hungry, and feeling need, and
praying for more.'* Ibid. p. ici.
" Truly, brethren, when I fee the curfe of God upon many
Chriilians, that are ROW grown full of their parts, gifts, peace, com
forts, abilities, duties, I itand adoring the riches of the Lord's mercy,
to a little handful of poor believers ; not only in making thememp-
tv, but in keeping them {ball their days." Sbi'aru"s Sowd Believer*
the late edition in Boilon, p. 158, 150.
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 369
i Cor. xiii. 4. "Charity vaunteth not itfelf, doth not behave
'" itfelf unfeemly." There is a ceitain amiable rnodefly and
fear that belongs to a Chriltian behaviour among men, arifing
from humility, that the fcripture often fpcaks of; i Pet. iii.
15. " Be ready to give an aniwer to every man that afketh you,
" with meeknefsand fear." Rom. xiii. 7. "Fear, to whom
" fear." 2 Cor. vii. 15. " Whilft he remembereth the obe-
" dience of you all, ho\v with fear and trembling you received
" him." Eph. vi. . v ' Servants, be obedient to them that are
" your mailers accoiding to the fldh, with fear and trembling."
i Pet. ii. 18. "Servants, be (abject to your mailers with all
" fear." i Pet. iii. 2. " While they behold your chafte con-
" verfation coupled with fear." i Tim. ii. 9. '' That women
'* adorn theiifelves in model! apparel, wi:h lhamefacednefs and
" fbbriety." In this refpecl a Chriltian is like a little child ;
a little child is model! before men, and his heart is apt to be
pofleffed with fear and awe among ft them.
The fame fpirit will difpofe a Chriitian to honor all men ;
l Pet. ii. 17. " Honor all men." A liumble Chriilian is not
only difpofed to honor the faints in his behaviour ; but others
alfo, in all thofe ways that do not imply a vifible approbation
of their fins. Thus Abraham, the great pattern of believers,
honored the children of Heth ; Gen. xxiii. 11,12. " Abraham
" flood up, arid bowed himfelf to the people of the land." This
was arerrnrkabieinilance of a humble behaviour towards them
that were out of Chriil, and that Abraham knew to be accur-
fed: and therefore would by no means fuffer his fervant to
take a wife to his fon, from among them ; and Efau's wives,
being of thefe children of Heth, were a grief of mind to Ifaac
arid Rebeckah. So Paul honored Fed us, Afcts xxvi. 2,5. "I
" am not mad, mod noble Feflus." Not only will Chriftian
humility difpofe perfons to honor thofe wicked men that are
out of the vifible church, but alfo falfe brethren and perfecutors.
As Jacob, when he was in an excellent frame, having iull been
wreilling all ni^ht with God, and received the bleffing, honor
ed Efau, his falfe and perfecutir.g brother ; Gen. xxxiii. 3. " Ja-
" cob bowed himfelf to the ground feven times, until he came
" near to his brother Efau." So he called him ford; and com
manded all his family to honor him in f like manner.
Thus I have endeavored to defcribe the heart and behaviour
of one that is governed by a truly gracious humility,, as exaclly
agreeable to the fcripturcs, as I am able,
A a a Now,,
37 THE SEVENTH SIGN Part III,
Now, it is out of fuch a heart as tins, that all truly holy af
fections do flow. ChriAian affections are like Mary's precious
ointment, that (he poured on C brill's head, that filled the
whole houfe with a fweet odour. That was poured out of an
alabajltr-box ; fo gracious affections flow out to ChriA out of
a pure heart. That was poured out of a broken box; until the
box was broken, the ointment could not {low, nor diffufe its
odour : fo gracious affeclious flow out of a broken heart. Gra
cious affections are alfo likethofe of Mary Magdalene, (Luke vii.
at the latter end) whoalfopourspreciousointmenton Chrift, out
of an alabaiter broken box, anointing therewith the feet of Jefus,
when fhe had wafhed them with her tears, and wiped them
with the hair of her head. All gracious affections, that are
a fweet odour to Chrifl, and that fill the foul qf a Chriltian
with an heavenly fveetnefs and fragrancy, are broken-hearted
affections, A truly ChriAian love, either to God or men, is
a humble broken-hearted love. Thedefires of the faints, how
ever earneft, are humble deli res : their hope is an humble hope ;
and their joy, even when it is unfpeakabk, and full of glory r ,
is a humble, broken-hearted joy, and leaves the ChriAian more
poor in fpirit, and more like a little child, and more difpofed
to an univerfal lowlinefs of behaviour.
VII. Another thing, wherein gracious affections are dif-
tinguifhed from others, is, that they arc attended with a change
cf nature. *
All gracious affections do arife from a fpiritual underftand-
ing, in which the foul has the excellency and glory of divine
things difcovered to it, as was (hewn before. But all fpiritual
difcoveries are transforming; and not only make an alteration
of the prefent exercifc, fenfation and frame of the foul ; but fuch
power and efficacy have they, that they make an alteration in
the very nature of the foul ; 2 Cor. iii. 18. " But we all with
" open facr, beholding as in a glafs the glory of the Lord, are
" changed into the fame image, from glory to glory, even as by
" the Spirit of the Lord." Such power as this is properly divinfe
power, and is peculiar to tht Spirit of the Lord : other power
may make a great alteration in mens prefent frames and feelings ;
but it is the power of a Creator only that can change the nature,
or give a new nature. And no difcoveries or illuminations, but
thofe that are divine and fupernatural, will have this fupernatu-
ral effect. But this effect all thofe difcoveries have, that are
truly divine. The foul is deeply affected by thefs difcoveries,
and fo affected as to be transformed. Thus
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 37 1
Thus it is with thofe afFtclions that the foul is the fubjecl 4
of in its converiion. The fcripture representations ofconvcr
fion do ilrongjy imply and iigniiy a change of nature : f uch as
being born again , becoming new creatures ; fifing from the
dead ; being renewed in t lie f pi tit of the mind \ dying to fin, and
living to nghteou/hefs ; putting off' the old man, and putting on
the new man ; a being ingrafted into a ntiu Jl&ck*\ a having a
divine feed implanted in the heart ; a being made partakers of
t/ie divine nature^ &c.
Therefore if there be no great and remarkable abiding change
in perfons, that think they have experienced a work of conver-
fion, vain are all their imaginations and pretences, however
they have been a(Feled.* Converiion (if we may give any
credit to the fcripture) is a great and univerfal change of the
man, turning him from fm to God. A man may be reftrain-
ed from fin, before he is converted ; but when he is converted,
he is not only restrained from fin, his very heart and nature is
turned from it unto holinefs : fo that thenceforward he be
comes a holy perfon, and an enemy to fin. I (therefore, after
a perfon's high affections, at his fuppofed firil converfion, it
comes to that in a little time, that there is no very fenfible, or
remarkable alteration in him, as to thofe bad qualities, and evil
habits, which before were vifible in him, and he is ordinarily
under the prevalence of the fame kind of difpofitions that he
ufed to be, and the fame things feem to belong to his charac
ter, he appears as felfifh, carnal, as ftupid, and pervcrfe, as
unchriftian, and unfivoury as ever ; it is greater evidence agamft
him, than the brighteft iiory of experiences that ever was told,
is for him. For in Chrirt Jefus neither circumcifion, norun-
circumcifion, neither high profeffio/i, nor low profeliion, nei
ther a fair ftory, nor a broken one, avails any thing ; but a ne r ,Y
creature.
If there be a very great alteration vifible in a perfon for a
while; ifit be n*t abiding, but he afterwards returns, in afta-
ted manner, to be much as he ufed to be ; it appears to be no
change of nature ; for nature is an abiding thing. A fvvine
that is of a filthy nature may be warned, but the fwiniih nature
remains ;
* *' I would notjudge of the whole foul's coming to Chrift, fo much
by fudden pangs, as by an inward bent. For the whole foul, in af-
feftionate expreiiions and adions, may be carried to Chrift ; but be
ing without this b^it, and change of affections, is unfound." &*-
pard't Parable t Part I. p. 203.
372 THE SEVENTH SIGN Part III.
remains ; and a dove that is c f a cleanly nature may be defiled,
tut itsc'cauiy ir-iuic remains. t
Indeed allowances miu: be made for the natural temper :
fonverfioii does not entirely root out the natural temper : thofe
fins vv hie- \ a man by his natural conltitution v*as molt inclir.td
to before his converfion, he may be molt apt to fall into (till.
But yet converfion will make a great alteration even with rc-
fpet to thtfe fins. '1 hough grace, while imperfect, docs not
root out an evil natural temper, yet it is of great power and ef
ficacy with rtfpccl: to it, to correcl it. The change ihat is
wrought in converfion, is an univeiful change: grace changes
a man with rcfpccl to whatever is imfi.'l in him ; the old man
is put off, and the new man put on ; he is fanclified throughout ;
and the man becomes a new creature, old things are palled
away, and all things are become new ; all finis mortified, con-
{fotution fins, as well as others. If a man before his converfion,
was by his natural conlTitution, efpicially inclined to lafciviouf-
nefs, or drunkennefs, or maiicioufncfs ; converting grace will
make a great alteration in him, with refp.cTt to thtfe evil difpo-
fitions ; fo that however he may be ftill moit in danger of thcfe
fins, yet they (hall no logger have dominion ojf.r him ; nor
v>Ll they any more be properly his character. Yea, true re
pentance dots in fome ixfp,cis, especially tuin a man agairift
his ow r n iniquity, that wherein he has been mod guilty, and
has chiefly dilhonoiired God. He that foriakes other fins, but
faves his leading fin, the iniquity he is chiefly inclined to, is
like Saul, when fent againft God's enemies the Amalekites,
with a Uriel: charge to fave none of them alive, but utterly to
deiiroy them, fmall and ^reat ; who utterly deftroyed interior
people, but faved the king, the chief of them all, alive.
Some fooliihly make it an argument in favor of their difcove-
ries and affeclions, that when they are gone, they arc left wholly
without any life or fenfe, or any thing beyond what they had
before. They think it an evidence that what they experienced
was wholly of Gcd, and not of themfelves, becaufe (Jay they)
when
f " It is with the foul, as with water ; all the cold may be gone, but
the native principle of cold remains ftill. You may remove the bur
ning ofluils, not the blacknefs of nature. V.Jicre the power of fia
lies, change of confcience from fecuritv to terror, change of life from
profancnefs to civility, and fafhions of the world, to efcape the pol
lutions thereof, charge of Idfts, nay quenching them fora time : but
the nature is never changed, in the bell hypocrite that ever wa***
Parable , Part I, p. 1 94.
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS 373
when God is departed, all is gone ; they can fee and feel noth
ing, n:id are no better tnan they ufed to be.
It is very true, that all grace and goodnefs in the hearts of
the faints is entirely from God ; and ihey are univerfaiiy and
immediately dependent on him ioi it. But yet thefe perfons
are miftaken, as to die manner ot God's communicating him-
felf and his Holy Spirit, in imparting laving grace to the foul,
lie gives his Spirit to be uniied to the faculties of the foul, and
to d'.ve 1 there after the manner of a principle of nature ; fo that
the foul, in being endied with giace, is endued with a new
nature : but nature is an abiding thing. All the eSercifes of
grace are entirely from Chrift : but thole exerciles are not from
Chrifl, as fomething that is alive, moves and fiirs fornething
that is without life, and vet regains without life ; but as hav
ing life communicated to it; fo as through Chriit's power, to
have inherent in itfelf, a vital nature. In the foul where Chrift
favingly is, there he lives. He does not only live without it,
fo as violently to aftuate it, but he lives in it, fo that that alfo
is alive. Grace in the foul is as much from Chnit, as the lig^it
in a glafs, held out in the fun-beam^, is from the fun. But
this reprefents the manner of the communication of grace to
the foul, but in part ; becaufe the glafs remains as it was, the
nature of it not being at all changed, it is as much without any
lightfomenefs in its nature as ever. But the foul of a faint re
ceives light from the Sun of righteoufnefs, in fuch a manner,
that Us nature is changed, and it becomes properly a luminous
thin? : not only does the fun ihine in the faints, but they alfo
become little funs, partaking of the nature of the fountain of
their light. In this refpel, the manner of their derivation of
light, is like that of the lamps in the tabernacle, rather than
that of a reflecting glafs; wWth though they were lit up by
fire from heaven, yet thereby became tbemfelves burning (hi
tting things. The faints do not only drink of the water of life,
that flows from the original fountain; but this water becomes
a fountain of wa f er in them, fpringing up there,, and flowing
out of them, John iv. 14. aad chap vii. 38,39. Grace is com
pared to a feed implanted, that riot only is in the ground, but
has hold of it, has root there, and grows there, and is an abi
ding principle of life and nature there.
As it is with fpiritual difcOveries and affections given at firft
converfion, ft) it is in all illuminations and affections of that-
kind, that perfons are the fubjec}$ of afterwards ; they are ail
374 THE SEVENTH SIGN Part III.
transforming. There is a like divine power and energy in
them, as in the firft difcoveries : and they ftill reach the bottom
of the heart, and affect and alter the very nature of the foul,
in proportion to the degree in which they are given. And a
transformation of nature is continued and carried on hy them,
to the end ot life, until it is brought to perfection in glory.
Hence the progrefs of the work of grace in the hearts of the
faints, is reprefcnted in fcripture, as a continued converfion
and renovation of nature. So the apoflle exhorts thofe that
were at Rome, beloved of God, called to bt faints, and that were
the fubjecls of God's redeeming mercies, to be transformed by
iht renewing of their mind, Rom. xii. i, 2. " I befeech you
" therefore, by the mercies of God, that ye prefent your bo-
" dies a living facrifice ; and be not conformed to this world :
*' but be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind."
Compared with chap. i. 7. So the apoftle writing to {\\zfaints
and faithful in Chriji Jefus, that were at Ephefus, (Eph. i. i.)
and thofe who were once dead in trefpaffes and fins, but were
ncAv quickened, and rai/ed up, and made to fit together in hea
venly places in Chriji, and created in Chnjl Jefus unto good
works, that were once far off, but were now made nigh by the
blood ofChrift, and that were no more Jlr angers and foreigners,
but fellow -citizens with the faints, and of the houfihold of God,
and that were built together for an habitation of God through the.
Spirit ; I fay, the apoftle writing to thefe, tells them, that he.
ceafcd not to pray for them, that God would give them the Spirit
cf wifdom and revelation, in the knowlege of Chrift ; the eyes of
their underjianding being enlightened, that they might know, or
experience, what was the exceeding greatnefs of God's power
towards them that believe, according to the working of his migh
ty power, which he wrought in Chrift, when he raiftd him from
tli"- dead, and fd him at his own right hand in the heavenly places,
Eph. i. 16. to the end. In this the apoftle has refpecl to the
glorious power and work of God in converting and renewing
the foul ; as is moft plain by the fcquel. So the apoftle exhorts
the fame perfons " to put off the old man, which is corrupt
" according to the deceitful lufts ; and be renewed in the fpirit
*' of their minds; and put on the new man, which after God
" is created in righteoufnefs and true holinefs." Eph. iv. 22,
*3 2 4-
There is a fort of high affeclions that fome have from time
to time, that leave them without any manner of appearance ot
an
or GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 375
an abiding effect. They go off fuddenly ; fo that from the ve
ry height of their emotion, and feeming rapture, they pafs at
once to be quite dead, and void of all fenfe and activity. It
furely is not wont to be thus with high gracious affe61ions ; t
they leave a fwcet favour and relilh of divine things on the
heart, and a ftronger bent of foul towards God and holinefs.
As Mofes's face not only (hone while he was in the mount, ex
traordinarily converfing with God, but it continued to fliinc
after he came down from the mount. When men have been
converfing with Chrift in an extraordinary manner, there is a
fenfible effect of it remains upon them ; there is fomething re
markable in their difpofition and frame, which if we take know,
lege of, and trace to its caufc, we fliall find it is becaufe they
have been with Jcfus, Acls iv. 13.
VIII. Truly gracious affeclions differ from thofe affeclions
that are falfe and delufive, in that they tend to, and are attend
ed with the lamb-like, dove-like fpirit and temper of Jefus
Chrift ; or in other words, they naturally beget and promote
fuch a fpirit of love, meeknefs, quietnefs, forgivenefs and
mercy, as appeared in Chrift.
The evidence of this in the fcripture is very abundant. If
we judge of the nature of Chriftianity, and the proper fpirit
of the gofpcl, by the word of God, this fpirit is what may, by
way of eminency, be called the Chnjlian fpirit ; and may be
looked upon as the true, and diftinguiming difpofition of the
hearts of Chriftians, as Chriflians. When fomeof the difciples
of Chrift faid fomething, through inconfideration and infirmi
ty, that was not agreeable to fuch a fpirit, Chrift told them
-that " they knew not what manner of fpirit they were of,"
Luke ix. 5,5. implying, that this fpirit that lam fpeakingof, is
the proper fpirit of his religion and kingdom. All that are truly
godly, and real difciples of Chrift, have this fpirii in them ;
and not only fo, but they are. of this fpirit; it is the fpirit by
which they are fo poiTefJcd and governed, that it is their true and
proper character. This is evident, by what the wife man fays,
Prov. xvii. 27. (having refpeft plainly to fuch a fpirit as this,)
" A man of underftanding is of an excellent fpirit ;" and by the
particular
f <e Do you think the Holy Ghofl comes on a man, as on Ba
laam, by immediate afting, and then leaves him, and then kc has
nothing ?" SbefareTs Parable, Part I, p. 126,
376 THE EIGHTH SIGN Part III.
particular defcription Chrifl gives of the qualities and temper
of fuch as are truly bleffed, that fhall obtain mercy, and are
God's children and heirs, Matth. v. " BleiTed are ihe meek : for
44 they fhall inherit the earth. BleiTed are the merciful : for they
44 fhall obtain mercy. Biefled are the peace-makers : for they
4 ' fhall be called the children of God." And that this fpirit is
the fpeciai chara6ter of the ele6l of God, is manifefl by Col. iii.
12, 13. ** Put on therefore as the elect of God, holy and be-
44 loved, bowels of mercies, kindncfs, humblenefs of mind,
44 meeknefs, long- fuffei ing ; forbearing one another, and for-
44 giving one another." And the apoftle fpeaking of that tem
per and difpofition, which he fpeaks of as the mod excellent
and erTential thing in Chrifliamty, and that without which
none are true Chriilians, and the mofl glorious profeflion and
gifts are nothing, (calling this fpirit by the name of charity,)
he defcribes it thus ; (i Cor. xiii. 4, 5.) " Charity fuffereth
44 long, and is kind; charity cnvieth not: charity vauriteth
44 riot itfelf, is not puffed up, doth not behave itfelf unfeemly,
4< feeketh not her own, is not eafily provoked, thinketh no
*' evil." And the fame apoflle, Gal. v. defignedly declaring
the diftinguifhing marks and fruits of true Chrifiian grace,
chiefly infifts on the things that appertain to fuch a temper and
fpirit as I am fpeaking of, verf. 22, 23. " The fruit of the
44 Spirit is love, joy, peace, long-fuffering, gentlcnefs, good-
41 nefs, faith, meeknefs, temperance." And fo does the apo
ftle James, in defcribing true grace, or that wifdom that is from
above, with that declared defign, that others who are of a con
trary fpirit may not deceive themfelves, and lie againfl the truth,
in profefling to be Chriltians, when they are not, James iii.
14 17. " If ye have bitter envying and flrife in your hearts,
44 glory not, and lie not againfl the truth. This wifdom de-
" fcendeth not from above, but is earthly, fenfual, devilifh.
** For where envying and ftrife is, there is confufion, and
44 every evil work. But the wifdom that is from above, is firft
" pure, then peaceable, gentle, and eafy to be intreated, full
44 of mercy and good fruits."
Every thing that appertains to holinefs of heart, does indeed
belong to the nature of true Chnflianity, and the character of
Chriflians; but a Ipirit of holinefs as appearing in fome parti
cular graces, may more efpecially be called the Chrifiian fpirit
or temper. There are fome amiable qualities and virtues, that
do more efpecially agree with the nature of thegofpel conflitu-
tion,
OF OR. ACIOUSAFFECTIONS.
377
lion, and Chriftian profefEon ; bccaufe there is a fpecial agrce-
ableuefs in them, with thole divine attributes which God has
more remarkably manifested and glorified in the work of re
demption by Jefus Chrift, that is the grand fubje6t of the Chrif
tian revelation ; and alfo a Ipeciai agreeableneis with thofe vir
tues that were fo wonderfully exercifed by Jefus Chrift towards
us in that affair, and the blefled example he hath therein fer us;
and likewise becaufe they are peculiarly agreeable to the fpecial
drift and defign of the work of redemption, and the benefits
we thereby receive, and the relation that it brings us into, to
God and one another. And thefe virtues are fuch as humili
ty, meeknefs, love, forgivenefs, and mercy. Thefe things
therefore efpecially belong to the character of Chriflians, as
fuch.
Thefe things are fpoken of as what are efpecially the cha
racter of Jefus Chrift. himfeif, the great head of the Chriifoan,
church. They are fo fpoken of in the prophecies of the Old
Teftament ; as in that cited Matth. xxi. ,5. ** Tell ye the daugh-
" fer of Sion, Behold, thy King cometh unto thee, meek, and
<c fitting upon an afs, and a colt the fole of an afs." So Chrift
himfeif fpeaks of them, Matth. xi. 29. "Learn of me, for I
*' am meek and lowly in heart." The fame appears by the
name by which Chi ill is fo often called in fcripture, viz, THK
LAMB. And as thefe things are efpecially the character of
Chrift ; fo they are alfo efpecially the character of Chriftians.
Chriftians are Chriftlike : none uc'erve the name of Chrif
tians, that are not-fo in their prevailing character. "The new
'* man is renewed, after the image of him that creates him,'*
Col. iii. 10. All true Chriilians " behold as in a glafs the glory
" of the Loi'd, and are changed into the fame image, by his Spi
rit," 2 Cor. iii. 18. The ele6l are all " predeftinaied to be con-
** formed to the image of the Son of God that he might be
* the firft-born among many brethren," Rom. viii. 29. "As
" we have born:: the r.njge el" ih<; il.ii man, That is earthly, fo
" we mull alfo bear the : . . rJy : for as is the
" earthly, fuch are they alil> th . -ihly; and as is the
11 heavenly, fuch are they alf -venly," i Cor. xv.
47, 48, 49. Chrift is full of grace ; and Chriftians all receive-,
of his fulnefs, and grace for grace ; i. e. there is grace in Chrif-
tizr.s anfweringj to grace in Chrift, fuch an anfwerablenefs as
there is between the wax and the feal ; there is character for
charaQer: fuch kind of graces, fuch a fpirit and temper, the
li b 'U fame
378 THE EIGHTH SIGN Part III.
fame things that belong to Chrift's character, belongs to theirs.
That difpofition wherein ChriJi's character does in a fpccial
manner confift, therein does his image in a fpecial mariner con
fift. Chriftiahs that fhine bv reflecting the Halit of ihe Son of
/ O t>
ligbteoufnefs, do fhine with the fame fort or brightnefs; the
fume mild,, fweet and r.leafant beams. Thcfe lamps of the fpi-
ritual temple, that are enkindled by fire from heaven, burn with
the fame fdrt of flame. The branch is of the fame nature with
the flock and root, has the fame fap, and bears the fame fort
of fruit. The members have the fame kind of life with the
head. It would be ftrange if Chriftians mould not be of the
lame temper and fpirit that Chrift is of ; when they are his
flfjh and his bone, yea, are one fpirit, i Cor. vi. 17. and live fo,
that it is not they that live, but Ckriji that lives in them. A
Chriflian fpirit is Chrift's mark, that he fets upon the fouls of
his people; his feal in their foreheads, beating his image and
fuperfcription. Chriflians are the followers of Chrift : and
they are fo, as they are obedient to that call of Chrift, Matth.
xi. 28, 29. " Come to me, and learn of me, for I am meek and
' lowly of heart." They follow him as the Lamb ; Rev. jtiv.
4. " Thefe are they which follow the Lamb whitherfoever he
*' goeth." True Chriftians are as it were clothed with the
meek, quiet, and loving temper of Chrift ; for as many as are
inChrifti have put on ChrijL And in this refpeft ihe. church,
is clothed with the, fun , not only by being; clothed with his im
puted righteoufnefs, but alfo by being adorned with his graces,
Rom. xiii. 14. Chrift the great Shepherd, is himfelf a lamb,
and believers are alfo lambs ; all the flock are lambs ; John
xxi. 15, " Feed my lambs." Luke x. 3. " I fend you forth as
44 lambs in the midft of wolves." The ledemption of the church
by Chrift from the power of the devil, was typified of old, by
David's delivering the lamb out of the mouth of the lion and
the bear.
That fuch manner of virtue as has been fpoken of, is the
very nature of the Chriftian fpirit, or the fpirit that worketh in
Chrift and in his members, and the diftinguiihing nature
of it, is evident by this, that the dove is the very fymbol or em
blem, chofen of God, 10 rcprefent it. Thofe things are fittelt
emblems of other things, which do beft reprefent that which is
moft diftingui ming in their nature. The Spirit that defcended
on Chrift, when he was anointed of the Father, defcended on,
him like a dove. The dove is a noted emblem of meeknefs,
harmleflhefs,
F GRACIOUS AFFECTI
379
harmleflhefs, peace, and love. But the fame Spirit thatdefcend-
cd on the head of the church, defcefids to the members. " God
" hath fent forth the Spirit of his Son inro their hearts," Gal.
iv. 6. And " if any man have nut the Spirit of Chrift, lie is
" none of his," Rom. viii. 9. There is but one Spirit to the
whole myftical body, head and members, i Cor. vi. 17. Eph.
iv. 4. Chrift hreaihes disown Spirit on his difciples; John xx.
2^. As Chrift was anointed with the Holy Choir, deicending
on him like a dove, fo Chriilians alfo " have an anointing
*' from the holy One," i John ii. 20, 27. And they are an
ointed with the fame oil ; it is the fame precious ointment on
the head, that goes down to tkejkirts of ths gar mints. And on
both it is a fpirit of peace and love : Ffal. cxxxiii. 1,2. " Be-
*' hold, how good and howpleafant it is, for brethren, todweli
" together in unity! It is like the precious ointment upon the
" he<*d, that ran down upon the beard, even Aaron's beard,
" that went down to the ikirts of his garments." The oil on
Aaron's garments, had the fame fvveet snd inimitable odour,
v.'iih that oti his head ; the fmell of the fame fvveet fpices.
Chriftian affections and a Chriftian behaviour, is but the flow
ing out of the favour of Chrift's fweet ointments. Becar.fe
the church has a dove-like temper and difpofmon, therefore it
is faid of her that me has doves eyes, Cant. i. 15. '* Behold,
'* thouart fair, my love ; behold, thor. art fair, thon haft doves
" eyes." And chap. iv. i. " Behold, thou art fair, my love,
" behold, thou art fair, thou halt doves eyes within thy locks."
The fame that is faid of Chrift, chap. vi. 12. " His eves are as
" the eyes of doves." And the church is frequently compared
to a dove in fcripture, Cant. ii. 14. " O my dove, that art in
" the clefts of the rock." Chap. v. 2. " Open to me, my
*' love, my dove." And Chap. vi. 9. " My dove, my unde-
" filed is but one." Pfal. Ixviii. 13. " Ye (hall be as the wings
*' of a dove covered with filver, and her feathers with yellow
" gold." And Ixxiv. 19. " O deliver not die foul of thy
11 turtle-dove unto the multitude of the wicked." The dove
that Noah fent out of the ark, that could find no reft for the
fole of her foot, until (he returned, was a type of a true faint.
Meeknefs is fomuch ilie character of the faints, tliat the. meek and
the god'y, are ufed as fynonymoits terms in (capture: fo Pfa!.
xxxvii. 10, 11. tlje wicked arid the meek areiet inoppofition one
to another, as wicked and godly, " Yet a little while and the
" v'icked {hall not be : but the race!: fhall inherit the earth."
380 THE EIGHTH SIGN Part III,
So Pfal. cxlvii. 6. " The Lord lifieth up the meek : he caft-
" eth the wicked down to the ground."
It is doubtlefs very much r.i this account, that Chrift re-
prefents alt his difciples, all the heirs of heaven, as little chil
dren, Matth, xix. 14. " Suffer little children 10 come unto me,
** and forbid them not ; for of fuch is the kingdom of heaven."
Matth. x. 42. " Whofoever fhall give to drink umo ene of
" thefe little ones, a cup of cold water, in the name of a difci-
" pie, verily I fay unto you, he mall in no wife iofe his re-
" ward." Matth. xviii. 6. " Whofo fhall offend one of thefe
" little ones, &c." verf. 10. " Take heed that ye defpife not
'* one of thefe little ones." Verf. 14. " It is not the will of
" your Father which is in heaven, that one of thefe iittle ones
*' mould periih." John xiii, 33. * Little children, yet a little
*' while I am with you." Little children are innocentand harm-
lefs ; they do not do a great deal of mifchief in the world ;
men need not be afraid of them; they are no dangerous fort
of pcrfons ; their anger does not laft long, they do not lay up
injuries in high refentment, entertaining deep and rooted ma
lice. So Chriftians, in malice, are children, i Cor. xiv. 20.
Little children are not guileful and deceitful, but plain arid
fimple ; they are not verfed in the arts of fi&ion and deceit ;
and are Prrangers to artful difguifes. They are yieldable and
flexible, and not wilful and obftinate ; do not trull to their own
imderftanding, but rely on the inftruclions of parents, and
others of fuperior undemanding, Here is therefore a fit and
lively emblem of the followers of the Lamb. Perfons being
thus like little children, is not only a thing highly commenda
ble, and what Chriflians approve of, and aim at, and which
fome of extraordinary proficiency do attain to ; but it is their
univerfal character, and abfolutely necefiary in order to enter
ing into the kingdom of heaven ; unlefs Chriil was miftaken,
Matth. xviii, 3. " Verily I fay unto you, Except ye be con-
" verted, and become as little children, ye mall not enter into
*' the kingdom of heaven." Mark x. 15. " Verily I fay unto
" you, Whofoever (hall not receive the kingdom of God as a
** little child, he fhall not enter therein."
But here fome may be ready to fay, Is there no fuch thing as
Chriftian fortitude, and boldnefs for Chrift, being good fol-
diers in the Chriftian warfare, and coming out bold againft the
i ;'r and his people ?
TQ
OF GRACIOUS AFFECT IONS. 381
To which I anfwer, there doubtlcfs is fuch a tb:;
v.'hole Chriiiian life is compared to a .
And the molt eminent Chrifbans are the belt ibi.:
v/ith the preateft degrees of Chnitian fortitude. And ir is the
duty of God's people to be ilcd::;.L, and vigorous in their op-
pofition to thedefigns and ways ot fuch as are endeavoring to
overthrow the kingdom of Chrift, and the intsreit of religion.
But yet many penons feein to be quite miftaken concerning
the nature of Chriftian fortitude. It is an exceeding diverfe
thing from a brutal fiercencfs, or the boldhefs of beads of prey.
True Chriftian fortitude confiits in ftrength of mind, through
grace, exerted in two things ; in ruling and fuppreffing the
evil, and unruly pailions and affections of the mind ; and in
ftedfaftlyand freely exerting, and following gWafFedions and
difpofitions, without being hindered by iinful fear, or the op-
poiition of enemies. But the pailions that are retrained and
kept under, in the exercife of this Chriftian ftrength and fortitude,
are thofe very paflions that are vigoroufly and violently exerted
in a falfe boldnefs for Chrift. And thofe affections that are
vigoroufly exerted in true fortitude, are thole Chriftian holy
affe&ions, that are direftly contrary to them. Tnough Chri
ftian fortitude appears, in withstanding and counteracting the
enemies that are without us; yet it much more appears, in
refilling and fuppreffing the enemies that are within us ; be-
caufe they are our worft and ftrongeft enemies, and have
greateft advantage againft us. The ilrength of the good fol-
dier of Jefus Chrift, appears in nothing more, than in ftedfaft*
ly maintaining the holy calm, meeknefs, fweetnefs, and be
nevolence of his mind, amidft all the ftorms, injuries, ftrangs
behaviour, and furprifmg a&s and events of this evil and unrea-
fonable world. The fcripture f2ems to intimate that true for
titude confifts chiefly in this, Prov. xvi. 32. "He that is flow
" to anger, is bitter than the mighty ; and he that ruleth his
" fpirit, than he that takcth a city.'*
The direcleft and fureft way in the world, to make a right
judgment, what a holy fortitude is, in fighting with God's
enemies, is te look to th? Captain of all God's hods, and our
great le.ickr and example, a. id fee wherein his fortitude and
valour appeared, in his chief conliift, and in the time of the
greateft battle that ever was, or ever will be fought with thefe
.lies, when lie iimglu with them all alone, and of the peo
ple there was none vntii i.i'n, and exerriitd his fortitude in iii2
. ;:c decree that ever he did, and got that glorious .
THE EIGHTH SIGN Part III.
that will be celebrated in the praifes and triumphs of all the
hofts of heaven, throughout all eternity ; even to Jclus Chrift
in the time of his laft fufferings, when his enemies in earth
and hell made their mcft violent attack upon him, coinpalTing
him round on every fide, like renting and roaring lions.
Doubtlcfs here we (hall fee the fortitude of a holy warrior and
champion in the caufe of God, in its higheft perfection and
greateft luftrc, and an example fit for the foldiers to follow,
that fight under this Captain. But how did he (how his holy
boldnefs and valour at that time ? not in the exercife of any fiery
pafiions ; not in fierce and violent fpeeches, and vehemently
declaiming againft, and crying out of the intolerable wicked-
nefs of oppofers, giving them their own in plain terms ; but
in not opening his mouth when afflicted and oppreiTed, in go
ing as a lamb to the {laughter, and as a fheep before his (hearers,
is dumb, not opening his mouth ; praying that the Father
would forgive his cruel enemies, becaufe they knew not what
they did ; not fhedding others blood, but with all-conquering
patience and love, medding his own. Indeed one of his difci-
ples, that made a forward pretence to boldnefs for Chrijl, and
confidently declared he would fooner die with Chrift than deny
him, began to lay about him with a fword : but Chrifl meekly
rebukes him, and heals the wound he gives. And never was
the patience, meeknefs, love, and forgivenefs of Chrift, in fo
glorious a manifeftation, as at that time. Never did he appear
fo much a Lamb, and never did he mow fo much of the dove-
like fpirit, as at that time. If therefore we fee any of the fol
lowers of Chrift, in the midft of the moft violent, unreafonable
and wicked oppofition of God's and his own enemies, main
taining under all this temptation, the humility, quietnefs, and
^entlenefs of a lamb, and the harmleflhefs and love, and
fweetnefs of a dove, we may well judge that here is a good fol-
dierof JefuB Chrift.
When perfons are fierce and violent, and exert their {harp
and bitter pudions, it {hows weaknefs, inftead of ftrength and
fortitude. I Cor. iii. at the beginning, " And I, brethren, could
' not fpeak unto you as unto Spiritual, but as unto carnal,
?' even as unto babes in Chrift. For ye are yet carnal : for
** whereas there is among you envying, and ftrife, and divifions,
" are ye not carnal, and walk as men ?"
There is a pretended boldnefs for Chrift that arifes from no
better principle than pride. A man may be forward to expofc
hirafcif
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS, 3$*
liimfelf to the diflike of the world, and even to provoke their
difpleafure, out of pride. For it is the nafure of fpiritua! pride
to caufe men to feek diftinciion and fingirfarity ; and fo often
times to fct ihemfelves at war with thofe that they call carnal,
that they may be mo.e highly exalted among their party. True
boldnefs tor Chrift is univerfal, and overcomes all,i;nd carries
men above the difpleafure of friends and foes ; fo that they will
forfake all rather tnanChrilt; and will rather offend all parties,
and be thought meanly of by all, than offend Chrift. And that
duty which tries whether a man is willing to be defpifed by
them that are of his own party, and thought the leaft worthy to
be regarded by tiiem, is a much more proper trial of his bold-
i neis for Chrift, than his being forward to expofe himfelf to the
reproach of oppofeis. The apoftle fought not glory, not only
of Heathens and J-ws, but. of Chriftians ; as he declares,
i Theff. 11. 6.* He is bold for Chrift, that has Chriftian for
titude enough, to confefs his fault openly, when he has com
mitted one that requires it, and as it were to come down upon
his knees before oppofers. Such things as thefe are a vaftiy
greater evidence of holy boldnefs, than refoluiely and fiercely
confronting oppofers.
As fome are much miftaken concerning the nature of true
boldnefs for Chrift, fo they are concerning Chriftian zeal. It
is indeed a flame, but a fweet one; or rather it is the heat and
fervour of a fweet flame. For the flame of which it is the heat,
is no other than that of divine love, or Chriftian charity; which
is the fweeteft and moft benevolent thing that is, or can be, in
the heart of man or angel. Zeal is the fervour of this flarce, as
it ardently and vigorouily goes out towards the good that is its
objecl, in defires of it, and purfuit after it ; and fo confequen-
tially, in oppofition to the evil that is contrary to it, and impedes
it. There is indeed oppofition, and vigorous oppofition, that
is a part of it, or rather is an attendant of iK; but it is againft
things, andnotper/ons. Bitternefs againft the per fens of men
is no part of it, but is very contrary to it ; infomuch that fo
much the warmer true zeal is, and the higher it is raifed, fo
much the further are perfons from fuch bitternefs, and fo much
fuller
* Mr. Shepard, fpeaking of hypocrites afFefthg spplaofe, fays,
** Hence men forfake their friends, and trample under foot the fcorns
f the world they have credit elfewhere. To maintain their intereft
in the love of godly men, they will fufFer much," ParaMeeft&g tti
, P. I. p, i So.
384 THE EIGHTH SIGN Part III.
fuller of love, both to the evil and to the good. As appca rs
from what has been jult now obferved, that it is no other, in
its very nature and effence, than the fervour of a fpiritof Chri-
ftian love. And as to what oppofition there is in it, to things,
it is rirftly and chiefly againft the evil things in the perf'on
himfelf, who has this zeal; againft the enemies of God and
hoi iriefs, 'that are in his own heart; (as thefe are moft in his
view, and what he is molt to do with;) and but fecondarily a-
gainft the fins of others. And therefore there is nothing in
a trueChriflian zeal, that is contrary to that fpirit ofmeeknefsj
gentlenefs, and love, that fpirit of a Ihtle child, a lamb and dove,
that has been fpoken of; but it is entirely agreeable to it, and
tends to promote it.
But to fay fomething particularly concerning this Chriftian
fpirit I have been fpeakmg of, as exercifed in thefe three things,
forgivcnejs, love, and mercy ; I would obferve that the fcripture
is very clear and exprefs concerning the abiblute neceffity of
each oi thefe, as belonging to the temper and character of every
Chriftian.
It is fo as to & forgiving Jpirit, or a difpofition to overlook
and forgive injuries. Chriil gives it to us both as a negative
and podtive evidence ; and is exprefs in teaching us, that if we
are of fuch a fpirit, it is a fign we are in a ftate of forgivenefs
and favor ourfelves; and that if we are not of fuch a fpirit,
we are not forgiven of God ; and feems to take fpecial care that
we mould take good notice of it, and always bear it on our
minds. Matt. vi. 12, 14, 15. ** Forgive us our debts, as we
*' forgive our debtors. For, if ye forgive men their trefpafTes,
" your heavenly Father will alfo forgive you. But if ye forgive
" not men their trefpaffes, neither will your Father forgive your
" trefpaffes." Chrift expreffes the fame again at another time,
Mark xi. 25, 26. and again in Matt, xviii. 22. to the end, in
the'parable of the fcrvant that owed his lord ten thoufand ta
lents, that would not forgive his fellow fervant an hundred
pence ; and therefore was delivered to the tormentors. In the
application of the parable Chrift fays, verf. 35. " So likewife
" ihall my heavenly Father do, if ye from your hearts forgive
" not every one his brother their trefpailes."
And that all true faints are of a loving, benevolent and be
neficent temper, the fcripture is very plain and abundant.
Without it the apoftle tells us, though we mould fpeak with
the tongues of men and angels, we are as a founding brafs, or
a tinkling
OF GRACIOUS. AfrfECtlOtiS* 38,5
a tinkling cymbal : and that though we have the gift of pro
phecy, and underfland all myfteries, and all kriowlege ; yet
without this fpirit we are nothing. And there is no one vir
tue or difpofition of the mind, that is fo often, and fo exprelf-
Jy, infilled on, in the marks that are laid down in the New
Teftament, whereby to know true Chriftians. It is often giv
en as a fign that is peculiarly dirtinguifhing, by which all may
know Chrift's difciples, and by which they may know them-
felves ; and is often laid down, both as a negative and poiitive
evidence. Chrift calls the law of love, by way of eminency, his
commandment, John xiii. 34* " A new commandment I give
" unto you, that ye love one another; as I have loved you, that
'* ye alfo love one another/' And chap. xv. 12. " This is my
rt commandment, That ye love one another, as I have loved
" you." And verf. 17. " Thefe things I command you, that
[< ye love one another." And fays, chap. xiii. 35. " By this
*' (hall all men know that ye are my difciples, ii ye have love
" one to another." And chap. xiv. 21. (ftill with a fpecial
reference to this which he calls his* commandment,) " He that
" hatji my commandments, and keepeth them, he it is that
" loveth- me" The beloved difciple, who had fo much of this
fweet temper himfelf, abundantly infifts on it, in his epiftles*
There is none of the apofiles, is fo much in laying down exprefs
figns of grace, for profeflbrs to try themfelves by, as he ; and
in his figns, he infills fcarcely on any thing elfe, but a fpirit of
Chnilian love, and an agreeable practice ; I John ii. 9, 10.
" He that faith he is in the light, and hateth his brother^ is in
*' darknefs even until now. He that loveth his brother abideth
in the light, and there is none occafion of Humbling in him."
Chap. ili. 14. " We know that we are parted from death unto
" life, becaufe we love the brethren : he that loveth not his bro-
" ther, abideth in death." verf. 18, 19. " My little children,
*< let us not love in v/ord and in tongue, but in deed, and in
" truth. And hereby we know that we are of the truth, a icl
" fhall allure our hearts before him." verf* 23, 24. " This is
" his commandment, that we Ihould love one another. And
" he that keepeth his commandments, dwelleth in him, and he
" in him : and hereby we know that he abideth in us, by the
" Spirit which he hath given us." Chap. iv. 7, 8. " Beloved,
" let us love one another : for love is of God ; ^artd every one
" that loveth, is born of God, and knoweth God. He that
" loveth not, knoweth not God ; for God is love." verf. 1 2, 1 3-
" No man hath fcen God at any time. If we love one another,
C c c " Gd
386 THE EIGHTH SIGN Part III.
" God dwelleth in us, and his love is perfected in us. Hereby
" know we that we dwell in him, becaufe he hath given us of his
44 Spirit." verf. 16. " God is love; and he that dwelleth in
" love, dwelleth in God, and God in him." verf. 20. " If a
" man fay, I love God, and hateth his brother, he is a liar : for
" he that loveth not his brother whom he hath feen, how can he
44 love God whom he hath not feen ?"
And the fcripture is as plain as it is poffible it fhould be,
that none are true faints, but thofe whofe true character it is,
that they are of a difpofition to pity and relieve their fellow-
creatures, that are poor, indigent, and affliied ; Pfal. xxxvii.
21. " The righteous (heweth mercy, and giveth." verf. 26.
" He is ever merciful, and lendeth." Pfal. cxii. 5. " A good
41 man fheweth favour, and lerideth." verf. 9. " He hath dif-
" perfed abroad, and given to the poor." Prov. xiv. 31. ** He
41 that honoureth God, hath mercy on the poor." Prov. xxi
26. " The righteous giveth, and fpareth not." Jer. xxii. 16.
4 * He judged the caufe of the poor and needy, then it was well
" with him: wasnotthistoknow me? faith the Lord. "Jam. i. 27.
41 Pure religion arid undefiled before God and the Father, is this,
" To vifit the fatherlefs and widows in their afiliftion," &c.
Hof. vi. 6. " For 1 defired mercy, and not facrifice; and the
" knowlege of God, more than burnt-offerings." Matth. v. 7.
" Bleiled are the merciful : for they mall obtain mercy."
2 Cor viii. 8. " I fpeak not by commandment, but by occa-
' fion of the forwardnefs of others, and to prove the fmcerity
' of your love." Jam. ii. 13 16. " For he (hall have judg-
44 ment without mercy, that hath mewed no mercy. What
" doth it profit, my brethren, though a man fay he hath faith,
4 * and have not works ? can faith fave him ? If a brother or
" fjfter be naked, and deftitute of daily food ; and one of you
41 fay unto them, Depart in peace, be you warmed and filled :
*' notwithflanding ye give them not thofe things which are
4 < needful to the body ; what doth it profit ?" i John iii. 17.
" Whofo hath this world's good, and feeth his brother have
44 need, and fhutteth up his bowels of companion from him,
" how dwelleth the love of God in him ?" Chrift in that de-
fcription he gives us of the day of judgment, Matth. xxv.
(which is the moft particular that we have in all the Bible.)
reprefents, that judgment will be pa fled at that day, according
as men have been found to have been of a merciful fpirit and
pra&ice, or otherwife. Chrift's defign in giving fuch a defcrip.
tion
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS 387
tion of the procefs of that da} 7 , is plainly to poflefs all his fol
lowers with that apprehenfion, that unlefs this was their fpirit
and pra6iice, there was no hope of their heing accepted
and owned by him, at that day. Therefore this is an appre
henfion that we ought to be poiTefTed with. We find in fcrip-
ture, that a righteous ?nan, and a merciful man are fynonymous
cxpreflions ; If. Ivii. i. " The righteous perifheth, and no man
" iayeih it to heart ; and merciful men are taken away, none
" confidering that the righteous is taken away from the evil to
" come."
Thus we fee how full, clear, and abundant, the evidence
from fcripture is, that thofe who are truly gracious, are under
the government of that lamb-like, dove-like Spirit of Jefus
Chrift, and that this is eflentially and eminently the nature of
the faving grace of the gofpel, arid the proper fpirit of true
Chriftianity. We may therefore undoubtedly determine, that
all truly Chriflian affections are attended with fuch a fpirit ;
and that this is the natural tendency of the fear and hope, the
forrow and the joy, the confidence and the zeal of true Chri-
flians.
None will underftand me, that true Chriflians have no re
mains of a contrary fpirit, and can never, in any inflances', be
guilty of a behaviour difagreeable to fuch a fpirit. But this I
affirm, and (hall affirm, until I deny the Bible to be any thing
worth, that every thing in Chriflians that belongs to true
Chriftianity, is of this tendency, and works this way ; and that
there is no true Chriflian upen earth, but is fo under the pre
vailing power of fuch a fpirit, that he is properly denominated
from it, and it is truly and jufUy his character : and that there
fore miniflers, and others, have no warrant from Chrift to en
courage perfons, that are of a contrary character and behavi
our, to think they are converted, becaufe they tell a fair ftory
of illuminations and difcoveries. In fo doinij, they would fet
lip their own wifdom againft ChrifTs, and judge without, and
againit that rule by which Chrift has declared all men fhoulcJ
know his difciples. Some perfons place religion fo much in
certain tranfient illuminations and impreflions, (efpecially if
they are in fuch a particular method and order,) and fo little
in the fpirit and temper perfons are of, that they greatly defornt
religion, and form notions of Chriftianity quite different front
what it is, as delineated in the fcriptures. The fcripturc know*
388 THE EIGHTH SIGN Part III,
of no fuch true Chriftians, as are of a fordid, felfifh, crofs and
contentious fpirit. Nothing can be invented that is a greater
abfurdity, than a morofe, hard, clofe, high-fpirited, fpiteful,
true Chnilian. We rnuft learn the way of bringing men to
rules, and not rules to men, and fo flrain and flretch the rules
of God's word, to take in ourfelves, and forne of our neigh
bours, until we make them wholly of none effecl.
It is true, that allowances muil be made for mens natural
temper, with regard to-thefe things, as well as others ; but not
fuch allowances, as to allow men, that once were wolves and
ferpents, to be now converted, without any remarkable change
in the fpirit of their mind. The change made by true conver-
fion, is wont to be moft remarkable and fenfible, with refpecl
to that which before was the wickednefs the perfon was moil
notorioufly guilty of. Grace has as great a tendency to reftrain
and mortify fuch fins, as are contrary to the fpirit that has
been fpoken of, as it has to mortify drunkennefs or lafciviouk
nefs. Yea, the fcripture reprefrnts the change wrought by
gofpel-grace, as efpecially appearing in an alteration of the foiv
mer fort ; If. xi. 6 9. " The wolf (hall dwell with the lamh,
*' and the leopard mall Ire down with the kid : and the calf, and
" the young lion, and the falling together, and a little child
" fliaU lead them. And the cow and the bear mail feed, their
f ' young ones {hall lie down together : and the lion (hall ea.t
'* ftraw like the ox. And the fucking child (hall play on th,e
*' hole of the afp, and the weaned child mail put his hand on
*' the cockatrice-den. They fliall not hurt nor deftroy in aU
" my holy mountain : for the earth fhall be full of the know-
'' lege of the Lord, as the waters cover the fea." And to the
fame purpofe is If. Ixv. 25. Accordingly we find, that in the
primitive times of the Chriflian church, converts were remark-,
ably changed in this refpecl ; Tit. iii. 3, &c. " For we our-
M felves alfo were fometimes foolifh, difobedient, deceivedj
" ferving divers luftsand pleafures, living in malice and envy,
" hateful, and hating one another. But after that the kind-
** nefs and love of (3od our Saviour toward man appeared,
" he faved us by the wa filing of regeneration, and renewing of
" the Holy Qhoft." And Co.l. iii. 7, 8. " In the which ye
* alfo walked forne time, when ye lived in them. But now
" you alfo put off all thefe ; anger, wrath, malice, blafphem}\
** filthy communication out of your mouth."
}X. Gracious
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 389
IX. Gracious affections foftcn the heart, and arc attended
2nd followed with a Chriilian tendcrnefs of fpirit.
Falfe affeQions, however perfons may feem to be rnel:ed by
them while they are new, yet have a tendency in the end
tp harden the heart. A difpofition to fome kind of pafliohs
may he eftabliflied ; fuch as imply felf-feeking, felf-exahation,
and oppofuion to others. But lalfe affections with the delufion
that attends them, finally tend to flupify the mind, and (hut it
up againft thofe affettions wherein tendernefs of heart conlifts :
and the effect of them at lafl is, that perfons in the fettled
frame of their minds, become lefs affeled with their prefent
and paft fins, and lefs conscientious with refpecl to future fins,
lefs moved with the warnings and cautions of God's word, or
God's chaftifements in his providence, more carelefs of the
frame of their hearts, and the manner and tendency of their be
haviour, left quick-lighted to difcern what is finful, lefs afraid
of the appearance of evil, than they were while they were under
legal awakenings and fears of hell. Now they have been the
fubje&s of fuch and fuch impreffions and affeBions, and have
a high opinion of themfelves, and look on their ftate to be iafe ;
they can be much more eafy than before, in living in the neg-
lecl: of duties that are troublefome and inconvenient ; and arc
much more flow and partial in complying with difiicult com
mands ; are in no meafure fo alarmed at the appearance of their
own defefts and tranfgreflions ; are emboldened to favor them-r
felves more, with refpecl: to the labour, and painful care and
exactnefs in their walk, and more eafily yield to temptations,
and the felicitations of ther lufls ; and have far lefs care of
their behaviour, when they come into the holy prefence of Goo,
in the time of public or private worfhip. Formerly it may be,
under legal conviftions, they took much pains in religion, and
denied themfelves in many things: but now they think them
felves out of danger of hell, they very much put off the burden
of the crofs, and fave themfelves the trouble of difficult duties,
and allow themfelves more of the comfort of the enjoyment of
their eafe and their lufts.
Such perfons as thcfe, inilead of embracing Chrift as their
Saviour from fin, they truft in him as the/aviour of their fins :
inftead of flying to him as their refuge from their fpintual cnc-
mifs, they make ufe of him as the defence of their fpiritu&l
:*.cmies, jro.m God t and to flrcngthen them againfl him. They
raake
390 THE NINTH SIGN Part III.
make Chrift the minifter of fin, and great officer and vicege
rent of the devil, to flrengthen hisintereft, and make him above
all things in the world ftrong againft JEHOVAH ; fo that they
may fin againft him with good courage, and without any fear,
being effectually fecuredfrom reftraintsbyhismoft folemn warn
ings and moft awful threatenings. They truft in Chrift to pre-
ferve to them the quiet enjoyment of their fins, and to be
their fhield to defend them from God's difpleafure ; while they
come clofe to him, even to his bofom, the place of his chil
dren, to fight againft him, with their mortal weapons, hid
under their fkirts.* However, fomc of thcfe, at the fame
time
* * c Thefe are hypocrites that believe, but fail in regard of the
nfeofthe g- fpel, and of the Lord Jefus. And thefe we read of,
Jude 3. viz. of fome men that did turn grace int ivantwefs. For
therein appears the exceeding evil of a man's heart, that not only the
law, butalfo the glorious gofpel of the Lord Jefus, works in him all
manner of unrighteoufnefs. And it is too common for men at the
iirft work of convcrfion, Oh then to cry for grace and Chrift, and
afterwards grow licentious, live and lie i the breach of the law, and
take their warrant for their courfe from the gofpel," Shepard's Para
ble, Part I. p. 126.
Again, p. 232. Mr. Shepard fpeaks of fuch hypocrites as thofe,
t( who, like ftrange eggs, being put into the fame neft, where honeft
men have lived, they have been hatched up ; and when they are
young, keep their neft, and live by crying and opening their mouths
wide after the Lord, and the food of his word ; but when their wings
are grown, and they have got fome affeclions, fome knowlege, fome
hope of mercy, are hardened thereby to fly from God." And adds,
*' Can that man be good, whom God's grace makes worfe ?"
Again, Part II. p. 167. " When men fly to Chrift in times of peace,
tr-atfo they may preferve their fins with greater peace of confcience ;
fo that fin makes them fly to Chrift, as well as mifery ; not that they
may deftroy and abolifh fin, but that they, may be preferved in their
fins with peace ; then men may be faid to apprehend Chrift only by
a feeming faith. Many an heart fecretly faith this, If I can have
my fin, and peace, and confcience quiet for the prefent, and God
merciful to pardon it afterward ; hence he doth rely (as he faith)
only on the mercy of God in Chrift : and now this hardens and
blinds him, and makes him fecure, and his faith is fermon proof,
nothing ftirs him. And were it not for their faith they mould defpair,
but this keeps them up. And now they think if they have any trou
ble of mind, the devil troubles them ; and fo make Chrift and faith
protectors of fin, not purifiers from fin ; which is moft dreadful ;
turning grace to wantonasfs, as they did facriHce. So thefe would
F GRACIOUsAFFECTIONS. 39!
time, make a great profefiion of love to God, and aflurance
of his favour, and great joy in tailing the fvveetnefs of his
love.
After this manner they trufled in Chrift, that the apoftle
Jude fpeaks of, who crept in among the faints unknown ; but
were really " ungodly men, turning the grace of God into la-*
" fcivioufnefs," Jude 4. Thefe are they that truft in their be
ing righteous ; and becaufe God has promifed that the righteous
JJiallfurely live, or certainly be faved, are therefore embolden
ed to commit iniquity, whom God threatens in Ezek. xxxiii. 13.
" When I mall fay to the righteous, that he fliall furely live :
" if he truft to his own righteoufnefs, and commit iniquity ;
" all his righteoufnefs (hall not be remembered, but for his mi-
" quity that he hath committed, he lhall die for it."
Gracious afFeclions are of a quite contrary tendency ; they
turn a heart of ftone more and more into a heart of flefh.
An holy love and hope are principles that are vaftly more effi
cacious upon the heart, to make it tender, and to fill it with
a dread of fin, or whatever might difpleafe and offend God,
and to engage it to watchfulnefs, and care, and ftriftnefs, than
a ilavifh fear of hell. Gracious affeftions, as was obferved be
fore, flow out of a contrite heart, or (as the word fignifies) a
bruifed heart, bruifed and broken with godly forrow ; which
makes the heart tender, as bruifed flefli is tender, and eafily
hurt. Godly forrow has much greater influence to make the
heart tender, than mere legal forrow from felfHh principles.
The tendernefs of the heart of a true Chriftian, is elegantly
fignified by our Saviour, in his comparing fuch a one toa little
child. The flefh of a little child is very tender : fo is the heart
of one that is new-born. This is reprefented in what we are
told of Naaman's cure of his leprofy, by his warning in Jordan,
by the direction of the prophet ; which was undoubtedly a type
of
fin under the (hadow of Chrift, becaufe the fhadow is good and fweet,
Mic. iii. 1 1. They had fubtile fly ends in good duties ; for therein
may lie a man's fin : yet they lean upon the Lord. When money
changers came into the temple. You have made it a den of thieves*
Thieves when hunted fly to their den or cave, and there they are fe~
cure againft all feardhers, and hue-and-cries : fo here. But Chrift
whipped them out. So when men are purfued with cries and fears
of confcience, away to Chrift they go as to their den : not as fatnts.
to pray and lament out the life of thdr fin there : but to prefervc
their fin. This is vile ; will the Lord receive fuch r"
292 T H N i N t H S I G N Part IIL
of the renewing of the foul, by wafhing in the laver of rege
neration. We are told, 2 Kings v. 14. that " he went down,
" and clipped himfelf (even times in Jordan, according to the
' faying of the man of God ; and his flcfli came again like
" unto the flefh of a little child." Not only is the flefh of a
little child tender, but his mind is tender. A little child has
his heart eafily moved, wrought upon and bowed : fo is a
Chnftian in fpiritual things. A little child is apt to be affecl>
ci with fympathy, to weep with them that weep, and cannot
well bear to fee others in diftrefs : fo it is with a Chnftian ;
John xi. 35. Rom. xiL 15. i Cor. xii. 26. A little child is
eafily won by kinclnefs : fo is a Chriftian. A little child is
eafily affe6ted with grief at temporal evils, and has his heart
melted, and falls a-weeping : thus tender is the heart of a Chrif
tian, with regard to the evil of fin. A little child is eafily
affrighted at the appearance of outward evils, or any thing
that threatens its hurt : fo is a Chnftian apt to be alarmed at
the appearance of moral evil, and any thing that threatens the
hurt of the foul. A little child, when it meets enemies, or
fierce hearts, is not apt to truft its own ftrena;th, but flies to its
parents for refuge : fo a faint is not felf-confident in engaging
fpiritual enemies, but flies to Chrift. A little child is apt to
be fufpicious of evil in places of danger, afraid in the dark,
afraid when left alone, or far from home : fo is a faint apt to
be fenfible of his fpiritual dangers, jealous of himfelf, full of
fear when he cannot fee his way plain before him, afraid to be
left alone, and to beat a diftance from God ; Prov. xxviii. 14.
" Happy is the man that feareth alway : but he that hardeneth
*< his heart, mall fall into mifchief." A little child is apt to t
be afraid of fuperiors, and to dread their anger, and tremble at
their frowns and threatenings : fo is a true faint with refpetl
to God ; Pfal. cxix. 120. " My flefh trembleth for fear of thee
" and I am afraid of thy judgments." If. Ixvi. 2. " To this
k man will I look, even to him that is poor, and trembleth at
my word." verf. 5. " Hear ye the word of the Lord, yf
" that tremble at his word." Ezra. ix. 4. " Then were affem-
*' bled unto me every one that trembled at the words of the
" God of Ifrael." chap. x. 3. " According to the counfei of
" my lord, and of thofe that tremble at the commandment of
*' our God." A little child approaches fuperiors with awe: fa
do the faints approach God with holy awe and reverence ; Jo^
xiii. 11. " Shall not his excellency make you afraid ? and his
* dread
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 373
" dread fall upon you ;" Holy fear is fo much the nature of
true godlinefs, that it is called in fcripture by no other name
more frequently, than the fear of God.
Hence gracious affections do not tend to make men bold,
forward, noify and boifterous ; but rather to /peak, trembling \
Hof. xiii. i. " When Ephraim fp:tke, trembling, he exalted
" himfelfin Ifrael \ but when be offended in Baal, he died ;"
and to clothe with a kind of holy fear in all their behaviour to
wards God and man ; agreeable to Phil. ii. II. I Pet. hi. 15.
2 Cor. vii. 15. Eph. vi. j. i Pet. iii. 2. Rom. xi. 20.
But here fome may object and fay, Is there no fuch thing as
a holy boldnefs in prayer, and the duties of divine wori'hip ?
I anfvver, there is doubtlefs fuch a thing ; and it is chiefly to
be found in eminent faints, perfons of great degrees of iaith
and love. But this holy boldnefs is not in the lead oppollte to
reverence; though it bstodifunioii and fervility. It abolifhes
or leilens that difpofition which arifes from moral dijlance. or
alienation ; and alfo ^//#/2f<- of relation, as that of a ihve : but
not at all, that which becomes the natural diftanct, whereby
we are infinitely inferior. No boldnefs in poor fulfill worms
of the duft, that have a right fight of God and themfelvcs,
will prompt them to approach to God with lefs tear and reve
rence, than fpotlefs and glorious angels in heaven, who cover
their faces before his throne, If. vi. at the beginning. Re
becca, (who in her marriage with Ifaac, in almolt all its cir-
cumftances, was rnanifeftly a great type of the church, the
fpoufe of Chriil,) when fhe meets Ifaac, lights off from her
camel, and takes a vail, and covers herfelf; although fhe \vas
brought to him as his bride, to be with him, in the neareft re
lation, and mod intimate union, that mankind are ever united
one to another in.* Elijah, that great prophet, who had fo
much holy familiarity with God, at a time of fpecial nearnefs
to God, even when lie converted with him in. the imunt,
wrapped his face in his mantle. Which was not heCaufe he
was terrified with any fervile fear, by the terrible mind, and
earthquake, and fire; but after thefe were all over, and God
fpake to him as a friend, in a ft ill f wall voice : ^ Kin^s xix. 12,
13. " And after the fire, a dill fmall voice ; and it v. as fo, when
" Elijah heard it, he wrapped his face in his mantle.'' And
'D d d Mofei,
* Dr. Ames, in his Ca&s of conference, Book III. cliap. ir.
fpeaks of an holy modefty in the worfliip of God, as one fign of
true humility*
394 THE NINTH SIGN Part III,
Mofes, wiih whom God fpakc face to face, as a man (peaks
xviih his friend, and was diilinguifhed from all the piopheis, in
the familiarity with God ihat lie was admitted to ; at a time
when he was brought neareil of all, when God (he.ved him his
glory in that fame mount, where he afterwards {'pake to Elijah,
" He made hade, and bowed his head towards the eanh, and.
" worfhipped," Exod. xxxiv. 8. There is in forue perfc-ns,
a moil unfuitable and unfufFerable boldnefs, in their iddreflcs
to the great JEHOVAH, in an affection of an holy bolclnefs,
and oftemaiion of eminent nearnefs and familiarity; ihe very
thoughts of which would make them {brink into nothing, with
horror and confufion, if they faw the diflance that is between
God and them. They are like the Pharifee, that boldly came
up near, in a confidence of his own erninency in bolinefs.
Whereas if they faw their vilenefs, they would be more like the
publican, \\\x flood afar cff\ and du r jl not fo much as lift up his
eyas to heaven \ but j mote, upon his brtaft, faying, God bt merci
ful to me a Jinner. It becomes fiich finful creature;-, as we, to
approach a holy God (although with fanh, and without ten or,
yet) with contrition, and penitent (ha me and confufion of race.
It is foretold that this fhould be the difpofition of the church,
in the time of her hi^hell privileges on earth, in her latter day
of glory, when God mould remarkably comfort her, by icveal-
ir.g his covenant- mercy to her; Ezek. xvi. 60. to the end. " I
44 will eftablifh unto thee an eveilafling covenant. Then thoa
" fhalt remember thy ways, and be afhamed. And I willeflablifli
* my covenant with thee, and tliou (halt know that I am the
*' Lord: that ihou may ft remember and be confounded, and
" never open thy mouth any mprebecaufe of thy iliame, when
" I am pacified toward thee for ail that thou hail done, faith
" the Lord God." The woman that we read of in the viith
chapter of Luke, that was an eminent faint, and had much of
that true love which cafts out fear, by Chrift's own teftimony,
verf. 47. (he approached Chrift in an amiable and acceptable
xnanner, when me came with that humble modefly, reverence
and fhame, when fhe flood at his feet, weeping behind him, as
not being fit to appear before his face, and warned his feet with,
her tears.
One reafon why gracious affeclions are attended with this
tendeinefs of fpirit which has been fpoken of, is, that true grace
tends to promote convictions of confcience. Perfons aie wont
to have convi&ions of confcience before they have any grace :
and
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS.
and if afterwards they arc truly converted, and have true re
pentance, and joy, and peace in believing; this has a 'ondency
to put an end to terrors, but has no tendency to put an end to
convidicns of /in, but to increafe tfiem. li does not Ih.piiy a
man's corifciencc; but makes it more fenftble, more eafily and
thoroughly dilcerning the finfumefs of that which is fin hi 1, and
receiving a greater conviction of the heinous and dreadful na-
ti'.re or hn, i'uiceptive of a quicker and deeper I'cnJe oi it, ajnd
more convinced of his own finfulnefs, and wickednel's of his
heart; and conlequently it has a tendency to make him n;cic
jealous of his heait. Grace tends to give the foul a further
and better convichon of the lame things concerning {in, thdt it
was convinced of under a legal work of the ipnit oi God ; viz.
its great contrariety in the will and law, and honour of God,
the greainefs of God's hatred to it, arid difpleafiue agamft it,
and the dreadful punifhment it expo'es to and deferve . And
not only fo, but it convinces the foul of fomething fun her con
cerning liri, that it law nothing of, while only under legal con-
viti'.ons ; arid that is the infinitely hateful nature oi fin, and its
dreadfulneis upon that account. And this makes ihe heart
tender with refpeet to fin; like David's heart, that frno'e him,
when he had cut off Saul's fkirt. The heart of a true penitent
is liked burnt child, that dreads the fire. Whereas on ihe con
trary, he that has had a counterfeit repen:ance, and falfe coin-
forts and joys, is like iron that has been luddenly heu and
quenched; ii becomes much harder than before. A falfe con-
verfion puts an end to convidions of confcience ; and io either
takes away, or much dimiuiihes that conicientioufnefs, which
was manileile'.i under a work of the law.
Ail gracious affections have a tendency to promote this Cbri-
ilian tendernefs of heart, that has been fpoken ot : riot only a
godly fjirow; but a I fo a gracious joy: Pfal. ii. 11. "Serve
" the Lord with fear, and rejoice with trembling'.* As aifo a
gracious ho.e; Piai. xxxiii. 18. "Behold, the eye oi tie
* Lord is upon them that rear him; upon them that hope in
" his mercy." And Pfa). cxlvii. 11. "The Lo d -a! c?ii nle.i-
<l fere in liiem that fear him, in thofe that hope in his mercy/''
Yea, the m<;H confident and allured hope, that is truly .
ous, has this tende. cy. The higlter an hoiv !v:.v>f"s ra?:ed, the
moie there is of this Christian tenJerriefs. The bainifhing of
a iVivile fear, by a ho!y aiT. ranee, is a; < rrierl vi h a prO};or-
incieafe of a reverential iear. Ti*c diminilhiiigof tli<
396 THE TENTH SIGN Part III.
fear of the fruits of God's difpleafure in future .punimment, is
attended with a proportionable increafe of fear of his difplea
fure itfelf ; the diminilhing of the fe;>r of hell, with an increafe
of the fear of fin. The vaniihing of jealoufics of the perfon's
flate, is attended with a proportionable increafe of jcaloufy of
his heart, in a diilruft of its ftrength, wifdom, liability, faith-
fulnefs, &c. The lefs apt he is to be afraid of natural evil,
having his heart fixed tr lifting in God, and fo not afraid of evil
tidings ; the more apt is he to be alarmed with the appearance
of moral evil, or the evil of fin. As he has more holy bold-
nefs, fo he has lefs of felf- confidence, and a forward aiiuxning
boldnefs, and more modefly. As he is more fure than others
of deliverance from hell, fo he has more of a fenfe of the defert
of it. He is lefs apt than others to be fhaken in faith; but
more apt than others to be moved with folemn warnings, and
\vith God's frowns, and with the calamities of others. He has
the firmed comfort, but the fofteil heart : richer than others,
but pooreft of all in Spirit : the tallefl and ilronged faint, but
the leaft and tendereft child among them.
X. Another thing wherein thofe affections that are truly
gracious and holy, differ from thofe that are falfe, is beautiful
fymmttry and proportion.
Not that thefymmetry of their virtues, and gracious affections
of the faints, in this life, is perfect : it oftentimes is in many
things defective, through the imperfection of grace, for want
of proper inflections, through errors in judgment, or fome
particular unhappinefs of natural temper, or defects' in educa
tion, and many other difadvantages that might be mentioned.
But yet there is, in no wife, that monfhous difproportion in
gracious affections, and the various parts of true religion in *he
faints, that is very commonly to be obferved, in the falfe religi
on, and counterfeit graces of hypocrites.
In the truly holy affections of the faints is found that propor
tion, which is the natural confequence of the univerfalky of
their fanctification. They have the whole image of Chriil up
on them : they have put off the old man, and have put on the
ntw man entire in all his parts and members. It hath plea/ed
the Father that in Chrijl all fulntfs Jliould dwell : there is in
him every grace ; he is Jidi of grace and truth: and they that
are Chrift's, do of his fulnefs receive, ana grace for grace ;
f John i. 14, 16.) i. c. there is every grace in them, which is
in
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS.
397
in Chrift : grace for gt ace ; that is, grace anf\verab!e to grace :
there is no grace in Chrifi, but there is its image in believers
to anfwer it : the image is a true image : and there is loaie-
thing of the fame beautiful proportion in the image, which is
in the original ; there is feature for feature, and member for
member. There is fymmetry and beauty in God's workman-
iliip. The natural body, which God hath made, confifts of
many members ; and all are in a beautiful proportion : fo it is
in the new man, confiding of various graces and affections.
The body of one that was born a perfect child, may fail of
exaft proportion through diilemper, and the wcaknefs and
wounds of fome of its members; yet the difpropoition is in no
meafure like that of thofe that are born monfters.
It is with hypocrites, as it was with Ephraim of old, at a
time when God greatly complains of their hypocrify ; Hof.
vii. " Ephraira is a cake not turned," half roafled and half
raw : there is commonly no manner of uniformity in their af
fections.
There is in many of them a great partiality, with regard to
the feveral kinds of religious affelions; great affeclions in
fome things, and no manner of proportion in others. An ho
ly hope and holy fear go togetherin the faints, as has been ob-
ferved from Pfalm. xxxiii. 18. and cxlvii. 11. But in fome of
thefe is the moft confident hope, while they are void of reve
rence, felf-jealoufy and caution, and to a great degree caft off
fear. In the faints, joy and holy fear go together, though the
joy be never fo great: as it was with the difciples, in that joy
ful morning of Chrift's refurreclion, Matt, xxviii. 8. "And
" they departed quickly from the fepulchre, with fear and GREAT
" joy.*" But many of thefe rejoice without trembling: their
joy is of that fort, that is truly opposite to godly fear.
But particularly, one great difference between faints and
hypocrites is this, that the joy and comfort of the former is at
tended with godly forrow and mourning for fin. They have
not only forrow to prepare them for their firft comfort, but af
ter they are comforted, and their joy eflablifr.ed. As it is fore
told of the church of God, that they mould mourn and loath
themfelvcs
* " Renewed care and diligence follows the feelings of the Spirk.
Now is the foul at the foot of Chiiil, as Mary was at the fepulchre,
with fear and great joy. He that travels the road with a rich treafure
about him, is afraid of a thief in every bufn." /lav*/'* Sacramento!
Meditations, M
398 THE TSNTH SIGN Part III.
themfelves for their fins, after they were returned from the cap
tivity, and weie feitled in the land of Canaan, the land of reit,
and ihe land that flows wiih milk and honey, Kzek. xx. 42, 43.
* And ye (hall know that lam the Lord, when I (hall bring
**. you into the land of L'Vdel, into the country for the which I
lifted up mine hand to give it to your fathers. And theie
" ihaii ye remember \our ways, and ail your doings, wherein
*' ye hdve been denied, and \e ihaii loath \ ourfelves in your
' o\vn ti^iit, for all jour evils that ye have committed ." As
alio in Ezei;. xvi. 01, 62, 63. A true faint is like a liitie child
in tii'ii* reflect; he never had any godly forrow hefoie he was
born a^din ; bat fmce has it of.eri in exerciie : as a litile child,
before tt is born, and while it remains in darkncl's, never cries;
bat as foon as ever it fees the hght, it begins to cry ; and
thenceforward is often crving; Although Chiift hath home
our griefs, arid carried our furrows, fo that we aie ireed from
the forrow of purnjlwicnt, and may now tweeily feed upon the
comforts Ciirut n .th purchafed for us ; yet thai hinders not
but thrit our feeding on thefc comfuits fhould be attended with
the for row of repentance. As of old, the children of Ifrael
"were commanded, ever more to feed upon ilic pafchal lamb,
with bitter herbs.* True faints aie fpokeu of in icriptute, not
only
* tc If repentance accompanies f^ith, it is no prefumption to believe.
Many know the lin, and hence believe in Ch/ift, trufl in Clirift, and
there is an end of their faith. But what coiifeil:on and forrow for fin ?
what more love to Chrilt fo lows this faith : Truly none. Nay,
their faith is the caufe why they have none. For they think, if
if I trutt in Chriit to f.-rgive me, he will do it: and there is an
end of the bafinefs. Verily this hedge-faith, this bramble- faith,
that catches hold on Chriil, and pricks and fciatches Chrift, by more
ampcnitency, more contempt of hiin, is mere prefumption; which
3'0iir faith quiets you. But if fa ; th be accompanied with repentance,
mourning for fin, more efteem of God's grace in Chriil ; fo that no
thing breaks thy heart more than the thoughts of Chrift's unchar go-
able love to or> f .; fo vile, and this love ma!;c"> thce love much, and
love him ths more ; as thy fin increafeth, fo thoa defireft thy love's
incrcafe; ?nd now the ftream of thy thoughts run, how thou mayft
Jive to hi,n that died for thee : this was Mary 's faith , who fat at Chri ;'-. '&
feet w^epin ( ;j, wafhing them with her tears, and loving much, bc--
fznit r/.-uch was forgiven." Sfcfard's Sound Believe r, p. 12^, 129.
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS. 399
only as thofe trnt have mourned for fin, but as thofe do mourn
whofe manner it is (till to mourn ; Matt. v. 4. " Bielied aio
" they that mourn : for they lhail be comforted."
Not only is there olten in hypociitcs, an eiieniial deficiency,
as to the vaiious kinds of religious affections ; butalfo aftraiu-e
partiality and difpropoition, in the fume affect ions, wiih regard
to diffeient objects.
Thus as to the affeciion of hue, fc:ne make high pretences,
and a great Ihew of love to God and Chriif, and it may be
have been gieatly affected wi.h what they hvc heard or thought
concernin^. them ; but they have riot a fpiiii of love and bene
volence towards men, but are difpofed to contention, envy,
revenge, and evil-fpeakirig ; and will, it may be, fuller an old
grudge to reft in their boioms towards a neighbour, for fevtii
years together, if not twice feven years ; living in real ill-wiil
and bitternefs of fpiri; towards him : and it may be in their
dealings with their neighbours, are not very ilrictand confcien-
tious in obferving the rule of doing to olhf.rs, as they would
that they fhould do to them : i John iv. 20. " If a man lay, I
" love God, and hateth his brother, lie is a liar : for he that
" loveth not his brother whom he hath feen, how can he love
* God whom he hath not feen ? ' And on the other hand, there
are others, that appear as if they had a great deal of benevolence
lo men, are very good-natured and generous in their way ; but
have no love to God. And
" You frail know godly for row (fays Dr. Prefton,in his dlfcourfe
en Paul's conversion) by the continuance of it; it is conftant : but
worldly forrow is but apaffion of the mind ; it changes, it hfis no^.
Though for thsprefent it may be violent and ftroi?g, and work mi:ch
outwardly ; yet it conies but by tits, and continues not : like a I;;nd-
fiood, which violently, for the prefent, overflows the banks ; bat it
will away again ; it is not always thus. But godly forrow is like a
fpring, that ftill keeps his running both winter and fummer, wet and
dry, in heat and cold, early and late. So this godly forrow is the
fame in a regenerate man ilill ; take him when you will, he is full
forro wing for fin. This godly forrow (lands like the centre cfthc
earth, which removes not, but ftill remains."
*' I am perfuaded, many a man's heart is kept from breaking and
mourning, becaufcof this. He faith (it maybe) that he is a vilefm-
ner ; but I traft in Chrift, &c. If they do go to Chriil to deftroy their
iin, this makes them more fccure in their fin. For (fay they) I can
not help it, and Chrift muft do all. \Vhcreas faith makes the foul
mourn after the Lord the more/' Skepard's Parnb'etftJ--: f?tr 7?.- ' . ,
Part II. p. 1 68.
4oo THE TENTH SIGN Part III.
And as to the love to men, there are fome that have flowing af-
feftions to forne ; but their love is far from being of fo exten-
five and universal a nature, as a truly Chriflian love is. They
are full of dear affe&ions to fome, and full of bkternefs towards
others. They are knit to their own party, them that approve of
them, love them and admire them ; but are fierce againft thofe
that oppofe and diilike them. Matth. v. 45, 46. " Be like
" your Father which is in heaven ; for he maketh his fun
" to rife on the evil and on the good. For if ye love them
" which love you, what reward have ye ? do not even the
" publicans the fame ?" Some fhew a great affeftion to their
neighbours, and pretend to be ravifhed with the company of
the children of God abroad ; and at the fame time are uncom
fortable and churliih towards their wives and other near rela
tions at home, and are very negligent of relative duties. And
as to the great love to finners and oppofers of religion, and thegreat
concern for their fouls, that there isanappearanceof in forae,even
to extreme diftrefs and agony, fingling out a particular perfon,
from among a multitude, for its object, there being at the fame
time no general compaffion to Tinners, that are in equally mifera-
blecircumflances, but what isinamonrlrous difproportion ; this
fcsms not to be of the nature of a gracious afFcBion. Not that
I fuppofe it to be at all ftrange, that pity to the perifhing fouls
of finners Ihould be to a degree of agony, if other things are an-
fv/erabie ; or that a truly gracious compailion to fouls fhould be
cxercifed much more to fome perfons than others that are equal
ly raiferable, efpecially on fo$ie particular occafions : there may
many things happen to fix the mind, and affect the heart, with
refpe&to a particular perfon, atfuch a juncture ; and without
doubt fome faints have been in great diftrefs for the fouls cf
particular perfons, fo as to be as it were in travail for them:
but when perfons appear, at particular times, in wracking
agonies for the foul of fome fingle perfon, far beyond what has
been ufually heard or read of in eminent faints, but appear to
be perfons that have a fpirit of meek and fervent love, charity,
and compailion to mankind in general, in a far lefs degree than
they ; I fay, fuch agonies are 'greatly to be fufpe&ed, for rea-
fons already given ; viz. that the Spirit of God is wont to give
graces and gracious affections in a beautiful fymmetry and pro
portion.
And as there is a monftrous difproportion in the love of fome,
in its exercifes towards different perfons, fo there is in their
feeming exercifes of love towards the fame perfons. Some
men
OF GRACIOUS AFFECTIONS
401
men fhew a love to others as to their outward man, they are li
beral of their worldly fubftance, and often give to the poor ;
but have no love to, or concern for the fouls of men. Others
pretend a great love to mens fouls, that are not compaffionate
and charitable towards their bodies. The making a great fhew
of love, pity, and diftrefs for fouls, colts them nothing ; but
in order to fhew mercy to rnens bodies, they muft part with
money out of their pockets. But a true Chriftian love to our
brethren, extends both to their fouls and bodies ; and herein
is like the love and compailion of Jefus Chrift. He fhewed
mercy to mens fouls, by labouring for them in preaching the
gofpel to them ; and fhewed mercy to their bodies, in going
abom doing good, healing all manner of ficknefs and difeafes
among the people. We have a remarkable inftance of Chrift's
having compailion at once both to mens fouls and bodies, and
(hewing companion by feeding both, in Mark vi. 34, &c. " And
" Jefus, when he came out, faw much people, and was moved
" with companion toward them, becaufe they were as fheep not
" having a fhepherd : and he began to teach them many things."
Here was his companion to their fouls. And in the fequel,
we have an account of his compailion to their bodies, becaufe
they had been .a long while having nothing to eat : he fed five
thoufand of them with five loaves and two fifties. And if th.3
companion of profelling Chriftians towards others does not
work in the fame ways, it is a fign that it is no true Chriftian
companion.
And furthermore, it is a fign that affections are not of the
right fort, if perfons feem to be much affected with the bad qua
lities of their fellow-Chriftians, as the coldnefs and lifeleilhefs
of other faints, but are in no proportion affected with their own
defects and corruptions. A true Chriftian may be affected
with the coldnefs and unfavourinefs of other faints, and may
mourn much over it : but at the fame time, he is not fo apt to
be affected with the badnefs of any body's heart, as his own ;
this is mo ft in his view ; this he is moil quick-fighted to dif-
cern ; this he fees moft of the aggravations of, and is molt
ready to cry out of. And a Idler degree of virtue will bring
him to pity himfelf, and be concerned at his own calamities,
than rightly to be affected with others calamities. And if men
have not attained to the Icfs, we may determine they never at
tained to the greater.
And here by the way, I would obferve, that it may be laid
down as a general rule', That if perfons pretend that they come
Kce to
THE TENTH SIGN Part III.
to high attainments in religion, but have never yet arrived to
the letter attainments, it is a fign of a vain pretence. As if per-
fons pretend, that they have got beyond mere morality t \o live
a Spiritual and divine life ; but really have not come to be fo
much as moral perfons : or pretend to be greatly affecled with
the wickednefs of their hearts, and are not affected with the
palpable violations ot God's commands in their practice, which
is a lefTer attainment. : or if they pretend to be brought to be
" even willing to be damned for the glory of God, but have no
forwardnefs to fuffer a little in their ellates and names, and
worldly convenience, 
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