Full text of "Reminiscences of the French war; containing Roger's expeditions with the New-England rangers under his command, as published in London in 1765; with notes and illustrations. To which is added an account of the life and military services of Maj. Gen. John Stark; with notices and anecdotes of other officers distinguished in the French and revolutionary wars"

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THE NEW YORK

PUBLl? LIBRARY,

I _ ..c,v^:^.,v-...N.-.. AND
T"^t;#E\F^NDATIONS.

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f Tr;£ i^EV/ YORK

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A1AJ . a,;,t':,.\[./" .^<i))(l( 0^ ; '^T A \\ IK

OP TH«

FRENCH WAR

CONTAINING

ROGERS' EXPEDITIONS

WITH THE WEW-ENGLAND RANGERS UNDER HIS COMMAND, AS PUB-
IflSHED IV LONDON IN 1765; WITH NOTES AND ILLUSTRA-
TIONS. TO WHICH IS ADDED AN ACCOUNT. OF

THE LIFE AND MILITARY SERVICES OF

MA J- GEJf . JOH Jf STARK ?

WITH NOTICES AND ANECDOTES OF OTHER OFFICER£Jl);i|^TJ!K«f»I^H-'
«D Iir THE TRENCH AND REVOLUTIONARY VAR3,

CONCORD,N. H.

. PUBLISHED BY LUTHER ROBT
. 183L

caccked

thbiSewyork

PUBLIC LIBRARY

A0TO8, LENOX AND

TIU5EN FOUNDATIONS

1900.

DISTRICT OF NEW-HAMPSHIRE— to wit:

District Clerk's Office.
BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the 17th day of March, A. D. 1881 and
in the fifty-fifth year of the Independence of the United States of America,
Luther Roby of the said District, has deposited in this office the title of a
book, tlie right whereof he claims as proprietor in the words following, viz.

" Reminiacences of the French War, containing Rogers' expeditions with
the New-England Rangers under his command as published in London in
1765; with notes and illustrations. To which is added an acccount of Uie
life and military services of M^j. Gen. John Stark; with notices and anec-
dotes of other officers distinguished in the French and Ilevolutionary wars."

In t nfonnity to the act of the Congress of the United States, entitled " An
net for the encouragement of learning by securing the copies of maps, charts
and books to the authors and proprietors of such copies during the times there-
in mentioned, and extending the benefits thereof to tlie arts of designing, en-
graving, and etching historical and other prints."

CHARLES W. CUTTER,
Clerk of the District Court of the United StaUs
for the District of New-Hampshire.
A. trne eopy of Record.

Attest. C W. CoTTBR,,C/cr*,

PREFACE.

>c>{«c

Those who have perused with pleasure the productions
of the American Novelist, who have wandered with hirni,
through the classic scenery of the north, who have visit-
ed the romantic shores of Lake George, and the moun-
tains of ancient Carrillon, may perhaps possess the cu-
riosity to ascertain something of the real actors in the
scenes so admirably described. Passing with the author
along the silent shore of. the Bloody Pond, we are re-
ferred to the history of those times, when the splendor
of European equipage mingled with the ruder arma-
ment of the North American savage ; — when the disci-
plined veterans of France and England were opposed
in arms, each supported by their favorite allies from the
wilderness. The language of the author, " who that
.saw this spot, would venture to say that a mighty army
was at rest, among yonder silent trees aiidJidnen moun-
tains," reminds us of the defeat of DM^liaUj-.rfnd thi
capture of William Henry, names never to J:)e tor^otten*
by New-England — for they are associated with the/vic-
t©ry, or massacre of her sons. '' ' ■ > ^

The following is perhaps, the * only f.;ccc)uhJ ' of the
expeditions and services of a corps of mi:n,:'wJii.^H <J^^r-
in^ the long and bloody wars of Great Britain and
France, for the mastery in America, constituted the right
arm of the British forces. The disasters, of the unior-
tunate Braddock^ and his total defeat on the Mononga-
hela, convinced the British Generals of their utter ina-
bility to operate in America, without the aid of a strong
corps of Rangers, composed of the natives of thecoun-

4 I PREFACE.

try, whose knowledge of Indian warfare, would enable
them to prevent a similar surprise and overthrow. A
commission was accordingly issued to Maj or Rogers,
the author of this Journal, to enlist and discipline the
corps ; and his details may be relied upon as being sub-
stantially correct ; and the rules established by him for
the ranging service, may be of some benefit to future
partisans, should wars with the Indians render such ser-
vices necessary.

, The Rangers were raised principally in New-Hamp-
shire, were regularly paid by the Crown in the same
manner as troops of the line, and officered by the most
hardy, intelligent, and enterprising partisans of that
day, many of whom, were afterwards distinguished in
the Revolutionary war. The hardy character of the
Rangers and the experience acquired by their hunting
excursions and intercourse with the Indians, enabled
them to discharge the arduous duties in which they wer,e
employed. These were to scour,the woods, and ascer-
tain the force and position of the enemy ; to discover
and prevent the effect of his ambuscades, and to ambush
him, in their turn ; to acquire information of his move-
ments, by making prisoners of his sentinels, who were
frequently taken and brought away from the gates of
Crown Point and Ticonderoga, by these daring woods-
men; to clear the way for the advance of the regular
troops, and lastly, to fight the enemy according to his
own^ fashion,, g^nd with his own weapons, whenever
chcumstancosl^rip quired. If on these occasions, they
sometimes deViated from the usages of civilized warfare,
in \nctlitng .lise of the scalping knife, the barbarity of the
.en^my, tb-e li\w of retaliation, and the emergency of the
"times, .muct ;be ;their apology. They were compelled to
.figj^tjiiclidris upon their own terms.
• ' Their expeditions were confined to no particular sea-
son. Summer or winter, it was the same to them. They
frequently made long and fatiguing marches through
the snow, by the use of snow shoes, and were often, ob-
liged to encamp in the forest without fire,* for fear of

• A few pine boughs hastily thrown together, formed their
camp, even in the dead of winter, and their having a fire depencl-
ed upon their distance from the enemy,

PREFACE. O

being discovered by the vigilance of the enemy ; and
v/'iih no other food, than the game they had killed on
the march. They frequently penetrated 500 miles in-
to the enemy's country, destroyins; French settlements,
and Indian villages. They were in fact, the most formi-
dable body of men ever employed as partisans in the
wars of this country ; and in every regular engagement
proved themselves not inferior to the British Troops. —
The description and character of the scout in the last of
the Mohicans, is not inapplicable to thos of one of Rog-
ers' Rangers.

The dilatory manner in which the war against the
French was conducted by Lord Loudoun and the capture
of Fort William Henry, during his absence on the feou-
isburgh expedition, by a powerful force of French and
Indians, under the Marquis de Montcalm, the Governor
of Canada, and the character for vigilance and activity
evinced by that accomplished general, while the former
gave dissatisfaction to the Ministry, the latter produced
despondency and alarm in the Provinces. Gen. Aber-
crombie succeeded to the command of all the forces in
America, and much was expected from him, aided as he
was, by the talents of the active and enterprising Howe.
But the subsequent repulse of 16000 British troops,
before the lines of Ticonderoga, (in which the gallant
Howe fell,) evinced that little had been effected by the
exchange.

About this time, Pitt assumed the direction t»f Britisjh
affairs. Under his auspices, an immediate alteration
took place. Vigorous measures were adopted t^) recover
the lost ground in America, and to wrest Uom Frar^ce
the whole of her possessions in that country. It was on
this occasion, that the minister presented hi-3 Majesty,
with what he termed " a long and melancholy lisi: of
Lieut. Generals and Major Generals," and observed
that with all these redoubtable warriors at command, he
was compelled to seek out and promote Colonels, to
command the armies. Amherst, Wolfe, Monckton,
Murray, and others were by him brought forward, at the
expense of the imbeciles, who then encumbered the
half-pay list.

i PREFACE.

Upon the occasion of Wolfe's appointment to com-
mand the expedition against Quebec, some one observed
to George II. fhat Wolfe was thought to be a madman ;
and wholly unfit to be entrusted with so important a com-
mand. '' Is he," says the King, " then I wish he would
bite all the rest of my generals."

The result justified the confidence reposed. Wolfe
carried by a bold surprise, the heights of Abraham, met
the strength of the French Army on the Plains of Que-
bec, and fell in the hour of victory. But the object was
attained. The fall of Quebec was followed by the ad-
vance of Amherst, from Lake George,* reducing in
his progress, all the French garrisons along the frontier,
and the whole Province of Canada was surrendered with-
out further bloodshed.

The information contained in the notes to this work,
was obtained from persons intimately acquainted with
some of the most distinguished leaders in the war against
France, and who afterwards served with them during the
Revolution ; to most of the principal events of which,
they were eye-witnesses. While contemplating the
character of the heroes of the Revolution, the scenes
in which the greater portion of their lives were employ-
ed, and their entire devotion to the cause of their coun-
try, the heart is chilled with the reflection that of these
war worn veterans — the pioneers of American Indepen-
dence, a few only remain to witness the result of their ,
.unpara^lelleJiVsufterings, and their victorious toils. It is
it) be h^ped that their descendants cheered by the glori-

? pen. /jniterst proceeded by Oswego on Lake Ontario, while

'. Colo'fKl -Mayiland, advanced from Crown Point down Lake

CJiamp5q[ih-and .the Sorcll, and Gen, Murray from Quebec, and

th<^ whbk'aiLm/l concent rated at Montreal, when Canada was

- uuri'endered Sept. 8, 1760.+

t It was thought to be an orror in Gen. Amherst not to hare
proceeded immediately for tne heart of Canada, and seconded
the efforts of Wolfe against Quebec; where for the want of such
co-operation he was at one time, in the most imminent peril. —
This was just before he attempted the heights of Abraham ;
where fortune at last, crowned the British hero with unfading
kaurele.

PREFACE. 7

ous memory of the past, by a sense of gratitude for then-
present prosperity, and exalted anticipations of the future,
will never suffer themselves to be reproached with the
insulting taunt, that the spirit of the Revolution, whicli,
like a rock of adamant, withstood the angry waves
which dashed against it, has become extinct with the de-
parture of the heroic souls which it once animated.

If in this attempt to throw light upon the history of
that desperate struggle, which created this mighty na-
tion, it shall be our fortune to rescue from oblivion,traits
of character, and examples of patriotism, worthy of im-
itation by posterity, we shall consider our humble labors
amply compensated.

ROGERS' INTRODUCTIOjV.

^c^^

In offering these journals to the public, the author
claims no other merit, than that of relating impartially,
matters of fact, as they occurred to his own observa-
tion, during tho late war with France. Most of those
relating to himself, can at present, be attested by living
witnesses. Should the troubles in America be renewed,
and the Savages, repeat those horrible acts of barbarity
which they have heretofore so often practised upon Brit-
ish subjects, he flatters himself, that some advantage
may accrue to those immediately concerned, from the
perusal of these pages.

For all inaccuracies of language, the author claims a
candid indulgence. The reader is to recollect, that it
is the soldier, and not the scholar who writes ; that he
wrote not in the silence and leisure of the closet, but in
the uncultivated desarts, and among the mountains of
America, — amid the hurry, disorder and tumult of war,
and often under a depression of spirits, the natural con-
sequence of exhausting fatigue. These are in fact, the
journals which were from time to time, transmitted to
the Generals, under whom he acted. '

His manner of life from early youth, having been
brought up as it were, in tho hunter's camp, and innured
to hardship, rendered him peculiarly qualified for the
service in which he afterwards engaged. Hunting was
at that period, the most agreeable, and profitable busi-
ness, in which the hardy youth of New England em-
ployed themselves. This brought them in frequent con-
tact with the Indians, and they were enabled to obtain
a knowledge of their language, manners, and customs^
and became excellent marksmen.

. 10 Rogers' introduction.

About this time the proceedings of the French were
5uch as to excite the jealousy of the Englisli in the
provinces of New York and New England. As Crown
Point was the post from which, for many years, the In-
dians in the French interest, had been fitted out against
our frontier settlements, a design was formed in 1755, to
reduce that Fortress. Troops were levied in New Eng-
land, New York, and New Jersey. Albany was ap-
pointed the general rendezvous ; and Major General
(since Sir William) Johnson appointed to the command.
The writer on this occasion, commanded the company
furnished by New Hampshire, and made several excur-
sions to the North Western frontiers, with a view to pre-
vent inroads from the enemy. , On the 26th of August
1755, he was employed to escort the provision waggons
from Albany to the Carrying Place, so called, since
Fort Kdwaid. Here he waited upon the General, to
whom he had been recommended, as a person well ac-
quainted with the haunts and passes of the enemy, and
the Indian method of lighting, and was by him, des-
patched on several scouts to the French posts. He was
on one of these, up Hudson River, on the 8th of Sep-
tember, when Lieut. General, the Baron Dieskau was
taken prisoner, and the French and Indians under his
command, defeated at the south end of Lake George,
near the Bloody Pond, so called, from that defeat, For
this service. General Johnson was created a Baronet.

REMINISCENCES

OF THE

FRENCH WAR

Sept. 24, 1765. Pursuant to orders from Gen
J.ohnson to proceed to Crown Point, and if prac-
ticable, to bring from thence a prisoner, I embarked
with four men and proceeding down Lake George
25 miles, landed on the west shore, where leaving
two men m charge of the boat, I marched with the
other two until the 29th, when we obtained a fair
A^ew of the Fort at Crown Point; and discovered
a large body of Indians about the Fort, from whose
irregular firing we supposed they were shooting at
marks, a diversion ^ r which, they are very fond.
At night, our party crept through the French guards
into a small village, south of the Fort, and passed
through it to an eminence on the south west, where
we ascertair.ed they were erecting a battery, and had
already thrown up an entrenchment on that side of
the Fort. The next day w^e gained an eminence a
small distance from the'former, and discovered an
encampment extending from the Fort south east,
to a wind mill at thirty yards distance. The troops
o«c¥ipying it, amounted to about 500 men. Having

12 REMINISCENCES OF

no opportunity for procuring a captive, and finding
that our small party was discovered, it was thought
best to commence a retreat on the 1st of October.
On our rout homeward,we passed within two miles
of Ticonderoga, from which a large smoke was
observed, and the discharge of a number of small
arms heard ; but as our provisions were expended,
we could not tarry to ascertain the enemy's force.
On the 2d, reached the place where we had lefc the
boat, in charge of two men, who to our great sur-
prise had departed, leaving us no provisions. This
circumstance hastened our return with all speed to
the camp, w^hcre we arrived on the 4th, not a little
fatigued, and distressed with hunger and cold.

Oct. 7X Orders were received from Gen. John-
son to embark with five men, and reconnoitre the
French at Ticonderoga. Accordingly I proceeded
at night to a point of land t)n the west shore of the
Lake, where we landed and concealed our canoe leav-
ing two men in charge of it and with the other three,
arrived at Ticonderoga point, at noon. Here were
about 2000 men, who had thrown up an intrench-
ment, and prepared a large quantity of hewn timber
in the adjacent woods. We remained here the sec-
ond night, and next morning saw them lay the foun-
dation of a fort, on the point, which commands
the pass from Lake George to Champlain, and the en-
trance to South Bay or Wood Creek. Having made
what discoveries we could, and commenced our re-
turn,a large advanced guard of the enemy was found
posted at the north end of Lake George, near the
outlet to Champlain, While viewing these troops,
I observed abark canoe containing nine Indians and
a Frenchman, passing up the Lake We kept in
sight of them, until they passed the point where oar
6anoe and men had been left. They gave informa-
tion that the party had landed on an Island six miles
south of US, near the middle of the Lake. In a

THE FRENCH WAR. 13

short time they put off from the Island and steered
directly towards us. In order to receive them in
the best manner possible, we gave them a salute at
100 yards distance, which reduced their number to
four. We then took boat and pursued them down
the lake, until they were relieved by two canoes,
which compelled us to retreat towards our camp at
Lake George, where we arrived on the 10th of Oc-
tober.

Oct. 15. I was ordered to embark with forty
men in five boats, with the design of discovering
the strength of the enemy's advanced guard, and if
possible, to decoy the whole, or part of them into an
ambush. To effect this object, our exertions were
indefatigable for several days but all to no purpose,
and we returned to camp on the 19th.

Oct. 21. I embarked with four men, for Crown
Point, in quest of a prisoner. At night, we landed
on the west side, twenty five miles from the Eng-
lish camp, marched the remainder of the way
and came in sight of the Fort on the 26th. In
the evening, we approached nearer, and the next
morning found ourselves within 300 yards of it.— •
My men lay concealed in a thicket of w^illows, while
I crept nearer, and concealed myself behind a large
pine log, by holding bushes in my hand. Soon after
sunrise, the soldiers issued out in such numbers, that
our party could not unite without discovery. About
10 o'clock a man came out alone and advanced to-
wards our ambush. I sprang over the log, and of-
fered him quarter, which he refused, making a pass
at me with his dirk. This I avoided, and presented
my fusee to his breast. He still pressed forward
with resolution, and compelled me to shoot him.
This gave alarm to the enemy, and made a retreat
to the mountain necessary. Our party safely arri-
T2d sit qamp, Oct. 30th.

14 REMINISCENCES OF

Nov. 4. Emharlied for the enemy's advanced
guard with thirty men in four batteaux, each
mounting two wall pieces ; and next morning arri-
ved within half a mile of the guard, where we lan-
ded and concealed the boats. Four spies were sent
out, who returned next evening, informing that the
enemy had no works around them, but lay entirely
open to assault. Word was immediately sent to the
General, for a sufficient force to attack them, but
notwithstanding his earnestness and activity, it did
not arrive until we were compelled to retreat. On
our return, we met the reinforcement, turned again
towards the French, and the next evening sent two
men to see if their sentinels were on the alert . They
were discovered, fired upon, and so hotly pursued bv
the enemy, that unhappily our whole party was dis-
covered. We obtained the first notice of this, from
two canoes with thirty men in them, whidi we sup-
posed came out at the same time with another par-
ty by land, to force us between two fires. To pre-
vent this, Lieut McCurdy and myself embarked with
fourteen men in two boats, leaving the remainder
of the party on shore under the command of Cap-
tain Putnam.*

In order to decoy the French within reach of our
wall pieces, we steered as if intending to pass them,
which answered our expectations ; for they boldly
headed us until within an hundred yards, when the
guns were discharged which killed several and put
the remainder to flight ; in which they were pur-
lued, and driven so near to our land party, that they
were again galled by the wall pieces. Several of
the enemy were thrown overboard, and their ca-
moes rendered very leaky.

At this time, I discovered their land party, and no-
tified my men, who immediately embarked without

'Afterwards Central Pntnam.

THE FRENCH WAR. 15

receiving much injury from the sharp fire which the
French kept up for some time in their rear. We pur-
sued the enemy with diligence, and again discharged
the wall pieces which obliged them to disperse. They
were followed to their landing, where they were re-
ceived and covered by 200 men, whom a discharge
of our pieces compelled to retire ; but finding their
numbers greatly superior to ours, it was thought
most prudent to return to camp, which we reached
Nov. 8.*

Nov. 12. Proceeded with a party pf 10 men,
upon a scout, to ascertain the enemy's strength and
conditional Ticondero^a, and on the 14th. arrived
in sight of the Fort. The enemy had erected three
new barracks and four store houses in the Fort,
between which and the water, they had eighty bat-
teauK hauled up on the beach. They had fifty tents
near the Fort, and appeared to be very busily em-
ployed in strengthening their works. Having at-
tained our object, we reached camp on the 19th.

Dec. 19. After a month's repose, I embarked with
two men, once more, to reconnoitre the French at
Ticonderoga. In our way a fire was discovered up-
on an Island near the Fort, which we supposed to
have been kindled by the enemy. This obliged us
to lie by. and act like fishermen, to deceive them,
until night came on, when Ave gained the west shore
15 miles north of our camp. Concealing our boat
we pursued our march by land on the 20th, and
on the 21st at noon, reached the Fort. The en-
emy were still engaged in their works, and had
mounted four pieces of cannon on the south east
bastion, two on the north west, towards the woods,
and two on the south bastion. Tjiey mustered
about 500 men. We made several attempts to tak«

* This scene reminds us of the chase of the Scout upon the
waters of Lake George, aa described in the last of the Mohicans.

16 REMINISCENCES OP

a prisoner by way-laying their paths; but they pas-
sed along in too large parties for us. This night
we approached near the Fort ; and were driven by
the severity of the cold, to seek shelter in one of
their evacuated huts. Before doy, a light snow fell,
whicli obliged us to inarch homeward with all
speed, lest the enemy should perceive our tracks
and pursue. We reached the boat in safety, though
almost overcome with cold, hunger, and fatigue ;
and had the good fortune to kill two deer, with
which being refreshed, on the 24th we returned to
Fort William Henry, a fortress erected this year at
the south end of Lake George.

About this time, Gen. Johnson went down to Alba-
ny to meet the commissioners from the several gov-
ernments, whose troops he had commanded, (New-
Hampshire excepted). These persons were em-
powered by their constituents, with the assent of a
council of war, to garrison Forts William Henry
and Edward, for that winter, with part of the troops
then in service.

Accordingly a regiment was organized, to which
Massachusetts furnished a Colonel, Connecticut a
Lieut. Colonel, and New York a Major. General
Johnson and the Commissioners judged it most pru-
dent to leave one company of woodsmen, or Ran-
gers under my command, to make excursions to
the enemy's Forts during the winter ; and we re-
mained with the Garrison.

January 14, 1756. Marched with a party of 16
men to reconnoitre the French Forts, and proceeded
down the Lake on skates, until we halted for refresh-
ment near the falls between Lakes George and Cham-
plain. At night, we renewed the march, and at day
break, on the 16th, formed an ambush at a point of
land on the east shore of Champlain, within gun-
shot of the path, in which the enemy passed from
one Fort to the other. At sunrise, two sledges la-

THE FREx\CH WAR. 17

den with fresh beef, were intercepted, with their
drivers. The lading wasdostroyed and we returned
to Port VVm. Henry in good health, with our pris-
oners on the 17th.

Jan. 26. Marched by order of Col. Glasier, with
fifty men to discover the strength of the enemy at
Crown Point.

Feb. 2. We arrived within a mile of that Fort-
ress, and ascended a steep mountain, the summit of
which, afforded a full prospect of the Fort, and an
opportunity for taking a plan of the works. In
the evening, we retired to a small vilhige half a
mile to the south, and formed an ambush on each
side of the road, leading from the Fort to the vil-
lage. Next morning a Frenchman fell into our
hands; soon after this, two more men were discov-
ered, but they took alarm before we could seize
them, and escaped to the Fort. Finding ourselves
discovered by this accident, we set lire to the houses
and barns of the village, containing large quantities
of grain, and killed fifty head of cattle. We then re-
tired witli our prisoner, leaving the whole village
in flames, and reached head quarters February
6th.

Feb. 29. Marched by order of Colonel Glasier,
with fifty six men down the west side of Lake
George, proceeding northward until the 3th of
March, when we steered east to Lake Champlain,
about six miles north of Crown Point, where from
intelligence received of the Indians, we expected to
find inhabited villages. We there attempted to cross
the lake but the ice was too weak. On the 7th we
returned and passing round the bay west of Crown
Point, at night entered the cleared land among the
houses and barns of the French. Here we lay in
ambush, expecting labourers to attend the cattle and
clean the grain, of which the barns were full. We
2*

18 REMINISCENCES OF

remained there that night and the next day Tmtil
dark, when we set fire to the village and retired.
On our return, we took a fresh view of Tioondero-
ga, reconnoitred that Fort and the advanced guard
on Lake George, approaching so near, as to see the
sentine!t? on the ramparts. We obtained all the
knowledge we desired, of their works, 'strength, and
situation ; and March 14, reached William Henry in
safety.

The next day, I received a letter from Mr. Wil-
liam Alexander,^ Secretary of Governor Shirley,
who commanded at Oswego the last year, and who
now upon the decease of General Braddock, suc-
ceeded to the chief command of his Majesty forces
in North America. Upon the recommendation of
General Johnson, Mr. Shirley requested me to wait
upon him at Boston, where he was preparing for
the campaign : — leaving to Ensign Noah Johnson,!
the command of my company, I set out on tlie 17th
for Boston.

On the 23d the General gave me a friendly recep-
tion, and the next day a commission to recruit an
independent corps of Rangers. It was ordered that
the Corps should consist of sixty privates at Ss
(York currency) per day — an Ensign . at 5s. — a
Lieut, at 7s. and a Captain at lOi. Each man waste
be allowed ten Spanish dollars towards providing
clothes, arms, and blankets. — The company was to
be raised immediately* None were to be enlisted
but such as were accustomed to travelling, and
hunting, and in whose courage and fidelity, the most
implicit confidence could be placed. They wer«

* Afterwards Lord Stirling, a Major Gen, in the American
army.

t Noah Johnson was in Lovewell's fight in 1726. He belonged
to Dunstable, and at the age of 80, went up to Fryeburg to ehew
the first settlers the scene of Lovewell's battle with the savages.

THE FRENCH WAR. 11)

moreover to be subject to military discipline, and
the articles of war. The rendezvous was appoint-
ed at Albany, whence to proceed in Avliale boats to
Lake George, and " from time to time, to use their
best endeavours to 'distress the French and their
allies, by sacking, burning, and destroying their
houses, barns, barracks, canoes, batteaux, &.c. and
by killino^ tlieir cattle of every kind; and at all times
to endeavour to waylay, attack, and destroy their
convoys of provision, by land and water, in any
part of the country, where they could be found."

With these instructions, I received letters to the
Commanding officers at Forts Wm. Henry, and
Edward, directing them to forward the service with
which 1 was now charged.

When the company was completed, part of it
marched under the orders of Lieut. Richard Rog-
ers to Albany; with the remainder, I passed through
the woods to' Number Four* a frontier town, great-
ly exposed. There I received orders to proceed to
Crown Point, for which on the 28th of April w«
directed our course, through vast forests and over
lofty mountains. The second day of the march Mr.
John Starkf my second Lieut, became ill, and wa«
obliged to return to Fort Edward, with a guard of
six men.

May 5th. I arrived at Lake Champlain 4 miles
south of Crown Point with nine men. We conceal-
ed our packs and entered a village on the east side,
two miles from the Fort, but found no inhabitants.
We waited the whole day following opposite the
Point, for some party to cross the lake ; but noth-
ing appeared excepting 500 men in batteaux, com-

*New Charleston in the County of Sullivan, N. H. situated up-
on Connecticut river, and one of the pleasantcst towns of New
Hampshire.

tHe afterwards became a General in the Revolutionarjr Anuy.
See his Memoirs.

20 REMINISCENCES OP

ing up the Lake from St. Johns to the Point. We
kept our stations until 10 o'clock next day ; but
finding no opportunity to trepan the enemy, we kil-
led 23 head of his cattle, whose tongues were of
great service on our- marcli. We now discovered
eleven canoes manned by French and Indians, cros-
sing the Lake, directly towards us; it was therefore
judged most expedient to disperse, each man taking
a different rout, and looking out for himself. This
put our pursuers completely at fault. We assembled
at the place where the packs were concealed, and
upon a raft, crossed to the western shore. We ob-
tained a passing view of the French and Indians en-
camped at the old Indian Carrying-place, near Ti-
conderoga, and reached Fort Wm. Henry the 11th
of May. Mr. Stark and his party reached Fort Ed-
ward three days before, having in their way, dis-
covered and eluded a scout of 400 Indians. Lieut.
Rogers had arrived some days before, and was
then upon a scout.

May 20. Was ordered by the General with a
party of 11 men, to reconnoitre the French advanc-
ed guard. Viewing them next day, from the sum-
mit of a mountain, their number appeared to be 300
rnen, who were then busy in fortifying their po-
sition with palisades. From the other side of the
mountain, we obtained a fine prospect of Ticonder-
oga and the French camp, which from the ground
it occupied, I judged to contain 1000 men. This
night was passed upon the mountain, and early next
morning we proceeded to the Indian Carrying
path, leading from Lake George to Champlain.
There an ambuscade was formed between the advan-
ced guard, and the Fort. About 6 o'clock, 118
Frenchmen passed along the path without observ-
ing us: in a few minutes after 22 others came the
same way; — upon them we fired, killed six, and took
one prisoner; but the first party returning at the re-

THE FRENCH WAR. 2\

port of the guns, obliged us to retire in great haste.
We readied Wm. Henry on the 23d in safety with
our prisoner, who reported that 220 French and In-
dians were preparing to surprise the out parties at
Fort Edward. This occasioned me a march next
morning Avith 78 men, to join a detacliment of Col.
Bailey's* Regiment, and scour the Avoods as far as
South Bay, to intercept the enemy, bat he could
not be found.

June 13. According to orders, this evening I
embarked with 26 men, on a visit to my old
friends the French guard. A severe thunder storm
compelled us to land 10 miles from our Fort, and
spend the night . At sunrise, we heard the discharge
of about twenty small arms, on the opposite shore,
which was supposed to proceed from a party of the
enemv cleaning their guns after the rain. In the
evening we embarked, and early on the morning of
the 16th, drew up our batteaux four miles from the
advanced guards, and lay in ambush by a path lead-
ing from themt^ the mountain, to surprise the ene-
my, who went there daily in parties to view the
lake. Wc soon after discovered that the advanced
party had evacuated their position, and demolished
their works ; we approached very near Ticondero-
ga, viewed their works from an eminence, and jud-
ged the garrison to consist of 3000 men. We all
returned to our Fort on the 18th excepting one
man, who strayed away and did not return till the
23d, then ahuost famished for want of food.

About this time, the General in.creased our com-
pany to seventy men and sent us 6 whale boats from
Albany, with orders to proceed to Champlain, and
cut off the supplies and flying parties of the enemy.

June 28. Embarked 50 men in five whale boats^
and proceeded to an island in Lake George. The

* Col. Bailey afterwards resided at Newbury Vt, and took
ome part in the Revolution.

22 REMINISCENCES OF

next diy we landed our boats, and carried tliena
six miles over a mountain, to South Bay, where we
arrived July 3d. The following evening, we em-
barked and proceeded down the bay within six miles
of the French Fort, and concealed our boats until
next evening, when we embarked again, and passed
by Ticonderoga* undiscovered, though we were so
near as to hear the sentinels watchword. We judg-
ed from the number of fires, that the enemy had
2000 men in bis camp. Five miles further down,
we lay by all day and concealed our boats. Here
several batteaux were seen passing up and down,
the lake. At night, we put off with a design to
pass Crown Point, f but afterwards judging it impru-
dent, on account of the clearness of the night, we
lay concealed the next day, during which a hnudred
boats passed by us, seven of which came near our
place of concealment, and would have landed there,
but the officer insisted in our hearing, that he would
go 150 yards further, where they landed and dined
iu our sight. At 9 o'clock at night,- we re-embar-
ked, passed the Point Fort, and concealed our boats
10 miles north of it.

July 7. Thirty boats and a schooner of 40 tons
passed by us towards Canada. In the evening we
proceeded 15 miles further down, and dispatched
a scout which soon brouo^ht intelligence that a
schooner lay at anchor one mile from us. We light-
ened our boats, and prepared to board her ; but
were prevented, by two lighters coming up the lake,
whose crews intended to land where we were post-
ed. These we fired upon, hailed, and offered quar-
ter, if they would come onshore. But they push-

•The strait between Ticonderoga and Mount Independence is so
narrow, that in 1776, a floating bridge was thrown over tofacili-
tat« communication between the Fortg.

fThe pasg between Crown and Chimney Points is also very nar-
yoTf.

THE FRENCH WA^. 2$

cd for the other side, whither we pursued, and in-
tercepted them. Their crews consisted of 12 men
three of whom were killed by ouriire, and two
wounded, one in such a manner that he soon died.
We sunk and destroyed both vessel? and cargoes,
consisting of wheat, and flour, wine and brandy.
Some casks of the latter, were carefully concealed.*
The prisoners informed us they were part of 500
men, the remainder of whom, were not far behind
on their passage. This information hastened our
return to the garrison, wh^re we arrived with our
prisoners, on the 16th of July. The prisoners re-
ported "that a large force of regulars and militia,
were assembling at Chambleef destined for Caril-
lon or Ticonderoga;! that a great quantity of pro-
visions were on the way; — that a new General§
with two veteran regiments had arrived from France;
— that there was no design against our Forts on this
side ; but that a party of 300 French and 20 Indians
had already set out to intercept our provision con-
voys between Albany and Lake George; — that 60 /{-
vres was the reward for an English scalp; and prison-
ers were sold in Canada at fifty croivns each; — that
the prospect of aharvest was very encouraging, but

*A provident thought for a soldier.

tChamblee is 12 miles from St. Johns, and the head of nati-
gation on the Sorell, from thence to St. Johns, the river is most-
ly a rapid.

t The former is the French, the latter the Indian name, signi-
fying the meeting or confluence of three waters.

§The Marquis de Montcalm, who commanded at the reductioa
of Oswego this year, and of Fort William Henry, the ye«r fol-
lowing. He was Governor General of Canada, one of the mogt
•nterprising and accomplished generals of his time; he fell in the
engagement with Wolfe, on the Plains of Abraham in 1769. A
Monument is about being erected to the memory of both those
heroic and devoted soldiers ; — one of whom rejoiced that ho
died in the arms of victory ; and the other that he should not
iht to witn«$» the surrender of Quebee.

24 REMINISCENCES OF

that the small pox had made dreadful havock among
the inhabitants."

Upon our return from this expedition, we learned
that Gen. Shirley, bad been superseded by Major
Gen. Abercombie, who reached Head Quarters at
Albany or the 25th of June, with two regiments of
regular troops from England. I therefore forward-
ed his Excellency the report of my last scout; and
recommended an augmentation of the Rangers.
Soon after I waited upon him at his quarters, and
was ordered to raise a new company, the command
of which was given to my brother Richard. The
company was completed in 28 days, and went on a
scout up the Mohawk. Of this company, Noah
Johnson one of the survivors of LovewelPs fight,
was appointed first Lieut. Nathaniel Abbot second
Lieut, and Caleb Page, Ensign. John Stark my
second Lieut, was appointed my first, John McCur-
dy succeeded him and Jonathan Burbank was ap-
pointed Ensign.

Aug. 2. By order of Gen. Abercrombie we em-
barked at Fort Wm. Henry in one of the light-
ers built there this summer, with twenty five men,
to reconnoitre Ticonderoga and Crovs^n Point. —
Capt. Larned* with 60 men of the provincials, was
at the same time, ordered by Gen. Winslowf to
proceed as far as the French advanced guard; but
not being acquainted with the country, he put him
self under my command. We landed about 15
miles down Lake George, proceeded with the par-
ty until the evening of the 4th and encamped one
mile from the advanced guard. On the morning
of the 5th the whole party mustered, and gained

» Sappoeed to have been a Col. of the Massachusetts line ki
the Revolution.

tGen. Winslow commanded the Provincials this year by vir-
toe of a commission from the Provinces who were concerned in
the Campaign ef 1755, and was now with the greater part ©f
ik% Proriaeials at Lak« George.

THE FRENCH WAR. 2^

the summit of a hill west of the enciiiy, from which
we discovered iv/o advanced posts, one on the west
side, half a mile south of Champlain ; and the
other on tlie cast side, opposite the former, at the
old Indian Carrying place. We supposed there were
400 men on the east, and 200 on the west side.

After deliberating upon the situation of tlie ene-
my, we concluded it was innprudent to remain here
any longer. — Capt. Larned returned to camp; — and
my party went down tow\ards Ticonderoga. Wc
passed by and proceeded towards Crown Point, on
the west side of Champlain, where w^e discovered
several batteaux with troops bound for Carillon.
We then proceeded to tlie place, where we burnt
the village as mentioned befoje, and while encamp-
<2d tliere, perceived a })arLy of the enemy sally out
driving horses and cattle to feed.

Aug. 7. Ambushed the road to intercept those
who should come out to drive in the cattle. No
one appearing, we approached wdthin half a mile of
the Fort, and were discovered by tv/o Frenchmen
before they were in our powder. This obliged us to
retreat, in whidi we killed 40 cattle and reached
home August 10.

A company of Stockbridge Indians was this year
employed in his Majesty's ser\ace, officered b}' In-
dians commissioned by Gen. Shirley. Gen. Aber-
crombie was at a loss how to dispose of them; but
•was advised by Sir Wm. Johnson to employ thirty
privates and a Lieut. *as scouts, to scour the woods
under the direction of the Ranger officers. This
party Lieut. Stark had strengthened w^ith some of
his own men, and sent on a scout with particu-
lar directions, the day before I returned from my
last excursion.

*The remainder of the Indian company with their Captaift,
were tent to Saratoga, to act under Colonel Burton.

36 REMINISCEriCES OP

About this time, his Excellency the Earl of Lon-
doiin arrived at Albany and assumed the command in
Chief. To him I transmitted an account of the In-
dian scout above mentioned, (which returned on
the 12th with two French scalps,) requesting per-
mission to penetrate into Canada with the Indians,
and distress the inhabitants by burning their har-
vest (now nearly ripe) and destroying their cattle.

Accordingly August 16, we embarked in whale
boats in two detachments, Lieutenant Stark com-
manding one and myself the other. The next morn-
ing we joined each other, and fell in with eight Mo-
hawks, who had left William Henry the day previ-
ous. We then proceeded to the place where our
boats had been left, July 7, twenty mile.^ north of
Crown Point, on the west side of Champlain, which
we reached on the 24th. Embarking again, we
steered down the lake towards St. Johns; and next
day made twenty miles. At midnight a schooner
was observed standing up the Lake, w^ith a fair wind
towards Crown Point ; she passed so swiftly, that
we could not possibly board her as was intended.
We landed on the 26th, and the Mohawks departed
to join a party of their brethren then on a scout.
The 27th ambushed a point of land to intercept the
enemy's batteaux which might pass up and down
the Lake; not finding any, we returned up the Lake,
and landed 8 miles north of Crown Point, on ih^
east shore. The 29th in the morning, entered a
village lying east of the Fort and took prisoners a
man, his "\vife and daughter, (a pretty girl of four-
teen) and with them we returned to Wm. Henry,
Sept. 22d.

The Frenchman stated, that " he was a native of
Vaisac, in the province of Guienne, and kingdom of
France ; he had been in Canada 15 years, in the
Colonies' service six, and two year« at Crown Point;
that the Point was garrisoned by only 300 men, and

THE FRENCH WAR.

those mostly inhabitants of the villages adjacent ;
that 4000 men occupied Ticondcroga or Carillon ;
1500 of which were regular troops, who had a plen-
ty of all kinils of provisions and stores; — that he
never was at Carillon, or the advanced guard ; but
heard there were only 15 men at the latter; that 600
Indians were at Carillon, and 600 more expected ;
that 1200 had reached Quebec on their way to Ca-
rillon; that the last 1800 were commanded by
Mons. Scipio de la Masure; that Ticonderoga was
well supplied with cannon, mortars, shells, shot &c;
that the garrison expected a reinforcement in two
or three days, having sent boats to Montreal to bring
troops ; that he had heard by letter that Oswego
had Mien into the hands of the French, but it was
not yet confinrad; that it was understood we inten-
ded to invest Carillon, but he did not know what
course the French would take, should we neglect
that step, that* they kept 150 batteaux on the Lake
-35 of which, plied between Montreal and Carillon;
that Mons. Montcalm commanded at Frontinac with
5000 men, but did not know whether they were reg-
ulars or militia ; that a great many vessels had arri-
ved at Quebec with provisions and military stores ;
that it was heard we had several ships in the St.
Lawrence; that Mons. le Conte Levi commanded
Carrillon ; that he came last year from France ;
that since the capture of the two last shallops or
lighters, (before mentioned) the number of men on
boarti the large schooner had been augmented from
12 to 30."

On my return, by order of Lord Loudoun I wai-
ted on Col. Burton at Saratoga, and was by him di-
rected to march rny company from Wm. Henry to
South Bay, thence east toWood Creek, to cross the
creek southerly opposite Saratoga, and make re-
port to him. In this tour, we apprehended 4 deser-
ters from Otway^s Regiment going over to the ene-

%^ REMINISCENCES OV

my, who were sent back to Fort Edward in the
charge of Lieut. Stark.

Having executed our commission, we proceeded
to Saratoga and reported to Col. Burton. • There
we met Capt. Richard Rogers from the Mo-
hjuwk with the Stockbridge Indians in company.
We all returned to Fort Ed ward, where an encamp-
ment was formed. Part of the Indians* were sent
out on the east sideof Champhdn, to alarm the ene-
my at Ticonderoga, while a detachment of my own
and Capt. Richard Rogers' company, proceeded
down Lake, George in whale boats, leaving the re-
mainder of our Rangers to serve as flankers to the
parties convoying provisions to Fort Wm. Henry.

Sept. 7. \\c embarked on Lake George, with
14 men in a whale boat, which we concealed the
following evening, on the east shore four miles
south of the French advance. Here I left 7 men in
charge of Mr. Chalmera volunteer (sent me by Sir
John St. Clair) with directions, upon discovering
the enemy's boats proceeding up the Lake, to con-
vey the news v/ith all possible speed to Fort Wm.
Henry^ With the other seven, I arrived on tlie 9th
within half a mile of Ticonderoga. The enemy
were engaged in raising the wt.Hs of the Fort, and
had erected a large block house near the south east
corner of the Fortress, with ports for cannon. East
of the block house was a battery commanding the-
Lake. Five houses were discovered close to the
water-side, and south of the works — 160 tents on
the soutli west side, and twenty seven batteaux ha\i-
led up on the beach.

Next morning with one private, I took a view of
the falls between Champlain and Lake George,.
where we liad heard the discharge of several mus-^-

* Capt Jacob with liis Indians returned two da3-s after, witb
four French scalps v/hich they obtained on the east side of the-
l(.ake opposite Ticonderoga.

THE FRENCH WAR. 29

kets tiie evening before. Mr. Henry had been sent
to (liioover the cause, and soon joined me reporting
that the French were building a small Fort at the
head of the falls, on the eas: shore of the Lake ;
that he also discovered their guard on the west, and
estimated both parties at 500 men. We found the
French engaged in erecting a sawmill at the lower
part of the fails, and returned to our boats and pro-
visions which Mr. Chalmer had left. He having exe-
cuted his orders, had returned to camp, whither we
followed his track, and arrived on the Uth inst.

Sept. 24. Gen. Abercrombie ordered that three
commissioned officers of the Rangers with 20 pri-
vates each should reconnoitre Wood Creek, South
Bay and Ticonderoga, who alternately kept up a
continual scout for some time.

Oct. 22. The greater part of the army now iay
at Fort Edward under General Abercrombie, and
Lord Loudoun arriving at this time, it was sup-
posed that notwithstanding the season was so far ad-
vanced, an attempt would be made upon the French
Fortresses. But his Lordship supposins^ the Lakes
would freeze, (as they ireneraliy do in December,)
and that no communication could be kept up with
William Henry, contented himself with keeping the
field, until Mons. Montcalm retired to winter quar-
ters.

This day we em.barked in two whale boats, with a
party of 20 men, being ordered to bring a prison-
er from Ticonderoga. We passed the narrow*
twenty miles from our embarkation, when Captain
Shepard,(who had been taken in August last) hail-
ed our boat. I knew his voice, and took him on
board with three men, one of whom, was taken with
him. He left Canada fifteen days before. We
continued our course, landed on the night of the
27th on the west shore, concealed our boats, an4
travelled by land, within a mile of the Fort. Th#
S*

REMINISCENCES OF

next day we discovered two videttes to the piquet
guard of the French Army, one of whom, was post-
ed on the road leading into the woods. I marched
directly down tlie road in the middle of the day,
with five of my pfaty, until we were challenged by
the sentry. I answered in French signifying friends ;
he was thereby deceived, till we came close to him,
when perceiving his mistake, in great surprise he
called out, " Qui etes vousV^ I answered "Rogers,'*
led him from his post in great haste, and with our
party reached William Henry Oct. 31st. The pris-
oner reported " that he belonged to the Regiment of
Languedoc, that he left Brest last April twelve-
month ; had since served at Lake Champlain,
Crown Point and Carillon; was with General Dies-
kau last year at Lake George ; that the French lost
in that engagement, a great number of troops ; that
Ticonderoga at this time mounted thirty six pieces
of cannon, viz. twelve eighteens, fifteen twelves,
and nine eight pounders ; that Crown Point was
defended by eighteen pieces of cannon- the largest
of which, were eighteens ; that Mons. Montcalm's
forces this year at Carillon, were 3000 legulars,
and 2000 Canadians and Indians ; that Gen. Mont-
calm himself was away with one battalion ; that
the force at Carillon consisted of five battalions,
and 800 Canadians ; that the Indians had all gone
home ; but 200 of them talked of returning to spend
the winter at Carillon ; that the advanced guard
on the west side above the falls were all drawn in ;
and that on the east consisted of 600 men, who were
to decamp on the first of November ; that five bat-
talions of infantry- of the line, and sixty Canadian
militia, lay encamped half a league from Carillon ;
and the remainder of the army were within ih*
Fort ; that the Barracks were suflicient for 600
men, whom he understood were to quarter there ;
that the enemy had one schooner and 200 batteaux

THE FRENCH WAR. f|

on Lake Champlain, and but iive or six on Lake
George ; that Mons. the Chevalier Levi command-
ed in the Marquis Montcalm's absence, and that the
Canadians were under the orders of Messrs. Corn«
and Columbie ; that when the General went away,
he said, ' he had done enough this year, and would
take William Henry in the spring ;' that the French
had taken four of Rogers' whale boats on Lake
Champlain ; that when he was taken he was with-
in a gun shot and a half of the French Fort, and
that their camp was very healthy."

From this time we were constantly employed in
patrolling the woods about Fort Edward, until
Nov. 19, 1756, when we made an excursion down
tfie Lake. Capt. Abercrombie aid-de-camp and ne-
phew of the General, had the curiosity to accom-
pany the expedition ; and although nothing was ef-
fected excepting to obtain a view of the French
garrison, he was delighted with the novelties of a
scout ; and with the romantic and noble scenerj
through which we conducted him. He treated ui
handsomely on our return to quarters at Fort Ed-
ward, on the evening of the 25th.

About this time, his Lordship drew off the main
body of his troops from Fort Edward, to be quar-
tered at Albany and New-York. Both armies now
retired to winter quarters. The Rangers were sta-
tioned at Forts William Henry and Edward ; and
were augmented by two new companies under Cap-
tains Hobbs and Spikeman.* These two compan-
ies were posted at Fort William Henry — and our
two at Fort Edward.

Capt. Richard Rogers was sent to New-England
for recruits. He waited upon the Boston GovernmenI
to obtain pay for our services in the winter of 1766,
but could obtain none, though Lord Loudoun geniw-
ottsly supported the justice of the claim.

* These coropaniee carc« from Halifax.

$f REMIMSCENCE3 OV

January 15, 1757. Marched with Mr. Stark my
Lieutenant, Eiisiou Page of Richard Rogers'
company, and fifty privates to Fort Wm. Henry,
where we were employed in providing provisions,
snow shoes, &c. until the 17th, when being joined
by Capt. Spikeman with Lieut. Kennedy, Ensign
Brewer and 14 men of his corp:.-, together with En-
sign James Rogers with 20 men of Hobb's company,
and Mr. Baker a volunteer of the 44th Regiment of
the line, we proceeded down Lake George on the
ice, and at night, encamped on the east side of the
first narrows Next morning some of our party who
had become lame in consequence of the exertions of
yesterday, were sent back. Tiiis reduced our
numbers to seventy four men oificers included.

Tiie 18th encamped 12 miles down the Lake on
the west side. 1 9th marched 3 miles down th«
lake, then took to the land with our snow shoes,
travelled eight miles N. W. and encamped three
miles from the Lake. 20th marched N. E. all day
and encamped on the west side three miles from
Lake Champlain.

January 21. We marched east, until we came
to the Lake, half way between Crown Point,
and Ticonderoga, where we discovered a sled pas-
sing from the latter to the former. Lieut. Stark with
20 men was directed to head the sled, while I with
my party, cut off its retreat, leaving Spikeman Avith
the centre. Ten other sleds were discovered fol-
lowing down the Lake; and I endeavoured to give
Mr. Stark notice of it before he shew himself upon
the Lake, but could not. He sallied out, and they
hastily turned back towards Ticonderoga. We
pursued them, took seven prisoners three sleds and
nix horses ; the remainder escaped. The captivei
were examined separately, who reported: 'Hhat 200
Canadians and 45 Indians had just arrived at Ti-
«onderoga, and were to be reinforced that evening

THE FRENCH WAR. ^

by 50 Indians from Crown Point; that tliere were
600 regular troops at that Fortress, and 350 at Ti-
conderoga, where they expected a large army who
in the spring were to besiege our Forts ; that tliey
had large magazines of provisions, that the troops
were well equipped and in condition to march at a
moments warning, and intended to way lay and dis-
tress the convoys between our Forts. '^ From this
account of things and knowing that those who es-
caped would give immediate notice of us, I gave
orders to marcli with all expedition, to the fires we
had kindled the night before, and prepare for battle
if oftered, by drying our guns, it being a rainy day.
This was accordingly effected. We then marched sin-^^
gle file, myself and Lieut. Kennedy in front, Lieut.
Stark in the rear antl Captain Spikeman in the cen-
tre. Ensigns Page and Rogers between the front
and centre; — and Mr. Brewer between the centre
and rear, sergeant Walker having command of a
rear guard.

In this manner, we advanced half a mile over
broken ground, passed a valley of fifteen rods
breadth, when the front having gained the summit
of the opposite hill on the west side, fell in with
the enemy drawn up in the form of a crescent to
surround us, and were immediately saluted with a
volley of 200 shot, at a distance of five yards from
the nearest, and thirty yards from the rear of
the party. This fire took place about 2 o'clock
P. M. and proved fatal to Lieut. Kennedy, and
Mr. Gardner a volunteer, besides wounding sev-
eral, and myself in the head. I ordered my men
to retire to the opposite hill, where Lieut. Stark
and Mr. Brewer had made a stand with forty men
to covei" our retreat. We were closely pursued—
Capt. Spikeman and others v/ere killed and several
made prisoners. Lieut. Stark repulsed them by a
brisk fire from the hill, killins; a number, and afford-

S4 REMINISCENCES OP

ing us an opportunity to post ourselves to advan-
tage. Mr. Stark then took a position in the centre,
with Ensign Rogers; sergeants Walker and Phillips*
actino- as reserves, to protect our flanks, and watch
the enemy's motions. Soon after, we had thus
formed for battle, the enemy attempted to flank us;
l)ut the reserve bravely attacked them, giving the
first fire, which stopped several from retreating to
the main body. We were then pushed closely in
front, but having the advantage of the ground, and
being sheltered l3y large trees, we maintained a con-
tinual fire upon them, which killed a number, and
compelled the others to retire upon their main body.
They attempted to flank us once more, but were
again gallantly repulsed by our reserve. In this af-
fair, Mr. Baker was killed.

We kept up a constant fire until sunset, when I re-
ceived a shot through my wrist, which disabled me
from loading my gun. The action however con-
tinued until darkness prevented our seeing each oth*
er. Our men gallantly kept their position till the
fire of the enemy ceased and he retired.

The enemy during this action practised several
stratagems to induce us to submit; sometimes assur-
ing us, that they had a reinforcement at hand, which
would cut us to pieces without mercy ; and that it
was a pity so many brave men should be lost ; that
incase of surrender, we should be treated with comr
passion ; calling me by name, they assured me of
their friendship and esteem ; but the brave men
who fought by my side, were neither to be dismay-
ed by their threats, nor flattered by their professions,
and determined to conquer, or die with arms in
their hands.

♦Phillips vras a half Indian, he went to St. Francis with Rog-
ers and brought back his party of 10 men by the same track bj
which they went out, and all reached home in safety, while so ma*
laj other brave men were lost.

THE FRENCH WAR. Sd

After the action, we had a great number so se-
Terely wounded that they could not travel without
assistance; but as we were near to the French garri-
son, it was thought best to take advantage of the
night, and retreat, which we did, keeping up the
spirits of the wounded as well as possible, and
reached Lake George six miles south of the French
advanced guard, next morning. Our wounded men
were now exhausted and could march no farther. —
Lieutenant Stark* there volunteered with Thomas
Burnside and another, to proceed to Fort William
Henry, and procure sleighs for the wounded. They
reached the Fort that night, and next morning the
sleigh arrived though the distance was nearly forty
miles. Lieut. Buckley of Hobb's corps of Ran-
gers, came out with fifteen men, and met us at the
first narrows of Lake George. Our party which
consisted of forty eight effective, and six wounded
men, arrived at William Henry with the prisoners
the same evening, being the 23d of January, 1767.

Before the sleigh came to their relief, the party
looking back on the ice, observed something black
following Sit a distance ; and supposing it might be
one of their stragglers, the sleigh was sent back for
him. He proved to be Joshua Martin of Goffs-
town, N. H. His hip joint had been shattered by a
ball, which passed through his body, and he had
been left for dead on the field of battle; but had re-
covered himself, followed his comrades tracks to
the Lake, and after that kept in sight of them. He
was so exhausted that he sunk down the moment
the relief reached him. He was brought home
to the Fort recovered of his wounds, served

♦ He travelled a distance of forty miles through the wilder-
ness on snow shoes, and with great fatigue, reached the fort on
the evening of the same day — when the party above named, wa»
immediately dispatched to the assistance of Rogers and hjj w©bJi-^
ded m«u. The snow was four feet deep upon a L»vel.

$0 RFMIiNISCENCES OF

liirougli the war and died at Goffstown at an ad-
vanced age.

The number which attacked us amounted to 250
Frencli and Indians. We afterwards had an ac*
count from the enemy that their loss of those killed
on the spot, and wlio' afterwards died of their
wounds, amounted to 116 men. The officers and
soldiers who survived the first onset, behaved with
the most undaunted bravery, and vied with each
other, which should excel in their respective sta-
tions.*

HETURJ^ of killed and wounded in the action oj the
%\slof January near Ticonderoga.

CAPTAIN ROBERT ROGERs' COMPANY.

Capt. Robert Rogers, wounded ; Mr. Baker, vol-
unteer, killed ; Mr. Gardiner, do. do. ; Thomasi
Hcnson, killed ; Sergeant Martin, wounded ; Will-

♦ In regard to the battle of January 21, 1757, the late venerable
Mr. Shute. of Concord, N. H, remarked that Rogers did not act
xvith his usual prudence. He states that after taking the sleds, a
council of Avar advised to return by a different rout, from that by
which the party came, which was the usual practice of the
Hangers, and on this occasion, would have enabled them
to escape the hazards of a battle. Rogeis, however, said in re-
gard to the enemy, that they Avould not dare to pursue him, and
took the same rout back. The first notice the Rangers had of
the enemy was the noise in cocking their guns, which Shuto
snpposed was one of the Rangers preparing to kill a partridge.
He was himself struck senseless by a shot, which ploughed the
top of his head ; on coming to himself, the first sight which met
his eye, was one of the Rangers cutting off Rogers' cue to stop
the hole in his wrist through which a shot had passed. On the
night of their retreat, the Rangers made a circuit to avoid a large
fire in the wood, supposing the Indians were there. This caused
Ibom to lose time, so that Joshua Martin who had kindled the
flro to warm himself, was enabled to follow, and get in sight ef
tbem, on the lake 5 otherwise, he must hav« perished.

THE FRENCH WAR, 37

iam Morris, missing ; Thomas Burnside, wounded ;
Sergeant Henry, missing ; John Morrison%, do.
Total, — 3 killed ; 3 wounded ; 3 missing.

CAPTAIN RICHARD ROGERs' COMPANY.

Joseph Stevens, killed ; Benjamin Goodall, mis-
sing ; David Kimball, do. ; Ensign Caleb Page,*
killed ; David Page, wounded.

Total, — 2 killed ; 1 wounded ; 2 missing.

CAPTAIN HOBBS' COMPANY.

Sergeant Jonathan Howard, killed ; Phinehai
Kemp, do. ; John Edmunds, do. ; Thomas Farmer,
do. ; Emanuel Lapartaquer, do.

Total, — 5 killed ; none wounded ; none missing.

CAPTAIN SPIKEMAN's COMPANY.

Capt. Spikeman, killed ; Lieut. Kennedy, do. ;
Robert Avery, killed ; Thomas Brown, missing ;
Samuel Fisk, killed ; Sergeant Moore, wounded ;
John Cahall, do.

Total, — 4 killed ; 2 wounded ; 1 missing.

Recapitulation. Killed — 14; wounded — 6; mis-
sing— 6.f

Having forwarded this report to Major Sparks
at Port Edward, I wrote to Capt. Abercrombie at
Albany, recommending such officers as were most
deserving, to fill the vacancies occasioned by the
late action, as follows ; Lieut. Stark to be Captain
of Spikeman's corps ; and Sergeant Joshua Martin
to be ensign of Richard Rogers' company. Th*
following answer was received.

» Caleb Page was from Dunbarton, N. H.
t Tboi© missing were taken prisoners.

38 REMINISCENCES OF

Albamj, Feb, 6th. 1757-
Dear Sir,

The Gen. received your report by Maj. Sparks.
He returns you and your men, thanks for your good
behaviour ; and has recommended to my Lord Lou-
doun, that they have payment for their prisoners.
On receiving the account of your skirmish, we
sent an express to Boston, recommending your
brother James, for Lieutenant of Spikeman's com-
pany. Please send the names; of the officers you
recommend for your own company, and your rec-
ommendation shall be duly regarded. You cannot
imagine how all ranks of people are pleased with
vour men's behaviour. I was so pleased with their
appearance when I was out with them, that I took
it for granted, they would behave well whenever
thev met the enemy. I am happy to learn that my
expectations are answered.

I am sorry for Spikeman and Kennedy, as well as
for the men you have lost ; but it is impossible to
play at bowls^ without meeting rubs. We must try
to revenge the loss. Few persons will believe it,
but, upon honour, I should have been glad to have
been with you, that I might have learned the man-
ner of fighting in this country. The chance of be-
ing shot is all stuff, and King William's principle is
the best for the soldier, " that every bullet has its
bi'Uet," and that it is allotted how every man shall
die ; so that I am certain, that every one will agree
that it is better to die with the reputation of a brave
man, fighting for his country, in a good cause, than
by shamefully running away, to preserve one's life,
or by lingering out an old age, to die in one'«
bed, without having done his country and king any
service.

The histories of this country, particularly, are
full of the unheard of cruelties committed by the
French, and the Indians at their instig^ation; where-

THE FRENCH WAR.

fore I think every brave man ought to do his utmost
to humble that haughty nation, and reduce her
bounds of conquest in this country, to narrow lim-
its. When Gen. Abercrombie, receives his Lord-
ship's instructions respecting the Rangers, I shall
send you notice of it. In the mean time, I hope
you'll get the better of your wound. As long as
you and your men continue to behave so well, you
may command.

Your most luimble servant,

JAMES ABERCROMBIE
Md'de- Camp.
To Capt. Robert Rogers.

My wound growing worse, I repaired to Albany
for medical aid, and there received from Gen. Aber-
crombie the following instructions.

, INSTRUCTIONS FOR CAPT. ROBERT ROGERS.

His Excellency the Earl of Loudoun having giv-
en authority to me, to augment the companies of
Rangers under your command to 100 men each,
viz. one Captain, two Lieutenants, one Ensign upon
English pay —

Four sergeants at 4s. each New York currency
— and 100 privates at 2s. and 6d each, ditto, per
day —

And whereas, certain privates are serving at pre-
sent in your companies on higher pay, than the
above establishment, you are at liberty to discharge
them in case they refuse to serve under the new estab-
lishment, as soon as you have men to replace them.
If they remain and serve, you may assure them,
they will be noticed, and be the first provided for.
Each man is to be allowed ten dollars bounty mon-
ey, to find his own clothing, arms and blankets,
and sign a paper subjecting himself to the articles of

49 REMINISCENCES OP

war, and to serve during the war. You are to en-
list no vagrants, but such as you and your officers
are acquainted witli, and who are every way quali-
fied for the duty of Rangers. Complete the com-
panies as soon as possible, and proceed to Fort Ed-
ward.

JAMES ABERCROMBIE, Major General.

At this time, I wrote Lord Loudoun soliciting his
aid in obtaining from Government, an order for
what was due to myself and my men, for our servi-
ces in the winter of 1755. He replied that as these
services were antecedent to his command, it was not
in his power to reward them. Gen. Amherst after-
wards gave me a similar answer. My men after-
wards commenced suits and recovered judgments
against mc for £828: 3:3. sterling, besides costs. I
likewise lost my own services for that severe season;
for all of which I have never received any consider-
ation.

Capt. Hobbs died at this time, and Lieut. Bulk-
ley of the same corps was named to his place.

March 5th. I suffered with the small pox, — which
confined me till the 15th of April, during w^hich
time my officers were recruiting according to the
instructions. Not long after the following letter
was received,

Mw York, Jipnl22, 1757-
Sir,

As another Ranger company has been sent to Al-
bany with orders to proceed to our Forts, you will
infoVm Col. Gage,+ that it is Lord Loudoun's order
that the two companies at Wm. Henry, and your
own at Fort Edward, proceed immediately to Al-
bany, and embark for this place. Shew this letter

•Afterwards Gen. Gage, Governor of Massachusetts, and com*
mander of the British forces at Boston in 1774--5*

THE FRENCH WAR. 4\

to Col. Gage, that he may inform Col. Monro of his
Lordship's orders ; and that quarters may be pro-
vided for yqur companies at Albany. See that
your companies are well equipped, and are good
men ; if they are found insufficient, the blame will
rest on you. If the officers of the new company
are ignorant of the woods, about Wm. Henry, your
brother must send some officers and men to inform
him of the different scouting grounds.
f am Sir,

Your humble servant,

JAMES ABERCROMBIE,
Aid'de-Camp,
To Capt. Robt. Rogers, Albany.

Richard Rogers with his own, and Burgin's new
company of Rangers from Jersey, being left atWm.
Henry, Stark's and Bulkley's from Wm. Henry,
and my own from Fort Edward, proceeded to Al-
bany, and thence to New York, where Shepard's'
new company from New Hampshire joined us. Here
we embarked on board a transport, and left Sandy-
Hook June 10, with a fleet of 100 sail, bound to
Halifax where we soon arrived, and encamped on
the Dartmouth side of the harbour, white the army
lay on the Halifax side.

July 3. I went to Lawrencetown ; thence to
Schitzcook, where some of our men were employed
to make hay in the meadows, for the use of the
horses in the Louisburg Expedition ; — others cov-
ered the haymakers, and others went upon scouts,
one of which brought in two deserters of the 45th
regiment. In the latter part of July, 40 Rangers
were sent across the Isthmus of Nova Scotia to the
settlements on the Bayof Fundy, and a party down
the North West arm, to scour the woods for deser-
ters, which brought in several both of the army and
navy.

42 REMINISCENCES or

At this time Admiral Holbourn arrived with n
fleet from Enghirid, with several regiments of troops
on board, which were landed and encamped at Hal-
ifax. All the scouts were now called in ; but cer-
tain intelligence being received, that a French fleet
of superior force, had arrived at Louisburg, the in-
tended expedition was laid aside, and the Rangers
remanded to the western frontiers. While here. Ad-
miral Holbourn exhibited a sample of summary jus-
tice, as practised in the navy. A countryman had
sold a person attached to the squadron, produce to
the amount of forty crowns ; and knowing that the
fleet was under sailing orders for the next day, and
that the purchaser intended in that way, to cheat
him out of the whole sum, came on board, and sta-
ted his case to the Admiral ; who sending for the in-
dividual, spoke as follows : — *' You owe this man
forty crowns Sir — do you see that yard arm — make
out his money in 20 minutes, or you swing there."
The money Wcis immediately paid.

Numbers of the Rangers were carried off this
summer, by the small pox and several of my offi-
cers were seat on the recruiting service. We once
more embarked for New York, and proceeded up
Hudson river in smjdl vessels, where my recruits
soon arrived. We then proceeded to Fort Edward
which was now the only cover to the northern fron-
tiers of New York and the more eastern provinces,
Fort Wm. Henry* having been taken in August pre-
vious by the French.

♦ IMy brother Richard died of the small pox a few days before
the siege ; but the enemy after their conquest, had the cruelty
and ferocity, to dig him up and scalp hjm. In consequence of the
articles of capitulation, the two companies of Rangers were
disbanded and dismissed.

When the French took Fort William Henry, they were rather
more favourable with Samuel Blodget the Sutler of the garrison,
whom they found concealed under a batteau, than they were with
the remains of Capt. Rogers. They suffered him to go about hig
business, after plundering him of every thing but his scalp. H«

THE FRENCH WAR. 4S

The capture of William Henry, was more than
once attempted by the French. Longee the famouR
French partisan endeavoured to effect a surprise on
the night of March 17, 1757, while the Irish por-
tion of the garrison were engaged in a drunken ca-
rouse. It was however defended by the vigilance of
the Rangers, who repulsed the French, while the
other troops were coming to their senses.* Sever-
al attem])ts were made upon the Fort, while the
Earl of Loudoun was engaged in his Loaisburg ex-
pedition ; and finally on the 2d of August 1757, it
was closely invested by a large army of French and
Indians, under the Marquis de Montcalm the Freneh
Commander in Chief, and Governor General of
Canada. At this time, an English army of 6000
men lay at Fort Edward within 15 miles under Gen.
Webb.f This force with the talents of Howe to
have directed its operations, would have })roved an
over match for the French, and perhaps furnished
them with a second edition of Dieskau. But no
succour being afforded to the garrison, after a brave
defence of six days, in which their Fort was render-
ed by the enemy's shot, no longer tenable, and most
of their guns bursted, they surrendered on condi-
tion of quarter ; which condition was shamefully
broken by the enemy, and many of the prison-
was never partial to the military service afterwards ; but became
a considerable merchant, a Judge, and was the first projactor of
the canal at Amoskeag falls on Merrimack River. He lived to
a great age, and died at the Falls, universally respected as an en-
terprising and public spirited citizen.

* See Stark's Memoirs.

, t Sir Wm. Johnsoa was at this time at Fort Edward, and urged
Gen. Webb to relieve the place. The troops were once par-
aded, but ordered back to quarters by Webb, who sent a mesaage
io Col. Monro advising a capitulation.

44 REMINISCENCES OF

ers led away and massacred by the savages. Pre-
vious to the expedition against Wm. Henry, ten Sa-
chems had been despatched as messengers to the
North Western tribes, to invite them to become the
allies of the French. In consequence of this sum-
mons, a tribe called the Cold Country Indians ap-
peared at the siege. By these cannibals many of
the prisoners were slain and eaten.* Two of them
seized a lad named Copp and were leading him away
by the shirt sleeves. His cries caught the attention
of Benjamin Richards one of the Rangers a bold
athletic man, who rushed after them, and snatched
away the boy, leaving the shirt sleeves in their
hands, f

General Webb now commanded Fort Edward,
and kept the Rangers continually employed patrol-
ling the woods between Fort Edward, and Ticon-
deroga. Lord Howe acompanied us in one of ihose
scouts, being desirous of learning our method of
matching, ambushing, and retreating ; and on our
return, expressed his good opinion of us very gen-
erously.

Lord Loudoun now added a number of volun-
teers from the regulars to our corps, to be trained
to the wood service, under my inspection, to be
employed hereafter as light infantry. Some of,
them belonged to the celebrated 42d Regiment of
Hicrhlanders. §

♦The Journal of a French officer who served under Montcalm,
■wra» afterwards taken in the West Indies, which stated that the
Indians roasted several of their English captives, and compelled
tbe gnrvivors to partake in the horrid banquet. [Hutch. His.}

tCol. Bailey Was pursued by these savages, and ran barefoot--
«d through the woods, to Fort Edward 15 miles.

§This gallant Regiment 35 years afterwards repulsed the French
on the shores of Aboukir, and covered the landing of Sir Ralph
Abercrombie's army in Egypt.

THE FRENCH WAR. 45-

These volunteers were formed into a company by
themselves, under my immediate orders. For their
benefit, I reduced to writing several rales, and a
plan of discipline, of which, experience had taught
me the necessity.*

Dec. 1, 1757. Lord Loudoun visited Fort Ed-
ward, and after giving directions for quartering the
army, left a strong garrison under the command of
Col. Haviland, and returned to Albany. The Ran-
gers and their volunteers, were quartered in huts
upon an island in the Hudson, near Fort Edward ;
and were employed in various scouts, which my
health did not permit me to accompany until Dec.
17, 1757, when by order of Col. Kaviland, I
marched with 150 men, to reconnoitre Carillon,
and if possible, to take a prisoner. We advanced
six miles in a snow storm and encamped, the snow
being then three inches deep, and before morning
it fell to the depth of fifteen. We however pursued
our route.

Dec. 18. Eight of my party being fatigued and un-
well, returned to camp, the reanaiader proceeding
nine miles, to the east side of Lake G-eorge, near
the place where Mons. Montcalm landed his troops,
when he captured Wm. Henry. Here we discov-
ered a large quantity of cannon balls, and shells,
which had on that occasion, been concealed by the
French, and made a mark to enable us to find them
again.

This was our first visit to William Henry, since
our return from Halifax. Here we had enjoyed
many of the pleasures belonging to a soldier's life.
We had left the post in April occupied by a fine
garrison, supplied with every thing they could de-
sire for their comfort and convenience ; we now
found it a deserted mass of ruin, covered with half
burnt rafters, and fragments of exploded cannon.---'

•See Appendii.

46- REMINISCENCES OF

In the pine woods back of the Fort, the graves of
the enemy, distinguished by their rough head stones,
and now and then, a Catholic cross cut upon a
board, at the head of a ^rrave, informed us that their
conquest was not cheaply purchased. After exam-
ining the situation of French Camp, during the
siege, and their approaches, we cleared away the
snow under one of the mounds of the Fort, kin-
dled a fire, posted our sentinels, and passed a com-
fortable night in the ruins.

Dec. 19. Continued our march on the west side
of the Lake, ,nine miles to the head of North-west
Bay.

Dec. 21. So many of our party beeame tired
and returned, as to reduce our force to 12S men, of-
iiccrs included. Marching ten miles further, we en-
camped for the night. Here each man was ordered
to leave one day's provision.

Dec 22. Marched ten miles and encamped near
the great brook, running into Lake GeoVge, eiglit
miles from the French advanced guard.

Dec. 23. Proceeded eight miles — the next day,
six more, and halted 600 yards from Carillon. —
Near the mills were discovered five Indian tracks,
which, had been made the day before, as we supposed
by a hunting party. On our march this day, be-
tween the advanced guard and the Fort, three places
of rendezvous were appointed, in case of our being
broken in action. I informed the officers'' and soldiers
that I should rally the party at the nearest post to the
Fort, and if broken there, retreat to the second, and
at the third make a stand until night should afford
an opportunity of retiring in safety. The road
from the Fort to the woods, was now ambushed by
an advanced party of 20 men, and a rear guard of
15. At eleven o'clock a sergeant of marines came
from the Fort, up the road, to my advanced party,
wIjo suffered him to pass to the main body, which se^

' THE PREMCH WAR. 47

cured him. He reported the garrison at '^360 regu-
lars, 50 artificers and 5 Indians ; that they had plen-
ty of provisions, &c. &c. and that twelve masons
were employed blowing rocks in the entrenchments
with ,i number of soldiers to assist ihem ; that
Crown Point was garrisoned by 150 regulars and
14 Indians ; that the Marquis de Montcalm was at
Montreal ; that 500 Ottawawa Indians wintered in
Canada ; that 500 Rangers had lately been raised
in Canada, and were commanded by an experienced
officer well acquainted with the country ; he did
not know that the French intended an attack upon
our Forts this winter; but that they expected a
large body of Indians as soon as the ice would bear
themj to go down to the English Forts ; and that
all the bakers in Carillon were employed in makingr
biscuit for these scouts."

About noon a Frenchman came near us, on his re-
turn from hunting, when a party was ordered to
pursue to the edge of the cleared ground, take him
prisoner, at the same time to fire a gun or two, and
retreat to the main body ; hoping by this strata-
gem, to entice the enemy from their post. The or-
ders were promptly obeyed, but no one ventured
out. The last prisoner gave the same information
as the first, and also, that he had heard the English
intended to attack Ticonderoga, as soon as the Lake
was frozen hard enough to bear them."

Finding that the enemy would not come out to
give us battle, we went about killing their cattle, of
which seventeen head were destroyed, and set fir«
to the wood they had collected for the use of the
garrison, by which five large piles were consumed.
The French discharged some cannon shot at thos«
who kindled the fires, but did them no injury. At
eight o'clock in the evening, we commenced our
march, and with the prisoners, reached Fort Ed-
ward Dec. 27th. On our return, we found at tKe

48 REMINISCENCES OF

north end of Lake George, the boats the French
had talvcn at William Henry, and a great many can-
non balls concealed ; but as the boats were under
water, we could not destroy them. On my return
from the last scout, I was ordered down to New-
York, to co'^fer with Lord Loudoun, upon the sub-
ject of augmenting the Rangers. He gave me a
friendly reception, and the following instructions.

*' By his Excellency John Earl of Loudoun, Lord
Machline and Tairenseen, &c. &c. one of the six-
teen Peers of Scotland, Captain General of Vir-
ginia, and Vice Admiral of the same ; Colonel of
the 13th Regiment of foot. Colonel in Chief of
the Royal American Regiment, Major General,
and Commander in Chief of all his Majesty's
forces raised, or to be raised in North America.*

Wherct.s, I have thought proper to augment the
Rangers with five additional companies ; viz. four
from New England, and one Indian company,
to be forthwith raised and employed in his Majes-
ty's service ; and having entire confidence in your
knowledge of the men fit for that service, I there-
fore by tliese presents, empower you to raise such
a number of non commissioned officers and privates,
as will complete the companies upon the following
establishment, viz. each company to consist of one
Capteiii; two Lieutenants, one Ensign, four Ser-
geants, and 100 privates.

The ofiicers are to receive British pay ; that is,
the same as officers of the like rank in the line ;
tlie sergeants 4s. New York currency, and the pri-
Tates 2s. 6d. per day. One month's pay for each
of «aid companies shall be advanced, on condition

•Hifl Lordship-8 titles, remind us of the Spanish traveller, for
wbo8« eompany of names, the landlord could not £nd room in hi«
botiM.

THE FRENCH WAR. 49

that it is to be deducted from the first warrants
which shall be issued hereafter, for the subsistence
of said companies. The men are to provide them-
selves with good blankets, and warm clothing, the
same to be uniform in each company. They will
supply their own arms, which must bear inspec-
tion. The Indians are to be dressed in their own
costume ; and all are subject to the articles of war.
You will despatch the officers appointed to these
companies, immediately upon the recruiting service,
with directions to enlist none for a less term than
one year, nor any other, than able bodied men, ac-
customed to the woods, good hunters, and every
way qualified for Rangers. They are all required
to be at Fort Edward, on or before the 15th of
March next, and are to be mustered by the officer
commanding the Garrison.

Given under my hand at New York, the
nth day of January 1758.

LOUDOUN.
By his Excellency's command.

J. Appy.
To Capt. Robert Rogers.

In pursuance of the above instructions, officers
were despatched to the New England colonies, and
the l»vy completed on the 4th of March.

Four of the companies were sent to Louisburgto
oin General Amherst,* and the other remained
with me. I was at the vvhdle expense of raising
these companies, for which I never received any al-
lowance, and one Captain dying, to whom I had
delivered 1000 dollars, as advanced pay, which bj
the instructions I had a right to do, I was compel-

♦Oeneral Amheret for his services in America, was elevated t«
the Peerage and appointed Comicander in Chief of the BritUh
Ferees.

so REMINISCENCES OP

led to account to the Government for the same, for
which I never received a farthing.*

On the 28th of February, Colonel Haviland who
commanded Fort Edward, ordered a scout under
one Putnam, who commanded a company of Con-
necticut provincials, together with some of my men,
giving out publickly that upon Putnam's return,
I should be sent to the French Forts with 400 Ran-
gers. This was known to the officers and J^oldicrs
at the lime of Putnam's departure.

While this party was out, a servant of Mr. Pest,
our Sutler was taken by a flying party from Ticon-
deroga, and one of Putnam's men deserted to the
enemy. Putnam returned informing us that 600
Indians lay not far from the enemy's quarters.

March 10, 1758. I was ordered by Col. Havi-
land to the neighbourhood of Ticonderoga, not
with 400 men, as was at first given out, but with
180, officers included. We had one Captain, one
Lieut, and one Ensign of the line as volunteers viz.
Messrs. Creed, Kent, and Wrightson ; also one Ser-
geant, and one private, all of the 27th Regiment ;
a detachment from the four companies of Rangers
quartered on the island near Fort Edward ; viz.
Capt. Bulkley, Lieutenants Phillips, Moore, Camp-
bell, Crafton and Pottinger ; Ensigns Ross, Waite,
McDonald, and White with 162 privates. I ac-

•Speaking of his financial concerns, puts us in mind of the fol-
lowing anecdote of Rogers. While in garrison at Fort Edward,
in the winter of 1757 — 8 two British officers half seaa over, or
sufficiently so to be very aft'ectionate and patriotic, were one
• vening lamenting the misfortunes of their country, occasioned
by her enormous debt. Rogers coming in, and learning the cause
of their trouble, told them to give themselves no more uneasi-
ness about the matter, as he would pay half of the debt, and a
friend of his the remainder, and thus clear the nation at once of
fcer difficulties. The officers treated the Captain, and pronoun-
ced him the nation's benefactor. Hence the saying, " to pay
«iia'fl debts as Kogera did that of tke nation."

THE FRENCH WjLR. 51

knowledge that I entered upon this service, with
this small detachment of brave men, with no small
uneasiness of mind. We had every reason to be-
lieve that the prisoner and deserter above named,
had informed the enemy of our intended expedi-.
tion, and the force to be employed ; yet my com-
mrmder knowing all this, sent us out with 180 men.
He probably had his reasons ; andean doubtless jus-
tify his conduct ; but that is no consolation to the
friends of those brave men, who were thus thrown
in the way of an enemy, of three times their num-
ber, and of whom one hundred and seven never
returned to tell ttieir story. We first marched to
the Half-way brook, in the road leading to Laks
George, and there encamped for the night.

March 1 1 . Proceeded as far as the first narrows
of Lake George, and encamped that evening on the
east shore. After dark, a party was sent three mile*
down, to ascertain if the enemy were coming to-
wards our Forts, who returned without discovering
them. We however were upon our guard, and kept
parties walking upon the Lake all night, besides
sentries at all necessary places on shore.

March 12. Left our camp at sunrise, and having
made about three miles, perceived a dog running
across the Lake, and sent a party to reconnoitre the
island, supposing the Indians were there in ambush.
But not finding any, it was thought proper to take
to the shore, and thus prevent our being discovered
from the surrounding hills. We halted at a place
called Sabbath day point, on the west shore, and
sent out parties to look down the Lake, with per-
spective glasses. As soon as dark, we proceeded
down the Lake. Lieut. Phillips with 15 men,
some of whom, preceded him on skates, acted as
ah advanced guard, while Ensign Ross flanked us
on the left, under the west shore, near which we kept
the main body, marching as closely as possible, to

52 REMINISCENCES or

f>revent separation, the night being extremely dark,
n this manner we came within 8 miles of the French
advance, when Mr. Phillips sent back a man on
skates to desire me to halt ; upon this, the men were
ordered to sit down upon the ice. Mr. Phillips
soon after came to me, informing that he had dis-
covered what he supposed a fire on the east shore,
but was uncertain. I sent him accompanied by Mr.
White, to ascertain the fact. They returned in an
hour, fully persuaded thai a party of the enemy
were encamped at the place. The advanced guard
was then called in, and we marched to the west
shore, where in a thicket we concealed our sleighs*
and packs.

Leaving a small guard with our baggage, wc
marched to attack the enemy's encampment if we
should find one. On reaching the place where we
supposed the firefhad been seen, and finding no en-
emy, we concluded Mr. Phillips had mistaken some
patches of snow, or pieces of rotten wood for fire,
(which in the night, and at a distance resembles it)
we therefore returned to our packs, and passed the
night without fire.

On the morning of the 13th, a council of the
officers determined that our better course was to
proceed by land on snow shoes, lest the enemy
should discover us on the lake. Accordingly we
continued our march on the western shore, keeping
on the back of the mountains which overlooked the
French advanced guard, and halted at 12 o'clock

•These sleighs were pieces of split wood, shaved thin, about 16
inches wide, and six feet long, turned up in front, so as to slide
easily over the snow, with two arms and a cross piece to draw
them by.

fWe afterwards learned that a scout of Frenchmen had a firo
here at the time, but on discovering my advanced party, p^X \{
out, and carried the news of our approach to theit FoJ^tv

THE FRENCH WAR. 5S

two miles west of them, where we refreshed our-
selves until three. This was to afford the day scout
from the Fort, time to return home before we ad-
vanced, as our intention was to ambush some of the
roads leading to the Fort that night, in order to
trepan the enemy in the morning. Our detachment
now advanced in two divisions, the one headed by
Capt. Bulkley, and the other by myself. Ensio-ns
White and VVaite led the rear guard, the other offi-
cers being properly posted with their respective di-
visions. On our left, at a small distance, we were
flanked by a rivulet, and by a steep mountain on
the right. Our main body kept close under the
mountain, that the advanced guard might better ob-
serve the brook, on the ice of which, they miorht
travel, as the snow was liow four feet deep, which
made the travelling very bad even with snow shoes.
In this manner, we proceeded a mile and a half,
when our advance informed that the enemy were
in sight ; and soon after, that his force consisted of
ninety six, chiefly Indians. We immediately threw
down our knapsacks and prepared for battle, sup-
posing that the whole of the enemy's force, were ap-
proaching our left, upon the ice of the rivulet. En-
sign McDonald was ordered to take command of
the advanced guard, which as we faced to the left,
became a flanking party to our right. We march-
ed within a few yards of the bank, which was hio-h-
er than the ground we occupied ; and observing
the ground gradually descend from the rivulet, to
the foot of the mountain, we extended our line a-
long the bank, far enough to command the whole
of the enemy at once. Waiting until their front
was nearly opposite our left wing ; I fired a gun as
a signal for a general discharge. We gave them
the first fire, v/hich killed more than forty and put
the remainder to flight, in which one half of my
men pursued, and cut down several more of them
5*

$4 EEMINI8CENCE8 OV

with their hatchets and cutlasses. I now imagine
e<l they were totally defeated, and ordered Ensign
McDonald to head the flying remains of them, that,
none of them sliould escape. He soon ascertained
that the party we had routed, was only the advan-
ced guard of 600 Canadians and Indians, who were
now coming up to attack the Rangers. The latter
now retreated to their own ground, which was
gained at the expense of fifty men killed. There
tliey were drawn up in good order, and fought with
such intrepidity, keeping up a constant and well di-
rected fire, as caused the French, though seven to
one in number, to retreat a second time. We how-
ever being in no condition to pursue, they rallied a-
gain, recovered their lost ground, and made a desper-
ate attack upon our front, and wings ; but they were
so warmly received, that their flanking parties soon
retreated to their main body with great loss. This
threw the wliole into confusion, and caused a third
retreat. Our numbers were now too far reduced, to
take advantage of tlieir disorder, and rallying again,
they attacked us a fourth time.

Two hundred Indians were now discovered as-
cending the mountain on the right, to possess them-
selves of the ns'inir ground, and fall upon our rear.
Lieut. Phillips with 18 men was directed to gain
possession of it before them, and drive the Indians
back. He succeeded in gainino- the summit, and
repulsed them by a well directed fire, in which eve-
ry bullet killed its man. I now became alarmed lest
the enemy should go round on our left, and take
post on the other part of the hill ; and sent Lieut.
Crafton with 1 5 men to anticipate them. Soon af-
ter I sent two gentlemen* who were volunteers, with

•These gentlemen were both officers of the line, and went out
with the party as volunteers, bein^ desirous to witness the no?-
eltyof an Indian fight. I had previously requested them to retire
&ad offered a sergeant to conduct them. They at first accepted

THE FRENCH WAR. *#

a few men to support him, which they did wilh
great bravery.

The enemy pressed us so closely in front, tliatthe
parties were sometimes intermixed, and in general
not more than 20 yards asunder. A constant fire
continued for an hour and a half, from the com-
mencement of the attack, during which time we
lost eight officers and 100 privates killed upon the
spot. After doing all that brave men could do, the
Rangers were compelled to break, each man look-
ing out for himself. I ran up the hill followed by
20 men, towards Phillips and Crafton, where we
stopped and gave the Indians who were pursuing in
great numbers, another fire which killed several,
and wounded others. Lieut. Phillips was at this
time, about capitulating for himself and his party,
being surrounded by 300 Indians. We came so
near, that he spoke to me, and said if the enemy
would give good quarters, he thought best to sur-
render, otherwise he would fight while he had one
man left to fire a gun.*

fl now retreated, with the remainder of my party,

the offer, but being unused to snow shoes, unacquainted with tb«
woods, and seeing us closely beset by the Indians, painted in th«
most hideous manner, and making the mountains ring with their
horrid yells, like gallant men, came back to our assistance. What
befel them after our flight, may be seen in a letter from Captain
Creed to the commandant of Fort Edward, which will appear at
the end of this scout.

•This unfortunate officer and his party after the strongest as-
surances of good treatment, by the French and Indians, were
tied to trees, and hewn to pieces in the most barbarous and shock-
ing manner.

tit was on this occasion, that Rogers escaped with his party,
as the Indians supposed, by sliding down a sloping eminence of
100 feet to the Lake below. He was at this time closely pressed
by his enemies, and with difficulty gained the Lake; but whether
by sliding down this frightful precipice, or how otherwise, be
has not informed us in his book. The place is now pointed out
tQ travellers under the name of" Rogers' slide."

56 RKMINISGENCES OF

in the best manner possible ; several who were
wounded and fatigued, were taken by the savages
who pursued our retreat. We reached Lake George
in the evening where we were joined by several
wounded men, who were assisted, to the place where
our sleighs had been left. From this place, an ex-
press was despatched to Colonel Haviland, for assis-
tance to bring in the wounded. We passed the
night -here without fire, or blankets, they having
fallen into the enemy's hands with our knapsacks.
The night was extremely cold, and the wounded
men suffered much pain, but behaved in a manner
consistent with their conduct in the action. In the
morning, we proceeded up the Lake, and at Hoop
Island six miles north of William Henry, met Capt.
John Stark coming to pur relief, bringing with him
provisions, blankets, and sleighs. We encamped on
the Island, passed the night, with good fires, and on
the evening of the next day, (March 15) arrived at
Fort Edward.

The number of the enemy which attacked us, was
700, of which 600 were Indians. From the best ac-
counts, we afterwards learned that wc killed 150 of
them, a>nd wounded as many more, most of whom
died. I will not pretend to say what would have
been the result of this unfortunate expedition, had
our numbers been 400 strong, as was contemplated;
but it is due to those brave officers and men who ac-
companied me, most of whom are now no rnore, to
declare that every man in his respective station, bie-
havedwith uncommon resolution and coolness;* nor

♦ The Major in bis compliments to the officers and soldiers,
appears to have forgotten one individual whose good qualities,
and:faithful services, deserve a particular notic: This was Ser-
geant Beaubiera famous Wolfe Dog owned by Uapt. Wm. Stark.
He used to accompany his master on all his expeditions ;--\vat
present in several Indian fights, and it was said, assisted in the
destruction of more of them, than any individual of the Corps.
The wags used to say, that the Captain returned him on hia pay
itqU, ana drQw pay and rations.

THE FRENCH WAR. 6T

do I recollect an instance, during the action, in
which the prudence or good conduct of one of them
could be questioned.*

RETUR.y of killed and loounded in the action of
March lSth,\15Q.

The Captain and Lieutenant of the regular troops
acting as volunteers were made prisoners. The
Ensign, a sergeant and one private, all volunteeri
from the same Regiment, were killed.

CAPT. ROBERT ROGERs' COMPANY.

Lieut. Moore, sergeant Parnell, and 86 private*
killed.

CAPT. SHEPARd's company.

Two sergeants and 16 privates killed.

CAPT. JAMES ROGERS' COMPANY.

Ensign McDonald, killed.

Two sergeants and 14 privates, killed.

CAPT. BULKLEY's company.

Capt. Bulkley, Lieut. Pottinger, Ensign White,
killed — 47 privates killed and missing.

♦The only person v.-hose conduct appears censurable, was Col.
Haviland commanding Fort Edward, for sending so small a force
when he had every r^iason to believe the enemy were apprised
of his intentions, and would without do ibt,have a superior forc«
in readiness to compel the Rangers to a-i engagement under eve-
ry disadvantage.

^8 REMlI^lSCENCEft 07

CAPT. WM. 8TARK's COMPANY. ^

Ensign Rosv;, killed. "

CAPT. BRK

Lieut. Campbell killed.

Soon after this affair, the following letter was re-
ceived by the commandant at Fort Edward, from
one of the volunteers who had fallen into the ene-
my's hands.

Carillon, March 28, 1758.
Bear Sir,

As a flag of truce is daily expected here, with an
answer to Mons. Vaudreuil, I embrace the first mo-
ment I have been able to write, to inform you and
our friends at Fort Edward, of the situation of my-
self and Mr. Kent whom you probably reckoned
among the slain, in our unfortunate rencontre of the
13th concerning which, 1 shall not be particular at
present, only to do justice to those who fell, and
those who escaped, f assure you that such dispo-
sitions were made by the enemy, who discovered us
long before, that a party weak as ours, could not
hope for even a retreat. Towards the conclusion
of the affair we were called to retire to a rising
ground on our right, where after scrambling witli
some difficulty, being unaccustomed to snow shoes, I
found Capt. Rogers, and told him that to retire fur-
ther was impossible, and desired that our men might
be collected, and a stand made where we then were.
Mr. Rogers being of the same opinion, desired me to
maintain one side of the hill, while he defended the
other. Our parties did not exceed 12 men each,
and mine was shifting towards the mountain, leaving
me unable to defend my post, or to labour with
thein up the hill. Capt. Rogers now came to me,

THa FRENCH WAR. 50

.'.nd inforinetJ that a large body of Indians had as-
cended the hill on our right, and that I must retire
wi^i Mr. Kent ; and he would send a sergeant to
conduct us through the mountain. Prudence re-
quired us to accept the offer, but one of my snow
shoes being untied, I knew myself unable to march
50 fast, as was requisite to avoid becoming a sacri-
fice to an enemy we could no longer oppose. I
therefore begged Capt R. to save himself; and lean-
ing against a rock in the path, determined to sub-
mit to a fate, I considered unavoidable. Unfortu-
nately for Mr. K. his snowshoesbecame loose which
obliged him to remain with me. Every instant
we expected the savages, and what induced them to
quit the path, in which we actually saw them ap-
proaching, I cannot conceive, unless they changed
it for a shorter one to intercept those who had just
left us. By their shouts, and making a fire, we sup-
posed they had found the rum in the Rangers' knap- i
sacks. This thought and the approach of night
gave us the first hopes of retiring. When the moon
arose, we stole quietly away, marching southward
along the mountains, for three hours, until we came
to ice. This gave us reason (o hope that our diffi-
cuhies were at an end, little dreaming that we had yet
enemies to combat, more cruel than the savages we
had escaped. We marched all night and on th«
morning of the 14th saw at a distance a man, who
came towards us. He proved to be a servant of
Captain Rogers, with whom he had often travelled
overt^is country : he without hesitation, informed
as we were upon South Bay \ that Wood Creek
was just before us ; that he knew the way to Fort
Anne very weH, and would take us to Fort Edward
next day. Notwithstanding our hopes of being up-
on Lake George were disappointed, our guide con-
firmed our confidence in him, by bringing us to a

^0 REMIIflSCENCES OF

ereek, where he shew the tracks of Indians, and the
path he said they had taken to Fort Anne. After
struggling several hours through the snow^, we were
obliged to halt and make snow shoes, as our guide
and Mr. K. had left theirs, upon reaching the ice.

Here we remained all night, without blankets,
with no coats, and but a single vest each, for I had
given one of mine to Mr. K. who had cast off his
green jacket, in the field, as I did likewise, my fur
cap, which had become a mark to the enemy, and
occasioned me a wound in the face. 1 had there-
fore but a single handkerchief on my head, and our
fire was small, as we had no hatchet to cut wood.
Before morning, we contrived with forked sticks
and strings of leather, a sort of snow shoes to pre-
vent sinking entirely. On the 15th we followed
our guide west all day ; but he did not fulfil his
promise ; however the next day he said it was im-
possible to fail ; but the 16th also passed without
success. Yet still we were patient, as the guide
appeared well acquainted with the w^ay, for he gave
every mountain a name, and shew several places
where his master had either killed deer, or encamp-
ed. The nature of the ground, or the want of sun-
shine, induced us to incline southward and we saw
ice at several miles distance through an opening in
the woods on the side of the hill.

I was now positive that after marching two days
west of South Bay, Lake George could not lie
south east of us, and concluded this to be the upper
e»d of the bay we had left. For this reason, with
the assurances of the guide, I advised to continue
our course west, which must bring us to Fort Anne
or gome place with which we were acquainted. But
Mr. Kent wished to be upon ice at all events, as he
was unable to continue in the snow, the difficulties
of the march having overcome him. As our snow
shoes continued breaking, and causing us to sink to

THE FRENCH WAR. 61

the middle every fifty paces ; the scrambling up
mountains full of dangerous holes and chasms, the
interruptions of fallen timber, our nights without
sleep or covering, and but little lire obtained with
great labour ; our sustenance water, and the bark
and berries of trees ; fcr all our provisions in the
first place, were a Bologna sausage and a little gin-
fifer ; all these circumstance induced me to yield to
Mr. K's desire ; but as the guide was confident that
Fort Anne was near, we concluded to search a little
longer. Next morning the c^uide informed us that
lie had discovered that fort Anne was near, and I was
inclined to follow him, for I was certain that the
best we could hope from descending to the ice,
would be to throw ourselves into the arms of the
French. The whole day of the 17th we marched
along a dreadful road, between the mountains, with
but one good snow shoe each. The ISth brought
us to the ice, and the first sight informed that we
had left the very same place live days before. Here
my resolution almost failed me ; while fatigue,
cold, hunger, and the prospect of perishing in the/
woods, attended us, I still had hopes and gave en-
couragement to the others ; but now^ I was in want
of it myself. Our only alternative now^, v/ai to
throw ourselves into the hands of the French, or to
perish. Our stock of food was exhausted, and we
were not so fortimatc as to see beast or bird to shoot
at. When our thoughts had become more collect-
ed, we conceived hopes that by appearing before the
French Fort with a white flag, the commandeer
would relieve and return us to Fort Edward.

I knev.' Caxillon commanded an extensive view'
tip South Bay, and therefore concluded to hali
during the evening, and march in the Hif!:ht, that
we might approach the Fort in the morniirg. But
th-e wind now blowing hare! , pierced us like a swoi:d,
and a freezing rain that incrusted our clothes wifh

62 REMINISCENCES OF

ice, compelled our party to wait until morning.
On the 19th we found 5»oine juniper berries which
revived our strength. We now proposed taking
advantage of a dark snowy day, to approach Car-
illon, designing to pass it in the night, and reach
Lake George — with difficulty the guide was per-
suaded to be of our opinion ; he was promised large
rewards but in vain, until I assured him of provis-
ions hid upon the Lake shore. We travelled a few
miles, but the snow was soon up to our knees, and
driving full in our faces, made every thing a])pear
as dark as the fogs upon the Banks of Newfound-
land. As the storm cleared up we looked in vain
for the Fort. Proceeding onward by land, we
came to a large waterfall. I attempted to ford the
stream above it, and had almost gained the opposite
shore, where the water reached my breast, when
the rapidity of the stream hurried me off the slip-
pery rocks, and plunged me under water. I lost
my fusee, and narrowly escaped being carried over
the fall. Mr. K. and the guide fared no better ;
but the hopes of reaching a fire, made us think
lightly of the matter. As night approached, we
laboured through the snow, being now certain that
the Fort was near ; but our guide nov/ confessed
for the first time, that he was at a loss. We plain-
ly perceived that his brain was affected ; he saw In-
dians all around him, and though we iiave since
learned, that we had every thing to fear from them,
yet that was a danger we did not think of. We
even shouted to give notice where we were ; but
could neither see nor hear of any one to lead us
right, if Ave halted, we became pillars of ice. We
therefore resolved to make a fire, though the dan-
ger was apparent. We had one dry cartridge on
kand, but in trying to catch afire with a little of
it, by means of my pistol, Mr. K. held the cartridge-
so near as to have it blow up in our faces, almost

THE FRENCH WAR. 63

blinding him, and causing great pain. This ap-
peared to be the last stroke of fortune ; we had
now no hopes of fire, and were not anxious for life ;
but wished to carry the scene out, in a manner be-
coming soldiers. We made a path round a tree,
and there exercised all night, though scarcely able
to stand, or to prevent each otlier from sleeping. —
Our guide notwithstanding repeated cautions, stray-
ed from us, sat down, and died immediately.

On the morning of the 20th we saw the Fort ;
and approached it with a white flag. The officers
ran violently towards us, and we were saved from
a danger we did not apprehend, for we were inform-
that if the Indians, who were close after them, had
siezed us first, it wou.lI not have been in the power
of the French, to have prevented our being hurri-
ed to the camp, and perhaps the next day to Mon-
treal, or > ']ed for not being able to march. Mon-
sieur Debencourt and his officers treat us with hu-
manity and politenese. They appear to be solicit-
ous for our recovery, which progresses slowly after
all these difficulties. In being thus prolix, we wish
to convince you Sir, that nothing but the situation
I have faithfully described, could have determined
us in the resolution, which appeared but one degree
preferable to perishing in the woods.

I shall make no further comment upon these dis-
tresses. The malicious will say, that we brought
them upon ourselves ; but let them not add that
they were deserved, because we were unsuccessful.
It must be allowed, that we could not have been led
abroad at such a season, cf snow and ice, to encoun-
ter the difficulties of the wilderness, in this frozen
climate, by the desire of. amusement, or to gratify
an idle curiosity. You, Sir, approved of our rea-
sons, and I hope, will defend them. The same
would induce me as a volunteer, to try the chance
of war to-morrow, if an opportunity should offer.

64 REMINISCENCES OF

I hold it the duty of a soldier, to omit no opportu-
nity of making himself acquainted with the different
modes of warfare, which are necessary for the de-
fence of His Majesty's dominions. We know you
too well, Sir, to harbour a doubt of receiving jus-
tice in regard to this affair, or our promotion in the
Regiment. We beg that the General will have us
restored as soon as possible, or at least prevent our
being sent to France, and perhaps separated from
you during the war.

We learn here that we were upon no other ice
than that of Lake George, but the day overtaking
us on the 14th in the place where we had first made
the lake, we were compelled to put confidence in
our guide, whose head was astray from the begin-
ning ; or he could not so grossly have mistak-
en a T)lace, where he had so often been upon scouts.
We had no doubt that we parted for South Bay on
the 14th. If our course had been continued west,
wc must undoubtedly liave perished in the wilder-
ness ; but Providence brought us back against our
judgment.

RespectfuUv,

JAS. CREED.

On my return from this scout, I was ordered ta
Albany, to recruit my company, where I met with a
friendly reception from Lord Howe, who advanc-
ed money to recruit the Rangers, and gave me leave
to wait upon Gen. Abercrombie at New York. The
latter had now succeeded to the chief command in
the place of Lord Loudoun, who was about to em-
bark for England. At this time, I received the fol-
lowing commission,

THE FRENCH WAR. 65

*• By Ills Excellency James Abercrombic, Esquire,
Colonel of His Majesty's 44tli Regiment of Foot,
Colonel in Chief of the 60th Royal Americam-,
Major General and Commander in Chief of all
His Majesty's forces raised or to be raised in
North America.

Whereas it may be of great use to His Majesty's
service in America, to have a number of men em-
ployed in obtaining intelligence, of the strength, sit-
uation, and motions of the enemy, and other servi-
ces for which Rangers only are qualified. Having,
therefore, the greatest confidence in your loyalty,
courage and skill, I do hereby constitute you Major
of the Rangers in His Majesty's service, and Captain
of a company of the samo. You are therefore to
take the said Rangers as Major, and said Company
as Captain, into your care, and duly exercise, and
instruct, as well the officers as the soldiers, who are
hereby commanded to obey you as Major and Cap-
tain respectively. And you are to observe sucli or-
ders as from time, to time, you shall receive from
His Majesty, myself, or other superior officer, ac.-
cording to the rules and discipline of war.

Given at New-York this 6th day of April 1758, in
the 31st year of our Sovereign Lord Gcoro^e II.
King of Great Britain, France and Ireland, De-
fender of the faith, &c.

JAMES ABERCROMBIE.

By his Excellency's command.

J. APf Y.

To Capt. Robert Rogers.

April 12. Reported myself to Lord Howe at Al-
bany, and had a long conversation, with him upon
the different modes of distressing the enemy, and
prosecuting the war with vigour, the ensuing cam-
6*

66 THE FRENCH WAR.

paign. I then proceeded to Fort Edward to take
orders from Col. Grant who then commanded that
post. Capt. Stark was despatched to Ticonderoga,
on the west side of Lake George, Captahi Jacob, ali-
as .\awnaioapcttconks on the east side, and Captain
Shepard between the Lakes, with directions to take
some prisoners from Carillon. At the same time, I
marched with 18 men for Crown Point. Capt. Bur-
bank was also detached in quest of prisoners. These
scouts were kept constantly out to discover any par-
ties of the enemy and to reconnoitre their motions
and force, from time to time.

' April 29. Marched with 18 men, from Fort Ed-
ward, up the road that leads to Fort Wm. Henry, 4
miles, and encamped at Sclioon Creek, the weather
being rainy.

April 30. Proceeded north east, and encamj>ed
by South Bay.

May I. Encamped near the narrows north of
South Bay,

May 2. Made a raft, crossed the Lake, and en-
camped four miles from it on the east side.

May 3. Steered north and encamped three miles
from Carillon.

May 4. Marched north east all day, and encamp-
ed 3 miles from Crown Point.

May 5. Killed a Frenchman and took three pris-
oners.

May 6. Commenced our return, and reached
Camp with our prisoners on the 9th.

One of the prisoners reportedthat he was a native
of Lorraine in France ; that he had been eight
years in Canada, viz. two at Quebec, one at Montre-
al, and five at Crown Point ; that at the latter place
were 200 soldiers, of which Monsieur le Jonang was
Commander ; that at Ticonderoga were 400 of the
Queen's Regiment, 150 marines, 200 Canadians, and
700 Indians ; and that they expected 800 more ;—

THS FRENCH WAR. 67

that they did not intend to attack oar Forts this
siiaimer, but were preparing to receive us at Ticon-
deroga ; that they had heard that Rogers and most
of his party were killed in the conflict of hist March ;
but by some prisoners taken by the Indians at Dutch
Hoosack, they were informed that Rogers was yet
ahve, and had sworn to revenge the barbarity with
which his men had been treated, particularly Lieut.
Phillips and his party, who were butchered in cold
blood, by them, after they had been promised quar-
ter. Tliis was talked of among the Indians, who
blamed the French for encouraging them to do so,"

Captains Stark and Jacob had returned on the
8th. The former brought in six prisoners, four of
whom he recaptured near Ticonderoga ;* they hav-
ing escaped from New York and Albany, were on
their flight to the French Forts. The latter, who
had but one white man with him, and eighteen In-
dians, took ten prisoners and 7 scalps out of a party
of French. About the middle of May, a flag of
truce was sent to Ticonderoga on Col. Schuyler's ac-
count, which put a stop to all offensive scouts until
its return.

May 28. Orders were issued to all the officers
and men of the Rangers, and the two Indian com-
panies on furlough, to join their respective corps ;
and that every man under my command should be
at his post before the 10th of June. Those orders
w^ere obeyed, and parties kept out until the 8th of
June, when Lord Howe arrived at Fort Edward
with one half of the army.

His Lordship immediately ordered me to take 50
men, and my whale boats, which were carried over
to Lake George in waggons, and proceed to Ticon-
tleroga ; to obtain at afl events, a plan of the north
end with all possible accuracy ; also the ground

*One was a sentinel taken near tho gate of Ticonderoga.

68 REMINISCENCES OF

from the Landing place, to the Fort ; also of Lake
Champlain, for 3 miles beyond it, and discover the
enemy's force in that quarter. With these orders, I
marched my party on tiie morning of the 12th, and
at night encamped upon the scite of Fort William
Henry.

June 30. Proceeded down the Lake in five whale
boats, to the first narrows, and to the west end of
the Lake, where I took the plan required.

Part of my men proceeding to reconnoitre the
Fort, discovered an extensive encamptnent and a
large number of Indians. While I was engaged at
a distance from my men, with two or three others
taking a plan of the Fort and camp, the Rangers
were attacked by a superior number of the enemy
who had come between iis. Capt. Jacob with his
Mohegan Indians, ran off at the first onset, calling
to our people to do the same : but they stood their
ground, discharged their pieces several times, and
at last, broke through the enemy, by whom they
had been surrounded on all sides, except their rear,
which was covered by a river. They killed three
of the enemy, but lost eight of their own party in
the skirmish. My party rallied at the boats where
I joined them, and having collected all but the slain,
returned homewards.

On the 20th at Half-way Brook, we met Lord
Howe advancing with three thousand men, to whom
1 gave an account of my scout, and the plans he had
requested. From him, I obtained leave to visit
Fort Edward, where his Excellency Maj. Gren.
Abercrombie was then posted. — He ordered me to
join Lord Howe next day, with all the Rangers,
amounting to 600 men, and proceed with him to
the Lake.

On the 22d his Lordship encamped at the Lake,
where Fort Wm. Henry formerly stood. The Ran-
gers advanced 400 yards, and encamped on the west

THE FRENCH VVAK. 69

side. From this position, three small parties of
Rangers were detached, viz. one to the narrows of
South Bay, one along the west side of Lake George,
and a third to Ticonderoga ; all proceeding by land-
Another party consisting of two Lieutenants and
seventeen men, proceeded down the Lake in five
whale boats on the look out, and were all taken pris-
oners by 200 French and Indians.

June 28. General Abercrombie arrived at the
Lake with the remainder of the troops ; and on
the morning of July 5th, the whole army of near-
ly 16000 men, embarked in batteaux foi* Ticondero-
ga. The order of March aiforded a splendid mili-
tary show. The regular troops occupied the cen-
tre, and the provincials formed the wings. For the
advanced guard, the Light Infantry flanked the right
and th^ Rangers the left of Col. Bradstreet's Bat-
teau men.

In this order the army advanced until dark, down
Lake George, to Sabbath-day point, when it halted
to refresh. As ten o'clock (at night) the troops mo-
ved onward, Lord Howe proceeding in front with
his whale boat, accompanied by Colonel Bradstreet,
myself, and Lieut. Holmes in other boats. Holmes
was despatched before us, to observe the Landing
place, and ascertain if the enemy w^ere posted there.
zVIr. Holmes returned at day break, and met the ar-
my near the Blue mountains, four miles from the
L andingplace, where he reported a party of the ene-
my were posted which he discovered by their i'res.
At day light, his Lordship, Col. Bradstreet, and
myself, proceeded within a quarter of a mile of the
Landing place, and perceived a small detachment
of the enemy in possession of it. Whereupon his
Lordship returned to assist in landing the army, in-
tending to march by land to Ticonderoga. At 12
'o'clock the landing was effected, ^and the Rangers
posted on the left wing. I was ordered by Gea.

70 REMINISCENCES OF

Abercrombie, to gain the summit of n mountain,
which bore north one mile from the Landing place,
thence to proceed east to the river, whicli enters the
falls between the Landing place, and the sawmill,
and to take possession of a rising ground on the
side of the enemy, there to wait for further or-
ders.f

After a fatiguing marcli of one hour, I reached
place whither I was ordered, and posted my men
to the best advantage ; being within a quarter of a
mile of where theMarquis de Montcalm, was posted
with 1500 men, as my scouts ascertained. At twelve
o'clock, Colonels Lyman and Fitch of the Provin-
cials, took post in my rear. While I was informing
them of the enemy's position, a sharp fire commen-
ced in the rear of Lyman's regiment, who immedi-
ately formed his front, and desired me to fall upon
the left flank, which I did. I ordered Capt. Bur-
hank with 150 men to remain at the place where
we were then posted, and watch the motions of the
French at the sawmills. The remainder of my
force, fell upon the enemy's left, the river covering
their right, and killed many of them. By this
time, Lord Howe with a detachment from his front,
had broken the enemy and hemmed them in on ev-
€ry side ; but advancing himself, with too great in-
trepidity and eagerness was unfortunately struck
by a shot and died instantly. f

*It was the practice of the Royal Generals, after they had
fceeii taught experience by the overthrow of Braddock, to detach
the Rangers in advance of the army, to scour the woods and dis-
cover ambuscades, if any were prepared for them. On this occa-
sion, they cleared the way to the sawmills. The bridge betwee n
Lake George, and the plains of Ticondcroga, was forced by Capt.
John Stark at the head of 200 Rangers, which left the passage
free for the army to advance to the attack. (Stark's Memoir.)

tThis gallant and accomplished nobleman was universally be-
loved by both officers and soldiers, and his fall produced a gen--
er»! consternation.

THE FRENCH WAR. 71

July 7. At six o'clock, I was ordered to the riv-
er running into the falls, Avhere I had been station-
ed the day before, there to halt on the west side,
with 450 men, while Capt. Stark wdth the remain-
dei' of the Rangers, proceeded with Captain Aber-
crombie, and iMr. Clerk the engineer, to reconnoitre
the Fort. They returned the same evening. The
whole army passed the night under arms. At sun-
rise on the 8th, Sir William Johnson arrived with
440 Indians.

At 7 o'clock, the Rangers were ordered to march.
A Lieutenant of Capt. Stark, led the advanced
guard, which when within 300 yards of the in-
trenchments, was ambushed arid fired upon by 200
French. I immediately formed a front to support
Ihem, and they maintained their ground until the en-
emy retreated. Soon after this, the Batteau-men
formed on my left, and the Light Infantry on my
right. This fire of the enemy did not kill one of
our men. Soon after, two provincial Regiments
formed in my rear, at 200 yards distance. While
the army was thus forming, a scattering fire wag
kept up between our flying parties and those of the
enemy, without the breast work. At half past ten
the greater part of the army being drawn up, a
sharp fire commenced on the left wing, where CoL
De Lancey's New York men and the Batteau-men
were posted. Upon this, I was ordered to drive
tlie enemy within their works, and then to Ml
down, that the piquets and grenadiers might march
^irough. The enemy soon retired within their
works ; and Major Proby with his piquets march-
ed wathin a few yards of the worJis, where he i^-
fortunately fell. The enemy keeping up a steady
fire, the soldiers were drawing back, when Colonel
Haldiman* came up with the Grenadiers to support
t^hem, followed by the battalions of the line. Tk^

♦Afterwards Goromor of Canada.

72 REMINISCENCES OF

Colonel advanced very near the breast work, which
was eight feet liigh. Some of tlie Provincials and
Mohawks also came up.*

We toiled with repeated attacks for four hours,
being greatly embarrassed by trees felled by the en-
emy without their breast work, when the General
ordered a retreat, and directed the Rangers to bring
up the rear, which they did in the dusk of the eve-
ning.

On the ninth at dark we reached our camp at the
south end of Lake George, where the army receiv-
ed the General's thanks for their good behaviour,
and were ordered to intrench themselves. The
wounded were sent to Fort Edward and Albany.
Our loss in Regulars and Provincials,! v/as consid-
erable. The enemy lost 600 killed, and many wero
taken prisoners.

July 8. Went on a scout to South Bay, and re-
turned on the 16th having discovered a thousand of
t'he enemy on the east side. . This party fell upon

«This attack was made before the General intended, by an ao-
cidental fire on the New York wing, upon which Col. Haviland
being in the centre, ordered the troops to advance.

fThe loss of the British army in this attack has been estima-
ted at 1608 regulars and 334 provineiajis. The importance of
occupying the mountain w^hich overlooked and comrnanded the
works of Ticonderoga, did not escape the military eye of Howe.
But the attempt to transport cannon to the swiimit, (800 feet)
was considered in those days, a task which nothing short of Tnk>'
raculciK aid, could accomplish. Abercrombie therefore, confi-
dent of success, from the number, discipline, and valor of his
troops, waived an opportunity of reducing the place without loss.
Oen. Bnrgoyne afterwards acted a more prudent and military
part. Be took possession of this mountain, drew up his cannon
with the greatest secrcsy in the night, by using large brass tac-
kles, and from the summit, shew himself to the astonished Amer-
icans, on the morning of July 7th 1777. The immediate evaci>-
atiott of the post, und the disastrous retreat of St. Clair, were the
coneeqneneoE.

THE FREr?CH WAR. 73

€ol. Nicliols' Regiment on the 17th at Half-way
Brook, and killed three captains and twenty men.

July 27. Another party of the enemy fell upon
a convoy of waggoners between Fort Edward and
Half-way brook,* and killed 116 men 16 of whouj
were Rangers.

I attempted to intercept this party with 700 men,
but they escaped. On my return, an express met
me with orders to march to South and East Bays,
and return by Fort Edward. In the execution of
these orders, nothing material happened until the
Sth of August. On our return early in the morn-
ing we decamped from the place where Fort Anne
stood, and began our march, Major Putnam with
a party of Provincials inarching in front, my Ran-
gers in the rear, and Capt. Daly ell with the Regulars
in the centre, our whole force consisting of 530,
exclusive of officers, (a number having returned the
day before. J After m.arching three fourths of a
mile, 500 of the enemy attacked us in front. Our
men were immediately brought into line, Capt. Dal-
yell commanding the centre, with the Rangers and
Light infantry on the right, and Capt. Giddingswith
his Boston troops or the left. Major Putnamf be-
ing in front when the fire began, the enemy rushed
in, took him, one Lieutenant and two men prison-
ers, thiew the whole into cofus^ion and put them
to flight. They afterward rallied and performed
good service, particularly, Lieut. Durkee, who not-
withstanding a wound in his thigh, and one in his
wrist, bravely maintained his ground, and encour-
aged his men throughout the action.

•From these and other slaughters, this brook is eonaetjroos cal-
led «' Bloody Brook.""

tThe Indians tied Major Putnam to a tree, and being obliged
to give ground, his situation expoced him to the shot of both pa*»-
tics. In their retreat, the enemy carried him away with thewu
7

74 RK3IINISCENCES OF

Capt. Dalyell with Gage's Light liifaiitry, and
Lieut. Eyers of the 44th Regiment, behaved with
great gallantry. They occupied the centre, where
at first, the fire was most severe ; it afterwards fell
to the right, Avhere the enemy made four difierent
attacks upon the Rangers. The officers and soldiers
throughout the detachment, behaved so well, that
in one" hour's time, the enemy broke and retreated.
This they effected with caution, and in such small
scattering parties, as aff'orded us no opportunity to
harrass them in the pursuit. We kept the field and
buried our dead. We missed fifty four men, twen-
ty one of whom, came in afterwards being separa-
ted from us in the action. The enemy lost 199
killed, several of whom were Indians. We were
met at some distance from Fort Edward, by 300
men with refreshments sent us by Col. Provost, and
arrived there on the 9th.

July 11. Col. Provost* who now ranked asBrig-
adier, and commanded Fort Edward, ordered me
to pursue the track of a large party of Indians,
which he understood had passed down the east
side of the Hudson, and if possible, cut off* their re-
treat. The report being groundless, I returned to
Fort Edward on the 14th, and proceeded to the
camp at Lake George.

Aug. 29. Reconnoitred Ticonderoga, and w'a&
from this time, until the army retired to winter
quarters, employed in various excursions to the
French Forts ; and in pursuit of their flying par-
ties.

Notwithstanding little was effected by our cam-
paign against Ticonderoga, the British arms were
not every where unsuccessful. Col. Bradstreet with

•Afterwards Governor of Canada.

THE FRENCH WAE. 75

5000 men reduced Fort Frontenac at Cataraqua.*
General Amherst who commanded at Cape Breton
having succeeded in capturing the strong and im-
portant fortress of Loiiisburg, now assumed the
chief command of His Majesty's forces in place of
Gen. Abercrombie, and fixed iiis Head Quarters at
New York. We had now new commanders to obey,
and a new apprenticeship to serve.

From Albany, where I was settling accounts with
the paymaster, I despatched the following letter to
Colonel Townshend, Deputy Adjutant General to
His Excellency.

Mbany, Jan. 28, 1759.
Sir,

I herewith send you a return of the present con-
dition of His Majesty's Rangers at Fort Edward,
with a list of officers now recruiting in different
parts Qf New England, who report already 400
men enlisted, which are now wanted to protect our
convoys between Albany and Fort Edward.

In order to urge the recruiting service, I would
propose to visit New England, and wait upon the
General at New York, on my way, to represent the
necessity of augmenting the Rangers, and the de-
sire of the Stockbridge Indians to re-enter the ser-
vice. The Rangers' arms are in the hands of Mr.
Cu«ningham at New York and are very much needed

*This fort was square faced, with four stone bastion^, and
nearly three quarters of a mile in circumference. Its Rituation
was very pleasant, the banks of the river presenting on all sides,
an agreeable landscape, with a fair view of Lake Ontario, dis-
tant one league, interspersed with many beautiful woody islands.
The Fort was erected to prevent the Indians trading with the
English, and became a place of great trade. It is now totally
destroyed.

75 REMIM3CENCES OP

at Fort Edward. >Vill you be good enough to have
them forwanled.

Respectfully,

Your obed't servant.

R. ROGERS.

P. S. Gen Stanwix informs that a subaltern and
twenty Rangers are to be stationed at Number Four.
I would recommend Lieut. Stevens who is well ac-
quainted with the country in that quarter.

To Col. Townshend.

THE ANSWER.

Feb. 5, 1759.
Sir,

I received your letter with the enclosed return.
The General commands me to inform you, that he
can by no means a])prove of your leaving Fort Ed-
ward.' Your recruiting officers are ordered to send
their recruits to Fort Edward, by an advertisement
in the newspapers, which was our ordy method of
conveying the General's orders as you did not furnish
their names or places of duty. The proposals for
the Indians should be sent immediately to the Gen-
eral. The arms shall be sent forthwith.

Lieut. Stevens has been notified of the General's
intention of leaving him at Number Four. It is a
season of the year when you may expect the ene-
my's scouting parties, and you must see the necessi-
ty of remuining at Fort Edward. Your officers
will join you as soon as possible. At another time,^
the General would grant your request.

Your humble servant,
"^ R. TOWNSHEND, D. A. G.

To Major Rogers.

I proposed to the Colonel, an addition of two
wew corps of Rangers, on the same footing as those

THE FRE^^GII WAR. 77

already in service ; and that thrfee Indian companies
should be raised for the next campaign. In order
to secure them, before they went out upon hunting
parties, I wrote to three of their chiefs, one of whom
was King Uncas of the Mohegans, in substance a«
follows.

Brother Uncas,

As it is for the advantai^e of King George, to
hav^e a large body of Ringers for the next campaign
and being well convinced of your attachment, I
wish in pursuance of Gen. Amherst's orders, to en-
gage your assistance here early in the spring.
Should you choose to come out as Captain, you
shall have a commission ; if not I shall expect Do-
(juipe and J^aanipad. You shall choose the Ensign
and Sergeants. The company should consist of fif-
ty men or more. If the deserters from Brewer^s
Corps'^ will join you, the Gen. will pardon them.
You may employ a clerk who shall be allowed the
usual pay. 1 wish you success in raising the men,
and shall be glad to be joined by you, as soon as
possible.

Your humble servant,

R. ROGERS.

With letters to Indians, a belt of wampum must
be sent. The bearer reads the letter and delivers
both that and the belt to the sachem to whom they
are directed.

Towards the last of February, Sir Wm. John-
son sent Capt. Lottridge (Indian) with fifty Mo-
hawks, to join me in a scout to Ticonderoga.

March 3. 1759. Received from Col. Haldiman,
orders to reconnoitre the enemy's Forts, and march-

*Several men had deserted from Brewer's Company and wer6
then residing with the Mohegans.

78 REMINISCEITCrs OF*

etl with 358 men to Half way brook, wliere we en
camped. One Indian being hurt by accident, retur-
ned. On the 4th marched within a mile and a half
of Lake George, and halted until evening, that we
might pass the enemy undiscovered, if any should
be on the hill. We then continued our March until
two o'clock in the morning, and halted at the first
narrows ; whence several of our party beins frost
bitten, were sent back in charge of a careful ser-
geant to Fort Edward.

At eleven o'clock on the evening of the 5th we
reached Sabbath-day point, almoi^t overcome with
the cold. At two o'clock, continued our route, and
reached the landing place at eiglit A. M. Fiere a
scout was sent out and reported that two working
parties were to be seen on the east side, but none
on the west. I judged this a suitable time for the
Enjjineer to make his observations ; and leaving
Gapt. Williams in command of the Regulars and
thirty Rangers, procecdetl with the Engineer, for-
ty nine R.iugers, Capt. Lottridge and forty five In-
dians, to the isthmus which overlooks the Port,
where he made his observations. We then returned
to our party, leavincr five Indians and one Ranger,
to observe whatnunibers crossed the Lake from the
east side, in the evening, tliat I might know how to
attack them next morning. At dark, the Engineer
went again to the intrench ments, with Lieut. Tute
and a guard of 10 men. He returned at midnight,
without molestation, having finished his business to
his satisfaction. Upon this, I ordered Capt. Wil-
liams and the Regulars back to Sabbath-day point,
they being so distressed with the cold, and having
no snow shoes, it appeared imprudent to march
them any farther. Lieut. Tute and thirty Rangers
were sent with them, with orders to kindle fires up-
on the point. At.three o'clock, I marched with
three Lieutenants and forty Rangers, one Regular

THK FRENCH WAR. /?

and Capt. Lottridges Indians, to attack the working
parties when they crossed the Lake early in the mor-
ning. We crossed South Bay eiglit miles south of
the Fort,* and at six o'clock bore down opposite to
it, within half a mile of the French parties employ-
ed in cutting wood. A scout of two Indians and
two Rangers soon brought intelligence, that they
were forty in number, and at work close upon the
Lake shore, nearly opposite tlie Fort. I'hrowing
off our blankets, we ran down uj)onthem, took sev-
eral prisoner?, and destroyed mo^t of the party in
the retreat. Beincr discovered by the garrison, we
were pursued by eighty Canadians and Indians, back-
ed by 150 regulars, who in a mile's march, com-
menced a fire upon our rear. We halted upon a ri-
sing ground, repulsed the enemy, before their whole
party came up, and resumed our line of march
abreast. Proceeding half a mile further, our rear
was again attacked, but we gained an advantageous
post, upon a long ridge, vv'-hcre we made a stand on
the side, opposite to the enemy. The Canadians and
Indians came very close, but receiving a warm fire
from the Rangers and Mohawks they broke imme-
diately, were pursued and entirely routed beforo
their Regulars coukl come up. We now marched
without opposition. In these skirmishes, one Regu-
iarf and two Rangers were killed, one Indian woun-
ded and thirty of the enemy left dead upon the
field. At twelve o'clock at nig^ht, we reached Sab-
bath day Point, fifty miles§ from the place we lefl

♦Hare we found that a party of Indians had gone up the Baj
towards our Forts.

tThe only Regular in the parly.

§Thi3, considering that two skirmishes were fought on tb^
•aroe day, may be considered rather an extraordinary march.

so kEMlNlSCENCaS OF

in the morning. Capt. Williams was up, and re-
ceived us with good fires, than whicli, nothing
could be more acceptable to my party, several of
whom had their feet frozen, the weather being ex-
cessively cold, and the snow four feet deep. Next
morning, the whole detachment marched to Long
Island, on Lake George and encamped for the night.
During our march, some of the Rangers and Indians
had leave to hunt on the Lake shore, and brought
us plenty of venison.

Fearing that a party of Indians who had gone up
South Bay, might do some mischief before I reach-
ed Fort Edward, I sent Lieut. Tutejwith the follow-
ing letter to Col. Haldiman.

Camp at Sabbalfi day Point, 8 o"* clock, A. M.
Sir,

1 would inform you that 60 Indians in 2 parties,
have gone towards Fort Edward and Sarato-
ga, and 1 fear will strike some blow before this
jcaches you. Mr. Brheme the Engineer, is satis-
fied that he has done his business agreeably to his
orders ; since which, I have taken and destroyed
several of the enemy near Ticonderoga, as the bear-
er will inform. The Mohawks behaved well, and
ventured within pistol shot of the Fort.* The
weather is extremely severe, and we are obliged to
carry some of our men whose feet are frozen.
Yours &c.

R. ROGERS.

N. B. Two thirds of my detachment have fro-
zen their feet.

*This was quite a venture for them — they have a mortal antip-
athy to comir»g within the range of cannon shot.

SHE FRENCH WAE. 81

Fort Edward, March 10, 1759.
Dear Sir,

I congratulate you on your success, and genii
twenty two ?leighs to transport your sick. You will
also bring as many boards as you can conveniently.*
My compliments to Capt. Williams and all the gen-
tlemeo.

Your most obedient servant,

FRED. HALDIMAN.
P. S. The signal guns have been fired to give
notice to the different posts to be on their guard.
Nothing has yet appeared. f

At Lake George,%ve met the sleighs, and a detach-
ment of 100 men, with whom, we all arrived safe
at Fort Edward,where I found the following letters.

Sir, New York, Feb. 26, 1757.

Your letter by Mr. Stark was yesterday received.
The General approves of raising the Indians, but
does not a^ree, to raise any niovQ companies of Ran-
gers until The present ones are completed. Your
arms have been proved by the artillery, and answer
well. The); will be sent you as fast as possible. We
have chosen 100 men from each regiment, amlselec-^
ted opcers, to act this year as Light Infantry. They
are equipped as lightly as possible, and are much
wanted in our service. Brigadier Gage recom-
mends you highly to the General. With him, mer-
it will not pass unrewarded, nor will he favour rec-
ommendations, unless the person deserves promo-
tion. Please return your companies when com-
plete. Your humble servant,

R. TOWNSHEND.

♦Boards left at the place where Wm. Henry stood, now want-
ed at Fort Edward.

tThese alarm guns were heard by a party of the enemy, then
near Fort Miller on the Hudson eight miles below Fort Edward*,
who supposed themselves discovered, and retf.oated with precipi-
tation.

82 REMINISCENCES OF

Mw York, Feb. 13, 1759.
Sir,

This will be delivered by Captain Jacob Nawna-
wapateonks who durino^ the last campaign comman-
ded the Stockbridge Indians ; who upon hearing
that you had written concerning him, came to offer
his services for the ensuing campaign. As you
have not mentioned any terms, I refer him to you
to receive his proposals, report them to me, and in-
form me whether his service is adequate to them.
After whicli, I will give an answer.
I am Sir,

Your very humble servant,

" JEFF. AMHERST.
To Major Rogers.

Before receiving this letter, 1 had waited upon the
General at Albany, by whom I was well received,
and assured of the rank of Major in the army,
from the date of my commission under Gen. Aber-
crombie.

Returning to Fort Edward May 15th, received
the melancholy news, that Capt, Burbank had been
sent on a scout in my absence, and had been cut off
with thirty men. Mr. Burbank w^as one of our
best officers and the scout upon which he had been
sent, was needless and ill-advised.*

Preparations for the campaign were now hastened
in every quarter. Levies from the different Prov-
inces, were forwarded. The Ranger companies
were completed, and in June, part of the army
under Gen. Gage, advanced to the Lake. I was di-

*The Indians scalped Capt. Burbank, and held up his scalp in
great exultation supposing it to be that of Rogers. The prison-
ers informed them of their mistake ; and they appeared to be
sorry, saying that Capt. B. was a good man. It appears he had
at Bornc time previous shewn some of them kindness, which they
are not apt to forget.

THE FRENCH WAR. 85

rected to send Captain Stark with three companies,
to join Gen. Gage. I remained with the other three,
mider the orders of the General in Chief, who di-
rected several scouts to be made to the enemy's
Forts.

June 20th. The second division of the army pro-
ceeded to the Lake, the Rangers forming part of the
advanced guard. Here His Excellency was pleased
to fulfil his promise to me, by declaring in public
orders, my rank as Major in the army, from the
date of my commission as Major of Rangers. The
army lay here collecting its strength, and procur-
ing information of the enemy, until July 21st,
when it was again embarked for Ticonderoga, lit-
tle more than a year after your repulse, before the
lines of that Fortress.

June 22. The Rangers were in front on the right
wing, and were the first troops landed at the north
end of Lake George ; after them, followed the
Grenadiers and Light Infantry, commanded by Col.
Haviland.

The Rangers marched across the mountains in
the isthmus, thence through a by-path in the woods,
to the bridge at the sawmills, where finding the
bridge standing uninjured, we crossed to the other
side, took possession of a rising ground, drove
thence a party of the enemy, killed several, took a
number of f^-isoners, and routed the whole, before
Colonel Haviland's corps had crossed the bridge.

The army took possession of the heights near the
saw-mills, where it lay that night. The enemy
kept out a scout of Indians and Canadians, which
killed several men, and galled us severely.

July 23. At an early hour, the General put his
troops in motion. The Rangers were ordered to
the front, with directions to proceed across Chesnut
plain, the nearest way to Lake Champlain, and en-
deavour to strike it, near the edge of the cleared

^ KKMINISCENCES Ot

ground, between that, and the breast work, there to
wait for further orders. The General liad by this
lime prepared a detachment to attack the main breast
work on the hill, ■which succeeded in carrying it ;
while two hundred Rangers under Capt. Brewer
took possession of a small entrenchment near Lake
Champlain, without much loss.

From the time the army came in sight, the enemy
kept up a constant fire of cannon from their walls
and batteries. The General employed several Pro-
vincial regiments* to transport the cannon and storesi
across the carrying place ; which service they per-
formed with great expedition.

July 24. This dayf the engineers were employed
in raising; batteries with the assistance of a larse
portion of the troops ; the remainder, being enga-
ged in making fascines until the 126th at night.
Scouts from the Rangers, were during this inter-
val, continually kept out in the vicinity of Crown
Point, by v. hose means the General had hourly in-
telligence from that post.

Orders Avere given to cut away a boom,w;hich the
French had thrown across the Lake, opposite the
Fort, which pievented our boats from passinif, and
cutting off the French retreat. For this purpose,
two whak boats and one English flat boat were con-
veyed across the land from Lake George to Lake
Champlain, in which, after dark, sixty Rangers
passed to the other side of Champlain, opposite
their camp ; from thence intending to steer along
the cast shore, and silently saw off the boom, which

•About this time, some of the Provincial Regiments were sent
to Oswego to assist in erecting a Fort.

fTbis day the brave Col. Townshend was killed by a cannon!
8bot. His fall wns deeply lamented by tbe Geuoial, to wkoaa h«
»«ied aa Deputy Adjutant General.

THE FRENCH WAR. 85

was composed of logs of timber fastened together
with large iron chains.

At nine o'clock we had nearly reached our desti-
nation, when the French who had previously un-
dermined the Fortress, sprung their mines, which
blew up with a trejuendous explosion, and immedi-
ately commenced a retreat in their boats. This
gave us an opportunity of attacking tliem to advan-
tage, and driving several of their boats on shore ;
so that next morning ten boats were taken on the
east shoie, containing a large quantity of baggage,
fifty barrels of ])Owder, and a quantity of shot and
shells.

At ten o'clock, I returned and reported to the
General.

21. i was ordered with a party to tlie sawmills,
to way-lay the flying parties of the enemy who
were expected to return that way ; and lay there
until August 11, W'lien the following order was re-
ceived.

You are this night to send a Captain with a prop-
er proportion of subalterns, and 200 iren to Crown
Point. Where tliey will post themselves in such a
manner as not to be surprised, and if attacked they
are not to retreat, but to maintain their ground un-
til reinforced.

JEFF. AMHERST.

Capt. Brewer was detache-1 with the party, and
the General following in the morning, with the
whole army, arrived and took possession of the
Point the same day ; Capt. Brewer had executed
his orders in the most satisfactory manner.

Aug. 12. This evening, the encampment was ar-
ranged, the Rangers' camp being in front of the tw-
my. The next day, the General directed the ground
to be cleared, and employed a large portion of the
troops, in erecting a new Fort. Capt. Stark with
8

86 REMINISCENCES OF

200 Rangers was employed in cutting a road from
Crown Point, through the wilderness to Number
Four. While the army lay at Crown Point, I sent
out several scouts, some of which brought prison-
ers from St. John's and others penetrated far into
the enemy's back country.*

We were thus occupied until the 12th of Septem-
ber, when the General exasperated at the treatment
Capt. Kennedy had received from the St. Francis
Indians, to whom he had been sent with a flag of
truce and proposals of peace, who had been by
them made prisoner with his party, that he deter-
mined to bestow upon them, a signal chastisement.
He gave orders as follows : '' You arc this night*
to join the detachment of 200 men which w^ere yes-
terday ordered out, and proceed to Missisqui bay
from which , you will proceed to attack the enemy's
settlements on the south side of the St. Lawrence,
in such a manner, as shall most effectually disgrace
and injure the enemy, and redound to the honour
and success of His Majesty's arms. Remember the
barbarities committed by theenenay's Indian scoun-
drels, oti-every occasion, where they have had oppor-
tunities of shewing their infamous cruelties, towards
His Majesty's subjects. Take your revenge, but re-
member that although the villains have promiscu-
ously murdered women and chiidren of all ages, it
is my order, that no women or children should be
killed or hurt. When you have performed this

*Capt Tute and Lieut. Fletcher were taken prisoners while on
different scouts, and carried to Canada.

fThis plan was concerted the day before but that all due cau-
tion might be used, it was given out in public orders, that I wa*
to proceed another way, wlule I bad secret orders to proceed
t« St* Franeis.

THE FRENCH WAR. 87

service, you will again join the army wherever it
may be.

Yours &c,

JEFF. AMHERST.

Carap at Crown Pointy Sept. 13, 1759.
To Major Rogers.

The acconnt of the oxpedition to St. Francis, is
contained in a despatch to Gen. Aroherst, as fol-
lows.

On the evening of the twenty second day after
our departure from Crown Point, we came in sight
of the Indian town of St. Francis, which we dis-
covered by climbing a tree at three miles distance.
Here my party consisting of 142,* officers inclu-
ded, were ordered to refresh themifelves.

At eight o'clock Lieut. Turner, Ensign Avery and
Jiiyself reconnoitred the town. We found the In-
dians engaged in a high frolic, and saw them execute
several dances with the greatest spirit. f

We returned to our Camp, at two o'clock, and at
three, advanced with the whole party, within 500
yards of the village, where the men were lightened
of their packs, and formed for action.

Half an hour before sunrise, we surprised the
village approaching it in three divisions, on the
right, left, and centre ; which was effected with so
much caution and promptitude, on the part of the
officers and men, that the enemy had no time to re-
cover themselves, or to take arms in their own de-

*Capt. Williams of the Royal troops, or the fifth day of the
march, was accidentally burnt wirh gun powder, and obliged to
return, taking with him forty four men who were sick and
hurt.'*

tit was ascertained from the prisoners, that the Indians were
engaged in celebrating a wedding, on the evening before the dea-
iruction of their town.

88 REMINISCENCES OF

fence, until they were mostly destroyed. Some few
escaped to the water, but my people pursued, sunk
their canoes.andsfjot those who attempted to escape
by swimming. We then set tire to all their houses
excepting three reserved for the use of the party.

The fire consumed many Indians who had con-
cealed themselves in the cellars and lofts of their
houses and would not come out. At seven o'clock
in the morning the affair was completely oxer. We
had by that time, killed 200 Indians', and taken
twenty of their women and children prisoners ; fif-
teen of the latter, I suffered to go their own way ;
and brought home wiih me two Indian hoys* and
three girls. Five English captives were also found
and taken into our care.

On parading the detachment, Captain Ogden w^as
found to be badly wounded being shot through the
body, but still able to perform his duty. Six pri-
vates were wounded, and one Stockbrid^e Indian
killed.

I ordered my party to take corn out of the reser-
ved houses, for their subsistence home, there being
no other provision there ; and while they were
loading themselves, I examined the captives, who
reported that a i)arty of 300 French and some In-
dians, were down the river four miles below us ;
and that our boats were way-laid.

This 1 believed to be true, as they told tlie exact
number, and the place where they had been left ;
that 250 French had three days before gone uj) the
river, to " Wigwam Martinio"* supposing that I in-
tended to attack that place."

A council of w;ii now concluded that no other
course was left us, than to return by Connecticut

•Those prieoncrs on reaching number Four claimed Mrs. John-
0on as an old acquaintance, she having been with their tribe aa «
prisoner some time before. One of them was called Sebatia.

THE FRENCH WAR. o^

River and Number Four. The detadiment tlicre^
fore inarched in a body eight days upon that course,
and when provi>ioiis grew scarce near Mcinpiirema-
gog Lake, it Wds divided into companies witii prop-
er guides to each, and ordered to assemble at the
month of Ammoiioosuck River,* as I exj)ected to find
provisions tliere for our relief.

Two days after we separated, Ensign Avery of
Fhche's regimont with his party, fell upon my
track, and followed in my rear. The enemy fell
npon them, and took seven prisoners, two of whom
<iscaped and came to me next morning. Avery with
his men soon after joined us and we proceeded to
the Coos intervales, where I left tiiem with Lieut.
Grant. I then proceeded with Capt. Ogden and
one man more, upon a raft and arrived at this place
yesterday. Provisions were in half an hour after
despatclied up the river to Mr. Grant, by a canoe
which will reach him this night. Tv/o other ca-
noes witli provisions, have been sent to the mouth
of Ammonoosuidi River. I shall go up the River
tomorrow, to look after my men, and return as soon
as possible, to (3rown Point. Capt. Ogden can in-
form vou of other mrticulars respecting this scout,
as he was with me Uirough the whole expedition,
and behaved nobly.

Your most obedient servant,

R.ROGERS.
J^imber Foiir^ Nov. 5, 1769.

To Gen. Amherst.

I cannot forbear making some remarks upon the
difficulties and distresses, which attended the expe-
dition under my command, against the village of St.

♦Aminonoosuck River falls into the Connecticut eixty miles
above Number Four (now Charleston N. H.
, I expected our boats would be taken, and sent back to Crown
Point, to have provisions convened to that place.

8* "

90 REMINISCENCES OF

Francis, situated within three miles of the river St.
Lawrence in tlie heart of Canada about half way
between Montreal and Quebec. While we kept the
water, it was found extremely difficult to pass un-
discovered by the enemy, wdio w'ere cruising in great
numbers upon the Lake, and had prepared certain
vessels armed with all manner of mischievous im-
plements, to decoy English parties on board, and
destroy them. But we escaped their designs, and
landed at Missisqui bay in ten days. Here I left
my boats and provisions sufficient to carry us back
to Crown Point, under the charge of two trusty In-
dians ; — who were to remain there until we came
back, unless the enemy should discover the boats,
in which case, they were to follow my track, and
bring the intelligence. The second day after this,
they joined me at night, informing that 400 French
had discovered my boats, and that 200 of them were
now following my track. This caused us some un-
easiness. Should the enemy overtake us, and we
have the advantage in an encounter, they would be
immediately reinforced, while we could expect no
assistance, being so far advanced beyond our mili-
tary posts, our boats and provisions likewise being
taken, cut off all hope . of retreat by the rout we
came; but after due deliberation, it was resolved
to accomplish our object at all events, and return
by Connecticut River. Lieut. McMuUen was des-
patched by land to Crown Point to desire Gen.
Amherst to relieve us with provisions at Ammonoo-
suck river, at the extremity of the Coos intervales ;
that being the way we should return if we ever
should return. We now determined to out-march
our pursuers, and destroy St. Francis, before we
were overtaken. We marched nine days through a
spruce bog, where the ground was wet and low,
great part of it being covered with water a foot

THE FRENCH WAR. ^\

rleep. Wlien we encamped at night, we cut boughs
from the trees, and with them, constructed a kind
of hammocks to secure ourselves from the water.
We uniformly began our march a little before day
and continued it until after dark at night. The
tenth day after leaving the Bay brought us to a riv-
er fifteen miles north of St. Francis, which we
were compelled to ford against a swift current.
The tallest men were put up stream, and holding by
each other, the party passed over with the loss of
several guns, which were recovered by diving to
the bottom. We had now good marching ground,
and proceeded to destro}' the town as before rela-
ted ; wdiich would in all probability, have been ef-
fected with no other loss but the Indian who was
killed in the action, had not our boats been discov-
ered, and our retreat that way cut off.

This tribe of Indians was notoriously attached to
the French, and had for a century past, harrassed
the frontiers of New England, murdering people of
all ages and sexes, in the most barbarous manner,
and in times of peace, when they had no reason to
suspect their hostile intentions.

They had within my own knowledge during the
six years past, killed and carried away more than
600 persons. We found 600 scalps hanging upon
poles over the doors of their wigwams.

It is impossible to describe the dejected and mis-
^^Table condition of the party ; on arriving at the
Coos intervales. After so long a march over rocky

*Capt. John Stark and Mr. Eastman of the Rangers were ta-
ken by a party of these Indians on Bakers river (N. H.) in 1762
and detained as prisoners some time at St. Francis. See Stark '•
Memoir.

S2 REMINISCENCES OF

barren mountains, and through deep swamps,*
W4>rn down with hunger and latigue, we expect-
ed to be relieved at the intervales, and assisted in
our return. The officer despatched to the General,
reached Crown Poini in nine days, and faitiifully
discharged his commission; upon which, llie Gener-
al immediately ordered Lieut. Stevens to Nuinber
Four, and to [)roceed thence with provisions up
the river, to the j)Iace I had designated ; there, to
wait so long as there were any liopes of my return.
The officer tlioiight proj)erto remain but two days,
and returned carrying with him all the provisions,
about two hours before our arrival. We found a
fresh fire burnistg in his camp, and fired guns to
bring Iiim back, which he heard, but would not
return supposing we were an enemy. f

In this emergency I resolved to make the best of
my w^ay to Number Four, leaving the remainder of
the party now unable to pre ceed any further, to ob-
tain sucii wretched subsistence as the wilderness af-
forded,§ until I could relieve them, which 1 prom-
ised to do in ten days.

Capt. Ogilen, myself and a captive Indian boy,
embarked upon a raft of dry i>ine trees. The cur-
rent carried us down the stream in the middle of
the river, wliere we kept our miserable vessel,' with

Ha one of these swamps, they were led about three days by a
equaw, and finally brought back to their tracks, this was to giv«
the Indians a chance to overtake them.

tPhis gentleman for his conduct on this occasion, was cashier-
ed by a General Court Martial, and rendered incapable of sus-
taining any office in His Majesty's service, for the future. This
however was no consolation to the brave men, to whom his neg-
ligence caused snch distress and anguish, many of whom, actual-
ly died with hunger.

^Ground n«ts and liily roots, which when boiled will support
Ufa.

THE PRENCII WAE.

such paddles as could be split, and Iiewn with small
hatcliets. The second day we reached White Riv-
er falls ; and very narrowly escaped running over
them. The raft went over, and was lost ; but our
remaining strength enableil us to land and march by
the falls. At the foot of them, Capt. Ogden and
the Ranger killed some red squirrels and also a par-
tridge, while I atlempted to construct another raft.
Not being able to cut the trees, I burnt them down,
and burnt them at proper lengths. This was our
third day's work after leaving our companions.
Tiie next day we floated down to Wattoquichie
falls, which are about fifty yards in length. Here
we lan(led,and Capt. Ogden held the raft by a wythe
of hazle bushes, while I went below tlie falls,^to
swim in, board and paddle it ashore ; ti.is being
our only hope for life, as we had not strength suffi-
cient to make a new raft, should t.his be lost. I suc-
ceeded in securing it ; and next mornirg we floated
down within a short distance of Number Four.
Here we found several men cutting timber, who re-
lieved and assisted us to the Fort. A canoe was
immediately despatched up the river with provis-
ions, which reached the men at Coos in four days
after, which according to my agreement, was the
tenth after I left them. Two days afterwards, I
went up the river with two other canoes, to relievo
others of my party who might be coming that
way.*

Expresses were sent to Suncook and Pennacook
(now Pembroke and Concord N. H.) upon Merri-

»I met several parties, viz. Lieutenants Cargill, Ccmpheli, and
Farrington and Sergeant Evans, with their respootive partiea:
and proceeding farther fell in with several who had escaped, of
Turner's and Dunbar's parties, which (twenty in number) had
been o/ertaken, and mostly killed or taken by the enemy.

ir4 REMINISCENCES OF

mack river, that any who should stray in that direc-
tion, should be assisted.*

One of the Rangers instead of more important
plunder, placed in his knapsack a large lump of tal-
low, which enabled him to fare comfortably on his
return, while many of his comrades, who had se-
cured more valuable articles, perished with hunger.

At Number Four the following letter was recei-
red from the General.

Crown Point, JYov. 8, 1759.
Sir,

Capt. Ogden has delivered me your letter of the
5th which I have read with great satisfaction. Er-
ery step you have taken was well judged and de-
serves my approbation. I am sorry Lieut. Stevens
conducted so ill in coming av^^ay with the provis-
ion6,'from the p'ace where I ordered him to wait
for you.

An Indian came in last night, who left some of
your men at Otter river, I sent for them, and they
have come in. This afternoon came in four Indians,
two Rangers, a German woman and three other
prisoners, they left four of your party some days
since, and supposed they had arrived.f

*Thc expedition to St. Francis however unfortunate in its re-
Buli, discovers the hardy character of those who undertook it.
To march 300 miles through the enemy's country, where they were
continually liable to ambuscades, with the knowledge that a pow-
erful force was in their rear, and had taken their boats, were
circumstances calculated to call into action all the energies
which belonged fo those days of chivalry and romance. It was
an enterprise abounding in danger and difficulties worthy of the
followers of Charles 12th.

t Upon our separation on the shores of Memphremagog Lake,
60me of the parties were ordered to make Crown Point, that be-
ing the best rout for hunting. One party conducted by Phillips
an Indian, afterwards King Philip of the Pequawketts, reached
home without the loss of a man, returning by the route ic which
I went to St. Francis.

THE FRENCH WAR. 95^

I hope the residue may get in safe. The only
risk will be in meeting the enemy's hunting par-
ties. ' ^ ^

I am Sir,

Your obed't serv^t.

JEFF. AMHERST.

After our party had recruited tlieir strength , such
as were able to march, proceeded to Crown Point
where they arrived Dec. 1, 1759. '

Since leaving the ruins of St. Francis, we had
lost three officers ; Lieut. Dunbar of Ga^re's Light
Infantry, Lieut. Turner of the Rangers, and Lieut.
Jenkms of the provincials, with forty six sergeants
and privates. The Rangers at Crown Point, were
ah dismissed before my return, excepting two com-
panies commanded by Captains Johnson and Tute.
The General had left me orders to continue in that
garrison, during the winter, with leave to proceed .
down the country and wait upon him at New lork.
After reporting to the General what intelligence I '
had obtained of the enemy's situation, he desired
ine at my leisure, to draw a plan of the march to
bt. Francis. I returned by way of Albany, which
place I left on the 6th of February 1 760 with thirteen
recruits; and on the ISth while on my way between
Ticonderoga and Crown Point my party was attack-
ed by sixty Indians, who killed five and took four
prisoners. With the remaining four, I escaped to
Crown Point, and would immediately have pursued
the enemy, but Col. Haviland thought the step
would be imprudent, as the garrison was very eick-

•^* J^LV^?r '^^^^^ "^^^ ^^^^" ^^ ^^^^ ^'^^^^ contain-
ing ijl 196 York currency, besides stores and neces-
saries. £800 of the money belonged to the crown
which was allowed to me; the remainder £396 was
my own, which was entirely lost.
March 31. Capt. Tute with two regular affieers

96 REMINI8CEHCES OF

and six men, went upon a scout ; and were all taken
prisoners. The sickness of the garrison prevented

a pursuit. . i r

The following letter was this day received Irom

the General.

JVcw Yorky March 1, n60.

Sir, -

The command of His Majesty to pursue the war
in this corn»ry, has deicnnined me to complete the
companies of Rangers which wTre on foot lust cam-
paign. Ci pt. Waite yesterday informed me, that
his company could easily be filled up in Massachu-
setts, ana Connecticut, aid I have given him a war-
rant for 800 dollars, ard beating orders.

I have also written Capt. John Siark m New
Hampshire, and Capt. David Brewer in Massachu-
setts, enclosing to each, beating orders for their res-
pective Provmces. I send you a copy of their m-
etructions, which are to send their men to Albany,
as fast as recruited.

Your humble servant,

JEFF. AMHERST.
To Major Rogers,

ANSWER TO THE AE^^VE.

Croicn PGint, March 1 5, 1 760:

Since the receipt of yours, I have despatched
Lieut. McCormick of Caj.t. Wm. Stark's corps,
Lieutenants Fletcher and Holmes to recruit for my
own and Capt. Johnson's ccmjiany, 1 have no
flioubt thev will bring in good men to replace those
-who have been frost bitten, who may be discharged
or sent to the hospital. The smalUiess of our forcjB
has prevented any excursions to the l reach

THE FRENCH WAR. B'h

--^ttlernents, in quest of a prisoner, which may be
obtained at any time.

Yours respectfully,

R. ROGERS.

MarcJi 9. The General wrote that he had given
a company of Rangers to Capt. Ogdcn, and to re-
quest thai some one might be sent to Stockbridge to
engage Lieut. Solomon (Indian) to raise a company
of Indians for the ensuing campaign. Mr. Stuart
Adjutant of the Rangers was accordingly sent, to ex-
plain to Solomon, the conditions of the service. A
short time after, the Indians agreed to enter the ser-
vice ; but as many were out lumting, they could not
be collected at Albany until May 10th. In the mean
time, the Ranger Corps at Crown Point was com-
pleted.

May -Ith. Serr^eant Beverly having escaped from
Montreal, arrived at Crown Point, ofter a journey
of seven days. He liad lived in the house of Mens.
Vaudreuil the Governor, and brought intelligence,
"that on the 10th of April the enemy withdrew
their troops from Isle aux IS'oix,* excepting a garri-
son of 300, under Mons. lionville ; that they had al-
so brought av ly half of the cannon and ammuni-
tion ; tbc.t two French Frigates of 36 and 20 guns,
and several smaller vessels lay all wii^ter in the St.
Lawrence ; that all the French troops hi Canada
had concentrated at Jecorte on the i20th of April,
excepting slerider garrisons in their Forts ; all tho
Militia that could be spared from the country, leav-
ing but one male to every two females, to sow the
grain, were also collected at the same place, under
their General, the Chevalier Levi, who intended to

*In th« river Sorell, a few miles north of Lake « hansplain.

«J8 RKMiyitCEiidUi OF

retake Quebec:* thai ninety men were drowiitd m
their passi.f;C to Jcccrtc ; that lie fgw a private, be-
longing to'our troops at Quebec, wlio had been la-
ken prlsorer the i5th of April ; he stated that the
garriton v.asvery icaltiiy ; that Brig. Goixral Mur-
ray had 4000 men fit for 'duty in the city, and an
advanced guard of SCO men at Point Levi, which
place, tlie enemy attempted to occupy in February
last, with a considerable force, and began to fortify
a Ftor.e cliurch near the Point ; but tluit Gen. Mur-
ray f^ent over a detachn.ent of 1000 n^en, which
drove tlie enemy from bis position, with the loss of
a Caj)tain and thirty French vi^oldiers taken prison-
ers ; that the English had fortified the church for
their ow^n convenience ; that Gen. Murray had an-
other military post of 300 men on the north sidt
of the river, at Laurctte a little distance from the
town ; that all along the land^ward side of the town
was a line of block houses under cover of the cannon;
that a breast w*rk of frazierr, extended from ono
block Iiou^e to another ; that Gen. Murray had
heard the enemy intended to beat up his quarters
but wcf^ not in tlie least alarmed : tliat a party from
Quebec surprised two of tiie enemy 's guards at
Point Trcamiblc, each of which consisted of 50 men,
who were all killed or taken, one guard consisting
entirely of Frendi Grenadiers ; that tv/o more Eng-
lish Frigates liad passed up the river, and two eth-
er men of v;ar lay near the isle of Oricjns ; that
the French told him that a fleet of ten sail of m,en
of war had been seen at Gaspee Bay ; and had again
put to sea on account of tlie ico ; but as they shew
different colours, they didkr.ow whether they were
French, or English ; that the French intenued on
the first of May, to draw off 2000 men to Isle aux

♦This city Ihe capital of Canada bad been in i759 taken by
|h« Englieb troope under the conimand of GeriMpI WoJle.

THE FRENCH WAR. 9$

Noix, and as many more to Oswegatcliic ; and did
not intend to attack Quebec, unlesc; the French fleet
entered the iivev before that of the English ; that on
the 5th of xMay, 100 iTulians departed for our Forts;
tlie residue of them had proceeded to Jecorte ; that
the Attawawas aiid Cold Country ludlaus will join
Geii.L )vi,in Jane, ten sachems having been despatch-
ed laiit fall, to solicit the aid of tliose natloiis from
the north west; that the French have in their servie©
many deserters from the corp? of Royal Americans
at Quebec ; that they were to be sent under the gui-
dance of Monsieur Boarbier, up the Attawawas
River, to the French colony between the Lakes,
and the Mississippi ; that most of the enemy's In-
dians intend going there ; that many of the French
who have mon^y, intend to secure it by retiring to
New Orleans; that he saw at Montreal, Reynolds and
Hal!, two Ranirers who were last fall, reported by
Col. Havilaud as deserters ; they v/ere taken pris-
oners near River-head Block-house, while in quest
of cattle ; two more Rangers will be here in ten
days, wiih fresh tidings from Montreal, if they can
effect their escape ; Longce the famous partisan was
drowned in the St. Lawrence, a few days after he
returned wit;i the !):irty which surprised Capt. Tute;
that the Indians keep a sharp look out) upon the
Number Four roads, where they intercept plenty of
sheep aiul cattie, on their way to Crov>rn Point ;
Gen. Murray had lately hanged several Canadians,
delected while conveying ammunition from Quebec,
to the enemy ; tlie 2 Indian Captains Jacob, are still
in Canaila; the one is with Capt. Kennedy, on board
a vessel in iron? ; the other ran away last fall but
returned having frozen his feet and is at Montreal.

A few days alter tliis, I went down Lake Cham-
plain to recoimoitre the I;--lc aus Noix, ilie landing

1 ^^r>f ■?«. sH

loo REMINISCENCES OP

places, garrison &c. and then proceedinor to Albany
gave the General all the information I possessed in
regard to liie j)assage into Canada, !)y the Isle aux
Noix, as also tlsat by Osvvego,* and La Galette.

The General iearniiig by an express, that Quebec
was besieged by the Fren.ch, formed tl)e design of
sending me witli a party into Canada, with direc-
tions if the siege continued, to lay waste the coun-
try, and by marcliing from place to place, endeav-
our to draw off the enemy's troops and prolong the
siege, until our vessels should ascend the river. I
was to be governed entirely by the motions of the
French army ; if the siege was raised, to retreat ;
otherwise, to harrass the country even at the expense
of my party. The orders were as follows.

You are to proceed with a detachment of 300
men, viz. 275 Rangers with their officers, a subal-
tern two sergesints and 25 men from the Light In-
fantry Regiments, down the Lake, under convoy of
the brig, and lay up your boats in a safe place,
upon one of the islands, while executing the follow-
ing orders.

You will land 250 men on the west side, in such a
manner, as to reach St. Johns, without being dis-
covered by the enemy at Isle aux Noix ; where you
will endeavour to surprise the Fort of St. Johns;
and destroy tlje vessels, boats, provisions, or what-
ever else may be there, for the use of the troops at
the Isle aux Noix. You will then proceed to Cham-
blee and destroy every magazine you can find in
that quarter. These proceedings will soon be known
at the Isle aux Noix, and the enemy will endeavour
to cut off your retreat ; therefore your safest course
will be, to cro5s tho river, and return on the east

•The General with the main army proceeded by the O0ireg<x
root.

THE FRENCH WAR. 101.

picle ol the Isle aax Nolx. Upon landing on the
west side, yon will send an officer witii 50 Rangers
to Wigwam Martinic, to destroy what he may tiiere
find, on both sides of tlie river, and then retreat.
Yod will take such provisions as are necessary, and
direct Capt- Grant, who will wait for your return ,
at what places he may look out for you.

Your men should be as lightly equipped as possible.
They should he strictly cautioned respecting their
conduc^ and obedience to their officers. There
should be no firing, no unnecessary alarms, and no
retreating without order. — The men are to stand by
each other, and nothing can injure them.-— Let eve-
ry man who has a proper musket, be furnished with
a bavonet. You are not to suffer the Indians to des-
troy vv omen, or cliiidren, or your men to load them-
selves v/ith plunder. — They shall be rewarded on
their return, as they deserve.

JEFF. AMHERST.

May 25. With the aliove instructions, the Grenr
eral delivered me a letter directed to General Mur-
ray at Quebec, with orders to have it conveyed to
him as soon as])0.?5ible.

I now returned to Crown Point, and about the
heginnins: of June, embarked from thence with 250*
men in four vessels, taking on board our boats and
provisions, that the enemy might have no opporta-
nity for discovering our designs.

June 3. Lieut. Holmes landed at Missisqui Bay,
with orders to proceed to Wigwam Martinic. One
of the sloops wa.? directed to cruise for him, and on
his return to receive him on board, on his making

*The Stockbridgc Indians had not arrirad, but were ordered
to follow me as part of my force.

102 REMINISCENCES OT

certain signals. From this place, I despatched the
General's letter to Brigadiei- Murray, by Sergeant
Beverly, with the following instructions.

Yo 1 arc directed to take under your command^
John Shuto,* Luxford Goodwin, and Joseiih East-
man, and proceed under tiie convoy of Lieut.
Holinos, to Missisqui Bay and land in the night ;
otherwise you may be discovered by a party from
IsIeauxNoix. You will then isteer a north easterly
course, and proceed with all passible despatch to Que-
bec, or to tha English army at or near that city ; and
deliver the letter intrusted to your care to Brigadier
Murray, or to the officer commanding His Majes-
ty's forces in or upon the river St. Jiawrence. You
Jiave herewith a plan of the country, that you may
know the considerable rivers between Missisqui
Bay and Quebec. The distances are marked in the
draught, as is the road I travelled last fall to St. Fran-
cis, which road you will crois several times. The
rivers you will know by their description, when,
yon come to tliem.

The river St Francis about midway of your jour-
ney, is very Rtill water, and may be easily rafted
where you will cross it ; lower down, it is so swift
and rapid, that a passags? must not be attempted.

Cliaudiere river you will pass on a raft, it is rap.
id for .*^^ome ?niles above its mouth, and should l>e
well examined before you cross it. Oa passing this
river, liy your course /east leaving Point Levi on
the left, and strike the St. Liwrence near tiie low-
er end of the Isle of Orleans, as possibly Gen. Mur-
ray laay be eiicamped with the army on that, or tlie
Isle of Qaadoa, You are directed to look otit for tho

♦ John Shuto wa? a son of one of the neutral Ff«mcli, taken at
Chebucto in tho war of 1745. Ha was an active woodsman and
a good Iiiriian hunter. He settled iu Concord N. H. where h»
diod 5n iS2S aged 100 years, See Shute's account of his Jour-
ney in tho Appsndix.

tHE FRENCH WAR. ifl$

English Fleet, aiul may venture on board the first
line of battle ship you see, whose commander will
convey you to the General, who will pay you fifty
pounds and give further orders as soon as you have
rested from your fatiguinjr marcli.

We now crossed Lake Cliamplain to the west fide,
embarked in our f>oats on the 4th, and landed 200
men tv/elve miles south of the Isl(xaux Noix. Capt.
Grant with his sloops was directed to cruise down
the Lake near the Fort to attract tiie attention of th(»
enemy, until I could get into the country. The
whole day of the oth we lay concealed in the bush-
Gs, on account of the rain, and the consequent dan-
ger of spoiling oui provisions. In the afternoon of
ihe 5th, several French boats appeared on the Lake,
whicii continued as near our vessels as tliey could
with safety, until after dark. Concluding their
boats would watch our sloops all nia:ht, I concluded
to send them buck to Motte-Island ; and w^ent on
board after dark, in a small boat, to give directions
to that effect. The enemy who were out all night,
discovered my landing, and next morning sent a
force from the island, to cut off my party. My
scouts discovered their intentions and counted their
number as they crossed from the Fort in their boats,
making it 350. At half past eleven, my left w»^»
briskly attacked. My right was protected by a
boff, which the enemy did not venture over, througk
which ho\vever, by the edge of the Lake, seventy-
Rangers under Lieut. Farrington, passed round, and
fell upon their rear ; at the same time, we attacked
ihem in front, and they immediately broke. Our
men pursued them one mile, where they separated
into small parties, and took refuge in a thick cedar
swamp. By this time, the rain came on again, and
our party were recalled to the boats, where 1 found
that Ensign Wood of the 17th Regiment had been
killed, and Captain Johnson shot through the body,

104 REM12<ISCENCES OF

the left arm, and also wounded in the head. Six-
teen Rangers were killed, and eight Rangers, and
two men of the Light Infantry wounded. Forty
Frenchmen fell, their commander Mons. La Force
was wounded (mortally) with several others of his
men we took 50 muskets. After the action, we
embarked with our killed and wounded, and return-
ed to tlie Isle of Motte, neiir which the brig lay.
One of the vessels was despatched to Crown Point,
having on board thecorpL-e ol Mr. Wood, and Capt.
Johnson, (who died on his passa^^e thither) u^ith or-
ders to return, with more provisions. I buried the
remainder of oar dead, upon a small Island, and
prepired for a second landing. Being joined by
the Stockbridge Indians, we determined at all events,
to execute our orders; and the betlerto conceal our
motions, I left the following directions with Gap-
tain Grant.

••' You will immediately fall down the Lake with
your vessels as far as Windmill Point, and cruise
there two or three days to attract the attention of
the enemy from my motions. Wlien i suppose you.
are near the Point, my party will land on the west
side, opposite the north end of the Isle of Motte,
near the river whicli enters the Bay at that place.
If we are not attacked, we shall return on the east
??ide and endeavour to join you near Windmill Point,
or somev.diere between that and the Isle of Motte.
^ur signal will be smoke and three guns discharged
in succession at a minute's interval ; the signal to be
repeated in half an hour. But should we be attack-
ed before reaching our destination, in case we have
the worst of the contest, you may expect us to make
the above signals on the west side between the Isle
of Motte and the place of our action on the 6th
instant. As the time of our return is uncertain, I
recommend that you should njt come south of the
Isle of Motte as a contrary wind may prevent your

!rHE FRENCH WAR. 105

getting ill to relieve me. Sergeant Hacket* and ten
Rangers, will remain with you in iny absence. I
would advise not to send parties to the Ireland to
take prisoners, until the fifth day after iny landing;
as the loss of a man, may be a serious misfortune at
this time, and discover our intentions to the enemy,
Lieut. Holmes will probably return between the
11th and 16th days from hi^ departure, to Missisqui
Bay, — one of the sloops may cruise for him, off the
Bay.

June 9th. We landed to the number of 200 men
at midnight, on the west shore opposite La Motte,
and marched with all despatch for St.. Jolms.

On the evening of the I5th, we came to the road
leading from that Fort to Montreal. At eleven at
jiight, we advanced within 400 yards of tlie Fort ;
where the enemy v/as found to be stronger than was
expected. Seventeen sentinels were so well posted
about the Fort, that surj)rise was impossible.

They discovered my scout, and tired guns in alarm,
upon whicii, we retired at two o'clock and proceed-
ed down river to St. d'Etrese. This place was re-
connoitred at day break. The enemy had here fc^
«toccade Fort, proof against small arms. We obser-
ved within it, two large store houses, and that the
enemy v/ere cartinoj hay into the Fort. We watch-
ed an opportunity when the cart had just entered
the gate v/ay, rushed forward, and took the plac©
before they could close the gate. Different parties
had in the mean time proceeded to the several hou-
ses, (fifteen in number) which were near th.e garri-
son, and were ail surprised without firing a gun.
In the Fort were found twenty four soldiers, and in
the houses, seventy eight prisoners including wo-
men and children. Several young men escaped to
Chamblee. Finding by an examination of the pri»-

*Aft«rwarda a celebrated ship builder a^ Portaaaoutk

106 REMINISCENCES OF

oners, that we could not attack Chamblec with anv'
prospect of success, we burnt the Fort and village,
destroying a large magazine of hay and provisions,
with every batteau and cunoe, killed the cattle and
horses, destroyed the waga^ons, and every thing
which could be of any ^5LM•vic3 to the enemy. To
the v/omen, and children I gave a pass to Montreal,
directed to the ollicers of the several detachments
tinder my command. After this, wc continued our
marc'a to tlia east side of Lake Champlahi. While
passing Missisqui Bay opposite the Isle aiix Noix, my
advanced guard eiigaged with that of a detachment
of 800 French, who were in quest of me ; but the
enemy's main body being one mile behind, the ad-
vance retreated to my great satisfaction. We pur-
sued our march to the Lake, where a small party
had been sent' to repeat the signals, found the boats
waiting for us, and immediately embarked, thus
escaping the enemy who appeared in full force, a
few minutes after. Mr. Grant like an able and
faithful officer, performed every thing required of
iiim, patiently waiting with his vessels, and finally
securing the retreat of the party.

Several of our prisoners iiad been at the siege of
Quebec, they reported, that the French lost 500
men ; and after bombarding, and caimonading the
placp twelve days, they had retired to '-Jack's
Quarters," where General Levi had left 500 Regu-
lars and 400 Canadians ; that the remainder of th&
troops were quartered by two's and three's upon the-
inhabitants from that place to St. Johns ; in Mont--
real 100 troops onlr,^were stationed ; ilie inhabi-
tants themselves doin^ duty ; tli it Charnblee Fort
contained 150 men including workmen ; and the
remnants of the Queen's Regiment were in the vil-
lage ; tliat there v/erft twelve carmon at St. Johns
and 300 men, including workmen, who were obli-
ged to take up arms at a moment's warning ; that

THE FREKGH WAR. i07

SCO men were stationed at the Isle aiix Nois, with
100 pieces of cannon.

On the 21st the twenty six prisoners under a.
guard of fifty men were despatched in one of the
vessels to Crown Point, while the others remained
to cover Mr. Holmes' retreat. He joined us the
same evening, having failed in iiis enterpribe, by mis-
taking a river wliich falls into the Sorell for that
called Wigwain Martinic which falls into the St.
Lawrence near St. Francis. We reached Crown
Point June 2S, and encamped on Chirr.ncy point,
opposite the Fort.

The General wrote me from Canajoharie soon af-
ter njy return expressing himeelf very we]! satisfied
with our proceedings. Preparations were now ma-
king for the army to advance into Canada. And on
the 16th of August the cmbarcation was effected in
the following order. Six hundred Rangers and sev-
enty Indians in whale boats, in a line abreast formed'
the advanced ouard at the diiitance of half a mile
from the main body. 1 hese were followed by the
Light Infantry and Grenadiers in two columns under
Colonel Darby. The ri^ht wing was com.posed of
Provincials commanded Dy Brigadier Roggles (of
Boston) who was second in command. The left
was made up of New Hampshire and Boston
troops, under Col. Thomas. The 17th and 27th
Regiments formed the centre column, under Major
Campbell. Col. Haviland was pasted in front of
these divisions, between the Light Infantry and
Grenadiers. The Royal Artillery under Colonel
Orde, followed in four rideaux. In this manner,
the troops moved down the Lake forty miles the
first day, and encamped on the west side. Htli we
lay by, and on the 1 8th, embarking with a fresh
south wind, proceeded within ten miles of the Isle
of Motte. The roughness of the water split one of
my boats and ten Rangers were drowned. On the

108 REMI>:ISCENCES OF

19th, we encamped on the Isle of Motte. On the
COth we proceeded twenty iwo' miles further, and
came in sight of the French Fori. At ten A. M.
CoJ. Darhy hmded his Infantry and Grenadiers,
the Ranchers following without opposition, and occu-
pied the ground over against the Fort. IS'ext day
batteries Vv eve r aisled an dshells tlirown into the Fort.
On the 26th Col. Dar])y proj-csed to capture the
enemy's rideaux and vessels then lyiv.g at anchor.
Two companies of Regulars, four of Rangers and
the Indians were selected! for the service, under Col.
Darby. Two light howitzers and a six pounder
were silently conveyed through the trees, and
"brought to bear upon the vcs5:e!?, before they were
aware of our desi^iu. The. first shot from the six
pounder cut the cable of the great ridcau and the
wind blew her to the east shore, where w^e were sta-
tioned. The other vessels weighed anchor and
steered for St. Jolnis, but grounded in turning a
point two miles below the Fort. I then passed down
the east shore, cro: sing a river 30 yards wide, and
arrived oppo-ite the vessels, where keeping up u
fire from the shore, some of my men ar;iied with
tomahawks, swam off and boarded one of them.
In the mean time Col. Darby captr.red ihc rideau,
Imd her manned and took the other two. Col.
Haviland immediately sent down men sufficient to
work the vessels, and ordered our detachment to
join the ariny that niglit. At midnight tlie French
evacuated the Island and reached the main land,
leaving their sick behind ; and next morning Coh
Haviland took possession of their Fort.

The second day after the departure of Monsieur
Bonville, Col. Haviland ordered the Rangers to pur-
sue him as far as St. Johns, about twenty miles down
the lake, there to await the arrival of the army;
and by no means to advance any nearer to Mon-
treal. At day light, we reached St. Johns in our

THE FRENCH WAR. 109

bouts ; found the place to be on fire, and that the
enemy had retreated. Two prisoners who were
here taken, inforRied thai Monsieur Bonville was
that night, to encamp halfway on the road to Mon-
treal ; that he left iSt. Johns at nine o'clock the
night before ; that many of the troops were sick,
and thought some of them v/ould not reach the
place appointed for encampment, until late in the
afternoon. It being now seven in the morning, our
men were directed to fortify the houses that stood
near the Lake shore, in order to protect the bat-
teaux, while the remainder should pursue Monsieur
Bonviiie. At eight o'clock, I left the boats and bag-
gage under tlie protection of 200 Rangers, whilst
with 400 others and the two Indian companies, I
pursued the track of the French army, now^ con-
sistiagof 1500 French and 100 Indians. In order
to render their dance a little more merry, we pur-
sued with such diligence, as to overtake their rear
guard two miles before they reached their encamp-
ing ground. We imm.ediately attacked and broke
them, they not exceeding 200 men, and pursued
the main body in good order, expecting their Gen-
eral would make a stand. This he did not choose;
but pus^ied forward to the river, where he intend-
ed to encamp ; and having crossed, broke down the
bridge, which put a stop to my advance. The en-
emy encamped within a good breast work, which
had previously been prepared for their reception.
In this pursuit, wc somewhat lessened their numbei's,
and returned in safety. In the evening Colonel
Haviland's detachment arrived at St. Johns, where
they encam])ed ; and next day proceeded dow^n the
rSorell, as far as St. d'Elrese, and there fortified
their camp.

From this place, I proceeded with my Rangers
down the Sorell, to bring the inhabitants under
subjection to his Brittanic Majesty. We entered
10

UO REMINISCENCES OF

the settled parts of their country by r.ight, collect-
ed all their priests and Militia olFicerh, and des-
patched them to assemble the inhabitants, who were
very willing to take the oath of allegiance, keep
theiV possessions, and surrender their arms. After
*hi», we joined Col. Darby at Chamblee, where he
had brought several pieces of light artillery to re-
duce the Fort ; but as tne garrison consisted of but
fifty men, the place soon surrendered at discrer
tion.

Sept. 2d. Our army having nothing further to
perform, and having received favorable intelli-
gence from General Amherst,^ and Brigadier
(Jreneral Murray, I was despatched to join the
latter; and on the 6th reached Longueville, four
miles below Montreal, opposite Brigadier Murray's
camp, and reported myself to him, on the morn-
ing of the se-venth. At this time. General Amherst
had landed his troops about two miles from the
town. Early on the same morning, Monsieur Vau-
dreuil the Governor and Commander in Chief of
all the Canadas, proposed a capitulation to our Gen-
eral, the articles of which were signed on the eighth,
and on the same evening, our troops took posses-
sion of the gates of Montreal. Next morning the
liight Infantry and Grenadiers of the whole army,
uJnder Col. Haldiman, with two pieces of cannoii
and several howitzers, entered the town. Among
the trophies here recovered were the colours w hich
belonged to PepperePs and Shirley's regiments
which had been captured at Oswego.

Thus at the end of five campaigns, Montreal and
the whole Canadian territory became subject to the
King of Great Britain. When we consider the

•Gen. Amherst with the main body of the army, was advan-
cing by the way of Lake Ontario to cooperate Mith the ariwy
fiom Quebec, in reducing Montreal.

THE FRENCH WAR. 11!

«reat extent of country acquired by this conquest ;
file opportunities for extensive commerce, the secu-
rity thereby afforded to the Provinces of New York
and New England ; and the irretrievable loss sus-
tained by France, the reduction of Canada may
justly be considered as one of the most important
events in Englisli history ; an event which in its
consequences, will render the year 1760 more con-
ducive than any preceding it, to the safety and glo-
ry of the British Empire.

To this acquisition, could we have added the ex-
tensivL' and fertile Province of Louisiana, we should
have possession of the most valuable territory on
the face of the globe, which exhibits more real ad-
vantages, than the golden regions of Mexico and
Pern ; and which would forever have deprived the
French, those inveterate enemies to British prosper-
ity, of opportunities for reacting those scenes of
barbarity, which have disgraced their most brilliant
achievements in America.

Sept. 9. General Amherst directed the Rangers
to prepare for an expedition to Detroit ; and on the
12th issued the following order.

"■ By his Excellency Jeifrey Amherst Esq. Major
General and Commander in chief of His Majes-
ty's forces in North America &c. &c.

To Major Rogers of His Majesty's independent
companies of Rangers.
" You will upon receipt of this, proceed with

^Tliese Provinces are now all that remain to Great Britain,
of her vast empire in America. Within fifteen years from this
period, her other Provinces threw off the yoke of allegiance ;
and conducted by many of the heroes who had acquired experi-
ence in these wars, were able to subdue her armies ; and estab^.
jjsh in the west, a powerful rival in arts, arms, and commerce.

112 REMINISCENCES OF

Waite's and Hazeii's* companies of Rangers, in whale
boats, to Fort William Augustus, taking with you,
one Joseph Poupao, alias La Fleur, an inhabitant
of Detroit, and Lieut. Brehme Assistant Engineer.
From the Fort, you will continue your voyage
by the north shore to Niagara ; thence transporting
vour boats over the carrying place, to Lake Erie.
Major Walters commanding at Niagara, will render
you any assistance you may require, and deliver up
Monsieur Gramelin, who was made prisoner at the
taking of that Fortress, to be conducted with the
said La Fleur to their habitations at Detroit, where
upon taking the oath of allegiance to His Majes-
ty, whose subjects they have become by the capitu-
lation of the Sth, they are to be protected in the
peaceable enjoyment of their property. You will
next proceed to Presque Isle, and make known
your orders to the commander at that post. You
will there leave your whale boats and most of your
detachment, proceeding with the remainder by land,
to join General Monckton wherever he may be.
Deliver him your despatches, and obey such orders
as he may give you, for relieving the garrisons at
the French posts of Detroit, Michilimackinac, aiid
their dependencies ; for collecting the arms of the
inhabitants, and administering the oath of allegi-
ance. This you will see administered to the said
Poupao. You are to bring away the French troops,
and arms to sucli place as Gen. Monckton shall di-
rect.

*Cien. Hazeii settled at St. Johns in Canada ; and came away
with the U. S. army in 1776. His house was burned by the Am.
rear guard to prevent its affording comfort to the onemy. Ho
raised a corps of 4 battalions (partly Canadians,) and continued
In service until the end of the war. He was a man of uncom-
mon abilities ; was struck with an apoplexy in 1785, and was
never fit for business again. He lived several years afterwards
and died at Albany without issue. His nephew the Hon. Mpsea
White of Lancaster Coos was hia Aid-de-eamp,

THh: FRENCH WAR. 113

Mice completing this service, you will march
your detachment back to Presqiie Isle, or Niagara,
according to the orders you receive from Gen.
Monckton, and leaving your boats in charge of the
ofilcer, at one of tliose posts, march your detach-
ment by land to Albany, or wherever I may be, to
receive farther orders.

Given under my hand at Head Quarters, in the
€amp at Montreal 1 2th Sept. 1760.

JEFF. AMHERST,

By his excellency's command,
J. Appy.

An additional order was given to be shewn only
to the commander of the different posts I might
touch at; the objects of the expedition being kept se-
cret, \e^t the hostile Indians through whose country
I was obliged to pass, should impede our march.
The orders was as follows.

'- Major Walters or the commander at Niagara,
will judge whether there is a suiliciency of provis-
ions at Presque Isle ; and Major Rogers will accord-
ingly talie provisions from Niagara or not, as the
case* may be. From Montreal to Fort Wm. Augus-
tus, will require eight days provision ; from that
post, he will take a sufficient quantity to proceed
to Niagara. Major Rogers knows whitlier he is
going, and what provisions he will want. A quan-
tity should also be in store at Presque Isle, fpr the
party Gen. Monckton wnli send.

.JEFF. AMHERST.
Montreal, 12 Sept. 1760.

Sept. 13, 1760. In pursuance of these orders,
we embarked at Montreal in fifteen whale boats.
The detachment was composed of Capt. Brewer,
Capt. Waite, Lieut. Brheme of the Engineers, Lieut.
Davis of the Roval Artillery and two hundred Ran-
"lO*

114 REMINISCENCES OF

gers. At night we encamped at La Chien J next
morning reached Isle de Praires, and took a survey
of the Indian settlements at Cayawaga, and Canese-
daga.

I6th. Made an Island in Lake St. Francis, and
next night encamped on the western shore, at the
foot of the upper rifts ; next day we ascended the
rifts, and passed the right, on ti»e north shore oppo-
site a number of Islands.

19. At evening reached the Isle des Gallettes,
and spent the next day in repairing our boats whicli
had been damaged in passing the rapids. Ten sick
Rangers were despatched to Oswego to Col. Fitch,
with directions to proceed thence to Albany.

.21. At twelve o'clock left the Island; but the
wind being unfavorable, we passed Oswegachic, and
encamped three miles above it, on the north shore.

22. Continued our course up river, and halted
in the evening at the nan^ow passes near the Islands'
but upon the wind's abating at midni^-ht, we em-
barked, rowed the remainder of the night, and the
following d'Aj, until we reached the scite of old
Fort Frontenac, where a party of Indian hunters
from Oswegachie, were encamped. The' next day
proving stormy attended with squalls of snow and
rain, enabled us to take a plan of the old fort, situ-
ftted at the bottom of a line safe harbour. Five
hundred acres of land had been cleared around the
Fort, a few pine trees were still standing and the
situation was very pleasant.

The soil though covered with clover, appeared
to be rocky and barren. The Indians were highly
pleased to hear of the surrender of Canada, and sup-
plied us with plenty of venison and wild fowl.

25. Steered S. two miles, then W. six miles
which brought us to the mouth of a river thirty
feet wide ; thence S. four miles \^here we halted to
refresh. In the afternoon, steered for a mountain

THE FRENCH WAR. 115

bearing S. W. which we reached in the night, and
proved to be a steep rock one liundred feet high.
The atmosphere now became foggy, and caused us
to mistake our course six miles ; we rowed all night
and breakfasted on shore at eight o'clock next mor-
ning; then reembarking we rowed until eight o'clock
at night, and landed one hundred miles from Fron-
tenac. This evening we passed two small islands at
the end of a point extending far into the Lake ; the
fog prevented our taking a particular survey oL
them.

27. This da)^ being windy, our party hunted
deer and killed a great many of them. The land
was poor and rocky as is generally the case, on the
north shore of Ontario. The timber consists chief-
ly of hemlock and pine.

;28. Steered S. VY. leaving on the right, a large
bay twenty miles wide, the western side of which^
terminates in a point, and a small island. Proceed-
ing fifteen miles on a course W. by S. We entered
the mouth of a river called by the Imlians the
'•• Grace of man ; there we encamped and found 50
Mississagua Indians fishing for salmon. Upon our
first appearance, the whole party men and boys, ran
down to the shore of the Lake, and in order to tes-
tify their joy at the sight of the English colours,
continued firing their muskets until we had landed.
They presented me with a deer just killed, and split
in halves with the skin on, which is by thera con-
sidered, an elegant and polite present, and signifi-
cant of the greatest respect. I informed thern of the
success of their English brethren against their fa-
thers the French, with which they pretended to be
very well pleased. =^

In the evening they invited my men to fish with

♦Indian like always to carry two faces.

116 REMINISCENCES OF

them. Tliey went out and iii lialf au liour, filled a
bark canoe with salmon. They returned highly
pleased with their sport, and the attentions of their
tawny companions. Their mode of taking the fish
is rather a curious one.

One person holds a lighted pine torch, Avhilc an-
other strikes the fish with a spear. This is the
spawning season of the salmon in these parts. The
soil near the river was excellent and the conntry
level ; the timber cliiefly oak and maple, or tlie su-
gar tree.*

29. Proceeded fifteen miles further on a W. S.
W. course, and put into a river called the " Life of
Man." The Messissaguas were hunting here to the
number of 20, who paid as similar compliments to
thoic we had received from their brethren ; but in-
stead of a deer, presented me with a young bear
split in halves. The Rangers here caught a plenty
of salmon. The land was level, the soil rich and of
a dark colour. The banks of the Lake were very
low.

30. The wind was fair, and proceeding on n
soutli v/est course, with the assistance of sails and
oars, we reached the river Toronto in the evening,
having run 70 miles. Many long points projecting
far into the Lake, occasioned frequent alterations
of our course. vV'e passed a bank twenty miles in
length, behind which tlie land appeared level, and
well tihibered v/ith oaks, hickories, maples, some
poplars, and white woods. No mountains appear-
ed in sight. The soil is principally cla3% A tract
of tSOO acres of cleared ground, surrounds the place
where formerly stood the Frerch Fort Toronto.
The deer are very plenty in this region. Some In-

*The sugar tree of the west, greatly resembles the rock mapl«
of ?{ew England in outward appearance, but produces* mucb
larger quantity of sap.

THE FRENCH WAR. 1 1 T

■dians who were at the mouth of the river, were
greatly alarmed at our approach, and ran into the
woods. They came to us in the morning, expres-
sing great joy at the news of our success over the
French. They informed us, " that we could Teach
Detroit in eight days ; that when the French tra-
ded here, the Indians brought their poultry from
Michiiimackinac, down the river Toronto; that the
portage was only tvNrenty miles from that, to a river
falling into Lake Huron, which was broken by some
falls, but none of any consequence ; and that there
was a carrying place of fifteen miles from some
westerly part of Lake Erie, to a river running with-
out any falls, through several Indian towns, into
Lake St. Clair."

Toronto appeared to be an eligible place for a
Factory, from which the British Government might
very easily settle the north side of Erie.

Oct. 1. Steered south across the west end of
Lake Ontario, and at dark, reached the shore five
miles from Fort Niagara, where we passed the night
and repaired some of our boats.

Oct. 2. We embarked with the following orders.
The boats to be in a line. If the wind arose, the
red flag was to be hoisted, and the boats were to
crowd nearer each other, to afford assistance in case
of a leak. By tiiis measure, we saved the crew and
arms of Lieut. McCormick's boat, which sprung
a leak and sunk, with no other loss than the men's
knapsacks. We halted next day at Niagara, and
were supplied with blankets, coats, shirts, shoes,
moccasins, &,c. &,c.

We also received eighty barrels of beef, and ex-
changed two wliale boats, for as many batteaux,
which proved leaky.

Oct. S. In the evening some of my party pro-
ceeded with the provisions to the Falls ; and next
morning were followed by the whole detachment

IIS REMINISCENCES OP

winch immediately commenced the portage of tlic
boats and provisions. While we were thus occu-
pied, Messrs Brheme and Davis proceeded onward
and took a survey of the great cataract of Niagara,
the roaring of which, we beard at some miles dis-
tance below.*

As the winter was now advancing, and I had or-
ders to join Gen. Monckton from Presque Isle, I
embarked on the evening of the 5th with Lieuts
Brheme and Holmes and eight Rangers in a bark ca-
noe, leaving Capt. Brewer in command of my par-
ty, with orders to proceed to Presque Isle. That
night we encamped eight miles up the river Niaga-
ra ; and at noon the next day, opened upon the wa-
ters of Lake Erie. Leaving a small bay or fcreek
upon our left, we reached the south shore at sunset;
thence we proceeded west until eight o'clock, and
drew up our boats upon a sandy beach, forty miles
from our last night's encampment.

Oct. 7. The wind being fresh, prevent our de-
parture until eleven o'clock, and we made but twen-
ty eight miles miles in a S. W. course.

Oct. 8. Keeping a southerly course, we reached
Presque Isle§ in the afternoon. We remained here
till three o'clock, when my party were sent back to
meetandassist Capt. Brewer; while Messrs. Brheme,

*The author was probably too much occupied at this time, to
furnish his readers with a description of this grandest of nature's
productions, of M'hich, until this expedition, he had only heard,
through the reports of Canadian hunters, and Indians, who have
ever viewed this wonder of the world with religious awe, and
"Irevored it as the dwelling of spirits.

fNow Buffalo harbour which is the head of the Erie Canal,
is surrounding by an enterprising population of nearly 10,000 and
bids fair to become one of the greatest inland towns in Anier*

§For an account of Presque Isle or Erie Pa. see appendix,

THE FRENCH WAR. 119

Holmes and myself with three men. in a bark ca-
noe furnished by Col. Bouquet, commanding the
post, proceeded to French Creek, and encamped
mat night half way on the road to Fort du Boeuf ;
which we reached at ten o'clock next day. After
three hours rest, our canoe w^as again launched, and
we proceeded ten miles down the river, and en-
camped at the second crossings. The land on both
sides of the stream, appeared to be very rich, and
the timber large and valuable. We passed the night
of the eleventh at the Mingo cabins ; and on the
twelfth lodged at Venango. From thence, we pro-
ceeded down the Ohio, and on the 17th, delivered
our despatches to Brig. Gen. Monckton at Pittsburg.
We left P. on the 20th, the General promising to
forward my instructions, by Mr. Croghan ; and al-
so to despatch Capt. Campbell to Presque Isle, with
a company of Royal Americans.

Oct. 30. We reached the Isle, and Capt. Camp-
bell arrived the next day ; Mr. Brewer with the
Rangers from Niagara, had reached there the day
before, having lost several boats and part of the
provisions.

We now repaired our boats, and learning that a
ressel expected from Niagara Avith provisions, had
been lost in a gale on the Lake, Capt. Brewer was

♦Pittsburg is situated upon tkc peninsula bounded by the nr-
ers Monongahela and Alleghenny, as tbey unite, and form the
Ohio. The town includes the scite of old Fort Du Quesne, or
Fort Pitt, of which the magazine, a strong stone structure still
remains. It was against this place, that the expedition of Gen.
Braddock was directed. About nine miles from P, is the field of
his defeat. The marks of the shot are still visible in th« treea;
and the bones of the slain are frequently ploughed up hi cultiva-
ting the soil. Pittsburg from the natural advantages of its aitisi-
ation, promises to be one of the greatest manafacturing towni of
America. The place is nearly surrounded by high mountains of
eoal,and such vast quantitiee of the latter, are consumed in the
Factories, as to envelope the town with a coiatiuual doud ©f
9TOok« and dust.

120 REMINISCENCES OF

despatched with a drove of 40 cattle supplied by
Gol. Bouquet, and ordered to proceed by land to
Detroit.

Capt. Waite v/as also sent back to Niagara for
moreprovisions, and directed to cruise along the
north shore of Erie, and wait for further orders
about twenty miles east of the krait between Hu-
ron and Erie. Brewer was furnished with a bat-
teau to ferry his party over the creeks, two horses,
and Capt. Monter with twenty Indians composed of
the six nations, Delawares, and Sliav/ancse to pro-
tect liim from the hostile Indians of the west.*

The following order of march was adopted on
the re-embarcation of the party at Presque isle.

'* The boats are to row tvv^o deep; those of Major
Rogers and Capt. Croghan in front ; next Capt.
Campbell and his company ; followed by the Ran-
gers ; Lieut. Hoimeswhocommands the rear guard,
with his own boat, and that of Mr. Waite, will
hold liimself and crev/ in readiness to assist any
boat in distress. In such cases, a gun will be fired
for a signal. Vv^hen the wind blows so hard that
the boats cannot preserve their order, a red flag will
be hoisted in the Major's boat ; the other boats are
then to steer for the flag, and make the landing as
well as maybe."

It is recommended to officers and men to pay no
regard to the waves of the Lake; but when the surf
is high, to ply their oars ; and the men at the helm

*To these acquainted with thfj western country at th*is season
«f the veer, the undertaking of Capt. Brewer will appear ex-
tremely arduous. They will recollect that he had much of the
samii ground to pass over, which was the theatre of Harricon'i;
campaigns in 1812 and 1813, when the transportation of abanel
«f flour to the frontier, was said in some instances, to have cost
tlie gov-'erraaent 40 dollars. The country was also at that time,
m poBsesaion of powerful savage tribes, then in their full strength
a-nd Yfboue intimate connccticn lAith the French afforded them
cTijry inducement to hste the English, and conspire their destrue-
tioo.

THE FRENCH WAR. 121

are desired to keep their boats quartering, in which
case, no injury will happen in any storm whatever.
Ten of the best steersmen of the Rangers are to at-
tend Capt. Campbell and company. The officers
of theboats Avill hearken to the steersmen in all ca-
ses in a storm. At evening if it is thought best to
proceed in the night, a blue flag will be hoisted jn
the Major's boat ; which is the signal for the boats
to dress.

Mr. Brheme is not to pay any regard to this or-
der of march, but to steer where it is most conven-
ient for him to make his observations. On landing
the regulars are to encamp in the centre ; Lieut.
Holmes and Mr. Croghan with their men on "the
right wing ; and Mr. McCormick on the left ; Mr.
Joquipe with his Mohegan Indians, vv^ill constitute
a piquet and encamp in front. Each wing will
keep up their respective guards ; and Lieut. McCor-
mick act as Adjutant. The generale shall be beat
when ordered by the Major, as the signal for em-
barking.

There shall be no firing of guns unless by per-
mission, or in case of distress. No man is to go
out of the lines unless by order. Capt. Campbell
will parade and review his men whenever he shall
think proper. Mr Croghan will regularly report
to the Major, what intelligence he may receive from
the Indians during the day.

Nov. 4. We left Presque Isle and proceeded
slowly with bad weather, ajid reached Chogagee
river on the 7th, where we fell in with a party of
Attawawa Indians returning from Detroit. We
informed them of the reduction of the Canadas,
and that we were proceeding to Detroit, to bring
away the French garrison. I offered them a belt
and proposed that they should go with me to De-
troit, to witness the result of the expedition. They
retired to hold a council, and promised an answer
11

122 REMINISCENCES OF

in the morning. That evening we smoked the
calumet or pipe of peace, all the officers and In-
dians smoking by turns from the same pipe. The
peace being thus concluded, we went to rest keep-
ing a strict guard, as we distrusted their sincerity.
In the morning, the Indians said their young warri-
ors would go with me, while the old ones remain-
ed to hunt for their wives and children. I gave them
ammunition, a string of wampum, and charged
them to send some of their chiefs with the party
who drove the oxen on shore, to spread the news
of our arrival ; and prevent any annoyance from
their hunters.

Bad weather detained us until the twelfth, during
which time the Indians held a plentiful market of
venison and wild turkeys in our camp."*

^From this place, we proceeded to Elk river,
where we halted two days on account of bad weath-
er.

Nov. 16. We again embarked and after passing
one small river, encamped at the mouth of an-
other about twenty five yards wide.

Nov. 18. Passed a river fifteen yards broad and
encamped upon another sixteen yards over.f

From this we proceeded to Sandusky Lake,§
which we passed and encamped upon a small river
a few miles beyond.

*Wild turkies are even now very plenty in the north-western
section of Ohio.

tThe little river Huion which falls into the Lake near San-
dusky city ; upon which are two pleasant Connecticut settle-
ments,

§Sandusky Bay. A modern traveller to the west, thus notices
this pleasant part of Lake Erie. " Sandusky Bay was now be-
fopeus, formed by a beautiful woody peninsula. Its appearance
at this time, was peculiarly agreeable, after having for two dayg
encountered the storms of th« Lake. The weather (Nov. 11.

THE FRENCH WAR. 123

From this place, the following letter was des-
patched to Captain Beleter, the commandant at
Detroit.

Sir,

That you may not be alarmed at the approach of
the English troops, I send this in advance by Lieut.
Brheme, to inform you that I have Gen. Amherst's
orders to take possession of Detroit and its depen-
dencies, which according to a capitulation signed
on the eighth of September last, by the Marquis de
Vaudreuil and Major General Amherst, now belong-
ing to hisBrittanic Majesty.

I have with me letters from the Marquis de Vau-
dreuil to you directed, which I shall deliver upon
arriving at or near your Fort. I have also a copy
of the capitulation.
I am Sir,

very respectfully,

your obedient servant,

R. ROGERS.

The land on the south shore of Erie has a fine
appearance ; the country is level, the timber tall
and of the best quality : such as oak, hickory, and
locust ; and for plenty and variety of game, it is not
exceeded by any country in the world.

Nov. 20. 1 followed Mr. Brheme, and pro-
ceeded nine miles to a river three hundred feet in
breadth. Here we found several Huron Sachems,
who informed me that 400 Indian warriors were as-
sembled at- the mouth of the strait to obstruct our

1827) was warm and delightful. Here we first perceived the in-
fluence of Western breezes. V/e could not have desired a more
fdvorable specimen of the climate, ^o soft and reviving was the
air. A little back of the village, is an opening or prairie, wher?
some of our party chased a fiock of wild turkies ; killed one of
them and a plenty of black squirrels."

124 REMINISCENCES OF

passage ; and that Mons. Beleter had excited them
to defend their country; that they were messengers
to demand my business ; and whether the person I
had sent forward had told the truth, that all Cana-
da was surrendered to the English. I confirmed
the account, informed them that Detroit W£^s to be
given up to me, and giving them a large belt
spoke as follows.

Brothers,

With this belt I take you by the hand. Go di-
rectly to your brethren at the mouth of the strait,
and tell them to go home to their towns, until I
arrive at the Fort. There I shall send for you af-
ter Mons. Beleter is sent away, which will be iii two
days after my arrival. You shall live happily in
yoiir own country. Tell your warriors to inind
their fathers the French no more, for they are all
prisoners to the English, who have left them their
houses and goods, upon their swearing by the Great
One who made the world to become as English-
men. They are your brothers, and you must not
abuse them. When we meet at Detroit I shall con-
vince you that what I say k true.

Nov. 22. We encamped upon the bank of a riv-
er twenty yards wide, where we had great difficulty
in procuring fuel, the western shore of Erie aboun-
ding in swamps. Next day we rowed ten miles to
eedar point, where we encamped. Here some of
the Indians whom we had seen two days before,
came to us. They said their warriors were gone up
to Mons. Beleter, who was a strong man and intend-
ded to fight us. On the 24th we proceeded 24 miles,
and encamped upon a long point. This night 60
Indians came to congratulate us on our arrival in
the country, and offered to escort us to Detroit.
They reported that Mr. Brheme and his party were
confined, and that Mons. Beleter had set up an hi?;h

THE FRENCH WAR. 125

flag staff, with a wooden effigy of a man's head up-
on the top of it, and upon that, a crow ; that the
crow represented himself, and the man's head, me ;
meaning that he would pick out my brains. This
artifice however had no effect, for the Indians toid
him (as they said) tliat the reverse would be the
true explanation of the sign. At the mouth of the
strait, the sachems desired me to call together my
officers, I did so : and we spent the 26th in concilia-
ting their savage dispositions to peace and friend-
ship. On the morning of the 27th Mons. Babec
brought me the following letter.

Sir,

I have read your letter but as I have no inter-
preter cannot fu)ly understand it. Your officer in-
forms me that he was sent to give rne notice of your
arrival to take possession of this post, according to
the capitulation of Canada. I beg you will halt at
the mouth of the river, and send me Mons. Vau-
dreuil's letter that I may conform to his instruc-
tions. I am surprised that no French officer accom-
panics you, as is usual in such cases.

I have the honor to be &c.

DE BELETER.
To Major Rogers,

Commanding the English detachment.

Shortly after this, Capt. Barrenger with a French
party beat a parley on the western shore. Mr. Mc-
Cormick went to him and returned with an officer
bearing the following letter.

Sir,

I have already by Mr. Barrenger informed you the
reasons why 1 could not answer particularly your
letter delivered me by your officer on the 22d.

I am unacquainted with his reasons for not retur-
11*

126- REMIMSCENCES OP

rting to YOU. I have sent my Huron ihterpieter to
that nation, to stop them should they be on the
road, not knowing whether they are disposed in
your favour or my own ; and to direct them to be-
have peaceably ; that I knew my duty to my Gen-
eral, and should conform to his orders. Be not sur-
prised sir, if you find the inhabitants of this coast
upon their guard ; they were told you had several
Indian nations with you, and had promised them
the pUmder of the place. I have therefore direct-
ed the inhabitants to take up arms, which may be
for your safety, as well as ours : for should these
Indians become insolent, you may not be able to sub-
due them alone.

I flatter myself sir, that when this comes to hand,
you will send some of your gentlemen with Mons.
VaudreuiPs letter and tlie capitulation.

I have the honor to be Sir^
your very humble servant,

PIGN. BELETER.
To Major Rogers.

We encamped next day five miles up the river,
liaving rowed against the wind ; and on the 29th,
despatched Capt. Campbell, with Messrs. Barrenger
and Babec and their parties, with this letter.

SiR,

' I acknowledge the receipt of your two letters yes-
terday. Mr. Brheme has not yet returned. The
enclosed letter from the Marquis de Vandreuil will
inform you of the surrender of Canada ; of the
indulgence granted to the inhabitants ; — and the
terms allowed to the troops of His Most Christian
Majesty. Capt. Campbell will shew you the capit-
ulation. I beg you will not detain him, as I have
Gen. Amherst's orders immediately to relieve the
place. My troops will halt without the town till

TH2 rRENCH WAR. 121

four o'clock, when I shall expect your answer ;
your inhabitants under arms will not surprise me,
as I have as yet seen no others in that condi-
tion, but savages awaiting my orders. The inhab-
itants of Detroit shall not be molested, they and you
complying with the capitulation. They shall be
j)rotected in their estates and shall not be pillaged
by my Indians, nor yours who have joined me.

Yours, &c.

R.ROGERS.
ToCaft. De Beleter
Commander at Detroit.

1 landed half a mile from the Fort and drew up
my party in front of it in a field of grass. Here
Capt. Campbell joined us with a French officer
bearing Capt. Beleter's compliments, and informing
me that the garrison w^as at my commnnd. Lieuts,
McCormick and Leslie with thirty-six Royal Ameri-
cans, immediately took possession of the Fort. —
The troops of the garrison piled their arms, the
French colours were taken down, and the English
flag hoisted in their place ; upon this, about 700
Indians who were looking on at a little distance,
gave a shout, exulting in their prediction being ver-
ified, that the crow, represented the English instead
of the French.

They appeared astonished at the submissive salu-
tation of the inhabitants ; and expressed great sat-
isfaction at oar generosity, in not putting them to
death. They declared that in future they would
fiorht for a nation thus favoured bv the Great Spir-
it>

* The Indians kept their faith until the spring of 1763, while
Major Gladwin commanded at Detroit. At this time Pontiac, an
Ottawa chief, roused the Indians from the North-west, to attempt
the destruction of the English settlements. By a stratagem he
captured Michilimackanac and before the garrison at Detroit knew

128 REMINISCENCES OF

Tiie commander delivered nv2 a plan of the Fort
with an inventory of its storei, and armament, and
before noon of December first we had collected,
disarmed and administered tiie oath of allegiance
to the militia. Mon.-iieur Beleter and his troops
were ordered to Philadelphia, under the charge of
Lieut. Holmes and thirty Rangers. Capt. Camp-
bell,'* with the Royal xVmericans, was directed to
garrison the Fort.

Lieut. Butler and Mr. Waite, were detached with
30 men to bring the French garrisons from Forts
Miami and G-atanois. A party was directed to re-
main there if possible through the winter, to watch
the enemy's motions in Illinois. Mr. McKee, with
a French oiHcer, was sent to Shawanesetown on the

ofthe fact, he appsared hofore that place with 3000 warriors. —
Apparently in the most friendly manner he desired an interview
with Major Gladwin, saying that he wished to take his English
father by the hand. But his dasign was betrayed by a squaw,
and the garrison prepared for defence. The area of the Fort
was appointed for the place of interview. Pontiacand thirty-six
chiefs were allowed to enter, and the gates were closed against
the remainder of his warriors. They affected some surprise, at
seeing the garrison paraded, and lighted matches lying by the
guns. Upon which Major Gladwin, tore away the blanket from
one of the chiefs, and discovered a short gan concealed under it.
He then charged Pontiac with treachery, and drove him and his
chiefs from the Fort.

For eight days the Indians ^sonlinued their desperate attempts
to carry the Fort.

The investment continued through the summer, the Indians
practising all their arts to capture the place. In 1764 Gen. Brad
sti^aet made a movement with 3000 men to relieve the garrison,
which reaching the ear of Pontiac, induced him to propose a
peace. He still retained his hostility to the English, and retired
to Illinois. He was stabbed two years afterwards, by an Indian,
who had long followed him for the purpose. This warrior for
courage and sagacity, will compare with the celebrated Tecumseh
who figured in the campaigns of 1812 and 1313.

*Capt. Campbell went out to treat with Pontiacin 1763, and in
Pontiac's absence, was murdered by an Indian, whoae brother
had been killed by a shot from the Fort.

THE FRENCH WAR. 129

Ohio to bring away the French troops. As provis-
ioHo grew scarce at Detroit, Capt. Brewer with most
of the Rangers, 1 ordered to Niagara, detaining
Lieut. McCormick with 37 privates to accompany me
to Michilimackinac.

I concluded a treaty with the several tribes of In-
dians living in the country, and departed for Lake
Huron.

Dec. 10. This night encamped at the North
end of the little Lake St. Clair, and the next
evening on the west side of the strait at the entrance
of a considerable river, where a large body of In-
dians were hunting.

Dec. 12. VV"e came to the entrance of Huron,
and met many Indians who were hunting on both
sides of the outlet. We coasted along the west
shore for three days, making 100 miles, but the ice-
cakes now obstructed our further passage.

I consulted the Indians as to the practicability of a
journey to Michilimackinac by land ; but they de-
clared it utterly impossible at this season of the year,
without snow shoes ; and to our great .mortifica-
tion, we were obliged to commence a return ; in
which, we were so much obstructed by ice, that we
did not reach Detroit until the 21st.

Dec. 23. Leaving the command to Capt. Camp-
bell, I departed for Pittsburg, marching along the
west end of Lake Erie, and on the 2d of January
1761 reached Lake Sandusky. The soil from De-
troit to this place is excellent, timbered with black
and white oaks, hickory, locusts and maple, sassa-
fras and white woods. Some immense black wal-
nuts* are also found on the south shore of Erie.

* One of these stood some years ago, near Cataraugus Creek
N.Y. thirty feet in circumference. The trunk was hollow, and
used for a shop, for the refreshment of travellers. A sec-
tion of it has since been taken down the canal to New-York.

130 REMINISCENCES OF

Along the west end of Erie plenty of wild ap-
ples* are to be found. We passed through several
rich Savannahs, (or Prairies) of many miles in ex-
tent without a tree, and clotlied with long jointed
grass, nearly six feet higli, which by rotting every
year, adds to the fertility of the soil.

Sandusky Bay or Lake is about 15 miles long, and
six miles wide. Here we came to a village of Wi-
andots, where we halted to refresh. The next day
jjassed through a meadow, crossed a creek, saw sev-
eral Indian wigwams, and halted at a small Indian
village of ten wigwams. Here we found a fine
spring! rising out of the side of a small hill, with
such force as to rise three feet. I presume it dis-
charges ten hogsheads in a minute. We continued
our march through the prairies where we killed
plenty of deer and wild turkies, and encamped in the
woods.

Jan. 4, 1761. Crossed a river twenty-five yards
wide where w^ere two wigwam;?. A few miles on-
ward in a S. E. course we came to another wigwam
of Wiandots, who were there for the purpose of
hunting. From this, we proceeded ixearly South,
and passed the same river we crossed in the morn-
ing. This day we killed several deer and other
game.

Jan. 5. This night we encamped upon Muskin-
gum Creek, which is here eight yards wide.

Jan. 6. Travelled 14 miles, and encamped by a
fine spring.

* The orchards about Detroit, and the River Raisin are very
productive. Many of them were destioyed daring the late war,
by the soldiers of both armies.

t In all their reserves, the Indians have been very careful to
secure to themselves, all the good springs ; which in the western
country are desireable objects.

THE FRENCH WAR. 131

Jan. 7. After travelling six miles we came to
Muskingum Creek which was here twenty yards
wide. An Indian town called the Mingo Cabins,
lies about twenty yards from the creek, on the east
side. Only three Indians were at home, the re-
mainder being out on a hunting party. They had
plenty of cows, horses, ho^s, &c.

Jan. 8. This day we spent with the Indians,
mending our moccasins and preparing provisions
for the remainder of the march.

Jan. 9. Travelled 12 miles south east, and en-
camped by the border of a long meadow, where
the Indians were hunting.

Jan. 10. Made eleven miles ; and on our march
killed there bears and two elks.

Jan. 11. Fell in with a party of Wiandot and
Six-nation Indians, hunting together.

Jan. 12. Travelled six miles, and in the evening
killed several beavers.

Jan. 13. Travelled six miles north east, and came
to the Delawares town called Beaver town. The
town covers a good tract of land, on the west side of
the Muskingum^ which is joined by a river op-
posite the town. The latter is thirty" yards wide,
and the former forty. Their junctiou makes a fine
stream, which runs with a swift current to the
southwest. The Indians have at this place, three
thousand acres of cleared land. The number of
warriors belonging to the village is 180. The coun-
try from Sandusky to this place, is level and the
soil very rich. We found no pine timber ; but
plenty of white, black and yellow oak, black and
white walnut, cypress, chesnut, and Locust.^

* The honey locust of the west is armed with thorns in a
most singular manner — to climb them is almost impossible —
they are a great curiosity. The timber is much used for trunnels
in ship building.

132 REMINISCENCES OF

We rested here until the 1 6th and procured some
corn of the Indians.

Jan. 16. Marched east 9 miles and encamped by
a small river.

Jan .19. After crossing several creeks, and tw^o con-
siderable streams, we came to a small river where
the Delawares'wcre hunting.

Jan. 20. Came to Beaver Creek in sight of the
Ohio; there were three Indian wigwams on the west
side.

Jan. 21. Travelled south-east twenty miles, and
encamped with the Indians.

Jan. 23. We came again to the Ohio opposite
Fort Pitt. From this post, Lieut. McCormick was
ordered to cross the country to Albany with the
Rangers, while I proceeded by the common road
over the mountains to Philadelphia, thence to New-
York, where I reported my proceedings to General
Amherst, Feb. 14,1761.

^*c^«^

In his Advertisement, Major Rogers proposed
publishing a second volume, with an account of his
travels among the Cherokeee, and other Indians of
the south ; and also of the Indian wars in America,
subsequent to the year 1760, with plans of all the
British Forts upon the continent. We have under-
stood that the work was published, but have never
seen it in this country. — tAm. Ed.

APPENDIX.

— ^©^—

tJENERAL RULES FOR THE RANGING
SERVICE.

1. All Rangers are to be subject to the rules and
articles of war ; to appear at roll call every
evening, upon their own parade, equipped each
with a firelock, sixty rounds of powder and ball,
and a hatchet ; at which time an officer will inspect
each company ; before dismissal, the necessary
guards will be drafted and scouts for the next day
appointed.

2. When ordered out to the enemy's Forts, or
frontiers for discovery, if your number be small,
march in single file, keeping at such distance from
each other as to prevent one shot from killing two
men. If the ground will admit, send a man in
front and one on each flank to give notice of the
enemy, his number &c.

3 If your march lies through marshes or soft
grounds- change your position and march inline, to
prevent the enemy from tracking you, till you are
clear of such ground ; then resume your files.
March until quite dark before encamping ; which
do, on a piece of ground which will afford the senti-
nels an opportunity of seeing or hearing the enemy
at a considerable distance.
12

134 APPENDIX.

4. Before reaching the place, you would recon-
noitre, send one or two trusty men to look out
the best ground for observations.

5. If you take prisoners, examine them separate-
ly and in your return, take a different rout from that
by which you went out ; by this course, you will
the better discover any party which may be in your
rear. J - • ' ,^:

6. If you march in a body of 300 or 400 to at-
tack an enemy, divide your party into three col-
umns, each led by a proper officer. These col-
umns should march in single file, the right and left
columns twenty yards distant from the centre. If
the ground will admit, suitable parties should be
kept in the front, rear, and on the flanks, with di-
rections to bait on all eminences, to take a view of
the surrounding country, prevent ambuscades, and
notify the main body of the enemy's motions. If
the enemy approach your front on level ground^
form a front of your three columns ; keeping out
fianking parties, and a reserve in your rear, all un-
der the command of trusty officers, to prevent be-
ing surrounded, which is the course of attack
adopted b;^ the savages when their number will ad-
mit of it.

7. If compelled to receive an enemy's fire ;
fall down until it is over ; then rise and discharge
your pieces at them, with good aim. If their main
body equals your own, extend yourselves occasion-
ally ; but if superior to yours, strengthen your
flanking parties, and if possible repulse tbose of the
enemy to their main body, in which case, press up-
on them vigorously, with equal force on each flank,
and in the centre, keepin^g at a due distance from
each other, and advancing from tree to tree, one
half of the party ten or twelve yards in advance of
the other.

If the enemy press upon you, let your front fire

, APPENDIX. 13^

and fall down ; then let your rear advance through
them and do the like ; by which means, time will
be afF)rded to those who were before in front, to
reload their pieces ; and thus a constant fire be kept
lip ; so that the enemy will not easily break your
order or gain your ground.

8. If you oblige the enemy to retreat, pursue
them closely keeping out flanking parties to pre-
vent their gaining eminences, and thus rallying to
repuls<^ you in turn.

9. If obliged to retreat, let the front fire and
fall back, until the rear have done the same ; thus
the enemy will pursue, if at all, in the face of a
constant fire.

10. If the enemy are so superior in force, that
you are in danger of being surrounded, let the
whole body disperse, each taking a different rout,
to the place of rendezvous appointed for that eve-
ning, which place should be appointed every morn-
ing. If actually surrounded, form yourselves into
a square, or if in the woods, into a circle, and make
a stand until the darkness of night favours your es-
cape.

11. If your rear is attacked, the main body and
flankers must face to the right or left, and form to
oppose the enemy. If one of the flanks is attacked,
do the s&me ; which will make one flank a rear
guard.

12. If you intend to make a new stand against
the enemy, do it on the most elevated ground with-
in your reach.

13. Wiien pressed by the enemy, reserve your
fire till they come near, when it will throw them
into consternation and give you an opportunity of
rushing upon them with hatchets and cutlasses.

14. When you encamp at night, fix your senti-
nels in such a manner as not to be relieved from
ihe main body till morning. Silence and secrecy

136 APPENDIX.

being in many cases of the last importance. Each
guard should consist of six men, two of them to be
constantly on duty, and to be relieved without noise.
In case those on duty see or hear any thing which
alarms them, they are not to speak, but one of
them is silently to retreat, and inform the command-,
ing officer.

16. Awake your whole detachment at dawn of
day ; that being the time the savages usually fall
upon their enemies.

16. If your scouts discover the enemy in the
morning, and he is so superior in numbers that vic-
tory may be doubtful, do not attack until evening
when he will be ignorant of your numbers, and
if worsted, the darkness will cover your retreat.

17. Before leaving your camp in the morning,
send out scouts, to discover whether there are any
appearances of an enemy's having been near you in
the night.

18. When you halt for refreshment, select some
spring, post your party so as to avoid surprise^,
and let a small party way-lay the path by which
you came, to intercept a pursuing enemy.

19. Jn your return from a scout, in crossing riv-
ers, avoid the usual fords, lest the enemy should
have way laid them.

20. If you pass Lakes, keep at a dista\ice from
the shore, lest in case of an ambuscade, or an attack
from the enemy, your retreat should be cut off.

21. If the enemy pursue your rear, take a cir-
cuit until you come to your tracks, there form an
ambush and give them the first fire.

22. When you return from a scout and come
near our Forts, avoid the usual roads, and avenues,
leading to them, lest the enemy should be there in
ambush to receive you, when almost exhausted with
fatigue.

?3. When you pursue a party that has been mnv

APPENDIX. 13T

our Forts, do not follow their tracks directly, for
that would discover you to their rear guards, who
are then if ever, very a4ert ; but by a different rout,
meet them in some narrow pass, or receive them in
ambush, when and where they least expect you.

24. If your journey is by water, choose the eve-
ning for embarking, as you will then have the
whole night before you to pass undiscovered by any
parties of the enemy, on the hills, which command
a prospect of the Lake or river you are upon.

25. The boat next the sternmost should wait for
her, the third for the second, and so on to prevent
separation and be ready to assist each other on any
emergency.

26. Appoint one man in each boat to look out
for fires on the adjacent shore, from the number,
and size of v/hich, you may form some judgment of
the force of the enemy ; and whether you can ven-
ture to attack them or not.

27. If you find the enemy upon the banks of a
river, or Lake w^hich you imagine they will attempt
to cross on being attacked, leave a detacliment on
the opposite shore, while with the remainder you
surprise, and drive them to the Lake shore or com-
pel them to cross.

28. If you can not satisfy yourself of the ene-
my's for(fe by tlieir fires, conceal your boats at some
distance ascertain their number by a reconnoitering
party, when they depart in the morning, marking
their course ; when you may pursue or not, as pru-
dence shall direct. That you may not be discover-
ed by the enemy upon Lakes and rivers, it is the
safest course to lay concealed with your boats and
party all day, without noise or show ; and pursue
your rout by night. In all cases give out parole
and countersigns in order to know each other in
the dark ; and also appoint a rendezvous for each
man to repair to in case of accident.

12*

138 APPENDIX.

It may soaiethnes be necessary that these rules
should be departed from and other arts and strata-
gems adopted, when in the judgment of the officer,
the emergency of the occasion shall require ; in
most cases however, they will be found to be well
adapted to the nature of the service.

NOTICE OF SIR WILLIAM JOHNSON.

Sir William Johnson who makes so considerable
a figure in the history of the French war, was born
in Ireland in 1714, and in 1734 at the solicitation
of his uncle Sir Peter Wdrren, came to this country
and settled upon the Mohawk, where Sir Peter had
acquired a large estate by marriage. Sir William
became thoroughly acquainted with the Indian lan-
guage and manners, and acquired a greater influence
over them than any other white man ever possess-
ed. He rose from the humble station of a private,
to the rank of a General, and commanded at Lake
George in 1755. But it has been said that the title
he there obtained, belonged to General Lyman. In
1759, he captured Fort Niagara; and in 1760 joined
Gen. Amherst at Oswego, and assisted in the reduc-
tion of Montreal. He died at his seat July 4, 1774
at the age of 60, very rich, in consequence of the
increased vahie of his vast estates, after the French
war. His house known as the Ilall, a large
stone building was erected in 1773, and is situated a
mile west of Johnstown. Cols. Guy, and John John-
son (sons of Sir William,) espoused the Royal
caa!»ein the revolution, and removed to Canada. In
consequence of this, their estates were confiscated.
Col. John afterwards came down with a party fron>
Canada, and made prisoners of many of his old
friends and neighbors.

APPENDIX. 139

The celebrated Brandt was a natural son of Sir
William, who sent him to Germany for his educa-
tion; he afterwards returned to his nation, and be-
came one of the most ferocious warriors who har-
rassedthe northern and western frontiers, during the
rev^olutionary war. His descendants have in a great
measure, abandoned their savage state, and reside in
Canada, with some considerable appearance of style.
The most important event in the life of Gen. John-
son, was the battle at Lake George, for which he
was knighted. This action took place on the 8th
of September 1755; the circumstances are as fol-
lows.

BATTLE AT LAKE GEORGE.

In 1755, Gen. Johnson, lay at Lake George, with
^^ considerable force of provincials and regulars and
*also a large body of Indians of the six nations, un-
der the famous Captain Hendrick, with a design of
reducing Crown Point. Hearing of this, the Gov-
ernor of Canada despatched Gen. Dieskau with
3000, French troops, and a numerous body savages,
to cover Crown Point, and compel the English to
; retire. His first object was the capture of Fort Ed-
ward, which would cut off the retreat of Gen.
Johnson; but the Indians and Canadians, who ac-
companied him, were in such dread of the guns of
the Fort, that he relinquished his first design, and
determined to attack the English army, at Lake
George. Sunday Sept. 7, at midnight, a scout in-
formed the English General, of the enemy's ap-
proach. Col. Williams with 1 200 men was directed
to proceed in advance of the main body; and found
their whole army at Rocky Brook, drawn up in the
form of a semicircle, into which, the EnffUsh un-

140 APPENDIX.

consciously advanced,^ until a heavy fire upon their
front and flanks, discovered to them the position of
the French. Col. Wilhims and Capt. Hendrick
were immediately shot down, and their troops after
a brave defence and a severe loss in men, were
drawn off bv the coolness and intrepidity of Col.
Whiting.

The centre of the English army occupied the hill,
where the ruins of fort George are now seen; and
the enemy came in sight, at half past eleven, fol-
lowing closely the retreat of the advanced guard.
On coming in sic^ht of the English they halted upon*
the crest of a hill which ^ave the Enojlish time
to make preparations for battle. The ground on
either flank being low, marshy, and covered with
trees, Gen. Dieskaii ordered the Canadians to the
left, and the Indians to the right, with directions to
out flank, and surround tho enemy, while his reg-
ulars attacked their fronts which they did, forming
by platoons with little eftect. Gen. Johnson being
wounded, retired to his tent, leaving the command
to Brigadier Gen. Lvman, who for five hours gal-
lantly defended liis position, with the aid of Capt.
Eyre's artillery.* A few cannon shots put the

* A drove of deer rushed down the hill and passed the English
ranks. 8oon after this an Indian runner appeared who was hail-
ed by Capt. Hendrick with " whence come you" He answered
Montreal. A fire then commenced from the Indians in ambush.

\ This delay of the French saved the English army, which
must have been broken had they followed up their first success,
aud vigorously attacked their centre then in confusion by the ar-
rival of the fugitives.

§The artillery had baen brought from Fort Edward the day be-
fore of this, the Indians were not aware. They are more fearful
of the effects of artillery, than musketry, though less dangerous;
on this occasion, the tops of the trees suffered more than the
enemy.

APPENDIP. 141

flanking parties to flight; upon wji ^h, the French
threw their whole concentrated force upon the En-
glish right, which consisted of Ruggle's, Pomer-
oy's and Titcomb's regiments, and extended from
the road, to what was afterwards the sciteof Fort
William Henry. There after an hours contest with
cannon and musketry, a general charge was made
by the British and Indians, which bro're and put the
French to flight. Lieut. Gen. the Baron Dieskau
was found leaning against a stump badly wounded;
seeing a soldier approach, he was in the act of draw-
ing out his watch to present to him, wlien the oth>
er supposing he had a p'stol, shot him through the
thigh. He was carried to the Fort by eight men in
a blanket,* where he told Gen. Johnson that he had
more troops near at hand, and it is said, thus pre-
vented a pursuit, which was urged by Gen. Ly-
man; but Johnson positively forbade the movement,
in the repoit of the action, he did not ever men-
tion the name of the ntan, whose courage and tal-
ents so largely contributed to the success of the
English army.

Crown Point would in all probability have fal-
len, had the French been closely pursued, and har-
rassed in their retreat. The delay however aff'ord-
ed them time to secure that Fort, and also to fortify
themselves strongly at Ticonderoga. The loss of
the English, was 216, killed* and 96 wounded.
G^n. Dieskau estimated his loss at 1000. He lost a
Major General, and Mons. St. Pierre, the partisan
who commanded the Indians.

The French had left their baggage two miles in

* Gen. Dieskau afterwards commanded a division of the French
army which repulsed the first attempt ofWolfe, against Quebec, a
short time before he carried the heights of Abraham.

tAmong the killed were Cols. Titcomb and Williams^ who
fell univer^allv lamented.

143 APPENDIX.

rear of the place of action, where, it was attacked
and taken by Capts. Folsom and McGinuess, at t^ie
head of 100 mgn; they then way-laid the retreating
French, and killed a great nnmber of them.

Gen. Johnson was greatly censured for neglecting
to follow up this success. The whole blame of his
not doing to, was endeavoured to be cast upon Gen.
Shirley, who was then the commander in chief, but
altoo^ether out Oi the way of the theatre of war.
One of Gen. Johnsons protegees stated that he was
so near him, when lie received his wound, that he
saw the ball enter.* The General's desire appeared to
be, rather to escape destruction himself, than to des-
troy the enemy. He had been some time at Lake
George, but had neglected to fortify his camp, un-
til the morning of the action, when a number oC
trees were felled, and an abattis constructed. It
was not until the Rangers had reconnoitred Ticon-
deroga, and reported that the French were engaged
in strengthening that Fort, that Gen. Johnson felt
himself secure from danger, and at leisure to erect a
Fort at the south end of Lake George. This was
called Fort William Henry, in honour of one of the
Royal family.

the late Nathaniel Eastman of Concord was with
the detachment under Colonel Williams and was
wounded in the knee. He however continued to
discharge his musket at the enemy and was left al-
most alone by the retreat of the advanced guard.
tje limped through the woods and joined his
friends who fought some distance upon a retreat,
and endeavored to make a stand by the Bloody
Pond. From this place they were driven onward

* This wound was thought by the troops to be a fortunate cir-
cumstance both for Johnson, and the army; for it permitted Gen,
Lvman to repulse the French, which repulse procured Johnson
ihe honour of knighthood, which might hare been otherwise ha<J
he commanded in person.

APP2NDIX. 14S

before the French and Indians nntil relieved by the
appearance of Johnson's army draw up behind an
abbatis and breast work of logs Jiastily thrown to-
gether. The artillerj' was discharged at the In-
dians who lied yelling into the woods. The appear-^
ance of the French troops with their burnished
arms, elegant equipment ^.nd superior discipline,pro-
duced a momentary panic among Johnson's troops;
but as the French did not charge them, they soon
recovered their coolness and behaved well. The
Mohawks having lost their old Chief, Captain Hon-
drick, kept back in the woods until the French
fire slackened, and they began to retire.

They then advanced with the English to com-
plete the rout. They were so enraged at the loss
of Capt. Hendrick, as to demand of the General,
that the Baron Dieskau should be delivered up to
their vengeance. Gen. Dieskau praised the beha-
viour of Johnson's troops — he said that '^ in tho
morning they fought like brave boys, at twelve
o'clock like men, and in the afternoon like devils."
On beiug told of the successful attack of Folsom
and McGinnesK upon his retreating troops and the
capture of all their baggage, he exclaimed with the
greatest sang froid, "Fortune le guerrjs ! " The
General had learned the art of war under the cele-
brated Field Marslmll Count Saxe, and was highly
esteemed in the French army. He probably would
have been more successful in his enterprise, had it
not been for the precipitancy of his Indian allies in
' opening their fire upon Williams' corps before they
had advanced sufficiently far, to allow his ambus-
cade to take complete effect and cut them off ch-
tirely.* He never fully recovered of his wound*
but died in ccnsequence of them in 1767.

* Dieskau intended to draw the English into the ambuscade iv
Car, that his regulars who were posted in the centre, should first

144 appe:ndix.

notice of major rogers.

Major Rogers went to England soon after the
conclusion of hostilities in America, and resided
there until the year 1775, when he returned to his
native country. He visited Cambridge and Med-
ford then occupied by the Continental troops. —
Washington refused him permission to enter the
camp, but Colonel Stark of the first N. H. Regi-
ment and others of his old companions in arms vis-
ited him at the Hotel in Medford. He soon after-
wards joined Sir William Howe at New-York ; but
in a short time, returned to England and never vis-
ited this country again.

He was a man of great presence of mind, intre-
pidity and perseverance in the accomplishment of
his plans ; and would no doubt have acted a distin-
guished part in the Revolution, had he chosen the
side of the people. He was a man six feet in height,
well proportioned, and one of the most active and
athletic men of his time. The Indians entertained
a great dread of him, and with very good reason.

The late General Stark, who had been for years
the companion and friend of Rogers, gave him full
credit for his courage, and was of opinion that he
would have proved a true man to his native coun-
try, had not suspicions been entertained of his de-
signs. He was denounced as a tory before he had
avowed his principles. Washington considered
him a British agent, and as such, prohibited his en-
tering the camp.

attack them. This would have enabled the Canadians and In-
dians on the flank to fall in their rear and cut ofi' the retreat.
Tka hasty attack of his Indians upon the advanced Mohawk*
dneoncerted the plan.

APPENDIX. 145

NOTICE OF COLONEL WILLIAM STARK.

Colonel William Stark who took a considerable
part in the scenes of tlie French war, was the elder
brother of the General of tlmt name. He is repre-
s<;nted as a man of considerable address, possessed
of a chivalrous spirit and undaunted courage. He
served with rcputatioii as an oiiicer of Rangers, in
the expeditions about Ticonderoga and Lake
George — was with Amherst at Louisburg, and
fought under the victorious banners of Wolfe at
Quebec.

At the commencement of the Revolutionary con*
test,, he applied for the command of one of the N.
H. regiments, to which he considered himself enti-
tled by the experience, and the reputation for cour-
age and conduct, which he had acquired in the
''seven years' war." For reasons best ];nown to
themselves, the General Assembly gave the regiment
to another, while Stark, indignant at what he con-
sidered a shameful neglect on their part, accepted
overtures from the enemy, repaired to New-York,
and became a Colonel in the British service. He
was couisequently proscribed and his estates confis-
cated. He was thrown from his horse on Long Is-
land and killed, which the General his brother ob-
served " was the best thing William ever did in
his life." When on the eve of departure for New-
York, he communicated his intentions to his broth-
er, and urged him to accompany him. He declin-
ed— they shook hands and parted never to meet
again.

Such was the end of a man calcuhited to shine in
a military career, who but for the violence of his
resentment in consequence of disappointed expecta-
tions, might have been numbered in the first rank of
that glorious band of patriots, whose sufiierings and
13

146 APPENDIX.

perils have entitled them to the eternal gratitude of
posterity.

The family of Colonel Siark received about 1 50/.
each, being one half of the sum allowed them by
the British Government ; of the other half, they
were defrauded by an agent. The Colonel possess-
ed a r rge estat"., part of which vm^ situated in
Fryeburg, Me. and was a grant from the Crown for
services in the '' seven years war." The hill called
Stark's hill took its name from him. His eldest
son John became an officer in the British army.

NOTICE or WILLIAM MOORE.

Vvilliam Moore of Stratham, one of Rogers' Ran^
^ers, was upon a scout with ten others when they
were attacked by a party of savages. In the fight
which ensued 17 Indians and 7 Rangers fell. Of the
survivors of the battle — one escaped, another was
massacred,his heart torn out and forced into Moore's
mouth, who was carried captive to the wilds of the
west. Here he was upon the point of being sacri-
ficed.—and his body filled with splinters to which
they were about to apply the torch, when the
squaw whose son had tirst laid hands upon him,
from whom he liad wrenched a tomahawk and
buried it in his brains, came forward and declared
that i^he would adopt him for her son. By his know-
ledge of the arts of the whites, he gained the direc-
tions of the Savages and remained with them six
years, until by {)retending sickness on account of a
bleeding at the mouth, in consequence of running
a stick down his throat, he persuaded them to take
kirn to a physician at Montreal. By this stratagem
he obtained his liberty and returned to his friends
H« died at Stratham in 1790, MipS.-^Hist. Coll.

APPENDIX. 147

5KETCH OF THF. EXPEDITION TO QUEBF.C IN 1759.

After the repulse at Ticonderoga, and the captuie
of Louisburg the command of the English armies in
America devolved upon Major General Amherst and
the followinff disposition was made of the British
force;;. A division under the orders of General
Wolfe was to attempt the reduction of Quebec; a
second under Gen. Amherst was to be led against
Ticonderoga and Crown Point, while General Pri-
deanx conducted a third composed of Provincials
and Indians, against the strong hold of the French
«t Niagara. Upon the approach of Amherst , Ticon-
deroga and Crown Point were evacuated. Niagara
was "besieged by General Prideaux in due form.
The French made great efforts to relieve the place
and a battle was fought under the walls, in the heat
of v/hich, their Indian allies deserted them and
victory declared for the English. The place soon
after surrendered to Sir William Johnson, who assu-
med the command after the fall of General Prideaux,
who had been killed by the bursting of a cannon.

In the spring of 1759, General Wolfe sailed from
Louisburg with an army of 8000 men, and a formi-
dable train of artillery. After a favorable passage
he arrived near the Isle of Orleans below Quebec,
and effected a landing without much difficulty.
From this position he took a survey of the fortifi-
cations ; and such appeared to be their strength,
that bold and adventurous as he was, he entertained
' doubts of success. Quebec is situated on the north,
side of the St. Charles. The upper town is built
upon n lofty rock whicli extends with a bold steep
frov.t far to westward, rendering the city imj)regnn-
hle oii that side ; and the lower town is situated at
the base of the same rock. On the other side the
river St. Cliarles with its ravines and bi-oken clian-
ne), constitutes a good defence. On its eastern

i48 APPENBIX:.

bank a French army of 10,000 men were strongly
entrenched, their rear beinrj protected by an impen-
etrable wood. This army was commanded by the
celebrated Marquis de Montcalm who had two years
before captured the Forts of Oiriwego and William
Henry wath such astonishing: celerity, and in 1758
driven the Eriglish army of 16000 men from the
walls of Ticonderoga, But with all these obstacles
to surmount, the British hero was possessed of a
soul too lofty and too full of martial enthusiasm, to
harbour for an instant, the idea of relinquishing the
enterprise, until all human means in his power for
its accomplishment, had been tried.

He took possession of Point Levi on the south
side of the St. Lawrence, and burnt the houses, but
found the fortifications far too strong to be attacked,
and that his batteries were at too great a distance
to make an effectual impression upon the city. He
next resolved to pass the Montmorency and attack
the enemy in their intrenchments. Thirteen com-
panics of grenadiers and a part of the 2d Royal Amer-
icans were landed near the mouth of that river, while
Generals Murray and Townshend ])repared to cross
it higher up. Tiie first part of the design was to
attack a redoubt which could not easily be succour-
ed by the enemy, with the hope that their ardour
would lead them to a general engagement. But the
wary Montcalm knowing his advantage of position,
suffered the Ei<2:lish to take possession of the re-
doubt, without making an effort to relieve its de-
fenders. T!ie British troops were ^lien led up to
the entrenchments but were received with such a
warm and steady fire, as compelled tiiem to repass
the Montmorency and return to the Isle of Orleans.
In conjunction with the Admiral, the General next
attempted the destruction of the Frencli fleet. He
failed in this, but landing at Chambaiid on the north
shore, he burned a large magazine of arms, ammu*

APPENDIX.

149

nitlOii, provisions and clothing. Hearing at this
tiiiiii, of the gojcl fortii:ie of the British armies at
Niagara, Ticondw^'oga and Crown Point, Wolfe
cotdd not lielp contracting his own embarrassments,
with the success of his confederates. The chagrin
of disappointment preyed Upon his lofty spirit and
delicate constitution ;"^and his health began to de-
cline. He expressed a resolution never to survive
the disgrace which would attend a failure of the en-
terprise. His despatches at this time to Mr. Pitt
appear to have been written with a view to prepare
Vac nation for the disaster which might follow.

" We have" says he, '' almost the whole force of
Canada to oppose. In such a choice of difficulties,
I own myself at a loss how to determir.e. The af-
fairs of Great Britain, I know, require the most vig-
orous measures ; but the courage of a liandful of
brave men should be exercised only where there is
hope of a favourable event." Amherst the Com-
mander m Chief who had agreed to advance to his %
rapport, after the reduction of Ticonderoga and
Grown Point, led his army into winter quarters.
Wolfe though disappointed at this failure, suffered
not a word to escape him which reflected upon the
conduct of that General ; for this distinguished
man whose character history is proud to delineate,
was as rem:irkable for his delicacy, as for the other
q-ualities of his noble mind. At the same time, it
is bertain that the misfortunes and cruel embarrass-
ments of the English were wliolly owing to the
want of exertion in the commander in chief.

It was next resolved to attempt a landing, above
the town. The camp at Orleans was broken up,
the army embarked on board the fleet, one division
landed at Point Levi, and the other carried higher
up the river. A plan suited to the adventurous
t^pirit and genius of the British chief now suggested
itself, it was proposed to scale a precipice on the
13*

150 APPENDIX.

north bank of the river, during the night, and thus
gain the lieights of Abraham behind t!»e city. The
precipice was accessible only by a narrow path, the
stream was rapid, the shore irregular, the landino
such as could not easily be found in the dark, and
the steep above, difficult of ascent, even without op-
position from an enemy. The English Gen. knew that
to gain these heights, would compel the French to
an engagement ; but he also knew that the destruc-
tion of a great portion of his troops would be the.
consequence of a failure. It was necessary however
that something should be done. A strong detach-
ment was put on board the vessels destined for the
service ; and falling silently down with the tide, the
Englisli arrived an houi- before day break at the
place fixed upon. Wolfe was the first man who
leaped on shore, lie was followed by the High-
landers and Light Infantry of the van, who were"in-
tended to secure a battery not far from tlie en-
trenched path by which the troops were to ascend,
and to cover the landing of their assoQiates. The
violence of the stream forced them some distance
from their intended place of debarcatioH, and com-
pelled them to scramble up the rock by the
aid of its projections, find the branches of trees which
grew in the clefts; yet such was the ardour of the
General, and the alacrity of the troops, that in a
short time they reached the heights, and instantly
dispersed the guard by wdiich they were defended.
The battery was secured, the whole army followed,
and when the sun arose, was arranged under its res-
pective officers.

The French General at once perceived that a bat-
tle which must decide the fate of Quebec and Cana-
da, was now unavoidable, and prepared for it, with
an activity worthy of his former exploits. He left
his strong position npon the Montmoreiicy and pas-
sed the St. Charles, to attack the army of the be-

APPENDIX. 151

siegers. As soon as this movement was perceived,
Wolfe eagerly formed his order of battle. His right
wing was commanded by General Monckton, and
covered by the Louisburg grenadiers ; liis left by
General Townshend protected by the Highlanders
^nd Light infantry. Webb's regiihent formed tlie
rc^evve. The riglit and left wings of the French
were composed of European and colonial troops:.
A body of French from the centre, advanced again*A
the English. They were stipported by two field
pieces and preceded by an irregular corps of Militia
and Indians who kept up a galling fire.

Tiie movements of the French indicating a design
to turn the British left, Wolfe ordered the battalion
of Royal Americans, to that part of his line where
they were formed en potence under General Tov/n~
shcnd, presenting a double front to the enemy. The
French marched bravely up and began the action ;
but the English reserving their fire until they were
verv near, then gave it with decisive effect. The two
Generals opposed each other-^Wolfe postin^j hini-
jjclf on the rigiit of the English, and Montcalm on
the left of the French. In the beginning of the
action, the British General received a shot through
the wrist, but wrapping his hankerchief around it,
ordered the grenadiers to charge ; and advancing
himself at their head, with all the zeal and intrepid-
ity of hir character, received a mortal wound, and
was carried to the rear. General Monckton, now as-
sumed the command in chief, and was succeeded in
his place by General Townshend. The Marquis
de Montcalm also fell, and his troops charged by
the English with fixed bayonets, and by the High-
Ian dersvvith their broadswords, gave way and after
one attempt to rally, were driven partly into Que-
bec and partly into the river St. Charles. Thus
their attempt to turn the English left completely
failed, Meanwhile Wolfe forgetful of his suffer-

152 APPENDIX.

in^s and aliv^e only tOj^lory, surveyed the field with
-the utmjst anxiety. He had been shot tlirough the
wrist in the commencement of the action but with-
out manifesting any uneasiness continued to en-
courage his soldiers. Soon after anotlier ball pier-
ced his groin, and a third his breast, which compel-
led him to be removed from the heat of the con-
test. His eye was still iixed upon the movements'
of the trooj)s, until faint with the loss of blood he
reclined his head upon the shoulder of one of his
staff, continuincj b.is enquiries as to the fate of the
day. Although nature was nearlj' exliausted, he
roused himself at the words, ^'-they fly, they fly !"
which reached his ear. " Who fly ?" exclaimed
the liero. On being told the French, he added,
'' then I depart content ;" and immediately expir-
ed with the shout of victory in his car.

Thus fell the gallant Wolfe, from whose talents
his country had indulged the highest expectations,
and whose conduct through his short but bril'iant
career, fullv demonstrated that they Avere not form-
ed of one who was unable or unwilling to support
them. Brave, enterprising, dignified, and luimane,
lie possessed all the virtues of the military charac-
ter. His actions are held up to the imitation of
every British soldier, while numerous songs and
ballads proclaim his merits and perpetuate liis fame
with his countrymen.

But while we pronounce th' eulogium. of success-
ful intrepidity, let us not forget that valour may be
displayed when it is not rewarded by fortune ; and
that if the victors upon this glorious occasion, are
celebrated for courage and conduct, their noble an-
tagonists are likewise entilled to praise. The Mar-
quis dc Montcalm was an o]>ponent worthy, of
Wolfe. Their minds were of kindred vigor — the
•jame love of glory animated both, aiul led them to
the same fearlessness of danger — the same contempt

APPENDIX. 16^5

of death. His troops being defeated notwitlistand-
ing all his exertions, MoiUcahn exj^ressed the high-
est satisfixction upon learning* that Iiis wound was
mortal ; and. when told that he could live but a few
hours, he replied, " so much the better, I shall not
live to seethe surrender of Quebec."

The battle of the lieights of Abraham* was fol-
lowed by the reduction of the city and ultimately
by the capitulation of Canada. The French made
some attempts to recover their lost dominions ; and
Monsieur the Count Levi after driving back to the
city a body of 3000 men men under (.Tenera! Mur-
ray, opened his batteries before Quebec. But a
strong fleet arriving from England, compelled him
to raise tlie siege and retire to Montreal, where
Mons. Vaudreuil, the Governor General had con-
centrated the whole strength of the Colony ; and
where he surrendered his army and the Province of
Canada to General ximherst, Sept. 8, 1760.

MR. JOH!^ SHUTE's ACCOUNT OF A JOURNEY FROM'
CROWN POINT TO QUEBEC IN 1760

In March 1780, General Amherst, Commander in
chief of the BritisSi forces in America, having de-
termined to enter Canada by way of Oswego, and
Lake Ontario, and thence down the St. Lawrence
to Montreal, where the French army was concentra-
ted, while another division of his troops approach-
ed the same point by way of the Sorell, desired to

* Many of thoso who gained laurels upon the plaints of Abra-
ham were natives of Xew England. Amang these wete a corp«
of Rinfjers '.vho hid served at Loaisburg, and from thence pro-
ceeded with the expedition to Qaebac. Thjy were commanded
by Captain William Stark of New-Harapshirej the older brother
fit the late General.

154 APPENDIX.

forward a despatch to General Murray at Quebec,
jnforming him of his intended movement, and re-
quiring his co-operation. With this view, he di-
rected Major Rogers to select a suitable. ])arty from
the corps of Rangers, whose fidelity could be relied
upon, and who v/ere well acquainted with the
woods, to proceed from Crown Point to Quebec,
5ind deliver the despatch to the commanding Gener-
al at that city. The distance was then estimated
at five hundred miles, a great portion of which dis-
tance lay through a country infested by numerous
liordes of hostile Indians, and by a French popula-
tion, whom the previous ravages of the Rangers had
rendered any thing; but friendly to the English
name.

From the dangerous nature of the undertaking, a
reward of fifty pounds was offered to any four who
would volunteer for the service. Sergeant Beverly
who had been a prisoner of war and escaped from
Canada the preceding year, with Luxford Good-
win, Joseph Eastman and John Shute,* volunteer-
ed for the expedition. They took charge of the
despatqh together with a large number of other let-
ters, from officers at Crown Point, to their friends
in the army at Quebec ; and on the third of April,
were landed at Missisqui Bay. Thence they were
ordered to proceed to the river St. Francis, by the
same rout the Rangers pursued, when they destroy-
ed the Indian village upon that river, the year be-
fore. Rogers directed them to keep in the woods,
avoiding all settlements, and upon no consideration
to cross the river in the day time, for fear of dis-
covery by the Indians.

With these instructians, they left the Bay and
proceeding many days through wet marshy grounds,

* Eastman and Shute both belonged to Concord, N. H. They
were companions and messmates through the French war; and
equally distinguished for their-enterpriso and good conduct.

APP-NDIX. 165

where they could scarcely find a dry spot to en-
camp upon at night, they reached the St. Francis
one Sunday morning, striking the river just above
a rapid. They now consulted whether it was bet-
ter for them to disobey orders^ and cross immediate-
ly, or to wait until night. They came to a conclu-
sion that they were far enough from the army, to
be I heir own masters, and determined to cross the
river as soon as possible. For this purpose, they
collected a quantity of driftwood and constructed
two rafts, at some distance above the falls, in order
that two of the party might iirst cross, and if
they found no cause of alarm, notify the others to
follow with the letters. By casting lots, it fell up-
on Shute and Eastman to cross first, whb immedi-
ately pushed ofi" ; but as they had no better instru-
ments than poles with which to work the raft, the
current proving stronger than they expected, car-
ried them some distance down stream, and they sa-
ved themselves by leaping upon a rock, just at the
head of the Falls, against the point of which, their
raft struck. They saved their guns and knapsacks,
with all their provisions and ammunition.

After niconnoitring, and finding no traces of tlie
enemy, they called to the others to come over, war-
ning them to attempt the passage higher up the
stream ; but not sufficiently regarding this caution,
their raft was suflfered to enter the current, where it
soon became unmanageable. Finding that they
must go over the falls, they threw down their poles
and cried for mercy. Shute and Eastman told them
to throw off their clothes and sit down, which they
did: and the raft went down the rapids. From a
tree which overlooked the stream, Shute and his
companion watched their descent, as they alternate-
Iv appeared and disappeared, passing through a ra-
pid of nearly an eighth of a mile in extent. They
then ran down to the foot of the fall, when they

146 APHENDIX.

found Beverly climbing up the bank, and Goodwin
dinging to a pre^s of drift wood, whom they extri-
cated from his perilous situation. By this disaster,
two of the party, had lost their arms cloth-
ing, and provisions, together with all the let-
ters. Shute and Eas^tman here divided their
ulothing, and provisions with the other two, and the
whole })arty again consiiitedas to the expediency of
o'oing lorward, or i eturning. They considered that
if they should fall into the enemy's hands without
their papers, they would be in danger of being
banged as spies; and if they went back Kogcrs would
call them cowards, and traitors, who had made up
a false and improbable account to excuse their own
imbecility. They concluded rather to take their
ckance of the cruelty of the enemy than meet the
reproaches of Rogers,* and proceeded on their
journey. From this place, they proceeded through
a wet swampy country, with scarcely any provis-
ions for several days, until one Sunday morning,
vvhcn they heard the sound of a bell. They follow^-
cd the soimd and came in sight of people going to a
Catholic Chapel. Concealiufy themselves until the
services had commenced and all ^vas quiet, they en-
teicd a house wljose occupants were at ciiurch, hel-
ped themselves to provisions and clothing, and re-

tired.

From this they follow^ed a foot path into the
woods, which at a quarter of a mile's distance,
broutrht them to a log house, against the gable end
of which, a ladder rested leading to a door fasten-
ed with a padlock, which breaking open with
their hatchets, they discovered a large che^t, filled
with female clothing of the richest quality. f Help-

♦ A sentiment worthy of the Grecian Clearchus who declared
that it was the duty of a soldier to be more In fear of his com-
mander» than of the enemy.

t Shute made himself a frock of one of the gownSr ^nd brought
home another of th@ finest silk.

APPENDIX. 157

ing themselves to a shnre of tlie plunder, they put-
sued their march in the woods, avoiding all roads,
until nearly night, wlien they ventured again to ap-
proach the settlements.* After the village people
had retired to rest, they entered u barn in quest of a
hog for provision. As they opened the door, a calf
ran out which they killed and divided into four
parts. Then proceeding to the garden of a gentle-
man's house, they rifled it of what vegetables they
had occasion for, and after doing all the mischief
they could in the garden, it being part of the Ran-
gers' creed to dotheir enemies all the damage in their
power, retreated. Retiring with their booty about
four miles into the woods, they kindled a fire, re-
freshed themselves with part of their provision,
dried the remainder in the smoke, and made moc-
casins of the skin.

Pursuing their march three or four days, they as-
cended a high hill, the top of which exhibited
memorials of an Indian encampment the winter be-
fore.

From this eminence, they saw for the first time,
the river St Lawrence and a large encampment of
regular troops upon the bank. This was about
twenty miles above Quebec. The party were here
in doubt whether the troops were French or En-
glish; but sergeant Beverly determined against the
consent of the others, that he would ascertain wheth-
er they were friends or foes; and if foes, would
make a signal that they might take care of them-
selves. His companions watched his progress, saw
him stopped by the sentinel, and after a moment's
pause, enter the camp, where several officers shook
hands with him ; upon this, they all followed and
were received with open arms by the English. Af-
t^r itating their business to the commander, he put

* Sappoaed on the Chaudiero ijyer,
14

them on board a bout to proceed to head quarters at
Quebec, where they arrived at midnight, and were
conducted to General Murray's Kitchen. There
thev slept upon the floor until morning, when they
were severally conducted into a large hall lined with
mirrors in which v.ere about one hundred officers.
There says Mr. Shute, '-each man received a glass
of liquor, such as I have never tasted before nor
since, nor have I ever drank any thing so good in
my life." After this they were directed to tell their
several stories, which as tliey had previously agreed
upon a statement of facts, coincided very well al-
though they were separately examined. The Gener-
al and the soldiers made them welcome, and invited
them to remain as long as they pleased. After rest-
ing a few days, they applied to the General for leave
to return, who tolci them to wait a few days longer,
and they should move with the army towards Mon-
treal, and that he would give them four guineas
each, extra pay. They did so, and joined their ow^n
corps at Montreal in September, Rogers arriving soon
after, there they witnessed the surrender of Canada
Sept. 8, 1760.

Gei^eral Murray is represented by Mr. Shute, as a
small active old gentleman prompt and decisive in
all his movements, and a great favorite with the sol-
diers. While he commanded the garrison at Quebec af-
ter the surrender of that city to the English, some
time before his advance to Montreal, Monsieur Levi
made an attempt to recapture Quebec. General
Murray advanced to meei him at Sillery with three
thousand men, a severe action took place, and the
English were driven back to the city, which they
defended against the subsequent siege of the French
General; who after several attacks and an ineffectu-
al cannonade, drew off hiis troops and retired to-
wards Montreal.

APPENDIX. 159

ST. FRANCIS.

The village of St. Francis, situated near the Lake
of the same name, consisted of about 40 wigwams,
thrown together in a disorderly clump. It contain-
ed a Catholic Church,* in w^iich, mass was perform-
ed n[ght and morning. Every Sunday tlie congre-
gation was summoned by a bell, and the attendance
was general. The ceremonies were performed by a
French friar, who lived in the midst of the Indians
for the benefit of their souls: he appeared to be in
that place, what the legislative branch is, in civil
governments; the grand sachem being the executive.
The inhabitants loved in perfect harmony, holding
most of their property in common. They were
extremely modest, prone to indolence at home, and
reluctant to undergo the labours of planting, or the
fatigues of the chase; in fact, the passions of avar
ice and revenge exciting them to war and plunder,
appear to be the most powerful stimulants which op-
erate upon the savage mind.

Thomas Ames, of Northumberland, N. H. was
seized at his house by a party of St. Francis In-
dians and carried home to their settlement to be
tried upon a charge of robbing their hunters- camps
of fur. He was tried by their council— the sachem
and his old men sitting in front, and the squaws
behind them, to keep the record of the proceedings.
Nothing being found against Ames, he was acquit-
ted. Upon which, the chief told the court, that
Thomas had been detained, from his business, and
must be compensated ; accordingly a birch bucket
was passed round, and each one put into it a piece
of money, as damages^ for tlie false imprisonment.
After which, he was directed to wrestle with their

* Among th3 spoils of St. Francis, Rogers brought away a
small Catholic injage curiously, wrought in solid silver, weighing
about 10 lb,

160 APPENDIX.

young men, and being strong and active, threw them
all, taking care to make their fall as hard as possi-
ble. The old men laughed heartily at their young
warriors' expense. The chief treated him well,
kept him that night in his wigwam, where he slept
in a down bed, (the best he had ever seen,) the sheets
of whiph were made of silk handkerchiefs sewed
together; and next day suffered him to go about his
business. The Indian settlement at St. Francis is
supposed to have been made under the following
circumstances.

After Lovewell's fight in 1725, had introduced the
English to the Pequawket country, the Ameris-
coggin and Pequawket tribe retired to the head
of Connecticut river; where they remained peacea-
bly for two years; at the end of that time, a quar-
rel arose among 4;hem, and the Ameriscoggin tribe
departed for Canada, and settled upon the river St.
Francis, where they remain to this day. The Pe-
quawkets remained at the head of the Connecticut.
Philip afterwards became their chief. — He was one
of Rogers' Rangers— went with him to destroy St.
Francis — and was the first man who entered the
Fortress of Louisburg at its capture by General
Amherst. This provoked the Rangers, "that a d — d
Indian should get the start of them." His squaw
was called Mary Missle; and is remembered by old
people in the noriliern parts of N. H. as afc excel-
lent moccasin maker. Philip joined the U. S. in
the Revolution; saying that he and his tribe were
whig Indians: and would fight for their coniitry.

The night before the surprise of St. Francis,
the Indians were engaged in a wedding frolick .
Lieut. Jacob Farrington of Andover Mass. and
Benjamin Bradley of Concord N. H. two of the
stoutest men of their time, headed one of Rogers^
parties.

APPENDIX. 161

They came to the door of the house, where the
wedding had taken place, and pushed against it so
violently, that the hinges gave way, and Bradley
(ell in headlong among the Indians, who were asleep
upon the floor. They were all slain before they
could make any resistance.

In returning from this expedition, the Rangers
struck Connecticut river at the uper Coos; which
they mistook for the lower Coos. Bradley here re-
marked, that if he was in his full strength, he would
be at his father's house in three days. He took a
point of compass which at the lower Coos, would
have brought him to the Merrimack; but at the up-
per Coos, would bring him out near the White Hills;
and left the party, accompanied by a Ranger, and a
Mulatto man. The next year a party of hunters
found the bones of a man, in Jefferson near the
White Hills; before him were three half burnt brands
piled togethtr: and a quantity of silver broaches and
wampum lay scattered about; the hair was long and
tied with a leather ribbon such as Bradley wore;
no arms were with him, nor any signs of his compan-
ions.

In their return from St. Francis, the Rangers suf-
fered every hardship which men could endure.
Their powder horns, ball pouches, and other ac-
ooutrements were successively boiled and eaten.
Mr. Evans of Concord who was one of the Rangers,
states that one night while the men were all asleep
in their camp, his cravings for food were so insup-
portable, that he awoke from sleep, and seeing a
large knapsack belonging to one of his comrades,
opened it in hopes of finding something to satisfy
his hunger; — that he found in it three human heads;
that he cut a piece from one of them, broiled and
eat it, while the men continued to sleep: but that
he would die with hunger, before he would do the
like again. He said that when their distresses wer«
14*

16'2 APPENDIX.

greatest, they hardly deserved the name of hiimnir
beings.

^ CROWN POINT.

This ancient Fort was comm- need by the French iu
1731. The principal work however, bears on one of
its anorles, the inscription of 1751. It was a star work
in the form of a Penta2Con,with bastions at each angle,
and a strong redoubt of 250 yards in advance of
each. It is surrounded by a ditch walled in with
stone except where it has been cut through the solid
lime stone ledge. The walls are from 20 to 25 feet
high. With a path all round on the top, interrup-
ted only by the gates on the north and south. The
walls are half a mile in circumference. Opposite
the north gate, is a small ledge near which are the
remains of a covered or subterranean passage to the
Lake shore. Within the Fortress is a level and
spacious? area bounded on tlie left and in front by
lOno- ruinous stone buildings. The parade is 500
feet long.* The Fort was partly blown up by the
French in their retreat in 1759 before Gen. Am-
herst. The place was surprised by Colonel Warner
in 1775. The American army halted here on their
return from Canada in 1776, and a memorial was
presented to General Schuyler by the field officers,
stating their objections to the project of removing
the troops to Ticonderoga, on the ground that the
Point might more easily be defended, not being over-

♦4000 men could be accommodated with quarters at Crown
Point.

fGen. / mhorst erected a new and more extensive fortiflcatioR
at the Point.

APPENDIX. 163

looked and commanded by a mountain within a
short distance, like Ticonderoga ; but these reasons
not being sufficient to induce an alteration in the
views of the commander in chief, the removal took
place. The army reached the latter place in July ;
where the declaration of Independence was read to
the soldiers accompanied shouts of applause. The
mountain opposite Ticonderoga on the Lake shore
was upon tfie occasion, named Mt. Independence
and directed to be cleared and fortified*

TICONDEROGA.

The remains of the old French lines which Aber-
crombie attar.ked, are still to be seen. They are
drawn in a zig zag direction ; first stretching off to
the right, along the edge of a marshy ground, to a
cluster of bushes, where a battery was erected ;
then to the left, to the verge of a wood, where was
another battery. Near the west part of the lines,
is a fine spring, which was the scene of a bloody
contest during the engagement in July 1758. Many
bodies have lately been found near it, and shot
have been cut out of old timbers.

The Fortress was of an angular form, divided
into several parts, by deep ditches, covered by can-
non and musketry. The communication between
them was kept up by stone stair cases placed in con-
venient portions of the angles, all so contrived as
to make the descent into the ditch, and the ascent
circuitous, and exposed to cannon and small arms.
The plan of the Fortress appears to have been exe-
cuted with all the skill possessed by the French En-

*There were no discharges of cannon, powder being considered
a precious article in those times.

16^ APPENDIX.

gineers of tiiat day. The walls were once much
higher than they are jit present, and covered with a
superstructure of timber filled with earth, to protect
the barracks. It was surrendered to Gen. Amherst
in July 1759, after the French had blown up their
magazines. The battlements of Ticonderoga first
bore the flag of American Independence, having
been surprised bv Colonel Ethan Allen on the night
of May 1 8th 1775.

Allen found his way to the commandant's bed
chamber, and holding his drawn sword over his
head, summoned him to surrender; " to whom and
in whose name" said the astonished officer, '' In
the name of the Great Jehovah, of the Continental
Cono^ress, and of Ethan Allen" was the reply. The
American armv lay here a long time after their re-
treat from Canada" in 1776. On the 4th of July
1777, General St. Clair evacuated the place, and
General Burgoyne occupied it immediately after-
wards. The British having possession of Mount
Defiance, completely commanded the American
camp ; and could see all their movements. The
Americans burnt their stores and provisions very
iniprudently on the night of the retreat. This
gave the British notice of the evacuation of the
place. Their Gen. immediately embarked a body
of troops upon the Lake in pursuit which proceed-
ing up South Bay with all speed, overtook and cut
off the American'rear guard, near Hubbards town.

One of the battalions surrendered to a force of
British and Tories,who not being able to carry away
the arms, of the prisoners, left them stacked in the
woods ; where, they remained until Col. Warner
went for them, to be used at Bennington on the
16th of August following. Gen. Kosciusko the
champion of Poland, was with the Americans in

APPENDIX. 18&

their retreat from Ticonderoga. He was then *
Brigadier Gen. in the U. S. army.

Mount Independence is a smaller eminence east of
Mount Defiance, separated from it, by the outlet of
Lake George. Upon the bank above ^iie water,
are the remains of a zigzag battery of 50 guns. It
runs across a small cornfield and passes behind a
house making five or six angles. The horse shoe
battery is describabie on an elevation, one quarter
of a mile in the rear- This hill was fortified by the
late Gen. Stark in 177G, by order of Gen. Gates,
then commanding at Ticonderoga. In clearing the
hill, to prepare for erecting the works, the troops
killed a \^ast number of rattle snakes. The hulks
of Arnold's flotilla lie on the west shore of the Lake,
almost as sound as when they were stranded.

PRESQUE ISLE.

The town of Erie, Pa. is situated upon a bluff af-
fording a pleasant prospect of Presque Isle bay, the
peninsula which forms it, and the Lake beyond.
The basin is a fine one, and the National govern-
ment, in conjunction with the State of Pennsylva-
nia, have been at much expense, for several year*
past, in constructing piers to improve its entrance,
and remove a sanJ bar which has heret^ofore ob-
structed the passage of large vessels. It is now much
improved, and steam boats enter w^ithout much dif-
ficulty. The peninsula was within remembrance,
a sand bank ; but is now covered with a growth of
young timber. Erie was of some importance dur-
ing the last war, as a naval station ; since which,
the village appears to have been stationary ; the
improvement of the harbor will however, contrib-
Site much to its increase. A little to the right of

166 APPEKDIX.

the town, on a liigli bank overlooking the bay, are
the remain of the old Frencfi Fort, now overgrown
with weeds and thistles, hut still distinct in its out-
lines. It was one of that great chain of military
posts extending from tlie St. Lawrence to New Or-
leans, by which the Frencli endeavored to cramp
the rising greatness of the British empire in the
west ; and was once occupied by a considerable gar-
rison. Half a mile boya.id, pissing a ravine, on
another eminence, coaimanding the entrance of the
fciarbor, stands the block house erected during the
!ate war, for the protection of the navy-yard on the
opposite side of the bay. At this place. Perry's.
fleet was built with incredible despatch. Scarcely
70 days elapsed from the time they commenced cut-
ting the timber in the woods, until the squadron
was ready for action. The young and intrepid vic-
tor of Erie is still gratefully remembered. At a
j)ublic dinner given to him and his officers before^
they sailed on their glorious errand, he gave the
noble sentiment, that " he would come back a con-
queror, or in his shroud." This victory retrieved
the disaster of Detroit, finished thi war in this
quarter, and restored tranquility to the bleeding
frontier. The prize qe^sels now lie sunk in the
harbor near the navy yard. The large vessel Us
partly above water in a decayed state ; and near
her, the hrig Niagara, in wiioic cabin the gallant
Commodore wrote t]i3 famous despatch, " we have
met the enemy and they are ours.'' They are
pointed out to all strangers, and many anecdotes re-
lated to revive in their recollections the merits of
those brave men who came from the Atlantic shores,
to make these lonely waters the theatre of glorious
achievement, and wrest the trident from the mis-
tress of the seas. Although time, unhealthy clim-
ates and battle have made sad havoc in their num-
bers, the sensibilities of a great nation should nev-

APFEKDiX.

16'

€r be forgetful of those wlio so nobly contended for
her insulted honor. 1'he old garrison house of
General Wayne, in which he died, on his return
from the Indian wiirs, still remains though in a ru-
inous state. He was buried at his own request, un-
der the flag staff of the Fort. A rude paling and a
rough stone, with the initials "■ A. W.," long mark-
ed the resting place of one of our country's most
heroic defenders. His remains have since been re-
moved by his friends. Among those bold spirits
whose exertions and patriotism achieved the great
work of American Independence, he held a con-
spicuous rank. After the defeat of St. Clair had
thrown the whole frontier open to the enemy, he
was directed by President Washington to assume
the command of the North Western Army ; and
the dread which the savages still entertain for his
memory, affords living proof how faithfully his
duty was performed. Ilis prudence and decision
soon restored order to his discomfitted forces. By
a rapid and cautious advance, he foiled the enemy's
attempts at surprise, though ail their arts were em-
ployed, and finally met them near the Miami Rap-
ids* The victory which crowned his toils, obtained
him the title of the "Red man's scourge ;"* by
which he is designated by the Indians to this day.f
An anecdote of him upon this occasion, we have
never seen in f>rint. The British at this time, held

* When General Wayne made his treaty with the North West-
ern Indians, he told them that if they ever took up the hatchet
against the United States again, he would make the ground
tremble under them. When Tecumseh roused the tribes to war
in 1811, previous to the battle of Tippecanoe, several shocks of
earthquakes took place in the western and southern country. —
This frightened the Indians sadly, and put them in mind of the
threat of Gen. Wayae ; who they imagined was down the Mia-
eissippi proving his cannon, preparatory to attacking them again-

r His own troops used to call the General ♦' Mad Anthonj,"^
oa account of his disregard of personal danger.

Ids APPENDIX.

a military post on the Miami, near WayI)e'^^ bat-
tle ground — from them, the Indians had received
countenance and supplies, and expected a shelter in
case of defeat. General Wayne received a message
from the coninandant, warning him to keep at a
proper distance from the Fori, as he slionld protect
the Indians, if they retreated under liis guns. —
Wayne immediately wrote a note to this effect : —

'^ If you fire one gun, or receive one Indian into
the Fort, my troops shall storm and put the garri-
son to the sword — remember &tcny Point.''^

It had the desired effect ; the enemy fled for shel-
ter, but the gates were closed. Part of them esca-
ped, with the loss of their arms, by swimming
Swan Creek, and the remainder were drowned or
slain by the enraged conquerors. To show their
utter contempt for the British authorities, and per-
haps to afford them an oj)portunity of provoking
an assault, tiic General and his staff,went to a spring
a few^ rods from the garrison, and partook of some
refreshment, wliile the troops were completing the
rout of ihe enemy.

The treaty of Granville, which followed tliis vic-
tory, and the cession of a large territory, secured
the tranquillity oi the Western States, until again
interrupted by the British emissaries in 1811. The
western settlers entertain the highest reverence for
the name of Wayne, as one of the most distinguish-
ed of that band of Patriots, whose valor and con-
duct have procured for them titles of nobility more
iionorable and lasting than royal favor can bestow-

Q>>4< oe>»««oo«o«o«o«««oe«eo9o«90o«ci«>o600Cicocee3Co«ocooooo<ao«Qoo«ccooo«oco«

MEIMOIB

GENERAL STARK.

MEMOIR
GENERAL STARK.

-«^«-

Archibald Stark, the father of the late General,
was a native of Glasgow, in Scotland, and at an ear-
ly age emigrated to the county of Londonderry, in
Ireland— whence, in 1720, he embarked with a com-
pany of adventurers for New-Hampshire.— They
were refused permission to land at Boston, on ac-
count of having the small pox on board, and com-
pelled to encounter the horrors of a northern win-
ter in the wilds of Maine, near where Wiscasset is
now situated. The following year, after many suf-
ferings and hardships, they established themselves
at Nutfield, now Londonderry, N. H. then a wil-
derness, hideous by nature, and rendered ten fold
more so by the savages* who at that period, and for
many succeeding years, harrassed the frontiers.
Several of Mr. Stark^ssonsf held commissions in the
.seven years war^ and were equally distinguished for

♦The inhabitants of Londondeiry were in Bome instances, pro-
fected from the savages through the influence of Father Raliae,
the Catholic Friar of Norridgewack, who informed the Indians thai
they would surely go to Hell if they meddled with the Irish.

t William, John, Archibald, and Samuel Stark all served in the
Hangers; Archibald was a Lieutenant. He died at Hopkintqn
'^. H, at the age of 90.

172 MEMOIR OF

cool and undaunted courage. William, the eldest,
was a Captain of Rangers, served with reputation
at Louisburg and Quebec, and by his courage and
address rendered signal services in those expeditions.
He afterwards tarnished his well earned fame, by
joining the British standard in 1776, from which he
never returned.

In 17S6, Mr. Stark removed to Derryfield, now
Manchester, upon Merrimack river, and commen-
ced a settlement near Amoskeag Falls. John his
second son, the subject of this memoir, resided with
his father, at this place, until 1752. At that time,
(in company with his brother William, Messrs. Da-
vid Stinson and Amos Eastman) he went upon a
hunting expedition to Baker's river, in Rumney, N.
H. On the 28th of April, they were surprised at
this place by a scout of ten St. Francis Indians.
Signs of them had been discovered two days be-
fore, and the party were in consequence about leav-
ing the hunting ground. John separated from his
companions to collect the traps — and while thus en-
gaged, fell into the hands of the enemy. Oil being
interrogated respecting his comrades he pointed a
contrary direction, and led them two miles out of
the way. His friends alarmed at his long absence,
fired several guns, which discovered them to the
savages, who, proceeding some distance down the
river, turned their encampment and formed an am-
bush to intercept their boat. The hunters, suspec-
ting what had taken place, were proceeding down
the river — Wm. Stark and Stinson in the canoe, and
Eastman on the bank; when, about sunrise the lat-
ter fell into the ambush, and was taken by the sav-
ages, who then directed John to hail the others.^
He did so; informed his friends of his situation, and
advised an escape to the opposite shore — upon
which (our of the Indians fired into the boat. At
this critical moment, he had the temerity to sti'ilv^

geni:ral stark. 17S

npt-»vo of tlieirmii^skets, aiul upon the others pre-
p:irm^ to lire, did the same, and told William to
escape, as they had fired all their giins. He proSt-
t'd by the advice, and made good his retreat. —
Stinson,* his companion was killed. This conduct
of their prisoner so exasperated the Indians, that
they beat him severely, made prize of his furs, and
proceeded to Coos, near where Haverhill, N. H. is
now situated, where they had left two of their par-
ty to collect provisions for t'aeir return. Here they
tarried one night, and continued their route to the
upper Coos; wMience they despatched tfjree of their
party with Eastman to St. Francis. The remain-
der employed themselves sometitne in himting upon
a small stream called John's River. — The prisoner
was liberated during the day, hut confined at night.
Widle here. Stark was directed to try his fortune at
hunting. He succeeded in trapping one beaver, and
sliooling ar.otherjand received' the skins as a reward
for his skill.

On the 9th of June the Indians reached St. Fran-
cis where he remained six weeks, — was well trea-
ted, and obtained a knowledge of their modes of at-
tacking and annoying their enemies. Mr. Wheel-
virright' of Boston, and Capt. Stevens, of Number
Four, who were sent by Massachusetts to redeem
prisoners, arrived about this time at the village, and
not finding those they expected from Massachu-
setts, released b.oth tlie captives, and returning hy
wav of Albany, reached Dsrryfieid in August kfl-
lowing. Mr. "Stark paid for his freedom §103, a':d
Eastman §80. These sums were never repaid by
the state. Massachusetts, directed by a more just
and liberal policy, redeemed all her captives. It

*A. party from Concord, soon afjor.vards, found and buried the
body of Stinson in the woods, and brought hom3 one of the
paddles of the cano9, which was pierced with several shot holes;
it w.as preserved a long tim^, bv Ike Eastman fimily.

15*

174 MEMOIR OF

may not be improper to remark that the !5C0ut which
captured these prisoners came to Albany in compa-
ny with this returning party, and sold iiie furs* ta-
ken fronitliem, without molestation.

During tliis captivity, Stark acquired that thor-
ougli knowledge of the Indian character, and of
their stratagems of war, which he turned to such
good account against them, and their allies the
French, in the war whicli ensued- It is a custom
with the Indians, to, impose ail their labor and
drudoery upon their captives and Squaws. They
accorliingly, directed Stark to hoe corn. — He first
proceeded to cut up the corn, carefully sparing the
weeds; — but this not answering his purpose of re-
lieving himself of the labor, he threw their hoes
into the River, telling them " it Avasthe business of
Squaws and not warriors to hoc corn." Instead of
being irritated at this, they were pleased with liis
boldness, called him " young chief," and he wa'?
accordingly adopted as the son of their Sachem. In
tha^ latter days of his life, he used to relate with
much humour, the incidents of his captivity; observ-
ing, that he had experienced more genuine kind-
ness from the savages of St. Francis, than he ever
knew prisoners of war to receive from any civilized
nation.*

When Eastman and Stark arrived at St. Francis,
they were compelled to undergo the ceremony of
running the gauntlet. The young men of the vil-
lage ranged themselves in two lines, each armed with
a rod, to strike the captives as they passed along.

*They bad collected fur in the expedition, amounting to 560Z.
as appears by the memorial to the LegisLiture of N. H. in 1754
for v.'hich, sec appendix.

When Rogers surprised and destroyed the village of St Fran-
cis, on the 4th of October 1759, Stark was engaged in anoth-
er service, and did not t^bare in the success and disasters of that
expedition.

GENERAL STARK. 175

Eastman Wcis severely whipped; but Stark tliiuking
one good turn deserved another, snatched a club
and made his way through the lines knocking the
Indians down, right and left whenever they came
within his reach; and escaped with scarcely ablow,
to tlic great delight of the old men, who sat at a
distance enjoying the sport heartily at their young
men's expense.

Nothing daunted by this unfortunate enterprise,
our advcraturer repaired next season to the Andros-
coggin, to pursue his vocation* and raise means
to discharge his redemption debt. From the re-
])ortof these prisoners concerning the Coos territo-
ry, th« General Court of N. H. determined to send
a party to explore this hitherto unknown region.
Co!. Lov^el, Major Talford and Capt. Page were em-
ployed to enlist a company for this service, and so-
licited hiv. Stark to accompany thein as a guide. —
Under his directit^n they commenced their jour-
ney on the 10th of March, 1754, and in 7 days
made Connecticut river at Piermont. — After passing
one night, and making ^such observations as their
time would allow, they returned, and on the 13th
day reached Concord.

In 1754, a re])ort was cmrrent that the French
were building a Fort at the Upper Coos, and Capt.
Powers was in consequence, despatched by the
Governor of N. H. with thirty men, and a flag, to
demand their reason. — He applied to Mr. Stark to
accompany them, who conducted the party to the
uj)per Coos, by way of the Little Ox Bow, the
same route he hael traversed two years before, as a
captive to the Indians. Finding no French garrison,
the scout returned, after exploring for the first time

*Mo3tof the active young men of New-England at this day
cn^ngsd in hunting as a most profitable and agrceible occupa-

176 MEMOIR OF

l>y aa Eii'^lisii avlventurer the Coos iiUerv ib, wliere
the now flourishing towns of Haverhill and New-
bury are situated.

Mr. Stark had acquired so much celebrity by
these expeditions, that upon the breaking out of
the seven years war, the Grovernor appointed him
Lieut, of Rogers' corps of Rangers, in Bbiuchard's
regiment. Rogers, possessing a bold and enterpris-
ing spirit, soon collected a band of rugged foresters;
and was ordered tO proceed to Coos, and burn the
intervals, prepar itory to erecting a Fort. Before
reacliing tholr place of destination, a ne'v order
commanded thsm to join the regiment at Fort Ed-
ward, by way of iS^umber Four, (Charleston N.^
H.) Tliey reached head quarters, about the time
Sir Wm Johnson was attacked by the French and
Indians near Bloody Pond, between Fort Edward
and Lake George.*

This campaign passed without any other occur-
rence worthy of notice. In antumn, the regiment
was discharged, and Lieut. S. returned home.

In the winter of 1750, the British commander at
Fort Edward determined to establish a corps of
Rangers to counieraot the operations of the French
and Indian scouts, which harrassed tiie frontiers
;md hung upon the wings of the army. Rogers
was appointed to the command w!io proceeding
to N. H. chose vStark his Lieut, raised his sol-
diers, and in April following, arrived at Fort Ed-
ward. Although no important military operations
were attempted^ this campaign, the Rangers were

♦Three actions took plac3 on the 8am3 dij near this spot. The
French and Indians were eonxpletcly roHte:! with the loss of a
1000 men and all their baggage. The French General, the Bar-
on Dieskaii, was wounded and taken prisoner ; and the British
commander created a Baronet in conseqaence of his victory.
TJi» pond was called Bloody, from thcsliufnter of this oe-a-sion,
the bodies of the slain being thrown rnto it, in such numbers, as to

discolor the water. ^Seo Remlaiscenccs Battle at LakeG-orge.

GENERAL STARK.

177

constantly on foot, watching the motions of the en-
emy at Ticonderoga and Crown Point, cutting off
his convoys of supplies, and often making prison-
erfs of his sentinels at their posts.*

" One of our expeditions, (says Major Rogers,)
my Lord Howe did us the honor to accompany, be-
ing desirous as he expressed himself, of learning
our methods of marching, ambushing, retreating,
&c. and on our return, expressed his opinion of us
very generously." — Rogers^ Journal.

In the autumn of this year, the corps was joined
by two companies from Halifax, under Captains
Hobbs and Spikcman, wUich raised its force to 309
strong. These hardy woodsmen were familiar with
all the practices of the French and Indian parti-
sans, and many a fierce conflict evinced that they
were able to contend with, and defeat them upoa
their own terms.

In January 1751, a detachment of Rangers wa^
directed to march to the Lake, and intercept the
supplies from Crown Point to Ticonderoga. They
turned Ticonderoga, siezed several sleighs, and
were returning to Fort William Henry, when they
were attacked three miles from Ticonderoga, by
the combined force of French and Indians from the
garrison. A most bloody and desperate action en-
sued, perhaps according to numbers, one more san-
guinary was not fought during the war. Major
Rogers was wounded, Capt. Spikeman killed, and
the command devolved upon Lieut. Stark, who by
his prudence and firmness, secured the wounded
and drew of the detachment in such order, as to

*0n one occasion, one these parties brou;^ht homo with them,
the scalp of a French sentinel, Ihey had killed near the gate of
Crown Point, The scalping knife was sometimes used by the
Rangers, in retaliation for the cixiQlties of the French an4 their
allies the Indians.

178 MEMOIR OP

keep tlie enemy at bay.* Thev reached Lake George
at 8 A. M.

The wounded who during the night march, had
kept up their spirits, were at this time so overcome
with cold, fatio:iie, and loss of blood, that they
could march no farther. It became, therefore,
necessary that notice should be forwarded to Fort
William Henry, that sleighs might be sent for them.
Lieut. Stark volunteered for the purpose, and by
fatigue more easily imagined than expressed, reach-
ed the Fort, (distant 40 miles) the same evening,
and the next day his companion were removed in
sleighs.

In the new organization of the corps, Lt. Stark

was appointed to fill the vacancy occasioned by the

death of Capt. Spikeman. — Shortly after this,

v/hile acting commander of Rangers at William

* > Henry, one of his eccentricities pi^ved the salvation

\ of the garrison. While going t\e rounds on the

^ evening of the 16th of Slarch, he overheard the

Rangers planning a celebration in honor of St.

Patrick, and immediately commanded the sutler to

deliver no rum to them, without a written order, f

*Stilson Eastman of Concord N. H. who was one of Stark's
Rangers in this action, states that on the receipt of his second
wound, Rogers thought of ordering a retreat, as the only safety
of the party. Lieut. Stark who was then almost the only officer
fit for duty, declared he would shoot the first man who fled, said
he had a good position, and would fight the enemy until dark
and then retreat ; and that in such a course consisted their only
safety. While he was speaking a ball broke the lock of his gun;
at the same', time, observing a Frenchman fall, he sprang for-
ward, seized his gun, retiwued to his place, and continued the ac-
tion. EastmaH stated that Stark's courage and prudence saved
the party ; and thiat to the bravery and skill of William and John
Stark, the Rangers were indebted for much of their success, and
celebrity in the campaigns against the French. The late Col.
Webster of Plymouth, has made a similar statement.

tA great number of the Rangers were Irish or their descen-"
dants.

GENERAL STARK. 179

the application for which, was evaded by a plea of
a lame hand — the Rangers were accordingly kept so-
ber. The Irish troops composing the remainder of
the garrison, could not forget this ancient custom;
but poured out copious libations in honor of St,
Patrick's wife Shelah. The French aware of th<i
laudable practice of the Hibernians, concerted an
attack, and would that night have carried the Fort,
had they not been repulsed by these sober troops,
while the others were coming to their senses. The
particulars of this attack belong to history. From
tkis time, no military movements of consequence
took place until the ensuing summer, when Lord
Loudoun the commander in Chief, ordered the Ran-
gers to New York, to be employed on the Halifax
station. Capt. S. being on a scout, did not join
Vhem until their arrival at New York. An attack
of small pox prevented his accompanying the expe-
dition. After it's return, he joined the army at Al-
bany, in October following, and passed the winter
at Fort Edward.

In 1758, Gen. Abercrombie, Commander in Chief
of the British forces in America, resolved to at-
tempt the reduction of Ticonderoga ; and the Ran-
gers were ordered to scour the country and opwj
a way for the British forces to advance to the at-
tack.

The evening before this fatal battle, Capt. Stark
had a long conversation with Lord Howe, resting
upon a bear skin, (his Lordship's camp bed) rei-
pecting the mode of attack and position of the Fort.
xhey supped together, and orders were given to
the Rangers to carry the bridge between Lake
George and the plains of Ticonderoga, at an early
hour in the morning. Accordingly they advanced,
and on approaching the bridge, Major Rogers who
was at their head, perceiving a party of French and
Indians prepared to dispute their passage, halte<l a

ISO MEMOIR OF

few minutes, which pushed the rear upon the front;
Stark not knowing the cause, rushed forward, gay-
i-ng that " it was no tinoe for delay," pushed boldly
on to the bridge, and in a few minutes the enemy-
fled, leaving a clear passage for the army. Respect-
ing this attack,* Major Rogers observes " we toiled
with repeated attacks for four hours, being greatly
embarrassed by treesf that were felled by the ene-
my without their breastwork, when the General
thought proper to order a retreat, directing mc to
bring up the rear, which I did in the dusk of the
evening." The regret of Capt. Stark for the fate
of that gallant nobleman, Lord Howe, from whom
he had experienced the most marked attentions,
lasted with his life ; but he often remarked during
the Revolution, that he became more reconciled to
his fate, lest at that time, his talents might have
been employed against the United States.

After the close of this campaign, Capt. Stark,
returned home on furlough, at which time, he mar-
ried Elizabeth Page, daughter of Capt. Page of
Dunbarton, In the following spring, he joined the
army and was employed with 200 Rangers in cut-
tinga road from Ticonderoga to Charleston, N. H*

*The attacks upon the French hnes at Ticonderoga,w'ere made os
the 6, 7, and 8th of July, 1758, and proved unsuccessful, throisgh
the imbecility of the commander in Chief, at the expense of 1608
Regulars, and 334 Trovincia's, killed or taken. The British ai^
my amounted to nearly 16000 strong. Among those who fell,
none was more deeply regretted than Lord Viscount Howe, who
lieH in theaction with theFrench advanced guard. This fall check-
ed the advance of the army. To his military services, and prir
vale virtues, the General Court of Massachusetts paid aa honor-
able tribute, by causing a monument to be erected in Westmins-
ter Abbey. See Rcflciniscencefe of the French War, for. an ac-
count of this action.

•fThe French had constructed a formidable abbatis, the most ifi» '
portant obstacle that can be placed in front of a breastwork.

GENERAL STARK. 18t

Under Gen. Amherst, Le was present at the re-
duction of Ti( onderoga and Crown Point. The
conquest of Can,ada in 1760, put an end to mil-
itary operations in Nortli America ; tijis circum-
stance, tooether with the jealousies of tlie British of-
ficers, induced ])im to quit the service. Gen. Am-
herst by an official letter, assni'ed him of his pro-
tection, and that if inclined to re-enter the service,
he should not lose his rank by retiring.

From this period until 1774, he uniformly es-
poused the cause of his countrymen, iind became a
rallying point, around which the peoj)le of his vi-
cinity could meet and exchange ideas upon the then
critical situation of the Provinces. At this time he
was appointed one of the Committee of safety; and
discharged the difficult duties which devolved upon
him, with firmness and moderation, using all his
endeavors to promote union of sentiment, and
preparations for action should it become necessary,
Upon the news of Lexington battle, he mounted his
hori^^e and proceeded to the theatre of action, en-
couraging as he passed along, the volunteers of N.
H. to rendezvous at Medford. His military servi-
ces and uniform patriotism and integrity, left him
no rival in the minds of his neighbors, who had
appeared in arms. He was elected Colonel by an
unanimous voice, Isaac Wyman, Lieut. Colonel and
Andrew M'Clary, Major.* A regiment of 10 or 12
companies was soon organized and reduced to a
tolerable sta te of discipline. As he had left home
at ten minutes notice, he returned to arrange his af-

*The ▼cnerable Jonathaa Eastman Esq. of Concord, N. H.
boasts that on this occasion, he held up his kand for his friend
Stark ; and assisted in making him Colonel of (he first N. H. reg-
iin«nt.

18S

MKMOIR OF

fairs, and immediately joined the arn.y for the c&m^
paign.

While examining Noddle's Island, by direction of
Gen. Ward, with a view to erect batteries against
the British shipping, the party consii-ting of him-
felf, M'Clary, and one or two otiiers, having ac-
complished their object^ard being on their return,
diircovered a British j.arty upon the i^ame errand,
which attempted to cut them off by seizing their
boat ; but after exchanging a few shots, they reach-
ed it in safety, and returned to camp.

At tlie battle of Bunker's Hill, Stark's regiment
formed the left of the American line, and it is an
acknowledged fact, that the attacks of the enemy
were sustained in a mani>er worthy of the brightest
days of chivalry.*

The regiment o|'pofed to the N. H. line was that
oftJie W'elsh Fl!5^iieers, which had been distinguish-
ed at tlie battle of Minden in Germany, and was
considered one of tlie finest corps in the British ser-
vice. The troops advanced and displayed in front
of our line, says an eye witness now living, with
the coolness, and precision of troops upon parade ;
not a sliot was fired until they came within 80 yarda
of their enemy, who opjened, upon them a lite so
rapid and deadly, that in a few minutes, they broke
and fled in confusion. They were immediately ral-
lied, reinforced, again led to the attack, and once
more gave w^ay before the fatal fire, of the New-

*Three tiirea the enemy advanced to these lines, and wore <.8
often driven back with great elaughter. The late Gen. Winslorr,
of Boston, told the writer that he was on the ground about 10
o'clock the next day, and that he counted ninety six men on the
Wach between the bank and Mystic river. This must hav«
been the handiwork of Moor's company, as they were the only
men who occupied that space — he further observed thiit there
were no ofiicers amoiigtheGQ, they having probably bee« remo^
Ted.

GENr^R.iL STARK. I Qg

Hampshire marksmen. A third tims, an attempt
xvns made to turn our left, whicii was acrairi repul-
sed with dreadffd slaiic^htcr. Our men were brought
into action witii tlie utmost coolness, and without,
being fatigued. The Colonc! observed to Capt.
Dearborn*, who suggested the propriety of hastening
the marcli, across the neck, whicli was enfiladed by
the guns of the British frigate Lively on one side,
and two floating batteries on the other, that *'ona
fresh man in fiction, wd% worth ten fjitigued
ones."!

In the heat of the action, some one reported to
Colonel Stark, that his son a young man of 16,
who had followed him to the field, had just beeu
killed. He remarked to the informer, that it was
no time to talk of private affairs, while the enemy
were in force in front, and ordered him back to his
duty.§

The position occupied by the New Hampshire
troops, was at the rail fence, about forty yards in
rear of the redoubt, towards Mystic river. The
grass had been recently cut, and lay in winrows
and cocks upon the field : another fence was taken
up, t!ic rails run through that in front, and the hay
suspended upon them from top to bottom, which
had tlie appearance. of a breast work ; and served
to deceive the enemy, although it was no real cover
to the men. When the Fort was carried and retreat

♦Since Major General Daarborn of the U. S. array.

fGen. Gage, looking over the scene of action at Breed's hillj
before the attack, remarked to some one who enquired whether
he thought the Yankees would \yait for the assault of the Roya!
troop-!, that if one John Stark were with them, he ihought they
svould ; for he was a brave fellov^' and had served under him at
Lake George in 17$8 and 59.

§Tho report proved groundless. The son is ntill living 9.n4
»*'a8 cv stjj.ffofl5cer during the remainder of the war.

IS4 MEMOIR OP

became unavoidable, Col. Stark drew off his regi-
ment in such order, that they were not pursued.
The men were unwilling to quit their ground, as
they iiad repulsed the enemy so often as to consid-
er themselves completely victorious.

While the Briti.sh were storming the redoubt, it
was with difficulty, tliat these troops conld be pre-
vented from ahindouing tiieir j)osilion, and attack-
ing the enemy's rear. But tlieir Colonel had wit-
nessed such scenes before ; he foresaw the fate of
the redoubt, knew that tiie men had no bayonets,and
but little ammunition remaining, and therefore con-
sidered that any attempt to succour the right of the
line, would be the height of madness and folly.

Immediately after the retreat, intrenchments were
formed at Winter Hill* and the campaign passed
away in a few abortive projects, in settling the rank
of geueral and field officers, and in re-enlisting the
armv. On the evacuation of Boston, Cpi. Stark
wa? ordered to New-York, and assisted in arrang-
ing the defences of that city until May, 1776, when
the regiment was ordered to proceed by way of
Albany to Canada. He joined the army at St.
Johns*, and advanced to the mouth of the Sor-
ell. He opposed the expedition to Three Rivers as
hazardous and imprudent, and after delivering his
opirdon, obeyed implicitly the orders of his com-
mander.f On their return, the remains of this

♦The zeal of the soldiers was so great that they labored inces-
•aatljr all night, and the next day being excoedingly hot, sever-
al were actually malted (as it is called) and died of the fa-
tigne.

tThia expedition was formed in the face of the enemy, and on
the opposite side of the St. Lawrence, or Lake St. Pierre— eight
or ten miles broad, at the time the British had a formidable na-
ral force on the river, and the Americans none.

The Army rotreiting from Quebec was met by this division at
the mouth of the Sorell where General Thomas who commanded

GENERAL STARK. 186

ill-fated enterprise, snffered great losses by the small
pox at Chamblee and Mount Independence. After
cros?in<TLake Cliamplainjiis regiment encannped up-
on Chimney Point, while the remainder of the army
lay at Crown Point, until ordx:red to retire upon
Ticonderoga. Against this removal he presented
General Schuyler a memorial signed by most of the
officers of the army, on the ground, that their pres-
<mt position ought not to be abandoned as being
the most capable of defence. Gen. Schuyler being
of a different opinion,, the evacuation took place.
On the Bih and 7th of July, the troops reached Ti-
conderooja ; on the followincr mornincr the Declara-
tion of Independence was proclaimed to them with
shouts of a])plause.

Gen. Gates arriving soon after, assumed the com-
mand in chief, aiid assi^rned to Col. Stark the com-
mand of a Brigade, with orders to clear and fortify
Mount Independence, named on the occasion, and
then a wilderness. Towards the close of the cam-
paign. Congress promoted several of the junior
Colonels to the rank of Brigadiers, against which,
he protested, on the ground of insecurity of rank,
and of planting the seeds of discord amonsc the offi-
cers. At the close of the northern campaign. Col.
Stark's regiment was ordered to join General
Washington at New Town, Pennsylvania, where he
arrived a few days before the battle of Trenton ;
and leading the rif;ht of Sullivan's division, contri-
buted his siuire in that bloodless and fortunate
Coupe de main.

the troops after Montoomcry's fall, died of the small pox.While
there, Arnold employed himseifin plundering the merchants of
of Montreal ; and Thompson was taken prisoner in .in unsuccess-
ful attack uponTrois Rivieres. A ratreat now became necessary-,
and was ably conducted by General Sullivan, before a close pur-
onit of the enemy, which continued until the troops reached St.
Johns*

16*

166 MEMOIR or

At the council of war preceding the affair ai
Trenton, in giving his opinion, he observed to Gen.
Washirigton, " your men have long been accustom-
ed to place dependence upon spades and pick axes
for safety: — but if you ever mean to establish the
Independence of the Unitctl States, you must teach
them to place confidence in their fire arms." Wash-
ujgton replied, "that is what we have agreed up-
on— we are to march to-morrow upon Trenton —
vou are to command the right wincj of the ad van-
ced guard, and Gen. Greene the left." Stark ob-
ser^^ed that he could not be better suited.

Here it may be proper to notice a circumstance,
not generally understood, the particulars of which,
were related at the funeral of the deceased General,
by a comrade in arms there present. It is well
known that previous to this important action, the
American army was upon the point of being
broken up, by suffering, desertion, and the ex-
piration of the term of enlistment, of a great por-
tion of the troops. A few days previous, the
term of the New-Hampshire regiments expired:
Stark was the first to propose a reinlistment for
six weeks; lie left hi.s station as commander, for the
moment; took upon upon liimself the task of re-
cruiting oliicer, and not a man failed to reinlist.

Col. Stark was with Washington when he cros-
sed the Delaware, was engjiged at the battlp of
Princeton, and continued with the General, until
he had established his Winter quarters at Morris-
town. The term of enlistment of his regiment
having expired, he was ordered to N. H. to recruit
another. — In the month of April the regiment was
Completed, arsd he repaired to Exeter to receive in-
structions for the campaign, where he was inform-
ed that a new list of promotions had been made,
and his name omitted. The cause was easily trac-
ed to some ofiicers of high rank, and members of

GENERAL STARK. 187

congress, wlto were displeased with his unbending
charactor.

Upon this, he waited upon Generals Sallivaa and
Poor, wished them all possible s'jcc'ess, and surren-
dered his commission. Tliey endeavored to dis-
saadc him from this course; but he answered — that
"an officer wlio would not maintain his rank, and
assert his riojhts, was not worthy of serving: hi*
country." He warned them of the dangerous sit-
uation o( tha army at Ticonderoija, the necessity
of immediate relief, and declaring his readinejs a-
gain to take the field, whenever his country re-
quired his services, retired to his farm as a private
citizen. His zeal for the cause continuing as ardent
a>« before, all of his family capable of bearing arms-
were fitted out and despatched to the army.*

After the disastrous retreat from Ticonderoga,
and the advance of the invader from the north,
with a powerf d and well appointed army, all the
energies of the countrv became necessary to re-
pelliis nttack. New-Hampshire was called upon
to recruit men, and forward supplies.

In this emergency, the council of his native stat«
directed their attention to Col. Suirk, relying up-
on his military reputation and popularity, to call
out the Militia. They urged him to forget what had
passed, and assume the command of their troops., —
He informed them he had little confidence in th«

♦Up^n his resignation, the Council and House of Delegates of
New-Hiinpahire on the 2 1st March 1777, passed the following
vote. " Voted that the thanks of both houses in convention,
be given to Colonel Stark, for his good services in the present
war, and that from his early and steadfast attachments to th«
«au3e of his country, they make not the least doubt that his fu-
ture coa*iuct in whatever state of life, Providence may placo
him, will manifest the same noble disposition of mind." There-
upon the thanks of both houses were presented to Colonel
Stark, by the Honourable President. Records House Rep. Vol.
11. 120

198 MEMOIR OF

then coinmaiuler at the North; but if they would
raise a body of troops to hung upon tiie Vermont
wing, and rear of the enemy, and allow him to use
his own discretion in directing their operations
withovit being accountable to any other power,
tlian their own body, he Avould again take the
field. They closed witli the proposal, a ccinmis-
sion was accordingly furnished; and laying aside
the recollection of his wrongs; he called upon his
friends, the yeomanry of the country, -tnd they
obeyed his voice. In a few days he was upon the
frontier with a considerable force.

The aspect of their affairs at this time, was to
the Americans, })eculiariy gloomy and dispiriting.
The overwhehning force of Furgoyne had driv-
en them from their strong hold at Ticonderoga,
a Fortress hitherto deemed impregnable, and uni-
versal alarm prevailed in the North.

The British army Avas led by accomplislied and
experienced oflicers- — furnished with a formidable
train of brass arliilery and with all the apparatus,
stores and ecpupments, which the nature of the
service required, and which the art of man had
invented. Veteran corps of the best disciplined
troops of Britain, and Germany, constituted the
greater portion of this dreaded army. While Can-
adians and American loyalists, furnished it with
spies, scouts, and rangers; and a numerous army
of savages, in their war diesses, with their owa
weapons, and characteri'stic ferocity, increased the
terrors of its approach. It numbered according
to common estimation 10,000 strono: an army
which considering the tlieatre of action, was equal
to ten times that number, in the ordinary wars of
Europe.

Flushed with confidence in his superior power,
and deceived by the opinion, that the friends of the

GENERAL STARK. i^$

British cause in America, were five to one, Gen-
eral Biirgoyne detached Col. Baum (a German offi-
cer) with 150D men, upon amo'^i romantic expedi-
tion. His instructions whicli fell into the hands
of the conqueror, can best explain his rout, and the
object of his expedition. — They are as follows:

'• You are to proceed through the New Hamp-
shire grants, cross the mountains, scour the coun-
try with Peter's corps of Tories, and tiie Indiani
from Rockingham, to Otter Creek ; to obtain hor-
ses, carriages, and cattle, and nioiint ReidesePf
regiment of dragoons ; to proceed down Con-
necticut river as far as Brattleborough and return by
the great road to Albany, there to meet General Bur-
goyne ; to endeavor to make the inhabitants of th©
country believe you are the advanced body of the
General's army, who is to cross Cormecticiit river,
and proceed to Boston;* and that at Springfield, we
are to be joined by the troops from Rhode Island.
All officers civil and military, acting under tiie Con-
gress, are to be made prisoners; you are to tax the
towns where you halt, for such articles as are war\t>
ted, and to take hostages for their compliance with
your requisitions." By the tenor of this commission
it appears, that the British General considered hit
proclamation at Bouquet, had produced wonderful
results; — that it had struck a general pan'^c through
the states, quelled all opposition — -and that it now
only remained, for his troops to advance and the
conquest 'was obtained. But Heaven bj praised,
that, fortunately, for the liberties of this country,
ihere were others who thought dilTorently.

At this critical juncture General Stark arrived
upon the frontier and took post at Bennington.

♦He and his armj arrived at Boston, but by a diTercnt ro«<
Oja.n th-it. nnticipdterl by the British General or th-^ ministry.

|f9 MEMOIR OF

The General who coaiininded the northern ar-
my, having learned the arrival of these troops at
Bennington, directed Gen. Lincoln to assume the
comm-md, niid conduct them to head quarters. He
presented his letter of instructions and proposed
an immediate march; but was informed of the ob-
jections, which he forwarded Gen. Schuyler, who
reported the case to General Washington, and Con-
gress, at the same time urging the necessity of re-
inforcements, as he hid been pressed so close by
^urgoyne, as to be compelled to take post south of
the Mohawk. Tiie matter was soon after brought
before Congress, and they resolved " that the coun-
cil of New-Hampshire be informed that the in-
structions, which Gen. Stark says he has. received
from them, are destractive of military subordina-
tion and highly prejudicial to the common cause
at this crisis; and that therefore they be desired to
instruct General Stark to conform himself to the
«ame rules, which other General officers of the mi-
litia are subject to, whenever they are called out at
the expense of the United States.*' Gen. Burgoyne
probably apprised of this discordancy of opinion,
detached Lieut. Col. Baum to beat up their quar-
ters, and destroy the force on that wing.

Before the passage of the above resolve, the
^commanding General had opened a correspondence
with Gen. Stark; and endeavored to prevail on him
to rome to t!ie sprouts of the Mohawk. The latter
gave him a detail of his plan of operations, which
was to fall upon Burgoyne's rear, and to harrass, and
cut off his supplies; which was approved by Gen.
Schuyler. While the arrangements were making to
execute this plan, on the 14th of August, a messen-
ger came to Gen. Stark, with an express from Cam-
bridge, 14 miles north west of Bennington, inform-
ing that 200 Indians arrived there that morning : a
few hours after, another came from the same place.

GENERAL STaEK. ttt

iiritli intelligence that 1500 Hessians and Tories had
also since arrived. A large qiiantily of flour hav-
ing been collected at the mills, a few miles to-
wards Cambridfje, from the place where his troopi
lay, he immediately despatched a battalion under
Co!. Gregg to secure it, and followed with oil his
force, to support him if necessary. Gregg wa«
soon met in full retreat, before a large body of Ger-
mans, who were approaching in the rear of the In-
dians, and were within one mile of our troops.
Gregg reported that tlie woods were fpll of Indians,
and that the whole, of Burgoyne's army v/ere on tL«
march.*

On perceiving the main body of the Americans^
the enemy halted, and commenced intrenching him-
self upon advantageous ground. A ])arty of skir-
mishers sent out upon his front, succeeded in killing
and wounding 30 men, without loss on our side.
The 15t]^ provin^g; rainy, no general attack was
made, and time afforded the enemy to fortify liis
camp, with a log breastwork, inform Gen. Bur-
goyne of his situation, and request a reinforce-
ment.

On the morning of the 16th of August, the Ameri-
cans advanced upon the enemy : wIjo was found
entrenched upon a t-odded bluff, fronted by th«
Walloomschaick on the south, with a gradual slop©
on the north and west. His position was reconnoi-
tred at a mile's distance, and the plan of attack ar-
ranged.

Two detachments, one to the, right and one to
the left, w^ere ordered to turn his rear and advance
directly to the entrenchments, reserving their fir*
until very near. Fortunately, they reached their
stations almost at the same moment, and by a rapid

»Th« an6w«r to this report, wae •• D— n your multipljing eyM.^

ids MEMOIR OF

advance, the enemy were forced out of tlieir line*
and driven upon the reserve, wliich decided the
contest.*

The prisoners were collected and hurried off the
ground as soon as possible. They were scarcely
secured, when information cainc that a large rein-
forcement of tlie enemy was coming up to their
support. The number rccjuired to guard tlie pris-
oners and those dispersed for refreshments and
phinder, left but few for defence. Col. Warner*
coming up at this critical mcment, with part of his
regiment, was ordered to advance and attack the
enemy. Theee brave troops under their intrepid
commander succeeded in checking hi m, while the
others as fast as th y could he collected, Avere
brought up to sustain them, and the contest con-
tinued until dark, when the enemy gave way at all
points ; many prisoners were taken, but the main
body escaped umler cover of the night-— Gen.
Stark, in his despatch to the N. H. Legislature,
remarks, " that the enemy were pursued urtil dark,
and that with one hourm.ure of dnylight, the whole
detachment must have been captured." The fruits
of this victory obtained by raw Militia over Euro-
pean veterans, strengthened by a numerous and des-
perate band of Tories and Indians sustained by a -
lillery, were 4 pieces of brass cannon, 8 brass drums,
several hundred stand of arms, 7£0 prispners— 207
killed upon the spot. The loss of the Americaifs
^as SO Ivilled and 40 wour.ded- But the most im-
portant result produced by this signal and unex-
pected success was a restoration of coniidence to the
desponding armies of America, and a death blow to

*Tlie flanking parties were directed to fall upon the rear,
while the General -vith his m&m body advanced slowly towaida
ih^ front. The enen^y's artillery had for some time been
directed against :he main body ; who moving slowly until they
heard the report of iiv.sketry in the rear, then immediately
rushed forward, attacked (he works in front, and the action be
«am« general.

GENERAL STARK. 193

the hopes of Great Britain. Collections of the tro-
phies * of this victory, were presented to the States
of Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Vermont.
The news of the disaster was brought to Gen. Bur-
goyne on the night of the 16th by the Indians, who
lied at the moment tlie Americans forced the Brit-
isli lines. A large portion of the killed was the effect
of the Indians' sharp shooting in their flight.

This was the first link in the chain of events,
which opened a new scene to America. It raised
her from the depth qf despair, to the summit of
hope ; and added unfading laurels to the brow ot
the veteran who commanded. At the time the news
reached Congress,! they were about reading New
Hampshire out of the Union as the society of Friends
read out their refractory members. They however
in their wisdom, thought better of it — that although
proper, it was not expedient ; and on the 4th of Oc-
tober, it was " Resolved that the thanks of Con-
gress be presented to Gen. Stark of the New-Hamp-
shire militia, and the officers and troops under his
command, for their brave and successful attack
upon, and sisjnal victory over the enemy in their
lines at Bennington ; and that Brigadier Stark be
appointed a Brigadier General in the army of the
United States."

*We believe they have been preserved in the other States :
the drum in Massachusetts, we have seen suspended in the hall
of the Senate chamber. In this State many years ago the arti-
•leB were known to be boxed and in the care of the Commissary
Ceneral. Inquiry has lately been made at Portsmouth, and tha
articles cannot be found ! II? is reported that they were sold at
auction several years ago.

fGen. Stark was asked why he did not communicate the ac-
count of hia victory to Congress. He answered that as they had
aot attended to hie last letters, bis correspondencd with them
was closed.

194 MEMOIR OF

Never ^Vere thanks more deservedly bestowed.
This was the first turn of affairs m favour of Amer-
ica, in the Northern Department, since tlie fall of
Montgomery before Quebec. The triumph over
his enemies, was complete. His conduct on this
occasion, discovered whether he, or they, were the
true friends of their country. When her liberties
were in the most imminent danger, his private re-
sentments were forgotten in the pursuit of the pub-
lic good. He led his hardy yeomanry to the field ;
and to them, belongs the honor, of giving the first
fatal check to the progress of the invader, which
led the w^ay to his subsequent entire defeat and cap-
ture.

It would be improper to pass without notice, the
worthy clergyman from Berkshire, who came with
his people, to measure rifles with the Hessians. Be-
fore light on the morning of the 16th, he addressed
the Commander as follows. " We the people of
Berkshire have been frequently called upon to fight,
but have not been permitted. W'e have now re-
solved if you Avill not let us fight, never to turn out
again. The General enquired if he wished to go
then, when it was dark and rainy. "No," "Then"
continued the General, "if th.e Lord should give us
sunshine again, and I do not give you fighting
enough, I will never ask you to come again." In
the mornino; the weather cleared up, and the men
marched off to action, with the spirits of freemen
determined to " live free or die."

Gen. Stark went into action with the determination
that his enemies, secret and avowed, should be con-
founded by a glorious victory, or that he would that
night repose in the soldier's bed of honor.

When the two flanking parties approached near
to each other, in the rear of the enemy, the Indians
ever on the alert, perceived that their situation
would be a warm one, and made their escape in ».

GENERAL STARK. 195

single file, between the two parties, with horrid
screams, and a jingling of cowbells The contest
for a short time was desperate, particularly at the
Tories' breastwork.* The Hessians were treated
with tho civilities belonging to prisoners of war.f
The Tories were considered traitors and distinguish-
ed as such. They were ordered to be tied in pairs,
and those pairs connected by a rope, to which a
a horse was harnessed with a postillion mounted to
lead them away.§ The ladies of Bennington fur-
nished cords for the purpose, and rendered several
other services with the same spirit which actuated
the conquerors.

When General Gates who had now succeeded to
the command ox the Northern army, wTote the
commander in Chief a few days after this affair, he
thus expressed himself. ''Upon my leaving Phila-
delphia, the prospect appeared most gloomy, but
the severe checks the enemy have met with at Ben-
nington and in Tryon county, have given a more
pleasing aspect to public affairs."

Stark's victory gave reputation and. courage to
the Militia, who found that neither British, nor
German regulars were invincible. While the A-
mericans exulted on the one side, the roval armv

*William element of Bradford, Co. of Hillsborough, N.H. be-
longed to Sticknev 's regiment which attacked the Tory breast-
vrorlt. Ab he rushed up to the works, a Tory thrust a bayonet at
iiim ; he struck it aside and drove his own through his oppo-
nents eye and head with such force, that the bayonet came off,
and remained in the Tory's head. When they buried the slain, the
soldiers told Clement to take his bayonet out of the man's head,
but he swore he would never touch it again, and the body vvai?
buried in that condition,

tThe British to induce the Hessians to fight, told them that
they would be roasted and eaten by the Americans, if taken,

§This indignity the Tories and their descendants never could
forgive.

196 MEMOIR OF

experienced a depression of spirits on the other ;
especially as the disaster not only added to their de-
lay, but afforded Gates time to obtain the reinforce-
ments then on their march. In a few days, the ar-
my which had been driven from Ticonderoga in
July, faced about, and with i\ew courage, ad-
vanced to meet Burgoyne. He now perceived the
danger of his situation. These men of New Hamp-
shire and the Green Mountains, whom he had hith-
erto viewed with contempt, he now considered for-
midable enemies. In a letter to Lord Germaine
about this time, he says, " the New Hampshire
Grants till of late, but little known, hang like a
cloud upon my left." He finally admitted, that it
*'was in vain to contend with the Lords of the soil.''
Upon the advance of Burgoyne, General Stark
approached the main army at Behmus Heights, and
finally entered the camp. On the 18th of Septem-
ber the term of enlistment of his men had expired,
and Gen. Gates sensible that a battle must shortly
take place, was desiroiis of adding these victorious
troops to his camp ; but all to no purpose.* Theyf
returned, and Gen. Stark proceeded to New Hamp-
shire to make report of his campaign to the Coun-
cil, receiving wherever he came, the warmest ex-
pressions of the people's gratitude. Congress hon-
ored him with a generous vote of thanks, and the
commission of a General Officer in the Continental

♦These troops were drawn up and harangued by General?
Gates and Stark, but to no effect ; not more than three of the
whole numher were willing to tarry. They said they had perform-
ed their part and must go home.

tThey were within hearing when the battle began, many halt-
ed and turned about, but when the firing ceased, they pursued
their way home, and many returned, only tarrying at home one
night.

GENERAL STARK. 197

army. Impressed with the idea that Burgoyne
must now bet?\ken, vohinteers flocked to his stan-
dard from all quarters, and he was shortly enabled
to join the army with a more numerous and formi-
dable command than before.* He was zealous for
attacking Burgoyne in his camp at Saratoga, and
for tliat purpose, had placed Ids little army in the
rear, to cut oil 1 is commimicatiou with Canada, by
way of Lake George.

By this movement, Burgoyne became completely
surrounded ; and Gen. Stark contended that he
might liavebeen compelled to an unconditiqnal sur-
render. Capitulation however was the most pru-
rient and perhaps equally advantageous course to tlie
Americans.

The war being now over in the north, he returned
home to obtain recruits and supplies ; and was soon
after ordered b}^ Congress to- prepare for a winter
expedition to Canada, and to proceed to Albany to
confer with the Marquis de la Fayette, and' G^eral
Conway upon the subject. After preparations were
made, Congress thought proper to abandon the de-
sign.

Early in 1778, he was ordered to assume th«
command of the Northern Department at Albany.
For this service he had very fevv' troops, two exten-
sive frontier rivers to guard, and wa* surrounded
by Tories, spies, speculators and public defaulters.
In regulatinor these abuses he succeeded like most
reformers ; those who were detected, cursed him,
their friends complained, and he gladly received an
order to join Gen. Gates in November at Rhode-
Island. Gen. Hand succeeded him at Albany, but

*Th« Militia turned out with the understanding and assurance
that they were to servo under " Gen. Stark." This argument
induced the men to march, and the General to remain in th«
l^eld. Seo Belknap's History, Farmer's edition, volume 1, 876.

17*

198 MEMOIR OF

shortly after left the command, for the same rea-
son, and with the sime pleasure. On joining Gen.
Gates at Providence, he was directed to take post
at East Greenwich on account of his popularity
with the Militia, and with a view to ascertain and
counteract the designs of the enemy from Rhode-
Island. When the season of action was over, he
returned by the way of Boston to New-Hamp-
shire to urge the necessity of recruits and supplies.
/ In the spring of 1779, he jouied the army at
Providence and by direction ci Gen. Gates, he ex-
nmhied the coast from Providence to Point Judith,
as well as the east side of the .bay as far as Mt. Hope.
Few troops were employed on this station, and
more than ordinary vigilance was required to pre-
vent inroads, and to establish a regular system of es-
pionage. In autumn, indications of a descent from
the enemy being discovered, lie removed his head
q-jjarters to Point Judith, seldom resting more than
oae night in a place.

Late in October, the enemy were in motion, and
his command were for some days upon constant du-
ty. About the 10th of November the enemy de-
camped from Rhode-Island, and early next morning..
Gen. Stark took possession of Newport, and placed
guards in the streets to prevent plunder and pre-
serve order. At this time, Gen, Washington fear-
ful that on the arrival of the Newport reinforce-
ment at New-York, some attempts might be madfe
upon his army, ordered Gen. Gates and Gen. Stark
with the troops who had blockaded Newport excep-
ting a small garrison, to join him in New-Jersey ;
and soon after directed Gen. S. to proceed to New-
England to make requisitions of troops and sup-
plies. Having performed this service, he joined
tlie army at Morristown in May 1780 and was
present at the battle of Springfield on Short Hills.
Immediately after this, he was despatched to New-

GENERAL STARK. • ' 199

England with orders to collect a body of Militia and
volunteers, and inarcli to West Point. He arrived
with his troops at the Point, while Gen. Wtighing-
tori v/as absent to meet Count de Rochambeau at
Hartford Connecticut, and shortly before Arnold's
desertion. Upon delivering up the reinforcement, he
joined his division at Liberty Pole New Jersey-
in September he was ordered to relieve the Penn-
sylvania line under Gen. St. Clair, which had occu-
pied West Point after Arnold's treason. St. Clair
marched the next day to Liberty Pole.

While at West Point, he was called to partake in
the melancholy duty of deciding the fate of Major
Andre, and was a member of the military tribunal,
which sentenced to death that brave, but unfortunate
'' victim of a traitor's wiles." Ho was duly sensi-
ble of the hardship of the case, but with Ids broth-
er officers, was also aware, that the liberty of his
country was at stake, and that the safety of her ar-
my, depended upon the example. Their decision
.stern and unfeeling, as it has since been termed by
those who have lived in less dangerous times, had
undoubtedly an effect throughout the v.'ar, of pre-
venting a recurrence of the evil.

About this time Washington formed the design of
surprising Staten Island and to mask his intentions,
ordered General Stark with 2,500 men and a large
tifjiin of wa2;gons, to advance near New York Is-
land, bring away all the corn and forage to be found,
and hover about New York until further orders.
The British suspecting some design from another
quarter, suffered this detachment to pillage the
country as far as Morrisania, and King's bridge, for
several days, and then quietly return with their
booty. Col. Humphries having crossed the North
river one stormy night, informed that the Staten
Island expedition was abandoned, and directed the
foragers to retire. The army soon after, went into

200 MEMOIR OF

winter quarters, at West Point, New WincUor and
Fishkill. G-eneral Stark was here visited with a
severe illness, and returned home on furlough, with
the standing orders for men and supplies.

In the spring of 178! he was ordered to the com-
mand of the Northern Department at Saratoga;
some feeble detachments of Militia from N. York
N. Hampshire and Massachusetts, were all the dis-
posable force for the protection of this extensive
frontier. The country was at that time overrun
with spies and traitors. Robberies were frequent,
and inhabitants, (non-combatants) carried prisoners
to Canada.

General Schuyler's liouse was robbed and two of
his servants carried to Canada. The General saved
himself by retreating to his chamber, barricading
the door, and firing upon the marauders.

The noise roused the city military, but the plun-
^derers escaped. Soon after the establishment of the
military post at Saratoga, a party of these brigands
was discovered within the lines unarmed, and a
British commission found upon the commander, a
refugee from the States. Aboard vi officers exam-
ined the case, pronouTiced him a spy, and condemn-
ed him to be hanged; which sentence was executed
the next day.

One of the prisoners upon promise of quarter,
informed that he belonged to a party of 15, who hnd
come down from Canada on the same business, — who
were then, in various disguises, scattered through
the country, to ascertain the state of affairs, for the
benefit of the Britisii General in Canada, who was
planning an inroad ; and that they had left their
boats concealed on the shore of Lake George. A
Lieutenant with a sufficient force, and the prisoner
for a guide, was immediately despatched to the
place, with orders to wait five days, for the return
of the party. The officer found their boats, and

GENERAL STARK. 201

waited one day, when his prisoner escaping, he be-
came alarmed for his safety, and thought proper to
disobey his orders, and return. Ten days wouk!
have elapsed, before the enemy could possibly have
brought a force against him, from the information
of the spy; and it was afterAvards ascertained, that
the Tories returned to their boats tv/o days after,
and escaped. The officer was severely censured
for not capturing the whole party, as he might, and
ought to have done.

The name of the spy executed was Thomas Love-
lace, who having some connexions in the vicinity,
complaints were made to the Commander in Chief,
and much said about the danger of retaliation. —
Washington demanded a copy of the proceeding?,
which were sent him, and no further notice taken of
the aiFair. The cure of the body politic was radi-
cal ; and no more of these parties were found in
the country during the war.*
*■ After the reduction of Cornwallis and tiie danger
of inroads from Canada had disappeared, he dis-
missed the Militia with thanks for their good con-
duct; and after securing the public stores, was or-
dered to retire by way of Albany, to the New Eng-
land States to raise men and supplies for the next
campaign. During the year 1.782, he was afilJated V ^^v i
with the rheumatism and did not join the army until"^"* "^
ordered by General Washington in April 1783. He *^^«j^k

* A similar party was found at Bennington on his advance to '^nl

the command, and he had to employ all his address to prevent ^^v'V ^
the sovereign people from exercising summary justice upon lift •'•''•'A ^
culprits. They were £..^nt to Symsbury mines. ^

t It was during General Stark's command at the north that th«
battle of Johnstown was fought, in which Col. Willet with 400
whites, and 60 Oneida Indians, attacked and routed 500 British
and Indians, on the grounds of Johnson's estate. The enemy's
loss was so great, that they reached Canada with but 220 men.
This took place October 25, 1781,

^JP&*¥

202 MEMOIR OF

was upon the spot at the day appointed, and received
the hearty thanks of Washington for his punctiiali-
ity. His infliience was exerted with that of the oth-
er General OtFicers, in allaying those feelings of dis-
content which at that time, manifested them-
selves in the army, and to induce the troops to dis-
band withoiit confusion, and not suffer their victo-
rious laurels to be tarnished by acts of hostility and
violence to the authorities of their country.* Af-
ter this concliuling scene of the Revolution, he bade
a final adieu to the cares of public life, retir-
ed to his esta'^e, and devoted the remainder of his
days to the various duties incumbent upon a patriot,
and father of an extensive family. His long and
useful career was terminated on the 3th of May 1822,
at the age of 94; and he was the last surviving Amer-
ican General of the Revolution.

His funeral was attended by a large concourse of
people, at his late residence in Mancliester, on the ^
bank of the M«rrimack. His remains were inter-
red with military honors in the cemetry which with-
in a few years, hr:.d been enclosed at his own request.
It is situated on a mound, being the second rise froirt
the river, and may be seen for a distance of four or
five miles up and down the Merrimack.
f yy-. / Q^n tlie 4th of JnbLJ-829. a monument was ercct-
^^*J%'^^d by his relatives, to mark the spot. It is a block
r amMm^^^ ^^ granite emblematical of the republican firmness of
fl#iiil^P||»4^[s character and hewn in the form of an obelisk,
\ jrtf Rearing tins inscription: "Maj. General Stark."
% f%ALi^% Such is a fiiint outline, of the life and military
services, of aliero whom New-Kampshire njayjust-
y jg»»' Jy boast to have been unsurpassed isi cool, and dc-
^^|#fty liberate bravery. He w^as indeed one of the firmest
m supports of the Revolution, and contributed as

♦The celebrated Newburg letters were at this time, operatiBg;
wpon the minds of the officers and soldieis.

GENERAL STARK. S03

much as any other individual, to its success-
ful issue To him the unqualified praises of his
compatriots in arms, have already been awarded,
and posterity have recognised his important servi-
ces, in the tribute of respect and veneration, which
has beeii bestowed upon the cliaracter of a deceased
friend and fearless defender of Iiis country " in the
times which tried men'fe souls." Of his patriotism
and integrity, the best evidence which can be offer-
ed, is the circumstance, that soon after the breaking
out of ]iO':tilities between Great Britaiii and the *
Provinces, he was offered tlie appointinejjit of Brig-
gadierin the royal service, which, with its cm.olu-\
ments, would Iiave proved a splendid fortune tcf*
himself and family. He rejected it with disdain-^
ids rei)l)||Was, that he was '• not to he bought with\
the b»bT^ind gold of the British Ki;ig, but haclJ
deterrmnecTto devote his life and fortune to the de-
livery of his country from foreign oppression."

When the army was about to be disbanded, some
of its commanders still retained a fondnevs for the
pomp and paradt) of court-o, and orders of aristocra-
cy. The establishment of the Cincinnati was i]\€
result. To this, the General made many objections,
one of which was, that the principles of the order,
bore no resemblance to those of the illustrioug Cin-
cinnatus.

To imitate tlie great Roman, he observed, wc
should return to the occupations we have left, with-
out ostentation, holding ourselves in readiness, to
obey the calls of our country. This was ^e iin«
of conduct he had marked out for himself, a^d
which through life he strictly pursued. In the path
»f duty, no man was more stern andunbending; yet
no one better understood the art of winning the
affections of the soldiers — with them, he was at
timeg upon the most familiar and sociable term*^;
but knew well how to check any thing which hael

204 MEMOIR OF

the appearance of forwardness or ill-timed familiar-
ity. Fearless, cool, intrepid and calculating in the
midst of danger, he could make no allowance for
those whose nerves were of a more sensitive text-
ure. When the writer first became acquainted with
the General, he was the last surviving (American)
General of the Revolutionary army. He was then
the only relict of that glorious band of patriots who
were his compeers, to read the story of their suf-
ferings and triumphs.

/" As the proud oak* that braves the pelting storm,
Unbroke, unbent, though lightnings play sublime,
Though ninety years have marked thy war-worn fbrm,
T'hou sland'st alone amid the march of time.
First in the lists where warring champions stood,
Whose free-born spirits brook'd no sceptred lord,
Thy deeds of fame were writ in tyrants' blood,
And freedom blest thy ever-conquering sword.

Though broken down with age and infirmities,
his memory was still clear and distinct in regard to
the military events in which he took part in the
seven years war under Lord Howe and General Am-
herst. The events of the Revolution had then
mostly escaped his recollection ; he had however
enough of them at command to dictate an appropri-
ate letter to President Munroe, who had served with
him at Trenton, but whose numerous engagements
prevented his paying him a» visit during his tour of
New Hampshire.

The events of the last war with Great Britain,

* The eminence occupied by the Hessians at th« battle of Ben-
iiiagton, is now called " Hessian Hill." A traveller a few year*
since, described it as covered with a growth of bushes and young
oaks. One noble oak which apparently had braved the storms of
aa hundred winters, still towered above the surrounding dwarfa,
«ot unaptly reminding the spectator, of the veteran Hero Tvi^»
had been crowned with its wreathes, and who still Burvived to
witness in the happinsES of posterity, the result of hii glomn»
aobMTementf.

GE?fERAL STARK. 205

were watched by the General with the strictest atten-
tion. After the surrender of General Hull, he was
informed that the brass cannon taken at Bennington,*
which bore the inscription of August 16, 1777, were
surrendered to the enemy. He was highly incen-
sed at the loss of his guns, as he termed them; —
and lamented that his age and infirmities prevented
his again taking the field for his country.

He read with delight, the complete overthrow of
the enemy at New Orleans, and pronounced the he-
ro of the west, w^orthy to command the nation.

At that alarming crisis in the history of this coun-
try " when the chafed Lion of New^-England leap-
ed upon the daring huntsman, who had galled him,
and bade defiance to his power," Stark was one of
the first who declared for his country, and assem-
bled a regiment of daring Irish and Scotchmen for
her service, who proved themselves throughout th'e
war, worthy of their European ancestors. After
having rendeored imprtant services in the arduous

* These beautiful brass pieces of artillery were destined to un-
dergo several of the vicissitudes of war. They are French cast^
and were brought from Quebec, with the army of Burgoyne, and
-eaptured at Baum's defeat. They were inscribed "taken at Ben-
nington August 10, 1777." They constituted part of the artille-
ry of Hull's army, and fell into the enemy's hands at Detroit.
An officer of Hull's army, mentions an anecdote respecting them,
tie follows. He Was near the station of 'the f eld artilleiy, when
the British officer of the day, ordered the evening salutes to be
fired from the American cannon, who at the same time reading
the inscription " taken at Bennington August 16, 1777," observ-
ed that he would cause to be added as an additional line to the
verse •♦ Retaken at Detroit August 16, 1812." The guns were
carried by the British, down to Fort George, at the mouth of
Niagara, where they fell into the hands of the American army,
which captured that Fortress. General Dearborn had them trans-
ported to Sacket's Haibour, and with them, says our informant,
■(Captain Jonathan Eastman Jr.) we fired the salutes in honoar ol
Harrison's victory ovpr Proctor at the Thames in tipper Canada.
The gttTis are now at Washington.

206 MEMOIR or

campaigns of the French war under Howe, Aber-
erombie and Amherst — after sustaining his part
gallantly in the fields of Bunker's Hill and Tren-
ton, and contributing much to the result of those
important actions — he had the mortification to find
himself overlooked in the line of promotion, and
men who were his inferiors in rank, who had scarce-
ly seen the fire of an enemy, or the smoke of his
camp, promoted over him. He remonstrated to
Congress, but all to no purpose; — and rather than
submit to the injustice of the measure, he resigned
his commission and retired from the army.

When the invader advanced from the north with
a powerful force, and all the energies of the coun-
try became necessary to repel his attack, the author-
ities of his native state, directed their attention to
General Stark, relying upon his military reputation
and popularity to call out the militia of ^lew Hamp-
shire and Vermont. At their request, laying aside
the recollection of his wrongs, he called upon his
friends, the yeomanry of the country, and they
obeyed his voice. The victory, of Bennington dis-
covered to bis astonished countrymen the rare spec-
tacle of undisciplined militia fighting for their fire
sides and homes, and triumphing over British vete-
rans. The enemy were attacked, front, flank and
rear at the same moment, and not one escaped. A
second division which arrived to their support, wa«
immediately attacked and totally defeated, though
part of the detachment escaped under cover of the
night, otherwise they would have shared the fate of
their comrades.

Mr. Jefferson some years since, speaking of him-
self. General Stark, and Mr. Adams, then the eldest
patriarchs of the Revolution, in regard to the ob-
jects which were most agreeable to the recollectioni
of each of them, makes use of this observation; —
^' Stark talked of his Bennington and exulted in hU

I''; I., .., >f

I sense of the. term. ^ JiU.

GENERAL STARK.

glory." Exaltation in the usual sense of the term,
did not belong to him. To all the committees from '■■^'
dilTcreot states who congratulated him upon his sue- jf-'i
cess, his answer was "that any other man would ,>

have done as well under similar cirGumstances." ^ ir
And well might the hero exult in his fame. He had M
struck an immortal b!ow in the cause of liberty, y,
which turned the tide of conquest against her eife- j§ i
mies, and gave hope and confidence to his despair--^^ J.^<
ing friends in the common cause. It was not thei^^ >i
loud shout of successful ambition, but the honest ^
expression of true patriotism, which characterised
his triumph. The liberty of his country was the 1/ •^
prize for which he contended — to free the land of »» «'"
his birth from foreign dependence, and not merely > ^*
the gathering of military laurels, was the object of -• • i
this soldier citizen; when that was obtained, he r*' ^^
retired to domestic life, and never more solicited, or
received a public employment. It must have been ^ . «
extremely gratifying to iiis feelinors, to observe thd ^ ^
effect of his successes upon Congress, late so hostile v'
to his promotion, in drawing from them commis- J

sions and votes of thanks.

It is however worthy of remark, that while Con- *
gress liberally bestowed upon distinguished actors '^ »
in the great Revolutionary drama, swords and med* '< '^
als in approbation of their services, the total defeat ig*"

of a veteran enemy, the capture and destruction of .^
a thousand men, and a death blow given to the >;
hopes of the invader, was complimented by the Old ;
Congress, with a generous vote of thanks bestowed |f
upon the hero of Bennington. ^ ''

In person the General was about the middle size, >
extrcinely well proportioned, and in his youth was u <>
remarkable for vigor, activity, and the capability *:/ 41^
of sustaining fatigue; as was proved during the '.^ ►-
French war, in which a single bear-skin and a roll
of snow was frequently the war couch of our gal- ^

208 ^ W MEMOIR OF

lant veterans. He was a man of kindness and hos-
pitality, which through life he extended to all his
broken down companions in arms, and all others
who sought his assistance. One remarkable fact in
the life of General Stark, is, that although often
engaged in close and desperate combat with the
French and Indians, and afterwards with the Brit-
1 and Tories, in the Revolution, he was never

Iruck by a shot, or wounded in any manner by the

'^lemy.

His character in his private, was as unexception-
able as in his public life. His manners were frank
and open; though tinged with an eccentricity, pe-
culiar to himself, and useful to society. He sus-
tained through life, the reputation of a man of hon-
or, and integrity, friendly to the industrious, and
enterprising — severe to the idle and unworthy —
society may venerate the memory of an honest citi-
zen, and the nation, of a hero, whose eulogy is
written in the remembrance of his countrymen.

The following articles connected with the life of
General Stark, are selected from his papers ; the re-
mainder of which, will be published in the New-
Hampshire Historical Collections.

Copy of a petition to the Government of New-
Hampshire in 1754, as on file iu the office of the
Secretary of State.

.ii

*' Amos Eastman of Pennacook, and John Stark
of Starkstown, [Dunbarton], both in the Province
of New-Hampshire, of lawful age, testify and say :

GENERAL STARK.

209

That on the 28th day of April 1752, they were in
company with Williain Stark of Starkstown, and
David Stinson of Londonderry, on one of the
branches of Pemigewasset river, about 18 miles from
Stevenstown, [Salisbury], and that on the same day,
towards night, the Indians captivated the said John,
and the next morning soon after day break, capti-
vated tlie said Amos, and fired on David Stinson
and William Stark ; killed, scalped, and stripped
the said David ; (and the said William made his es-
cape) and carried the deponents both to Canada,
who did not return till the sixth of August then
next. Tiiat the stuff the Indians took from the de-
ponents and their company, was of the value of five
hundred and sixty pounds at the least, ohl te^ior,
for which they have no restitution. That the said
Amos was sold to the French, and for his redemp-
taon paid sixty dollars to his master, besides all his
expenses of getting home. That the said John
Stark purchased his redemption of the Indians, for
which he paid one hundred and three dollars, be-
sides all his expenses getting home. That there
were 10 Indians in company who captivated the de-
ponents, and lived at St. Francois. They often told
the deponents it was not peace. One Francis Titi-
gaw was the chief of the scout. There was in
their scout one named Peer, a young sagamore that
belonged to St. Francois."

The deponents made oath to the preceding, May
23, 1754, before Joseph Blanchard, Esq. one of hk
Majesty's justices of the Peace.

In a memorial presented by William Stark,
Amos Eastman, and John Stark, to Governor Went-
worth in 1754, they say tliat they gave no offence
to the Indians, that they had it in their j)Ower to
destroy them, or defeat their enterprise; but esteem-
ing it a time of peace, with all the Indians who
18*

310 siEMOin or

own themselves the subjects of the French King,
free from expectation of any hostilities being com-
mitted against them, peaceably applied themselves
to their business, till ambushed by the Indians, who
killed, scalped, and stripped David Stinson, one of
their company, captivated the aforesaid John and
Amos, and shot at the said William who escaped,
carried the said captives to Canada, and at tlie same
time took the goods and effects of your memorial-
ists, and said David Stinson in company, of the val-
ue of five hundred and sixty pounds at least, old
tenor."

The Government never refunded any part of the
above. In this respect, Massachusetts was more
liberal. She redeemed all her citizens taken captiv«
by the Indians.

Stark and Eastman were redeemed by Mr. Wheel-
wright of Boston to whom they afterwards paid the
redemption sum.

Letter of Col. Stark to the Provincial Congrew
of N. H. with a report of the Battle of Bunker'e
Hill.

MedJord.June 19, 1776.
Sir,

I embrace this opportunity by Colonel Holland,*
io give you some particulars of an engagement
which Avas fought on the 17th instant, between the
British troo])3 and the Americans. On the 16th at
evening a detaclimeut of the Massachusetts line

*Col. Holland afterwards joined the British and went to New
Tork. He received an estate in Ireland worth 10,000 pounds at
a remuneration for his confiscated estates in Londonderry, New-
Hampshire.

GENERAL STARK. 2\ i

marched by the General's* order, to make an in-
trenchment upon a hill in Charlestown called
Charlestown Hill, near Boston, where tliey intrench-
ed that night without interruption ; but were attack-
ed on the morning of the 17th very warmly by
the ships of war in Charlestown river, and the bat-
teries in Boston. Upon this, I was ordered by the
General, to send a detachment of 200 men with
proper oliicer? to their assistance; wfilch order I
promptly obeyed ; and appointed Lieut. Colonel
Wyman to command the same. At two o'clock P.
M. an express arrived with orders for my whole
regiment to proceed to Charlestown, to oppose the
British who were landing on Charlestown Point,!
Accordingly we proceeded, and the battle soon cam«
on, in which a number of officers and men of my
regiment were killed and wounded. The officers
killed were Major McClary by a cannon ball, Capt.
Bt\ldwin and Lieut, Scott by small arms.

*GeneraI Ward ordered this party to fortify Bunker's Hill ; bat
^y sorae mistake, they proeeeded to Breed's Hill, a lesser emi-
nence nearer Boston ; which made it absolutely necessary that
the British should dislodge them. This attempt produced what
is called the Battle of Bunker's Hill. It first gave the enemy an
idea that the Yankees could fight ; and the Americans a confi-
dence in their own courage. The British commander conducted
his attack m the most imprudent manner possible. By occupying
the neck v/ith part of his force, and with the remainder to have
attacked the American rear, would have cut them off effectually
•nd saved many brave men on both sides. But as it happened the
result of the action had a good effect upon the American cause ,
by giving the British a sample, of the courage and patriotism, of
the men they had undertaken to subdue.

■fCoI. Stark's regiment formed the left wing of the American*,
and was thrice attacked by the regiment of Welsh Fusileers,
whom they repulsed with such slaughter, that the regiment which
went into action with a force of 700 strong, mustered the next
moioing upon parade but 83.

t\2 MEMOIR or

The whole numher including officers killed
and missing 16

Wounded 45

Total, killed, wounded and missing 60

By Colonel Reed's desire, I transmit the account
of those who suffered, belonging to that portion of
liis regiment, who were engaged.
Killed 3

Wounded - 29

Missing 1

Total in both regiments, 93.

But we remain in good spirits, being well satisfied
that where we have lost one, the enemy have lost
three. I should consider it a favour if the Commit-
tee of Safety would recommend to the several towns
and parishes in the Province of New Hampshire,
the necessit)^ of their detaining and sending back all
the soldiers* belonging to the New Hampshire Line,
stationed at Medford whom they may find at a dis-
tance from the army, without a furlough from tha
Commanding officer.

I am Sir, with great respect,
3^ours, and the country's to

serve in the good cause,

JOHN STARK.
To THE Hon. Matthew Thornton, Esq.

Exeter.

«0]f6RA.TULAT0RT LETTER FROM GEN. 8CHUTLEA
TO GEN. STARK.

Vanshaik's, Aug. 19,1777.
Dear Sir,
I do myself the pleasure to congratulate you on

GENERAL STARK. 211

the signal victory which yoa have gained ; please
accept my best thaqk«. The consequence of the
severe stroke the enemy have received, cannot fail
of producing the most salutary results. I have des-
patched one of my Aids de Camp to announce your
victory to Congress and the commander in Chief.

Governor Clinton is coming up with a body of
Militia, and I trust that after what the enemy have
received from you, their progress will be retarded
and we shall yet see them driven from this part of
the country.* Gen. Gates is at Albany and will this
day reassume the command.
I arn, dear General,

Your most obedient

PH. SCHUYLER.

LETTIRS OF THANKS FROM THE STATE OF VERMOJ^T-

State of Vermont, in council of Safety.

Bennington J Sept. 6, 1777.
The council's compliments most cordially wait on
his honor Brigadier General Stark, with their sin-
cere thanks for the honor the General has been
pleased to do them, by presenting a Hessian broad
sword, taken by a number of troops from the State
of^ew Hampshire and elsewhere, under his imme-
diate command, in the ever memorable battle fought
at Walloomschaik, near this place, on the sixteenth
day of August last ; and also, for the honor the
General has been pleased to do them, in applauding
their exertions for the public as a council.
Brig. Gen. Stark.

*Bettcr still, they were driven to Boston.

214 MEMOIR OF

State of Vermont. In Council of Safety.

Bennington, 20th Sept, 1777.
The council beg leave to return their sincere
thanks to the Hon. Brigadier Gen. John Stark, for
the infinite service he has been pleased to do them,
in defending them, and their constituents, from the
cruelty and bloody rage of our unnatural enemy,
who sought our destruction on the 16th of August
last. They alsoTeturn their grateful acknowledge-
ments for the honor the General has been pleased
to do the council, by presenting them with one Hes-
sian gun, with a bayonet, one broadsword, one
brass barrelled drum, and a grenadier's cap taken on
the memorable 16th of August, for the use of this
State. The General may rely upon it, they will be
reserved for the use they were designed.
I am, dear G.eneral,

with sentiments of esteem,
your most obedient
hu]nble servant,

THOMAS CHITTENDEN',
President.
Hon. Brig. Gen. Stark.

A similar collection of trophies, was presented to
the State of New Hampshire. They were boxed
up, and kept some time in the old Court house at
Portsmouth ; we understand they were some years
since, sold to get them out of the way, being con-
sidered an incumbrance, and unworthy of preserva-
tion by an enlightened posterity. In the States of
Vermont and Massachusetts, these venerable trophies
have been preserved in a conspicuous place, and it
would not appear to have been very derogatory to
the wisdom of a New Hampshire Legislature, to
have done the same ; for if there are circumstancei
in their historv, of which they have reason to b^

GENERAL 8TARK. 21 3

proad, it is the gallantry of their countrymen at
Bunker's Hill, Trenton, Bennington, Saratoga tm4
Monmouth.

State of JS'^ew- Hampshire. In Committee of Safety. •
Dear Sir,

The committee received yours of the 18th in»t.
with the greatest pleasure, and have directed me to
present their very sincere thanks to you, the offi
cers and soldiers under your command, for their
brave and spirited conduct manifested in the late
battle, and for the very essentiid service done the
country at this critical period. I hope sir, that the
late success may be a prelude to greater things of
the same kind, and that Heaven will yet bestow
many blessings upon our country, through your
hands.

Fervently praying that the God of armies may
protect you in the day of battle, be a shield and
buckler to our countrymen under your command,
and that he may give success and victory to all your
undertakings, I do in behalf of the committee, sub-
scribe myself your most

obedient and very

humble servant,

M. WEARE, Chairman.

HoK. Gew. Stare.

Letter of President Hancock enclosing vote of thanks^
and a coramission in the army of the United States.

Yorktoicn, Pa. Oct. 5, 1777.
Sir,
U is wiih the greatest pleasure t transmit ike «»-

216 MEMOIR OF

closed resolve of Congress, e-xpressing the thanki
of that body to yovi, and to the officers and troops
under your command, for the signal victory you
obtained over the enemy in the late battle at Ben-
nington. In consideration of your distinguished
conduct on that occasion, and the service you ren-
dered the cause of freedom and your country, the
Congress have been pleased to appoint you a
Brigadier in the army of the United States. — Be
pleased to commimicate to the officers and troops
under your command, this mark of the approbation
of their country for their exertions in defence of A-
merican Liberty. I enclose your commission and
have the honor to be with the greatest esteem and
respect Sir,

Your most obedt. and very \

humble servant,
JOHN HANCOCK, Pre^dent.
Hon. Brig. Gen. Stark.

RESOLVE OF CONGRESS.

In Congress October 4, 1776.
Re^hed^ That the thanks of Congress be present-
ed to General Stark of the New Hampshire Militia,
and the officers and troops under his command for
their brave and successful attack upon, and signal
Tictory over the enemy in their lines at Benning-
ton and that Brigadier Stark be appointed a Brig-
adier in the arm.y of the United States.

By order of Congress.
JOHN HANCOCK, Presidenf^,

GERMAN FIDELITY.

Mbany AugsU 12, 1778.
Dkar Sir,

Thirteen Germans, have been before us and ad-
vanced for reasons for not taking the oath of alle-

QENERAL STARK. 2il

glance, th^t the time of their contract with their
Prince is not yet expired, after which they will be
at liberty to make a new one. Upon recommenda-
tions of tlieir conduct, wc have permitted them to
return to Schoharie, upon their taking an oath of
neutrality to the States. Your concurrence in, or
disapprobation of the measure, will be necessary.
Your humble servts.
Mat. Vissigher.
Hon. Gen. Stark. Jer. Van Rensselaer.*

Isaac D. Forde.
Concurred in.

J. S.

TITK FOLLOWING ISA LETTER FROM THE ECCENTRIC
COL. ETHAN ALLKN.

Bennington, Juns> 18, 1778.
Dear Sir,

I lately received a letter from General Gates, re-
questing; me to furnish you assistance in defending
the norlher frontier. I shall be happy to render any
aid in my power, to that service. Your reputation
and the hatred and fear with which you are regard-
ed by the Tories, those infernal enemies of Ameri-
can liberty, induce me to propose a visit to your
quarters in Albany as soon as our affairs are in a lit-
tle better way. The Tories and the friends of To-
ries give us some trouble as yet. Their manage-
ment in a great measure, keeps alive the anarchy
which has heretofore disturbed the peace of Ver-
mont. I arn of the opinion, that we shall never be
at peace while one of the traitors is suffered to re-
main in the country. I hear you are doing welL*

♦Doing well, here means hanging. Several were aboU't this
time hung by order of the sovereign people.
19

tilS MEMOIR OF

with some of them at Albany. I hope in n few
days to be able to pa}' my res?pects to a man, for
whose republican character, and important services,
I have the highest veneration and esteem.
I am sir,

very respectfully,

ETHAN ALLEN.
Hoi^. Gen. Stark.

THE ANSWER.

,many June 20, VnS.

Dear Sir,

Your favor of the 18th inst. has just arrived
wherein you promise me a visit. — You may be as«
»ured, 1 shall be very happy in receiving one, from
a man where fame has been so extensive, and whoai
1 never yet had the pleasure of seeing.

As for the political matters you have in hand, I
cordially agree with you in sentiiyent. You may
rely upon my cooperating with you in all measures
which may be necessary, for purging the land of
freedom from such mo^l infamous and diabolical
villains.

As to Bedel's regiment, if any iniquity has been
practised upon the public, I hope in a few days to
discover it. 1 shall be obliged to you for using
your best endeavours {o ascertain their numberj em-
ployment, &c. &c.

Please accept my best wishes for your success and
happy settlement of the business now on hand.
1 am sir,

your friend and,

humble servant.

JOHN STARK.

Col. Ethan Allen.

OEN2RAL STARK. 2/d

NETT HAMPSHIRE RESOLVE IN FAVOR OF THEIR
OWN LINE.

State of .XeW' Hampshire. In Ihe House of Represen-
tatives.

December 24, 177 9,

The committee to confer with a committee of of-
ficers from the army, respecting the reinlistment of
our continental troops, and the allowance which
shall be made for the depreciation, to the officers and
soldiers who have served in the continental battal-
iions belonging to this state —

Report that a bounty of $ 300, in addition to the
encouragement allowed by Congress, be paid to each
non-commissioned officer and soldier, who shall
enlist as one of the State's quota, of the continen-
tal army, during the present war. And that each
officer and soldier shall be entlitledto all the emolu-
ments promised by a resolution of the state, passed
the 36th day of march last; that their accounts
shall be settled yearly ; and the respective balances
paid or security given therefor; that the polls of such
officers and soldiers, shall be exempted from all
kind of taxes whatever; and their estates both real
and personal shall be exempted during their contin-
uance in said service, from all town taxes levied for
the purpose of raising troops. The committee beg
leave further to report that all officers and soldiers
who are considered as paid of the State's quota of
ihe continental army, shall be allowed for the depre-
.ciation of money, in the rates of two for one for the
y-ear 1775; six for one for 1778; and twenty for one
for 1779; and arrearages which shall be found due
on the adjustment of the accounts up to the first of
January 1780, shall be paid by the first of March
next, or security given therefor.

The committee beg leave to recommend that some
provision be made for the widows and orphans of

«20 MEMOIR OF

such officers and soldiers, as have died or shall die in
the Service of this state, which is respectfully sub-
mitted by

JOSEPH BARTLETT.
For the Committee.
The foregoing being read and considered, voted
that the same be received and accepted.
Sent up for concurrence,

J. LANGDON, Speaker,
In comrmittee the same day read and concurred,

E. THOMPSON, Secretary.

RESOLUTION OF THE PATRIOTIC STATE OF NEW-YORK
VESTING IMPORTANT POWERS IN THE COMxMANDER
IN CHIEF.

State of JSew- Yoric, in Senate.

October 10, 1780.
A message from the Hon. the House of Assembly,
was received with the following resolution for con-
currence. VIZ. "Resolved unanimously that the
delegates from this State be instructed to declare in
Congress; that it is the earnest wish of this State,
that Congress should during the war, or until a per-
petual confederation should be completed, exercise
every power which they may deem necessary, for
an effectual prosecution of the war; and that when-
ever it shall appear, that any State is deficient in
furnishing the quota of men, money, provisions or
other supplies required of eacli State, that Congress
direct the Commander in Chief without delay, to
march the army or such part of it as may be re-
quisite, into such State, and by a military force,
compel it to furnish its deficiency.

Resolved, that his Excellency the Goverrior be re-
quested to transFnit a copy of the foregoing resolu*

GENERAL STARS. 2Sl

tion to the delegates from this State in Congress;-^
Resolved that this Ssnata do concur with the Hon-
orable the House of Assembly in their said resolu-
tion.

Extract from the minules^

ROBERT BENSON, Clerk,

MSMORIALS TO CONGRESS FOUND AMONG GENERAL

In July 1780, the General Officers of the old army
addressed the first of tha following memorials to
Congress; — which not being noticed by that body,
they addressed a second to the Legislatures of their
several State's setting forth in strong and glowing
colors their wrongs and sufferings; and represent-
ing in forcible terms, the fatal consequences which ,
would follow, a further denial of their just and ne-
cessary demands.

To the Honorable the Representatives oj the freemen of^
America^ in Congress assembled.

The memorial of the subscribers, General Officen^
in the army of the United States, inbehalf of them-
lelves, and the officers and soldiers of the army
humbly sheweth :

That on the oi last, they did lay be-
fore Congress a representation of the grievances un-
der which they labored, couched in terms dacent
and respectful, praying redress; that to their infi-
nite mortification, although their grievances have
continued to increase, no redress has been granted
t-hem, nor any notice taken of their complaints:
19*

222 MEMOIR OF

They ;"onceive it to be not merely a right, but
their duty, to state to Congress, not only their own
sufTerings, but those of the officers and soldiers un-
der their command; and they assure Congress that
from a variety of circumstances, but chiefly the de-
preciation of paper money, and tlie restrictions in
regard to rations, for which, no adequate remedy
has been provided, their situation has become in-
tolerable:

That the army have given such unequivocal proof
of their patriotism, and self denial, as to entitle
tliem to the generous rewards of a grateful people.
They now request only that justice, which their git-
uation, and that to which many of them have redu-
ced their families, so imperiously claim.

Tha. to this end, the depreciation of the paper
ought immediately to be settled, and paid off, either
ia ; iecie., or paper, at the current exchange. But
if from the State of the Treasury, this course should'
be inconvenient, loan office certificates redeemable
at 'o. short period, and bearing the common interest
should be issued; and thattlie army in future, ought
to receive their pay at the real vahie of currency
when established ; and also, that all officers be al-
lowed lo draw the whole number of rations, to
which they were originally entitled, or be paid the
fidl valr ? of such as may be retained in the hands
of the commissary — that the deplorable situation
to which have been reduced in many instances, the
fajnilies of the men, who havenobly sacrificed their
lives in defence of their country's liberty, loudly
demands an immediate remedy.

An eiilightened people contending for the noblest
ri,^hts of humanity, cannot a moment hesitate, to
cheer the hearts of the desponding widows and
fatiierless Qhiluren, of those brave men who have
died in their cause. It may also be observed, that a
full confidence in the justice of their country, in

GENERAL STARE. 22S

making suitable provision for the families of deceas-
ed officers and soldiers, would be an all powerful
excitement, to the exertions of all ranks of the
army.

Your memorialists beg leave further to represent,
that besides their complaint in^ common with their
fellow soldiers, their establishment as General Offi-
cers, is unequal to their station, the honor of their
country, and the good of the service. They therefore
request, that in addition to the rations they are en-
titled to receive, a sum may be allowed to each Gen-
eral Officer, to enable him to support a table suita-
ble to the rank he holds. This, they co::sider rea-
sonable under circumstances; but more especially so
at present, as they may soon be called upon to act
in concert with troops liber.illy paid in specie, which
by giving them a complete command of all the pro-
duce of the country, Avill coiistantly present a disa-
greeable contrast, and render our situation already
sufficiently irksome, altogether insi>pportable.

That they beg leave in the name of the army, to
offer Congress the strongest assurances of their love
of country, and zeal in the common cause; but are
constrained to remark, that to these objects, they
have for years sacrificed, their time, their health,
and their fortunes. If then from inattention of the
Representatives of the people, to these just com-
plaints, combined with those presented last year,
(to which they beg leave to refer,) the army, ex-
posed as they are, to the rapacity of every other
class of the community, should be obliged to quit
the service, and any ill consequences ariseto their
country, they leave it to the world to determine,
who ought to be responsible for them.

The distress of the army is so great, and their
claims for immediate redress so urgent, that your
memorialists are induced to send this representation

254 MEMOIR OP

by a General Officer, who will furnisii any explana-
tion required by Congress.

Signed by the General Officers of the army.

July, 1780.

MEMORIAL TO THE SEVERAL NEW ENGLAND STATES.

We the underwritten General Officers of the New-
England lines, deem it our duty to unite in a seri-
oas address, to the several States to ^ hich we be-
long, to represent the distressing condition of their
officers, in the army of the United States.

After having joined our brother officers of the
line at large, in two ineffectual applications to Con-
gress upon the subject, nothing but the purest re-
gard for the safety of the country, could impel us
to undertake a third essay of the kind.

We beg leave to premise, that a large propor-
tion of the officers engaged in service, with an in-
tention of making one campaign only — neither they,
nor their country, thought of their becoming sol-
diers for life, or for a long war. Thei r incIinatioii„
constitutions, and circumstances, forbade such ex-
pectations ; but from a conviction, that their grow-
ing experience was of the utmost importance to the
•ause, they have been induced, in opposition to ev-
ery private consideration, to extend their service!
from one period, te another, constantly flattering
themselves with the hope, that every new campaign
would be the last ; and bring about the long wished
for period, of their return to the bosom of their
families and friends. The perseverance, and con-
stancy of the army imder their numerous hardships,
and privations, excited the admiration and applause
of their country, until the personal, and family dis-
tresses of the officers and soldiers, constrained them,

eENERAL STARK. 226

to remind their fellow citizens of their wants, and
the necessity on their part, of an equitable and
grateful return. From that time, many (not those
who have met the enemy in the field) have pretend-
ed to entertain an ill grounded and impolitic jealousy
of the army. The officers have been charged with
acquiring wealth, and aspiring after honours, and
distinctions; and that too, at a time, when it has re-
quired all the persuasion within the compass of lan-
guage and argument, to retain them in the service.

A laudable pride, arising from a ju&t sense of the
real dignity of their stetion and employment, an
ambition of excelling, which has been esteemed by
all wise nations, as a passion amiable in itself, and
an essential support to that authority, necessary for
the government of every well constituted army,
have rendered the officers of our army, opprobri-
ous to too many in civil life, some of whom, and
even those of power and influence, have laboured to
counteract and debase the principle, by denying the
officers, not only, a suitable provision to maintain
their character as such, but by suffering them to be
in want of the necessaries of food and clothing.

The officers are sensible of the public embarrass-
ments. They have been attentive to the adminis-
tration of civil, as well as military aftairs, and for-
ward in suggesting their vievv'-s upon every proper
occasion, with an honest zeal, for promoting the
welfare of the army, and the States. They do not
expect impossibilities of the government ; but are
desirous of experiencing that effusion of a liberal
heart, which it is possible to exhibit, even in a state
of poverty. Generosity is the characteristic of the
soldier. For the love of his country, he exposes
health and life ; for which, no equivalent can be
returned him ; should he not then, be spared the
mortification of receiving his scanty pitUxnco fvom
a feiuctant hand ?

226 MEMOIR OF

The present incomes of a majority of the people,
who sustain the burthen of the public charges, are
proportioned to the increased price:=5 of the necessa-
ries of life.

It is objected, that those who subsist upon fixed
salaries, upon the interest of their money, or have
been injured by the ravages of the enemy, hare as
largely as the army, in the common calamity it
argues no more than, that sucli persons ought to be
favoured by some exempiion, or that tliose who
have suffe'ed less, should contribute to their in-
demnity.

Were the situation and circumstances of the army
fully understood by the people at large, we are per-
suaded their wisdom and sensibilities would be ex-
«rted, to render the situation of officers and soldier*
>as eligible, and happy as possible.

To us, the war appears to be as^far from an hon-
orable issue, as it has ev^er been. Our allies howev-
er generous their intentions, have not been able to
afford us the expected assistance ; and perhaps^
Providence by repeated disappointments from that
quarter, designs to convince us, that our salvation
is under God, to be deuived from our own exer*
tions.

There is no ground to expect, that the enemy
will relinq.nsii their object, until they find the eomi-^
try prepared to defend itself : that is, until they
are opposed by an army as regular, and established
upon as permanent a basis, as their own. Our pres-
ent condition promises them the speedy accomplish-
ment of their wishes.

An army, consisting of a few inadequate thou-
sands, almost destitute of every public supply, its
officers, whose tables once abounded with plenty
and variety, subsistinor month after month, upon
bariely one ration of dry bread and meat, and that,
/re{|nently of the meanest qunlity, their familie?

GENERAL STARK. 227

looking to them for their usual support, and their
children for that education to which they once had
a title : all these things have a certain and direct
tendency to accomplish the object so desirable to the
British ministry. Our enemies know human na-
ture too well, to appreliend they shall long be com-
pelled to contend with an army, under such circum-
stances.

In faithfulness to our country, we make these
statements w ithout the solicitation, or knowledge of
those officers, who are chiefly interested. We are
assured, that they have determined generally, to re-
sign their commissions at the close of this campaign.
Indeed, it is absolutely impossible for them longer
to continue under such circumstances, however
great may be their virtue and patriotism ; and we
cannot refrain from expressing our decided opin-
ion, that the loss of our present body of veteran
oihcers, will prove the dissolution of the army.

If the country is competent to its defence without
a regular army, nothing further need be said upon
\he subject ; ours may be suffered to progress as it
now does, to final dissolution. But if on the other
hand, a well ap])ointed army is absolutely necessa-
ry, its component materials should he made easy
and contented with their situation ; and reasonable
things wall satisfy them.

The officers have we conceive, a just claim to a
handsome rupport, according to their rank, for tlie
time present, and to be made sure of an after provis-
ion, to compensate for tlie loss of business, and ena-
ble them when*the war is over, to live among their
fellow citizens above contempt.

Without a provision of this kind, a pitiful penu-
ry, if not actual want and misery, must be the una-
voidable portion, of many brave men who have
fjMthfully discharged their duty as officers and citi-
jz;ens.

528 MEMOIR OP

The wages and rations of the officers if j^aid in
ipecie, (much less in notes) are by no means suffi-
cient to support them with decency and comfort to
themselves, and advantage to the service. The ne-
cessaries of life have risen to three times tlieir for-
mer prices, in specie ; and as for the depreciation
notes, (so called) they do not sell for one third of
their nominal value.

It is our opinion that nothing short of the fidl
amount of the wages and rations made good from
time to time in its relative value to the property
of the country, will, or ought to be satisfactory;
this has been allowed to the New-York line; and add
to a future provision, we ask no more than what the
last mentioned State, and the southern States have
done, or may do, for their respective lines, serving
in the same army with ours.

If it should be thought best to vary the mode of
payment, there will be no objection on our part.

A sum in ^ross will be more agreeable and ad-
vantageous to the eastern officers, and more conso-
nant with the sentiments prevailing in their several
States than an annuity unaccompanied with services.

Here we would take occasion to mention, that
«ome States appear to be taking measures to attach to
themselves, the affection of their own troops ; with
what views, we are ignorant ; but should suppose,
that similar motives for the same line of conduct,
must exist in every Stale.

We beg leave to add, as a measure of propriety
and justice, that a reasonable consideration ought to
b« paid to all officers, who through ill health, shall

GENERAL STARK. 229

be compelled to retire from service before the con-
clusion of the war.
Signed,

N. Green, Maj. General.

Samuel H. Perso]^s, Brig. G«n.

John Patterson, Brig. Gen.

John Glover, Brig Gen.

John Stark, Brig. Gen.

J. Huntington, Brig. Gen.

H. Knox, Brig. Gen. Artillery-

The following correspondence between Gen.
Stark and Gen. Sullivan, then, a member of Con-
gress, and a strenuous supporter of the rights of the
army, relates to the result of the foregoing memori-
als. Congress granted the officers half pay for life
and made more satisfactory provisions for their sup-
port wkile in actual service.

Mv. 13, 1781.
Bear Sir,

Long service in the defence of my country, has
M length, so far impaired my constitution, as to
render it necessary, that the remainder of my day*
should be spent in domestic retirement.

But Sir knowing you to be my confidential friend,
a friend to the rights of the army, and to justice at
large, I think I may more properly apply to you
for advice, than to any other man, within the circle
of my acquaintance. Your conduct, and the late
liberality of Congress have induced the army to
believe that, although their friends are still in the
mmority, their exertions are unwearied, and their
influence daily increasing in the grand Le.'^islature of
America. You may rest assured, that the officers
20

S39 MEMOm OF

the army arc not backward in pronQiiiicing the eu-
logium of t}>ose illustrious patriott;, to whose ex-
ertions, they consider themselves indebted, for that
reward to which their long and faithful services
have so justly entitled them.

Notwithstanding this generous treatment of the
regimental officers, those of superior rank are still
forgotten, or rather, let us suppose that Congress is
now making sucii arrangements, and future provis-
ions for those, whose health will not permit them
to remain un-ii the conclusion of hostilities, as wiU
do honour to that body and to their country ; and
evince to the Tyorld, how highly they value the
merits of those officers who have thue far, conduct-
ed their armi os.

For my own part, should any provision be made
suitable to my rank, or should I be under the neces-
sity cf retiring without that provision, my life and
services shall always be in readiness to answer my
country's call ; and whenever the wishes of my fel-
low citizens, or the exigencies of the public require
me to take the field for short periods, I shall cheer-
fully ex^rt my influence to encourage, and by per-
gonal hazards endeavour to stimulate my country-
men, to actions worthy of freeborn Americans.
These services my shattered constitution will yet
perifiit me to perform.

I cannot think of resigning at this hour, espe--
cially after having been induced to continue in ser-
vice by no other motive, than an ardent zeal for my
coutilry, hoping that cv&.y new campaign would
prove the last, until I am in a manner unable to leave
k.

The conclusion of the war appears altogether nn-
•ertain, and my health *strongly urges me to retire

•Ths 0?:Bcr8l obtained leave of absence and returned hoifta ^
k« reeova^rcd his health, and in the spring again took the fi«Wi.

GENERAL STARK. 2^1

for a time at least, to my farm now in a ruinous
state, for want of proper management and cultiva-
tion, during my long engaj^ements in the service of
my country ; for tiiat difficulty a remedy may be
provided, but tlie decays of nature are irreparable.
I will not farther trouble your patience at this
time, but reserve further particuliirs for the sub-
ject of a future letter, fully convinced that you will
comprehend my meaning, from what has already
been said.

I have the honor to be Sir,

very respectfully, ,

Your friend and serv't.

JOHN STARK.
Maj. Gen. Sullivan,

now member of the Contineittal Congress.

Philadelphia, JVov. 26, 1780.
Dear Sir,

I am favoured with your letter of tiie 13th in-
stant, and am sorry for the decline of your health.

I am happy to learn that the late allowances to
the army, are so pleasing and in assuring you, that
the tide has turned and nov/ sets strongly in their
favour. I wish it may continue.

The allowance of half pay is undoubtedly ejxtend-
ed to General, as well as other officers ; but no pro-
vision is yet made, for those whose ill health com-
pels them to retire. My advice to you, is that you
send a request to Congress, for leave to retire for
a short time for the recovery of your health,
which I will take care shall answer every purpose.
In it you will please to mention, that whenever

2$2 MEMOIR OP

your liealth will permit, you will cheerfully return
to the field.

I am, Dear Sir,

your assured friend,

and most obedient servant,
^ JOHN SULLIVAN.

Hon. Gen. Stark.

TO GEJf. SULLIVAN.

December 10, 1780.
Dear Sir,

Your favor of 26th uit. was delivered last eve-
ning, and in conformity to your advice, I have en-
closed a letter to the President of Congress, which
you will be so good as to deliver.

I am sorry to acquaint you that the army is at
present, in a condition truly deplorable ; they are
destitute of money, have no clothing, and as a
crowning mercy, have not even the prospect or
promise of redress or supplies.

This being our situation, you can without diffi-
culty imagine what our feelings are. I cannot but
remark, that it is my candid opinion, that unless
speedy measures are taken to pay off the army, the
consequences must be dangerous to the States. A
hint to the wise is sufficient. The army apprehend
less danger from the sword of the enemy, than from
the ingratitude of their Government.*

The letter to the President is open for your pcru*^
sal, if you think proper. Please deliver it in the
customary manner, upon such occasions.

Major Scott has by accident lost his commission ;

*The resnlt has proved that an apprehension was never beite?
grounded.

fiENERAL STARK. 233

the enclosed letter is to the board of war for a now
one, which you will oblige me by forwarding.
I am, dear Sir,

very respectfully,

your obedient servant,

JOHN STARK.
Hon. Maj. Gex. Sullivan,
Member of Congress.

Philadelphia, Mv. 28, 17<S0.
Dear Sir,

Since I wrote you, I have obtained the two en-
closed resolutions. The first gives to the line of
each State, the journals of Congress. The second
inust remove all doubt respecting half pay for Gen-
eral Officers.

I am at a loss, what to do respecting such of the
General Officers, as may by ill healthy or other mis-
fortune, be rendered unfit for service, and compel-
led to retire. In Europe, General Officers are nev-
er reduced to half pay : when age and infirmity, or
other misfortune renders them unfit for service,they
have leave to retire, but their pay continues. If
If they recover so far as to be able to take the field,
or command in Garrison, they are again called
forth, or placed at the head of some board, or are
made Governors of some Island, Colony, or Garri-
son. I wish you to consult the General Officers
near you and take their opinion ; inform me what
they would wish to have done in the c^e and I
will attend to it ; and I beg of you and them, to
keep the whole a secret.

I am, with much esteem,
dear Sir, your most

obedient servant,

JOHN SULLIVAN.

Hon. Gen. Stark.

l$4

MEMOIR OP

Gen. Heath's direction for the grand forage to mask
Washington's attempt on Staten Islund.

To Brig. Gen. Stark.

Head Quarters, Wesi-Point, J^ov. 19, 1780.
Siij,

Having thought it expedient to make a grand
forage in the county of West Chester, between our
lines and those of the enemy, to secure to ourselves,
and prevent frilling into the hands of the enemy, the
beef cattle, grain, and hay, with which that country
abounds, I have made tlie following disposition for
that }jurpose. Tiie five companies which marched
this day are directed to impress the teams of the
adjacent country, wliich amount to 200 ; and will
rendezvous at certain places apj)ointcd by assistant
Quarter Master Campbell. The five companies are
to keep with the teams during the forage within
the chain of covering troops, to preserve order and
protect the foragers fi'om being interrupted by refu-
gees, and cowboys. In which, you will particular-
ly instruct them.

The troops destined to cover the foragers, will
consist of a detachment from this post, thrown in
to three commands. The troops of the Jersey and
New York line, to be commanded by Col. Shreve ;
those of your brigade, of Michael Jackson's and
Col. Bradley's detachments, by Col. Commandant
Henry Jackson ; those of late Poor's Brigade will
act under Colonel Commandant Cilley ; and a de-
tachment of artillery with three small field piecefi,
will be commanded by Capi. Thomas.

The country proposed for the forage, lies in the
rear of Dobb's Ferry, White Plains, and the soutli-
erly parts of Maroneck.

The troops are to march on Tuesday morning
next ; those at West Point will cross over as earlv

as possible. On tlieir arrival at Mr. Pernarls, be-
low the Continental village, they will be joined by
the artillery, and tiiree waggons with twelve casks
of hard bread, some rnrn and salt. The tiunbriU
contain besidoj^thc ammunition for the field pieces^
a number of musket cartridges. The troops will
from thence, continue tlicir marcli ; those under
immediate command of Colonel Shreve, taking tlie
road to Croten new bridge, with one field piece,
tumbril, and waggon of bread , the other takin'i';
the road to Pine bridge, on the way to wliich, they
will be joined by Capt. Holmes with 100 re;i,ulars
and militia. The march of the troops is to be con-
ducted, so that those on the right arc to be a little
below Croten bridg'e, on Wednesday evening ; and
the others at North Castle, wiiere the waggons for
each of the routes will rendezvous that night : the
column at North Castle, will be joined by Col.
Sheldon with the 2d dragoons, and a detachment
of infantry ; one third of the former, will in thfc
afternoon of Wednesday, join the column on the
rigid. Col. Shreve will take the necessary pre-
1 aulion to prevent accidents through mistake, when
they ap])roach him. Thisdetacliment of dragoons
15 to continue with the right column, during the
forage ; a subaltern, sergeant, and twenty .men are
to be left at each bridge, when the columns pass, to
remain there v^ith proper instructions, \yhile the
troo])3 remain below.

On Thursday next the 23d inst. the greatest punc-
tuality as to time and exactness as to movement of
the several columns, is to be observed, be the weath-
er what it may. If it should be deemed expedient,
at North Castle, to divide the troops into two or
more columns, if may be done ; but these, as well
as the column on the right, are to be at the place,
where the chain is to be formed between one and
two o'clock in the afternoon of the said day,the lal-

336 MEMOIR OP

ter hour not to be exceeded, and the progress of the
cokmin should be slower or fast'er accorcTingly.

Fart of the horse having joined the right col-
umn, the remainder are to be with the other col-
umn, and when the troops take up their line of
march, are to be detached in front with small par-
ties of infantry in their rear, to reconnoitre the
country. When the troops arrive at their ground
and form their chain, the greatest precaution will
be necessary. Patroles of horse and infantry, are
to be kept at proper distances, on all the roads and
avsn'ies leading to the enemy,. to bring the earliest
notice of his movements.

The troops will lay upon their arms at night, and
it may be advisable to make movements after dark,
to deceive the enemy-— no fires are to be lighted
during the night. The wac^gons will follow the
troops at a proper distance, and when the chain is
formed, begin to forage and collect the stock, un-
der the direction of those appointed for the purpose,
who are to be sapported if necessary. The fora-
ging; is to be executed with great expeditic n, and as
the teams are loaded, or cattle collected, they are to
move upwards with small escorts^ As it is proba-
ble the forage will not be completed on Thursday
afternoon, it is to be continued on Friday early in
the morning. When the foragers have returned,
the troops will slowly retire, at some distence be-
hind them, keeping the strictest precaution.

If attacked by the enemy, the goodness and brave-
ry of your troops, will insure you every thing that
can be expected, from the best officers and soldiers.

In case of the enemy's advance, give the earliest
notice to the foragers to retire under your cover.
Keep up a communication between your columns
by patroles of horse, and light parties, and £':")port
each other, as oecasion may require. The cannon
will seasonably announce the alarm from those at-

6BNSRAL STARK. 231

tacked. If the enemy should come out in ^uch
force, that prudence and policy should dictate a
more cautious line of conduct, collect your force,
occupy the most advantageous grounds, and act a«;
circumstances may require.

Your right column will keep a close watch upoa
the river, and should the enemy attempt to convey
a body of troops in vessels and boats on that side of'
you, you will keep pace with them, recross Gro-
ten river, or return to this post, according to
circumstances. Please inform me of every occur-
rence whether favourable or otherwise. Preserve
throughout the whole expedition the strictest order
and the most rigid discipline.

Suffer no insults or abuse to be offered the inhabi-
tants, and prohibit ail pkmdering. You will be
joined by a troop of militia light horse under Capt.
Delavan ; and the militia under Col, Thomas, both
of whom from their knowledge of the country may
be of service to you.

When necessary, issue your hard bread and rum»
the latter is all that can be spared. As you will
have beef cattle, kill such as you require. Settle
■\vith Major Campbell, a line of expresses to com-
municate your intelligence.

A regiment of Connecticut troops may form on
your left on Thursday, some where south east of
Maroneck ; before retiring, give tiiem notice, that
they may also fall back.

Confiding in your zeal, bravery, and good coti-
duct ; I commit the execution of this enterprise to
you. Your own good judgment will lead you to
take such further steps, as may be negessary for ef-^
fecting the object In view,

2SS MEMOIR OF

Wistiing you success, and an agreeable command.
I am with great regard,
bir,

Your most obedient servH.
WxM. HEATH.
Ma] or General.

West Point, .,Yor. 23, 1780.
Deir Sir,

As the weather has been bad since you left, and
may hive retarded the teams, and as the quantity of
foras^c below, may be considerable, and the teams
may be long;er employed to advantage, dont move
up with the troops until you hear further on that
liead.

With great regard,

W. HEATH.

M)v. 23, 1780,

Dear. Sir,

Yours of this date, was received by Major Fisk,
but previous to the receipt, I had ordered the troops
to march ; those of the centre column, I immediate-
ly halted, and gave the necessary directions to the
right and left columns.

I hope the forage will turn out according to your
wishes, but it does not equal iny expectations. The
country below White Plains, is almost desolate, on
account of the frequent ravages of both armies.
Scarcely a farmer has more than one cow, and many
who were once in affluent circumstances, arenow re-
duced to indipcrlminate poverty.

I sent Col. Sheldon's Light Dragoons to Fort
Clinton, yesterday, and moved with the troops,
within eight miles of King's Bridge, to c6ver them
in case of necessity. But the caution however pru-
dent, it may appear, was needless ; for they either
did not know of our approach, or did npt choose

GENERAL STARK. 239

to meet US. Twenty Militia Light horse who pro-
ceeded in front of the cavalry, took prisoners two
of Delancy's men, one Bumour, cousin of the fa-
mous Major Bumour, and one Ferret a noted cow-
boy, and of course a villain. He has once been con-
demned to be hanged, but made his escape. I have
sent them to you under a guard. While the caval-
ry were formed upon a hill in our advance, one of
them left the line and proceeded a few rods to the
rear, to water his horse ; curiosity led him to a
house near by, where a cow-boy came up, dismount-
ed him, and rode away his horse in triumph. If
my instructions would have permitted, Morrissa-
nia that noted nest of tories, might have been plun-
dered and burnt, but I think it too late now.
I am sir,

Tcry respectfully,

your obedient servant.

JOHN STARK.
Maj. Gen. Heath.

RISOLUTION OF CONGRESS GRANTING HALF PAY FOR
» LIFE TO GENERAL OFFICERS.

In Congress November 28, 1780^
On motion of Mr. Sullivan, seconded by Mr.
Bland, ordered that the commander in chief, t'he
commanding ollicer in the southern department, the
Inspector General, the Adjutant General, and the
commanding officer of each State line respectively,
be supplied with the journals of Congress, for the
use of the army.

Some doubts having arisen in the minds of the
General officers, whether the resolutions of tJie 21st
of October last, granting half pay for life to tlwe oft-
ficers who shfcll remain in service to the eud of the
war, extended to them— therefore:

240 MEMOIR OP

Resolved that the said half pay for life be extend-
ed to all Major Generals and Brigadier Generals
who shall continue in service to the end of the war,
and that the said Resolution of the 21st of October
was so meant and intended.
Mestfrom the minutes,

CHARLES THOMPSON, Secretary.

GENERAL 6TA.RK TO GENERAL WASHINGTON.

Peeks kill Hollow, JVovember 30, 1780.
The impaired state of my heaUh, and unsettled
condition of my accounts with the State of New-
Hampshire, renders my presence in that State the
ensuing winter highly necessary. I have never at
yet settled my depreciation, or received any cash
from that source. Without an arrangement of these
matters, it is impossible for me to subsist in the

army. . i ^ j

The many favors I have received from you, and
the zeal you have manifested for the interest of the
officers under your command, induces me to ask
leave of absence until spring.

The Brigade I have the honor to command, if
now under orders to join its several States; there-
fore it is not probable, it will be im my power to
TCftider the country any essential service until next
♦ampaign.

I have the honor to be

Sir your obedient servant,

^ JOHN STARK.

Hi» Excellency Gen. Washington.

GENERAL STARK. ;g41

f HEAD QUARTERS.

Mew Windsor^ December SI J 1780.
Sir,

I have received yours of the 30tli ult. By a re-
solve of Congress of the 18th inst. which I enclose,
I find that you liave made application to them for
liberty to retire for the reestahlishment of your
health. The propriety of this measure they have
been pleased to refer to me; and as I shall signify
my approbation, I have no objections to your set-
ting out as soon as your health will admit. The
term of absence if they choose to limit it, will de-
pend upon Congress.
I am Sir,

your obedient servant.

GEORGE WASHINGTON.
Brig. Gen. Stark.

GENERAL STARK TO PRESIDENT WEARS

Peeks kill Hollow December 20, 1 780.
Dear Sir^

My last gave you a hint that our troops were in a
suffermg condition, for want of cash. None has yet
been paid them by thepiiblick, nor can I learn that
any is soon expected. Their hopes must now rest
solely upon the States to which they belong, for
that support which is absolutely necessary, for per-
sons employed in the defence of their country.

lou certainly know whether Congress have it in
their power to supply the troops with monev and
other necessaries. If they have, I cannot see the
policy of detaining it from them; if they have not,
t IS necessary that the States should allow a pittance
at least, sufficient to keep soul and body io^eXheT<

243

MEMOIR OF

What must be the feelingts of a number of olnceu,
who have obtained leave of absence to visit their
families, without a shilling of money to pay their
expenses on 'the road, who if they do go, must as-
sume the character of beggars;— a circumstance tru-
ly mortifying to gentlemen of spirit, to whose pro-
fession a certain degree of gentility asid dignity is
requisite to entitle it to a proper respecl?

Perseverance has long been their favorite topic,
and hope almost their only support, but they liave
in a measure abandoned that. Despair stares them
boldly in the face — fiat'eiy will no longer avail, an
immediate remedy is their positive demand.

I am sorry to be under the necessity of writing in
this manner, but i consider it a duty i owe to my
country, and to tlie brave officers and soldiers I have
the honor to command.

Lieut. Col. Dearborn will have the honor of de-
liverino' this, and can furnish anv further informa-^
tion 3-ou may require.
I have the honor,
to be your most

obedient servant.

JOHN STARK.

Hon. Mesheck "VVeare.

to the pef.s1df.?<t of the board of wir, n. h.

Sjr,

I expect to be in New-Hamp?hire in a fevf days,
and wiili forage to be provi(!ed for my horses. —
These matters appear to be left entirely to the States,
and you aie therefore *r he proper person to whom
a])plicaticn should made. My allowance f/om the
publick for myself and family . is for six saddle hor-
ses— besides four waggon horses for my baggage ;

GENERAL STARK. 243

I wish that provision mav be made as soon as possi-
ble.

Your obedient servant.

JOHN STARK.

GENERAL SCHUYLER TO GENERAL STARK.

Mhany^ September 11. 1781.
Dear General,

Your favour of this day's date, has just come to
hand. You may be assured that any intelligence
received from Canada, or else where worthy of your
attention, will be communicated immediately to
you. I have now the pleasure of enclosing a fur-
ther confirmation of the account I gave you in my
last, together with some additions which maybe re-
lied upon, respecting the British fleet, wliich Riv-
ington in a paper of the 5th inst. declared had gone
in quest of the French fleet. It has returned to
New- York, when it remains and will remain, as it
cannot face the formidable fleet of our generous al-

ly-

Governor Clinton writes that all our prisoners at
New-York have been dismissed on parole, and in
exchange, and that from the best accounts, great
consternation prevails in that city, among the Brit
ish and their infamous friends — and may God in
crease their apprehensions.

It was this morning reported that the infamous
traitor Arnold, had made a descent upon New-Lon-
don (Connecticut) and burnt the place, but it has
since been contradicted. With my compliii^eTitSj
please inform Major Stark that I am pleased with
his polite attentions, both as endearing him to mc,
and also that I look upon such a line of conduct in
a young o^entleman, as verjr proper, and which will

S44 MEMOIR OF

ever be attended with happy effects. I should have
written him, but the express waits.
With great esteem,
I am sir,

your obedient servant.

PH. SCHUYLER.
Gen. Stark.

Saratoga, September 13, 1781.
Dear Sir,

lam honored with yours of the 11th inst. The
extra flood of good news it contains, diffuses a joy
through my senses little short of delirium and makes
me almost forget my declining years, and wish for
health and vigor, and an opportunity of distinguish-
ing myself in presence of our illustrious General,
in aidinor to humble the haughty, the arrogant, and
ostentatious Earl Cornwallis. In recollection of the
ruse de guerre we played him about the time of our
Trenton affair, I should be very happy to have a
share in his defeat, and capture, two events which
either have already occurred, or infallibly must
take place in a few days.

Poor Rivington must now be in a wretched di-
lemma— what excuse can he make? how extricate
the British from their present difficulties? If he or
any other power short* of omnipotent, can, they
must be adepts, indeed.

I am so pleased with the good news you send me,
as almost to forget to thank you for your generous
offer of sending me intelligence. Be assured Sir,
that I feel exceedingly grateful for this, and every
other expression of your favor.

I have no doubt of the willingness of that infa-
mous traitor Arnold, to do his country all possible
injury, but hope he has not been able in the case you

GENERAL STARK. 245

mention, to give us fresh evidence of his hateful
disposition.

With esteem dear Sir,
vour friend,

JOHN STARK.
Hon. Gen. Schuyler.

GENERAL STARK TO GENERAL HEATH.

Saratoga, September 20, 1781.
Dear Sir,

lam somewhat alarmed that no answers have
been received to my several letters addressed to you.
I think it impossible that all shonld have been mis-
carried, and have considered some of them, of suf-
ficient consequence to have required an answer. By
them, you will ascertain that this department is des-
titute of ammunition; there not being ten rounds
to a man at this post — and none at Albany, subject
to my order. There are no horses for expresses, or
to convey provisions to the several posts; and if
there were, they must starve for want of forage.
We have not even paper to transact our business
with, nor can we obtain it.

Now sir, if you will cast up the account, vou
will find the publick much in our debt, and unless
these debts are paid, or more regular provision made
for supplies, I hardly know what consequences may
follow — no good ones can come, unless miracles in-
terpose in our behalf.

Intelligence from Canada through several sources,
leads us to conclude that an attack is designed eith-
er upon this post, or the Mohawk river. From
the situation of the country, I think the attempt
will be made upon this post ; as the enemy can come
here with only twenty-five miles land carriage

246 MEMOIR OF

while on the other quarter, the distance is six times
that number. However if ammunition is supplied
me, T Iiope to give any party tliat may come, such
a reception, as will make them glad to return, if
they have an opportunity.

The people of Albany are greatly alarmed for
their city. They require all the troops of this dis-
trict or a major part of them, to prevent about fifty
Tories from burning them, their wives, horses,
sloops, and houses; for it appears these turbulent
sons of rapitie have given out some most fearful
threats, against that sacred place. However Sir,
unless yon order the contrary, I shall venture (in
case I feel confident of the enemy's approach) to
order the troops now at Albany, to this post, or to
the Mohawk.

The resolutions of Congress allowed to every
General Officer, I have not seen for nine months — l
wish they may be sent me.
With respect,

lam dear Sir,

vour friend and servant.

JOHN STARK.

Maj. Gen. Heath.

BATTLE OF JOHNSTOWN.

In October, Major Ross commanding at Buck's
Island, left that place, with a party of 450 men in
batteaux, and proceeded to the Oneida Lake, where
leaving their boats and provisions under the care of
twenty invalids, they advanced by way of Cherry
Valley, to the Mohawk, which they struck at a place
opposite Antliony's Nose. From this, they directed
their march to Warren's Bush, destroyed twenty
farm houses, with their outhouses, containing large

GENERA.L STIRK. 547

quantities of grain, and killed two persons. After
thi?, they crossed the Mohawk at a ford twenty
miles above Schenectady, and proceeded in good
order to Sir William Jolinsorrs Hall; which, they
reached a quarter of an hour before Colonel Willet,
whose detachment crossed the river six miles higher
and were marching for tiic same point. The Col.
immediately attacked tiie enemy, and ihe action
would liave terminated greatly in his favour, but
part oi his troops who covered a field piece, sudden-
ly givinor way, occasioned the loss of the gun and
ammunition cart. In a short time however, they
were retaken by Willel's m^n* v/ith great bravery;
but not antil the enemy had robbed the cart of all
its ammunition. Night com^infr on, put an end to
the action. Part of Col. Willet's men however kept
possession of the Hall all night; during which, the
enemy retreated six miles into the woods. Thirty*
prisoners were taken, seven of tlie enemy and three
of Willet's men were killed; while forty on both
sides were wounded.

The action commenced yesterday afternoon, and
Col. Willet pursued them ibis morning, with a force
about equal to theirs,! we also learn ihat a detach-
ment lias been sent from Fort Herkimer to destroy
their boats and provisions. Schenectady 1781, 26
October at 6 o'clock P. M.

H. GLEN.

This party consisted of about 550, British In-
dians and Tories, who were so roughly handled

* Ai this time Major Rowley of Mass. arrived w.th a detach-
uienl of Willet's men and attacked the enemy with great brave-
ry.

t Willet had a party of Indians with him, who he said, furnish-
ed the best cavalry for wood service-

245 MEMOIR OP

by Wiilet, that they returned to Canada with but
§20 men. Many perished in the wilderness: their
boats and provisions, havinfj been cut off, and their
retreat greatly harrassed. Col. Walter Butler noto-
rious for his cruelties, was refused quarter and slain
by the pursuers.

In passing through tlie country at this time,
while it was subject to the enemy's ravages, it was
very easy to ascertain who were Whigs, and who
were Tories. The houses and estates of the latter
beino; in all cases respected by the enemy; while the
property of the friends of liberty was indiscrimin^
ately destroyed, and plundered.

ANECDOTES OF COLONEL CILLEY

We regret that we have not the materials for a de-
tailed sketch of the services, of this gallant offi-
cer. The following anecdotes however, speak vol-
umes in praise of his courage and patriotism.

As a prelude to the engagement at Behmus heights,
a British flanking party was directed to turn the
American wing, where Cilley was posted, who was
ordered to counteract the movement. As the par-
ties approached each other, and a few scattering
trees only intervened, the British Col. was heard to
give the order, ^' Fix bayonets, and charge the

d d rebels." Col. Cilley was near enough to

hear, and responded loudly enough for the enemy
to understand, *' That is a game two can play at —
Charge, by G — d, and we will try it!" The Amer-
icans charged at the word, and rushing upon the
enemy, discharged a volley in their faces, who
broke and fled without stopping to cross steel with

GENERAL STARK. 34^

the " D — (I rebels," leaving a number of their com-
rades on the fiehl.

At the battle of Monmouth, when Gen. Loe was
on his retreat, Cilley's regiment checked the pur-
suit of the enemy, and drove them back in turn.
Washington, who at that moment arrived, delight-
ed at the gallant stand made by the New-Hampshire
regiment, enquired, ' What troops are tliese?' 'True
blooded Yankees, Sir,' was the Col's, emphatic re-

In the retreat from Ticonderoga, a son of Col.
Cilley was left behind, and fell ir^to the hands of the
British, who ascertaining that he was the son of an
officer of distinction in the American army, brought
him to Burgoyne. The General, after treating him
kindly, set him at liberty, and furnished him with a
horse and saddle bags full of his proclamations. —
These he carried to his father, who taking one of
them, indignantly tore it to pieces, and scattering
them to the winds, exclaimed, " So shall their armr
be scattered."

ANECDOTES OF GENERAL STARK.

At the time the officer apj^ared to conduct the
troops to the camp at Still-water, Genera! Stark
had not arrived. The troops were paraded, and on
their march, when he rode up and ordered them
back to quarters. In vain the officer with tears in
his eyes, represented the distress and alarm then
prevalent in the American army on the Mohawk;
the General wasinexoiable; said he was not accoun-
table to Congress, or to their Generals, and should
direct the operations of his own troops as he
thought would be most conducive to the good of his
country. This determination protected the frontier

250 MEMOIR OP

of Vermont from being ravaged, and enabled him to
make an immediate and successful attack upon the
troops of Burgoyne; andby routing a large body
of them to dishearten the remainder.

Just before the aciion at Bennington, Col. Baum
addressed his troops, and in the course of liis re-
marks, stated that the '' countrymen by whom they
were about to be attacked, were the owners of the
soil, and would make a desperate effort to defend it;
but could not contend against their superior disci-
pline aided by a strong position. "General Stark on
the other hand, addressed his yeomanry as follows.
«' There are your enemies the red coats, and Tories
— we must have them in half an hour, or my wife
sleeps a widow this night."

General Stark with his centre column was slowly
advancing towards the front of the enemy's works,
in order to give ihne for his flanking parties to turn
their right and left, and attack the rear, when they
brought their field pieces to bear upon his division.
He observed to an officer—" They begin to take
notice of us, but we diall return the compliment
soon." Just after the fire commenced, an officer who
had never before been in battle, ran up saying " for
God's sake General what shall I do," "Take a pinch
of snuff, and do your duty," replied the veteran.

The late Major Dow of Hampton Falls related
the following anecdote of Gen. Stark. When he
was quartered at Winter Hjll, as Col. of the first
New Hampshire regiment, a Col- Hubbard was sent
from Exeter, as Paymaster for the New Hampshire
line. He was or.e of the Exeter junto, and disposed
to make as much difficulty as possible ; but being a
man of plausible address, he succeeded in obtaining
from the then ruling authorities, this important ap-.
pointment. He had some personal hostility to Col.
Stark, and took this occasion to n.anifest it ; and
with a view to cause a mutiny in the regiment. The

GENERAL STARK. 151

troops were marched by companies down to Med-
ford, wiiere he had taken liis quarters, to receive
their pay. This he rcrused them on the plea, that
their pay rolls were not properly made out. The
men returned in a great rage, and the next day with
new pay rolls, waited upon Hubbard once more.
The same difficulty still existed. The ihiid day
the same was repeated ; and the soldiers returned
almost in a styte of mutiny to camp. They then
heset the Colonel's quarters calling loudly for their
pay. Col. Stark was provoked, said that -' Hub-
bard was a poltroon, and as he made him three
visits, it was but fair to exact one in return." Up-
on tiiis, Sergeant Abbot went down to Medford
with a party of the ^okiiers, (volunleers), arrest-
ed Hubbaid at his quarters, and brouglit him to
camp, his music playing '' Rogue's Maich" all the
way.

Upon examination, he could f;nd no fault with
the payrolls, ])jiid the men, fsnd was dismissed. Up-
on his return, he pretended vhat his money had been
stolen in his absence. It was the lir.^t emis.sion of
New Hampshire paper money, information was
immediately forwarded to the General Court at Ex-
eter, who. as vei y little of the p; per had actually
been put into circ ulation, voted to call it in by
proclamation. Hubbard was then at Exeter. The
following evening a stranger muffled in a cloak,
came to the door keeper, Iiandid a bundle for the
speaker, and instantly disapp-eared. It was the mon-
ey supposed to have been stolen from Hubbard, at
Medford. This pat the credit of the latter upon so
doubtful a foun.dation that he left the army.

This atfair subjected Col. =Slark to a court of In-
quiry ; which after several sittings, reported that it
was inexpedient to have any further consideration
of the suhject. The late Capt. Emery of Concord
was a member of the Court.

S5S ' MEMOIK OF

GENERAL ERASER.

(jcnerai Fraser was a descendant of Lord Lovat,
who was belieaded for the rebellion in favor Charles
Edward. He was a Brioadier General in the army
of Burgoyne. Two of the American officers taken
at Hubbardstown, relate the following anecdote of
him, He f;aw that they were in distress, as their
continental paper would not pass with the English;
and offered to loan them as much as they wished
for their present convenience. They took three guin-
eas each.

He renmrked, to them.—" Gentlemen take what
you wish- — give me your due bills and when we
reach Albany, I trust to your honor to take them
up; for we diall doubtless over-run thecountry,and
I shall, probably, have an opportunity of seeing
you again.-' General Fraser fell in the battle of the
*7th of October: the notes were consequently never
paid; but the signers of them could not refrain from
shedding tears at the fate of this gallant and gener-
ous eneniv.

AKECUOTE OF GOV. LAKGDON.

The following anecdote of John Langdon affords
a noble example of tlie patriotism of that devoted
friend of American Independence, at this hour of
trial and danger.

The Provincial Legislature was in session at Exe-
Ifer, when the appalling news of the fall of Ticon-
deroga arrived. The members of that body were
disheartened, the public credit was exhausted, there
were no means to subsist even a single regi-
ment, provided one could be raised- The men of

GENERAL STARK 25S

New Hampshire had already exerted themselves to
the extent of their ability. John Laiigdon was at
that time, speaker oftlie assembly ; and addressed
the house as follows.

^' I have three tlioii^and dollars in hard money, I
will pledge my plate for three thousand more ; I
have seventy hogsheads of Tobago rum, which shall
be sold for the most it will bring. These are at the
service of the State. If we succeed in defendino-
our fire-sides and homes, I may be remunerated ;
if w-e do not, the proj)erty will be of no value to
to me. Our old friend Stark, who so nobly main-
tained the honour of our State at Banker's Hill,
may safely be intrusted with the conduct of the
enterprise ; and we will check the progress of Bur-
goyne."

This noble proposal infused new life into the as-
sembly ; and in a few days, by means of the private
funds furnished by John Langdon, a Briorade was
assembled and on its march for the frontiers. To
John Langdon, do we owe the raising and sustain-
ing of this gallant army of freemen ; and to John
Stark who knew not personal fear, who was as cool
and deliberate amid thehnrry and confusion of the
combat, as wlien ploughing his acres at home, do
we owe the achievement of one of the most bril-
liant exploits which grace the pages of American his-
tory.

The late Judge Walker of Concord, N. H. was a
member of the liCgislature at this crisis ; and has
often remarked that he considered the patriotic ser
vices of Langdon and Stark upon this occasion, as
entitling them to scarcely le;?s praise than that be*
stowed npon the commander in Chief.

2S4 MEMOIR OF

The venerable Jonathan Eastman of Concord N-
H. furnishes the following anecdotes of his cam-
paign againsL Burgoyne.

During the armistice, tvliich followed the battle
of October 7, 1777, many of Burgoyne's followers
commenced tl'ir retreat towards Canada by the on-
ly pass open to them, that by way of Lake George,
where the Americans had no forces stationed. The
enemy's horses were kept without the camp, in that
direction, under charge of the servants of the ar-
my ; from whom, many were taken by Tories, and
others, who wished to escape into Canada. The
American soldiers frequently way laid these fel-
lows, and seized the horses, for tlieir jjiivate bene-
fit. Ca]it. Eastman went out with three others on a
scout of this kind. They went in among the hor-
ses, where they found several Hessians, whom they
informed that Bur^ioyne must surrender, and that
they would go to Bokon, where they would have
plenty to eat and drink, and would not be eaten
themselves, as the British had told tliem. In their
return at the outskirts of the place of forage, they
succeeedcd in capturing a good horse for each of
them, after killing two Tories, and wounding a
third. Tliey were returning with their prizes, when
they met Gen. Stark, who had just arrived from
Fort Edward, with 2500 men to close up the only-
passage for Bu) goyne's escape, " What, Eastman,
eays the General, have you been slealinoj Burgoyne's
horses ?. he will have you indicted at King's Bench
for felony, ar-d call on me to prove the fact."

Capt. Eastman sold his horse for §130, and bought
two others, v.hit h were stolen by some of the ©amp
followers, vbde feeding in the intervale.

On hisretv'.rr. to Concord, Capt. Eastman came to
the house of ib.e venerable and patriotic Mr. Walk-
er ; who I et hin^i at his gate, though then so far ad*
vanced in 1 f c tljit he moved abcut with diffenlty;

GENER\L STARK. 25S

he enquired, what news ? "I have seen the British
ariiiy kiy down their arms," was the answer^ Thank
God I says the 'aged patriot, now I can depart in
peace.

Just below Fort Edward, on the margin of a small
brook falling into the Hudson, the Americans dis-
covered three graves neatly turfed, having at the
head, boards inscribed with the names of three Brit-
ish officers. In walking over them, they sounded
hollow, and upon digging, the soldiers discovered
three fmo batteaux, each capable of containing 50
men. They were well covered with boards, and
were intended by some of Burgoyne's party to aid
a retreat.

When Burgoyne's men proceeded to the field in
which they were to pile their arms, they emptied
their cartridge boxes upon the ground. ' Col. Ger-
rish filled his saddle bags with them, to carry home
the bags were stolen by two wags, of the regiment,
fnQ ^artrkdam^ fhmwa im^ ^^^^^ Scuter.tl!; *kad trav-
el substituted in their place.

Correspondence between President Jefferson and
Gen. Stark.

Monticello, Aug. 19, 1805.
Respected Generai,,

I have lately learnt through the channel of th«
newspapers^ with pleasure, that you are still in life
a-nd enjoy health and spirits. The victories of Ben-
nington, the first link in the c hain of successes,
which issued in the surrender at Saratoga, are still
fresh in the niemory of every American ; and the
name of hin> who achieved them, dear to his heart.
Permit me therefore as a stranger, who knows you
only by the services you have rendered, to express

256 MEMOIR OF

to you, the sincere emotions of pleasure, and at-
tachment wliich he felt, on learning that your day*
had hejn thus prolonged, his fervent prayers that
they still may be continued in comfort, and
the conviction that wlienever they end^ your
memory willl be cherished, by those who come af-
ter you, as one who has not lived in vain for his
his country. I salute you, venerable patriot, and
General, with affection and reverence.

TH. JEFFERSON.
Hon. Major Gen. Stark.

DerryfieU, Oct. 1805.
Respected Sir,

Your friendly letter of Aug. 19, came to hand a
few days since ; but ov/ing to the imbecility, in-
separably connected wiih the wane of life, I have
not been able to acknowledge it until now.. I have
uScii ir. iViy 17th year shicc the 5»th of Atttfim itist,
and since the close of the Revolutionary War, have
devoted my time entirely to domestic employments:
and in the vale of obsourity and retirement, have
tasted that tranquillity, which the hurry and bustle
of a busy world can seldom afford. I thank you
for the compliment you are pleased to make me, nor
will I conceal the satisfaction I feel, in receiving it
from a man who ])Ossesses so large a share of my con-
fidence. I will confess to you Sir, that I once be-
gan to think, that the labors of the Revolution were
in vain, and that I should live to see the system res-
tored, which I had assisted in deHroying. But
my fears are at an end ; and I am now^ calmly pre-
paring to meet the unerring fate of man, with
however the satisfactory reflection, that I leave a
numerous progeny, in a country highly favoured
by nature, and under a government whose princj"

GENERA-L STARK. 257

pics mid views, I bslieve to be correct andjiist. WitU
the highest coiuiderations of respect and esteem.
I have tlie honor to be Sir,

your most obedient servant.
'■ r-'^r- jOHJV STARK.

Thps/JxpfersON, Esq. President U. S.

W^T^*- -^ • BATTLE OF BENNINGTON.

■•;.iy.'\'- •• ' .

flrite anniversary of Bennington battle has been
<^lebrated for many years, since that event. As any
tWg".-. relating to that action, will be interesting
tOithepublick, we subjoin the following correspon-
ijbncer . .

'%'y: y^ • Bennington, Juhj 22, \S09.

Mi^'oithi^D Respected Sir,

'^i^Yqu can never forget that on the memorable 16th
ijl:- A^^^^^ 1777, you commanded the American

irddpsTn tl\e action' commonly called the Benning-
i^;^. Battle, that under divine Providence, astonish-
ife;iiicbess attended our arms. Our enemy wag
•^^iicd and captured ; and this town and its vi-
^m'ty saved from impending ruin.It has been usu-
a?" for the people on every anniversary of that oc-
ixislon, to hold the day in grateful remembrance,

W a public celebration. On Thursday last, a large

. aud respectable number of leadmg cliaracters in this

•aftd the ncio-hboring towns, met to choose a com-

viiiittee of arrangements, for a celebration on the

t6th of August next. More than sixty of those who

••&t were with you in the action : they recollect

you Sir, with peculiar pleasure and have directed

as to write, and request you, if your health and ag«

will permit, to honor them with your presence an

^ 22*

268 MEMOIR OF

that day. All your expenses will be remunerated.
No event could so animate the '' brave sons of lib-
erty," as to see their venerable leader and preserv-
er once more in Bennington, that the young men
inay once, have the pleasure of seeing the man, who
so gallantly fought to defend their sacred rights,
their fathers and mothers, and protected them while
lisping in infancy.

Should this request be inconsistent with your
health, we should be happy in receiving a letter
from you, on that subject, that we may read it to
tliem on that day. Sentiments from the aged, and
from those who have hazarded their lives, to res-
cue us from the shackles of tyranny will be read
with peculiar pleasure, and remembered long after
their fathers have retired to the silent tomb.

Accept Sir our warmest wishes for your health
and happiness ; and permit us dear General, to as-
sure you that we are with great esteem your cor-
dial and affectionate friends.

GIDEON OLIN,
JONATHAN ROBINSON,
DAVID FAY.

The Hon. Gen. Stark, Derryfield.

ANSWER. ■■■.••"•.

At my Quarters,

Derryfield, 31st July, 1807.
My Friends and

Fellow Soldiers, I received yours of tht
23d inst. containing your fervent expressions of
friend hip, and your very polite invitation to meet
with you to celebrate the 16th of August in Ben-
nington. As vou observe, ** I can never forget that

SENERAL STARK. 250

I commanded American troops" on that day at Ben-
nington. They were men who had not learned the
art of submission, nor had they been trained to the
art of war. But our " astonijshing success" taught
the enemies of liberty, that undisciplined freemen
are superior to veteran slaves. I fear we shall have
to teach tiie lesson anew to that perfidious nation.
Nothing could afford me greater pleasure, than to
meet your " brave sons of Liberty" on the fortu-
nate spot. But as you justly anticipate, the infirm-
ities of old age wilt not permit ; for I am now four
score and one years old, and the lamp of life is al-
most spent. I have of late had many such invita-
tions, but was not ready, for there was not oil in
the lamp.

You say you wish your young men to see me ; but
you, who have seen me, can tell them that I was
sever worth much for a show, and certainly can-
not be worth their seeing now.

In case of my not being able to attend, you wish
my sentiments. These you shall have as free as the
air we breathe. As I was then, I am now, the friend
of the equal rights of men, of representative dem-
ocracy, of republicanism, and the Declaration of In-
dependence, the great charter of aur national ri^rhts
and of course a friend to the indissoluble union^'and
constitution of the States. I am the enemy of all
foreign influence, for all foreign influence, is the in-
fluence of tyranny. This is the only chosen spot
Oi Liberty, this is the only Republic on earth.

You well know gentlemen that at the time of tlw
event you celebrate, there was a powerful British
laction m the country, (called Tories) a material
part of tlie force we contended with.

This faction was ranklinsf in our councils, until it
had laid a foundation for the subversion of our lib-
erties. But by haying good sentinels at our outpost*,
we were apprised of our danger ; the son« of fre»^

2^0

MEMOIR OP

do til beat the alirai, and as at Benaington, they
came, they t:a\v, and they conquered.

They are my orders now, and will be my last or- .
ders to all my volunteers to look to their sentries ;
for there is a dangerous British party in the coun-
try lurking in their billing places more dangerous
than all our foreign enemies ; aJid whenever they
shall openly appear, let them render the same ac-
count of tltem as was given at Bennington, let them
assume what name they will.

I shall remember gentlemen the respect you and
*' the inhabitants of Bennington and its neighbor-
borhood," have shewn me until I go to the coun-
try, from whicli no traveller returns. I must soon
receive marc/hing orders.

JOHN STARK.
Hon. Gideon Olin,
Jo,NATHAN Robinson, Esq.
David Fay, Esq. Bennington.

Accompanying this letter,, the General forwarded
.'is his volunteer, this sentiment.

'^ Live free or die, — death is not the worst of
evils."

The following is a literal copy of a handbill issued
at Boston, Aug. 23, 1777, now in our possession:

IMPORTANT NEWS.

Boston (12 o'clock,) Friday, Au^. 22.
The following letter from Hon. Maj. Gen. Lincoln,
to the honourable council, is just received by ex
press.

Bennington, August 18, 1777.
Gentlemkn — I most sincerely congratulate yon
on the late very signal success gained over the ene-

GENERAL STARK. So t

my near this place, by a few Coatinontal troops, the
Rangers from the Grants, some of the militia from
tlie State of Massachusetts, and those- from New-
Hampshire and the Grants, under the command of
Brigadier General Stark; officers and men stimida-
ted by the most iaudahie motives, behaved witli the
greatest spirit and bravery, entei'edthe enemy's sev-
eral intrench ments witli fortitude and alacrity,
amidst the incessant fire from iheir field pieces and
musketry; our loss killed supposed to be between
20 and 30, wounded in common proportion ; the
enemy were totally defe ited; the number of their
filain has not yet been ascertained, as they fought on
a retreat several miles in a wood, but supposedto
be about 200, a large number of the wounded hare
fallen into our hands. We have taken pne Lieut.
Col. mortally wounded, one Major, five Captains,
twelve Lieutenants, four Ensigns, two Cornets, one
Judge advocate, one Baron, two Canadian officers
^nd three Surgeon.^; besides tlie above olTicers and
woimded, there nrS inonr finnd"? o? Brltisiisoldjeri^.
398 Hessians, 33 Canadians, and 155 Tories, four
brass field pieces, with a considerable quantity of
baggage. The number the enemy had in the field
cannot be ascertainod, perhaps 1500.

It is very unhappy for the wounded, and painful
to us, that such is our situation, that we cannot af-
ford them all that speedy relief which their distres-
ses demand of us. — We were under a necessity to
forward the prisoners to the state of Massachusetts;
they are now under the care of General Fellows;
he will Wciit the order of council with respect to
them.
I was ordered by General vSchuyler a fewdays since
from this place to join tlie army at Stillwater, and
was on my return when the action happened, this
is the best account I can obtain of matters at pres-
#nt. It appears by one of the enemy's journals, that

^2 MEMOIR OP

the day before the general action they Iiad 30 killed,
iindtwo Indian chiefs, and some wounded.
I am gentlemen, with sentiments
of esteem and regard, your
very humble servant,

B. LINCOLN.

Published by order of Council,

John Avery, Dep. Sec.

Captain Barns who brought the above letter, by
express, was in those gallant actions ; the following
particulars of which were taken from his own
mouth, viz. — That on Saturday the 16th inst.
about 1600 militia from New-Hampshire, Massachu-
setts, and the Grants, under the command of Briga-
dier General Stark, about five miles west of Ben-
nington, at a place called Looms-chork, attacked a
body of the enemy, consisting of about 1500 in
their entrenchments, and after an obstinate engage-
ment, dislodged them from their strong holds, mak-
ing prisoners of upwards of 300 men, and taking

"^T? pieces. General IStarK, Demg reinforced

with 150 Continental troops under Col. Warner,
took advantage of the confusion of the enemy's re-
treat, and pursued them with great slaughter about
two miles and an half, where the enemy were rein-
forced with 1000 men and two fieldpieces; asecond
and very severe engagement ensued; and after
continuing about two hours, the enemy heat a re-,
treat, the militia rushed on with a universal shout,
which put the enemy into such confusion, that they
left their wounded behind, and General gtark com-
plete master of the field; in the second onset, two
more field pieces, together with 300 more of the
enemy were taken, among who'm were a Colonel, a
Major, the General's aid de camp, and 30 other offi-?
cers, the prisoners arrived at Lanesborough last
Tuesday ni^^ht. The enemy left nearly two hundred

dead on the field. Our loss was 25 killed, and a
number wounded. Among the prisoners were 147
Tories belonging to this and other states. — That the
parties sent out by General Stark the day after the
engagement brought in about 100 more prisoners;
in the whole the prisoners amounted to more than
700. The number of the enemy in the lines first at-
tacked by the militia only, were, as Captains Barns
was informed by the aid de camp of the General
commanding, 1500; and that their reinforcement
consisted of 1000 — about 1000 stand of arms, and
eight loads of baggage were also taken, and 20 hor-
ses supposed to belong to the dragoons. The Lieut.
Col. who was taken, is since dead of his wounds.
General Stark is the same person who commanded
a regiment at the famous battle of Bunker Hill, and
behaved there with great intrepidity and courage.

Captain Barns says that after the first action, Gen-
eral Stark ordered a hogshead of rum for the re-
freshment of tlie- militia, but* so eager were they to
attack the enemy upon their being reinforced, that
they tarried not to taste of it, but rushed on the en-
vmy with an ardor perhaps unparalled.

The following letter from General Stark to Gen-
eral Gates, contains the best account of the battle,
we have ever seen in print.

Bennington^ Jlug. 2o^ 1777.
Dear General,

Yours of the 19th was received with pleasure, and
i should have answered it sooner, but have feeen
very unwell ever since. General Lincoln has writ-
ten you upon the subject, with whom, I mo?t c«rdi-
ally concur in opinion.

I will nowgi\e you a short accoimt of tlye action
near this place. On the iSth of Aug. being informed
that a party of Indiafts were at Cambridge on tfiWr

264 MEMOIR OF

way to this place, I detaclicd Lieut. Col. Gregg, with
2(j6 men, to oppose ihem; and in the night \vas iui-
fonnedlhat a large body of the enemy were advan-
cing in tlieir rear. I rallied my Brigade, ser.t or-
der.s to Col. Warner, wlios^^e regiment lay at Man-
chester, and also expressfes to the militia to come in
with all speed to our as&i{^tance: ^\hich orders were
all promptly obeyed. We then marclied with cur
collected force in quest of the enemy, and after pro-
ceeding five miles, we met Gregg in full retreat, the
enemy being within a mile of him. Our littiearmy
was immediately drawn up in order of battle, upon
sight of which, the Britij^h halted and conunencecl
intrenching upon very advantageous ground. A
party of skirmishers sent out u})on their front had
a good effect, and killed SO of them without lorson
our side. The ground where I then was, not being
fit for a general action, we retired one mile, encamp-
ed, ancT called a council of war, where it was deter-
mined to send two detachments to the rear, while
the remainder attacked in front. The I5th proving
rainy, afforded the enemy an opportunity to sur-
round his camp with a leg breastwork, inform
General Burgoyne of his situation, and request a
reinforcement.

On the morning of the 16th, Col. Simon joined us
*with a p'arty of Berkshiie militia. In pursuance of
our plan, I detached Col. Nichols with £00 men to
the left, and Col. Herrick with SOO, to the right,
ivilh orders to tuin the enemy's flanks, unite their
force and attack his rear. Cols. Hubbard and Stick-
Bcy, with 200 men, were posted upon his right, and
one hundred, stationed in front, to attract their at-
tention to that quarter About S o'clock, Col.
Nichols* began the attack, which Avas followed up by
tlie remainder of my little army. I pushed up in
front with the reserve, and in a few minutes the ac-
tien became general. It lasted about two hours.

6E!?fcRAL STARK. 265

and was the hottest engagement I have ever witness-
ed, resembling a continual clap of thunder. The
enemy were at last compelled to abandon their Held
pieces and baggage, and surrender themselves pris-
oners of war. They were well enclosed by breast-
works, with artillery: but the superior courage and
conduct of our people proved too much for them.
In a few minutes we were informed that a large re-
inforcement of the enemy were on their march and
within two miles of us. At this lucky momentCol.
Warner's regiment came up fresh, who was directed
to advance and commence an attack. I pushed up
as many men as could be collected, to his support,
and the action continued obstinately on both sides,
until sunset, when the enemy gave way and was
pursued until dirk. With one hour more of day
light, we should have captured the whole detach-
ment. We obtained four pieces of brass cannon,
1000 stand of arms, several Hessian swords, eight
brass drums~750 prisoners — 201 killed on the spot
wounded unknovvn. The enemy effected his escape
by marching all night, and we returned to camp.

Too much honor cannot be awarded to our brave
oflBcers and soldiers for their gallant behaviour, ia
advancing through fire and smoke, and mounting
breastworks supported by cannon.

Had every man been a Charles the twelfth,* or an
Alexander, they could not have behaved more gal-
lantly I cannot particularize any officer, as they
all behaved with the greatest spirit. Cols Warner
and Herrick, by their intelligence and experience,
rendered me important services: and 1 desire they
may be recommended to Congress.

* The General was an enthusiastic admirer of Charles the X!L
The life and history of that intrepid vranior, was the constant
companion of all his campaigns and even to the last of hi» life.
lie dwelt -with pleasure, upon th« chivalroua exploits of this A^
«2aiKl«r of th«]*}orth.
«3

56g MEMOI& OF

As I promised in my orders, that the sohlieni
should have all tlie plunder taken in the British
camp, I pray you to inform me of the value of the
cannon and other artillery stores.

I lost my horse in the action, and was glad to
come off so well. Our loss is inconsiderable, about
SO killed and 40 wounded.
Very respectfully,

yours in the common cause,

JOHN STARK.
Hon. Maj. Gen. Gates.

N. B. In this action, I think we have returned the
enemy a proper compliment , for their Hubbards-
town affair, and their cutting off St. Clair's rear
guard.

iten. Washington to Gen. Stark, appointing him to
the command of the Northern Department.

Head- Quarter Sy J^Tew- Windsor, June 25, 178L
Dear Sir,

Upon finding it necessary for the operations of
the campaign, to recall the continental troops from
the northward, I have ordered 600 militia from the
counties of Berkshire and Hamj)shire to that quai>
tcr, in addition to the militia and State troops of
New York ; and I have now to request that you
^ill take the general command of all the troops in
that department as soon as conveniently may be.
I am induced to appoint you to this command from
your knowledge and influence among the inhabi.-
fcftnts of that country.

You will be pleased therefore to repair to San>-
toga and establish your Head Quarters at that plac©,
mUining with you 400 of the ti oops from Mastar

GENERAL STARK. 26t

chusetts and sending the other 200, to Colonel Wil-
let who will remain in command upon the Mohawk
river, as his popahirity in that country will enable
him to render essential services there.

In case of an incursion from the enemy- you will
make such dispositions as you shall judge most ad-
vantageous for opposing them and protecting th«
frontier, not withdrawing the troops from the Mo-
hawk river. I rely upon it you will use your ut-
most exertions to draw forth the force of the coun-
try from the Green Mountains and all the contig-
uous territory : and I doubt not your requisitions
will be attended with success, as your personal iiv
fluence must be unlimited amongst those people
at whose head, you have formerly fought and con-
quered with, so much, reputation and glory.

I request you will be very particular in keeping
up proper discipline, and preventing the troops from
committing depredations upon the inhabitants.

Be pleased to let me hear from you from time to
lime, and believe to be dear Sir.
Ypur most obedient

humble servant,

G, WASHINGTON,

GENERAI, STARK TO GOVERNOR CHITTENDEN.

Saratoga, Jtov. 5, 1781.
Sir,

Ordered by his Excellency the Commander in
Chief to assume the command of the northern de-
partment, and to call if necessary, for the aid of tht
Militia of this State and those of Vermont, for pro^
tecting the frontiers of both States, I have obser-
ved with great satisfaction, the alacrity with which

$68 MEMOIR OP

both have taken the field on every requisition.
But accountable as I am to superiors, and inexcu-
sable as I should be if I neglected to advise them of
any circumstances which carry the aspect of iniqui-
ty, I wish to receive the most authentic informa-
tion respecting the sergeant of the Vermont militia
who was slain and his party captured by the Brit-
ish. I expect your excellency will enable me to fur-
nish a minute detail of it to Con^jress by affording
me a perusal of the original letter, which the Brit-
ish commanding officer is said to have written you
flpon the occasion. This will be returned you by a
safe hand and a copy transmitted to Congress.

The report as brought to me is that upon the
party's arrival at Ticonderoga, the British officer
expressed great displeasure that the citizens of Ver-
mont had been disturbed, sent for the corpse of the
deceased sergeant, caused it to he interred with mili-
tary honors, and then dismissed the captured party
with what liquors and provisions they chose to car-
ry and delivered them a letter of apology to your
Excellency. If this be a true account, it indicates a
deep stroke of policy on the part of the enemy, to
raise a suspicion in the minds of all Americans that
the Vermontese are friendly to them, or that they
have really encouragement from some people in
Vermont. That the principal portion of the people
of Vermont are zealously attached to the American
cause no honest man can entertain a doubt, but that
like every other State, it contains its proportion of
lurking traitors, is a reasonable supposition, and if
these by their machinations have brought upon the
people injurious suspicions, there is no doubt but
the latter will severely punish the miscreants as soon
as their misdeeds are fully developed.

No exertion on my part shall be wanted to eradir
cate every suspicion injurious to the people of Ver-f
jnont. Your compliance with my recjuest will prob?

GENERAL STARK. 265

ably afford me one of the means ; and I pray most
earnestly your acquiescence, that I may detail the
whole business in its true light.

I congratulate you with the most lieartfelt satis-
faction on the glorious event which has placed an-
other British army in our power, whicli was an-
nounced on the 3d inst'by a discharge of fourteen
camion and yesterday, by that of a like number of
platoons in honor of the United States of Amer-
ica.

I am Sir,

respectfully,

vour humble servant,

JOHN STARK.

THE ANSWER.

Arlington, JVov, l4th, 1781.
Dear General,

Your kind favor of the 5th inst. was received on
the 10th, but through the extreme hurry of busi-
ness and for a want of a proper conveyance, I have
neglected the answer till now.

The particular account you have requested me to
send you in regard to the slain sergeant, of the Ver-
mont militia and tlie return of the party with hiia,
who were discharged by the British officer com-
manding. I have thought it my duty to transmit to
his Excellency General Washington, toi^ether with
every other public movement in this vicinity, that
in any manner relates to the welfare of the Indej)eii-
dent States of America.. This I doubt not will be
satisfactory.

I take this opportunity to return my thanks for
the honor done this State, by your directing the di«-
«jh|u*ge of the 14th cannon, on vour late public day
2^3*

^0 MEMOIR or

of rejoicing, occasioned by the capture of Lord
Cornvvallis and his army.

A like day will probably be observed in thi« StnU
on the same occasion.

I am, dear General,

your most obedient
humble servant.

THOS. CHITTENDEN.
Brig. GEfc. Stark.

LETTER PROM M.VJ. GEW. LORD STERLING.
HEAD QUARTERS.

Albany, J\'*ov. 6, 1781.
Dear Sir,

Since my leaving Saratoga, I have received a
letter from Col. Willet giving a particular account
of his action near Johnstown and his subsequenl
pursuit. The enemy were very precipitate in their
retreat leaving behind them their packs, blankets,
&c. which were found strewn through the woods.
He p'.irsued them eight miles beyond Canada Creek.
Before his arrivai there he fell in with about 40
who had been left in tlie rear to procure provis-
ions, and instantly dispersed them. At the creek ho
<;ame up with their rear, when an action commeik-
ced in which Major Walter Butler fell with a num-
ber of others. I^'inding his own provisions short
and but little probability of coming up with their
main body, he wisely gave over the pursuit, leav*
ing them in a situation promii?ing little less than
certain death. Cold and the excruciatig pains of
hunger Vv^ill in my opinion produce a death moro
becoming such a plundering gang of murderers than
the bayonet or ball ; and as they must hav© bten at

GENERAL BTARK. Sll

his quitting them, at least eight days march from
any place where they could procure provisions, the
purpose of an entire defeat must be very well ans-
wered. Enclosed is an order which I liave received
from Gen. Heath. The returns I wish may be for-
warded as soon as possible.
I am, dear Sir,

your most obedient

and very humble servant,

STERLING.

Maj. General.
Baia. GiRN. Stark.

90IIRESP0KDENCE BETWEEN PRESIDENT MADI80K AHO
GENERAL STARK.

Washington, December 26, 1809.
Si a,

A very particular friend of yours who has been
jauch recommended to my esteem lias lately men-
tioned you to me in a manner, of which I avail my-
self to oiflfer this expression of the sense I have al-
ways «*ntertained of your character, and of the part
you bore, as a hero, and a patriot, in establishing
the independence of our country.

1 cannot better render this tribute, than by con-
gratulating you on the happiness you cannot fail to
derive from the motives which made you a Cham-
pion in so glorious a cai^se; from the gratitude
shewn by your fellow citizens for your distinguish-
ed eervices, and especially from the opportunity
which a protracted life has given you, of witnessing
the triumph of Republican Institutions, so dear to
yo«, ia the unrivalled prosperity flowing from

2T2 ^ MEMOIR OF

them, during a trial of more than a fourth of a cen-
tury.

May your life still be continued as long as it can
be a blessing, and may the example it will bequeathe
DiL'ver be lost on those who live after vou.

JAMES MADISON.

Gen. John Stark.

ANSWER.

Derryfield, January 2\, 1810.
Sir,

I had the pleasure yesterday of receiving an ad-
dress ffom the First Magistrate of the only Repub-
lic on eartli. Ti)is letter compliments me highly
upon my services as a soldier, and praises my pat-
riotism. It is true I !ove the country of my birth;
for it is not only the land which I would choose be-
fore all others; but it is the only spot where I could
wear out the remnant of my days with any satisfac-
tion.

Twice has my country been envaded by foreign
enemies and twice I went out with her citizens to ob-
tain a pc.ice; when that object was attained, I re*
turned to my farm, and my original occupation. I
have ever valued peace so highly that I would not
sacrifice it fo? any thing bat freedom; yet submiss-
ion to insult I never thought the way to obtain, or
support either.

I was pleased with your dismissal of the man sent
by England to insult us, because she will ascertain
by the experiment, that we are the same nation that
we were m '73, grown stronger by age, and having
gained wisdom by experience.

If the enmity of tlie British is to be feared, thdr
alliance is still more dangerous. I have fought by
their side, and against them, and have found them
to be treacherous and ungenerous as frisnds, and

G-ENERIL STARK, 17S

dishonorable as enemies. I have also tried tho
French first as enemies, and since as friends, and al-
though all the strong prejudices of my youth were
against them, still I have formed a more favourable
opinion of them, than of the English. Let uf
watch even them. But of all the dangers from which
I apprehend the most serious evil to my country and
our Republican Institutions, none requires a mor©
watchful eye than our internal British Faction.

If the communication of the result of my expe-
rience can be of my service in the approaching
storm, or if any benefit can be derived from any ex-
ample of mine— -my strongest wish will be gratified.

The few days or weeks of the remainder of my
life will be in friendship with James Madison.

JOHN STARK.

To James Madison, President of the Uiiitc,d Siat^ii^

I>R. BENTLEY'S LETTERS TO (JEN. STARK-

The following letters were written by the late Dr.
Bentley, whose philanthrophy and patriotism are
well known. He sometimes visited Gen. Stark,
and kept up a friendly intercourse with him, until
his own death. He informed the General that he
should deliver a funeral oration at liis demise,
when ever it should take place ; and actually pre-
pared his notes for the purpose. But it was so or-
dered, that his own summons to the great tribunal
came first ; while his venerable friend was suffered
to drag out the weary age of ninety four years ;
and survive all the A^nerican Generals of the Revo*
lutionary army. Tiius in the last instance, making
good the old myxim which had been applied to him.
— ^'i}rst in the field, and last out of it."

274 MEMOIR OF

Inters from the late Dr. William Bentley* of Salem,

Salem, Dec. 1, 1810.
My Good General,

My packets of papers will prove that I have not
forgotten you. One friend after another, has prom-
ised to convey them to you from Salem, without
going the circuitous rout, by your worthy son at
Boston. But after repeated disappointments, I re-
turn to mj^ old route. Your southern friends all
enquire after, and still delight to honor you.

Believe me that I never am more happy than in
every expression of my ve^neration of Gen. Stark;
and in every opportunity of evincing my readiness
.to «erve him.

With the highest respect,

your devoted servant,

WILLIAM BENTLEY.
Gen. Johw Staek.

Salem, May 3\, 1811.
My Father,

I long to pay another visit to Manchester. All your
friends enquire for you. An officer told me lately,
that on a public occasion, he drank as a toast, "Gen.
Stark ;" and a British officer present, remarked
" that is the Hero who took me." We have a deep
interest in your welfare. If any thing in my pow-.
er, can give you pleasure, command
With dutv and affection,

' WILLIAM BENTLEY.
To Gen. John Stark,

Manchester, N. H.

P. S. I send you papers by every opportunity,
I would send them daily, if I couM. Please ask
you. son when he sees my friend Stickney, to beg
^f him a few specimens of such fossils, stands, mipr.

GENEEAL STARK. 215

erais, earths &c. as are within his reach, and much
oblige one who will reward him to his full satisfac-
tion. W. B.

Salem Mass, Augmi 13, 1811.
My Worthy General,

I have enclosed for you eight packets of newspa-
pers &c. which I had no opportunity of forwarding
from Salem, and now send by your son at Boston.

I am obliged to inform you, that your old friend
■Captain Addison Richardson left us last Wednesday,
as firm as at the first.

The great and the ^ood enquire after and remem-
ber you.

with all my heart,

and with the highest respect,
your obedient friend.

WILLIAxM BENTLEY.

Hon. Geht. Stark.
Mt Good General

Salem^ December 2, 1811.

The communication between Salem, and Man-
chester, is so indirect, that I have few opportuni-
ties of sending to you, save by the circuitous route,
of Boston. If you would charge your neighbours
who visit Salem to call on me, 1 should have the
pleasure oftener, of discovering that I remember
you. I sent five packets by your son who has late-
ly honored me with a visit.

With the papers, I sent you a book, which has in
it this value, it treats our Indian affairs which threa-
ten serious trouble.

Believe me to be most rich, when I imagine I can
afibrd a momentary pleasure to the man to whom
my country owes its salvation.

In all duty,
WILLIAM BENTLEY.
Cspf JoHH Stark, Manchester.

Tnc engraving at the head of this volume is from
an original likeness of the General, taken by Mist
Ciowninshield, neice of Dr. Bentley. Th« veteran
WsMi tUen 82 years of age.

•
^

J i

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