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"LI  B  RAFLY 

OF   THE 

UN  IVERSITY 
OF    ILLINOIS 

630.7 

U6b 

Tio.676-700 


AGRICULTURE 


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UNIVERSITY    OF    ILLINOIS    LIBRARY    AT    URBANA-CHAMPAIGN 


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Remodeling  the 

BUNGALOW  FARMHOUSE 


BEFORE 


FE8  £  6  1§§3 
LIBRARY 


AFTER 


Remodeling 

The  Bungalow 

Farmhouse 


Prepared  by  K.  H.  Hinchcliff,  E.  L.  Hansen,  and  D.  G.  Jedele 


NORTH  CENTRAL  REGIONAL  PUBLICATION  1 37;  ILLINOIS  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT 
STATION  BULLETIN  690;  Agricultural  Experiment  Stations  of  Alaska,  Illinois,  Indiana, 
Iowa,  Kansas,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Missouri,  Nebraska,  North  Dakota,  Ohio,  South 
Dakota,  and  Wisconsin,  and  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  cooperating. 
AIASKA  1  February,  1963 

©  1963  by  the  Beard  of  Trustees  of  the  University  of  Illinois 


I  HE  MOST  COMMON  TYPES  OF  FARMHOUSES  IN  THE  MIDWEST 

are  the  T-shaped,  the  square,  and  the  bungalow.    Many  of  these  are  in  need  of  remodeling  to 
improve  their  function  and  appearance.    This  bulletin  presents  remodeling  possibilities  for  the 

bungalow.  A  similar  publication  featuring  the 
model-T  is  also  available  (North  Central  Regional 
Publication  96;  Illinois  Bulletin  644). 

The  recommendations  and  suggestions  in  this 
publication  were  developed  through  cooperative 
work  of  the  agricultural  experiment  stations  of  the 
North  Central  states. 

The  preparation  of  this  bulletin  was  a  contribu- 
tion from  the  Illinois  Agricultural  Experiment  Sta- 
tion to  the  cooperative  regional  project  NC-9  of  the 
North  Central  region  and  was  supported  by  funds 
provided  under  the  Research  and  Marketing  Act. 
The  publication  was  prepared  by  K.  H.  Hinchcliff, 

E.  L.  Hansen,  and  D.  G.  Jedele  of  the  Illinois  Station,  working  in  cooperation  with  the  re- 
gional Farmhouse  Technical  Committee.    The  committee  included  the  following  persons: 


MODEL  T 


SQUARE 


Alaska:   C.  Ivan  Branton 
Illinois:    K.  H.  Hinchcliff* 

Helen  E.  McCullough 
Indiana:    Kathleen  Johnston 
Iowa:    Margaret  Listen 
Kansas:    Tessie  Agan 
Michigan:    Merle  L.  Esmay 
Minnesota:    C.  N.  Christopherson 

U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture:  Avis  M.  Woolrich,  Lenore  S.  Thye,  Clothing 
and  Housing  Research  Division,  Agricultural  Research  Service;  Georgian 
Adams,  Cooperative  State  Experiment  Service 


Missouri:   Milton  D.  Shanklin 
Nebraska:    Florence  McKinney 
North  Dakota:    G.  L.  Pratt 
Ohio:    Elaine  K.  Weaver* 

Doris  Elliot 

South  Dakota:    H.  H.  Delong 
Administrative  adviser:    A.  G.  Hazen 


*  Deceased. 


R 


EMODELING  PRESENTS  BOTH  OPPORTUNITIES  AND  PROBLEMS 


Successful  remodeling  of  a  home  often 
calls  for  more  ingenuity  than  building  a  new 
house,  since  what  you  can  do  is  always  more 
or  less  restricted  by  the  existing  structure. 
Overcoming  such  difficulties  offers  some  sat- 
isfaction in  itself,  but  the  best  reason  for  re- 
modeling is  to  gain  adequate  housing  for  less 
money  than  would  be  needed  to  build  new. 

The  bungalow  farmhouse  has  both  defi- 
ciencies and  virtues.  The  deficiencies  often 
make  remodeling  desirable,  and  the  virtues 
offer  ways  to  make  it  work. 

Some  typical  deficiencies  include:  front 
entrances  that  are  rarely  used,  kitchen  work 
areas  from  which  there  is  no  view  of  the 
driveway  and  service  yard,  almost  no  built-in 
storage,  no  bathroom  or  wash-up  facilities 
for  men  coming  in  from  work,  usually  no 


farm-business  area  convenient  for  regular 
use,  no  place  for  the  family  to  relax  in  their 
everyday  clothes,  and  no  car  shelter. 

Many  of  these  houses,  on  the  other  hand, 
have  the  virtues  of  simple  architecture,  sound 
structure,  and  large  rooms  that  respond  well 
to  reshaping. 

The  first  part  of  this  publication  describes 
many  of  the  considerations  you  need  to  look 
into  before  you  make  your  decision  about 
remodeling.  In  the  last  part  a  representative 
farmhouse  with  two  orientations  is  shown. 
After  you  have  decided  which  orientation 
comes  closer  to  your  own  situation,  you  can 
study  the  accompanying  transparent  overlays, 
which  give  suggestions  as  to  how  such  a  house 
might  be  remodeled. 


THIN 


GS  TO  CONSIDER  BEFORE  MAKING  YOUR  DECISION 


Many  farm  homes  are  definitely  not  worth 
the  cost  of  remodeling,  others  are  borderline 
cases,  and  some  are  in  such  good  shape  struc- 
turally that  to  abandon  them  and  build  a  new 
house  would  mean  a  real  economic  loss.  The 
problem  is  to  evaluate  clearly  the  pros  and 
cons  for  a  particular  situation. 

Location,  structural  condition,  and  size 
and  shape  of  the  enclosed  space  are  some 
basic  points  to  examine. 

Location 

If  the  farmhouse  is  located  within  40  feet 
of  a  public  road,  as  many  houses  are,  it  is 
usually  a  poor  risk  for  remodeling  —  unless 
it  has  several  extra-good  points  that  will  offset 
the  cost  and  inconvenience  of  moving  it 
farther  from  the  road.  Similarly,  if  a  house 
is  located  where  drainage  is  poor  or  where 
prevailing  winds  bring  livestock  odors,  it 


should  be  moved  to  a  better  location  before  it 
is  remodeled.  Here,  again,  the  investment 
usually  is  not  justified. 

Less  serious  objections  to  the  location  may 
be  cured  without  moving  the  house.  For 
example,  if  the  driveway  is  on  the  wrong  side 


BARNYARD    AREA    ON 
LEEWARD    SIDE 


LOCATION 

WELL  BACK   FROM 
PUBLIC    ROAD 


A  house  should  have  a  good  location  to  justify 
remodeling. 


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of  the  house  to  be  protected  from  winter 
exposure,  you  can  usually  move  it  easier  than 
you  can  move  the  house. 

Structure 

The  structural  condition  of  your  house  is 
often  difficult  to  appraise,  particularly  if  it 
is  borderline.  One  part  of  the  house  may  be 
in  reasonably  good  condition  while  another 
part  has  deteriorated. 

In  making  an  evaluation,  it  is  important  to 
give  most  weight  to  the  more  serious  consid- 
erations. The  most  noticeable  defects  fre- 
quently are  not  the  most  decisive.  The  condi- 
tion of  siding  and  roofing,  for  example,  is  not 
as  critical  in  the  decision  as  the  condition  of 
the  foundation  and  framing.  Your  decision 
may  be  influenced  by  the  difficulty  of  getting 
to  the  place  where  repairs  need  to  be  made. 

Foundations.  Remodeling  is  often  a 
poor  risk  if  foundations  have  settled  out  of 
alignment,  open  cracks  have  developed,  ma- 
sonry surfaces  are  chipped  or  broken,  or 
mortar  is  crumbly.  Even  sound  foundations 
may  be  troublesome  if  they  project  only  a  few 
inches  above  grade;  the  situation  encourages 
problems  of  decay  and  termites  that  are  not 


easily  corrected.  Porous  walls  admit  much 
cold  air,  thus  making  the  house  uncomfortable 
and  difficult  to  heat. 

If  both  the  location  and  foundation  are 
poor,  but  the  framework  is  unusually  good, 
you  might  consider  moving  the  house  to  a 
better  location.  The  foundation  can  then  be 
built  without  the  interference  of  the  super- 
structure. Otherwise,  be  sure  to  include  any 
needed  foundation,  pier,  sill,  and  sash  work 
in  your  remodeling  plans. 

Framing.  While  some  serious  framing 
defects  are  obvious,  others  can  be  determined 
only  after  close  inspection.  Some  defects  are 
less  serious  than  others  because  they  are  easier 
to  correct. 

A  sagging  roof  or  off-plumb  or  bulging 
walls  usually  mean  that  remodeling  is  not 
justified.  A  floor  that  shakes  noticeably 
when  you  walk  across  it,  however,  can  often 
be  strengthened  without  too  much  difficulty. 
The  shaking  indicates  that  the  joists  are  too 
small  or  too  widely  spaced  or  have  deteri- 
orated. Extra  joists  or  an  intermediate  sup- 
porting girder  will  correct  the  situation. 
Poorly  braced  walls,  which  creak  and  strain 
with  gusts  of  wind,  are  more  difficult  to  im- 
prove, because  wall  surfaces  have  to  be  re- 
moved before  bracing  can  be  added  to  the  wall 
or  structurally  strong  wall  sheathing  can  be 
applied  to  studs. 

If  the  framing  is  heavily  infested  with 
termites,  carpenter  ants,  or  lyctus  powder 
post  beetles,  remodeling  is  seldom  justified. 


EXTRA  JOI 


-SUPPORTING   BEAM 


A  beam  or  extra  joists  can 
strengthen  weak  floors. 


If  the  infestation  is  limited  to  a  spot  that  you 
can  get  to  easily,  such  as  a  porch-stairs 
stringer,  replacing  the  infested  parts  with 
termite-resistant  material  may  control  it. 
Sometimes  adding  ventilation  for  crawl  spaces 
and  putting  metal  termite  shields  between 
masonry  and  wood  parts  will  give  enough  pro- 
tection. You  may  need  the  help  of  a  compe- 
tent inspector  to  determine  how  extensive  an 
infestation  is.  A  good  source  of  information 
on  this  problem  is  the  Forest  Products  Labo- 
ratory, Madison,  Wisconsin. 

Stairways  that  are  too  steep,  lack  head- 
room, or  have  irregularly  shaped  steps  usu- 
ally justify  remodeling  for  improved  safety 
and  convenience.  If  you  decide  to  remodel  a 
stairway,  consider  whether  you  want  to  lo- 
cate it  in  a  different  place  to  improve  the 
traffic  through  the  house. 

If  at  all  practicable,  you  will  want  to 
remove  any  unused  chimneys,  particularly 
those  that  are  supported  by  brackets  on  wall 
frames.  Such  work,  however,  is  not  usually 
a  major  problem  and  will  probably  not  greatly 


influence  your  decision  as  to  whether  to  re- 
model or  not.  Often  a  new,  safe  chimney 
will  be  needed  for  a  central  heating  plant. 

You  may  want  to  replace  your  windows  if 
they  are  loose,  poorly  located,  or  disquietingly 
out  of  style.  Replacing  windows  is  often 
more  expensive  than  installing  them  in  a  new 
house  because  modern  windows  are  usually 
a  different  size  than  the  old  ones,  and  wall 
framing  has  to  be  altered. 

Kitchen  windows  are  most  likely  to  require 
changing  because  the  old-style  ones  usually 
extend  too  low  for  base  cabinets  to  be  built 
under  them.  This  is  one  reason  why,  if  you 
are  adding  a  room,  it  may  be  better  to  make 
it  a  kitchen  rather  than  a  bedroom.  Long 
windows  are  not  objectionable  in  bedrooms, 
but  high  "strip"  windows  make  it  easier  to 
arrange  the  furniture.  At  the  same  time  they 
improve  the  outside  appearance  of  the  house 
by  emphasizing  horizontal  lines. 

You  may  want  to  replace  the  windows  in 
your  living  room.  Large  glass  areas  for  liv- 
ing rooms  have  been  growing  in  popularity. 


Replacing  old  •windows  with  modern 
ones  can  result  in  better  light  and  ap- 
pearance. 


Consider  the  possibility  of  changing 
the  stairway  location  to  improve  traffic. 


These  are  usually  best  when  installed  as  a 
bank  of  windows,  preferably  toward  a  pleasant 
view,  and  located  on  the  south  or  east  side  of 
the  house  to  admit  light  and  heat  from  the 
sun  in  the  winter.  Canopies  or  overhangs, 
three  to  four  feet  wide,  can  shade  these  rooms 
from  too  much  summer  sun.  The  long  shades 
also  improve  the  appearance  of  the  house  by 
emphasizing  horizontal  lines.  Sometimes  the 
long  shades  should  extend  around  corners  to 
break  up  dominating  vertical  lines  that  make 
the  house  look  higher  than  it  is.  In  this  pub- 
lication, canopies  and  wide  overhangs  have 
been  used  extensively  for  shading  and  for 
appearance. 

Space 

Remodeling  includes  changing  the  shape  of 
the  living  space  as  well  as  the  structural  parts. 
The  space  in  many  bungalow  farmhouses  is 
not  well  organized.  Many  rooms,  however, 
remodel  well  because  they  are  large  enough  to 
give  up  some  space  for  closets,  halls,  and  even 
bathrooms  without  reducing  their  area  below 
today's  standards. 

Two  small  rooms  can  often  be  combined 
into  one  larger  one.  If  the  partition  sepa- 
rating the  two  rooms  is  not  load-bearing,  it 
can  usually  be  removed  without  difficulty. 
But  even  a  bearing  wall  should  be  removed 
if  the  improvement  in  space  will  justify  the 
cost  of  installing  a  beam  to  replace  it.  Com- 


bining two  rooms  in  this  way  gives  an  "open" 
effect  suitable  for  living-dining  areas,  for 
kitchen-work  room  areas,  and  sometimes  for 
family  living  and  farm  business  centers.  If 
the  enlarged  areas  need  to  be  separated  occa- 
sionally, a  modern  folding  partition  can  be 
used  to  advantage. 

Does  the  house  justify  remodeling? 

Seeing  a  summary  of  the  pros  and  cons  of 
remodeling  your  home  can  help  you  make  a 
clearer  decision.  It  will  also  help  to  prevent 
any  one  aspect  from  assuming  more  than  its 
share  of  influence.  The  checklist  on  page  7 
will  help  you  make  an  objective  decision. 

Circle  the  rating  you  think  each  of  the 
items  should  receive.  The  answers  will  make 
a  pattern  suggesting  whether  remodeling  is 
justified. 

You  may  want  to  add  other  considerations. 
The  more  points  you  list  and  the  more  care- 
fully you  consider  them,  the  more  confidence 
you  can  have  in  your  decision.  Be  sure,  how- 
ever, that  the  points  you  list  are  reasonably 
important.  Evaluating  trivial  items  will  throw 
your  list  out  of  balance. 

Even  though  the  checklist  indicates  that 
conditions  are  favorable  for  remodeling,  you 
may  want  to  talk  with  a  contractor  or  similar 
person  to  see  whether  you  can  do  what  you 
want  to  do.  Of  course,  you  also  need  to  de- 
cide if  the  expense  of  remodeling  is  justified. 


More  storage  space  (dark  areas),  dis- 
tributed throughout  the  house,  is  a 
common  need. 


A  Checklist  for  Your  House 


Distance  from  public  road  (rate  poor  if  close  enough  for 
annoyance  from  dust  and  noise;  rate  good  if  more  than 
85  feet  away) poor  fair  good 

Barnlot  odors  (of  primary  concern  on  livestock  farms 
where  hogs  are  fed  in  the  lot;  house  should  be  out  of 
the  path  of  prevailing  winds  from  such  lots) poor  fair  good 

Driveway  (a  location  on  the  side  of  house  which  is  pro- 
tected from  winter  exposure  would  rate  highest) poor  fair  good 

Alignment  (rate  good  if  all  foundations  are  straight  and 

true) poor  fair  good 

Condition  (masonry  units  should  be  sound  and  mortar 
FOUNDATION  firm;  concrete  not  deteriorated) poor  fair  good 

Height  above  grade  (8  inches  on  the  outside  from  soil  to 
wood  framing  and  18  inches  inside  are  desirable  to 
avoid  wood  damage) poor  fair  good 

Roof  (rate  poor  if  roof  frame  shows  a  sagging  ridge  or 

bowed  surfaces) poor  fair  good 

Walls  (good  or  even  fair  walls  should  appear  straight  and 
true  and  should  not  be  noticeably  affected  by  light 
winds) poor  fair  good 

Floors  (rate  poor  if  shaky  or  uneven,  since  joists  are  likely 

to  be  undersized  and  weakened  by  decay  or  termites) . .  poor  fair  good 

Windows  and  frames  (loose  sash  and  window  sash  joints 
are  seldom  worth  repairing,  especially  if  there  is  exten- 
sive decay) poor  fair  good 

Stairways  (rate  poor  if  stairs  are  steep,  have  risers  of  ir- 
regular size,  or  have  pie-shaped  treads) poor  fair  good 

Room  sizes  (should  be  large  enough  to  allow  reduction  for 

SPACE  desired  halls  and  added  storage) poor    fair    good 

us_            Space  location  (rate  unneeded  space  low,  especially  if  it  is 
ccia    mec                  remote,  as  on  an  upper  floor;  rate  well  space  that  can 
be  substantially  improved  by  removing  non-load  bear- 
ing partitions) poor    fair    good 

Architectural  lines  (consider  how  attractiveness  of  house 
APPEARANCE  after  remodeling  would  compare  with  that  of  a  new 

house) poor    fair    good 


H 


OW  MUCH  SHOULD  YOU  INVEST  IN  REMODELING? 


No  specific  figure  can  be  set  as  the  upper 
limit  for  remodeling  costs.  Some  recom- 
mend that  remodeling  investment  should  be 
no  more  than  half  the  cost  of  an  equivalent 
new  home.  However,  it  may  sometimes  be 
desirable  to  go  above  this  amount.  There  may 
be  a  sentimental  attachment  to  the  family 
home,  for  example.  Or  perhaps  a  new  home 
cannot  be  financed,  and  remodeling  is  the  only 
home-improvement  course  open. 

An  advantage  favoring  remodeling  is  that 
you  can  often  distribute  the  work  and  expense 
over  an  extended  period  —  you  might  im- 
prove the  kitchen  this  year,  the  bathroom 


next,  and  the  bedrooms  or  living  area  later. 
Irregular  farm  income  sometimes  forces  such 
installment  steps.  But  if  you  do  the  work 
over  an  extended  period,  it  is  extremely  im- 
portant to  have  an  over-all  plan  so  that  an 
improvement  made  later  will  not  conflict  with 
what  you  do  now. 

Exposed  items  such  as  new  roofing  or  sid- 
ing will  not  cost  much  more  for  remodeling 
than  for  a  new  house.  Adding  central  heat- 
ing, rough-in  plumbing,  and  vapor-protected 
insulation,  however,  can  be  expected  to  cost 
more  because  of  obstructions  imposed  by  the 
house  structure. 


u 


SING  THE  REMODELING  SUGGESTIONS  THAT  FOLLOW 


On  the  following  pages,  a  typical  bunga- 
low arrangement  is  shown,  along  with  several 
suggestions  for  remodeling.  These  sugges- 
tions are  on  transparent  paper  so  that  you 
can  compare  the  suggested  changes  with  the 
original  arrangement. 

Since  driveways  occur  about  as  frequently 
on  one  side  of  the  house  as  on  the  other,  a 
reversed  arrangement  is  shown. 

Some  bungalows  have  lower  porch  roofs 
than  the  one  for  which  these  remodeling  plans 
are  given.  In  such  cases  the  porch  roof  should 
be  removed  and  the  house  roof  extended. 

The  following  common  improvements  are 
featured  throughout  the  remodeling  arrange- 
ments. 

Front  entrance  is  made  more  accessible 
from  the  driveway  and,  where  possible,  is 
located  between  the  living  and  work  areas  of 
the  house. 

Kitchen  or  work  area  is  placed  where  it 


permits  a  clear  view  of  the  driveway  and  the 
farm  service  area. 

Kitchen  is  arranged  so  that  its  work 
space  is  not  crossed  by  traffic. 

Storage  is  added  throughout  the  house, 
including  wraps  closets  near  front  and  back 
doors. 

Farm  business  center,  or  at  least  desk 
space,  is  located  near  the  rear  or  "business" 
entrance. 

Access  to  bathrooms  is  possible  without 
going  through  bedrooms  or  living  areas. 

Bathroom  windows  are  suggested  where 
the  room  is  on  an  outside  wall,  unless  they 
would  have  to  be  over  the  bathtub.  While 
high  fixed  windows  can  be  successfully  used 
in  such  a  situation,  using  artificial  light  and 
ventilation  is  a  recommended  alternative. 
Modern  ventilating  and  lighting  equipment 
has  made  bathrooms  without  windows  in- 
creasingly acceptable. 


Family  living  areas  are  combined  with       yard  from  the  kitchen.    They  face  the  drive- 
work   areas   in   most   arrangements   and   are       way  rather  than  the  road, 
located  so  they  are  accessible  to  the  back  door.  Roofs   for   additions   are   predominantly 

Garages  and  carports  are  placed  where       low  pitch  or  flat  to  avoid  complicated  inter- 
they  will  not  obstruct  the  view  of  the  service       sections  with  existing  roofs  and  to  make  the 

house  appear  less  tall. 


The  primary  aim  of  this  guidebook  is  to  help  you  visualize  some  of  the 
remodeling  possibilities  for  your  farm  home.  You  may  be  able  to  proceed 
directly  from  the  plan  layouts  shown  here,  but  it  is  likely  that  some  adjust- 
ments will  be  necessary  to  satisfy  personal  needs  and  desires.  If  extensive 
adjustments  are  needed,  special  plans,  details,  and  specifications  are  recom- 
mended, particularly  if  the  work  is  to  be  done  by  contract.  For  such  modifi- 
cations and  details,  it  is  advisable  to  get  as  competent  professional  help  as  you 
can.  Your  county  Extension  agents  may  be  able  to  direct  you  to  professional 
counsel  experienced  in  farm  home  planning.  A  good  source  of  details  is 
"Home  Improvement  Plans,"  available  from  your  Extension  Service  or  from 
Midwest  Plan  Service,  Iowa  State  University,  Ames,  Iowa. 


METAL  FRAMING   ANCHORS 


FRONT    ENTRANCE    CONSTRUCTION 


CONCEALED   BEAMS 


JOISTS 


OOD   BEAM 


WOOD   BEAM 


ATTACHED   OVER    WINDOW 


PROJECTED    ROOF  CONST. 


CONSTRUCTION  DETAILS  FOR  REMODELING 


10 


USE  5/8"  EXTERIOR  SHADE    PLYWOOD  GUSSET    PLATES 
ON  EACH  SDE    OF  THE  BUTT    JOINTS.     SLUE    WITH 
CASEIN   OR   RESORCINOL   RESIN   SLUE.      USE    7d    NAILS 
TO   PROVIDE    PRESSURE    AS    THE    GLUE    SETS. 


EXTEND  RAFTER  ON 

OVERHANG  AS   NEEDED; 


B 

4,                                B                                Jr 

B                        , 

'                          S     P   4   N                       T 

GLUED  AND   NAILED  TRUSS 


DIMENSIONS   FOR   JIG  LAYOUT,   GLUED   AND    NAILED 

TRUSS 

LENGTH   OF   DIMENSION    LINES   HARKED: 

SPAN  ABC 

(FEET)     (FEET-INCHES)  (FEET-INCHES)  (FEET-INCHES) 
30  2-7  6-8  6-4 

24  3-0  8-0  7-4 

28  3-6  9-4  8-8 

•32  4-0  10-8  IO-4 


LUMBER    SIZE   AND  LENGTH   FROM  WHICH  MEMBERS    ARE 
CUT   FOR   GLUED  AND  NAILED   TRUSS 

SIZE   AND  LENGTH  OF  PIECES   NUMBERED: 

SPAN  1234 

(FEET)  (INCHES-FEET)  (INCHES- FEET)  (INCHES-FEET)  (INCHES-FEET) 

20  2x4          12          2x4          10         2x4        8          2x4  14 

24  2x4          12         2»4         12         2x4        8  2x4  16 

28  2x4          14          2x4         14         2x4        10          2x4  IB 

32  2x6          16          2x6          16         2x4       10          2>6  20 


FELT 


BH'MEN 


GRAVEL  OR    SLAG 


NSULATION 


ROOF   TRUSS 

THE   TRUSS  IS  A  RELATIVELY  NEW  TREND   IN   HOUSE 
ROOF   FRAMING.    IT    SUPPORTS    THE    ROOF    FROM 
WALL  TO   WALL,    PERMITTING    MAXIMUM    FLEXIBILITY 
OF   SPACE    PLANNING    SINCE    INTERIOR    POSTS    Oft 
BEARIN6  WALLS    ARE   NOT  NEEDED;    THE    DESIGN 
LENDS  ITSELF    TO  STANDARDIZATION,    MASS  PRO- 
DUCTION, OR  PREASSEMBLY  AT  THE  BUILDING   SITE. 


ROOF    COVERING 


MOST  FREQUENT  ROOFING    FAILURES  ARE  DUE   TO  USE 
OF    COVERING   THAT   IS  INTENDED   FOR   A  STEEPER 
PITCH.     THE   FOLLOWING   IS   RECOMMENDED   MINIMUM 
PITCHES    FOR    COVERING    MATERIAL    INDICATED. 


MATERIAL 

ADHESIVE  TYPE    SHINGLES 
DOUBLE    COVERAGE 
ROLL    ROOFING 
BUILT-UP    ROOF 


MINIMUM    PITCH 
3"    TO    12" 

i°   TO  IE" 

l/g"  TO   12" 


2* TONGUE  8   GROOVE  PLANK 
SHEET   INSULATION 


A  SMPLE  JIG,   FORMED   BY  NAILING    GUIDE 

BLOCKS    TO  A  LEVEL  SURFACE,   CAN   OFFER 

A  FAST,   UNIFORM    METHOD  OF   TRUSS   ASSEMBLY. 


POST  AND  BEAM  FRAMING 

THIS  METHOD  IS  MORE  COMMONLY   USED  FOR 
FLAT  OR  LOW-PITCHED  ROOFS   THAN   FOR  THE 
STEEPER   SLOPES.    THE   SYSTEM  IS  AN  ADAPTA- 
TION  OF  OLD-TIME    TIMBER  FRAMING,    USED 
INCREASINGLY   IN  MODERN  DESIGN  TO   DO  AWAY 
WITH  CONTINUOUS    LOAD- BEARING  WALLS  AND 
TO   GAIN  UMQUE    EFFECTS. 


CONSTRUCTION  DETAILS  FOR  REMODELING 


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