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THE
REPERTORY
OF
PATENT INVENTIONS
AKDOTVBB
DISCOVERIES AND IMPROVEMENTS
IN
ARTS, Manufactures,
AND
AGRICULTURE,
SBiir* A covTiiruATJOH, ox AX EMiAsazD nAV> or trx
Itqimoit of ;9ctgt otti) ipaimfiKtttctfl;,
A WpKK OBISnTAUT VICDXETABBH IN TBS TSAIt 1794, AND flTILI. CAENIBO ON* WTTB A
: ' Tt^^ TO C0U<BCT,' ftB(H^RD« AHO BEING INTO PDBLIO NOTtCBf ^
THE^ySEFUL INVENTIONS? QF ALL NATIONS.
VOLUME I.
LONDON!
PU9LX8RED POE TBS PmOPEIETOES, BT T« AlTD O. VKDIEWOOD9
'32, FLEET-8TEXET.
1826.
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C Baldwin, Prluttr,
Nt. Bridge Street, London.
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CONTENTS
THE rillST VOhVUE.
Specifications of Patents.
FǤe
Mr FaltM^i^ for an* astMoomieal Uutruiiieiit w wtUh^ by
wlii(^ t}i9 tim« of lb« day^ tlu» pro^^roM of the otltstkl bodiM,
Hf w^n US cftrriag««A &p? mny q<9 correctly as«?ruii)«d ^ I
Mi, Pontlfex'fi liMT modoi of a^jusang or oqnaliBuig tho proa-
iivre .of fliuds. in pip«a ; . ond al90of meftauriog the same , It
Mts Tott'oi for w appamtiM'to tii^ applied to a wiadiaaa .. . . , 8S
Mr* Oonion'a^ fw ImproiraineBtB in Ae eonotraetioii of eai^
riag9|tobtpffOpeUoihyinoeiuHiifal«oa«ia SB
Mr. DiokiiiBon'Si tor on improvement in additiaB to the flhoe«
ingoratopiogottdtfeitmentof faoraea'fet^ , 35
Mr. Suvroy% lor a method of applying heat for produefng
steaob 4(0 .*.., • • 73
Mr. Gordon'sj for improvements In wheded carriages V^
Mr. Stanley^ for machinery for a more effioacious mode of
supidyipg fiimooos vith fuel 84
Mr. Diekinson'o^ for an improYement in the muiiifticture and
cons|ruoti<m of m^ casks or barrels 88
Mr. llot^% for an improved fid for the upper masts of ships
and (Hhor voMds .^ 91
' Mr. Speneer'sy for improvements in the ccmstruetion of fiir-
nacer or forges for the proparation of iron or steel 137
Mr. Perkins's^ for improvements in the mode of heatinjp^ boilings
or evoporfttkigy by steam^ of fluids in paas^ he. 140
Mr* Jeffrey's, for an improve^ fluo or <^mney> for Aumaees
and odier purposes. ...,....., « .,, ,..m 142
Mr. Mostermaa'Sf for an apparatus for bottling wine, bear,
andQtberUqH»ds.«.,,f.«*,«, «,* •*.«•••.«».,..•• .•,..150
Mr. Hopper's, for improvements in silk hats ^ •..>..... > 917
Mr^ Porkim's, for impravomonts in stoam-onglaeo. 990
Mr. Gordon's, for Improvements in harness MO
M»» QOBset^i, for improvements in looms or machine^ for
^soaviBg .•,o..»t.«. ;•.....««.; Mr
a8
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It contents.
Mr. Gordon's, for improvements in portable gas lamps ...... 997
Mr. Masterman's, for a method of corking bottles 308
Mr. Brpadmeadow's^ for exhausting, condensing, or propelling
gas, or other aeriform products •'....; 805
Mr. Lambert's, for improvements in the material and manu<-
facture of paper 309
Messrs. Gillman and Sowerby's,' for improvements in genera-
ting steam, and on engines to be worked by steam or other
elastic fluids ....•...,. .r i-. ..... i 369
Mr. Chubb's, for an improvement in locks 379
Mr. Manton'si for an improvement in shot ; 38T
Original Communications, TVanslaiions and Selections from other
Works, Parliamentary Papers, ^c.
Description of a simple apparatus for lifting heavy goods from
the ground into carts or waggofis.: By Mn J.,W."Bolw^/. . ./. *. 41
Description of a gun-carriage for naval use, and joiiUed ramrod.
By Lieut. Green, R.N... i ............. i ... 4«
Description of an in^proved screvv* wrench. By Mr. Thomas '-
Eddy ....:... ..........*...;.....;...;...; *... 50
Description of. balanced or swinging masts, to be a^fi^ed^ to*
sailing boats and other light: vessels.. By Mr. Ralt>h 01ultr.:.>. ..M96
New mode of. supporting the topmasts of ^sl»ps. By Mr. G. -
Smart ;..... * .•.,.. .-. . . ^ '...'. i .-." . 99
Observations on. Mr. Brown's vacuum engine.' - By a Coktd^ ~ i
spondent , . .". ......,.,.*. .^ ... . ; .'''. .-."..lOS
. Remarks on a paper by Mr. Wm..Herapath, >on.a x^mpeiisa-
tion pendulum. By a Correspondent. ................'....»... . , 105
Method of making transparent soap . . J ••......:....'..-. 108
On. the employment of. the wood and biurk of the chesnut tree ^
in dyeing and tanning ...........'......'.,.;.. .108
Account of various plans for the construction of a tunnel under >
the Thames ....,., ,-. , U6, 235, 310, 398
. Report of the. Select Committee of the House. of Commons, on
the exportation of machinery . ; 163, .85^, 339, 398
Description of a Udometer, a new. instrument, which shows '
the quantity of rain &llen. By M. Nicod ...................... 1 70
. Account of a large refracting telescope. By M.. Frauiihofeir* * 171
Notice of the existence of Iodine in the mineral kingdom . . .'. 176
Extract of a Report made te the French Academy, by M.
Ampere, on. the dry (galvanic) columns of M. Zamboni .'. 181
^ On blowing machines and on the expansion of air. By Messrs.
Welter and Gay-Lussac .^ 183
Description, measurement, and estimate of, a bridge of iron*
wire, constructed in France.- By M. Seguin, sen;. 941
Reply of Mr. Herapath to the Observations ol ^^Vir" on hia.
^ffinpensatioupendulum ,,f •,,•..., •^.^.^, ,...,,,..,•,...,..,.... »M« S59
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COKTKNYt. #
Obsenrations on the cutUng of screws. By a Workmaii. ..... %56
On the extraction of Opium froin the indigenous poppy. By
3f . Lain^ : «70.
On' the application of the sliding rule to facilitate calculations
of the strength of materials. By a Correspondent 310
' On- the constmction of carriage-way pavements. By Mr.
Bryan Donkin 3 18
-Design for a bridge of one arch, of 600 feet span^ in cast iron^
I^oposed to be erected across the rirer Thames^ near the Tower.
By Mr. John Seaward 384
^ On. the causes of the hardening of lime of various kinds. By
M. Hassenfratz S87> 403
• Process for the. rectification of alcohol without heat. By M.
£. Pajpt. Decharme «..,... 346
Preparation of a colour named Vienna greto.. By Dr. Liebig 347
A useful glazing for common earthenware. By M. Roschinski^ 346
Description of a quadruple lock for securing iron safes and
chests. By Mr, J. Duce 388
Description of a new remontoire escapement. By Mr. J.
Aitkin ..,.......,, 380
On the coloiuring matter of coffee ^ 414
Account of New Patents,
Mr.. Valance's, for producing locomotion by stationary engines 59
Mr. Shaldefs's, for a gravitating expressing fountain for raising
and conveying water, or any other fluids 60
^ Mr. Dean's, for an apparatus .to be worn by persons entering
rooms filled with smoke or other vapour, for the purpose of ex-
tinguishing fire, or extricating persons or property 61
Mr. Swaine's, for a method of producing and preserving arti-
ficial mineral waters, &:c 63
Mr. Petitpierre's, for a machine for making from one piece of
leather, witnout any seam, shoes, slippers, gloves, caps, hats,
cartridge boxes, scabbards, &c ." . . 64
Mr. Bradbury's, for a new mode of twisting, spinning, or
throwing silk, cotton, wool, linen, or other threads 66
Mr. Rotch's, for an improved fid for the upper parts of ships
and other vessels 68
Messrs. Jurup and Court's, for an improved method of manu-
facturing salt 68
Messrsi Denison and Harris's, for improvements in machinery
for nmking wove and laid paper .' 109
Mr. Erard's, for improvements in pianofortes 113
Messrs. Sayner and Greenwood's, for improvements in sawing
and cutting wood, and tinib^r by machinery. 114
Mr. Atiee's, for a process by which planks and other scantlings
of wood, of every description, will be prevented from shrinkiitg^&Cw 116
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?r. Hallef% for ixopr^veq^entu in tb^ <S9n&trUPUp|i 9f S^$^ >
bcljowd « . . « , , ^ • . , . tl8
Jif r. HeAthcoate% for a method of arran^^ machinery i^s^d
in themimvftictuireofliice, ^c« ...., , ,,... .,. iSM
Jlev. Mr. Isaacs'sj for miK^hiofiy to^viftUi WMHMi9m» mi, ^f
propelling carriages, Tessels^ f&c. ..,...,..,.,,.,, »,^ ., ,^ .,,.. . V^
^ Mr. Palmer's, for improyem^pjts in raUway^^ and in the «iiN
riages to be Dsed oni them .r»..,^. ..««,, «..,.,.,.«., <.^.«« 1(^9
Mr. J9mes'«, ^ uQproY$Di|e9t9 in IhQ fM>ii«truct}aii of taU and
Ivaib-roads or ways ..iitiitni«i%««i«ii. • 1$4
Mr. /orda^'pj for 4R inppvOF^Hient in water eloseta 169
Mr. Paul's, for improyements in generating steam 196
Messrs, Neville mid Busk's, ibr improrements in propping
flllips^ boats, &C. ...«.«.....<<«.... .^ . ; IM
Mepsrs. Burstfdl and Hill's, fdr a locomotiTe steam-carrlage 19d
Mr. Apsdin^s, for a method of making lime 1^4
Mr. Church's, for improvements in easting cylinders^ tubes,
iad other articles of iron, copper, &c. « . < 971
Mr^ Cmsl^s, for an imppovement in gas regulators or
goremors , .' «\ . • v . . . ^ . ^ . » ;• ^ * i ...;;.. . 9r§
Mr. Bhodes's, for an improvement in the eonstruotien of ^amps
for burning raw bricks , 275
Mr. Burnet's^ for a method of lessening the drift of ships at
sea, and better protecting them from gales of wind 277
Mr. Spilsbury's, for improvements in tanning, ....;, 279
Mr. Parke's, for a method ^f manufacturing salt 281
Mr. Cartmell's^ for an improved cock to be applied ,to the locks
of guns, pistols, &e » S49
Mr. Dallas's^ for a machine to dress or pick stones of various
descriptions^ particularly granite stone 952
Mr. Crosley's, for apparatus for measuring and registering the
quantity of liquids passing from one place to another 35S
Mr: Harrington's, for an improved raft for transporting timber 35^
Mr. Heathcoat's, for an improved mode of producing %ures
or ornaments in or upon a certain kind of goods^ manufactured
of siik, cotton, &c , S59
Mr. Leahy's, for improvements in machinery or apparatus for
making bricks, and for drying them by means of flues and steam 415
Mr. Broadmeadow'3, for a method of manufacturing and
purifying inflammable gases by a mixture of atmospheric air. . 420
Mr. Vaughan's, for an improvement on steam-engines 422
Mr. Valance's, for an improved method of carrying off caloric
or fluidity from, and congealing, water, &c. also an improved
metiiod of producing intense cold ; also methods of applying this
invention so as to make it available Ho purposes) with reference
te which temperatures about the freezing point may be pro-
ductiva of advantageouf efiaots, ^httfatr medical, meehaaieal, -
Vvft^»i««l .,,... ..•...*..* .♦ f>...x ...-...,•.. 4M
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Ma J^ttteg"^^ fbt imimpi-oTed mod6 of cmiitfaetinir iteam**
eanlagefl for highways 430
Jit. Pe^klns's^ fbr trnprovetnentB b ptopellbg vessels. .,,.... i39
Mr. Nesbitt'sj for a process by which certain materials may
be manufbctored Into paper or Ml, or a substance nearly re-
sembling coarse paper , , 43^
Mr. M'Curdy's^ fbr an improved method of generating stoam 441
Mr. Johnson'Sj for means of evaporating fluids ; for conveying
heat into buildings^ for manufacturing^, borticulturali and domestic
purposes ; for heating liquors in distiUingi brewinf^ and dyeing;
and ill making salt and Sugar^ with reduced expenditure of fuel. . 443
Messrs* Banecka and Shears^ ioir improvemtnts in valdng or
producing zinc or spelter. .., « 446
Mr. Foreman's^ for improvetnents In the construction of steam-
engmes ^m».» o*4«.».**«>»M*<ow>Mt 4^1
Mr. Aspdin's^ for an improvement in producing artificial stone ^SS
Mr. Head's^ for improvements in machinery ibr making cord
or plat for boot and stay laces^ and for other uses 454
Mr. Gunn's, for certain tmprovemants in wheeled carriages.. 458
Mr. Hlggins's. for improvements in the construction of th6
mastSf yards> smIs^ and rigging of ships, and smallar vtssels^ -■
and in tha tadcla used for working pr navigating the tama* . . . « . 463
Mr. Schroder's, for a new filter , « . 467
Mr. Wdse's, for impfovem^ts in preparing and making
waterproof cloth, and other material for inani&cturing hats,
bonneu> oapi> and wearing apparal •..•..^..•.1..%% 468
Mr. Hodffson's, for improvements in the construction and ma-
nufacture M shoes^ or substitutes fdtf shoeS; fbr horses and oAar '
cattioj and for mstiiodi for applying the sama to the feel. ..... 4to
Mr. Taylor*^, for Improvements in steam-engines 473
Mr. Phillips's, for improvements on tillers, and steering wheels
of various denoxninations.....^ r 4t6
Account bfFfrnch Patents.
M^ Maizierra'Si for lessening the number of horses employed
snmills » ,.«,.* »o.*«... d6o
M, MoUarat'sy br a process of extracting soda from sulphate
of soda »...», ,. , »...,.«.«».f*«.^. .*•«*..». 36d
M.Bui«tte's> fbr Slaking bricks »....«...«,..m.^. 361
Mm. Amavet and Belleville'si for a wheel with moveable
flash boaida 4..*.... 361
M. Charlea's, for making ranors with metallic baaka^ and witll
Uades which may be changed ....v.... t. 369
M. Ckaaaaus'f^ ibr a razor strap ..,..,....»., o 369
JRevietv of New Books*
A Practical TreatteetmRattnmds. ily Nicholas Wood 806
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riU COKTENTS.
A Practical Treatise on Railroads^ by Thomaa Tredgold^
Civil Engineer '. 206
Mn Palmer and Mr. Valance's pamphletSi on a Railway on a
new principle^ &c 206
Observations on the Re-building of London Bridge^ with. an
examination of the arch of equilibrium^ proposed by Dr. Hutton,
and an investigation of a new method of forming an arch of that
description. By John Seaward, Civil Engineer : . 285
The Operative Mechanic and British Mechanist (being a
practical display of the manufactories and mechanical arts of the
United Kingdom). By John Nicholson, Esq 363
List of New Patents 70, 134, 214, 995, 367, 438
APPENDIX.
AN ESSAY ON THE LAW OP PATENTS.
PLATES.
Plate ^<> f<^ P<^
t. Astronomical instrument or watch— Apparatus for equalizing
the pressure of fluids and liquids— and Apparatus to be ap-
plied to a windlass. . 8
2* improvements in locomotive carriages — and Improved horse
shoe • • • 32
3. Gun-carriage, and jointed ramrod — and Improved sere w-
wrench : *^
4. Improvements in wheeled carriages 80
' 5. Machinery for supplying furnaces with fuel — Metal casks or
barrels— Improved fid— Balanced or swinging masts— and
New mode of supporting the topmasts of ships. 88
6. Mode of heating, boiling, &c. fluids by steam— Improved flue
or chimney— and Apparatus for bottling liquids 144
7. Tunnel under the Thames ••- 1^^
8. Improvements in steam-engines • • • 224
9. Improvements in looms — ^Tunnel under the Thames — Iron-
wire bridge — and Compensation pendulum ..;.'... 232
10. Improvements in portable gas lamps — Apparatus for corking
bottles— Apparatus for exhausting, condensing, or propel-
ling gas, &c.— and Tunnel of cast-iron plates under the
Thames • S<^*
11. Cast-iron bridge of one arch, 600 feet span^ over, the Thames, .S«8
12. Improvements in generating steam. * 376
13. Improved locks •••• ^^*
14.' Quadruplelock— Remontoireescapement— and Grooved stone
tunnel under the Thames • • 392
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ADVERTISEMENT.
The deegB ot this Work having heett often yejfy
intpafecrdy understood from its late title^ Th6 R^ptir^
*^. ^f Artt^ ivfaieh has been frequenfly represented
as not sufficiently explanatory of the precise nature <^
thfi publibatidi; and it having heen also in many
instanoes confounded with other periodical wdrks
which have, since its establishment, appeared under a
unilar appellation, the Proprietors determined to
omunence a New or Third Series, and to adopt the
variation in the original title that the reader will per-^
ceive they have prefixed to the present Volume } and
at the same time to enlarge the plan of the Publication,
by the introduction of an abridged account of Patents
recently obtained, with occasional remarks upon their
respective merits, which they believe has been con-
sidered an improvement of the Work, and rendered
it more interesting. In the preparation of this part
of the Work the utmost care will at all times be taken
faithfully and correctly to describe the invention ;
and in the remarks, to be guided by the strictest im-
partiality — fair and just criticism being the point at
which the Edijtors will most scrupulously aim ; and
they trust the specimen which the present Volume
exhibits will prove their honest intentions.
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X ADVERTISEMENT.
The Proprietors beg leave also to observe, that the
new type they have adopted has enabled them to give
nearly eight pages/ or half a sheet, of additional matter
in every Number; and that they have farther in-
creased each Number of the present Volume to the
extent of another sheet, or sixteen pages ; and they
are gratified that the exertions and expenise they have
incurred to render the Work' more deserving of the
patronage of the Public, has beeni recompensed by aii
increased circulation. . '
With the view of rendering, the Work still further
useful to Inventors; the Proprietors have been induced
to print, by way of Appendix, a concise Essay on the
Law of Patents, a Work of which the Author, fiom
his continued intercourse with Patentees for manyr
yearsi as an Agent for obtaining Patents, has felt to
be much wanted. >
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THE
REPERTORY
OF
PATENT INVJBNTIONS, &c.
No. I. JULY, 1826.
Jj^Mtj/baHim tf tkf PaUnigrmkd to Fasderic Lsiris Fatton, rf
, * A'nv Bontf-Hftft, in fhe county of MidtUetex, watchmuker, Jbr an
'. agronomical imirument or watch, by tohich the time of the day^ the
^ progresi of the eeleitial bodies, a$ weU as carriages, hones, or other
mihmah, may becorrecHy ascertained. Partly communicated to him
. • by a fireigner residing abroad. Dated Feb. 9^ 1899.
WITH AN ENGRAVING,
. TO ?}1 to whom these presents >haU cQme, tec.
, JS^ kmmjf9j th»t in compliance with the said proviso, I»
^^ »\^ Fredrick Lewis Fattotr, dp he^by d^are.thf^
n^tojre of the safd invention of an.astrpoomical instrument
or watch, by which the. time of the day, the progress
o^. edestial bodies, as w^ell.as carriages, horses, or other
animals, may be correctly ascertained, ai^ is particularly
deacribed aiid ascertained in and by the annexed sheet of
. drawings or plans, and in the following description theteof,
. that is to say : *.
Fig. 1 (see Plate I.) on the annexed sheet of drawings
. represents the instrument as it would appear with the dial
plate taken off, in order to es^plain the construction of tl^e
^naecfaaniam which lies beineath it*
vol.. I. Jl
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2 Patent for an Astran(mical Instrument or Watch.
Fig 2 shows an elevation or section of part of the instni«
ment; supposing the ordinary spiing barrel, fusee, escape-
ment, and other parts of the time-keeper or watch, to be
removed, as they do not pon^titute %ny part of the said
invention.
Fig. 3 represents a plan of the instrument, with the
hands and dial plate in their proper situations ; the same
letters of reference are used to denote corresponding parts
in ali' the figures : a» fig. 1, shows the cock to support
the upper part of the escapement wheel, the place of which
wheel is represented by the dotted circle, a, a ; but the
escapement itself, a^ weU gs the spring barrel, fusee, and
other parts constituting the ordinary movements of time-
keepers or watches, may be employed ; and being so well
understood, I shall not enter into any particular des6tip<-
tion of them. A small pinion Is fixed upon the tipper
et^d of the arbor or axis of the ^sQap^naent wh^^|^ wbfch
pinipn epg9.gep in t\kp teeth pf a wheel, fi, %\^e f^rb^^T or
axis of whieh w^ej^l pfisses through a eock, orsuppoif^i e,
and carries a revolving dial plate, n, upon its upper ex-
tremity, as seen in fi^s. 2 an4 3y wi also by the dotted
circle, d d, in fig. 1 ; the rgyolving dial plate and wheel,
s, make a complete revolution in one minute, and h^ 60
divisions marked upon its surfiiee, as seeh 'at xy iit fig. 3>
to indicate seconds of time, being numbisfed at every five
^seconds r tb0 wheel, s, hds apmiott^ d> of 9teethfixed%
it> engaging inth« teeth of a^w^ee!, M, of T9 te^/sthiatea
"beneath th# plate, x, x, as seen in fig. 2 ; the upper part of
the arbor or axis of Ae whed, e, isftimisfaed with a wheel,
"F, of 60 t^eth, which engages with the teefli of the small
t^heel, o, of 80 teeth, having upon its axis or arbor U
pinion of two leaves or teeth, engaging in the teeth of the
wheel, H, of 120 teeth, the axis of which carries the hoxlr
hand of the instrument, and makes one complete revolution
in 5 hours, the dial being numbered at every hour, as seto
' at A, in fig« 3 ; the teeth of the small wheel, b, engage intb
the teeth of the wheels u, of ^ ieeHa, seen in figs. 1 and
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Mr the E¥bor er axis of whteh cameg the oiinute hand^ and
iDdkatf one complete reTolutton in 10 minutes ^ the dial hi
luiml^ved at every minute^ a« seen at m, in fig. 3 ; the
arbor or axis of the wheel m has a snail or spiral plate>
o, fixed upon it^ the objeet of which will be hereinafter
explained : f, fig. 1 and 2, represents a flat plate of
m^fAl, whie^ pioves upon an axis or arbor at e, the upper
fi^ot of which is supported in the fixed cock^ j, and the
lewev pi¥Ot turns in the plate, x, x, fig. 3 ; the plate p has
0. projection or beak, <p, formed on one side thereof, the
<fixtieiiftity of which beak bears against thd'cireumfepenee
-et die snail of spiral plate, o, and is dways kept into
Jgiose contact by the force of the spring, x, which acts
.^pon th^ plate, p, near to the axis, e, as seen in fig. 1 : n
Aows a small stfindard, screwed fast upon the plate, p ; it
is divided i^to a fork at the top, and fVirnished with two
centre screws to support <&e pivots of a short axis, r^
liavipg a lever or arm, t, projecting firom it on one side,
-and a short beak or detent, t, on the opposite side of the
said axis. The detent, t, is borne upwards by a spring,
4y which spring operates to depress the extreme end of
*Uie lever^ t, which extends or reaches some distance over
the sttr£ftee of the revolving dial plate, d. The axis, r, has
iJso^ small ilet^Bt or arm^ w, projecting downwards, or
nearly at right angles with the lever, t, as seen in fig. 3.
%e lo^e^ extrepiity of tfa^ detent, tr, is acted upon by th^
^dinttf of Ab notehed or star wheel, i*, which is fitted so
«s to turn irecfly found upon a small screw fixed kk tho
plate, p, and is caused to remain at rest with its points
always, in one certain position, by means of the slight
^^^gr K screwed fest to the plate, p, having a double
inclined plane or wedge-piece formed at its extremity,
^hieh fiidls in between two of the points of the ^tar wheel,
4m4 tbeteby ^termines its position. The star wheel, x^
is moved round a space of one tooth at a time by the bent
}ever,.Vy which -turns upoa a screwi n, fixed in the plate, p ;
^ke^^oAj •> of Ae said bvcr is guided and kept down nj^oa
b2
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4 Patent for an Astronomical Instrument or Watch* ^
the plate,: p, by patsing under ike head df a screw, o ; aod
tbe opposite end Hear to t3ie centre screw, n> is bent in a
reverse direction^ and has a prbjectlng piece, ;, formed to
an arc of a circle, described round the centre or axiB>' e,
of the plate, ip '; the piece, ^, is acted upon by the small pin:
or button, z, which projects through the eftecnalcatfe of
the instrument, so as to be capable of beidg pressed upon
by the finger in using the instrument. The bent i6ver, v,
jra limited in its motioti by having a grooVe formcid in the
part;;, which groove slides. round' the axis, e, and comes
to bear firmly upon the said axis ; when the button, z, is
forced in sufficiently; the bent lever, t>, is caused to rer
turn to its original position, when the button, z, is left at
liberty, as seen in fig. 1, by the force of a small. spring, y,
which is screwed fast upon a projecting part of the platei
p, and bears against the bent lever, v, nearly' opposite tp
the place where the button, :t, acts ; the lever or arm, t^
is furnished with a small screw, 1, at Us extremity, a?
Been in fig. 2, which screw passes through the end of a
slight steel spring, 2, having a nib or beak formed in it
similar to a pen, for the purpose of containing a small
quantity of ink or colour, as will be hereinafter explained*
The slight spring,. 2, is made square at one endj and is
screwed fast to the arm, t, near to the axis, r ; 3 shows ft
screw passing through the arm, f, the point of which rests
upon the end of a spring, 4, fixed to the plate, p, as seen
in fig. 1 • The action of the above described mechanism is
as follows : when the button, z, is pressed so as to, bear
against the arched part, q, of the bent lever, v, it move
the said lever round its centre screw or axis, n, and causes
the end of the lever, v, to press against one of the points
pf the star wheel, x, and move the said sti^ wheel round
upon the centre screw at the same time that one of the
points of the star wheel is in contact with the extremity of
the detent, w, and by the motion of the said star wbe.ell
fofces the detent, «£;, to move round its axis, r, and tbeceby
raises the end, 1 , of the lever, t, up firpm th^ sur&ce of tluB
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Patent for an Asironofmcal Instrument or Watch. 5
ijetolmg dial, at the wue time depresung the spring, s;
yntil the point of the star wheel has advanced sufficiently
to quit the end of the detent, w, atwhich instant the springs
«» xe^acts against the beak,./^ and throws, the end, L, of the
](^y^i:«^T» andden)y down^ sn as to cause the nib of the spring,
%ts> touch or strike the surface of the revolving dial, d, by
its mpinentum overcoming the force jof the spring, 4, which
^h^. screw, 3,, bears upon, as hereinbefore described^; the
incliped part of the spring, ft, .falls between two of the
points of the stair wheel, and places it in a proper position
to repeat the action ; the bent lever, t?, is returned to its
9riginal situation by the springs y, before mentioned ; the
ehd,^ V, of the bent lever, is furnished with a spring piece,
as shown at 6, in fig. 1, which yields sufficiently to allow
the^ Jever to returii freely by the points of the star wheel.
Tlie .ac|iQn Qf the above described mechanism is so sudden,
ti^aia person may cause the nib of the springf 2, to strike
^b^ revolving dial, n, five or six distiuQt blows in each
second of time, if required, for a rapid sucqession of obr
^rvations. The manner of preparing the instrument for
an. observation is as follows : the m&in spring of the in-
struoi.ent should be woui^d up by its key into a stuteready
to act^ having its m^tioQ^suspended by means of the si^aU
isto^, 8, |>rq]ecting through the ^ide of the case* as in
ordmary stop watc)i(es ; after which, the arpi, t* should be
raised up some distance from the surface of the revolviiig
dial plate, n, by pressing the finger upon the small pin, 5,
fig. 2, in which situation a miiiute quantity of colour (pre*
pared by grinding tripoli, or other coloured substance, with
olive oil) is to be introduced by means of a camel hair
pencil or otherwise, into the nib of the spring, 2, before-
mentioned. When this is done, the lever, t, is left at
liberty, and the point of the screw, 3, comes to bear upon
the end of the spring, 4, .which prevents the nib of the
spring, 2, from touching the surface of the revolving dial
plate ; the minute hand, m, should be placed at the num-
ber lb, and the revolving dial plate, n, turned round.
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0 PattMfw en AstroAo^ial ImtrUmmU of Wtitih^
VXiiil ih« BBiiiber 60 be brongkt opposite 16 the afnli *Tf
asi seen in fig. 3> in whibh sittiatiotk the nib of the springs
2| eontftining the colotir sui before mentioned^ will be near
tii^ 0ut^r oircumference of the. devolving dial plate^' d^
I^owsappose^ for extimple^ I wish to ascertain and register,
by this idstrument, the precise moment of one body oi
abject passing by dnother^ I iitst observe the time of day
by any good watch or time-keeper, and by means of the
stop 8j «et the instrumei^t in motion at a known ot deter-
mined time, holding the instrtiment in the hand, with the
md of the fore finger bearing lightly tipdn the button^ »,
uekh ih figs. 1 and 3 ; whilst the instruiiieiit is in motion^
the divisions upoft the face of the revolving dial plate, d,
pass reguktly utidet the nib of the sprilig, 2^ but without
touching the saihe^ tod the tninut^ hand> m, advances on^
divisidn dtiring an entire revolution of the disil^ n ; when
Hik Instant arrives which I wish to note or ascertain^ t
pi-ess the button, je, with a sudden motion of the fore flfigery
which causes the lev^t or atm, t, to rise and fall agaiif
almost instantaneously, by the operation of the star wheel;
bent lever, 8ic« as hereinbefore described ; this action
oeiuses ^e nib of the spring, 2^ to strike slightly upon
the surface of the revolving dial, and leave a pennanent
mark or dot ; the nib of the spring, 2, does not remain iti
contact with the surface of the dial any sensible time, but
is thrown up again almost instantaneously, by the siction
of the spring, 4, bearing against the point of the s6rew, 3,
as before mentioned, the nib being baused to touch the
dial by the momentum of the lever^ t, overcoming the re^
sistance of the spring, 4, ih a slight degree, that being
Btffficieht to leave a visible mark or dot of colour upon the
Itevolving dial, l)> by alternately pressing and relieving the
bUttoU) z; ih this manner, a succession of marks or dots
mHy be made upon the dial) i^, without looking at it, if
x^quired for a number of observlttions, occurring suddenly
9ft^^^h othet, a^d read off at leisure from the dial. The
idj^lfumetit aboviS deseribed is jcapabloi of miMrking dis«>
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ti9»% upon fte rerolYi&g ditl pUM irj i series ef obser-
TfttioBil.dturiiig 10 minQtes of time, Without interniptioiii
er danger of anj one nisrk or dot int^rftrhig with anotber,
I bare already mentioned that tbe nib of the sprittgi 2^ is
near the outer cirenmfi^renee of the revolting diied pHt^f
Bf whed the insthunent is first set in motidn td commene^
the observations. I have also stdted that the spring, i^
with the star wheel and other mechanistt^ which odtisM
thfe nib of the said spring to mark npdn the dial platii
wheh required, lAras mounted upon it plate of metal^ t»>
capable of mdving round a centre of moiiori, e, in the an-^
Bisxrfd drdwing, and it remain^) ibr nie to explain how the
Mquisitef mbtio^ is odmiimiiieiited to th6 plate, f. l¥faeii
the minute hand, m^ points to the number 10, as In fig. 8^
the ^projecting beak, p, of the plate, p, is acting againett the
sdiaUest diametet of the snail or spiral, o^ Which yidwd the
'hib of thd spring, 2, to recede from the centre df the re-
tolving dial plate, n, near to the clrdUmfifrehee thereof (
and as the minute hand tnrns round aldtig with the snail
or spiihl) o> once in ten mihutes, the mdtloh of the sh^il
(fcauses the nib of the spring, 2« to approach the central of
the revolvii^ dial, n, gradually, ed that the successidn of
dots br marks which may be made upon the revolving dial
jAate will be arranged in a spiral direction, commeiicing
at the ciroumference, d^d approaching th6 centre^ fbhning
ten complete evolutions, each evolution indi6ating a
mimtte of time, and the place Whdre th6 dots or mat^kil
happen to fall npofa thli radial line^ drawn upon the dial^
is seen in fi^. 3, indicate th^ seconds o^ time ; as sdoh as
flie mhiute hsmd, m, has cdnipleted its revoIttibiT/ the
beak/ Pi df the plate, v, t^ill drop littddfeiay towardfif the
eentce of the snail^ o, by th^ action df Ms spring, *, before
menftioQed, and remote the nib df the ipring, 2, to the
odter circumference 5f ihe rfevolvihg dial, from wher^ it
fiiit started j wh*u it is ftqniffed t* cdteiiiende a new §e^
vies of elbservatidns vfiih tfris ini^f liinent^ the dots or
iM^ks yietioiisfy mudi mt^t U «le&ned «S Ui«f Mffatd'df
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8 Patent for an Astrokomcal I^trunvM oh Watch.
the revolving dial, b; by 'means of a piece of Imen cloth ;
^e dial itself is made so as to be easily removed for that
purpose. The ntdial lines, indicating seconds upon the
n^volving dial, are not drawn in straight lines, pointing
tQ the centre, but are described by arcs of a circle, the
radius of which is determined by the distance between
the nib of the spring, S, and the arbor or axis, e, of the
plate, p. The instrument above described requires to be
wound up every five hours, so that it is not adapted to be
lised as a watch or time*keeper, but might, if required, be
made to serve both purposes, by having the hour circle^ A,
divided and numbered with the twelve hours, and the hour
wheel' work so arranged, that the hour huid. A, would
make one complete revolution during 72 revolutions of
the minute hand, m.
In some calses I do not employ colour to mark upon the
• revolving dial, as before described, but I make the nib of
the spring, 2, with a fine point of steel, like a needle, and
1 make the revolving dial plate of tinned plate, or other
soft metal, in such manner that it can be.easily taken on
and ofi*the arbor of tbe seconds' motion. In this form of
the instrument, a number of dial plates are. provided, and
the nib or point of the spring, 2, makes a distinct dot or
puncture on the surface of the soft metal when required,
which obliges a new dial plate to be used for every series
of observations, and admits of preserving the marked ones
undestroyed. Fig. 4 upon the sheet of drawing repre-
sents another form of the instrument, being adapted to a
common watch ; A represents the circle for the hours and
minutes; and d, the revolving dial plate, which is fitted
uppn the arbor of the ordinary seconds' hand, so as to
make a complete revolution in one minute, and is num*
bered at every 10 seconds : t shows the -small lever,
(parrying the nib to contain colour, and mark upon the
face of the revolving dial, n, to produce the dots or marks.
The motion to produce the dots or marks is effected by
.^e but|pn, z, exactly in the same mioiAer a[s ^described
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l^^ttf^\^r m A^r^kdmital hUrumaU or ykitck^ 9
for the fonoMr figures ; .l^ut the moviemebt wluch is therein
described, which causes the nib of the leyer, t, to approaolf
or recede from the centre of the dial, b, is not used.at all*
^ this 'figure, it being intended only to dot or aaik
during one revolution of the dial, d, before cleaoinglhem
off; consequently, the lever, t, with its star wheel, &c.
are mounted upon a fixed plate instead of a moveable one,
as described in the former figure : 8 shows a small button,
which serves to stop the motion of the watchi when
required.
f^ig^r ^ fM^d 6 represent part of the instrument, upon a
different construction : the figs* 5 and 6 are drawn to the
same scale as the figs* 1,2, and 3. In this construction
the dial plate is fixed, and the dots or marks are made
upon it when it is required to ascertain any precise mo-
ment, by means of the seconds' hand revolving,^ and
icarrying a nib at its extremity, furnished with colour : p'
shows a plate of metal upon which the mechanism is
placed, as in. the former figures, except that it has no
motion round a centre, as described at e, in figs. 1, 2, and
3, but is stationary : N shows a small standard, screwed
fast upon the plate, p, which serves to cai'ry the axis^ r, of
the lever or arm, t, with its short detent, t, and perpen-
dicular urm or detent, ir, against, which t|ie point of the
star wheel acts as hereinbefore described ; for the mov0«
mentin figs. 1, 2, and 3, «, shows a small spring, which
bears up the short detent, t, and depresses the lever, or
arm, t, till it rests upop a fixed stop in the standard, n :
the end of the lever or arm, t, is formed like a small cir-
pular plate, having a hole through.its centre, as seen at t,
fig. 6, of sufficient size to admit the axis or arbor, s, of
the seconds' hand, 2, to pass through without touching it ;
the upper part of the arbor, s, where it rises above the
surface of the fixed dial plate, w, is formed to a joint,
.uppn which the seconds' hand, 2, has liberty to vibrate
]when.it is required to make the nib, 2, touch the dial plate,
w,' in order to leave ia mark or dot of colour thereuf^Hi^
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to fatmjin^m$ Aitr4ndm{mtImtrkm9kt(it(W^
itfi before deecrib^d. The arbdr> »,,M& tWo iiffitftiltlringi
|iroieoting from it^ one on each side ; the oii^ mftfk<^ 4
ifenres to bear up the nib/ 3y and prereiit It Marklhg Uj^dti
the surface of the dial^ eitoept tvheii required ; the 6th§i^
ipiit^g,' 6^ operates to mik^ the niby 2^ strike etiddeiiiy
upfibi.the dial^ alid leave a- mark ot 4et, in the BkAi
PMuncbras tibe springy s^ described ki figs. 1.^ 2, and 3 } th6
seetedb' basd^ 2^ has si small pin^ 3> fixed in ii^ ^faicH })}fi
yarcjiicts downwaikl^y and reaches liear to the Slirfade ^f t\lA
small round plate^ formed at the end of the lever, Tj ill
before mtetioned ; the star tirheel^ bent lever, 8tc. ckrc? the
aelne^as desortbed iii the other figures. The operatioh of
the figs. 6 and 6 is as follows : suppose the seconds' hand
td be in motion,^ and it is required to mark or.ndte any
precise moment^ the button, 'z, befote described lii figs. 1,
Sy 3y and 4y is pressed so as to inore the star trfied; which,
by the detent, w^ raises thd afin, t, and bniigs the Suf face
•f Ihe small round plate up to the pin, 3, and raises the
nib, 2f of the seconds^ hand some distance from the dial
iili^e, w, depressing the spring, ^, until the point of the
ilar wheel quits the end of the detent, w^ at which instaiit
the spring, 6, re-acts, and strikes the nib, 2> downupoh
the face of the dial plate, so as to leave a mark or dot of
tdloiir thereupon ; the small plate' at the end of the leve^,
T> would act equally upon the pin, 3, in every positioh of
the seconds' hand. This constructioh of iher instrument ih
Mly adapted to mark during 1 minute,- without cleaning
thfe dial plate from the previous dots or marksy in fiie
isianiier befote tnetitiotied.
r Having described the construction of the instrumeirf ih
inich manner as to enable persons conversant with such
triatters to put it in practice, it remains for me to stati
what I consider as constituting my claim, for I hereby
deekre that I do not claim the separate use of springs, stsf
wheels, levers, or any other parts therein described or meri*-
iA^mi^y but duly fts combined and applied ih i^itch mtoii<^
lli^«()f form a new astrohomiiai iniWrument of watch, whielk
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possesiles ibe property of aacertaiaing aiid r^cordiof Aei
precise moment of any desired observation or series of
observations^ by meetns of matks or dots imprinted up«ib
a dial or plate, whether die same be effected by the dial
or platd rerolying, and the marking point remaining sta<>
Itonaiy, or by the marking point revolvidgy and the &al
or plate remaining stationary; the spring barrel^ wheel
work, aiid escapement for the instrument,, may be made
in any way that may be thought advisable: A6 I do Mt
make claim to any of the watch or time-keeper tiiovemeiitSf
tfie form and proportion of the parts may be cdse tliried^
Iccording to the discretion of the worktnan;
Iii witness whefteof, file.
Spei^lcatioi^ (^ihe Pcieni granted <o Wiluam Vonfrirtx^ihe^f^ungi^
of Shoe^lane, London, cojppersmith and mginder^ for new tSud iffk*
proved modes of acljusiinff or equalizing the jaressure of fluij^ of
lipids in pipes or tube% ; . and also an improved mode of measuring
the %aii fluids Ot liquids. Dated Jiily 1, 1824.
WITH AN ENGRAVING,
TO all to whom these presents shall eome^ Sco^
Nmt hiow ye, that in eompUance with the said proviso^ I^
ibe said William Potitifet, tiie younger, do herefby declare
that the natore of my said invetitioti doth consist^ first, is
an improvement on an apparatus now in u^e fer ddjusiing
and equalizing the pressure of fluids, when flowing through
pipes or tubes. This said improvement is of a self-aetiilf
nature, and is particularly adapted to efibct the operatieii
of Adjusting or equalizing the pressure of inflammable gaa^
hi flowing through pipes or tubes, for the purposes of illo^
mlnalion, since it would tend to mslintain an equality im
Ae pressure or veloeity of th^ gas^ when issuing from the
jets or bi^nersf so as thereby to utointain th0 toM *«f
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IS PfUtnt fof MquaKzing the Presmre of Fluids.
light proceedtng from suck biimers at one uniform heij^iit,
or nearly so, although the pressure of fhe gas in the %(nr-
duct pipes or mains, which proceed from the gasometer
or reservoir of supply, might vary considerably in its
pressure frcnn time to time. The apparatus may be sop-
posed to be situated under ground, in any required pccrt
tf themiain, for which purpose its operative parts are ea-^
tirely enclosed within a box or case, cast or otherwise,
attjached to the main; and id order to admit of a free
action of the appahitus, the interior of the said box or
ease has a direct communication with the atmosphere
through a pipe or tube, which proceeds to the surface 6f
the ground; or th^ communication with the atmosphere
may be formed in any convenient manner, according to
the nature of the situation where the apparatus is em-
ployed. Secondly, in an improved apparatus for equalizing
dio the pressure of fluids in jpipes or tubes, and which is
particularly adapted to the operation of adjusting or
equaling the discharge of water, or other fluids or liquids^
through a pipe or tube, although the pressure of water in
the main or pipe of supply might vary occasionally in a
considerable degree; and in which said improved appa-
ratus a number of weights are applied^, in $uch manner as
to' accuitfulate according to the resistance requiV^cL' ' Ai^
tkitdly >ind laibtly, hi auMfiivpfoWd appaititUs'for tfieasuriV^
fljdids, which apparatus pei^Vihik' the ope^ of iu^a-
suriog and registering the quantity of such fluids as may
be caused to pass or flow through any pipe or tube, pro*
perly adjusted to the said apparatus, as hereinbefore
more particularly described, by means of small gasometers,
which are caused by an arrangement of valves and pipes,
to move up and doWn alternately, in proportion to the
quantity of fluid which passes through the apparatus. And
in further compliance with the said proviso, I, the said
WiUiam Pontifex, the younger, do hereby describe the
manner in which my three several improvements may be
performed, by the following description thereof, reference
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.I^g^)iiE4.to ihp drawing annidxedj aad tbe figorei piarM
t^^reop^ tl»t 18 to 9ay :— .
..>,.. .... .1
DESCKiPTioN OF THE; DRAWING. (See Plate I.) ^
/ An^ firQt^wi,tIxi:efejren<^d Ibo my said improrenient on an
.apparatus now in us^^for adjustiDg aud equalizing jthe
pires^^^eof fluid9«whqp flpwing tbrovigh pipes or tubes : in
figure 7, A represents a portion of pipe which is supposed
to l^e united tp the xnaio, ijvhich pro9eeds from the ga^o*
meter pr reservoir of, supply aforesaid; and b sbowa.a
continuatipn of the said pipe or main> proceeding to, the
l^urners or part where the combustiqa is,pu|^poaed to .be
.goii^ pn^ the middle pf the pipe^^A b, has, a cylindriovil
projection or short brf^nch> C^ rising perpendictikrly frof^i
it ; the upper edge or spp^rior aperture of th^ braaph^ Q,
is covered by an inverted vessel^ b d^, and the lower ,edg^
ptmputh, nn, pf tbys vessel, is inu^ert^ in wator, taf»
or other suitable fluid, contained in a box . or casey J^ Bi^
which is cast uppn or otherwise .s^QUi;^d to the; pip^ a a
This bo;c has a lid pr coyer, epf, ^ecure4 upon a flange .ajb
its upper part, sp as entirely to enclose the inyerted^vesset,
nd: F represents a pipe or tu^ej whi^h coin^umcfktes
withjdie in1;erior of the box, £ B, and is supposed. to ftior
oee^.to jth§ surface of the ground or Qtherwifej so as M
afford a. free access of atpiosp^eric aif to tha i^tenor of
the bo)E;^ £ By. and copsequenlJy, to the up|)er surfti^Q^ d^
of the^mvert^d vessel afor^aajd. T^f inverted irfss^ is
,ste.adily guided by a projecting rod^ i A/ which. slides
thrpi^gh holes in stationary cross bars, if, so as to.adn^
of' rising and falling. in a perpendicular direction,' with a^
little, resistance as possible,; the, lower end of the rod, A A,
is bent sideway, and is affixed to a sliding sluice or yajve,
G, which i/» adapted tp rise and fall along, with the inyerti)|l
ves8^1i.D d, and by such motion to increase or diminiMi
the. aperture or passage of the pipe: a ji. This , sluice,
when fully ppeni; descends' into and is contai;)^d in. the
cavity, c, ,whieh. ia. formed for the piirpose in th? ]iH>ttoin
of the pipe, a b ; the upper surface, dd^ of the invert^
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i4 ^htiht foit BfUaUsing the Fmmre qf Bmd$.
-#Ml«lr ui |itdvicl€id in ike oenlie thereof witk a <dia^^. n^
which is connected with an arched li^eam or le^rer^ K ; ikih
lever moves upon a fixed centre or fulcrum at n, and is
provided with a weight/ p, suspended from a chain at its
JTotied extremity, o« T^ie objeet of the weight, p, is for
ifc^ gurpose.of balanpiag i^ part the weight of the invei^t^
•vessel, n d, and ca\^ing it to remain just suspended, an$
in equilibrium. Wh^n the gas is at the regular required
pressure in the pipe, a,, the operation of the apparatus ill
m» followi^ : — Suppose the g^ to be flowing Ihrough the
pipe or main from- the gasometer, in the direetion shown
1^ the arrow* A, it willpass by the sluice, o, and proceed
to^tbe burtiets tlirou^ the pipe, b, as shown by the %rro«,
B ; but if the pressure of gas in the main at a shoutd b{r
^y means be increased, the gas, by its elastic foree, wpUld
^erate upon the inveVted vessel, n <2, to raise the said
•vessd> in a eertain degree, out of the fluid in ' which- ils
^euttfaf" 19 ibiidersed, afndmll thereby draw the sluice, «,
(whieh id aSked to it as aforesaid) and diminish the Mek
e^f^he apertiire through whicKN;he gas is obliged to pass
<in its-way to the burners ; thus, instead of the flames or
lights bein^ 6ailsed to burrl htgheitby an increased [Hressure
^gai^, oeeiiiTin^ ill the mains or pipes of supply, they
'ii^ou!dbe;eaused to maintain an equal hei^t under such
^ehttttges, - in like imanteer \ if a- greater number of jets er
•lights^ should bet tutiied on, they would, by requiring a
greater fea^ply of gas, tend to diminish the presi^are in the
mains or pipes o^ supply, so that the inverted vessel, b d,
would descend in the fluid aforesaid by its own gravity,
and would thereby lower the sluice, 6, and open a passage
of greater area for the gas to flow through, in order to meet
the increased demafid. This apparatus is adapted for
very considerable tariation of pressure, since the inverted
vessel, 4) d, by being raised more out of the fluid in which
it is immersed as aforesaid, will operate as an increasing
weight, by displacing a less quantity of the said fluid';
a&d as the county weight, p, at the extremity, ^o, .of the
«berai| N, is acting constantly with the same.unifonn
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Jf^Oint fin BfuaMztitg th 9mtute6f Wkd& It
tnigbt, as a optinterpoise to Ae inverted vessel, ilie iiiiiif
lriirb# p^rfeotly at liberty to rise and fall with- vi^ry
tninute yaria^ions of pressure, which may kappen to ecciit
in the pipes or mains. And secondly^ with reference te
my said second improvement, being an improved appa*^
>alas for adjusting and equalizing the pressure of fluids iii
pipes or tubes as aforesaid, and hei*einbefore described ta
be particularly adapted to the operation of adjusting or
^qualiziiig the discharge of water. Fig. 8, upoi) the drawing
annexed, represents a section of my said second improve*
ment : ▲ represents the pipe, supposed to be plr6oeeding
£f!om the pipe of supply or main ; and b represents a con*
tinuatibn of the same pip^, which icT supposed to pi^ooeed
to the service or part where the water is to be discharged*
This pipe is furnished, near the middle of its length; with
a tqrning valve, o, and the upper part> a, of the pipe> A b>
^ens ifito a cylindrical box or vessel, o, which contains
a bag or sack, 4^9 formed of leather or oth^r sufficiently
pliable material, which will prevent the escape of the fluid
t^lneugh its substance; the lower part or bottom of the
said satik is attached to a moveable board or plate> d,
ivhickis capable of rising and falling freely in the vessel, c'»
the uppermost edge of the sack, dd, is secured by being
i^rew^d flrmty between the top flange and cover, ^^,'of
the v«6set|'c, so as effectually to pteVentthe escape of the
Vater or fl^id'at ^at part, although the pkte, n, vis at
liber^ to rise and ikW Williout obstruction, being guided
ttd steadied in itlB motion by a small rOd, t, sliding through
a hole in the centre of the cover, e e. Over the top of this
r^d a pipe, f> is screwed, having a free communication
with the atmosphere, and communicating with the inte-
rior of the sack, dd, by holes or apertures, rr, formed
through the lid, e e, as will appear evident upon inspection
of the fig. 8, upon the dfewing. The turning valve, o,
has an arm er lever, *, projecting from it, which is jointed
lotbe lower extremity of a small connecting rod> AA> the
iq^efHiost end 6f which its jointed to the underside o^ the
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16 Pdt^ far EquaUzmg the Pressliire 6f FkUdi.
jiaJte, D. ,By this arrangement, when the pressure of Iba
fluid increases in the main and pipe of supply, a, from
any cause, the plate, n, by such increase of pressure, will
be caused to rise, and by its connecting rod. A, will tend
to move the turning valve into the position shown by the
dotted line in the figure, so as to diminish the aperture
through^ which the water will be obliged to flow, in order
to be dischaiged from the end, b, of the pipe; but as
soon as the plate, d, has risen a short space, its upper sur**
face will come into contact with the lowest of the sus^
pended weights, w, which, by resting upon it, will operate
to prevent it from rising higher, until still further increase
of pressiHre occurs, when the plate, n, will continue to
^ise, and close the passage of the valve, g, until it meets
with the second suspended weight, and so on throu^out
its whole range of motion, the suspended weight, w, pro*
ducifi^ the effect of an increasing resistance to oppose the
rising of the plate, n, and thereby adapting the area or
aperture of the turning valve, o, to the different degrees
or variations of pressure, so as, to maintain a sufficiently
uniform discharge of water or fluid from the end, b, of the
pipe, A B. The vessel, c, might be surrounded by an eXf
tenor vessel, as shown by the dotted lines, £ e, and the
vacant space, if desired, might be filled with any propar
materials, to prevent the effect of firost upon the leather
sack, dd. And, thirdly and lastly, widi reference to if^
said third improvement, being an apparatus for measuiid^
fluids or liquids by means of gasometers^ having a reetv
procating motion, as hereinbefore and hereinafter desoiib^dk
Figs. 9 and 10, upon the annexed drawing, will serve to
explain a cdhstruction of the apparatus which is parti«-
cularly adapted to the measuring of inflamma,ble gas, for
the purpose of illuminating. It consists of two inverted
vessels or small gasometers, a and b, of a cylindrical or
other convenient form; which are suspended by chains
from the opposite extremities of a beam or lever, c, moviqg
upon a centre or fulcrum, at c, in such a maimer that
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.^^^V'^fa^ €j[M^^ the pressure iff Fluids. A7
J^e^Y^suH^, A and, B| may l^ caut^d to reciprocate or
..itnoiveup axvi^down simultaneously;]! hut in opposite direc-
jtions; the. lower edges.or mouths of the vessels^ a and
,M, are immersed in water or other suitable fluids contained
in the vessels .n and b. The whole apparatus is enclosed
in an air-tight; box or exterior case,^ ff^ having an exit
.pipe or tube, n, proceeding from it, to the part where
the gas is supposed to be burned or consumed. Tlie ga^
which is suffered to enter into this case from the main
gasometer or res^i:voir, through the service pipe, o, by
ithe 'particular arrangement of the apparatus, as will be
hereaft^ : described, must necessarily pass through one
.or other of the small gasometers, a or b^ and in such
manger as the said gasometers will, by the pressure of the
gas, .b^ c??*se^ ^o move up and down alternately, through
a determined .space oV range. Thus, if Uie cubical content
.or edacity, of.the^maH gasometers, a and b, and the ex-
tent of t|ieir*i*ange or motion, is previously ascertained, it
jvill only beTequisite to know how many^times the beam,
c, -baa reciprocated, in order to ascejrtain.or measure thq
quantity : of gaa which has actually flowed throiigh the ap-
piM^tu^ from the service pipe, g, to the exit pipe, h,
aforesaid.^ The number of reciprocations which may have
been jf erformed by the gasom^eters, A and b, and beam (k
Jey^eri. 9j M .ffi^f?^^^^^ ^^ xegistej^ed by a train of vdieel';;
work,, or^i^&er- such xbntrivanceyas is usually employed
fQrjBu^jpui^^^ being sufficiently understood, it
'wHl^noty be neces«»ry to give a description of it in my
spi^i^Ga^oip; Tf^^^ mf;chaniflm (qx effecting the register
msyi iX desired,, be .wholly situated within the case^ p f,
haji^inga glazed apertuiie in spme convenient part, for tlie
puippsi^ 'pf observing. the dials or indexes of the said
register*^ This glazed aperture I should propose to form
m ajein^ialar. ring of metal, adapted to screw into a socket
fixed;into the ca8e,'FF, opposite to. the dials or indexes
'afor^(aid,.,ia order that access may be obtained to the ap-
pwt|ii^i# cMe of derangement, I will now describe th^
VOL, I. C
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18 Patent for eqmEzin^ the pm&re tif Fti^.
mahtieV in which iSie gas fe caiiised to ehi^ atid efeci^fe
flrom the gasometers, a arid fe, at the proper intervals, lb
produce the desired feffect. , The service pipe, g; ii^fotmisd
with inside the case> F f, to a dbuBle branch, which ettteft
the sides of the vessels^ d ind e, and turns up beneath tfife
gasometers; a arid b^ as shown at h and i in the figuteis';
the upper extremities of the pipes, k and i, rise soirie diifc-
tarice dbove the siit'face of the fluid cbritairied in the vesseler^
1) arid E, itid are frirnished v^ith vtilves, marked 6 irid 7
III the figtlre : n and 6 represent two other pipes, thi
iippfer extremities of which irise above the suiface of iRh
Huid in thb vessel*, b dnd te, and are provided with valve^
iriatked 5 drid 8", sitnrlar to tho^ last mentioried. THfe
pipes, a, i, proceed to the bottbiri bf the vessbls; ii iriil
fej wheire they turn ^idet^rdy^; drid bpen directljf.'niio'lSe
box or case, ff; the Valves ifbrfesaid kri'donriecteil f di-
gether in pairs, by stodH levers or bcdriis, k drifd rf, ifa'thi
Allowing order; viz. the- valves 5 arid 6 forfilirig trnie ^kif,
Jmdlhevalvfes 7 arid 8 forming ariothef' .pair, thi^ leveri;
and beams, m arid A, hieing adapted/ to move oir vibrate
iinon centires or fulcriims in the biiddife df thiiii' fen^HJ
Wniich centres are sUppbHed iipcifa bhickiite b'r stariiddtttSi
oi, affixed to the upper eikremrty of the pipes, h and?; l^jt
fiiii arrangemeht the cbtres^bridiri^^alvfes, 6 diid 7, aiitt
those B dnd 8^ are causied to bp^eh and shiit '^itti a »muU
iariedus AoVeriierit ; the said valves dre cdused to ftiove il
th^ pi-ojiibr inlervals by the b^teratJbii bf fimall islWs bt
projections, q, r, Sj, and ^, which are foAned on fihe si^es
bf the rods or ^ires, x Hn&^r, atticffed tb the tij^pttr^ttl
eitlhe gdiibihetfers; Aihcl ^^.lieS^ studs,- ydn&^; si&A
fV db hdt operate, directly upon fflg Valvefe, but tt^ w4
caused tb (5|Jerate ujpbri;s\iiall baHlice levers, * and ?, l^hSKll
are. iriadb hpUowi ^^ ^^^ fbirni bf M&ks^ a^A cotttka a
J^ortibh. of faiercury, oi^'bther ^bri^erdtiis fluids tHift bBJ^cft <tf
khich:^ill b^ hereihafitir e^qplairiedi ' Thes^ bStahcii'le^
are dAapte'^ to VibrdU fredl^ upon' t'fte i^iA6 o^ft^ '^
inotibtids iW levfers, 4» ddtf h, bW ^i\R %e> mkif ^
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mm^'iisTOxf^ 'it certaiti sf^ld^Vihdfet)etidfeiitlv;Jr'^{^^^
tetidrb; ntxyrii. 'ttfe operatron of th6 d^f)'aWttasls4s*feit
WM\ Siilj^wse tlie ^asothefers, a ianfl'*; tb ISe in the ^o-i
srtibt i^^fe4eAt6ai}y life' fl^re lb, thfe gad te supposed to
bfe eiscajJiA^ ftoih tHfe 'eixterib^ cas^j ]fp, to thel^AAfew;
ihirbUgh - the t)ipe, k ^ the valv^,' 6; beitig opieri, th(S ^gj
^111 ildW tftrbtigh fte servibe j)lp^, g; aild bratichy A', ihtd
ffl^^^gjlsomfetaf, a; atfd -wiH cause Hi tci ris^ at tbd satnfe
diifettifeVaiVe/8', Beiotighig to tHe ^ai^ometef, b, fe Bpfefi J
ffliis' tb^ g^bbm^ttf; 'b, will ae»t6fend; ahd fofce tlie' ^i
f^!eH*i*^scohtain^;ib« to Wcape tlir6ti|H' the pipe, ft^
iirtii 'the' feitfeHb^ ek^e, fa?, the valves; '6 and % bfeWg
ihiit Wbltfseai'a>i^6hWti l« tW fi^rt. ' Tlife direction ih
<MiAcfetBe ^fl fe-fteffih^," Add thte diifectioti fh which' th^
§&s<iSi%«fe« a^S-'foty^hgi *are itfdlcsltecl'by the Smalrairo^s,
irB^.4€K ^ tb'ttiib p6<silf6ti^ %e projecting stiidd, ' r ind %
mimm%^i6ixeBiA^ iu^pd^a to have cdi:^ \m tbrnci;
attlftf^^s^^«fSfeirt, '^i«i the fetidfs'bf 'ifre balaiifee' \^k,
it*»«1J^yM'<W'?i«*%^ift64ea theto tipoii' their 'fcentk^b^
flttartMis, lii i'snfficiAift'«[e^< t4 caiisi the flfiid dotii
tain^d'V^lttlin th^v'a-sl kforfes^id, tb'floW to tli^il* oppoi^iife
did^y a^ ifab^vh bjrtHa datt shfetfi; itt th^ % 9, tiy WhfcH
iliie*iii§;'^th« ^tt€s to ^hichlfcfe idet&l hSis'floWd ^ptigl
i^bfia^Me; ftftd by ebtdiiig Iritb cohttojt WtK thfe "rtivillfiit
extremitjr ' of the sthal! I6^rg, m -ahd li^ ^viA' fdrcfe tf^M
irfad^iily^db#ftWa*ds, s^ as to fehdifge thfe';(K)6itrOii* o^tHg
mm, aS^shtftffelttthfe'fig. 0- ti^dh the draWihg. Iti tHH
ill^tientthe fe^ t*'!!! fl(W fh>m^he setvic^ ^ilp^^'te'; thrcHr^H
(hfe^^l^; % 'feha'val^>;7, info the gaSbteetlsV i,; Sbf'is^tii
feails^ thb'^^^iife tb'^iei atifl' ^itllbW of a coir^spbn^rig
dte«deftt <if Mi^' ^btiiete/i Ay^th^'^aik' ftbih Whlth'feift ^^^i
^^e%eel^- thtfbugH Hh^ tklVe; 6; knd'|)ij)e, A^ iit^'^h
c*e«rtb¥'^^^;'^ i-. This* atctibh 'Wffl fcoiitihti^ ^ntif '&6
|*di*ttt«ig'ffftia!fe^'?r- kiidf'f; 'i^hidll ^ate ifflSfed ld4lid.5^Mi2
flJ»te^%y^e^^teB•' ^^nd i^^-as'ii^^ fis^-cWmfe Mfci
Whtkcl^^MMfttife'bMdhbe lfeV6r^;'^A^kttti% iiid'^^^
fi(^«!W«Si&tfiit^ tiUffid^^Af f<y«$u^«I^'fl<did^x^
c2
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^0 P^cnt f^r.equaU:iiU^^ the prmure.q^ ^^**^
taipejl.withift them, as jiforeaaid, to.flqw ,tQ. the^ oppo^itf?
ends of the said lev.er?, wKen they will be caused to pre*
ppMerati^, and move the vs4yes again into the positioii
f eypresented, by the fig^ 1 0, This- action will continue to be '
repeated jels often as the gasometers, .a and j$, arrive at the
top and bottom of their course. The valves, v are, caused
by the. operation of the small inverted pendulums orbalanc^
l)obbs, V and to, to preserve the p9sitions in which .thex
may have ,been placed, until the baHtnce levers, .k and If
have; been moved,, by the projecting studs, . sufficiently. tq
qause the fluid metal withii^ tjiefooi ,tp,flow to the oppo^ile
ejads of the said balance levers^ at .which p^od tb^ .will
|iav,e , come , iptq cont^t wit^ . tha elevated eMremiti^ of
the leyerif, m .aqd n, and will change tbe.positioQ ; of the
valves, almost instantaneoui^ly. By .thiSf arrangement,, aa
loi^gas tlije gas is permitted to escape froi|i< the e^it pipef
H^and to ,be;^pplied .(through the pipe, 19, th^ appsmliijs
lYilljCfutlnue in action ; but. as .sow S3,tl»e lights.areex^.
iipguished, a^ the gas ceases to .escape thrpugh the pipej,
p, the;aotion of the. apparatus will cease, and. will remsiiii
^t rest, Jbecause the. pressure of g^. in., the e^^rior caseji
fj^,, wil!;h£|.yebepomej equal to the, pressur/; of , the gas.ii^
the pfipe, :9, ;and,wiftWthegafioraeterp, A.ai^ b, and will
thus ibsda^ce ,each; other; ,but as soon a^ the [^essure ia
r^Ueved.iii ^a/^ase, e.f, by the gfis being: dr^wn oif, the
i^quilibrium: will.be destroy ed> and the pressure, of the gas
within the gasometer^ .a or ^, will cause ^hein to reoipro^
qate, . and. ^e^ure the gas from the service pipe,, o^ .intxx
the cs^e, E F^ as aforesaid ;. , Particular ic^re.pauat In^.takei^
iii.adjusting the situation oftheprojecti<>gcSti]|ds,<9>ndr, ^
and f i^o ^^t.the pairs of the valves, .6 fu^l 6^ atKi,7vaiid 8j»
^bjtll . change their positi9ns at the same i(U|^^tr. .viz. ti^.
yalve^ $ and 7.^ ?hpul)il open and shut simvilt$Li^Qu4y>
an4 by the, connection of the smaU .levers^ m ^nd u, in :the
y^lveSf 6.and, 9, n](\ist of necessity, ppen sMod^nt sknulta^,
lieou^y ,a)sOj^ by which constrttction it jvv^U app^if, frQip>
iwpection of U»B,^}aaU w<?ya «l^owf^ jfi th|; j^ggues
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Patent fir eqtiaUiingth^ pressute of Rnids. fil'
fhe^dmiving, ^at tlie gas couM n^ver ptfss tfai'6tigh^ the
apparatus witbout producing the reciprocating motion 'of
the gasometers^ a and b, as the Valves which allow of the^
Entrance tod' exit of the gas to the ^someter/ are neV^
0]ben at the skme time in the same gasometer. Iti order 'td
raect the adjustment of the studs/ q^ r, ^(^ and f, the wireaf
and rods, x and yy t6 which they* are affixed as biefore
inehtioned, pass through the. tops of the gasometers; A'
tod B, and are furnished wiA screw nuts^ by^means of
which they may be raised or loweried at pleasure; In
^ome cases I dispense with 'the fluid.metal in the badante
levers, ft'and /, instead of which I construct tUe balance
levers with an arm lising from them in the* centre at U
tight angle, and affix a bob or weight in the maimer of an*
ifiverted pendulum, at the upper extremity of the skid aiTJo^;
in ithe same'mtoner as the bobs, d and' wi before iMii->
tioned, iijpon the arm or levers, f^ and n ;*Wie 6i^eratlott of
file said Weights or tumbling bobs would b]ptiearly similar;
within the Hollow lever as afbresaid, as they would falf
over suddenly, and change the position 6f theWalves, arf
soon as the weights 6r bobs had passed the vertical line
over their centre of motion. i ;
* The tnatoer of arranging the said valves and giving
motion to them; may be' varied in many ways, still pro^
ducing the desired effect, as above stated ;and^ the me-
chanism or coimt-wheel-woxk^ for registering thfe number
of reciprocations of the gasometers; a and B,-may be con^
strtieted* and arrantged in aiky of the Ways which -are ^ai
present known and in use for similar purposes, and may
either be situated within Ae case, f f, as ciiforfesaid, oir tliiri
axis 'or pivot of the^beam or lever, c> might be made to
pass through a collar of leather,' ia the side of ^flie external
fcase, FF, and have this count* WfaeeW<yrk'sitUa:ted in a
Matdl ca'se, on llie outside there^ofi ;•..... li
" 'Now^ whereas' gasometej^,' applied to thie jyut-^bseof
adjusting and equalizing the pressure of fluid^, wlien flow-i
ing through pipes or tubes, are now in ttde> and have b^en
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H^cli^U^t^^j^ai^ifxty ^.ei^ therefore j^j^owpj, l^at j[ 4P, ^^1*:
ij? F^BBe^BM- 1?I. %<i^^ psurts,, h^vii^g ,r^pre^^^e,^i.tl}g
?%F^nB?VftiJi.t9f J^ W^ % 7r ^ere|y ffir. 1^e:.p\ir|^gsf^pf
liftter e^pj^imng t}ie ^pplic^^iqP; .qf py 6ai4,,^pf o¥e;?aei^t|
<»^^fi.y^'B<>^P :l?!Str?f<^'P«*i4 ; |^p4 a,v«i}ve.pr,sii4ce, ^iff?}i.
%%iMfrrflWfisw1^ .to t^P 5l^ad?4 parte*. in .%, 7> ^^ ^H
m¥»H?fi?fftJi?PP^rafqs, for % puQ)Qsg.|ft$ti^fpr^sai4^ suph
as4e«?;y?Sd:t^t>%f(8. .in tlfe. di:a^iHS an^e^fe^, ^p4 whip^^
i^^t^^^^lipr^i 4s?P#e4-a8 particida4y,,^ppUc^B^^^^ 5^*%i
W^^j^ft ^^ aj^s^ng or j^(]^ualizipg tl^e di^ph^rg^^ pf .wate^
Q^Qtl^fT Qiifx^^.^vllgni^^ througlp.'ae^gipp.or tu^^
4^ iiittpi;oyp4, appa^tus fpV regi§tefii}g. wd;mpasup^j^p,
^iiaij.1^ty pf 3ycJ^, flujcis fts .qckay be caif^ed tp-pa^p py ftoj^
a reciprocating motion/such as is de^Cfj]^^^ by^figg^f^-^^d^
10,; jp.%< dr^'Wing annexed, being^to t^lie J^e^^gj^ g^ ^B^"
•1^4§e ' js^ud l^^lief, entirely npWy/a^(i peyer b^fpreuse^.^E^.
tl^f^t p^.rt of his }$^e§ty'a tingclQi?! of (Jf^s^t Britain^ ;and
JreJ^pfJ, c?dl^d Jg^gl^d ; his sft^d; JVlaj^^ty's |JppHnio^ o^
"Syy^Jjegi,' an^;^^.^. of^Berwiclc ^pon, Jw^^-J i^or i^ a^y gf
^s said A$a!J.§sj;y's polppi^s or.pUpt^tions abroad.; }^^\^^
aa^^ WillijMoa JPoptifex, the yp\yig^r> ..4s i*erej>y ^cj^e
tti^'.to |?^.niy.sp^p>fication pCwy 8qi4;ipYjppti9if;, ^4j^l\^|^
1 4^ verily bigUeye this^ iny sai4 . ^p^ci^catiojj^ dotj^ ^9]^'
l4y, u^ ftljjgej^pepte,^ fullly, ^nd.witji^wl.rfs^ry^ or'dj^iji^^,
lyift ]tfee pyoviBp Ju my a^i4 h^ri^ipbefi^i;^ lUf^t f ^?4^
letters patent containedji ^vji^fe§>|^ J;do l^e^ffiby jdftijp..)^
^aaiirt^^ excjusiy/^ ri^t and pf JLyilege to n^y s^idj^^n-
tV?9,,%8 Wemb,efoT§^^^ _, . ,; . . jt ., ^; ;
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„fq9f^ .«« ^'^ cQUTitif'of No^olfc, merfhant and tkip ovmer, for certain
' appariUMS to be offplied to a windlass. Dated February St^, '1894.
, ' WITH AI^ ^NGRAyiNO.
.■ "* • . .
TO all to whopa thes^ presents sl^all coxuie^ 8cc.
,]^jW^(nc)Jj^^ thatln cqmpUa'ncfe^ said pro^iso^ I,
t|ie 'said William Yetts,' do t^reby declare the nature oiF
my sajd invention to consist in securing the forward,end of
k leyer bar^ such as is hereinafter mote particularly mentioned
iuid despnbed, by i^ieans of a' perpendicular and diagohstlly
supported standard and bearing, which constitutes 'a pa^
pf my said apparatus ; and also in an'additional.pall^' placed
^bs)& slnd lying against and partly round' tUe windlass
Barr^l^ arid acting upwards from the deck, which' consti-
utuie§ the remaining part bf my said apparatus. And in
fuxthef cpnipliance with the, said prdvisd; I^ the sajfd
yYilHapi Yctte, do hereby describe the manner in >^^ic1i I
perform my said invention, by the following descrif)tioii
Siereo^ reference being had "to 'th6 plate annexed^ and
figures marked thereon, that is to say ':
DESCRIPTION OF THE EKORAVINQ. ^
Figi 11 (ftatel) ii af perspfcctive view of a ship's windlass,
witn my said apparatus d.pplied thereto : b is thfe l6wet
part 'of the safety pall, fastened though the ^eck to r
beam'inderit, and moving' with a joint at e: c is the
'upp€*rpartof the safety pall,'tii6tin^-on a joint at/. . These
two parts of th^ safet5f pall ard kept to their plabfe againfetr,
arid partly round, the windlass barrel, by iri^ns of a chairf,
s, ifhJcihi' in ordei* to allow of th€ necessary play for the
motjiori '6f the palls over the ratchet^,' 13 attiached, ^t one
ferid, .tb tlje flat spring, g, which is fixi^d to thi patl hit,
as shoWn iii the figure : r r are rattjhetd on one sid^' oi^k
y)V<Kri'a3^ cog's onthe windlaiis barrel:* AeVe ^r6 A srmllift
set of ratchets 'on^he other side of the cogs, \bu|; wl^fcK,
in this view, are bid by the ririi or flange,' k/''Oii"thfe
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24 Patent for an Apparatm'io he applied to a Windtass.
Iinder^de of feach parf of thfe safety pall are-t^etliy wfaiftli
tak6 into' the ratchets, r r; attd thii^ assist .fhW cnrdindiy
palls" of the pall t)iti in preVehting the windlass from re-
Yolving in a direction forwards : x x are rims or flanges,
raised on each side of the ratchets/ rr, for the purpose of
keeping the two parts of the safety pall in tlieir^prpper
place ; tt i^e the bottom jiarts or feet of th4"perperi4iculi^
atandard,' described Jiipre particularly at fig.* IS, JFig, 12
^represents a perspective view, of the said safety pall, show-
ing the teeth or catches, l l^ which take into thie ratchets',
rr, fig. 11. Fig. 13 represents a section df^ the windlass
barrel, showing the form of the ratcl^ets, rr, and their
relative positions with respect to the ordinary cogs of the
Barrel, as also the rirn or flange, x x. Fig. 14 irepre'sents
a section of the windlass barrel of the said safety paMi'ancj
of the«. ordinal^ palls of the pall bit; and this 'fi^re is
given for' the purpose of describing the inajiner of setting
the safety pair for use, which is as follows (that is to
say), the safety pall being only intended, to act for the
purpose of resistance, when a' more than ordinary strain
is brought iipon the ordinary palls, the teeth of ihe safety
pall should be set about one-eighth of an inch' clear of the
ratchet opposed to it, wh|&n the ordinary pall bears close
against its corresponding cog ; then, when any extraordi-
nary pressure against the ordinary pall bit causes it to
Ipring ofl*, the safety pall tak^s against the ratchets, and
adds its resistance to. the ordinary palls : ee, iii this figure,
are the ordinary half palls ; mmmo^re the ordinary palls^
in their resisting position : b and c are the two parts of
the safety pall, at the distance of one-eighth of an inc^
from their corresponding ratchets. Fig. 15 is a representa-
tion of a section of the windlass, showing that p£^rt of my
said invention which refers to the forward end of the lever
bar : h is the lever bar, passed through one of the hand-
spike holes, in a horizontal position, the after end, p,
being. retained by a long hook bar going into an eye bolt
)u the deck at the end, n, and swinging on an eye idini
at the end, p. T&e part marked d is to represent the
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Patent for an Apparatus to he applledia a Windlass; ^
perpendicular handspike hole^ corresponding witli the
horizontal one which intersects it. Now, so far as thicr
fig. 15 is hereby described^ I do not. claim any novelty or
exclusive privilege ; but only in the parts hereinafter de-
scribed, as follows, (that lis to say :) o is the forward en<f
of the lever bar, which it will be seen enters, into the
bearing, b/ which i^ suppoHed from the deck by the per*-
pendicular standard, w, and which standard is supported^
in turn by the diagonal bar, n, which is fastened to the
deck, at p. These standards and bearings, and the diago-i
nal bar, as also the safety pall,' Imake of cast iron, and
of the proportions represented in the plate annexed, the
size of course varying with the size of the windlass. Now
whereas I am the true and first inventor of the whole
hereinbefore described lever bai* and long hook :bar, as
shown in fig. 16, and, in fact, of the mode obtained thereby
of preventing the windlass from revolving in any direction ;
hilt whereas. I have published heretofore, and have allowed
the public use of so much of the said lever bar as is d^*
scribed by the letters h p and n, I therefore do not claim
exclusive privilege to that part thereof. But sudi a bear-|
ing and standard as aforesaid, for securing the forward end
of the lever bar, and such a safety pall as aforesaid, placed
abaft the windlass, and acting upon it'^wards from the
deck, in manner and 'form aforesaid, being, to the best of
my knowledge and belief, entirely new, and never before^
used in these kingdoms, I do hereby declare this to be my
specification of the same ; and that I do verily believe
this, my said specification, doth comply in all respects
fully, and without reserve .or disguise, with the provisq
in my said hereinbefore' in part recited letters patent cbn^
tained, wherefore I do hereby claim to maii^tain exclusive
right and privilege to my said inventioii.
' In witness whereof, &c. ■■
. . CBSBRVAtlOKS.BYJTHB rAXSNTEB.
The patent apparatus has been submitted lo .the: ilk*
sp^cttoh Of the Commissionef^' of^ iM Majesiy'^ Kavy;^
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^jl9n jwbose report tbft ^4p^4f^.o^f the Admiralty, gave imme-
4ifl^;pr4ers for th^fittii^ of tfie Surly, the Swap^a^^
j^^Usk. cutters^ .
..|t,Ji|as al^cJf.^^ei^ iospe^pt^^ ,1)y t^e Committee of tlie
^lQ^dpft ^hip70)pnjjev8\S99iety^ l^s.^ell as by ^Omeof the
vi^t, frespectsihle and e^e/ienced ship-owners, ship-
«48^8Ifo ^-i at tljO) port <?f Gre^t V9.rmouth, wlio hWo
9^r§s^f4 lihfff. '^».qH8J^ifiQd,apprdbMioIl of the iuyention^
%9Ki.ffq|^,:iyJiom t^e ,paj;e^^^ has been honoured by th^
i^QGltfl^teri^ apd , satisfactory tes^inionials.
j'. Th^jftpparg^tus, >ifhi«l\ cqnsi&ts of bar-standardsj lever-
bf^s^:^9\d,ja..$afetyrpally qombines nes^tness in app^arapce.
^ith sin^pli^ity of 'pqn^tructtopj^ and is not iii the least
degf^^u?nt)er§pfne- :
, ;Theprpp^ieR'peculiaf to. the bar-standards and leverr
Ij^aJrs. ^te'i thi^t thiey r^n,der the ,>f j^djas^, at the time of
^itig (Mi^^clj^or, a perfect fixture. Their power over the
Iriajdlfts^ pt€[vejits the possiliility of its bending or
yielding, iqi- ^y fdirectiop, to the strain of. the cablel
Md.wboUy: r^ieyfjs.' the palls aud ,]vindla8s-|)its from
pressure J, /eonpequently, t}ie incowvenience so freq^uently
tcartUAg tfrpiQ' a strs^iuing of the seams at the deckj^ ma^i*
h^ by thfesft means, .^»ti|:ely prevented. The lpver^|iar
mty. he shipped pr mnsbipped instaiitaneQusly .
;,. The safety-pall ia calculated to relieve the fore-palls
firotn excessive .pressure, and which npt only affords effec-
tiire security tQ th^ windlass, whilst riding, b^t it afep
, imparts tliat, security at the time of heaving j for^ were it
possible that rftU th^ forerpsills could give way, the safety-
pall would laost .eiSectually prevent the' windlass fj'om
%iogt round; add^d |:q which, its peculiar construction
leiidf^ it Mopossibl^ tp be upset^ eyen ^hen heaving
against a head sea^^.Q^i^r: pipes it occasion any impedi-
ment to the required rotatory motion, of the vyindl^ss, and
may be fixed or unfixed with the greatest facility.
The daily Tffetttneii^eiof the loss of Jivp^ ap4 property,
6BcasJbned lby;mndia^i»^.gjbvi^g Wjay^ renders it ^uper-
Ihraii ttfi^Qs^aM 9M tl^ g;ef^t iady^^yo^ge^ to be'deriye^
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l^ted tp ^jyert.^l^e freqifpncy of misch.iief, frppi .tjjfl.^Ba^fri
ting ofjf^i .ftt thei^me of ,^i|e^vipg, x^^y ,}^q ;9pasi^er,e4
by ti^fJflf .ijpw^s^nti ip .fli^utjicaj. ^fftir^i iis .f^.attaiqippnt
of ^ mf)^t juapprtftnt dewcjemt.^pa, w Jj^gaf gl itiQ.jt^ejfpftj
shruftiOTipf j*Q.wm4l^(^s.. ; ,,\ .:..,.:.; , i,i , i,i,;
upon the body of the wift41fifi?s,. <bf w tjiftt gij^g;ly; .^ftpf^
(ttei proper ,ikpt.io^.aftJi^.safetjf-8^l.' J^Aq tbi§ ^ftect^cily,
the after-part of the windiaft^u q^ .tv.bicJi»Jfty.^ pje^ jQf
iJOaJrtl, inroftd ■ enpi^g^. tp. eKt^d . .^.Qrops: the .ratgbefe' ou
each side of thf barrjBl ^jijliin t)iefl§i4g^SA in c^j^pf t])9^ |]^
barrel may be adjusted by the passing of the ratchets
against the piece ofboacd.
Observe that, on each safety-pall is inscribed the height
of ^'ipi^djaas^ fro^^ (the^ee&t^totihe d^k ai^idi^ipiB^. td
Vhfch it iS'-adapte'd^ i)tit, shottld circumstaiice^ rteqtiire
M'witidlSss''tb be ftxed*^hi^b'ei*HftaTi'whatis uiscriW^^ bn
the safety-pall, it will only'tje teqiiiMte to elevate the deck-
plate by means of a small chock. . Let the teeth of the
safety-pall be set atoiit one-gightK of an inch clear of the
t^pjFa^e .p^; flaV .^V^if^ce] of a JC?^tche!> .q^ eac|^ side^ .{pj \h^
^^iBr;\t^^.'c>f,,% to h^n^ upon ; t^ien-^proY
p^g^.jQ.^jf tte^^^^ the lioks fqf ,thie ^eol^
WlK»i.^Wc|i Ji^ust be'^^bn^^^^ ex^<^tnes^,^^in.Qrder
that^^w^^n tl^.^hapkie'fc^^^^ t^e shipped,, thp ^aafeVy ps^^
^^Ta^Pj^^pringbo^ yiufit beportici^dipto the pail;b|ta pij^
^9ien1;/^^p^^ tq acjLppdt gf th^ pla^. (which ig iQtepde^ Jp
i|'pcure il^jfrqm the weatlie?;), being paijed pp ^^shj ]yith!t^j?
BjL^ibiV ^Thf ^ojii^Vf^pij^^f^^^^ must ftlso.jie.fi^ۤ
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28 PaiefUfarimjrtwedinttimdffn^
In arranging tbe length of tfaeidhiiinj letit be so dirid^/
that the link may jttst touch the extremity of the hook of
Ae springs but if, when eut,' it should prave rather too
ahort/it may be lengthened by flattening the linksi. - "
The bar standards should be pfooed as liear ate |M>fisible
to the windlass, allb#ing it .only su&cient roottk to revolve;
and they may be morticed a little way into^the d^k ; ify
on^e contrary, ^y be too short, they may be elevated
l^ placing a small chock under each foot. : i
, The fore end of the lever bars are to be shortened^ until
the iroh bands at the after end go close to the windtassi
Wh6n placed, into their situation.
' Fix the eye bolts at the deck so as to allow the hook
bar when shipped to be quite perpendicular.
Spee^icaHon of the Faient granted to Pavtd Go]U>ok9 of BoiifighdU^
street^ lAmdon, JStq'for certain improvemenU in M« cirtutruction of
* carriages or other madiines, to be moved or propelled by mechanical
means. Dated December Vd, 18^. ^
WITH AN ENGRAVING.
TO all to whom these present^ shall come, &c. 8cc.'
Now know ye, that in compliance with the said provis6, 1;
the said David Gordon, do hereby declare ^he nature of
toy said invention by the following description thereof, and
the manner in which the same is to be performed and?
carried . into efiect by the drawing which is hereunto an-
nexed, reference being thereunto had, and to the figures
and letters marked thereon, as follows, that is to say :-*-*
My invention consists in a particular arrangement of me^
chanism hereinafter to be described, for the purpose of
propelling or driving a locomotive carriage over a rail-way
or common road,' or for propelling ploughs, harrows, or
other agricultural machines or implements. This action is
performed by th^ operation of a number of i^ds or pro-
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Batenlfor iinfToved m(m ^
pellera^ Tfh^tch.roda or propellers are, attedied, at one of
tbeir^xtremities, to a like number of cranks, situated upon
pi^, common axis. agros9; the carriage, near to the hind
part thereof, whilst their outermost extremities are formedj
as will be hereinafter described, so as to be capable of
seizing theground in a sufficient degree tx) propel or drive the
carnage, OP other machine aforesaid, forwards, being at the
same time connected by rods prpordswith the extremities
of certain^ levers, which are operated upon by. an equal
number of excentric shapes, or wheels, the said excentria
vriieels being all fixed upon ,one . commoa axis, r^oeiviqg
its rotai^; motion, by a, pair of equal cogwheels from the
n^aifi.qrankaxi^. . By the. said arrangement, as the crank
axis and excentriq wheel axis are- paused to revolve with
e<}ual^ velocities by any adequate power applied to themt
^harod^or prppeUers. aforesaid will. be forced or. thrown
o(i^t^bi^ckwards (qr in the contrary direction to that in
whigh the carriage is desired to be moved), and by the
form.or sh^pe of ,the exceQtj:ic wheels, the. outern^ost ex-
tremities of the propellers will only. remain in contact with
the. ground, at. the time when they v are moving with the
p;reatest. velocity, or nearly so ; at other times the extremir
tjes will, by the fiction of the eccentric wheels, be taken
up . entirely off the ground . Thus a continuous action will
bejkeptup to propel the carriage, or othermachine orimple-
ment, forwards. Fig. 1, (PI. IL) upon the drawingwhich is
WeuntQ. annexed, will serve to explain the form of a car-
riage which I propose to emplpy for the said pu,rp08e. It
is constructed according to a plan for which I obtained a
patent, dated 14th d^y of August, 1821, This carriage
^as onj^ three wheels, and is.tl^erefqre guided with much
facility ; besides whichj^ it presents a large uninterrupte4
space, near the ground, to receive and contain the neces-
sary machinery, steam engine, pr other prime moving
power. , The spaop ; marked a a a A, is devoted to the
engine, and mm^inery. The space,, b b b b, is devoted to
the conveyance of luggage. The front paiNt, c cc c,.jis
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§9 l^aShT/o^ i*>re*«r j?l^d^
ikaa"iite(l largceiVdTdVlf idbia^ 'pilssen^ers, or toui: passen-i
Serb o^the fii^t dfess; and thie part, d d d b, fe kdapyd bi
rifebeive ^wfelve ontside'pksseiiger^ : ir represents the con^
diietdPs feteat, Which ii situaf^d in front, so tW' he iik^
bfe capable df* 16okihg but bieiat bVer fhe'roiid Which thci
carria^ id id IriVel. The conductor is also supposed td
pbsi^ess ii cbntroul over the Entire machine, 'behaving t6ii
6r cbrds Cominjg^to "him froiA sAt ^uch p^nrfe !aS ihisty rfeqtilr^
k'ttehlibn ; and bjT the ^hofe cah-iage/'machiiifery, atid sttl
BKn^ Abunted'ttr suspended lipon ff{)rlbg^ Upon flie bfed
or part lb wMcKthe t^hteels ai^ aBBbced, the niotibh wio'ute
bli^vfeiy fealty; • 'F%s. '2''atid'^3 lipoh -^he- afilriebtfea '.drai^ifi^
^•ste^ 86 eifeMnAHfe ihetliahiSBi fbiprb'^eUitig«Be^%^W
locorfidtiVfe c^^^e fbi:wards,^i)on a rdiK^aLybf A feo&iii^
rBad f ^V^bVc'sfeJiits' the inaiii 'di^diiK diis/trhteh W^iife dttW-^
lJtt)pflletj«!lted4q^i^
gfiAilaV <d' Vttat is fiepre^eyed '^^ c?:^ Thfefe^ '][)rif][)felierk^ 1
c&fistnict of ihetal, kndnialfe thc&'hblfew; ^Hlft'e Rjrhi'd^
{iib'gs] so its' iti doiitkin a' 'Vvlbbtlen ^rbd wlfliin Hih6 ^Mfii
patt^th'^rebf. Thfe outerifadst' eitr^mit?es ' ' cjf 'ttti-pW^
fiiHetk ai^^^bilr^df to tL^cliefd' pieces of' metal dr^fe^t,'^
ftie^'tfuWe^bf Mich ai^cs is petfoVmiBd^y a ridluB;; a'biSllf
eqUai' to ffieTaditisbf thfe' cranks j f] arid fti'6 uiidet^ stirfaciiH
of to; ciifVefs or ifefet ^te shbd; afccor'drn^ io rttyitnpirdSrfei
fti^hV^i'with pieces bTvborH'feliW.'Kair, ''mkUhoM'^^Si
oWifer' Stable material; set oh end likife a stiff liavd-brtisSK. »
tie slid ^*bstiance^ to'prqjebt k'sKbrt'di^aiice h^diiA't^^,
{icjlrit^orextremityes (if irobte^^^^^ if M Mfbfe'
matJd^iai ^hbtild yieftf inahy cionsideVable d^gke, thepbllfti
biP^Mhfe4ro*h teeth aforesaid \^6uM cbihe iiito cbiitSit Witli
th6 gttJund; and 'wbtild act as ptc^ellers 'to ad^ahcfe^'flfe
carfidge'foi-watdsJ ' '^ ' ' ■ ' J ' ' ' t''
rBtiifng'-thei winter/ U^b^ ihH ^uffece bPl:hW^brifl ilS
^ibVeV^d^With 4e/ ot'liafd' snow, I" iiit^iH tb fWiih thi
%iill8f Mfafce^bf Atf'said cutves,'. of fe^j 'WitK it^H
|foiat&;-\AiGti*^a^*'ph)jectf BufKn[(»tljr ttt sWife«[fe'grbiitti4
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TiiiAtfidr in^^roved mal!i& '6fpropeftin^ "Ctir^'agk 31
Mi propel the carriage fbirvWitcls: • Hia^ 'u^^p^ttho^t j^itfft
of ffife curves, or feet, g, are loaded with leid,'^ '^tMet
ponderous material^ in Order, to render them fiufficientty
heiry to operate m a piroper xnatiner ti^on the grcmnd.
The extreiiie ends of the prOpellerfe are fbrtoited otq tlife
upper surface to a joint or knuckle, A, aiidhav^ slight
mletal rodfe, k, jointied to thenl, whidi said r6ds-ilro»6i66d
ui)wai^Sj and are attached to the extremities of a jitaahet
^ i^ths br leVers, i, moving updnl a flked fse^tte at kL
Tbfe Ifevetsy i, aiiiB guided in their motion Jsidewaylt ^f
Slidittg tkrdUgli oi^enings, or lilifs, iri a kiiid ^ feting
jg^Atlng^ 91 ♦iV iind thejr hAve* A''siiifeft |in!ley; or'tcfll^lS' *i
working ihtb a gno'^e/ w. tiAfeWifeift, tt? si pf^ling i'Mh
f^^ MiM%T sldef Of '^abh l^fcrt • thfetemall td!lers,n,-tfi
kdaptiid to bear upon Ihe Tipper surfacefs' of thfe shipefe,' ttt
•KfegfiSie Whfeiels, L/'Whict said^Wfiaeft Ar6 b8iiWffed hp^M
aha*fs;y)¥sMti, MV'tm'mn^^^ bearing siippfos^ ii(1BS
fedre^ea to Wife'canr?age frame! ^-I^e maifa ciank akfSj 'f; li
Mnlsaietf with a c6g-wllfeel>/>1St'efteh eHd' thefeoT; U fee'efi
if//, ife fig. 3; ^3ne of 'Which ^vhe«*^i rfeprfe^ehte'd at^
in ig. 2j' By a dyJt^d cirdte inryv this wfiee! ctlmftitinii.
feattfts tttofiftn to An6ttier co^ Wheel, 'Of ^equ'al aianifeter Wild
liumlier of te!ith, ^Iced ikpoh the ietfd 'of tiiife exceritrii
Wkeel shaft, M; Thns bcilh; the *kfd dh^ttS atfe baus^d \6
revolve tilth equal velocities', Hbdtfi* shapii or otuatioh of
the iBishres> oi; eicehtrid ifrWWs; is kvti^, that th^ leVers i\
hf thfe aid of 'the rods, tt, &re adapted to aHbw thfe kiider
sWfes of each of ithe ^rbpelfirig fete't, g, io remain lipob^ the
gWuriid dttrifag the iiotlon'df the' crank from No.' I to
No. 8, aWd then to tdise the feet,'g*, u)[y*om thfe grouni Vf
i%6 exoteitric pstrt of the *h^te, t; itbtti No. 8; hfTfo". 7\
t& 1^0.- e, eiaeh of 'the fe'et rSifarining bfear 6f the grourifli
ftom Jfo^. e to. l*Oi 2, and HHfen- descending at the p^rt
frd!fa'2l()'.l =; 1>y tfli6 tneans,as'tb*rBate^i^fit>fei^hkfe^i^p^^
s^Wtefd ittitl^'amwfeg-bf lth^1(fes.^tod b^ ^ %hei* VouW
h%^igte^o^eil^&, 6} sCiid ei^ rbds/H', ivfth their levers;
I, and<ftXlt5*ntritWh^«s;iJ,Whicl^/by fepeiratih^'lfa '4 i?e«^
M *W0«l'd teiW' W pfd«*fcfe ^' cliliiiiribuft dtad
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3S It(f(^tiatJwAjiiift^
jiuwforaa ..aotioii upofl tl^e: ejafcrii0fge,4o • pr<^ it fi^rwaydg,
liie cranks being sp ari*anged relatively tp the prppeUer^
tha4i tite said propeAler? B^y. .CQ?pe upon the grpund, fir&t
on ope side oi the .e^atrelifip of tfee ca^ris^e, then upon
the opposite: side of t]^e centre line, thereby .a¥oiding.any
degree of side m(a>tio« Or rifling of th^ parriage alpi}g.tho
grouini; an^ in ordotithat the crank's maj^ be sufficiently
«tji^^ J propose to. insert a support or cpUar between every
paif/pf crai^Si as will appear evidei^t fro^i ioi^p^tionf^
the parts,'^^, fig^ 3. • Eaoh; of the propellers, : G,-wiU be
guided iH :its mption : i^ideways, by wording, through r a
jgrooye or slit formed in th§ lower part or bottoo^ piep^ of
the hinder ^sjct of' the c^iage^. fls^ ropi;esented: by ojp^ in
£g. 2. They wUl each of them have a line attached to i<^
being conveyed over* pulleys along the vippem^t part of
£he carriage to tbe cqndjictor; in order that ^^:m%y ar^
jang« the working of the same according to the nature^of
the^road over which he has to travel, or in tuf^i^^round
a comer; this latter movement of raising up some of thf
propellers from- th^ ground, will act very conyjeniendy
along w^th , the . simple turning of thie front ,wh^
of th^. carriage. T should sU; the, same time ]:ecomm^n4
that tho wheels wejre each provided with a gripe or
ji^eaky the. handle of which' were with^ the power of d^
conductor^ so that ho might descend ,ai hill without di^7 *
pulty or risk ; and in travelling up hilly >grcmnd it will^b§
found veiy ^advantageous to ha^ye transverse pieces of woo4^
or other sufficiently hard mat^ial, dispos/efl apross tb[e
l^efdth of the road,» between the lines ;of rail^wa^^ the
sajd pieces being ploMced at abQ^t five ot six.ippt^^asuft-
d^ep, as may be foppd most convenient, for the feet of. tb^
propellers to act against in propelling the carriage.. 1!\^
foresaid mechanism will be found equally ;a]^lipipib}e;tj:|
the prc^elling of ploughs^ harrows, or pther agricultural
fpachines ot implements; but die feet; of the. prpf^U^^
wittrequirq to be made larger: in proportion as them^i
phine is intended to travel over uneven or soft ground.
; I bpe now desoril^iedj lyithxefecienGe to the, s^^k^
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MJlVfl
\nmiiiiini'innn|iiiunmmiuiiiniii
- -' ' -,„ \%%^i%1K K ^•«».
J^.3.
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4
M.
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js^aw^ i|
1
^ 1
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Pi^tntfoir it^roved Means of propelling Cartiageii h^
drawing, Efiy inVerition x>f certara improv^menti^ in the con*-
iilrixcttdn of carriages of other machines, to bfe moved or
propelled- by tnefehatttcal means^ ahd I do herefby declacev
iAat I bonfine my oktim of invention to the fdlowmg par^-
tieiiWB> tiz'. 'First, the general arrangement of the ma*-
fchiiiei^y 61^ apparatus for propelling by mechanical means
ifearriages, ptoiighs, harrows, or other agrictiltural machines
br iiApl^ments as hereinbefore described, with reference t6
4ihe' annexed drawing. Secondly, I claim the exclusive
right of having the rbds or propellers in such.carriagefsf,
br machineis, jointed to cranks situated at different angles
upon the same axis> so that the extreihities br feet of th^
propellers will act upon the ground in succession, at a
time when they are moving with the greatest velocity, or
ibeaily €0. Thirdly, I make claito to the curved forrii of
ttfe. under s^rfeces of the fefet of the propellers, being de^-
iHi^ib^d hf h '€ii^l« of iibout the ^ame radiuS as the radkiii
of the cranks winch move them> in otder that the ^aid
feet' may'^ acbotmnodate themselves more easily to the
^F^iid^.and'espeoially in the act of turning. An^i fburth}y'>
I daim tlie right of eoiploying bristles, whalebone, o\
odi^ plvabl^ ittaleri^r affixed to the undei? surfaee 61- th^
icuiVed feet of -thfe' ptopeliers, 'as a substance to-cdme
into confoct with the ground, and hold suffitientl^
tierenpon. , ^ . . ; • - ^- ;
Thefbrm and- proportion of the various parts of th^e ap-
pamtkb constituting the medhani^m^ aforesaid, must b^
vaft^'l[;^ddrding to ttee ^t^cuntistJances^ o!f the case, without
departing fr^tn the 6lye^t of the inveAtteji, as h^ereinb^foi'e
deWibed «fid 0^ fbnb.
In wil^sist whereofy&c- &€* • ^ ^ - , >
• .►
>JISi;'RVATIO.N3 HY'THE.PATKHTBB. . . . .
. .UfM'il ajbett^. n^ovi^g power sb«ill;b«r obtained, I pro-
l^e;; %o use a. I^^hf^{ifr6i9su#e ' liteam' eiigine, with tWty
pjlm4^, 6p"as to pisj)ense with a fly-whee(, tl^e boiler of
which 1 recommend to be on the Am^ipan.piJinpipkf of
VOL. I. D
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84 #fwf?»*ipr f «iff^«^ -Jfi^
^i;ltip)ied c^lsf of sipaH Rqpp^c tub^; ^a« iiffoc^MPg »
|igl^lb ^pd s|. large sur&ce for 0^e fir^ ^ act ugpB i^ $i i^^
Hg^p^^ in whicl^ csise tip possible danger frpm 1)H|909^
^qv^Id ansf • Tbf w^tef to l^e forf^ed dpwn a pip^ Ptog
the flue, c^^d tbe steam to come out below^ aj^ i\k^ bp(l§lt
pftrt q{ the tube. liain wat;er to be ^sed ; ^d to ^^,}fe if;
afid tbe he^t as inuch as possible^ the exit pijpe fironi^
4e^|i^ ^pgine pvLg^it to be iiufertefl 6 Pf 8 iiv^bes ii^to tljtf
f^^tfff d«|tem; the end of t^ie pip^ to be lij&e 1^^ EOf^ of ^,
yif^Xfifing p^n, thjB orifices of which to be f fuall tnbai^ ahfOft^
^ Jiich OF t|f p long, th^ buiq pf thq are?t of w^iah to Iw
f ^pal to the area of t^e e^H pipe. $y this meafi«^ ^h@r#
^pul4 be litUe was^ of water, ai;d it cpuld b^ PI^I^P^
t)^ck into the boiler sp Iqng as the water in the f^ht^jp^
paa h^ kept under the boiling ppipt of ^ater ij^ y^p.^
I;^ spo^e degrep this ai^lti^in^t would a^e t^p pn^Pt
1^ cppflensing one, apd at no tinip i^puld th^ pipepsmie P9
the e3|i|; Srte^m be an ^mpedimeapit f^prth cg^ifei^qi*
Although my locomotiye carriage is adapted for opgiqiM
rp^ds, and for ploughs, hwrpw9, ft^c, yet jt is jj^f^m V9^
fpadi^, ice, and snpw, that tbp gr? at^st adirasfenge ngftpll
|^$ gained, and where the rapidity w^.M W imjfomilf^
If tie rail-rp^d rppresQn|;ed i^ tl^^ plat§ is iptfotiled^bf
^f^dp pf wopd, and that y^ pf i| upOR i^igb l4l wHifil
are to move ought to be covered with very thin ^^^ ifti,
Eyeft in this country §m^ a ppwie« of mjlri^4 ¥?<l«j4 f»ot
}§l^ f xpf n^iyp ; but ift spn^p parts pf S^^PR^* R«B«i» W^
j^v^fjif^, it wpqld cpst Ipdf tb49 a w«Il-^«»lldp ^Amw^
IP^d, The stumps of tre^^ \n fy§h wpuld in gf«mil ¥d
all the foundation required. The.fel}pmi»g fMT^l^pffllb
cipal uses to which I think tfce loG/^Kj^tiw ^um^,lJlH>ye
described might be put : —
1st. To propel carnages on eommdn toads or fields.
t This species of boiler and dstem I reeomtnend f6r steam vessels
[ |sii^ i[e cniibJtycd*'
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. Mt. T« impel oiinASss .f ]^ ^Mw 9^ mw »n4 m, ;
guide,. waiA ,bfi,iH^«$e4 fm?^ <)«14, i»eAtiiMi4 v«icU}i»
iMiwtai;
t^etf Southwark, Surry 3, J^sq^jor an improvev^ent in addttton to
^ ikoeihgi^ iidpiiig' and treatment of horses^ feet. Dated Aug. 5,
mi^9»M'lB(^mdjKm'iif>T^%' aiid4h« manner la vbieb. this
IMMi ifbiA hfx porforixked^ ave pap|icBkrlgr d^ssribed audi
jlP^firtiiivleil tM foUova^ ^h»i m to aay £rr-J^ eofisisto m ithe
£fflriMtk»r#i^<iuiBtiiwtio^.o^ nfaioh
I mill Bfe«iidr9^'Wdiatlie<&ppliiiatumo£ i^^ ti>jk|ie
^Mfc/of barfiCftyj fii^ ftbaiptirpoBQ oCsqppoitiiig'ihesi^ and
jpiidiiacQg fMaaaid eilmfotite auch aiiiiDad8,,aaiw^ll: aa
Iw paovG^Qlkng tba Ji^j^altliy i|t^ &i thfiin^ baK ^J ^oefing
Auam ^fffotcitttiw^ <»ncb piatniainaifef a. i^awiB« degrda af
m0]«tarQ4 land' likewtaa of ic&Blpin addtlaopUi |iLtt& to iba
iiaQdia.Uiftahoaiigaffb$|iiea&^ as ksfreionlt^B dof
^lonk^. i iiiAU^hefifdisMyoonathiottqnaajidapplicatioiif
,«f |iarsf9i> ahoea^ tilia inin aboaia.sapljiced aadfiMdiii
% hpttf^ ^iiukt; pm t^]^ awi^ of ifaa : amaial, iakaa
atawliog^ Imutai^ttl th&'outiiF^odgc^'ef tike «4et aiidiUa
p 2
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^ Pat^ for iatLifHproved frtaimei^ of Horsed ftek
ftogy or tough elas^'centrtil part df ^e'fdof; wbieh ntriore
evidently intended should b^ar a jiortioA of .the weighty is
raised and temored altogether from contacfcwith the grounds
By this mefans one of the mbst cmisiderable ia(eAibetid of
the foot is thrown completely ottt of ootfon; and tiie-^hole
iveight of the animal is suspended x)r hung (to it Were)
iipon the crust or fro^t ' cinmaife^ence di the ho^f. Tht
proper distribution of pressure upon the foot^ by throwing
% pcntioii of ittipon the frog and »c4e> is rery generally ^ad-
mitted; and itisatvant of.ppoiper attentipr^to thia ei^
cumstance^ that produces some of the disordera^to-whtdl
the feet of horses are liable. The principal objects of my
invention are, therefore, to produce this pressure on the
'^frog and dole ; to make its quantity variable, ^cbording t6
the exigency of the case ; and to maintain such a proper
quantity of moisture at all times upon the foot, as shall
prevent its growing hard and' cracking, and as shall insure
the healthful expanision and growth of its parts. To pro-
duce these desirable ends, I use the apparatus or implement
shown, flatwise, or in plan, at fig*"^ (Platef IL) and in sec-
tion } or> ^sit wouldappear> if oat thrmigh longittidiiiaUy,at;
fij^.5; its size, fonn^ andidimensionsi v&tying wkli' iMk
of the foot to which it is to be applied, or the exigenci^
of the ease ; and this apparatus I call a: reister; It donisiits^
in the firstplace, of a base or atiff ineee of ttiateliaiy ^, #,
jfor theptarpose of. giviag strength -and conaiHenice to the
apparatus; andorotfaisacooum I formatof tUds buffolb
tennpd leathev ; earpet, or woollen doth painted on <on^
«ide;'felt, such as is used for hat xnaieing ; ^ganvtisa,
Btiflened or sireagthened by'pan&ting^ vamidkiH^ or iS^
iaent ; or tarpaulinnor floor clo^^ or any similir mfatttrial^
that will bend, so as to .permit its inttiodliotiQn into^ the
«hoe^ and yet la sifcfficiexitly rigid ori^aff ta naintain its
|dace>whea onee piKt in. Totbe U]iq>«ripi^'of thia:baiie^>
o^. that. which .gOea next to ^e ihorse^s foot^ I k&f^^
atitoh, or . otherwise. attlieh and ifii, twt^.pitoel^ of apbngel,
thickran^ porous felV eheep/ir akin^ tas|neflL wiih l^ wocd
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npqsa i%j or voiher.9oft elastic end. abjsorbentjnaterial, «u^
lit c^i <^^e I form the whole of one piece, in which,
0ey»e die triapgolar portioji, dd, must be cat out and re-
iB0;ve4^ fio. .^s to make room for .the frog of the foot to eater
i^, and bear upon the bajse of my apparatus. The pro* ^
jecting pad> cc^ foixajed<as aforesaid, must iill up the
phple sole jand hollow of the foot, and surround the frog
as nearly CMS posstbl?; consequently, it will require more
pr less- projecticHQ, according to the depth of ihe foot to
which it is applied, and which it should fit as nealJy as poSf>
giUe, its intention being to* retain water or any other fluid
with which it may be moistened in contact with the foot,^
and thua to keep it in a damp state as long as may be re-
quired. To the underside of the said base, a b, or that
side which is next the ground, I also sew or otherwise
attach a pad or cushion, ee, fig. 5, which must be of such,
ttste as to be contained within the opening of the horse
shoe, and of such thickness as to exceed that of the shoe^
or its elevation above the ground ; consequently, whenevex:
the foot is put to the ground, the bottom of this lowec
pady ee, will come, into contact with it, and will receive
j&e preseure, which will be transferred to the base, a b^
«id from thence to the frog and sole of the horse's foot^
In-order to apply these resters to horses' feet, the stiff
p^ojectipg edge of the base, ab^ is to be introduced into
the hollow space that occurs between the arch of the sole
of the horse's foot, and the top surface of the shoe, a»
shown in fig* 6, which is a general section of the horse's
foot) with the shoe and the rester applied within it. li\
some Gasc» where, from want, of space between the shoe
and tiie foot, or other caute, it may appear desirable to
use a base or middle piece^ a &, . of little rigidity or
stijShess \ as, for i^ustance,. when it is made of hat felt, I
then cause small metal piojections, such as are shown at
ffjp in fig, 7, to be rivetted upon such sole, their length
bcdng just sufficient to t^e sufficient hold of the iiiside
of the shoe, to hold the rester in its proper place y and uk
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91 Jhiihfi^fiiri^i^pilt^iifi'atmMif
dflieif cases, particularly iii flisoMeried Uel, Wheil it tiay B*
deSirkbte to remove and replace the testerfr6qtientty,I MW
t^k 6f thig holdfast of Mh plate troii, dr <5ther tdfetal, 'k\i6^
iti diffetetit Iforms, at ilg^: 8, 9, and 10; ice i^hich fh^ fik^l
|)6iiits, If, If, Jiass bfetWfieii the foot aiid dig irbn 6fto4j
^lle th6s4at *;*, are inotedble upbil tfidriVetb i,f, SB
eetitres; akd iiay te tilirnea backwards diid for^af^s fcS
ffembVe bt fix tile rester it pleasure. ' tn some case^ Itkfe-
^Isfe, instfekd of attaching the piids, t, c; fig. 4, to Ittil bait
5, 8, 1 iiiakfe thein of this feame materials aJ aforiesaid, ^\ii
lob^e arid detached as at fig. 11 ; and in this case, afteif
ekilsirig thein to fill ujJ the holloW of the fobt fall^ aM
jfripferly, I ibtroduce a base, eitber \Vith d fetuffitt^ W
li^ildihgoftittiform thickness, or withbut any tJaddlh^'fe?
stiiteri^ dt dll, on the inside, and I fik and attach it by'itfy
of the meahs^ aforesaid: All the above described appA-
ratu^, ItfaUSt be understood, i^ required td b'^^ ajlpHeH
only to horses in this stable, and not wbeh they at^ St
■^ork, In order lo mefet aiid give support dhd prefeSUfy
to fei^t of the greatest depths, t forin a double bag, tKkt
h, a bdg^ilh a diyisiohbr parti tibhbetVeeri the Wo 'sild'^S^
t^ith a sti'ohg, ^tltf, pirojecting edge, rendered s6 by |iaitit
.Or tarnish, see k,k,}t, fig. 12; which rim bt MrgiH'ls'fiii'
the purpose bf passing between th^ foot and' the ^hbe/ fcb
hold the apparatus in its pldce as afotefedid. The tooutJf^
Of Opening of these bkg6 or pbcketS ate at the heel, afid
by th^fee tintroducfe first a feuificifefat' quantity of packing
Or stu&ng of sponge, felt, wool, Shavings of leathfer,^ bf
Odiei* ^oft b,bsorbeht And elastic materials, eithfer to fiH'Ufl
thehollbwofthe'fbot, and to J)roduce tHfe requisite jii^S-
stir^ and moisture \,1 then introduce into theloWest t)Ock'et
bi?' division, or that nfexl' the ground, k small pallet bi*
pi^ce of wood, leather, or other sufficiently hard siib-
itahce, cut into the forni shown at m, fig. 12, bif elSe t ^u
^U6h Jpo'cket br division with shavings of leather ftifii i>^
fag, nay, 6i bther Substances, until I have ptoduceft thb
Aeces^fy preissure iiponk ihe frog; tvheti the ^bbdi^tl dl*
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otter pilteti^ or ^aekUigs^ «!} fig. It, fo'e mnA^ tis^ bf» i«
iriU b6 afaodiiitrf to h^fe ihem 6^ differetit degteefi 6f
t^Msktieii^ i6 otd^r to sttil; dilFerent dejpths Of feet, fttid
lAitito tiiifli {irbjeot be)rt)iid tii« 6ho«t feitibthei' fuehAi
wbick I iiiakli tli^b of id shoi^n «tt fig. 13; it eotiiiBtH of titii
flrtiieifil ftog of iroh, or odidt tuat^tial, p,qi Mvihg a
s^Kag dfsteol dr hftiotfidred ij^on^ fij^ed trftluiTekely A6t(^n
iii a» tt ni Oi n, ibd buds, b> h, of this dt)riiig go Ibetweeu tho
flhoound tho foot; hAd aS tho #pritig Itddf is ftrched Of
lieiit tqpwardii Imtiiig it& endd itidined tOWafdd the shoe^
aftd ]« lifted to th^drtiddal metal &og,|7, q, it will of course
btiff Aat ^tiibi&l frog ujpf^ahld slgtuiist the red frog of
tko kolsb'ft fdot mm H degree of stretigth ot jpresdufe,
e^ttHlefill to the power of the fipritig, which of ebtirse
^y to Mide greater or ks^ ctt pleaisiui^e; by the applies-'
ttoB of t&e ftfdre^^d itiventiotiii, or stich of theili ail ar6
mMt sbitattla to the j^artietikr ease, it will be neen that k
ORioh ttiore bfflcient Atopping of the foot pressure oil the
frog aiid able> itnd appliciSitibh of moisture, ftre obtkihed
tUtti by any of the mbans now tilled foi" ^och ptirposeis ; I
nbt only, howeter, extend my invention tod improtefhentjl
^ horfcea* feet when in the yd,rd or std,ble, btit likewise
i^ly It to them when al irork, by Ihe following meahs • In
tKo first ^Ittce^ hitvihg prepared and cleahed the foot, and
put it into & proper state for receiving the shoe ai^ u^ual, iiP
the fpot is Very hollow; and I find it ei^pedient, I Stop
rbitnd fho fVog and fill i\p the hollow of the horse's solb
with a detached p^dding> so thick as will make it Aearljr
lt¥el when the shoe with its appttrtehances i^ pat on, tod
IUb is best fOttaied of sheep Aia, tanned or taWed with
file wobl oti itj and clttached either 6imj[>ly td die irdn frog
before fasentiohed, by rlvettiii^, or iltitj^hed at itid margih to
ftpieoe of doth, l^ttong leather, or other materild, to give
it itiA»e0s tod protection, and in which I form a pocket,
if nwimitf; wherein to introduce stuffing as before de-^
aikibed^ for the purpose Of filling n^ a mote thto nsu&Uy
^t hiOfRo^n^M df this ftfot, in ^hich daie the irdit fto^
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40i Papi^nt/or Hn imppoped Tteatment ^ Jiforto - JBttil
is to be fastened by.T^etting, qr otherwise to '4liei]iidto^
material or piece of cloth ^s before : described,: or 1 td -i^'
piepe of thick felt, painted canvaa, or . wy> oS the sti^Qiii^
%u,bstanqes' hereinbefore nained^ as proper fpr maklingiKe:
^ase, or any other substance which m^be fitaod pifop*r
for the purpose. , This n^ust be cut to theexaiStforriioC
\he external edge of the foot> as shown s^t^ fig« I8> -awdl
then strengthen or protect the under side. of stteb^piece of
material by an artificial frog; or centre- piece of iro» oir-
other material, either with or without the spi*i^g; n^n, sbtHro.
in fig. 13. .This metal plate, or arti^cial ftog, is to bejfti*-
tened with rivets, having wide washers, or plates^ to i^enEder
them more secure, to the said piece pf m&i^rial '; a4d ha^t^ing,
if necessary, first stopped and prepared the foot as'afiwe-
said, I next place the piece of material, so cut oul and:
protected, oyer the same, and then apply the «hoe xweh
this, as shown by, the dotted line in fig. 13, and' nail it to
the hoof in the usual manner, when the nail wiH jpass
through the said piece of protected sheepskin,' leatiier, or
other material, which will thus be firmly attached- to the*,
^t, and will be immoveable until the shoe is removed^
The foot and shoe, when so prepared and finished, ^IL
have the appearance shown in fig. 14, when Viewed
firom the under side. In a foot so prepared and *slioed»'
it is evident, that any required degree of picessure, 'or
none at all, may be produced at pleasure, by adopting
the spring shown in fig. 13. It will also be evidetft, that:
from the absorbent nature of the materials, or stoppibg,
introduced into the hollow of the foot, it will always be
kept moist, from which the most beneficial results may be;
expected. I likewise occasionally turn down the edges of
the metal plate, or false frog, p q, fig§. 13 and 14, not o£ily
to give it greater strength, but because it is an excellent >
preventive against slipping. This artificial frog might.be
made in one piece, as at fig. 14, or as shown detaqhed
firom the shoe at fig. 16, having a hooked foint at s, whijQh
may be used oi: not; but by making them in two, and.
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HUfAti^ <^m U^etk&t,: w %t fig. 13, ,t}ie tiOwtiiiioe ^ad
iilr»ngth of. the *pi5ii^, qr the depth, ^b^pf^, and Aublta^icc
^f thf» frogy may be suited, exactly to Uie exigeocy cf tht
caae. LaaUy, I d^lare, that although I have . detoribed
the Taiioto farms, ot abates, of the aerertd parts of my
invention and .appaiatos, and the Dfiuateriak of which i
boQQeivid they are best made and consti^cted« yet^ as fny
mveotion does not consist of these alone^ I di) not confiM
biyseU' to tbem> inasmuch as.it may be ned^ssary U) vary
tfenivto duit particulalr cases. The essence of my tnveo^
tien, 'and the only part, of the same which I claim. IhH
iviiole and exclusive right and benefit of under my aforcK
said hereinbefore in part recited patent, is the apparatus
lasft above described/Mmely, the artificial frog of iron, or
olher.mcAal, with or without a spring, and the soft and
elastic pacjuag of sheepskin, with the wool upon it, of
other fit material, as herein})efore mentioned ; and I there*
fore claim the use, of all such materials as possess the
mqmsite properties of retcdning moisture, and protecting
and asaifting the foot wh^n. tised and applied in the
manner described by figs. 13, 14, and 15 ; that is to say^
when usfd and nailed upon the foot, in conjunction wilh
the shoe as aforesaid. The varnish before alluded to^
which I make, and use, is formed of five ounces of shell
lac, with one ounce of turpentine, ai|d 32 ounc^ of
alcohol ; and the paint which I prefer is that known by
the name of Ribble^dale's rock cement, when mixed with
common oil paint.
In witness whereof, &c* ^c.. &c.
Description of a simple apparatus for lifting heatfjf goodifircm the
ground into carts or waggons. By Mr. J. W. Boswell.
Communicated by the Author.
..... 1 •
It has often appeared. to me, that society" would be
intoch benefitted by oojniiuuti<;atio&a published relative
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41 dMA>amfi^UfHkghm»e^
to vMiU niaetens MaxA May hii4 i»e6uiwi to IttiU
tMhiil« in theit fietef^l ptLYiraitli dt «ltip%tib«ilill^ aii4
wliicb, from tari«d6 direiitttit»diCtis> tUi^ tfi&y jDidt bi hUi
b i^ender loeratii^e to thbuifiMt^s by ihe ekdudm r%M of
ft|^i0Qti or other mmiA, thot^ taluabto ftir ibait cpplU
iaidM to p4ii|>08es of aoknowtedgod tttilUy.
> Ittfluteoed by thU opinicnft, I hftve coaumndoated sweni
ftt^ere^ #hieli ippoarod to iko td^^ontsdn autten of tUi
^Mtriptiota^ for ^tdblieniftok at tvitona timea^ and fcbould
bare titfiiiitiitti^d otti^rs^ but ha?e b^en prevented partiy
friwn tin pc^satir(ft of my baainess, and partly fromcowU
diiirajtiocia with Whidh it iis not material €o tianble )fdoii
Midcflhii
'^ > Som^ of these I hate had the aatiafaetion to sea adoqfited
by genflemen who had. more oppc^omty to iSam them to
ftaotioal titility thdn t h^d. One geiltlema% who itiada
live of my improyemeiits on the Scheninita Engine for
iUdsing Water, ha& h^d the Ubemlity to acktiowle<^ bii
liating teken hid ideaa from my paper relating to it in
Kicholson'd Phil6ddphieal Jourtlal> in what be pabtisl^ed
reapecting this matter. And another gehtleinan has done
itMi the hofloar to tikk oat a pat^t lately for diy Meth6d
of Moving Ships by Compressed Air, which was pitblisheil
ik the Number of the Itepertory of Arts for April> 1816;
whieh} however^ I presume^ cannat be of mueh us^ to him;
lts> by this publication, I have not only ^siablished the
priority of my claim to the invention^ butof cotfrse hat4
rendered his patent null and void.
These two instances will, t ho|)e^ give some firoof of
what I have asserted relative to the value of such publica-
tions; and excuse ine for again taking up some more of
your pages with similar communications.
Having had occasion^ soine time back, to s^ti8 off feeterfiil
large cast iron vessels, some of which weighed cdtisider-
ably more than a toil weight, and not being provided wiUi
t ciim& to lift Aem into the eart, I bad to contrite some
l»ithdd t&t the putpoUe^ less expensive^ troifbleiOtii#^
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Itid>»a&bg6tt>b6> thftxi Ae tttAed eflforto a ti IMtUt of
*fa. • ..
^ Pfitid 86Bi^ diebl spftrs, 4 few plahkil, and dbtni Atttmf
cord that had served for binding pearlash caskft; bttt tiQft
telkig ett6 ihat cdnld be at all applied td the n^ <te8it4d';
Urtdk th«sb^ how^vet^ I maAea shift td (t^bhiinlct iaii AU/m
^i^ifpBtiJttik, Mrhich I found ekti'eitheljr tsdnvedtbnt 4)9^
fay deti^/ yety simpte^ easily |mt together^ and df ^<i
tb&t/ ftnd ^ich, ai^ bthers may find it, or dfae of & iifflilair
idnd, te<lttaHy ietviceable, I MnH desferible at latj^fe:
With ihteit' of th^ ^^ars I ei'etti^d ^h&t ii bdittlionlj^
^SHTAgb iinproperiy)' biHid fc triaiigle, niiited by cdrA
tbg^tber tit top^ and cfiirergiiig sufficietitly at bbttomib
Waw it steady; to the io^ of thfe I fastened, by «evert4
H^bttdi of rojJe, a strong beefch plank by the hiiddlef
^ttt9% it edgeways; (or with its plane rer^ifcal to that bf
Hfe ioftzoh;) i^hich jJlank was near 14 feet lofag, 10 inbhM
^jlttkiA, add aboiit 2^ inches thick ; tb one end of thtil
^'sioSt 1 fk^iehed a large scde, iised foi* weighing, anii
neiftltfe^ it wfell by triple cords at each angle, t th^ti
il?Wipt doWn Ute othfer end of the plahk liufficiehtlylb#
tbiMisfe the scale abovfe the leVel of th^ cirt^ and ifa thi*
j^bsition hddit bound flrtnly by setetAl rounds bf cord lb
tefe ve^sfel^hich I desitfed to raise: 1 thfen hadtheicM^
tbiftdM 'with* h^avy matters; (weights, pieces 6f iton, and
Iferlbkd,) tin it balanced th^ vessel, after which it Was ea*fly
Ifidlsed and placed In this cart, by backing the horse till It
ekihe tind6t it in the proper position } and then, by tdking
thb Wifcight^ o^t bf ^b scde dgd.in, thb apjparahis Wfti^ liA
iikdflydteeng^ged.
' I fimfid ibis simple Apparatus so convenient fof loading
tMtky that I tid^d it seter^l thnes afterwardii for lifting
^aliks of Epsom sdte; and other ihalters, under 200 ctrt. j
Wicli kads me tb suppose, that one On the same pnnci|)ft
^6tiM b8 fbund very nselftil for raising any Weight greatfefr
tftttn ^at (fefe inafa fcouM Kft With fability> tod tiiat it
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$i AppVtafusJbr lifting ^ bffi^ G0o4^.
ii^^ld.be fidyi^ag^Ofis to tiave one erected periifii^ei^lljf
for the use of any business where heavy weighta-arf
veqHtred to l^e raised from the ground H>to., carts or
waggon^ . . .....)
; \ WhejPi an apparatus of this kind is wanted for; perin%aent
nsef I would recommend the following altei^atioqs to be
piide in its construction* Instead of three spars piaffed i^s
]l)efpre described, a single post might be fixed erect^ ab9ut
•J.O'feet high, and be well secured from inclining from the
perpendicular position by the usual means ;, in the top of
this post a hole should be bored vertically, 1^ foot de^p at
least) and be secured by an iron cap well fastened, having
^ iq[>eriure direptly over the hole ; the use of this hole i^
to receive the shank of a piece of sti-ong iron, forked above
to receive the centre of a balance beam, and haying holef
in the forked parts for a gudgeon to be passed through
tthmn an|d the beam ; a scale should be fastened w^ by
chains to one end of the beam, so as to be about four fee|
fr^Eu the ground when the load was fastened to the other end
of the beam, or a little higher than the bottom of a common
cart, and the other end of the beam should be furnished
wiUi a short chain and hook for taking up any package^
or other matters which were required to be raised into
carts. A number of half-hundred weights should be als9
provided, equal collectively to the weight of any package
usually sent off the premises. The square half-hunjdreds>
which are made with a handle sunk in the body of the
weight, would be most handy for this purpose, aS: they
could be readily piled one on another in the scale> whe^n re?
quired, without any danger of falling off; weights of other
fiizes might doubtlessly be us^d for the same purpose;
but it seems to me, half-hundred weights could be raised
quicker into the scale than larger or smaller sizes> for a
given load, by men of ordinary strength. It will be ob-
vious, that the use of the forked support for the balance
)>eam having a shank descending into the body of the post^
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is to adnut of the bettm being turned rotfiid horizotttiltyf'
for the greater convenience of putting goods into carts;
while Uiiey reitutmed in a fixed position ; for which reason
Ae shank should be well rofinded above, and fit property
in: the cap, and should also have a socket let down into
the body of the po^t to sustain its lower extremity, to ad^
mit of its being turned roiind with more facility.
As this apparatus serves most of the purposes of a cvane^
if it should ever come so far into use as to require a name,
I would propose to call it the Balance Crane.,
AU the cranes hitherto us^d have a defect^ from which
this, which I propose here, would be free, which is, .they
foquire very near as much .time to raise a small wei^t si
a large one ; for though the winch, or other operating part^
which puts the machinery of the crane into motion, may be
turned round somewhat quicker for the small weight; yet
as it must, be turned round an ^qual number of times, in
both caJses, the dijSerent degree of speed which a labourer
Wff use with the smaller Weight will not be found of miicH
benefit j whereas with the balance crane, the time and the
labbur must be exactly proportionate to the load to b^
Uftisd'; ten hundred weight only requiring half the numjber
of weights to be lifted which would be necessary for a
ton, and a smaller load proportionally less.
I liav6 seen some cranes where this defect was at;temptec|
to be obviated, by having two or diree toothed wheeU, of
diffbfent sizes on one axle in the machinery of the crane,
so fik^d, that the pinion turned by the winch or handle of
the crane, might be transferred from the wbee^ of th.e
hurg^r diameter to thiit of the smaller size, when require4
for d smaller load ; but it is obvipus that this contrivance
could have but a vety nariroW limit, and could only Vary
according to the numoer of wheels placed for that pui^ode,
the addition of which j^roportipnally increased the experic^
ofiEhectane, and its complication, while the principle ot
the balance crafie enabled it to vary ite poWer, d[nd th^
time of fb^ operation, eitabtfy in prOpolrtiontb thel(iad.
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4i Gun^afmg/lf^N*'^Wmmiijm^
intitottlMy complic^tim ff j^Uto, or additiimid espcnot
I bftye ft plai^ f^i wotb^v crane on maflar. pnacqila^'
liiiic^ I HAvk ^Qwi^Mkiy Buperior to those deacnbaA
lUm, whfiQ intemibii for oonstakt use ; and wl^uib, wliea
imiited^forffaismg^ great loads^ frequently would oMthA
little more than the last ; but to make tbisluiovmasf'il
fduwdd be, I mupt vf ait for some better, opporfwiity.
DneripHon of a - gun-carriage for naval iise, and jointed ramrod^. By
Mr. W. PanfoLE Ceeek^ Lieut. RN, •'*
Bn^ l&ft 2*ranfMtioiis of the Sooiety of ArU^ ^. Vel. XLIf> -
Xbe h^i^ viim ttodal of the Sedely wm preseated to I^eut. ^^eri
l9r. |h^ 9(»h«ii}mc«tlQn.
-^T t^e p?fiSie^t pode of figbtiftg a c^Qpc|?i qp bftftf'^ s^'
^e ^py^ratus to ^ ^ch consjsts pf tvifp si4ertftcj^|pg, iEpf ^
J»fPP8e of fjinning o^t tlx^. gun aft^r it l^a^ ^^^ firf (I ;|^^
j^joaded, ^ |;wn tackle^ a f^imiyipr a^^ 9popge at^<5ljL|?4 ^
jpjg^ ^f}4 J^i ^ W^T ^9^ ^P^ *^^ ^ second, «^ irpp§ J^«RR|ff
fP4 ^P9?S^^ ^P^ ^ prpyy-b^r ^nci bwd^pikq, 1^\^^ ^ ^^
a ladle to every fpuit^ gw, for t|\e PWpp^^ o( <|^wfl^g
gljfthf{fl]^Qtwh^Rt tbg po^d.er.dp^p is{\ }^!^i Q^iftS^P
t^S PR V^ipg w^t, pf ft)^^ o^ thg i»^i4^, , .,.,;,
X^? i>^fore-WWtipn^4 S.j?P?^?a^i|^ lujpbe^^g t^e fjep^^vijiji
|?y 1^^ piopentraod? of ^orj^iflg^ s^y^^qj, i^i^p, i^rtg^p^ gp
^r^ p^n ^rg reqjiirfd fo ^^pl?^ ^<5^?r4ui5>> t^^eirp^ibrg^
jfe^a RFQ^ibi^ th^: ^epb^nf st^ijjpipg lyqiR fi^|^^ij;\s if^l t^H
g^Y?r^l v^^^el? ^r^ iij p,0J»y^J}y ^ ^^H 9? ^ ^ PWl?«4
|}?Tbp»?i <fQ4f4 fpnn ^ forw^ab^ Hft§^,.|5J^di(g 4f|{|j^
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vwvmMly utoff \» Mb i^ ditngerwa wd 4iffioiiilt terii, Md
not at the ai09t favoumble time to be accompli^ked villumt
gr^Ql diu^ef pf the x6iea ^rtoxtmng tbM duty being killed
nr wdiv^dedy owing to ezteading tiieir faodisB out of Am
port-hok^ to etiable them to manage the staff. It is;alao
difficult to load a gim whan fighting, on the l^e aide of a
low veaael, qv qq the Idwar deck of a line of hat^e ship ;
at nuch tirne^, ahould the oanuner-bead be eiitered ia An
gun, and the ship roU, th^ spoi^ is unayoidaUy plunged
into the sea; and if the staff escape being broken, it it
rendered ns^ess until the sponge is washed and mamg,
and thf gun is then to be sponged with a wet sponge, whidi
is often a dangecouei efpenm^it, noc is thexa any aseans
to put on a clean one ; many staffii are broken, when
plunged intq the sea, from the velocity of a ship thrc^igh
the wat^, and many are also dragged ^out of the men's
h^nds and totally lost.
In runnirig out a gun by the side tackles,; it seldofn occ
eurs when ^t is out,, that it points to the object, owii^g to ttf
not being possible to equidize die exertions of the men at
Ae two tackles, and from the pitching motion of the ship
throwing the gun out of its place ; the crowrbar and haadf^
spike are then to be resoffted to, to train it; which operat^od
necessarily Qccupiea much tim^, and pften, while perform^
ing, Ae opportunity of firing i^ altogeti^er lost. Much
timis is also spent in coiiing down the sid^tacUe^i^,
ft^icfa at all times requires great attention, and nmoh
caution when the guns are fiarod, tp pcef ent |he men from
entangling their le|^ by which man^, unaccustomed to ^
batde, ^xe thns wounded, as also by the staffs being tlvrown
about by the laHs wlhenrthey become pntang^ed tpgelhcrw
. By my tmpcoaed mcnle, two ex four ^en run a gun out
ef'die portfdiole, acoording to its qalibse; and in case 6i
smeigenfiyf i^ soiall Yessels, oa^ man oai^ ^ccom^lish thSe*
i^eif a ^n is nteiQing out, .the man holdipg the tacigge^
line gnidf s. it by* t|ie handspifce, -ot othev le?erv it ottse to
the fks^it, «a4 it }a b^ hiiA^niitaiitlyfind/ without the leee
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48 Gm^cArfidgefor Noifai tJ^^mdjciiOid RamoU.
bf time ilk coiling doM^ tile 6ide4ifolftl^ Uie XMto^^sdify aU
tendon to <he breeching, and tb'trkifting the g^iir »
The breeching ofaeckft the gun; in its recoil^ so'that nd
etmih 16 either upon the axle or^rope by Which i% is rtiul
out ; and that no ^ecideht'lnay occur to the mefokamsmi
.when the gtin iaflred^ it is so ^constructed as fo be-ihrown
tmt of geat at that tittle.- -HP* it should be shot away> ol
brelceny any person ha^ng a; hammer, a^are axle and
Wheels^can oomplete ^the .wbple ; and this accid^i&t oavinot
occur toiless s^ shot psi^ses through tKei sill of &e port aiod
breast-pieoeiif the 'carriage : sudh a shot is as likely to
disaUe the guns upon the present as the in)|proved plam >
: The imprQved staff ans^irers the purpo^ of the four jiow
m iuie; the ohe made for experismeiit for a nine-poundet'
kmg gun was^of five-ei^tfa'sr routid^bftr iron> bine feet of
ndaidi ireighed nihe poiinds i.^this size^. though tapered
from the centre to the ends^ is suffidiettt.ioload a thirty 4
two:p6imder;- the. taprnng;. reduces' its weight to seven
pouitdS) but the staff may be hpndw'from the joint to the
scmw ends. . As regards the weight, it would be iihmate*
lial webe it twice -as* heavy ^sthbse in preseiit use ;:bec:luBei
from its construction^ its leverage is^ so mnch'lejBS* The
improved staff is Jointed in thfe' centre/ and has screw-:eh(|s
for fixing on tbe sponge^ the worm, ladle, '£lc« Thk
dnables . the men ^t every i gun . to '.have ithe .whole lof their
implements at handJwithoiit Inm'bertng the; declU, iand od
no oecibsion to wait one for another^ as; is now the -iaisih:;
and if hwding a gun upon' a lower deck or in a low vessel
(patticularly on the, lee side^ whed JollmgX the isponge^
head/ from the staff iheing jointed !in the «oenti»^ cahbrf
turned upwards, to prevent Jtfoom ei&er dipping^.intidithe
to», being bcohen^ .ovfoarGed. byt of .aman'slftafid ^ and
'Iherebetng ns> le:^r .'upon !the i^aah, . he co/sfinii^s t^e Qpfr»
raition of -loading/ which hecpuld not do < at snch timea
with tfae:.iDi^ Wookkii.staff. , : Again> skoidd t^^poiig^i^
beconie fouJr'OTuwet, axIeaQ xme can; be i^^
uA ifM joinUdr Y^oofen Jstafi^. MM ^ ptb|»ose^:f bh^ dbb
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Fimvfiii
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-^.r'T
i'i
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GunKomagtfor Naval Use, and Jointed Ramrod, 4d
adopted, yeiy considerable expense will be saved, as auy
piece of wood will4hea answer the purpose. By the pre«
sent. mode of wexfatej the carkidge is flannel; and if
^per be used, a flannel bottom is put to the cartridge,
which prevents the necessity of worming so often as was
formerly the case ; but if any deem it expedient to worm a
gun frequently, % spring wadnhook may be fitted in the
sponge-head, so that the gun will be wormed every tiine
it is loaded. . . • \ .
•With the improved staff, the man loading has no neces-
^ty at any time to Expose his body outside the port-hole^
as is now the c&^e, as he Qan^ with one hand extended,
easily perform. this operation, which his whole exertion
cotdd npt at such a time accomplish with the present staff.
.^. The improved staff is considerably shorter than those at
present in use,— rcan be speedily turned under the port
ojatside,-r:vl80^on thejnside ynder the deck,— is handed 'u^
mi out of rhe portrhole with the 6a,me pliability ai^l faci-
lity as a rope one, — consequently one half the time is
gained by this in loading a gun. With one of the improved
s^ifiii to each gun, .and a few spare ones to eaQh deck, the
many i\ow in use will be rendeired unnecessary.
Befertnce 1o Ihejigura tf-Lieui, QreeiCt improved gufh^arriage and
ramrod. Fkftc IIL .
Fig. 1. A lateral el^tation of the cannon, mounted oil
its carris^e. Fig. 2. A front elevation of ditto. Fig. 3. A
section of dittoi Figi 4. A bird's-eye view of the carriage,
die gun bcfiiig dtsmounted. a. The gun. &> fig. 1. liie
portrhole.
ccc, fig. 1. The breeching, secured at one end to a
strong eye-bolt driven into, the ship's side, then passing
diCpqgh one of the Iqpps in th^ breast rope, d, through the
^g» ^1 .on the side of the pa^riage, and the Ippp^^'i^t
the breech of the gun, wbeqce it. passes on the other sid^
of the gun tbrpugh th^ ojt^er, carriage, ring, through th^
other Ipojp in t^Ms i^Qfst rope^ai^d is finally iiecured to ?i
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st^dii'g eye-bolt Ilk^ M iBlfMer; Mjki bti {He btWlSffi ^ ,
£fie port-hole.
g, fi^. i, ik tti eyfe-bblt iiitd Which U HbokediiHf roj^ilj ;
^; figs, i; 2, 3, 4; wWch passes fbUhd Ae Air6 i> fi^s; 2^
4, ^. this aMe Is Wbihed dt eacH ^xtremiirf, ks did^B
more plainly, ng, 5. .
il, fig. S. twd pimoii& fixed on tK^ kxU, ^, taife ifil8
the teeth of the axle, t, and by means bf the |>6wer of oiik
or two men applied at each of the winches, n^fi, figs. I.' o^
and 4, wiiid up Ihie rope, A; ind thu^ bHhg the gun to the
inbuth ot the port. When this faaS bfeen done, the aSiy;
y», is ib oe thrbwli out of gear by b6itig rai^^d fifoin. tfii
Bottom of the curved hole, ^, figs. 1 4hd 3, to the \i^\k\
extireibity of the saine, dud the Winches itk to b^ M^^ oflt
^he gun being theil fixed^ unMriti&S in ild rd63il IhS itpe
oil ih'e axle, i, and is finklly sibp^ed bylhfe tekistkiitfg Bt
the breeching • the Winches ire tfi'^h fti^d bri the aSlg^ *i; ;
and tii'e 4xle is dgalii bfoiight Iritb gkt in rfedaifolis ftl '^
wihcling Ihe giin to the ilibuth of tHe Jioirt a^ sobif al ft lllii '"'
again h^&a charged.
Fig. 1i A jointed r4ififet, Wkd^ Of ^881 ^ bT bir Wli,
either hoUbw or solid, th^ €&is, o aild ^, 'ihaf W §ff-
fierewed and replaced by the serevf , r, or liie «cQopi p; > .
, Fr^ni U^L Jnuwactiori^ o£ the ^iftty of Aiffs, iS2»i . V*. X*H.,
lie sVyerVUlcaa medal o^ th«; So<^|e^ was yoted |0 If r. i^ddy ftr
tiijs inyention.
%lti\A U ik bbmmbh ti86, m ai&efs ftbife thtk rift^f ilf a^e
icr^Wiieing inlfMuc^dintd the lifldUi^Mi* i^s^kt Mtt>
l¥ife ttodle. i^y th« «ti^n|feM^nt thf iti^tt^iiieiit ]g W^-
tlfel'ea^iicfe i*fr(iyikit,MdliMttitW'ti^^^^
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Description of an in^^oved Screw-wrench. 61
by the tumbf fibtf SildA ytWU itfidg it, iM ii tte case with
the common one.
In HftLBttfbctorieB Wh^re the^ ffork i* kaafiryi tii»coafifon
imm^is iittjun btesfkihg' hi thb icmw, tM nbclAint iHHUSk
iMhbf ocdut witH fhe tiitw one, as the sttain is iddC oil fkii
part wliich contains the screW. It may bfe' made at nearly
the same expence as the one in common use.
. ]P^ 7 IS s^ side view. t^ig. ^ is an edge view. I'ig. 8
k ift longitiidinAl flection;
(Tte same letters i*efer to the same pax^s in aU the' fi|(ta^i)
' U ^ the iSited 6hdp, ft i^ th^ &:^^d b^r, c is the tiK^^^ftbte
chap which passes through apd slides upon the bui", 5/
§tKe nipyeaole bar fixed to tlie ctaip, c. this bar has %
^ilow barrel screwed at its orifice^ in which the 8oli4
tfaiinlbwieifeW,/^ worka.
' Attln ^xtrettity of tii0 bar^ ft> is formed a should^f^ oa
which rests the square piece, g ; or the bar may be t<il^h<Jd
up at right angles, forming a short projecting leg, which
will answer the purpose of the piece, g, and will be both
itf driest Siid ciieaper. 'A sqtlate hole is Id bfe Mde iti ^,
to admit die sci:ew, J^ and this iole is to be contracted in
one part by thai hia^Mdii 6f tw6 aqmerflr pim^^ i and k} tirhich
..confine the neck of the scr^w so as to aUow it to turn
rouni^j fciit not to move tacWards or forwards: e is a
^late oi^ irofl, wrapped round thef end of the instrument in
order to keep the parts in their priper places, andrtb pre^-
vent the screws from feeing choked with dirt.
Hence it is obvious, tW when the screw, ^^ is turned
in one direction, the oarrel) a, with ttie phap, ^ is pushed
jjQw^rds the chap, a^ and that it is witlidrawn When the
sereiv is tur^iod in the opposite direction.
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NOMGSS OP NEW RAIERTS*
.' The mimber of patents hantg greatly mcreaBed'^^vit tbe «diii«
i|ie|iee.Bie^iof the Be^evioij in thexean limfUhmhea^e pipos*
8i))le to publish the sjpecj^cations witlun an^ moderate period | eyen
the most important of them^ which was i^e original intention and
mm of the proprietors of the Work : they have therefore determined^
on the commencement of the present Voltrme and 'New Series^ to giVe
an aceount in an abridged fbrm> accompanied oceasionalfy by
remaiioiy d evefy^niew patent^ as soon as the BpecificEfltidns i^aU be
enrolled^ or as speedily as circumstances will permit, with the vlar
of gratifying the immediate curiosity of the readers of the Repertory^
and afterwards to print the specifications of such patents as^ from
Ae intrinsic value of the inventions^ their extensive use^ or other
i^ttractions, shall have become objecta of public attention and general
interest.
In the selection of specifications for subsequent publication^ th^
Sditors will alurays be happy to attend to the suggestions and wished
of the constant readers of the IVork; and they take tMs opportunity
particularly to invite patentees to favor them with the loan of their
Bpecificationj^ or accurate copies, of them> at their earliest conve-
nience, /
Patent granted to John Vailance, of Srightofi^ Esq. fir producing
locomotion by tiationury engines* Dated Feb. 19^ 18^4.
Abstracted |rom a pamphlet publi^ed by the Patentee. *
' To produce locomotion^ or the traaspdrt of persotts and
merchandize, froni one place to another, by staCioriary
engines, Mr. Valjanoe proposea t6 form an arched tumieK
or hollow cylindrical passage, between the places^ at the
tyro ends of which are to be placed exhausting engines^
worked by «team> or other pdwer, to draw the air from
that end of the passage to whiph it is required to effect
the conveyance, and ther^y cau$e a strong draft of air
through it from the opposite exti^mity. The cajrriages for
this purpose are to run on a rail^-road withm the tunnel,
and to have in their front a vertical plane nearly fitting tibe
passage, and ca|>able of being turned* eith^ at right
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ftoticesof itttc Pitteruii 63
angles to its jdir6clk)li,: or lA the satkife Hriewith it, as ire-
quired, or some similar ooBtrivance, for regulating the im-
pulse of thovairi.
- "Sttpposetwd^aces^ a aiMi B, tett miles asunder, have i
Hhiier of this sorif placed between them, the loaded cari
fiage being put in on the rail-road at A, and the exhausting
engine at the other end of the tunnel at b, being set to
work, on a signal being made for that purpose, and th^
ii^rtical plane of the carrvage being placed across the
passage, the act of exhaustion of the air will, soon after it
commences, cause the pressure of the atmosphere to act
6n the* "oppbsite side of the plane in proportion to its
progress, and will thus impel the carriage towards the
other end where the engine works with a velocity propor^
ttonateta the excess of the pressure over the resistance!
ifi'this-plattit is evident that the pressure of the air be^
tweeri the v^i^tidal plane and a, tvill be, in all parts, very
nearly the siiine as that of the atmosphere, and that the
pressure between it and b need not be diminished, in
order to produce a very considerable impulse, more thaii
the difference indicated, between settled fair and mucU
lain, by the barometer, as' observed by the patentee, in the
pamphlet which he has published, to say nothing of that
which exists between the atmospheric pressure at the
level with the sea and that on lofty habitable mountains^
orthat which faai^ been borne without inconvenience under
diving bells ; and, indeed, had it not been fot the'care^
lessaess of the edHoi's of some periodical works, who
gave the' plan of Mn Vallance the very eiToneous appella-
tion of '^ travelling in vacuo," (though We believe without
tlM smallest ill- will to it,) the mistakes which have taken
plftc^ on this poiat w<ould probably never have occun^ed;
and Mr. y^lance> and bis reftders, been spared the labo^
nous confutatkAT of this'chltnera in his pamjihlet. ^
l%e' patentee his beew also at great pains, in hik'
pamphlet/ to prove that his tunnel' may be mad^ suffix
deBdyiair-tight Ibr the purpose ; a point which no oni
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blesome to effect; indeed^ so little difficulty 4pQijf ^pxfi
tW^H % »H)frpf'ft P?oj«^ct 9f jmj^iRg bjrjic* of a peci}liwr
ffe^i^ *!i^ /%?? ft>r Jts cpij^tructioff^' i^ yl^gt h^ 4WP*«*7
»*1S? "tewnt Gl^y (flftjb b;i|ck^) fibap^4.*?f *b^ P»q2<¥*/f
^riU j;)e found .^Ai^ii^ff^^is^^^^y 3 .^d t^ajb qoi^n^n bfiQks'^u9i4
Sjprtgf jwj^l ie ^u^4; ypry ^^fl^ien^ fof it, g^ A.a^by
?Pf^g *t yitii ^af-th, fWp^ .i|i vijyt Jb^ jP^y wb^ to ^ ^
fef %r flffi^ed, i» Ifris ?:^pec<;, at> d^jsap ^ ; ,an4 thjM^,
WftJ'^.W^ Ww^m t^i^^y y^ tl[K^^fW^r40B^ 4^
Vi^.^mh ¥^rH^^ m A#itipi^ r^w^ircf .t$h^3^
% Wi^. ^ l^xpJ^J^e tbe Ai^; if dewe^* TJie f^^mf^
igfaj?ri<^jng th^ tu^afl^j^uV f^ottably pppijjfiit4pi i^^fcilic
i^ YJ^ry^ym ml^fr^ ^xa^Ay 3haped tp ti^^f^tq^pff^^
^f^WfP^ti W^, i* would be 9je<cesj5ary tp pte^steir 5>F
ft^ucpo it sippQtl^y % tl^pis purj)ope^ so tlji^at ^e tr^;i^fit^
plaj]^e,^t^h,ed t<? j^e-parriftge BijoymgUiU,«^tj|3|e«R<ill?
Jsp 4ji it 735pr^ i^losely, . a^ bay^ ap lijttj« ^pa^ ^ l^si^f
k^ /^eti^rj^fa^i i^ e,ige» ajd tt^ iniside of t^f ^nwEtfl. •
^be .pa^iejjtee, ,in stating .tl?je j^^^ pf ^^tfl^np^jaric ^{d^
»we,^a(^y^xeying.goqds ap4 p^spngi^ in^i$»fn^Q^
¥ery^ fleedJaasly incupajj^rs hiioself ^itb fhj^ m^rifs ^ Ife*
f^,9Jfl^e]^$ ^il^r/?^, jia tfee prsii^Q^ of li^^ jiiB.ip |?#^%?,
adPMJl .witb ithofie pf Mir. JJrw^'s .^5^wm .^guVPf- 0f^f^
Piet^ory iof A^tfe wJi- ;jc j*v). So fer firo^ a^/e?ii|g w^ Jtwof
^. to j^ ^sfe .ye i;^ajly a^i^ .a|: A IqW *9 cf>^<mQ,Wfr
Spini in wticb. %. PaJ^r's jpfei# ^xj^^ls |tbe pQipaiaQB |^r
JfEffiliBg J^4-f q?4> i* .bMAg a^tBe^t:tp the^?ane fri^GitipDi^
hftltel¥-edgf# i^h^^lp WPiWg o^'iba^^ftris^; Ktfcke g^^
deflect ,Qf ^ p^ans for rail«^pa4s, -bj^'to brp^lvt i^jffffff^,
being in ^le fnction of i^ip ,^^ pf :^^q l^tbe/al^ ag^^i^
ff^a^ jand being, .in xaiJ^o^dS:of 4ie»de8criptif)^,»||n^
i]fflf}y sppap^bat les^jth^n in tram-ro^ds.i) ^pd tl>^*li«»i .IXf
^PK ^f;. Palmes'* i^U^^o^ ,woUjl4 to y>iy .^>^B»95Sf
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«iPWJ!f %88 Bi%8 ft} te f8r?^jl #ev»yg Put ^f |
from the pressure : but if Mr. y^||^pe cui n^9 goq^ fy*
Ja sBfflr fe» lbs fei] frfj^tfgp ©f it w }m^^% %
W'JSF 9f BMI BSyefit J .^i«t JtiU ftpa bf mupj |)e contehjf
» «S »5»9tSBMltffi» Ji»e pft^ 2Qp, t^^t he desire?,' on
fe«8.l»»gi6oRj..S<)WST§fr fft^ IQQ poiiQds ijefll do very
taJoFi, Sjee, 9n the t9flB?l-:FoaS W' Hf P'^RPP?®?^ <?* V> '
fe«fcW4 » feffiti^q di8!»?tfiTi a? TPP square feet b pirejij t^e
P^te Wfi9»Se, g^y prsfiftred, fif ^ffo poinds on an
H»s!t SH«J4 i«9^Rfis..>,^r§? my^. *? ^^ ^?? )1 ?^- ??
^.tS^WraP^ Jjlapej.ylifffK JfiHl^Blfpd byflif 10(^ }bs.
KteAyf^aWpy* I^iil gJTS .^. * l««^ of }W^ *o?aj *p R?
<ft «ME8(fr. P«r fajtb! ?»d yftic}» wp nm^t qiialffy by
«!»>«»« ftr »t .,% 4§P PfOWf UQf} ot vl)f el j, at lewt one
fSiMfSfS ^^PQ B^^n^ ?f t^® ^^> ^""^ tnose tniely jiet and
ft»BfJ>».9S Wforrop^ f4ea prpRerlyojled, «idja,ov|ng
9^ 9: '^~<f994 l^'^-BOi^t ^^ a^c^nt. As to Mr. Brown ^
fS8»^ft?tfes'p^|P»^?|Bf8P?jHr?P?«t3 'i f^^ appendix, .
MS f^flll ^Sf^ffK ^ P'^esent| farther: dlscns^ion on that
tsPmh ';"' " . '.'.' ' ■" " ' ' ' ' "'^
. T^i fi^J WJfff »» ifPB9f t^.'^pS \? ^^ ?'esit loads .to ])e
Ijlflifi^,?! fiftPf .'P frfi P?^?°?i^'Pf!'?!?'^eV^*^? xelocity
,?f»l* XlHcb 4 tjjjflltstbpy'cfn'^^ jppy'ipd thrp?ig|i it AnJ
-W^ JilSSf'^' }^§.^S|orry ^e must pfvne son^ewhat frpn^ ms
jgxg|^4?m({ Wf^^§^^\\?$ ^^^^ ^^ pour4> as he asserts ip
Ilif I^TSJ<*?^fRi.ftf^^Vd of jJie g^phlet, transport a
.gfu^^^ ^t ^e.-fgte qf 60 mite^ ^ hour ^^ a tunnel one mih
Msih '"^'hmn^h^m Wh ki4^ h ?f W s?.?. ^^ "^i^*
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S6 i^^icM ofMe^* Arifi^f «
lo €ie pasaa^ • df tke dr frofad the ffidtkatagftiiiili 4j^
inside of the ttmn^I^^ttod firbm tiict'eMi«»i^iob th»«r«vi9l
caii8eiQ:itoiiiterBal]iiotton< * ; 'i'*^ •. :ft:/** -^ ?»' ^/^V
^ . To coAYey (vrttoQiigli longtuJbeKhas only ))(senriebpiMrfid
itt na^es; a&d J^iag ttosdy a |>d^t of iuric«iky:ltHlieiA(i
weila not know that the Tate <tf ikseyBsAlgtmicpyif^ iiM
indtion m t&em hiais bcto ylaitdateniimed^^iAt^JMirp^
manner. All we have yet aeen on th& mdq^ is tlirftef
count of ibe^xperiment of th^ late>Mc; Wi&mton^ihisiBiMU
known irohmafiter, (printed in tbe ^]|;> vol. jcrfidfe I^IUftOf
speot of Biscov^iiesVQu).'' p. 60^) whioh^die t><^teiil(ee ndf
lice's; a paper, on blowing siachtttes) iirfbe iSmirMl dA
Mine8,Noll62; and anotiber, the tHile ofrwMoh we t»liiMl
nbwreooUect But'l&esedociittentil^ur^ riflMk^to^oiig
air ihrpiigh pipes^ which is very differentftQia.4rawi«(K it
out from them; as the author ohservesf huff 901 we/may
^rtradt sonie inftrenee fromf. llr^; for If^^Mr. WilkiBidon
found it impossible to force air thkt>dgb pi|^s fiOODiftet
long, and one foot ixi diameter^ by ihe pomnr of his. wiit^
wheel, or indeed farther than 600 feet in any«enalble*dt^
^:ee,: we must conclude, iaidy^ th^t atmosph^ie pressusei
by which the extracted airis to be rcpla<ied» and vhidits
to give the opeiiiting impulse to .the.aittbor'srcairiages',
will alsQ haire its limits, suid^ the^ moving fbrward tmueh
quicker ihan the ebnipressed iiir. * Yet we cannot sdpposfc
l^iat it.possesses any qmgic power, t<>;eDable.ittD|Muitiii4
stantaneously through Obstacles which reaisEt comprested^air
altogelher/ The same resistance from;fricti6h against liiik
inside of the tunnel/ that the ab ezpcri^sefii in: entertn^
will also'operate to retard its passdgie.oiilwards taiSie ex>
hausttng engine ; and it wrH be delayed^ probably, most rdf
aD, in the first instance, by iht ttilnttted pcMlrers of the
exhausting apparatus ; which/ grandng aU.tfae^expedientk
for the purpoiie to exist which the patentee hints ttt, mtiitt
still 1>eanitn enonnousty expensive sood^^ exl^uiistetiidt
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"^^MiS^i/tf^^^iB^ tut»iel40 ftet fi<|tMnre
itt(lM«ji^^a^ftJI&'PYb{N^ in on^
1ilh!il0/4Aftnf«3t8OO ettbie fe^t, or 319,994 gallons. Here
Jktfti/'^ ANi#iiudte^iome' mdtictkms; to bring down tbd
Velocity to a tdnth of this, or six miles an hour^ with a
liMiM^fr«liil%^^ we Ibar, leat« the af^paratns
1^'^filgpkaiii^^ x( iet^diem sufifpose tlie ttinnd recced to
Ml iliea^'^8& iSqiMte feet^ m nix "feet «nd a fraction in
IKuft«(eri<(wM<A^iii'&6i9iit8aiesisize thai w^ allow df k
^ithM^e^ildtptanieuifers tor pass through it with a[fty con^^
"fkm^wikfyicAe^hikk^ a Telocitjr of nix
liliiiil' ail -l<dur^ Would th^n be 9;396 gallons in a mkutel
lllis Woaldqcoiile '/W9ii^^ ^coiqpass, perhaps/ espedalfyaa
^ iM^^^cr Aem ^i^^means for drawing off Hie air ftoni
<&(J^lef6fid^^dieutrnkdtitl}ib air-pumps or cylinders, whicK
|1^^^«dtkni^Ie both fivHH their friction ivad cost^ or
^i^^^Atf applieattbn of Mr. Brawn's vacuum engine^ as
pwpbsurfft^ Mtl VaHimcd. -
:i<Wi^k4ie^ iMw^beei obliged to lower the patentee's cal-
Imlbiioiiii a^goodideal of tite powers of his inyention ; but
efellX)ii^dib last ftcule mentioned, its effects would be very
gi^a4'%^ilg ttble W ti^h^smit 363 tons, by the pressure of
two-potifids on^^sqtlare ihch/ in an area of 30 feet| or that
ef^timiiel^bkit^ feet in diameter.
\> ^ei^k'dtfeipoint^inare in which the tunnel road would
Kei;infirioF%tb a coimaoii' rhiLroad> and of which^ though
?^obTBius,ifae pateiAee takes nanotioe ; whidik/that m
the tauflelimad vbtttone set of , carriages could pass through
iidl^dieiqnDQDr tmev If/ fcMf^iexctntple, the tunnel were 60
adlcHidbiqf^ rliid goods iimd.pass^igeiB entered at one eud
flt^fb^twime tisiey^must iairly piss through thie whole 60
mitesibefbre a seieand: lead could b6 put in*motiou iti it to
an^usefMl'^ptnrpps^l/^iA^file/on'a Common railnroady as
sisny: cnRii^e'^)^^''^^ i^^^ at once as oan be placed on
it^ jwkatAoeBf^ibe wi^eai ajny way of diminishmg this diffi*
isd*y, iut^ b^fulaJdng short stages in the tunnel, with aa
eduttiliij^eaiigmeifi^ each; but ^^veawiA this dieadvave
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Ojp 12 mile? jMiun^er, ^ifh exhaji^tiijg >BJTO« »?silte ftf
giight |)p tif|j?siiiftj;pd 1# iifile^ iQ ^ Jiouk : % quftPtiftr §9
^iwiUJslififl »fin[ mH9\ l>» fiBl#«g the ««*ippf fetfbfflr
ftj9a(i?f> aff4 usjfig }^99 ^jowerW enging^ jp^ticfc vx)«}^
jifpportjonajily |es|9(|n ^^ exaeoRfj, aad giiQi^h fgjm ^
?P^J? thfS^ J^eductiQi^f tlie poiy^r of :^l>e »pp^raitM> »» ftff
^fly 9^cu)24pd^ \f iJV^eeif^ pbfp^nc^l tq soipe ^ i^r^i^^ tliw^
«>sijy 4on)jle4, by ftavi^g engiae? c?apab^e ftf q^jTOsti^g
on each square inch of a plane p}^ff^4 ?9F9^ ^P PV!if^>
3fh}clh is c^iolji a^ P^^si^^ a9 to pipdn^; t)i<; mw^^
before state^.
, {laving ji^en^oned the poipt» wh^E^n ye di^ifp^^^.
^Ya^l^nce, wf| tl)ipk \f, fair (;p gtate sooxp of f^ie .^^f^^^liS^
^bi^plafinot yet fiotiped. Tl)c ^rst i^, tl^l fji^.x^iw^
severe fall of snow, wbif:^ wquld fpi^de; ^| cqmmpp fti^-
jrpadu napless for thq tiipe, cpu}^ hityi^'s^ ipj^i^o^^ itffect
pn tjip traffic by hi^ tunnel, pF. stop it for %p 1«om? ; 91^ ^
jipie^t, which has escaped th^ p^tent^^ )^mi[i)^lf> is^^^at i% ^
gl^^^t proppjrtipfi pC tl^ft l^j^ of tfc^ t^fUB^L itifigrPMfl
^hropgli fvhich it pa^«e4 cpuld be, ipade^^ u§fif»il fftl *gli-
puUural purposes ^s l>^forey ^si tbfi tuimel x^oul4 h^ §in^
bfsneatb the sfirfac^; or covei^ed >vitb parth pu^M^otly ^
gr^9 crpps ip pios| i^g-siep, whicb WQ»ld,^tlfWtf'fcjm.^
4ra^^back^gaiQ9t tbe, cpst of tbfiland, in ijTO[jorti:p|i ^o tfep
X§^t tb^ ^Qund £^ve tb^ tunnf^l wou]d prp^j^p^* .
.Tb($ pateqt^e, in the fir^t pii^rfc pC h^.p^fa^p^tfr bfP
i^et% sbpAVW; the fallacy of the pxpejc^tfttip^ ^biph hwje
^Mn^ iftifled^^ q{} tbfi prpdi^ous :v$tofii^roti» iii^^Mnflids
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^ti^ifrnfomg pflf th.^ r?U?, ?x4 i^^^fng iip^et| jyjjen njpyed
very rapidly, and the extcemfi /isk of lifi9^ \v]iup^ i^jst
f«jifi^^0]^1^^hig^-{>i^ssure st^ai^ ^u^nes sep^j^ajry for
iJitPr ,^ h%s ^^so prpved tjie great inf/ejr^iprjity pf l^QCO^
m>tW/^*\m^ ^Jiews. t^. ^se ^Jxic^ ay;^ gtatioftary^ m
tb«/F<MrfciWJi>ifib tjiey ,9an.pg;rjforiu %'^ given (ju^titypf
l«Mi«^«^ Wgift^ f9f tfrP f W^e ^191:8.6 poy^e^r?, an4 m^p^e
tt^m »wfe. .199^6, \jfe?p <<cwjpj|red ,^^t^ a /e,w fiarticular
itti^^PMy 9]^Ek^^ plstupj^o^r. periprin^^e ; wbjcb, j^<^^^.<^
wigfct/ ijrfiiJ^^Qm if B^ lit4e .^ ^v^e tpns,, ip a/Jdij^oa
t« tiwii qC .^e |trticle# tp be fewspor^d, glares f tation^xy '
e^gmmsi 4mi^ s^p'^rjip^y yfk^vfi l^y f}^ fe^ iV^^d J?;:
4§v|>r^pifiMing,carrjidg^, wJj^ ,%y i9eijta^y ?say in J%
•fttf^'^ #ir .ti^^cQ?^ l^P iW^t Jbuowever .^^ait for anptj^ier
0(^^ffimi9 to Tjefk^um^ Jj^s pc^rt o/f 4^ sUfl^ijef^, V^^^9^> l^^t^
9(N»e fx^^ pijWMters x^tiyjB to it, ye ^op^ to nptice in ^
ftl9iia»Ji«w:ber, b%vii?gif^r,^?4y;ex,ciej^§d tl^ limits p^9i»,er
fer A^sjji^^T, 9^ within yvl?,ich )y^ fe9£^4 ^^i^^^T? ^^^^^
fe?.»trte pf jvJtiyat wfi j^a^d to pj>)^rye relative tp .an inven-
tion which we think extremely ingen^o^^; ?md^ jfX faGt, ;the
b§»t/«r*h^,pwppse y^t niad,^ pv*li9i w^i<i^ P^PP^ie we
9m^i^ ^ e^ttoeca^ iiHppi;ta^Q^ to .t^ip m^antijlB i^tere^
..Jfti A9Wp« 'ft^e crtcia^,tionp .pf ^ J>.?w^s of tit\^
author's contrivance to ^oimething ,0^ a ^hviman s1;andar(}^
g^ ifVilfK W^ ff^ h^y^ \>^]^^.^t^6d )30tli him and the pu^^ic ;
#H«¥ ? gf>9^Mm f^9'Y^P JO^gle<>ted fey ieARgintro^uc^
jy^.]^qjl|fnsio^.so jpio^igipus^ f^B to exceed the \>eXief of
j# ig^i^^irate men i ^aiid we>viU np>v cQncli^^e w^ith our be^
»j^^ /pr tti,e:p2rt^»tfe'g success ipi hi? ^ery usieful upr
ife^to&i.^ss.W?W ^"0a> fW should it be fpupd; on ifid^^
to exceed the powers qf^pur q^tipatipn^ .vve Wjill^npt Xl^
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60 Notkes'of t}euyPatenii.
PtUeni gramted to Mr. William 8hali>bU8« of Nmw^M fir ^gru4
wiaiing^exptetting fountain, for raiiing and convfyif^ vtfUer or af jf ,
other fluid. Dated April 12, 1825.
Mr. Shaldere' engine is n specieii oi forcing pump,-
formed by a buoyant plunger, working up and down in a
vessel of suitable capacity, through the. iatervvihi between
which plunger and vessel the liquor is prevented from
passing by a leather cylinder (or bottomleiss bag), the l^wer
part of which. is fastened securely to the vesfMel, and the
upper part to the plunger* so that the joinings may be waters
tight. There is, besides, another hollow, cylinder, of wood
or metal, whose lower part is fastened wate/*tigbt to 1h0
top of tiie containing vessel, and irhos^ tbp rii»ed: Ugh
enough above it to hold within it the leather ba^ f^t ke:
greatest elevation, and whose capacity is sufficient to
admit of the paissage of the leather bag up and down.be-.
tweeoi it and the plunger without friction. Into this appa--
xatus a tube enters at its lowest extremity, to admit the
water or liquor, furnished with a valve to preveat ils ^pipiiA
ing back again; and from the same part another tube
passes upwards, having a similar valve to prevent the
iiquor from returning down into the vessel, and whose .
purpose is, of course, to convey the liquor to the height,
and distance required.
Two of these vessels are represented in the drawing and
specification, connected together, to be worked alternately
in a reversed direction, and with the two eduction pipea-:
joined into one, for the purpose of. producing a constant
uninterrupted stream of the liquor.
When the source of water is by any means as bigfi a^^
the vessel that contains the plunger, this latter, being made
lighter thaii water, will of course be buoyed up in propor^
tion as this difference of gravity takes place, which the
pa.tentee thinks an advantage : and will sdso be forced v^
by the hydrostatic pressure in proportion as the; source i$ .
higher than the top of this vessel.
The patentee does not restrict the materials of the ves*.
aels or plunger to any peculiar mattor or combinatioa jand
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Notices bf New Fatenir. 6h
the" drawing shaWa^ a^fnune^wori^^ above the iq[>patata8^
through which the plunger rod passes^ so as to work tip
and down steadily, without pressing the connecting leather
a^nsi the sid^s bf the viessels.
^Th^^drawiifgs mpreselit the Tessels and plunger as being
mtide^of coopefsf ware/ which, though it may be cheapo is
c^taifify too liable to derangement to be as advisable as
.oti»er materials within the limits of the spec^cation. We
also^ think the leather bag (or connector) would work easier
and hst longer^: if furnished with some internal hoops,
witb bandu between them outsidei in the manner bf the
cjQindrical bellows, or the still older instrument^the
French hair-po*^der puff.
Paieni fronted to Mr. Chaelss Akt90KT DsaWe, of Deptfbrdj fir
^jOfparo^ to itf worn hypemni entering roonu filled wUhsnUkt or
i^her' vapour y Jbr ike purpote of exHngwihingfire, or extricating pev*'
•om^r property. Dated No^. 90, W«8.
Mr, Deane's apparatus is composed of a copper belmet
or head coverings with a garment attached to it of some
substance not easily set on fire. The back of the helmet is
made double, and to the lower part of it a long tube of lea^r
ther is fastened, by which fresh air from without may be
conVeyed to the Wearer by a double bellows, placed for that
purpose in a box outside th6 building. The air that enters
the^ hollow p^ at the back of the helmet is distribute^ by
se?er^l passages, two of which open near the apertures for
the eycis, iu order to keep th^ breath from condensing on
the' glass with wfaibh they are covered, and obscuring them ;
th^^^gla^siii aldO protectled by a small grating outside'.
Op|>opite the mbuih a circular revolving valve is placed,
similser to thos^ used for air regulators in some of Rum-
fovd'ii stoves, which may be opened or closed accord-
ing as tfa€ btdton iii front xt turned. When it is tlosed;
all communicatipn with the room and the mdutb of the
.wearer ier closed, and h& then alone inhtie^ the air supr
plied by the pipe, while his breath pate60ioff:4iaKe0{Mj:e4
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^' Ftoticis bf New PaUnlL
ddng #JfB tTi6 cnfteiit cr^ kit ftbih the bellot^s^ by tobtfiet^
pipe; that tlescends ftom th^ helmet to his ioti, t6 #Mcb
it \k ^etntdd by a ^tra^)/ t6 keep if in a ptbper ^o^tioii;
To prevent the air-pipe being closed hj a bearii or htltkk *
falling on it, or any other accident, a rope is passed
through its whole length to keep it open.
The person enter irig a room full of smoke, after fastening
on the helmet aiid dress described, by straps, so placed
asfo prevent 4ihe entrance of any vapours from without,'
tod tying a! lighted lanthorn to his breast to direct his
iSteps, aiid taking with tiiin proper implements for break-
ing opeii doorfe or dth^f obstructions, closes the valve op-
posite bi^ Inoiith std ^ooh as lie findfe any inconvenience
from the smoke, first giving notice t?o his assistant witn-
out to work the bellows ; after which;- ire breathes solely
tile |tk supplied by the pipe. '^
Thfe b6« iri which the bellows is t)l«ced is sd ftWitrtf ed,
ffi&t thehfeltii^t,^ ait^ess, flpe^, feitid whdle* dp'fafdtuis faiay be
easily packed up in it together, to lacilitate their trans-
ptfHatidfa.
B]^ ihiii aj^{)atatud, the ^lat^iiteis dsil^tii, that ^ ^^f sbh My
brtHthe With tkciiity in ^ pldce db full of smbkfe W dthiif
Tapoui" as to Sufibcate hifea Withbtitltd aSfefistdrtice, khA M
iiiabl^d, in thi^' d&n^rous sitUafidh) tdieniMa litittdJehtiy
Ifirig td rfetnoire property bf value, aiid Vd Warijf diiSei^iB
ftitfe ffi^ litfeA d? perfioliia \1A houSei ^^fLt^i vi^hd ^'tiW
8lbfetWi6^ fall a ptey td tiiiA awful elemetit
■•''> r - ^ i7
The.Society fiir the encbur^nt^t bf jftftsy £ui« ifft f^
aOlh bf M«y Ubstgavd ft premiHm of fifty gmfl^Oi, ddd ffif^
lakfe silver inedal^ to Mr. J. Roberts^ of 8i H^kn'^, Lik^
liudiiiie, for fuv appiasMns for eaablitig peieoM td bl^th^
inaii loaded with smdhe and other sufibii^lkig Tftpbtini>
^hiciiy aA far as we can leaiti of it, i» 4irtr«fii«}^ sltftibib
lb Ail of the pat^Ateei Vki ^De^e^. th^ ^litti «^ ^1^
yif^ tealed eigfat^^ months priViMtt td tti^ im^ftftf bf 1^
floeie^ in Whkb tbey {gifeth^ srtH)k|^r^lihliUff(9t <&%«{tc
^wM»ii0f]if\itotovt^ ' - •
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f^mds of ifeS Pafehti. ^
Patent granted to Mr, Edwa&d Schmidt SwAiyj^ o^ BuekUritmrff^
l/mdon, for a communication made to hifn ty Frederick Aiolphui
AugnstusStreeve, of Dresden, MD.'and Edward Swathe, of Jbetpsig-,
'^itirchhnf, for d method ofprodudirtg and preterwrtg Artificial rniiu^A
mtert, 'hud for muckinery i6 tj^ti tke tdme. Dtlted 9tli Oetdber^
Th^ prihcipd instatibe giVeh in thib ^pecificiitidn of IU8
^defftl {purpose of this patent^ li the mod6 df making Ar-
tificial Sbibler w&ter/ by impregnating conliiidti \^ater itM
carbonic dbid gas.
i'lie dp^ktatus for thiti prdci^^s consists ot a t^sfeel of
te^d; iiito ^Mclk ki^ pateiltlefe itltrdUbces m iiiateH&l» fi^oU
WHieii. the gtfs IS to bie ptbahce'd by ifi^ aelitJti bf ^ttlphtiiife
iBia t^nittfa^^Wdhmattrialk; byfeottil* strarigte erfoi', h4
in^htions liiide-water dnd Kme); At lii6 tojji- of jBiiS Mft
vfeftsfei IS fifed d fdnii6l, fedmhitiiiicatihg with it bi^ b |)ipe;
closed by ^ liiad Stbp^ifer; for holding the sulphiiriG acid;
which passes into the lower vessel on.raisinff the stopper.
A feent pipe probeed's JFrbfa the tbp of the lea'd vessel down-
w&fds, to the ibWer |)art bf another closed vessel, cbii-
tuiiing a Sotutjop o^ baryj;es ,(t6 pur}^ the gas from sufc
j^hurous 4cid gas) irbm ifhenci another pipe conveys U to
a gas Mo^ef; formed in the common inethoii. Froin tki
nbjiier fte gaS passes to a ^asbin^ter^ maiEle oh Mr. Clegg^
principles^ whence^ after passing throiigk it^ revolving
chambers^ and having its quantity registered by the count-
ing app^^^^ it is drawn through a pipe into ah aif-pump^
fixed in a^Horizontal position, aj>d Worked by a revolving
maii .and Ay-wkeeL \ Above the pi&mp .are placed two
small chambers, which communicate wiA it^ diffeMnt
ends ; -into caj^/o{ theses the gas is ,foree|d. by ,tl^e pupp,
(m At8 wVy .to ^e impregna.t^ng;ye8selr:^nd <^e other holdf
iin^ter x^dy^ fof • acting , a^ns(; the. bapk pf the prst^^ i0
jdimii^h tJi^ irictioa« JTo )i)e|^pipi9} which goes fn>i|i Aip
ff^ of , the appi^tiis^ i^ joini^d, ^ barometer^ wjbose -index
BJ^pwB die pw|VS^ ffP^jJ^S i9¥ ^9\ f^ : PT^. tb« Wf r«fr
Dating Y^sdi mto which the gas next enters, wid which
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84 Notices' of New P^ents^
is filled with pure water^ there are two small chambers
fixed^ from which pipes pass to it, and whose office is^to
hold any fluid compound intended to give flavour td the
impregnated water. From the impregnating vessel a pipe
passes downwards. for filling the bottles, whose extremity
is made conical, and covered with a collar of leather,
against which the mouth of the bottle to be fiUed is presfied
upwards by a treadle, moved by th^foot of the person who
fills it* When each bottle is filled, it is instantly corked^
and the cork secured by a piece of wire bound over it.
Besides what we have described, tlie apparatus, is fur-
nished with valves and cocks in the usual places, and has
alsQ two agitators, one placed in the lead vessel that holds
the materials, formed like those used in revolving churns,
and turned, round by an axle that passes through an air-
tight collar at the top of the vessel ; and another in the
impregnating vessel, formed in a similar manner.
The only thing that appears to us like novelty in this
apparatus, is the introduction of the gas-meter, and perhaps
the flavouring vessels at the top of the impregnating
vessel. We should indeed add to this list the extracting
carbonic acid gas from '^ lime and lime-water/' as directed
-by the patentee, which, from their very nature, cannot
contain any of it ! ! !
Paieni granted to Jean Hekky Petxtpieue^ of CharUoU'itreeiy
Someri''toum, engineer, for a machine for making, fropi one piede of
leaHker, mthoui any team, shoes, sUppers, gloves, caps, hois, cartridge
boxes, seablHitds, and skeiUhsJbr'sumtbi bayonets, and k^ DiCed
March SO, 18S4.
In order to make a slipper in this method, a^ piece cf
thick Side leather is cut oiit in a particular shape (some^
what similar to that which a slipper would assume if the
iipper leather were pressed'^ down flat upon the sole) ; i
groove is made across this about the length of the intended
upper leather: from the toe; and of ; the depth of half the
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oil a'taWe^prepjiSf^ f6t tfce pnrpotfe,' hfevlfig tjie htt\ part
fl^f1^i'S(f<hi flU^ the groover/ s6 as to be out oftire Way.
M a?fc<W tea»5^ WB^^ «f«t ^ divided b J a knife or tod!;
wliliJHWIIi^f^tb «f franie/^ ynch guides and'sfops
f»8ferfiW*to*^it'Qparticularljr a p»ojecting pih that moves ^n
a^t-'lii'ifl^ ttiBley,.lliat It ^ dan only be moved back and
fom&rds'to^a'certfeiin exten^ with fe very limited lateml
m^^i^, ^i^d at a prebise level above thp table,- so ap i^^no
oase ^t^' cut joi^^r oV lijghe? into the fixpd^piepfi ,9f I^^btsj^
j^^l^^pnM/;;'^ ' . \ , J ; \ . - • ..
^e*h6ilpw of the toe p^rt being formed in tUs m?M^a$jr|
thi^'lHreitfon of the leather on the tfible is rev^rse^i Vl^q
fbji'Hd&o^ht the heel p^ cut by f^^ similar. operation,
yyiklf^the fiimprest way in which ^slipper cai^ be fojPW^
hy^tniS'metuod. adSl therefore the best for giving ^ ide^
pf th^ inode of proceeding. But as by it the sole W9ul4
pot bp left t^bker ^^n t^^ ^ides gjf t^f upp^i: MljeT, \^
9TieT%:i^]^ide tjiis defect^ and feaye the RO^p in a propjB^
^egn^e tibicker thai) the upper/ the pi^p^. o( les^tbf^ W^i
beyrstVut out iji t^e form before ^e^crib^dj. whioh a s^ip-^
this jpiece must be c\;it ext^ipally 9t tjie e^g^ fiw^, ^Y t'^f -
ins^iim^pf,' at halrfts thickness from the b^ttqpii ^n^ as
far in as to the outlinejol^e-Bol^r 49!^^ is ^s^rtai^ed bjf
.bavin|r a^ jpie<j(^; of t^^^^^^jje of jt^jf M^ fi^fte^e4 49Wl)^ v
ja;i^e^^ij,by^^ it tp.^ft fifbk^ -A^
IhisLJt U;to,be turned dowft 4t the groove (cut e^f^oai^ ^
bef|3lc^1liex^oa^)E^a&dWa';di»4&si4«^theto^ part^ atid;
of the heelpart^ cut open inside by the instrument/ at a
thi^ otjSiB fjttic^n^ t)f the whole piece frotn the t6|>, iti
'*he ^a»^ i^^ pj^^WiQ^he
sole^ wiifr Wleft of doiibte the tbdckn^ of the upper^ but '
projecting .atr^each aide beyond ^its^prppef -shipe.-'The
Jiece ibeiiig npwpujted tipeii; tueni^ifimted upon a m!l;/faft(lt
tBi:ifpt&B^ % ib ioihave Ihe supetflttoviil jortk 4f t9toiBdSb ': .
paroi off; and: to fci'rtibbefl down by a nt^ooth tool 'till ?t
VOL, u If
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^S N<>tieer.o/ ffmPat^
assume the form o£ the fboiu II taajrbe.'Aea eurj^djtfiA
^resse4y t^oloared, andfinisliedaa desiiied.
Gloves^ caps^ hats^ cartridge boxes, scabbardsi* sbeaiba
of all kinds, and maixy other axtides^ iDuay be foimed^ ia
this manner, from thick leather, wit)u>ui. auy seamvlb^y
having moulds of fit shape, and knives so, constcuclied, and
furnished with such guides and guaidis, as are most suitable
to the article designed*
Besides the saving of workmanship in this method, there
Would arise a further economy in the quality of the leather,
since, accprdiAg to the prices current, sole leather, by the
pound, h in general t\6t more than half the price of upper
leathfer> Of calf skins.
• That it would succeed well for slippers, and most of the
other articles mentioned, seems very probable ; but we
have great doubts that shoes could be made in this way
sufficiently ev6n in the grain of the uppers in all piarte, to
produce the neatness required for their appearance, as ih^
parts of them cut from the centre of the thick leather musi
necessarily be more open and spongy than its external
surface : and the top of the shoe would thus have quite a
iliffer^nt look from the sides, and could never hie made to
take the same degree of polish in being cleaned.
' Another objection to shoes of this kind is, that they
could not be mended but in very few cases, without totally
disfiguring their appearance, which in fehoes, whose chief
advantage must be economy, would form a very material
drawback.
Faieni granted to Mr. John Leiob Baadbury, tf jUancheUer, fir a
new mode of twisting, spinning, or throwing sUk, cotton, wool, Hnen,
or other threads, or Jibrous substances. Dated 3d July, 1824.
Mr. Baa,dbuby!s specification' emboraces two objeota
principally : the first being an i^tprovement in. the method
,o( perfoi;ming the operations stated in the title, ibr whicb
he pb^ined a pateiii m 1816; ao^.tbff ^ws^ .^^SJl^
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MmT «W^* jSetf Faints. ^
application of the machine U8e4 commonly in. the QOttoii
manufacture, called the mule, to the twisting and throw-
log of silk.
The first invention, or improTement, consists in causing
liny pair of delivering rollers in a spinning machine, to
i^^ease from turning aff soon as the thread breaks that pro-
ceeds from &em ; which is effected by causbg the thread,
on its way to the bobbin, to pass tiirough an eye in the
top of the longer arm of a lever turning on a pivot, which
remains horizontal as long as the thread presses on it, in
its passage ; but as soon as the thread breaks, it rises up-
right instantly by the action of the short arm of the lever,
wUch is weighted accotdingly for this purpose. This
short arm, in coming thus to a vertical position, comes in
contact wiih pieces that project from an axis constantly
turning round E^neath it, and' that is placed there hori-
zontally, and at right angles to the plane in which the
lever moves. On thus coming in contact with the power
of' this i^KXB,, the short arm is pressed forward, and the
longann of the lever thereby being forced back propor--'
tiopably, causes aA inclined plane attached to it to ptsh
back the standard on which one of the rollers is supported;
80 th$tt the wheel that connects it with the general machi-
nery shall be; out of gear, as it is called, and its action on
die fiiread entirely cease, until the lever is again brQughf
\fi its horizontal position, and kept so by the thread, after-
its being meoded, and laid on it again.
The appUdktion of the mule to silk spinning, which is
th^ second objeot of the p§tent, consists merely in subw
9tit«ti]>g bobbins of silk for oops of cotton, in the iiumber
propotiioned for ^ch 8pinidle> according to the thickness
Qf the twi^t. required; and then proceeding with the ma-
chine, as in spinping cOtton, to. give the proper degree of
twisf^androUthesilkttp.on the spindles. >
• Ia the 4rai¥ings-of this. inaohiiie,t the ispindleai seem to*'
be inotiared fovw^ard miyrti.tbftn. usual, bemg, in this in^'
jtauc^, iil.^ii^#{^Q.af46?witbLthebod£oa.. , . ^-
f2
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#9 a^i^of, ifeufPutfnif^
TiUeni granted th William Aikswobt'h ivuf, of MtcldUwichf and
^ tTlttrAir OoClif, of Manor Bait, CKeshire, Etqdires, for an %m-^
proved method ofnUmtfacturing Mali. Dated June 15; I9i4i:
This ImpjovemeQt m making salt is in the app^tus*
xtie. pan tor boilmg the brine is shallow^, and of largi^
surfkce^ and, as represented ia l^e drawing^, has seyeral
tire-places beneath it } along the fore part bf which, beaeatU
£ne pan^ there passes an iron p^e from a reservoir of brine^
on a higtier leyel^ the further extremity of which rises up;
suid turns over the upper edge of the pan. On opening a
cdck in this pipe the brine from the reservoir forces £hat
i^ tke pipe^ heated by passing over the firea beneath tha
pan,' to pass forward and fall into it in a boiling state, or
nearly so, and therefore not liable fo retard or stop the,
evaporation^ as the introduction of cold bri<ie does in tha
coinmoh method.
; Wh hKvi uo ddubt of it9 b«ing skltanlag^tia ta h^l tit«
bmm before itas iotrodnc^ i&io the )pi«m/]^ mt ib^imi
a. ti^ink ihart ihb method prdetised f&r liii# parpom ^^
tj^^'marafeetBTe far ihakicigs CSieU«hllfiM (MklMy aticl ek«^
where (which ccmBi^ts iui. uteming k hf A^ heel df tb#
SMioke thet Aas pamd the etapor^ting ^^)y <9 pr«^sr«|A§f
tp vof me^iod whioh intetdepts t^ be^ of tike ti^htt^i^
^ pafi ) tidd . |hii|Jc ftldo tidt pipes, plaqed M d&»^lS^ii^
would soon be stopped up, or b^ btirat oiit,^ frdtli^cOMre^
a^m of eartb]^ matter fronfei die magneMn, e^)<»&#e€%i»^ itod
otfa^ ^^^^y aelts^ which always aoconlpaiiiy hAik^ oi eovt^
mon jsalt^ and which have • itloilg attreeiioti ibi Ib^el^
ittetal, aa salt-olakers well kxiow^ to fh«if gr^dt d«lHtii€f2i€i
We much commend the plan of niimetotisfirieh^l&oes, 6f
ftORfl^Wv dime^iqnsy under laige boilers^ in prefefi^n^eetty
one or more of great aixe, wUbb the patentees hat d ^Ao^UA^
Ibon^ haiUly noticed bf Aem in^ l3ie i^^riffiintidbj as
t]»is alraiigement of the fiteii preretits Ih^ desflnidak)!^ ^
the fire bars, aadtiie ircUiifi<ili«iOQ^tb€^t^
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Notices of tfeu> Patents. 09
clinking, which takes place in large fire-places in propor*
tioD, more or Uii^ td fhefU* siiiei Both bf IfrllUh are trouble-
some and expensive^ particularly the latter, which wastes
much fuel, and rapidly wears out the fire-places*
Pt^Unfifr^dg ^^ BsvdiAifitf Botchi ^ Furnivafs Ifui, L^n^n, Aft
. fer.ian improve Jid for the ii^per part (if.fhift atui other veMsds*
<Dated Aug. »1, 1823^ . . . ^ . . , .. ^
We are induced to notice this invention iront the mtbroil
it has creaited from its presumed meiit^ in conseguencQ of
ihe report that; government has been prevailed upon to;
purchase a license of the patentee, at a veiy considerabler
sum, the truth of which we are, howevtrj muoh inclined
to doubt, as in our opinion the invention is not of muci)
merit. It is, we consider, expensive and complicated, and
not easily repaired at Sea, requiring three men to iinsnip
aiia fix the nA and takte-falls or burtons, throws the whole
<«refghl of the top-mast oii ihe tressel trees, loads the toj^
#ith iron, and renders the vessel more liahlfe' id be striick
#f«i H^hteteg; It !> alto^ethrt not sb effifci6htk§ kr.
SftWrft'i 66tttflVatice for the 8Ame pui'pqsfci fdf t^hirih fifi^
SfHjlfet^ 6f Artd presented that genttetcran \kijAy theft ^d
Vulcan medal; an invention we thiiik prefefablfe to MH
RofaAi'lr^ being of a sitdple axiA eh^ap confft^tt^ion, wUch
isstf nntn MiQ can '^ise a hatchet 'dm itntke nnd repair^
requiring but one man and a handspike to unship niid fti
it agaipi throwing the weiglit oftiie top-opiast on the lower
mast, ' and adding nothing to the weight of the , top pr ths
risk of the ship. We shall, however, in our next num^eri
give the specification of Mr. Rotch's patent, and an ac-
count' ot Mr. Shiart's invention, in order that our readers
may judge for themselves o^ the correctness of the pre^
pedin^ femarts.
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LIST OP NEW PATENTS.
William H^inry James, of Coburg Place, Winsoil
^reen, near Birmingham, engineer, for certain improve-
menUl in apparatus for diving under water, and'^wMch ap-
paratus, or parts of which apparatus, are also appliteable
to other purposes.— Dated May 31, 1825.-^ix mbnths to
tend specification.
- • JnaN Harvey Sadler, of Hoxton, Mtddlesex, ma-
i^hiInst, for an improved power loom for the weaving of
Slk, cotton, linen, wool, flax, and hemp, and mixtures
thereof.^— Dated May 31, 1825.— Six months toienrol spe-
^flcatron. « ,
Jp'sEPpi Frederick Ledsam, merchant, and Bi^n-
JAMiN Cook, brass-founder, both of Birmingham, forim-
prQveo^ents in the prociuctibn find purification of coal gas.,
Bateil May 31,. ]825.*^Six months to enrol specification.
Joseph Crowder, ^f New Radford, Nottingham,
)ace net manufacturer^ for improvements on the Piislew
tKdt>biii net machine.-^Dated May 31, 1825.^-^^ mbntha,
to enrol specification, • , -
Joseph Apsdin, of Leeds, brictlayer, for a method of
qnaldng lime.*^Dated June 7, 1825.^— -Two mondisto enirol
qpeeificatiom
Charles Powell, of Rockfield, Monmouthshire, g^n^
tlenian, for an improved blowing tnachind. — Dated June
6, 1826. — Six months to enrol specification. ' *
Alfred Bern on, of Leicester-square*, London,, mer*
fehant, for improvements ih fulling mills, or machihery'for
failing arid washing woollen' cloths, or siich other ftibVics
as may require- the process of fuHing.-— Cdmmunicated to
him by a foreigner.— ^Dated June 7, 1825. — Six months to
enrolapficifieation.: c ... r^ \ ^::.-!- : . ^
MosEs Poole, of Lincoln's Inn, London, gentleman.
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Isi9tofNM,Paitnfi. 71
fot tb^ :^f^fati<)n of cettstia substaiiciro for 'mtddii^
candles, includiog ^ wiek peooUarly oonstrttcted for that
puipose. Communicated to him by a foreigner«-^Dated
Jane 9, 1825. — ^Six months to enrot specificaUon*
.r^o^f^ ^l9.9ltii>.GB, of,Nelson*8qiiare> BJaokfriatstcoad,
Suniayr me^obfuitp for, improvements in briobs, hoiuies, oi:
^{tbec mji^t^rifdBi fotthe better yentilatioii of hoi^sesfmd
other buildings. — ^Dated June 9> 1825.-^?Six months to
enro^ sp^cifioaUoa, ,: i
John Lindsay, of the island of Herme, n^r GuaQusjfp
i^iq« for upgroYementar in the conBtruction of horse anA
paifxiage .waya of streets, turnpike and other roads, and
an mproqrementt or addition to wheels to be used thereoiu
iPated Ji^ne 14^ 1816*-rSix months to enrol specification
William Henry James, of Coburg Place, Winsoik
Greei^ near Birmingham, engineer, for improYements in
the construction of boilers for steam-engines. — Dated June
X4j 1826*— -Six months to enrol specification.
Jonathan Downton, of filackwall, London, «hip-
.Wright, for in^proyeifients in water closets.— Dated June
18, , lt825. — Six months to .enrol specification.
s WiL*LlAM MasoK, of Castle-<8treet East, Oxfoni-slsreet^
London, axletree manufacturer, for improvements on axle-
^rees.— Dated Jufie 18, 1825. — Six months to enrol spe<»^
fication*
Charles Phillips, of Upnor, in the pi^rish^ of 'Balds-
bury,. Ketit^ £sq« top imptOYements in jthe constnictioB of
n ship^s compass.— Dated June 18, 1825.^Six motiths to
enrol specification^
George Atkins, of Drt^ry-Iane; Gent and HENkv
Marriott, of Fleet-street, London, ironmonger, for im*
proYements on, and additions to, stoYes'or grates. — Dated
June 18, 1825.^-Six months to enrol specification
EnwABZ) Jordan, of Norwich, engineer, for & new
mode of obtaining power applicable to machinery of dif-
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ffot&il deteriptiaiui.****i)ated Jue 18, IftUWAiK ttimtlii
to 8iir(d specification, ^
J^OHN Thompson, of Vinc^t-tsquare, Westmiijdter, an(j(
the London Steel Works, Thames Bank, Chelsea, and
4oHK BiaR, of Haleicfmn, ii4apB|n4ng^ftM, erigiaeer,
foTiimfftov^iaeniB m pioducing steam applicable to eteam
bngiMi, or other purpo0ed.«*-Dated Juiia iM, 1886.-«-4ix
ttoathe to enrol specification. ^
Thomas Northingtobt theyounge^i arfdJok* MrL-
A>im, both of Manchester, small-ware mkauufaclorers,
'ffff improvsements in the loom, or machine, nfted for the
parpoee of weaving or n^anttfaoturing of tape, and eueh
^either articles to which <ihe said loom, or mai^ittie, may be
ap)»littaUe.---rD^^d June 21, 182&.^-4Six mtmthe to em«l
ftp^Gift^ajiop. •
! ' Ross CoB^ftTT, of Glasgow, merchant, for a nei^ step,
^r steps^ to ascend and descend from ooadbes, and other
carriages. — Dated June 21, 1825.— Six months to enrol
* pHtLiF Brookes, of Sheltoa, in the Potteries, Stafr
fordshire, engraver, for improvements in the preparation
>fjt certain c9mpoMti(|B« ati4 ^» applicrtipn thflceof> to
Ae making of dii^s^^KiQuldf^or watrioedi amooth ^Mbo^
4i»d vsirioYi9 othei) vseful aitictesrr-PatedJuhf 21» ISSH^t^
Six months to enrol specification. ...
lfi^\S#^ for, Ui^i^ifeimAta m maahii^eijt {h dh^wnif,
dPiibgi ^pid^ingt ai|d 4ottbUbg 9fHt0n,, w<mI^ and iEither
fibrous substances. — Dated June 21, yiS6*rrSa waaA»
-liU iJ
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THE
REPERTORY
OP
PATENT INTENTIONS, ^c.
No.li. AUGUST, 1825.
^pf^f^kaHBH^^ike Fatenigrdktedfo M&. James Suxbsy^ vfjBaiierua,
ii iUdmi^tfAriti^ iffOkr, fitaivtw metkbd of iifp^^ hut
firikcfr^ffk^t^tfrnm, andjvr vuripM.oikerpiirjmei, iffhar^ ikp
Va fetB to trhom these presents shall come^ 8cc. 8cc.
V^fmo^yt^ tlixfctm compliance with the said proviso,
4hc «aid Jao^es Surrey doth hereby declare, that thfe
mliBre ef liAS liidd invention, and the manner in which th^
^St^ H to Ve {Msrfoniied, is descnbed and ascertained itx
Ibe ftltowi^;^ e^lanation thereof^ that is to say :
' Tke inVeiitibti of the said James Surrey consists ih
%ri^ag into ttse the heat esrtracted from coal in the
%aMiiiig' uid manufftctnre of coke^ by applying the same
for tiie predticti<Mi'<ir steam, ' for steam engines and other
ptif^>oses,'in manner follotring, ftat is to say : — As many
eok« ^s^Hsiis 4.9 tnay be necessary by the heat thereof to
Insave the qaattdty of steam required, being erected m
^flie ttcmit or any <Ahtt convenient way, let an artificial
ieat^li'beviade in eadi as high as the coals, when chained ;
stid ran en 1}ie top of tflie artificial search, a rim or coib
of iron^ or other substance, of sufficient thickness to retain
ihe' kait ektretcled Iroa the coal or coke. Ilien place in
-ea<fc^liie«Biidbv^ndt)n#tyr more tubes or pipes of iron,
VOL. i/ o
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74 Patent J:Qi^a.netp v^thpfijor (^plying. H^
or Qthqr m et;al, either sepfiirate pr^ connected J^etjjer^ O]^
the.,^og of the ajtifici^l se^a^rcH .; one eiij^ of each of tjie.§g^^^
pipe^ pf t|iW^^^ (^qjtlat ^l^e:]f^^^^^^
flange f(:>r ^le^nsi^^, a^nd th^ ptlier|^nd i;'h[ei:^ojF jtQ.njji .ouJ.a^i(
ilie^tj^Qk orgt^^j^^^ yre^j^ ,^, .svipc^ntj
§j9^9(5,^ng](5ft.^^^
el§f^\Y^^ji;e>. a^ $5Qnyen)jent< f^.^^^^^ fire, ,pr. hefiti|.tq
eftcap^,, instead of jQOinlng^^^^^^ thjB Qv.en'p .|nQ^tb^,Q^
«|toQVi/a^R4 Jf th« ?Te^f,.)^.5^j|^^^'^il)f ^^fS^J^r^^^i
thereof without interfering with the l^urning bf/t^^jccyke;^
other pipes or tubes may be intr9d^pe4.^J^^, ]i]i;^.jx]()^i}^er,
between the coke and the crown of the oven. And the
several pipes^.;Qr %vb^ abov^n^paeption^clQip^t be made to
communicate witl\ the maip reservoir o^bOiler of th^ ^l^gY^^f
oijptb^wpr^^, .ThCjinafn.r^serYpir cy^piler being,c^i^^)?4
in.the ^sual j^rfty:,.anisp,s» tip isseepllb^.befor^^-iii^tio
pipes or tulles Jilways full. of water,,eteam will be g£liieit|j^a
and pass to tbve jipaia;ifeservj5if,prb for ^ny jpurppae
reqvjiyed, .(J!^,s)bi,puld J?e,taj^^ to/place ^he,pi8eg,o;r
i}{|3es ip^t,!^^^ p;yen^ t^t.the,^ Vp po^^jchepj^di* ^pi fi^i
they may be taken out at the front Qr,,|)|acJ|s;.Q£^be qyepj, J^
TC.quir^^^ .^p^ Jhe.. a^id pjpes pr jLufr/Bs ahp.^d:be.,jj]^e-
.pepdan|;f Jf,tl}e3 oj/^nfi^, 9ftd be. sp plip/e^. that .(bc^^spp^ ,qf
th^ ov^na yiU ^ bj§?|ijp^.t^p ,s^p^^^
oulfj of^ io^^loye^^ $^/dii^9lteji;thr|9]flg^ ^p^
which flue may be convenienUy and mQ^.^.^^piajLly^f^
^y .9Wyf?g>ov.5K .tl^^crow^^ pf;i^eu9?«Bft.ft s^sm4j9^9m or
a^^df^iniSg^tb^. hfi^;,.anj^,9i^h flue ^ftpiip^flll^d^J^it^
ctt]^p,.ji|)^?..p^.^t^^ fi9|pl^^,9.f tft req^r^YA tln|
gr^aV^ ^§y>^,aQti9^ oCti(i^.%g. paf^ii^^litf'piigj^tbq
flu^et j^j?fld ^tljiQ lasjt^^^ptJi^^ ?^ni lif^ l^^ ^
Tf^^d^ to comn;iuifica):e,l¥i^^,^^ Yesejiyoyr^.o!,]^?!^
aijL(\ being kept eilfi^ w^th^ wfi^^i; as .befpre-naeBi^o/jiB^, f^
^ddition^i <}H^ntitjr; pi^^^f^^^ll^^^ fl¥imf
of the s?flpjo,ftre,f)r.beg^ dfi^j^tiiwi
iiimption of fuel. 'If the flake of onj, w^iij^iij^ J^
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,t'€^^f(itii^ew meithodfor appfying H^t M
iS^^Viild^^ient tp consume the smoli^e ot the other^ a
^j^r^ or register may be iised to stop the smoke from
SBin^dfrect'thrbi^ghthefiue, and a communication made
fifbm f^nii oven to th^ other, by means of a pipe or aper-
tlar^ ;'^'al8o' with a damper of register, to take the smoke of
•.either oven alter na^tely tfafough the other, ivhen sufficiently
JiOt\toconstimB the same, thereby insuring a convenient
.imet&bil 'pf ponsuming the who^e of the fmoke»'and-con-
eVidttifig th^ jsame into heat qr flame, to be used or applied
l^i^ Wfore-mepitipned.
\ |n>i$i$e$s wWeof, &c.
^* - OMEltrATlOKS BV THE l^ATENTEE,
' ifiif^.principle of thir invention consists in the introduc-
j^on ofti^bes ii^tp coke OTens, Sic. for the purpose of gene-
^tiBg st^am, by whick more than two-thirds of the prer
seiit expence Qf fuel iviU be Baved, as has been demon-
^raied at the Pa^ntee's premises, York House^ Battersea^
^erei thepi'Ocess has b^en in. actual operation in grinding
i^jfth for nearly. the last twelve months, producing tha
tapst satisfactory results.
. 'Tbe peculiar advantage of this method is» that the coal,
nfsi^kd ^ of V^ing nearly alt consumed, is converted into
^ftfe, #.f a.qu<dity equal to any that is used by maltsters,
an^ 0&er pernons requiring the most pure and perfect
irti<3eiof^at description. ; .
. ^'tVir^ Patentee i^bmits th^ accompanying statements of
ffiti saying that would accrue by the adoptipn of his patent^
Q]i;a»y person atprf sent consuming 1000 chaldron of coals
^ WMini m London. / He bi enabled to detail with pre-
^slont'ils to the first calcuJation, which shows the amoui^
dftfifference by the cpuTersion into coke, and its attendant
iSlaigts, a$sutung ^at 1600 chaldron of coals are used,
IHlt'^i^erTed'and oonverted by his process, (instead of
1000* c6n$uined and wasted, at present,) and Chat these
^ |uc^:I80Odialdroii of cqke^ being the relative ascer^
o 2
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The sfeWd feakulAtio'n ipi^h thfe ' s«m^ip%ttafe« 1*
1060 fcialdtoh of totX^, on the syaterti ti6W to Me Mi^
Water Companies, which would be satted by th« iip|>liaft«
tibh of his patent, deducting the ttbote^medtioned dif-
ference lofet on the coke.
The third calculation i^howiit that the expeVice of the
necessary additions to the works connected with the dt^adi
engine, would be reimbursed by ttie |>rofitl of the ftnifc
^ar'A saving ; and a considerable surplus also remain,
above the cost of the works in question ; atid the antiiud
saving afterwards on every 1000 chaldron 6f isoefes Aow
consumed, is shown by the last calculation to amount to
1270/. after allowing for Weat fend tear.
By an arrangement which the Patentee has mftde with
the principal coke merchant in London> who k wil^nf tb
supply the coal, and receive back the obke, at Ihe rd«iir^
Iftxed prrces nailed in the stateihent, b§ i« et^^ed t»
"engage With the proprietor of large steam engine* bi
Condon (where a constant power is required), .tb p^n^btm
th^irwork upon the basis and teitlis specified, ^r^it alMMt
half their present expence, without makiftg toy fcHiifctlilL
in their engines or boilers ; or hb win gitmt Ht^note' to
Votknnd^rhiB patents <in£n^kmd, Sc5tlated,lind IMftUd),
«t a sum per knnum*, or ^t a premiimi ftj^ th^ teitii of \iim
^^tente. mie apparatus can! be apj^lied to fefisry fetlMMi
^engine or boiler now in use, either higl^ ^ IbW preMlt%^
kt the sacfie time kiting ak k eoinplete Mmoi^ t^Mi^Mer.
' ^b Ptitentbe suggests tiii^^reat adtii^tage' and 6«vi^
that Would accrue by ihe application ^f :tbe l^fm^ m tilfe
working of iron mined, as Ae same expeM^6 of Aid wfaM^
IS incurred in raising the Water tttd'bre, wiH sindt tli»\k«>
whereat, by the present lA^ethod, alarge^fCiaaitityttf^Mal
;is entirely consumed in creating ^tesiai Pft Hie «n|ilte.
Without giving any return oi'cbke 5 when by his ^plan'tlib
cotih used for steatii reblrti tbeir v«liie in "OOke, Whiisli fa
'ready bn Ute spot for th^ fieiturd o^Mioa» bf Ms^ttttg \ «&([
this saves the further quantity of coal «
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unduthe presftiit fijntMli Cw tl»». jfUIBfiWt of pro^nqping
coke. . : . /
' 7?he Patentee also suggests that coniidAfabU l^aedt
would accrue to the prpprietors and the publie, bj the
adoption of Steam Power Coal and Coke' Ootnpanies/ in
particular districts in the United Kingdom, by ejecting
the apparat^^ Ikn4 fiupp\yil|g it&Wl power to ihdividuafs ;
and. for nrhich purpose hi»is willing to > grant licences to
tfu§tee^"f5r the carrying such lan^objebl into effect ; and
for his remuneration will agree to receive a per centage
only on the profits of ttrd^6"oiiipany,''lfter they are paid
the interest for their capital employed ^ or a certain sum
for the eidusiv^ privilege of any piBirticular di&trlct:
TTTT
Db.
::ji7f J 'Jill
To cost of 1500 cbal«
,droii 9f <;oa^ <it
* 38s^ jper chotdroDy
•*(fel?i%Vid > tft the
'^W«terside....v... MO - Q 0>
T^mkm^Jbanmt Md ,
STEAM. JU^INE.
Ce.
£. «. d.
; £^ proceeds of coke,
IfiiPO chaldroi^^atr- ,
dSs. per chaldron . . ' 2530 ,0 Q
By balance, low in .
' ^Bfiefenee' of coal ' * - '
aiulfoQjte «.....;. MO • O^^ a
mM 0 O'
^-.
jei9oo 0 6
'^esofto a 0
.^0|>9aiiQinia?tii9 of
coaljlOOOohaldion, , .^
, . b.ei^ at preset
' used and lost, at '
' Sas, ' 190}) o' o'
lafauito saffid •» .
4;idra;ii,j^.
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79 PatMfiHmpirwemmt^M^i^^
To wear and tear. ••• 100 0 ^
To balance of annual
saving , on every
1000 chaldron, of
coals at present con-
sumed 1970 O 6
£1870 0 0
By Ji>fPO^t ^<^^/** - ; :. {> '
J t >
Specification of the Patent' granted to l)AVit> GoEDOV, ofEdvAHrgh^
at preient'retidmg at Stranrear^ E$q,ftr certain ithprovemenhin ike
cmutmction of wheeled earriage$. Dated'Au^uat 14> 192U
WITH A MAIS. >
TO all to Tvhom these pvesenta shall comie^ SCg«
Now know ye, that in compliaiice with the said pro¥iao>*^,
the said David Qpr^on,; <Iq h^i^by^ d^lare that the nikture
of qty %^d iayeAtioii^ jand the manner in iriueh^tliej
is to be performed^ are particularlyvdiscribed and-^
tain^d in and by the drawings hereunto annexed, aabdtke
following description thereof, (that is to say): My ikitenti6n
of certain improvements in the oonstnicti<ni of wheeled
carriages consists, first, in placing each of the wheeb.of
the carriage between two horizontal 4>ars<Hr cafls, ia^Moh'
manner that the vrfaeek may be stipported or hung n^^Oii
bearings or pivots, which pivots may be adapted to turn
roiind in brasses or colUrs, fixed in the rails, extending
on each side of the said wheels*. By. this arrangenent
each wheel 11^ fumisl^d wilii its own axis ox^wU^ havings
pivots formed ^ at. both ecids thereof^ which. turavoundin
fixed collars (in the same mani^r as the wheel of ibeoixK-
nary wheelbarrow), being entirely independent of the other
wheels belonging tp the carris^e... Jn prd^rto ceoder the
appUcation^of my invention clear %nd intelligiblei and to
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enaflid persons cdff«^iiifi^'^yil«ft^ to ptlC^it in
practice, I have hereunto aariiexed tt Isheet ^drawings or
plans, wherein fig. 1 (PI. IVf) shows apltitt bftheffisctmn^,
adapted for a cart or two wheeled carriage, tip on my irdpfci ved
construction, with the body oT the cart or/carriage supposed
to be removed, in order to je^qplfin ^y inventioQ. ..Fig. 2
shows an»^el§*aKd^^^ttf*%He same; ---(^te — the same cha-
jradteh" "Of^ l^ttets of r^ffeirence .are used "to denote corres^
ponding parts' upon both the figures.) a a represent the
two main bars or rails p£the frame of the carriage: they
pfcjject in front sufficiently to form the shafts, and are
kept {ifMraUel^ and m^in^n^^ at s^ proper distanpe ^sunder,
^^.tffjQ^iCrb^spi^^es, b b, which exftepd i|i'wid<^ beyond
the sider rails, "JiA^aaid^senre to-.8i:^port the outermost
rails, c c, in such manner ja% to form two oblong openings
orfrlones, of sufficientwifdiiitO'feeiiBive the carriage wheels,
D D ; each of the wheels, D,i:srfcted upon a short separate axis
.'4l^a]^ jiavitt^ piy4l»llm|^ed^^^ ^«hebut6^ pivots
. ioftibegMldasEes or tilxksttira4ft collars; whicl»>aTO attached
tHiJlfae ittilSi'Cc^ aadiAe-'ittnel' pivots turh iii doHti^s; lA-
>tfi6k0ilto^theMils^ A Av > The ddUars^^miiiy be pSai^d either
oiii^^liKi^iilidigrortM tipper a^idesfof theraiis^ o» t^irotigb the
- liliMfe tlM^f/ adintf^be fMCid<b6se;vbut j ^(kiM¥«-
^eiimuMki ^flieir teiHg fi:K6d on thentldchrsidei^^ of the i^aits^
i «h^»kfnriteeflt^ n/^the^ fi^tre/ wMh sorewr bolts jpassliig
i'thioupr ftie Aul^,^^'t^ istfttwd^tbiAn in^thail^ im^^c^i^^^^^^^
^Hotufy anU^gbten'lib^ittSthey w^ar^srwsiy; t^ ^beartrigi^
ampqr be4nippUed5witfi;{(»l by <pouYkig it in thrMgh a^nnitflt
i'li€a0c«k[i<|te/%tpf(etfis«^ rails, whi<^h holes sllotild
,^bi(^O0#afeteAll5r a>t<liwi4g^lat«^or <)ipy to prevent' feiiiyMJafet
^ffymif^Hr^ihtg^'U ti^'fi^i^^iA Wih Ai^tifi&i^i' ttt^ pivbts
: siKwld<«l(3irpiifisiq^^ sd air tb'eilpo^e
ntU«r\eiidsy ?biit 4lloill* bi^ rAriterfetf • feotaleWhdl <5onV^* fit
- itbmx> 1I1&I9; ^^beat^agtiliiA'llv^ bc^t^^ ofthe cavity In ^He^
^^OMitlwis tm|^tr«deiv»£i'p^ >^m
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80 JR0«(ii/ybfiV^^
fiipmi mt t^ ifo& bM9^ fQif4in4i9g frQP t\t^ 194!% criTr ^
the shafts, m order to ^trengthm tb» fmi|iej ;a]id pv^vof^t
the ends of the rails, x>,e, from entaQgliag with other Ofr^
riages in passing ; otherwise ind^^d pieces of wood BQui(^|
he substituted fop tlie iron bars^ as v^ \^e found mo^^
convenient : f f diows a fraxfping of wood^i pli^^ .& l^^f
distance above the ma^in frame, an se^n in fig, 2, and suf^
ported by sma^ blocks, no, rising ifif froin:^e cross^
pieces, M n, in the plana ^f the whefJs^ i^ n, as sfs^ at
aaaa, in figure 1. The body of the. cart or'qsrriag^ if
placed upon the fri^^g, f f, w^ph by its ^anng ^fq^
the main frame at aana, in ik^ plane of the whe^f 4of4
not tend to twist or strain either the maia fraa^, or t)»4
wheels themselves ; otherwise, the body of ihf §fU^i^99
loaight be suspended from th^ under sides of 4^^ T9i\U ^f
the firame, at the points^ uaaa. Fig« 3 on the ame*^
sheet of drawings represents a plan of the.fnMQ9ftngfor%
waggon or carriage having four wheels.; the bo4y Qf^l|i|
carriage is supposed to b? removed* Fig, 4 e^ws:,4a
elevation of the same : a a, the maiJA ^}^ of tl»e fi^ffo^i
which are kept paifiUel by the four croee iraitsy ? u a^
0 q» being mQrtice4 up^to them : c c ar%JtW9,pi^9ce/9r lj^9ft
pstf allel to the main rails, and morticed into the <^98s rail%
BB, These pieces fom the evenings to riweivi^i^bi^^
most wheels, D n, oi th^e .carriage,'^ bearings lO^fpiTott
of wfaiehitom in collars fiaced to the rails, aa^ and pieeM^
^c, in the same manner as before de^erib^ it^ th^ %i< 1
and 2. The cress rails, « o, have piecesi 9 u, morticed
intoibem ; and these again; l^ave a cross x^i^j .1,. fiwd:tei
them, which carries the traverse bolt or bol^ter> Vk% fw tbm
front wl^eels, £ %. with their finmiiq;, aa^ blf^ cf,^ to t)sr%
pooud upon, when the carriage is intended tobe;tw^|ied4i^
its direction^ The front wheelsi, hEj arejnqupls^i^^M
short axf 8 or axles^ haying a bearing HMsupparfc in jAfr
pieces, bb, c€, on €;ach si4^ of each w^iefl {f^ b^fRT^e d#*»
ei^nbed for the hmdenjAoet whe^) ; j»u,: A^/^ fifyMHiA
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j'iin]
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^ QGRt^ with «&qU 9t^<iiii»]W t9 or^vwy fovn vbof^U^
fVmB^)T ^bey <^«^ fi3(e4 conowtfio witbi tb9'travfn|f(
l^^t wr bai^teo. v^m ^^ l^rro to steady tb« frW ^i^lw^lfi^
fml tbek framing m tunmg. The wt^e^}« m^ ^^V hv^^
](v^ili p^Yoiti qr:b^vi,qg^ tQ ^iro in fixed coUar/ij w i^^rw^
Itf^j^ 4es^ffbi^4 qr ih^y m^j luty^ bo||i;ii. ^^4 j«t, .tl)^
I^^Ydp af tl^^ ¥(h§^i«i ^*ipte4 to <wa ijjMjtfv fif^ .^qUa ffi
ftimfb ^^adipig ai^n>f;a'#m^|) o£ tbe opemogp viierfi tb«^
ivbee}^ fME¥» to bf fia^edj, 4w«y« ob^^m*^ t)^t t)i« iaj^
^^ItB^-op «^f( do lAot eqU^ &prQfii| the frw^Og gf tl^q
^aivi^gf^frqipi Q^f ^l^^ji to the s^\\i^r. H^v^ig abojijifa 1^^
|iid ^ ivj^t in^wler ^f fiwtiP^Tti ?f fliJF iwi^qy^wwte «
^ l;uij:<^rigd i^V> «iPE#Qt» it r^fo^flfi for ukq tq expja^a whf^
p^fi thw#qf J gOQfi^er ^ n^y '\^^^tiQn ♦ i^« J ip^h i% ^
h«, obs^rmi th9^| ^ dq ROt Qlw>tb© i^iw^oa qjf piwivNj
^ Vhfi^ «pa^ Mcp or wtlei;^, *fl^,«»ttPH9Ftiiw tj^m^
tfa^ 9!tt8^9 qf t^ ¥(^^1^1 tj^e W9IA t^iif^ h WRg MHI
b»ro#|edr ;Ifeii^Wf4c^l<^ »y'PW*iwl«HPB*rt
*eid»^iiB9f«?^qf )^fkWb»dpup(Wfl#pp|ur^lie ^^ptM^i
^^ifttW^^M^^W'^^ W^ beariofld or railt, ao^ vi^l^i
iWWJft a»y.l¥>ltt ^xftii or:M;lw, «ift9pdip5 wyqsgi th^ fr^Mm
()fr.ih& nafjiag^, tt^rebyiWftviipg thewl^s^ q^Ue io^e^
B^^^ qS.^^ ol^en, I9Q a^ toa^ow ^f 1^^ Jw4 Pf .bo4jf
9fti^^arri%ga.b^ii%i49«^ or sfwap^i^d (if req^ir^J) im9
tgthe^^rwd, b^^w^etv thf vbefl^, apd ey?) b©^ th^
l«y4 qf thf i^;a««.o|? Wf^^. At the i^ine tip» J w^st.atft^,
tb«t I; 9»ly Q^f^^fv tba ^ppUcatip^ of thia iiaproyw^nt tq
ci^vnw^Ji?^^ tWi thr^, or «we whefil|B, Tha adv^Hf
^ef qf plao^ the wheels t;^ cairri^gea i^^ordiog to my
np^y^inf^ abqve^lll^ntioMd are num^soii^^ Ij;^ tb§ fir^
f^ I im «^lf4 to ^ the ai^esk or «xj^ of the wh^sel^
biwii«P|t^i(orp#i;al^ totb^igrouftd), wd.t^^reby qbyiilhl
ft^WM8»ifer^£dtfy«8 Of h9Upwi9g.th^:wh^«l9 3#i94i^
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miist be'^ffiecase'iHth^rfaeds-plaeed th a p08it36ft^ih<flmed
fe^the CKr^foix "of ilieir ihbt?6n, stt2£ b^g ibe tfiMEl
Bit6thdd dfi^tefeing^thfe *Wheeld'6f t«ffriajfe»l "Betebiiid, HiSfe
]ifiai^liv4nt%'eri^iMi» iaSoi^ tlie^Mtside bftf^ inftee} (to
iftii^6rl thb biiier pilr6t<)ntft ^tis or axle) tar ^ effi^dtiJAl
d^^c^ to thel i^Iieefl,^ kolSttsertbd to 'jpiWWt ft frdin'MoWb
^ iiKbdt8'Wh63i it migbt (ifllfen^e redeite bjr othei^ <^-
Hi^ea hnming^agididst it ; tbe said hSXi dfeto t$bviiiet«/tbm-
fliftdf^ iltie'iiicdnveniishce attd'ri^k t>FcstfHageabecotttMg
iG^ea tog^A^r/bytbenHi^l ofoiie dnrri^ebdhglfbTtied
in -beliiriBto the wlh^l 'and bod^ of ahdflier carriagi', whlfch
tiiCi6!deM't6iMKr to M»h& the i*heel4 Tcry mucK. Anolb^r
importaint advantage of iby improremeni ia^ l3ikt the ues
oraxles^'of the Wheels do' not extend aeroaa tb^ firahie Or
Beff bf fljfe carriage^firoin ohe'sM^ to tfce other, by whiA
^ricbtaiirtahce 'I am' 'enabled^ obtainf a large tHearispabe
BAIHto* %e ^^i^s/foi' th^^r^jbts^ of boMUMi^ Ueaiy
itiettHandize, * and cfefryTng'ft near to the' grbuwd^ Ibi flie
'ftdlfty of ioadiog ahd^ iiiil^bxfing the aauM ; and^Mrihi^
trmife^/ witUdntihe risk bf ot^rtiirntng, tos must i9e the ^ease
ifa 6arria^ as heretofore ctinstraetedi %ifli thfe axes or
a^t^ of the wfa^h extending a^etosii th^ Carriage; ffofafbne
^liid^e^o 'the other; thereby obK^n^ thb tbad fo be catii^tl
at'^' b</MideAcbIe hei^ht'fti^tia thegroihMf; fi)»^^fteaaii^
ifefasbn 'I ^n Diiake Use of tl^eels 6f a kig^* diamete^tiitoi
Whit are nsuaHy employed; by' tvhich means thefeafriage
' ^onM trdVei oVer r6agh aiM %ieV^h^ t^ietds WUH m(M^ fi-
rffi^. ' Kiik lAJstly; 'thd placmg of ihe imtl^ npon &^-
^rat^ aiA or fdcles, Wiih'a bekrthg otieaiih side, and ind^
peiid^t^f each other, W6nldlW'6f c6nMderWfe hiajfKMl!M«e
Tdr carHAges'ttf'be prdpdled'by ttie-ffewfer bf a'stelUh
; ihgiifei 6?othe!'itoecharfpaf 'fotdei tf^ tftfeifUMa'cdiild
*br ^aiiijr itctedn^oh feepferii^'by^fe ttidvltagpthrfefv #ir
^bfeptiVposfebf burning ihei^
riiVihn of its cpiirse) ; a^ th% Mtni^ iSitfe ^e kpaiiV bM#<§(t»i
^iSi^i^eelr/iJtot^^bbing^hft^^tktHi^d Jb^liteatea^^ir aties^t-
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fAkfi/t. engine^ m^ j^^^^y machiaeryi being placed in tlie
ya^(^t.ir9op.be^eenth^wbeek,x)eari^ The
j^op^ ol^my unprovejDQQat|i in wlieded caniagts coqfi^ta
in tke 9|>plic^i94 ^ aaadditioaal wheel (to a two, thsee»
l]^4^iir wheeM in^QTi^ a hollow roller or ^
;4^;ui(yi .^^oh drnoit may b^ causied to more or loU along
^e road 0n or4^ to adiRiu^bce the carriage forwards^ 1^
.|fp3ringa(i|f(^or o^bc^ ef^;|o^,placed withinsideof it in euch
jfff^er,, that the engine-woold tend to advance or climb
inp t^e u^gide. of Uie drum ; and so by its giavity to jtum
«4)e dri^m jo^nd (in the manner of those machines .termed
..iy^aUk(iiig wIm^Is, lyhicb are used incranesi &c.).and,woi4d
J5ftU ili fop^ffljrd§, ^^af^ihe jp^nriage ah?ng wU^it. ,. To
;jeffi9qt, U^pitiAAfim'VW b^ iur^ifthed with one», two» .or
iftH^ #ndlfif» it^i ei^ti^n<U9g ro^nd its inside oiro^nH
.i<^n<^^into vi^ij^tiji^ ppjnpkii aioothed i^beel or whM^
yjSf^gth^.pi^^^ toiieng^ev^jitteh wheel or wheels beii^p^t
^ 4^oti4f[i,liyf4lie powerof ^e €a^|giae. By thaa arra^^
.^wwptyatkief jtobtbed. wheels being ponnected with theei^gioe
sWlV'^p bgF Ib^ ^otion^ always tei^d to advance . upu the
,iil^i^;Q|:^,drn^^^ andtua^tli^
<,4iyq)ariii?mod ^>f roil it alo^g the road* l^be/toothed wbefsla
imWc^fii^rlm>t./iq[ .their. piajQf^s ,npidn {the tacks by bayiiie
v^g^Uijdges oi^fjrcgeciiqK W^ fjf^med qs^ t^ne side of ,eiiph
i^fifbeeiiM wlteel^> «^ led^ <^r rims to. hear against thel
^M49%;f>f),^%,fl^^ .1 .sh^ld jreoonwemi thg abpiied^
fffJf*^4BW ^M «i*W^ ift the frwae.of a^caipagp, jn
Si/¥^^]^}f^^f^ oiffhY^ermqat wbeel8» and be^^onn^c^d
fWW>l^ feone^ofc ti^ i^Ffi^ge byrfneaias of iron rpd^ or
s^liWfc '^ flpdT9f>wJfichxod|S|pi; a^me shpuid.be joint^ ^o
xik)imm^ of ^,4oQt|jyd,vfhi^ja. before, p^entioned, within
bt!»:d?HPfc5^vaa^ tbfr 9^b^r,pf»d^ .0^ t^. rodp or arms, should
iJ|BJfl^ll^jl,^;i?i;^t^^^
.. j|ji%; ftamj^. ojE^;^^^ tW^ ^ drum, .pnTptfing
>>|4qi^ !^ou14 j^ec^sf^^y.^qyt^ the frame of ^tb^ ^^^^
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^ ^9M^T turiwg 41^ <<>^ ^^9«bi iQQ^ (W4tl| tUn
%wi£} uppn the tr$iive(iie bQlt qy b<4«t^i!i }ff, 9)amxw ieif j%
]^]|L ai«i wheel W9rl^i .pi: otif€;r ,^imi^r cQ^tri^^nc^eji whiUV
^e facility of l4An>^ng i^ig^^ b^ fi>;^4y UM^irf^^ by la^ifist
^§ fplWf^car 'iru^ ^qpewhat largest jiji^ the ^ddl^ (qj:
l^^el §]iia{^ed)t . Tb^ s^ew^ engiaci v^ he CQOfl^^^ lA
^^ asme ^s^pnev as* thos^ eiigUe^ umed.foir dr^iy|lHi;oi|]nri«g^
ijjHO^ jrail:F9»da^ Wd pfty.be applied t^i «t..Mfithii^.^bft
^j» ill y^oij^ ways, , . . , . r .,
, to l^itness wherQQf, 8u}. ' , . i
■ I ♦ ■ ' " ^ I f" :" . .'w
Ij^cificaiion ff the Patent granted i.o John Stanley, of Chorlioi^
L HoWf Manchester, Smitfi, for certain machinery calculated for a more
' effUdcipui mode offueUmg 'or supplying offurndcet in genirafwitK
* JM, ihhereby m-eomUtrntbU r^ducHmk in ^cmumitptitm'offiai, 'ike
« - <_ mTBAM-SHQIUVIINk
- ^ iftU to.whouL tib/Q|ML praaents aliaiV eoi^ <«tui» Jkm^
tkufi knoikjfe, thatia compliaijAe'mth tha mid|>ffatiiiiy ly
4i0 g|tid John Staidly do heisby daeloiie that the «atara
of I9y liaid iiurentioB, and tha ipaniifs in whkh the i
ia'tobe parfoimed^ are paitiouliuiy descxibed and
twined by. the foUowoiig deacfiptuui thafao^ teH^fonob at-tha
aama'thue being had Jx> 1k^aaoesf^Ax9imi/igh (H^BL V^)
ia 'which said drawinga the same lettenor figtireiivof aalbiw
enbe are an^loyad to denote theaama things (that is ta aay;^:>^
The dotted lines, aby bc,edf rquwarat a part^ofa boiier;
sbf the top ; b c, the end ; "and cd^ the bottom o£ the aai4
boiler 9 and as the bott^ma of boilexa aie naualfy made
eoQTex upwards^ cd veprefeenta the cDOwn or highest part
0^ the bottom «* a,/, g^ is a hopper or reservoir. for coala^
Mide of plate iOr wrought iron; ji^ andAg^in fig. 1^ are
two i4%tes of iron, foirming the -bottom of thahoiipat^ the
U>wer edgea of these two platei^are not hroughttogethea,
bli[t aUowad to be aboulS inches tdiatant ftoxti eaoh g^heiv
w^ as ^9 foi^ii an jppetiiAg <g alitail alaogjdio.hottftm nfitinr >
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' MMty^ 9tfp^/lkg AHwHw ii«^> Aft Ift
l^htyppiir> in fto' dinrclion ttj^f iA fi^. i^ itj efd^ td
idlow'the eoftl* to fall dtrotigh tte f«M opeiliag : a; lA
fig. 9, rinrini w 6iftd viepr 6( die ttld bdil^t \ kl; ifa %V i;
1M iwo toilets, pltfded hsciMdiaMy briow Oi^ dpeiikg Ih
Atb bottom of tfa^ hopperr^ ic^ as that when the eoali fall
tim^ugh Oie asiid opening, they may Adt upon dr beiweeik
theuid rollers. Itieee roUets I usnally make €1nches ill
diamMer, and of^le&gdicorreepohdihg to the width bf
tile fire^idaee or gtate to which the said liiachinery ik ixtlL
-tended to be applied $ and I rii^e the length of fhk
t)pealag w slit in the bottom of the hopper aid<^ to eor-
tedpe«^d with the lepgth of the said roUerB; The roliei^',
M, (as l^preftented 4n ^tfae drawings, figs. 1 and ^ *ar^
Arteds there are ten flates in Mch noIler/ and each flntfe
«i 1 inch in depth. These ilated #ellelni ai^e employed 1R)V
ttriishing' ot breakibg the Mak> and for' e^aaliting th^
'^nimity requited for the enpply ePlhfe fite, in ^qnafani
Wieeesst'fe ^periods irf HAik The' absolute quantity of
^odall veqairdl 'to t« (Applied in an^ giYett spatse of titna
4a » regelated: by the'^ieftaber'ofretblattoiifsinadd'byth'e
eaM fluted rdIlerB>ia' aselii dpace of ^m^ and by th4
4(M»oe «t wMah the ineiA relieve may be pUced "ftom
«aMi t>tlfce. MetkfA is giteh 16 the said rollM' by ni^an^
4lfi^h I -stvalliheieiaafker describe, and I regulate 'thi
€iilfittio^%lt^ii^ee<Bf flki diiid i^^riirby the x>'rdinatyahd Wett-
Itttbim toettf6d oTfepplyittg adjwfing setters anil tedii^l
tjMms Wbeaifingti to the iaxle 6T onfe o^^he IsaftI rpllergt,
%8 ilME>wh alt M, 5ta*g; It Vf i* (ihetffltrti pini<>ns,by Whi'efcL
<m^ tdlMr \nVM the 6ther, as ib tbriiriion tise. . Ituihedi^
aftrtf below the ttforesaMW* fluted hollers, I pUce ^vhat
I'AaU-heteihitfter denominate a ftin;'it fe coAipoi^ed ot
att'iifoh Itxle W spindle,- nn, in*flg.9, lying horiiotatally
4ind p«rt««3 wi* die tfotesaid'fldted roffers; ' Two dr 'tiiore
sets of kmn • (as iWe !ettg«i * of *he ftn ttiay reqifirti^' 'two
^<rtly*re#equi^d fcrthe lfei%l!h eibfbitedift fee dtaWin^sS
-al^ 1tt6A %r hnn^ updtt die atle, nn, tcs dibwnfn-ft^. 2$
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0: ^iff^^m^pl^lWuh^^
^9i^y«o afi. to f^f^lude iherait Mli^rattji^ia^ ni.p^
^t^ Ott the «Ide Mxt the botl<^ siiid fir^iM^ i Mm^^w
r^ctiiigtifar opening; of t)|0 f»i^e Utigik^ 9t»j^^ &x^ tkh4^
skauit 9 inches, in height^ froin'^ WHi} throiigbr:^M0b4li^^
i>offc,Bre^to b« thrown by Hic^Amnti to>tb« fii^ ^ IvptMit^
ih»axis^ i», of the- Am, «t«*the^8im« h^hlOM4tt»6^ l«i^^
ofiiihe boiler^ i^reeentecl bjr 41^ Ib^^^'^/Jelticl ail4itllf
«diatabQ& of 2 fe^ from Ae ^ndipCtthe 4iiiifer^Aitoiio|iMkibf ^
the\ dhredioa of die nrrow, shown^ in^ttg. ^b/ b^mam lr flfi t
iriaeaeh Twe will pass. 4lie^bolil;mi^f^'<^alte at tbl$i4i»^
tt^ceof one qu^[rt^ of Airiifdiy ma!8L^viii^^&^4ks\asm^^
abiut 3. iodieft from l^ibov^ ef^e^fease^ sicwov lAwMai?^
hiuraontellaie^;cbrttvrn thtoi]^1be:tud8 ofiiieibtf; aiolcsi^
right aogleflLto it, mraid ipestthvoiceiifha'part^^llieaDap^T
iwtr'^^ j[).%.th&.fijre-doK»^.artia^ «EjiiT.^€N»»v
placed opposite the grate : b represents a part p£oneqi^
thd^gi)M^.t)r&»^ban^iQ.'%s»2TOd^ .xi|» %acv6i;^(<Mily
cetted(:eft €»dle«»s«((arep)' a£ ^iiidiee Jn^aiiaaic^
si^g^ethreadfise^ npon ilie jolecof the>fi|ja$ f 10 « whee)^>
9FiQc|tt0.S& 'diameter, hanng.2ft]teeth, (wor^agoor tdd^.^
int^ the jdiread' of. the aforesaid emitos^BomwyrK. • liter^
stid.ivhed^ F, It fixed erJiiing>){mi the 4B^iidb,i:i>i^
upon : the .^s^dapmdie^i,:in>^^^ teuig nnetiUslr Mvdleso^
sQrM!^ ^imililr to the opeKxiaHiisua ymkeA Ikimg apon^di^:
ule^f one )Qf the fluted loUers^aidri^. 8ittilar4odke$sifItee|l ^
r^^e-fl%id>w|ieelf ^^iflttera^b^^
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Qf^Mf^^kmkfi mil m»y £ncl .U ipoAt <^9ir<ft9Wt Ui;plrcv9 .
h4k»wm9tJfp mikg^ a^dmkijfkf^Qtixe that ibe.diii04Mr^»af^
i^i9 gii^MQikm to Ihe^ftnlkw i>e«tialiM it^.cwae :tl|«>.ifs6i4r
fjia^Q 9|afce)|wabuAclrqd FeTQlHt«»)9iiKW:W^»itr.tl|«^
afeoi)Ui«: (.burei foim^^tliafc wxk '.% irelOeity wiU effiac^^jBOr
upifiBfnl fd^MbrtVution of eiiHritirovitr « fire of^ feet^ 6 indMes
i»,length.?(Tli«ri$lativ0 y^loci^ of the fan and tlbr Aisled^
T^Heil^e^sMl seyflft huiMlEed and eighiy-lbur te to Qne<ra^
^^eA^v^ ; tbat ifli.tb^ famaakes seven htindred and^ighify^
foiiriireyQtel^i<ni9u«ibttai.tb^ .^ one ttvsh-
lattDiw Ms^oh^neryjOif tllie dinrnttnonrbereinbefore: deN
8^bb4^ ig()nI44aaWe64linj^)irpQ!a0 of aupfdying ooabilo
9i§Mfi,0»f^eiM 0ffiyK>9lwg\arifemif-engine of irom thirt;^ id'
AMy-4ioi9ie»jp9i^4ir.^.aniifiiN^a lea^Qr g^eaaber {Mraar^o^foilf*
a.4«li!ir0wef jQf wkter fiifhiAl<^>^M^ d^enarawi nfaihe
ndma^paito^laajit^bo/altei^d a[$eordingiy« Tbe vteloBciiif
oCKthftiNi maaijfllao :be Leila or nioce^- aa the. film: may iba
dmMts OR Jongenr ^ISietbofijper for cwitaiivnigkdia oadbr'
iaa9;.^JMde7o£ any:diaottiiBttMMv aait^ ito itbecaltuBiiip^
aadi>|iHrpoaa jtorwUidiriibataiDresaid taiudkiaay^.t^
vEnNHMaad^ag 4iiia t^Moifi&aAum^i anl -aaDamoM^
anntaad toi»inga,:ihac^iioiiiBlaiMi|»^ pperalidn^'^ avdlMfsa
o(>.tiie «i9xbihei|^ haimnbaltne od^san^d^ ariU ba de^ly
iqwifiMcNidrfbyiiasy oont[Mttent:<iiickcbaniGiK Al&oiigb: 10
hHrt' heaei^beforedfltoibed^tlte ithohrof^ tbe ^uukcbblef]^'
iilbdirder tbatitbe iUdtHre^ef ^y.^nreniion^ amd tbe uianMr ^
iB^^HliBdi -ibeaama^iaii^ (htipafoum^^ jaay h% beM^r^ii^^
dtirtoo4^ yelili do^nat oIaim4be'hopper'> the fluted Tcjlara^^
tbaiftMa^'fliaMRrbtSebi.^ aatbapa^.^eorl any /other parl»x>f ^ tb6 mtf*
Gbm^q^^k^.;4fai»rj]adiwdindncba^^ foiwing^^any^
Fhakiaifoail&iMBBi^oii^ aUi o& tibm^iiig be«lcbafoaaiflhii
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Tinted, Bfid tii^ for ft ^miiety of pdrpcNidi* Biit I^o
faient and iip{>licatioa of thd ftii> Mniilar to the one hereiiH
ibefbie^eB<^bed| ia eonjiiiiettoti'witli the hopper^ fiiiteA
roller or rolleihs, or wi^ ia&y otiier mechahieal expedient
i^pable of producing a tegolar «tip)ply of ec^ds^ so e§ thai
the ooCLk «o ittppUed may be» by the fan bj^ afoteBaiJi
flirowti upon any fire or fnrhafie^
* In M4taato where^f^ ^»
J^^ecific0iipn ;€f ik€ Patent ^fiUd: to BoB«RX.PiCcjar«OK> qf'Ol^
Ea^ Foundry i New Park'Sireei^ Southtoqrkj in the cpunl^ of
^ Surrey, for an improvement in ike manufactutT and eoMructioh ^
v/iOai eaxki t>r harrelt. XfetteA October 7, ttii.
m
'- TO all M Whom fheso* pr^iMnte ahatt oQtne, tdb:,tuL
^^hvknow yt, that in cemplifiniM arti4'tha> said proviso^
t, ti^6rid^UobeTtDi<Altt«on, do hereby 4ealaie. that the
Mtare of my ilaid ini^tiony and thb manitor «a yAMk tka
ftam« fttto be peifdrmed; ar^ partitulaiiydafcaibed and
%8oertel<i6d iii ^^ by the fi^Hoiviog description thieraol^
that ill to.ftay («-«11ie obyeot efittty nifaation k tq^tpdnoa
an improved iron packing i^ase or barrel, for coilkaihfng
^di Md plt^vbldns of airery desen^tinn) bat whi& is
^ore particularly intended for irictnalliag Ifae ahipa of hn
Majesty's na^, and others that tnake long v(qrhgin.
^e improvement consists, fiiat^ in coating aU osraiiiig ' ^
4fae iron/ both inside aind bulsida, so m to defend- anft ^,
^teot its snrftioea fromoxidation ; and se^dndly^ j<a eon- '%
-struct the eas^ olr barvels in iBaoh >iirays aa to otodor.lheaBi ^ ^
^otiirenient for recetn^ng 4a^r he^Ues than havi nstaaiiy ,^
-bie^n admitled by bung-bdes; in other ^ffwds, havii^a
lispgd opening, safteient to>aUoir a iran'is httui)^ arms^ aU
-ah<MiIdM «o^^tfftr)<4ba'patking:l^ tis^i
^
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ri K Vol J
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pdtetttfof an improvemeiU in Metal Casks. 89
the ^eater convenience. My inveutton mfiiy therefore be
said to CQAsUt of jtwo part^, viz. the improved conatructioa
of the case or barreli a^id the coating a^d covering of th^
iron. The manner, ineans, and materials whereby these
objecU are effected^ are as fallows. Fjrst, I will describe
what relates to the con$trttctH)ni of the barrel. TI^ cylinder
being fcnrmed in the common way, by rivets, soldering, or
seaming, the manner ofperforming which is known to every
workman, I make a hoop of iron, rolled, with one edge thin
and the other thick ; thus j^^^^^^j (by some called a
rebate). The thickest part of this hoop I fasten within the
barrel, its thin edge extending to about one inch below the
extreme end of the barrel, which beingdone, leaves a groove
between the thin edge of the hoop and the barrel, see draw-
ing, fig^ 4, (Plate V.) a a, for the flange of the head to fit
ijito. The groove being now rammed full of hemp, tow,
curriers* leather shavings, a tar band, or any other similar
substance, the head is put on its edge or flunge, b b, falling
into the packed recess. In order to render this head
moveable at pleasure, it is supplied with a sufficient
number of latch bolfcs (according to the size of the vessel),
which latch bolts slide sideways into nicks, apertures, or
opemogs, cut near the edge or end of the baiTel to receive
them; see fig. ft,- ccc. ^ These openings are formed some^
what out of a parallel line to the edge, so as to draw the
heflld down the tighter when the «ide bolts are hammered
into the holes ; and also the latch bolts are made
thinner at the end than at the shoulder, for the same
Teason. (See drawing.) I have been describing the
moveable end, or that end which opens the reverse end is
dtAn^Hdy. closed ; it is indeed supplied with the same
rebatedl hoop, but this hoop is to be placed about half an
inch only firoal the end or edge, and then, when the head
is laid cm, or in its place, this half inch of the edge is to
be bent over, and hammered tight down upon it. A flat
rii^ see fig. 6, ddd (which supersedes the necessity of
a chime), is then rivetted down thereupoui so as to cover
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90 Pahntjhf Hn hnpf^&vemni, ih Maul C^hs*
this joints having a trifling |irojeodotl Id d^fettd Qnd h$trii
in rolling. The head may either be flat^ eofkreXf dr Mtt^
<^ave ; the latter I think the be«it. Having described thd
construction of the impi'oyed part, as relates to the mere
barrel, I neSct eodae to the coating or covering thereof;
first, for its oWn preservation, and secondljr^ (bt the pre-
servation af whatever it may contain, frotH the Fustingor
oxidatioti thereof. To render this process of coating the
most perfect and complete^ the iron shoald b^ piciiled 6t
4BCaled, and scoured in the same way as for tinaiiig ; but
when time cannot be allowed for this pn^cesfl^* or wher^
<^heapness more than durability (to send abroad) 14 . iht
•object, I omit this scaling parti and coatent mysdf i(ntb
laying the composition and cloth with whio^ I iotend to
<^over the barrels on the unsealed plate. In some oasjsa I
coat and cover only, the outsidep, as not being necessary
to coat the inside of barrels oontainii]^ tarj oil| yiMrtiishy
&c. ; and as for the inside of barrels intended to ecNpitai^
other substances, the great variety of chymical C^c^m^
posing effects produced thereby, compels me to .J^v^
different internal coatings, and to change them . i^ MlPf
instances, according to the nature and quality of the
commodity they are to hold';^ and as for dry products,
.such as bread, ricei pearl barley, flour, &g« where it is
necessary to provide against the injurious efi'ects of weevil^
rats, maggots, or other living animals^ and whfire the iroa
is not at any iis^e exposed to, wet, and where^ tb^e^nre^
an insoluble composition is not necessary^ I apply a simple
adhering or connecting material/ such a(l> glue, or.a wellr
made paste» and the very: thii^nest and ^eap^st Canvas^
or cloth, tl^t «an be. found, and sOmietimes.papi^ ; hen0e
:it is to be observedj t do not confine myself to any einglf
article of paint, vartiish^ or cement^ or bjir wh#ever>nta>^
.it may be esdlod, or any of Ae artioles fi!Om^ which' ^ejr
are made, whether simple or oompoutid ; n\ea«ing'l0 lajr
claim to &f eitelusive em{doyBieikt of all«<>lublci, ^iwtpl.Hb)^
•or imperyious qeipentsi in «ttaol|ing ^Qus m)^i^ta«oeti, t9
the surfaces of iron, for thii pm^pose of presenmg iron
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Paiihtfar en tmpm^ed BApr upper part 6/ Skipi^ 91
froM rast, by covering with an intenrening substance of ft
liiciiiufttcttired article or web^ of any material or substance
Vis aforesaid^ whether of silk, cottoui linen, wool, leather,
pap€h*« t>t Mi, hoWever mixed or separate, from the thin-
ness of a gauze to the thickness of a Turkey carpet or door
isdif, which,' after saturating with any of the compositiont
suited for that purpose, and at a proper state of dryness,
I pa#B between cylindrical rolls, in order to give it firm-
%eM llhd a coti&^isteiicy, with a caf^sJbility to resist the ad*
lii^sionof Wet, or the influence and ^ects of ehymieal
' T^pefiMtiotis, atising f^cm, the various articles which the
barrels 02* cases heretofore described may be used or re-
quired for. It may, however, be necessary to state defi-
nitely, what kind of cemettt will answer the above purpose.
I sh^l therefore say, that t would take of caoutchouc (or
Indiati rubber) om^ pottndi of black rosin half a pound, of
Venic56 tui^niine two ounces, and mix them together,
allb^in^ them lo stand in a temperature of 160^ for the
spac^ of hrenty^four or thirty^six hours ; the caoutchouc
^being cut itlto small pieces^ In sinne cases I do not find
It necessary to coat the iffsides of my barrels with ihB
above materials; bdtto prevent rust, I bronze their in-
teftial suf&ces ill a similar manner to the surfaces of guti
barrels*
' In witness whereof, fcc.
Sfecification of the Patent granted to Benjamin RotciI, o/Fumivats
tnn, London^ Esq, Jbr an improved Jld for the npptr masti of t^ifs ^
' and olhef" veaeli. Dated Aug. ti, iSSd/
WIT» AN KNOAAVtKO.
TO ttllto whom these presents shall eotne, 8ic. &c.
NmC; know ye, that in compliance with the said proviso, I,
the said B^jslthin Botch/ do hereby declare the nature of
mfUB^A k6^#vM fid:to consiftt in two lereri, retained ia
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92 Patent for an improved Fid for upj^ part of Sh^s^
a position to support the mast which is above them by
means of. two pauls^ one butting ^gaihat Si^ Cdtf iag^ dP
each lever ; or by means of two bolts, one patting liti^ugbr
each lever and its carriage ; the carriages inboth cubes
being made of metal, and such levers bekiginboth ease*
so placed as to admit of the xaa^t obove them being lowered °*
without previously slacking .the rig^pag^:at(«ehed €6 it.^
And in further compliance with lihe said proMiso^' I/tb^
said Benjamin Rotpb, do hereby describe the -maiteet^itiM
which I perform my said invention, by. the -following de-^
scription thereof, reference being: had to die<dratwings anr"^
nexed, and figures marked thereon^ that is to say : * ^'
DESCRIPTION OF THB DRAWmOft^
Drawing marked A, fig.l, (PLY.) is aside elevation of one '
of the levers of my said impronred fid, with its oamagey-ooib
side of which carriage is supposed to be femoved for the /^
purpose of showing the relative position of the lever iuid
its carriage when the' mast is fidded. In this drawing;,
the parts coloured blue are to represent wrought iron, and
those coloured otherwise, , cast iron or brass*: l is a '
lever, turning on axis or gudgeons, x ; on die under side
.of this lever is a paul, p, turning easily on the pin, e, and
abutting against the back part of the carriage atyi The
rod and ring at r are for the purpose of lifting up this paid \
when it is required to lower the mast that* is above it:
G G G is the carriage, the lower part of ^ich embraces tfie
trussel tree, the front leg being let into the trossel tree,
flush with the square for the heel of the top mast, whife.
the hind legs pass down outside the trussd tree : B is a '"
bolt passing tiirough the trussdtr^, and fastening the
legs of the carriage and trussel tree firmly together t T. is .'
the bottom of the carriage. Fig* 2 is a plan of the upper •
side of the lever and carriage. Fig. S'is a plan tyf 'pttrt of
the under side of the lever, shewing its appearance whl^ti
the paul is removed. . Fig. 4 is; a plan of the paul/ and '
>fig. 5 is a sectipn of the paul. Fig* 6 is a side el^evtiti^il ' *'
^ Th<$ colouring H unavoi^bly btnitted In the engniving.
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PatMfor an in^prtyoed lid for upper part of Ships. 93
of tbe^oamage, h beiiig a hole for the purpose of getting
a^ j^^fautlo elearii ih case of difficulty ; and fig. 7 is a
bfusk ekvalion .of the carriage. Drawing marked B, fig.
I4 §hows a front elevatioti o# a top cross trees and trussel
tieaa^ iwith-ibe iieiid'of a ship's masti and the heel of a
top maft, «i«Kl' a pair of the lever fids supporting the
la(^r :" f represeats thelioe of the fid plate, which for the
purposes-: of the said invention should be three times the
ordipary thicUnesSi beqaose it will be seen that the point
of t^Q. lever -^iFhicili goes iixto the heel of the mast is cut at
an angle ^fiwoward fioom the plate, so that the weight of
the.topmast may rest as near the gudgeons as possible^
which arrangement (in case the outer fibre of the wood
shpuld tura upX will throw a great strain on the fid plate.
F^ 2 is a side elef ttion of a lever, to be kept in a position
fof.xfiupportiag a topmast by means of a bolt passed
tli^pjigh the lever and its earriage, instead of a paul ; this
mode of securing the lever I call the bolt lever fid, and the
mpi^^^ hereinbefpre described I call the paul lever fid : with
re|Brence to the figure now describing, t is an arched slot,
ctuiiu the lever, and the curve of which arch is struck
from the centre of the gut%eon, x, while two circular
hojea are bored in the isarriage, opposite to this slot, and
of^Qsite/to.eaob odier, and a. bolt put through them.
WhenUlietWeight of the topmast is on ^e short end of the
le^<^^ the bolt it v kept tight in its place ; but when the
long^end jQf ;^ lever is ][Mressed: down' as far as the isupport,
t, i^iU.let it :go,'the b<dt is at once freed, and maybe
drawn out, when. tb^Q 'weight on the short arm of the lever
wiQjrprce:itidowii^ and (the bolt being drawn away) the
loi^ aimrwtfj.coatiavie tQfise till the short arm turns com-
pletel;^ out ol" thP' fid hcfle, ill the heel of the mast, and
th^ maat^w^U slide/d^i/^ t^dide it Fig. 3 is an elevation
of ib^(^;Qpposite sid0:<]^) fig.* 2, 'aiid fig. 4 is *the bolt. Having
no^ des^ibed the^ya^iqus parts of iny said invention, JL
wilj[jpi|i)4^d to e;^tei9 the inanner of putting the same in'
motion, for the purpose of Jpweringp or fi^
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It will fee obifeired, by ^tt^iniipg ^ the ^Lwngeiwtit
bereinbafore ^escribed; tl^at i^ ipa^t will bq supported
OD tbi? fbort arm9 of leverijf, $ippUed on th^ priuciple of
fjteielypxiU;^ wbipb turi^ on tjieir .Jixi^ at ^^f:. Iq the c^e of
the pwal iover, the u»e qf wbicb I ^P* now about 1^ d^scribej
the lp»g ayn^ pf the lever is )^ept from rising by means pf
the paul, which, by t^e we^gh^ of the topoia«t, .ia pressed
^0 hard %gaipst the back p^rt of the parriage at/> that it
wiU not ris^ till fr^ed from that p^res^ure, Ii) order to (raa
the paid, the long end of the lever, l, muat be pre$86d
downwards, either by meaps pf a burton or otherwise, tilj
the party r^ qf the l^ver^ c^on^es dpwn i^pon thp part, §, 6i
^ (carrifige, by yhich motioji the paijl will b© advanced
forwards frotp/j and may be pulled upwards. by means df
tbe rod and ring at n : whil^ ^he paul is kept yip in this
position^ if the long £).rm of the lever be suffered to rise,
the weight of the mast will caiise the ihort aro^ to.desceod^
till it .comes completely oi^t of the fid hQle, when the mast
yi^y be lowered away; by fiie, tgp tackle pe»nants. TTi«
mast being lowered,^ th^ qpers^tiOQ of fidding is performed
as follows : — The m^st is hoisted up by tine tpp tackle
pennantB till the fid bol^ is fairly in sight, whep the short
^ms of the levers will enter into it, and a bm^t^^n or other
purchase bei^ applied to drpiw dpwn the loi)g arms of the
levers, the mast wil^ be fo^ped up iiito its plaice ; whik the
pauU f, t^e znoment it hc^s passed down the incliried plana
from/, will fall into the portion shoA^n ia fig^ I, drawing
A, and. keep the topmast in its pla^e. The m^nn^ pf ap««
plying the bolted lever fid is nearly similar to the lastr^
meptioned, except th^t Yll^^ it is required to. low^ the
xuast^ the Ipng arf^i of th^ lever is pulled down tiU the
stud, i, which is tapped ii^lp the mider p^rt of the leveri^
comes do^n nipon the bottom part of the parriage, when
the bolt, fig« 4, drawing B, may be drawn out, and the lon^
arm being sufinered to rise, the mast will descend as berr
fpre i and when it is required to fid the mast, the Idngf
lever b^g agaia pnUed d^wn till the i^tudi i, t^iiohes
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TaieiitfoT an improved mjof upper part ofSkipi. 95
the bottom of the carriage, the bolt may be easily replaced,
vk»i the feree iifplled t6 the long arm of the lever being
removed, the pressure ef the topmast on the short arm will
bind the bolt so dghdy agiftinst the front part of the slot,
that it will he laept steadily in its plaee. . It vAM be ob«
served, that in the carriage for this bolted lever fid, no
inclined plane or backibt<^ ^11 be required. The said
improved fid, as shown in the drawing marked A, repre-
sents the main top pliant fid of a vessel of about 300
tbns^ half size ; and those shown in the drawing marked
B, represent the fore topmast fids of a frigate, of about
1000 tons, drawn to a scale of one inch to a foot. Now
whereas a lever or levers may have been used heretofore, -
for the purpose of assisting to raise a topmast to its place ;
but two such levers as aforesaid, fitted with metal car-
riages as aforesaid, and applied for the purpose of fidding
and unfidding the upper mast of a ship or other vessel,
and retained in a position to support such upper mast by
means of two pauh, one attached to each lever, and
butting against the carriage of the said lever, as herein-
before described, or otherwise, by means of two bolts, one
passing through each lever and its carriage, as herein-
before also described ; and by means of which said levers
a mast, having been first fidded with them^ may be un-
fidded, without previously slacking the rigging attached
to it, being, to the best of my knowledge and belief,
entirely new, and never before used in these kingdoms. I
do hereby declare this to be my specification of the same,
and that I do verily believe tfais^ my Said specification,
doth comply in all respects fully, and without reserve or
disg^uise, with the proviso in my said hereinbefore in part
recited letters patent contained, wherefore *I do hereby
claim to maintain exclusive right and privilege to my said
invention.
In witness whereof^ d:c.
if-
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B€)cH0i&filifhalMified ikiwn\giiig nUuU, )o he fgplied to miHngfiifit
ri^ . t '*»"''. 'ii^-''^^-^ •!^- ^. ■•-■»'• ' ii>: •; • I' -1 i • '- ." <-.•-..'?»
The sum pnf wenty Giiin^^ was voted to Mr. Clint for this u»reiitiei>.
, ijyt.i^* ;o .I-..' S>? ,<' ... .' . .' iJ5 , . - j i:*>^ ...\ t' . ; '• •««;!
vii: i; '3. ^f ,^;;- >.!^ ;!..M:Tr^/- ^.' ..- -^ '-.'^ : ''.■ '. • {< ir
, . WITH AN ENGRAYIKO.
' 1*ft^ |d^^^ h^s for sbmie ^eSi^ j^ist Tb^j^h cbnhectejil
within ^titidfiriicjence, ^s a pursuit of pWisurcj mostly oh
tjii^^^boistprous wes£ coast of ScoUarid; ; ' ifxA fie is full^
ai^are^'f jiJl tlie^vicissitadea to w^ ves^ls ar6 exposei^J;'
ali'^'haa;a pbrfec^ knowledge ot* their tact,ics. * "' ' ^
Tliis invention, liow offered to the Society of Arts, &c'.
w4s ' ortgipally intendcki for open Boats ; bu^, 6ri tirial,. it
appeared \that> under the various modifications of wh^ch
it1s suscep|,ible, it may bq most advantageously adopted
f^f<jiecked vessels,' being particularly well adapted to the
u^e^'of suc^ of thepi as are eitipldypd ojaty for fast sailing,
wi^hput regard to the carrying of ,cai;goe8. jOf this class,
are revenue cutters, mail packets, pilot boats^ pleasur^
boatSi^ and' others ; and when' the many important advan-
tages respltiiig fron^ th§ invention shall become known,'
none of tbese will refuse to make the. allowance of the'
space re^quired for the cradle, whichwiU be 'ibout the
s^me as ttai occupied by the engines '6f iet steam bo&t.
One of t^e^ objects of this "plan is to enabl^ a vessel undet
a'pfesSjot sail^ c/o56 hauled, to preserve an Upright positidtt
upon ^he water. The adviairita^ets of whiqh ppi^itlon are, — "
iriiie vessel will sail faster by dividing the water better
at the bows, and by drawii^g leSs dead water at the stern.
2. Th^^yess^l will apswer thp helm miifeh' tetter; 3. TTicf'
ve^spclwilf^ go better ^^^^^ in that positioti than in.
the ctwk ward statVofsaibng upon Another object;
isjto iireyejit flie loss piT lives jernkprope
upon the frequent upsetting of yefesels ii^ squaJlk of wind,
or ,by inattentioh or fool-tiardiiiess ; Ydr a vessel on this'
construction is found on ^nal to maintliii 'her upright posi-
tion, however violent the wind.
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Ba&nced or Swinging Mkttijhr SdiUng Boait. 97
, l^e n(iodc^ before, the Society is that of a jiai|ing vessel^
iix f&e( 10^5, aiid only mWe inches broad} of WUch the
following js a brief description. In her hold, a semicircif lar
cradte is suspended'on the centres between two beams; ia
tH^iiii^Xe is placed a quantity of ballast, or part of cargo ;
in the cradle the mast is rais'^d, aad to the sides of it are
fixed all the rigging, haul^^][ards,'8cc. the whole being^
^eQk^4 ia : ii^ other ref pec.ts there is no materifJ difference
ajboye, deok from ordinary vessels. A boat on this con-
stmctibh is; enabled to carry nearly three times the common
qlij^ntity of sail close Aaiiled,2LXi4^ from its great length of
shape sails with proportionably increased velocity ; and
however violent the pressure of the wind, the kvU of tjie
Tessel always, maintains^ an upright position in the water.
The preceding remarks have reference only to the appli-
cation of this principle to vessels of the ordinarvform ; biit
a ipore important advantage, as far as relates to fast sailing,
res^lts frpnithis construction, cbAsisting in the diminished'
lifeadth of the vessel, Tlie proportion of length to breadth
in the model be/ore the Society is as seven to one, and ithe
ordinary proportion is as three to one, by which four-,
sevenths less of resistance is given to the progress of this
vessel through the water, giving her four-seventha of ac-
celerated velocity in sailing.
Length, if it can be applie4> is a great desideratum : it.
enables a vessel to go over a heavy sea with ease and
speed, by. making the angles of elevation and depression
upon the waves less apute : it makes ^. vessel sail more
steadily, and ho}d a goo4 wind: it, enables a. vessel to Ue.
at anchor and ride out j a g^le in greater safety, by dimi-
nishing the strain upon the cable.
.To all these adv^t^ges the plan has the merit of extreme
siioaplicity^ . Every stay, haul yarc|, brace, sheet, tackle,^'
and sail, is in the sadcie.piace asin an ordinary v6ssef ; and'
oonsequentL^, in manning a vessel on this principle for sei^
the sailors would hc^ve nothing new to learn.
In conclusion, it may not be ixnpertinent to remind the
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9^ ^gli^ or ^lmmiM^^MS4^hg MMfs.
Society pf the ymQ^^ mws^ M^ptecl^-hy ^^ mti^^ Qf tf^e
fijliorefli of th«i Pacific aiid Indian op^a^i t(> Qia^e ih^i)^
long canoes carry sail.
There ar^ the double canoe^ the catamaran, thecano^
with bamhoo capes placed out upon cros9 poles, and th^^
canoe with one side ipat> and a ipan out ^windward nponi
a spar ; ii/n^e serve^ to 6xenq|>lify the uti^i^ pf; l^ogih,
but 9^e fit only fpr an amp))ibious peppl^j uidfur^prac-.
ticat^^ only pn a ^ mfiU ^c^l^.— See LqrdAmi^^qjiesqriptiQtk
of tha JFiyi^g Proas of fh^ fjodron^ Islands.
RaBHABL CliTNT.
, In.^^ WQi^th pf May last a whale-boat was fitted up by
M/;. Cljipt cicQprdipg to the aboye plan, apd several exp&n
liq^ents ^erp made on her in the river Thames; o;^qne
occasion fhe sailed down to £rith with a full fprei^d Qf
cfu^M«s, aQd vippu. nearly an even l&eel, at a time; nirhep,
froi^ th^. Vpi^erousness of t]x^ wind, the Qn^y^spnd f^nd
(^liuer (jiii^iling boat^ wer^ working under reeffid s^i)s^ and
I'WPffig nearly gunwale tp. Of ^e novelty of Mx* Clint's
plfj^Q, a^d i^ practicability |o at least a certain e^tei^t, there,
QiPP^FA no doubt s and therefore the Society have thought.
tb^S^lyf s justified in offering it to the fittention of the
public, without, however, pledging themselves that in its,
I^s^t stat$i it is appliQabie safely and usefilUy to marine
qjuvig^tic^,
B^eme to, the engrawng.
Fig. 18 (PL v.) represents the relative position of. the*
mast and hull beflbre sail xs set
• Fig. \i represents the same when the vessel is under a
press of sail close hauled*
m Tlie hull, b The mast attached to the cradle, c / the
low«v part of the cradle is. partitioned qff to contain the*
baHadt* d Qjie of the pivots, by n^eans of which the mast
aad eradki are suspended, alle^fing them to swi^g la*;
teraUy, while ike hull pfesenresitsupnght position.
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Ifew fi^^ ^9^jy>^il^ ^he topmatts ofshipt, intented hjf tdf, G. $ac4&f .
Pedlars' Acre, LambetL ,
From ^e Transactions of ^e ^ciety of Arts^ &c. Vol. XLII.
Th6 Gold Vulcan Medal of the Society was presented to Mr. Smart
fbr this inveption.
WITH AW CKORA^Ka,
TiiK Qommoii mode of aupportuig a topmast ts by laeaM
of a fid, or bolt, of iron or wood|y which passes trantvene^r
tbrbugk the silist near its base, and rests, by its tsvo ends,
OD the tresseirtrees, irbich fbpn part of the top or fcamer
.^ipork of tisD^^r, which, together with*the cap fi^ the head
4>f the lowermast (thirougb which, also', l£e topmast paseesX
^i^pporta this latter in ai vertical position. I^ is also sapr
IMNTted latersdly, ip two opposite directions, by tbe shrondi^
^hich are strong ropes fixed at their lower eoA^ some ta
Abe Slide of the vessel ^d some to the top of the lower maat^
and all lodliem se^^ured, at their upper end, to the Jiead
olthe-tc^MBast.'.
* . In heavy gales, when a vesteei i$ underweigh, or at andior^
Ihei impulse of the wind s^ainst the mast is such that it
acts Ulpe a power applied at the end of a very long iever t^
bury the lee side of the hull in the sea. The obvious remedy
£»» tiUsiwofuld be to i9Yer or slide down the topmast, and
thuis %<^ icedace the length of the lever ; and, %o a pesson
unacquainted with practical navigation, the only openu>
(ion apparently reqiiisite for this pui|>ose w^old be to
knock out the fidj and then to lower the topminst'diioogh
tfie ibierv^l between the two tres^eUtnee^. ' i
The weight, however, of &e' topmast, widi aH its^p*
pendagee, occasions so enormous a pressure on the fid
that it is found quite impossible, by any pOwef wbieh dan
in th|ti isitiiation be applied, to drive out or withdraw ihe
fid .without* previotisly tajiing off the pressure. I^is is
done, ^r rath^* attem|^t^ to be done, \yf aHaching a vepte
to the Heel ^ the te^mast^ leading ii tikrough <v Uoek
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loo New motk of MuppQrting Tcpnms^
hooked on tp tjije^^^^p, pf fh^ low^ip m^, 9iA*Aeb; isonv#j4|ig
if ' Velo w|ito i:h<e^^^ other poninerfliit'dteSW '
ifidM.conven j^n^^ jp^p , i|8e i of.f . r.Bixt a^^ In galef of ^mi
tfie sKipjliiis a ^{^ya^fJx^icHe^iwitb wet from the Etj^my-
a^d the rain, apd^s f^/^rjr wp^trtway8«lMi«ten«by.hieiffg'
w^^ted, itiiollowfk. that the tenaionof tbetopmait i^hmiida
is^at stich iimesi acting i^ |be same dk^i^ioii as the Weight^
of tl^i^ topmast/ and iBrdirect pf>poskioii;to:the.heel|r<^r
oir Which; account it nirely h^ppeos^ that ;Ae fid eui be'
Ttlt^ed.^. ' . ". , \' .. ,^'' w .: ; •- -^j ■?- •".: . ^ "«'' *■
fitheynsion of tb^ ^hrpuda may indeed'^eiaBdceil eff'by '
all^lc^nkg llieni ; but, jn,pippjp«lii».astlJd8 U doMj tl^"'
lai^t fiiuppbrt of the topmast is diminished^ andthe;iie# '
imminent hazard i^ ipcuned^of i^ heing Uovri ^away.- fib
lo^i^ the to jf)m£^ts, therefore, wbil^^BL ilhip is inider «n^,^^'
hoover conducive it may. be tt^tb^ieMo add «mii t^'the"^ -
aaflty of .the ve£;sel/ is ^ man^^vra'^iloti^fleo saeiceeiBrfiilljf^^ -
att^pt^d ey^n on bji^acd me^ of wqi, JUid sdaimilyiei^r.QIk-
boird merchantripaeny vr)^ axe.ai^wiqf* acantily miHiM^i '
1ti1e ^bove-mentioiied ■ y^ sec ioijs obj^tiMs td tlK^ ^
co&mon way pf seic;uring a tQpqMitfb ha?^ induced Mt,. ' ^
Smfift to propose die foUowir^ plao^ r which, altbeugh^itt
yet^' wants the. sanation Qf exfierivi^^ ^haabe«Ei;'tak)6ki^ '
intb^consid^tip^^^^ tw<>.8UQQessiyA c^mmitteesf avd frbm.-
its tl&re obtaining the unanimous approir$di!otna?«{|>fttoil«f ^ "
and other professional men, is now offered to the pubUc
throngh the medium df the Society. a-;" -^'l
A little htloW^ih^hikiiiU, or shoulctjsr of i^e Ictwer m«fl,o
whidBi|up(NS^«lteii^ tpp^. is to b^fomaiA ^c
a step^> fig; 14,^^1.* Vv) Tiiis msiy be ,<roi^e^ by hoUjing^f ^ ^
&Bhi0t\m'ifi»tWtMij^^ a si|i^ietree.;,bMt^^ .^;^
if bMtia£0e9«eM^d^are>MEisiilt^^ iire^4||gr^; .
will be no difficulty in making the 'step 'without the use of
a fish. The face of the (tteiuaJA-bea-phme declining out*
wards, and is to be strongly placed with iron or copper.
A shoulder fitted to this step, and like it covered with
mettil plate, is to be cut in the heel of the topmast^ b £ the
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K^f^i^od.iby tbe itepUtt th6 low^f iiialdt; anci as ttie aref^^
vl,^ MepwUl be^'^ttdaatequai to thit t)f the top of thc^
fiArbf^l^ i^^i^hci oner will ''te nO' Vnor^ liable io crush mi ^^^
tUfi.^iflM^iliQQnUBt jvreight tbfan tht othi^K . In orjer/j^p^^
l^j^«ri«ottDB9 «wrfffdigi^ftgft/14 & I6,.l8 driven bety(^^|
the j^totAtjBild'ibe ^bdsfti treer/ €". ' Ttie fidf, A'^ is p^oppjiedl
to^l^dC^talntd^ but) otdy as* a pr ^.rentei^ 'id case of acci(t^t f^
for the bottom of the fid hole being placed an inch fi][)p^e
th^ftflMlsftlteey itf^iy it is Aianifest that it bear$i ho part pf .
d^^freigbfe of thfctopaMM9^aa loh^ as this latter rest^ pip^J^
ibft#tepprtp^:>^ -^ ->• ' -•-* . . ^ . ^; . . .. ^^ ^^ -^y^^^
|9 oid^lotMxike^M^ Ibwier th6 topmast, the 'lieel.rojj^^^;
witJpLiita^taoble^ isi^fsttaW applied; tlieti the fidj A, is to .
bei.lfltMmim^ iafterwhic^ the wedj^e,^, is to be Ic'noclf^^ . .
oa(;ijmd.tlm^ivflt^b0 done #itli comj^aratively litti^e ^ifip^-f^ .
cvl^j,ibafS9l»»i^^ lateral pr^sur^' of the mast (^unnpt Ibie ;
mn^^r and bieeanae sony d^dttlt^ Tilibly'to arise frpiu ^hjif.'
caoQf^ Biayibe ob!riat6d^b;f^pri^poirttonalIy increasing tJ^e^.
anglt/of;iha/wedg«v' Nothing now remains but' tl^e^ir-^
tioD%of iviiiDtvthibedseivHwithSiaiidtspikesinser^^ V^t^if^f^ .
thrjTCftjnaiatfit mifar the t#es8ti trees, to tri^ the topi^Ji^t pff ,
Ihe . ffbllpta^ s^fV/v ^^ ^ lotn^eif it in Uie' usual jvay! byr, .
me^f.iif.ifte^he^rbpe. ; • '• '"''...';"• ^v v- •. njo L»
Fig/ 14 is an elevation, F'ig, 15js.a «ec^|ioii« : * ' : ^ ^
a^^ uj^j^l^V ^art of the Ipw^^: waejt.. . 4> <^e iomcipaM^^
oftfcB»tbpiasist/ d '1(lie cap/ df^tOi^ pfitjie^fr^^
e t Tbe^sstrWsl^ '/! t^^. ^Wt .<>if.^hi^h( 'the topmait A ^
«up]^8fted,*^ ;g tte wedgeb^ wj^ioh t]ie,tflfpiirt«i«eto#W '
initt¥la*c«i'''A'^^1*ieprev^^^ a. : :- ^ > ^ < ^<^ '*^
tiO.'-
.6 ^,i^:ur^j 3tbto ^■
,-«.£LM':
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102
OSiema^i on 3d^. Bro#n'0 VMuum Mn^ei
Communicated hj a corre^xidfot;
'Gr£AT expectations have been excited in tlie pabl^
nfiind respecting thid engine^ the 0pe<iifi^ti(m of wbiek
^ppeai-ed in the 4dth vol. of the Repertory df Ar<^/8tc.;
but i}{ the wonders which it was to perform^ n(^e hsvi
y\st, I belie vey been exhibited in an opel'atiire skape ; iftdl
Mi^ are gtitl to look forward for the fulfilment of iti^ ntgbty
promiteBi . » , ..
' Many persons at first thought^ that In it a irdal ya4iuuiA
^WaA to .be produced^ by burning pure hydroTg^en in tKl^
portion of oxygen proper to produce water ; buftit turlte
aut thdii the word vacuum is lis^d bn iki^ odcft«lon hi' an
iinfiropel' eende (which prdbalily dimbed thtd fihot), and
that it is intended to denote a degree of 'e!sLhailsti'dll*bf Hik
wdrking cylinder of the engine^ equals at ixx6&i, to a <9oliiniii
of 23 or 24 inches of mercury, which is. fkf Bhort 6f a
va^iium;
' Coal gas, in this engine, is cbntrived to'bsburfied i&
atmospheric air, to produce tbe degree bf ^xhaiiiltidil ^
Which it is capable (which I dotlbt much to he isO great M
stated); This, however, cannot proceed from the hieir^
teductien in volume of the mix^d gasek burhisd^ cJitic^ (So^l
gas, or carburetted hydrogen,* burned iii the ptbpdrtitttt 0f .
170 parts with IQO parta of oxygen, will produce 1 00 parts
of carbonio aoid gad, (6>c JDr. Henrys paper oii tool
^goi, Sfg.) and a| atmospheric air contains but 27 part^ of
.oxygen in 100, of course the 73 hundreclths of aaote laft
will have to be added to the carbonic gas*: Now as. veiy
.ii^n^ly 378 piarta of air will be nepessaiy for.ihe 170 Qf
coal gas mentioned, th^re will ireniain, fifter the combus-
tion, 272'29 of azote, and 100 of carbonic gas,' in all
372*29 parts, out of 543, which Ts, 'within a very small
fraction, one half of the whole quantity originally introduced.
It is evident then that the effect is not produced by the
burning out, or condensation of the gases ; but by the
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(^itMMa M iifi BrMfi*i Viieimm B^t^. lOd
txplOiion ofthe nkiiturei or by the ^tptosion cliiised by
ito ftame, when this does not amount i0 whafc would i>6
called an explosion, tbdugh in M cases it is a degree of it.
Here then we come oh other grounds, which I am much
Surprised have not been noticed before in the many pub-
lications which have treated <ft this exigine. Ih the 2d part
of the 1st vol. of the Transactions of the Cambridge Phi-
losophical Society (which were published considerably
more than n yeair before the sealing of Mr. Brown^s patent),
there is an ^dcdtfnt- given of an engine on precisely thb
satxie principles lalst explained, invented by the ReV. Mr,
Cecil, of which account there is an extract published by
Dt. Brewster, in the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal for
October, 1822, (V. vii. p* 362) that may perhaps be moriB
readily consulted, vA being in more extensive circulation.
Of this extract the following is the substance : — ^*' The
principle of Mr. Cecil's invention appears tO bfe, that k
mikture of one part 6f hydrogen, and 2^ of common aif,
will expand, on being exploded, to three timei Ite bulk,
and then instantly collapse to a sixth of its original Volume.
*' A cylinder, with a piston and a light valvte at itM other
end, is the chief apparatus. . The hydrogen gai^ admitted
into this, tad exploded by a jet of flame through k toltch-
hole ftt the side, will drive out the most of the comnion dir
ttWk the cylinder b^ the end valVe, which W!ll cl^p to by
the condensation afterwards, and force dbwri the piston,
by whose action the other valves, ivhich kdmlt the air
tod the gas, are opened ; when it again risel^ by the actioh
of aeouhterwcight, or of a fly Wheel, and ih6 same pro-
eess is again repeated."
On this extract I will leave your readers to mkke their
own i^omments; only premising that, aS the*ihventioh
Wte thus evidently ^rst published by Mi^. Ce6\\, whatsoever
merit it has is that gentleman*^ undoubted ngtt, Ancl
hew I beg lehVe to state, that hU engines, where
eUlplosiv^ mixtiires ate burned, kie most dangerous to the
live! and property within their vicinity ^ an^ th^t the mix-
ture of coal gaa and air is eminently of this nature, we
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14M Obsematians on Mr. Ahwn'i Vacutim I^fgim.
i|ivc too many cowmo|i^aj^5l^^^4J.e4,|l^.
j)hiiosopUica| jgentlemer
ahc0 of such engines^ \yl
Jett to tbe inahairei^eht 0
luore bt less, occur, if Ui
for inapu^turihff jpurpos^^^^^ ...;i • .,, ^.r,nq^ <iiiu>'
. V A paper by Mn t/Tr^go^^^^
foregoing statemei^it) ba the tne6rj;^ja^^ of, this
i^ngine, and comparing^ the iaj^^Xnr^ifJ^ that of . the
jsteam engine, has been published in a late namber of the
Edinburgh Phi^Qepph^^ Journal, wherein he has entered
jntp, ^ome v^ijymiii^^e. algfib}y^|}^^l<^tiafi^itoi>th€i)9«i '
sho^y's that if oil Q^^ i^^^4x'^^l|^^>i^^>l^l^ A7^^U<^^
feet, of it^ at,a^fC)^9fjJ9??T^wU^ ^^jieoffigffty./k]|(f|Badwiei
th^ .Effect. xrf ^ ,bushc^.5>f ^.N^wfssMfi!^^^ ^terfnr)
engine'; and th^if vC^o^^ ^e,4i^
of it> a^ ^ 091^1 ,QJf^fj. 9^. .ly^ljQj^ly |ia^^ tb§ ms^poiiiS ;
which even in London, where coals are 80^4§4B[^^TVitfiU^-^
neatj^^^vp ^tim^s. tk&.^^xj^^Ge/jiil^'9^^ .engine '>^«o<ild^
require in doing equal work. C : ; :. ) V ,:c-::;.iC:'Ct'r'dZ
* if worked with oilgas, Mr. T. tl|Hfl^«that^ jet .otftjatei^
of a temperature equal to 1050^, might be maxjte tQ ffll a
cylinder of a small size, and product au'exfaausti^U'Cai^aUe
of sttntavaingiiBr ixdiimti'^ ^ei^eary of 20 indhes <^M4n.^
howe^^i is nottwo^tliu^'^ wlmt a real iriccdtim #)um
parfofpy ; mad owidudetTtiia A ^ 6h%emti^,^k)iUi^^^ iXM ^Ift^'*
vantJige ofidi^indrcfM^ ctm^fi^ f&^^i^i I^^
so:gfieatasWarefiaf the^ilUiritiieii^nst^ W^'
»n
engine, Ifae isxpeiioewcMid ^e^o^^klri^sS'lo^iitit j^n/^^^
out of the (pieslaoiiy 't^^lw at TiWdd^TmVfett^ii? d^"^
oiLgis/oompNfeiaed iiom 9(kh4Pit^mii^^,''of^ikii ^gSj
pressures steam enpne/' rr q Wc^-i :£<-i:^ TU.™"
/#••>
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,:- ,t *. 'u ^^ *■"' ^' •' •• ^^ ^ *' '^ '■ *^ ' ' *'^
, "^Wlf.HiiVi^A^^^f in a^liiDe^ inserted in tbe PHiloftopl^iQa)
"^Mlllliudriv^'lfb.'l^y dalpiilates^ frpm expei^iimento v^fiii;;)^^
^t^it^kiitA^eittti'gb^ aiithofities lictiich he nam^^ th^j^ if
4^')iifiiMKitii' W dbnstructed as usual, of thr^e ii^cbo^^oC
watch spring, aii(^ the rep^aiivlecbl^iro^ w|r^ ^th^t «^ its
<^lt|fell^«6'fi>t'l'^';F^^ Will be— .
>.it ^^' '^'' -3%ches8ifel/ • . ...
j-.,i.5r.^srl :;ir> -I" .:• -> k)b027343d' ''^- '!^^' ''•-■■'^•'■
wliofc^arid b^^^iferfect^ % tfeit of 1&36 oTf Wc.
Bfit.ai/4hii» Mftijot 6e a{)plied without adding more ironV
thft^imti'inustW io^elKse^ Iby so tnueh as^iU also couiir^
t«rpiik:4l|it iddition^ ; ittid ftp the^iiic mirttnbt be grater'
orlMi ii|;3eD|;tIlf tbW ih^i itt^n added, the exact quanti^i^
ciHiMkMk. Hi^binptrt^s to be 2f7'92 infehes.* " /^^
^Sbe: ixpiCksi^A' Gf the. peiidulum rod Will tjieti {ie^j fc^
.l^dlbtoreidieit^ - -.;•.. ^ . •.' .-
3im,.Mee\riA'^.'Q000226SO, &of271«ittlrfhc; ^0(K)4668»*
36-139290 iron -000250600 ^
2'^miios^i. ,.-000198642 " -' ' ' ' '\
^^:;:\/".,'/ -000460972 >-• ^- . :.'/' ^-.^v-r.il-r
1|IaVuig tims deten^inad, th,e letigtb of dte aJpi&necetMTy^ :r
Bf^^/^p^ thu9 applies it The pecjduHim f?od is imide ^s"^
asiii^i yppommon^clocksy *with ^raa iakhea of ateel spritag :*
at^(phe4 tp.an. irpa wiiie, Jyaytng i^ foot ^rmVf fiulteaedttts >
it J .i iib^pf ainfj, ^27-92 iaches long^U slid oT^^st^ifd,^ :
an^'^f^tene^ tp t^footj an «dni?tuhe.ia'irtmTpfUtaw€r v
th^s :p)io iul^e, a^ fMH^ t^p ;is^^<fd by ^ aerenr-to^then
toJ>^c^f tl^e zipic t^he. ^fPie bQtto9i;<)f the irb&tobd^ is cfon*^ «
ne(^4' ^iih ,tihe pendi^^ haU> : vHeve ^nds Mn H«V^9^ '^
coa^t^* ^th,% rofexenc^.ta. ai:figam f^ea k tkm oiigfaiaiy ^
w|i(||^|ie[ 8J»»0s.w^^ id^ 6f jtfa9'iii|0tri|aie|iti^.
'-ma'iiiy Vetbil deseription. '',^i. ;^vo iT,£^;5 3ii;'56o:':r
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106 Remarks on Mr. Herfjffih*8 Paper on Pendulums^
In this 6gttre, besides the parts above buentioned, there
.-^te ^iva iKmw.doUiqfa r^eteQt6d^«len%| ^ to|i'«(4lie
i&ine tube, and. ihe other at the ^nd of tkeiMtt m#/4br
iMgulating iheir length ; «iid » pi^e of ww»4^lce«4ing
ftom the fioUar at the bottom of the it^qatiAatqibft^MtMi
of the ]»eiiduliim ball^ Kihiere it tftnaiwt^ in atcsfiii ^
nut turned on which suppoita the ball a^d, i^hiitteiui ir
'kngtheqa the rod aH recj^aired. ; t v
It seems strange tiML( the autiboiTy ^h^ *«^ppeim tP
have paid great attention l^o the precision of his calcu*
lationsy should have niad^ aueh a m^tetial error in the
description of the execution of his plan, as to have di-
rected the last-mentioned wire (which connects the bottom
of the iron tube with the^ bottom of the baU)» to He-added
to the rest^ without having made any allowanee ft>r ks
expansion downwards.- I can scarcely- suppose,' however,
^at he could have intended that iSm wm, which is a
fifth of the length of the steel spring and &pst wire of this
pendulum taken together, should have been added to the
'Entire length, as^^hat would have made I9ie pendulum near
^^7 inches long, though bis direction that i^ thep^sdidum
:Tod is to be made as usual in common clocks^^ to whoffis
end the foot is to be fastened to support i^e 2inc tube,
certainly bears that meaning ; for if made as usual, it must
be, together with the steel spUng, 39*1302 inches long ;
bfl^t^ij QiatteTp qf t^\is n^tsife^ whicj^ d^^jpiw ^l*fifefJ?or
45io;^oi\S, Uii^ inv?QHrapy of description is 9,t l<sj#i9-
luxiper. On tUis \^% wpyM^iqa J wiU tj^fe iJ^ H^t«f:^«P
(ai? tc^ QQ;NreQt the dascjription* aq, ta, ?4Yise jt^^^t, tJMl.fiVi^
ffftri^gt with the Wire;^oia it tp the bottjC^ qjC t^ a^
Mb^ au4 the w^ from the l^ttoj^j o| th^ irfutebt tq t^
^bottongi pf t^^e ImH, h^ ()oUe^tiyfJy of th/^ ^^t-fe .of W
flrdinary pendulum,
^ Mr, H. haa also «?gleoted to mal^e aay aBoijrai;tce.fQr
the expan^on upwards of the ball 9.^ the p^i^duj^m frQjjgd
tb^ei ^y^t whicl^ ^JtwU iU Thifi. ^r^r I witt a^« WfifSs
for the author, by recommeqfeji^ ft^ ^pi^i^
I .I.J??
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ReniarhonMr.Hett^ktMi Paper on Pendiilutns. 107
iif the ^centre of the ball^ oa hu bem aUrejifLy praetificd by
careful stti^tBy instead of ^t its bottqin/ ^b the 4^re
dlrectp.
'?^ * 'i?Vdt|f ttti accpuflt of a tuboriar compensatiiig pendnlnm,
iinade by the Ute Mr. PatoureanXji clock-makery formally
of Wak'doai'-street/it appears that tubalar pendulums were
iKiade as early as 1775. Mr: Troughtoti also^pabiisbed aft
account 0f op^ made by him in 1808. Mi\ Herapath's is,
TioweVer, difi^r^nt ffotn any of thefte^ ra the materials and
th^'lr at^p^ementi tad ptobatbly T^ould succeed as well al
Ihk be^t oftheni/y^ith the corrections before mentioned/
^ ^Bdt I dpnceive that there is a course of inaccuracy m
.thb. ver]^ nature of tubular compensalin^ pendulums, which
.^^Ud^fers th^TU inferior' to others of a different constraction ;
fbr iri th^m the tube^ and wire; ormetaffic rod, of whic&
they Are cbttlposed; consisting of very differently sized
tassels df matter, and wHh'difll^nt expostii^s to the aii^,
cannot be effected simultaneously *by the atmospfaerib
<;lianges of temperature. For example — the wire, having
^ great surface in proportion to its solid contents, will
)lii0Hifiip4dly oevae to IW tmii^W9imx9 of tbMur oa % me of
the thermometer, than the lubesi; and of those the internal
one, being iBbiwdvet, tis it ifttM^ dbdied by.tiiat which is
ftetarht^ wiUdimgerite Iwgth moie ^Witly fr^m theeirme
fOMse,, wKklk wM ^oiime, m itregulwt]^ in tfi^ d%«i-
v?^Th0si ceMJdereiftM* sliQ^ hf iwaaeus be MteemMJl
fastidious niceties, as some may affect to call ttuem^ s(iM9f
test 9PHli^i&t in <faeUii»x in ^m\i QQ«i<ri«ii^oti| i»evi^9tly
.ifMdMn I ai4 IrhtierUiM ii'iuMe;lien#» 4i euelmi ^mk^
.liiAitthuri^ wire^ wd wooim hoh, mny peirlMit^ do W
'^dl «i.i]|«mekt»taeii;ei«atfQti|iMy.
12
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Loa
From Archires des D^couvertoft €t des Inventimis Nouyelles.
. TAti/OW is the basts of till 9oap9 for tht tc^ktle^- jLBonrti
under (he name of Windsor, because olh^ oil fofttis a
paste too difficult to melt, and having an odotiirtbo pbwer*
ful for mixing with perfames. ........ :/
Tallow-soap; dissolved with heat in alcdhbl^ ret^i^s td
its solid state on cooling* It is ^s iaet whiok has fed to
tiiQ discovery of transparent soap. Wli^H%ell prepajPSi^i
this soap should have the appearance of fine trMte ffogat
candy. It may also be coloured, and vegetable ooUnm
.are^ for this purpose, preferable to minerals! Any peijsoA
can make this soap by putting into a thin glass phial IhkV
A brick of Windsor soap, cut small, filling the pfaifd half
full of alcohol, and placing it near the fire till the 80a|>ia
dissolved. This mixture, put to cool m a mould, gj^T^
the transparent soap. ^
Oti iheempbymeni^ihe Vfoodandiark<fiheckemia4reeiu fyehffiad
tanning, , ,,
From Aimales de 1' Industrie Nationale.
- Thc bark of the chesnut-tree contains twice ,ai^ mtidh
•'tanning matter as ofdc-bark, and njsarly twice as. nmdi
colouring matter ua log-wood. The colouring substpuice
of chesnut^bark is to that of cunpeachy log-wood exactly
as 1-867 to. I.
Leather prepared with this substanpe is moiie fini^ jaisd
^dolid, andy6tmoretii;^plie» ThUHbadcis thel^estisfiWiui^
^for rnaki;]^ in]c ; mixed with n[ifti it becomes a bluish hlai^.
The liquor drawn from -this hitrk.apji^8j|rs Ulie aj^.the .^u^t-
side, like indigo. ; but it gji^es^ 9^ PM^i ^^^ l^n^s^ blt^dk.
In dyeing it has a grea^r^aiinlt7 for wool t^tw siiniich
has, and in other resp^ta^it di%r^ y^.litU^frpm j^m^^
aoxi galUnuts. The cotojur (^iaii]fe4:i^om t]^9:^u^^
is unchasgeaUe by f^ iimi li^h^^^^ ': , ^ v, ,v ^
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KOTKES «P VEW FATBNTS.
<*[l3 '* .
< if,§f49i\fiHfc.inffl^Pfm^f^ fir tfnaking: ww^ dind Jaid
Thb principal parts of this e^pf#j;iktu# w», 1st, a reservoir
9ir^Ml^^lft<liB'Ae^f ttlp^^2dy a trpugh to conv^yitto this
imtf)^»:^ if4M%}^:^.?viheTWii% js prepared; 3d, a
lilKH^i^M^g^^rTM^fing cylinder ^ose surface is formed
9^m ^l|»ire^tl]^ i^solfofrtb^ wi^e. moulds used in puper*
jg9§kki^^\iik%ti9^ri^^^» each xevolving oa
9oi^ rf^ toUfi%4ying ia> « borizoi^t^ position, and
t)fHD«^ 9^e,i|p)g!;r«^;(l|e ot^^ ; ^tb^r a pair of smaller roUer^^
^PjT |4^be#d4M'^urt|$^^t4 ^f ^>^ ^f ^^ webs, ^d the other
l(BP(H^^1^J!t'iQ^^ha<kfOf tjb^ web, where th^ir axles
fii$iffni^isj^ together by scre>fs, in or^r to pvess the water
out of the pulp, as it passes between them along: with the
felt webs; 6th, another roller, placed benealix the felt
roller of the lowest web> whioh is-next the vat, and against
which roller it is pressed by screws at its axle, to force the
liKtler but of the felt as it passes between those two rollers ;
7th, a reel to roll up the paper as it is formed, which reel
jsplaced of course at the furthest extremity of the apparatus
Ti^btti this vat '; 8tb,avery small and light roller, placed
Ibetwelsb ^he ffek*web rofflenr and "die )>aper reel; whose
"^^Ififc^ i$ tib prevent flie paper from sticking to the web ;
Wid HH, a Involving -frame Vithih the vat (called a iiog by
er makers)', which by its motion keeps the pulp pro^
nliixed lip for use: '
lievatlbr the pulp^ is hofiowed beneath, infront, to admit
ihehir^*faolfowmoulditig cylinder to enter, so that the puIfT
WiV^y out A:6m lid u^pier edg^ 6h lOie surface of the
^^frndir; ibout hiilf wiiy ^^tween tlie verticiil and hori-
^i«£tkl pf&D^s W Its ixW. the revolution of the moulding
^2|fibdef b^ngs the' pult^ in contact with the upper hori*
""w&ttS^liHMtteb^ which ileB nearly in the horizontal plane
of its AxiS|.at Uie opposiiiiaiid^ vircndi (lie ineit^j^^aaf^ ia^^ conr
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110 Notices ofHiw PatenU.
veying it fli^ ffSHi Wk ^ «itf fab ft ioMttHtbte portion
of water from it by itghcrihrifertii Burface. The roller of
iifais fek 'web^ fbttt JieB^ tSkxt the imoMmg * ^IMii^- ^
)pre0B€d)igmfirtftbyte«^wil«f$tiadid) Sd ai %0'daiiMfte
pulp to adhere to it snfficieiffii^ to'^&dia/ dt^N^WkrdslkiSbfg
ilHth ft to fli^ rtMi^ )>i^Mih^ Ibiliert b^fet^ M^liMbed,
Wtiidh h^aHy )^)[^^H %\i^ r6st ef the W«t^ftdMif/4M^^m
A^erortg (d&Ilfed tH^ i^t ¥M1^ : from ik^^b 4i fM^m,
til^treeit the Upper anrl lotlrei^ feU'^^My «b th« p4i#io#f%li
teih^ ftlrdidst frotnth^T^t (wftfere iA« tln^ ^bft^ii^tiMMli
Ik) i^blrfi in bppO%il6 diV^otiotis' Id tte ^thUer r<»ll«rs^iMrt
ilrfa^re it is ftgaiH j^^d b^ 86^W« bet«MlBtt Ihdtik Mii»!«}
«hd Itereby fitiad^ Btiffieieiitly dify lk^ bi§ «op««iMd'fr^llk|
ftlt ih a cOttfiBtied slfe^i, fbi* Whi^h ^dUste ibeiife^^OtkirfWtt
isiBilted «h^ dry i^olle^ ; ahd fhM t)iei^ ih^«t]^ i6^«iiti|tl
by the KtttO fs^pAMkt^ roller, and f^isBed ob' id 41m t^
Htflileh) Wh^nfull> Ib i^tnbved to ^Is di^nfloft^irtilU^^^
to eibpty 6h(^ b^in^ klWIiyi^ at Kkrid tO ^tipj^y itH^^e; -'
' The upper iand !b*rer ftlt wtibfe arl* onlf in oo^k^iftdtlits
fW^eti the iif^t Mfers tod thb itj ^Olle^ ; tMM¥ «Wb bdMV
t6ll«T&; he^th^ vat, bMngBetisufficiefafl(y€^arl:l(^)^f»itt
ihife w^bi fasrihg in thfet plaieie Withoifttoii^ri^; ^ ^ ^'^ . '--
B6§idigii the nin^ foHers mihtid^ed) th^ j^b(«tte«i ttM
bthens covered y^V&x bt^tish^B, placed beti^ath tfi% )oW«li
felt Web, to bf u&ih Off aAy fjfftr^kHei of pidp n^hH^ fifty
lirffiiit'e to it* i . ' i) ,'. « ',
^ A sli&king motion fiarvihg b^en found ^^i9«Miij'^4tte
fbittaatid^ of the pulp itito pa^iV Ivkentti iM »btlM^ Af|
is given in this apparatus, by making &^ legti joilMl^^
^hieh 4ui)portthdfrftMfeth«tt^bht4iiiSth6TOll^fe> ^*by
having a Ok^hk oonht^bted With the frani6 ftt m^ iidi^ ^OM
feVolutibh gives thedegf^ of i5b|lfcuBm6h ite«lt%di ' * ' -
- The thotioti fttkt^ the teill tehfeft is fl^t^gl^rfm-to thi^^ *fy
if d^liV^Hng rollets> and from th^i obiriinnnt«&t€ld to^Hlc
Other hiclVihg parts by irtiftkitenittc«ne^.* - ••' *^.**''
' To complete the account df tliifti&pf)aiNk!lil§/'^4ft«'i
tioW t& ^seribft the c^poftitit^if df ti6 ix^^&l^i^fmi^^.
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til
[ wbMii piiMd w.tiM tamir
firi«Nim«fiT6ibaiMl«iiuiKter. Tliiiiib«oft)ieoQteniiort
of HiMb wlBaat^ ktk^MMsh ^i% ^m 6f fittMr dttkhetar thoi
Am «»itoA Mf^ iMMMediEl^ M M to ^Stiad4itd^
ftkd-^kink U \Mam oT a^groofii fot ^et9p$jfiion of Iho
cylinder uOo a qiquM vtMpiil uliO to.fiie 4botd tteifi into a
Ifidge at each side of tha rylindar, about half inch higb,
9^p^J^l^.tfl^ tb# -decklea of tb^ n^ylda, and for Ihe
tasifi piiipogf^ o{ confining tne pulp vouil passing off at
eiti|9^<fe.. The «nudl crossbars mentioned are made of
ei^lfMSi* folate, /jjetedgeiY^ys in thp plane of the ruEtdii oif the
^liftderaorose. from side to side^ and at. right angles to
^e wheels, /which form ito interned framing. Tkey a^^
al^t theeet^^h(h9,.of an inch broa^ up and dowiv and ^f
^If^^i^the br^dth of the cylinaer^ and have small
|ro{fictiipns...^ them, at one^ sjde^ ai ipter?aU of Ihr^e^
quarters of an inck (called nibs by the patentees)^ and of
the -apme thicjuiesa as the. barsi It is obvioui that those
Utile pojcctiodis will keep the bars asuhdier when pressed
•(Qwardf ^ac^ other on. the rims of the wheels^ sufficient^
fo Iform the fUg^Bue of the i^lin<ier (which their additiou
to its ^^rj^jrts Qompletes) intou sieve-like fonn« similar
to«thatjqfthp,commpn paper moulds^ and capable of equal
Qpecieasi . ^is arrangement of these bars of course goes
ail rouiid the wheels, or disks, described^ so as to entkely
(jioyer tham^. and. form the surface of the cy Under. I'he
^pids,of the bars are secured by the groov;es in the outside
di^^ .or wheels^ as mentioned ^ and where tbey cross
those which are intermediate^ they are faatened tp them
|^^«spft:Soldpr, probably at 4he inside,
. When. paper is required naricovtrer than the whole breadth
9ftbis pyli^^, the interval between th^ external rims is
l9(^lc§4^'by'apdle8s^ straps, placed on the cvUnder.at dis-
tEiQces suitable to tl^ »ue .o£pf(^0t re^if^4| and so^a^ id
form moveable deckles*
The mooldiiig cyjinder. desi^rihed, will form paper with
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^^^^Jtm^x^KB MJEV^^'flPVJB' J*^* ^WWW^* j©W^*|t* WwH^Itw^' WH^WWW^PV Bi^^BH
p^B^tiK^M^ /Ititti b#L ittii4iiaift;^^(aif fOdMft Aft ^mMh
i^tinirfaie* "fchd -QaoiWe"' ottkmea" f a^tebl*- tA'daSriflt
teHc^^l'Cthd lenii'bf 'i^hidh Was eitindetf liS^'*feits"t»f A£t
iPBuMameirt,' August 14, '1807; WKtttfe 'specffllSditajlI
i^laUSrtt^ W the l^fli vof. of tiife'sfecbiia fcsrf^ ofift^^Rfr.'
p^toiydf Aha, fee. jiage 2lrfVtt'*wa« ihuci rtm4lH«Aiy
fd'f iKlti^ta|)lic;ty as ihat Wa8ffb^'{tj'c(mi^HdMoik> 'voaHMl
fltttlftet'bfparts. • i" ' * ' '^ '■' 'f' • -'■;- ••'■' " '•'■'^'"»
?"rt/ef naroiiiatng cylintieir is al^ci' veif slMbti6 on^' WhfiJll
ii'>€p<MlJ<^d''Ita--i6(^^s^b^^<i!on^6^ ^ Mk Htrsm^
K^AjilW^afent for IbpfrbVetoents iti 'tfie ftrt '<)f paper
fiiia^g; Sealed ^fl»April,^!805rwhrcH''i«I^T)tf
flife%h rol. of Ifife ^efond'sierieii' df ^the^perfoi^ Af Arti^
&\?. j/aifei, bdt certaibiyfe ofWimpfOt^jir conslniiitfAd'i
ftr'^r/'Braiiia'H's'cyfiriaei' Va^'"^iily bovftiftJ wiffi Vlr^i
ilrttftfe'd'-dVer'Rte tHe 6uKTCe'# 't- coinmbtf pap#ii4boId5
&iSi''&ti^6'iiMi "by <h-0S8' tai^k 'MdfeJiiea*, itt'^Kfe- 'sittliJ
manner, which is b;^ltib''liiean^^sB'^fi'6ti^ o^tiutistaiMalSi
ihV(Je 'oif cd'veriii^'K *al tbi<*bf iHe pA^iateig'B, 'iib^^tf iny
i^^sp'^^t eqqaf 'tb'irlii ihg^ndi^y •<tf i^drrtfivaice. ' ■ '• •' ^ -• "'
'*4iii8 Vppat^tuK t6i-Mkiir| jia^r'tottyl!hfere*bre he'^^SoiH
Melte'dis drt|i|»ttiiiig fr<5(itt'the'ba^^ ihti^htioiitife dfMBssri;
i^6uy*?in{kW^d ttkiAble, iiiaW«f . minall'iFoi^^ie'yftide
P^ii'<^§^/ Btit''i:jonUiinMr liit&t^if 'l^p^<^«MgiitB,''ie<^
lk«Pl&atVthe>%^«\»rS-S4i!tioHear"«"' "^^*-^''
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«M«ki»idfK«UMg|lli^i^ pravtet H»,
auBibur annner on c^t^lptikf^^i^tkattAtAB^^o^
mdnt ; and secondly, in naw awangements for the parte,
thftt ctftrftrwDiffWtf* thtt itoihiIji^ o£.tbe Jlbv- io the hanuner.
^«^Ti|e w$|^9|^vJ^^ pq^n^ dii;eft8 fQi;.ej^ptipg tha^
%^9irq/kip!^ 9^i^ !»f Jto^ ftf*teu ah^t 4roi)k J^^^ pn
^o^x^Ad.^M^X^ pieoeK oC boHirigiR aoms^ the .inaidf 9f
t|^.|ipM^ ftve ox 8u^ placer aieqiml
di9$a9/f^a,. wJlikb (according ^ th^ diawioga of theapeci*
9^A9)o9r^«pr0B9^ by.0thera.i¥.hi<:h run longi^dinaVyr
fltf^lt^s fymft .by their »^Qn«, f nuioJi^^ of. con^yeu^
mento of the shape of oblong squares. Son^e of ^mai^
lim^JPgfy Feces J|me. aqi»^;,at thfif ^tremiti^9^ %c(ting
m,UfiV^j^to Xfgal9^ <he t^riist in the paJrts is^h^co they act.
^ .^he second oibject of tJUespecificatiou is effected, by
flttech^ ther ilailher pi^d of 4be^ l^y . those pieces
W^aahcopfipiwl haii^nier> «nd:^iclv
up^. ajTj^ air^j^ged .in . a^diftemnt n^od^^i T'h^^e, ^^.
Qf,a,Tcr)rjpooApjicated composition, some ooutaining seven
sii^ some; eight fjBLTUi, tncludiDg a sprii^i rising vertiqi^lly
oyer.thje. kej; ; besides, whichji there are other.pieces fi^ed
|o the Jcey»ior acting on the. d^mper^^
•^ .Th^e are directions giyen ju the sp^cificatiop, with very
good figures^ fpr. i^p^lyiog^ ih^se inyeafious to upright
f^o^^ ^ will f^ to |hASi^*hi9b ar^ Kor^pi^tai, of w^ch
dg^ilfl^^^/^^^^^ il^Difthfrds of th^f )ex«^l> int9 w
{jD^Ie ^||;^J^#.xde^ th^t tjie jc^int or centre o%
motion^ isu^e^of h^^
and the front;
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nv ^wiitfi ij^'iWw fviiMti ••
iDStnimedl, then would we say that the &bote InVehtlons
M tiAi ^^fpon^ tv^ ^Mftt impmi^^i^Mts 4 but m die ^e
4f tbie piftttO if» a ftimary pointy "^e miMt hetttAle'in ooili^!
lAeiidlati)^) gteaUy appretetidiiig tbat soaiuok mH Wfoiki.
s(i4M ftiteiy itiff brfteea^ autt ddMt^ th#fl» fiiifc/fibi«i«MM>
tf 1^ Pr^Mi, on whleb its ^xeeU^ftice dcpMds. In m vioiii^
i^iyiol^ kliowfe' WbAt t^MMiefltecH s«cb bhuMMod ptofefaifft^
of kM ^bttld jArodttctft) ahd *hKVw dltf ^irottld^MKililitdi^ii'
flMi nn itijBthAHbUt tt uwMie te an buitvaaaiit bfotorlbre,
itl4eMt to M ^ai^ of Any 4«UcMy •f iMidCioa f uA in 4«ii>
8^e tid e&ii«« why tbey should net prodttot^ihiiMMdig^iV
ftiftiliiiW eifeciMthe piailoforie^
We aMo olgect to the apparatog piweed «in<.tbe mdn^
tb€ lu^ tb Hot on tii4 bamnfetsi^ botb on aooM>ii^l laf^thi^
w^igbt ^hbb th^y taMiftt add to Hie keya ia Aigeriiigv imt
ftnrlfcheir dOknt^Ubattoni and ikiadei^aate fhstaiiiilg M titu:
l^§y whieh mUst iHsnder them, liable to perpetoel deratigeA:
illient ; wbiie the inornate ef i»HMkaiaiieli4>9 wtUcb Amffi
we«ild eaufie^ must add gteaUy to tbfe piiee of tbe inrtra^
A^t, ijready eufficieutly edstly. > : «
The k^ys of ^e upright piaaba^ deadribed by 4hli^
jMentee, have the abote defeeta, if poMlble, Hfoiee thiiir
tfibs^ of his hetizotftal mutrnuemA* . i>
Patent granted to Mesirt^GEOn^E Sj^ymeb 0^2 JoHN/G^^^lfOOp^
v^r ifnprQvementi in the mfide or manner ofmwing and cutting wood
'and timber by machineryt Dated January 11, 1825.
'' THfesi improveiteiits ^ottaiat in* placing oiroidar.taaw^
above and below the tiibbet that ia. to be sawed^ otte^v
fiftle behind the ofeher> se that their edgea may paaa iti
(iliiitHd4ine^ and.th«beatil*(fUite/thtiMgh;» ^
-" ' A humbe^ of theae laAVs^ pl^ed^m* the «aine ia3cj%) laeid
separated from each other by flanches of theithidBSiteii«f
the pieces required/ are iiUd lU Ulin manner to cwt several
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•ealitliti|r;th«v« iMTd added; tkfc the sidens df tte iitiib^; btrtt-i
MMiMwa MTtertitnlttifttftSi brritttgedih%i»iniilflt ikiahnefi
. ifSbfMp ldg;^W<^ Hikd otH%r dyife-t^dodis; tt htihibiit bi^
oiiio«l«r Mirs iths^k^M (^/b>e tbgeif^er xh. 6ne aktft, iitnd
Ibtif j^iAttt 4k6tieii j ^hei^ uied,' ^uti^ th« ^kolis wt)bd ^fatif
0MMiiwt^ T6^ ^hftpe of 'tife'Miftth of the Itk^ift fot thb lidt
l!«iIM«,^ wMdh' the j^ltotl^e cldln the <*half dikmotid^
foiu,. pMsMtH' the fi^re, Whbn Beto eid't^Wiiyi^, of kixgUi
ef fllS^4egi«i^ otK^tide of wbieh^ Res ih ¥tre litie of ttifl
radius of the circukArfta^, isitid vAi^ tifelved endWa^^ feitt
WUti 1hi$ f^lM of «d tiMny^ eh^vri[^a {k^ they ar« t^lfed in
the language of hefraldry), hf whieh thtey cdtistStifte i
fondbtr of pointed edge» fcr tetlug bti Hie wood/ fiiali)ai
to a species of chissels used very commonly in ttif nih^^
and also resembling the points of the common graving tools
used in copper-plate engraving,
\ The appamttts titled for mdVing tlie tlhib^f ^tmtttdii ihi
«k#i is lUmettieif a niliBber of relteiii i^ith ^kK^, ^I&t%d
iHHf horii5dtitAl line, at eq^ial distances Asunder, on wfebh
the timber is kid. Of these the h)ller next the saws is
moved round by the same machinery which turns the saws^
^th Uie ksset degi^e of speed necessary iil iuipellihg the
4hiil)(ei'. Abote this tolktaild the timber/ Is placed ano-
ther hofitohtstl toller, which i^ made to prtess the limbef
Ugaiii&t the lowerroller by two verti)(5Al pifeces that ascend
frOni the ehdis of^its axle, across thd top^ of which aiibther
fil6rl?^i* ^i^ce 1§ laid^ dter which a hdrizdntial lever passes
that tl joihted to a post at one etid, and has a weight ap-
pended t6 its 6ther end, virhich, to give it morie power^
il^llit^e or fbUr billies more distant from thfe cross piece
AmiiB the eentre tjf mofidrf. 4 krge Vertical dhiih wheel
t»-pkteed'4bot* 4!he wh61e; frbm whixih kdthk bands or
«trd^> passing to puikys btt Ae^ impelling relief; and the
tihirflll^bf^tM^Mr^ukl^ "sai^i^ give the Onethii itfOtiott requi;
site Al^ t!k>Vin'g M'1^ lithbef; -^M i^e btHetd that Tor
Mfiikilgtt^ '- "-'-'- :^' ' 'r -♦• -• '—* -
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^1$ ^ik^tofJfeiyPaiem,
^-■CB^4r fea*^liitv(B now bie^n' so long in nse^ PpA%bly4
th^ien^ itppitred' to such a number of purposes/. tlutt it is
teatcely ptob^Sle atiy new application of them can remaiJ^
ib'be adopted 1^ and op^n to thd exclusive right of ajpat^ht.
^^^Iii MrJ iSamtiel beii.tham*s very voluminous sj^ecification
^f flie p^itettt gftantect to him, A^rfl, 1^93, (fi>f which sei^
Kc^ertory of Arts, 1st series, vol. X. p. 21,) a numero^
Vimbty of modes of using circular saws, fork great sn^
ditfeteiit pulrposes^ may be found, which, both i^Jto pof
lAliduaiid combiuattbn of these iustrumentSi leaves it
aciiiic^ly pbssittcjtb add a^^ ; //'
y -We^'fi^laf', thei^fore, for thes^ reasons; that the a^pfi^
H^tftiof'tlf^ pktj^ ingenious and ^fiectu^ it
iSdi^be, can liave but Jittle claim to the exclusive mono^
^ycrfa patent. ;;
T>t
^^'idhidh fiiinki eMk 6^^er/sdatUling$ ofwoodqf^v^ dfi$prij^wn w0k
-'^fMtfif&lf^yikliii^^ and ife tmprtwed in their durahUitifi doti-
'jdiuk ^gtaiifi 4Mps^iftj^reiiH4nffmMtire, 's^. ^r. 'VtAeA Jamutty
11, 18«5. ■' ■' ■'■■■■■ . ■':. ■•.■ri-"'^ "'..?■
In this process the wood.i&.first to be sawed into the
planks or square scantlings wanted; with the sides jgpur^el
iBbie^^<iiii0r,^i6aiA then to be planed ; which afterwords
ftfe^l^^^ pl^ed-betWeeU metal rollers several^ fiibe]^\|lie
i^VismiS^iak(kp4&rei96A closer t6getlier each tiW. forifkk
isalixtf:puffOi^^<^cfmr pairs of toHefs may bensed, ammg^d
^ |t Ma^^a^d fittccessiv^lj^ closer tbgethet as more tembtir';
^k ]^^tef^ i^ ¥can«ftng fhi*oUgh which wilf save tinle,
ilffid/pfe^f^frt >tt^ th«i seit^w^, wfiiil^
iiMNse lte{itt'<d3§er^tbgetHer, no frequently. In tl^ o^en^^
l]tiMi4^e^#ap:i]f't]Mi timber is pi^slied dul^ and ti^ibly ex-
/MiSs^dmil^rs^^e^^ocfd showi^lmt IftHe tendency io
^^IU<«^,-^flin' w^^^ becomes hifS^^
hieifiisv; 4nd'cldser; ^d leisa liklde to weai- otdbepif^ ^
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Se 9pUt and othemise injur^scl- It ianot ppsaib^ to lay dp^^
mecise rules jToir/t^ degree of pressure, r^athf? S^i^^
kinds of wood require dinerervt mana^emjent in..t]xis rea]^<^
' ^i^or^rehnelsi or cpaks^ the wood is io be 6hjt?,«aifed
B^uso^e of t£e size require^, afti^r wbich its angle^ ^t9
Se ptaned off} Iwid it )s l!lx^n tq b^ forced lbr;vrard'by^^f)^
f^l^iiate power, tlirougli several coiiical holes. i^^^ti^
]|>la'te8^ su^ssively smaller than tWe used pr^9^^9!ft&
in k simitar manner to the^ process Ufie4 in . dniwing v|]^
except that the action of pushing isvused instead of 4iavi|i||^
By the operation described the patei^et, aa^i^ji^ j^at
"fionduras mahogany may He made nearly aa .cl(^,f tai^d jBp^i/f'
as^ that^of Jamaica : wd if one of ibe rpll^ be pQUsbf^
wHl HaVe the side next it polished alsd He. o^qr^pfl^
states, that this proGessr^ill greatly improve timber ifor
ship buildings and for oilier building purposes ; for the
construction of furniture, and for all othe^ uses where cl^fp
l^ft V5ob|;a^^^^ Wpdd is desiralbfe ; thinks th^t WQ)§d!j^W
^repated.Fill Tie^'lbund so useiful sb to, beeqtna a otm^xti^
p|i^^^fao!^ te>^(V^ il^ibn
appellation of condensed wood^ - - ^ . -
s^r:l :.-./... ^^ / ' - • • • •■• -^^--^ "-^r
. t,j^ J$ay, 1812^ Mr* Smart, QfWe9tmi|Qptj9r.3iid^sQliK
l^e^ ajpatj^t.f preTeRting wood. Itofa. :4|^id^Qg,ilM|r
J^i|ll^ and other 1^ laf^spdiW^Mtmiiito
^^t ~of the patentee, the apepifipf^ti^iir^^viMiH^kiAiQafirtcd
IjoTthiB^^^^^^ yoL:Qf;,tbe ^oa^. seq^i)f . JJi^L^pf iMqr^
Aj^^V jli«!l?rinfc^^ Yh^cl^jMFn^^^aa^^ nftft^i^ *l*»
|up^^a was^ iij^mawrfaiPtyripgTJjtay f^r ,«Matt^xwh|i,!md
^ftj^^IW^f® of sp]<Ue^;%(Wit^P!f»ad^£/QiCopqp^
,. 71^ W^jeyi^ewt l3»|t c^^n^ or fiJgntfinj^lflrtycf^a^^ m»l
,tp ^^ p§[|Tjwim, iljtifp^^^
%fe5 mffr^ P?»n,^l5Wte,i3ip»ii|ftf4?roffii^tnf^
1tuiib$|^|fp4 Qf^q^at,ij^;^eB# ^^W*WJft>^iliWI«T
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IH iiii vfeapt^, but iA in?W ^^^^ ^^^^^® i*^ V> fpl«t %l41m g$
mi9^ p(^c«s» efpe«iaUy where the k^at» lay obli^<My,4i^
i|(iL 900$^ 4¥|iimic!^ waold &t6p the fK^ti^ o^ f^ ^ott^ ^
l^get^iep. This eiroQaastance would r^inder \h^ pkjpd ii^p*
jplic;abU to ship tuab^or %nd to mapy othef piirgo^ft , ^t
^^ ^v^ tis«»nelB b# prepared for the roQers m f^pc^ssA
^ Ih^ pateatee^ as th^y nev'^r are ^^ade ofsi^wed stsid
]^t^ aj^yc^ of tti^t which i»^ split, a& ih^ ibna^ wq^ld ^
l^ir^ya ittore or less out through th^ graip. Pethaf#i
JioiiFe^er; the ^^ethod propped of for^^g the^ thi>Oii|g]^
pMicdl k^\m lA 9teel plates is^ay be found ^w4ceatbl«^« '
WkOmigranttaL to Wiluak Ballsy, of McikEnd^re€t; Mml^rmr»
^ 'hit. forge ci the patentee is designed fa be pLorlkhleV
itiid its hearth fordis tihab6tftom df ah iron box^ irhtdi hi^
l^ed ends and bacM^ and opens at one sidi. it'has tdiH|
fi' hi, whose hingj^ %re placed above the twj^e, wilkli^
when the forge is in use> can be raised Vertically^ mA ^
cured in that position by two bolts ; but can be shut down
and fastened by a hasp and padlock when the forge is to
^ laid V' ^^^ I^VQsthe wioleianni a 'saf(^' leneptacfe hbth
fft the tocls aiulrtUe faatorva^e vtand, on which it is^ tiylN^
^aeed' when wanted, asd whjcSi is contriired 4o a$ to bt
^ily taken to pteoee/aitd stowed withiB' it. : l%e ibut
leg« of Ihi^ stand pass through four hdea at thd kugles i!^
is square iron ftanie^ which they support at aboaot a tfrbd
of the^ length from the ground; The topa of these legf '
«ro made ft little cdnical, and on these park aaiothf s squaei
ftame/ of sligliter xompositioii'tha^ 'iM lovto/ose, fits
dowo^ in a simihtr maimer ^ and above diis hurt frime t]M
kkftb is placed ;[ tidrougbhotesy in lhe^^)i$s of whiolttU
iiODieailiojpsof Ae leg^ p^^ ao^ b^ diehr ekee Attia^
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1^4 1^ piatrt yAi^i^ ti^9 ooala l}^ iMre i|ia49 pf «iit^lHy^iif
to be secured by this patent^ are made square, like an
, organ bellows, Uiat they may contain, in the space which
-^y <9eoupy, . more air than those with an aagalap or
'jayramidteal t^mination. ......:
'■- The^ are likewise IbnaEr^d with a pla^te4yoi» top ilk^
1>O|lt0fla>.th^ weirgkt of which aetft in general siiAciteily in
^^lAtng . them, witbotit its being i^eicessftry tc^ use fte
weights usually appended to common belloWs^ To the
•edges of these iion platen, wooden fiuo^es are festened hf
•screws^ and to these wooden frames th^.kathers of thii
^lowa ajpe nailed in the U8«¥4 manner* These b^ewe
w^^pUced idireotfy beneath the hearth 4jS ^ fi>^e, aii4
are supported near the larger end by twa gudgeons, thi9
tiest within hoidksy pi^par^d for them on the top iol the
4awej: iron frame, while the smaller exiremityas fiixe4 ^^
•^ end of the sfime frame,, that li^ bene%^ tb^ twyrep;
JKod fipom ibis la^^t-mentioned part, of tbetai^apipe as<^0^
:iiifd enters the twyre, through which |)ipe; of cottmie,^ the
•wind is to pass nrhett the bellows are warhe<^ il^hfcb '^^pd^
WtifH is perfOfQied b) aii iron piece, shaped eo W to. form
'Ai^e Mdes of a sqnar^ whose two e9i|reini<f6» are jeinted
to the lower square iron fram^, while4t^ tbi^ tfidehatigtt
do^wn below tl^ 1p>glIow|^ JFrgm thg m^^le of this lower
«»^e^fliK<5<^§ B^j?^^. f^^ right angleji^ at t^ie. %ide opi^o^ji]^
Mi4^^ ^«Xtftk ^t^pa^ ^^ is W^-cle fofko^d^ io, tolijl H,l??l|er
jar.|Milk^V.a»4 f, ha^dtje h^mg f^^t^^ ^^^ ^ M^f^Ml^ at
' the joint of this apparatus,. and rzsisig oblique)^ upwards
.t<wrv4^, th«i Jgfre ^^ 9if tbe forg^^ it fojilw^ ihm ^ten ,
tW4^?liB#? ift J»oy%4 <» .wid frp^ tb^ |>i*ll?X wU H-^I^
I^J&^Ws^^ ^ ^Wt th^ bottp«i of tii^ beUow9,,.?[nJ
withdrawn agai^^yir^^^^ajd*^ Vy .yif^^ipl^ TO»W %^iV^ft^
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lift 1h^$e$ifMei$f0lim$^
«p^ sqmre iron frame, that rests on the tope of ftelege^
kj^ wMch the bellows are sustained vp out of the irt^
when reqairedj which fits them better for ship ase, espe-
cially at the tinies when the deeks are sentbbed and washed.
This forge seems well ealqulated for the situation last-
mentioned, as it is a considerable object on board ship to
hare erery thing contrired so as to be stowed away in as
little space as possible ; and a forge is a very necessary
appendage to a ship, particularly where long TOyages are
designed, when accidents may always be more or less ex-
pected^ for the repair of which a forge would be iodispeib»
iHible. We suppose the patentee intended his forge en-
.tirely for this use, as it appears to us that the comnioii
portable forge on wheels,, used in our military Benrice> it
preferable to it £6r locomotion on land.
The patentee, in his description of the stand for the
forgej gives the two square iron frames that connect it to*
geUier the appellation of rings, which perversion of lan-
guage causes a difficulty in understanding the specification
that deserves to be noticed^ as the distinction between
round and square is such as cannot be expected to be con*-
founded^ and therefore is the more puzzling when they am
thus used as synonymous terms in a document, where pr^
cisioti is so highly necessary.
PaUnlgnmiedioJonff tfsAVHCOAT, ofTiverloni Laee^m^u^Hehirtr,
Jut dh ifHpr&vtd ctoiuftiwud method rf^trtin^n^ modkii^tTy utta m ms
mtmijhehgfe of lace, etud in ih$i fued m wetmng mtd tii fytsn^iy Jy
j»mdr^ Dtited aih Msrch, leSi.
ttit specification of this patent relates to the bnildingn
tm cMtaining the machinery mentioned in the titto, mor^
tiian to the machinery itself, atid of thia, its fraaM^woilL
iiMM ta btongkt into nie on thia oecaMon.
tkd MMlifttei for maldiig bobbm
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ad£tioh^ itii» io many ptllatB, for sapporting ihe Aootb^ to
lyhiph purp(^se t^e fijamejs .of powCT^loomsy and t|ip^fl of
4»e fidf^^mei^ tt^ed'lii spimim^ doitoh; Wciot/^dmi^/ are
i|)F^eftbl6 i^60, aii^ ;Whapi t3iosi$ iis^^d^liK Vbi^''Miin&
;;^;^nia^e of .^^^^
l^^f^f |flie^<io6t of so ttiany tons of Hotij iifhi}ili'ky^^
i^^t^^^^^y^^^ r^uirWlW.t&ih ofie ti^^ uc?'irili]f4»
^W^'from^h^,!^^^^ ' '■■^ ^ '. -*■ ;"\^j'.'' -, '"^f'^'
A, v'Pi^* ^h^^ P^^^ into exeitttkm> it i6 ipfop66^di»'«t^
foi4nW 'iii^ sides of t|ie marines to ^ as piWliiii^
e ground nopr^^or exiiih]^l6j, . |Kdl
i^itk an alley lietWe^n uktiii^ ViH
^d for th^ btiildi%; ' Tbe 'sdd^bA
Wfiranie.f((>r tiis piit^oke ^
their len^h, flAiiches e^n^^
ea^t'at t^p sides^ m the dii^^ctioj^
;h 6^ tljie miir; to tie fte^^
j^s V prevent ttie ^liflf 0 , ioMtuik*
i' yielding either to a iater^' '6r
longitudinal thrust. A proper foundation having Weh^ 6f
eoarfc^/ fir*l prt|wwsfaf-iiflfr tJibter^l!^ double use,
(ieltt#M/y flWif frMriW'^ W^liM^^illlstAlfadf IMMMrilfjr^IlM^
fsAimeA hjf (sTci^dW^hotts afeoVe the up^^ flahche* of *th*
fe^<N^fe|gflfeigf%yafa3f»^1^^
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122 NeHdioflfetd FatliMI^
should lie a combinkii/dh of irdn; Affetfiasi "^W U^^
brieks, so as to be fire^pY^Mf. ^Or^^Ai« ii60f)^«inl -lii^
rectly over the l6weri2ilUr8/atioflltlrfieti*IM^iOfW
in the same inaiiner/to BUs€tiil'tbeMie6bnd'4(K)l^iflHii!^
lower flanches, by this position, can beAnitiMKl'^t^'tliib
beams by the same set of screw-bdltft wfaicb Hnit^iof'^m
the upper flanches df the lotrerpiliart.''; • < : r -^V
The second floor being formed as the ftrs*, a third ^t
of pillars maybe erected above it, in the efieuif^ '^w^)r> to
support a third floor, and so on, successively, fMnaaoy
floors as are desirett may be formed, ' '
The principal frame work of the maduMry^ ft&d thil
floors being thus erected, will fo^ altogether' ilid^i^eisjeat
of the walls, which the patentee directs to; be built outside
the whole^ and independent of th0 floorSirfti^s^ a^ o^jijr to
assist in supporting the roof. \ '- j - / ; . i: >
./ But to fu^er economize) whemexfei^ivSf^WQTksof tl^Hf
nature are required, the patenteeidire^to AaAttbt^ bja)}4ii9f
or framing described shall be arranggedin the ;«aclt»;Df4
sides of a hollow square* banting only waUs^ of iMSopfgr
jextemally> and entirely openito the inside veii^i in wbicj^
way the floors will somewhat r^^sembletbe g^Ulerie^tpf r%
play-house. The atea in the middle \$i to h^ p^y^erM }^
above with a roof, having numerous or ^xteasi)Y6ijkyj
lights, to give light to the wprk-p^ople.at tli^jsi49>.^le
large windoivs in the external v^alls iUumipi^^ the.builc^nf
fully from the outside* ... i. .... - ,.. ;-, . j
^ this last part of the |>Ian^ besidea tbe spring, c^^th^
expence of nearly half the wdls usuaUy el9pl<^^[|ia^rjnpi^
buildings, for the muc^ less cost of itbe additiooiil nni^i^wii^
also give great facilities to ecoiK>tuze both in tt^M^iming
and lighting the factory so fQrmf}d,:a])d wUkfJliXtflWVf^
I render the inspeetton of the wpihrpeople .inpfQ e|»y^jMtf
capable of being peiformed by feiver pei^vqs^^ fpr:fv4><i^
If^tter design the patentee proptoseif to .#r^;t f)}tHMii?g,i||
the centre of the square, higb^eooiilgb &r th^. fm9^¥H^$ f§(m
wh^ncie the omiseem Wfty >ob^i?»^0{mgf(pM(re^^S m^^*
Besides the advantage oCtsonomymentionedntly 9, 9ie»
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imi€4(9^o/ ^eiv Patenti. 123
^offeoiF tnilMi^rwiU^ give greater irmqeeft to' tKe fabrie,
aiid iMtkc^ tki i^ol^fnttoe Hkore ioflexible^ so as to better
f6«ll<^'^9'ri(ibvf^OQS ^yoftl eonc^issions of tbe mill work^
iriMnlll i^<lQ»i]^«l to^be v^ry.pvejudieial to the operations df
didiciite^iMeKaitisfii^
m^e.^pa^ateerdotes oat ooi^fine himself to a quadrangalar
form for the^e buildingf^: but claims the use of any other
lighHi|led{>olj/^Bal figure also for this purppse, and only
ttcHides t)iose withcuvted-sides^as right«Uned figures are
i^messaqr iafibe^ •shape of the floors, for the mor^ perfect
and economical arrangferaent of the frames of the machi-
i^tylMO as tot pHroduce the bept support of the floors, and
tiiaigceatfei^ slabiUty for therfebric. .
<>'Ate%rttmgefliehtof buadinfg, rery similar to that above
described, was proposed a few years since by Mr. Jeremy
B&ll^m^ to b^'uttediti fte construction of prisons, and, as
#SIf- tti^>ire ca A' rfecoltect; particularly for the Penitentiary at
IfRntteiik I Wc thi^ patentee is tbe first, we believe, who has
ffidugttf (^ajiplying the principle to fiictories, for which it
wd^ 'rio dbubt be well adapted, when they were suffi-
ciently extensir6; we mean merely as regards the form of
ffiePBulfdingi for* the other parts of die plan are no doubt
alpj^ie^I^ t^ ikctt>ries of ail sizesv
-''W'biiiitneh'ddtibt whether the mode of inspection proposed
iW%tt te'^f(jaiid iwdequate; piarticnlarly in a very large
building, ks it would be hardly possible to erect a central
fi^dtS ^^ ^ to'^nwoind the ^iew of every part of it ; to
0i)r^^ik^<lii^gof)die netcess'^^^ the inspector's passing in
|iliftdh'lb'tll^'|j1(ibe "vrihirehe saw any thing amiss, whibh
Sriidl'ptc^d^d f^ by libe patentee, though Mr. Bentham
%liir'#^fat^eYrd€^dto krraiigements for this purpose in his
ffi^, •'*rtd(* iJie 'ot shaffe of his building (that
4f64^ ]l§t 6tii€ a iace mill, fofrdie' cause before stated,)
Mulbh If^dtft^t^'IBls Well «y its size -being upon a scale that
«wid4wt;to»w^fb»a;$wtoty; '
^%IMlrli ti 'dniift4drfttitag« rdHhin mode-idt erecting a fiMH
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134 mm ^ifim Patms.
tory, which tho patented doea mi vyax^m, Hkii tllii<9h
would abo asmt in mafcii:ig it come oh/eailer thm the
dommoQ mode, which is, that in the latter the npace ht^
tween the floors, or the height of the rooms, milet he
considerable, to enable the work-people to hara suffidellt
air f(^ health, or. to endure the smoke of the numeroos^^
lights necessary for such factories in winter; but in the
method proposed by the patentee, the floors nleednot be
more than seven feet apart, as the internal space above
the central area will, in this case, yield aJt>undant supply
of air, and carry off the smoke of lamps, tsandles^ or gas-
li^ts, most effectually.
We doubt much whether external waUs ooukl be built to
stand long, of the height usual for factories of the descrip-*
tion mentioned, without having any ties or beams to
conn^t them, or assist in withstanding the impulse of the
elements as proposed by the patentee, as he express^
directs that the beams pf the building are to be unstained
alone by the inten>al iraming, and have no conuemon wit|i
the walls^ But though experienced builders would not he
easily induced to raise lofty walls in this manner, this de.-
fect in the plan is easily obviated, ^s the mod§ of erepting^
the internal fraqiing gives^ facilities for forming cheap
external fences against the weather^ of various kinds; for
example, a little addition to the iron fraiuiog propi^ed
would form a fu^ci^i^t support for the pp^terials fpT this
purpose^ instead of requiring any from them ; and aa i|i'
buildings of the nature prqposad^ large windows wo\^ l^
jcequired, and of course the spaces bet^ween them, would b^^
iprop^rtiouably narrow, si^posing those wiqL<J9Q\ya placed
l;]ietween iron pillars, somewhat similar to the others,, and
.^ b^ connected in Ulf^e ma^er with the beams> the inteV
^vala betwe^u them being thus Sgomed i^to square iro^
itmmt wightf be filled up withaiugle brick walls, secured
by tl^in iroi^ cro^sjties ; or iron frames might b^ fitted intp
them, similar to sash frames, is^ the f qufirea of whi^h.alat^P
•might he fitted anifa^iten^ i^ ^^^kl^im mw^VS iRj^PV^^^
of glass, but with some oeMpt cheaper than putty; for"
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2MM h/Mti^ AiMHI. W
ll^fch'.flttydjie . Bkhmu dmmh i«s it k tf alM, n^mU eh-
i(fir. ¥61)^ lKieU( imd tf th« tiiiide ^f th«M friiMii W«r«
fitted .h|i wi^ •Ifttw likiiivioe in thf^ mme mmtieVi the aif
WDdliied in <be wfkhm, b9tw««a tbtth aUd the •xtemtl
ilfiitos would i)9t]ii a.ivjfifteiMt.lMifriQr ftgti&it ckangcfs of
did ainoa^ibm^.io kMfi tbe buUding til waMi^ M K^Ofti
f»ll^/ffmU; 8inc0 donfiiiddaif IB w«ll known to te on«oC
ftiibest ttoB^oondttcton of tempemtttrt*
raUni granieial io the Mei. Mosts Isaacs, tf Hounitditch, London,
^ ^MjMv^frtelill Tft WBchinkry, v/hkh, when Icejpi ih nk^ioh ty any
^M^ phi^WVfeigfd, ^ Uf^d&lAle to oMtsti cmnMoh tty waM
^ pntMdkigiBtmiiitit^tibn, a^d k^ iBhkh ik6 frietwk ii e^Mfifiei
^ a wi^p9uferfi^pti>peUhgcaiiiiagu^ veueit^nUfoUr^ a%d
frinfig' fftoiwH i9 machinery n Dated Feb* 1.9/ 188ii
'-^lin «t>ddficttidn of tiiiki j^etit contaitiiSt sev^ra! dil^
n^t ^^it^, ftdtue 6f Which me Reverend Patentee h^
WroW^d aflfer tb^ fii(ihi<>h of the Jews tdwiif ds the Bgyp-
tiftnsf diidxothetii by no meanl^ cbttespotd to the intelligible
j^rtbftliA title.*
Thi filM 6f thei^^y whidh oomeft tindet th^ At^t blai^^, ii^
a'wbedl ifAiSi uprlng stpoke^, 6on«istitig of the fellies, rim,
atid.^&ye^ttiadeas ustial, but having arched spokes, formed
tf /toiie, 6tedl {detef, oi" any ol^er elastic materfat, th6
ion^ itttre^ti^s of ^tchare confined between two hoopd
kk Vkif nlLfe^ While iheir other ends, iare let into the fellies.
To prtNreni t iDtoiage bebg oirerthrown, tbe patentee
Akeet^ an iknplement Uj be nsed, consisting of a metal
Itlhe, inoMsing a rod having serrated teeth at its sides,
whieh are ftit^d on by a pair of spring nippers or catdhes.
Tliie ia to be snsp^hded in snch a position fVott the upper
^lUft ^f the carriage, thai ^hen it inclines over abo^^e a
^i^rtain idegte^y the rod will fidl forward front the tube by
im ^wttWe%htr and beihg^ prevented frotd returning by
ltet$Mdh«i!^ (Hissing didl the serii^tedtdeifa, will'&ct aS «
^^Mft^ir^ frou aij^JitetWiAClinaixoti,
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126 Jfiiiic^ofmiiJ^aim^
. The next article 16 a prc^poiied^^^
wheels and pinions, to trahsfet tBefBc^idn^ of tBle\&^^
and make it aid the propeUntg-of the machinetif. Heri liea
ihe.gnuid secret of the bn8ine;|s^ and il^ ^^f! tpjfhich
the title of the paJ^nt.hft9Mj!^.i^|e]Q^q4^
for the public, thj? ^ev^Patemte^ has|frj^feri:e4 liojo^^
patent uneles^ and untenable rather ..tJban.c^
and actually gives no. account whatever how^»aid<ll bev;^!^
wheels and pinions" are to be made to per j^rqa this,nura^.
The third subject of the specjificatioi) ri^ns quite^ ^j^e
from the title, and is actually new. ' Jtjs np Jes^^^ai^a
steam-engine^ differing from all of th^t numejfrous ra<;^ w^h'
which we are aqquaint;ed. ' It is to have tifle^ fiyiifidijijcyl
bpilers, ranged above a moyeable furnaca^th^pmiddle..one
of which lies higher than the other, two, .about the ext^t
of its seppii-diameter. It has also two working cyltnd^,
one at each end 9f the beqxn^ and^two.sp^^To^
opening and shutting tbe^alves, plapf^d in a similar ^W^fr»
The furnace or fire-place turns, on ^y)r9|^iYqt^^ in j^^^^
of its longer axis, so as to incline at it^ uppe;: part &b^
23 degrees with the horizon; and pipes passing. f)rqm,t]^e
boiler, most exposed to its heat by thj^s^jpo^jtioni^ to j^he
working .cylinder at the opppsit^ side, elevates ji^^Js^i^ton,
and forces thereby t^js other end of the beam tp djesffe^,^
which closes the vaj^ves of ^ the steam, pipe betvre^n ^t
cylinder and the first boiler^ by the, sp^ii^rod i^t. ij^ffif^f}^,
and turns over the fire-place to the pppositf bqi|efJ^ v^l^fi^
acts on the other cylinder in a similar m^njuer ; fmd,£p on
alternately* But an ex^aordinarj?; ^tt of the contrjy^pe
still remains. Any one would suppose th^^^ the. steapo,
after acting on the jji^toui. w^ou|d Ij^ either ,perniit^^,iu^
escape or to pas^ into a con4enser.^ Tbe,pat^pte|e,,^^
ever, has no idea of thus wasting this v%i^ab|8.ag;e9lJK jbut
directs that it is to g£^^f,i[jffJljj|,p^^hj34ler^nLeJ^^^^
is the one fromwhicj^ th§^ ;
and thys supposesihc^tthfi ^^^SiB'^f^ ^^'^^^f^^^^Bf^^?.^^
in the boilirs by the mere nutation ot me nf^j^p^i^k^ J^
small degree mentioned^ will be sufficdjefiV^o proai^|ii<Pia
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i^tH^^ ^iT/l^^ P^^^^* ^27
l^fpp^iire on An opposite pistons, pQwerfal enough
'"Anything new relative to our potent auxiliary, the
^i^jj^m-enj^ne,^^^^ some attention; and the idea of
^^eretihg, by causing a change of temperature in two
l^hc^ileris acting on the same engine, is certainly of this de-
^'icription : btit we have good reason to suppose that for
^e cotiimon^rate of working, this change could not be
effected sufficiently speedy by any means of withdrawing
' di: screening the fire from the boilers. If engines could be
apiplied to any useful purpose, which would make an al-
ternation of the piston only once in ten or twelve minutes,
''perhaps the {patentee's plan might be made to act, but by
"nb/ means in the .econoifiical.mQde he thinks ; for in this
way hcl loses the heat of Ixis steam through the sides of the
i>otr(^r, which^ is the valuable part of the steam (and, in
' t&ct; iixs by the alternation of this loss in the two boilers
'ihat his engine could work at all)» and only saves the water,
' virhictij ^except for loc(^motive engines, is of no value, and
Tor' tb^m only as its expen(iiture makes a greater weight
" necessary to be carried.
.'" Oi?Ui6 prop to prevent carriages being overthrown, we
^ Will oiil^ observe, that as soon as it touched the ground it
Votfld pe either broken or tumbled over by the progressive
'motion of the carriage, there being nothing attached to itj
^ to prevent this effect.
' '* O^ the bevelled wheel and pinion apparatus we will re-
' serve our opinion till the patentee pleases to explain to the
'public how they are to perforni the purpose for which he
' designs them, ah^ thus fulfil the proviso of his patent, which
Irelcttes only to this p%rt of his specification, as its title will
' ftimdantly prove. ^
" .fiuitl/,' or the Wheels with' spring spokes we must ob-
brve, that the fteverend Patentee has not only borrowed the
^intention, but part of the d^seription of it given by the
^ifes!ii^nt6r: v ' '
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tS8 Jmmi^N^Pwmtkv
Arts. Sec there are some objtflnf fttittite om mh$^iinMufpmi
roads, and the draft of horses, communicated by Mr. 3.
W. Boswell to a Committee of the House df Comoions^^Bp*
|>ointed to tnke these suble^it^ into cousiderstiptx, which,
with several 6ther similar papers, were otdered tpbe pthited
by the House/ in 1809. In the plate accompanying th^a^
observatibns will be ftmnd a figure of this Very wheel with
tiering spokes,, and in the description of It Hj^e ve^ ^aiix^
directions for festenitig one end of each of tJie 'spokes 10
tike nave by two hoops, and their other ends to the fetlies,
that Mr» Isaacs gives ;; and also the. following^ accoWfit of
th^ advantages of this species of wheel, gr^aipart bf whid^
the Rev. Gentleman has copied into his s|)ecifib]^tion. ; tn .
the third paragraph of ihe section bti the sp'rlbg Wheel, tit
Mr. Bosweirs pttper, it is stated that "the spring Mrheel
#ould possess the very singular property of pfeyeiititigr.ftH
loss of momentum from common obstacles d:nd t<it$ ; fot
when the rim struck an obstacle, the re-actiony inste^i^ of
destroying part of the momentum of the carriage, would
4xily cause tbe spring spokes to bend tbWards k ; and'^h^ii
ike axle was past the obstacle, the recoil of this binding,,
which would then take place, would add as mUoh.tO^the
teloeity of the carriage as the bending befortelkxjk from JU"
This^ gross plagiarism, to say no worse of it, is noj yery
ereditable to the Rev. Patentee, and certainly Would merit
more reprehension if die very act did not briQg its punish-
ment along with it, by rendering his patent .untenableJ
Indeed it is very doubtful, even: without this, if a patent,
where a specification .differs so widely as. Mr. Jtsl^a.c$'*
does froin the title of the patent^ and containing matter SO
totally unclmneoted with it, could be sustained in a Goutt
of law ; the title of a patent, and the aitact accordance (^t
the specification to it, being points.of v^ great impprtaijC^
to its validity. * .. ' *'V. ^"
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-J Jfliil^jQln MI^PVMWIiim-M ffUMfolllirM noil Uf TmU'fWmgwtKMfWP&mi^fWUIBf
Me/iilk ccmsiiUfig Of one rail 6nlf, eletated oh poisti/aome
Iteigbe ^ftbbve tile ^tiud; <hi tliis rail catrik^es of k
p«e(i1iar t^biiMMtiion kire 1^ be hiored Witfiout upsetiitig^'
bj'hirvAig thi tettttt 6f gravity* 6f tbdi^badmg sodpendtM
ifMw theliA^ tlf tojljitiH^ bf'rail. Thejr ttre to liire bat
tftb wh<jek, plaeed 3 or 4 feet apatt on H&e raS^ ''whose'
fbdea im to support! a fight iron frame, /h)in tthttk Vbt
HMftag ik to-be aiispended in two cases or paKikages, ^oii*
nt iekeh'std6 ot^ ifbe raif, in iiuch a manner, ihat V a iittle
il6Te -weight shoiiid be in one than in the -Other; it' Iha^
^dtmatetklly impede tte progress of the carnage ; and
tiMSy fore^ cfnK^n totwtfd hf tiie horses, with ropes of 2d^
or 30 feet in length, as boats are on canals. The polgfts;
when BUid^ of ^mt iron^ ^^ to be oonstnUted in fihe
^Nm e#' two planes^ orosaiagp at right vagUiBp aiviilar toi this
piUaB|,of ftonefif thefa8«lampS| with a. projeeting hAiam
afwtol flaneh mih^ ibHdU t)f their Imuifik^ and thperisg'
i|0mewh%t in b0tb.direetio>i^8,fro«ithende;. tbia flaneh i^ tal
lie al the irarfae^ of 4^ gfotni, when tlw pbatlia ftxM b^
itii^pla4e^atl b^loiril! being buried in theeatth; at theiop*
^ eaeh post a. sit^ orfbrk witli pantUel sides^^ia fomediii
tbe tbifeptioa of th« mile, the exkrealitiea. cf two piaiteti of
wlueh rest leithni ll» tUy being fisrined with Veftioal
aoaifed jointe th«rb fat that p^oae, aoad baviiftg' benealfa;
them wedg^fieoed^ by dnvtng which Uui levet ofiUaae
raila can be tidjudted 4»0Dre ' exactly. ' Wlimi theipieciaaQf
the rail exceed a bestain length,- they pasa thtoug^k.ther
top9 of jnoie of Ae posts^ bal in idl caaes are plftsed these
as d66«ib€4. . Te fix the pdata firinly iti thegftnasdy a ibim
i^dt|g>of ^prof^dspA^depeBdiilg eethe natiMedftiBe
ifQiln.and ita iNQ^ttoin ranlaed'finBa wiAh a ceaatel raidHs^^
by m iB^igifie like e email ^IvUg engine;: sodae:'bBdkew
sM9M>.»wcb jaa «ce used tbi jasdung reedsi^ aee tfaoa Arpwir
iD| mMlTitaomAi uti tt die pUoe iirfendwl fee t)tv Jb^ton*
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with lew inction and re8ii|t{|psf.4^ (^.^x.^ .l<^>kn>0rs
,aM$^«rt9^^;8««^i;«tegjM?eiMH«t a Ifg^ on
i^lriiy of '^FfeymatiMfiB: jUsf iMMtoiied oFlff. '^tfMIKii
MI&Wc^^ ^lid et«A^ tbrsitsf«6t<««4gg^
.ttt^litfibgiag'aiiirge*^ suilaoci «fttfe|e a9ll« WEid4k>8i»vF'b()^«f
thenaTeuttb contaidt/ ih«ts«Ut'«f^e<«il'|)«k^)inr0<»feM«d
l^'h ftoitataMiiiiiing tli«'ifta^A}t'MBiwd%e/as'«Mr;i P^mer
•"^if'iUn'trar/^hieh ib «tosfegiihiMt>9fa <^^
'li^nif affile ^b^l'b^'ddoi «^lli6'«iutte ohltH^^^,
^itJ^iUttibiirbiPtHt!-r^H b;fil^ ^i%ek,<«/ti^B{kal^^,''inakt
'l^fioaM^^t^ibtf «^n<dbJ4olil(lb'MaiMfailiW Cle^^ ifbahb.
"«» <tnbiiiftaijb& df <)^8^ti6«iib>#iltt(^%«ij(to8liiy; ftM^vHSmy
«0odiKJtedi vith' wheels, aitoff and bbt}i pwto of tho aiK
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^llimi^ gi^dtelittitf t^Bfeiiir^^
^^H9i^!k»6lh^faifel«' am «niy^t«>lidi' 'H'inhi pWit* ftei^
'^(k^teigjA^r^^aa tJt^Hr^i^ the adihe^^ il6-.
4(^^%$^fy^«r j»%^, iseSbM p^38<9 die
two ciccttlflur surfaces ^^the nkil> «iid of tlu^%heilrPi iMy'a»
- *1^ w»ni:>^ymmi^ tb^tett^pd tm^ «fld ifofti^^^tfo'^
Aic^a iaif^dftioQi :«adtbH?k Ai» puWG»||»#lft.a^^
JrqmM^ifi^^rl^^S^^ %bw(, i^»»ilftp|k^4HP>Jl^
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tk^ lilted i^ htOm we Mm d«eid« fad# hx iSnk jHteto #itf
tiMt fitM^f: vUdi pioints we Aiy Hot fliiiik 6itiBEid6iltl3l^ pt^'^
i4dfd(for by tlM pMebtee^ In poiut^of exj^nd^^ iw66cMa*
Ailr^t&bB w^gdlcbferliioBe to be iuide 0f ircm; cddirhett
fismuM xifjifatft lidter thaterial; ire thkilt At pSktenM de</
diiffMliinl$Qtfia.0«ippofiiligthttiiill vaiUWay can be inad^
dMl^r- Ibai^ a ciomiboi^ ctouble one ; for, 'aipjidisiib^ Uf
mM wMhfW^ta 6f the iafaiti utrtegtk aft Aky ^^ and of
oMcaarnqninag suttpotts, aatbey dd^ at ^wtyHbtte^ fSiit/
or thereabouts, now his pillatt b^ing tiir^e feet at leaftt
aiMreigrdUiid/ andias iMtcUnitoebelQ^lthe eai!tli,'(ieo6ttt-
ia|^ tD'llia dia^kigs) and requiring to be of consideraUjf^
gleafer anbstuice^ iiia evident that they will- tkke'^t lAasr
doithie tiie.n^eight 6f iron fdr their, dohstnietidtt^ lAich
weuld be neoeesary for the deeond rbil^ eated by Ins platf ^'
aad i£i at he^irbposca^ tbey b^Mi Mthetf aeimderr'isc^Miii^
watt^ be gamed in this^ lespecty eiaee the raili ihe« iMitbe
ited^aomhek atroi]igci;inptopinfii0ii; (to'Whieh most be'
add*d«r that they most in all cases be made of ^buble ttitt
stieQgth' of .comaioa raildy ocn ofthep bsyrlng to emttMi'
theitad of two of these^) and: ap for the ledgfiie of tim' AniV
b^tweep the posts, saggested, their weighit to -^Artf A#
usual loads, must beso maeh greater than ^fnft of Ahy^dm^
needy* that/ we itiudi/ doubt if avy^theoi, «(f iron aolety,
wiU e?er be oonetnieted^
. .That eiectmg .nuioeeous Ut^ pillare #f ivon;- aepfOfMMd
'by:the patmtee^ean. cost lees ^tlum endiaah»MRite of bartb^
(bi,genetal thechekpest niodeknown.t>f faielog4tti eiitalttd
8ii*fiioi)i we: cannot in anjrreepeotersdi^ and ean eCtfi leee
give iaith to> the aodUantage of mafcilig rail^wajrtf of th{#
liquid tenieethigk above the level of the terfli, ndvooated'
, hgi^eoase ofjhiii.fciende*. . - ' ^ *
.,We hiive fotthte ta netaariL^ thia4i^i^d8:MmM ni de^
aigoad pB^thkiaihu^a]^ will^ireia thMnpeadifaue tlrinhga^
meal^bo eitronely^'liabfot^tokimtedri^gfaMiit-^^
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qase of aiitofm^ blowing.aerowtlie'mii:, iMy^ mwwIiifniM
BO .gmtt as to latndaei tii% ra|l»-«ay totetty itiipa8iabU-.fi9r
tiietii9ef^jUsdiumAioiu i
T^.ilijiiffjfrfbMiiimaqttal loads, aitiie twoaid«i«f tbs
cwnriBgeB, W9 do. notJlbiol: would be Unmdmy alig^raa
«»ertQd by. tho pa^eatee^ who «Ht6s' tbat attAoqupatid
withg€Dmef^.4iui8tba^hjs.opiiiion'oa'timpon^ NoAr
in tbe flnrt piacei it; r^baiiis ni^itk hha to thowwMi pn^
bUai^ of gsoma^ tan be brought to bear Ott the qoeatioif,
ai}d that h^ baa not a«ed the word geouetr; bera ta' the
vulgar sense for equUibriiiiii; and^mlsbe iM«^*pliMM^ Id
poiat out how he prevents the danger inourred by the
oblique position of the wheels, -whidi this must occasion,
of tbe carriage beiog entirely dismounted. The rods,
which connect tbe loads with the ttitles,' ^b^ing jointed to
ttiS»iiaQ(as tob^iju^ right wgU» ta tli^m iaaH ^eir, o^ciU
l^iiopB^ (vfUoix ^^ s^pposQ i# wltsA is ineant bjr tbeir beiajg
i^k^iblf,)t]xQ^fbi it will, when the centre of gravity of tte
load is placed belgw.tbaraili Wp (ham from tu^iblii^ off*
dir^<»%> yM^^m not^ pi^eva^t the risk of (he ap^d^tjpen^
t9pf}^^!^]|4^,^| wiJIl Mvcreaaa thi^t of their b^ing kneefced -
a^^cw^ thf post^
Tn conclusjof I wara ^wa oWigad to dei;ide on Ihequaa*-
tipi^in tbp f res^irt at»ga of ibia exparimei^t), wh)cb, haw-
^ver| we do m>i wish to do^ wi^ woi^ld say i^^t the plan of
single raij^T^^p ^9i|ld, bf spQ$iped tQ.tbat speejes.c^ thelyi
consj^uQt;e4 ^ ^i^'^.wV aa |4t^y .wj:jald..bat jim?^ ^o
gr^ de|5?c|i.Qf tjtie iy99diE». frfwaing would, be it* vrmt ^ -
^B»hiJMy>ft?^,tf^ e^ipence;Qf.i,te .|rapa^^ipa,ip^ in ,
the piifttfj^^Y'hifh^ wquW; b^ f xt^enudy. U^^ to rqt at Ijb^
leveJof Uxe ground J for is^tuchjii^fMrderrto'i^lv that w^
have no ,ill.will to the plan^firom bei^g.abl^ to ^^ itf
^^^^ ,w«^,l^yjt JWjWt.^ut. a^i^mQdXif nyjj'icli.wift m^f^ tJiem
% i|a{«j^tji(oe.fK)^e^iw99^f^^
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M before diM»iiib|lp^i the ootberalisKrfdbnjIi^ ^<bo«^
't» Ikniw^tdff; Ae Kdn ;! aid) in , ^das liWU the |fikt{^gUm>^
tighJt, the wood intthie fShrtsbotifatWf Bsritttdriy^^
hficf¥K$i a ^iMtbod itls^adji {Metnad to^greatr ktaoiYSn
Ae fMM^f«tiMMk o£ utiivea £)P.io««Li ;;to fiatlitete JiAkit
.plM^a»\m4 hetVe adiristd tlto-adobefay tq JbQrjmdexeqBan^
iiifelead of tyVrndrieal, aform wlMbi^iatatlifr feipBCts;«iii^^
. 1 . .T .:.i "'•;.■ : .:^ r •,:<•:. ^om c-v^T
l^jiiixhay,: SuiT^^ fbr' imprbvyine'nttfSw tif?p^
e^ss of, and apparatus for, di^tilling.^
i 825.— Si;|: mpnths to; eprol si|)ecij(icati6^ ' '^ "^ \^p
'^iP^AviiiTtlEpMui?^^^^ Gir^iisi,^ did Sfrife^lto^d,^
Milfdfesex, ■ engineer/ fbi* impro veriehts' in iKaiftiing''6t^3fl£^
s&uctiiig ships/ houses, and other 1)uTldittg:slr^lJate2'3ffinlP
2^ 1825.-^Six months to enrol specification. ':"^ ^^:^*^^ ^^
' Xf E OB G E t o ^^^^^ lb n; Qf'Vif biVei-feaioip^*^^'^ iSfpii't. ^ M^d
imj^rovcmentm
June 28, l826.rp^ix tn^^^ "l^:^^^
3 qnvj&k AT H CO it io^^
iinproyementsinth^ method
Dated Jul^ 6, l8^.-^ij^ months tb ^nrol specfifc^fic!i£'^^
JWitLiAM ft^Ycock, of iieeds; woollen cloth inabtt%%?
ttirer; for mprofe'meritk m takchittety tor'AreiSyigiinSt'
finishing of cloth.—Dated jWlf ^^im!^^ ^bfth^ W
eiirdlWefcif^ii^n.^^^^^^-^ ^^ ,.. ai-:..ir. . ;^k aV
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. d<Aficlfl2titliit9ti fi^AMt|ittpcfif JlfatopteftilAUf rWmilgfr
. JoHJN^ Day, of Kottii^ghamiCtHkl S(^^
iame plax^e, lafce«ai«iM|i&ctureni, for an impro^emettt oa il
pusher twiBC or bebbiiMiei-maphiiit>'» 'Dated Jiily 8, 18S&
7wo ftioaths to enrol specification.' , <
Waltkb Hlii<fd%;:Toi;^Sng^JNireet^tia[ortha^iipton^
«WSffi^^^^??§f^^^^^^ /?^ an ipiprpyem^ or ipi*
pj^tma|^p|{^i^ pr4(ub6a^
fi^lt^.^l^i^^e.^r conV^y^an^e of flut^s.-^Da^d July Id)
ll^26.^^--^ix monmfif^to enrol specification. / ^ ■ J' '.
^ js^lSlWf W^JftWT Mid !lp[}|:N«T HiMTj; of Leeds^ maim-
i^Ufif^ jSi^ J^pj^Y^en^^ tbe f rt of scribbling.! w^^
to enrol 8peci&ca);i,Q% ._ ..'. . .."..^.^^ ., '...'/ " -j-.- . ' |.'v,
]ii^|^^|)i^cH^^ bpt^oju. Le<^^^ f9^' i|b^rpve]% jn^J^d^^
emistrw)^.^^ ^h ^9^^ ^ fff^t ^9!f^^sMp9^}^t^ clot W-rrDai^
^-?li^ A^^SI^*^ ta^pi sj^edfica^^ j^ .
Ps^HA^RI^i, ,i3yij^,t^i«e.e^,v ajB^^^ Wilk^so^^^^
. ^Wff^i^l^f f^^ * 9^ 'M^!^^ W : i,>^proyements i^ Ij^nusj %ni
. Thomai$. M]US8£HQH]t^, of DeFizes, saddlf r^ Tor un-
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BoMM^ ianitm,. ^Mt{» for ocafaia micMMitaJ MaLngfiiiti
for obtaiaiag^porwm fmxatfi^BatmXi'ikoiiSf' and fof lippl]rift|;
tlfteMtiie tb DoiiiottB Qscfol ptDirpoieti^^Dated^Jttljr 1^ 1825.
KuE moBtki to sfltr]^ Bpec^oat^
. Thohu SiTimii dN, &f Stai^dej Millii, Giott0«46i«liM
imgineev, .fof 4mph>v«iieBt« in m^/^f^lffiS^t A«ktm§ 0#
cropping woollen* -mroUier elM»^-«^I>8t6A J^ 16^ UB2BL
8il months io.enfol ip>pitoati4w.
r Jte^H f 4J^kv^^ (if liintolKiW Inii' Fi^idsl JnOUMn^
utU^^ngmeen; fipir«uiiiMpii>¥eiilMtkillimps#MkB«lMd
16, 1825.-*Six months to enroll tipeeifiiifitiimi^ ' ' t
' I^MAi BqaucaoN Wa^Uiki^p^dfMf^ 2«oirfUhMitrtet,
fitoaml^Afiddi^flekf Gsnt. 4br an ifllpvevediahoot^^^^DttlMl
JSoly iJ^ ^I8Sd.i94^Bi&-«aBidn iairol specificalam] . {
iTifioMAs Cook, of UpptefinanKf PIsdo; lfitat:]UMK|,
SHZiiff;^ liinifenfdEit itai-t^^KsKry^.ftarimprdieiiicnUia'ihe
• cmstcuttlian of .C((iiiag68;.ai34 oniiaEitiQttto.1>eu«ed'4^^
miihi whet cpbj'grvaiidr safety to t^i psm(mi^ ndthg umtmIi
^srriageav and other aavtatages, will be.obtaiiMtdL^r'iki^
July 16, 1826. — StxuieaatfaHtd enR)l Sptbiftoitioii.- . . ' I
s ioaivBa CkftCf BsoicbTj«iE^ *dfTMaadH^lle^ /UktsdMnl;, *
for^aMneAbd of icoddaoting to and windqiigiupdntSpaolSoi)
faofabw, ifCmngs of cbttbh^ . flaafy wodl, or pAiif ;:^toraa
substances. Communicated by a foraigaenHM^PaledrAii^
}6^ il68&.^^^fitX!DiDfatbsiqauidlspenficatk^ '
W^ijjhtku HiBi^T^' Qeiit, joaMlIFosiffBH CijntfSfr/
it{tiintoiV bothti)f liseds^ ioraaappafat»s^^rdrgt?iii|psi^il^
motion to mnlesj«qd billias^'^Datedi Jal|y 16; liBsii-^^
laaatba 16 envci spcsi^cation/ / * - w - r '•'/</:. •* r
, - dfKKiff Paiimleb 3W x;A Foi^^y of GborgchBtreiSt, HMm^fi^
Jiqna|e» dentist, fair on iB|pn>mbt»t fGir>«xiMt(ilfo^>^ttfd
fakthbd. bf fiiing, ^ tcetkn-^Dl^lad Jaly :16> )6f}6>^lic
months to enrol 4afpedifiedtio{n : . j < . : — -
- JafiTA^KAif Dg^wHTOKpoftBtaeimall^ MtddlM»|^hip-
iin^, ifi>r faitproMmeixta oiiJiiaaehiiiia er^^iatipl»>-«^&tt^
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THE
REPERTORY
i:. . , * . ... •
"OF
PATENT INVENTIONS, &c*
No. III. SEPTEMBER, 1826.
Sp&c^ation [qf the Patent granted to Joseph Sfjsnceb^ of Belpar,
, . Tkrbyfhire, Nail'Tmnvfaciur^r, for certain improvements in ikt
construction ofjurnaces or forges for the preparation of iron oriteel,
And for the process of manufacturing of nails and other articles from^
^ ike iaid materiah. Dated April 7, 18S4.
TO all. to whom;- these presents shall come, Sec*
J^^kMw'yBf that iu compliance wi^ the.aaid proviso, I,
.tbis.j8ai4 Jqseph Spencer, do hereby declare that the
^ilttuTf qC tny said invention, and the maimer in which the
same is to be performed^ are particularly described and
ascertained by the, following description thereoi^ (that is
lf> fifty) ;«-The furnace or forge which I baye«used for the
ataiking of nails (wbich is alsa calculated fojr other small
articles), is an elevation of brick-work, of a circular form^
four feet in diameter, and three £eet in height, having a
circular opening for the fire in the. centre, ^nd communi*-
caiing on the ground with the outside by an aperture, for
the piirpose of removing the dust and dirt that may fall
through the grate.
When the brick^work is carried up 20 or 24 incheS| the
circular opeaii:^ in the inside is to.be cav^r^ with a very
vot. I, I.
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138 Patent for improvements in Furnaces or Forges.
fine grating of cast iron, the bars being only a quarter of
an inch apart, and the grating of sufficient dimensions to
form a bottom to the fire-place. The brick-work is then
to be raised three courses, using either common or fire
bricks round the internal openingr insetting the tue iron
for the bellows, and leaving an aperture for the bellows
pipe. The whole is then covered with a flat circular cast
iron plate, in one^ two, or more pieces, having a rim round
the external edge, to the depth of six inches, to hold the
fuel fer the occamonal supply of the fire. This plscte has
an opening in the centre, sufficiently large to iake a frame
which is placed immediately upon the fire bricks, which
frame consists of a ring of casit iron, flit upoti the bottom,
one and a half inch thick on the outside edge, and bevelled
to the thickness of half an inch upon the inner edge. The
external diameter of the ring is 20 inches, afid the opetiitig
of the inside 14 inches. To this ring are fixed, iit a tri-
angular position, three pillars^ nine inches high, to support
another ring, of the same dimensions and material as the
ring above described, about half an inch in thickness, with
a small rim or selvage on the outer edge, to adiiiit of the
brick work of the chimney being pkced tvithifi it. Tbd
brick-work of the flue of the chimney is then carried froiia
this upper plate or ring to the height required. Theref are^
alsor inserted in the brick-work three troughs of east iron,
for the purpose of holding water.
The bellows ar6 suspended iipon a frame, in the Bituiitioil
that may be most convenient, and fere worked by h dovthH
lever united with at 1)oW, and passing round the chimsie)r
1*0 as to be within reach of every one of the workmen Whof
may be employed round the furnace j and in the makMj^
of nails six workmen may Be very adifantstg^usly employed
Ht &% same time, Who Will keep up it doiitiimal bla&ttfrdtiif
the bellows, so that the fire will be at all times in a brigii^
and vivid state.
I^ow though I have adopted a circular form atidf htitk^
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Patent for improvement^Jn Furnaces or Forget. 1^9
work in the forge or furnace described^ I do not confine
,m/maii' to tiie^eifoulit frnmy or biiiit m^kelt to tbe dimei^
fljoas kere gireiii as uny other form or mt mfty be uded,
better stated tdr ttle size and dhftpe of the article to be
manufsictured. Also stone may be lised in the elevation^
or it may be made altogether of iron^ or partly of iron,
stone, or brick-work.
In tbe preparfttien of iron, or steel, for the puiposes
pf manure taring nails or other articles, I use a cer-
tain portion of coal, puriiSfed as &r as possible by calci-
nation from sulphur or other noxious matter, and a certain
portion of wood ci^rcoah The proportions I have adopted
are, one-fQi:(rth part by measure of wpod charcoal, 9nd
threei'fourths, of prepared or pnrified cq^ ; but these pro^
poft^on^ rn^y bevari^d according to the nature of the coal,
and the metal to be wrought.
In witness whereof,. &c«
' OBSERVATIONS BY TH^ PATENTEE,
There are many novel features in this invention which
do not, on the perusal of the specification, strike the
reader, Nothing is represented to bis mind but brieks,(
mortar, and ixon^ in the form of a forge, with which sub*
stances forges have been erected sinoe tbe days of Zubal,
while, to the operative man, who has to preserve the quality
of pure iron ujo^injured, this invention presents a most in->
valuable acquisition. In no other foi^o (excepting a hollow
fire) can pure wood charcoal be used , no other forge is
constrmctedwitbout a back } no other forge has a grating
to keep the fire .^lean, and prevent the accumulation of
clinker ; no other ^rge will admit of the s^me number of
workmen being employed at the siame time \ no oth^ Ibrg^.
cm ^ erected at so little ^penc^.
t * ...
t 2
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140
' Spee^fioaHon rf the Paient granted to Jaco» Pcmxhs^ rftteet^reei,
London, JEngrineer, Jbr improvements in the modit ofheaiing, boiling,
or evaporating. b^ steam, of fluids, in pans,, boikris, or other ve^fds,
Dated May 17, 1823.
WITH AN fiNORAVING.
TO all to whom these presents shall comei 8cc. &c«
Now know ye, that in compliance with the said proviso,
I, the said Jacob Perkins, do hereby declare the nature of
iny said invention by the following statement thereof, thai
is to say : — ^Whereas I, the said Jacob Perkins have here-
tofore obtained His present Majesty *s letters patent under
the Great Seal of Great Britain, bearing date at West*
minster, the 10th day of December, in the third year of Hiip
reign, for certain improvements in steam-engines, (Pub-
lished in our 43d vol.) And whereas a specification of the
said patent was enrolled on the 10th day of June, 1823, in
the proper office for that purpose; and whereas the said
specification did contain a description of a generator,
such as is hereinafter alluded to. Now the nature of my
said invention doth consist in pipes, hollow cylinders,
or other the like apparatus, projected from such gene-
rator as aforesaid, into fluids, which apparatus is to
be filled with steam from such generator as aforesaid,
for the purposes of heating, boiling, or evaporating the
said fluids in pans, boilers, or other the like vessels ; and
which apparatus is to be so arranged with valves and a
forcing pump, as to return the water produced by the
condensation of the said steam into such generator as
aforesaid ; s^d which apparatus is to be so arranged also,
that the said steam and water is always nnder mechanical
pressure. And in further pursuance of the said proviso^
I do hereby describe a manner in which my said invention
may be performed, by the. fallowing description thereof^
reference being had to the drawings and figures annexed,
that is to say : —
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PaUnUfor in^^ravemenis in heaiitig Fluids. 141
. iDESC^IPTlOff bF THE DBA WINO. (iSce Pi. VI.)
Pig.'l is a sectioaal elevation of an apparatus. on the
principles of my said invention : a is the generator de-
scribed in the specification of my said patent for certain
improvements in steam engines : b is a forcing pump :
c c c is a pipe or hollow cylinder, opening to and projected
irom the upper part of the generator at d, and opening to
and projected from the lower part of it opposite the part
marked e^ which will be more clearly shown when de-
scribing the next figure : f is a pipe leading from the pipe,
c^ to the forcing pump : g is a valve, and h is a boiler,
pan, or other vessel, supposed to contain fluid. In this
application of the generator, j acts only as a safety valve.
Fig. 2 is a plan of the apparatus described in fig. 1, and
shows more clearly the particular process that is effected
by it. The parts in this figure which are similar to those in
fig. 1 are marked with the same letters : k is a valve not
shown in fig. 1, and l is the particular part of the gene-
rator at which the end of the pipe, c, hereinbefore described
ais 'being opposite the part marked £, opens into the
generator. It will be seen by this arrangement, that steam
being received into the pipe, c, from the generator, at d, it
passes into that part of the pipe which is projected into the
vessel, H, containing the fluid to be heated, there the steam
becomes condensed, and collects in the form of water at
the neck of the valve, g. When the handfe of the forcing
pump is raised, the valve, g, opens, and th^ water fills
the remainder of the pipe, c, and the pipe marked f, the
valve, K, remaining shut. When the handle of the forcing
pump is pressed down, the valve, g, shuts, and the water
being thus prevented from returning into that part of the
pipe, c, which is in die fluid, forces open the valve, Ic,
and finds itls way into the generator again at L. Now.
whereas the exact dimensions and proportions of my said
int^tion are hot material, btut those represented in the
drawing annexed are what I consider the best, as far as
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I4& Patent /brtm impmi^ Fluf or Chkmip^
regards the p^^ immediately CQpnected \yith the gene-
rator, for those parts which are introduced into the
fluids which are to be heated by them, must be varied
both in size and shape, according to Ae various situatiotiB
in which they are to be applied. And whereas I hart
iierein described a generator for the purpose of elucidating,
but which forms no part of my presentinTentioh ; but tech
an apparatus as hereinbefore described, for heating,
boiling, or evaporating by steam^ fluids in pans, boilers,
or other vessels, which said apparatus doth consist, as far
&s I claim aiiy novelty therein, of pipes, valves, tind a
forcing pump, arranged as aforesaid, being, to the Best of
my knowledge and belief, entirely new, and never before
practiced in these kingdoms, I do hereby dedare this to
be my specifipation of the same, and that I do verily be*-
lieve this said specification in all respects, fully, and with-
out reserve or disguise, doth comply with the proviso in
the said hereinbefore in part recited letters patent of the
seventeenth day of May, contained. And lastly; I do
hereby claim to maintain an exclusive right and privilege
to my said invention.
In witness whereof, &c.
Ijl^ecificaium of the Patent grunted to Humfhey Jeffreys, of the
city of Bristol, Merchant,, for an improved flue or chimriey for fur^
naces and other purposes. Dated October f, 1924,
WITH AN ISKGAAVINO.
TO all to whom these presents shall come, fic, &P«
Now know ^e, that in compliance w^tb the said, pirayi^pi I|
the said Humphry Jeffreys, do hereby declare the nat!)f §
of my said invention to consist in a flue ogt chimpeyi ^p
constructed as to cause an artifit^ial draught in the 9aine#
and to condense the qmoke and Qdiet oiatters .ivQlv^i iH
such manner as t^ prevent their escape into the iilmP^b#re«
And in further cocdpliancs with tlie >Mid fX0Yi§O} t^rtfeft
said Humphry Jefireys, do hereby describe the manner
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Patmitfor an impnved Flm or Chimnfy. liB
in whieh I perform my sftid invention^ by th« following
descri^lion thereof, reference betoj^ had to the drawing
afinexed, and the figures or letters marled thereon, that
is to say :—
BBSeaiFTlON OF THE P^AW|»iO« (jB©* PL Vh)
1%fe figure 3 in the drawing represents a seadon of one of
my said implrovedf flues : b represents the commenc^mMt
of ah ordinary flue, proeeeding from any common fumaae,
the top of which is closed at c, suffieiently air tight td
preVcmt the escape of any smoke. This part of the flme I
irfiall call, by way of distinction, the smdw paasage : n is
a Beepn4 passage pr shaft, which I call the condennng
shaft, and may be built either beaide the smoke passagei
the central partition wall being common to both, or at any
convenient distance fcom i%, provided always that the
aperture of this shaft be perpendicular in its whole length.
At the top of the condensing shaft, b, is a cistern^ f^
which must, receive a ooQStant supply of water firom som«
convenient source. The bottom of tiiis cistern muBt ba
perfbraft^ with small holes, so as to create an artificial
shower when supplied with water; and the safd supply of
water must of course be regnhted so as to me#t the ^asti
occasioned by the said holes. At the bottom of the shaf)^
£, is an opening or passage, o, by or through which the
fallen water, condensed smbke/ and all 6thet matters which
ha¥e descended, pass into a tank or dMiin, aa the ikse
may be, for the purpose of conveying the same to any
considerably distance. In this figure Qr drawing thacoiiM
denefing shaft is represented as separated from the amidca
passage, and d represents. a cQmmuDicatio& passage^ ljead#
ing from the top of the smoke passage to the topof .<|^
condentiin^ shaft, into w^ioh it abDutd entieii-jvst under
the eintem^ f. This communickttoW passage should iiaJtA
easeabebf as large dimensions as -the ^utaokC' passage* • iU
should heve be observed, t|iat whe«i>0iieisixio|c« pattiag^
and tHe condensing shaft havts one commit '9rall toidi^ida
(hem, «lil«pert«irein tfeesaid waU> corf^^ondingJtidthiit
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144 P^atehifor an improved Ehu ^ Chimney.
at H, in the drawing annexed, will suffice, withofit any
commttmcation passage;. Now by the foregoing armng^
ment of flue or chimney it will be seen^ that if smoke vi^e
from the furnace into tlie smoke passage, andjtbeace pro*
ceed into the condensing shafts and if water be admitted
into the cistern, and suffered to pass through the saidlioles
in the bottom of the said cistern, down the condensj'ng
ahafib, a draught will be occasioned tkat will draw the
smoke and other matter evolved from the furhace, from
the smoke passage into the condensing shafts where it will
be jcondensed and carried down with the falling water into
the tank or drain below, as hereinbefore described,; and
such an arrangement of fliie or chimney, for the purposes
aforesaid> and effecting the dmught and condensaltioin
aforesaid, in manner aforesaid, being, to the best of my
knowledge and belief, entirely new^ and never before used
in these kingdoms. I do hereby declare this to be. my
specification of tjie saqde, and that I do verily believe thifs
my said specification dodi comply in all respects, fu%,
and without reserve or disguise, with the proviso in the
said hereinbefore ii\ part recited letters patent contained ;
wherefore I do hereby claim to maintain exclusive right
and privilege tp my said invention.
In witness whereof, &c,
OBSERVATIONS BY THB PATENTEE.
When the mode of condensation described in the fore-^
going specification first occurred to ipe, I had been
looking into Bishop Watson's Chemical 'Essays, and was
seeking a remedy for the various evils which result from
the process of smelting ores, especially those of lead and
copper.
It is well known what very pernicious effects are pro-
duced by the arsenical, sulphurous, and metallic vapqurs^
w&ich issue with the. smoke firom the furnaces constructed
tor the purpose in question, spreading their baneful infiu^
edce to a very ^eat distance. At Swansea, for instaitcejt
ike fisice of the country, in a circuit of more th(sn tb999
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PI.VI.VH.J.
/?>./.
H
9€tdt.0mtiffttk.
2)-
2)'
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Puientfop an impmved flue or Chimujf. 146
ttiles firotti tbe works, bears ample testimony of die ddev
ferious efiects, which cause disease, and often loss of Hfe
to the inhabitants and to cattle ; vegetation being, at the
same time, almost utterly destroyed.
The means by which I could Uius effect condensation
having presented themselves to my view, it became neces^
sary that I should be circumspect when taking into con*>
sideration wlXether there were any and what obstacles to
its being carried into active operation ; but I have dis-
covered ^ none that are insurmountable. I admit, that in
many cases the procuring the necessary snpply of water
may be attended with difficulty, as well as considerable
and permanent expence ; but these, of course, will vary
according to local circumstances, and, in the most nn^
favourable, can bear no proportion to the advantages to
be obtained. Will the preservation of life, whether of
human beings or cattle, be of no estimation ? Would no
value attach to the bringing a wide district of sterile
country into a state fit for cultivation ? Are no profitable
results to be derived from the condensation of all the sub-
limed metals,^ sulphur, and other valuable matters, which,
by the old system, do so much incalculable mischief? I
trust those whose interests are so deeply concerned, will
not fail to give these questions their serious attention.
In the Chemical £ssays I have alluded to, the Bishop
says, it has been computed that 10,000 tons of lead ore
are annually smelted in Derbyshire ; and if means could
be invented of saving the sulphur from this quantity of ore,
which he considers to be equal to one* tenth of its weight
(but he admits at the same time that it unquestionably
yields more), Derbyshire alone would furnish 1000 tons
of sulphur, which he values at 16,000/. Further on, he
adds, '' It is not easy to determine with precision the
quantity of lead which is sublimed ; a general guess, how*
ever, may throw ^cmie light on the subject. It is usual at
a sm^lting-housQ to work off 60cwt. of ore every 24 hours,
which yields about 40cwt. of lead ; in addition to which,
he calculates that 3cwt. more is sublimed, which, if it
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it4S fatait for m iinpr9\>0d flm pp CMmitsf.
4imM be eoltedtdp would nmke an MomA MTing At n^
smelliog^house of abgve 60 toD8/V
la his eighth esBc^y^ YoL III. hjs subfoitt to the cour
sideration of the lead 9melters> whether they would not
cteriFe great advantage from fiubatitating aa heirisK>Utal
•ohinmey, of 2 or 300 yards in length, in plaoa of the per-
pendicular one commonly in use* If he had been awejne
that horizontal chimnies might be extended to any distaJ>09
without weakening the draught of the furnace, be certainly
would QOt have failed to have recommended an improve*
meat fraught with so many lucrative advaaiegee* By th#
plan I offer, instead of lessening the draught, the meeae
ef increasing it, and of regulating it to any extent, and
with Ae greatest precision, are obvious, and easily attained*
if the chimney were a mile or more in length, horizontalf
^ or tortuous, it matters not in what line of direction it m»y
run, still the force of draught wx>uld be great as could bie
wished, provided that ultimately it be made to comqsiwii^
cate with a condensing shaft, constructed m. the manner
I have described in my specification.
By this process, not only much valuable matter, but,
literally, the whole, which by the old ipethod is not on^y
lost, .but- productive of such lamentable oonsequeneeSf
may> to a certainty, be^preserved ; for all the smoke, sub*
limed metal, and noxious vapours eombi&ed therewith,
will either be deposited, as they part with their heat» in
the great length of passage ; or, if any portion of it when
arrived at the extreme end shquld be still volatile, that also
would be condensed and carried down by the shower of
water.
Having asseited that the* force of draught may be in-
creased to any extent, it may be proper that I enter into
some detail of the several causes which, both separately
and collectively, tend to augment it ; and I hope that i^
so doing I shall stand excused, since I do not expatiate
on the subject with any expectation that I shall add to th%
stock of knowledge which others possess, but it is im**
portant to my object, that in taking a cursory view, ae
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jPaimi .for an mpnmtd Flue jot CMmnfy. i 4T
toay pf^bibly htipp^^ thoie poistts «bo\ild.iii9it he owt^
looked wliidi> pn closer attention^ would not fkil to be
duly appceciated. , >.
It is well known that air and water powerfully attract
each Dther^ aqd in the specification it is stated that the
shower of water which falls down the condensing shaft
^' must be constant^^^ . \Being soy it must umnterruptedly
carry down with it all the air it com^s in contact with^
and a vacuum woml4 be left behind^ were it not that other
air rushes in to fill up the vacant space. But in wh^t di»^
rection can it fihd admission^ unless it be through the
fumaee? .
There is another e^-use of draught, connected with the
foregoing; which aSbrds a materials increase,-^-4hat airy
which has passed through the furnace, and all ike variaoa
matters which the fire has rendered volatile) have their
volume exp$,nded in proportion to the quantity of heat they
contain. The bulk of this is again reduced when it is met
by the shower of water, and again a vacancy would be
created, were it not that it is instantly filled by the admis-
sion of atmospheric air, which, in like manner^- must pase
ijirough the fumacef.
There is a third-cause of draught, which isy in my esti*
imation, of niost essential importance, particularly where
a great force is required. All heavy bodies- (and water la
one) fall with a velocity which does pot continue at one
uniform speed, but which increases as the s<fuare8 of the
times taken up in their descent. For instance, a heavy
body falk through a space of 16-i feet in the first second
of time ; but in two successive seconds it falls throu^ a
space of 66 feet, for the square of 2 is 4, andlS^. multv-
plied by 4, is equal to 66. Here then it is cleie^ly shown
that the means are in oar power (and they are simple too)
of raising the force of draught to an extent that a^peats
to h^ve no limits ; for whether, on the one hand, tfie con*'
densing shaft be increased in size, by enlarging its area,
or otherwise by adding to its height, the desiwd ol^eet
will be Obtaihed ; but where an intense rapidiQr of 4»iwent
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148 Patent for an improved Flue or Chimney.
ttay be required, the coitnbination of increased area and
height, with the shower of water daly proportioned to the
purposes required, cannot fail to produce a drau^t that
I am confident was never yet experienced from the opera-
tion of any air or blast furnace. It remains, however, to
be proved how far this plan can be usefully applied to
smelting of iron ; but I trust it will not be long before a
trial of it be made, since several scientific men, conver-
sant with that line of business, have given opinions which
are very encouraging.
There may be some difficulty in introducing this mode
of condensation into such steam vessels as are already
fitted up; at any rate, the necessary alterations wonldf
be found expensive ; but the obstacles cannot be insu*
perable, and, if once overcome, the advantages to be de-
rived are very great, and sufficiently obvious. In the first
place, that odious nuisance, the iron chimney, which in
most vessels is 40 feet high and upwards, may, be entirely
done away with ; and that which would be required to
give sufficient draught to the fires, and complete conden-
sation to the smoke, may be enclosed in an ornamental
casing, not exceeding the height of 10 feet, and probably
ndt so much ; and if the condensed soot and water be
discharged within the casing of the paddle wheels, nothing
oiTensive would be visible. Numerous will be the adyan-*
tages when this improvement is brought to bear. All the.,
insufierable annoyance from smoke will cease, and the
rolling of the vessel, occasioned by the great weight and
height of chimney, will no longer be felt ; nor would the
vessel's way through the water be retarded when working
against a head wind, if the extent of surface of this great
chimney be no longer opposed to it. The vessel itself
would, in all respects, have a very different appearance.
Cleanliness and comfort, both within aad without, would
be substituted for misery and filth, and gay streamers and
white sails would afford a gratifying contrast to the black
canvass and dingy colours which now disgust the sight.
Admitting the different statements I have given respecter
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Patent for an improved Flue or Chimney. 149
iog the means by which a great force of fraught may,
when required, be obtained, and complete condensation of
smoke, &c. be effected, to be correct ; and having shown
(T hope satisfactorily) that in situations where circum-
stances are favourable, smoke may be carried off by drains
or passages under ground to an indefinite distance; or,
otherwise, immediately and totally condensed, without
causing the slightest inconvenience or injurious effect, may
I not, without presumption, indulge the flattering expecta-
tion that the time will arrive, and at ho very distant period,
when the lofty chimnies which are now so generally used
as a necessary appendage to furnaces of almost every de«
scription, will be removed. Manifest advantage has cer-
tainly been derived from the use of them, yet still they
only lessen> they cannot effectually remedy the existing,
evils. I have heard of one chimney at Kidderminster
which, if I mistake not, is upwards of 100 feet high ; but
great as this elevation may be, some unbumt matter, much
ash, and all the noxious v^ours issuing from the coal,
must, notwithstanding, pass into the atmosphere, and
must descend to the earth. That the evils produced are
stiU Tery sensibly felt, and more especially at all our great
facticrries of woollen, cotton, and other fabrics, is amply
tesiifi^ by the new chimnies thus towering, progressively,
mbre^ and more above those of long standing.
I think it will be recollected by many that Mr. M. A.
Taylor expressed, in the House of Commons, a confident
assurance, that at no great distance of time London would
be as free from smoke and soot as Paris. Without claim-
ing to myself any farther merit, may I not be allowed to
ask, whether my plan does not hold out some useful hints
towards forwarding his views ?
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1^
specification of the Patent granted iq 1*hom.A8 MABitAUAlt, of (he
Aolphin Brewery y 38, ^road^street, Ratclijfe, Middlete$, CortkmoiU
Brewer, Jbr An apparatus for Bottling wine, beer, and other UquidB,
iuiih incf eased ecoTUmiy and dispatch. Dated February 19^ 18S^.
tfrjTH AN ENGRAVING.
TO an to whom these presents shall corner Sec. Sec.
Now know yji, that in c^Hnpliance with the said provisa,
I do hereby declare that my said invebtioni and the
laanner of niaking and using the sain6| is described aad
ascertained by the drawing in the margin hereof, and by
the foUowing explanations thereof^ and % the descriptrons
and obsenratiobe hereinafter contained, (that is to. say) :— *
I assTime thai the liqaid I am about to botde is con-
tained in a cask, well efosed, placed on rts side, ^nd in ^
^nation proper for bottling the liqiiid in the usual manner.
(It will be seen that the liquid may be eoutained in any
other close vessel, rendered air-tights) \ .
In the following descriptioUf the letters refer to the figure
in the margin. a(fig.4^Pl. VI.)istheca8k. I drive into the
proper hole a eock, i, having a nozzle of about four or five
inches in lengthy and having a bore or passage of equal or
greater area than the sam of the areas of the' whole of the
syphons (after*mentioned)added togedier : c is a trough \ ita
dyhnensioiis are about 14 inches in length, six inches in
breadth, and four inches in depth. It is attached -to tlnr
frame, idi m such a manner, that its distance from the.
foot thereof may be increased or diminished, at pleasure i
c^ee are four metal syphond, having each leg of nearly;
eqiual length. One leg of each is fixed to the inside; of the^
front of the trough (or that side of it fartb^t^roin tho
cask), the ends being within one inch of the bottom of
the trough. The other leg is outside of the trough, and
about three inches apart fi:om its said front. The crowns .
of the syphons are about three inches above the upper
edge of the trough : ^ is a trough to catch the liquid that
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P^mtfar m jfyparaim/or BmtUng Wim^ Sfl. 161
may bo gpilt while diftngiiig the botttes. It ii^ ahrat «i<-
tached to the said frame^ so tMi to mote up or down :• |f it
a rail attached to trough/, so that it moved with the same
trough. Its use is for the bottles to stand on while they
are filling* As I shall n6t have occasion to mention trough
/again, trough c must be understood when I afterwards
mentaon ^' tiie troligh:" hh represents what I designate
'^ the air tube ;"> the inner diameter of> the p€9|iendiculKr
part thereof may be more, but ought not td be less, than
bne inch ; the inn^ dimneter of the horizontal part need
n6t be greater than about one quatt^ of an inch. The
CKMSs^-pieee, i, is of solid brassy bored only so btgi^ as just
to pass the end of the tube soldered into it* The horis^tital
part of the tube is made of pure tin, on acbouiit of iti
flexibility ; the perpendicular part therectf may be made of
]block tin, or any other metal* The top of this part at/ is
closed. The twa paits are connected together at k, by a
union joint, in order that they may be detached when not
in use : /is an mm bow or brace, placed across the trough
for the purpose of staining the air* tube firmly in its pfopef
situation. I place the trough und^ the cock, and &7i it
so high in its frame that the bottom of the trough may
come within an inch of the orifice of the cock. I then fijtf
the air-tube into the brace^ 4 so that the orifice of th^
tube may be at least one inch above the orifice 6f tb€( cock f
but it ought also to be at least obe indh lower tbani tb#
level, of the upper edge of the trough* The perpeiidieular
part of the air^tiibt ougfai always to be of such a leffgtb
that its top may rcsach (when the tube is fixed as al^ovd^
ready for acting) higher than the stirfat^ of the liquid in
the cask*. The horizontal part cd} ther ai^p^-tube is» theti'bent/
so that the cross-piece, i, at its end may be, and it theh iiiy
drives (a»*ti^t) into a hole, mafll* either tjbtk)Ugh A^^bimg
^ther cnak^^ or tiitough a hold iaad& for the purpoe^ in ti^
edak^ above th# sutfiBice of Ihe liquid tfa^win«
It is proper ter^bsferve^ thdb there nnult be ho pasai^
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162 ^Patent/or an Apparatmfor bottling Wine, t^c.
for air into die cask, except through the air-tube, by means
of the orifice at its lower end.
The apparatus being thus adjosted, I open the cock.
The liquid then flows into the trough, until it rises so
high as to close the orifice of the air-tube. The conse-
quence of this is, that the further admission of air into the
cask is prevented, and the flow of the liqiiid through the
cock ceases. I then put the syphons in action, by draw-
ing the air out of them successively by the mouth, applied
to a bent tube, one end of which is placed against the end
of the syphon, so as to form an air^-tight tube with it. As
I thus put each syphon in action, I place the bottles so
that the end of each syphon enters the necks, and the point
to which I desire to fill them is brought on a level with the
orifice of the air-tube, the rail, g, being adjusted so as to
retain the bottles at this elevation. As the bottles fill, the
surface of the liquid in the trough sinks, until it descirads
below the orifice of the air«-tnbe. The iimiant this occurs^
the air rushes into the cask, and the liquid immediately
recommences and continues flowing therefrom, until it
gains so much upon the discharge through the syphons,
as again to rise in the trough so high, as to close the ori-
fice of the ai]>tubey and then the liquid ceases to flow from
the cask as before. Thus, by this alternate action, it is
evident that the surface of the liquid in the trough is
always preserved nearly on a level widi the orifice of the
air-tube. As each bottle filb, it is withdrawn quicklji
from its syphon, and replaced by an empty one. But if
(he bottles are suffered to remain, they will never fill
higher than about the level of the orifice of the air-tube,
which it has been shown is the level to which the liquid in
the trough is c<Hifined.
Where the liquid to be bottled is malt liquor, or any
other of a viscid nature, its firothiag in the air-tobe would
prevent the free admission of the air into the cask. I ob-
viate this by placing in the trough, under the ori#ce of
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Patent for an Apparatus for bottling KVw, i^c. 153
the air-tube^ a floating vessel, containing more water than
sufficient to fill the air-tube up to the level of the liquid
in the cask. This vessel (rising and falling with the liquid
in the trough) causes the water in it to exclude the air
from, and admit it to the cask, in the same manner as if
the liquid in the trough were in direct comfnunication
with the orifice of the air-tube.
The above is a description of the apparatus constituting
my invention, according to the construction which I con-
ceive to be the best ; but the apparatus admits of numerous
modifications which still retain the principles of, and are,
in eJBTect, my said invention. Those modifications are too
namerous to admit of a particular description of each ; I
shall therefore confine myself to the following one alone •
It is evident, from the said description, that the chief
principle of my said invention is, the limiting the surface
of the liquid in the trough, so that it shall not exceed a
certain level or point in the trough, and the maintaining
it nearly at such level. In the apparatus before described,
this is effected by means of the said air tube ; but it may
be effected with a sufficient degree of exactness for practice,
by substituting for the air-tube the following apparatus :— ^
A valve, of similar construction with the throttle valve of
a steam-engine, is fixed in the lower end of the nozzle of
the cock. To one of the ends of the pivot on which this
valve works (and which end projects to the outside of the
cock), is attached a short lever, at right angles with the
^ivot, and to the end of this lever is attached a float.
These several parts are so adjusted that, as the liquid rises
in the trough, the float al^o rises, and causes the valve to
shut, when the surface of the liquid has attained its proper
level, and of courae prevents any further flow from the
cock ; and as the said level sinks by the liquid running
from the trough through the syphons, the float also sinks,
and causes the valve to open, and of course restores the
flow from the cock. The consequence is, that the surface
of the liquid in the trough is always preserved at nearly
VOL, 1. M
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164 Patent for an Apparatus for bottling Wine, S^c.
the same level, Jt is evident that when the above sub-
stitution is practised, the cask must have vent.
Instead of describing any other modification of my said
invention, I declare that any apparatus, of whatever con-
struction, whereby the liquid to be bottled runs from the
vessel in which it is contained into another vessel, and
from thence through a syphon or syphons into the bottles,
and whereby the flow of the liquid from the first into the
second vessel is regulated by the rising or falling of the
surface of the liquid in the second vessel, is to all intents
my said invention, and I claim it as such ; and I also de-
clare that the using it for bottling liquids, without my
permission, will be an infringement of the said letters
patent.
In witness whereof, &c.
OBSERVATIONS BY THE PATENTEE.
Letters patent for the apparatus were obtained in the
present year for England, Scotland, Ireland, the Colonies,
and all other parts of the United Kingdom ; and the pre-
ceding description of the invention is the copy of the spe-
fication of the Irish Patent, which is selected for publica-
tion as being somewhat more correct and perfect than the
specification of the Patent for England.
Conviction that the common method of bottling liquors
is capable of, and indeed requires, great improvement,
cannot fail to impress itself on the mind of every one ob-
serving that tedious, fatiguing, and wasteful operation ;
and conviction that the before-described invention has
attained its object so perfectly as to render any further
improvement almost impossible, will, it is not doubted,
equally impress itself on the minds of those who consider
the nature and effect of the apparatus attentively.
The simplicity of its construction cannot be controverted :
That it obtains the most perfect command over the liquor,
will be obvious, from the following enumeration of its
advantages.
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Patent for an Apparatus for bottling Wine, Sfc. 155
tliis enumeration, though l:o6 seltevident to be neces-
sary to those who shall have perused the specification, with
much attention, yel; will probably be not unacceptable to
others.
As many bottles as will fully employ one workman in
changing (and four are found sufficient for this purpose)^
can be kept filling at the same time. The bottles can be
filled to any point required, and the moment they are so
filled, the liquor (without the least intervention of the
workman) ceases running into them. This advantage
afibrids great facility and relief to the workman. The ra-
pidity with which he can bottle equals that with which he
can change the bottles ; yet he is not precluded from
bottling even more slowly than by the common method,
or in any intermediate degree. He has not to undergo the
fatigue of holding the bottles while filling, nor is a con-
tinual watchfulness over them requisite ; on the contrary,
he may at any moment leave the apparatus in full opera-
tion, and it will continue so until the bottles are all filled
to the point required, when it will immediately (and of
Itself) ceasie to a^ct.
Should a bottle be required to be partly emptied, it is
effected by merely elevating it immediately before with-
drawing it from its syphon ; or should it be required to be
filled fuUeir than the others, withdraw it more slowly from
its syphon, and it is done.
The exactness with which the bottles can be filled to
any required point, not only prevents any overflow of the
liquor, but allows the workman to cork them without even
looking where the surface of the liquor in them is. The
consequent saving of liquor and of time is considerable. -
The very trifling difference of level between the surface
of liquor in the upper trough, and the point of discharge
of the syphons, renders the stream into the bottles so
gentle as not to cause the least frothing, (hardly a bead).
This is obviously a great advantage, particularly in bottling
malt liquors.
m2
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166 Plans for a Tunnel under the Thames.
Six dozen of quart bottles have been filled in the space
of about ten minutes.
' The above fact, coupled with the before-enumerated
advantages, indisputably proves the utility of the invention,
and the great economy attendant on its use.
The apparatus is of a portable size, and of a very lasting
construction.
In our next Number we intend to insert the specification
of Mr. John Masterman's invention of a machine " for
corking bottles," which is considered capable of being
combined in use very advantageously with the above-
described bottling apparatus.
Account of various Plana for the construction of a Tunnel under the Thames,
Abstracted from the Papers and Documents of the ^^ Thames
Abchway Company."
WITH PLATES.
An Act of Parliament having been recently obtained for*
the incorporation of a company for making a tunnel be-
neath the bed of the Thames, at Rotherhithe, through which
persons, horses, and carriages may pass from the opposite
sides of the river; and a sum of nearly 200,000/. having been
subscribed for defraying the expences of this undertaking,
according to the plan for which Mr. Brunei, so well known
for his numerous, ingenious, and highly useful inventions,
obtained a patent, January 20, 1 8 1 8, to whom the execution
of this work is intrusted ; and the public attention having
been strongly excited by the actual commencement of this
important concern on the 2d of March last, when the first
stone of it was laid by Mr. Wm. Smith, MP. for Norwich ;
we have thought that an account of some of the most in-
genious of the plans which were prepared for the construc-
libn of a tunnel, in 1809, at the suggestion of a former
company, who first attempted this project at nearly the
same spot, would be acceptable to our reader^ and shall
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Plans for a Tunnel under the Thames. l67
accordingly introduce one of these plans in our present
Number, and give the others as speedily as circumstances
will permit, concluding the subject wiUi the specification
of Mr. Brunei's patent, or an ample detail of his plan, as
may be deemed most interesting, with an account of the
mode in which the work shall be executed.
The plan which we shall first notice, and several others,
were transmitted to the "Thames Archway Company,"
in consequence of an advertisement inserted, by their
order, in the newspapers in February, 1809, offering a
premium of 200/, for the plan for the construction of a
tunnel beneath the Thames, from Redrifie to Limehouse,
of which they should most approve ; and a further sum of
300/. when such plan should be successfully executed. An
account of this transaction, and of the history of the tunnel
up to that period, may be seen in the 14th vol. of the
second series of the Repertory of Arts, p. 397.
The plans sent to this company in consequence of this
advertisement, amounted to no less than 54, and were by
them submitted to the examination of Dr. Hutton and Mr.
Wm. Jessop, who made their report on them the 3d of
July in the same year, and recommended that the authors
of six of them, which they selected, should be invited to
revise their plans, and send farther explanations and de-
scriptions of the same, with which request they complied ;
and the new or enlarged plans were again submitted to the
consideration of the same gentlemen, who, in the August
following, selected two out of the six, one of which they
recommended "for its enlarged capacity and saving of
expence," and the other for being least liable to hazard in
the execution ; and deferred deciding between them till
the authors should reconsider and mature their designs.
The two plans having been sent to their authors for this
purpose, and being again returned after due revision and
reconsideration, were again sent to Dr. Hutton and Mr.
Jessop, who decided in favour of the one, an account of
an experiment on the principle of which was published in
the second series of the Repertory of Arts, Vol. xxiv.
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158 Plamfor a Tunnel under the Thames.
p. 18, and which was the joint production of Mp. Charles
Wyait and' Mr^ Hawkins? ^
SeVer&l of'ftie jpfans rejected had, however, great merit;
and some of ttemSvould, we have little doubt, be thoygbt
by many at leasi as excellent as that whicll'tte judges
pireferfed; though certainly, considering tlie great expe-
rience and knowledge of these gentlemen, and the very
great attention whicK they paid to the sutject, their de-
cisibn must be esteemed of the greatest importance.
''But on this point our readers will of course judge for
themselves, when they have examined the plans which we
shairpresent to them, and of which the following was one.'
Plan for making a Tunnel beneath the river Tf mines. Signed 1*414^.
Addressed to the ''Thames. Arch way Company."
GENTLEMEN,--^In troubling you with the sketches ac-
companying this, my hopes are not very sanguine that I
shall be entitled to the reward you have offered. Your
papers came to my hands at a very late period this mon^h,
ahdat a tiine when my other avocations wotild permit m.e
to devote but a very few hours to the subject.
. From your printed description I conclude it would b^e
impossible to make an under-ground tunnel, without
niaJLing it completely under the rock. Vou would thjsn run '
tie hazard of cutting into the spring you bored into in the
bottom of your 'shaft, with all the difficulties of cutting
through the quicksancl on the northern side of the river,
besid^ the necessity of either lengthening your ascent and
descent very considerably, or making them much steepen
I should therefore prefer cutting it through the river.
The way t propose is, by cutting open the bottom of
the river.' about 60 feet at a time, first inclosing the space
Witt piles as high, or a little higher, than low water mark';
on the top of wliich should be fastened a cassoon, whose
top should reach' two feet above high water mark, and
which might be floated on and off with the tide, as fbunH
necessary.
' Tjie bottom of the cassoon is described in fig. 3, (plate
VII.) It' is there shown with part of the timbers naked.
VI > >
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Plans for a Tunnel under the Thames. 159
and part covered with a floor. The outside measure is 48
feet by 23 feet 6 inches ; in the middle of vrhich is an
aperture of 34 feet by 9 feet 6 inches. This opening is
intended as a way into the works below, for hauling up
the earthy and letting down the necessary materials. This
bottom is to be covered with thick planks, except the
aperture. Round the aperture is to be raised a strong
frame work, well braced, sufficiently high to reach two
feet above high water when the cassoon is fixed in its
place, with a lining of planks, k, round the outside of this
frame^work. Round the outside of the bottom are also to
be raised planks, l, with proper knees, &c. similar to the
sides of a barge, to the height of four feet ; the whole of
the planks to be caulked.
The cassoon thus formed will float in the water, and
will also be able to carry a considerable weight. It may '
be said to resemble a great square box, with a hole in the
bottom, and a rim round the hole to keep out the water.
My cassoon being made, and afloat, my first step would
. be to drive 30 piles in the bed of the river, in the direction
of the tunnel, in 10 groups (see fig. 6), sufficiently distant
to receive the cassoon between them. On the tops of
those piles I would lay five cross beams, three of which
are shown on the piles, and the other two are omitted, to
show more plainly the position of the pile he&ds.
Those beams and the pile heads should be firmly bolted
together, after which the cassoon may be floated on them,
placed in its proper position, moored firm, and suffered to
rest on those beams with the fall of the tide. It should
then be fastened down to the piles, and the water let into
it through a scuttle made for that purpose, to prevent its
efforts to rise with the following ti/le. The pile engine
may then be placed on the cassoon, and piles driven all
round it close to the former ones. They should be driven,
if possible, down to the rock ; or, if the clay is* too hard
to drive through, it must be bored to receive them, using
an iron cylinder, or section of one, in boring through the
gravel, to prevent its running into the hole.
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160 ^ Plans for a Tunnel under the Thames.
When the piles ate all driven, they should be bolted to
the bottom of the cassoon ; then frustrums of triangular
prisms, made of wood, should be driven into the inter-
stices, ^between the pile heads and the cassoon, and the
whole caulked as far as the water will permit.
I prefer driving double rows of piles, comer to corner,
as shown in the plans, instead of single piles, side by side,
for the following reasons : —
1st, It is the strongest way of the timber.
2d, It affords a better chance of driving them nearly
water-tight ; but it being impossible to drive them perfectly
close, or accurate, by driving the row next the cassoon
first, and afterwards driving the outer row, with its angle
in the interstices of the others, with the bottom end of the
pile shaped and shod, so as to draw towards the interstice,
in driving there is a greater chance of making the whole -
tight. In the outer row of piles I would champher off a
part of the two sides that came in contact with the inner
row, as shown in the piles, a b, fig. 5, so as to leave a
wedge- like opening, as at c d and e, next the water, for '
the purpose of filling it with oakum, thin wedge like slips of
wood, or other matter, that might be necessary to filPany
of the joints where the water may be found to pass through,
and which the water itself would force into the interstices.
My piles being drove, and made as tight as possible,
both among themselves and to the cassoon, the next thing
is to pump out the water, and place the interior framing,
G H, fig. 1, to resist the pressure of water against the
piles ; then sink down to e f, fix that framing for the
same purpose ; then down in like manner to c d, which
would be the last framing.
Then excavate for the bottom of the tunnel, and build it.
The cross beams extending from c to d might be taken
out one by one, and the holes filled up with brick-work,
when the tunnel is banked up sufficiently high to secure
the feet of the piles at bottom, placing other shores across ^
the tunnel to prevent its pressing together before it is
loaded.
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Plans for a Twmel Ufider the Thames. 161
The tannel 1 propose a complete circle of 13 feet dia-
meter inside, with a carris^e way of 7 feet 9 inches between
the curbs, a footway on one side, and lamps the other.
The thickness of the wall to be three bricks ; but as
this would be buoyant if tlie water got under it even with
two feet of clay on it, and it ought to be placed sufficiently
deep that it should not be injured with anchors cast in the
river, I would place the top of the tunnel at least six feet
below the deepest part of the river, and cover the whole
of it either with a good puddle, or well-tempered and
rammed clay.
I conceive in working the tunnel from one way only, it
will be necessary after the first length is turned, to have a-
second cassoon and second sets of piles, placed next the
first, and both empty of water at the same time ; for in
order to join the second length of tunnel to the first, it
will be necessary either to cut away the ends of the end
piles from between the two lengths, sufficient for the arch
of the tunnel to be brought under them, or the end piles
must be drawn and replaced again, with the lower ends
close to the tunnel after the two lengths are united.
The second length of tunnel being finished, a third
cassoon and third set of piles will become necessary, for
the first must not be removed until the tunnel is continued
from the first length in the contrary direction. The way
I would therefore work should be thus : —
My first cassoon, and consequently first length of tunnel,
should be placed with its middle nearly over the letter h, in
your engraved section, (See Repertory of Arts, second
series. Vol. xiv. p. 397) where I would avail myself of your
present driftway, by sinking through the rock and driving'
into it, for the purpose of draining the work as I. went on.
My second cassoon, and second length of tunnel, should
be towards the Surrey shore ; my third would follow it in
the same direction. I would then shift my second, letting
the first remain, and so on alternately with' the second and
third, until I got landed on the Surrey side.
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1$2: Plans for a I'unnel under the Thames:
I would then return again to the first, and work across
tbe river in the contxary direction, by alternate shifting as
bjefore, taking away my first cassoon, which, after one
length was worked from it in the northward direction,
would become useless.
I. do not conceive that any of the piles by the sides of
the. tunnel could be drawn after they are once used ; the
only, thing that can be done in that case will be to cut
them off even with the ground.
Two or three ports might be made in the sides which
inclose the aperture in the middle of the cassoon, one
above the other, through which the earth taken out, or
brickie Sec. to be taken in, might be passed, instead of
drawing the whole up to the top, when the tide was low,
using the lowest when the tide was out, and shutting that
and .using a higher one as the tide rose.
If I the piles here shown should, on trial, be found in-
suffiotent to keep out the water, the only way then left
would bOi to drive another row of piles, at a distance from
those already supposed to be drove ; clear the bottom of
gravel between them, and form a coffer-dam between
those last pil^s and the former ones.
It will be observed I have only contemplated a single
tunnel ; but two of this kind will be necessary, one for
carriages, &c. passing northward, and another for those
passing southward, and it would be much the cheapest to
n^like both at the same time.
May 31, 1809. 1-4142.
Brferencei to Plate VI L
. Fig. 1, A B, line of lowermost timbers of cassoons ; c n,
£ F,. ,G H, interior framings ; 1 1,' upright framing round
aperture ; k k, braces to ditto ; l l, outerside of cassoon ;
M My piles ; N, footway ; o o, stones worked in the tunnel
to ^upport the footway and curb ; p, bottom of the road ;
Q, high water line ; k, low water line ; s, bottom of river ;
T, gravel ; u, earth inclining to clay ; v, loam ; w, earth
inclining to clay with shells ; x, rock. Fig. 2. Longi-
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S^QTtJrppfJSelepf, Qopi^tHe^ ^, 1.68
tudinjBtl sectipD o£ tl^p ^^S^i'"^ PH® work^ and caflj^pn, . iv#.
boi^toixx^bea^ ofcasspon ; b Bi,en^s,.oftimb€u:8. of the lower
fraipin^y appearjng tbrpugh the^.tunqel^ c c> piles behind;
t^e; tuj[inel ;.. d, piles fqr oij^ length of tunnel ; E^ psurt( of
pile^ for anqttier length qf tuni^l ; F^ high water Ijne; o^,
low water lipe ; h.^ groi^^d line ; i, top of tunnel,^ k, bot-.
torn of.dittf). I^ig. 3. Plan of the-bottom of ca^soon^ (a b
in fig, ip ij, pilea; k, lining of pl^nk^ round the upper
frame-work; l, ditto rou^d the outside of the bottom;.
MM> apertures; n, plan of p^rt of piles for the seeond
length shown, upder the casspgn. Fig..4j Plan of, the •
tunnel and frame-work;, (PD i^, %• ^0 h W^ ^f ^ttfi:
piles. Fig. 5. a.bfgh, piles, showing theiif position at
one uf the bjeai^ns supporting the cap^pon ; c d e, wedge^
Uke^ openings,; i, bejeim under c.as,$oon, resting on the
pjtl?p. Fig. 6. Plan of pijles and b.^ams,,prepaifa)tory to.^
fixing the cassoon.
Report of the Select Committee of the House of Commons, appointed io^
inquire into the state of the law and its consequences respecting the Ex"
portoHon of Tools and Machinery.
Ordered tQ be pnoted June 30> 1825.
I J is necessary^ for the purpose of reporting fully, to the
Hoiise on this subject, to advert to the proceedings of the .
Committee, appointed in. the last Session ^' to inquire into ,
'^ the state of U^i^ law in the United Kingdom, and its con^o .
" sequences, respecting artizans leaving thq,kingdomi.an4;
'^ residing abroad ; also into the state of the law ,and it$.;
'* cons(^qnence9 respecting the exportation, of. tools ^and
'' i^achiq^ry ; and.into the state of the law, an^. its effects^-^
'^ sq far as relates to the combination of wprkm^; an4w
'^ others to raise . w^ages, or to regulate their wages. :ai^4':
'^ hours pf^i^vqrking, and to report their ppifiion an^l oba^r-,.
** yatjpns^ thereon.'' Fyom .the miiiutps ,9f eyidenqetaJ^^^nr
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164 Report from Select Committee on
before that Committee, it appears that a considerable
number of persons were examined respecting the exporta-
tion of tools and machinery^ and the laws relating thereto,
and that considerable apprehensions of evil from the repeal
of the laws which forbid the exportation of tools and ma-
chinery were entertained by many persons engaged in
the manufacture of cotton goods, lace, &c. and also by
some manufacturers of machinery, whilst other manufac-
turers of machinery, persons of great experience and in-
telligence, were decidedly of opinion that the prohibition
to export tools and machines was beneficial to no one,
and highly injurious to the conunerce and manufactures of
this and other countries. The Committee, therefore, in
order that a more correct judgment might be formed on
matters of so much importance, refrained from proposing
any measure to the House at that time, but came to the
following resolution :
*' That your Committee have examined evidence re-
'' specting the export of machinery, which will be found
'' in the appendix ; but they are of opinion, that further
** inquiry and a more complete investigation should take
'' place, before this important subject can be satisfactorily
'^ decided on ; and they therefore recommend, that the
'^ consideration of this important question should be re-
'^ sumed in the next Session of Parliament."
With respect to the laws which forbid the exportation of ^
tools and machinery, and their general inefficiency to ac-
complish the ends for which they were enacted, very con-
clusive evidence was given by Mr. Dean, the Chairman of
the Board of Customs, by several of the principal officers
of the Customs, and others.
It appears that in consequence of some tools and ma-
chines being legally exportable, and others being altogether
prohibited, and from the circumstance of new tools and
machines being daily invented, and not prohibited by name
in any Act of Parliament, it is extremely difficult, and
frequently impossible, for the officers of the Customs
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Export of Tools and Machinery ^ 1 66
to decide upon what is and what is not prohibited to be
exported. Every one of the officers examined by the Com-
mittee proved the inadequacy of the laws for the purposes
intended, and expressed their doubts as to the possibility
of any law being rendered efficient, while any tool or ma-
chine whatsoever was permitted to be exported. It was
also proved by several witnesses, that considerable quan-
tities of prohibited machinery was exported ; and the mi-
nutes of evidence accompanying this report exhibit a
system of smuggling carried on to a considerable extent.
This system is safely carried on by the insurance of the
machinery which is prohibited by law to be exported;
and there is reason to believe that, in regard to the expor-
tation of such prohibited machinery to France, the premium
paid to the insurer does not much exceed the duty charged
on the importation of such machinery into that country.
Your Committee cannot better express themselves on
these subjects than by extracting a part of the evidence
taken, (viz. Mr. Galloway's) :
'^ Could you at the present moment, if you wished to
" export cotton or other machinery, do so by paying the
^* insurance ? — Yes, any quantity ; the greater the better.
" Then are you of opinion that the laws are not effectufd
^' to prevent those articles that are prohibited^ from being
" exported ? — ^They are wholly inefficient, both as regards
^* direct and indirect exportation ; the direct mode of
" sending out machinery in quantities I have stated ; the
'' indirect mode is accomplished by mixing the prohibited
'' with the unprohibited articles : it is worth any man's
"while to order a quantity of unprohibited machinery to
" get out a quantity of prohibited, for under this mode it
"4s very difficult to separate prohibited from unprohibited
V machinery, and this never can be detected by Custom-
" house officers.
. " Then while the exportation of machinery and tools to
" any extent is allowed, it is impossible to prevent the
" exportation of prohibited machinery ? — You never can
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166 Report Jrom Select Committee o)t
** pttihibit every kinfl of madiinAy from gtktig, wlrile'yoa
** permit any to go ; it must either be wholly Open or
^ wlwlly closed ; tTiere can be no middle course.
" What is the highest rate of insurance for thte safA
*' transit of goods illegally exported, the highest that ha^
'* come to your knowledge ? — I think it is from forty-five
** to thirty per cent, the large premium for small quantities ;
^' if I had 20,000/. worth to send, I should pay thirty per
** cent, to any port in France ; but for 1000/. or 1600/.
^' perhaps forty per cent, would bte required ; the reason
•* is, that a vessel engaged in su6h commerce is subject to
" all the inconveniences in taking 1000/. worth that it
^ would foir 20,000/. and the profit on small quantities of
*' niacfainery is hot Equivalent to the increased price of
" insurance.
" Do you knoifir how persons export prohibited ihdchi*
'* hery ?-^I kfaow of no other means but those I have ex-
** plainisd. A circumstancie, that is perhaps a little curio Ws,
'* came to my knowledge, that the officdrs> two or thre^
" yi^ars ago, actually seized a quantity of machinery going
" to Fiance, and sotne of that machinery was sold at the
*' Gui^m-house, and bought, and sent there to the person
** afterwards in France, who Originally ordered it, and that
'' titin8action> I understahd, took place last year ; and I
'* believe the Government and the Custom-hou^e eniployfed
" all due diligence, biit the plans of the shippers ^ere so
" coixii>lete, that all the precaution and diligence of the
'* Custom-horise went for nothing.''
Evidence was given before the Committee of 1824, and
akb before this Committee, that a considerable portion of
prohibited machinery consists of such ordinary and cotnmon
parts and pieces of machines, applicable as well to ma-
chines which are not by law prohibited, as to those which
are prohibited, so that it is difiicult, if not nearly impos-
sibte, for any one to say that they are actually paYts of a
prohibited machine. Other machines or parts of machined
aitty be disguit^ed ; many parts of prohibited machines ar^'
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Export of Took and Machinery, 167
so small that they may be easily concealed, while othw
parts, by being packed with tools that can be exported,
and also by exporting them from different ports, may he
so disposed of as to render detection impossible.
" There are vast numbers of packages/' says Mr. St.
John, Controlling Searcher of the Customs in London,
'^ which we open, where there are parts of machinery
*' packed with other iron and steel articles from Birnung-
'* ham, purposely packed for deception ; and it is akoost
'' an impossibility for an officer to know whether they an
'* or are not prohibited, being only parts of machinery.'^
To the same effect it is stated by Mr. Boyd, General Svr-
veyor of the Customs : '^ Out of a vast number of packages
^' exported, but a small proportion can be opened at all ;
'' and in opening a proportion of those packages occa*
" sionally, they do discover something that is machinery ;
'^ but it is always in detached pieces and in parte ; large
. '* machines cannot all be made up in one package, and
'' they have a great deal of difficulty in telling whether
" those proportions belong to a machine that is prohibited^
*' and a great many ps^s in packages which are not opened
** because they cannot be opened. It is a very rar« oc-
** currence indeed to meet with prohibited machinery
*' which appears so."
It is however asserted, by Mr. Ewart and Mr. Kennedy,
that if the searchers at the Custom-houses were well in-
structed, that they might distinguish the prohibited from
the unprohibited machinery, admitting at the same time,
however, that it would be difficult to put the law rigidly
into effect.
Considerable discrepancies in the laws were also pointed
out by the officers of the Customs and other witnesses :
thus, presses of all sorts in metal, with or without the
screw, is a prohibited tool, but the screw alone ia not a
prohibited tool ; and hence it follows, that nothing be-
longing to a press is prohibited, except the frame» which
is the least important part, and that too, when sent in
pieces, which it may be, is not considered a frame. In
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168 Report from Select Committee^ Sfc.
other cases tools and machines are prohibited, but the
tools to make them are not generally prohibited. Lathes,
with the exception of potters' lathes, are not prohibited,
be their power ever so great. Steam engines are not pro-
hibited, and yet by means of steam engines and lathes,
with other common tools allowed to be exported, almost
erery other tool and machine timy be manufactured.
It was stated to the Committee, that newly invented ma-
chines in the iron or steel manufacture, might generally be
exported ; but that those in the cotton, woollen, .linen, or
silk, if known, would be prohibited ; and all the gentlemen
from the Custom-house aflirmed that the law was so de-
fective, that, by a little contrivance, the facility of evading
it was such, that '' all the block machinery at Portsmouth
" might be exported.*'
Much more might be stated -irom the evidence on this
subject ; but enough, it is hoped, has been brought forward
to show the inefficiency of the laws intended to prevent
the exportation of machinery and tools ; and it must be
evident to every one, that laws that cannot be executed,
and thereby become an incentive to fraud, ought either to
be amended so as to render them efficient, or totally
repealed.
Another important part of the inquiry relates to the
policy, in a political and commercial view, of prohibiting
the exportation of tools and machinery, upon the suppo-
sition that the laws could be rendered efficient to that end.
And here your Comtnittee beg leave to observe, that at the
times when the several laws were miade which prohibit the
exportation of tools and machinery, very erroneous notions
were generally entertained in regard to commerce and manu-
factures. It was then a received opinion, that the liberty
of exporting any thing that was likely to increase the
commerce and manufactures of another country, would be
injurious to those of the country from which the exporta-
tion was made ; and hence arose those various enactments
respecting trade, as well ^u» those which prohibit the ex-
portation of tools and machinery from the United Kingdom.
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Export of Tocib und Machinery. 169
The history of the acts which still remain on the statute
book relating to the exportation of toob and machinery,
would, if unfolded, show both from the intervals of time
-which elapsed between the passing of these acts, and the
perplexity which prevails in the enactments themselves as
to what may or may not be exported, that no fixed prin-
ciple was kept in view, but that they were dictated by a
mistaken jealousy of permitting other nations to benefit by
our improvements. In order, however, to draw the atten-
tion of the House more particularly to the present state of
the law respecting the exportation of tools and machinery,
your Committee have deemed it proper to put, in an Ap«
pendix to their Report, the various clauses of the existing
statutes relating to this subject ; the slightest attention to
which, in the opinion of your Committee, will be sufficient
\o confirm the observations which they have thought proper
to make upon them, and the recommendation with which
they have closed their Report.
The first act pointed out by the Commissioners of the
Customs, as a rule for their conduct, is the 7th and 8th
of William 3, (1696,) when the exportation of the new
stocking frames (invented by William Lee, AM. of Cam-
bridge» about*the year 1600) was first prohibited, being
about 100 years after their invention, and nearly 30 after
their introduction into France ; and it will be seen by
sect. 9, that even the removal of these frames from place
to place in England, was prohibited in all cases, unless
due notice was given to the company of frame- work knitters
in London. It is still illegal to remove any of these
stocking frames from one town or place to another, although
it would be altogether impossible to give the notice re*
quired, or to obtain such leave, as the frame-work knitters
company has ceased to exist for upwards of half a century.
« To Ih! coni'irvued in our next Number*
VOL. I. N
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170
J}e$crifiioti of a Udometer, a new tnstrumeni, which sfunui the gmniitif
of rain fallen. Bjf M, J^icod, of Vevay.
(From tjie Bibliothequ^ Universelle.)
This infitrument is composed of a circular basin^ made
of tin*plate or copper, the outer edge of which is surrounded
by a double iuclosure, forming a canal. An opening i^
made six lines above the bottc»n, so that the basin cannojt
become full of water, but all the rain that falls into it runp
qutj through this opening, into a receiver placed beneath^
Through the whole height of this vessel there is a vertical
slit, covered by a strip of glass, which closes it hermeti-
eally, and allows the height of the surface of the water in
the vessel, and all its variations, to be seen« A sccde,
divided into inches and parts, is marked at one side : ^u4
B, tube, closed by a cork, serves for emptying the vessel
wh0n it is full of water.
The basin communicates, by a closed canal ^bove, witk
another and a smellier basin, surmounted by a cylindrical
reservoir, which has likewise a longitudinal opening, closed
by a piece of glass, in the same manne;*.ap in the leurger
basin. At the side a scale is marked, which is lengthened
in the ratio of the difference of tbediametefiiof this reser^
voir and of the large ,basin. This reservoir, which is filled
with water before it is put in place, being copstn^ted
liki$ the reservoirs which supply oil to the wick of lan^giaid
lamp, replaces the water which evaporates from the large
basin, by means of the canal oi' communication*
The effect of this instrument is as follows, ir-when it
rains, all the water that falls into the large basin pusses
into the receiver below, where the quantity of it may be
afterwards measured. When the rain is over, and.evapo*'
ration begins to take place, the water which evaporates
from the large basin is immediately replaced by the water
contained in the little reservoir, and the scale on the
latter shows at once the quantity*
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171
AccoufU of a large refracting Teteteope^ eomirueted hy M. fraunhofir^
in 1894.
(From Schumarcher's Astron. Nacbricten^ Nos. 74 and 75«)
This iastrament, which is one of the largest of its kind^
is intended for the Imperial Observatory at Dorpat. Its
object glass has 108 Paris lines in diameter, (9*592 English
in.) and 160 inches focus, (169*76 English in.)
A great impediment to the observation of celestial ob-«
jects by large telescopes, is the apparent diurnal motion
of the starsy which increases in proportion to the magni**
fying powers of the instrument ; so that stars lying near
the equator remain but a short time within its field of
view, and traverse it very rapidly. However small may
be the motion given to the instniment by screws,, for the
purpose of following them, it will receive oscillations^
which will be larger as its powers are greater. Before the
instrument has come to rest, the star will have crossed
the field of view, so that the observer will see it perhaps
only for a few moments, and as it were by accident, undei
favourable circumstances ; which circumstances will be
more rare, as a star is only seen to advantage in the centre
of the field. These difficulties could only be removed by
making the telescope follow the stars by machinery,
whether their motion was apparently slow, as at the pole,
or rapid, as at the equator.
To obviate these difficulties, this telescope has been
mounted in a peculiar manner ; one of the two principal
axes on which it is made to turn, is so inclined towards
the horizon, that its inclination may exactly correspond
with the latitude of the place, and is consequently directed
towards the pole. The second axis, called the axis of d&^
clination, is exactly vertical to the first or hour axis*
Thus, by directing the instrument towards a star, the
hour axis need only be moved with that velocity which will
make it turn round once in 24 hours, like the axis of the
earth ) hy which meaos the star will always remain in the
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172 Account of a largi rtfracting Telescope*
field of TieWj as long as it remains above the horizon*
This motion is imparted to that axis by means of clock*
work} consisting of two distinct parts. The power of the
one part (moved by a weight), overcomes the resistance
and friction of the mass of all attached to the telescope,
which amounts to several hundred weight ; the other part
regulates the motion. But in order to prevent concussion
in the motion, and make it uniform, the clock-work, in-^
stead of being regulated by the usual vibrating pendulum,
is governed by &u centrifugal pendulum, which, inclosed in.
a hollow cone, turns always in one direction, and both
the parts of the work may be wound up, without the mo-
tion of the telescope being interrupted in any degree what-
soever. The telescope may also be stopped, and again
set in motion, without arresting the movement of the
clock-work ; and if required, it may also be moved in
any direction, either by the hand, or by means of a screw.
The motion of the clock may at any time be accelerated or
retarded, by simply moving a spiral disk to a different
degree of its division. By this means a star .may be moved
to the centre of 4he field of view, which is peculiarly useful
in mtcrometrical observations, and is not practicable in
any other manner. By means of this disk we may give
the telescope instantly the movement corresponding with
that of the moon, or any of the planets. .i*
In order to render an uniform motion of the telescope
possible, it must be completely balanced with respect to
its two principal axes, in whatever position it may be
brought, without, however, this balancing occasioning any
impediment to its being directed towards any point of the
sky that may be required. With respect to the axis of
declination, the telescope not being fixed on its centre, is
balanced by two weights, placed near the eye-glass, and
fastened to two conical brass tubes, each having in the
point of gravity an axis, intersecting that of the other at
right angles ; so tha^t in. this respect the telescope is
balanced in every direction. With respect to the hour
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Accwni of a large refracting Telescope. ^ 173
axis, the telescope is balanced by two weights, one of
which is fixed immediately on the axis of declination.
Hie second weight is fastened to a bar of a peculiar shape,
forming a ring towards the hour axis. This ring touches
(by means of two other axes placed opposite each other)
a second and smaller ring, which ring turns on the case
that contains the axis of declination; so that also widi
respect to the hour axis, the telescope is balanced exactly
in every direction. In ord^r to prevent the friction of th6
hour axis, and its pressing on its bed, another weight is
added, operating on the bed of two friction rollers. By
Tdl these arrangements, the telescope, notwithstanding its
size, may be moved by one finger.
The pedestal is of such a shape, that although its posi-
tion must never be altered, it cannot hinder the telescope
from being turned towards any point of the heavens. It
Ynight seem that there were situations of the telescope iA
which the pedestal may be an obstacle against following
the star ; yet the instrument is so constructed, that the
telescope may be directed in two ways on the same object,
simply by turning the hour axis 1 80°. Thus, if the pedestal
be an obstacle on one side, the turning this axis will render
the telescope free on the other side.
As it is very difficult with a large telescope to find aH
object, and bring it within the focus, it is usual to add to
it a small one, the axis of which is perfectly parallel with
that of the large one. The finder of this large refractor
has 29 lines di-dmeter (2*57 English in.); and 30 inches
focus, (31-97 English in.)
Each of the two principal axes has a graduated circle,
called the hour and declination circles. These are fastened
to the axes, and turn with them. The division of the
hour circle shows four seconds of time, and that of thi^
declination circle, 10 seconds of space. By this meania
those stars which are out of the meridian may also be
found and observed in the daytime, which cannot be ob«
Berved so well in many particulars at night«
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174 4,eewnl of a krgi^ rffraeting T^lmape.
In the Une^miorometef belonging to this instrument,
both threads may be separately moved by a screw ; partly
for the purpose of placing each thread where it may be
required^ and partly for enabling the observer to msJ^e a
kind of repetition in the observations with miorometers,
which> with the use of the dock work that moves the
telescope, is much more practicable than in the common
way of mounting* In the same way the eye»glaas is
separately moveable, in order to make the two threads
stand always equidistant from the centre of the field of
view, which makes them both equally distinct* That part
.•of the micrometer containing the threads, supports, be*
sides the necessary correction screws, 8cc* two graduated
.verniers, in opposite positions, moving upon a graduated
•circle, made for measuring the angles of position^ The
verniers read off to one minute. The micrometer may be
gently moved, with respect to th^ position circle, with the
hand or by a screw. The lines only are capable of being
illuminated, leaving the rest of the field of view quite dark.
As the position circle must remain unalteraUe with respect
to the position axis,, but the micrometer, together with
ihe apparatus for lighting the threads, must be capable of
being turned, M. Fraunhofer was obliged to make a dispo-
sition of it different from that which he had before em-
ployed with micrometers without a position circle. The
.whole field may also be lighted. The micrometer has four
distinct eye glasses.
The telescope is to receive moreover a lamp^circle mi-
crometer, with four eye glasses ; a lamp net micrometer,
with three eye glasses ; and finally, four ring micrometers,
two of which contain double rings.
As, distinctness can only be properly obtained by tb?
axis of the object glass, and that of the eye glass being
exactly in the same line^ and a deviation in this respect
being more injurious in large object glasses than in small
jWfiu, a particular instrument is to be added to the telescope
by M. Fraunh(^r^ by which this deviftUotx.iasy.ke found
and corrected.
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M. Fraunhofer states in Ibe begirming of his memoir,
the advantages which refracting telescopes have over re-*
fleetors, the most perfect of the latter requiring to be of
immense siEe to produce any effect, from their reflecting
but a small portion of the light which they receive. The
impossibility also of rectifying the deviation of the rays/
eaused by the spherical form of their reflecting surfi^ces,
have caused refractors to be preferred for mathematico-
astronomical observations* and for meridional instruments.
The glass of the refractors, on Ihe other hand, \^. all
the rays pass, which, with the contrivance of Mr. DoUand
for making them achromatic, and other improvements,
have caused almost all astronomical observations to be
performed by their assistance.
The largest refractors hitherto made, are but small in
comparison with the largest reflectors. It is well known
that the effect of the telescope lies not in its length, but in
tile diameter of its object glass ; and that in those in whieh
this is double the size, the power will also be double. Mr.
F« computes that the difficulty of making large achromatic
telescopes, is nearer in the ratio of the cube of the diameter
of the object glasses, than in that of their diameters di-
rectly. One of the difficulties was, that the glass used
for object glasses could not be obtained as perfect as large
instruments required. The English flint glass has undular
lines^ which disperse the light irregularly in its passage
through it ; these streaks being of course more numerous
as the glass is thicker and larger. The English crown
glass has also these undular streaks, although not always
visible to the naked eye. The Bavarian flint and crown
glass Is, however, free from these streaks, and equally
compact throughout. The difference between these two
sorts of glassy in the power of dispersing colours, is also
in- favour of the Bavarian glasses. Between the English
ftiat and common^lass this power is as 3 to 3, while in
the Bavarian flint glass it is as 4 to 3, which gives the
laUw a decided pref^eiioe.
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17^ EH^mce i>ft€imi in tkt MtkeralKinjgaam.
*rhBte ^te hot kti^^-fls^ed iEtedreto pfiiiciplM fer'Ae.
c6iistrtt6tion of ttchrbmktic object ' glasses^' and optici&ns
wei^ obliged/ to a itsertdh d^gr^e/ tor rely on chance, and
to poli^U i gre&bjt' nutiOiter in '(nt^ io itelect the best;
dnd this <:^h&hce \Mcmi^ less H^the glaiBs^s'werelttrgier.'
This arose both from the means formerly applied- fer as^
cier^ming the powier^ of Vefractioh/and dispersion of
colours in the different species bf glass, not b^ing safii^
ciently established' ; and from the mfethbd^ hitherto used-
for grinding and poKlshitig the glasses not being cHlcuhited
to ' folio W the theofy tvith that degree of exactness which
they ought, to avoid palpable indistinctness.' *
M> Fraunhofer states that all these impedfanents, «nd
several others, have no W been iAiiCces^rutly r^tiyoved, paMy
by inventions a'Ad partly^by dtscoveriei', to which 'he was
lied in purstiihg this object ; add gived ua reason to es^ect
that he will' favour us with< an account of them> faavifig
dedaried the probfetbility of his" entering more largely on
this sdbject ofl ahothier Opportunity. ^
A 'plat^ of this large refracting telescope may bfe seen
in the second volume bf the 'Memoirs Of the London As-
trOhbriiical Society; • - " '
?fi)tici of the faeistence of Iodine ^ the Mihef-at Kingdom, r Ay-
(From the Annale» de Chymie^ Vol. xxix. Mbjj 4S9|5.).
' IoD9KB< has not been foiind hitherto but in certain
vegetables/ and- in some marine moluscas. ,^M*, Cantu,
professor of chemistry at Tarin, .has indeed ^discovered
some traceB of it ih a mineral water of Asti ; but. no one
that I know has a^ yet found it combii^ed with ottnecais.
' 'Mr. Joseph Tabary hai^'ing 'Sent me a few weekf ago
some argentiferous minerals, whkh he had bought from
the natives of South America, and in part collected himself
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ExUttnce ^ lodiwi m thle Mineral Kit^dinn. 1 1^^
in the vicinity of Mexico^ in an extent of 25 leagaes radius,
to determine the quantity of silver contained in it, and
that of the gold, if any of this latter should be found, has
fiimished me with the fortunate opportunity of making the-
discovery which I have now the honour to lay before the
academy. .
. One of those minerals, which was labelled ** Virgin
Silver of Serpentine" (and of which the physical proper-/
ties are— Ist, A whitish colour at its suiface, where worn
by rubbing, and exhibiting grains of metallic silver ; 2dly,
A laminous fracture, of a greenish yellow, with some black
parts and some metallic silver), is that in which I have
found iodine.
Twenty grains of this mineral, treated with nitric acid,
were attacked with effervescence, and the developement
of nitrous gas towards the end» After having boiled it
for a considerable time, the liquid diluted with water ex-
hibited two substances ; the one, very heavy, was quickly
precipitated ; the other, being light, remained a long time
suspended in the liquor. They were separated from each
other by decantation, washed and dried.
The first, which weighed 6 grams and 42 centimes
(120*88 grains), was easily fused by the blowpipe, giving
out a purple flame, and, at the end of some time, a globule
of silver appeared in the midst of the fused matter, which
spread itself over the charcoal in the manner of chlorite
of lead. The edges of the charcoal were coated with a
,yel!ow powder.
The other matter, which was broWn, weighed 2 grams,
70 centimes (50*84, or nearly 51 grains). It inflamed by
the heat, in giving out an odour of sulphurous acid, and
left a residue of sulphuret of lead, mixed with a little iron,
which weighed 1 gram 58 centimes (29*65 grains)*
The first matter, that which weighed 6*42 grams, being'
treated by muriatic acid with heat, communicated to it a-
i^ddish brbwa colour, and produced a slight effervescence
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1:78 fy£i$tenc0 of l^m in th6 MinAal KingAm.
v^ihm o4our of ohlofine. . In prc^ortion Its the tempem-
ture y(9S increased, this effervescence became more lively,
ajQcl presently it. assumed a beautiful violet colour: im-
mediately the vessel was taken from the fire» that the violet
sflbstanoe might not be lost There remained at the bottom
of the acid a yellow matter, containing grey particles,
which dissolved in the warm water, with which this matter
was washed.
. This water acquired a reddish brown colour, and the pro<-
perty of colouring a solution of ^starch a beautiful blue,
After having passed water many times over this matter,
we boiled it with alcohol, which became coloured in its
turn in a manner much more intense, and which equally
%<}qaired the faculty of forming a blue combination with
the solution of stai'ch.
Suspecting, but without, however, believing it (so much
did the circumstance seem to us extraordinary), that this
violet vapour was produced by iodine, we submitted the
above muriatic solution to distillation, after having diluted
it with a little water. We then .with pleasure saw that
our suspicions were realized* In effect, the violet vapours
which arose, immediately crystallized on the sides of the
adopter and of the balloon fitted to the retort, in assuming
the needle form and the colour, which are peculiar to
iodine ; but the acid was not entirely discoloured.
, Although the yellow matter had boiled some minutes
with the muriatic acid, it was not however entirely decom-
posed ; for having fused 2 grams 28 centimes of it with
2 grams of potash, and having washed the result with
water, we obtained an alkaline lee, which, saturated with
sulphuric acid, and mixed with starch water, gave a very
l^eautifui blue colour by the addition of a few drops of
chlorine. The part which was not dissolved in the water,
was a powder of metallic silver, weighing 1 gram 63 cen-
times (30*69 grains).
: .Being convinced by the foregoing e3^periment$ of the
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iEffUteHCe ^ lodif^ in the Uinvrdl Kingd^m^ 179
^pt^SQQee of iodine in the argentiferous mineral^ we sought
to obtain it by a way more direct^ which would permit us
to determine the quantity, and to know the modje of com-
bination in which this flatter was founds
. In consequence, we caused 5 grams (94*16 grains) of i%
An powder, to. be heated with 2 grams (37*66 grains) of
caustic potash^ with a little water to facilitate the mixture.
The matter being kept red hot some time, vfe mixed it
with water, and after haying decanted, the latter, wt
iwashed the residue until it was no longer f^lkaline. This
f esidue was a dirty yellow, and weighed 4 grams 46 oen^
times (83*98 grains). We will return to it presently.
A portion of the alkaline lee being saturated with nitric
«cid took a yellow tinge, and had the property of making
stari^h blue on adding to it some drops of chlorine. In
fine, it was precipitated of a blackish brown by nitrous
«cid, and of a red by nitrate of mercury.
The 4 grams, 46 centimes, remaining after the action of
the potash, being treated with diluted nitric acid, became
dissolved with effervescence : but there remained a yel-
lowish substance, which resembled nearly, in the colour,
chlorite of silver. Being washed and dried, this matter
weighed 80 centigrams (14*86 grains) ^ it becameja yellow
orange by the heat, and returned to a yellow green by
cooling.
We ascertained that this matter was iodite of silver,
which proved that the alkali had not effected the complete
decomposition of this substance, although it was in excess.
The quantity of silver dissolved by the nitric acid was
41 centigrams and a half (7*81 grains).
The potash having thus taken up 50 centigrams from
the 5 grams of the mineral, which could be nothing else
but iodine, and as we had obtained besides 80 centigrams
of the iodite of silver, in which there is contained, accord-
ing to, the modern chemists, 42^ of iodine, it follows from
ih^ that the^e grams of the mineral contain 92*50 of iodinei
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l^ 'Existence (^ Iodine in ike Mineral J^gi4m. -
wtiicliy .being diTuJed by 5, giv^s 18*^ for the JOO of th3
inineraU , .
There remamed no more doubt with us of , the .existenice
of iodine in this silver ore. However, we wished to know
if we could obtain the .hydriodite of potash cry sterilized.
!For this purpose we saturated with sulphuric acid the.ex*
•cess of alkali contained in the lee, of, which we have spoken
above; and after having evaporated it to drynes9« we
treated it with alcohol of 30°, to separate the sulphate of
potash. We then evaporated the alcohol ; and the mother
'water, abandoned to spontaneous evaporation, furnished
crystals in square prisms, which had all the properties of
common hydriodite of potash.
; From henceforth then iodine may be considered as one
^f the elements of minerals y and this will be a motive fot
chemists not tpneglect the search for it when they walyzi^
metalliferous ipiherals, particularly when they contaii^
Bilver ; for, as well as chlorine,, iodine has a great action
on tins metal.
To which of the substances contained in ,the silver 6x0
iodine was united, is now to be determined. It may be.
recollected that we found iyi it sulpl^r, silver,, lead, and
carbonate of lime, which served as t^he gangue. We may
at once exclude the cajrbonate of lirne^ The diflOicnlty ^
decision fxists only between th^ ^lulphur, tjie I^d, an4
the silver. ^ It is not at all likely th§it this matter should-
be united to the sulphur; this latter, a^ well astbeJeadi.
being laid naked by the nitric a^id, eyeawbeo diluted,, on
the silver ore. There is more probability that the sulphur,
is united to the lead, and to a part of the silver. On the
other side, if we consider that, in proportion as the nitric
acid dissolves the metallic silver, and decomposes a part
of the sulphuret of lead, it throws down the iodite of silver,
on which nitric acid has no action> we shall be disposed to
believe that the iodine is combined with the silver. Be^*
Bides, what seems entirely to confirm ,tbis opinion is, that
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M. £niperk on JOfhf GdJnmic Colun&iL 181
we can take from the trivet ore a ceitain portion of iodite,
by boiling it for some time with ammonia. Finally, it in
well known that iodinei as well as chlorine, has a great
affinity for silver.
I ftrill deposit in ihe cabinet of the King's garden what
I'bav^ regaining of this mineral; to serve as a point of
coihparisbn, in case the locality^ of tliis mineral* should
hereafter come to be discovered.
Extract of a Rej)ori made to the French Academy ^ by M. AMr£SE, on
the dry (galvanic) cotumns ofM. Zambom,
(Ero9i tbe Annales jde Chiniie> Vol. xzix. /une^ 1835.)
Ak account has been published of experiments made
with dry gitlvahic columns in 1810, by Mr. Forster, of
EiseX which had been previously invented liy M. de Luc.
''' The appHcattoh which has been made to chemistry of
galvanic apparatus of a more expensive composition, and
the Several curious facts which have been discovered by
its nfieans, givfe the circumstances mentioned in the follow-
ing memoir a considerable iiitereist, especially when we
recollect that dry galvanic columns, besides being much
cheaper iil the first instance, require.no expence for acidt
of any kind, which for the larger combinations of galvanic
troughs often come to a serious ietmuunt, and also that
they demand no cost for repairs or renewal of their parts^
being as perfect at the end of sieveral years as attlie first
experiment. ' ^
,.,,,• — ' i :■ .. ' ' ■ — r
Th^ original memoir, besides the description of ,some
apparatus which the dry galvanic columns kept continually
in motion, ednt^ns also an account of the several following
facU.'
. ^Iie diminution bf the energy of the dry colutdns ceasect
at the expiration of two years. M. ZambOni asserts that
he has ascertained this by the experience of twelve year^^
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182 M. Amperi on D^ Oalmmt Colkmk
This diminution) iD the two first yeai«, varies according
to the maundr in which the oohimn& hare been construoted*
The dry coltimp is more energetic in summer than ia
winter, as well with regard to the intensity produced, at
to the promptitude with which it becomes manifest
The tinned paper, called silvered paper, exhibits wit&
the black oxide of manganese an electric force, very su«
perior to that which is obtained when the paper is covered
with thin leaves of copper ; which last sOrt of paper is
known by the name of gili paper.
A pile formed of disks of paper, tinned only at one side,
without any other substance interposed, produces electric
effects, which can only proceed from the Uaf-of metal
glued to the paper, touching it more intimately than it is
touched by the paper of the next leaf which is placed be*
neath it.
M. Zamboni has examined in the columns which hft
calls binary f if the action of the plates is the same as in
those composed of leaves of tin, covered with oxide of
manganese, or the contrary, and he has acertained that
either of those results may be obtained at pleasure, by
causing the paper which is glued to the tin leaf to imbibe
different substances. If oil is used) the action is the re^
verse of that produced by the oxide of magnanese ; but if
on the contrary, honey, any alkali, a solution of sulphate
of zinc, or milk half curdled, be introduced into the papier^
the binary pile acts in the same manner as that which id
powdered with oxide of manganese.
In making use of a dry column of a thousand pairs of
plates, which were only betweeii 6 and 6 centimetres (be-
tween I4- and 2 in.) in diameter, M. Zamboni obtained
from the condenser sparks of an inch in length, so thaft
With this column an electric battery may be kept constantly
charged to an intensity that may be rendered as great as
is desired, by multiplying sufficiently the number of plates.
M» Zamboni thinks that a pile of 60,000 pairs o€ plates^
left of the fall diameter which the leaves of tinned papet
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On Blowing Machines knd Expansion of Air. 183
comitaonly have, would afford a constant source of electri-
city, the intensity of which would equal that of a power-"-
fill common electrical machine. He expresses strong
wishes that an instrument of this magnitude may be cou-
structed, and mentions many interesting experiments which
might be performed by its assistance.
On Blowing MacKine$ and on ike Expansion of Air* By Wslter and
Gay-Lussac.
(From Archives des Decouvertes.)
It is known that when air or any other elastic fluid is
dilated, by enlarging the space in which it is inclosed^
cold is produced* Messrs* Welter and Qay-Lussac, who
have been engaged in researches oonceming the heat dis^
engaged by the gases^ when their volume is varied under
very different pressureB> have already discovered several
new facts, one of themiiDst singular of which is the following ;
The air which escapes from a vessel by blowing through
an aperture under any pressure whatever, does not altar
in temperature, although it expands on issuing from tht
vessel*
Hence it should seem to result, that heat is produced iit
the blowing of air, and thai this heat is so muoh the mora
considerable as tho difference of pressure produeing t^o
blast is greater, so that the heat exaotiy compensates few
the cold produced by expansion* This fact would explain
the heat produced when air enters into a vacuum^ or into
a space occupied by air at a less pressure*
It would likewise explain why the blast of the Shemniti
maohino (with a column of water), produces cold and
freezes water, while die air of the Chaillot engines, whero
the pressure is invariable, .and equal to 2*6 atmospheres,
does not alter the thermometer.
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• '• - 184
NOTICES OF NEW PATENTS.
Paieni granted to Jfr. William James^ ofWestmimters Land Age?U
' and Engineer^ fir improvements in the eomtmc^ion of rait and tratn
roads, or ways which are appiiicahle to other useful parposes* KiMd
February 28, 18«4.
This patent relates both to a peculiar form of rail-waj(^
and to new methods bf impelling carriages on them. .
The new form of rail-way proposed is that of a tube,
with a flat top, in which shape the patentee thinks they
can sustain a greater load on the carriages than when') of
tibat commonly used; The new application of these tubular
laiUwayg, is intended by the patentee as pipes for the con«.
▼eyaace of water, either to gite motion to machinery, for
domestic use, or for other purposes; and he expects that '
after having a sufficient supply to move water wheels, for
giving motion to the carriages on die rail-way, by inter-
vening machinery, he will have enough to spare for general
purposes, to form a source of revenue, and so as even to
WG(rk mills or manufactories to a large extent.
He also imagines that he will economise still further^ in '
the quaiotity of iron, by making the interiial rails of doublp.
iail*roa& broad enough for two wheels to pasaattheiV
opposite sides, by which means he can make three rails
supply the plaoe of four. To impel carnages on these
laiUwttys the patentee proposes two methods, in each of
which a set of longitudinal revolving shafts are to be
placed in the middle, between the two' rail-roads, where
thiey are used, or between the two rails in a single Irail-
road ; and in the first case he designs to lodge these shafts
inside the middle tube, arranged as above described.
Th^se shafts (being turned round by the water-wheels
before-mentioned, or by .other power), by^. intervening
toothed wheels fixed at regular intervals (of from 15 to 30
feet f<^ example), give motion to axles or short shafts,
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NoUeei of New Paienii. 185
placed at right an^es to them, bat so as not to obstiact
the carriagea ^ ^^ijp^ #xlf|i jji t||^Q^ fir9t>p9etl|od proposed
cany drum wheels, which support endless chains, arranged
so that each chain passes over two clrums» one of which
sustains half of the^tprecediog chain, /by which means th%
chains at. one -side^ move* all in one direction, wfail^ those
at Ae 4)ther side purtme^ an opposite cotirde, and thus
afford means for impelling the carriages on the two different
lines of rail-roads in, opposite, dir^jction^* ^ It is plain, that
these drums may be placed. sq ^s.tP^^ct^either io.a A^evticai
or horizontal position, but thai^ in the latter .the ohain
would be more, liable to^lip off th,eip^ though it seems !t^
be preferred by the patentee. .... . m...v:'^ -
In the seQQpd mode of imp^lliiM9 the carriagep, ij^s,tf^4
of drun\s, vertical toothed whcjels. are. placeid,, with, theijr
planes parallel to. the. rails ; and. hy.oixe p^.v^oxp of, ih^
carriages a long rack is carried^ .placed so as. tpbj&ajcte^l
on by two of those, vertical wheels at ,the;a%me time j so
that wheii those wh^eejs cure aU-^nmot^on^they^ will dra^v
or iii^pel th^ cari:iagpsaRcce9siyely, till Aheiatter arp dr^vi^ip^.
entirely to the farther, f^jctcemity of. the..i'aiVroavd.,<"'lifted^;
teeth of these wheels. are d^forihed f^, beipg Ipn^ an^
placed.ffHT asunder^ sp. ^ .tp^jr^Sieiab]|ie,arms» /wbik;th^e
of. the rj^clc^. being of course xnjde to cotcraspond, will hit
likeiUe rungs of .a .ladder,, whope figure tll§.w^k wilhasi*-
aume altogetl^r, if couMryoted with'4ou)>)eji4^g. y. . « ^r:
In a matter c{^abjle otibQiog^so be^iafitiial to -the puUie
at .rail- ways, we, arcgled.to be iaformed ofievery lioav
triyance of ingenious individuals at all applicable tatbem ; /
for though many of tlxem^siay be defective, others will be
u^eful^ and even those oi! the first description may tend to
elicit aeryiceable ideas in (xthers> as w^U as by their dis^
cu^sipn. to give n^re. accuracy to opinions on this subject.
Where, a longitudinal, body is exposed to impulaes on
every^ sidCf we. believe the .tubular: form will, be the most eco^
noin^cal, q; thiit in wJljUch the^m^Uest ^tuantity of matoriak
VOL. I. o
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186 Naticei of New PuknH.
^ill afford the greatest stcengtli. Bat where the kdpaieef
or pressure must be all at one siekf another form will have
the aclvai^tage^ which has already^ we b0liev'e, been deters^
mined by mathematicians. Mr. Wood, die author of a
Ta,luable treatise on rail-ways, lately published, says, that
on accowt pf the pressure moving over every part of the
upper line of the rail between its supports, he would prefer
the form of a semi-ellipse for its lower part to that of two
semi-parabolas, usually considered the strongest, where
the weight acts on the apex, or in the middle of the rait*
Indeed it is evident at the first vieW) that if the same quan^
tity of metal ;which constitutes a tube of six inches dia^
meter, and half an inch in thickness, were formed into a
parallelogram of the same length, and double the thickness,
which would then be in depth about nine inches, and an
inch in thickness, it would, when set edgewise, support
a much greater weight than the tube before it would break,
both being supported at their ends solely, as is usual in
such experiments ; and we may plainly perceive that it
would sustain much more, if formed as Mr. Wood pro^
poses, which would increase its extreme depth nearly thre^
incbes, without our having recourse to the well-known
rule for ascertaining the strength by this addition (of mui>
tiplying the thickness by the square of the depth, and
dividing the amount by the lengthy which latter being
the same in both cases^ would, at a rough estimate, show
the strength of this form to be to that of the other as 144
to 81, To enter into minute calculations on this point,
however, is neither suitable to our work, nor to the limits
of this portion of it.
The plan of conveying water for turning mills for mani^
facturing purposes, through tubes of the diameter that a
quantity of metal would afford, less than that of the com-
mop rails of rail-roads, as proposed by the patentee, if a
serious one, and not the offspring of hasty unweighed
thought, can only proceed from a mistaken notion, very
prevaleat we find among a certaia class of inventors, thflt
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iiltcli C0A be forced through a giveo pipe vtdi ui tafiaitp
velocity ; or, io other words^ that they can make th^ fluid
pa9s through it in any quantity in a limited time ; on ivfaich
idea we have known a worthy ahd ingenious gentleman
take out a patent, some years ago, for an engine excelling
a perpetual motion, as it was not only to keep itself going,
hut a large com mill into the bargain. However this may
\}e, it is well known that the quantity cf fluid possible to
be conveyed in a given time must depend on the siie of
tlie tube ; and this heiiig limited as mentioned, the supply
iwi be by no means adequate to the purpose proposed ;
and we much doubt whether it could afford power even for
impelling the carriages on the road to any considerable
extent. In some, very few, situations those pipes might
serve fqr conveying water for domestic purposes, brewerief ,
and tan-^yards, for the use of dyers and distillers, and
other purposes of this sort; but for the reasons before stated,
we caiinot r^ommend the tubular form at all as a bene-
ficial one for rail-ways.
The patented is sdso mistaken in supposing that there
would be any advantage in forming two rails into one, to
su3taiki the load of two carriages, as proposed in his plan
for making three rails serve the purposes of four, in two
adjacent rail-roads ; as it is evident that the rail in the
middle must be made double the strength of two single
ones, to support the load of two carriages in passing, and
must also be double the breadth, to afford them room to
pass, and therefore has no stuff* to sparp to increase its
depth.
Of the plans for moving carriages on rail-ways, one veiy
like the first proposed by the patentee has already been
made the subject of a patent by Mr. R. Thompson, of
Ay ton Cottage. Some others mentioned by Mr. Wood
resemble it also ; but the plan of the patentee differs from
them in having a succession of revolving shafts placed
along the whole line for conveying the motion.
We cannot conceive wbat advantage would arise from
o 2
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188 N4ftics8 of New PatmUt.
placing di€6e shafts within the tubesi as proposed, unlesd
it might be to find some use for pipes that would otherwise
be unoccupied : but passing by this matter^ we will ter*-
minate our remarks on the specification of this patent by
recommending the last method. for moving carriages on
rail*roads meritioned in it, as worthy of being the subject
of experiment* In several instances where we have se^ti
carriages moved on rail-roads by chaihs from stationary
steam engines^ so much friction and resistance appeared to
be produced, by the chains dragging along the grotind)
which the rollers or sheaves over which they passed seemed
to have little efiect in preventing, that we have long thought
some other better contrivance for effecting th^ same pur<-
pose was much wanted, and conceive that the plan of the
palwtee (where rertical wheels, moved t>y shafts, act on
a lo9g, rack attached to the carriages,) promises to be da
,fa( superior, as it will hav^ much less friction^and wear
of parts than the compaoi^ method, and avoid its evident
defects above-mentioned*
. . In one of the inclined planes which Mr. Wood mentions,
'On^wbich carriages ^ere moved by ropes from a fixed
engine, the weight of the rope, t'hat of the large wlieel at
the top, and that of th^ 73 sheaves over which it! passed
in a space oi*716 yards^ amounted altogether to 1 1,817 lbs.
which would be I5'121bs. to the yard, oV a little more
. than 15 lbs. which we should suppose would be a su^cient
proportion for the strength of the shafts proposed t>y tiie
patentee, if properly formed (in which respect the tubular
shape that he so much admires might be used to good
purpose), so as to produce an apparatus which, wii^ little
more weight of parts than, that in use, would be free from
.ils most conspicuous defects and chiefest iiiconveiiiences.
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189
fs^ent ^^ranUd to Jlfr. Edward Jorbax, ofNorwich, Engineer, fir
an imjorovement in the construction of water closets, J>ate<I Mftrch
gr, 1824, '
In thi§ water closet the seat is made to sink an inch or
more .on being pressed (Jown, . which depressing the short
arm of a horizontal leyer placed beneath, raises the oppo-
fiiteend of the longer arm, which causes a cock With three
ways to turn a sixth part of a revolution, which being fixed
in a pipe that leads from an upper reservoir of water intb
^ cylindrical vessel containing air, admits the water into
it, and causes the air to be compressed with a force pr6-
portioned to the height of the reservoir above it ; another
pipe branches off from the same cock, through which 'the
water flows from the cylindrical vessel into the basin dr
pan, with an equal force, caused by the reaction 6f the
compressed air ; when the pressure being takjen from the
seat, admits the long arm of the lever to be depressed by
a spring placed above it for that purpose, afad the cock
thereby to be turned back to its first position, which closes
. the communication between the reservoir and the cylin-
drical vessel, and opens that between the latter atid the
. pan, in the cock with three ways, " -^
The patentee states that the apparatus may'be woi'k^d
also by moving a handle, and mentions that when the
height of the reservoir is not sufticient to compress the air
in the cylindrical vessel, that this latter should be raised
five feet above the seat, in order to act by the force of the
fall of the water in descending. ' ' ' *
The patentee seems perfectly conscious of the total
want of novelty in every other part of this wat^r closet,
by his laying his claim in the specification particularly
" to the intioduction of the cock with three ways,' in the
manner and for the purpose explained."
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wo
Patent granted to TnibJiOnk 1?aul, Lie of 6'enevd, buintiw hfdkarii^
Cross, for improvenierds in the method of generating steam, and in the
application of it to various purposes. Communicated tb him ly a
• foreigner. ThXed. Maj IS, 1824b .
To produce steam of a high tempeiatare the patentee^
instead of a common boiler, uses a long metallic pipe, of
small diameter/ which is coiled round, with its coil&t ^
little asumler, so as to inclose a space inside of the form
of the section of a cone, or other convenient shape, in
which fuel ean be placed for giving the pipe the heat
required. '
Into one end of this pipe water is to be driven by ^
small forcing pump, which, by passing through the pip^^
when duly heated will come out at the other end, converted
into highly compressed steam.
This is the general outline of the contrivance. For its
particular application, though the patentee does not con-
fine himself to any particular shape for the outline of the
receptacle for the fuel, which the coils of his pipe are to
produce, he however recommends two, of which he gives
drawings. The outside of the first exhibits, by the dispo-
sition of its coils, somewhat of an ovoide form, obtrun»-
cated at its lower extremity, and contracted above in the
place where the smoke is to pass upwards;, and at the
inside they are bent round so as to produce an elevated
bottom, in the shape of a hollow cone, the base of which
joins the lower part of the external portion, at a section of
the ovoide figure, somewhat above the lowest of its foci.
The other figure in th^ drawings is in the form, exter-
nally, of an obtruncated cone, with the base turned up-
wards^ and inside the coils produce the same elevated
conical bottom as in that described, with its broadest
part joining the lowest portion of the external part, in a
similar manner. This latter shape is intended for the use
of locomotive engines, as it will facilitate the introduction
of fuel by its wide opening abovcj where it is to be thrown
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vMiKM tftkw PMrtUB. IBI
tn. tb/a 6ti^f fihftpe is intended fbi" gMeral p^rp6sei|
fttid in it the fu^l i« either to be fhroWii into the vtpp&t
pttrti where the snidke escapes, or the coild are to be ar«
#ftnged so as to leave an opening at the side for that pUr*
pose. In both methods the whole is to be surrounded
Outside bf a plate iron case^ wfaichi to more perfectly
confine ite heat, should be double ; or, in other woids,- a
second case should be placed outside ille first, tod the
space between the two should- be filled with brick dust,
coal ai§hes> or some other bad conductor of heat.
The bottom of the casej and of the coil-fonned fuel*
holder, rests on a flat metal ring, beneath which is a
hollow cone of metal •plate, with its base next the flat ring,
which conveys the ashes from the fud into a closed ash
pit below.
The coals, or other fael> are to be burned in the space
between the elevated conical bottom and the eKternal
coiUformed receptacle, the conical bottom rising two-
thirds of the height of the latter, to admit of its disposition
in this manner. The air necessary for the fire* is reoom-
mended to be introduced below into the conical ash tunnel,
by the pressure of bellows, in preference to leaving the
ash pit open. • ' '
The pipe is described as being made of copper, but the
i^atentee stated that it may be also made bf other metals,
particularizing platinti, gold, and silver, for this purpose,
rather unnecessarily, as their great cbst must in general
preclude their being thus applied. It should be noted that
the external fuel receptacle, tod its internal conical bottom,
are both formed of one continued pipe, so that the Water
introduced may pass through the Whole successively: The
patentee advises its bdng admitted into the pipe at the top
of the otitside receptacle, when, from the disposition of
the coils, it Will descend Spirally through them to the
lowest part, lov^r the flat annular support, after which it
will rise circuitously througli the coils of the conical hot-
ttd^^ and piss out at its apex intd a pipe, which descendi^
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I9t Vhik^&f^KmPaiMr^
gde^ U> tlie'»tei^ tm^M. The^edjb idf therfqie in tibia
a grate under aad within the fitely'i4K>tb fi»r .<lbe 4id|su^i0p|
of air, and the transmission of the ashes downwiMrds :. and
through ihB'^fl9> of the^ pipp^ii^ >4Jiajt -wUch/fte. paletttM
adfis^s as b^st'/or gtradusJly.inoreiisiDg its<t^aiperat»ite.iQ
th^ htgiiest {Nitch requived. • - - > *j ? : j. .»
'To prodn^e tho-steiatti nec^sary dorian Hkpof of* twon
hotse'pQw^i%' th^ pk^nl^e states tbat^a pipe. ^1 50 fifeet long
nbQuld^ b^ nsed | a«d that to -sMtaiaf au^ ipternal ^resfiord
equal' to 160 poundsr- o»ia^ square /iadt^it'shauldy.wbeii
inadi? 6f^eoppcr)''bahreiits iatei'nal*diametairj^t.gveaJk^
thre64i!xte6iith8' 6f an* vnch, i?hile>itsTtliicknessr^iiea&i€ni^
ai^teigath .of am. ^'moh, (itit largest diataet er from out to out
beih^ thus^\''^^stfxteeirtU^^iii^ extei»ft)i .iWhen it2is>made of
another mctall il$ lhickQ6s^'mu»tJ>eiyariedaeoor€Uiigly«.,,
'Fh<^t^i^)Vo<r for the^Watfeifj iivhith ]s.te.>b&iii|tt£ted into
th^ pipe, id i:^predented as-plaieed ab|0V^.the fijr&qpkoQ.ia
the^^arran^enient fot Istatiooary eiigiiies'. ylaihoee.^whidii
are^to'bd osed'i'ii cnrrulges it ^ustiof>bouc&e hav^«4ipo.«>
sition more suitable to t^eir^birctim8tauiiBs% > o i.; >.t. ^i
Wh4n^engia^d'0^ gpeater^powec^ Aonithajtmqntionedare
to be supplied With4team$:<a^DU}i>bev of <ij|pe6>. disposed u^
•described^ either- arraiigfed«0'Os4o;ifcHrm^iseveral'disticuit
4kT^-plafee*?i otrall «oirib4nedliJii>a/;siQglefa«?e, inc^y bemused ;
'the^|^ropcyrti\M^'Of MrhiehUubstd^peintl on tbejquaitttity of
Bteam'i^qwipedi •' They may ialsoi.be belied ^eitlDeii.by.itiie
imihedia^^ conti^ctof buniin^ iUelyiby reflected, ^Dadkitedji
OMidmblilied-llfetit^ o^ fey vinflaitiedgascs; o, ,u:,'*. . .
^Thie si^^* dhape^ and'4irrl»i>geident ^(^' th«.o6il& of pipes
miiy he alsO'Val'ied, pro^vided they* are cohu^uediivtfittiout
ihteitiipttoii^Tom'the )extii^uity AvbieveUhtti wtU«r is iiijtected,
to Ai^l wh^4^' the> stea^^fi^bsds Jaff^t0 the^angkiei <The
lUma^e :nyay'%lso berfonkied^iindiconstiueted in; laeveral
ditf^ereot idddes, to prod^Docetbe^sameeifeet; the^^tenteo
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. ihticei of. New Pattiiis. I9d
Mso sisllm that die pipes may belated or cd^d with fine
cky^i^iHr otter materials of a proper description, to protect
then^ from to» rapid corrosion by the elevated temperature
fihtdi they afe to enoounter.
J We have ohserred in. Ibe account of Mr. Surstal's patent
ia thia JSjTumbeif; that great hopes were entertained of form<»
lug light boilers, or st^am generators, by the principle
used in the tubular oneft here described, provided Mr.
Pevkins's patent improvement was added to them of con*
fining the watet/ip them by a valve, till it was required to
he .let off to the engine in a highly elastic state, or of steam
9tn»ngly, compressed, as otherwise we are convinced from
exfierimeats,! which we have seen, that the steam formed
at die lower eild of the tubes> ^ would blow most of the
water out of^ the rest, and lesye tliem nearly empty to the
aetibnof the fire^ • In tlie method proposed by the patentee,
the valMes of the engine would alone stop the tubes ; but^
long as the. tubes are directed to be, we do not think their
length alone would prevent water occasionally passing into
tlieengine-along with /the steam, if the valve above*men«
Uoned was not also used for confining the water in them
till the proper moment .of delivery. .
Seveml. patents have been obtained for tubular boilers*
One was granted Tor this purpose to Mr« Cox Stephens, in
1-805 (foi) which isee 'Repertory of Arts, &c. second series,
VoL Vli.'p. 173), but of a difii^rent form ahd construction
from itheiabovew Mr^ Woolf also used tubular bpilers in
some of his patent steam engiues several years ago, but
Uiejtttbes were, of a much larger description than those
pf Mr. Paul, and arranged very differently. Mr. James
C^rdy* of New York, also obtained a patent for a species
of tubular boiler or steam genemtor, in June, 1824; but
the ti|be whioh he used, both in size and other respects,
vaUried essentially from that of the present patent. Indeed^
Mr. Paul does not introduce hia patent &team->generator
M-hiaowo mvenitiop, or as one entirely new, as he candidly
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104 Uticts of Nm PaimOs.
tiftteft it to be the tofatrivuce of M« Mi* Reifcm mA
Moalmie^ who in 1613 -obtw^^ brevet if iMtntiamoi 16
yeats for it in Paruu
In the present state of theinvention^ and as it regeords
the important object we hare stated^ we can only consider
it ai9 an experiment of which we have GOtisidmable expec-
tations^ and^ from wishing it to succeed^ iiave given the
foregoing advice relative to ks improvement We also
think the arrangement of the coils of pipe is far from being
the best that might be used, on account of their depending
too much on the lateral communication of heat for their
Increase of temperature, in which direction Count Rumfordi
many years since, proved that very little heat could be
conveyed in comparison of that given from below upwards,
by an equal quantity of combustibles. Hie ttefaig those
fine tubes as bars to support fuel, is also M^judioious, es*^
pecially for our coals, whii^h require lii^ application ^of the
poker so much, and are so liable to the species of fusion
called '<clinking,''by eitherof whichthese small tubes would
(boon be destroyed. Instead of tiiis we would recommend
that iron pipes, sufficiently strong, should be employed
for- supporting the fuel, made to oommunioate* with one
another, like those in Mr. ChAptnan-s furnace (for which
he received a premium from th^ Society of Arts)^ dosoribed
in our 46th vol., and that wates* should be drawn through
those iron tubes from the • reservoir by the foroing(f>ump,
before^^it was injected by it into 6he coils of tlie long cojiper
pipe. And these latterwould most probably have a better
effect, if arranged above the fire-place in the form of a low
oblong ovoidal dome,, somewhat similar to the upper part
of a reverberating furnace ; andalso if covered above by an
arch of materials which slowly transmitted heat, than when
disposed as directed by the patentee.
' We have to add that water may also be prevented from
being forced into the steam engine along with the steafn,
by using a small forcing pump to injeet so minute a portion
lit eaeh stroke, that the whole of it will beeoaverted into
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Nbikei of New Pni4fd$. I9S
IMMk iir pftssiiig through the long red hot pipe, wfaidi
method we believ<e it to be the intention of the patentee to
nse. But tn this way most of the steam will be conrerted
Into hydrogen, subjeet to be exploded by frequent casu**
altii3fi; and the pipes also will be worn out much more
tapidly than iti the method abore [Mropoeed*^
I fi-|ii,ri'*ITT ill Ti mJ ■ ■ t I 1
jPaiem granted fo Jakbs NeviIlb^ of Higk^tireti, SMhwark^ Sn*
gineer, and to William Busk^ (^ Broad-4treHs Etq. fir improvcm
menis in propelling ships, boats, or other vessels, or ^floating bodies.
Bated* September 16, 1824.
* Two methods are deseribed iti the specification of this
patent, for propelling vessels. In the first the vessel is
eloped from the middle of its bottom upwards to the stern,
ft little above the level of the ^rftter, and this slope is im
t^sed by a vertical partition lengthwise at each side^
leaving the space at the stern open. In the lower part of
the incloBure thus formed^ are placed three horizontal
frames, extending its whole length, moveable by hingea
at the ends next the middle of the boat, and arranged so
as to move freely up and down within the inclosed wedge*
formed space described^ The middle one of these frames
is twice the breadth of either of the two outer ones, and
each^f them is furnished with six square valves, all move-
^h\e on hinges at their fore ends, but managed so that th^
four of each set whieh 4ire next the stern open downwards
to a certain extent, while the other two of each, which
are next the middle of the boat, open upwar(}si These
valves are so constructed, that they do not open more than
in an angle of 46 degrees with the frames ; and the frames
also are fixed so that they cannot move further upward*
than to bring these valves to a horieontal position. A steam
engine, placed inside the vessel, is to move theseframes up
and down by rods ascending from their hinder extremities,
in suah a manner that the middle frame always is moved
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t9ff jNbiiee$ '^/Ntsw P^lMYl
xikiL^^^istiiA Alre^tion from tHe two obtsid^ cines. l%eM
fraib^siwUli <^e'ValVeft afd called paddles ih the dpeci&^a'^
tiotii and their intended mode of dpertitt6n' W td«ct ob-"
fiqiiely on ihkWsCtet'/ih the tiature of inblined pklies/ slnd
by ihe' reacti(m to impel the b^iafc forwards. ' The intention
of the two ralVes m- eteh fratne hie^t tke.ihiddle df tbd
boat Opehing iii' a reversed dii^edtioh from the re^t, is tb
admit the^ water inore quickly to noplace dikt driven ot(t
by the action of th^ bthei* valves of the paddles. The
middle paddfte Is ttftiae twice. the "breadth df eacK df the
Others' to-^baTdric^ iherf j6ihi effect/ and tftehr niovii^g 1h
oppbsite'diJections, *i^ in order to tnake the motion of the
boat taore steady. • . »
l^hefbtiii^lr method of moving Veidsels proposed, is by the
supposed action of 'compressed aii* for<^ed^ throti^h a edit
of frbugh at th(^ bottom of Ae y^sfel, formed like the
wedge- shtipedinctosure of the loWer part of the Vessel fiHrt
described (^nd slbt)ed ' Upwards' from the middle of tlte
vessel likewise) in ix similar man'net to the stem, where it
is open atsb as thai is), but Tv^Bich at the bottom is cjosed
by W'horiiontali flbbr, which {DireVenis the Entrance of tWe
water in 'tiiat direction.' A blowing cylinder, such ks is
used in'sotie /liuridefies, worked 'by'asteato*engihe inside
the Vessel) is to impel aiif into ttie extremity of this trough,*
wbicK passing backwards to Hie sterrt, is there-expelled
into theisea'; 'and the pat^nieeJ sitpposes'thit by its being
thus driven oiit ih that direction) it wilt force the ves^l
forwards by the rieactioh of the water. •
Of the ^first method for pi^opelUng vessels mentioned in
this specihcatiori, we have to observe, that the actionf of
inclined planes for this purpose was proposed so early as
the year 1757, by the liVell-knowu Daniel Bernouilli ; se-
veral Other methods have since beefn published for their
application to the same design, among which a very inge*
jdious but complicsited one was insetted in the 20th vol; of
the Annales des Arts^ a trai;8latibn of which pape^j con«
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twining abQ,an.wcoiWit >rf Ben^pwU^**. pl^up, ijith ^ p^e
Of twa of Q\]|Cie](viUiQii9, wiiU^be fqund ia the Retrospect of
Arts, &p.VoUJ♦.p,343.^ ,,, , ., . . ,
. JK^ a(4iQn;Qfi ioqlii^ed, .pUne9,4s,tfaat whicbn^ure uses
iDi pi%oflttcii^g thei^apid /motioa of fishes ; and, it 19 al^o
used largfs)y by the Qhiu^^p ip iiDpeUmg vessels, some of
\ybich ^e of a coosiderable. size, in, the simple application
c^ it in skulling, they sometin;es using very large oafs for
t))e purpoae,! wodiied^ by. six or eight men together. Some
of the S$puth sea islanders apply it also in a singular man-
ner for tbe same purpose in their double canoes,. from a
ffws^ in .the. centre of .which, tbey let down their paddles
in a vertical direction, and work them tp. and fro ficross
t)ie .frames witji the bla»4cs altep^tely j-evjersed in .tbeir
angular position tpwards the pours^ of the .canoe.
. , Tb^w^n^ of Auccess of thf more complicai^d«methods^
whii^bc have. been, jtried for t^iispurppsp,, appears to have
arisen frpmtlieixJiaying frai9.e.8^ ^ii4 ,Qfi}^v parts beloiiging
,to tbfpd, wioving ^n the wate^r which had no djr^t action
liojmpefli^g.th)^ ^f^sels^ and y^'bich, by their re3is^uice in
tbe.wat^r, r^t^rded.tb,eir progress. Th(^ parts al^o wb^
rei^ly apted, ortbe incl;^.ed ^lanesj, wqife ip genera^, too
^axge iq, proportion to jtbe.;ppvyer with which they were
• fipyed, ftow yvljfpb ,defecjt. t^ey. ni(0.y,?fi. tije , wa,^r by. a
cb,urning action, instead, lof ipipelling tjhp ^bpat. .. 4|8 it is
.^iififd^jjt^ tbepUn Qf,.t|^e. patw^^'-^r ,f9« Applying Wlifled
planes i^qi tbis'.purppfte^j.has bpth t^ese ifpperfejctipns^.it
cannot be expected thjijt jt yrjll. hav€| pmdii, ppyref .fq^^ the
design intended.
■TJie . Tfieihoi prppps?d ,,fpr imp^lliijig ,ypsse^ls. t^iy, .com-
pressed ^ir, .which, js^tbe second ipeyxtione^. in, tl\^,§pecifi-
ieation,of this patent^, seeiins aji iraiperfect jjuiftatipn of one
published ijQ 181,^, by My. ^.^, poswell, for the same puN
ppse (for which see Repertory of Art?^ Vpj^ X3?y^.p^27^),
.iatWhich compr^sed^air was made, tp act upwards^ on an
> indijie^ plc^M (formed ^t tjiq loy^er ps^rt of the vessel, next
.the stei7))» with a force .^^ual to the weight of water th^t
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!9B Natkei of ^ew f^denis:
iqigfit be «QBtained in thie space which it occupied ; or
more precisely, vitji a force equal to the difference between
the weight of a column of water, of tl^e depth frbm the
«iir&ee to the bottom of the ppace occupied by the air,
and of the same base, and that of another column of the
same depth and base, but composed partly of the comh
pressed air, and partly of water, as will be found more
particularly stated in die paper mentioned* The plan of
the patentees has, indeed, an inclined plane> represented
in the drawing of the troug'h or tube, into which the air is
to be forced, the upper part of it being piade in that form ';
but then the operation of the air on it as an inclined plane
is entirely destroyed by liie floor at the bottom of the
trough, which prevents' the pressure of the water from th^
bottom upwards on the air, and only admits it in a hori-
zontal position frcmi the stern, by which means the com-
pressed air can only act from behind by the force with
which it can be driven out there against the water, which,
on account of its little specific gravity, and consequent
very small momentum, will have but an extremely limited
power to impel the vessel.
Patent panted io Timothy Burst all, formerly of Bankside, South"
warki buinov) of Leiih, and to John Hill, of Greenwich, now of
Bath, Engimeert, for a focomotive or tteam earriage, for the eonvey^^
ano^ of mails, passengffr$, andgood^ Dated Febniary 8, 18SS*
The peculiar contrivances usedin this engine are clasi|j|4
under three heads in the specification ; one of whic^ re-
lates to the formation of the boiler, another to the mode
of supplying it with water) and the third to tl^e gwerjl
construction of the machinejry,
The boiler is divided by upright partitions into peyeral
shallow cop[ipartments, which open above into ^ low ^p^Qe
between them and the top, whiph fprw^ a steftm-reservoir*
The fire-place be»pat}i ^a^ a ^ue that pi^s^s jiuder eacb
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Notieei of ifeuf PatenH^ 100
of ihene eompartmento in its way to tl^e diimoiey. It ig
to be supplied with coals by a feeding maohiaftj if tko
most perfect perfbnaance is desired, and is to have the
air, which it will require, pressed into it byr>a blowing
cylinder, which the patentees state will prevent the forma*
tion of dense smoke. The water is made to pass the boilev
from a plate<iron reservoir, placed beneath the perch of
the carriage^ by two small air pumps, which force air inta
it, and by its pressure on the water cause it to rise through
a copper tube into the boiler, round which the tube circu<«>
lates through all the compartments, into each of which it
has an opening for supplying it separately with waters
The diameter of the air pumps is to be such as will cause
them to make water pass equal to the consumptiion of th«
steam. They force the air in the first instance into a
hollow metallic globe^ placed above the water reservoir,
in which there is a valve, pressed by a spring or weight,
that permits such part of the air to escape as exceeds the
quantity regulated by its pressure, uid which of coarse h
limited also by the height of the water in the boiler, though
we think not expressly stated^ by some of the methods in
use for that purpose. The pressure is to be sufficient to
confine the steam at a heatfVom 250^ to 600^, Fahrenheit.
The water in the reservoir, and the coals in the recep-
tacle for their supply, are to* be replenished as wanted, at
th^ stages where the carriage is to stop in its journey. '
The boiler and furnace are suspended by horizontal
springs behind the hind axle, from the frame-work o(^th6
carriage. The two working cylinders of the steam-engine
are fixed before the axle, and act on it by two beams^,
which are put in motion by their piston rods, the other
ends of which. beams turn two cranks on the axle by the
impelling rods which connect them ; one of which cranks
is at right angles to the other, to preserve the continued
rotation of the axle, on the well-known principle practised
in steam-4>oats. The piston rods are made to work perpend
dicularly by the parallel ' geer,' as it is called, commonly
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200 Kbticu (^ Nett. Paienis.
used for this porpose, and the valves of the engine are
shifted as desired in some of the usnal modes. The steam
is conveyed from the top of the boiler to the working
cylinders^, by a copper tube of due dimensions^ which is
made to bend round so as to form an. entire verticai ring
before it. enters them, which the patentees assert will pre-*
vent its being broken, or its joints from beisg made to
leak by the jolting of the carriage.
: The carriage could be impelled by the motion of the
hind axle alone in roads nearly level, but when they are o(
a mature to require the fore axle being turned also by the
^ngin^y then a shaft, placed beneath the perch, communi*-
caies the motion to it from the hind axle by bevel toothed
wheels, in the manner common for such motions^ a due
regard being had to the horizontal motion of this axle,
necessary for the direction of the course of the carriage,
which is provided for by having a horizontal wheel, move-
able round the centre of the linch pin placed above it,
.which the communicating shaft turns first, and from which
the motion is continued to the axle by a vertical wheel
attached to the latter.
, The mode of giving motion to the jtwo axles described,
of course implies that the naves of the wheels must be
fixed to them ; but there is a particularity in doing this,
that requires further explanation.
One of the wheels on each axle is fastened to it by a
wheel or disk, with projections at its side, which correspond
with similar projections on the inside face of the nave ;
and which, being constructed so as. to slide towards or
from the nave on a square part of the axle, by the inter-
vention of levers, permit the wheel to turn freely on the
axis, independent of the motion of the latter, or again
connect them so as to n^ove together when required ; the
use of which is, to admit of the two wheels at one side
moving at times faster than the other two ; which will be
necessary when the carriage is to turn round, or when it is
to move on a circular part of the road.
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Nbtiees of New Paienii. . 201
^.13ie«;appai:«ilkWrf^ le^^ 4li6 purpose ^eftciibed k
calkd A ^' 0liit!ph> wliuefel " by th^ palcnt^es^ > and rei^emblos
j;h/^f»mediQr miter pdrpiDPealD miUf, in'sev^raiidiffbt^at
c9ml«iafttH)nftr well]&now«ttQ:iiiechftdi9ts«i ^- v • -
. Af oonlrivaiice for ^retarding oif «toppitig tlm motion of
the Miihi^dsviii^^pQMiaiy^inr deseevdipg Milte> isalao added,
whifch causes segments of cirdeslid prQ9s>t^ith great fbre^
on the naves of ^tbe* \i'h^l9inb]r the \aiedium of leiferd,
properiy^ispietodi Wbfieh coiiuniintbate witk«. pedal placed
beneath the feel of-^the'tooducton uiidev the seat in ftouii
hy pmBlDgl on. wkiob^he daiii'StDp the* wheels > when he
jpteases*! . Ai3«Q0ndpedaI> in^the seime plaice; connected in
^aimilatr manner iwith the t coupling apparatus aboye de*
s<Mribediretkablesrhimto joht <^e ivhfels'metitioiieid to the
adesi ofrdis^ngage, them, is he thinikis ptoper.* By tiie
handles, 0f two i^oda, placed also ednviftnieht to the seat' of
Iha jQOiMl^otiOrv on^ ef whieh^ rods passes »io the throttle
valve of tinQ 9team^ pipe} ilnd the other toi a cock in the
'W^t#r pipe^ he^can, iL8< is nequhedy ffegulateithe supply of
^aterapd of steam, and by the lattctr power iricrdase^or
dwipi^h•tbe:knotion of 'the cantia^ei^ or stop it aUogetiher.
. Thecojiduoior idsb direets the Course cjf the carriage;:
fo^ this puipoae ihis^aeat is placed in f roni, before the front
wheels, as the most convanieot: situa<k)n ; and direc^
before him is fixed a hdrizodtal steering-wheel, 'similar to
-thMe^nsedHbihipi^ whitbby intetmediate wbeitb a(^*on
a» toothdd eegment of -a circle, <fixed beneath to tile fr^iuie
!of thecatriage^y whose axisi is coiicd&tric with that*oftha
liooh pSn; iand by ttirhing which steering wheel' to tlie
vlgbt or'ihef left, the cotlductor can eause the oartiage to
move to eii^her side, 'as is necessary. '
* ^Thepoutentees'also describe an index, which they hatve
contrived, to be placed near the steering wheel, by Tooking
at which the conductor can ascertain 'the exact angle lo
.which b^ should turn rouiid the wheel ; but we apprehend
this instrument, however ingeiiious, would not be much
required in practice..
VOL. I. V
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302 Nifiice$ if New Patents.
In tlid drawings which accompany diia ftpteifii^^on^ tie
body of a coach for passengers is reposented^ pkced as
nsual^ between the two axles of thq carriage^ and faa?iQg
fore and hind boots, similar to those of stage oonveyaioees )
bat the patentees state that this part may be altered ac-
cording to the nses for which die carriage is intended;
and may of course be made like thebody of a waggon, if
designed for carrying mercantile goods.
Thq hind wheels are represented of large dimebsipnsi
and both they and the fore wheels as being furnished
with metaiUic naves. Jt is stated also in the specification,
that the toothed wheels^ which are nsed to communicate
the motion of the hind axle to the fore axle^ should bid so
proportioned in size to each other, that they may cause
the fore wheels of the carriage to move' as much qutoW
round than the hind wheels as thefr peripheries are less,
in order to make them operate Equally ci^ the road; and
keep pace with their long-spoked neighbours. '
This steam carriage, though apparently designed 'for
common roads, ^may also be used on rail-ways, in which
-case it is evident the steering apparatus miglit be omitted,
as the vehicles ar^ guided on them by mere siinple don-
trivances.
' Thd patentees seem to have' taken great pains lo^rsndsir
this steam carriage as perfect as the knowledge lis y^et ao^
'quired, relative to this mode of conveyance, -would permit;
and the evident improvement which it exhibits on i^omet^
its predecessors, gives great hopes that the desirable 'ol>'
ject of making steam carriages capable of moving e£feotii^
'ally on common roads, will be attained at tie. distant
^period.
* The great impediment to the application of steam cars-
riages to common roads, is theit enormous weight, which
in few cases, yet made public, has been much less than
eight tons ; to which, if the usual load of goods- put ot) an
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stage waggons being one of the objects of the patantee^X
nds coaimdn toai] y^t 'made* coiil4 avpfMirl tHwrn.. It would
4ke.wfbve be an ol^eot weU'woctli that ingeouity whkh tfap
pateniefa have qhowa in thdiconstrai^tieii of their' ateafa
carriage^ to oontrivQ laean^ for lesitning the weight of
-tbpse velooIeB ia every poasihle way, as wqll as tp puratie
4he plan alj^a^y uaed on raiUways^ of having carriages for
-oonve(yifag tha meroantile goods, or the paaaengeray quite
idlstindtfironi tbat ef the ateaih engine^ which^ for the latter
f ippose^.wDtild abtp he desirable f&e ether obvious r^aaona ;
for, exolasive of the idea of danger, which sitting close to
-a catdron af boiling watef, su^eot to be'preoipiitated op
'them by an unl^oky afona or rut in the road, might give
tq people otherwiaendt very tiknot ous, die greatheat of the
^fumaoe and boiler would he very! objeotibnable, at teaiit
during the warm; montha. In this way the steam chrriages
would serrtt the pui:p9flie of li)Qrae& to draw other uarrtages
(which ^ey 80 iqr rfasdmble, diat on the rail roads wheae
*^y are 4iaQd they are tailed, we are informed, tronr 'Aorcur,
by tlie- W9rkihea) i and for common roads this separation
:of ike weight on ifeparate carria|(ea wonld be even muoh
jdotejaeoessary than for rail roads, on account pf their
heii^ formed q{ materiaiq so nluoh. Iqsa hi^rd and du-
rabto. ' Ammi^the aibthoda pvoposed fpr 'making engioas
more light, that of using boilers constructed of small pipes
seems very worthy of attention^ several modes of which
have been already made public; among the more recent
of which, that for which' Sjfr. Thed^ore' paul has lately
obtained a patent (an account of which is inserted in our
pre^ttt!Number), seams in aoma vbepects bc»«Aeserve apre-
' fereiice ; bntr^iuring', in order to compl^td st, the Jiddi(itfn
of Mr. Feriuna'sipatent prineiple, 'Of confitiing the* heated
water ill thfe pipes by ^ weighted yalye/itslL the instant ff
: its being let. off to' iabtfon the:pislioa oif the thgihe i^' tl|e
-fqrm of slteaim p as the. water withoat.t&ia woaUibeblomi
t2
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904 NtOieei of New Patents.
totally out of the pipes by tbe ftteam formed in its lower
extremitieB.
The method of forcing the water into the boiler by tite
pressure of air, in an engine where no condensation is re-
quiredy which is the case in that of the paleiktees, can do
no injury to the general effect,and may be of sonne seirice
on the ]^rinciple applied in M* Latour's air engine (for
which see Nicholson's Phil. Jour. vol. xxix^ p. 176)9 who
caused a wheel to revolve by the expansion which the air
received in passing from cold water into that heated to the
boiling point; and as some of the air pressed into the par
tentees' water reservoir will be absorbed by the water^ and
pass over with it into the boiler, it will so far have a similar
effect. It is also probable that the air pumps will keep
longer and better in order than small water forcing j^mpSi
both from air having less action on metal, add not being
so liable to carry along with it extraneous substances*
It having seemed evident to us, that the name. ^'ioicH
motive carriage,'' given to that' of the patentees^ in their
specification, may have arisen from a mistake of the
copying clerk, for the word locomotive, we have altered it
accordingly in the title. It seems proper, however, to
notice, that the name is written '^ low^-motive" in the title,
and through all parts of the specafieation, where it occoiis
in that document, as examined at the enrolment office.' ^
PaietU granted to Joseph Apsdin, of Leeds, Bricklayer , for a method
of making lime. Dated June 7, 18^.
This method of making lime consists in taking the
*' puddle" or "powder" of roads made of Kinestone, arid
drying it by the application of fii*e or of steam, or by ex-
posure to the air, properly spread out ; apd when thus
[Prepared, in burning it in a lime-kiln, according to the
coibmon method for making lime. After which, the pa«
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Notices of STew Patenis. 205
tenCee wtertg, it will be ftt to be used as lime, both for
mftkihg mortal^ with a due addition of sand, and for
agricaltural purposes.
In districts wher^ good limestone is sufficiently plenty
to be employed in m&.kiDg roads^ it is most probable that
the use of the foad stuff, proposed by the patentee, would
be no great object in saving expence. On the other hand,
where it was not plenty, or where it was to be fetched from
a great distance, it would be too costly to be employed in
toaking roads.
It appear&r also that it would be extremely difficult to
bum this limestone powder in a kiln, on account of its not
having sufficient spaces between its particles for the ad-
mission of air to the fuel, by which it would bum badly,
if at all, and would soon be extinguished.
As to agricultural purposes, it is doubtful if the limestone
powder would be improved by burning it into lime. We
have been where limestone gravel, or finely powdered lime*
stone, was found naturally in beds beneath the soil, and
th^re used to Very good purpose for improving ground in
the manner in which mkrl Is employed ; and it seems most
probable, that the road stuff of limestone roads would be
as good for manure as the limestone gravel, or indeed rather
better, when it is considered how large a mixture of other
species of manure there must be among it, from the passage
of cattle, and the dropping of various matters on the roads
from the loads carried over them.
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., cation in ^eneraty. wifh ^peri^uU ujid^ tablet qfthe cetnpt^raUii^ Mh^
of Canais and Railroads, by Nicholas Woop^ CoUkrjf Viewer,
1 Tol. 8vo. 314 pages.
Some Remarks on A Practical Treatise, hy Thomas TsEDaOLD^ Civil
, Engineer, {pwH^esarne mfifeci^. 1 vol Svo^ ISA pages.
A fewdbservations on the famphhts of fifr* H. R* Palxer and Mr,
J^OHN ValaHce, on a Maitway on n new principle, and on the ex*
' )ortft?wW of' Striking vapital iii Ratliotifi'; and 6n loddfndttofi hy iiir
,^ 'ti^Ufkthi^6kigkM kicked f^m^ €^t^
We notice the above touv treatises under one head, from
ttieir Containing altogether most of the information which
ha9 yet been published irespectijig railroads, a subject at
present of much public interest. - . ,.' V
Mr, Tredgold's treatise must certdinly/be e«tj^emed by
far the most useful, from the great number of facts lyhich
he has collected, the* perspicuous manner in which he ha9
treated of them,* and fof the excellent tables \yhich he has
composed, . ' '
Indeed his work is of that masterly nature, that Mu
Wood might b6 thought somewhat indiscreet in pulilishing
on the same subjects so soon after him ; but of this fie had
altogether an^ well freed hitnsdf, having given valuable
ir^foimaliou on some px)ints that had escaped .the former
author; corrected one of his very few errors, Uiough a
material one; added considerably to the number of f^^cts
and experiments on the sianip subjectS|. and increased the
numbef of useful tables respecting them, His treatise
may therefore be considered as a valuable appendix t^ th^
of Mr. Tredgold, clearly and cautiously composed, and in
most respects well executed. Mr. Palmer and Mr. Valance
being both patentees, and we having alftady given some
observations on their plans in our Notices of New Patents,
we should not notice their pamphlets here but for the reason
before stated, and for the purpose of adding a very few
words more respecting some other points contained in them,
which have a bearing on the subjects treated of by the
^ two preceding authors. Mr. Palmer's work indeed is more
in the same line of the two first, as it contains a few
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Oik MAilwt^k 90T
ydikafaibrfti^^ma «cpeiwietite on the nloit perfect tommr
tioa df ittilwaysy andcftimgesfor thooii and on tbf ftio^QO
of whadaraqol laxleE^ and ooatniaa.a t^bk of the, comp^n^
tire vaine of the iotf» of a horae^ at S^ iiujllas.aa hwti oa
%m diffifereiit. railways; whioh^ heWwer, Would hf^^ b^en
much more tatiafactoryi had Mt. P. lidded to it a detul of
the.&eta trhich led to tiia eonoIuaioQabe hafr Ae^e io#erted|
aaid iioi€OiAii6d.tke aiatement of hid aUthoritie;^ to h nit^
instancei bull corvoborlited the oYtdence of th^a 'woodwfiil
perfbnilanaa of hia inmntiioii by fiDme other te^tiotLOoy^ i^.
addition t6 hid own asaertioou
The obtef error, ia Mr. Tr^gold'd treatiN li#fl in hifi
hattliy. condemnation of wroHgbt iron raiia^ in which he
haa followed tbeepiniooaof Ms. Chapman^ in hia I^epiart
on the projected Railway between Newcastle and Carliak^
Mr. Wood takes the dther.' side of this interesting qn^s^
tion, in whi4dh he aecYns. to h4?e a decided superiqrityt
both from the ijuotation he tmakes from the. Reporit of Hx^
GL Stephetwon, o£ Newoastle, on the eulgect* and &fM
the Eepljr to ^Mc Ghapman''s Report, by tMr. Tbompf^iii
of Tindale Fell^ averring thaA the: maUeable iroa r^)$i
which had been.laid dowa.thecafor sixteen yearsi bad >^<^
appearance of lamination \ and that the whole oC.the
wfon^t iron which had. b^n naed tbete fqr tliat piei^Mi
appealed t(;> be veiy lilile w^^ae^ while! tte-c^t iton .o^ir
tainly was .much worse, >aiid s«ii>ject Ik)' /cion^idecabtf
breaJfiage; althottgh the rails of itliis metal fire, double J^
weight of Ihose ofihe malleable iix)n« Tlie: vfaggoQ^ mf^
on both those! railways carried each a. chaldron of ^^Wr
castle coals, or 53cwt.' . : t
Mn G« Stephensonfs Report. siatea> Jsi«:th»t.'wi>OAgbt
iron rails. can wbe^ made cheaper tbian tbqse iof ca«t:ir<w«
&om their' mquiriag to be made tmly hsjif! i^. weigh V.<^*
the letter io afibrd the samie security .iP leab^Aajges. p^i^i^
ntar tbMw. , .2d# Th^ they.admit of oarri^s^af n^ving ^itb
graa^ teUuiify on .ti^em^Aiirooi: thjsiir t>(*^b»eps,rend#r^g
tinwii^^MJ^^U^'^ t|>.fimtili)e!lh»m- :ni mMm im^Wi J ^
They are more easily kept in order, one bar of them being
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dOft On RaUmmi,
tts long as gevetal of tbe olhen, aikd Iherriiy •xtendiag
over a proportiofialty greater mnnber of the* blocks of
p^deptab ; by which also these latter assist in keeping
each other in their proper positions; while the joints being
few«r, will enable carriages to pass nMre smootUy oyer
them. 4th, The malleable iron rails are more regular in
their wear, and on the whole will last longer thfui those
of oast iron. Mr. G. S. here pointedly denies tbat wrought
iron exfoliates^ or separsntes into laminsB, in that part of
them which is exposed to the pressure of the wheels, con-
trary to the assertions of some engineers (including Mn
Tredgold and Mr< Chapman), Mr; S. having closely ex-
amined rails which had been in use many years, with a
heavy tonnage passing over them, and in no part of them
having seen any appearance of such exfoliations. 6th, Mr.
S. assorts that malleable iron will bear a pressure without
injury which will ''crumble do\¥n'' cast iron* 6th, Mal-
leable iron rails wear more equally ; for those of cast iron
have an external crust, harder than the rest, and when this
is worn through, the decay of the rest becomes very rapid;
7th, The effects of the atmosphere are not so different on
the two sorts as to be t>f much moment, Mr. S. having bb^
served no oxidation, or crusting to any extent, on malleable
iron railways. Mr. S. here notices a fact not easily ac^
counted for, — " that malleable iron rails, sdbjebt to con-
tinued motion by the passage of carriages over them, are
much less liable to rust than bars of the same inetal, either
standing or lying near them without being used ; the latter
continually throwing off scales of oxidated iron, while the
former are scarcely at all affected.".
We think the contradiction in these opinions on this
important point, may be accounted for without imagining
any intentional misstatement or neglect at any side, by
merely supposing that Mr. Chapman and Mr. Tredgoid
contemplated one speciqs of malleable iron, while Mr.
Hiompson and Mr. Stephenson examined another sort ;
the kind of wrought iron manufiiotured from «crap iioa
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On Uidim^ 209
Mikg ffolMAf b66tf Aat to whkh the two firiUnoitioiied
gendiemen alladed, while the two ktter examinedraik'niade
of British bar tron^ fresh from the fimubee, ia ha fiiat appti*
cation from the ore. We have seen ship bolts, nade at tfaie
Funtly Mills by roIler$^ from scrap iron, split ia dming
into a form reiseHtbliag a bundle of wires, while we liaire
seen specimens of the other sort much more sdbject to
break than to bend or separate into filaments or kminse^
We have also seen very an^^ent iron palisades, swelled out
by the action ot the weather, and divided into nomerona
fhinlamin8&, like the leaves of a book ; but have reason to
think they were fabricated before the art ot making wrought
iron from the ore, by the use of coke from fossil cbi^l, waa>
practised here, having never seen an instance of bars of
this latter fabric in a similar state. . As far as our opinion
inen can be of use, it must be decidedly in favour of nml*
leable iron rails.
Another matter in which it appears to ns that Mr* Tied*
gold is mistaken, is in the great preference which he gives
to large waggons with heavy loads, on railways^ to those
of a smaller sfze^ Mr. T. on this occasion seems to have
imbibed the old prejudice for voluminous and ponderous
pluskages, evinced in those very imposing, but expesaive
road^rinding engines, the eight^horse waggons ; which
put the nation to more cost to repair the destruction which
they cause to roads, than the amount of all their expence
to their owners, much as that is. We believe Mr. T.
would alter his opinion on this point, if he perused the
strongly attested evidence in favour of single horse carts^
in the Reports published in 1809, by the Committee of Ijie
House- of Commons, on roads and wheel carriages ; and
if he saw how very adequate such carriages are in Scottaiidt
where they seldom carry more than a ton weight, to all the
purposes of a very extensive and multifarious commerce;
or if he had known what has been done an this way, by
carria^s holding still less, in other comitries. It is true
that oeca9ona% articles of eoctraoidinary shape aoddi*
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210 (M MAittlia^*
twnnoBs wtlLroqitii^ cd&Vby9iioe onmlwt^Jfh ^^eflX^t^
on-ckth^ r^ads ; hut Abea' it 19 obviocisly; b^Uer to fwk tbe
earfim^ to'tbe «Ma$i0ii« by cov^ioing -t^o oriiaore of
tbeniy 80 » jto. 84staiflL.tb« Houauatlo^d eq^fiUy^ tbao to
Jay dowft an eiq^eafiire mij^^y, of pio^iickroaa dimeufiipp^
for lihe aoeoiompdnf ion. of l^uob casiudti^s* Th^ gr^^t a^d
inc^eotikig Pliant bf raiiway^ of a.nvUiiler ctpe^wi^. mth
ligbtca^siagM, in Waka^ tanda to coi^firm4ur'<qpi4iQ^ 9^
ihiBsubject.fto.mucbi tliatvfe ar^ indued tp.a4vooate thie
me iof & atiU smaller ^rl^ &vqb what 60|4^ |{«i^l«9^0A might
think ridaciilotialy.8inimy canrying JoadQ not ^xo^clingtteii
hundred weight itt tiie Qarriag6$| 9» t)io.^o§t ociomqiiofdt
and which would yield the.laig^Metttm of.profitit ^l^ast
tdierehoTMA were uaed for- th# drafts bat. ifidxfre Ioooy
motiifjs engines are to be employed, for thi^ pm|>pfi6, rth^eif
present ponderous f^ma might indeed .nn^ke sUronger raii^
roads expedient, and this we imagine to b^:tVe oolyioase
ift fThichtheyrwwild be neeesisary*.
Mr. Tr^goid baa ttolAe^ Mr. ^a|m^>. imtei^t railwuy>
%i£ yfihich .we have, givep ^ome a<^o#ifit:ia 09F last, Nui9ber#
in iecDamie&ding a species of it. ten feet h%b oa l^viel
^roniid^ «re think I)e 'does not mwk $erve this s(|eeulatioo»
since this fcftn. would -gteaAy add.4o itft <^y^pei»c.e^ and to
d»e liability to lateral derta^oi^nt ^f the pillluts, wb*ch
ai« the: nuoet objeotiooal poiot^ io the :QQ|i&riviance.t a^d
would nukeover j^nsiderably inctea^ tfaje/dr^aft^of the
boraes used Vrith thenx> ^as; the dow^Wiwd 4va(t.cajLis^ by
tfais^mvafiigement ifould u(^t ^y ,add ta |ttoe;piyj^4ujce of
die load, on the rail) bat.otiierwi9eii]iC«e$se the diffioaity>
kfy tbe tmkmajcd^iwi indeed d94gerj(>M9. direction in whi^h
it'wdiuldcanae fbe jooHsi^ to press qq their necjgs. . Iron
lUhrap of this ktterdegciripti^A ;Eai|$t be out of ttp# <|ii|el|^
tion» iKir.iiideed/do we tlii«k ai^, kind of ibm^,o(. this
metad wnmld .be as ohieap as ik^',^mmw isdge mils^ as
Mplain«d i% bur ll^st-JSiliijab^r; ;bMt in a^nie .sitii^tio^
whl;re dhrahility b not fi^rmke^iJi^tt.ii wi>^^ <K4ln»y
«C this •<|it!mif;bA.be'OdraMgQ(M^
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OuSM^agk. Sit
tk»iL Ihejr^wblilii bdveijr soitebtefiir Biifliia, AiiMba» uil
other coiiELliiea w&^re timber is ^heap i BaoAiDdM^itithA
pillftTB were made more' durable by the mcAdd proposed
in oui^ notice of Mr. P/s patent^, of lMuriag> dieir ocbttal
parts at the lovel oC.tfa^ gh>«ini defikidlBd bf taift iron
so^etS) Vitli the. farther additioo of dast iqoto Jkads <>r
paps, faraisbed ivtlih socket joints in a sialiUi* manti«r» the
{ilate ef ifon at top made to o?ethang tb& wo^iA a UUfe til
throw off the tain, und all the tirood work well p^M^t
^ch' a raiiwfety might perhaps last l^ng toough^to p9^Y very
jjAreil in m^fiy plaoes, eten in this ooiUitry^
] la thus difibriog oh tWo or three points from MnTredT
gold, we by no means intend to derogate from the! vciltteof
his wdrky in thie respects whioh we hav^ before metHiontd ;
and as there will be doubUestiy more than ol»e edition of
so useful a {SaUicatiori, and. as be canni)t desire, tocetajiiie
i^ perusal io: one dass of readers, who are far from bdng
numeoxiui^ we hope he will exbus^ our A*eiOOdimendiiig him
ti sepamte his algebmical cakulatiimsfrom the ttot iii the
asxt ;editbn> by placing them either in an ajlpendix, or
inserting them in the form of nolieH; an altemltOn i<i^liich
will ihiBch extend the bsefulnl^ of the w<lrk> end oaxise.it
to be read vfiSA pleasure by many who wotlldDOt^eAdure the
labour of going through these difficult premises^ though they
might be well pleased to knd w the oonclusi(Hi> A task by. no
meeins agreeable even to expert algebmistsi whom we have
tieason to thiak seldom. give themselves, the- trouble of
readiogicalculatiQiis of thisitort, where they haVfe no in«
tentibd themselves of writing on the sslue siil^eoU •
Mr. Wood! has' eantioi^Iy abstained fe^m, givvag wiy
opinion relative to the plans for railri^oads of ;ail.aiia#itid
fkmstmctiOn ; and halfoMlided his conclusfoas se^pecling
the siipeHfority <S tb^ edg&' railways over tramraiisi^on 4
visry cirefnl ei^miriation, and Ihe jx^Hectidn of vir^ fNrQved
fax>t^; he much difiboaateBahees the exi^ersted'e|[^ecT
tribions .that ktely ^leyaikd very generally^ of the great
ralomtymlbiWhiabcairi^^esoo^U^^ 9»j(^iM»;h]r
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112 On KaUMitfS.
ftteanf eftgioes^ in whicK opiaibn Mr. Tredgbld coincides' :
he tkii^s'nulwttys and'locbmotiTe engines will hereafter
receiye^eat hliproyeinent, so as to be much more efficacious
for tlM sarnie eicpience ; and points'out some circumstances
ontlM h^ which will probably much accelerate their
alteration for the better* Tii comparing the relative value
of canals and railways, among'other excellent observations^
he states; that when a Velocity of four miles an hour is re^
tjuiredy the conveyance by raiTways will have a decided,
superiority ; but that at the rate of two miles an hour,
more work can be done on canals ; and concludes with
recounting many particulars which give railways a decided
superiority.
In a work so well executed in general, it is with some
reluctance that we proceed \o notice any defects ; they
are, however, but few, and are easily rectified.
We were surprised to perceive that a gentleman so well
informed as Mr. Wood, should retain the old error of
friction depending on the extent of surface of the bodies in
contact. Desaguliers, in his lectures more than 90 years
ago, had clearly proved die error of this'idea, as have many
writers before him, and all who treat of such subjects
sinee. Yet Mr. Wood seems so impressed with this notion,
that he repeatedly accounts for the greater friction pro*
duced on certain occasions, from the greater extent of
rubbing surfaces under the same pressure ; and this even
after relating an experiment which ought to have proved
to htm his mistake, in which a waggon, with bearings on
the axles four inches broad, required considerably less
force to move it than those with brass bearings one inch
and a half in breadth, carrying equal loads.
Some verbal errors we would also desire to correct,
lest the example of a respectable author should add weight
to a wrong use of words, which in many .instances has al*
ready tended too much to impare the accuracy of our
language. In the first place we object to his giving the
ftppettatiM of a diagram (in p. 181) to the statement of the
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On Railways. 213
value of thecircumstances onwhichthea^regateamoant of
power required to drag a body over.a givea apace depends ;
diagram being a word which| both from its Greek deriva-
tion and its general application, denotes a geometrical
figure, such as those in Euclid's Eleifietits.
In the account of his dynometer he has niimed theiveight
appended to it k pendulunif wbidh,.as i^perlbrms no oiBlce
similar to the regulating part of a clock, to which diis
word is appropriated, we think also flboold be conrected ;
for if this licence is allowed, we may talk of the pei^ulum
of a bell when we mean the clapper, or that' of a pump t4>
denote the handle, both of which resemble a pekdulum
full as much as the weight of Mr. W.'s dynomeien
' And lastly, we think his denominating the* pressure of
steam its weighty which he does repeatedly, as if the two
words were synonymous terms, ought to be amended,
since steam has its weight as well as any other substance,^
and in this respect ranks between atmospheric air and
hydrogen gas.
Mr. Valance's pamphlet is to^berecomme&ded for thil
statement it contains of the comparative value of locomotive
and stationary, steam engines in impelfiog carnages ; and
if he estimates the latter at a higher rate than is done by
Mr. Tredgold and Mr. Wood, it is to' be jrecbQected that
in his compuVition he consid^» them as being unencum^
bered with the heavy frictipn of ropes or chains, drawn
along for great distances, which the othar twso gentlemen
were obliged to take into the account in their statements.
Indeed it is probable that one of the; drcmnstaocesin
which railway conveyance will bie most improved honeaftei^
will arise from employing better modes of communiimting
the impulse of stationary engines to x»j;riages; for which
^purpose we have already another veiy ingenious method^
besides that of Mr. Valance, proposed .by. Mr. James in
the specification of his patent, of which we give aa acoount
in the present Numbeir.
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LIST OF NEW PATENTS.
Ch AKLES Ff^iRNB, of Bell Lane, Spitalfields, Middlesex,
sugar reflpferj,* for imi>rov6iiieots< ia the process of fefiaing
sugar.-^Dated July 26, lB2d«-T^Six months to enrol sp^
cifif^ation«
John Rbkdhsao,' of Uewortb, Purham, Gentleman;
for iittproveinents in madiincry for propelling vessels of
all dfaoriptioiis^ both in marine and inland naiFigatioB.— »
Dated July 23> 1825.--r-TwQ montb8> to exirol speeifioatiom
JoHi^ BnwABi^ Brooke, of Headingly, near hti&a,
l¥ooUen mftmifacturer, and Jambs .HAnfiaiiAv% of Kirk-
stall, of the sap^e place^ woollen mann&ctuteri for impvove*
)tieOts iaor additions to machinery used in scrabfaiing and
pardiag ytoqI, or other fibrous substances.T^Dated July 26,
l825#t*f>Six months to .enrol specification.
David Oliver Richardson, kerseymere and olotU
printer, and Williajc Hirst, n^anufacturer, both of
Leeds, fot improvemisnts in the process of printing or
dyeii^g woollen and other fabrio8.**--JDated July 36, 1826.
Sbc mondis to enrol specification. >
Jamss Kay, of Prestoi), Lancashire, cotton spinne^,
for; macbioeiy 'for pcapaeing. and spinning i^, hemp,
and oth^' fibrous snbstanoes, by poweri^-JDated July 26^
1 826.rmSix mondia io enrol spec^ficatum*
. RiCKABJX.Wi'DTT, of SculdQates, Yorkshire^ civil eiv-
gineerv fi^'^^'^>>^P^P^^d ehinmey lof.Argand and othet
^arueni;tr-tDatQ4'«l^°ly ^^ 1825v^Sijcinontkst'ta enrol sp«^
/[Hfioatiom ' i •'
. JoEi/L^AK, offisbpoaid House,! near BiEistoI> Gehtl&-
4ian, fbra machine /for effecting an alternating uotioi) ben
tween bodies revolving ab^i^t a common centre or akis of
molion>v'elso certain additi/^nal ipaohinery or app^atoa
for applying the same to mechanical ptu^poses^-^Dated
July 30, 1826. — Six months to enrol specification.
The Rev. William Barclay, of Auldeare, -Nairnshire,
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LM of Nku) Piitini^ fi 15
Tbr an improyeci instnsntteiitto ^tannine ft»gle0 ofdltlittd^
or elevation, without the neceseity of a View of horieon
being obtained.?— Dated July 30, 1826.*— Two months to
enrol specification.
Richard Badnall, the younger^ ofLeeki Stafford*
i^hire, silk manufacturer, for improvementB in- the manu^
fkcture of silk.— Dated July 30, 1 82d.**^is months to
enrol specification. ' - »
Samuel Ba€SH AW, of Neweastle-iftitfer'-Iiile^ St»fibrd-
shire. Gentleman, for a new method of manufacturing
pipes for the conveyance of water toad other iluidft.-p-D«ted
August 8, 18S5.-**-Two months to enrol specification ^
GfioRGE CHAfeLETON, of Maidenhead Court, Wapping,
and William WAkK&ii, ofNewGrove^ Mile^d Road;
Stepney, master mariners, for improvements in thebifilding
or constructing of ships or c^her vesseh.^-^Dat^ August
10, iSSS.-^ix montha to enrol specification.
SAMrUELL0Rf),JAMEsR0BlW8aN,andJQHNp0KSTi:H,
of Leeds, Yorkshire, copartners, merchants, and: manufkc*
turers, for improvements in machinery for and in the pro-
cess of raising the pile on woollen oloths and other fkbries;
and also in pressing the same.-*-Dated August 11, 1^826.
Two months to enrol specification, n • -
William Hitrst, Hjbnry HifesT, And William Hry-
00 CK, woollen cloth manufacturers, and Samu-bl Wil^^
KiNsON, mechatnlcj of Leedis, Yoikshtre, for an apparatus
for preventing coaches, carnages, maili^, anii other Vehicles;
from overturning. — Dated A\ignst 11, 1836;— tSix nidnths
to enrol specification. * ; > ' ,/ .. i : . . i
John Stephen LANOTbK/of Langtott Ju*te. Partneyv
Lincolnshire, Esq. for an imjrfdved method of sea^dning
timber and bttier woodj—Dated August 11', 182&.-MBix
months toenrol speciftbatioii,- • , a ,. .;
Jac6b Peri^ins; of Fleet-street, London, engineer, for
improvements in the construction of bedf^teftdfi, dofhs^ and
other similaraiticles; Gommunicated to hitn by a foreigner.
Dated August 1 1, 1825.-^8i^ months to enrol speclfioation.
Henry RicHAiux&otf . JEakshaw^ of Addle-street,
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21Q JUi/ of New PatefUf.
hMdatk, 'silk embosser, for an improved apparatus for
gpianiag^ jdoubliug aod twisting^ or throwing silk — Dated
August 12, 1825. — Six months to enrol specification.
James Butler, of No. 64, Commercial Road, Lam-
beth, Surrey, fbr a method of making- coffins for the effec-
tual prevention of bodies being removed therefrom, or
taken therefrom, after interment.rrDated August 12| 1825.
Two months to enrol specification. ,
Mabc Larivisee, now residing atNp. 21, Frith-street,
Sobo, Middle^e^ mechanicean, late of Geneva, in Swit-
zerland, for a machine for perforating metal plates of
gold, silver, tin, platina, brass, or copper, being applicable
to ^11 thjB . purposes of sieves, hitlierto employing eitjier
canvas, linen, or wire.— Dated August 15, 1825.'— Two
months' to enrol specification.
Joseph Alexander Taylob, of Great St. Helen's,
London, Gejitleman, for a new polishing apparatus for
hpufehold purposes. — ^Dated August 13, 1825.-*-Six months
to enrol specification.
. Charles Downing, of Bideford, Devonshire^ Genr
jtleman, for improvements in fowling-pieces and otber fire-
arms^— ^Dated August 15,.1825.—i7'wo months to enrol
specification.
. . An0BEW Shoolbred, of Jermyn^^street, St. James's,
tailor, for improyen^ents on, or a substiti^e for, back stays
aad braces fpr ladies and gentlemen, chiefly to prevent
relaxatipn of the muscles. — Dated August 18, 1825* —
Six months to enrol specification.
Philip Taylor, of the City Road, Middlesex, engi-
^e^r, for . improvements .in , making irqn.^ — P^<^. A^''^^^
18, 1825. — Six months to enrol specification.
Prter Williams^ of Leeds, and James Qglb, of
Holbeck, Yorkshire^ cloth pianufacturers, for improve-
ments in falling mills, or machinery fpr fidling and washing
^nroollen cloths, or such other fabrics as may require the
process of felting or fulling. — Dated August 20^ 1825.*-;
,Six months to enrol specification.
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THE
REPERTORY
OF
PATENT INVENTIONS, &c-
No. IV. OCTOBER, 1826.
Sjtecifioaium of the Patent granted to Thomas Hoppeb^ of Reading,
in the county of Berks, Esq, for certain improvements in the manu^
facture of silk hats. Dated November 20^ 1823.
TO all to vfhom these presents shall come, &c.
Now know ye, that in compliance with the said proviso, I,
the said Thomas Hopper, do hereby declare, that the
nature of my said invention, and the manner in which the
same is to be performed, are particularly described and
ascertained in the following description thereof, (that is
to say) '.-^Method of manufacturing the New Patent Silk
Hats, — ^The woollen substance which forms the basis, is
first to be boiled in a solution of the supersulphate of
alumine and potass (common alum) for about two hours,
in the proportion of two or three pounds of alum to a
gallon of water. It is then to be taken out, well rinsed in
clear water, and wrung, and immediately dipped in a
solution of isinglass or glue, of variable strength, at a
boiling heat, and put on a frame to dry, and give it a
shape. The cloth thus prepared, and before, . or when it
becomes quite dry, may be again immersed in a strong
solution of acetate. or tartrate of alumine,- (the acetate
VOL. I. Q
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218 Patent for improvement^in Silk Hats.
thuB made, — alum about three pounds, sugar of lead one
pound, dissolved separately in a gallon of water, and then
mixed and decanted : — ^the tartrate thus made, — dissolve
about two pounds and a half of alum, and one pound and
a half of cream of tartar, in a gaUon of boiling water ; this
need not be stramed) or supeMUlphate, and allowed to
remain in the liquor for a few hours ; it may then be
rinsed and dried as before. This liquor must not be hot.
A third method is, to dip the cloth (previously alumed) in
a solution of gelatin, aftd one of th6 lJui[ikioui» ialts, lidded
together ; when wrung, immerse it once or twice in an
alkaline lixivium ; afterwards dry as before. By these
processes the gelatin k set or fit^d in what may be termed
the first, second, and third degree, and the manufacturer
may use the first singly, or combined with the second, as
directed, or the third only. In the last proce^, a double
chemical change is effected ; the acid of the aluminous
salt leaves it, and attaches itself to the alkali, while its
baise, the alumine, combines with the gelatin, rendors it
insolubte in water, and together with it remains affiiced to
this cIoUi. Various important advantageft appear to bd
derived flrom the alumining process. It effeetikilly removes
the grease from the woot, by which, conjoined with its
itrtmg affinity for the oloth and gelatin, betii^i^en wb^eh
tk^Ve exists but little nttttirally, it acts as a powetful in-^
termedium in fitting the latter,-^enables it to resist ik^
aetion of water, from the absorption of which, when ii«id
in its simple state, and consequent increase of volume,
appears to rise one of the principal causes of the disfdno^
tion amd falling to power of the resinous gums. It pre^
veAls the cloth Arom shrinking in any sensible degree^
when subsequently wetted ; fkctlitates the aciHiesion of the
gums with the wool ; and serves to equipoise those mate«
rials that are fusible by heat. The resinous gums may
mtm be applied in the same manner as at present practised^
er th«y may b% used in the humid way, dissolved in a
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Patent for imprnvetMnts in Silk Hats* 219
spirituotts menstruum, with a proportion of Venice turpen-
tine. It in tisual to mix a tbird or fourth part of resiti or
sandamck with the lac; but the mastiche is preferable,
not curling up in cooling lik^ the sandarack, and pos-
sessing more tenacity than either, tt contains a substaUf^e
analagous to caoutchouc. Oaoutchouc, or elastic gum,
dissolved in rectified oil of turpentine, and rendered drying
by pure alumine, by washed eether, or which is more eco-
nofldcal^ aa much acetate of ahuoine as it will abso^ ;
thqr should be nibbed tog^etlier. It is initeuded for th^
rifli) but a discretion is left wiih Uie Btanufacturer in itH
application. Between the resinous gums and the yarniah,
an interteningsubiltaiice, not fusible by heat» is neeess^y
to pievent the latter from subsiding* Isinglase dissolved
in weak spirits, gum aoaeia^ sieiple or pure aluminoua
paste, 8cc. sijffice ; t&e pure alumine is also used insidei^
mixed with itommon or resinous paste ; pure alumine is
obtained by pouring on a eolutioii of alum» a solution of
potaous, soda, or ammonia, washing the precipitated powder
enoB ^ twioe with boiling water, and after filtering, drying
tlie powder. The vernisb, either thai in common use, or
Ae firilowing, may be employed-tasphaltum four parte^
gum maeticdie or amini two or three paits^ drying Unseed
oil fnim twe to three parts ; melt the bitumen and gum is
an^ iron vessel over a charcoal fire, then add the oil ; when
well mixed, reasove the vessel firom the fire, add Venice
tuipeiitiae two parts, and, gradua%, six or eight pacta
ef essential oil. Strain ; if it should be too thiek, when
eool add mace of the essential oiL The proportions hens
given, adnnt of being varied.
In witness whereof, &c.
Note. The preceding specification has been carefiiUy compared
with the record in the Enrolment Office, of which it is a correct eopy.
q2
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220
Ifyecifieatum of the Paieni granted to Jacob Pcrkiks, ^« of PhUa-
de^ohia, m the United States of America, but mw of Fleet-sireet, in
the city of London, Engineer, for certain improvements in steam
engines, in part comtnunicated to him by a foreigner residing abroad.
Dated June 6, 182S.
WITH A PLATE.
TO all to whom these presents shall come, &c. 8cc.
Now know ye, that in compliance with the said proviso^ I,
the said Jacob Perkins^ do hereby declare my said im^
provements to consist. First, of an improved rotary valve ;
Second, of a new valve to serve as a throttle valve ; Third, of
a new application of a loaded valve ; Fourth, of a new ar-
rangement of rings for metallic stuffing ; Fifth, of a new
condensing apparatus. And that the nature of my said
first improvement of an improved rotary valve doth con-
sist in reducing the friction caused by the action of the
steam on the upper surface of the revolving plate now in
use in rotary valves, by substituting a revolving plug in
lieu thereof, and opening the upper surface of such a plug
to the atmosphere. It should here be stated that 'when I
say the upper surface of the plate of plug, I suppose the
valve to be in a horizontal position. And that the nature
of my second improvement, of a new valve to serve as a
throttle valve, doth consist in opening and closing the
passages for the steam, by means of the elasticity of a
metallic plate, acted upon indirectly by the gov^nor. Attd
that the nature of my said third improvement, of a new
application of a loaded valve, doth consist in creating
pressure upon the steam generated for the purposes of the
engine, which pressure must be overcome by such steam
itself,, before such steam can act upon the piston or reach
the cylinder. And that the nature of my said fourth im-
provement, of a i^ew arrangement of rings for metallic
stuffing, doth cpnsist in keeping the expanding opening
of the flexible ring steam tight, by means of eccentric and
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Patent for improveme^Us in Steam Engines. 231
non-expanding rings. And that the nature of my said
fifth improvement, of a new condensing apparatus, doth
consist in condensing the steam in the eduction pipe, as it
leaves the cylinder, by forcing the supply water, cold or
at a low temperature, round, and along a considerable
surface of the said eduction pipe, in such manner as to
keep such supply water always under pressure. And in
further compliance with the said proviso, I, the said Jacob
Perkins, do hereby describe the manner in which my
said several improvements are to be performed, by the
following descriptions thereof, reference being had to the
drawings and figure^ annexed, that is to say : — As regards
my said first improvement, of a new rotary valve, it is de-
scribed by the drawing m.arked A, (PI. VIII). Fig. 1 is a plan
of the main or fixed plate of a rotary valve now in use ; a
representing the Bitu9.tion of the induction, and b the situa-
tion of the eduction pipe ; and c, e, the channels leading
into and out of the cylinder. Figure 2 is a section of my
improvement, which I substitute for the revolving plate
now in use, and is in fact a revolving plug, furnished with
my improved metallic stuffing, hereinafter more particularly
described : /, g, A, are the three rings of the said metallic
^stuffing, and are kept up to the rim, ee, at the top of the
plug, by means of the support ring, c c, which is acted
upon by the spiral spring shown under it : d, d^ d, d, are
screws to fasten down the collar, eei a, b, are two chan-
nels for the steam, which by the rotary motion of the
plug are opened alternately to those openings shown in
figure 1, at c and e. One of the principal properties of
this plug is, that by its peculiar construction, the steam
which in the revolving plate now in use presses wholly on
-the upper surface, and thus creates an increased friction,
according to the force of the steam, is allowed in my im-
proved valve to pass from the induction pipe round the
outiside of the plug, filling the space, j j, figure 4 ; from
this space it finds its way through the holes at r, through the
passage, b, into the passage, c^ and so into the cylinder.
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HftYing perfoirroed its duty in the cylinder^ Ae stettm
p^adses out of the oyUnder by the pasMga^ ^ into tbf
pafifls^, a, and theaoe throngli the hokft, 9$$, iiHq
the chamber^ e, whence it escapes into the ednotion pip^»
ft* Pigtire 6 is a plan of the iinder swrfaoe of the said
plug ; Of b, are the two passiiges for the steanii and it mSl
be seen that the passage^ a, ccynuxMimcateB with the centatf
space or circular ohamber^ g, by means of hole^^ 9*$^
and that the eutside of the plug oonunnnioates with the
passage, b^ by means of holes ait r, r, r. By tibis arrange^-
inent it will be seen that the steam in the chamber, 0„ and
the chamber, o, will be pressing the plug upwards, while^
the steam that is suffered to enter into the epace^ j, figw^
4^ on its way into the passage, b, passes round the outside
of the plug, but is still confined in the outer casing of tiie
plug, and will therefore press the plug downwards, by
acting on that part of the plug immediately under the
support ring, c c, in an equal proportiop, or nearly so^ as
tile steam in the chamber, o, and pass«^e# (h i» pressing
it upwards, thus d^tn)ying or rather neutralizing the ^jfr
t^s of friction which would otherwise be created by an
increase of force in the steam* The plug receives its
Yotairy movement through the medium of the shafts f,
which is fiarnished with ft cogged wheel or other apparatos
for that purpose. Figure 5. is a pla^ of fignre 3, and
iguie 7 is a section of figure 1, and %ure 3 is a section
of the outer casing of the plug or stuffing hoi^f shown by
-itself; and the outer casing or stuffing bo;K being open at
lits upper surface, it will eeem that the upper surface of
liie revolving plug, passing tfairougb aiid above it, ia of
oecrrse open to the ataioispbere» and sulyect therefore to
die preesufe of atmospheric air only, and not of stejam,
an ie the case in the upper surface of the revolving plate
■now in use in rotary valviss. And as regards my said"
'seoond improvement of a new xvalve, to serve as a throttle
'valve, it is deseribed by the drawing marked B. Figure 1
is a section of the«aid valv^^ tiS is a screw acted upon by
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Pmieiatfor inqwwemetdB in SUeam £i^fie«« S2S
the gQvemor, and woilung in the sorew plug, hh, tbo
boljlom of wliieh plug it will he observed is concave : bb.
is a thin flexible plaie of steel or other matal, acted upon
hf the Mid of the screw, d, which action presses the steel
plate «o tightly down upon the Aajb sur&ce, ee, thatneT^
slesm oaa escape from the passive, a, while it remains in
this position. When the action of this screw is removed
ff om die plate, bbj k rises fvom the flat position which it
assumes in this ftgure up into the concavity at the bottom
of the scraw jdug : 0, 9, are passc^es connected with the
steam pipe, and //is a circular commupieation passage
by which the passage, 9, is fed, when- the steel plate, b i,
rises. By this arrangement it will be seep that in the
position which the steel plate, b b, is represented in this
figure to assunie, all communication is stopped between
the passages a and q ; but if the screw, d, were raised,
the steel plate, b b, would immediately rise by the under
action of the stei^m, and a communication would be at
once fersned between passages m and 9, by means of the
itiroular passage, // Fig. 2 is a sectiond plan of part of
-my said second improtvfemeat, showing more clearly the
relative situations of the passages^ and q, and//*. And
as regards my said third improvement, of a new n^pplicar
tion of a loaded vidve, it is described in the drawi|ig
marked C Ip this drawing a represents a patent g#iie-«
rator, with its loaded valve, v, and a b the steam pipe
^conunufitcaiting with such valve at one end, and with die
cylinder, c, i^t djie oAbt end ; at a» in the steam pipe is a
loaded valve,^ the nature of which is sufficiently explained
by the drawing, except that it is neeessaiy to state thut
the rod or plunger, a, $ts suftcieotiy loosely in the tsibe,
T, to allow of water rising, round it in the tube to its
upper exjtremity, or nearly so. This water beipg pressed
upon by the steam tdbove it, will keep the leather or other
.ccdlar at e£, tight or close round the lower ex^remily of
4he rod m^ which is so long as to prevent the water getting
sufficiently heated to destroy the leather. It will be seen
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224 Patent for in^rovements in Steam Ef^bte$*
by this arraagement that the. steam generated by the gene*
rator before it can pass into the cylinder^ must force open
the loaded valve at o by its ownpower^ and cause thus
pressure, upon or interruption of the steanii previous to its
entering the .cylinder^ being in fact the substance of my
said third improvement; it will be proper here to state
that the application of a loaded valve, interposed between
the steam chamber of an ordinary steam boiler and the
cylinder, wilL answer the same purpose ; my said third
Improvement, therefore, does not embrace any novelty that
jBay be in the particular loaded. valve described in the
^aid drawing marked C. And as regards my said fourth
improvement, of a new arrangement of rings for a metallic
stuffing, it is described by the drawing marked. D, Fig.
tl is an elevation of a piston, with my improved metallic
^tuffing> B being the flexible expanding ring now used
for metallic istuffing, and c, d, the two inflexible and non
.expanding rings, which constitute my said fourth im-
provement. Fig. 2 is a section of fig. 1, and figs. 3 and 4
are sections of the different parts of the piston head,
shown. separately. Fig. 5 is a plan of the flexible ex-
panding ring now in use for metallic stuffing. By an
examination of this ring it will be seen thai there is an
apening at cf, and to prevent the escape of steam at this
opening, J place.the two rings marked c, n, in fig. 1, one
•on each side of the flexible ring* Fig. 6 is a plan of one
-of: the said two rings, which will be sufficient to explain,
as. they are .both . alike : n is a guide pin, on which the
notch cut in. the ring at e moves loosely : c, c, are two
apiral springs, which press the side of the ring to which
.t^y axe, attached, r, eccentricaUy from. the piston« When
.these two rings are fitted on the piston, the part, r, should
be arranged to come directly over the open part, d, of the
flexible expanding ring ; and it will be seen by this ar-
rangement, that when the piston is put into the cylinder,
these two eccentric rings, c and J>, fig. 1, will press
against that part of the cylinder immediately above and
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Fiymxcix
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Patent for improvements in Steam Engines. 226
below the opening in the elastic ring, b^ and will thereby
supply the deficiency occasioned in the piston by such
opening in the elastic ring ; and reversing the action of
the parts above described, the same may be equally v^ell
applied as a stuffing for the piston rod. And as regards
my said fifth improvement, of a new condensing appa-
ratus, it is described in the drawing marked E. In this
drawing, a is a patent generator or steam boiler, with its
loaded valve : b is an induction pipe, leading from the
patent generator to c, which is supposed to be the
cylinder : n is an eduction pipe which passes through the
tube, T, and thence into a reservoir or well, b. This
reservoir or well feeds the forcing pump, p. The pipe
marked w is a pipe leading from the forcing pump into
the tube, t, and the pipe marked y, being a continuance
of w and t, is the supply pipe to feed the said patent
generator. With this apparatus the operation of con-
densing is performed, in the following manner, (that is to
say) : — ^The steam generated by the said patent generator,
passes by the induction pipe, b, into the cylinder, c, at
a very high temperature, and leaves the cylinder after
having performed its duties there, at nearly the same tem-
perature, by the eduction pipe, d. While the steam is
passing through the part of the pipe which is encircled by
the tube, t, cold water from the reservoir or well, r, is
pumped through the tube in a contrary direction, by means
of the forcing pump, p. The eflPect of this operation will be,
that the steam in the eduction pipe will be condensed, and
will run in the form of water into the well or reservoir, b,
while the cold water, by passing through the tube, T,
becomes heated, and in that state passes out of the tube,
T, by the pipe, y, and thence into the said patent gene-
rator. Now whereas I do not claim to be entitled to ex-
.^ elusive privilege to any such parts of machinery or ap-
paratus as are described in my several descriptions of
the drawings hereunto annexed, to be now in use, nor to
the said generator and loaded valve, therein diescribed to
be patent ; but a rcjtary valve, so improved as aforesaMl^
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236 PaimtfQr improvemenU in Uame$s.
and aleo a v^lve to serve as a throttle valve, on the priit.
ciple afor^aid ; and also my said new application of a
}oad^ valve, constituting an apparatus for the purpose of
creating pressure on the steam generated for the purposes
of the eogiuOy which pressure must be overcome by audi
steam itself before such steam can act upon the cylinder,
or reach the piston ; aud also an arrangement of rings for
metallio stuffing, ou the principle aforesaid ; and also a
condensing apparatus, on the principle aforesaid ; being
every snd ea^h of them^ to the best of my knowledge and
belief, entirely new, and never before used in these king**
doms, npr in any of His Miy city's colonies or plantatione
abroadf I dp hereby declare this to be my specification
of the same, and that I do verily believe this my said
specification doth in all respects fully, and without reserve
or disguise^ comply with the said proviso, in the said in
part recited letters patent contained ; and. I do therefore
hereby propose to maintain my exclisive ri^t aud jMrivi^r
lege to the sarne^
In witness ijvhereoi^ &(?,
JSji^oiJufaiion of the FatmS gn^nied to David QeKDOK, if Mdink^s^gh^
at jfTCseni restdisi^ at Slrdnraer^ .Eiquirc, for certain imjprm>em^ftt$
in the construction of harness for animals ^' drop and burthen'
Dated fieptember S, tSU.
\ TO all to whom these presents shall come, &c. &q.
Notp know ye^ that in compliance with the said proviso, I,
the said Pavid Gordon^ do hereby declare that the nature
of my said invention, and the manner in which the oame
is to be performed, are particularly described and aac^r-
tain^d in the following description thereof, (that is to
say) : — My improvements consist in the application of
helical or screws-like springs, fitted up in iron or other
metallic or unyielding tubes^ somewhat in the manner of
sppng ste^VyardSf to those parts of harness termed trac^,
^Jfyqae tugs, pole pieces, backhands, or breechiqgs ; an^
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tiiey may eillter be indoaed wiihio the leatbera foraring
tiione parts of the harnew, or noi^ %» may $<iut the fmcie$
of ihe persoas uaiog tbam. If in the long tra<2€B» used ia
drawing stage coaches, g^fttlemeu's carriages, curriclea,
gigs^ &c. I plaoe the apiings far eiK>agb behind the hor$ee,
80 as not t9 rub against their eidet. When the borsea
^ftw by what wt^ eommonly called bame tugs or earing
ehaitts, the springs should be placed clpse to the hames ;
and ^s is partii^ularly maoessary to be attended to, when
two or more horses are drawing in one line, ao that <ha
draught of one horse only shonld act npon one set of
springs* I do not intend hereby to confine myself to any
pariio«dar strength of the springs, but I recommend that
aach trace should have a spring or springs attached to it^
capable of drawing from one to two hundred pounds weightj
the utmost power of a hoi«e being, I believe, less than
efnal to fowr himdred pounds. The advantages I propose
fiom the employment of these springs in the traces are,
the facilitsting the draught, and the preventing of sudden
ehecka &f jerks, and thereby avoiding shaking or galUng
the ahonlders of the horses, and also contributing to the
ease and oomfort of the passengers; and when added to
the bf^eechings or pole pieces of harness in generaj, they
also afford a fiirther r^ief to the horses*
In witness whereof, 8tc..
Spee^UtiiMnofike Patent granted to Pisrsb Jeav Baptiste Victoe
' Ossf ET, of CMeenweH Green, Middle$ex, Merchami, Jbr certmn
improvemevU H the construction tf loams or machinery far weaving
various $orts qf cloths or fabrics. Dated December 18, 1824»
WITH AN ENGRAVING.
TO all to whom these presents shall come, &c. &c.
Now know ytj tliat in compliance with the said proviso, I,
the said Pierre Jean Baptiste Victgr Gosset, do hereby
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2:28 Patent for improvements in Looms.
declare the nature of my said invention by the following
description thereof, and the manner in which the same is
to be performed and carried into effect, by the drawing
which is hereunto annexed, reference being thereunto had,
and to the figures and letters marked thereon as follows,
(that is to say) : — ^My said improvements relate to that
part of looins or weaving machinery which is usually de«
nominated the shuttle, being the im))lement or apparatus
which contains the yam or mat^ial employed to form the
woof or weft of the cloth or fabric. *
In shuttles such as are at present known and in use,
great difficulties have been experienced in causing the
thread or yarn to come off the bobbin or shuttle cap with
a uniform tension, without which it is almost impossible
to produce a good and even cloth; but by my improved
fbrm and construction of shuttle, and disposition of the
bobbin therein, I am enabled to apply a regulating sprii^,
for the purpose of creating the ne<^essary resistance upon
the bobbin, which said spring is furnished with an- ad«
justing screw, by which the power of the spring may be
increased or diminished at pleasure, thereby insuring a
proper degree of tension upon the yam at all times. Fig. 1
(PI. IX.) upon the annexed drawing represents a planof a
shuttle, constructed^according to my improvements. Fig.
2 represents an edge section, and fig. 3 a transverse sec^
tion, supposed to be taken near the middle thereof. This
form of shuttle is particularly adapted to the weaving of
cloths, or fabrics composed of metallic wire, or other stiff and
unielastic materials, a a represent the body of the shuttle ;
it may be formed of wood or other suitable material, and
tipped or pointed at its extremities with metal, in the
ordinary manner : b b show the opening which is made in
the side thereof, in order to receive the bobbin or weft
roller, c, which is formed with flanges in the manner of a
pulley, and is adapted to turn correctly upon a pin or wire,
a, which said pin passes through the top and bottom of
the shuttle ; by withdrawing the pin, a, the bobbin may
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Patetit for improvemenis in Looms* 329
be taken out and replaced again with great facility : d d
represent the regaiating spring : it is formed of steel or
other sufficiently elastic material^ and is affixed to the
shuttle at each of its extremities, by being turned down
and driren into the wood, or it may be fixed to the shuttle
in any other convenient manner.
. This regulating spring is shown separately upon a larger
scale at fig. 4 upon the drawing; it is furnished with a
second or small curved spring, at dy which is adapted.to
bear and press upon the upper surface of the bobbin, as
will appear evident from inspection of fig. 2.: e shows a
small adjusting screw, the head of which is intended to
be inserted or sunk into the upper part of the regulating
spring, D D, in order to prevent its becoming entangled
with the threads or yarns of the i^arp in its passage across
the same during the act of weaving. The lower extremity
of the adjusting screw is adapted to work into a small nut
or female screw, A, which is supposed to be firmly fixed
into the wood forming the shuttle, so that by turning the
said screw round the part, d, of the regulating spring, may
be caused to press with more or less force upon the upper
surface of the bobbin, and thereby create a greater or less
degree of resistance for regulating the tension at which
the yam or thread shall be drawn ofi*the circumference of
the bobbin, and through the eye, c, of the shuttle. I gene*
rally line that part of the shuttle upon which the bobbin
rests with a plate of metal or other substance, having an
even surface, in order that the resistance againstthe under
surface of the bobbin may vary as'little as possible.
It will appear from inspection of fig. 3, that the upper
and lower surfaces of the shuttle are formed concave^ in
order that the head of the adjusting screw, e, *of the regu^
lating spring, n d, may not project so as to injure or en-*
tangle the yarns of the warp during the passage of the
shuttle; aYid in some cases I find it convenient to place the
spring within the opening, b b, of the shuttle, leaving a
small round hole in the upper part thereof, for the pur^
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380 Patent for i«prov€Meftl5 in Looms*
pose of introdttcing a turn Bcrew or iafitrittnent to thtf end<
of the adjusting torew> when it it required to inorease or.
diaiinith the power or reMstanoe of the regulatu^ eprittg^
upon the bobbin.
In some eoDBtruetiona of shuttles it will be found ad«.
Tisable to have no opening in the edge of the shuttle*
This I e£EiM^ by forming the shuttle like a box^ wijth a Kd
sliding in groores or otherwise hinged on^ being provided
with a catch or fastening, so that the said lid m^ be
opened or removed when it is desired to take out the
bobbin and replace it by another. In this construction
tiie regulating springs with ite adjusting acrew» may either,
be fisted upon the said lid, or it may be situated in the
opposite or fixed side of the shuttle.
In weaving articles of a^ff wire, with my improved sbuit-
ties, I find it advisable to employ a casing or tube of some
elastic substance, to surround the bobbin^ as seen by dotted
lanes in fig. 2. Thia tube is not quite entire* but baa an
opening or slit down the side thereof, for the wire to pass
tlvQugh ; and by closely encompaaatog or embracing the
bdi»bia at every part except the slit^ it prevents the coil of
wire upon the circumference of the bobbiik from unwinding
or recoiling, and becoming loose or entan^iedit and allowa
it to be drawn off evenly or rtgulatiy» in proportion as it
may be required to finrm Ae cloth or fabric ; and when
the metallic wire desired to be woven ia stiff and h$rd, I
occasionally employ a small pair of tempered steel rollers
in the side of the shuttle, at about the plaqe where tbc^
small eyes, c^ are represented, by which means the wire
runs out with considembly less friction. Figs. 6 and 6
represent another description of shuttle^ constructed ac-
cording to my improvement. This form of shuttle would
be applicable to the weaving of cloths, or fabrics of silk»
or any other material : a a show the body of tb.e shuttle ;
it is hollowed out from the edge at b b, as above described,
with ref<Mr.ence to the former figures. This shuttle is pro-
vided with three separate bobbins or pulleys, to contain
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Patent for intprcvtmeMi in Loomi^ 231
thread or yahi» ai seeti at c c c, which bobbins may ftithef
be worked one after the other with the same coloured
yarn, or other different coloured yarn niay be wound upoU
each of the bobbins for weaving figured goods. Thusi
when a ofaange of colour in the weft i$ required^ it will
bt only necessary to break off the end of the yarn which
Was done witli, and suek or draw the end of th6 othai
colour through its reapectire' opening or eyei aa seen at
cec. These bobbins are suppolted to be constructed like
puUejhiy with two broad rims ot flanges/ 'm the taoie
manner aft abore deacribed^ and to be each prorided with
its reguliating sprii^^ v, and adjusting screw, e, in order
to rdgahite the tension at which the yam shouU conUs off
fn}$A the circumference thereof. The springsi v, are
represented in figs* 5 and 6 as fixed to the shuttle by one
of Aeir extremities only ; but they might be affixed at
each extremity^ and aaade to bear upon the bobbins by a
small curved spring, as hereinbefore described. When
the regulating springs are fixed, as shown in figs. 5 and
6, I generally turn the kyose etid, or that end which bears
upon the bobbins slightly downwards, and allow it to
enter beneath the swrfiMse of the wood forming the shuttle^
by which means the extremity of the spring is efiitotuatty
prevented from becoming entangled with the yams of the
warp, in its passage across the aame«
It is not essential that three bobbins only should be
need in otte buttle ; but a greater or lees number may be
employed, as circumstances require.
I have now described witii reierence to the annexed
drawing, my »aid invention for imjMrovements in shattles^
which form part of a loom or machinery for weaving vap-
rious sorts of cloths or fabrics ; and I hereby declare that
my invention oonsists in the peculiar form and ccnstruo--
tion of shuttles for weaving, which I have hereinbefore
described,, and are represented in the figures upon the
annexed drawing; the said peculiarity . in constniotioii
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2^2 Patent for improvements in Looms.
being that the bobbin upon which the thread or yam is
wound is made in the form of a wheel or pulley, aqd is
situated and placed upon a pin or axis^ which said asds
or pi^ remains in a vertical position when the shuttte is
in use, instead of the thread or yarn being wound upon a
small bobbin or roller, situated upon an horizontal axis in
the ordinary manner. Another of the improvements which
I claim as new in these shuttles, consists of the regulating
spring, marked d n, in the figures, as operated upon, or
regulated in its force by the adjusting screw, marked e,
for the purpose of adjusting or regulating the tension of
the yam in passing ofi* the circumference of the bobbins.
At ihe same time I wish it to be understood^ that I do
not claim the general use of springs, as applied in shuttles
for weaving, but only for the particular manner of applying^
them, and providing them with a regulating or adjusting
screw, hiereinbefore described and set forth.
In witness whereof, &c.
OBSERVATIONS BY THB PATENTEE.
By this invention all sorts of woollen goods can be made
in the most complete manner, uniting both beauty and
strength, and without any difierence of quality to be found
through all the piece, of whatsoever it be manuSeictured $
which cannot be asserted of any of those made in the
usual way, since the stretching of the wool has always
caused in them irregularity and defects, very offensive to
the eye, such as clear places, sbrinkings, &c.
We cannot be astonished at the impossibility hitherto
found of manufacturing any thing in a perfect manner^
since the warp is either stretched, or the shoot irregular.
This is so true, that when the manufacturers desire to have;.
any thing woven carefully, they have it done by the hand .
shuttle, which obliges the workmen to $pend a great denl
of timejn completing their worl^, because, they are. obligfid
frequently to straighten the threads of j^e sbqQt,j;^<^i^;<.^
often happening that they are not arranged lik^. th^ §rs|^^ ;
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FlLY.VoLJ.
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Patent for improvements in Looms. ^33
they are obliged to rectify it, and, notwithstanding all
their precautions, the work can never be perfect, on ac-
count of the stretching not being always alike.
The necessity has long been felt of regulating the stretch-
ing of the shoot, in order to produce perfect woven goods.
To effect this, the manufacturers have contrived a piece of
bent wire, to form a small spring, upon which they pass
the little bobbin, which runs from left to right, the weight
of which, when its load is diminished, causes a change in the
stretching of the shoot, and consequently the effects of it are
visible. On the other hand, every time the bobbin is
changed, it happens that the hole of the new one is larger
or smaller than that of the preceding one ; then the piece
of bent wire does not cause the same resistance, and the
workman finds himself obliged to open or to shut this
wire, to prevent the bobbin from turning, and emptying
itself too quickly or not enough.
lliese defects have been so fully acknowledged, that
many manufacturers have employed all their means to
rectify them. They at first substituted another piece of
wire, consisting of three branches, in the form of which I
have just spoken, and the result was not more fortunate ;
the reason, as I have just shown, is quite simple. They
afterwards followed another method, that of putting in
hairs, tied together, so that they might form a kind of
little spring to the shuttle, which, forming a kind of brush,
deteriorated the goods ; for it chafed the thread, and
thereby injured its quality and lustre, and so weakened it,
that it frequently broke, which obliged the weaver to lose
much time in joining the broken threads.
My invention affords a complete remedy for all these
defects, and by means of it the work is brought to the
greatest degree of regularity.
In order to justify what I have advanced, and to give
proof of my experiments, I attempted to make with the
fly-shuttle wire gauze, which is more difficult to weave
than any thing else, and I have the satisfaction to say I
succeeded most completely, and can weave wire gauze
VOL. I. B
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234 Patenifer impri^em^J^s i^ J^oQ/fn.
with a perfeetion bitlierto nnpr^cedentejj, ar^4 wi^i %\\^
same facility with which other goods are woven* Tl^ia
advantages to be derived from my shuttle will ^pp^?^r from,
the subjoined account of its application in the ma,](iuf^cture
of the principal branches of weaving, as, follows :
\. Silk Goods may be woven of a regular texture, witlj
a most beautiful lustre, and superior bofh in qugilitj and
durability to those manufactured in th^ u^ual w^y^ ,P^^-
sessing none of those defects which the old n^etJiod pc9ar;
^ions, and which, the most skilful hand$ cs^nnat rectify!
There will also be a gre^t advantage froq^ us'pg thi^ in
ventiqn, in making figured ^ill^s \^ the or^io^ry i|nethp^*,
When it is necessary to use silks of vanoys.pQlpur^i, sp
many different shuttles must be u^.edast Inhere are cqlpi^rs >
but on my principle one shuttle only i^ nece^ss^ry^ a,nd
the work will be most complete ; much time will be ^av^d,.
and more work done, than if the workman were obliged
every moment to change his shuttle. I shall aUo add to
these advantages, that of my shuttles containing ten times
more silk, cotton, &c, than those usiially employed,
1 must not omit to mention ^n artiiSle of great value,
which can also be manufactured with my shuttle i;i the
mo^t beautiful manner, which article I call Camelion, from^
its continual change of colour ^s it is moved abont, and.
which is superior in brilliancy to any other article hitherto
made of silk, possessing great richness J^nd softness, a^i4
from its novelty and beauty likely to become verymuch
in demand.
2 and 3. Cottoti and Hemp Weaving, performed by my
new fly-shuttle, > appears neater, is more regularly done,
qiiicker weaved, and free from shrinkings, &c.
4. Flax Goods, which are manufactured but very rsiv^ly
with the fly-shuttle, might always be so if thosiQ on my
principle be adopted, and pf any required width, with as
regular a texture as the articles abovementioned.
5. Woollen Cloths, — All sorts of woollen clothiSr cw b§.
manufactured with the same perfection as the preceding.
6. Metallic Gauzes, — These gau?^&,. wjiiftt^have sjw^y*.
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Pith jf&r a 7Vmf»tf imder /At Tk^fik^s. 286
bem WOveft Wilh tfiach ttottbl^) aiid very dloW!y> 6M be
mad(s with shnttl^s dti my pdneipk with thd bflttye <ed»« as
the preceding articles^ in the mofti p^rfe^t mafm^r, aUd
twice quicker than what iB usual. To giVe an idtsa <df
the great benefild arisifig from all thed^ adtahiftg^s, I cun
Venture t6 ^sert that the work which is g^n^i^Ily ddii^
in a week by 300 workmen, can, by my method, b« dotte
in that titoe by 100 ; which, cal<^ulating each woikniaU at
3/. per week, will save in weiges weekly 4O02«
There will be ated a considerable sating in manual
labour, namely, for gauzes of five feet in width> in making
which two workmen are obliged to be employed at edth
Ibom ; by my method the same width can be made by ond
workman ; therefore, with 200 looms, which now require
400 workmen, by my principle only 200 will be required.
/ The metallic gauzes, of which | have jubt spoken, are
sold now at four shillings the square foot : they can, on
my principle, be manufactured at ten< pence ! !
A Plan for proceeding with the T^unnel under the river 'tkames, from
Redriffe id Limekonst, taking the present state of things (1809) as a
basis*
By R. Trj^vsyhick, Bftgineer.
Ab^tradted frdtti the Pap^rd and Docunftents of the " ThaH^s
Arghway dmifAtrY."
A SHAFT being already stihk on the tledKffe side, 76
feet below th^ level 6f high WAt^r, in which Are two pumps,
worked jby steam-engines, capable of lifting 1500 gallons
of water per minntg ; a»d a drift made from the shaft on
tb« 8outh^ to within about 70 fbet of low wat^r miark on
t^ North shore, at the depth of 73 feet below high water,
t&^ springs of which drift fiirntsh about 400 gallons of
water per minutei
It is proposed to ex<Mlvate a suftoient spaee m the bad
of tlhe< river to admit the binlding of a pc^ttM of the tm»«ri>
either of brvck or cast iron, the crown of which shall be
atagmall distMnte, sfty 6 or ^feet^ below the bottom of
th« river. a 2
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236 Plan for a TuMul under the Thames.
This excavation to be made, and the . tunnel formed,
within a set of piles, driven inside a moveable casaoon .or
coffer dam, of the following construction, and of such a
length as the conservators of the river may allow : 40 feet
deep, 50 feet long, and 4 or 5 feet wider than the. exterior
diameter of the tunnel, will be sufficient for the inside
dimensions.
In the accompanying drawings,- which are calculated
for a cast iron tunnel, of 12 feet diameter, 1-^ inch thick,
in pieces 6 feet, long, .inserted one into the other the dis-
tance of 6 inches, and caulked.
Fig. 7 represents a plan ; fig. 8 a longitudinal, and fig.
9 a transverse section of the cassoon, tunnel, drift, 8cc. ;
fig. 10, transverse section of piles.
a, The cassoon, 50 feet long, 18 wide, and 40 deep,
made of 12 inch square balk, fastened together with trun-
nions, and made water tight by being caulked.
b, Screens or fences to break the force of the, current,
and protect the cassoon from vessels, &c. made of old ship
timber, about 36 feet long, attached to the corners of the
cassoon, and meeting in a point. These screens or cut-
waters are to be the same depth as the cassoon.
c, A platform over the cassoon, on which a crane and a
steam-engine, of 4 or 5 horse power, are placed to work a
pile-driving and drawing apparatus, and raise the exca-
vated earth to deliver it into barges.
df Iron spears at the bottom of the cassoon.
g. The drift.
Thus much being prepared, two triangular barges or
boxes are to be made to fit the spaces between the cut-
waters and sides of the cassoon. These barges or boxes
being fixed in their places, are to be loaded with so much
ballast as would enable the whole cassoon to be sunk by
the admission of water into them. It is then, at high
water, to be floated altogether to the deepest part of the
river over the drift, with the cutwaters pointing up and
down the stream ; and when in thia situation, a plug is
to be taken out of each triangular barge, so that they may
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Plan for a Tunnel under the Thames. 337
be filled with water^ and cause the whole to sink^ forciDg
the spears into the bottom of the river, which must have'
been previously made even by means of ballast barges.
Ghiiding frames, e, 48 feet long, and 16 wide, are then
to be suspended or fastened by moveable bolts within the
cassoon, and piles, /, 40 feet long, and 12 inches square,
driven down between the cassoon and guiding frames, till
their points are at least two feet lower than the bottom of
the intended excavation. The piles must be capped and
pointed with iron, and have a semicylindrical groove of 4
inches diameter, extending from one end to the other. Each
pile is to be driven with this groove next to the flat side'
of the adjoining one. After they are all driven, oakum,'
&c. being well rammed down this groove, will effectually
keep out the water. The space also between the tops of
the piles and the cassoon, must be caulked at low water,'
when thfe tops of the piles will be out of water.
This being done, a hole is to be bored down into the
drift, or from the drift up to the inside of the cassoon;
and a pipe put in to let the w^ter down into the drift.
Should any thing obstruct the driving of some of the
piles, or should they take a wrong direction, they must be
left until the rest are driven and caulked, when, the water
being drained out, excavations may be made to the bottom
of those piles, and the obstruction removed, after which
they may be driven to their proper places.
• The greatest depth of the river at high water being 38-^
feet, and at low water about 17, the cassoon will be 18
inches above the water at high water, and the tops of the
piles 3 feet above at low water ; the latter time of course
must be taken for the caulking.
Two or three thicknesses of strong well tarred canvass,
nsdled all round on the outside of the bottom of the cas-
soon, and spread out on the bed of the river, would take
off much of the pressure from the lower ends of the pileis,
and obstruct the entrance of water under the cassoon.
It is not expected that there will be any necessity for
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288 Pla^for a Tumiel tfnder ih^ Thames.
mporipg t)i,9. c^sQon, siixce the weights io the triwgvlq^
|;>,^ge^ ^^X ^^y ^^ 1^^ ^^^^ more tha9 is ^u^i^Qt to
sink it* This would greatly overbsiance the force oC th^
9,^jrent, which at two miles pe? lK)ut acts only with five
pounds on the s^^uare fbot^ or 5. tons against the whole
c^s^QPP. It may uot> howeveir,, be an in^roper precautioA
%Q protect it fijoij^ shipping, by mooring an old, vessel u|^
and down the stream.
^£f the. water is drained out, beaqa^ Qxust be put across
inside the cassoon, in order that the pressure on th^ Qutr
i^ide may not force iu the sides. When the water is out;i
^ excavation is to be made at one end, the whoJlQ wi(ji|t;U
of, the cassoon^ 18' feet deep, and 6 or 7 loi?ig. BeaiQ^ a^e.
^0 tp. b$ put across as thje digging proceeds
\Vl^en this excavation is completed, g^ 6 foot lepgth of
tl)ye cyliad^rj^ supposing cast iron, to be adopted, is to bia
put in, the beams being taken from bQlow>, and p.Ht above
the cylinder, as it parses do^n, Thgn ajQjptiiejr 6. feet? ia to
b^, excavated,, and a second length of cylinder; ins/erted: 6
inches into tie first, and caulked from, the inside,, wheft it
ff^ be filled with earth,^ to be taken outr again after the
w^igle tunpei is.finished. This will present its being fillecl
witlji wa.t^r, v^hich would h^-ve to be drawt^ Qi|t every-
t^ijue the casspon should be removed. A third length, i.Si
' tb^n to be added to the second, and so on till: so much i^.
completed as can b^ made within. 4^ cassoon^ The first
t»w.Q or t^ree lengths should be fil^d with clay,, wi^ll
i;aj[nmecl^j to prevent w^ter frpm thft. i;iy.e.r passing in, when:
the ^nd pile^ afe dwvn. Thj^ sp^e above^ the Uwnel;
mw^. be filled, with, th/e expavat^r eajth, wd puddJedtp.
the level of the bottom of the ri|vqr.
Ii? qrdeij to prepare for remgyiijg rt^e ca^^QQn, forward
anpth^i] lepgtb, a set. of pilea in, a fxau^ mu;rt^ be fitted
closQ,. and fixed over that, end pf. tjip. tfiRnelproppsedto.,
bft CQntinufid, wA the earth, or rather sowp clay;, wpU
puddl^^. t,q the. frame, so as to prevent any, wat^r, coming^
itet,w,§^ ii;.%iid the top of, the tunnjel to the nqxi length>.
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Plan far a Tunnel under th^ Tkamts: 239
'the pipe which conveys the waiter to the drift is then
to be stopped, and all the piles drawn except those last
fixed. Ad the pilfes are drawn, the holes which they leave
^botiM be filled up.
When every tiling is ready for the removal, atid thd
wftter lew enough to be out of the triangular barges, the
plttgs mtist beptitin, which will tfmke the whole appa-
rattfe Bmi wheit it is nearly high Water, at which time it
«an easily be moved forward, till the opposite end arrives
ag8U*st the piles that were left. The pltigs are then again
faf^ be tiken out, which will cause it to sink as before.
Th« same operations as above described must be again
perforttied, and the work repeated, till the tunnel is finished
to the shore. After which, the cassoon is to be again
fix^d in* th^' deep water at the part first began, from whence
it is «<^* be confintfed to the other shwe.
A cast iron tunnel of the above siie, together with the'
}^§tAe^t ahiid stsiperincumbent earth, will about! equal the
specific gravity of water, but not quite ; consequently, if
it did not adhere to the earth, it \^ould have a tendency
to rfse ; but taking th« adhesion into view, no doubt can .
be entertained but that it will remain perfectly secure iti
its bed.
The Very small quantity of water that ever can come.
irtBd this tunnel ^hen finished, might be thrown out by a
horizontal fbrcitag puik^p at (he lowest part, worked* by a
rod, passing along under the pavement to a small steam*
eftgitie or horse power on the outside, near the entrance.
Thi^ Would do' away t!he necessity of contintiing the use
of the drift atad large steam-engine.
From- borings and other proofs, it is certain that the
s(ifeWtotn' in» ^hich the tunnel' would lay at the North side
of t&5e river is strong clay, Which would occasion no
difficulty.
If, ^8 there is evefy reason to believe, the gravel stratum
of 2t feet thick, which was sunk through in the shaft,
dwindles to the North into two quicksands, one of 3 feet
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240 Plan for a Tunnel under the Thames, <
thick, with 3 feet of strong clay between it ; and another
quicksand of 4 feet in thickness, under which the decli-
nation is one in fifty to the North, there will be gravel or
quicksand, or both, towards the South, within the 18 feet
which it is proposed to excavate. That this chan^ froiii
gravel to quicksand does take place seems probable^ fimn
the circumstance of the quicksands which were met with
in the drift being fed with water from the South, and also
from their being found where the thick stratum of gravel
was expected by calculating the decline from the shaft,
as well as by there being no water in any of the strata
below the gravel that could feed them ; but by borings in
the river, and from the different breaks through the roof
of the drift up to the bottom of the river, nothing being
found but clay from the North shore for about 300 feet
southward, it is rendered certain that the gravel stratum,
does not extend so far North.
It is therefore likely, that as the quicksands rise towards
the South, and before they are high enough to interfere
with the tunnel, they change to gravel; but should that
not be the case, and the quicksand be met with in tlie
excavation, the piles may be driven down through it into
the strong clay, which will exclude the sand at the sides.
But should )the water in the quicksand be inclined to
blow up, the bottom holes may be bored from the drift
up to the sand, by which the water will be drained off,
and remaining dry/ no such effect can then take place.
Admitting, however, that the bottom of the excavation
were blbWn up, no mischief would be done, and very
little delay occasioned, because the points of the piles
being ih firm clay, would prevent their giving way.
Sm)tild there be mucb water'in the gravel on the South
side 6f the river, a great deal of. it may be drawn off by
boring on the side of the shaft
If a brick tunnel be preferred to an iron one, it will
require no variation in the excavation but that of making
it sottiething deeper and wider.
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241
Descripiwny metuurtment and estimate of a Bridge of Iron^wire, eon»
tMuUd over the river Gahre, at St. VdUier, in the Department of
Isere. By M. Sbquin> SeQ.
In commeneing the translation of this interesting little
publication, to save repetitions we think it may be de-
sirable to state, that the metres in^multiples and parts of
which the measurement of this bridge is given, is equal
to 3*281 feet English ; that the kilogram is nearly two of
our pounds ; and that the frank, at the medium course of
exchange, of 25 franks to the pound, British, is worth 9'6
pence of our money. St. Vallier, where the bridge was
constructed, is situated near the Rhone, about 40 miles
below the city of Lyons.
L
This bridge was constructed to determine by actual
practice, if some dispositions, which theory indicated,
would exactly correspond with the design proposed, and
to serve as an experiment and guide for the erection of a
bridge on a larger scale at Toumon, about two leagues
distant from its scite, and was intended for the passage
of horsemen, foot passengers, and beasts of burden. It is
situated near a pleasant garden, that belonged to the late
M. de Saint Vallier.
The floor (or roadway of the bridge) is raised five metres
above the level of the water. Its total length, from the
middle of one of the supporting columns to that of the
other, is 30 metres, and its breadth is 1*65''.
Sla*ong parapets give it such a rigidity, that fifteen or
twenty persons walking over it together occasion scarcely
any sensible vibration. To prove it, I have walked over
it, accompanied by three of my brothers, stepping alto-
gether, without causing any vibration ; and I have since
learned, that many persons had passed over it on horse-
back, flAthough the bridge was traversed at the same time
by three other horsemen with their horses, but who, being
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242 Description of a Bridge of Iroririvire.
more cautious, had alighted and led their horses over. \
have been also assured that a horseman was seen pasmg
over at full gallop, without the bridge vibmttog in aky
perceptible manner.
This floor is smspeaded from four itoncaMe^, of ^bout
two cetitiQketrtBs in diameter^ by means of vertical cordfs o^
wir«4 , Tke wiie cdbles, after having passed ovef square
dolusina of 2*20™ high^ areTiooked to rods of iron, which
are themselves fastened io pieces of oak, loaded witfi putt
of the mass of theabuUnents. It was constructed at the
expe&ce cxf some persons interested in procuring ci passage
over the river, in the place of an ancient ruined bridge,
of whose foundation there wepe slill some parts reinahling,
sufficiently solid for the support of the abutments.
Its length was at first intended to be 25 metres, and its
height 4™ above the lo\yest leVel of the water. The abut-
ments^ A B c D j (fig. 12, PL 9> of 1 -50™ in. thickness at Ihe
base, A c^and 1™ at the crown,, b: d,. accompanied wiib the^
side walls, n c l k^ of one metre at. the base, and 0*50*" at
the upper part, seemed to me sufficient to resist the draught
of the cables, and to serve as a base fo; the columns of free-
stone, B D 6 H, of 2*20"» high by 0'6& square, intended* td*
support them. Such were tiie origmal design^, which Had
been already partly executed, wheur local eonsideratioHB'
induced those interested in the work to inccease th0leilgiib<
of the bridge, at first tc 28, and afterwards to 30 meUr^s,
and to build the abutments to the height of 5 in^^tead of
,4 metres.
The limits of expence to which w^w^e confined', obliged
us to use the materials^ such as they were, which were in-
tended for the piers, and to continue of the samedimen*-'
sions the work of the abutments ; on which account Uiese
different parts were weaker than the calculation demanded.
However, a9 it waa of use to determine by a decisive exp^ri-
nient; what confidence we ought to placein the calculations'
of the resistance of the masonry, and of the masiieB of the^
work,^^e.did not hesitate to put it to proof, and it we»jigiieed'
that we should undertake to furnish, transport, and erect,
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Description of a Bridge ^ IroH'-wire. 243
at our own rislc:^ the whole of the system of suspension and
floooBg foe 1800 franesy whieh, joined to 1600 francs for
the masonry, and from 6 to 700 francs employed on the
approaches, and other accessory objects, would form alto-
gether assm of 4000 francs, to which the whole expenee of
the bridge would actually amount. Fig, H, represents
tiie Tiew of the whole^ and figs. 12 and 13 the parts. The
abutmewb of the right bank is built on the lemains of the
old foundation. Its height, a b, ftg. 12*, is 5 metres
abore the hrvel of ths Rhone, from which it is about 200i
laetres distant, and its breadth, a a, at the leTel of the
ioOT, is 3^20*^ ; its depth at a c is 1*50°", and at b d 1":
The side walls, i» c l r, on a level foand»tion, are l^ thick
at the base, an^ 0*50"" at the top. The eolamB& are all-
alike ; they oest on the angles which the piers make with
the sidewaJls,. and have, as before-mentioned, a height of
2*20*°, hy 0*2o^ square, haTing on their tops plinths of
.Gh2a» high,, widi a pvcjectioii. of 0*02>^.
A<bove tiie cohuuns are placed blocksof oak, rounded at
thtttop^ ())r46<* broad, by 0*20'' thidL,.to be surmounted by
Kaees of cast iron, which aoe designed to be placed there
for ornament. Thea« blocks are fastened' to the stone by
tsKOibobs ofiiion, 0*30^ bcoad, by O^lS'^thiek, countersunk
iathe p]i|oe whdcfa.the cables were* to occupy,, in a» groove
of Or02"' depth. The four ivon cables which sustain the
bridge enter into those grooves ; they are formed by Uie
union* of 30: ieoii. wires, of N04 18, fastened to two half
ringi^ or cushions^ o£ eaat iiron, O'Ol"' thick in die middle,
a,nd sustained by rodsi of iron of 0'G2!" diametisiv which
passing' thvough the hare, of the half rings of iiton>. ass^
donbled* togethan andi fostensd behind: pieces o£oak, 0^30^*
square, built up in the masonry of the side wnlb,. and
Ipafbdr vnth tinFO» or- tixree lacge blocks, ofi Imrd stonis, of
afaoisb. 0*50"*' cube,, over whiah. the walls are raised tD the
le^ebof the fioQi^ in. a manner thatadmits o£ repairing or*
reptactng ths iron mooiiiigs, when* thought neeessary, in
taking, upi thescaueewajr behind them, without removing
aag^ part) of the mass of masonry^
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244; Description oj a Bridge of'Iron-wire.
This mass, at.the right bank^ of the liTer, is about 2""
high ; bi|t that on the left is only raised. 1*40™, on account
of the elbow of the side walls not permitting it to be ex-
tended more than 4'" from the piers ; nor the weakness of.
these lalter to fasten down the cables in an angle of more
than 45 degrees.
The floor is suspended from the cables by 58 vertical'
cords, each of 4 wires. They are bound on the upper
part by some turns of fine wire, softened in the fire, and
pass beneath the cross rafters. These cords are formed by
a single piece of wire, forming 4 doubles, of which the
ends are bound together by wire of No. 1, for the space of
about 0'06". Their length was determined by suspending
to a wire, of the same length as the bridge, 29 weights of
0*6'' each, and stretching the wire until it formed in the
middle a versed sine of 2*20°", equal to the he^ht of the
piers. These vertical cords were fastened to the cables in
our workshop, and the whole was thus carried altogether
and put up in its place, without requiring any great pre-
cautions. The cross rafters were then passed through the •
loops of the vertical cords, and were covered with planks
to serve as a scaffold, as soon as they were put in their,
places ; but it was soon perceived that the moorings- gave
wiay a little, before all the weight was laid on. This,
effect, joined to a small lengthening of the iron rods,
and to the penetration of the screws into the wood, caused
thie columns to be drawn forward two or three centimetres.
This was immediately remedied by increaang the weight
with, whidb iiiey were charged, and by bringing them back,
by means of the screws of the moorings, to the; vetticsdi
position, from which they did not depart 'any m^e<
afterwards.' , '
Theicross rafters, 29 in number, are placed^ 1" asunder;-
their length is 2", their depth 044", and their thickness-:
O-OS"" : they are attached alternately to each of th^ (bibles. ^
The floor is placed directly upon them. It is composed' of r -
srx^rowB of plank«, e^*^broad, Tand. O'O&t'^ thick, -mth f **
interyals betweenAem of 0.01**; to let i«|[tef {MM tfaYOtii^. ^
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Description of a Bri^e of Irori'^rt. 246
The parapet was put up as soon as the cross rafters were
fixed in their places. It is composed of two rows of rails,
of (Ml" depth, and 0'b76°* broad, scarfed together, and
each kept a metre asunder from the other, by crosses of
St. Andrew, of 0*06" in thickness. Between each' of the
joints of this framing are put bolts of 0*016" diameter,
which,- connecting the rails and the cross rafters, give the
whole such solidity, that it is impossible, whatever effort
several persons can make together in walking or in leaping
on it, to give it any vertical movement ; but in the hori--
zontal direction its rigidity is less, and a single person, by
spreading out his legs so that his feet may approach each
of the parapets, may, by balancing himself slowly from
side to side, cause a very perceptible movement, and
which would soon become disagreeable, and has much
resemblance to that which occurs aboard a ship.
This bridge being designed particularly for foot pas-
sengers; and for the occasional use only of horses, it was
agreed that it should be tried by a weight of 5000'', which,
joined to its own weight, ought to occasion a draught on the
cables and the abutments of about 17,000^. This was no
considerable stress for the cables and moorings to bear,
but it was almost the extreme limits of the resistance of
the left abutment ; which, being composed of the paral-
lelepiped, M c E F, of about 6 cubic metres, of 2800^ each,
only formed a weight of 14,000'^, which was inferior to
that which we required ; but the resistance of the moorings
might be supposect divided into the horizontal and the
vertical, and that it would be sufficient to counterbalance
this latter by a weight of 1 2,000»^.
Such are the circumstances in which this trial was made.
The bridge was first loaded with gravel, along with gabions
and hand-barrows, until the whole amounted to about
4600'^. Some of those who were interested in the bridge,
and who were present, then required that the experiment
should be pushed no farther, from apprehension that some
parts of the parapet might be injured, and from being
certain that the bridge would never be exposed to a weight
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246 Dticription of a Bridge of Iron-whye^
by many degrees so considerable. But the principal pro-
prietor being absent^ and I being besides cohviiiQed^ as*
well as my brothers who were present, Uiat there was no
danger in completing the trial, we did not hesitate to go
on it iflarselves, inviting at the same time some persons
who were there, to do so likewise, persuaded that some
c^cks in the walls, or som^, movements in the masses of
masonry, would give us warning sufficiently in time to
retire, if there was any danger. The proof then had the
following amount :
Gravel 4600
The weight of fifteen persons &0Q
6400*^
and men were employed in clearing the bridge, when the
proprietor who had been absent arrived. In consequence
of an observation which he made, " that the bridge being
intended for the service of passengers, he desired to know
if it would bear, in a satisfactory manner, 40 persons,
walking all at once over the floor,'' we caused about half
the gravel which was heaped on it to be removed, and
undertook to go on it with 40 persons, to commence a
fresh proof, which we knew was under the amount of that
preceding. But the number of curious people who crowded
on was such, and their eagerness so great, that it was
impossible to stop them in time, and their amount was
computed at 70 or 80 persons who were on it together.
The whole of the weight then at that time was, — *
Gravel 2500
Seventy persons, at 60'' 4200
©700
^ This severe proof did not produce the least craek in the
walls, nor any movement in thie mass of masoery, whidii
seemed to indicate, that with cables and mporii^s thu^
disposed, die effect which the calculation announces bh^
be almost entirely depended on.
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D$$criptVQn of a Bridge of IroiUwire, 247
CALCULATION OF THE STRAINS AND RKSISTANCES-
Wfi^i of the fwUmtk igUk which the etiUs are U be loaded.
IRON AND IRON-WIRB.
Four cables of thirty wires, each 32"
• long 3840"
Fiitv-eight vertical oordB of 4 wires,
of a medium length of 1"* 282
Four lower moorings, to keep down
the floor, of six wires^ach, of 8*60'"
long ..,. 204
Fastenings of the cables and cords,
estimated ....... i 224
.} 261^'^
4500
Weight of a metre of wire ,,,,.... O'OdS**^
Fifty-eight bolts of 1-30'" long, and
0-015« thick, at l-70»» 9860,
Twenty-four "bolts to strengthen the
parapets, of 0-02'^ 4-80
Nails for the floor .,,,,.... IfriBO
OAK TIMBER. • 381'
Twenty-nine cross rafters, of
about 2"^ long v SS'"
Squaring, 0- 14", by 0-08"^ 0*01 12
Total length of the rails of
0-99
the parapet 120 \
Squaring, 0- 1 1«, by 0-75«" 000825/
Oi>e hijndred a^d twenty
Sdeces, of 1*40'" lonff,
brming St. Andrew s
crosses 168 \
Squaring ;. 0'00o6 J
Length of the floor, 30^» > ^ no *1
Breadth 1-6^/ ^'^^ i
Thickness 0-054 J
4.92 "1
Weight of a cubic metre of oak 930-»^ / *^^^6l)
Varnish and moisture 43-40
Proof agreed on 5000"
10000-
OSO
2-68
4-92
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!!M8 De$cripiion of a Bridge of Iron-wire.
This quantity, multiplied by 30~, the length of the
bridge, and divided by IT-SO"*, or eight times the versed
sine, which we have already stated to be 2*20^, gives us
17-000. — ( Vide des Fonts en Fil de Fer par Seguin aim.
Paris, 1824.)
But the loading in the proof having been really 6700,
it follows that this strain was 11,700^ which, multiplied
by f^ s= 20,000 nearly. The four cables are composed
of thirty wires each, which, at 600^ to a wire, would alto-
gether sustain 60,000^. They had been tried in our work-
shop, each by a weight of 5000^. The bars of the mooring,
of 0*02'" diameter, eight in number, presented togetlier a
section of 2612 square millimetres, at 30S =r 76,360S and
had been proved by 2500'' each. There now remain the
abutments. That of the right bank had evidently an excess
of resistance ; but the mass of masonry of the left side
having but 3-2" in length, 1'40"* in height, and 1-10" in
thickness, contained altogether but 5 cubic metres in its
solid contents, each at 2800'' = 14,000''. Supposing then
that the strain of the draught, which 17,000*^ produced on
the cables, divided in the directions £ f, £ c, (fig. 12,)
and that the mass of masonry was only required to coun-
terbalance one of the component directions, £ f, equal to
A/(^2T or about 12,000'', and we have just seen that
thereal weight was 14,000'' ; there remains then in all
strictness an excess of 2000^, with the addition of the co-
hesion of the side- walls. There was not, besides, any
probability that the mass of masonry would slide forward,
considering its distance from the abutment. But it was
doubtful that matters would happen exactly thus, and
whe&er some parts of the walls, or of the masses of ma-
sonry, which, still fresh, could, have acquired but little
cohesion, would not have separated from the mass. Ex-
perience, however, proved that every thing succeeded
according to the calculations.
It might be feared, considering the weakness of the
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/DjMicripiion of a Bridge of IronFmre. ^2549
colunmfly 4hat.the'6tfaiii, resulting from the diffdi^ence of
. the angles of the cables and 6( the abutments, might be
sufficient to upset them^ In effect, the draft of 17,000'',
divided according to the vertical and horizontal directions,
caused a horizontal strain from inwards, of
nooofc X \/(3oy - {s-sy _ jg gQOk
so '
And as the resistance from within outwards only
amounted to
ITOOO^ X y/f ^ ^^^^
D ■ ■
The difference, 4200% indicated the strain that would
take place to overthrow Ihe columns, if cables had be^n
allowed to slip freely over .their summits. The resistance
of the two at each side, being compounded of their mass,
omltiplied by half their thickness, and divided by their
height, would be equal to
2-2 X (0-65y« X « X 0-S25 x 2800 -^^t,
Tio = '60 '
a quantity very inferior to the above. But from the ex-
periments of M. Coulomb, we may calculate that a force^
employed in making a body slide over a horizontal plane,
is nearly the half of that which would be required to raise
it. We may then conclude, without any apprehension,
that the friction would be equivalent to 4200 - 760 = 344®^
since the resistance ought to be nearly 8700*^, fairly esti^
mated. *i'
As we had principally, in. view, in adopting, this speeisi^
of construction, to determine the degree of rigidity whicli
the parapet could give to the floor, I have compared, by
meai^ of .the formulae given by Navier, the increase of
versed sine which ought to be produced by the weight )(y&
a hqrse, vvhich I estimate at 600^, on a bridge perfedJy
flexible, with that which it really experienced. This m<«'
crease will be expressed in denoting by .
^. The weight of a hprse v .*..>. .V 600^ '
/. The versed sine 2-20™
VOL. 1. S
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2a0 DeicripHdn of a Bridge of Iron-ith^.
Fi The weight eorresjoio&diiig to the iifiity of
the lefegth of thfe floor, ^* 160*
h. ilaif the length of the bridge , • » 15*°
/ - / = IB
( Vide Memoirt sur /el Pents sU^ehdui par itf . Navi€r,foL 80.)
or putting, in place of the letters, the values relative to
the particular case which we are examining.
^ ^ 4 X 166 k 15
The degree to which the curve of suspension should be
lowered, or the versed sine ipcreased, should be eleven
centimetres, while in the bridge itself it is not appreciable.
in.
MEASUREMENT AND ESTIMATE.
TJiggingfcr the foundation ; W
Beton (a mixtore of cement and smaU stones tt gMtti) 8"*
MASONBY;
Length of theaBUtmenl at the bafc .... 4-90^
■ — at the top .... 3-20
7-40
Medkulilefagth;..;..; ;... BfB^
Thickness at the base I*i0"
». i-^atthfltbp V
Medium thickness 1*25
4-W6*
23-126"
Height ; i iii... .;..;...;; .i ... I
The same for the Dthcr side 23*125
1,
J
II4-250
MeSum thickuCTs .^7.,;.'........ ....;.... 6 79/ ^'"' ^ lOC-750
Medinmhfeight ;...;.. 2*f0j
Mass of the mooring. le.. 7'
170"» lj2-5
Priceof a cuhic metre of masonry * 7*50^/
Cut stone for the columns and the angles a « Svo
1493
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IRON-WORK.
Fbut Chbleft 6t iion-wire, the pai^culan of
wkieh )iav« been before gircD, at 2 tt. th«
kilogram, (the price at which our house de-
livers tham varnished, proved, and teftdy to
put up) 261 -k 522-'
Other forged iron emplojred in the suspension 120*
Thirty-eight cramp-irons for the parapets, the
blocks, the moorings, and the ends of the
floor, &C. » i... 8d'8a
I^t6en tbds of iron, of 0*02 diameter, for the
two abutmetite 108* \ oftvon
Area or section of a rod of 002 diameter.... 0'p0314j -^"^ -"
We%ht of iimibicoietitdfiktm... I •».«.«.». 7800*
}
Piictt of a kilogram of Wrought iron * . • . 1*^0'
41100 1
490 20
i-93* cube df oak, for the parapet and the floor, at 60^ !2D5-20
WoTkbiahfthip ..*......« 4...^../ »...ieO«
Carriage from D^Annonay to St. Yallier ^ . .• • » 60*
Fiinting 66*
getting up •.•»«....,. v., .••.,«,.,,.. ».i. !».»...« I. »«.».... (SCO*
•■ Such affe the results of this expert ftient, which tom-
pletfely satisfied us With regard to the atlalogoUs dispdsi-
tiofis which we adopted at the bridge of Toumoti.
This gt^at erection was commehced on the 12th of May,
1824. The ri^eJr beitig constantly high during the teuttinier,
fow^ us to lay all our foundations about a metre beldw
the letel of the water, by the assistance of a difing bell, of
a very simple constt-uction, of our jnyentiott, of Which 1
•intend to publish a description which I hope will not be
without interest in the arts. We had scarcely began to
run our {betoTis) cements, when an extraordinary rise in
the river carried off our temporary bridges, and a part of
our inclosures and of our beton. But some weeks ftironr-
able tb our labours have been sufficient to repair all, and
to give tiB to hope, that in the course of July 18aJ6, the
bridge will be ready for the public.
It is composed of two equal traverses, each of 85"*. The
breadth of the floor is 4'60™, with an enlargement in the
middle corresponding to the pier^ and oa .which three car-
s2
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352 Mr. Herafiath, on his Compensation Pendulum.
riages can be ranged. It will be sustained by twelve iron
cables, each of a hundred wires of Ng. 18, of three milli-*
metres in diameter, forming a versed sine of eight metres,
equal to the height of the abutments above the floor.
Reply of Mr. Heeapath to the Ob$ervatton$ of^ W/* on Ids Compen^
sation Pendulum, CoRimunicatecl by the Author.
Brutal, 66x 014 Mdrket'Street, Augusts, 189^.
GsNTfiEMEN,
I have read in your second Number an anonymous
correspondent's strange remarks upon my description of a
compensation pendulum, inserted in Philosophical Mag.
No. 325. That description was certainly very short, and
the accompanying wood-cut rough ; but I did not conceive
it possible that I should be so misunderstood. W. makes
me say, " the wire connecting the b^l with the bottom of
the iron tube should be added after the pendulum is made
as usual in common clocks." I can assure bim such an
idea never entered my head ; if it had I should have con^
sidered the adoption of it quite as strange as he does ; for
the expansion of the additional wire would not only, as he
says, have been uncorrected, but the pendulum would
have been too long by many inches to beat seconds. The
" usual," in my description, only applied to attaching three
inches of steel spring to an iron wire. I did not expect
that any reader would require to be told to cut the wire so
mutjh shorter as he intended to add in length below, atiy
more than I should think it necessary to tell a man, capable
of reading, that B follows A in the common alphabet.
This misconception of W.'s is the more unaccountable,
as I have given the total length of the pendulum as
C 3" inches of steel spring
^36-139290 of iron
27-92 of iron
— &7-059290 inches. Now as 27-92 of this
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Mr. Hempath, on Jus Compensation Pendulum* 253
mudt be deducted ais duplicatute, how. could W. find 47
inches left ? So much for my material error !
Rough as the wood-cut is, W. will find, upon re-inspec-
tion, that the pendulum ball possesses a shoulder in the
centre, which rests on the upper end of the screw. There-
fore, the ball is supported by the centre, and requires no cor*
rection for its expansion, as it takes place equally in every
direction.
Having thus shown to whom the " material errors "
belongs I shall examine his objection to a tubular pen-
dulum, in order to weigh the difierence between the latter
and a perfect instrument. The compound rod, when
finished, may be but little more than 4- of an inch in dia-
meter; but I will suppose it constructed by a clumsy
workman, who could not succeed in making it less than
^ an inch in diameter. A sudden change of 30° in tern*
perature would pasd through such a rod in less than 4- of
an hour. Now 30° F. operating upon a common pendulum
rod for 24 hours, would alter the rate of a clock about 8^^
in that time ; and consequently, for ^ of an hour, ^ of 8'',
or ^»^ of a second ; bpt as fhe zinc tube would receive 15°
:F» while the external iron tube and wire were receiving 30°,
the alteration of rate must be less than -l of Vt of a second.
As I find it is necessary to be extremely explicit, it may
be well to inform such as may attempt to make one of
those instruments, that as the rod has nu)re weight .than a
silk string, the centre of oscillation will be farther than
39*13929 from the point of suspension, and consequently
the zinc tube must in. practice be a small portion longer
than 27*92. As this small portion cannot well be calcu-
lated, my pendulum will> like all others, require an adjust-
ment after being affixed to the clock.
As W.'s remarks may confuse your readers' notions of
the instrument, I shall feel obliged by your inserting the
following short description of the inclosed drawing.
A« Fig. 14, Pi. IX, The watch spring, 3 in. long.
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d64 Mr. H^rapaik, on kk Con^penMim Pehduhtm.
B. Pigs. 14 ftnd 15. Iron ^ki^^ f&Btened to the watch springy
about 32 in. long, having the brass foot, g, hard*soldered
to its lower end.
c. The >ino tube, about 28^ in. long, having a sotew cut
on Its top«
Bi Th« external iron tube, which, with its screw collar, b',
is about 27*6 in. loqg.
e'. The screw collar, supporting the external iron tubfe by
•a shoulder. The elevation of this collar lengthens in
effect the einc tube.
%^\ Another screw collar, by holding which steady while
the upper one is turned, the length of the zinfcj tube is
- altered fi^ithout altering the total length of the pendulum
rod J it id connected with the wire, j, of sufficientlength
' lb measure about 40 in* flrom the knife edge.
9« The screw for regulating the pendulum to time, witheul
affftOting the oampensattOn part ; it has a point on its
bead to act as an inde^for measuring the arc of vibration.
H. The shoulder in the centre of the pendulum ball, by
. which it is supported upon the end of the flcrew, v.
t. Section across the pendulum rod.
In taking my leave of W. I beg to thank him for his
kindness in attenipting to correct what he thought my
mtetakee ; and as he seems fond of the amusement, I must
direct his attention to the following quotation from his
remarks, p. 107 :-^^*The wire, having a great surface in
proportion to its solid contents, will more rapidly come to
the temperature of the air on a rise of the thermometer,
than the tubes ! 1 "
I am, Gentlemen,
Your most obedient Servant,
William Herapath.
Mr. Herapath's expression in the beginning of his letter,
" W. makes me say,** conveys an accusation entirely un-
deservedi We have carefully perused both Mr. H.^s
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Mr. HmmHii (M hii CkmpmHtm Penthslum. 3fi6
Qfigiml p^p^» ud W.^» remirksi and it appears that in
the quotation wbie^ W. baa mada from Mr. H.-s descrip-
tion, mmmaaaipg at tba word ^^ Haring/' (line 12 ff om the
bottom of paga 105) aad ending at ^* pandulum ball/' there
is no material word addad> por QMgbl dimiaisbed.
As te its b^iog ^^ as plain as tbat B foUoivs A/' that three
inehes were to be cut off (ba vire^ wbaa the spring of that
langtfa vas directed to be added to it^ we differ again in
opinion with Mr. H. If readefs were to make additions
and alterations to tliat extent^ apd impute them to writers,
the latter would have still less reason to be satisfied, than
where they are interpreted as their expressions denote.
At all eyents, Mr. H. after blamtug W. fb^ f' making him
say/' as above noticed, should not blame him again for
not making kirn say what is no| expfsesed in his paper.
We very willingly insert Mr. ^erapath's apiended ae^-
count of his pendulum, but think that instead of our cor-
respondent W/s remarks confusing our readers, as Mr.
H. assorts, they haye, in facti been the peans of making
the account of the p^pduh^m ^Itjjn^.tely i^ii^derstood, which
must otherwise have remained problematical.
The wood cut of which Mr. H. complains, is certainly
not very good, but it is plain enough to be understood ;
and without it, most of the apparatus of the pendulum must
have remained unintelligible, as it is no where else ex-
plained in Mr. H/s paper. We have examined this cut,
and observe a part in the tubular perforation of the bob
larger than the rest, which we suppose Mr. H. intended
for 'Uhs shoulder'' whiph he mentions; but we should
also observe, that the nut, on which the bob rests, is very
plainly represented at the bottom of the bob, screwed on
the wire, and that therefore W. should not be censured for
supposing, that it was not intended to plsuse this nut at
the shoulder, in the middle of the bob, without wbicb> or
some method of conveying the action of the nut to the
said Mulder, the latter is evidently of no use whatsoever.
I We must also beg leave to terminate Mr. H.'s imagined
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256 Ob$erta^4m on the Cutting of ScHM. %^
triiitHph> relstWe to the wire and the tubes^ i>y th« foU
lowitig proof, that wire of a certain proportion to the thi6k«
nes6 of the side of the tube/ will have a larger surface.
Suppose the side of the tube to be a sixteenth of an inch
thicky and that the wire is a sixteenth of an inch in dia-
meter. To compare the two we must divide the surface
of the tube into as many portions^ equal in size to the wire^
each less of course thaii a sixteenth of ah inch in breadthy
as can be contained in its periphery. . Each of these, then,
will have but two sides exposed to the air, while the other
two are hidden in the solid substance of the tube ; and
thi& wire having the whole of its surface exposed, which
will be evidently much greater than the exposed parts o£
thd above divisions of the tube, while its solid ccmtents:
are the same from the hypothesis, will of course more
qvlickly acquire the temperature of the atmosphere.
Observations on the Cutting of Screws. By A Workman.
Communicated by tlie Author.
Having had considerable experience in the construction
of new and complicated machinery, and knowing of no
method by which minute and accurate movements or di-*
vF^iohs may be obtained with such certainty as by means
of the screw, it has not unfrequently been the most trying
part of fny labours to obtain a screw that shall be tolerably
ac5CuTate throughout, when it has been required of any
considerable length. The tapping of screws with new and
sba]*p dies, and great care and slowness, is undoubtedly
one of the best, if not absolutely the best method of
makifhg a good and .true screw. But it is found that when
a stock' is worked by hand, there is generally a stopping
jjliace perceptible on the screw itself, where the workman
chants hands, which is most probably tlie chief imper-
fection tha:t produces inaccuracy when such screws are set<
to subdivide their own threads. If one handle be more
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Ob$€rmtumt on^ the Cutting of ScreM. 257
deprfi6«ed than the other, the screw will have a periodical
variation of obliquity, which workmen call a drunken
screw^ and it is difficult to avoid this error where the screw
is short.
As the dies at best cut rather by the force of the setting
8crȴS than the keenness of their own edge, they not only
bend the tap or screw, but scarcely ever take equally off
from all sides, . The best remedy for this is to use long
dies ; but even with these, a centred and turned tap will
seldom prove straight and round after it has received the
thread.
In minutely considering the action of the dies it will be
seen, that the opposite sides of the thread incline towards
different regions^ and therefore, in effect, cross each other.
Hence it is impossible for the dies to be made to approach
each other in the plane of the helix. (A tangeotal plane
to the helix having a vertical axis, will in fact revolve
round the axis itself, preserving a constant angular incli-
nation to the same.) But the dies approach in a plane ^t
right angles to the axis. It follows, therefore, that there
are limits to diameter, depth of cut, and inclination, be*
yond which the dies cannot operate. These limits are the
cause wky a true flat thread screw cannot be cut in dies $
and a many-threaded screw, or screw of great obliquity^
in a single pair of dies, is impracticable, and can only be
cut by a succession of different pairs of dies.
If dies are not well fitted in the stock, and the stuff be
veiny or unequally hard, they will yield to the hard parts^
and by the e£fect of this shake produce an undulated thread.
Long dies do indeed greatly remedy this imperfection {
but it must always exist, however small.
As a pair of well fixed dies can never both run along
the same stroke till quite home to their natural place, the
cut made by the one will tend to draw the other along the
cylinder, so that while one die cuts the upper side of the
thready the other die will cut the opposite or under side.
In this cross action the frame and the dies themselves will
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efiB (Uugwaii&ni m the Cutting of Serew*
yield froqi elasticity, and thai the more, where the stuff
is most hard or the work forced. Hence, with a like
pressure, the soft side will have the widest cut, and be
soonest cut down, and the sides of the thread will be
waving. This seems to be the chief reason why tapping a
screw thrpws it out of centre and roundness.
It is fpund by expefienoe, in the attempt to lap a screw
much larger than the original of the dies, that the comers
of the dies taking hold first, are nearly indifferent as to
the run ; and if left to operate without pressure in the line
of the axis, would as probably cut mere rings, or. a lefU ,
handed screw, as the rtght*handed screw (supposed to be
m die dies). In these eireumstances, therefore, the thread
at first tiiras out to be wavey* with very little rise in the run
ef each eomer, until it suddenly falls into the cat made by
the ^rner it follows. Eaeh turn consists accordingly of
four waves, which are amended as the dies sink deeper,
and are led by their own slope. But it may be questioned
if these waves, once produced, are ever completely re« ^
moved, so that the screw probably approximates to the
truth, without ever attaining it. And in thie nature of the
operation of tapping, this error in the first instance can
pnly be diminished, but not absolutely removed, because
all cutting is begun by the corner of the dies.
Having enumerated what appear to be the several causes
of the existing imperfections of screws in general, it may
naturally be expected that I should point out some meians
of obviating at least a portion of the obstacles enumerated.
But this I think will not be found so easy a task, and I
shall merely describe one method which I have tried with
success, and content myself with having partially investi-
gated a subject of the utmost moment to the mechanic,
considering that the first steps towards improvement are
by the deliberate investigation of the obstacles to be
overcome.
. In the tapping of a deep flat- thread screw, the breadth
of the die^ or portion of circle it contains, must be small,
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Bep^ifmm Sihpf Cammitt9B, Ifc, 3fifi
beeatise, in a large oironlat part, the run of thp diei 1b v6ry
great fropi the corner first taking, to the propar or finished
positioQ, whence the corners are found to upoil the thread.
I have therefore used ibur dies, in a kiod of double stock,
having two grooves at right anglesi eaoh die beiug pushed
forward and withdrawn by a single screw of the same tap.
These screws, which act on the several dies, have ^ach a
pinion or sm^U wheel, of the same siie and number, which
rise above the plate on one side of the stocks, so as all to
be moved by one contrate wheel, large enough to present
a milled edge or proper hold to the workman. Six er
more grooves may be better for large screws. But thougli
this contrivance has partially obriatad son^e of the ob-
jections before enumerated, in the manafaeture of eerewe^
much remains to be done, and I trust soitie meaiis may be
devised for rendering screws of every description more
perfect.
London, Sept. 7 y 1826.
Our correspondent will find a paper on cutting screws,
by the Rev. Mr. Gilbert Austin, in Repertory of Arts, first
series, Vol. u. p. 399, to which we beg to direct his atten-
tion, for methods for the purpose, not generally known to
workmen. We would also suggest, that improvement?
might be efiepted in the cutting part of the tap, or addi-
tions be made to it for cutting on some better principle.
Heport of the Select Commtttee of the Houie of Commons, appointed io
inquire into ike state of the law and its consequences respecting the JSv*
portaiign of Tools a^d Machinery, (Continuied from p. 169.)
It is also worthy of observation, that although so early
as the year 1497, woollen cloth was one of the greatest
articles of exportation, and is so considered in a supple*-
mentary treaty of commerce concluded in that year between
Henry 7th and the Archduke Philip, Sovereign of the
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260 • tiej^rtfrom Sekci Committee an '
Nttherlands ; and although that manufacture continu^
to be a staple of great iitiportance to this country^ arising
partly perhaps from the quality of the wool/ and partly
from the improvements in our machineiy, yet no legisla-
tive enactment was deemed necessary for its protection
as regarded the implements used, till the year 1750, when
the 23d Geo. 2d, c. 13, was passed, in order to prohibit
the exportation of the tools or utensils employed in itis
fabrication. An interval of more than half a century had
thus elapsed, during wliich period no interference on the
part of the legislature to prevent the exportation of any
kind of tobls appears to have taken place. In the same
act, however, of 1750, prohibiting the exportation of tools
or utensils used in the woollen trade, there is most unac-
countably included a prohibition 'of the tools or utensils
^ployed in the silk trade, although, at that period, the
manufacture of silk in this country was still in its infahc^i
ahd the implements and tools in use in Great Britain con-
fessedly inferior to those on the Continent.
It will be in Ihe recollection -of the House, that one of
the principal objections made in the last Session of Parlia-,
mentto the importation of silk manufactures, was the al-
leged siiperiority in implements and tools possessed by
the manufacturers on the Continent; a strong proof, in
the^opinion of your Committee, of the folly of prohibiting
by the act of 1760 wliat there could not be the smallest
inducement to export, and of the total absence of any
sound principles or correct data in the commercial legisla-
tion of that period.
The 14th Geo. 3d, c. 71, (1774,) the next act on the
statute book, exhibits a similar inconsistency in prohibiting
the tools and utensils used in the cotton and linen manu-
factures, or a mixture of either. It is well known that in
France, Germany, and other parts of Europe, the linen
trade had then arrived at a very high degree of perfection,
and that, whatever precautions might have been deemed
necessary in regard to our improvements in cotton machi-
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Export of Tooh and Maehi^ierjf^ 261
nery^ no tool or utendil possessed by Great Britain at that
period^ for the manufacture of linen, could have been an
object of importation on the Continent.
Your Committee cannot pass over the act of the follow-
ing year, 15th Geo. 3d, c. 6, (1775,) without observing,
that it permits the exportation of wool cards, or stock
cards, and spinners' cards, to the British Colonies in North
America ; because, says the act, '^ the prohibition to exr
** port them had proved extremely prejudicial to great
^' numbers of poor families in England." And your Com-
mittee may be permitted to remark, that every prohibition
of the same kind, if not followed by the same conse-
quences, has at least been productive of no apparent
benefit to any part of the community.
Although actual injury to the industry of the country
had thus become evident, in one branch, from restraining
exportation, the legislature, in compliance with the appli-
cation of several manufacturers, proceeded, by the 2l8t
Geo. 3d, c. 37, (1781,) in the spirit of former enactments,
to forbid, not only the exportation of all tools, but also
of all models and plans connected with the vdooIj cotton,
linen, or stVA manufactures, under a penalty of 200/. for
each offence, and the forfeiture of all articles so prohibited,
if attiempted to be exported.
A further prohibition took {^ace in 1782, by the 22d
Geo. 3d, c. 60, of all blocks, plates, engines, tools, Sec.
used in the calico, cotton^ muslin, or linen pmtting manu-
factures ; and in 1785, by 25th Geo. 3d, c. 67, the iron and
steel manufactures appear, for the first time, to have occupied
the attention of the legislature, and a long list of tools apd
utensils, including, in fact, almost every tool or utensil
tiiat could be used '' in repairing, working, finishing, o^
''completing the iron and steel manufactures of this king-
^' dom, by whatever name or names soever the same shall
*' be called or known, now or at any time hereafter^ and
** also of any models or plans of any such tool, utensil, or
'' implement," under severe penalties, aa if to prevent the
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S69 Rq^orifriom Select Oonmitiee tm
industry Of tbe 0OHtitr3r from being employied ia the manu-
fiB^cture of an)r of those numerous articles required fbr any
other part of the w.orld than the United Kingdom.
. That act would appear^ however, to have had a particular
reference to the button aild buclcle trade, which the legis*
laturi^ seepis to, have been anxious to monopolize for tiiia
country, as almost cvety tool employed in their manu-r
facture (as will be ^een in the Appendix), is especially
idesignated. ; but the buckle trad^ may be s^id to have en^
tirely ceased along with the fashion which gave it birtb^
notwithstanding the&e bolstering precautions. With re?
spect to the button trade, great improvements have be^n
made in thps^, kinds used for home consumption ; and
though our manufacture of them is equals if not superior
to any in Sutopei yet it appears, by the evidence of Mr.
Oslei*) from Bilrmi^gham, that the fancy button tradls i^
albnost etitil^Iy lost lo this country, notwithstanding th«
precautions of this act to retain it From his statement^
on the authority of Mr, Ledsam, one of the, largest buttoti
manufacturers in Europe, it would appear that England
at one period supplied France, Germany, Italy» and Swit^
zerland with buttons ; and that in Birmingham alone
20^000 gross were made every week for the foreign market
The reasons assigned by Mr. Osier for the loss of that
trade^ partly fexpliain the c{Lusfe ; namely, that copper could
be obtained en tbe^Continent lit 60 per cent, less than iA
£ngland> owing to the protecting duties imposed in favcmr
of the mining interests in Gornwdll ; and that the stamp
duty on silver, and other charges, raised the price of the
article so as to render bompetition with the French and
other mcmufactuters utterly impossible : an additional
proof, if any were required^ that the low pHce of any
article of equal quality, is a betlet security for an extended
market than any legislative restriction on exportation of
the tpols employed in its manufacture.
Your Committee have deemed it proper to notice thift
act (2ddi Geo. ^ c^ 67) the more particularly, as being
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E:x^t of Toab and Mnckineff. 663
ihB inofit comprehensive and sweeping in its enactnlentd
against the exportation of tools, in order that the Heude
may judge of the inconsiderate manner in whikrh it inUit
have been passed, as by the acts of the follonf ing ymi
(26th Oed. 3, c. 76 and 89) it is repealed, and another
long list of exemptions (inserted in the Appendix) enume^
•rated, which render the law at present so coni plicated,
.that, exclusive of the difficulty of discrimitiating the par*
ticular kinds of machinery, as stated in the evidence, it is
extremely difficult) if not impossible, to ascertain what are
•and what ate not prohibited.
It h deserving of notice, that by the 26th Gee. 3d,
€.76 (1786), it is declared that,' ''as the exportation of
*' wool cards to North America had been beneficial to this
^' country, and as the allowing of a getieral exportatiod
,^' thereof to fbreigii parts will be highly serviceable ta a
" gr^at numbet of poor families ih England, etnployfed in
/'the trade of making such wobl cards/' the same W^re
then and are now allowed to be eitported to all pai^a ef
the world.
Neither the grounds on which thesei acts were pissed*
and repealed^ nor the advantages expeeted to be derived
from thedQ, appear to have been well understood $ a3 by
•the 25thi (ci;67,) the prohibition Was f>eirpetutill, whilst by
the 26th, (c. 89,) it was provided that the prohibitidft
should only continue in force till the end of the next
session of Parliament, and no longer.
Your Odmtx?ittee beg leave to state thetf opiniooi tlifl^t
changes in laws Which regulate the expoH and import of
any article> should be made as seldom as possible, as by
every change neW establishments and cbnnecMoi)S lA
6pmnieirce milst necessarily bb formed ; and| exclusife ef
the loss of capital consequent thereon^ the uiicertaiiity td
whith they give rise in the mindd of merehaiits and mabup
fabturers must greatly tend to impede the eombaeree and
ehabk the prosperity of the country. Many able and in*-
telligent men have even gone so far as to asselrt, that it
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264 Reporifrmi SeUct Committee on
is often much better to submit to inconvenience and bss
than to make a sudden change in any extensive branch of
the industry of the country, although that change might
ultimately remove the inconvenience and loss suffered;
yet BO great has the uncertainty been as to what line of
conduct the legislature would ultimately pursue, that the
statute book affords, in the instance of machinery^ a
notable example of the total want of any fixed principle ;
exhibiting, in the same year^ one act to permit the expor-
tation of one kind of tools, because their prohibition had
proved injurious to the industrious classes of the commu-
nity; and another, prohibiting the exportation of other
kinds, because such exportation was considered to be de-
trimental ; and the provisions of that act, which would
have expired in 1787, were continued from year to year
by the 27th, 28th, 29th, 30th, Slst, 32d, 33d, 34th, till,
by the 35th Geo. 3d, c. 38, it was rendered perpetual,
, These acts also prohibit the exportation of all tools^
implements, and machines, used in coining money, although
it would be extremely difficult to show why any country
should have impediments thrown in its way for coining
money for its own use, or what possible injury this country
could sustain from supplying other nations with the various
and expensive machinery which is necessary in lai^e quan-
tities to the establishment of mints. No permission, how-
ever, appears to have been granted by legislative authority
for this purpose, except in one solitary instance, namely,
in that of Mr. Matthew Bolton, an engineer of Birmingham,
who, by the 39th Geo. 3d, c. 96, (1799,) was permitted to
export the machinery necessary for the erection of a mint
in the dominions of the Emperor of Russia, and to send
workmen there to erect the same. But His Majesty's
Government, as appears by the evidence, have, under the
exigencies of the case, thought it right from time to time,
on special applications, to grant licences for the exporta-
tion of different articles of machinery to various parts of
ihe world.
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Mxport of Toois and Machineri/. 966
. Thd'Ckjmmitteey in 1824, examined many practical !aen
for the pdrpose of asceftaioing how far, in their opiaion,
the prosperity of our manufactures had been promoted by
thj^ laws .which prohibit the exportation of tools and ma-
chinery, atid how far the improvement of the manufactures
of. Qther countries had been thereby retarded. Many of
these. witnesses were of opinion, that considerable advan-
tage had, .acertied .to this country from the protection
winch the^e prohibitory laws. gave, to our manufactures,
by.tbeic opeitation in preventing foreign nations froia be-
coming oin' rivals in several branches of manufactures :
but.a careful perusal of their evidence will best show the
grounds on which those opinions are. founded.
.. In. addition to the examination of persons practically
conversant with machinery and manufactures, that Com-
mittee called before them, and e.^amined, two gentlemem
eminently qimlified to determine, on general principles,
-the. policy pf prohibiting the exportation of tools and ma-
chines. These gentlemen gave their reasons at length for
believing the prohibition to export tools and machines to
berinjaiious to the .commerce and manufactures of this
^country, inasmuch as ^'e. thereby shut ourselves oiit from
:a new branch of business which would give employment
to a large number of our people, increase our own cap^
bilities,jadd considerably to the amount of our productions,
and c©n.sequ€tntly to the irv^rease of capital ; particularly
«o,. as.the materials of which tools and machinery are madia
arji almost ejitir^ely the products of our own soil, and may
be procured by the labour of our own people in unlimited
quantities. _ . i
Your Conmiittee beg leave, however, to call the atten-
.Uon of ,the House more particularly to their evidence,
which contains matter of the greatest importance, a,s it
explains many of the grounds on which, in the opinion of
tliose gentlemen, commercial intercourse, in order to bp
.prqi$pe):oiis, should be founded.
VOL. I. T
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iiSa Report from Sekci Committee on
' . Another oiroumstanoe of some momeiit, to whidlt your
Committee beg leave to reque&t the attention of d^ Houtw^^
is the commercial jealousy which the prohibition to eitpott
tools and' machines is calculated to perpetuate, and the
effect which the repeal of these laws would produce on
the policy of other nations towards us, and how far the
removal of all such causes of jealousy would operate iii
respect to many regulations and restrictions now existing
on commerce, which the members of every enlightened
government must necessarily wish to see removed^ and
which the legislature appears to have had in view in the
late various important alterations in the oonnbereial rela^
tions of this country.
The evidence taken by the Committee in the last Session
was such as to induce them at that time to decline recom*'
mending any measure to the House beyond that of a re^
fiewal of the inquiry in the present Session ; and in ord^
to make this inquiry as complete as possible, the Chaii^
man of your Committee caused a notice (inserted in the
Appendix) to be sent to the principal municipal officer
and chambers x>{ commerce in many of the greaA manu-
facturing towns of the United Kingdom, some of whom,
it appears, caused it to be inserted in several of the pro^
▼incial newspapers.
It is necessary to observe, that notwithstanding this
public notice, no person from any of the manu^steturing
districts has requested to be examined before your Com-
mittee ; and that only two answers to his circular were
received by the Chairman ; one from the Chamber of Com^
merce in Birmingham, inclosing a copy of the resolution
of that Chamber, of the 12th of March, 1 824, which ob-
jected both to the emigration of artizans and to the ex-
portation of machinery ; and as the evidence of the witnesses
deputed by that Chamber at that time will be found in the
minutes of the Committee of last year, it is presumed that
they had no additional evidence to offer ; the other from
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Mj^Hn'i qf Tools ^uid Machinery. SS7
,tbe master cotton s^iohers of the county of Renfir^w^ ape-
pointing Mr* Dunlop (whose evidence on the Bubject will
be found, in the nunute^ of last year)| to oppose any bill
foi' permitting the exportation of machinery. As no person,
therefore, fcame forward from the country to offer evidence
to your Crnnmittee, it y/qb necessary more parliculajrly to
revert to the evidence taken by the Committee in the
last Seasion^ for the purpose of more fully showing its
tendency, .
Almost all the principal eh Queers whose factories are
situated in the metropolis, were examined. Their evidence
tends to show the injurious consequences of the laws
which prohibit the exportation of tools and machines, and
all of them concurred in recommending their ri^peal.
Several machine-makers, resident iu the country,, were also
examined before the Committee, all of whom agreed in
recommending a revision of the laws, or that particular
kinds of machinery might still be legally exported, while
other kinds might be prohibited. They also concurred in
opinion that much of the machinery at present prohibited
might be advantageously exported ; but gave it as their
opinion that other kinds of machinery, and particularly
those used in the manufacture of cotton goods, should not
be permitted to be exported. This opinion was grounded
on an apprehension that foreigners might in time be able
to manufacture such goods, not only for their own use,
but also for Exportation, cheaper than we could, and might
thui^ supersede us in the foreign market. They were also
apprehensive that the orders which might be received
from abroad for tools and machines, would raise their price
at home, and prevent our own manufacturers from being
supplied' with the machinery they wanted ; and several
manufacturers concurred in these opinions.
The objections made by the machine makers and manu»
facturers were thus reduced to two : viz.
1 8t, That in consequene* of the large foreign orders which
t2
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268 Report Jrom Select Commtiee on
would probably be sent from abroad^ the price of the tools
and macbinesy if tbe free exportation were permitted, would
be considerably and permanently raised at home.
2d, That it was to be feared that, in a short time after
the repeal of those laws, foreigners would be able to
undersell us in cotton goods, in lace made in frames, and
in «ome other branches of manufacture.
To these two principal objections your Committee more
particularly turned their attention ; and in the evidence of
all tiie London engineers it is distinctly stated, that ihey
do not believe that any considerable rise of price would^
for any length of time, follow the repeal of the prohibiting
laws. On this subject, however, your Committee submit
to the. consideration of the House an extract from, the eVi*
dence of Mr. Alexander Galloway:
" Do you then think that we should secure a very con*
'* siderable and profitable branch of permanent manufac-
*' ture, without injuring our home . manufactures, if this
^* law was repealed ? — I am decidedly of opihion'we should
" improve our condition ; and if I was a consideraWe mar
*^ chine user in any of our principal manufactures, I should
" say I should be very much benefited by taking oft' the
'* prohibiting laws, as it would ultimately lessen the price
" of machinery.
" Do. you mean by the increased competition and skill
*< that would be brought into action ? — Yes ; and that will
*^ all end in making machines cheaper. At first it may
'^ increase the price with certain individuals, but not with
•'the manufacturers generally ; and ultimately it will iur
" crease the means by which machinery is produced."
The principal diflSculty which seemed to your Committee
likely to occur, from any considerable increased demand
for machines from abroad, was the number of hands which
could in a comparatively short space of time be procured
to meet the demand. ':
it has always hitherto happened, and on . generol prin-
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Export of Toots ettid Machinery. 209
ciples it may safely be affirmed that it will always happen^
Jhat wfcere a commodity can be supplied in unlimited
quantities (which machinery may be in this country) a
large increase in the demand never fails, after a very short
period, to reduce the price ; but the necessity of instructing
men in machine-making se«med to oppose an obstacle
which it would require much time to overcome ', and it
was apprehended that in the mean time the price of ma-
chines might be considerably increased. The apinion,
however, of the London engineers was, that no difficulty
whatever would exist as to the procuring of hands capable
of constructing machinery in any quantity which could be
required ; and that, too, greatly to the advantage of a large
number of persoiis.
Messrs. Martirieau, Bramah, Maudslay, and Galloway,
all of them eminent in their profession as engineers, affirm
that men and boys in almost any number may be readily
instructed in the making of machines, and that the great
improvement of the tools used for making machines, and
for the abridgment of labour in many important parts of
the business, (which enables them to employ common la-r
bourers, who may rapidly become skilful workmen) furnish
reasons for believing that the price of machinery is much
more likely to be reduced, and that in a short time, than
increased by any considerable extension of the business
of machine-making. Your Committee would, however,
call the attention of the House to the evidence of Messrs.
Ewart, Kennedy^ and other witnesses from the country,
who have expressed a contrary opinion, in order that a
correct judgment may be formed on the subject.
To be continntd in our next Number*
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37fl
On the Mvtroctiofk of Opium from the mUffmoui Poppjf*
By M. Laivm*
From ^blioth^ue UniversdUe.
In October, 1821, the author had a considerable space
sown with poppies of the kind called blind poppies, dis-
posed in rows two feet asunder. Although these poppies
made a very indifferent appearance in the spring, they
greatly improved afterward, and every one produced from
8 to 20 capsules. In April tjie ground wias dug and raked,
and in May the plants were earthed up. Most of them
grew to the height of four feet and a half.
The method followed by the author to gather the pro-
duce, consisted in making incisions in every head or capsule,
with an instrument formed of two blades or edges, fitted
into a little wooden handle, so as not to project beyond it
more than about a quarter of a line, the incisions being as
much as possible in a spiral direction. Children followed
the person who cut the poppy-heads^ and gathered the
milky juice which escaped with a small brush or pencil,
the size of the little finger. When the pencil was full of
juice, they pressed it with a finger against the inside of a
little tin vessel, in the same way that painters press the
oil out of their brushes in order to clean them. At the
end of every half day's work, all that was collected was
pnt together into a flat ¥essel, where it was left to evapo-
rate to dryness.*
• The milkif juices of vegetables owe, in general, their milky ap-
pearance to a certain quantity of resin or of fatty substance which
they hold in suspension. They UImwim^ iM^uently contain different
substances soluble in water, particularly mucilage.-<-dee Annales de
Chimie, Vol. xlv. p. 2S7 ; v. 31, 275, aud 888.
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. .271
NOTICES OF NEW PATENTS.
Paient granted to William Church, of Birmingham, Esq* for certain
'improvements in casting cylinders, tubes, and other articles of ir(m$
copper, and otKermetalt. Diit^ January 18, 181d5.
The plan for which this patent was obtainedi consists
of exhausting the air by air-pumps from the moulds^ pre^
pared for receiving the melted metal so as to be air-tight,
and forcing the melted metal from air-tight vessels into
those exhau/9ted moulds, by the action of compressed air,
impelled, by air-pumps over the fluid metal. The patentee
states that there are many methods of doing this, depending
on the nature of the castings and moulds, which cannot be
all described ;.but gives the following example of the mode
of applying his. plan in casting iron rollers.
The mould is to be inclosed in an air-tight case of cast
iron, from the bottom of which a tube of earthen ware
(ai^h as is used in making crucibles) is to descend, and
from its top a pipe is to pass to an air-pump (which is re«
piresented in the drawings of a large size in proportion to
the moi^ld), and beneath which is an air-tight vessel, which
may be eixhausted by it, and whose use is to accelerate
the process of exhausting the mould, by previously pumping
the air out df it, and opening the communication between
it and the. mould, which is made by continuing the pipe
from the airrpump to it, and having cocks so placed in its
passages, that the air may pass from the mould either
to the pump or to the vessel, by opening some cocks and
shutting others, as the occasion demands. The pan con-
taining the malted metal is placed beneath this mould in an
iron chest;, with charcoal dust between the two, to retain
the h^at, and the earthenware tube of the mould passes
down into the melted mental, through a circular lid with
Maical edges^.thftt c1q$«s tfa« chest so aa to be airrtigbt,
an expanding ring of metal being placed between the two,
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272 Notices of I>kv> Patents.
to make the junction more perfect ; but how it effects thia
purpose is not sufficiently explained, or the manner in
which the lid is pressed down on the top of the chest,
though this latter may be more easily conceived ; the air-
pump before-mentioned being constructed so as to act as
a forcing pump as well as an exjiauster, and a pipe passing
from it to the chest that holds the pan of fluid metal,
Und a cap of metal that will readily melt being put on the
end of the earthen tul)e> g,nd that being passed through the
lid of the chest, and its juncture with it, as well as that of
the latter, with the. chest, being all made air-tight ; the
€farthen tube descending through the melted metal within
an inch of the bottom, and the moijild being previously
Exhausted ; as soon as the cap is nielted of the earthen
tube by the red hot flaid metal, this latter will begin *a
ascend through it into the mould, and at the same time
the air-pump, being worked so as to fofce the air into the
chest that contains the pan of melted metal, its pressure
will accelerate the rising of the fluid metal into the moulds
• A pipe is represented passing off sideways into the
vessel beneath the air-pump already mentioxi^d, from the
pipe that goes from the pump to the chest, and a cock
with three ways is placed at the joining, so that the passage
to the pump, or to the vessel, may be opened from the
chest as desired.
Round the metal case of the mould anothei* external
case is exhibited in the figure, with a cock near its bottom,
the use of which is to admit cold water round the mduld,
to cool the casting more rapidly, when it m expedient to
case-harden its surface. • . - •
The mould is furnished with gudgeons for attaching
chains, by which to lift it into its place over the fluid
metal by one of the cranes commonly used in founderi^s ;
and the pipes have union joints, in the proper places, for
connecting them together, to form the communicatioH
with the air-pump described, when the mould is UftiMI
into its place by the cTi^ne. ,
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fJbtices ^}f New Patents. ^73
■ Inhere may be cases of peculiar clLdtiiig;«; haviflg very
niihut^ partly ^or eonfplicated ramificatioiifl, or whose sur^
fabes reqtiire uncommon accuracy, where this apparatus
would be of gneat use ; -but for general purposes it isob^
vio^sly too expeo^ive ; nor do we believe it was intended
for -such, the common methods having been brought to
very great perfection for them. We believe the statement
of the patentee fb be perfectly correct, that castings made
in his method will be less liable to flaws, hollows, or
minute cavities, called honey-combs, and other defects ;
and therefore it is probable that, as well as to the uses
which he mentions by name in the title, this plan might
also be applied beneficially to the casting of cannon, and
to the highest branch of the founder's art — ^the making
metallic statues.
It is probable that the vessel beneath the air-pump is
intended by the patentee to hold compressed air occa-
siou'ally^ though not expreissly mentioned by him, on
account of the pipes from the chest, that holds thfe pan
of melted metal, having a communication with it near its
vpper extremity*
Patent granUd to Samuel CtL08i.r.Y, of Coiiage Lane, CHy Road,
Middlesex, Gent, for^ an improvement in the conjftt^ction of ga9
regulators or governors. Dated February I, 182o.
• Mr. Crosley commences his -specification with an
account of two other methods before used in the con-
struction of gas regulators. The first is formed like a*
small gas holder, 'moving in water as usual at its lower
extremities, bat having a rod suspended from the centre
of its top> ending in a cone, whose broadest part is placed
downward, and lies below a round aperture in the bottom
of the gas holder, through which the gas enters from a
lowercomparti^ent of the apparatus, and which this conical
stopper reduces in extent as it is raised up by the elevation
of the upper part of the gas holder.
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874 Afe^iw .0/ ifeuf Patffur,
Tke ^t^epi method consUts of ^ implomept fp]rm^4.Ul^e
a bellow^i hftTing ft rouii4 ftperttirQ |a its.low^r pJmki
which is. reduced, ii^ size by % cqnipal stopper, su^pepded
by.^a rod froxa it& upper plan^Cjt ia a aimilaF m%oueir to thi^t
de^irribed, s^^d which plo^es itfi c^paQity in p^opprMopk ^
the bellows part is inflated by the:e];itraQce pf the gsiM, apd
the top plan)^ is ther^bjr elevated-
Mr* Crosley's iofiproved gas regulator consists in a cup
or vessel^ wbiph.he iqaproperly calls '^ a tank/' whose mouth
is coviered withgo^lld beaters' skin, oiled silk, or any simile
gexible substanQp, so as to exclude the passage pf ^air*
This fle^^ble cover is, however, ^ot to be stretch^ tight)
but is to have. that degree of^ rel^ation which will allo^
of its c^ntrie being inoved up and down sufficiently to h&^O
the same action on a conical stopper, simili^rly constructed*
and suspepd^d^ i^r the same manner a9 thc^e described,
which reduces or enlarges, the extept of an fiperture in tho
bottom of the vessel, through which the stem of t^e stoppejr
passes, in; proportion as the fi.e^ibl^ cover inrai^ied or de?
pr^^$ed by.the.aotion of the ga«, that flqw^ through it frovi
a lower compartment of the gas regulator, into which a
pipe passes from the large gas reservoir ; while another
pipe, that goes out from the side of the vessel, conveys it
to its destination.
Small disks of pasteboard, or of other proper material;
interposed between the centre of the cover and a flarich,
near the top of the stem of the stopper, and through which
it, pa$se9, serve to inake that part gas-^tight, when pr^fised
together by a scr^w and nut on thie top of the stem« The
edges of the cover apr^ also made gas-tight by ,a flat ring
that lie^ above them,, over t|ie mouth of the vessd, to
which it is pressed down by screws that pasa thro^h both*
^bove the flexible cover is fitted e oesi^ to sepurejtirpis^
i^ury^ so constructed ain to allow suffioiei^tj^pftoe for iti^
^notion upwsurds^
.. Weights may be fastcuwd on the upper, part of the stem
^ tiiie iitopper,' above the fl^ible cover^ to regulate^ thei
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Notim of Ne^ PfU^fL 97^
degree of pceMir0 of ihegu by i^bieb the aperture be^
nuth is to be dosed.
This regtilator mil form an instrument of sufficient
deUcacy ond lightness of operation to be used with single
burners^ for which purpose we suppose it was intended,
though the patentee does not declare his design in this
respect.
We think the stopper would move more steadily up and
down, without b^ing liable to lateral motion, by haying
its stem passed through. a hole or ring, in the middle of a
wire, fixed across the aperture in the bottom, and suffi<*
cietitly below the flexible cover not ,to interrupt its
movements.
We object to the cup or vessel of this regulator being
called a " tank/' because this word, which we have im-
ported from the East Indies, really means a large aitificial
pond of water, and therefore is not a proper appellation
for a small vessel, either directly or figuratively. "'*
Patent granted to William Rhodes, qf Hoxton, Middlesex, Brick-'
maker, for an improvement in fhe_ construction of clamps for burning
raw bricks. Dated November 20, 1824. .
Mb. Rhodes, in th^ beginniug of his specification,
gives an account of the common method of miaking clc^mpi^
of bricks ; in which, after describing the way ia which
the clamps are raised with courses of raw (unburnt) bric^Si
stratified with cinders^ or breeze (small cinders), inclosed
by walls of inferior burnt bricks outside, be states that
the wbple is covered at top by three or four courses of soft
burnt bricks, placed fiat aod close together, and arrwge4
so that. those, in one course shall covev the; interstices of
tb^ course, directly beneatii, whjyeh is commooly called
breaking the jainit. These bricks so placed are called
cantlings by the brick-makers. A bove these courses, three
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2lf& Notices of ifew Patenh.
cfr fcmr more Gourde of the same B6rt of bricks- are placed
edgewise, but arranged in every other respecN; as tUe former^
and these latter are calied-p;/i7l^tMg».
:^ The use of these upper courses is to protect :th^ taw
bricks from rain, which^it is highly necessary to keep off ;
for if the raw bricks get wet, it is found that they can never
be burned' bdrd, and will only produce the sort calleil
shiiffy bricks.
; This covering the patentee statjes effectually kept off the
rain^ and. yet there were always some courses of sht^ffy
bricks, found at top of the cl^mp when burned^ beneath
the covering, by which a considerable loss was incurred.
This the patentee attributed to the steam from the raw
bricks, at the bottom of the clamp, ascending when the
fires were kindled, and condensing on the raw bricks in
the upper courses, on account of their being colder than
those beneath, which induced him to try methods to pre-
yent.this evil, of which the following one succeeded to
his satisfaction, and is the object <of his patent.
The clamp being built as usual to near the top, the
patentee sets the two or three last courses of raw bricks
about half an inch asunder, and fills these interstices with
breeze ; over these he places one course only of cantlingSf
arranged with the species of intervals between them, called
pigeon hohsy continued from one end of the clamp to the
other. Above these, he places three courses of piauings,
the lowest course of which are at every 14 or 15 feet to be
pigeon holed sicross the ctailip ; and he covefps the whole,
particularly at the end of "the brick-making season, with
8 or 4 inches of brick dust or soil. By this method, in
the first place the steatni gets vent completely through the
pigeon Ao/erf passages, lengthwise iYi the course oi'cantlirigsi
and crosswise in those of the />^/a^^}'i?^5; and secondly, the
heat produced b^^ the burning breeze in the upper courses
of the raw bricks; both prevents the ste£im from condensing
on tliem, and burns ikiem more completely; and lastly,
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Notices of Aw Ptttents, 277
the covering of soil or brick dtst secures the whole better
from rain; and more effectually reretberates the h^at.
. The method of constructing brick clamps, prpppaed by
the patentee, seems very judicious, and founded. on just
principles ; but such are the variety of metbgds in whicl^
bricks are arranged in the clamps in difl'ereiit parts of this
country, and so various are the ways in vy^hicti they ar^
cofvered, that, the cl^ance must be .very great of. some of
tbeia. l^eiug sufficiently similar to the method of t^ie pa*
teotee to render it vpry doubttjul whether he could sustain
his patent, and to make it more prudent for. him therefore
to .190k for. profit from his. method of brick-making,, to th^e
advantages it must produce. in l^is o\yn practice, ov ii^
directing the construction of clamps for other brick-makers,
for which be has proved himself eminently qualified, by
his observations on brick burning in his speciticatiou, as
well as by his proposed improvements. . ,
Patent granted to William Shklton Burnet, of London'Strect^
Merchant, for a method of les.semtif[' the drift of nhips 'at sea, and
better protecting them ft mn gales of wind. Dated JanuAi-y 1 1 , i 835'.
The method of lessening drift of ships, recited in the
specification of this patent, is by letting down to the
windward a square plane, attached to a floating plank, witli
chains eleven feet long from the angles at one side to
those at the opposite sides, connected in the middle by a
loose ring, to whicJi a hawser is to be fastened from the
ship ; a cord also passes to the ship from each end of the
plank to direct the position in which this is to lie with
respect to it. The square plane being directed by the
cords to lie at right angles to the drift of the ship, and
not being moved by the wind from lying very low in the
water, will of course, in being drawn forward by the
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1278 . Noiiees iff New PaUnis.
hAW^kty^ niake a registance to die motion of the nhifi to Ite
leewaardy proportional to its. hold in the 9?ater,. which wiH
be equal to its surface multiplied by the square of the ve-
locity of its movement.
The square plane consists of a frame of bar iron, bollid
to the plank, with strong canvass, turned over and sewed
td the upper bar of the frame, and laced by cords passing
through holes in it, to the bottom bar and to those at the
sides. The plank is a little more than three times the
length of the frame, and is formed of three pieces, united
by hinges at each side of the frame, with bolts over th^
hinges, so arranged that when the two outside pieces are
opened up so as to be in a line with the middle piece, iht
bolts^ being protruded, will keep them in that position ;
and when they are drawn back, will admit those pieces to
be brought down by the sides of the frame, in order that
the whole may take up less room in stowage, when-not re-
quired for use. The chains connected . by. the ring in the
middle, and drawn by the hawser, will pull the whole
forward equally, without permitting one part of the frame
to be acted on more than another by the resistance of the
water. The dimensions of the frame are not mentioned,
but from the length of the chains being eleven feet, it is
supposed it could not be more than about seven feet long
at each side.
This plan was i&rst proposed by Dr. Franklin^ who took
the idea of it frOm a school-boy's kite, and had an appa-
ratus for the purpose fitted up in the same manner, and
very like one, an account of which may be seen in the
Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. The
dimensions proposed by the Doctor for the plane, as well
as those inferred from the description of the patentee for
his; seem much too small to be of any effectual use fof
the purpose intended.
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Naik^ ,of Neid PaterUi. fiTd
Fatati gnuM ia Mr. Faancis Oysbok SpTtfiAuRT^ bf WdshaUi
^tggfordahirtyfir impnrvemmU in toMtn^. Dated April SU, 1 898*.
For Mr. Spilsbury's method of tanningy oblong square
frames al^ provided, with metal loopl^ fastened rbund their
edges. On one of these a skin or hide is stretched, after
being Hmed, cleansed, and prepared in the usual manner
for tatining. Over this hide another of the frames is placed,
Ih^n a second hide is laid above it^ and a third fram^ is
put above that. The three frames are arranged so that
the inetal loops of each shall be opposite those of the
others ; screw bolts are then put through those loops, and
l^ofewed tip sufficiently tight to prevent any liquor from
passing betWeen the frames and the hides. The whol^ is
then B«t up edgeways, and there being two short pipes,
furnished with cocks, in the upper edge of the middle
frame, a pipe, in which there is also a cock, that descends
froiln a clsterti holding tan Hquor,; is fastened to one of
these by a union joint ; and another cock being placed
near the bottom, in the samd frame, to let off the liquor
when required, c6mpletes'the whole apparatus.
The cock at the top, that communicates with the tan
cistern, being opened, and the other near to it being also
opezfed, while that at the bottom is dhut, the tan liquoi:
will run down between the hides, dfiving out the air at
the other open cock ; which, as soon as any liquor appears
in it, being shut, the tafi liquor wiH then distendthe hides
and press outwards> with a force proportional to the height
which the tan cistern is elevated above the frames. The
consequence of which pressure will be, that the tan liquor
will ouse through the potes of the hides, appearing at the
outside like dew ; and by thus 'bringing fresh portions to
act continually on them, will, in the opinion of the pa-
tentee, cause them to be* tanned much more speedily than
faap|>ens in the common method, in which the hides lie in
the liquor, after it has ceased to' operate on them, and
are only passed into fresh liquor dt intervals by a tedious
manual operation.
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980 Notices of New Patents.
The firanies u*e toli^made of wood or coppdr^ imd if
iron should be used for tbem- it mus^t be wellpflaklsbitfUo
prevent its making the hides Mack. - -*5r '.^y.\
In some cases two gkiiis or hides may be pui at efoch
side, of the middle frame; and when the .whole are well
tanned, the tan cock is to be closed, the liq^uor is to be
run off at the lower cock, and the frames separated frpm
the tan pipe and from each other; and the hideabein^
removed^ and having their edges )>ared otf, which' were
nipped or compressed between the frames, ai;^ then |;o b^
dried and finished in the usual manner. . .
.. Nothing further is stat(^ in the specrfi^atiou'retip^^ti^g
the time which this process will require, but that it usMst
depend entirely on the nature of the hides, or skiiis. -^^
This method of tanning has attracted much attention ;
and it is reported that bides of tliat thickness tp require
a year for tanning in the common method, can be finished
in this in six weeks ; and that some skins can be tanned
by it in eight or nine days ; it is also said, tlmt a verjr
large Aum of money has been offered for the patent riglit
, The theory of the process appears to promise well for
quick performance, but on these occasions it is Jiepessary
to attend to facts; and we have been informed by sonte
gentlemen in the trade« that the hid^s are not tanned ev^uily
by this method, but leave spots . less acted on by the
liquor than the rest; and that leather made in this way
is not so durable as the common sort.
The quantity of the hides that must b^ pfirad o^ whea
they come out of the frames, must certainly dimiu^sh the
value 6f the process, and especially when oblpng-square
fraroei» (such as are represented in the figures oj the
specification) are used, which, not being of th^ natural
shape of the hides, must cause more waste ; which must
be worth consideration, even though the pajcts to be cut
away are the least valuable of the hides. ' ♦ . . •
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Notices of New Patents. 281
It must, however^ be considered, that this method of
tanning is still in its infancy, and that it will be probably
improved in time, so as to diminish some, and totally
remove others of these objections made to it.
FaHnt granted to Mr, Josiah Parke8> of Manchester, Engineer, for
a method ofmanufaeiurmg salt. Dated December 4^ 18523. ^^
This method of manufacturing salt consists in using a
boiler for the purpose, of a very singtilar shape, contrived
to let the salt fall below the level of ihe fire-place, from
whence it is drawn off through a cock, along with a por-
tion of the.bripe, instead of being taken out by rakes and
i^hovels in the usual manner.
•The boiler is to be made of a conical form, having its
height equal to its extreme breadth, and obtruncated so as
to leave an opening of tli^ extent of one fifth of the diameter
of its base towards its apex. This conrcal part being
placed with its base Upwards, a cylindrical vessel, of the
breadth of this/opeiiing, and twice its depth, is attached
to this part, th^ bottom of which vessel is likewise of a
conical fdnii, and terminates in a cock.
ThiB tbp of thiis boiler, which in this position is its
broadest part, is covered with a dome ; above which rises
ashpit cylinder, large enough to admit a man, which has
a cover screwed down on it, in v^hich is placed a safety
valve ; and from its opposite sides issue two tubes, to
convey the steam to the open air. This boiler, with the
cylinder lEippended, having its parts connected with rivets
and screws in the usual mchmer, and being made of the
usual materials; is set in brick work, and partly supported
bya'projection at its largest peripheiy, and partly by 9. broad
circular plale, placed belove'its cylindrical termination,
and perforated doa^ to permit the conical bottom of this
•part to. pass through. This plate is represented in the
figure three times the breadth of the cylindcical part of
VOL. I. u
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f 89 N9tkp9 of }fm f^fitpnt^.
^Q bpil^F) ^ad resting oa ^n arcl^ intq w]iich i\§ (Jgxiieal
bottom and its cock passes. A ring is attached to thj^
♦op pf this cylindrical p^rt, and aupther ring being pl&ced
outside of about thrice its diameter, concentrical with
the first, joggle bars are laid between them in the lines
of the radii, to support the fuel ; and the fire-place is
constructed round this larger ring, having an opening at
one side furnished with an iron door to admit the ftiel,
and an ash-pit all round of the depth of the cylindrical
vessel which it encloses, and of the breadth of the grate.
Above the fire-place, spaces are left all round bptweei}
Jhe boiler and the brick-work, for the passage of the
fire apd smolfe upwards, from which a flue cpnveys the
latter to a chimney.
Above the boiler at one side is placed the cfstern^
wfiich holds the brine, and from it a pipe descends to the
level of the bottom of the cylindrical termination pf th^
]>Qiler, into which, at this part, a branch froin the firdt
pipe proceeds, ^i^d another branch passing froni the
«ame pipe to the top of the boiler near the dome, all
three being furnished with stop-cocks, completes the
apparatus.
The whole being constructed as described, tl^e boiler
filled with brine from the cistern by the pipes, and the
Js^tter brought to boil by ^ due application of fupl in thf
fire-place, the salt, which will soon begin to form as the
wat§r evaporates, will descend through the less agitated
part of the liquor ix\ the centre, down into the cylindripal
vessel beneath the fire-place ; and when it is judged that
a sviffipient quantity of it is there accumulated, the lower
pipe is first opened to let in cold brine about the salt,
and cause the hot brine to ascpnd from it, which it will do
by being of less specific gravity, aijd then the lower cocIjl
.in the archway i^ opened, and the salt drawn off through
it into baskets, along with a portion of the bpne, yvhich
is received into a proper vessel placed beneath the baskets,
and is pumped l>ack again into the \)Q\lev qv tl)^ cistern.
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Notm of New Pat§nti. ?83
The ftdyai^ti^^ propose^ by the patentee by this form
of boiler^ is to prevent the salt from sticking to it^ which
he takes for granted the obliquity of its sides will effect,
added to the action of the heat impelling the liquor^ and
it from them, towards the centre.
It is stated at the end of the specification^ that thi^
boiler may be heated by steam, or by heated air and
smoke passing from fire-places of other boilers, as well
as by having fuel directly applied to it, as mentioned ; in
which mode of managing it, a case should surround it of
iron, or other proper materials, to confine the action of
the heated medium, so as to make it have most power.
And the whole concludes with the u§ual clauses relative
to variation^ of shape, producing the same effect, being
within the limits of the patent ; and with the negation of
claiipi to 9uch parts of the apparatus and process, as have
.been before used, and are not immediately concerned in
promoting the design of the patentee.
The boiler proposed by the patentee is certainly of a
kind very little favourable for evaporation, both on ac-
count of its great depth, the obliquity of its bottom to the
fire, and from its being covered at top from the action of
the air; but if if would have the effect, which he sup-
pose^, of preventing the adhesion of saline matter to its
lower parts and sides, there might be situations whera
fuel was sufficiently cheap, to make the additional quan-
tity of it, which this boiler would require, less an object
than the saving which would from this be produced ii^
the wear and repairs, which we understand for the com-
mon salt-pans occasion 4 considerable expence.
Were the brine composed of a solution ofmuriaite of
soda alone, the boiler of the patentee would probably hk
little affected by adhesions ; but as it always contains ^
mixture, more or less, of various calcareous, argillaceous,
and magnesian salts, whose bases have a strong attraction
to iron, as well as their acids (iu which latter it is so
v8
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284 ifotices of New PatenU.
great as to decompose some of them^ particularly those, of
wiucb alqnupe ibrms a partX we tbin^L the «|iape; of tlie
boiler could not prevent this attraction from taking place,
and causing adhesion to a certain degree, which, however,
would probably be a great deal less than in the common
flat pans.
The use of steam in evaporating, proposed by the pa-
tentee, would certainly tend greatly to preserve ihe boilers,
as it would prevent' them from getting that high degree, of
heat, which does them such mischief when adhesions
occur, and hardens these latter so as to make much force
necessary in their removal. But this is by no means, a
new application of steam, several others having before
Used it in this way; nor does it appear, that the. method
proposed for this purpose would be the best; on the
contrary, it seems very inferior to the mode of applying
steam to salt pans, &c., for which Mr. James Smith, of
Worcester, obtained a patent, about six months previous
to the .date of that of Mr. Parkes, the specification
of which maybe seen in Repertory, Vol. xliv. p. 74,
and we are also inclined to think, that Mr. Smith's
method of having a part of the pan for the salt t-o
settle in, not acted on directly by the heated mediuni
(by making its bottom project beyond the top of the
steam vessel about 18 inches at every side), woidd be at
least as effectual as the cylindrical vessel of the patentee,
placed at the bottom of his boiler for the same purpose;
and would be attended with less trouble, and less redu<>
iiori of temperature of the brine,, in removing the salt after
its formation.
Perbaps'in place of a figure, it may, in addition to the
description, give a better idea of the shape of this patent
boiler, to know tha.t it bears a strong resemblance to an
in&ated air-balloon, with an upright cask fastened to its
lower extremity. '
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285 .
M$efifdUoni on the Me^mUding of lAmdon. Bridge, with an examinai
Hon of the Arch of EquiUbriutn, proposed by Dr. ffutton, and an
investigation of a new methdd for forming an Arch of thai description t
ii^ John Seaward^ Civil Engineer. Svo, I4t2 pages.
Mr. Sea^tard commences his work by an iavestigation
of the most suitable curves for forming the arches of a
bridge ; where, in comparing the segment of a large circle;,,
a semiellipse, a parabola, a hyperbola, and a catenaria, he
gives the preference to the semiellipse, both on account
of its "beauty," and because " no other curve can be so
advantageously employed in forming the intrados of an
arch. At the springing of an elliptic arch the curvature
is considerable, and as it rises perpendicularly it affords
the most commodious opening, both as a water-way and
as a passage for craft."
Next to the form of the arch, the author thinks that
nothing is of so much importance to the symmetry of the
biidge as the situation of the points from whence it is to
spring ; and after comparing those of several bridges,
asiscrts that in his opinion '^ no work of art can equal the
beauty of a large arch, springing immediately from the
surface of the water," and directs, on this principle, that
in tide rivers, where the level of the water is continually
varying, the springing of the arches should commence at
low water mark. . .
The author next proceeds to examine Dr. Hutton's
theorem for an arch of equilibrium, on which he makes
the following i-emarks : — " This is the curve which the
Doctor has so strongly recommended for the arches of a
bridge, as being both of a graceful figure, and of a conve-
nient form for the passage through it. I know not in what
school the late venerable Doctor acquired bis architectural
taste, but with all due respect to his memory, I will ven-
ture to assert that the curve is any thing but graceful ; it
is, on the contrary, inelegant and unsightly, and is in every
respect so ill adapted to form the' arches of a magnificent
bridge, that I am satisfied no architect or engineer, who
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286 Seaward 6n Bridges.
has any pretensioius to taate ot judgtiielit, Would risk Uii
i'eputetion by introducing it in any work of which he h^
the management/^
The. author, however, acknowledges his obligations to
the Doctor for the principles on which he proceeds to
construct " an arch of equilibriuiA, having a straight hori-
zontal boundary line, with any curve for the intrados, and
any required depth of voussoir," by which we presume the
Arch of the bridge to which this curve is to be applied id
intended, as the arc of equilibrium can have but one line,
tad that certainly not a straight horizontal one. As aii
example, he calculates this curve for the arch of a bridge.
In which the curve for the intrados was to be a semiellipse,
and after several pages of algebra, ascertains one which
will fall within the voussoirs of the arch, and which, passing
through the bottom of the Voiissoir at the ctdwn of the
atch, will not be far from the line of intrados at the uppe*
part of the arch, and will only depart from it at the lowef
parts, and that not to any great distance ; while a curve
parallel to it will cofre^ond very nearly to the line of the
extrddos ; by which means a solid arch of equilibrium will
exist in the body of the voussoirs, having so much external
to it, or superfluous, in the substance of the voussoirs, as
will be necessary to shape their lower parts so as to form
the semiellipse required for the intrados.
In forming the voussoirs for this arch, he directs that
their sides should be perpendicular to the arch of equi-
Bbtium that passes through their substance, instead of to
the semiellipse, which latter mode he justly objects to, as
well as to some others which have been practised ; and in
the 7th chapter, where he treats of the depth of voussoirs,
dfter carefully examining this essential mattet, and deter-
fliining that its ratio to the span is the best that can be
applied to it, states that he is " coiivinced that one thirty-
fifth part of the span is quite adequate for the voussoirs of
d large bridge, in a crowded city.'*
In treatin^g of the ^t&bilhy of atcfaes, th^dutliot main^ini^
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Seaward on Bridges. 287
that tKis will depend on the mass of materials of whi^h
they confeist ; which may be modified, first, by increasing
or decreasing the depth of •the voussoirs, the weight re-
maining the same ; secondly, by increasing or decreasing th6
weight, the depth of the voussoirs remaining the same ;
and thirdly, by increasing or decreasing the cutvatu^p of
the arch, the other two particulars mentioned being the
same: And to prove his position, that the stability of an
arch is increased by diminishing the curvature, and thereby
increasing the lateral pressure, he instances the cast iron
arch over the river Wear, in Sunderland, and the. centre
arch of Southwark bridge, which have nearly the* same
span and depth of voussoir, but differ in the curvature and
density } the former having a much greater curvature, and
only about a third of the density or weight of materials ;
the consfequence of whifch is, that the vibrations which
occur in Southwark bridge are by no means considerable,
while in Sunderland bridge they are what may be termed
alarming osdillations.
On this subject, a little after the above remarks, the
tothor states, that " the narrowness of the voussoirs of an
arch of stone is of no consequence whatsoever, as regards
its stability," which appears in direct opposition to part of
his former assertions. He also observes, further on, that
though an increase in the width of abridge must be attended
with a greater degree of stability, it does not follow that it
would be prudent on tnat account to diminish the depth
of the voussoir ; as " it is to be presumed that over a wide
bridge there will be much greater traffic, arid consequently
greater concussions than on a narrow bridge," a point
which we can by no means allow ; for, however the width
of a bridge newly erected may have been determined by
the expected traffic over it, when it is once formed it is
quite plain that its width can have no influence whatsoever
in this respect, unless it be so very narrow as to preclude
the possibility of the whole of the traffic required passing
o'velr it, a case which we believe hardly ever occurred.
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chief n9yel^y;'p^^ i^ thei.^fttp^ctWi* of 4wvo.^ef ^
notched or jpggj^d stones, id ^ach- abutment, extending
quite across, and nearly in the line that the arqh of equi«- :
librium would fonui if extended downwards from the upper *
•and lower extremities of the voussoirs of the archu Each
of ftese joggled stones is to be prepared by cutting down
a few inches of an oblong stone block, for about two thirds
of Us length, and thereby leaving the other third projecting ;.;
and when they are arranged as proposed, with each course
lying before the projection of that beneath it,, and thus
assuming externally the appearance of a flight of stairs,
they will be so connected that no one course can bfi^ pro-
truded by the lateral pressure, without moving the whole .
mass altogether, with whatever masonry there might b<^
ere<?ted in continuation behind it The author, besides
recommending this plan, objects to the method of radiating
the courses of the abutments, by which we suppose i^
meant the sloping them obliquely upwards, which has
been practised, in some of our best bridges ; but it appe^s
that this method h$u8 not in these instances been attended,
with the incouveniencies which he supposes ; and however
we may incline to recommend his plan as good and sufr
fici^t; we are by no means convinced of the propriety of
condemning the other method.
The calculation first mentioned by the author for the
curve of equilibrium, was made foi%rches whose spandrels
were to be filled up with solid masonry of the same density
as the voussoirs. In the 4th chapter he gives another alg«- :
braical calculation, to determine that curve for arches
with hollow spandrels, fornjed like those of Waterloo
bridge, with eight parallel walls of bricks, 27 inches thick,
covered with flat stones between the external walis/wliich,
were to be 6 feet thick, and for a bridge 53 feet broad
llpm outside to outside, with elliptical intrados, and finds
tj^atthe curve Jof. equilibrium coincides still more nearly.
Wi|b Ui^ elliptical curve than that first calculated for the
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Seaward on Bridgesi 289
a^ #Mi'aaIid spandrels, and therefore c6nclu4e8 that
t^c^ ttiaktng th^ ^andreU hoUoW id particularly; adranta*
g^ns; not only in saving iftaterials, but in simplifyiiig
the curve of equilibrium, and bringing it nearer the curve
sleRtioned, which makes it more suitable for the purposes
of an arch. »
In page 58 the author states, that though the curve of
equilibrium, or of direction, has in the investigations been
assumed to coincide with the lowest point of the voussoir,
at the crown of the arch, this having been done only to
facilitate the computation, is not to be considered as an
indispensable condition, in investigating the arch of equi-
librium ; and that the curve might be described from any
other point in the vertical line of that voussoir, as from its
middle or from its highest point.
in the first figure of an arch with this curve (fig, 14),
the author has represented it as forming the extrados of
the vous^oirs, a method which would much facilitate the
construction, the intrudes being iu the line of the semi*
ellipse of the arch; but in all the other figures which
follow, he has shown it as falling a little within the ex^
trades towards the sides ; and in p. 61 he has given the
method, by an algebraical computation, for forming this
upper curve of the voussoirs, or line of the extrados, by
determining successive points within its extent*
' PRQlftSBO BRIDGE.
The bridge which Mr. Seaward proposed to be built on
the foregoing principles, was to be built of only thre^
arches, all semieliipses, of 230 feet span, and 48 feet alti-
-^ tude or rise, and to spring from the level of the loir^st
low water mark. The voussoirs were to be 6 feet 6 inches
clepth at the crown of the arcV ; the roadway was to be
nekrly horizontal, and the road materials were lo be 4 feel
d ijiehes in depth above, the extrados. The width of the
roadway w^s to be 50 feet in the clear of the parapet virall6|
and allowing 3 feet for the Ihickness of the^latler, the
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iOb SeAitdtd tm Bridget.
irbbl^ bteiadtb df the briclge, from one ejttetn^l face td
the other, would be 63 feet. The spandreh of the bridge
Vere to be made hollow, th^ roadway beitig suppbrted (as
In Waterloo-bridge) by eight parallel walls of brick-work^
feach three bricks thick ; and the voussoirs, as well as th^
wlR>le of the facing, was to be made of the densest granite,
6f 124 cubic feet to the ton.
The Toussoirs were to be set quite dty, without any
lAortar or cement, and their joints, which intersected the
gteat lines of pressure, 'were to be run with lead, after
the inasonry was set, which the author thinks would not
cost above three or four thousand pounds more ; and if
contracted for by the builder, would induce him to take
great cdre that the stones were well and accurately dressed,
to save the expenditure of the lead.
The abutments were to be made 65 feet ill length, and
iheir height from the timber cradling over the piles, to
fhe level of a horizontal line through the top of th^
toussoirs, was -to be 70 feet, which would cause the
Cradling to be 21 feet beloi^ low-water mark, and they were
to be secured by two lines of joggled stones continued
from the upper and lower extremities of the lowest
voussoirs to the timber cradling, as before mentioned.
' The piers were to be 28 feet across, which is four feet
more than those of South wark-bridge, and eight feet wider
than the piers of Waterloo-briA|e. Their foundations
were to be five feet lower than^ose of the abutments,
and were to extend 14 feet beyond the face of the piers
and cutwaters, which would make their areas about 105
feet long by 56 feet wide. After the coffer dam was formed ^
in the usual manner, it was intended to drive a complete
belt or inner dam of permanent cast-iron or sheet piling,
exactly to the size and form of the required foundation ;
the sheet piles to reach 10 feet below the timber cradling^^
and 10 feet above ; which would both secure the base
from being undei^mined by sudden floods, and would
-. r,
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Biawatd M Bridget. ftdi
jretent the spreading of the stratii benetitU the foufida-
flon, while the piles were being drlvt^n down.
f he fronts of the cuttVaters were to be fotmed of ti^cf
Segments of cylinders theeting iti the middle sii&iliLt td
i gothic arch, formed each with a radius of aboat threes
fourths of the breadth of the piers ; and each cutwater warf
to be surmounted by a colossal recumbent figure of a river
god ; and the elevated pedestals above the abutment piera
were to be surmounted by groups of figures.
I'here were to be no stairs at the abutments, the author
thinking them very unsightly ; and that landing and plying
places for watermen would be more conveniently placed
at the ends of the adjoining lateral streets.
The cornice and balustrades are not described ; but
from some expressions of the author, we think he preferred
those of the Doric order.
The scite of th^ bridge was to be exactly where the old
t)ridge stands, and a new street at the Surrey side was to
be made to it from the vicinity of the Bricklayer's Arms.*
Archways were to be made between Upper and Lower
I'hames-street, and between Tooley-street and the Borough
High-street ; and the communication with these two latter
streets and the bridge were to be formed by lateral roads
made to join the new approaches.
In some considerations on the expence of a bridge, the
author gives it as his opinion, that though, for reasons
which he has stated, the doctrine of large arches being
more economical than small arches, is not quite correct;
yet that in certain circumstances this would happen; .and
^ thinks this would be the case with respect to his proposed
bridge ; because the increased expence of a bridge with
large arches is principally confined to the voussoirs, the
abutments, and the centring, while the saving lies in
the coffer dams ; and he computes, his method of forming
the arches would admit the voussoirs to be of such a size,
that they would require little more materials than a bridge
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292 Seaward on Bridget.
of five archesi in the same situation : and also proposea
to employ the arches of the old bridge in making the
ceojtring'for.the new bridge, by which he asserts that the
exp^ce would be so reduced, as to be far less than what
would be necessary for a bridge of five arches without this
coaveniency. ^ , ;
Thi? :work is very creditable , to the author, shows that
he' understands his subject well, and is very competent
to the construction of the fabric he proposes ; which we
have, no dotibt would have fully answered his expecta-
tions', in stability and durability, had it been erected, and
would' have formed a magnificent ornament to the City,
from the beauty and grandeur of its structure.
We cannot agree with him, however, that the property
in Fish-street-hill and the adjoining streets would be
little affected by his bridge, as it' is evident, that by car-
rying the road over it horizontally as he proposed, a ^
great part of Fish-street would be several feet below its
level,, and that consequently the value of the shops there'
and in the adjoining streets must suffer materially from this ,
circumstance ; as would also that of those in the Borough,
which the elevation of the roadway would affect for a
greater extent;
The bridge now erecting will not in any respect do this
to so great a degree, on account of its terminating at a
lower level, even after making all allowance for the
changes caused by its being a little higher up the
river than the old bridge; and supposing that a new
street, as has been proposed, will be made from it to the
Exchange, and another street, from the Circus in Moor-
fields to join it, as a great advantage to the traffic of
London, as well as a speculation likely to be profitable to
its undertakers, * *
' The remarks on Dr. Hutton's arch we think had better
have been spared ; the well earned fame of that celebrated -
mathematician stands on too firm a basis to be affected by
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Seaward on Bridges^ ^d
whal^ Js saijdj and his work on bridges will ^vefbe anink
dispensable study ' for th^ acponiplished ■ architeicttw •:• W^'
think the author must have beeii mistaken in siipposing
thai Dr. Button naeant to recommend exclusively the arcK
of equilibrium^ cited by him, for the structure' of bridgesy
as the learned and accurate Dr. Thomas Young expressly
states, in the 2d volume of his Natural Philosophy, p. 177,
that ** Dr. Button recommends an elliptic arch" for thiri
purpose. Besides, we have reason to suppose that there
is tio't so great a difference between Dr. Button's curve of
equilibrium and that of our author, as he may imagine,'
for having applied to them both a catenaria (which is^ easily
done by inverting the fibres and placing' them upright)^
we found that they both corresponded with that curve so
exactly, as to induce us, to believe, that if the catenary
curve i^ not perfectly the same, it differs so little from
them that it might be used in the same manner, to produce
equally good effects in building; the only difference be-
tween them being, that to make the chain correspond with
Dr. Button's curve, when inverted, it must be permitted
to descend loWer ; and fot that of ihe author's, be stretched
more tight, so that the latter, may be considered as the
segment of a Ikrge catenarian curve near thetop, aiid the
former as a very large portion of a smaller one, and de-
scending much* lower. As' to urging* experiments, as
grounds of belief in such matters, we think it in general
perfectly fair, and'pecdliarly so vvhere the catenarian curve
is €6nCerii^d,*iivh1ch in fact is one decidedly of mechanical
structure,' however it may have employed mathematicians
in investigating its useful pi'operties ; and we here beg
leave to iecOmmend to architects, the study of what DiC
Gi^egory published in 1697, to prove its being the best form
for an arch ;in discovering which; beseems to have under-
stood its properties better than- its inventor, Galileo; who
mistook it for a parabola, or than Bernpuilli and Leibrnitz^
who made its real nature first known. '
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394 SeamHl pn ttrid^Hr
As to the beauty of the forms of arclies mei^tioae4 i%
ppint on whicji the author claipas a decided superiority,
and thrusts down the Doctor somewhat roughly), we thinl^
It is so much a matter of taste and opinion^ that on so
important a subject as the structure of a large bridge,
having a great traffic passing under as well as over it, utility
should ever have the precedence. Jn which view we cai^
t)y no means recommend arches springing from low wateir
mark, so highly extolled by the author, as a considerable
portion of them at each side would evidently be much i^
the way of the barges and other craft passing up and down )
and to many eyes their beauty would not be so apparent
as he supposes, since the idea of a flooded river, and a^
obstructed passage, must be always connected wit(i their
appearance.
Besides, if an arch, springing from an elevated erectioui
were to be reckoned a defect in beaTity, .from not poiur
ciding in the line vvhere they join, as the author seems {q
suppose, what are we to think of Grecian colonnades,
where the entablature forms a right angle with its supports.
Yet no one ever doubted the beauty of those elegan(
structures.
We agree, however, with the author, in reprqbating
the practice of sticking up pillars over the cutwaters by
way of omanie^t. A pillar in its plape no doubt )^as 1(9
beauty ; but to put it up where it supports nothing, and ^
the top of a building instead of its lower part, whip)i is it§
proper station, seems about His rational a3 it wb\ild bQ
for a sculptor, in admiration of the symmetry pf a humai^
leg, to place a pair of them close beneath tbfi chin qf f\
statue, by way of improving on nature'^ work, Wp m\icl^
fear, however, that the ornaments proposed by the authoi^
for those places, and for the tops of the abutment piers,
would be inadmissible at present, while the police either
want power or inclination to defend matters of tl^is natur^
from the mutilation to which (bey wov|14 1)e e^posedi fr^Q
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J^ist of Neui Patpit^. gQS
the savage dispositipnGf of the lower classes of our populei-
tioDy who delight in defacing what those of other aatioas
protect as an honour to their country.
We will, now conclude with observing, that though the
author did not intend this as a complete treatise on bridge
buildii}gy as stated in his last page, yet be has given so
much useful information respecting it in a small compass,
that the young architect, who will fully make himself
master of it, will find his studies so inat^rip,lly assisted,
that even if he extends them np fi^rtber, he will be i^o
mean proficient in the art.
LIST OF NEW PATENTS.
George Henky Lyne, of John-street, Blackfriarsi
i^oad, machinist and engineer, aqd Thomas Stainfprd,
pf the Qrove, Great Gui}dford- street, Sonthwark, spif:!^
and engineer, for improvements in machinery for making
bricks. — Pated August 23, 1825. — Six months to enroj
specification.
W11.LIAM Pars, of Umon Place, City Rojid, JVIiddle-
sex. Gentleman, for an improvement or improvements in
the mode of propelling vessels.— rDated August 27, 1825.
Six months to enrol specification.
* John Bowlbb, of Nelsen-square, Blacl^fr^ar^ Ro^d^
Surrey, and Thomas Galon, of the Str^Q4^ Middlesex,
hat manufacturers, for certain improvements in the cour
struction or manufacture of hats. — Dated August 27,
1825.*— Six months to euro} specification.
Charles Mercy, of Edward's Buildings, S'tokis Newr
ington, Mi4dlesex, Gentleman, for improvenients in pro-
pelling vessel^. — Dated September 8, 1826.— Two monthf
to enrol specification.
William Jefferies, of 46, London- street, Radcliffe
Cross^ Middlesex, brass manufacturer, for a machine for
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666 List of New Patents.
ignpelling power without the aid of fire, water, or air.^*
Bated September IS, 1825.-^ix months to enrol spe-
eift<»rtion.
' JkAN Antoine Teissieb, of TotteiAam Court Road,
Middlesex, Gentleman, for improvements in steam engines.
Communicated to him by a foreigner. — Dated September
16, 18fio.— Six monthfr to enrol specification. '. ^
* Cathcart Dempster, of Lawrence Potihtney Hill,
London, Gentleman, for improved cordBge.—rDated Sep-f
tember 16, 1825. — Six months to enrol specification.
George Holworthy Palmer, of the Royal Mint,
civil engineer, for a new arrangement of machinery for
propelling vessds through the water/ to be efiected by
steam or any other power. — Dated September 16, 1826. —
Six months to eiirol specificati'bn.' I
' Adam Eve, of South, Lincolnshire, carpet manufac-
turer, for improvements in manufacturing carpets, which
he intends to denominate Prince's Patent Union Cltrpet,
Communicated to him by a foreigner. — ^Dated September
16. 1 826. — Six months to enrol specification.
\ Isaiah Lckens, late- of Philadelplrfa, but now of
Adam-street, Adelphi, Middlegex, machintst, for an in-
strumdtit for destroying the stone in the blaidder, wMbotit
cutting, which he denominates Lithontr^pton. — Dated
September 16, 1826'. — Six mouths to enrol specitiiaKtion.
' Sir Thomas Cochrane, Knight, (commonly called
Xord Cochrane), of Tunbridge Wells, Kent, for a rfew
Method of* propelling ships, vessels, and boats at sea.—
Dated September 15, 1825. — Six months to ■ enrol spe-
cification. ' ' • ; ' ^ .
' ' CiiARLES Jacomb, of Basinghall- street, wool broker,
for improvements in* the construction of furnaces, $tove8^,
grates, and fire-places.— Dated September 16, 1825 —^Six
months to enrol specification.' / * . ' •
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THE
REPERTORY
OP
PATKNT INVENTIONS. &c.
No. V. NOVEMBER, 1825.
SjpecifieaHiiA hfthe Paieni granted to Dayih Gordon^ of BasingMl"
sfreft, London, Esq* Jbr certain improvements in the constmciton of
portable gas lamps, cmd which improvements are applicable to other
apparatus fbr.facUitoHng the use of compressed gas* Dated April
U, 1824. '
/ ^ WITH AN ENGRAVING.
TO all to whom these presents shall come, See.
Now know, ye, that in compliance with the said proybp, I,
the said David Gordon, do hereby declare that the natuipe
of my said invention, and th&jnanner in which xhe.£aiQe
isto;be performed, are particularly described and ascer-
tained in and by the drawings which are hereuntq annexed,
and. by^the following descjription thereof, (that is. to say) :
My improvements in th^ confitrnction of portable gag lanaps
relate particularly to the stop and regulating, valves whicli
are employed to. retain the compressed gas withjri tjie
reservoir of the lamps, during the process of filling the
same; and also for the purpose of regulating the flow or
escape of gas froni the reservoir to the burner, in propor-
tion as it is consumed. Fig. l,/(Pl. X.) upon the annexed
drawing, represents an improved construction of fegulatitfg
valve, adapted to permit the flow of gas to the burner,
or to shut it off at pleasure. It is composed of two pieces
VOL. 1. X
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298 Patent for improvements in Portable Gas Lamps*
of metal; a and b^ which are screwed together at a a,
having a soft metal coIIar> bh, inserted in the joint for
the purpose or rendering it tight. The said collar is com-
posed of lead; soft solder, or other sufficiently soft metal,
and is firmly fixed by soldering, or otherwise, to one of
the surfaces which form the joint : it is not, therefore, in
danger of being displaced or injured by screwing it up
tight, but produces a very tight and sound joint. The
lower part of the piece, b, is adapted to screw into an
aperture at one end of the reservoir of the lamp, and when
the regulating steel screw^ c, is screwed down so that its
conical point enters the conical cavity formed in the piece,
B, it closes like a valve, and prevents all escape of gas to
the buroer; but on turning the reguli^tiug steel screw,
slightly round by its square head, the gas may be allowed
to escape through the passages, eeee, to the burner, f,
in any degree that may be desired. Previously to inserting
the regulating screw, c, in it§ place, I dip it in *a mixture
of bees-wax and oil, which operates to fill up the^ threads
of the screw, and thereby effectually prevents the escape
of gas by its sides during the time that the lamp is burning.
This form of regulating valve is found to admit of great
delicacy of adjustment, and is not liable to get put qC
order in the course of use. The lower extremity of the
regulating screw, where it fits into the metal socket, may bC;
formed to a straight cone, as shown in the figure; or it
may be shaped to a sphere or other suitable figure, and
in some cases a conical or tapering screw might be em-
ployed to form the fitting part. Fig. 2 shows an improved
construction of valve, to be used in filling the reservoirs of
portable gas lamps. It is intended to be screwed into the
opposite end of the reservoir to that which is occupied by
the burner and regulating valve above described. This
filling valve consists of a small conical plug of metal,
leather, or other convenient and suitable substance, marked
g, which is fitted into a conical cavity or seat in the piece
of metal, c, similjir to the valve of au m gVPj being q19P^4
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Patmtfor impron^menis in Portahk G^ Lamps, 299
by a slight steel springj h, and glided ia itg seat by a
metal pin^ which slides through a hple ia a small bras^
pap or perforated coveri i, which is represented as screwed
pver it J p shows a brass plug^ which is intended to b9
screwed into the lower aperture of the piece^ c, after th^
filling is completed. The , upper surface of this screw
plug is furnished with a soft metal ring or coUari b b, (as
above-mentioned) which being pressed by the force of th«
screw into close contact with the underside of the piece,
Cj effectually prevents any escape of gas from that end of
the reservoir, even if the filling valve, g, should not be
quite air-tight. Fig. 3 shows an improved construction of
regulating valve for the emission of gas, which possesses
the advantage of great simplicity, and at the same time is
capable of much nicety in adjusting the flow of gas to the
burner. In this construction the passages, ee, for the
gas, are drilled out of one solid piece of metal, and the
regulating steel screw, c, is tapped into the side of the
same piece, in such a manner that its conical point may be
caused to open or close up the passage at pleasure, and
thus regulate the emission of gas at the burner, /• The
construction of this regulating valve will appear evident
from inspection of the figure, without entering into an^ore
detailed description thereof. Fig. 4 shows another modi*
fication of the regulating valve* the chief difference being
in the position of the regulating steel screw, c, which in
this latter construction is placed in a vertical positioni
with its conical point adapted to close the conical aperture
of the passage, e, and thereby impede or regulate the flow
of gas to the burner,/. Note, either of the last described
regulating valves may be employed in combination with
the improved filling valve described, by reference to fig. 2;
Fig, 5 represents an improved construction of stop valve,
which ia particularly adapted to the transferring of com*
pressed gas from one lamp or reservoir to another, without
occasioning loss during such process. It is composed of
two pieces of metal^ a and b, which are screwed together
x2
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300 Patent for improvements in Portable Oas.Lamps*
with a soft metal collar between them, at aa; ee repre-
sents the openings through which the gas is^ allowed to
pass. The piece, a, has the regulating steel screw, f,
tapped through it, being formed at the lower part with a
double cone, one part of Which cone is adapted to fit into
a conical cavity or seat in the piece, b, and the other cone
is adapted to fit correctly into the cavity in the underside
of the piece, a. Now when the lower cone of the regu-
lating steel screw is -screwed or forced tight down into
the conical seat in the piece, b, it prevents all escape of
gais ; and when it is desired to transfer compressed gas
from one lamp or reservoir to another, the regulating
screw, c, is to be turned until its upper cone fits and
applies correctly into the conical cavity in the piece, a,
and thereby prevents all escape of gas up the threads of
the regulating screw during the process of transfeiTing,
allowing at the same time free passage for the gas from
one reservoir to another, through the openings, e e. Fig. 6
shows another construction of stop valve for efiecting the
same object, (viz.) the transferring of compressed gas from
one reservoir to another. It is composed of two pieces,
A and B, screwed together with a soft metal collar between
.them, similar to the one laat described; but the regu-
lating steel screw, c, instead of being formed with double
cones, is furnished at the extremity with a loose button.or
revolving cylinder, d, having soft metal collars, aa^ bb,
soldered upon the upper and under surfaces thereof, so
that the underside of the said button or .cylinder may be
screwed down tight upon the lower passage, €y and thereby
efilectually stop the flow of gas ; or by turning the regu-
lating screw the contrary way, the upper side of the said
button may be screwed up tight against the underside of
the piece, A, as represented in the figure, and thus prevent
the escape of gas by the threads of the screw, during the
period that gas is flowing through the passages, e e. These
valves are found to be particularly useful for many pur-
poses connected with the filling of portable gas lainps,
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Patent for impH^vemenH in Portable Gas Lamps. 301
and are less liable to get out of order than any stop cocks
which I have hitherto met with. I have now described
my invention of improvements in the construction of por-
table gas lamps, with reference to the annexed drawing,
in such manner as to enable persons conversant with works
of a similar nature to practise the invention ; and I hereby
declare that I confine my claim of invention to the follow-
ing particulars, (viz.) First, to the employment of separate
and distinct valves for the entrance and exit pf gas to and
from the reservoir of portable gas lamps, such separate
valves being constructed and combined in the manner
hereinbefore described, with reference to figs. 1, 2, 3, and
4, upon the annexed drawing. Secondly, to the improved
construction of the stop valves to be employed in trans-
ferring compressed gas from one lamp or reservoir to
another, being provided with a double cone, or with fiat
surfaces furnished with soft metal, or other suitable collars,
to prevent the escape of gas up the threads of the regu-
lating screw, as above described, with reference to figs.
5 and 6 upon the drawing. I also claim the use of soft
metal rings or collars, as a means of making joints tight in
apparatus connected with portable gas lamps ; such rings
or collars being soldereid, or otherwise fixed against one of
the surfaces of the joint, and pressed into contact with
the hard metal surface on the other side sufficiently to
prevent the escape of gas without employing leather, or
other similar pliable material or substance. It is to be
remarked, that the figures upon the drawing are about
the real size of the apparatus ;^ but the forms and propor-
tions may be varied according to the circumstances of the
case, as well as the materials of which the same may be
formed or constructed, and without departing from the
object of the invention, as hereinbefore described and
set forth.
In witness whereof, 8cc.
* In the engraving the figures have been reduced one half.
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S02
^pecificaium of the Patent granted to John Mastermax^ of No. 68^.
Old Broad-street, London, Gentleman, for an itnppoved method of
' corking bottles. Dated March 6, 18S5;
WITH An ENORAVING^.
TO all to whom these presehts shall come, fcc. See.
Nbtt? know ye, that in compliance Vvith the said proviso, I
do hereby declare that the nature of my said inren-^
tion, and th^ manner in which the same is to be per*
formed) is described and ascertained by the drawing^
in the margin hereof, and by the explanation thereof^,
and by the descriptions and observations hereinafter
fconiained, that id to say : — ^My method of corking bottleii
fB by introducing, either by pressure or impulse, the
Gbrk into the neck of the bottle, through a conical
tube, having its smaller orifice in direct and immediate
communicatiott with the mouth of the bottle, so that thd
tube and the neck of the bottle may form, in effect, one
contihuous tube: such conical tube having its smaller
orifice of feuch a size with respect to the cork to be passed
through it, as that the sides of the cork must be compressed
in passing through it, or, at least, must be in such close
Contact with the inside of the tube, as to be prevented
from bulging^ out, or expanding laterally, while the lower
end of the cork is entering the smallest part of the neck
of the bottle. But I prefer and use the tube with the
same orifice, so small, that the cork must be considerably
compressed in passing through it. The length of the
tube need not much exceed the length of Common corks ;
its upper or larger orifice ought to be sufficiently large to
^dmit, very easily, the end of the cork to the middle of
the tube. Machines by which the corks may be forced
through the conical tubes into the bottles, according to
my said method of corking bottles, admit of such a va-
riety of constructions, that were I to describe any one
machine in particular, proper for this purpose, and claim the
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Patent Jbf an impttmd Mnhod i>f c&rking BoUtes. 303
I^KoIe of that 6ne aIon6> an constituting my said invention,
the said letters patent might probably be evaded by modifi^
^tions of several of the parts of that one machine t there-
fore) the only part of any machine for corking bottles, ao-
t^ording to my said method> which I claim as my s&id inven-
tion, is the conical tube, or conical tubes therein, through
which the corks are to be forced into the bottles, according
to my said method. But I declare that the constructing,
selling, using, or exercising, of any machine, of whatever
construction, for corking bottles according to my said
method^ will be an infringement of the said letters patent,
provided that the conical tube or tubes, as before described,
and to be applied in the manner before-mentioned, enter
into the construction of any such machine.
I now proceed to describe a machine for corking the
ordinary quart bottles, according to my said method ; in
which machine the conical tubes, and the mechanism for
forcing the corks through them into the bottles, are ar-
ranged in that manner which I consider the best adapted
for carrying my said method into execution.
Figure 7, {PI. X.) is the front view of the machine.
• Figure 8 is the side view thereof. Each figure is drawn
to a scale of three inches to a foot.* The letters refer
to the corresponding parts in each figure : a is a frame :
the two sides are connected by the cross piece, b. Two.
^cylindrical pillars of iron, cc, of similar dimensions, are fi^ed
into the cross piece, b, parallel with each other ; their tops
are connected by the bridging piece, d: c is a four-sided
bar of iron, which traverses upon the upper parts ot the
said pillars, at right angles with them, by means of a hole
towards each end, through which cc pass* Each end of e
l)rojects beyond c, and terminates in the form of a gudgeon :
fff^re what I term " the impellers ;*' they pass through
and are fixed in the bar, f ; their upper ends traverse
through three holes in the cross piece, d, for the purpose
of maintaining them parallel with each other t g is firmly
• The figures in the engravbg have heen reduced one third.
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S04 PMe»tfaran^4mproit€iMetkod0ftorltiagBoUles.
fixed to cc, and a, a, S3it such a distance from the top of the
'^Uarsi c c, that when e is raised close to the cross piece, d,
.there may be a space between the bottoms of the impellers,
and the top of g, at least equal to the length of a cork. In
g are fitted or formed, three conical mptal tubes, (repre-
;8ented by the dotted lines) ; they are so placed with respect
to the '' impellers,'' as to have common centres or axes
with them respectively. The largest tube has its top
larger, and its bottom smaller, thim the largest sized cork
required. The small^t tube bias the same relation to the
spaallest' sized cork required ; and the middle tube is a
medium size between the two others. Three different
sized tubes. are sufficient for. quart bottles, whether for
wine orbeer. The bottoms of the ** impellers" are smaller
than the lower orifices of their respective tubes :ii, are
two levers^ of equal dimensions, which work on the gud-
geons at the ends of e. These levers are firmly secured,
parallel with each other by cross metal rods, hhy connecting
the corresponding ends of each. Thus these levers and
connecting rods form, in effect, and will be referred to, as
one lever : A/: are two side rods ; their lower ends work on
two pins, fixed in the sides of the frame, a, at corresponding
points ; their upper ends work over the ends of the cross
rod that connects the shorter arms of the lever, and which
^ends are made to project for that purpose : 7 is a trough,
which is elevated or depressed by a wedge, m, acting be-
tween it and b.
The machine, as above described, is ready for being
worked.
Place a bottle so that its mouth may be under, and in
contact with, that tube which is of the proper size for in-
troducing the. cork into it. L prefer that the end of tKe
tube should be a little within the mouth of the bottle.
Retain the bottle in this position by elevating the trough
up to the bottom of the bottle by means of the said wedge.
Then raise the impellers, by means of the lever, and put a
proper sized cork into that tujbe in contact ^ith the bottle ;
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^4
/KXIW
j^n.
TH^.lt, X91
liy 16
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J?ateni for exhuusHt^ Air, Smoke, Gas, ifc. 306
then depress the lever; by which means the impeller wHl
force the cork into the neck of the bottle. The bottle and
trough are then lowered by withdrawing the wedge. The
bottle is then removed^ and the machine is thus ready for
corking another.
By my said method of corking bottles it is evident, that
common corks may be used, which (if preferred) may be
introduced with the larger end downwards ; that cylindrical
corks may be used ; that, as the corks may be introduced
so far as that their heads may be within, or lower thai;!,
the top of the mouth of the bottle, shorter corks may be
used, and be as efficient as the common ones ; that a
bottle may be corked with a larger cork than by the
common method ; that the time lost in biting the corks,
or in crushing their ends by other means is gained ; that
there exists little or no risk of breaking a bottle in corking ;
the result of all which is, that bottles may be corked both
in a better manner, and at a cheaper rate, by my said
method, than by that now in use.
In witness whereof, &c.
Specification of the Patent granted io Simeon Bkoaomeadow, of
Abergavenny, Monmouthshire^ Civil Engineer, for an apparatus for
• " exhausting, condensing, or propelling air, smoke, gas, or other aSriform
pioducts. Dated April 2, 1825.
WITH AN ENGRAVING.
TO all to whom these presents shall come, 8cc. &c
Now know ye, that in compliance with the said proviso, I,
the said Simeon Broadmeadow, do hereby declare that
the nature of my said invention, hereinafter described,
. does not in any way whatsoever interfere with a Patent al-
ready granted to me, bearing date 19 January, 1 824 ; but that
tl)e manner in which the present invention is to be per-
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306 Patent for eThamtlng Air, Smoke, Oa^, Sfc
formed is particularly described tod ascertained as foUotvd,
(that is to say :) — In the drawings hereto annexed ate
represented various views and sections of my apparatus for
exhausting, condensing, or propelling air, smoke, gas, or
other aeriform products as aforesaid, reference being
thereto had, and to the figures atid letters marked thereon,
as follows, (that is to say :) — My invention consists in
particular arrangement of mechanism, hereafter to be de-
scribed, for the purpose of exhausting or withdrawing thfe
ftir, smoke, gas, or other aeriform products, generated
either in the process of distillation, and thereby v^ithdraw-
ing the pressure (torn the interior of the uppiairatus to any
flue or chimney connected with the furnace of fire-place,
therAy producing the necessary draught or current of air
requisite to the combustion of the fuel, and at the same
timfe propelling the same after it has been converted to
smoke or other elastic fluid, either through flues under
. ground, of in any way disposing of the same as may bfe
found most convenient. This action is performed by one
or more inverted vessels working in water, or any other
suitable liquid, according to the gas, air, or smoke to be
operated on, which will be more fully described and as-
certained by reference to the drawing hereto annexed.
Fig. 9> (PLXO represents a sectional elevation of an apparatus
where two inverted vessels are acted on by the alternate
motion of a lever, from which they are suspended at equal
distances from the fulcrum thereof : a a is the lever from
which the vessels are suspended, which moves on the
fulcmm at a, and has an alternating motion imparted to it
by a steam-engine, or other adequate first mover : bbbb,
and ccccy are the two Inverted vessels before-mentioned,
which are perfectly air-tight, except being open at the
lower extremity : dddd, andeece, are the larger vessels
or tanks, fitted to the line, ff, with water or other liquid,
in which the inverted vessels, bbbb, and cccc, respectively
ascend and descend by the action imparted from the lever
d a^ as before described : g^ h, i, is a tube or pipe, passing
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Pttmt for ethmsting Air, Smbke, Cub, t^e. 307
ibrdugh the bottom or other convenient part of the vesselSi
ddddy and ttte, and reaching above the surface of the
Ivatet line, ff\ at the extremities, g and i, are placed
valves, opening reidpectively towards the Interior of the
vesisels, bhbb, and c c c c, and at A, connected with thi
flue or furnacdi Where the action or operation of exhausting
is purposed to be applied : kly and htn^ ai'e separate pipes,
passing through the bottom or other part of the vessels,
ddddf and eee^, and also reabhing a little above the
burfacfe or water line, ff. These pipes ot tubes open or
lead in the larger tube or trunk, cccc, and have valvei
placed at the extremities, / and n, opening towards the
interior of the trunk or tube, oo oo, which is led in th^
most convenient direction, as circumstances may Require.
To put this arrangement of my apparatus in action, it is
lisquisite to impart motion to the lever, a a, as before de^-
sctibed, which raising and depressing the inverted vessels,
bbbbj and c c c c, the air, smoke, gas, or other aeriforni
products, are drawn ot exhausted during the ascent through
the tube, gA«, from the furnace, and on the alternate
descent of each inverted vessel, propelled or driven foN
ward through the tubes, k I, and tn n, into the trunk, 0006 i
the valves at g and i opening during the ascent of the in*
verted vessels aforesaid, and closing during the descent (
and the exit or outlet valves, at / and m, opening during
the descent of the inverted vessels aforesaid, and closing
during their ascent respectively, thereby causing a regulaif
draft or exhaustation to take place at the point, k, and a
continuous blast or current of air, or other elastic fluid, to
flow from and into the trunk, 0000, Fig. 10 represents a
sectional elevation of an arrangement of my apparatus for
exhausting or propelling air, smoke, gas, or other aeriforni
products, which I recommend in situations where power
is not available, as a first mover, or where the process is
of a slow and regular nature. It consists in suspending
an inverted vessel by a chain or rope, either passing over
pullies, or connected with a lever, so that a counter balance
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308 Patent for exhausting Air, Smoke, -Gas, ifc.
or weighty rather exceeding the weight of the vessel, may
at all times during the operation of exhaustation act as a
power to raise the inverted vessel, and produce the eflfect
as before described : aaaa is the inverted vessel : bbbb
is the tank, containing water or other liquid, to the line,
c c. The outlet pipe is shown at df^ having a valve aty ;
and the inlet pipe at g h, having a valve at g : i i are pullies,
over which a chain or rope passes to suspend the vessel,
aaaa, and at the other end connected with the counter
balance or weight, which exceeding the weight of the
inverted vessel, has a constant tendency to draw up the
same, and thereby produce the effect of exhaustion, as
before described. In this arrangement, when the inverted
vessel is full of air, gas, or other elastic fluid, the weight,
A, must be diminished, and the pressure of the vessel itself
will propel or drive forward the air or other product con-
tained therein, by the outlet, d/: the valves at g and f
reversing their action, as before described in fig. 9. Fig,
11 represents a sectional elevation of another arrangement
pf machinery, where a single inverted vessel effects a
cpntii^aous tendency to exhaustion, and propels the air,
gas^ or other elastic vapour, as before described : aaaa,
is a vessel completely closed and filled to the line, bb,
yfith water, or other suitable liquid : cccc, is an inverted
vessel, suspended by the rod, dd, passing through a stuffing
box or collar of leather, at the point, e, by which rod the
aforesaid vessel is alternately raised and lowered, as before
described, by any adequate power or first mover :yA is
an inlet pipe, having a valve aty, opening towards the
interior of the vessel, aaaa: and ik is an outlet pipe,
with a valve at k, opening towards the interior of the trunk,
////, which leads the air or gas to its destination : mnis
the outlet pipe to the interior of the inverted vessel, as
.before described ; and op the inlet pipe, having severally
the same arrangement of valves as in fig. 9. By this
arrangement a partial vacuum is formed by the alternating
motion, imparted by the rod, dd, both in the inside of the
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Patent for improvements in making Paper. 309
vessel^ ccccy and in the upper part of the closed vessel,
aaaay thereby causing a continuous exhaustion or ten-
dency towards vacuum in the pipes or tubes thereto con-
nected, and leading to the furnace as before described ;
and also propelling the air, smoke, gas, or other aeriform
product therefrom, extracted by the outlet pipes, t ft, and
mmti, into the trunk. III I, and thence through any ar-
rangements of the manufacture to which the principle is
applied. Having now described, with reference to the an-
nexed drawing, my invention of an apparatus for exr
hausting, condensing, or propelling air, smoke, gas, ot
other aeriform products, I do hereby declare that I confine
my claims of invention not only to the several arrange-
ments of my apparatus, as hereinbefore described, but to
the application of the principle of exhaustion caused by
mechanism raising a vessel inverted in water, or other
suitable liquid. The form, proportion, and also the mate*
rial of which the vessels, tubes, and other parts of the
apparatus are to be constructed, must depend on the nature
and amount of air, gas, smoke, or other aeriform product^
to be operated on governed by circumstances, without in
any way departing from the object of my invention, as
hereinbefore described and set forth.
In witness whereof, 8cc.
Specification of the Patent granted to Louis Lambert, of 89, CannoijL'
street^ /jondon. Gentleman, for certain improvements in tlie material
and manufacture of paper. Dated November 23, 1824.
TO all to whom these presents shall come, &c. &c.
Now know yty that in compliance with the said proviso, I,
the said Louis Lambert, do hereby declare, that the nature
of my said inventi6n, and the manner in which the same
is to be performed, are particularly described and ascer-
tained in the manner following, (that is to say :)-*^My said
secret or invention consists in the employment of straw.
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310 Cust-irm Tunnel.
which I prefer to free from knots by cutting them q^T the
stems, I next submit the straw to ebullition with quiclc-^
lime in water, in the proportion of four ounces of lime to
one of water^ to extract the colouring matters^ and to c|is*
pose it to become fibrous. I can also employ, for the
same purpose^ caustic potash, soda, or ammonia. It is
then washed. I next expose it to the action of a hydro*-
sulphuret, composed of quick-lime and sulphur, in solu*
tion, in the proportions of four ounces of lime to one of
sulphur, with one quart of water, in order to free it from
the mucilaginous and silicious matters, so prejudicial in
paper-making. I then wash it thoroughly in successive
portions of water, by exposing it to the action of the
paper mill, till all smell of the alkaline sulphuret is entirely
removed. I then press it, and afterwards submit it to th^
usual operations employed in bleaching vegetable fibres,
viz, to the action of chlorine, either separate, or in combi*
nation with lime, or by exposure to the open air an(| light
upon the grass. After this it is well washed, till all th^
smell of bleaching is withdrawn ; and lastly, it is exposed
to the action of rag-engines, usually used in paper-making,
in order to reduce it into pulp or paste, previous to being
made into paper.
In witness whereof, &c.
Method of comtructing a Tunnel of cast-iron Plates, with Flanches,
placed b^ nuMMi of large iron Dmng fieUs. By Mivbus.
WITH AN ENGRAVING.
Abstracted from the Papers and Documents of the ^^ Thamvs
Abchwat Company.''
In projecting a tunnel under the Thames, at the
part of the river proposed by the '* Thames Archway
Company," the first thing that falls under consideration
is the information' acquired, and the relative position in
Qomequeoee.
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Ca$t4fdH Tunnel 91)
Tha shaft m^ driftway have afforded iafQnaation« tbat
under this part of the river, to the depth of 13 pr 14
fathoms, there are only to be met with alluvial beds (for
none of those cut through deserve the designation of
stxata), intermixed with insulated concreted calcareous
masses. The drift hath also further shown, that a larg^
proportion of these beds, upon the North side, are quick,
or moving sands.
The conclusion therefore m^st be, that the construction
of a tunnel of magnitude, in the region of the driftway, if
not an impossible case, may at least be judged impracti^
cable with advantage, and therefore ineligible.
Experience hath shown, that of all the operations xq
mining, cutting mines in beds of subterraQesi^ mi^d, or
quicksand, is perhaps the most difficult ; and when com*
pleted, also the most difficult to keep in repair. The unequa}
pressure to which they are always subject* froUi a thousand
circumstances, — from the very drainage itself, twist and
warp mines cut through them in such a manoer, as ofben,
in spite of every exertion, to make them ru^h into ruin*
There remains, therefore, two positions, more eligible
than that of the driftway, namely, either to run along the
bed of the river, or to go under the driftway and the allu^
vial beds altogether.
In the execution of the first of these plans, a very power-
ful agent presents, itself in opposition. The fixed law,
thatjlmds preu equally in all directiom, would operate here
with full force. This law, which is no other than the
power of gravity, regulates equally the action of solids,
when placed in a state of fluidity, as quicksands are ; and
their pressure becomes so much the greater as the specific
gravity of the composed moving mass increases. IJence,
in applying coffer dams, unless the piles can be driven
into firm ground (an expectation the driftway does not
encourage), a constant succession of materials will be
thrown up within, by the pressure without, till the cirr
cumjacent bed of the river be flattened to a great dittanoe.
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S12 Casi^ron Tunnel.
and till many timeB the bulk of the tunnel be removed j ap
expence which no calculation whatever can possibly assign*
Admitting, however, that difficulty to be surmountaU^^
another presents itself of no small magnitude^ and whicii
will render mason work of no safety, and hence of no use,
in constructing this plan. Great precision would be ne*
cessary, in forming the tube of the tunnel, to render its
weight equal to that of its bulk of the materials in which
it is to be embedded, otherwise it will tend to place itself
in equilibrio. If lighter, it will rise ; if heavier, it will
sink ; and if the equilibrium of the quicksands shall at any
time be disturbed laterally, it will be pressed accordingly.
A irost in the river, or a stormy tide, removing or adding
to a bank, may produce an efifect of this kind. In all
these cstses mason work must be fragile, must be rent, and
become, useless. As^ therefore, no human skill c^n pre^
tend to fix a point against the effect of such powerful
causes, it is plain the tube of the tunnel, upon this plan,
.must he formed of materials both cohesive and elastic.
Caet-iron plates naturally present tlymselves as a sub-
stitute* These, properly proportioned, constructed with.
flanges turned inwards, and screwed together with boUs,
would bear a considerable degree of shifting, and afford
more safety ; but at the same time, are not altogether without
risk from more than ordinary presi&ure. To fix tlies^
plates ins their places, I would also recommend a much
shorter, easier, less expensive, and more practicable mode,
than by coffer dams. I would recommend the use of ca-
pacious diving bells. These I would construct of cast-iron
plates also ; fit them up with convenient passages for the
workmen to pass out and in, and for the dc^livery of mate-
rials ; and fit them also with metallic pipes, through which
an abundant supply of air could be thrown for any number
-of workmen^ by the power of a steam-engine. Two bells
could be used, commencing in the middle of the river,
and working outwards. Coffer dams might be used above
low water mark ; and hence the work would advance at
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CaH^iron TunheL S13
fdiir points at once. Of all the modes of exkiuting tiiiit
|lan of the tunnel, lam satisfied the diving bell is by far
the cheapest, most expeditions^ and most practicable. Let
the novelty of the proposition be no bar to its consideration,
for I shidl be ready to engage, in this manner, to perform
.any kind of work under water, and at any depth, with the
greatest facility and safety. The project shoiild recom*
mend itself: it is not inconsistent with the adventures of
an Archway Company. The bell is indeed not exempted
from all the evils of the external pressure, described above :
but they are not increased. They axe diminished in pro-
portion to the altitude of the water >from the bottom of the
bell to the surface, and consequently rendered much more
manageable.
. An advantage attending a cast-iron tunnel would be,
that the whole drainage might only be leakage, which
could be drawn from the tunnel itself without a separate
mine,, without much inconvenience.
A drawback, however, upon the above plan is, that it is
deprived of that ceAainty, stability, and durability, which
in great undertakings afford a high satisfaction to the
mind, in contemplating the benefits to result to mankind
and to posterity. The iron is a perishing article : accident
alone may render its duration very short ; and difficulties
of repairing or renewing might arise to render the scheme
altogether abortive. The Company, as a corporate body,
should look to something more lasting. I would there-
fore seriously recommend to their consideration the other
scheme of sinking, under the alluvial beds, into the solid
stratification ; or at least into such materials as are suf-
ficiently solid, and not under the influence of the laws of
fluidity, further than the water flowing from them.
' in the accomplishment of this scheme, there must be
neither dread nor fear of water ; but proper provision miist
be made for drawing it. The plan of operations I would
recommend as follows :<^To put down the bore in the
VOL. I. Y
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314 Coit^ram Tumul
bottom of tile prtseat pit, tUl the solid beds or groiind be
ascertained ; tbee, as the result shall rpcommeiid, to pift
down the pit neit the nver on the South side, to the
necessary depth. There is bo ocea^ioa to go so fiup from
the rt^er a^ the other pit at the same side of the fiver.
In this plan the depth is ta]c£n at about 25 or 26 ftithofas.
From the bottom of this pit I would recommend to eut $,
driftway or level to the middle of the river ; .or, perhaps,
the whole breadth. This driftway would require to be large,
7 or 8 feet high, as it must be divided into two or thrse
divisions. The first, ia the roof, for the eoaveyanee of
air; theseccmdfor a waggon way; and the third for f
reservoir, lest the engine should stand a|: any time ; or. the
second and third divisions might form a canal, whilst the
work is carrying forward, and supersede the waggon way.
The whole will afterwards serve as a reservoir, to prevent
interruption in the tunnel from water; aad the larger Aa
better, to hold a number of days' supply, t6 allow proper
time for occasional repairs upon the eagiQes. The great
work would oommenoQ at thia mi(ldle, Ad proceed tetwajrds
to both sides. The declination would be adjusted 1^
the depth, and which eould he affprded abundandy gntte
M that repi'essstedt Indeedi at any depth it cpuld be
iret)dered gentle, by giving a ourvature, suob as represented
by the dotted lini^, fig. 13, No. 1, STi and 8, (PI. X.)
Either one or two parallel arches could be Goastruntedi
as represented in the transverse sections, fig. 12, Kq« 1
and 3, which is the oonstructioa I would prefer when prae*
tieable. Indeed it is always more prfi;^cable than two,
unless removed to a distance from one another ; and ia asost
cases should be cut at a smaller expence. The footway,
elevated above, and dividing the carriage roads, may eithet
s^p at the shafts^ next the river, at each side, whieh will be
converted into staircases, or they may proceed to the end ; or
both. The dimen9i6ns delineated are sufficient for ordinal^
carries, ; if largei? should b^ wanted, the dimeasions may be
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Cast^ran Tmnd. SIS
tnclesui^. ' In die ieclion the tiHinel is repreiieiited ttf
pdsatag in tha tdlid strata till deir of tbe tiver* Hiitf
teay be necessary so far, or may not, according to circum""
stances. The stratification, dip and rise, are assumed
merely for illustration, and meant to represent firm ground.
I do not BO mnch as know whether it is a stratified country.
In parts where the ground is hard and solid, the bottom
maybe cot fiat, as the line «/, in the section, fig. 12, No. I ;
but ilirhere not sufficiently firm, would require a fiat in-*
terted areh, ef^, to prerent heaying or letting down
Tbeplan of lighting is by the hydrogeii gas, thorugh a tube
and cocks. Lamps could be placed in the same situation
The returning of the ends, expressed upon the plan of
the Conipahy, implies a confinement upon the surface,
which may produce iiiconvenienee. This may be obviated
by the curvatures, fig. 18, as much latitude may be taken
under the river \ but of. this % correct opinion could only
be given upon an inspection of the grounds.
The advantage^ of easier assent and shortness, recom-
mepded by the Coi^pany, are not qualities of this plan,
^ut if in making ^oadf upo^ the si^rfape, tb^se qualities
are pflt^n obliged to l^e dispepsed with, th^re must be pucb
less latitude in making rqads below fivers; ^nd other adr
vantages are acquired for outbalancing those given up*
Uppn this pl^n alon^ complete piason work ca^ be «lpcqqh
plished, and the undertaking rendered as lasting as the
pyramids of Egypt. It is in this way alone that it can be
handed down witfi benefit to posterity.
I have accordingly neither considered increase of ascent
nor of length as forcible objections ; but increase of depth
must undoubtedly produce increase of water« and conse-
quently increase of expence of drawing it ; and it is here
where the objection lies. If the feeders now require 14
horses^ power, they may at least be expected to increase
to double or treble that number. To obviate this objec-
tion, I would suggest different scheme^, tn the first
pUus^, «s I am sutil&ed I conld draw crater mudi cheaper
y2
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iie Oil the Siidii^-Tuk.
tbah the Company^ I would engage to go ttie depth of 80
fetliomg, or more, at an expebce Ut^e^ more than ^0
hor&eB* power, and would contract for a long period of
years. This, however, is to be determined upon fra^th^r
information.
In the next place, the water drawn ha£S a chance to be
good fresh* water, at least that from the gravel bank will.
This, in such a situation, should not be thrown away; and
the Archway Company might . become also a Water Com^
pany, and then an ample flow would not be d^aded, but
courted. For this ^purpose I would also contract, at a
very moderate rafe, to raise the water to any given height.
') In cutting the tunnel in sdlid ground/ there is also a
chance of meeting with good stone^ which would bring iome
value ; and if a quarry where met with, I should abow the
Company how to work it witii advantage. I shall not
enlarge further, but remain your's, . : *
Un Mineur.
• P. S. I have not added estimates to these plans, as
more information would be necessary for the first, and even
then might run the risk of being very fallacious.' For the
second, sufficient data are not yet giveh ; T)ut when given,
might be estimated very minutely. I would recommend
to the Company to fix upon their plan, and then take
estimates ; otherwise they may find estimates of very little
use. MiNEVR.
On ike Appltcatian of the Sliding^rute to facilHaie CaltulatUms of ihs
strength of Materials. By A Corkesfdndsnt.
Communicated by the Author.
It does not appear to be vqry generally ki)own, that flie
common sliding-tule can be applied toformfa tAbte''6T*he
brottdtboiaBd d^pUis of.a series of^ beams of. equal strength ;
and as the operatioi" of seHSi^^ef rnle for-l^is purpoaa
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On the SUding^rule. 317
?K :^6ry ,^i33i{de, perhaps you will have the goodaess to
place it Itefore your readers. , ^
The commQH slidingrrule has four lines of numbers,
inwrked a, b^ c, d. To prepare- for the operation, invert
the slider so the line b is next the line d. Then let the
tgiven beam be 2 inches in breadth, and 8 inches in depth.
Set 84>n D to 2. pn 9y send the lide 9 will show the breadths,
aofl eppQsite each br^dth on.B, the corresponding d^lli
wiU be found on d, so .that the beam maybe of. equal
streiigth. , < , . r
Also, supposjiog it to have been found by calculation
that the brefidtb, multiplied. into the square of the depths
should be a known nuinber, as 126| then set 125 on b to
1 on V, and the lines b and i> become a table of breadths
and depths.- ;When the d^pth is the same as the breadth,
the number is the cube root of 125, or of the number set
to unity on D : in this case it is 5. . .
By means of Mr. Sevan's sliding-rule, a table of breadths
and depths forbet^ms pr bars, of equal stiffness; may be
exhibited* Thus, insert the slider k, inverted, . betwee))
the lines A and n, and e becomes a line of breadths, and
b a line of depths for beams of equal st^iffness. If it be
desired to knqw the breadth of a beam 10 inches deep, so
that it shaU be equally as stiff as a beam 8 inches square^
set 8 on k to 8 on i), and opposite 10 on d, we have 4*1
on E, which is the breadth required.
When the number on s is equal to the opposite one on
D, the number is the fourth root of the number on £^ which
is oppo^ite to 1 on B. Hence we liave a.means of knowing
the fourth root of any number at once, by inspection.
Thesliding-rule is already a most useful pocket com-
panion for thos^ who ^have intricate calculations to make,
when there is neither time nor opportunity to refer to
^^Ues; and if thesQ few hints add any thing to its utility^
k will afford considerable pleasure to your mpst obedient^
T..
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SIS
iin tttf tbniituciioh of ChrHage^iody PcAfemenh. *% Jlliiv' &ayak
jyoVKiif, Civil 6ng4hiir, -'
* A Pap^t read Wfore the Insiituiidh of Ciril JBngineers.
ebniitjIficA'tEh ey tnis A^Titoii.
. Tkb Yfery uhoH p4tioA ^tt^i^g WbieM 1b« piihiAiitAa of
this great melropalis riibiaiti ill il tdl^rftbk state bff^it^
Inust have littnetedi th^ ttt^^tioh itf ftll Who^ bubiti^sil b¥
pleasure induces to traverse its streets in carriag^ii0i*5U
horsebadk. Th^ hoks $ni itiequftliti^s With Which ^V^ry
theroiigh&re is filled tilttiost iaitiediat^ly ftftef It bUd b^tt
paved aneW; whilst thf^y oeeadofi Ititblerkbl^ jbltmg, A%<i
uttdy carriages prefiiaftiiiglyi atid^ by ttikkihg the l^otifa^
f6t horses vety insecure^ t^AdHt tWo^-wheekd vehi6l^y And
horsebadL extreihely dangeroul;
All are ready enough to d^teet th^ inliiiedlate dkaM ef
ike speedy derangement of Our paTemehts> in the ithtnense
ndmber of heavy waggons> c^rts, and dray§> Whitih cdh^
stantly crowd the principal streets ; few, howevSt', think
6f lookiiig for cftuses more remote, which Ai^e ^irithin th^
reach of remedy, atid which especially deserve Attention,
as mainly allowing the immediate cause to exeift its dcf^
^tractive influence. The subject of pavement, hoWeVc^t*^
is too important to hav^ escaped the h6t}ce ^f ^ligineerii
entirely. It has been investigated by som^ and Various
hnprovements in the method of paving hftve been pro-
posed ; bttt from (Objections taken either to the tidture of
materials used, Or the e:tpeti(6e to h% ihcUrred> none Of
them has ever been generally adoj^ted;
• As the merits of the method of fcotistructihg carriage-
way pavements I shall propose^ will be best appreciated
after the datises Which render the plan usually ^urstibd
inefficient have been made known, I ahall he^ e5tj^laid
these briefly.
In most of Our streets the pavement lies on a soft and
yielding bed; in several T ha?e le'eii it bedded upon the
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Oh Gmirn&ge»wmy PavmtiMfU$4 Sit
irdgeteble Mirth^ or natural soil of the place ; tad in others^
white it has requin^d to he raised to the original level
iVom whteh it had gradually sunk^ I hare seen it laid upoti
stud* lliiB last^ howevei^^ is generally employed in too
•tnill quantity to be of any use i for sand, though certainly
a HonireniaAt material for beddings and supplying a mord
durable support than earth, is still very far from what is
requisite ; indeed^ is altogether useless^ if sparingly
^nployedk
Agaiti, paving^atones of very irregular shapes, and <tf all
dimensions^ are generdly laid indbcriminately together.
1. Yawing utiiTei-sally in depth, the surface upon which
thiy are to be laid must neoessarily be prepared either
by digging out or adding a quantity of earthy as a large
to a small stone happens to be taken up by the paVer.
'The very nature of this operation opposes the practioability
df giving an equal support to every ^%ohe, or by any sub^
•equeilt ramming of effecting this^ if rpgai'd be paid to
ttiiiformity of surface*
2. It is a very common practice to lay a pavement with-^
out any attention to the relative size of the stones ; two
stones, however widely their areas differ, are frequently
placed side by side* Now, the small stones opposing less
resistance to a passing weight than the large, are soonest,
is they ai^e most easily, driven down, and the surface of
the pavement is thus rendered uneven.
But supposingi for argument sake^ that the earth upon
which a pavepiint is laid has been previously well rammed
when dry^ the stones selected of one size, and carefully
bedded (which would uhdoubtedly make a better pave-*
tnent than is generally seen), this is not yet enough ; for
the earth being spongy and absorbent is soflened in Wet
weather^ and no longer yields d firm bearing to the stones ;
these, constantly exposed to heavy weights and to blows
from sarriage^wheels, are put into motiod aild. churn, or
pound thu soil beneath^ till it becomes a pulpy, semifluid
mas8|.eadilydisplao^d laterally) t * e^ from theundei* sur«
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3^6 On CiMHiefWay ^Nt$i9ikikk^
facb (if btig's£bne to that .'of aiioUiet'/ or vfril^
iht crevices betweeh tbe stoiied into the fltreet; One atoiiA
thus tk^ctiS as a forcing-puinp ; for being ddpressed .itwlf,
thd mild is Either driren from .below it lataraQy under Ae
Beigfabouring stones, by whidh they are nasmli or.it ^is
forced up through the crevices to the sui&ce of Ae
pavement. ' >
Thus it is that the pavement so soon becomes unevan
and full of holes^ and at the same time covered mth mud>
to the' great annoyance of passengers generally. .Few. are
ky^Bxe of the source whence the vast quantities of mud are
derived which we see daily taken from the streets;. but
ih.e truth is, the foundations of our pavements are actually
c^rtigd away as a nuisance; < • '
^ 'So much for the causes which ^ill preclude the id«ai>f
dtirabfe jpaVemebts being formed, so long as the oireuitf«
stances under which they are constructed remain unchanged*
iiet us, therefore, turn to the chief objects of attention. in
making a pavement, and the best means of secnring its
permanent good condition. These are, ,
1. Uniformity of surface. . .
- 2. Durability of materials. . '
", 3, The relative and absolute size of the stones.
4. The form or slope of the road.
In the first place it is evident, from what I have said
above^ that no permanent uniformity can be expected ih
thoroughfares for heavy carriages where the paving^stohes
are laid upon earth reducible to a semiliquid mass by
every shower of rain, and where large and small stones
are indiscriminately used together. I should therefore
recommend, that a substratum be formed of more unyieldit^
materials, upon which the paving-stones may be laid.
iPor this purpose I propose flint, limestone, granite, or any
other hard stone, broken into pieces about an inch or an
'inch and a half square, and laid to the thickness of from
niiie to twelve inches, according as the nature and quan-
tity of traiOfiic expected on the intended road may-determttie*
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O4C0nUg^wwf.P4nmMiits; 32.1
I jAwM: i^bo^ffieommeiidi tkat . previous to layipg ;0n tbi^:
8iibBtfal)im of .broken atonies, the earth, by rammii^ or
otherwke, be rendered as uniformly hard and. compact as.
possible^ and its^urfaoe brought exacliy id the shkpe in«.
tended to be given to the road: when completed. Having^
done this and laid on the broken stones, whose smrfece
most also be made smooth and even, I wfonld cover the.
vdiele wiib a layer of fine: gravel or coaicse sieind, whiok
would fiieiikate the ]m>per bedding of the^aving-stoiues,
and woUd abo tend materially to fix, and to render the
broken stones lees liable to be. moved by any pmanre.
from above.
.Secondly, The durability of the pavement, as far as it
is affected by. actual wear, will.depend entirely upon the,
hardoesa of the stones employed. OniQite.and whinstQoe
are almost universally used in London, and both wear weU,.
bvt^the wbtAStone is the more durable. ...
, Thirdly, When a pavement is to be laid upon a yielding
materia), it is of great coDsequence. that the. stones be as.
nearly as possible of one size in the same Uieighbourhood,
and diat. there be no sudden transition from large to small,
or the contrary. When a difference of size, exists among,
the stones, the small should be picked out and laid to«
gether, separate from the lai^e. . Between, parts of^thci.
stveet laid with the largest ^stones, . and others laid. with,
the smallest, there ougiit to be several courses 'gradually]
diminishing in size. . This would prevent any abrupt j una*,
tion between the large and the small.
. On paving oyer a bed of broken stones, such attention
to equality of size would certainly be of less consequence ;
yet, as no artificial substratum will be perfectly unyielding,
and as umformity. of structure will most effectually. con-
tribute to permanent uniformity of surface, I should .insist-
upon its never being lost sight of. .
• The absolute dimensions of the .stones for paving may
be detacmiaed by considering whether they are to be laid.
:ii^n a. very yieldii^ material, such as earthy ^or upon .ooe.
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903. Oh ikavb^e^Hmy FMminii^
A0i« Arm/ BUoh •• bioketi stoHw. Let i» oteifid«r lli(i
ttoM in its thrde diiiie&sio&s> its breftdtti^ itBl6ngtb> aiid
kt depth; by breadth^ being nnderstcod ittt dimenaioo
parallel with th* li^e of the street^ and bj Itogtbi itn di«
iwnaion atoiad the atrtet ; the de^th requirea no ex^te^
tt«ti(m« Thfe /breadth of the stone is in all eaaeH.to bfe
determined and regidated^ first, by what ia neoesaary to a
sieure ibotin^ for horsei ; and sedondlyi by the due sifee
of the base. To dotnply with the first of these conditions^
we biay assume seven inobes as the greatel^t breadth whioh
ttfty pfqdently be givea^ even when the stonei are laid
upon earth. If upon a firm substratum, such aa I haycfi
]lf opDSed) hoW«irttr^ I believ^ about five indiea will be foutid
to give the best footing, and also to oppose lesn resistance^
wd oooasion less jolting; to carviage^wheelsi than tho
bl^Mdtf onesfc
If the length of A stone exoeed ita depth it lies iniie«i
Oiirdly> being liable io be depressed^ first atone extremity,
and then at the others By this th^ neighbouidng stotiea
are loosened^ l^e earth below ia churned into a pulp and
fdrced upwards, the stone sinks itself, and deatroys tbo
<ven snrfkce of the pavement*
Although it be scarcely possible to pfevent entirely the
depfeHion of the stones^ change of posittoa in any o^er
direotion ought not tahappen^; to wfa^tet^r 4Baitent & itono
is driven down^ or upon whatever point pressed, it ought
to remain parallel with its first position. To effect this,
the depth of the stone ought td be its greatest dimension ;
it then not only receives greater lateral support from the
stones ¥iround it, but, presenting more numerous points
of contact^ opposes, more efiectually a. direct depressing
force, as the neighbouring stones are then made to bear a
part in the resistance*
Assuming a general relation betwe^ one dimension of
tiie paving-stone and another, I apprehend that if the
breadth be taken as 1, the length may be 14^ and the dipth
from Si to %^f according to tbo wiiar it nay be vxpoted to*
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On Carriagt4i^ Pavements. 323
The absolute size will then be five inches broad, seven ancT
& fidf 5r; ^igbt inches long, aiid frdm ten to thirteen
laches deep.
Fourthly^ The ease of draught only considered, it is
demonstrable, that a perfect plane is the best shape for
every road* But as the water must be got rid of, it has
been found expedient, partici;ilarly in plains and on levels
generally, to incline the roads to one side, or to round
ftAd eleVate them itt the middle. This practice has b6en
bArriud touch tda fat ; a v6iy slight ihclinatioii sUflSCes td
drain off ^atfer ; arid, although d. gtfeat fefottoatlbii has 6^
kt6 bfeBn feffedted oh oiir tuf npik6 rbads, the extra vAgantly
high r6tinded p^vettient l^tlll remains a dangerous evil iii
fA^ti^ of otiif sti^6ts. Soine, I know, conceive that tlie
arched form gives greater durability; the pavement, in
their 6pihi(5t), {)6^se^i^irig the properties of an arch, each
itone deriving support from its neighbours, 'that this,
BoT^^vi^r, is mere assumption, is shown t)y the {lavements
so formed not proving more durable than those which
have been i^d hearly flat. The rude shape of the s€ohes
employed for ^^ving is of itself argument imanswerable
. against the Utility, as it is against the possibility of making
a proper afch of the pavement. But even admitting the
iU'chfdrtti.to answer in some measure the end proposed,
it Would afibi'd no compensation for the accidents it
dccasibnlS to bosses and passengers, and ought therefore
to be entifely abolished.
TTie advahtages vvbich would result from the method o^
j^^ving upon a substratum of broken stone, are,
1. Greater durability to the surface of the pavement.
2. Greater security both to passengers and horses.
3.' Greater ease of draught to horses, and great dimi-
nution of jolting to persons riding in carriages.
4. Carriages would not be so speedily shaken to pieces
on an even ad on a rough pavement.
5. The streets would be almost entirely freed from the
ftoisdtne miid with i^hich they are regularly covered at pre-
iSflt aftef every shoWer of rain.' Bryan Donkin*
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334
hd
pesignf^r a 6r^e of one Arch, of 600 feet sjtan, in CjOiirirQih jpK^
^ posed to be erected across the river Thames, near the Tower, Mv
-jitR, Joan Seawaed^ Engineer, Poptar, "'
Communicated by the Author. ' '
WITH A PLATE.
Thi: accompanying sketch of a bridge of one archjk in
ii^ast^irop^ of the unuauaUpan of 600 feet, was de^igned.Jo
b^ e^rected across the river Thames^ just below the T9?wrer
,^i^arfj where a road already exists in a line nearly ^ith
the Minories ; on the Southwark side of the river, it beiiig
♦Proposed to form a new road in as direct a line as ppssibie
"t^.the Bricklayers' Arms, in the Kent Road. .
The project of building a bridge of one arch acrose^ die
IThames, high enough for ships to pass under, is notj^ing
new. A plan of a similar kind was proposed many years
^o^ by Mr. Telford, for the rebuilding of London Bridge.
The present, plan, however, is supposed to possess some
novel features which I apprehend are not undeserving the
notice of the scientific^and practical bridge builder.
■;^\J3^he arch, which will give a clear water way of 600 feet,
yrill spring about 10 feet above high-water mark, and ?it
the crown will be 80 feet above high water, which it is
presumed will be sufficient to admit the small vessels
Hpder^ which usually go above the Tower, without striking
tlieir topmast. The curve of the arch is ^ not intended to
be any portion of a circle, but is proposed to be a flat
segment of an ellipse. My reason for adopting the latter
instead of the former curve, is an opinion that flat seg-
mei\ts of circles have a very had effect when employed for
tne ieirches of a bridge. I shall not dwell upon this point
now, but beg to refer the reader to a small work whicli I
have lately published, on the Rebuilding of London
Bridge,^ i^herein this subject is particularly adverted to.
The next important feature in^tlie proposed bridse is,
flia^ although the arch will be entirely composed of iron.
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€ait4rfh^ Bridge. 326
it will be so constructed^ that when psiinted it will have gll
di<e appeaifance of regular masohry, 4nd will thus barmo*
iiize with the. stone^work of the abutments,, f 0tacci9^iii-
plisfathis, the whole of the ribs and spandrels are pro*
posed to be covered with plates of iron, with projecting
mouldings and cornices^ andjoints struck to imitate stone
voussbirs and regular masonry.
Each, rib it is ptoposed shall be fonned of 31 sepajrate
pieces,' as shown at g, fig. 3, whibh is the section of alialf
arch.' The pieces are to be formed as shown at £y fig. 5, atfd
wSU.^eigh about 14 tons each : then to be conniicted . ip-
gsthirby tie-beams, and further secured by a double serils
of crosses, extending over the whole of the arch, Voth on
i&e'nppier and lower side, as showii in the plan of the'Haff
arch, fig. 3. The road to be formed 6n cast-iron pfitei^
iti ihie i]^al i^y. » » '» '_.
; 'F^ persons, who have paid any attentioii to the c6n-
struction of bridges, but must have obsetved what a grbat
impediment is caused to the navigation of the riveb' by the
^dintrtng required for large arches. In the present cake,
>Ti6wever, this seribus evil will be entirely obviafed, for it
•is proposed to erect the whole of the arch without any
deiitring whatever, by which the river will be freed' trom
ail obsti^cle. > To acooknplisli this desirable object, it is
'^^intended to carry up the abutments of masonry to the re*-
qufred Height, upon which are to be 'constructed' ibwerii,
a!sB, fig. 3, '40. feet high, of timber framing, sufllciently
strong. To the top of these towers wxought-iron^ rods, A,
will be attached, to support the different pieces of the ribs,
' G, as they are put together, commencing at boih the abut-
tnenis at the same time, and proceediiig simultaiieoiisty
'towards the cientre of the arch, which being completed,
the rods and towers can be removed, and the remainder of
;<he wprk proceeded with, c, c, are back stays oNtrong
wrought iron, to support the towers : b is the cofferdam^
employed, in getting in the foundation of the abutmex^i^
III the cohstrudtion of iron arches,' a very heavy expeooe
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326 Cartvinm Bndg§.
is inclined in the neimmiy dumping aad fflkig sB tlus
joinings and eonnexions of the cast-^iron. Tke whole of thb
tedious operation will be dispensed with in the proposed
work. It is intended to pvt^ all the castingB together in
the state they come from the fonndery. AU the joining|»
are then to be carefiiUy loomed round, and the interstices
filled solid by melted cast-iron, poured into the joints ; a
portable cupola or. fiirnabe is to be eonstrueted on the
arch for this purpose. As all tiie joints will be nade of ft
dove-'tail ^hape, with sufficient space for the melted casb-
iron to flow round, die iK^iole arch will thus be united in
the firmest manner, and may almost be considered on^
antire ^ieee: of casting, from one abutment to the odier.
The quantity of cast-iron required fer the wlmle of the
areh, is estimated at 6500 tcms. To- this must be added
the weight of the road materials, and att* adventitious
loading, which may be taken at 3600 tons more, making
altogefcher about 10,000 tons. The horizontal thrust upon
each abutment, caused by this immense load, will be abost
10,500 tons, which is nearly three times the horicontal
thrust of the centre arch of the Southwark Bridge. To
resist this immense lateral thrust, it is proposed to con-
struct the abutments of great sixe and solidity ; and in
which I propose to adopt a novel plan for connecting to»-
gather the different courses of masonry, the particulars of
whieh will be found detailed in the work above alluded to.
As the elevation of the roadway over the bridge wiU be
very great, the approaches will be formed by inclined planes,
suppOTted on aroh^s, the inclination being no where more
than about one in thirty.
It should here be observed, that a short time ago it was
proposed to erect, on the same soite, a bridge on the
suspension principle. Whether thiik plan is abandoned or
not I am unable to say ; but I confess my prefbrence is
decidedly for a -bridge of cast*iroD, sjmilar to the 6Qe here
proposed. That suspension bridges are in their w^ yery
admirable stru^tnr^, is unquestionable; and in unfre-*
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HJlToll
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On the Hmrd^mng ofliM. 837
qumted purls'of t&e ooiintryi.wWd a ehetp tobfititiito (at
% bridge is required, tbey may be judicsQUsIy sntroducod-;
:bu| for a great aod crowded metropoIiB. tbey do not ap-
pear, to be quite ao eligible. The impprtaace of the finit
city of these realms requires the public struotiores to he
more substantial and durable. ^
The bridge uow proposed, it is presumed, would have a
v^f^namental effect. Nothing appears eo well oalcu-
lated to adorn the port of I^ondon, or produce an imposing;
effect to. persons sailing up to the metropolis. Of its
utility there can be little question, when we obsenre the
very crowded state of London Bridge. There are endeatly
some other channels of communications wayited between
the Eastern and Soidbh parts of the metropolis, none of
which appear to me to possess higher claims ta patrcmage
than the proposed bridge.
-■ . . . ^
HPFEn^NCEi TQ T^V^ PLAT? (XL)
Fig, U Aii eleyntion* Fig. 3i 4 plw* Fig^ 3- ^ei^tiey
9f batfwah Md abutmeRtSt Fig. 4. Plw of h^lf ^ph* .8^>
Fifc §t Pwt of spg-ndrfl, Fig, 6- S§§ti9» %crosfl ^ tP^
Fig, 7. Tie-bf am. Fig. i^. Crasp0»P
On the Causes t^ the Hardening of Lime of various kinds'.
Tkh diffecept species of lime are in two opposite situft^
tionsT-T^when they u'e exposed to air, and when immerged
and exposed to ^le action of water. We will first examiM
the cause of Uoxe luirdening in air, and afterwards that of
its becoming hard in water.
If we attentively ejmmine, Ist, what ane the results and
the progress of the action of air on. slacked lime; Sdly«
how the banks of limestone have b^e» formed^ wbipb owe
their production to water, we. shall be eonYiated that the
ftrs^ effeet, whi^ immediately isk^ p^use pvi the Um^i if
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338 X)dikeHardmmg'ofLmi.
to reproduce carbonate, of lime, and t&at byMt^e facsiHfty
with whicli lime attracts from the air, and setaea ott c$aih
'Ifonic acid.; After haring observed what takes jdace ih
this circumatance, we will examine how the layers of- cal-
careoas stones are formed in the water.
All t)]ie kinds of lime which we have slacked, and which
have been afiberwaTds exposed to the air, contained car-
bonic iacid, which they attracted from the atmospheie ;
.but its quantity in them was very various. Three causes
contributed to deteYmine it,«— 1st, the state of the air
which may contain: it in larger or smaller, proportions ;
2dly, the form and the size of the pieces, die heaps of the
:Blaeked lioie, and their situation relative to the air ; 3dly,
'^he natu^ of the lime and ita degree of purity*
t 1st, We may conceive that lime slacked in water, thait
is to say, hydrate of lime plunged into an atmosphere,
ought to absorb it more easily as its proportion is larger^
Atmospheric air contains commonly but some hundredth
parts of carbonic acid; lime saturated with it holds 04d
of its weight. These two substances, air and lime, have
an affinity for the acid ; they' seize on, and mutually take
it from each other, until their affinities are in equiUbrinm.
That whi^h has the greatest affinity for it takes it from the
other; but in proportion as that of the two substances
which has most affinity for it takes it from the other, its
affinity for it diminishes, and that of the other increases*
If that of the first isnot renewed, it arrives soon at a point
where the two affihities are in equUibrium, and there re-<
mains no more carbonic acid to be takenup by either. If
t^ substance which has less affiaity for it be continually
renewed) as takes, place wifli atmospheric air, the equi-
librium of affinity takes place, but not speedily; in fine, a
time comes when the lime cai\take up no more. To arrive
at this equilibrium, must the quantity of. carbonic aeid be
that which is found in pure carboiiates of lime ? This is
very probable, but there is nothing to prove it. Jfevet*-
ihcJesi^ in very aMif nt mbrtfirsi whk^ ha^ps beeilawlyledi
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On the Iierdaring\of Lime. 8|9
tin oftm found the same proportion of oafbonie «Attl
IfHiuAexittft in carbonates of lime. M. Darcet, forexampfe,
lui^ «mlyxed a Roinan cement (Annales de Cfaimie, toL
. ucxiv. p. 316), which prodaced 0-41 of carbonic acid tb
0*663 of lime, which is very near the quantity proper for
its satoration, which is 0*46 to 0*66 of lime.
As the carbonic acid combines immediately with the
exterior sur&ce <tf the pieces of hydrate of lime, the ak
ought to yield much acid to the external layer of the
lime before this acid could arrive at the second layer, and
it could not reach the third layer but in proportion as this
(ii^w off the carbonic acid from the second, which in its
turn extracted it from the first. It is only by the difference
of the affinity of each layer for carbonic acid that they re-
eiprocally take this substance from each other; and as
the layer which has less of this acid ought to have a greater
Siffinlty for it than that which has more, it may be con^
e^ed-how this filtration of the acid takes place, and like*
wise how much time it would require to penetrate a lay^r
of a small thickness. M. Vicat having in this manner ei^-*
posed* quadrangidar prisms of lime to the action of the'
air, has observed that after 18 or 20 months of exposui^j;
Ae^regenerated^ layer was only some millimetres' in tfaick-^
ness« vWlierefore^ as a mass of lime of but a few thoti*^
sohdth parts of a metre in thickness, which is that of this
layer which had been saturated, could be regenerated in
thUt time, it is only necessary in order to completely re*
produce carbonate of lime, to reduce pure quick lime
into very small pkttes, of only a few millimetres in thick-^
ni^f»\' l^t as the prisms <m which M. Vicat made his ei-
perimenfts were exposed to dry air, it might happen, if''
tfeey had: been exposed to moist air, this moisture w6iild ^
hav6 favoured the penetration of the carbonic acid, and
that a greater thickness would have been regenerated;
With regard to the nature of lime, and to its degree of
purily,: experimenits have been made by SmithsoaTFe^aat^ :
ouh' th» ftop^HkHat^^eai^mo wdA ateosted m Ae^saine :
VOL. I. z
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330 On the JHardening of Ldme,
ttnis, and under tbesnioe circnmitances, by ham prodwtd
from pure c^fbomte of Mm^, and from iim otrbonate af
magae^iaa lime. He bas observed that pure limef wpoead
on the earth to the action of the air, and to aU tbe .vtemi?
tudefi of the atmoapbere, bad regained^ at the end of tbree
months^ 0*8 of carbonic acid, while magne^iw UaMf Mttn
posed of three parts lime and two of magneeia* bad only
regained 042. Mortar made with pure h^o^ bad ahiorbfid)
at the end of 33 months, 0*63 of the cartionii^ acid* whiob
its carbonate contained ; and mortar, made witbmagneiiaA
lime, had only absorbed of it* at the end of. tbnse jmm
but 0*46, and at the e^i^piration of eight yeara, 0^*47. Tbtff
results lead to the belief^ thai pure lime absorbs esrbraia
acid with more facility, and in greater quantity, tba»«btn
it is mixed with other substances* As to the nesi, the §m
experiments made hitherto on the i^roportiona of earbpnio
acid absorbed by pure lime and by poor limes, pre? ent any
satisfsetory conclusions from b^g madie, ai^d ire nmal
wait until new experiments add new fsicts to th« smett
number which bare been as yet collected* . ;
: From observations and es^penmento tnade to th^praaim^
period^ on the absorption of carbonic acid: by limai ^
mortars empl^ed in buildings^ ii would bn difllwlt to
x^pnclude that thw bardenios^ pr<)eeeded niily from tbd
carbonic acid, combined 'with the iime. Besid^i tiM
analysis made by M* Darcefc of a Yery aMi^nt.m^r^ §f
Sarrebourg, which only gavj? 0*394 of earb^mc Mid# wiHi
0'4?6 of lime, while Jtiere ought to have brsen {^3j^ for k^
saturation ; and the analysis of the mortar of ma^ieaim
lime, made by Smith^n Tens^t, witfcb in eigbt yeitrs JMid
only taken tip 0*47 of the carbonic neiA necessary fef tb#
reproduction of the carbonaiie, altbmgb ibis mortsr ^at
tsld^en from the outeidfi seem to p9^<e tbM it h on}y wUil
great difllcuUy, and after a v«ry l<ms perMHd, that limn m
buildings can become i^ombined with the carbonic^ acid
necessary to regenera^ tbe «ajrbonftfai of limai tJms, of ary
thing leads to (the belief that fim^r»m9Wt9 poev^Uy
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On th^ J^anfoiiti^ qfJUm^. 331
an the prompt bivdenbig of limes and of n^ortars exposed
to tlua ^F. Moreover, as the carbonic acid combines widi
th^ BQrfiio^, this surface becomes hard, and keeps the mass
of lime of the eame dimensions which it had at the moment
of the oembinatita ; and as the lime in hardening diminishes
in bulk, it follows that it ought to form, at the time of
the iAterml hardeaiing, oracks and cleft^, like slay dried
qnittkly in the air, which israeks raider the lime brittle, of
little tenaoity, and even friable.
We ace still ignorant in what manner oxigin acts on
Ume ; but evei^ thing leads ns to believe that some action
takes pktce, since, aocording to the experiments of M*
Tieusairt, colonel of engineers^ various species of lime,
both fresh from the kiln 'and slacked, being exposed be»
neath glass jars to the action of atmospheric air, that
which was dry, and. not slacked^ abspibed but a very small
pprtion of the oxigen of the air, while the lime which was
sUoked and moist i|bsorbed a large qiiantity.
Let us now examine the manner iii which the beds of
earbooate of lime, which are formed in water, have been
able to acquire the degree of hardness which they possess.
As there are different theories on the formation of the
beds of carbamate of lime, some attributing them to fire,
and athers to water, we will only at present consider the
beds of caleamous atone, which bear evident marks of
&eir aqnatio* formation; that is to say, which contain
either marine or river shells. These stones very generally
lie in horizontal beds, which are separated from each
other by day, or various other substances in a soft and
pmolid state.
We may divide these sorts of calcareous stones into two
species, the chalks and the coarse limestones ; that is to
say, having grains more or less coarse. Some, however,
as the ston^ of Chateau Landon, li'as stone^ &c. have
smooth fraetiiee wad a fine composition. Their hardness
is also extremely variable, from. chalk and the tender
stones, whitfh may b^ broken by the hand, to those whieh
z2
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' 332 On ike Hardening of Lime.
are very hard, very firm, and which are only broken by a
considerable blow. This hard Tariety, according to the
experiments of Rondelet, bears between 9616 pounds (as
the CUquart of Vaugirard), and 606 (as the lambourde of
Montesson) ; which weights were used in croshiog a
rectangular prism of two inches every way.
What may appear extraordinary to those who have not
observed the order of the superponition of these sorts of
stones IS, that chalky the most tender stone^ ia the most
ancient; it is placed in every soil below the coarse lime-
stones and building stone ; a bed of clay, in many places
extremely thick, separates it from the harder and less
brittle stones, which proves that it has been deposited
many ages before the other sorts. To which we will add
that,ja8 all these stones contain marine shells, it is evident
that they were formed beneath the isea.
Among the means which nature has employed to pro-
duce these calcareous stones, we may distinguish three.
1st, Carbonate of lime, which has been held in solution in
the water, and which has been preci|Htated from it gradu-
ally. 2d, Calcareous earthy which has been carried off
and held in suspension in the water, and has been after*
wards deposited. 3d, The waters have held calcarecms
stone both in solution and in suspension, and have.de-*
posited both, either at the same time or successively.
1st, We know that water acidulated with carbonic acid
dissolves carbonate of lime, and that it abandons. it in
proportion as the superabunda&t carbonic acid evaporates*
The stalactites and the stalagmites, which are formed in
grottoes, are only produced by acidulated waters holding
carbonate of lime in solution. These waters are filtered
through the materials of the vaults of these cavities ; the
acid evaporates, the carbonate of lime, abandoned, adheres
to the surface which the water has moistened, and tihus
forms by accumulation those beautiful columns. of stalac-
tites' and stalagmites. When these waters, acidulated :and
saturated with lime, passout through ^^rtures, and Tun
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On the Hardening of Ume^. 333.
off euqiosed to the action of the air, the grouad beneath
becomes covered with solid layers of carbonate of lime,
imore or less thick*. Finally, if these aerated waters, satu-
i^ed with carbonate of liine, collected in large, quantities^
form basins, or run off in the form of rivulets, they deposit
solid carbonate of lime on their.bottoms, and on the solid
substances plunged into them ; they thus produce incrus-
tations more or less beautiful.
It is possible that chalk owes its formation to .a similar
cause; the fineness and the whiteness of its. consistency
give reason for this supposition. The solutions of carbo-:
nate 6f lime might be brought down by the rivers into the
sea, where, mixed with those of this vast basin, for a cer^
tain distance from the coast, the carbonate of lime. would
be deposited in the whole extent in a. very fine powder, in,
proportion as the dissolving acid was evaporated: and^
other solvents might have produced a similar effect.
But this cause of the precipitation, and of the. depo-
sition of carbonate of lime, Qould only endure for a cer-.
tain space of time, after which it would ceajse, either from,
the dissolving aerial waters becoming exhausted, orfronx
the masses of carbonate of lime being worn away ; then
the waters being only loaded with clay which they held
in suspension, would become equally extended and mixed
with the water of the sea, where they would slowly de-
posit this earth y and the clay thus deposited has produced
the considerabfe beds of plastic clay which cover the
masses of chalk.
As these chalks are not always very pure, and some of
them, as those, of Meudon, contain magnesia, and as
others of them contain clay, and others of them, finally,
silex, it is possible that those other earths might have
been held in solution or in suspension in those same waters^
and that they might be precipitated at the same time with
the carbonate of lime. The waters of the sea contain at
the present time, in solution, the muriates and sulphates;
of lime and of magnesia^ and of other bases.
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dd4 On the HwrMiini of Umi.
Ad te Ih^ ealekie^tiB fttonte and the Iraildliig tten^
which kr^ fhitbeA kbovtf the inlntes of pldstie dmy^ ererf
thing i^ds to the h€li^f that ihey have aaodie^ origin \
the coarseh^ss of the gfaio ef the oom^itioii of iBoM of
Aein gives reason td suppose ihat these snhstaiiees hare
Been citrried doWn by the waters^ and precipitaled hf the
f^pose of the thasSi
2dly, At distances more ot lens great from the ooasts,
ihe waters of the sea Alight wash iwaj and c«rj «ff| in
their motetneMs) fragments^ and 6alcareom lands. The
Waters 6( the rirers^ in throwing themseltes into tlie seik^
iliight also carry with them calcareous sandst These
wateri^, mixed With those of the 8ea> have been traniiported
iSdhg with iheni in the moteihedts and ourtents to trhieh
they are btlljeet. The aboVe materials might be deposited^
^ thdse of the rivers^ in some places in large grains^ in
others ih fine grains, ahd in others iii tnized grain§j It ia
&US that feandb, mote or less eoarse, or more or less flhe,
are istill deposited at thii bottom of the sea ; bnt this does
ilot, however, explain their oonsolidiition, or the hardneiKr
Whieb the stones have acquired^
We may moreover edneeive^ that the hardening of thfe
^ins of calcareous sands, thus deposited} ii^ oce^ioned
by tti^ aflSnity of the water for the fragments of the cal-
careous Stone^^ Which it liioistfens, and towhidh it adheres
With great force ; and that a ispecies df pafete, or of mud,
formed by the fihei&t dust, shall have filled the intervala
which the grains, more or less coarse, have left between
thetn^ and shall haVe fofmed a species df cement or earthy
Adrtah If afterWai'ds We suppdse that, by the eompres*'
sion of the Water and of the Dthef nia^es of stdne^ dew>
posited one aljove another, the layer of Water placed
between the particles^ whether df the grains, or of the
mild, has been sUccessitely diminished^ we may eoneeivr
^ reduced to & thiekhess Iso Very small, that the film ^t
Water ihterpdsed^ WhiSh w^ may idonsider as the water df
cohesion, and Ussimilal^ With tile WAtet of cVyitaHiaatioh^
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On fbi Hardening iff Lime, 33d
•^1 ixtrake its action ob Ihe tWo suriadel of 6toaG»
ttite^nght isl0se togetberi tiki effeet, ia this manner, at
•^beaiQa mora or ksa stiloQg*. It ia thus that we make to
adhere to each other, two, plates gf glati^well polidhedi ia
iBoieteaiug Uiem sUgbtly» and. compressing them strongly
against each other. It ie also by a similar mechanism thkt
elayi beaten together or kn^aded^ acquires hardness in
drying), that it diminishes in bulk by the apprt>achment
4f its particles^ afid diminishes the thickness of the filja
of water Which adheres to each of them« If, after drying
dbefti slowlyi we expose the masses of olay to the fire,^,
and eYs4>orate a part of the water which they contain, the
^sses of day diminish in bulk, and the particles adhere,
in proportion as the film of water decreases in thickness.
Tbe din^utiph of the thickness, and of tKe force of cohe<<
sioti of the paiftiplesi increase until all the water is evapo^
rated* 111 this ^roun^tance the particles being brought
sa^cidi^ly close together for the exercise of their mutual
affinity, the force oC cohesion may be thus reduced to
thQ simple action of. the molicuks, and arrive in this
man&er at its greatest strength.
Probably a similar efibpt takes place in these sorts of
$tones in taking them from the quarry ; the force of adhe*
sion of the particles may be attributed in part to the water
of cohesion, that is to say, to the thickness of the film of
wat6r which separates them> and to the action of the
«»>lioules on each other. In moistening the stones, we
increase this thickness of the films of water, and we di*
minish the force of cohesion i in heating them without
di^^gaging the carbonic aqid, that is to sayi in drying
tb^ stpnei Vre diminish the tliickness of the films of water,
and inoreaae the force of joohesion and the hardness. But
if W^ raise the temperature sufficiently to evaporate the
oaipbomo acid with the water, considerable cavities must
b^ fornliid, since th^ substance lofie^ 0*45 of its weight.
li iWi volume were diminished iti the samue proportion, that
lb to say,^ if it were o^ t)*55 of its former bulk, the par-
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3$^ Otk the Hitrdeti^ of lime,
tides woul4 be brought stiU closer together, aad,. by4|^a
approachment, the force of cohesion of the particles woukt
be considerably increased : but the bulk being commonly
diminished only a tenth| the particles ought then to« be
still at a great distance, and leave considerable interstice
in the mass. However, even at this distance, the solidity
of the lime is very great, and sometimes even greater than
that of the stone that produced it; If the lime had retained
the bulk of the stone, and the mass had still remained'
solid, we might attribute the first solidity^ solely to the
cohesion of the particles; but as it has been diminished
in bulk in the calcination, and as the particles are brought
closer together, we may attribute in part the hardness of
the stone to the action which the water exercises on. ita
particles ; for the water forme<f only a small part of the
substance disengaged. Every thing then leads us to be-
lieve, that it is to the evaporation of the water which sepa-
rates the particles that the small diminution of the bulk is
due, and that the disengagement of the carbonic acid has
principally contributed to render the density less great.
We may equally ^attribute the formation of chalk to
carbonate of lime extremely divided, suspended in the
water, and precipitated by the repose of the masses, and ^
then compressed by the mass of water lying above it^
which pressure would cause the water to pass out that
was more than was necessary to effect die cohesion of the
particles. We may every day observe a similar result to
occoir in the fabrication of whiting, or Spanish white*
The chalk, divided, washed, and suspended in tlie water,
becomes precipitated, and is united at the bottom of the
reseiToirs of water, and there forms a mass, the particles
of which have a sort of cohesion. This precipitate is not
left a suffidently long time to cause it to contract a solidity
as^preat as that of chalk, and, besides, the pressure of the
column, of water over it is not so considerable. This paste
is taken out of the reservoirs, where it has been preGi}M*
tated, still soft; rolls are formed of it, which are exposed
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On ike Hardinh^ of Jjime* 337
toth^ actioii of 'the air ; it becbmes dry in consequence,
and the whitingi by the evaporation of the water, acquires
Bdme little solidity, hardness, and resistance. If, during
the drying, this paste of chalk had experienced a continual
pressure, which would have obliged its particles to have
approached' each« other with more force, then the chalb
would have- acquired armuch greater hardness, of which
we have satisfied ourselves, by drying pastes of chalk and
of calcareous stones, which we have pulverized and re-
dneed to the state of mud. Putting this mud into vessels,
and covering them with a weight sufficiently heavy to
compress the mass constantly during the drying of the
coarse cateareous stone which we had pulverized and
washed, the troubled water being decanted, gave us, onr
the repose of the masses, a very fine paste ; which, paste,
dried by itself, and exposed to a constant pressure, gave
us a stone pretty hard, analogous to the tender calcareous
stones, of a very fine grain, or very fine composition.
This paste, mixed with the powder of the same stone, in
grains more or less coarse, and submitted likewise to a
comtant pressure while being dried, produced also, after
six months' drying, a stone tolerably firm and hard, but,
however, a good deal less hard than the stone which had
been powdered. But in this case we had not the beuefit
o£ the pressure, continued for ages, which have passed
away, since the precipitation and the deposition of the
sands, and of the calcareous powders.
3dly, It might be possible, and even probable, that
carbonate of lime in solution should be precipitated at the
same time with carbonate of lime in suspension, and that
this first carbonate of lime had served as a cement, and
had contributed to. reunite the suspended particles ; but
on the other side we have no reason either to %dmit or
reject this mode of formation of solid mortars, if it be
not the difficulty of conceiving that this carbonate held
in solution, in abandoning the powder of the carbonate of
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33S OnthiHarMimgl^Ume,
lime^ carriffd away equdly by the waler^ totdd b6 svflMtai
to preface saoh ail effect*
Beydor speaks ^ an aaalogoas ftniiation# ifi toL it^
]^. 173^ of his Hydraalio ArdbltedUire. '' In ])ropotti<lii afr
the beds of stone hare beta foniled/' sayi this esoellent
engiheer^ '^ the sea covers tiieln with its n&udi sind wUh «k
idimense number of small sbeHsr which become altudied
to theftii without speaking of the sand which is deposlte^l
in. their interstices.' All these things together calise a
concretion^ which at the end of .toaii^ time oceaaicM th6
stones to unite to one another so a^ to form only one sii^^
body^ like that of masonrjTi of which we ha?e maay
taamples. And lately^ at the bar of Bayonae^ iTast' labous
was necessary to destroy some ends of dikes^ i^bi(& ^^n»
made atioiently widi pitees of waste et^ied ; they wem
found as mdestructible as if they had been anited by Ihn
best cement''
. We may see from this passage thlttthft^ shells, whidi
ace found abundiuitly ill some oaloaretas stones^ mighf
have contributed to their hardness by the addition df a
gluten, similar to that which prodiic^s the hardness aiid
solidity of corals ; bat as we do not find smtdl shells so
ibundantly in aU the calcajreous banksi we are obliged tH
attribute the formation of those which do not contain theui
to another cause*
From all this it results, that it is not probdbie that we
owe to the action of the carbonic acid on lime the fehna<^
tioti of the banks of cha&, and of calbareous stones, the
masses of which have evidently been aceiimulated and
solidified in the water, bat much rather to the action of
the adhesion, combined/ of the water on the particles df
carbonate of lime^ and of the particle^ 6f owrbonate of
lime on each other.
(To he cofiHnUid,)
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Report of the Select Committee of the Haute of Commonh apfointed ^
inquire into the state of the law and its consequences respecting the JRx*
portation of i^ools and Machinery, (Continued from p. 269.)
With i^eBpdot Id Uie %MmA objft<itioti> the q)t>^«hMgiftd'
6f M^iBg tlhdeltold iti the foreign raarkit^ the efidenos of
1tk^w6 WitiiM6dti in Ivbdtti this i^pprehenMn is most {ir«Ta^'
lent, contains much which seems to incline in a eontmrjf
direction to the inferenoes dra^n by Iheih. U is admitted
by 4beiii thftt we possess ihany faoilities il^hicta fotvigHerft
do tidt) attd may not for ages possess* Onr mineri^ls. ar^
giner^liy in immediate neighboiirhoodi whenee^ from the
p^simily of rftiUroitddi oanlkls lind riters^ ibey inay b^
eenteyed with great facility to all parts of the kingdom,
Either fbr home mannfaeture or exportation Almost alf
otir great mafivikcturing towns, and establishments for the
Construction of tnaohines, ehjoy similar faoilities; a^d
fliyd j in^ the eoMintldl in&protetnetit of mttohinerfi enable
'as to keep dovm the cost of production.
Upon this sabject your Gofilmittee beg to refer<to thd
following extracts from the evidence of Mr. M'Culloch/
which, in their opinion, deserves the most serioUa oon«^
Sideratidn*
'* Do you conceive that the laws rathet assist the French
** than otherwise, in being able to establish manufactories
*^0f machinery of their own?-^I should think onrpj^e-^
'^•venting the exportation of machinery to France has a
*^ tendency tdforo^ the French to become machine^makers
'* themselves, imd to rivdl us in a branch of industry, into
<^ which) if they oonld get midlines from England^ they
'^ would have no motive to come into competition.
'^ Thdde laws make it more a matter of necessity on the
^* part 6f the French to induce our maohine-makers to go
'* to France, to instruct them in the art of making ma^
** chines ?-^l^nqoeBtionttblyi
'' D6 ydH iidnc6if e thd,t if the French were to acquire
"^ equally good inAQbinery with onrselveiii thttt it Would be
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340 Report fr^m ^ekct Committee oh
'^ iojiirious to our manufactures ?— No, I do not think it
''#ould. ;^
** By their obtaining our machinery, so as to be able to
'< meet us in the n^arket for cotton and other goods, will
'^ not that be injurious to us ? — I do not think the.circum-
^ stance of getting our machinery would enable them to
*f meet us in the market with cottons, or any other goods,
'^ with advantage.
'^ Will you state what it is that would giye England the.
^ adyantage in that case over the foreign manufacturers ?
'' In the first place, the French manufacturer would not
'^ have the same degree of security that the English nia-*
*^ nufacturer has ; in the next place, you have the adva^-
'' tage of better conununications throughout the cpuntiy,
^* the advantage . of trained workmen, habituated, to . idl
'^ industrious employments, and of a better division ,of
''labour; so that, though the French imported from ua
'^as good machinery as we have., you^wquld still have
'' many incommunicable advantages which they could not
^ >have, and you would always have cheaper inachinery in
.''proportion, to the cost of the. transfer of the macbini^s
^*. into France;
^ Will you have the goodness to state to the Committee,
''/the advantages that would accrue to England from the
^.ecpovlation of its machinery ?— 'The advantages would
'* be, that in addition to all our. present manufactures we
'A should iiave an additional branch of manufacture, cor'*
i^'fresponding in extent to the extent that the fpreigi^r
>!^ took machines from us. You wauld thus have a new
"field created for the profitable employ of capital and
M industry, which you. have not now."
Your Committee think proper tp notice, as a third ob-
jiection entertained by many of the witnesses, viz. that,. in
consequence of thejow rate of wages paid on. the continent
' of Europe, manufacturers in foreign countries would be
enabled to sell their goods cheaper .than we co^ild sell ours.
- Your Oi^mmittee-are sensible, of the propriety of pacing
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Mxf^i of Toob and MacUnerif. 34t
diie^ attention to this objeotiofti as not cmly xnai^tof tilie
witnesses whom they have examined form their opinioa of
the impolicy of allowing machinery to be exported^ on the
grounds that the low^wagies of France and other nations
secure to those countries advances over England ; but
almost ^U persons of all descriptions consider this doctrine
ef the advantage of low wages as forming a settled axiom
in political economy, and therefore as one which admits
of no question whatsoever ; but so far from this being
a doctrine that ought to be univeniaUy received as sound
and settled, your Committee are of opinion that many faects
exist to show that doubts may be justly entertained re-
specting its validity. Experience proves, that in those
countries where wages are low the workmen are often in-
doleht, and so unskilful as to be incapable of pvoducing
dny commodities but such as are of the rudest and eoaraest
kind ; one workman is employed in two or more different
operations in the same fabric, and little or no assistance
'is given to manual labour by inventions to abridge and
economize it ; whereas in those countries where wages are
high the workmen are generally active, spirited, persevering,
and exceedingly skilM ; no article is too delicate or diffi-
cult for them to make ; the principle of division of labour
i% in full operation, and every description of maohineary is
inade to contribute extensively to the diminution of mwual
labour.
It is well known to those who have attended to what
has taken place in respect to the cotton manufacture in
Ireland, (and it has been alluded to in the evidence,) that
when Mr. Pitt in 1788, and at the Union, proposed to
lower the duties on cotton goods imported from Ireland
into England, the witnesses who wepe then examined ber
fore Committe^d of this House/ resisted his pians on the
same grounds that the witnesses whom your Committee
have examined object to the expoitation of machinery,
namely, the advantages which a country with low wages
has over a country in which wages ace high. But akhough
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34S IiqiBrifrm.S0kitQmmtti0 6n
Mr. Pitty at the Union, lowered ikedttitfs^q eottan go^
inipcNrted from Ireland into Eoglend to Un f^nf ee^t* i ftl4
that cotton goods could be sent from Irelftnd to for^ig^
eoantriee to be sold there in fre<s competition witb Sogiicf^
cotton goods ; and although Irdand bai^ imported ffo^l
time to time the best EagUsh maobinery, and employed
the bast English workmen to instruct ike Irish worhm^Us
yet Ireland, under all these circunwtanMS^ (with an av^r^gfr
rate of wages of 3i2« or id. a day, as pr^v^d in eWdencii^
before the Committee on the state of Ireland,) was not abl%
to do any thing worthy of nottoe in the coHon n^toufactn^roi
till, the repeal of the duty of ton p^ cent, in 1823 led t^^
the sending of English yam into Ireland to be wove thef§,
and returned to England^ and till English capital wft? §ni^
ployed in Ireland to promotn the industry pf her pfsopl^,
by giving orders for goods to.be sent toEQgland tp ^pablt
the English manufacturers to mnkn good those or^prf
which they could not enef^ute in England.
The case of England herself is alsQ in point, to show
that low wages may be counti^rbalau^d 1^ Qther circui^i*
stances $ for though wages in England are mnoh higher
than wages in other countries in Europe^ yet^most ev0iy
kind of manu^Eictured goods that ate required iu great
qaantities can be made so jmmb. ehe^r and better m
Englandas to find a market in almost every foreign conntryr
But besides these facts, tending to disprove the dQctrine
diat low wages always give to a countfy j^dvantages in
carrying on manufacturf s» there exist the reasonings and
conclusions of those l^arued and observing persons (who
during the la^t fifty years have ^educed the rales tbittr
govern the operatiops of indi»stry and trade to a scienee),
to explain in what way they consider this doctnne to b^
wholly untenable. These eminent persons undertake to
show, by arguments and. facts, tiiat the ^ectof low wagea
i^ not a low price of the commodity to whieh they are ap^
plied, but the raising of the average rate of profits in the
apuntry in which they exi#t. The explsaatioa of this
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propasitiott oecttpt^s a large pot tion of the justfy-iselebrated
WoriiL of tha late Mr, Ricardo, on the Pf inciples of Politieat
Eoonomy $ and u also ably set forth in the following evi-
dence of Mr. M'CuUoch, to which youF Oommittee par-
ticularly desire to draw the attention of the Hpute c
^' Have you titraed youf atlentipn to the effect of fl«fc-
*^ tmtiofia in tiiB late of wages on the price of comfnoditiee 1
" I have.
/ f* Da yoii consider that when wages fi^^ the price' of
^f cottuttodides will proportionally increase 1'r^I de not
*f think thai a real rke of wages has any effect whatever,
'^ or but a Y&ey imp^eefptible oqe, on the price of com-
ff modities.
r ^^ Then supposing wages to be realty lower in France
^* than in this ccmntryy do you think that that JGircumstanc^
'^ would give the. French any advantage aver us in the
** foreign piarket 2^^Vo, I do not ; I do not think it wohld
^' give them any advantage whatever. I think it w^ld
fi oacasion a diffi^rent distribution of tjie produce of in-
i^ dttstry in France from what would obtain in England,
** but that would be all. In France, the labourers, would
^^ get a liess proportion of the produce of industry, and ttie
^ eapit^isis a largier fxo^otiioa.
*[ Could not the French manuAteturer, if he gets his
'' labour for less than the English manufacturer, afford to
^ sell his gooda for less 2f<^As the value of goods is m'dde
^' up wholly of labour uid proftt, t^e whole and only effect
f' pf a French manufacturer getting his labour for less than
'^ an English manufaeiurer is to e^fJile him to make more
f* profit than the English nsanu&cturer can make, but not
*f to lower the priee of his goods. The low rate of wages
^* in France goes to establish a high .i^ste of profits in all
^ branches of industry tn Fi^nee.
^* What conalasion do youcdme J^o in making a com-
^^ pwrison b^wean wages in Englcuid and wages in France ?
^' I cama to this conclasian, that if it be true that wages
^ are laidiy. hi|[|par in Efiglattdi dum in franee, €he <mly
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S44 BqfaHjrtm Select Commitiee on
V effect of tbat would be to lower the profits of dapital in
y England below their level in France, but that will have
" no effect whatever on the price of the commodities pro-
^' duced in either country*
'^ When you say that wages do not affect prices, what
' is it that does affect prices ? — An increase or diminution
'^ of the quantity of labour necessary to the production of
*' the commodity.
'' Supposing diat there was a free export of machinery,
** so that France could get that machinery, do you think
f' that under those circumstances we should retain those
'^ advantages which we possess at the present moment ?— -
" Yes, we should ; for the export of the machinery would
" not lower our wages, or increase the wages in France,
** so that we should preserve that advantage to the full
'' extent that we have it at this moment.
'* Will you explain to the Committee why you are of
'' opinion that the French manufacturer would not under*
'' isell the English, seeing that his profits are larger than
'' the English, manufacturer ? — Because if he were to off^r
^ to undersell the English he can only do it by consenting
^' to. accept a less rate of profit on his capitcd than the
** other French capitalist^ are making on theirs, and I
*^ cannot suppose a man of common sense would act upon
'* such a principle.
'' Are the Committee to understand, that although a
*^ French manufacturer pays half the wi^s to his men in
'' France, which our manufacturers do in England, yet
*' that his wages being on a par, or a level, in general,
'' with the other wages in France, will render his profits
/^ on a par with them,. and consequently he would not
/^ undersell the English merchant by lowering his profits
*' below the average rate of profits in France ?— Precisely
/' so. I believe, in point of fact, there is no such dif-
'^ ference ; but he could not undersell the English manu-
/^ facturer unless he took lower profits than ail other pro-
<< duceiB in France were making. I might illustrate this
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Export of Tools and Machmery. 345
** by what takes place every day in England, where you
^* never find the proprietor of rich land, in order to get rid
** of his produce^ offering it in Mark-lane at a lower rate
" than that which is got by a fanner or proprietor of the
^ very worst land in the kingdom.
'^ Would it not produce a larger sale if the French ma-
" nufacturer were to sell at a lower price ? — Supposing that
'^ to be so, the greater the sale the greater would be the
"loss of profit"
It is the opinion of many of those who object to the ex-
portation of machinery, that Great Britain owes her pre-
sent superiority in manufactures solely to the excellence of
her machinery ; but the evidence already noticed, as well
, as that of Mr. Martineau and others, would incline your
Committee to believe that many other circumstances had
tended to produce that effect, and that if the exportation
of machinery was generally permitted, English engineers
would supply the greater part of the world, without en-
dangering her present superiority, 'f My reasons," Mr.
Martineau says, " for forming this opinion principally
** consist in the natural advantages that England possesses,
^ from the circumstance of the iron stone and coal being
** invariably found in the same spot, and thus affording a
** means of manufacturing iron at a cheap rate ; the talent
** and ingenuity of the workmen ; the immense spare capital
^* we have in this country ; the circumstance of our canals
** and railroads already established, enabling us to hiring
^' the raw material from the interior of the country at a
** very low rate ; it would of course take a considerable
'^.time before France, or any other country, could possess
*^ any of those advantages, even those which cannot be
" considered as peculiar only to us, such as canals and
, '* railroads*"
To he amciuded in our next Number*.
you h 2 a
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S4d
frttesip^ iht JfUe^Udthn 6f Attdkot wHhmt hitct.
itrtmlSbtAimil^ndeChtnA^, May 16^5. ByM.&.PAJotI>fe^itlliii]:.
Hitherto alcohol, or more properly brandy, could tiot
t»e rectified, or raised from an inferior to a higher degr^et
and consequently be brought to a tiuperioi* state of purity
and .strength^ except by distillation, an operation which
could only be effected by an alembic ahd some heat..
The mode of rectification here treated of can be per-
formed in the cold, and consequently without the &id of
an alembic or of combustibles. The following in general
is the method of proceeding :
On the one part there is poured into a vessel with a flat
bottom a given quantity of the Alcohol, which is desired
to be rectified, whether it be small spirits {petites eaux)^
proof spirits of Holland, or spirits of a higher degree.
On the other ^art one of the most deliquescent salts is
to be dried, either muriate of lime, or muriate of manga-
nese ; the fitst is preferable in point of economy, and
the superiority or the second gives it a claim to be
ehosen ; but it is less common, and not so easily obtained.
In another vessel with a large surface, and placed on
three or more feet in the vessel which contains the spirits,
is to be put the muriate of lime dried and pounded.
This disposition being made, the vessel which hold^ the
alcohol is \o be closed up completely, or its edged are
to be secured with bands of paper pasted over them^ and
the whole is to be left in this state for four or five days.
After this time the vessel holding the spirits is opened,
and that containing the muriate is taken out. This salt is
then found to be more or less dissolved, according to the
quantity of water %hich it has attracted; The degree ot*
strength of the spirits is then examined, and it is found
to be increased 6, 6, or 8 degrees, according to the fineness
of the grain of Une dry muriale; it ought ttot however to
be too fine, to prevent its becoming pastey, and to make
its surface more extensive ; the vessel holding the muriate
is then cleaned, a new portion of the dry muriate is
spread on it, and it is put back into its place, knA then
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PnparaHbn rf Vieima Gnm* Z4lt.
th« vMsel contatining the Bpirite is agaiashttt up in. tile
Bam« manaer as before the insertion of this %wmA 4Q«e>
of deliquescent gait.
By operating successiTely in this manner^ hagbl/ recti-
fied alcohol is obtained, and weak spirits of 10 or 16 degrees,
(of Baume's areometer) are raised to 4Q or 42 degrees..
• It may be conceived that this method may be applied-
to the concentration of T^rious saline fluids, amls^ ttt*
and that by a partioular disposition of the factory, basins^
Sto.it would b^ easy to establish a rotation (of thepro*')
cesses), whieh, in a giren time, would afford at. pleasum
daily prodncts of all degrees of conoentsation.
M. Decharme is at present employed in trying to give
to this prooess, by the aid of mechanism and nataial phi-
losophy, alltheiegnlarity^precisionf and perfbetiony de«
sirable for a work on a large scale.
Preparation of a colour named Vtewnn Qrtm. By Da« InsBta*
Prom the Bunetin de laBoci^ d'Bneoursgerikeat^ Yel. zxB. i\%».y
Dissolve with heat, in a copper boiler, one part of ver-
digris in a sufficient quantity of pure vinegar, and add an
aqueous solution of one p&rt of white arsenic. During
the mixture of these liquids, tliere commonly forms a
dirty green precipitate, tvhich it is necessary, for the
beauty of the colour, to make disappear. For this put-
pose, a fresh quantity of vinegar is added, till the precipi-
tate shall be re-dissolved. The mixture is then boiled,
and after some time a granulary crystalline precipitate is
formed, of a most beautiful green colour, which being
separated from the liquid, well washed and dried, is
nothing else but the green colour in question.
If the liquor still contains an excess of copper, more
arsenic is to be added ; and if it contains an excess of
arsenic, it is necessary to add more copper, operating in
other respects in ttie same manner. It often happens that
the liquor contains an excess of acetic acid ; in this case
it may be empbyed anew, for dissolving verdigris*
2 A 2
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348 A useful GrlaTsingfqr Eartkeimare.
This colour, Aus prepared, has a blueish cast ; but in.
commerce a deeper and yellower shade is required, retain-
ing the same brightness and beauty. To produce this
change, it will be sufficient to ditoolve a , pound of the
potash of commerce in a sufficient quantity of water,
adding to it ten pounds of: the colour obtained by the
above process, and heating the. whole by a moderate fire.
The mass soon deepens in tint, and takes the shade re-
quired. If it b^ boiled too long, the colour will incline
to Scheele's green, but will always surpass it in beauty ajod
brilliancy. The alkaline liquor, remaining after this treat-
ment, may still serre for preparing Scheele's green.*
* A uaefitlf^xinfffor^^ommon earthenware. By M. Roschikbki.
From the Bulletin de la Soci^t^ d'Encouragement, Vol. xxiL (1S2S.)
M. Rochinski, a manufacturer of earthenware at BeHin,
has found a varnish or glazing for common pottery, which,
after trials made in the presence of the college of medicine,
ofiensi no dapger in regard to health, and resists the action
of the acids* This glazing is composed of five parts of
litharge, two parts of well punfied clay> and one part of
sulphur. These substances are pulverized^ and mixed
with a sufficient quantity of caustic alkaline lie, (soap-
makers' liquor) so as to form a mixture fit to be readily
applied on the earthenware, and to cover it equally all
OTer* Carefully baked^ these wares offer no trace of lead.
. The reader will find a short account of the new kinds of
glaze> called lustre, made with precipitates . of gold and
platina, in Dr. Brewster's Encyclopedia, Vol. xvii. p. 137.
in the article Pottery ; an article much too brief, when we
consider the importance of the subject, and the space
devoted to matters of less momeAt : for instance, Pyro-
techny occupies no less than 64 pages of the volume
referred to, while Pottery occupies but two pages and a
half! M. '
* Schede's green is a combmation of deutoxide of arsenic and
deutoxide of copper. - . ^
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d4»
NOTICES OF NEW PATENTS.
Patent granted to Thomas Caktkbll, ofDoneatter, gun^maker,fir
an improved cock, to be applied to the locks of any gun, pUtol, Jire*
arms, or ordnance, fir the purpose of firing the same by percussion,
acting either by self^priming or otherwise, and whereby the priming is
rendered whoUy impervious alike to the rain, wind, or damp. Dated
November ^, 1884.
These methods are described by the patentee for effect-
ing the purposes recited in the abore title. The first is
for the application of single percussion balls, each time
that the piece is prim^ ; the other two are for self-pruning
from small ms^zines of these balls.
The machinery of the locks is the same as for common
percussion locks, the improvements of the patentee being
confined to a little aj^paratus placed on the top of the
cock, which, except immediately beneath this part, is not
different from a percussion cock of the usual form;
In the first method, a small cavity is made in the front
of the cock, sufficient to hold a single percussion ball,
which cavity is placed so as to fall upon a point projecting
from the lock, called here the ** striking i^eg,'' through
which the tOuch-hole is drilled into the cavity of the
piece ; one of the small percussion balls is put into this
same cavity, either by hand, or by a charger, each time
that priming is required, where, if not {Prevented, it would
be liable to fall out, and to be spoiled by wet; butj* to
preserve it from these accidents, the patentee has con-
trived a little cap that dhuts ovelr it from above, which is
fastened to the hinder part of the cock by a hinge or
joint, where a small knob projects from it, against which
a thin spring presses that runs up the back of the cock,
to which it is fastened at its lower extremity by a screw ;
the use of which spring^ is to keep the cap fixed in its
place, either when shut down, or when entirely raised.
As the front of the ciaip lies eJtactly before the percussion
ball when shut down, in order to raise it out of the way of
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860 Notices ofJUtw Patents.
the percuBBion, when the cock is let go, a sloping " cheek ''
projects from its inner side, which, in the descent of
the cock, strikes against a piece that projects for that pur-
pose from the side of the lock, that by the action of the
inclined plane of the cheek produces 'the. desired effect;
the cock -then passes on, holding the percussioft ball en-
tirely wcoveredj drives it agaipst the striking peg, ai^d
ignites it by the percussion.
The second method, in addition to the cap abore de-
scribedi has a small mags^ine, like a flat thimble, t)iat
fastens on the top pf its fore pa^t by a dove*tailed ^ide«
with a hole in its lower part near the front, through which
a single percussion ball only can fall at once into a sm^ll
receptacle prepared fox it in front of the copk, To.pr^
T^Qt the resjb of the balls from falling out wh^ the c^p is
raised, a thin flat spring, that lies on the itpp of the cock,
pass^ below the hole through which the balls fall when
in that position, and closes it until the cap is put down ;
which motion removes the hole from over it^ and again
leaves the passage open. These difierent relative posi-
tions of the spring stopper, and of the front of the ^ap,
are efieoted by merely haviog the joint of the cap at the
back of the cock placed abput half an inch lower down
th%n the fast end of the spring, by which means the cap,
in being raised by its sloped cheeky is also pressed back
along Ihe front of the spring stopper ; and again in beiug
shut down passeif forward over it, so that the hole in its
front goes entirely beyond it, and leaves the passage for
the percussion balls unobstructed.
In the third ^lethod tl^ere is no moveable cap, but <he
magazine for the percussion balls is fii^^d directly on tibie
front of the top of the cock, and dose beneath it a smaU
square bolt pass^ through the heed of the cock from the
back to the froQt; near the firpnt of this bolt is a hole,
tlirough which the balls pas^ one at a tio^f , to a small
fec^ptacle beneath in the front of the cock, by which it
is i^onveyed to the '^ striking ppg/'.asin the other methods^
wl^A the c^k \k let go $ f^t j)/^b jti«p# tb^ holt Is p^em^
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back, by a part that projects from the lock for that pur-
pose, 60 that the solid part of it comes beneath the open-
ing of the magazine, and prevents till communication
between it and the receptacle ; the bolt is again restored
to its first position, when the cock is raised by a spring
that lies flat against the baok of the cock, whose upper
pi^ aots on the bolt, and lower part is fastened to the*
Mckby a screw*
To keep the small percussion ball in the receptacle,
another spring is placed at the side of the head of the
eocki directly below the bolt, having a triangular head,
which closes up the front of the receptacle when the oock
is raised ; but, as soon as it is let go, the side of the
triangular head farthest from the spring comes in contact
with the side of the striking peg, which, by the action of
the inclined plane, moves it to one side, from before die
pMpeussion htll, and leaves the latter exposed to the top
ef the striking peg, against which it is forced immediate!^
after^ and ignites the charge*
■ M It *0a iwii
These eontrivanoes are all very ingenions ; but die first
of them, of which the inventor thinks least, seems pre*
ferable for its siinplicity, and for being least liable to
accidentii of explosion, to which we think all magazines
for percussion powder subject, though we confoss that
those above described are as little so as any we have seen#
It appears to us also that the magazines have no certainty
of delivering the balls as the patentee states ; but that on
the contrary they would be very apt to obstruct one an^*
other in their descent, so as not to be made to come down
without taking off the magazine to free them, to which
accident they would be peculiarly liable in damp weather,
which would more or less affect the chlorite of potash, or
other explosive salt in their composition, so a^ to maka
them somewhat adhesive at their surfaces ; for (hough the
qap 4^£^d£| the percussion balls weU gainst rain, i^
f;9ttl4 not protect them from at^p<qphevic^ fnoisturfit
which v^t ^^ne^tcf wherever t})Q «^ |fui %fS[ m^im^
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352 Notices of New Patenit.
Patent graUed to Alkzandek Dallas, ofSolbom, Engmer, Jor a
machine to dress or pick stones of various descriptions, particnlaHy
granite stone* Dated April 27, 18S4.
This instniment is the same ia priiiciple as some tilting
hammers qsed in foiling ; and consists of a rafter, or beam,
suspended on a pivot between two uprights, whidi pivot
is nearer one end, so as to divide it into a long and a
^hort arm. At the end of the short arm a vertical wheel is
placed, from 9 to 16 feet in diameter, in the plane of the
rafter, from whose edge three catches project, at equal
distances from each other, which, as the wheel is turned
round, in succession depress the short arm^ and thereby
elevate the long arm, to whose extremity a block of wood
is fastened that holds the chisel, or other cutting tool,
ivhich is to piclL or dress the stone which is placed benfei^
it ;. and which block falling down as the catch passes from
the short arm, by its weight and accelerated velocity strikes
the tool against the stone in any place directed by the
workman ; it being so placed beneath the tool in a truck
that stands on a small platform, which turns horizontally
on a vertical.pivot, that by moving the truck by its^ handle,
he can easily bring it into any position required, and of
course cause the tool to strike it wherever he pleases.
. . llie height, tp which the tool is raised above the stone
by this wheel is from one to three feet ; and to guide it
more exactly in its fall, two other uprights are placed
near the. end of. the short arm^ between which it moves up
and down. The wheel may be turned by human labour^
by horses, wind, water, or steam, as preferred, in any of
the usual methods of applying these powers.
The present high price of cut stone, and the great ad-
vantage to be derived, from a more extensive use of it
(particularly in preventing fires, when applied in stair*
cases), renders every contrivance of importance which
may tend to reduce its cost, by dinunishing.the humau
labour necessary in cutting it to the form required.
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Ifoiica of iitew Patents. 363
The machine above-described might be im^ved by
the addition of a wooden spring above the longer arm^
similar to those which are used for tilting hammers ; and
also by having the catches placed nearer the centre of the
wheels instead of their being on its circumference/ by
which the wheel would have more power as a fly wheel in
regulating the equality of the power and of the blows.
" Where a number of holes would be required to be clrt
in a line^ for wedges to split the stone; a set of upright
spars, made to move up and down vertically, in a similar
manner to. the drivers of an oil mill, would make quicker
work by cutters fastened to them, than this patent ma*
chine; particularly if the cutters were made to move a
little round their own centres^ so as not to fall precisely
in the same spot at each descent.
Patent granted to Mb. Samuel Cbosley; of Cottage^tane, Ciiy^road,
for certain apparatus fir measuring dnid registering the ^ptaniit^ of
■ UquiAs passing from one place to anoHker. Dated 1st Feb. 18S5.
The patentee states his object to be, in this apparatus,
to produce a method of measuring the quantity of liquor,
that passes from one vessel to another placed at a lower
elevation, where consequently the liquor will sustain a
greater pressure ; this apparatus he calls a ** liquid-
meter,'* and describes two different forms for its con-
struction, the latter of which is more proper for measuring
liquors of a thicker consistence.
The first form of the instrument described resembles
the gas-meter, used sometimes for registering the quantity
of gas delivered from the reservoir of coal gas works, and
consists of two concentric hollow cylinders, divided into
compartments in the intervening space by partitions in
the direction of the radii. There are two apertures in
each of thesb compartments at the angles diagonally
opposite ; one of which forms a communication between
the iimer cylinder and the outer one, and the other affords
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m i^m Pfifm Pqtf^ft*
ft p99fwg9 (trom the latter to aa ^^te^al fdr-^^ght yootel
^a( efioloses the whole, leaving sufficieat space between
ib«m for the liquid-meter to turn freely round inside. A
titb^ pastes through the external case into the centre pf
the inner cylinder, of which it forms the support at the
ilide it enters, and round which it revplves, the liquor
being prevented from passing out between the tube and
HiQ end gf the cylinder by a collar stuffed so as to prevent
its transmission j a short fixed pivot passes at the oppo-
iiite side from the external case to the centre of the other
^d of the cylinder, which has a thimble, or receptacle
4^d to it there for its reception, which pivot forms
^e Of^osite support for the cylinder in its revolutionsji
the other being the tube, as already mentioned. Through
this tube the liquor passes from the higher vessel into the
inner cylinder, and from thence into the bottom of one
compartment of these between it and the outer cylinder,
in whitih as it rises it makes the cylinder revolve in pro*
portion as its weight in that compiartntient exceeds th^
weight at the opposite side of the cylinder. The liquor
prooeeds. in this manner in depressing that side of the
cylinder, until the outer aperture from it into the case
eomes on a level with the top of a tube, tliat passes from
one side of the case into the lower receiving vessel, at
which time it begins to pass from the entering tube into
the second compartment, and so on through all the com^
partmentSy as they successively are impelled round; the
height of the top of the delivering pipe, where it entem
the case, regulating the height at which the liquor will
remain in the lowest compartment. It is to be noted
)iere, that the patentee takes for granted that the air en-
dowed originally in the cylinder, and in the case, will
remain in them unaltered, except in being reduced in
bulk by tl^ pressure of the liquor of the upper vessel,
from which the liquor is tranj»mitted ; being aware that if
there was no air enclosed, the Uquor would pass without
j^i^uipigthf^ cyUnd^r to r^?olve.
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T^ Qt^or forolfor the ^iqyidrsaeter rf^ipjoi^f|| 911 /in-
piruoa^jiti used for sbiftipg the yalvec^ iu 9pme Uydr^^uUc
^gip^jt and cousists of ^ trough open at bptb ends; ^ith
{^parti^oa across its middle j dirjectly uuderpeath wbicl^
it iii) supported by tTfa pivotfi^ one at each fid^} $^nd
crxactly over the line of these pivots, the pip^ that QPn^fjS
from the upper vessel passes out over the middle of th^
partition, by which arrangement;, as soon as the angular
compartment, forined by the partition and one l^alf of the
troi^h, receives a certain measure of liquor, it outweighs
the other half, fi^lls dowUi until it is stopped by ^ baf
placed to regulate the degree of its descent, and thereby
shifts the position of the partition, so as to cause i^ tp
in-line in the opposite direction, and bring its other ^d^
and the empty half of the trough, beneath the pipe from
which the liquor is running. This other half of lie trough
in like manner falU down as soon as full, and eaasBa the
first half, which has been emptied in the mean time, to
come beneath the pipe to be tilled in its turn, and thus
the two sides are made to act alternately as long ^ the
liquor is* delivered*
This apparatus is enclosed in an air-tight case, similar
to that first mentioned, from the lower part of which |i
tube passes in like manner to the lower vessel.
Besides these parts- described, wherein the two sorts c^
the apparatus are diiOferently constructed, they have alifo
machinery attached to them, or a species of cloc)^ worjc
for giving motion to an index, which, by the arrangement
gf multiplying wheels well known, like those used in other
registering instruments, points out the nuipber of mesi-
sures in the one case gf the compartment, and in the
other of the half«-troughs which have been transmitted of
the liquor through the apparatus^
In stopping either of the transmitting tubes by a Qo^ls.,
the liquid*meters cease to act, and again cp^jixnf nc9 tkw
operatiapa pq its being opex^ed.
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35d fi€iieesqfN€wPaie9ds.
" We are fdways really sorry when W are under the
necessity of [KHnting out defects in the plans of ingenious
patentees, which proper experiments, previous to the en-
rolment of their specifications, might hare led them to
avrnd or remedy. The patentee will find on trial that the
^r enclosed in his liquid-meters, which he knows is
essential to their operation, will be absorbed by the liquor
in passing, and this in a greater proportion and more
rapidly, as the pressure from the height of the upper
vessel is greater. The liquid-meter will therefore, from
this cause, after working some time, cease to give any
motion to the index, and will let the liquor pass through
without afibrding any indication of its transmission, and
will continue in this state until again replenished with aic
Patent graUed io William Ha&binoton, of. Croahaven, County tf
Cork, Eiq* fir^an improved raftjor transporting' timber* Dated
, June 15, 1824.
To form Mr. Harrington's raft^ the keel, stem, and stem
posts of a. ship are to be p'ut together in the usual manner,
and on the keel floor timbers are to be laid across, and
futtocks and frame timbers added to them, so as to form
the frame (or skeleton) of a vessel ; but, according to the
draft, having the timbers farther apart than for a ship.
These various parts are to be well bolted together, and
then wale-pieces are to be fastened over the timbers
from stem to stem, across which at proper intervals
beams or long planks are to be laid, and secured to them
by ddve-tailed joints and other fastenings ; jthe frame,
according to the draft, will in this state be open at both
ends, into which the balk or timber to be conveyed is to
be introduced, and arranged fore and aft close together,
so that at the stem and stem its ends may lie in the form
-suitable for those parts. In building up the balks proper
intervals should be left for the masts, ends of the cable
bits, and windlass bits, and other pieces that descend
vertically into a vessel ^ or those pieces may be put up in
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Noticed of New Patents: 86?
their proper places in the fiiBt instance, and the timber be
built up about them. When^ the timber is thus packed
up close to the beams or cross-ties, pieces should be laid
across between these ties of the same thickness- wit^
them, so as to leave no interval unfilled in any part.
Then another course of wale-pieces is to be fastened on
the frames, at a due height above the former course,
beams or tie-pieces to be laid across and dovetailed into
them as before, and the balk to be then built up close to
thfm from below in the manner already described. Wheo^
this part is completed, a third course or streak of wale-
pieces is to be faBtened on above, at the level of the upper
deck, an^ to be secured with beams and tie-pieces like
the others ; but in this upper part the balk is only to be
built up at the forecastle and stem, and an interval left in
the m^iddle, iq which is to be formed a place for lodging
the sailors who are to navigate the raft, and for stowing
the provisions and the tackle, for the construction of
which place no adequate directions are given, farther
than to state that planks are to be fastened outside in this
part, and a deck to be formed above ; but this can hardly
be said to be peculiar to this part, as the whole of the
upper part is elsewhere directed to be decked, as well as
to be furnished with such posts, rails, and other parts, as
are necessary for navigating a vessel, and are usual ; and
moreover the whole outside is directed to be, planked over
when the balk is built up inside.
When rough weather is expected, staples, cleats, and
other fastenings, are advised to be used in building up the
balks, to prevent their shifting their places over one an-
other in the pitching of the raft ; and it is also stated,
that the- whole may be farther secured by fastening hoops
of iron, or of other materials, round the outside.
This invention does not appear to us a very economical
mode of forming a raft. In fact the patentee, without
appearing to be aware of it, has in reality directed a ship
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368 Nofim of ^ew P^enu.
to be iTormed outside his raft in building it up, huTiag^
ked; stfem and stem posts, floor timbers, foothbdcs, top'
timbers, plankig, decks, 8cc. the same as another vessel;'
and when it is considered that this imperfect vessel mnst
be broken up at the end of the voyage, it would most
probably be found that the loss ^YOuld more than counter*
balance any saving, which might arise from^the Tougb
eonstruction and unfinished state of its several parts*
It may frequently be desirable to efifect the transport ^
large quantities of timber in otie cotiveyaned across t^^*
ocean, but for this purpose no part of the plan of the
patentee appears adviseable to be adopted* Perhaps if ft'
raft were formed in the shape of a punt, but much broader
in proportion, with the layers of timber alternately crpa»i<
ihg each other, atd fastened together by bolt itm tnufi
ning between the pieces of timber, both verti^Uy aii^
across from side to side kt certain kitervahr, and wdl
Secured by keyd, or screws and nuts, to the Mtrtide pieces/
so as to brace the whole firmly together, it ti&ight be navi*
gated safely ; while the whole of the iron ^oA mi^t b^
sent back after the voyage in a common vessel, to serve
again for constructing another raft, without causing afi^
logs but what the bolt holes in some of the outside. pieeect
would occasion, in somewhat diminishing their value for
some purposes, thbugh for others they would bii in n^
wSiy injurious to them. This rough plan we eoiild easily
show to be feasible, but our limits will not at present
allow us to enter into the detail.
The mode for lodging the crew, and finding stowage t6f
necessaries for the voyage, proposed by the patentee j Its
We have before stated, appears deficient ; but probably
if a sttiall sloop, or other vessel, were built up in the centt^
of the raft, it would answer this purpose much better, and'
serve afterwards to take back the sailors at least to the
port from whence they sailed, if not large enough to Oarry
along with them the iron work of the tuft abovemea^
tioned, when used with one of this constraotioli^
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Noticei of Neu) Patents, . 359
'Patent granted to John Heathcoat, of Tiverton, Devonshire, Lace^
iMMiiighidu'M,Jbr An w'iproved modi ofproiut^figvres or omamenh
in or upon a eeriain deseripiion or kind of goods, ntanufacfurtdfrom
siUc, cotton, Jiax, or other thread or yam. Dated February 26, 1825,
Ths object of this patent is the use and applioationof
purl la making figures and omamente on lace.
In the first of three methods for the abdve pu^r^ofte,
whiah are def^ribed id the speoification^ it Ib directed that
deeignt of figures or ornamentsi such ae.Bprigs, bouquets^
&o« be traced, 0u the lace> previously streiehed in a frames
after which the purl is to be tttheuy with which artide it iA
asa^ted all laee-manufactikrers are well acquainted^ and
one epd of it is to be applied to one of th^ said figures oi
ornaments^ and to be sewed Or otherwise flistened to the
lace, according to its outline and frame, and then suc-
cessively to die oAer figures, in the same mannen
lu tiie aecond method the figures are to be traced on a
cushion, 'and the purl to be then pinned on it, acedrding
to their form ) after which the lace in to be laid dowti on
the cushion, ^nd the figures sd formed nirifh the purl td
be sewed on it, and then to be detached fi*om the cushiotii
In thd third and last method, the flguree or omanientil
are' to be traced upon paper, over which the putl is to b^
pinned, so as to rejpreeent th^sir form, and theil to be sewed
to itself so a« to preserve that form lifterwards. The
figures thus produced are then to be detai^hed firom th^
^aper, and m^y he sold by themselves separately, to serve
as a substitu(^ for Brussels sprigs in ornamenting kce.
We understand there is a considerable demand for
Brussels sprigs. If, therefore, the article last mentioned
in the specification can be macle equal in beauty to the
Brussels sprigs^ or even sufficiently approaching to them,
in appearance so as to come at all in competition with
them, it is evident that this circumstance will make th^
patent proportionably valuable.
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.360
FRENCH PATENTS.
Jn Account qflnveiUionsfir which PaienU, or Bbxtet d'Ikt2NTI0K8>
have been obtained in France, and which are now expired.
Brevet ^Invention for Jive yeqrs, granted to M. Bbice Maizie&be,
mechanist, Bouen^ for a method of saving many horses employed in
■ mills, by applying to the axle of the lantern wheel, which is put in
motion hy (he horse whed, a fly with four arms, each carrying ^
heavy weight.
This brevet reqiiires no explanation farther than what
is given in the title; we have, however, to observe, that the
l»>ntrivance is of ancient date, as a fly of the same sort,
for the same purpose, and having four alms also, is de-
scribed in the 2d Vol. of Desaguilier's Experimental
Philosophy, published in 1763, as being used in YauloUe's
horse engine for driving piles.
Brevet ^InvenUom for fifteen years, granted to M. J B. -Mollerat,
for a process Jbr extracting soda from sulphate. of soda* Dated June
27,1806.
Dissolve llm,e or calcareous .matter iQ pyrolignous
acid, either , cold or. hot; the liquor will then become
covered with a vegetable oil, which this material contains,
and which may be separated from it by meohanical means ;
dissolve, then, in the liquor thus saturated with lime, a
quantity of sulphate of soda, to be detenniaed by the
degree which the calcareous solution will indicate, by the
areometer for salts.
By this process the sulphuric acid quits the soda, and
forms with the linie a solid salt, which precipitates to the
bottom of the vessel that contains them.
The liquor which lies above the sulphate of soda, eva-
porated and crystallized, will yield acetite of soda, if it is
wished to collect that salt; or if it is dried and burned,
either on the floor of a reverberating furnace, or on the
grate in the front of a furnace prepared for that purpose,
it will give carbonate of soda, of which a hot lee will form
crystals of the greatest purity by refrigeration.
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ih-Mt itiiimmk fht ten ytfars, gfmUd io M. Bt^siif ¥£> Pdfjs, jhf
^Mkhg BHcki (or square hmps) iff Jhssi! coal, of dharcodl of wood,
and of charcoal of turf, nrHhOut the me ijfa cement of clay. Bated
Jillie 19, 1811^
•onibuiitibles iiieiilicmed> reduced to a state of powdef^
with a gltttinottfl Bilbdtanee^ whether animal or Tegetflble^
the i>rice of whic4i is as low as possible. M« Burette
states that he makes use of residaes of common glue^
df glutioous pastas made of flour^ and of those produced
by Uohe&a and moises, and getierally of aU 0ther sub*
itanoesj exo^t the eartlis^ which have stifflcient tenacity
to re-unite the said coal or charcoal, in a solid form.
The proportion of the glutinous matter whieh is tabe
employed^ cailn'ot be precisely detetmined> on account of
itsgreater or less, tenacity; but a certain rule fofaseer-^
taining this is to make Ae mijture so that the coal o#
chatcoal poWder may have sufficient coniiistence, when it
is converted into the bricks (or lumps). A* dimple trial
with a small quantity of the materials, will soon show the
proper proportions of the mixture.
With regard to the fonn of the bricks, that in eommon
use (for building bricks) should be used.
Brevet ^Invention for Jive years^ granted to MM. AkAVEt, ani
Bellbvillb^ of Paris, fir a wheel with moveable flash boards.
PatedAprilSS/ l9i(N
This wheel, made of wood, is composed of an arbor or
axle of an octagonal shape, having eight frames projectiiig
from it, on which are fastened by hinges the moveable
flash boards, independent of each Other.
This arrstngement causes the flash boards, or impellers,
which are about to pass out of the water, to be always in
& vertical position, which prevents them from carrying up
toy weight of water with them, and from counteracting iii
knf fnatiner the effedt of the other flash boards, which
flmgifenttheil: surfaces to the action of the current.
' ^ 2b '
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362 ]Prench Patentn.
Brevet tt Invention far Jive if ears, granted to M» -Cha&lbs,- miier, at
Parte, for making razors with metallic back8> and with blades which
may be changed. Dated February 21, 1817.
The backs of these razors are made full in m their
proportions, and yield to the file; they are 'grooved the
^hole length of the blade, by a cutting wheel put on a
lathe, and are polished by a buff wheel, mounted also on a
lathe ; the upper extremity of each is pierced with a hole,
which receives a screw to which the blade is hooked*
The blade, which is of cast steel, is forged flat, and
filed on a mould, which corresponds exactly with the groove
in the back ; it is then tempered, and afterwards whetted
to finish it.
This blade has at its back, near its upper extremity, a
small oblique cavity, which forms a hook, by which it ii^
hooked to the smail screw of the back. The lower ex-
tremity of the blade forms ' a re-entering angle, which
rides over the prolongation of the back at the place
where the groove terminates.
When the blade is thus fitted in the groove of theback^
the screw is turned till it draws together the two sides of
the back sufficiently to prevent the blade from moving in
any direction. ,
To take off the blade, it is only necessary to turn back
the screw that keeps it in its place. '
Brevet d* Invention for Jive years, granted to M. Chene aux/ of Paris,
for a new strap for whetting razors. Dated July 12, 1816.
MAKNEB OF FBEPAEINO THE STRAP.
Take a piece of common leather, leave it to soak ia
warm water, and then rub it over with a matter composed
of the filings of cast steel dissolved in aquafortis, made
red hot in a crucible, and pounded to reduce it to powder.,
This meagre composition, of a red colour, without any
sort of mixture with oil or grease, will make the strap
different from all those hitherto manufactured,, and causey
it to produce an edge preferable to tliat given by the hon^i
or the polisher.
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363
Thk OfiAbavi^ MicHAKic, and BaiTiSH Mschakist^ lein^ d
fracHcoL duplmf qf Me Marmfiictorien and Mtekanical Arts of the
United Kingelom, By JottN NrcROi.BON> Esq. CwU Engineer*
8ye. pp. 79€i.. Kmght and Lace^, 1B2^«
This work, as stated by its author in the preface, is
designed as a companion to the workshop. Its contents^
besides some elemente,ry matter on. the mechanical power,
&c. with which it commfences^ consist of explanations
and accounts of mill-geering, water-mills, wind-mills,
steam-engines, hydraulic engines, accessory machines,
manufaefare of metals, manufactures of fibrous mate-
rials, various mills used in manufactures, &c. ; pott^,
horology, building (divided into eleven heads), rail-roads,
and locomotive engines ; with an appendix, contietining
^practical geometiy, mensuration, useful receipts, and ^
glossary.
This compilation is in most respects well executed, the
deiftcriptions plain and intelligiblei ^nd th^ selections for
the most part interesting and useful, and such as do credit
to the industry and attention of the author ; and on the
whole it is a very respectable performance, which would
nerve well fts a book of reference to masters and em-
ployers, and to gentlemen out of trade, who must occa^
sionally direct workmen on their estates, and to those
who' on any other account are desirous of the variety of
usefiil informatipn which it contains, as well as to those
for whom it wae^ intended ; though to those latter not so
much as the author may imagine.
After saying this much in its favour, the author will, we
bope^ excuse a few words of advice, which we shall offer
chiefly with a view to the improvement of the next edition.
It is obvious that where so many articles claim to be in-
serted, brevity must be studied ;- but if a few additional
pages would make a book more complete, we think nei-
ther author nor proprietor would be inclined to omit them^
if convinced, of their utility.
V The very interesting subject of bridges has been en-
tirely omitted, towhichi including some notice of those
2^2
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364 The Operc^ Mechanic.
migbt bfiiV« bstn ftdvanteg^ou^ly dftvoted^ witfi it iinw li^es
an the cat«QAFy curve ; or at leadt the method of desortbing
it should be added to those of the other etttVesmost in use.
; The vQry good aoU^otiQn of hydsmli«^ engi^fa would
be m^dQ more Qomi^et^ by tua^oauRtofQod^mV nt
jjinc ; of two or three from R^melU wd M> $fpvie(e{ «9il
«if Qwyn'9 patept e^gioe ^ the Qgureii qf n^bMl^ WT givw
iq the 234 plate of Yawg'* N^t* Pbil* u^^eip the aftinlMrf
313,8l4i3l6,316,en43l7.
Sevei^l small in^oqur^^ee »» tb^ places fequiie m?r«ir
tion, though the general execntion of them is y^iy ci^eAitr
eble to the engraver ^ tbey should be all oaifrfiiUy lqelf;f 4
^ver^end compared ag^in with the lettept pf refefen/^^
as in several i^st^e^s tbe^e are not to be feuqd in line
figures, as in the case of Bonnard's wooden pisto.i|| sever
^ typqgrepbieal erfors also- requite ^ert^otioe. The
ipiiex ip QQt by i^ny iieans full enough for the w^fk, m^
ia the gloaiary as eorreet as eoiil4 be deaired^
« Borne few parts ia the eleioeatary portion we iQftuM
mnk to Qee more peHeeti of wbieh we shall iiHtfiQea ihf
article on friotion, on whieh subject^ so iqspwrt%ftt t^ pm?
i^ani^D^ only twenty lines ave given* apd these ^ «f
»eanaeati*fectory,
(iiefew in^tfipeee the antihet haa evidi^^^ bi§n )e4
eway by the fofeed atMl artifioial eelehrilyi « ratker pvbr
Ueity> ef aome new oontvif ancea> whieh:i»^ not ^metii>ii%d
sufficiently by experience* 'QV saiiMaetory pioef* Uk HMttit
the enlogiumi he has imwarily beatowed m ibtiti of
those, the moat conspiououa is the enaehine eewipoR]^
called Brown's veeuum engine, but in rei^lity t^ imenv
tion of the Rev. Mr, Ceeil* aa eyplikinQd in » papet rer
apefttUigitin our Number for Auguat last, in wWi* i#
else poit^ted out the powesa and defeota of the P<mfti^iv«'
enoe, and ita habiliiy to oauee eiq[ilosioA.
Next, after describing Pal»ei^ si^gier rail-Wl^y* ihfl
anthop titates that <f tMs wr^^mtmi ^wUinijf semi to
e«etive\<Ae gnrndptmc^if Iwm9ifijrwti(i9ti^^ SA mmh
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lio» pJrigW^ittR Wth ibeUiv^ntor, And oftpied frpB* Wif
aplim^ral puI^Up^tioi^ into aofi^h^i^ wilb^ul; c<»i44e|Sktipii^
»praoQe4i9g wbicli sHch a worl^ m^ (be pr^awt ^uvely
jQiugbt liQt to imitate i but^ if we-are mistakea, and tbf
author really qu mature reflc^tipii i^ still of tbis opinioi^
wesbould. be g)$^d to bav^ bis T0a|ioa9 as^cu^ aiigiiieer
^tftted foF ^bift afMsertiqn, a^d some « fair pifoof givea if
4uippprt of it| of wbij^b ai yet w9 b%Ya pot seeii ^f
digfa^st app^v^wo^ in a^y c^ tbeioa»y,aQC9wt9iHFbicb
j^aye appaar^d irespf cting tbia rsUl-way. : Tbirdly^ tb#
Jm^»^ gdf Meapr4. Taylor and MarUQeaH'Jit ^(^P^^^gjiief
aud tbe^ bigb opiniou wbiob tbe author eYioGes to bfive of
iti by wleqtipg ^ draft of it for bia fr^^i^pieoe, dp npi
^eeiA J4dic^aa< Tbe ^ngiaer as to ^ ^xeoutioo and
;viForki»aQ^ip« mi^y bave its naerit ; but tbfi) author ought
itq ba^a kpovu tha radical deilef^t ^f all boria»mtal sti^amT
.oogiiieaMfil^ieatly, Mt to commit himself by. fopubUo
^ja^BBT^bf^^ion of.tbw*. ..This gr^ defect, whi^^hm^t
si&ita iu the in§qi|fdity of tb^ frictiaii of tbo fkim w i(b9
^aii^.^ylipdar^ tbat must in a aboit tim^ totally d^^y
ftt^ dff^fe of tba Iftttm baa beaa at^mpted lo bft r^oediad
ii^opf pf a ftiifkilar s^m^m, Qowt^^ at. tba timne\ at
Rotherbitb^j by c9ft»««^Qg w arm to tba oroaa^pieoQ to
.v^biffb the pistoa rod is attaabed* ^bich arm mt^ in tb#
sam^ dirf otion of tbia toi, and pfyralli^l to it> aad ia wpt
•PQrtad by a roller at it» farther extremity* tbat AOToa 9n a
bar» ftKad purpooaly to aaatam iU thi^ fromb^ipg 9it th#
aid^ of thf piatou mstaad of directly over it, as it oagbt
to >e, adds to the frictiott by the twifit wbiob i* gi^«^ to
the frame 4>f . MFhi^b. jyt fows^ a p«^t, so as parbapa to do
.sdme misohief i but ereo if filled in tha best ma^nef^
mdeaa.iA very amaU eogines^ visb9ro. the weight of the
.pistpuimuit bejtrifliog, welhiuk it could bar<Jly aot suffii-
oiently y^W to pv% ^ngiQea <rf'.tbis sort on a .par with those
.^tdbbaveyer^joal qylirnler^x tboagh, certainly tb^^ idea
^of thia impipyemeiit ia judicioaa, ajid will praveot .a greet
part /of tbe ii^ary oMeed by the iocUoatioQ <^ the oylior
Am^ U ia tram tbat tlia aoyiRa at. tbe.taw^l is not pi «*
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30d The Operative Mechanic.
eiBely an horizontal engine, as each of its cylinders is
placed so as to form an angle of 46^ with the boriiSbn ;
but, proportionally as the cylinder deviates from the per-
pendicular, it is obvious that it must more or less be liable
to the injury stated, and so far be defective.
The corrections and improvements which we have sug-
gested for a future edition, would require but a Very few
pages; but there are other articles which ought to be
added to it, to render the work complete, that would per-
haps increase it» bulk a good deal. We allude to accounts
of those manufactures and arts, of which no notice what*
soever has been taken in it, though apparently as deserving
of it as some of those which have attained a liberal share
of attention, of which we shall only mention the machi-
nery used in the stocking business, and that in the lace
mantfftUstttre ; the latter of which is peculiarly curious and
worthy of notice as a mechanical lesson, and both ar^
manufactures of importance, in which great numbers of
workmen are employed. We are aware that the limits to
lyhich a work of this kind must necessarily be restrained,
may be urged as an excuse for their omission ; but we
think it obvious that where' it is necessary a work should
not exceed a certain number of pages, that the design of
it should be equally limited, to prevent its being an ar-
bitrary selection out of many subjects equally comprised
tn tiie design, but impossible to be brought within the
bounds prescribed. Indeed, were works to be piiblished
of which the advantage to workmen was to b^ really the
chief object, we are inclined to think they had mueh better
consist of single trealises upon the matters most necessary
i6t each separate trade, than of collections treating of a
great many trades and manufactures, and where of course
the greatest part must be of little moment to those of any
eingle calling. Treatises of this kind, with a few on those
elementary parts of science in which most trades are inte-
rested, would form the best companions far the workshop,
as every workman would then purchase that part which
i>e«t fruited him, without being obliged to Uy oat his money
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lA9i of Nm Pattttii. 867
for itrhat did not ,6oncera,hiin, in order to get at that which
wasriiawediately applicable to his dwn bvsidess.
. Bat taking the book as it really is^ without limitbg
it, as the author has done, to the use of a peculiar dass^
W^ think very well of it, and have now only to add, that
from.Uie many useful tables inserted in it, and the general
information whidi it contains, we know of no more useful
publication as a work of reference on the many subjects
of which it treats, that can be purchased for more than
three times ita present price of thirty shillings.
LIST OF NEW PATENTS.
William Dussburt, of Boasal, Derbyshire, colour
manufacturer, for a mode of preparing or manufacturing
of a white, from the impure native sulphate of barytes^--*
Dated September 29, 1825.^— Six months to enrol spe^
cificatton.
John Mastineau, the younger, of the City Road>
Middlesex, engideeri and Henry William Smith, of
Lawrence Pountney Place, in the city of London, Esq. fot
improvements in the manufacture of steel. Communicated
to. them by a foreigner.-— Dated October 6« 1826.--^ijB
months to enrorspecification.
Sir Oeoroe Cayley, of Brompton, Yorkshire, Bart,
for a new locomotive apparatus. — Dated October 6, 1825.
Two months to enrol specification.
James Shddi Broaowood, of Great Pultney-street^
Middlesex, pianoforte maker, for improvements in small^
or what are commonly called square panofortes. — Dated
October 6, 1826. — Six months to enrol specification.
Thomas Howard, of New Broad-street, London, mer-^
chant, for a vapour engine. — Dated October 13, 182fi;— •
Six months to enrol specification.
. Nathaniel Kimball, of i New York, merchant, Ibr
a prqce^^ of conv^ting iron into steel. Codununioated td
him by a foreigner.— Dated Oot^ber 13, 1826ir— Six montiifl^
to enrol specification.
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968 LiHof Nm PutMt.
button manu&otorer^ forimproTemetitfl in constnstelifi^ ot
fnakia^ of l»attons.r-^DiBited October 13^ ISfiG.^-^ixxdOMhs
to ewol apeoificatioQ. , , . .
TH6kA9 DtTTBB; 6f LowerRidgeHitMet^ Dublin, silk
lAttnttfactUi'er, for iinproTioiieiitii in the matniftieMi« of
buttons^^Dated October 13, 1836«-^ix months to enrol
specificatioiu
. Joseph- Clisild Danieli,/ of Stoke, Wil09, clothier^
for improvements in machinery applicable X^ the weayibg
of woollen cloth.^— Dated October 13, 1825. — Six months
to enrol specification.
JosiAH EAt^T0H> of Braford, Sbiiiersetshire, Esq. for
imi^rof?emcauts in Ibc6motiTe or steam earrkges ; and also
iathe mamMflr o£ eonfitructtng the roads or mrays fbr the
same to traiFel bven-^Dated October 13> 182&«.^Si<
months to enrol speeificaliOB^
William Hirst, John Wood, and John Roobesoiti
of Lueds, for improyements in machinery for taishig and
dresaing of oloth.-^Dated October 21, l826.p^Six months
to . enrol spei^fication.
Ralph StTBPHJSN Pbmbbei^on, and John* Moaoah^
of Lanelly, Oarmarthenshire, for a consolidated or tbp^
bined drawing and forcing piimp.-^Dat^d October 31/
1826. — ^Two months to enrol speoiftaation*
Ooi^nswoETRT OuENET, of Argyle^Mveet,* Middlesd^Ti
surgeon, for improvements in the appdiaftus fm* Miikig; dr
gMetattog st^am^— ^Dated October 21, l826.^^SiJi months
to enrol speeificatio&i ' ' >
LEKyHLWxLLKAN Wni^BT, of Princes^stfeet, Laiti^
beth,. Surrey, engineer, for itUprovements in tiie coMtitre^
tm of steam-engi&ea.~DsMed Oc^b^ 21, 1899.-^ix
Hiontha to enrol^speciflcation.
Henry Constantike^ Jekkin4>s, of Devonifcin^
atteet, Middlasex^ praeticalieheii^S^^ fdr inij^^^laMttf in
the. pifooess of refiniiig augur*— Dated Oofdber 33, I9i5\
Sibtmoofchs taeiAoIi^pecififllMiofi.
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THE
REPERTORY
OP
PATENT INVENTIONS. &c.
No. VI. DECEMBER, 1825,
Specificcdkn of the Patent granted to William Gilman^ ofWhUem
chapel. Road, Middlesex, Engineer, and James William Sowerby^
of Birchin Lane, London, Merchant, for certain improvements in
. generating steam, and on engines to be worked by steam or other
elastic fluids. Dated April 13, 1885.
WITH A PLATE.
TO all to whom these presents shall come, 8cc. &Ck
Now know ye, 4hat in compliance with the said proviso,
we, the said William Gilman and James William,Sowerby,
do hereby declare that the nature of our said inrention,
and the manner in which our said improvements are to be
perfornled and carried into effect, are set. forth and ex-
plained in and by the sheet-of drawings hereunto annexed,
and by the following description thereof^ (that is to say) :
Our improvement for generating or producing steam. con-
sists in placing one or more cylindrical boilers, bb,
horizontally over the fire place, c^ of our furnace, as seen
rn the sections, figs. 2 and 3, (PL XII.) within which boilers
are shafts or axles, dddd, running through their whole
length, which shafts have leaves or paddles attached to
them ; and being connected together by the cross shaft
and bevelled geering, shown in fig, 1, they form agitators.
. VOL. I. 2c.
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370 Patent for improvements in generating Steam.
These agitators are caused to revolve within the said
boilers by the engine, or other adequate means, with
sufficient velocity to give motion to the water injected into
the said boilers, for the purpose of being converted into
steam, by which means, and the assistance of its centri-
fugal force, the said water ia spread in an extremely thin
sheet over the whole internal surface of the metal whereof
such boilers are made, and by the said leaves being fixed
obliquely, or at an angle with the shafts or axles, the
water is thereby carried or worked forward from the ends,
at which it is injected to the other ends of the said boilers.
Or this carrying or working forwards of the injected water
may be effected by its own gravity (and without obliquity
in the leaves) if the boilers are fixed in duly inclined po-
sitions^ and the water be injected at their upper ends. The
water may, with the use of horizontal boilers, be injected
at either end, and the steam b^ taken out at the same or
contrary end of either of the boilers, as convenience may
suit* The agitators are either used simply as above
described, or with concentric cylinders of thin copper or
xsther suitable metal^ fixed on their ^ms, ajs shown by the
dotted lines in the sections, figs. 2 wd 3» and they have
the leaves or paddles attached to their circumference
The object of this arrangement is to prevent the water
from being carried widi the steam into Uie steam pipe, p,
of the engine. And in order to prevent the agitation of
the water in boilers used for generating steam on board of
boats or vessels, or in carriages to be propeUed thereby^
from interrupting or rendering irregular the g^iierating or
supplying of steam to the engine, we sometimes provide
a steam chamber, separated from the upper part of sudi
boiler by a valve or valves, opening inlo~ such chamber^
These aforesaid concentric cylinders,, (or cones, if the
fancy of the engineer should lead him to make the ends
of different diameters) being mounted within the boilens, ,
admit the steam through the numerous minute holes with
which their whole surface is pierced, with the exG^ption
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PHtenifor imprwemeki^ in gmetiaiting Siiim, 371
ef ft strip or Iine> abbtit two incbeB wide^ immediately kA*
joining and running parallel with the face of each leaf or
paddle^ which nnpierced strip supports and assists in
carrying the^ newly injected water whilst it is acquiring
the necessary momentum/ and is spread on the Internal
surfaces of the boilers, and is being heated. The steam^
after passing through these minute holes into the insides
of the revolving internal cylinders, flows through the
steam connecting pipes, B, figs. 1 and 2, which pipes are^
curved so as to project within the boiler as far as th^
arms of the agitators will penqdit, whereby the steam
flowing to the working cylinder of the engine (instead of
sweeping the sides when the boilers are small, and carrying"
with it a portion of the water), is compelled, aa fast as
sucH steam is produced, to pass through the minute holes
in the revolving cylinders at right angles, by which that
effect is avoided. The tiers of tubing or pipes. No. 1, 2,
3, 4, sections, figs. 2 and 3^ are traversed by the water
destined to supply the boilers, length by length, in every
tier successively, from No, 1 to No. 4 ; and the said water
likewise passes through those other pipes that- line the
fire place on each side, previous to the entrance of such
water (when considerably heated) into the chambers of
the transfer pumps, ii, fig. 1. The forcing pumps, ff,
fig. 1, inject the cold or new supply of water : o is the
cold water reservoir : h the suction tube : n n the injection
pipe connected at n, figs. 2 and 3, with the first tube or
pipe in the upper tier. The transfer forcing pumps, 1 1,
receive the heated water by the pipe, k, comjected to the
last tube or pipe, k, fig. 3, of the system of such pipes,
Kning the fire place, from the chambers of which pump
the said water is forced through the pipe, l l l l l, figs. 1
and 2, into the boilers; and when there, is can-ied or
worked forward by the agitators in the manner as before
stated. The arrangement of these pumps is such, that on
Aeir being put in motion (by any of the usual methods),'
a certain-qaanlity (^celd water, ptoporttonate to the bore
2 c2
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372. Patent. for improvements in generating Steam»
and length of stroke^ will be injected. by o^e of the puD>ps,
F, into; the upper tier oC tubeing, and during the same time
an equal supply of the heated water will be obtained in the
chamber of; the transfer pump^ ^ i^ which is connected
therewith, and vice ver^. Hence, the tubeing is kept
continually full, whilst security i^ obtained by a safety
yalve on the pipe, n, .fig.l? ^^ shown therein. These
forcing pumps and the reservoir may be placed in any
convenient station, their situation being quite immaterial.
In another. modification of the apparatus for producing
^ steam as above described, the transfer forcing pumps, 1 1,
fig. l,^re.not employed ; but the water is alloweci to flow
to the boilers from the tubeing. or pipes, extending between
N apd K, and through the pipe, l, which last pipe is in
this case directly connected to the pipe, k ; the short
branch, tubes, or pipes, that connect the pipe, l, with the
boilers, are sometimes extended in length sufficiently for
each to have a stop cock introduced therein, by which
the size of the passages, and consequently the supply of
water, may be regulated. The deposited matters pre-
viously held by the. water, suspei^ded, or partly in solu-
tion, and. the superfluous water, are carried forward by
the agitators, and received by the tube or pipe, o, fig. 2,
and are conducted by the tube, s, figs. 1 . and 2, and
occasionally admitted through the cock, No. 1. The
passage of this cock is then closed, and the cock. No. 2,
immediately opened, when the fluid contents between the
cpcks will be discharged, and steam supply its place. .
These cocks are to be opened and shut by the engiite in
any of the usual methods, and the boilers, without the aid
of the engine man, are thereby kept clean, and the super-
fluous water discharged into a close vessel, £, and the
steam that will separate from it is conducted through the
dotted tube, shown in fig» 1, into the reservoir of cold
water, g, where it is condensed, and its heat saved. The
quantity of .water injected is to be regHlated according to
the superfluous water discharged through o, by shifting
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Patent for improvements in generating Steam* 373 *
the coupling rod that works the lever, t, of the said pumps,'
V F, and 'i I, into one or other of the pin holes provided ia
such lever. The connecting pipes between the boilera,
as also the steam pipe, p, and the injection water pipe^ l>.
form simple passages, as the drawings exhibit ; or us they
may have valves opening upwards, whilst the pipes, o,
have their valves opening downwards, by which arrange"^
ment, in case of accident from the bursting of one boiler^
the steam in the other is secured. ^ In the first case, the
passage of the water to the boilers is permitted without
regulators ; in the second case, the valves form regulators
from their lift or degree of opening being extended or
contracted, as the case may require, which is effected by
the action of the screw, a, fig. 7 ; but when valves are not
used, cocks are introduced for iliat purpose, if found de-
sirable ; and the steam pipes, p, should be furnished with
a capacious and well constructed safety valve. These
boilers should be made of scrap iron, without joint or
rivets, with the exception of the end at which the agitators
are introduced, and may be lined and coated, or not, with
copper or other metal, to prevent corrosion. . They may
be used in any number, in the manner above shown, re-
ceiving their supply of water either 'after it has traversed
the system of heating tubes (No. 1 to*6), or else directly
by the forcing pumps from the reservoir, g. Another
form of arranging the boiler, b, and tubeing, Nos. 1, 2,
3, and 4, is effected by placing the cylindrical boilers
across or transversely to the furnace, and the tiers of
tubeing or pipes likewise in the same direction, instead of
lengthways of the fire-place, c, as we have shown by the
figs. 2 and 3; b\it that part of the system of tubes or
pipes which lines the sides of the fire place, should be
continued in the longitudinal position, as described in the
figures. In case of using transverse boilers and tubeing,
the ends of the boilers, wiHi the steam and water- pipes,
together with the shafts, d, and bevelled geering, which
gives motion to the agitators, as seen in fig. 1| will.
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•374 Patmtfor improvements in generating Steam.
instead of projoctiog over the fire doors, at the end ^^f
the furnace, c, be ranged along the side of the furnace,
and therefore out of the way of the person tending the
fire. The contrary ends of the cylindrical boilers, b, will
be supported by, and either project or not through, the
other side of the furnace, sufficiently for the vertical tube
pr pipe, o, fig. 2, to be attached to them, either on the
outside^ or else within the furnace, or within the thickness
pf its walls, as occasion may require. The tiers of tubeing
or pipes may be ranged across or transversely to the fire
place, whether the boiler^ are in the same direction, or
are placed longitudinally, with respect to such fire place ;
%nd the ends of such tubeing or pipes may be supported
]withinside the casing or walls which form the external
ps^rts pf the flues and furnace, such casing pr walls being
9omposed of brick workj^ metal, or any other fit material \
9r the ends of such tubeing or pipes may be allowed • to
project through the sides of the furnace, so as to admit
all the conical joints, (as shown in fig. 6, hereinafter to be
^escribed) to be in view ; and likewise the connecting
tubes or pipes, 5, 5, figs. 2 and 3, that form the passages
fronx tier to tier respectively, so as to permit of adjustment
w^en requisite. The ends of the tubes or pipes are re-
presented in the drawing as being closed ; bi;t one or both
ends of each of t^emji if desirable^ may be secured with
ft screw plug» which can be taken out at p^ea^ure, to allow
the tubes or pipes to be cleared from ^ime to time of any
sediment or incrustations which may be .deposited in
them. We do not confine ourselves wholly to using these
(cylindrical boilers with agitators, but we sometimes apply
them without agitators, filling them half, or any other fit
degree of fulness, ^^d cause them to receive ^heir supply
of water from the tubeing, as before-mentioned, or other-
wise ; and we sometimes arrange such cylindrical boilers
^n more than one tier, as circumstances may require. In
either case they become much more effectual in the pro-
duction of .high or of low st^^iia, than the immense boilers
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Patent for inqfrovements in generating Steam. 375
or magazines now in uae^ though our improved boilem
seldom exceed twenty inches in diameter for low steam,
and decrease from that to ten inches, or under, in propor-
tion to the height or strength of the steam required to be
generated ; and hence they are not" only rendered far
more secure, but require much less room than the boilers
now in use. The tiers of boilers and tubes or pipes,
Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, as shown by the sections, figs. 2 and 3,
form the bottoms and tops of flues successively, which
flues are very shallow in depth, and are floored with fire
day or loam, or any other fit material, and they extend
the whole width of the furnaces, whereby the hot air and
vapours are thereby spread, and the caloric is much more
effectually taken up by the water than if conducted in a
square volume, more especially as the water contained in
each tier of pipes upwards' decreases in heat, as they ap-
proach the place, n, of injecting the new supply ; and
the diminishing heat of the volume of air and vEqpours in
their passage from the fire through the flues being then
brought nearly in contact with water, proportionally in-
creasing in coldness, such air and vapours continue to
give out their heat to the said water until their final dis-
charge into the chimney, u. Fig. 4 is an horizontal sec-
tion through the centres of a tier of tubes or pipes, and
shows the manner in which the tubes or pipes are connected
together. Both ends of each tube are closed, and a
conical hole bored in the contrary side at each end, in
which boles are fitted hollow double cones, that form the
passages between each pair of ends. These cones are
made of copper, or other suitable metals, and being ground
into their holed or ^eats, render the joints completely tight.
Fig. 5 shows one end of a tier of tubes or pipes, and ex-
hibits the method of securing these conical joints : b is
an oblong square, formed of any suitable metal, of any
desirable thickness and width, having the strong screw,
D, tapped into the end. After the ends of a tier of tubes
have been introduced into the'opening of the frame, having
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376 JPatentfor improvements in generating^ Steam.
alternately the hollow double cones, and the curved blocks,
aa, properly adjusted' bdtween the tubes/ as seen in fhe
figure, this one screw will be fully equal to the forcing
and retaining of the whole of the cones in their places.
For increasing the" effects of the coals, wood, or other
ordinary fuel, used in generating steam in boilers on board
boats or vessels, or in carriages, to be propelled thereby,
we sometimes mix with, add to, or sprinkle upon the said
fuel, either 4ar, pitch, or any resinous or inflammable
substances, either mineral or vegetable. To elucidate the
principle on which our engines act for employing the
power of steam operating expansively, we refer to fig. 6,
which may be supposed to represent a cylinder, 27 feet
high, and one inch area in the bore. On the left hand is
written the number of feet, commencing at the bottom ;
and opposite, on the right, are the comparative degrees
of power that steam, of 500 lbs., presses on each square
inch, is capable of exerting at each expansion, (taking
the contractions and expansions of steam by variations
of pressure in the same ratio as those of air). Now
suppose the first foot to be filled with steam of 5001bs.
per inch, and that no more steam be allowed to enter,
the result would be that it will expand and lift the
piston until it fills the whole cylinder in a decreasing ratio
of power, as shown by the figiires on the right. These
figures, added together,: produce the aggregate amount of
1939 pounds weight, which one foot of such steam, by its
expansive action, is capable of lifting, oiie foot high ; but
it is manifest that so applying high steam in one cylinder
is not useful to practicable purposes, because of the very
great diiSTerence in its mechanical force when near to the
commencement, and when near to the termination of the
stroke of the piston. Therefore,- to obviate this, and
partly equalize the power, we add two or more cylinders,
as the case may require, increasing and apportioning the
area of each succeeding cylinder to the diminishing power
of the steam. Thus, if a noa-condensing high pressure
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FLXBTelL
»=«P=^^igfcqgSZB -ep
1777 ii'^iim i\
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TaterUfor improvemenU in generating Steanu 3*77
engine, with two cylinders^ be required, allowing the waste
steam to escape into the atmosphere, or otherwise em-
ploying it, we fill the first cylinder in part only, or else
wholly, from the boilers, until the piston in the first
cylinder has reached its limit, according to the strength or
power at which it is intended to generate .the steani ; and
when the piston in the first cylinder has reached its limit,
according to the strength or power at which it*, is intended
to generate the steam, and when the piston in the first
cylinder has performed its stroke, a communication is
then opened between that and the secopd cylinder, Against
the piston of which it acts expansively. The first cylinder
having become, as it were, a steam chamber to the second,
these two pistons may either, 1st, move together in the
same direction, or else, 2d, they may move in contrary
directions. In the first case, viz. when the two pistons
move simultaneously in the same direction, the steam from
the boilers is admitted above the piston in the first cylinder,
and presses on its top, whilst the steam beneath this
piiston* (which was , admitted from the boilers in the pre-
vious ascending stroke), from its expansive power passes
through a communication then opened to the upper side
of the piston in the second cylinder, which it presses
downwards at the same time, in conjunction with the first
piston, and vice versa. In the second, case, viz. when the
pistons at the same time are one. going down and the
other up, the steam from the boilers is acting upon the
top of the first piston, whilst the ^ steam (previously ad-
mitted) beneath this piston Is expanding against the under
side of the second piston, and pressing it upwards. This
decreases the. resistance (as in the above-mentioned case),
on the under side of the first piston, and occasions it to
be carried downwards at the same time by the. steam
flowing from the boilers, and vice versa. In the foregoing
descriptions of the expansive use of high steam in: two
cylinders, without condensing the first half of a coniiplete
stroke (up and down, or down and up), or so much of the
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378 Patent for improvements in generating Steam.
operations connected with a complete stroke by the piston,
are detailed as are common to a single acting engine, and
also to a double acting engine ; and by the phrase vice
verfta, as used above, the revensed operations in the last
half of a complete stroke, necessary for completing a double
acting stroke, are intended* But when, instead thereof,
a single acting stroke is required, then, at the end of the
first half of a complete, stroke (that is, when the piston
was either gone up or down, but not returned); the con-
nections with the boilers, and also with the atmosphere,
are to be cut off, and other communications are at the
same moment to be opened between the top and the
bottom of each cylinder respectively, in order that the
descent of the counter weight (whether this consists of
pump rods or any other lead), on the opposite end of the
beam, may displace the steam in each cylinder, and cause
it to occupy the opposite ends thereof, ready for repeating
the operations already described. As a further improve-
ment on engines to be wrought by steam,- we attach a
forcing pump or pumps to the boiler or boilers, or to the
steam pipes, or any chambers connected with the boiler or
boilers, for the purpose of frequently proving their strengthi
by forcing water into all or either of them^ until the water
lifts a safety valve or valves, loaded in any requisite degree.
In the drawings hereunto annexed, and in the foregoing
descriptions, we have shown and described several parts
and things, which are already known and in use, respecting
which parts and things, singly and apart, we lay no claim
of invention or exclusive use, but only as such parts and
things are or may be combined and appUed for carrying
our said invention into effect, in the manner hereinbefore
described.
And we do hereby expressly ascertain and limit our
claims under the hereinbefore in part recited patent, to the
following particulars, (that is to say) : — First, we claim the
principle of spreading thin sheets of water, by means of
revolving agitators^ over the internal surfaces of cylmdrical
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Patent far fln in^rm^emefit in JL^ks. 379
boilers, when placed horizoiiUUy> or but moderately in-
.clined, in the modes hereinbefore described. Secondly,
we claim the particular arrangements of the tube lined
fire place and flues, which are shown in figrures 1, 2j*.fnd
3, and described herein; with their several modifications
that are mentioned, for the purpose of heating the water,
previously to its being introduced into our boilers.
Thirdly, we claim the mode of connecting and joining
together our tubes or pipes in each of the tiers, which is
shown in figures 4 and 6, and described herein. Fourthly,
we claim the having of a forcing pump or pumps constantly
attached to the boilers, or steam pipes, or chambers, for
the purpose of readily proving their strength on all neces-
juiry occasions. Fifth, we claim thc^ applying of tar or
pitch, either mineral or vegetable, to incteaae the inflam-
mability, and perfect the combustion of ordinary fuel
used for the generating, of steam. And sixth, we claim
the principle of using high steam in two or more steam
engine cylinders without condensing (tq assist our engine
by the vacuum formed thereby), in the wanner h^reinbe*
foro described.
In witness whereof, &c.
Sjpecification of the Patent granted to Cuaklzs Chubb, (^ Portsea, in
the county of Southampton, Ironmonger, for an improvement in the
cmuiruction of locks. Dated June 15, 1824.
WITH AN ENGRAVING.
TO all to whom these presents shall come, &c.
How know ye, that in compliance with the said proviso, I,
the said Charles Chubb, do hereby declare that the nature
of the said invention, and the manner in which the same
is to be performed, are particularly described and ascer-
tained in and by the drawings which are hereunto annexed,
and by the following description thereof, (that is to say) :
My said improvement in the constiruction of locks is ap-
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380 'Patent' for an inq^rovement in Locks,
plicable only to that description of locks generally known
under the denomination of Chfnbb's Patent Detector Lockv
and for which letters patent were granted to Jeremiah
Chubby of Portsea, bearing date at Westminster on or
about the third day of February, in the fifty-eighth year
of the reign of his late Majesty, King George the Third,
and in the year of our Lord one thousand eight Hundred
and eighteen ;* and in order that the - application of my
said improvement may be distinctly understood, I will
fi^st briefly describe one of the said patent detector locks,
furnished with what the. patentee denpminated detecting
medianism. The detector is a detent or lever, moving
upon a fixed centre pin, being formed with a hook or
c^tch, adapted. to interlock. with. a notch or stud in the
bolt of the lock, so as. effectually to stop and-resist the
motion of such bolt, whenever the detector is moved on
its centre pin so as to come into contact with the bolt ;
but if the detector is moved 6n its centre pin so as to be
clear of the bolt, it will then make no opposition to its
motion. The detector spring is a spring applied to the
detector iii such a manner as to urge its hook or catch
towards the bolt, when the detector is moved, . so as. to
bring the said hook or catch nearer to. the bolt than a
certain position which maybe called the point of detection ;
at the same time the said detector spring will urge the
detector hook away from the bolt, whenever the same is
at a greater distance from the bolt than the said point' of
detection. The detector is so placed as to be operated
upon by the tumblers of the lock when the whole or any
of them are raised; and if any of the. tumblers is raised
too high, (that is to say,) is moved further from the centre
of motion of the key than the required position in which
the notch in such tumbler comes opposite to the stud of
the main bolt (in order that the main* bolt may pass to
open the lock), then such tumbler which has been too
much raised will move the detector beyond or within the
point of detection, in which case the detector spring will
* See Repertory, Second Series, Vol. xxxiv. p. 321.
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Pdtentf&tan impiwementih Lochl 351
throw the hook of the detector into contact' with the
bolt,' and the detector will tJiereby efl^ctually stop any
motion of the bolt> even though the tumbler \i4iich occa-^
signed the detection should be restored to its proper
position. For though any one of the tumblers which' may
be raised too high will operate against the detector to
throw its hook into the nortch iii the bolt, yet theVe is no
connexion between such tumbler and the detector, which
can occasion the detector to. leave its 'then position. As
the true key of the lock will raise each tumbler to its re-
quired position, and no. further, it -will never throw the
detector beyond or within the point of detection ; conse-
quently, the detector spring will always keep the detector
hook disengaged from the bolt ; but if. a false key or a
picklock be employ iad to raise the tumblers, there. will be
every probability that some one' will! be raised too high,
and will move the detector beyond the potot of detection,
so that the detector spring will then throw the hook into
contact with the bolt. In this^ state the look is what is
called detected, and the possession of.the;true key has
evidence that an attempt has been made to violate the
lock, because the said true key will not now open it; for
neither the true key ' or tumblers have any means of com-
munication with the detector after it has passed within the
point of detection. The rendaining parts of tlie detpeting
mechanism are for the pur{)ose of regulating the lock, or
releasing its bolt from the hook of the detectdr. - They
are as follows :-^The regulating bolt is a slider within the
lock adapted to operate upon the detector in such' mariner
as to raise or remove the hook thereof away from the bolt
pf the lock beyond the point of detection, and it is
operated upon by an adjusting instrument, which is called
the regulating key, which may be sitiiilar in form to other
keys, but so made as not to open the lock, it being de-
signed only to discharge the detector, and regulate the
lock, by restoring its parts to such a state of adjufitmient
that its own key will open it. For this, purpose the regu^
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382 PaietdfaraH imprc/wmmt in Loch.
lating key has a different arrangement of the steps on its
bity one of which shifts or mores the regulating bolt.'
The regulating bolt may be placed orer or under the bolt
of the lock, and has a pin or stud which projects from it^
and applies against the tumblers of the lock, which are
adapted to resist the motion of this regulating bolt, unless
each one of the said tumblers is raised or moved into a
given position, and neither more or less, by means of the
several steps in the bit of the regulating key. The regu-
lating key being applied in its place in the lock, and turned
partly round, its several steps will first raise each tumbler
to its exact required position, and then it will move the
regulating bolt, by which means the detector will be
moved without or beyond the point of detection, and the
detector spring will throw the hook of the detector out of
the reach of the bolt, which may be effected by a small
inclined plane or wedge upon the regulating bolt. By^
this means the lock will be regulated or restored to its
original state, and can be opened by its true key. In
ao^her part of the said Jeremiah Chubb's specification^
he described a plan whereby the same key may be made
to serve for the true key and for the regulating key, by
ctatnging its position in the lock. This he effected by
having a small middle plate situated within the lock,
having two key holes formed through it at right angles
to each other, which operated as follows: — ^When the
lock had been detected by an attempt to violate it or by
any other means, the true key was to be introduced into
tile key-hole, and after being turned one quarter round upon
its pin it was to be drawn outwards or away from the main
lock plate until its bit passed through the second key-hole,
formed in the middle plate before-mentioned. The key
was then turned partly round, in which position the steps
upon its bit would operate upon the tumblers and regulating
bolt in a proper manner, to regulate or restore the lock to
its original position : and when this had been effected the
hey was to be pressed inwards, and returned into its
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Patent for an impnmment in hocks. 383
proper position for opening the lock* All the methods
which were described by* the said Jeremiah Chabbi for
regulating or restoring the state of, the lock when it had
been detected^ were found to be attended with inconve^
niences, to obviate which has been the entire object of
my present improvement, as will be hereinafter fally de*
scribed. Figs. 1 to 6 (inclusive) upon the sheet of drawing
which is hereunto annexed, (PI. XIII.) represent a lock with
its parts, adapted for a door. It is provided with tout
tumblers, and is furnished with the aforesaid detecting
mechanism ; but the regulating part is com^tructed ac*
cording to my present improvement. Note, the same
characters or letters of reference are used to denote cor-
responding parts upon the figures whenever they occur :
1, the centre pin, upon which the detector moves ; 2, the
tail or end of the -detector, proceeding neariy down to th€
tumblers b ; 3, the hook which detains or holds the
main bolt, by falling into the notches 4, cut therein ^ 6 is
the detector spring ; it is formed into a triangular piece,
at the end which acts against the detector, the end
of which is also made in a triangular form. Now if
the proper key . is introduced into this lock, it will
raise the tumblers, b, upon their centre of motion, n,
exactly to the required height for the stud, by (upon the
mai|i or locking bolt, a), and the stud, 10, (upon the regu«
lating bolt, 7), to pass through their respective openings
in the tumblers, as seen in fig. 1 upon the annexed
drawing, and thereby the main bolt may be withdrawn
or unlocked. But if any false key or other instrument
should be introduced into this lock, for the purpose af
opening- or picking it, by which any one or more of the
tumblers, b, should be raised too high, they will aho
raise the end, 2, of the detector, and depress the end, 3,
until the inclined plane or triangular piece of the detector
falls under the triangular piece of the spring, 5 ; then the
hook, 3, will be instantly shot into one of the notches, 4,
on the main bolt (as shown at fig. 2, where the lock is
represented in a lacked position), and will retain it so
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S84 Patent for an improvement hi Locks.
effectually, that the application even of its proper or true
key will have no effect to withdraw the main bolt, nor can
the same be moved until the detector has been returned to
its original position as aforesaid. I have above described
the nature of Jeremiah Chubb's detector lock sufficiently
to be enabled to explain clearly to persons conversant
with works of a similar description, how my present
improvement is to be applied thereto. And I, the said
Charles Chubb, do hereby declare, that I make no claim
to that detecting mechanism which I have above described,
it having only been introduced into this my specification,
to show clearly the application of my present improve-
ment ; but I confine my claim entirely, to the following
particulars, that is to say : — I form and apply the regu-
lating bolt in such manner, that the proper or true key
which is used to lock and unlock the lock, may also per-
form the office of relieving the detector to regulate the
lock, when it has been detected as aforesaid ; and that by
simply turning the said key partly round upon its centre
pin, in the same direction that it is turned in the act of
locking or throwing the main bolt, as shown by the
direction of the small dart or arrow in fig. 2. This im-
provement is effected in the following manner : — The
regulating boh, 7> which is shown in fig. 3, upon the an-
nexed drawing, as laying over the main bolt, a, is adapted
to move or slide backwards and forwards along with the
main bolt, in the act of locking and unlocking the same,
for which purpose it has a groove or opjening cut through
it, which slides upon the stud, d, in the same manner as
the main bolt does. The regulating bolt has also an
opeixing formed through it, for the stud, b, of the main
bolt to pass through ; and this opening is of such length
in the direction of the bolt's motion, that the regulating
bolt, 7, can slide forwards in a slight degree upon the main
bolt. A, even after the main bolt has been fully shot or
locked; and it is this extra sliding motion of the regu-
lating bolt upon the main bolt which operates to regulate
the lock, or. return the detector to its original position,
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.iY<f.2.
/'.v;.?.
Jk\?. 3.
^^.7.
Ito.^.
J'Ypi.^.
JH ^^'
:PiaJU?.
jn^xi.
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Patent for an improvement in Lochia 385
lifter the lock has been detected by any means as afore*
said. When the lock is in the act of locking and unlocking,
the regulating bolt, 7, is caused by the motion of the key
to' slide backwards and forwards along with the main bolt,
by means of a notch, 8, which is made in its side for the
iHt of the key to take into, similar to the notch in the
main bolt. Now if an attempt is made to violate or open
the lock, and by that means the lock should become de-
tected, as shown in the fig. 2, its proper or true key, on
being introduced and turned round in the right direction
for unlocking or withdrawing the main bolt, will be found
not to perform its office, since the main bolt will be re-
tained firmly by the hook, 3, of the detector, and will
thus intimate fo the proprietor of the lock that an attempt
has been made to pick it, in which case he must slide or
move the regulating bolt, in order that its inclined plane
or wedge, 9, before-mentioned, may force back or relieve
the hook, 3, of detector from its hold upon the main bolt.
To effect which, he has nothing to do but simply to turn
the key in a backward direction, or in the same direction
that it is turned in the act of locking or shooting the main
bolt, as shown by the small dart or arrow in fig. 2, by
which means the various steps upon the bit of the key will
first raise the different tumblers, so that their openingg;,
11, will correspond with each other sufficiently to permit
the stud, 10, upon the regulating bolt to enter ; then, by
x^ontinuing to turn the key round a short distance further
in the same direction, its bit will enter tl^e second notch,
jnarked 12, in the side of the regulating bolt, 7, and will
advance or move the said bolt in a sufficient degreje fo^
its inclined plane or wedge, 9, to relieve the detector from
its hold ; after which the key, on being turned round in
the proper direction for withdmwiog the bolt, as shown
by the arrow in fig. 1, it will open the lock. Note, the
main bolt has two notches cut in its side, as shown in
the figs. 6 and 6, which represent two views of the *main
bolt, as detached from the lock. The second notch in the
VOL. I. 2d
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386 Patent for an improiyement in LocH.
main bdlt, iftlirked 13^ is made Wider than the notch tnairked
12 in the regulating bolt^ in order that the bit of the key>
when moving the regulating bolt forwards, in order to
return the detector, might not act upon the main bolt
This improvement, by enabling the true key to be employed
in such a simple manner for regulating the said patent
detector locks, is found to pOBsess considerable advantage
over the modes which were heretofore known and in
ude> and will, it is presumed, rehder tiiose leeks more
genemily useful. The said improvement is equally ap<-
plicable to all descriptions of the patent detector locks
4>eforeHnention,ed, and may, from the description above
given, be easily adapted to them) by persons conversant
With sddi works. Figs-. 7 to 12 inclusive, upon the an*-
nexed drawing, represent a padlock, with its tumblers
and appendages, bein^ provided with detecting mecha^
nism, similar to what has been hereinbefore described,
and with the regulating pari, constructed according to my
aforesaid improvement. The same characters or letters of
reference which are used upon the various parts of this
lock, will be found to correspond with those marked upon
similar parts in the figures of the door lock. And since
its operation is nearly similar, it will not be necessary to
enter into a minute description of it ; observing,' that the
form and proportion of the different parts may 1>e varied
Qceording to the discretion of the workmen employed in
ot^nstructing the same. The materials of which the same
may be made may also be varied according to the circum-
stances of the c'feLSe, without departing from the object of
the invention, as hereinbefore described and set forth.
In witness Whereof, &c.
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387
Spec^aiion qf the Patent granted to Joseph Manton^ ofHanoiferm
square^ Middlesex^ Gun-maker, for a certain improvement in shot*
Dated March 2S, 1823.
TO ali to whom these presents shall come, &c, &c«
Now know ye, that in compliance with the said proviso^ I,
the said Josej^ Manton, do hereby declare that the nature
of my said invention, and the manner in which the satne
is to be performed, are particularly described and ascer-
tained as follows, (that is to «ay) ^-JAy .said invention of
a certain improvement in shot, is applicable to the lead
shot commonly used in iawling^pieces for killing game,
and other purpoMs, and consists in coating the surface of
the.ekot with the to^tal mailed mercury, or quiek«ilver,
wfaeneby it Ui rendered white, much moce convenient for
use^ more cleaidy, and not so liable to injure the quality
of the game killed by it, as when prepared in the usual
manner, nor to adbo'e to the haifds of fowling-pieces ;
and I hereby claim as my invention, any and every mode
by wktch lead shot may be coated with mercury or quick-
silver. As, however, it is desirable that I should afford
an example of a method or metliods of carrying my said
invention into effisct, I shall proceed to do so as follows :
I takk the lead shot, in preference before it is glazed
widi plumbago or black lead^ and put it into a vessel,
either of a globular or barrel shape, which can be closed,
jind which I prefer to be made of iron, and capable of re-
ceiving eidier a revolving movement ou an axi/s(, or of
being agitated backwards or forwards, or in any other fit ox
proper manner. Into this vessel or vessels, I put about
one hundred pounds' weight of lead shot, and about one
pound of mercury or quicksilver, and nearly fill it with
water. I then briskly stir or agitate the whole together,
until I find, on trial, that the whole of the mercury or
quicksilver has spread and diffused itself uniformly, and
coated the surface of the shot, after which I wash it well
in water. I then spread the shot upon a cloth or canvas,
2d2
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388 Quadruple Lock.
which is stretched on a frame of wood, and rub the shot
with a sponge or cloth, which will make it dry quicker.
Should the shot lose its silvery colour by being kept a
long time, it may be restored by again putting it into a
revolving vessel, or one capable of being shaken or agi-
tated, together with some water, and a little mercury or
quicksilver, and be treated as before-mentioned.
In witness whereof, 8cc.
Description of a Quadruple Locky fur securing iron safes and chests^
By Ms. J. DucE^ Wolverhampton.
From the Transactions of the Society of Arts, &c. Vol. xlii.
The Silver Vulcan Medal^ and Ten Guineas, were presented by the
Society to Mr. Duce for tHis invention.
' WITH AN ENGRAVING.
This lock, with a single turn of the key, throws out
four bolts, one at right angles to each side of the lock ;
and will, therefore, prevent any door to which it is applied
from being opened, even if the hinges have been cut away.
If to this be added the great difficulty (probably Aa im- -
possibility) of picking it, the security offered- by it is as
great as can be effected or desired.
Locks for safes, which throw out three bolts at once,
have been made by various j)ersons, but such locks are
only single ones, with the modification of having three
bolts instead of one. A lock, therefore, of this, descrip-
tion, offers no more difficulties in the way of picking it
than are presented by a single*bolt lock of the same'
construction.
Mr. Duce's lock, however, is a combination of four
distinct single-bolt locks, fixed in the same frame and
opened by the same key ; the bohs, thisrefore, are shut or
withdrawn in succession, and present the two following
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Quadruple Lock. 389
advantages. Whatever time and trouble may be required
for pickiog one of the locks must be quadrupled before
the whole can be opened ; and as the key opens the four
locks in succession, the strain on the wards will be much
less than in those cases where two or more bolts are
moved simultaneously.
Independently of the ingenious manner in which the
four locks are combined, there is not much of novelty in
the invention. The tumblers are on Chubb's principle,
without the detector, and the rest of the lock is on
Barron's principle.
Fig. I, (PL XIV.) 0 0 the case, pp the first bolt, qq the
second, rr the third, and ss the fourth bolt; the upper
plate is removed, and the lock rests on the inner casing,
tttt : uuuudLti inner plate, vvv three tumblers lying on
it for the three first bolts ; beneath each of these tumblers,
and under the plate ww, are two more tumblers, making
three for each of these bolts ; the last bolt, s s, has but one
tumbler, w, placed under the plate uu, which is moved
by the comers of an intermediate piece, xx, which turns
on the pin, y, as is shown by dotted lines. The key, z,
is represented as having thrown out the first bolt, p, and
beginning to protrude the second^ q ; it then acts on the
bolt r, and lastly on the bolt 5, moving them to places
shown by dotted lines. It withdraws the three first
bolts in a reverse order, but finishes with the last, ss, in
either case.
Fig.^. The key.
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380
Description of a new Renumtoire Escapement, hy, which the motive force
is transmitted to the escapement uniformly , and without impeding the
vibratidn of the Penduhim. By Mb. J. Aitkin, of St. John^street,
ClcrkentoeB.
From the Transactions of Ac Society of Arts, Src. Vol. rtii.
The sum of Twenty Guineas was given by the Society to Mr. Aitkin
for this invention.
WITB AN EKORATTHO.
Fig. 3, (PI. XIV.) is a view of the escapement, having the
front plate removed.
. Fig* 4 ]& a aide view.
Fig. 5 iBjai loogitudinal view of the axis of the escape-*
ment-wheel, and a secUon of its appendages.
(The same letters refer to the same part in each figure.)
A A Is the firont plate^ and b b the back plate, the lower
part of which is represented as broken off: the dotted
circle, n^^ represents the fuzee*wheel^ which works ioito the
f inion e»
£ Is the second wheel, which is fixed on the axis of
the pinion e, and works into the pinion/.
F The third wheel, which is fixed on the axis of the
pinion/, and works into the pinions g and h.
G The escape wheel ; u the palettes.
The pinion h is fixed on the axis i i, and also eight spring
detents, J, k, I, m, n, o, p, q, the ends of wluch rest i^ainst
the cylindrical side of the axis, r r, of the escape-wheel,
and escape through the notfches 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; and 8,
in succession, as the axis rr turns round.
The position of the gaps, in the side of the axis rr, is
represented in fig. 6 by the figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8.
The axis or arbor, rr, on which the escape-wheel is
fixed, passes through a cylindrical hole in the pinion g,
and is at liberty to turn freely within it.
5 Is a collet, which is fixed on the socket of the pinion g.
Fig. 7 is an end view of the collet s, together with the
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Description of a Bemmitoitt Euapement. 391
helical tpring, t, one end of that spring being fixed to the
oollet 5, and the other end to the collet u.
Fig. 8 is an end view of the collet ti : this collet is fixed
upon the arbor rr, by the set screw v, and by means of it
die spring t may be wound up to a proper slrengtb, bo as
to overcome the friction of the axis rr, and cause the
escape^wheel, g, to turn round. When the clock has been
wound up, the pendulum put in motion, and the axis, rr,
of the escape-wheel has turned one-eighth round, the
detent, j, will be at liberty to pass through the gap, g ;
then the wheel, f, will cause the pinion, h, together with
the' detents, to turn one-reighth round ; consequently, the
detent. A:, will be turned till it rests against the cylindrical
side of the axis, r r, opposite to the gap, 7 ; the wheel, f,
will also at the same time turn the pinion, g, together with
the collet, s, one-eighth round, which will rewind the
helical spring, t, and give suflScient power to the esca^pe-
wheel, g, to make one-eighth of a revolution more by the
unwinding of the spring ; the detent, A, will then be at
liberty to escape, and the wheel, f, will again cause the
pinions, h and g, to turn one-eighth round, and at the
same time the helicftl spring will be again wound up.
In this instrument the swing-wheel acts with an equal
force, when the motive power is even doubled, without
affepting the isochronism of the pendulum. This is not
the case in the clocks hitherto constructed by Mudge, by
Gumming, and others of a later date ; for all those, more
or less, are affected by the irregularity of the train, and
therefore the pendulum is more or less disturbed by the
unlocking of the detents.
Those who possess blocks on the remontoire principle,
as hitherto constructed, will find, on trial, that by adding
a double weight, the irregularity will increase, or rather
the clock will stop altogether. But an increase of weight
will »ot stop my time-keeper, nor cause any irregularity
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302 Gromed Stone TumeL
in its motion; They will also have the mortificaftion to
find, on trial, that the usual dead beat escapement is ab-.
solutely preferable to those elaborate escapements. .
An objection may arise respecting my contrivance,
namely, that the renovating spring, in its unbending, is
weaker than when bent up ; but these inequalities are
constantly the same every 6^', and therefore do not destroy
the isochronism of thie pendulum. It would, perhaps, be
better to have ten notches in the cylinder, in which case
the spring would be unbent once in 6^\ The notched
cylinder may be about the tenth of an inch in diameter.
Proposal for constructing a Grooved Stone Tunnel under. the Tliamesy
to be put doum bi/ means of strong cctffl'rs. By Albedo.
Abstracted from the Papers and Documents of the ^^ Thames
Akchway Company."
• WITH AN EN6RAVIN0.
Having considered the various ways by which tunnels
may be constructed under rivers, and weighing the diffi-
culties against each other, I am. of opinion that a tunnel
made through the river would be preferable, and less ex-
pensive, than ati under-ground one, where it can be formed
without any material impediment to the navigation ; be-
cause dangers and difficulties which will, from quicksands
and unforeseen things, arise, and which require the utmost
precautions of the engineer to guard against, would be
easily overcome, and the depth of the strata between the
top of the tunnel and the bed of the river would be con-
siderably less than required for an under-ground plan ;
consequently, the ascent of the tunnel must be less, and
the line shorter.
The plans herewith submitted to the inspection of the
Thames Archway Company, are for the construction of a
tunnel in the bed, and through the river, of sufficient
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vLnvyei.
-<:^^^
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Grooved Stone Tunnel* S93
extent to admit of two. carriages to pass each other, with
a terrace or footway on each side, wide enough for three
persons to walk abreast, which no doubt can be executed
with certainty in any line vyithin the given space,. I con*
ceive no advantage will be gained by removing it. I shall
therefore propose the line already laid down, and for which
the driftway can be converted into a drain, and the work
carried into effect with very little, if any, impediment to
the navigation of the river. The interior of the tunnel 1$
a matter of fancy. A footpath on one side, of double the
width, or one in the centre, and the carriages to pass on
each side, raised about 10 inches above the carriage-way,
may answer every purpose, and save considerable expence.
But the terrace will be far preferable, as the footways will
gain about 6 inches each in width, without diminishing the
carriage-way, and be a much greater security for passen-
gers. The top of the tunnel on this plan will be on the
average about 6 feet under the bed of the river, in some
places more, in others not so much ; and the work will
occupy a space of about 40 feet in the river, which will
be little or no obstruction to the navigation.
I propose lighting the tunnel with gas, on Mr. Windsor's
principle. The expence of completing the said works,
agreeable to the plans, is estimated at one hundred and
twenty-two thousand pounds. The tunnel may be enlarged
or diminished if thought proper, which will of course
enlarge or diminish the expence.
The proposed tunnel is to be built of key stones, 4 feet
thick, in a gun-barrel form, 27 feet wide in the clear ;
the drain to run from the centre of the tunnel to the shaft
already sunk on the South shore, to be worked in the
driftway already got throtigh. The length of the carriage
way is 1183 feet in the tunnel ; from the end of the
tunnel to the surface on the South side, 122 feet ; and on
the North side, 93 feet, making the whole line of carriage
way 1398 feet.
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394 Grooved Stame TmmeL
Fig* 9 (PL XIV.) 18 a trangvene section of the tunnel
and frames or coffers, as more particularly described \xk
the specification hereinafter •mentioned, with the tunnel
planked and dammed up, ready for the carrying forward
the frames ; and also shows the method of grooving the
stones into each other lengthways.
Fig. 10 is a transrerse section of the tunnel, showing a
section of the interior road and foot-ways and drain, and
the transverse grooving the stones together.
A Specification of the several works and apparatus necessary Jbr q
Tunnel under the river Thames, agrteahle to the Plans herewith
exhibited*
1st, A steam-engine of 18 or 20-horse power, capable
of keeping two pumps constantly at work, and of drawing
up the soil as it shall be excavated from the bottom of
the river, is to be erected in a lighter.
Then strong frames or coffers, 40 feet square, made of
oak, or sound Riga or Memel timber, 10 inches square at
the least, strongly framed and bound together with iron
bolts and straps. The timber to be properly squared, so
as to form a close joint. The first or bottom frame must
be 20 feet high ; the other two frames 10 feet high each,
to admit of being moved with greater ease ; to be boarded
inside and out with sound two inch plank ; the seams or
joints to be caulked and made water tight, the same as
the sides of a ship, and then pitched. They must also be
made with grooves or rabbets, so as to fit one on the other
properly close, which grooves or rabbets must also, when
the frames are fixed, be caulked and made water tight,
and pitched. It would be best to put these frames together
on barges, for the purpose of being ^easily launched.
The engine and fmmes being Complete, the woricmei^
may proceed to work, first opening the ground in Mr»
Burr's yard, on the South shore, digging to the depth of
the bottom of the tunnel at that place, which will be about
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Grooved Sto^ Ttomel 805
4A ietty taking cm to plaids and Aovt np the ndes av
they go down; the opeoing to be about 16 feet^to bd
enlaf ged aa the stones ase laid in«
ThetomielbeiDg this way woarked, until it comes near tha
wajber's e^e^ the bank of the river ia then to be notched
in, to admit of the first fraoM^ of 20 feet h^b, so far in
as to be about 6 feet over the work already do«e*- Thki
•a to. be fixed at low water, and the bottom on tbe inside
to be dammed up and made water ti^ with ckrjr, or otiker
materials best for that purpose. The engine in the hghter
is then to be brought up with the tide, and moored along^
side the frames, to draw off the water^ dnmld theve be
any leakage or springs to ineommode the workman, and
to draw up the soil as it is excavated.
It may be found necessary to have something to fix the
frames to prevent the tide sbiftmg or moving them ; in
which case a few piles must be driven into the ground, at
proper places, to which they are to be made secure.
The ground being excavated, and the tunnel got in, it
mi^ be covered over 2 feet thick with clay, properly
tempered and rammed bard, over which chalk and gravel
must be laid, and rammed as hard as possible, until up to
the original level. This nrost be continued on tbe top of
the tunnel all through the riven This being done, the
piles are to be drawn and the frames brought forward,
leaving about 5 feet over the end of thQ work. The piles
are then to be driven, the bottom secured, and the.woric to
proceed as before.
The work will go on in this way for 3 or 4 frames, until
the river becomes deeper, and the work got forweurd to low-
water line, after which it will be impossible to fix the
frames dry. Then the first frame must be sunk at low
water, and the other frame or fmmes (as the height
of water may require) must be fixed on and caulked
as before directed* And as in all probability the frames
will not stand level cm the bed of the river, which no donbt
ia hightt in. some places than in others, conse^fuenlly the
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386 Groaced Stone Tmnd.
water will come in faster than the engine can draw it oni.
To obviate this difficulty a curtain, of sufficient length to
lie 3 or 4 feet on the ground, made of sail cloth, properly
tarred, the*bottom to be loaded with iron or lead weights,
must be fixed to the inside of the first frame^ as shown in
fig. 9 in the plans, which must- be di*awn up with cords
while sinking.
When the first frame is fixed in its proper place, the
cui^n must be dropped^ after which a quantity of clay,
in bags or otherwise, as may be . found best, is to be
thrown in all round the inside of the frames, until the
bottom is secure. The engine will then draw out the
water, and the workmen, after further securing the bottom^
may proceed as before. When the work is got down to
the bottom of the descent, it will be proper to make the
drain as hereinafter directed, which is to be continued
with the work to the centre of the tunnel ; and afterwards,
in a temporary way, along with the work* This will draw
off the water, and assist the floating engine.
These operations are to be repeated until the work is
got forward to the holes. And if the quicksands should
run deeper than the bottom of the work, piles must be
driven, and gravel and chalk stones well rammed in, until
a solid foundation is obtained, which, if necessary, must
be planked. Should the sands come in sideways, wooden
dams must be formed and sunk in tlie earth on the outside
of the work. By these means, and proper precautions,
the tunnel will be formed through the idver to the North
shore, at which place the workmen will act in the same
manner as before directed, in Mr. Burr's yard, on the
South shore.
The end of the tunnel, as shown at fig. 9 in the plans,
must be planked and dammed up at every length before
the frames are moved, to prevent its being choked up.
The tunnel, being worked through the river, is to be
finished in the same manner at both ends.
The mason must take great care in selecting the hardest
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Grooved Stme Tunneh 397
and best stone for this purpose, to be properly guaged^
jointed, and grooved into each other, as shown by plans^
figs. 9 and 10, and to be set in cement impervious to water.
The stones must be properly worked and fitted to each
other before they are brought to the work, that they may
go together directly without any troubler
A brick gun-barrel drain, 3 feet wide, and 9 inches
thick, inside the tunnel, is to be carried in the same di-
rection as the tunnel from the centre to the rise, where it
must go through, and from hence be made 18 inches
tliick to the driftway, which must be sunk lower towards
the shaft, to give it a proper current.
INTERIOR OF THE TUNNEL.
The stones and drain are to be covered first with clay,
then with loam, and on the top with gravel, imtil it is 9
feet high to the level of the carriage-way ; these are all to
be rammed and rolled down as hard as possible.
The bricklayer is to build a 9-inch wall, with proper
footings, 3 feet 8 inches high from the level of the car-
riage-way, and 6 feel 4 inches high from the arch, side-
ways, to the outside of the wall at top. The wall to be
built of sound hard-burnt grey stocks, laid with a neat
flat joint, jointed and well flushed up. The space be-
tween the arch and this wall is to be filled in level to the
top with earth.
The pavier is to lay the terrace or footway with York
paving, two inches higher on the inside than on the out,
to give it a current. The stones are to be of a uniform
size, and not less than two inches thick, and to project
two inches over the wall.
The smith is to make and fix a fancy cast-iron railing
on the terrace, 3 feet 6 inches high, and fancy lamp-irons
on ditto, and to make what wrought iron may be necessary
for the railing, lamp irons, &c. and to make two strong
wrought-iron grates for the drain.
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398 Report from Select Committee on
Report of the Sefeet Oommittei of ike Houu of Cmiinom, appomied to
inquire into the itate of the law tmd iti eoMefwenceo re$pectit^ the Ex^
porttiion of Toob emd Machinery* (Concluded from p. 345.)
^ Supposing, indeed, that the same machinery which is
used in England could be obtained on the Continent, it is
ithe opinion of some of the most intelligent of the witnesses
that the want of arrangement in foreign manufactories, of
division of labour in their work, of skill and perseverance
in their workmen, and of enterprize in the masters, to-
gether with the comparatively low estimation in which the
master manufacturers are held on the Continent, and with
the comparative want of capital, and of many other advan-
tageous circumstances detailed in the evidence, would
prevent foreigners from interfering in any great degree by
competition with our principal manufacturers ; on which
subject the Committee submit the following evidence as
worthy the attention of the House, (viz. Mr. Galloway's) :
" I would ask whether, upon the whole, you consider
''any danger likely to arise to our manufactures from com-
petition, even if the French were supplied with ma-
'' chinery equally good and cheap as our own t — ^They will
" always be behind us until their general habits approxi-
" mate to ours ; and they must be behind us for many
" reasons that I have before given.
" Why must they be behind us ? — Qne other reason is,
" that a cotton manufacturer who left Manchester seven
*' years ago, would be driven out of the market by the
" men who are now living in it, provided his knowledge
*' had not kept pace with those who have been during that
" time constantly profiting by the progressive improve-
*' ments that have taken place in that period ; tjiis pro-
" gressive knowledge and experience is our great power
" and advantage.'^
It should also be observed, that the constant, nay almost
daily, improvements which take place in our machinery
itself, as well as in the mode of its application, require
t<
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Export of thals and Machinery. 399
that all those means and advantages alluded to above,
should be in constant operation ; and that, in the opinion
of several of the witnesses, although Europe were pos-
sessed of' every tool now used in the United Kingdom,
along with the assistance of English artisans, which she -
may have in any number, yet from the natural and acquired
advantages possessed by this country, the manufacturers
of the United Kingdom would for ages continue to retain
the superiority they now enjoy. It is indeed the opinion
of many, that if the exportation of machinery were per-
mitted, the exportation would often consist of those tools
and machines which, although already superseded by new
inventions, still continue to be employed from want of op-
portunity to get rid of them, to the detriment, in many
instanced, of the trade and mahufactures of the country ;
and it is ttiatter worthy of consideration, and fully borne
out by the evidence, that by such increased foreign demand
for machinery the ingenuity and skill of our workmen
would have greater scope, and that, important as the im-
provements in machinery have lately been, they might,
under such circumstances, be fairly expected to increase
to a degree beyond all precedent.
Hie uniform policy of the legislature of this country has
been to give, as they conceived it, every kind of encourage-
ment to British manufactures, by prohibiting the importa^
tion of foreign manufactures, and by giving premiums,
bounties, and drawbacks on the exportation of British
manufactures ; but the great and important manufacture
of machinery, tools, and utensils, has been made an ex*
ception to this system of legislation by restricting its ex-
portation, although it is a manufacture peculiarly adapted
to the circumstances of this country, and one that affords
as muny advantages in the way of giving employment to
the people, and yielding profit to the master manufkc-
turers, as any other manufacture.
The many important facilities for the construction of
machines, and the manufacturing of commodities which
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400 Report from Select Committee on
we possess, are enjoyed by no other oouutry, nor is it
likely that any country can enjoy thexn to an. equal extent
for an indefinite period. It is admitted by every one that
our skill is unrivalled ; the industry and power of our
people unequalled; their ingenuity, as displayed in the
continual improvement of machinery and production of
commodities, without parallel, and apparently without
limit The freedom which, under our Government, every
man- has to use his capital, his labour, and his talents, in
the manner most conducive to his interests, are inestimable
advantages ; canals are cut, and railroads constructed, by
the voluntary association of persons whose local knowledge
enables them to place them in the most desirable situa*
tions ; and these great advantages cannot exist under less
free governments. These circumstances, when taken to-
gether, give such a decided superiority to our people, that
no injurious rivalry either in the construction of machinery,
or the manufacture of commodities, can reasonably be
anticipated.
Your Committee, before they conclude, think it ptopex
to remark, that by the act of last Session pejrmitting arti-
zans to emigrate and reside abroad, the country, as regards
machine-making, is placed in a different situation from
that in which it formerly was ; and, from the evid^ence
taken before the Committee, both in the last and preseixt
Session, inregard to the ease with which all plans, m,odels,
and drawings of new inventions imnachinery are conveyed
to the Continent, and the facility with which some engi-
neers assert that good workmen can construct machinery
from them, it is probable that if the present prohibitory
policy is persisted in, foreign nations will be obliged to
establish manufactories, (as has been already partly done
in France, the United States, &c.) for those articles with
which we refuse to furnish them, and which a liberal
course of policy would entirely prevent.
The Committee deem it proper to submit an extract on
this subject from the evidence of Mr, Henry Maudsiay, a^
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Bxpori of Took and Machinery^ 401
eiiiinetil engineer, as deserving the particular attention of
the House :
** Can you state whether the manufactories for machinery
** arc increasing on the Continent ?r-Very greatly ; I have
♦'seen a number of them.
" Of what manufacture ?— Of the manufactory of steam*
*< engines and other machinery.
• " What i?^ould be the effect of exporting machinery
" upon the extension or diminution of the manufactories
** on the Continent ?— THey would diminish them there is
*' no doubt ; they would never set to work to furnish the
'^ French manufacturers with French-English niachinery if
" they could get them from England. '
" Do you consider the superiority of the English ma-
" chinery such as to secure a demand in the foreign
** marketSi if the laws permitted you to supply them ? — '
<* Tliere is no doubt about it. -
'* Is it within your knowledge that the French are in
^^ possession of drawings and plans of almost every patent
^' as soon as they are published in England ?-^Yes, I knoW
'' from circumstances that have come to my own know-
'' ledge. ' On the firbt of every months books are packed
^' off to Hambui^h, and sent through Holland and ail parts
^' of the Continent, and a friend of mine has written to ine
'' within a week of tihe publication, saying I understand
^' yt>u'have obtained a patent for so and so, and I hope it
*' will turn out to your advantage, and so on. This is a copy
"of the French Repertory of Arts [alluding to a book
'* pi*oduced by the witness], and this is a drawing of a ma^
*^ chine, and is as good a plan as a man need to work from^
" and r know; this machine was not at work in our mint
'' when this book was published in France ; 1 believe they
'* (Messrs. Bolton and Watt) had one in their manufactoiy ;
'^ but this shows the facility of getting these things in
" France.
" Can a machine-maker work from that drawing ? — Per-
" fectly well.
VOIi. I. 2 £
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402 Ueportfrom Sekd C^mmUtte, Ss^.
** You mem u> wf tbf^ aoy mah ihat is abl« to mtika
" that machine can make it from that drawing ?^-*Y«li»
" Have yon any other example of th4 §ame thing ?— Here
*^ i9 a bjowing machine, to smelt ore» and that is a$ good
'^ a blowing machine as any n^an ueed make ; goa^ of
*^ our first mills have that machine*
'^ Whose invention is that originally ?-*-It i$ the Iqvqih
<' tion of Bolton and Watt^ or gome of the large iren-
" tt^astera.
*' Does your observation as to th^ facility of working
*' from drawings apply to all sorts of naaobiaery ?-^Yes ;
^ there is a set of drawings ilx the best Enoyolopedtas
** which will enable you to make a cotton machine*
. '' Is the drawing of that loco-motive machine [ailuding
'' to an engraving in the book prwiuced] such as will eMble
^^ a (Workman to make a similar ma(Chioi9 ?*^£!ertSMQly ;
*^ they make a great many thpdaand maohines from muck
':' worse drawings, no doabt/^
Although your Commiitee are impressed with tb» xtpi*'
^ion that tools and machinery should be regulated oo tbe
same principles as other artides of mannfactmre, yet iota*'
much as there exist objeotions in the mind of «iany of our
manufacturers on this subject, whiob deserre Ike aOlan*'
tion of the legi«}ature ; anid as it is possible ihat eireUm*'
stances may exist whioh may renderitpiohibiliottto eitt^^it
certain tools and macbioes used ia some particulav'mMu^
faotmre expedient) your Committee beg to recommend' tliat^-
iinUl an alter«ition can be made in the laws on this nubje'Sti'
His M^sty's Privy Council should continue to exercise*
their discretion in permitting the exportation of all aoeh
tools and machines now prohibited, as may appear to tbtm
not likely td be prejudicial to the trade or manolaotttres of
^e United Kingdom*
30M JUn$, 1826.
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403
On ihi Cau9e$ tfihe Hardening of Lime of various kinds.
By M. Has9£17F1utz.
Continued from page 388 «
Iv We cannot attribute to the combinatioa with the
oarbonic acid, ibolelyy the hardening of the Ihues and
mortars exposed to the action of the air> what can or
ou^ht to be the cau6e which, with the carbonic acid, con-
tributes to their induration ?
The pure carbonates of lime lose, on an average, 0*45 of
their weight in calcination, and 0*10 of their bulk, when
ftey are made into lime; These 0*45 consist of water and
of earbonio acid ; but it is difficult to determine the pro-
portion of those two substances. Bergman, who only
found 0*44 in his analysis, values the carbonic acid at 0*33|
and the Winter at 0*11. But was his carbonic acid com-
pletely A*eed from water? We estimate the carbonic acid
at 0*84, and the water at O'lO, in his analysis of 0*44.
Wherefore, in order to regenerate, completely, ' one part
•f lime into carbonate of lime, it must be combined with
0*61 of <)arboni6 acid, and with 0.18 of water.
' For a long period the analysis of carbonate of lime made
by Bergman was alone known ; but since the end of the
last century, a gi>eat many analyses of it have been made,
Urith very great care. In these analyses all the chemists
agree in having found in the carbonate of lime but an
extremely small proportion of water. M. Thenard, in his
comparative analysis of Iceland spar, which he considers
as a ¥erypurc carbonate of lime, and in that of aragonite,
fottnd thein to be composed of
Limift 0-663
Carbonic acid 0*433
Water 0-004
Ttiufl, these calcareous crystals contain only 0*004 of
water of crystallization, a quantity which appears very
2 e2
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404 On the Hardening of lime.
small. In the analysis of the coarse carbonates of lime
which, are used in buildingi and for making limcn there
is fomid from 0*01 to 0*02 of water^ and sometimes more
when these stones ate moist.
We have seen in slacking rich lime by the three different
methods, that it is moistened in the first with four parts
of water by weight ; in the second,, by immersion, that it
requires at least 0*20 of water to become solid ; and by.
the tiiirdy or spontaneous slacking, that its weight is in-
creased 0*46. M. Vicat only found, in the first method of
slacking, 3*6 of water combined with it ; iu the second,
but 0-18 ; and in the third only 0*40, We adopt here the
results of M. Vicat's experiments.
Having reduced a kilogram of quick lime to a paste
somewhat firm, after having slacked it by the three dif-
ferent methods, M. Vicat observed that the lime slacked
by the first method became combined with 2*36 of water,
and that its bulk was 3*1 of that of solid lime; by the
second method the combined water was 1*31, and the
bulk 1*04 ; and by the third method the combined water
was 1*48, and the bulk 1*76» As the calcareous stone,'
which is fit to make very rich lime, loses 0*1 by calcinatioo,
it follows that, in order to be restored to the bulk which
it had before calcination, it ought only to be increased
0*11 of the bulk which it has in the state of lime. Thus,'
to be brought back to the original bulk of the calcareous
stone, it is requisite that the lime slacked by wetting
should lose 0*64 of its bulk ; that the lime slacked by
immersion should increase 0*06 ; and that the lime slacked
spontaneously should lose 0*37. The two portions of lime
slacked by wetting and spontaneously, must then, as j^as
been seen, be considerably diminished in bulk, while, on,
the contrary, tlie lime slacked by immersion Ought to be
increased.
It follows, moreover, from those experiments, that
since there are limes whose bulk, after being made iitto
paste, is less than that of the stone which has produced
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Oil the Hardening of Lime^ 406
them, it ii most probable that in becoining solid, ani}
being regenerated, they would be increased in bulk.
Let UB consider for a moment by itself, the lime mixed
into a. paste with water, what a contraction must take
place in it to bring it back to its original volume ; and
how many chances of separation and cracks must it ex-
perience in drying and becoming solid? If the lime
becomes regenerated, all the water must be evaporated,
a|id be replaced by carbonic acid. As the proportion of
carbonic acid ought to be 0*82 of the lime, it follows that
2*36 of water in the first method of slacking it, I'Sl in the
second, and 1*40 in the third, ought to be replaced by
0*82 of carbonic acid. Besides, that the loss of the weight
of the lime slacked by mixing it with water ought to be
1'54; for the lime slacked by immersion, 0'49 ; and for
that slacked spontaneously, 0*58.
And if the exterior surface of the masses of lime should
^oon become hard in combining with the carbonic acid
which it receives from the air, its volume could not be
perceptibly diminished any farther ; after which it is
evident, that either the lime will remain in a paste in the
interior of the mass, in preserving all the water which it
absorbed, or that this water will evaporate through the
regenerated coat. In the first case, the lime will always
temain in its caustic and slacked state ; and in the second,
the inside will be filled with cracks and with vacuities,
which will render the mass pulverulent, and will prevent
it from acquiring solidity. If we suppose that the car-
bonic acid percolates into the mass, and regenerates the
lime which it finds there, all the water wiU be evaporated,
but the carbonic acid will only fill a part of the space ;
the mass will be porous, and full of vacuities. Finally,
to prevent vacuities, it is necessary that only the quantity
of water should be evaporated which would be replaced
by the carbonic acid, and that the other part of it should
temain ; but in this case the volume of the water would
be too considerable, and its layers, or films, too thick to
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406 On the Hardening of Lime.
perform the office of water of oohesion, and the w»$n
would »tiU have but little tenacity ; from whence it will
appear, thfiUtbe beat method of employing the lime, and
that which will most favour its solidification^ is to slack it
jnto a dry powder, either by immersion or by spontaneous
jaotion. In fine, only to add to it the quantity of wat#r
necessary to make its volume 1*11 of that i?hicJi the lime
)ield before it was slacked ; then the lime will become
regenerated in acquiring the solidity and hardness which
the stone possessed,
. Few SttbEft^npes, perhaps, have as much affinity for
wat^r as lime ; when it is.p.ure, when it is entirely deprived
of it, it seises on it with great force ; the lime becomes
solid in uniting with it. To unite with its particles the
w^ter penetrates the mass, breaks the cohesion <^f the a1;oxns
of the lime to insinuate itself between them, and causes
the lime to become pulverulent. This fact proves that
the affinity of welter for linle is greater than that of ths
particles of li;ne for one another, and that the force of the
Ciph^sion of the water to the lime is more considerable
than that of the. atoms of the lim.e to each other i,
It is easy to conceive from this fact, that if the particles
of lime were united by the water of crystallization, their
force of cohesion would be greater than that of the par*
ticles to each other. All then that is necessary to obtain
a very hard hydrate of lime, is to reunite: the particles of
lime to ee.ch other by very thin films of water, which may
be effected by a slow and continued desiccation of the
lime in a state of paste ; but pi^re lime, when it has become
a solid hydrate, has still a great affinity for Water. If in
this state it is exposed to the action of the air, it attracts
the humidity which it contains ; a division Of this liquid
between the air and the hydrate of lime then takes
place, until the affinities of those twO substances for
water become in equilibrio. The hydrate of lime thus
remains in a state of hardness, depending oa the thickness
of the films of water iuteifposed between its psuctiolen*
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On the ftardenifig qfLimi. 407
This Iliipkae«6 diminialies in a drj air, and increi^seB in f^
moitt aio which oauBea the hardness of the hydrate to
vaiy. To keep it in a constant state of hardness, it is
necessary that the action of the lime on the water be
diminished by that of some other substance combined with
it, which effect carbonic acid produces in uniting to the
lime ; but every thing leads us to believe, if the analyses
of the carbonates of lime are exact, that the carbonic
acid driven off all the water of combination, and occupies
its place.
We may then impute the hardening of the lime to two
censes. 1st, To the action of water on the lime, which
occasions a force of cohesion by so much more powerful
as its quantity is smaller ; or, more properly, as the
thickness of the films of this liquid between the particles
of the lime is less considerable. 2dly, To the combina-
tion of the carbonic acid first with the hydrate of lime,
and then with the lime itself; a combination which not
Qnly diminishes the affinity of the lime fdr a new quantity
of water, but which entirely diilplaces the water*
Every thing leads us to believe, that the substances which
^inuniah the affinity of the water for the lime, such as mag^
neaia, olay, the silicate of magnesia; &c« produce an effect
Haalogous to that which water exercises on it ; to which effect
way be attributed the promptitude with which argillaceous
limes set, such as the Roman cement of England, the
plaster cement of Boulogne, and many other meagre limes ;
but every thing leads us to believe, that these same sub-r
stances equally diminish the action of the carbonic acid
on the lune.
. The ani^yses of ancient mortars made by M. John, and
which he has published in his Memoir on Mortars, which
was crowned by the academy of Berlin, confirm our
opinion, by proving that limes, in mortars exposed to the
ftir, however ancient they are, do hot always reabsorb the
quantity of carbonic acid necessary to saturate them, and
that they all contain water in smaller or greater quantities,
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4m
Qmtie ff^f^aimg ofUmL
wluch ^pmntitieg aie, with some iew exceftiaai^ m an
inrerae ratio of Hiose of tlie carbcNiic acid sibaoibed, and
in the dioect ratio of those of the other combined earths.
We shall here gi^e some of the analyses made of ]
exposed to the. air.
SPBCIES OF IfORTAIIS.
-5
I S o
Mortar •£ 100 fcais •M. ffom (be diudi
•r St. Peter at Berlin, al tbe oatside
Joioto ,
Mortar of lOOfcan old, from tbe insUe
Jofntfoftfiesameebareh
Mortar of €00 yean, from a covered
foaadatiop of tbe aainc cburcb, rery
bard and Very tenacioos
Mortar of dUO yeariL frpm tbe walla of
tbe Catbed ml at Brandenbor^b
oflum mortar^ from a wall of the eitr,,
bollt at Colofrne, nnder AjTrippa, ia
tbe Irt ugt of tbe Cbristian Mm • • • • .
Hooiaa nortarf horn a tower eonstmetei
bv Agrippa
0-400
0121
0*406
0-383
o-aoi
••aor
<M27
0103
O-I80
O-fflB
0^)50
0^160
O^Wl 1 0-174
0-807 i0H»77
0^289 0-008
0-272 0-015
35
IS
0006
0H)67
o-us.
01M2
0-315
0-120
0^146
sis
3180
7910
2-219
1-273
It may be seen in these analyses, that one of the mortars
which had lasted for six hundred years, and which was
rery hard and very tenacious, held 0*315 of water; that
it had only absorbed 0'081 of carbonic acid ; that out of
0*430 of pure lime, only 0-121 had been re^conrerted into
carbonate, and that 0*309 had remained in the state of
hydrate of lime. We may then attribute the extreme
hardness of this mortar to tbe water combined . with the
lime, and interposed between its particles, consequently
to the water of cohesion. We may likewise perceive that
some of these mortars had absorbed a considerable quan*
tity of carbonic acid, since it amounted in them to 0*307,
and that others had absorbed the very small quantity of
0*081. Finally, that the mortar which had absorbed tbe
least of the carbonic acid, or 0* 181, contained the largest
quantity of foreign matter, or 0*174, while that which
had absorbed 0*300 of carbonic acid contained the least
foreign matter, or 0*060, that is to say, about f of the
first lime.
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On the tturdemngafLim^. ^09 *
' '. Perhaps die more speedy setting of rich limes, tvhich
have slsucked spontaneously, or of those which contain
foreign substances, may in many cases be attributed to
the same causes which determine the setting of mortars,
and that we may consider lim^ of this kind as mortars
formed naturally. In fact, lime dacked spontaneously,
and which has been exposed a year or more to the action
of the air, is a hydrate of lime mix.ed with a quantity,'
more or less great, of regenerated calcareous stone. It
is then a mortar, in some degree analogous to that which
is formed of slacked lime, and of chalk, stone dust, or
marble powder. These limes ought to become hard more
easily as the proportion of the lime to the carbonate of
lime is most suitable. A question Will arise with regard
to mortars of this sort, whether the lime will not have
sufficient action on the carbonate of lime to deprive it of
a portion of its carbonic acid, and thus favour its indura-^
tioh and regeneration ? We will leave this question to
the determini^tion of those engineers who are occupied
with limes, mortars, and cements.
Of the setting or hardening of Lime in Water,
We* have seen that pure limes had a strong affinity for
water ; that they solidified it and formed in this manner
dry hydrates of lime ; and that afterwards the water had
a great affinity for those hydrates of lime, dissolved them,
and made them pass to the liquid state.
Every lime whose hydrate will be in a state to be attacked
"by water, and be dissolved by it, cannot be employed in
water, since this liquid will dissolve it in saturating itself
with it. If the quantity of water in which the hydrate of
lime is plunged be limited^ the solution is continued until
all the water is saturated ; during this time the surface of
the water exposed to the action of the air will attract
carbonic acid ; the dissolved lime will seize on it in
abandoning its water of solution ; a layer of the carbonate
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410 On iheHard^ng ofLime^
of lime Will, form on tiie suiAtof, and •fterwMd^ fill to
the boUom ; tfie frded waJ;er will duAolTe more lime, vnd
the solution will thua continue until all the lime is ditBolved
fuid converted into the oarbonate of lime. If the volume
of water i« infidite^ as that of the eea^ or if it is incee^autly
renewed^ as in a current of w^teiv a stream^ or a river^
the hydrate of lime will be continually attacked by the
water m oontaot .wjtb'it^ and will be dissolved until the
entire mass disappears.
Thiia> the first thing necessary in en^loying limes in
water^ is to render their hydrates less solable in water ;
or otherwise to give the limes a property by which they
will have sufficient action oa the water to form hydrates^
iMid the water shall not have aotioq enough on the hydrates
ta dissolve, themt
Tliia result will be obtained by combining pUre lime
with magnesia, with daysi with: the silicates of mi^esia>
and finally with the earthy and metallic mixtures, which
jdiminishi or destroy the dissolving action of the water on
the lime.
' It is necessary to obtain this result, that the substances
which are mixed and burned or bak,ed with the lime should
have an affinity with this earth, alid that they should be
themselves insoluble in water, such as magnesia, clay,
more or less earthy, silex, the silicates of magnesia, &c.
Every thing leads to the belief, that alumen (or clay),
although insoluble in water, will not make the hydrate of
lime equally insoluble, because that proba.bly it does not
combine with it intimately. Thus silex, when it is com-
bined with lime, contributes to render its hydrates inso*-
luble, whilst, when it is only mixed with it, none of its
natural properties are changed.
. The more the a^lyudors (that is to say, the substances
which have the property of rendering the hydrates of lime
insoluble in water) are combined in large propojctii^ns
with pure lime,, the more its hydrates are ^insoluble ; and
as the proportion of alyudor is smaUer^ their in^olobiUty
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jQu the Hardening of Litaek 411
i» le99 ; neVerliheless^ m order to obtiain a good liia«»
certain limits must not be passed^ which are tbof e vrbere
the profK>rti(fu U «udi &at it b)ia bo morfe actioa on water^
0r C9I1 be do longer slabked and form hydrates. ...
We. have seen .that 'the oT«#;oalcination ofridbiimes
give to their £L]rdraies. the |»rdpeity of beiiig i\e longet
soluble it wat^r/ ak if they bad been combined ;with :magt
lieem oc clay> &c« ; does this arise from a portion .of ithe
Ume. having lost the. property of tmiting and combinilig
With water, or from its having lost by the over oaloination
a piirt:Ofit& action Qh the water? Or.fioally, becauaein
the common calcination tiiere still remams a little wateo
combined with the lime/ which, firvourd the iiiaon. witl^
more water^ and that in the over caldin&tien either- sdi the
water is earned o£P, or that part of it which waa neoeasaxy
to its slacking, and the formation of the hydrate ? • Wet
wiH hete only remark that this liesnlt is anf.k>gousi to ihat
of the union of water with day. While the de^ecation^^oi^
the clay is not carried far enough, thi$ aiiicate cah receive
new water,, and be kneaded ; but when the desiecatton is
eairied.too'far by the actioi^ of the fire, then it oan no
longer unite intimately enough with water to be tempered^
and acquire the pastey state. It remains hard, and in-
order to restore its /first properties relative to water,' it>
must undergo certain. operations. The same takes place
^ith pure limes combined with magnesia, clay, &c« ; they
have need, to acquire all the action which is necessary for
them, to undergo a calcination capable of driving ofi* the.
' carbonic acid and the water which they contain,. that jtheys
may combine intimately with the earths ; but, relative to-
the nature and- the proportions of the component parts,,
they ought to undergo a particular degree of calcination '^
since, if too much calcined, they :will beoome without
effect, like dead lime ; it is then said that they firevitri*
find. .When nearly approaching to this degree of calci-
nation they cannpt ba sdaeked ^n water, nor do they slack
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412 On ihe Hardening of Lime.
in the air ; but beihg pulverized^ they soften like gypsum
and' set pretty quickly.
Now that we know that one of the chief qualities of
. lime destined to set in water should be to have no more
affinity to water left in it than what is necessary to form
hydrates, it is easy to explain dieir hardening in water by
the film of water interposed between their pieuticles ; that
film of water whose two surfaces ought to have an equal
effect on the adjoining particles of lime ; that film of
water which may be diminished, because the particles of
lime come sufficiently liear for their mutual affinity to
commoice its action ; then the force of cohesion is com-
posed first of that of the particles for the film of water,
and next of that of the particles of lime for eapfa other ; a
force of cohesion which increases continually in proportion
as the particles approach each other.
From these principles it is easy to conclude, that the
pastey and firm masses of lime, whose hydrateis are not
dissolved by water, beiiig placed beneath water, expe-
rience continually a pressure, of that fluid on all its sur-
faces ; that this continual pressure tends to bring the
particles ^f the hydrates close to one another, to cause the
superfluous water to pass off, to diminish the thickness
of thie films of water, and to increase continually the force
of cohesion, from whence the hardness of the lime arisei^.
If this water contains carbonic acid gas in solution,
thi6 gas may approach the surface of the mkss of lime,
and regenerate calcareous stone, which will plac6 these
limes in a situation atialogous t6 that which takes place
in the air; but'being placed in a situation more favour-
able, they will be, besides exposed to a pressure, constantly
exerted, which will tend to draw together the pairtides of
lime, and to dioiiinish the thickness of the films of water
which separate them.
We have, besides, in the three analyses which M. John
made of hydraulic mortars, that is to 'say, of mortars or
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On the Hardening of Lime. 41 3
c^nents plunged in wd,ter; proofs of this double action of
the films of water, and of the carbonic acid in the bardqaing^
of these sortR of mortars.
Among these mortars there is one which had only 0*32
of lime regenerated, and which retained 0"722 of water.
Nevertheless, this mortar was 300 years old.
We may conclude from all this, that the setting or so^
lidification of the lime in a mass is occasioned by twa
causes: 1st, by the action and by the adhesion of the
water to the particles of the lime, an action and adhesion
which causes a hardness by so much more great, as the
film of water which separates these particles is thinner .,
2dly, by the combination of a substance, the alt/udorj
which destroys the dissolving action of the water on the
hydrate of lime. This substance, when the liolj^s are
exposed to the action of the air, is, in a great number of
cases, the carbonic acid ; and wh^n they are placed be-*
neath water, one or several earths, united sometimes to
metallic oxides. In some cases these two actions, that
of the carbonic acid atid of the earths, act together.
When the carbonic acid acts by itself, it drives off the
combined water and occupies its place. When the car-
bonic acid acts in conjunction with different earths, it is
prpbable that its action i^ not so great, and that all the
water is not displaced by it, as may be seen in the experi«*
ments of M. John.
Thi§ lime, which remains free, which we consiiier as
being solidified by the water of cohesion, M. John cw~
siders, on the contrary, as being combined with the other
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414 On.ihe 6ohurit^ maiitr of Cofee.
earthy matters^'aiid ad forming a ftobstance aiuQpgOim to
feldapath ; it ig this combittatioii which he regards as the
true cement, and which we call Mlyudor. Bnildeia and
mea of science will decide between this opinion and that
which we have given.
On the colouring matter of Coffee, From Revue Encyclop^digue.
On repeating the fine experiments of Brugnatelli on the
colouring matter of coffee, M. Bizio, of Venice, observed,
that when a drop of infusion or decoction of the berry fell
upon cloth, it formed a yellow stain, surrounded by a
border of a fine green colour, which he attributed to the
oxydizement of the oil contained in the berries. To fix
this colour, he boiled a hectogramme (nearly two pounds
and a quarter) of coffee in powder, and reduced the de-
coction to eight hectogrammes. To this he added au.
equal quantity of sulphate of copper, dissolved in water^
and employed as a precipitant a solution of caustic soda.
The deposit which formed weighed 106 grammes (== 1622
grains), and on drying it in the air he saw it aqquire a
green colour, which was so much the more brilliant a^
the substance was more moist at the moment of its ex-
posure to the free air. M. Bizio has proved, by many
experiments, that neither water, ether, alcohol, nor the
alkaline subcarbonates, have any effect on this colour*
Caustic potash turns it sky blue. Soda does not alter it
at all ; and no acid, with the exception of the sulphurip
and oxalic, destroys the colour entirely. By dissolving
his substance in acetic acid a green tint is obtained, th^
beauty of which is still greater.
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415 ^
NOTICES OF NEW PATENTS-
Pakni granied to WiLtt ah Lsab r^ 9f Qreat Chiil^ord-Hreet^ Skuik^
wark, engineer, for impromments in the maekinery or'offpara^i Jhr
piaJcing bricks, and Jhr certain improvemenU in the drying of bricks
by means ofjlues and steam. Dated 11th Nov. 1824.
Mb. liBAHY's apparatus for making bricks may b«
divided into four principal parts ; 1st, That in which the
elay or brick^earth is worked up and pressed forward ;
2d, That which reeeites it from the first part and presses,
it into the moulds ; 3d, A large vertical wheel that coiw
tains the mtmlds on its edge^ ifeoeives the clay into them»
and by machinery inside forces it out again> after being*
ttiQulded upon, boards that are passisd beneath ita lower
edge ; and 4th, Endless chain bands that carry forward
these receiving boards from the rest of the apparatus, and
which receive their motion from two polygonal wheeis'
rotmd which they are passed, placed with their axles in a
horizontal plane, and parallel to each other^ beneath. th»
moulding wheel.
The first of these divisions consists^ of a conical vessel
of cast iron, with a vertical shaft turning round in iisi
cenfrey from which flat knives or cutters project at right
angles in several parts, so as to pass near other cutterr
tliat project from the sides of the conical vessel horizon-*'
tally towards the centre, which part of the apparatus is
in cQuunon use in the potteries, and also for making,
mortar in many places,.; in oontinaation of this vertical
axle, a second one is placed so as to turn independent of*
it, on which^ at the bottom of the conical vessel, is fixed,
a helical plate, forming a portion of a flat screw by which
the clay is driven downwards with considerable force,
after being well worked by the cutters in the upper part
of the vessel, which cutters turn round fifteen times in a
minute^ while the spiral plate only makes five revolutions
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416 Notices of New Patents.
in the same time> c^nd those in the contrary direction ^qu\
that of the cutters. ^,,..,
The second division, into which the clay ia.forced from *
the first, is a sort of box, whose sides are, segments ff^
circles, to which the two sides of the jnouWingf^hei^*,
apply closely in front for the greatest part of themextejit,;,^
the rest of its face next the wheel that is not closed .by it^;
being cased up so as to join the bottom of Jtbe. conical,^,
vessel ; a portion of the .baok part ,is also in p, sim>]^ .
manner cased up to this vessel, but its io^r pai^i«^
occupied by a moveable diaphragm, or shuitec, wbic^^isi,
jointed below in front next, the moulding-wheel, : ^4s?.
wKose upper part works back and forwards between tb@<sv
sides to and from the wheel alternately, which motioOt 4t<4
j^ceives from a rod moved by a crank, that, is turned/-:
round by the general machinery that gives the requited-,
motion to the othier moving parts ; this diaphragm pi^essei^ «
the clay into the moulds at the edge of the wheel, as th^ t
pass by it in succession; and to prevent the clay frofii.,^-
passing out behind it, when it is pressed towards the,.^.
wheel, a segment of a hollow cylinder, or ^cylindricsiLf.
plate, is placed at its top, which, fitting close to the bafC^^^.
of the box above it, prevents any thing from pajssiag^ciiat .^
in that direction. , ^.'',t
The third division, comprising the moulding wheels is^ .^^
the.most complicated ground its edge as many moulds apj.jf*
placed as its circumference Mfiil permit, separated from.. r
each other by triangulcgr or wedge-shaped piecesj^^wjths-,
their edges turned to the centre ; in each of these mojul'ds^ ^
a square piston, that fits it exactly, is moved once up^^^
down in each revolution of the wheel, by a rod that parses;, ^,
from it towards the centre of the latter ; the upp^r paxt -ofr-^a
each of these rods is turned outwards at right z,n^le§^{roja^:^^^
the side of the wheel, at which portion of it^Wp rfn^,f^r^ ,^,j.
attached that are concentric with it, and one bejng larg^ .^^
than the other, are placed at such a di^ta^ce, as^na^ ^«:^h»>
required for the motion of the said rods to and frpm th^;.. ,«;
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•NMc^ qf IfJigfo Paienis. 417
csetitM <^ the ^heei, they acting as stbi^d^to ibe rods for^
confitting their ends Within the required limits ; to moTe
tiiese rods and pistons from the centre towards the clfty-
box and compresser^ a smaller wheel is fixed close by the
side of the large wheel a little below its centre^ in whose
edge are formed cavities that, as it turns round, receive in
Succession ' the bent arms at the top of the rods ; and
ttovhig in the same direction as the large wheel, must of
course give thei^ motion iii the direction required, whose
speed and degree will be reguteted by the Relative veU)city
of ^he two wheels in their revolutions ; the otiher motion-
necessary for tljese pistons, from' the circumference to-
wards the centre, is given in a simple mannerby a piece
Aaped like a long curved wiedge wiUi' the point'vpwards;
fixed near the side of the large wheel in the fhime^woti^'
so as'^to lie witK its point near the outer ring above men*
tidiaed, and its base near the inner ring, in which position
it intist stct on the beiit arms of the pi^tons^ as they pass
byiH, so ais to dMiw them from the outer rmg to the inner
• one, or towards the centre. Aflat semper that passes
i^long the bottom of the clay-box towards the edge of the
wh^el, completes the junction of this last division of the
l^pairatus with that before described ^^itsuse is to confine
the clay at the bottbm of the box, and scrape back into it
from the bottom of the moulds whatever part is super-
fluous, and also to shape it smoothly at that part of the
moulds; it id pressed towards the wheel by a strong'
spring iat each side of, and is supported by a pair of rollers
to faclUlate its motion.
'*' To the description of the fourth division of the appa<<'
ratusldready given, nothing need be added but that th^
pofygohal wheels, which carry the endless chains, or chain
bands, are placed' in the plaiie of the moulding wheel, and
convey the boards which receive the moulded clay, or raw
bricks, to some distance from the whole apparatus, where
they ate taken off- by hsMud and conveyed to the drying-
house. ^ ' .
vol.. I. 2 F
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41$ Nuttii;^ of Nm PatPH^i,
The mowldtng wboel bas hmi 4^mk^ %s Wf^g mlji
asipglerpw of mw briflk» H^Mq; fen* H M.pba» til»t
two Qr more fpws of. ^Hem may. 1>Q %Qei^ f^t tb? !B%im
iiiqe m the p^a&ix^r meiiii^edj by proportiopaMy ipcres^H
iogtlie numberof the m<|uldS| ^d ofrthe pistonUi w4
other pftrt&i con^nepted with theuu
Theroachinety, or mill work, whiqh gives each of th^
moving part? of the apparatus it» prpper f|iip^ioo»4<l^
^onpect^d with ope ^ret moTeiri ^nd ly^ay be impieU^d hs
wy power zqo§t Qopyeoiex^t; it poasi^tf^ of a b^veUi^
tooth-whc^ei attAcfa^d (o tbfl mP^14>4:^g-vh^l9 ?^4 Qf the s%nif^
di^metPFj and pf pU\er ftif^ilar wh^el^ of iiifes propprt
tipwte to the eSiicta iotendt^ for tbf m, cp^pect^d ^^
the. oth^* lYhfelfi akid axle^ ;d^s<^ib^d, by Ml^4l w4
piniona plaped in filiitable jpp^jt^onB i butfprjL mpi^ p^
tieular deaoriptlp^ of the ex^^ ^m ^f ^?lv wh^fl, <rf U|
number 0f teeth, and. pf the prf^se m^a#ttram^n(t w4
]MMMtioR ofi^aeh p^rt, refer^^^^ fpust V^ hi4, to tb^
i^rea of them in ^h§ 4r»i9fiiigi9 Ah^t s^^^ofimp^^y the^f ]^
^igcatiop at. the enfolfnent .p^^ v»tha\Mi whi^h ,%w
atte«»pt %X ^pttypjing' a ^ fttrfh©? i4^ of ^m W9M4 ^Hrt ^
ieiyjntdl^ibk> , . N
The impriay«PM^tp io 4irymg brWi^f ja^qiv^ lAt^
titl^ refer to twa «Pi^ho4l fo»* tb§ BHpoafi tb« %^i0f
which ia to pjai» th^E^/ si^i^if^t^ fipRrt. fww^^b offewi
eaaheWeab iM a dryi^grhowe pr^jp^ly oo^biuQ|§4, ifb^
llQiiae ia heated by.hotiai? p%aaing wJwa aith^r oif l^iqli
(NT iro»x be»^ath the vaw briok^ i^ th^ sffQoil4 p^pMwl
horizontal steam pipes are used, at a i^^tf^i^ cli^taiBP^ ^VcW
wUfh oth^r ptpea are pjlape4 pftra}l9l t^ tham»'foi;.qen-
"Hyixkg ba^ki the, pondeii^ed watctr to ^e b^Mtor, f^d kfh
tweeft the two ^eta^of pipieSf othf^i^ ^si^ at of^tnip iMWf
tela 4ti Fight avg^ to tb^9> ift f rpsapa :oC § pf ^ tpgf^tiw
pretty c^q^ to, eiioh P4her> pver wl^iohgifp^pa of hoj j;^i|i9§
ategea ^le ftsedj oa whi<^ tim^ mw bri^i ^i^ e^n^p^ for
dfyiQ^ aa pa the aiMvea ; pi:o|)^ np^ea ai^ Mt b^Hmi»
the stages for passages, and the chain bands that cqw^lT
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tfae K9tw ferid^s tr0XA the apparatus, for looiilding. Ihem, ara
d^fKudViedi a9< htriogiog^. tli^m clon to the clrying*hou6ej
Th^ sieaia boiW for supplying the pipes, it is stated, mayt
1^ either ovteide the drying-bouse or. within it^ ^& is,
judged jfu^Ht couYebieni ; and after the bricks are suffi-.
ciently dri^d^ tbejr ;are to be burned it^ clamps or kihia>>
whiohever i» preferred. .
, The patentee expeds great advantages from thi$ mode
of diying brinks in Mr%i seasons, and from the lacility it
a^brda pf Braking them in winter*
More than twenty^ars since Mn Hudson, an Amerioati/'
obtained a patent for machinery for making bfieks^/vrbiefal
contained the conical vessel, cutters, and revolving spiral
plate, of this apparatus. Many persons in the vicinity of
Somers*^ToTirh, near v^hich one of them was put up, .may
femember seeing it at work. It had not the.moulding wheel/
or the other parts already described, whose place was sup-
plied in a simpler manner. Mr* Leahy's more complicated
Biaohio^ w<kild seefioi more effectual and eomj^letefdl?
tile purpose^ particularly if it^receives tte very necei^arf
addition of a contrivance Ibr eauding tbemotilds eA th^
moalding! wheel, without whieb ne peifect briekst^ouldv
be fonmed by them ; and no direct^ens whatever are giveiv
eft this eesentHbl matter int^e Bpeciiloatio&« ' <,■ -
" Vhe ay^tem •of bridc^makitig, much as it is {uracttsed^
ap|ieurt to be very imperfeetiy understood. Nothing can-
be micfre'^arhible than theconsislienoe of those brought to
Mtfket here; some of the yellow-grey stocks (whi^h eomo'
from the ceuntry) ai'e as hard and firm as Portland stone>
wUle '4i6bjdt eorte are so fnable as to be .broken to piecet^
by ii«ryaligbt "blows. It seems from thiS' and <athfer oiri^
euinetahce's,' that little care is takdp in Jseleeling materiat»
fov'diem; and tSiat it is in general the) eonveniefiee o€
ha;iiiii^ ti^m in a cettatu place that cauf^es ^hemto be
made there, and ^ot the fi titers of the eavlb founds in ihnf^
phi|)^-fof thei^hrpoee^ ^which^ ougbH tO'be.a^rimiirf con^
2f2
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420 ' Nieces of Neio Paie9it€.
to, ai;i^e ^fra^J a, want of pli^y {alijiineii ,or Vgil) W jSeir ooipr
{^sUiipii^ aijpd froQi t^6.ni6de pf l)U .91;; i^t^tber balujP^
thein> nQt being. sufiSciently perfect/ Sp^^
ibe coai^ ^iay rcffind, near the riypr ^^9^ ,i#0B|dw, ,anj| in
Qtber piarUi , added .tpi^^prt|ij^^ es^ch oktpp; of
tricks^ tpg^thet with suphj^ther acljiitiolfis.a^.ipig^^^^
pbitMied 0iit by a mpre^^fkiict exfimiimtionk of ttiat earth>
ixy my of tb? ^oiigh methods of analysis nowc so generally
)iQO^o> woidd jprobably be anseful and pjcofitable rf^fnejd^
jfor the ficst cause of^th^^e d^fecjtS;; and f^r tfie meansjpf
qbmting, the 8^cQiid.cans(^;i soii^ usef^l hint^.^.wiil be
^imdin quh Jajitiiumb^* 1
Pai<ini gmnUd to Siv ok %roax>hea1>0w, tf AhergavewufyEn^neef^
for a Meihod of mttnu/actnring arui purifying' inflammable g^$ei by a
'^muttut^rfafmoaphefit «wV. Dat^ January t9r 1^24.
.. In. the apparatus which, is described in thf speci^catipja
of.tbif |>9;lbraty andja the -^Qcopipa^ying, drawing. 0^
]ip|^ndejd ^ e^viplifj^ tlie methods used. bj{ t^e patentee
j^r. >he ,p^rf o^es. st{(.t^4 in. i^e, title, tyvo. gas oyebs^pr
i3^tx>cts,.sfiyf|n fe^Jpja^aad^ve feet broads ^^e con^trupted^
iri^h^fir^iiAes^biHief^ flirnished with doorei or
stoppers^ of tbe usu^tx^n^tr^ctipn. ; Froia these rf;tprt^
pifies aacend to sniail ye89el8, 10 or 12l ii|che9. hig^h, de-
ttigaed to condense the tar, from. which. other smaller .tubes
4fQSf^nd,ilpvnwar4» Mok J)gl^ tbe.)Cf;t!(^, .,toy«re-
fifm9¥ i^ %»n t^ cflflifiewsj^^aiir. . Qq^ Jong, bprj^q^t^l
.t!iib%;of.}4 infih^.4i^i^«^ W],t^:ih^
tfyp^4ar YQsseliPi, pa«s^ 9ii..&sm;abqv,e tb^.jretP|Ai«]i:i^
ai/ew;.feet^; «md tii^Q^ b^i^d^^dpif ^wM^ Mov^ liag/^ffmi^,
q»tt^*b«'«»» Ppn|l^lwpr,^on4l^i^ pij^g^ a
piliii,p/))^mws,, tjnfo fe^t lpj|g, .an^ J§ ^h?« wi^e^ . W^icli
npff tjiw^*pf> n»i tv4vi9.,<«r:<jtepper. . hVsm. ih^tW^^jpiJi^
b^llpws a pipe passes to the ga9 holder, and frpib its. upper
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Nbiidifis'of pfew Patents: 421
p^rt ft hftndie-is Bh6wti in die draft, projecting some len^
from it, bjrwfiich it is worked. In each door ^1" thef ris
tbrtS 13 a ib'ole, stbpped wilth s^ plbg, whicb^ wheii*{he re^
forfs are "changed, add the'firep are lighted beneath ihikb;'
sre'to be opened as Giponafi ^he'^^as. is prodifced ; imme-i
dkUiy >fter whfch' the betiiows are to be worked, Whict
will? dffcw'' the gas from the retorts tlif oilgh the ' g&s 'cbh-
d^nierV'iUid force it into the gas l^ofder or gasonieter;
t*hb ]|>atente(i then directs, that when «tgA^ parts of ^ai»
aile' drawn b£^ the fires are to Wputbut> and the dobts^of
dieteibrts are to^^^ be opened, and- the betlows io b^ stift
ct)nti&ued at >6rk; till a quaWity b^ kir ti
drawn th^btigh the retorts and the ojeh doors/ e^uif to a
ninth of the whole quantity. These directions are not
quite distinct; bttt the meaning obrtotisly is,, that, when
the charge ceases to produce gas, the doors of the retorts
shoiiLGl be opened, '&c. as mentioned/ and atrshould.be
dmwn thrbiigh them, and forced into the gasometer, equal
toan eighth of the, gas which it before contained. This
proportion o^ air the patentee asserts he has experienced
to have the effect <)f purifying the gas ; and that the plan
altogether adniits of the retorts being made much lighter
and cheaper, from the pressure of the expanded gas being
by it removed from them, and also that it Will render un-
necessary tbe acx^urate stopping or luting of the retorts
before custoinai^y, and make chinks or leaks in thedt bf
Ie$s impbrtance* ' " ^ ^^ -' • .
The patentee, in this- process, only calbiilates on ah
eighth of air being mixed i^'ith the g^i ; but it is Evident
that a niuch larger poi^ionthiiii' that must be introdttced
by the -plug holes of thi retorts, ivhich ar€ specially di-
rected to bie left btoeit Fftf hi the ffrst woi*kirig of the beHows.
• ''W^eti it '^is considered ^t^^^ a certsiiti pbrtieiT of attno-
'SjiA^ric air^mixed with coal gas, will cause it to'e^tplode,
the danger of this plan' must be plain to every judgment^
tibmihei'e biding rubihethod sii^^ested iti the speeification
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4£l Ni^UMof Niw PnUHid.
of fegfahrtiog this portipu of air 'wMcli thtui patMi diioltj^
the plug holfl»« ' •. '
- Froxtiaaixthtoa twelfth of coal gat, mix^d with dr,
will cauise explosioos^ the miaehief ii which has been bat
too often experienced. We da not, hGWerer, assert that
there, will /be much danger if tfie limits prescribed^ in
which the gas would be eight times as much 'a» Am bUt,
were actually obsenred ; yet a» this is nof provided for
in the apecifioation, tha risk to which the plan of the
patentee is liable it obvious ; but we presume^ in carry isg
the indention into practice, tha patentee has remedied this
defect of the specification.
f^at^ grant4d to Gto&oB VavgHav, ef Sheffield, Bnginte^, j^ n%
ijnprovemeni or improvements on ^ieam^en^nes* Pated May 1^ i^S4«
' An idea may be formed of Mr. Vdughan^s steam-engine,
iiy supposing the cylinder of a single steam-engine to be
J)laoed with its bottom tipwardte, tod another similar
cylinder to be fixed in the usual position directly upon it,
*o that tbe piston rods of both may be in the saine vertical
line. Each of these cylinders has its separate piston, and
the two piston rods are connected together by two bars,
which pass outside the cylinders, from the ends of a cross-
piece oh the extremity of one of the piston rods, to the
ends of a similar cross-piece on the extremity of the other
piston rod ; the two pistons being previously so placed
that one of them shall be near the open end of its cylinder,
when the other is near th^ closed end of that in which it
inoves. A case is directed to be put over the tw6 cylin-
ders, to confine the heat, and the openings between this
Case and tliem at each end are to be closed^, so as to ex-
clude the air. A pipe, furnished with a cock, is to pass
from the steam-pipe, near where it enters the valve box,
to the inside of this case, to convey steam into the space
between it and the cylinders when the dock is opened,
t6 keep the cylinders hot 5 and firom the lowe^ part of the
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«|iothfer fipcf piMmA out, funkished alia wil]k.tK09Qk^
te )et bff die water fonncd i^hb the eeee by tbe oendear
MtifMi of. ihe steam. Tlie ban wbioh conneot tbe . twd
fistdnTDdf» pam !thrDiip(h tubes o£ eopper or. other oietali
piaoedvVertiAilfy between the iMe and the eylindem^ and
fastBB^dat ea^^ eaUretnity to the ends of .the case to to to
hft.aiiwtighi«
The valve box is fixed at the junction of the two cylin-
dere, and in it a sliding valve id used, having a cavity
within it^. which, s^s it is moved up and down, jalteraate}^
£^n)Ui a commufucation between. the passages that lead to
the two cylindets^ and those wbivh go to thest^am^-pipe
and to the ooiidenseri tiie rod which works this valve
{yarding through a stuffing box at the tbp of the valve box.
iPhe beam Of the engine, id to be connected With the piston
rods by the links of the parallel gear being joined to the
lipp^ ^Hposs^^pieee, thai unites the piston rod ttf thever-
iidil'. bdkrs. The valve rod is to receive its motion from
iOtti« of the working parts of the, engine in .the ustud
mtoner, and the boiler, and all other parts not partic&larly
de^ctibed, ^re also to be cdnstvooted as shall seem best to
the engine maker. Nothing ipiore being peculiar to this
engine, except a pipe for conveying oil above the lower
|)iston^ . which passes through the case and the lower
cylinder neat wh6re it joins the upper one, and which is
, Aimished with a coek, and a small upright tunnel at its
Outer end, ta receive the oil.
The patentee mentions that the cylinders of this engin^
and the case may either be all cast together, or in sepantta
pieces, to be afterwards united, and that the partition
between the two cylinders, where they meet, may be css€
with them, or be made separate tad bolted iti afterwards.
• We appi^hend this engine would be mueh more ezpen<*
i^iti^ than a doable ^Ogiiie of the usual eonsttuetton,^ frbmi
requiring twioe the length of cylinder (which is the most
ooitly patt) to produ<$e the sat^ e^ct; and it ^Quld also,
We belitve, weMste the hesit eiOfiiid^rably morsy from th«
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49k miimk!f^mi\Pwi^^
^ fitiml9}Mrt% the cjiiQaeff»<«Mrantely)<'
a|^|Mi#<^^ .«]}d' cooliBg
wlidi viurJaseiied la onciSlktvol. uicowA sem9#:i|i« Uftw
Patent rranied to John Valance, of Brighton, Btq'.for ttH^^pritii
freezinjr foininmy be jpr^ductive of adoafitageoui effects, whether
theatcaly mechanical, or chemical. Dated August 28, 1824. .
gnes3B.;fr loBl^fy^oi their meth^ oftireomg wiil^i^iby the
action x>ft]i^ akr {^tniip m a49oderiii(tiQgt;eyftporalipit^^ iyt«dk.
c^9i9bld9fl[ l^.^aotic© Of iMrHNmii\e'a/cU9<)ftvefyy tbtt^wb
pbsffilaapiil w4ulil'speedily;a|iMiost> tbevapcwur a^ |^<>d«ce4i}
an(i;pf FiiOfimpr Xc#lieW aj^i^ati^ii of tMii iiBeovf^ty,ff?i
P^licff a degree of i9#)4 auffipieiiMy i^ljepae to cops^^lidf^
m^^i^y* f ..By.iMr, Xe^lie's ni^lbod, <oi)ly: ra «B(ia)}. quao^if y
{ikqtsm^^:^ t)iW«^.pomd)iof ic«<^eiii4 b^ proem^eifl^toocey
asi^thei^c^essofir^e^ing tbp w^er tli^pngh^^the c^ii^ftixpC:
ic^.aliits^urfa^ F^ i^cessarUjr.slow»>&P«A: ice bfiipg Pi.
baflieoffl|i»rt«r,ftf:bea|^ and /r^w^its wp^i>ig,,thei •vi^po*-..
«^fl»c.i^C tbaft^ wa/kfv J Mn lYaJajBOf f» .pl» ^W.iatQiified^ tq ;
r€|ftAi^i} tben^iMeptf , HJ^l^ be p/ojt^s^ftitp dp'by «m*Wf ,
a Q^gwftt ,rf: fe^gbly i^J)¥fied air.t<).|f^s., ov^i- r^* iP^^rfea^. qI
pi^){y>ctiaQ as it fr«tes^9» ia^aaapparatias •oi^ tbe^4afi^-!^«dn-<:
cipjyip^jap: (Mr.. Lq«)J9'8» bilt) QP'>a mufb larger a|]^lp« oaildT^f ii -■
nifi^^ 9)»lpbi^ric %6mI ifP uM^^o expoie %r8i^i^extei|^4.
si«tf§(» *i^ tb©ii#r,lK>Miog ,tb0[ ey^^fQm^m^ti^ -*- d^.i
1^ vja»WB4v# t ^j Ai^ tp«n^<»4fti t;4t».Qri^4 ; by tbQ pm
teotee, cooaista of a biiige air pumpi more.tbaa ^ footia
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0irit|Lblepo««^ liitoci^ wUdLiB placed^ cylintleryi^}^'
u^ecnileQtedrt^ its Bottomvby flanches atidncrews^ Thii
c^dindee Ah .open at 1>oiiom to admit tEuobtlier eyliiMier/ im
^ifittdi die ic^^sta ht. fomtfsd, • and whose bottotti projects:
beyond Uie< fifst c^indef, and totUB up 3 or 4 tndfateSyt^ sb^
^s^^ iQclese'ittfpr- (^at «deplli,' and foUaxk a teieeptacte'for
mercury I to produce au air-tight joint between the two
cylinders of a nature that will permit thetn to be sepdritted
MtWj.feaittty^,. ^ -^ ,,.. ^^,. .....,_ ; ^..^.. ._..,,_
tJkoQgbibfiipMdle>Ctb.^
a^«metaliic. rod: rises in antaiMighiapeftiite, to near:tl^
.bottom of^the air^pump^and on tiie top of this rod is placed
a-'iitlt cirdular dishy on which the water is made to fall in
>very minute streamis from a pipe that conveys it from an
exterior cistern, which pipe, at itS' end that is over the
dtshi 4s^pei4^mMd with serjeral extremely small holes for
tM^ pOk'pi^^^ Above this di^h is the passage to the air,
p^^>' wbich lennittjo^tes kere in a tow hoUow cone, whose
«<%es^4i^v^rynettt^to the dish, 'and to which the latter
m^ be appfroavsbed or )rem6ved from it^ by the rod whioh
BtxppdiiiJS it being foWed with |l fine serew at its lower end,
iii4^c)i paiises th^oiigh a. nut in a stand beneath it, and
iuivih^'^ur'temdl^s projecting from it, just above the-
s(^ew^:Ht miiy byithignlk be easily turned either way> so as
4o^seehd ^deScbiid as^re^uiredv From'tbe top of the
•air pMmp a pipe passes to d^e bottom of a third vessel, in
wKi^h'^the^'tarefi^d ai» is e^9«p<}i^ed %o the action of the sul-
phtiric Mid^ >and froili ilH^4op of thifs latter vessel another
p^e^dtfsee^s/ beloMrthe^ir pump, tp the Vessel in which
'tfi^ ice4i^f6rilied ; ik^' consequence of which arrangement,
atfd of liie di^posiftiopfr of valves in the air pump, when this
is wo^M the teir*isv dtiaWQ- through the vessel holding the
8ulpfiMiftC'at9id> liud^over the stratum of water on the plate
id^fl^ie^^y^^ssel, a&d- is passed routfkd again to the first
vessel ; and tilutf 46if-4sukite^a:s k>ng4tS %he pump is worked,
c^KN^ing^offtiife 'Vapour and combing bent fromthe wftter,
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436 Ngiice^ of New PaOtUs.
and depdiitkig tb«tn.wiih tke gulj^hlmo aeid; bj.wiusli
akMaiie a eoat of ice is boon formed on the ptete^ and con^
tinttally aecumulates aa the water fidla on it, the rod
ebat supports it being lowered gradually by the screw as
this tal(0S place, to leave sp^u^ for it by mehiag ike plate
tteseend.
'^ The vessel for the iralphurio adid is am iron ^linder,
^tii a corneal bottom^ havitig the point dotfnwardi^ lined
MHi Iqad, 4ad about the sfiiie site as the iee vessel. la
it a number of round flint stones are placed (which are
easily fottM on ihe sea shoi:e)> to increase the surfaoe on
whieh the a(»d it to>e spread ; and at the t6p of the vessd
Is a revolving pipe^ if> spread the aoid over the flints, bent
in an angle, one arm of whiofa alseeiids up through the
middle of the top of the vessel, where it terminates in a
fuhttel, and the other arm eircalat^s over the flidts, dropping
the aoid on them through- very small perfovations in its
sides. To give it which motion, a borizontalwheel is ecm^
Kieoted with'it'by an axis above the fui&nel, which is, acte4
on by ^a vertical wheel, that is turned by the machinery
Which works the pump, orby hs»d, as desired^ The pipe
and funnel may be made ^f lead ; but, • to give the joint
CIduf&cient stiffness wheref it passes through the top of the
veftsel^ itefaould.be inclosed in a pl^tina tube. Working in
another of the same metal.
' From, the cenical bottom of this vessel a small pipe is to
descend several feet downwards, bent upwards at its lower
end, torfetain in all cases a portion of acid, which is placed
In a small vessel, to hold the acid that runs down over the
eurfece of the flints. The length of the pipe must depend
on the degree to which the air is to be rarefied, since, if a
perfect vacuum were to be formed, it must, be more than
81 feet long to allow the acid to pass Out freely. The
acid may be raised from its receptacle to the funnel in
Vsrlous ways, but Mr^ Valance prefers' an Arohimedes
pump of lead for this purpose. To make the apparatus
more j^rfect, thick glass lenses ere cemented ait»tig)it ta
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Notices of Ntw f'ntmi. 4117
txn sitfeft of dM ioe veuueV, nearly on a Uvhl with Ifad pdirt
ivHer^ t^0 ibe 10 to be formed^ through whieh lenses die
itaU 6f ^QCumnlatida of the ice nmy be seen^ in order that
ih0 idisfa may be lowered aoeordingly . And in order that
the ici s(iay be compact and.ftee from bubbleg) th^ watei*
iti to bet pvevionaly boiled^ or in tome other inanner. freed
from air, before it ia put into tbe cistern to be conveyed
to the iee vetgei i to vegulai^ ifB flow into wbich^ the pipe
ibrough which it paeiea haa a cock aUaohed t^ it near ita
lower extfemity.
' Mr. Yalance describee two or three tatiattons of the
foregfoing appttrat(is> in 6ne of whicih, plates of glais^, 3
feet long, and 4 or 6 inches broad, are substituted for the
fltntSi as a mediuoi for giving an expanded surface to the
acid* These plates of glass are arranged uprij^t bl:tweea
tf^o hollow cyhndbrs^ with their planes in the lines of the
radii^ and the acid drops down, on them from a revolving
tube, similar td that before described^ In another of the
Variations, in place of the single low conicalt^rmination
to the tube that passes from the ice vessel to the air piimp^
6ver the dish on which the water falls, there are seven
smaller ones^ six of which form a circle round tbe seventh,
each having a separate tube passing to the air pump, by
which disposition it is sttppose4 the passage of the rarefied
air would be more rapid over the wet surface of the dish
0T ice beneatii, than in the first method. In both ways
Mr. Valance calculates that the velocity of the air in
passing over woald be very great, and that the rapidity
with which it would carry off the caloric along with the
vapburized water would be proportional.
• In order to pfroduce cold below the freezing point, Mr*
V. directs that the flow of the water into the ice vessel be
ttopped for some time after the ice is formed, aiid only be
admitted at intervals, by which means the rarefied air will
act* ill vapourizing part of the ice itself, and thereby will
reduce its temperature still lower. To an apparatus
managed in this latter mode, he directs what may be
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\
ci^l^d a cold 6tos^t tobe'attftc\iedj in^wh^bth'<^i^0U8
compositipi^ designed fqr ices for^^^le might be {^la^; ^
: Of the usefur purposes, nieptioned in.tbe title^io w^ich
Mr. y . prc^oses to apply this iiii{irov9d method of fice/^n^f
^e mebhaaical are the most particular, the iuedical i^pub^
sisting .merely in procuring iced drinlcs for ifev^ patients
in hot climates, and the cbemjcial bpiog.bkr^ly [noticed ui
general. ,The mechiBtnical appliqIttioQ coi^ists jn nsingthe
apparatua; as a refrigerator,, for.aa engine of similar ^vt
struction to a steam-engine, but in which the expaosicoi
oiretber,by heat, pind its QontraetioA by cold, is to prodii^e
the power instead^ of steam ; and .Mr. V. states,, that.ag
sulphuric ether boils at 98°, and muriatic ether at a m^ttah
lower temperature, that a small addition of heat w<)utd
cause the piston of the engine in which they were ^fn^^
tp raise 80 lbs. on each square inch of its area. The ob-
jection to this iplan would be, the great expjBnce of the
ether, particularly of the muriatic ether ; but Mr. Vatence
thin^B that it is most probable that.the whple of it would
be recovered by the use of his freewg appJEiratus, 0a as
to iienre repeatedly in, the engine, without any material
loss, particularly if no chemical, change was produced ifi
it by ^^ pperatipn ; and though ^ensiUe of the unceilainty
that must attend untried projects of this nature, abdof
tlie objections to it, he concludes by giving his opinion'
tljiat eijier ini^ht be applied profitably ii\ this wkyji^ji
mecbamcal;impel^^ / / . . c .,
\THe most material circumstances in Mr. Valance's veiiy-
voluihinous specification (which covers twelve skins of
parchment^ have been here recited ; but of course lhi^ri0
are some, particulars of less consequence which we have
omitted for the sake of brevity, .such as ttie inode of rare-
Qripg ihe^air^that.was 'to circulate in th^appa^ inr
otber'variation of the latter^^ In which the external air Was
aii^iited occasTonalTv;! and the air that had been operated
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ii^gfvfeii duiliih^^ forming ike valvj& olhtfie
aiir>pQfatp*by:oiIi^d silk ilkstened romid rings of wire. V!
y- It is ^asjr to ()erceive that fronS the cixpensive nature of
jAe Sdpfljs^ratttSy thdt it^cbilld never cotne into coibpetitiop
iHth the m&de of fi^eezihg by ice preserv€>d in ice houses
BO as ti afford pi^oiilE ; jeind even in hot' cliin^tes^ whfre ^c^
'fn tuSt formed riaturally^ it would sometimes Iiave to con-
tend with methods V^hichv the natives practise to format
iiitjficnilly9.df.sbme of which aii actiount may be seen Iri
l^e/Anikiat'lftegi^ter^ as^ t^ at Calicutta,
1llj[dia6ad> lEUid Othef j^lices in the Es^i Ihdies. Besides,
tike 'ajfiparatus described by the patentee could notr act
ion^, baacc6unt of the porrosion which mMst take place
in dl ita Working pafts where^ lead, could not be applied^
from tiie air taking up a portion of the sulphuric acid> and
dbnveying ft into the air pomp atid inost other parts ; and
to line the whole of the working parts with platina, espe-
iUSlf Whdn ihade pn the large scale proposed, Wbiild
pybdtic^ m ekpeiice thfiitfew would'choose ;to' encoiiiatei:
fbr^im object' of 80 little apparent benefit ; but in thmkid^
it^to be so we of coume^difier widely iromi the pateifitee,
who. has thought it worth the cost of two pateiitfa/ the
Birba^nt being the second which he has taken outfo^t^^g
ihetbiods dfprodixcing cold. Indeed^ we might venture tp
pte^iciy that no ipro^t can ever arise irdm'the rabde qf
fre^dslglxy sulphuric acid, however improved or niodi^ed;
and that. if any of the* plans mentioned hjf the patentee
should come into'lise, it wonld be that in which a current
of air, pas8ed.9ver.ice9 was made to |:educe the temperature
oi %!% cptd closest, but with the condition of bmittin^ the
|i]|piinc acid^alto|(ether. J .. "[j ,, *
'/fr^' indeied,. water could be frozen wfthout the use of
acias.,oif other expensive mediums ^^which wpuld ^t least
require coalis, lab^iur) and, chemical skiU to prepare tKeni[
for u^e^ jepeitedl^)^ Ihe^ means whict it wputd atfb#^ 'm
prc^uiing fre^^ y^futeV/al sea would alpne make i^t of tjle
gmmi coosequeDce ; but the methods of freeziog pro-
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^0 J^iic€9 pf I^w PateniB^
p09qd ia this apecificatipn ate beith^r applicable to tfaift
purpo994 nor do they ^yS^rd any due wl^jch might iei^ te
itp though we have stiil reason to hope tfor its attftrnment
from other processes of whi^b .we have some intunpctied^
and which ha^e not yet been made public* '
. Of the utility of the mechaoical application of ether as a
power for giving motion, we have, stitt less expectations (
fori e^olasiveof the objections to its cost, andtbei^erj^
gr^t improbability of the apparattis of the patentee con*
dealing it completely, when once .rarefied, this nature of
its composition and the action of the mefel of the ^4>aratiis
on t^e a^idA whioh nec<5ssarily enter into * it> HfoaM soea
ao &r decompose it^ supd alter its nature, as to destroy
tho^e qjuaJitiaa which would make it YaluahlLB fos-iiie use
piropoved^ • ■ •.,':.'»:'*•.- , . ' ^. ::
Green, near Birmingham, lln^nevr, /or An^ improved tnodg <^ conp
sirucUng sieant'Can^iagesfor hi^ltwai/s. jDated May 15, 1824.
The ateam-oarriages deecdribed m. this spedfieatibn are
intended solely for.oomnu)a loads* Instead of the foimer
method^ of using one steam: cylinder, er at most tiro, fof
eaoh steam«cardage, the p^tentiee directs tl^at^ a: steam
cylinder shall be ased for.eac^ wheel, and in^his* drafts ii|
facj^, two cylindera.are represented aliaAchoexl^eniify. of
the tw6 a^d^s, ^0 that eight .steltm i^yUndera triM..he ixe^
f^tiit^daltogetber foe this plan« . . . . . .. ; ,
.These cyli^ers the paledtee »ila;te8 are to>bevefy smatt^
but does not mention their precise dinteiwiods; aakl as
the pistons of each pair of them are arranged to .openlte
so on the cranks with which theyi are connected, .that
when one is vertical the.otherwill be at right angles, to
it, Ut save the use of fly .whecfls,. every pair joay be oiniH
siden»d as one engine, acting on the wheel which it .is
iatended to naove» These, cylinders are placed beneath
th^.axleaof the cexriage^ and the cnmiui efe.fiaed.abofa
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nrh^oi^; whiolH byt anol^er whecil of the saiae soit^ aiHai oo
« t0«tb«4 iridg; ^tacbed fo the Qave:of tJMi caxrbge wbefl^
wl^ob n»f Q turns fteelj^ om ito' &xle> Fj*p«a th^e. oylinden
liipes ruo to tiie fitesm boiler, ouiriiich oocks are 90 placed
tfia^ by txujniog th«m io eertMn diisectidot, iht steam may
bo U9t 01^ o? ahttt off r from each pair of ibyliMers a&m
^tiic^di and abo in&y be admitted' pariially aomettmeaf
by ifriiiob niaaQa eaoh whoel eaa have ila dagtae^ of telooHy
MgviUitad ia mapect to that of ;lbe othai^v^ nmy ba hai^
aiiitail for making Abe oamage tarn rfund: a .e«ttejr| at
moYtt in aay onfve dcqrdd. • ' ...:-'/ .»
The steam boiler is placed beneath the perch, .itdar.tbf
tettd'iviDeetiiy ahdihednyney sliM flartker bftfifc> tagtiher
^idtthejseat of Ae bngin&riaaa^ vrhm nat only .keeps ikf
tike iitB, \xOitf by bandies plSaced near him, wbioh/cbmmui^
liieate M^ith tbe ctok^' befinve^smeiitiiuied, can Mop fiithar
ef'-lte hind ^heek or diminish ^ their motion^ hs mvybe
iniMMi snilable to. tli€ «lope of the bilky in doacjiDdiiig
wfaieh locKiu^ of tba ^a^eela mtgbtba /nedssiary* .'.fSkB
engines used with these cen^qges are -to be -df ^diadi%b
pressure species, so that tibe steam might be discharged
frfimibd ©yjiftd^ra. W lonc^ aft«r beiiag used ; but to obriate
the iiiaoiwPWiiattQ^ ;wlw*i thii^ w^ujid 0|aL^^, pipe^ pt^i^
ftwia^ jttieii»40 ibet e^imi^y^ to parry oflT the wAvti^at^^ai^
afamg Tnfb tba amol^» . ^
Tba frQfA ^^in^ is mf4» ta ti^)» ^ >4^s centra w m^^
mA tbe ste%m pipe* wai* baM0 JQi«ts># th^. cwtBa.ifi*
9itotmi> i^miki U> tiMHse^ ^f .c<Mste^»j to adaiU of tib^ir .tieipg
tenMd.doogiifitb'it; ft a^ti^^ii^^f a iN^riaoni^l tootbi^
wbeftli ia% aAftcbad, .to. tbis ^^1^ in wbf<;b: % piwQP wqrl^ii^
ft^»whkk{iai nei^tiitVrpbafltiwcQ^ft.toitbfl naatriif th,^4ir
fceati)!^ iribfetUis pkeed dir#<Jtly:afep^ itr'4«4 i^ ^i^s* 'twi^^
like a coach-box. On th^ tpp. x>ft iMs 9b&ft. ^,bpi<iz9(i^
vdiatli ftrwhed iwi* bw>4tefr,liJk«tl>fi^te^ri9ig wheel (j>f a
fttpii «, fiJif d, . h^y . vWc> tt).^ ,d!iteot9r flai^ t^rw .tb,^ frwt
jM6ls<;^!^ aa A% i^d^vi^tsiri^ of tb^ r^^ad m^ r»f^w^• U^nr
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482 NoHeii of New Paiedii.
xontal rbda are ako so armnged betw«eit Aig a^ and the
cocks, that in proportion as it is turhed ihi sfeamiOBy b«
sltut off from the cylinders at tbe side next the centte or
cMitres of the enrvature of the road, by. >;irfaiobiiietini tK^
ivheels at that side more'niore dowly than the others.
Besides the steering wheel, there' are two levers tUfhh
hancttes, placed near the seat: of the condu^or, ^ritieU
communicate by' cranks wiUi' the rods just mehtibn^d^' l>y
idiich the cocks are turned, and by mo^^ng which he cad
either diminish the motion of the wheels atone side, as
he pleases, or stop, off the steam froin aUthe c}fiinders at
once, when it is required to.stop the progress. of the
carriage.
- Two bodies of coaches are rejwesented in the drawing^
placed above the aides in the usual position for.doidble*
bodied carriage^; and both their arfangem€;ilt,'a|id Aat
of the parts of the steam*engine notp'artic^arly descoibedi
is directed to be sucbasis.couimdiilyused inrsitetldt-oasiitK
.The specification concludes, , after this, witfi - the- usaid
danses relative to valriatians of parts, ahd the J>artieii]fttv
saiionof the 'claims' of the patentee, )
With respect to this plan of Mir. James's, a qnesttc^
arises whether the multiplication of cyttiiders, which it
directs, may not add more to the weight by their number,
than what their small size may admit of itfrbeing diMirinished
hi each of them, from the- greater strength whiMi' this re-
duction of size' causes in proportion td their substa^:
There should also be t^ken into this abi»>nnt, :tlial;^UM
weight of many wheals and of some h^vy shafts aremiMd-
'by this plan, which are necessary in those otfatsrsi for the
sanfte purpose lately made public, as may be more dsttli]^
seen by comparing it with, that of Mecfsrs* Baratdl sind
Hilt, given in Our third Niiihber.
' Mr. James has on this occasion felHen iitto the ianalt-
error as Messrs. Burstalt and HiH, in phEfeing the seats Ui
ike passengetiB> and the- receptkcles'fef ihe M^|;»gey'^lw
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Notices^ ^w.Pat^nts^ AZ'^
qu- the 8|tfp^ tWbeeU. with tb^..ateam-cai!iiasg^^ ;by w^
q^mpi^li^iont qf?-weigh|»? j?l ^cl^r^e c£ ,fx^%nvt fliustf;]^^.
c^u^i^ .qn,4he/v«^effls, .^ ,gr^%^y t^t QP. cfli»p^ i^^.
<^<jiui4]?ew i<t without speedy 4efitructifl5a..,,. u t ^o v-,.,^:
.^^♦this^.^.:ir^i;pport?mt puiuit; of con^jite^oiif ^vil^
Ecq^c)^4Q .8tei^a-c9>iTiagQs^ ^& heig h^^{^.,ip r^r to ,1^
obappj^ation^Mwhich ,we iiav^ .alresidy. niadp ;*^apectirjg;^
?^tii;hE| i^fH^f^ttfiioix of tfaeaccowt,bf4j^Ptpat0nt*o(*;Ms?;^%
B)iJca(«^L;an4'HUL,. . - .. . , ^ 4 , , ^.u > v:f>»
*^ ••'3 ":•;'* *^' .» , • -- ..■:•■*■ •■•'i' ^^ r IN -•• "-j^^fj'^fl
fialent graniei fo Jacob Pekkins, ofFket'iireet,I^ndony£ngtf^h¥l
for certain improvements in propelling vessels* Dated August f^],19^X^^'
j.^If^ iB|b'. Berkina!&.ine^o4 o€J]apellhigy9$selar.€at,f%$i?^
c^e«« or impelkrsy li^Le the blade$ ofi oaps, .^evma^^tPf
E4»«qfaFe hcfhiml the atem Qf .the Tess^]i.i^ 9Lr\^\9J^ti^^ -^^ght,
a^gplfs tCH^b^keel ; .^joAyi ^om being sipped so; a«L^b^4igpo^
iikdm^d^^ailfis to th^ line < of impulse, they .teijfj ;bp,rinQ9if
tbe4§euieLc ipi.^^oppostt^ fdirecti^ 4^ vlhatv m pi^lLtl^,
feces act on the water. . To^pi^veiut ^thecoUviMa iinpul^:
from turning round- the vessel/ two sets of these paddles
aj^imde to mQ0reiii opfioaite directions at thes^Q^tiji^e,
aad:are,.pf ,GQ)ifse .lat^hed^^^ to. s^^qiute axles^ .i/<^ob^^t4^
p^Y^ti;any>|Nrc^Qtion>^f Jj^ paddies ^yon^ the^si<^^^|
th«>ir^aa«l^. ai;a.aiKMie4x> reyplye^conc^ii^^icajUyf j^y^^^^^^
di^Bn,^iDg;hQUQ«^.and ^e other. {massing ..thro^jg^hl^^^
taq-Wjg,j«Mind.withinit, , . . . . . .,, ,. -^-^^^jub
jQn^^iaph of^theifte axles Mr^P^ o^Ly eflaplqys ftwp pad^J^
oppiDsitet. to^ m)M* ajootb^r, whose, slopes, 9r.i|\cjliaeii ]^)/a^f |^
ajofiSO^ c^^^f jlh^.Qlose>to:the,axle they; jGori^an^a^gl^
otilft?. wiJtlb^t, arliila;at*their^xjbr«iwitie?t thie ajigli^;oCjiHDed boilei^ can be at all used for preparing common Salt
or sugar) Unless the steam from them be applied to act
beneath open pans, which the patentee repeatedly dis^
claims as beikig within the liihits of his patent ; which he
very properly does, the method having bem befons secured
by fbrmer patents.
In shott, the application of the ^ans of the patentee to
Useful purposes seems still a desideratum^ which will sd
far secure the exclusive use of them to him, as no other
perilon, probably^ will be able to imagine or comprehend
a secret so very profound, and so artfully concealed. We
shall, however, just beg leave to mention in conclusion,
that so far as these plans (if any) are seciired by secnisy,
so fcur are they unprotected by the patent.
Patent granted to Frederick Benecke, ofDeptford, Kerti, P^fHifrr^
Manufacturer, Daniel Towers Shears^ and James Henry
Shears^ qf Fleet Market, Londony Coppersmiths ; for itiiproveiMsnts
in makiftg, preparing; or producing zinc or spelter. Comuiunicated
to them by a tertain foreigner. Dated October 7, 1824.
. Th e Specification of this patent commences with ptHUting
out the defects of the cptnmon method of Indting ainc,
which consists of Urging the ore by fire in a vessel, from
the bottom of which a pipe destends intb water, in which
method the other metals, mixed with th^ ore> partiaularly
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NoiUH of New P^tmUt 447
l^adi fli^ Mdted HAd pasa down nlong with it In the state
of alloy. It th^n dMc^ibes an apparatuis, by th^ Uie of
which this evil will be avoided^ and tiie tine pfodueed be
ttiore pnre^ by parsing off from it laterally in the state of
vapour before it is condensed into metal. This apparatus
eonsistSy in its most simple state^ of a long narrow vessel^
of the refractory clay^ used in making crucibles, which may
be either hexagonal, cylindrical, semicylindrical, or of
various other forms, and which is to be placed horitontally
in a furnace, for the reception of the ore. The front or
mouth of this vessel is fitted with a stopper, towards the
upper part of which is a circular aperture, for the reoeptioti
Of the neck of an earthen globular head ; and towards its
lower part a square aperture, for extracting the calx or
remains of the ore after distillation, which latter aperture
is furnished with a stopper, to be luted into it when the
vessel is at work, as is also the primary stopper into the
vessel itself. The globular head, besides the neck, has
another tube, which descends from it, and which may be
lengthened by luting additions to it till of a proper length for
cooling the vapouri^ed zinc, which falls from it as soon as
condensed upon an iron plate, placed beneath for its re«
Ception. In the front of this head is a round aperture,
through which the ore is put by a scoop into the vessel
beyond it, which opening is fitted with a stopper, which is
luted to it when in use.
Two sorts of furnaces are described for the vessels fitted
up as mentioned. In the first, ten of them are arranged
on One level hearth, supported a little above it by bricks,
^nd placed in two rows, with their heads outwards, and
the tubes depending from them. A small space is lefr
between their inner ends, and in the middle of this space
an oblong opening forms a communication with the fire-
place beneath it, from which the heat and flame ascends,
circulates throughthe vessels, and passes out above through
openings in a low arch, which covers all the vessels, and
forms 4 reverberator for reflecting down tod confining the
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448 Notices of New Patents.
heat Under the grate of the fii^e-place the ash-pit com-
municates with a large culvert or arched passage, Ihat
admits the air from beyond the limits of the building ;
and through one of the ends of the mass of brick-work a
sufficient ^pace is left for access to the fire-place, to supply
it with fuel. We have left the heads projecting from the
yessels beyond the furnace or oven ; but as it is expedient
that they should be kept warm, a small cell or nitch is
made for each of them, by building tbeir walls between
them, arched at top« and having metal plates across them,
at the level of the bottoms of the vessels ; through aper-
tures in which plates the tubes from the heads pass down
near to other metal plates at the level of. the floor, on
which the zinc is deposited as it is formed.
By this arrangement the head of each vessel will be in a
small square cell by itself, joined by its neck to the stopper
of the vessel far the ore, at which part the openings round
the vessel are to be filled up by pieces of bricks and luting,
to close the back of this little cell ; and to its front a
moveable door or lid is to be fitted, which, when luted in,
confines the head entirely from view. This lid is com-
posed of an iron frame, with iron wire passed across it in
both directions, so as to form a sort of grating, which is
to be plastered at both sides with luting; and in the
middle of this grating a small opening is left, inclosed by
a similar iron frame, furnished also with its stopper, which
opening^being opposite that in the head, serves to give
access to it for putting in the charges of pre.
In the second sort of furnace the vessels are placed in
several tiers, above one another, six or seven being in each
tier. The necks of the heads or tubes serving for that purpose
pass through the front wall of this furnace, which is built
up of loose bricks and luting between the outer ends of
the vessels. Beneath all is placed the fire-place, which is
covered by a brick arch, to prevent the fire acting too
violently on the lower vessels ; and through it apertures
fire left; through which the fire ascends, and circulateQ
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Notices of New Patents. 449
through the spaces left for it round the vessels. Over the
upper vessels is a brick arch, with apertures in it to let off
the smoke; and just above this arch is left a passage^
through the wall in fronts closed by a door or stopper^ by
which the apertures in this arch may be closed or opened
as required. The method of arranging the heads and dis-
tilling tubes in this latter furnace is not described.
The apparatus being thus prepared^ 'black jack^ blende,
or sulphuret of zinc are taken, and roasted either in a
roasting furnace, or else stratified in alternate layers with
fuel, and roasted by setting fire to the pile. The ore is
then spread out in the air, watered, and lixiviated, to
separate the sulphate of zinc ; after which it is roasted a
second time, and then powdered fine, and mixed with an
equal portion of powdered coal, charcoal, sawdust, or other
carbonaceous matters, particularly with cinders, and then
by scoops put into the vessels through the doors of the
nitches and the heads, as mentioned^ to the thickness of
an inch or two. Calamines, or oxides of zinc, only require
the latter part of this process. The openings being then
all luted, the first charge is to be distilled as long as the
zinc comes from it ; then a second charge is to be put in,
and managed as before; and after that other charges
successively, as far as the vessels will hold them, so as to
perform the work to advantage. After this the^doors of
the nitches are to be opened, the heads to be taken down,
and the calces. and residuums from the ore to be drawn
out through the square openings in the stoppers, in the
front of the vessels. And then again, the heads, doors,
and stoppers being placed as at first, the operations de-
scribed are to be repeated as before.
The patentees state that much depends upon regulating
the fire, so as to keep up a regular heat at the same tem-
perature throughout the process ; and this they effect by
putting the coals into the fire-place in small quantities at
a time, frequently renewed ; also by having a large culvert
to admit the air evenly^ without any quick draft or blast \
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460 Notices of New Patiuti.
mttd by letting the smoke escape through apertures in die
arch of the oven or furnace for the same design> without
using any chimney to accelerate its current. They also
mention that they use^ in some cases^ pearl-ash or sea salt,
or slaked lime^ along wi<li the powdered ore and coal in
distillation, for the purpose of increasing the produce
of zinc.
The construction of the receivers, heads^ and tttbes^
their mode of arrangement and connection, and the struCf
ture of the Aimaoe first described in this specifloatioUi
are all evidently the work of some person of great ex**
perience in the large operations of chemistry, and contrived
in a masterly manner. Of the second furnace we can only
say, that in our opinion the patentees had better have said
nothing about it than to have left the most difficult part
of the arrangement respecting it undescribed, which leads
to the supposition that they had in foot never perfected
the mode of its application.
The lateral method of distilling zinc, claimed by the
patentees as an improvement of their invention, will, we
apprehend, be a point very difficult for them to maintain,
since Mr. W. E. Sheffield, in the specification of a
patent he obtained several years since, for separating
metallic substances from their ores, describes the use of
lateral tubes from his pots, for letting the zino pass in
that direction in the state of vapour to the place in which
it is to be condensed. We have also to observe, that the
same process has been long practised, even before any of
these patentees were in existence. In fact, so many have
been the methods in which vessels of all shapes and kinds,
and in all positions, have been used in chemical processes,
and particularly in those relating to metallurgy,- that we
apprehend it would be most difficult to contrive any which
had not been before employed.
It has been acknowledged by the first chemists, that the
present mode of getting zinc from the ore is very defective.
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Ni^icts of New PaUnU. 451
Wfe liav^ itlUthe fiam% cdrnplaint to iiiake> ias ih« pro<-
besteB of the patentees by no mean* tend to remdre it. la
tke roasting the sulphurets^ as directed, much of the zinc
must be lost, and in this part of the bii^iness at le&st no
imprdyenlent has been attempted* As to the employtnetit
of peatl'-ash, sea salt, or lime, whioh the patentees mentiott,
with ore prepared as they state, tre may be well excused
in doubting its advantage ; th^y not baring expWned it,
and there beii^ no ehemical theory, anoient Or modem,
which would lead us to expect the emallest benefit from
4he action of th^sd substances on the ores of zinc, in con»
junction with ceurbonaceous matter, exposed to heat in the
manner directed by the patentee. On the contrary, we
should rather think them injurious, from their tendency to
Titrify the oxides contained in the ore, and convert them
into a slag instedd of metal.
Patent granted to Walt^b Foreman, of Bath, Esq, Command^' in
the Royckl Navy, for improvements in the comtruction if steant"
engines* ftated October 7, 1824.
Thb steam-engine described in the specification of this
patent is of the rotary kind, in which a vertical cylinder
is to reyolve within a fixed annular cas^, that encompasses
it by the pressure of the steam on valves, attached by
hinges to the cylinder, which are pressed close t<5 it by a
wheel projecting from a stop within the upper part of the
case, and again move off from it by their weight when
their hinges pass the horizontal diameter. The steam
enters at one side of the case by a tube, and passes out at
the opposite by a similar tube, after having acted oh
the valves.
The cross section of the annular case would form a
tr^pesium, whose base next the cylinder would be longer
than it* t'opj towards which its two sides would slope in
equal angles. The whole figure therefore of this case
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462 Noticei of New Patents.
would be, in strictnefis, at each side a very.flat obtrancated
cone ; which conical figure would not be particularized
here, so little is it perceptible, and so inconceivable is its
use, but that it is set forth by the patentee as one of the
chief points of Improvement which he expressly claims.
The valves must of course be shaped at their sides ac-
cording to the section of the case just stated, which shape
forms another particular claim ; and they are also repre-
sented in the draft that accompanies the specification, as
being curved in the other direction, or flatwise, so as to
lie close to the cylinder when pressed down to it by the
stop at the top. These valves are six in number in the
draft, and are separated from each other by narrow cross
pieces screwed to the cylinder, to which their hinges are
attached. The stop is formed hollow, in two pieces, one
of which slides downwards within the other, and both are
fastened by screws within the case so as to be steam-
tight ; the sliding formation of the parts is to admit of
occasionally lengthening the whole in the direction of the
radius, to supply the wear of the side next the valves.
From this stop a spring piece descends in the case to near
the horizontal diameter, where it sustains a vertical wheel,
that is nearly of the -diameter of the section of the case ;
the circumference of which wheel rolls'over the valves as
they are forced beneath it by the steam, and press them
successively against the cylinder. This wheel and spring
piece constitutes the third and last particular claim of the
patentee in this engine.
There being no mode described of making the parts of
this engine steam tight by packing, they must be all made
so by accurate workmanship and grinding, the expence of
which in the onset, and in the repairs, would certainly be
too considerable to allow it to come into competition with
other steam-engines of a more common and practicable
construction.
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. Notices of Kew Patents. 453
' This engine is similar in its principles to one contrived
by Mr. Cook, more than 30 years ago, which is described
in the third volume of our work, first series, and which we
could never learn was ever carried into effect, though
much less complicated, and affording ftore facilities of
construction than that which is the object of the present
specification.
Patent granted to Joseph Aspdin, of Leeds, Bricklayer, for an inu*
provement in the mode of producing artificial stone. Dated October
' 21, 1824.
. The patentee states that this artificial stone is a cement,
to be called Portland cement, which is to be employed
for stuccoing houses and water cisterns, and for other
uses. To form it, he directs that 'Spuddle" or powder
from roads laid with limestone, or the limestone itself
used for that purpose (when the other material cannot be
procured in sufficient quantities), should be calcined, and
when slaked should be mixed with a '^ specific'^ quantity
of clay and water to an ^* impalpable" state, by manual
labour or by machinery, and should then be put in a
** slip pan," and be dried by the sun, or by fire flues be-
neath the pan, until entirely deprived of the water. The
whole is then to be broken into lumps, and again calcined
in a lime kiln, after which it is to be reduced to powder
by grinding, rolling, or pounding, when it will be fit
for use.
The above are the whole of the directions given for*
preparing this cement, in which it will be observed that
neither the proportions of the clay to the lime, nor its
previous preparation, are stated.
The generd outline of the method, however, is the same
as that published by M. Vicat'maily years ago, and we
understand practised in this country as well as in France
since 1820. M, Vicat directs that from 0-15 to 0-40 of
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454 Jtiaikes af New PaUnfs.
the clay shoold be i|8ed with tbe lime, accoi^g as the
limestone is niore or less rich, or oontaiiiB le»i ef extra^
neoua substances, 0*20 being a good proportion in general,
and that the clay should be freed by any of the usual
methods from aiy gravel which it might contain.
Relative to the use of road materials from roads made
of limestone, to which the patentee i^eems to have a sifi<-
gular predilection, we have made some observations
in treating of another of his patents, in our third number
of this series ; and shall elose our remarks on this patent
by expressing strong doubts whether a speQificaticm,
which describes a cement or stucco only, can satisfy the
proviso of a patent granted for making artificial ^tomy so
as to make it valid, even if the ciroomstances before'*
mentioned did not so powerfully operate to its prejudice.
. Patent granted ta Johk Hbad, (f Banbury, €keJMUhive, Mosiety j$it
improv^tnen^e in maehinery Jqr making emd or phi for bq^ m4
. $iaff lacesy and for oihir uses* D^ted Novpn^heir 4, ^8S4«
The machine for which this patent was granted is de-
scribed as applied to platting twelve threads intoonehollow
cord, in the centre of which a solid cord of any kind, of a fit
size, may be inclosed or not, as thought proper ; but it is
evident other machines, on the same principle, may be
made so as to plat a greater or less number of threads in
the same manner, provided they are in even numbers, aS
stated by the patentee, The engine for platting- twelve
threads has. six axles, placed vertically, at the same dis-
tance from a common centre^ and each axle carries a hori-
zontal spur wheel, the teeth of which work in those adt
joining, so that the whole six are put in motion by moving
any one of them ; but of course from the action of theit
teeth they revolve alternately in opposite directions,
which is necessary for the proper movement of the bobbins.
These axles are placed, in a plane frame, formed of two
hexagonal rails, connected by a due number of upri^ts.
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Nodw of }fm Fattntin Ahb
Above the npp^ ooe of tbe«(9 raila are ftxod two horiioiital
metal plates, with a small interval between them, throMgh
both of which the six axles paps upwards a short space.
The lowest of these plates is left unaltered ; but m the
upper one is cut out six circular oavitieii^ one round each
spindle, in such a manner that their circumferepqes inters
sect each other so as to leave open spaces between each
pair, for the passage of the bottoms of the bobbin holders
from one circle to the other. These bottoms are of an
oval shape, of about half the radius of the open circle in
breadth, and on each spindle is fixed a circular button or
knob between the plates, of nearly half the diameter of
the open circle, which button confines the oval bottom of
the bobbin holder to move in the track between it and the
^dge of the circle ; ^nd to secure the oval bottom fVom
rising np from this track, a small oval plate is fastened
below it, the edges of which project a sufficient distance
to come under the cut plate. Two bottoms of bobbin
holders are plaeed in each of these circular tracks, but at
opposite sides \ and to put them in motion, four arms are
fastened to the top of each of the six vertical axles, one
pair of which are placed over the other pair, and so as to
form a cross, and their length being such as to pass a
small distance over the adjoining circular tracks, they
wpul4 impede e^h other's motion were it not for the
precaution taken, just mentioned, of placing every seconel
pair in a diflferent plc^ne, which causes the ends of the
upper pairs to pass close ov^r the others without touching.
The consequence of this described arrangement will
be, that, when the axles are put in motion, the bobbins
will be driven by the revolving arms from one circle inte
the next ; but, on account of the spindles and tlieir arms
moving alternately in opposite directional they will pass
alternately from the external part of one circular track to
the internal part of the next, and from that to the external
side of the ensuing circle, so as to pursue altogether a
s^rpentin^ course round the fiime; siK of the bobbins
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456 Notices of New Patents,
following one another in the same track, while the remain*
ing six are made to more in the opposite direction,
crossing the tracks of the others in passing from one
circle to the next, so as to interweave the threards that
proceed from them all to the common centre, where they
meet to form the cord.
The bottom of the bobbin holder described performs an
office so essential to the operation, that it may in fact be
considered as a distinct part, to which the bobbin itself is
secondary.
From this bottom part a stem rises up, which has two
small plates proceeding at right angles from it, between
which the bobbin is placed in a vertical position, in which
it is retained by a pin or spindle that passes through its
centre, and through the upper plate, and turns in a cavity
in the lower plate. The bobbin itself is of the common
form, made of metal, with a hollow body, and about four
inches in length. To prevent the thread from coming too
quickly from it, the following method is adopted : the
surface of its upper disk is indented with notches, into
which a catch falls from the upper plate of the holder,
where it is jointed, and has another arm so placed, that
when it is raised up the catch rises with it, and permits
the bottom to turn round which it before prevented from
moving ; two wires being fixed parallel to the back of
the stem, and between the three a small weight being
placed so as to be moved up and down, the thread from
the bobbin first passes through a hole in the stem, then
ascends through a hole in the upper plate, and passes
downwards again through another hole in the same plate ;
then passes through a wire loop in the small moveable
weight, from which it again ascends through a third hole
in the upper plate, and from thence goes upwards, to join
the other threads in the common centre, where they form
the cord. By this arrangement, as the thread is woven
up, the little weight will be made to rise till it comes in
contact with the longer arm of the catch, by which it
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Notices of New Patents. 46')' .
will raise the latter, set the bobbin free, and then fall
down again instantly, drawing from the bobbin at the
same time a fresh supply of thread, for continuing the
work as before. The catch is then again pressed against
the top of the bobbin by its little spring, and prevents
its turning till the weight again rises to raise its arm.
The centre, where all the threads meet, is placed at some
inches' height above the machine, where the cord, as it is
formed^ passes through a hole in a small plate, and over
a pulley, from whence it proceeds sideways, in a horizontal
direction, tO; two revolving rollers, which draw it off and
deliver it from between thein into a basket, placed beneath
for its reception. The rollers are turned by an upright
$xle,- placed at one side of the machine, th^ top of which
carries a screw that works in a toothed wheel on one of
the rollers ; and on its Ipwer part is fixed a toothed wheel,
which acts on one of the six toothed wheels of the machine
before described, and thus gives motion to the whole;
die power which is used for this purpose being first applied
to tUsaxlei as the part most proper for its communication.
This is an ingenious little machine ; but on account of
the draft pf the thread from the top of each of the bobbin
holders pressing it towards the centre, a binding will be
caused on the bottom part, which will make them move
StifSy and unevenly. This might be much remedied by
causing the thread to pass ultimately from near the bottom
of the bobbin holder to the central pulley, instead of from
its top.
Mr, Heathcoat, of Tiverton, obtained a patent for a
machine for the same purpose as this invention of Mr*
Head's, in November, 1823, which, though much more
complicated, has its bobbin holders contrived so as to
move with much less friction, and a great deal more
evenly and steadily.
VOL. Ir 2 I
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458 Natkis of New Pditnti.
fffteni gmnU4 to Jams* Qvvv, ^ Hari-sifvei, Grfi$omii(if^,^gi#^^
CoachnutkeTf f^r certain imfrovqrkenU in vfhfeki mr^Wg^- ^«^
October 14, 1824.
The first thing described ia the specification of tibis
patent is a method of constructing the lower part pf ^ the
bodies of stage coaches^ which may be understood by sup^
posing a stage coach of the kind most in use at present
(with the fore and hind boot attached to the body) wbiebi
instead of havipg the pannels of the body to come d#wii
dose to the bottom, had them short of that by ) 2 or 14
inches, so that its general appearaoi^ would be.tbatof a
very low body, having beneath it a case, seeming to bft a
eontionation of the hind boot, and of the same construisr*
don and colour ; but this lower part« instead of b^ing
what it seems, is in reality the lower part of the bodyr
the seats being on a level with the bottom of the panneb,
and this apparent case constituting the receptacle for the
feet of the inside passengens, and the spa^e bemsath &9
seats. The door of this coach not coming dowD lower
than the bottom of the puinels, its place is sopplled in Um
lower part by the step of the carriage, which is made large
enough to supply its place there^ when turned up, being
fitted properly into the lower part of the door ftume for
that purpose, and thus performing the double offices 6t
step and door, so far as it extended upwards. To secure
^is same part further, the patentee directs that an iron
frame, with grooves, may be fixed round it, into which an
iron plate is to be fitted, so as to slide in tight, which, in
case of the coach having to pass through water, is to be
pushed down into the grooves, which, according to the
specification, will prevent the entrance of the water into
the body of the coach.
Next after this follows the- account of the fore boot, of
which the lower part is to turn horizontally along with the
fore wheels ; the ftrtchels, and other parts necessary for
forming the connexion with the axle and the pole, being
attached to its bottom. To form the revolving joint of
this part, a grooved ring ^f iron is fixed to it^ rf the
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Nf^im of Nm Battnu. iSA
diftmeter ef Ha bceadth, in the groove of which a proj^qtien
in a similav riog, attached to the upper part that is unite'd
to the body, enters ; and bare being fixed across the
diameters of each of these rings, from the centre of the
upper one a pin or bolt descends^ that enters into a socket
in the lower one, which being fastened below by a cross
Hey, preventA them from separating. These rings may
also be formed so as to act without the bolt or cross
barsy by th^ projecting ring being made wider at its lower
^xtf and the groove in the lower, ring formed to fit it.
The rings may likewise be made fiat (withoi^t grooves or
projections), and be kept in oontaet by four or more horip
a^ntal rollers, fixed to the upper part of the boot, dose
WVivA the fao?eabls rii^g, at equal distances from eachr
other, the rings in this ease having cross bars and a central
bolt, as in the first plan. A variatipn may besides be
B^ade in the positions of Ithe rings ; that which was directed
to be attached to the upper part of the boot being fixed te
a lower mpve^ble portion, and the other on the contrary
4)0Qupyin|; the former place of this one.
The lower revolving pairt of this boot is to be fitted up
to form a safe receptacle for valuable prc^erty ; its sides,
inside the wood work, are to have circular plates of iroi^
all round them in every direotion, fastened by their eentrev
alone ; so that if an attempt be mad^ to cut into the sidesp
of the boot by the large centre bits, which thieves use,
the farther progress of the bits, when they come in contaet
^ with the circular plates, will be rendered impossible, by
^ plates turning round their centres as the bit revolves.
The passage into this receptacle may be either through the
upper part of the boot, or through the back part of the
receptacle, which latter appears to be prrferred, from its
position requiring it to be turned round so that the pole,
which moves along with it, shall be nearly at right angles
to the body of the coach before it can be opened, by
which iht difficulty to thieves of getting at it when it is
On a journey will be greatly increased* The door of dua
2i3
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460 Notices of New Patenis.
receptacle is to be fastened by bolts, having locks close
beside them^ so placed that, when the bolts are pushed
in, on the lock being turned its tongue or bolt enters into
a cavity in the bolt next it, and prevents it from being
again drawn back. ...
• To convey bank notes or money^ divisions are formed
in this receptacle in the revolving part of the fore boot,
into which iron boxes for holding them being thrust from
behind, are prevented from being drawn out, by chains
placed diagonally across the entrances to the divisions, and
fastened by padlocks, over which the door of the recep-
tacle is closed by (he means just mentioned. And to still
farther secure this receptacle^ an alarm is so connected
with its door that, on this being opened, a ring slips off a
pin that confined it;, and lets go the alarm.
A considerable space is occupied in the description of
this alarm and its varieties ; biit a general notion of it may
be formed by conceiving au axle with ai' small wheel on it,
from the rim of which several catches project, that act
against either spring plates or the shanks of hammers ;
and that this axle is so connected with a spiral spring,
that on its being wound up, and the ring placed on the
pin before mentioned, as soon as the ring is forced off the
pin again, the spring turns round quickly, and causing the
axle to revolve along with it, by means of the catches
forces the plates or hammers to , rise, which in their fall
causes a noise that cannot fail to attract the attention of
•all within a considerable distance.
. The fellies or streaks of the wheels for this coach, or
others, the patentee states, \will be improved by having
small plates fastened at each side over their points of
connexion, and by having metal knobs fixed to their
rims, so as to enter into corresponding cavities in the
ring-tire which goes round the wheel. This latter part
may be varied by having the^knobs fastened to the: ring-
tire, and the cavities for them formed in the outside cii^
cumference of the fellies.
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. Notices of New Patents, 461
; To the side plates, at the joinings df those fellies on the
in&ide of the hind wheels, are to be fastened rings or
jhooks, for the purpose of holding a drag chain, or a piece
of bolt iron serving for the same use, that is ietttached at
. the other end to the . hind boot, at a sufficient distance
from the axletree, and which, when hooked on to those
^plates, prevents the wheel from turning.
The patentee, after this, describes particular formations
for the end^ of the axles and boxes of the naves, the object
of which is to secure the wheel better from separating
from the axle accidentally. In the first of these methods
a collar or ring is placed on the inner part or shoulder of
the axle, and another collar screwed on outside it, to keep
it' from being drawn offV which acrew-coUar is to be farther
;fastened by side pins pstssing through it ; and the inside
part of the box of the nave being made suflSciently wide
.next the shoulder to contain these two collars, when put
in its place is to have screws passed through lihis enlarged
•part into the loose inside collar, which then revolves along
with it, and prevents the wheel from coming off by its
action against the fixed collar. Another method described
for the same purpose consists in having the outer extremity
of the axle made hollow, to contain the cylindrical head of
a bolt made so as to turn round freely within it ; a round
.collar, is then passed over the bolt, and having a screw
cut round it, which fits in a corresponding holl6w screw
at the end of the cavity in the axle, is screwed into it so
.as to keep the head of the bolt securely within it. This
bolt passes' through a hole made for it in a plate, that is
fastened on ^he face of the nave, outside which a nut
screws on it, over a washer, and a pin passed through the
nut afterwards keeps it from turning so as to come off
again from the bolt. It is obvious that it is the heaJ of
this bolt that will then chiefly keep the wheel from coming
off, and that the advantage of the contrivance will lie in
tending to prevent the nut and screwed collar from being
turned off, by the bolt itself moving round with the
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402 Naiicei of tfeitf PaimUi.
whed. Th* pfttedtea further ditecte the iifte §f axles
hollowed throagh their whole extefit^ M beihg str§iig^r
than solid axles of an equal Weighty and points dut a
method of eonverting part of this hollow into a yessel IHr
holding 6il^ fot lubri^^atirig ihd patt of the^ atto that tetei^
sito the navej
The following method of arrangiiig the isfptingd that
rapport the coach is also described in this specification.
These springs are to be of the straight flat kiuld tkoW cdiii-
mcmly used for stage coiches, and to be placed like theili,
lindemeath between tb^ body or boots and the axles, btit
differ from them in arraugemedt, three (of them being
pladed at each point of support, iro that tweke, ^Itogethtir,
will be used for the coach. Of those three one is attached
Ky its middle to the axle in the Usual place, and 16 eath
^lid of this one the middle of one of the other's is joifited
beneath ; the fhrther ends df thes6 two secondary spring^
are then jointed in the usual manner to the bottom of th^
body or boots, and their ends next the axle ar^ joined by
links/ either to theastle itself, or to the primary spring
near to tlie aile, this latter point not being explained in
the specification. _
There is no apparent advantage in the mode of forming
tiie under part of the body of the coach as directed in this
apecifioationi Part of the door being composed of the
step, would, in our opinion, be awkward and inconrenient ;
and the sliding metal plates for keeping out water would,
we apprehend, be quite ineffectual for that purpose, it
not being possible to make a Water-tight joint for them
according to the directiobs given in the specification for
Iheir construction.
The construction of the fore boot seems well contrived
for the security of property put into it, and the l)ircular
plates for preventing the action of centre bits likely to be
serviceable on other occasions, particularly for the defbnce
of doors add window shutters.
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\ ¥fae ni<^tkod of flfrtogtbening the cdflfietion Of ihii
feiHefB df ^h6elsj by side platen at theit joinings/ has beeti
btferd tmed, particuUrly for artillery wheeh, from a Tci?y
tUfiilrte period)
Tbe itst (Maa for the donstrubtioti of the boxes of th6
ii^t^s alid the ends of the iixles appears to us very similaf
ib others which hare been long since made public. The
ftxletrei^ alid box, fbr which Mr. Rowfltree took a ptLtent iil
Aprils 1806^ ^re evidently foi'med on similar ptiilciples, ^ft
kt^ thbse likewise for which a patent was granted id
Mesists; Barclay and Outning^ in May, 1814, although
tM>t.l^ nearly the s&me as the fdrmer. The other plan fot
th^ same purpose appears somewhat new, although s6
many methods 'have been used for the same purpose that
we should not wish to affirm very positively that it is- so.
The hollow axles deserve a trial, although we should ^
not lUie to trust to those Uiade so at the shoulder i perhaps,
if kxles were made solid about this part, Und hollow in the
rest of their extent, they would be pf efetable.
J^Bie^ grmUed io JoHjf Lans HiGHivn, qf Octford^^reei, Middleieii^
' £iq'for certaim improvftnenis in the e&nstrucHon ofthi matti, tfords,
sails, and rigging of ships, and smaller vessels, and in the iaekk
used for working, or navigating the same. Dated 7 th July, 1824*
Thb greatest part of the subjects of the specification of
this patent, relate to the rigging of sloops.
' In the first method directed for this purpose, the boom
is prolonged forward before the mast as far as the head of
the vessel, and a stay connects this end of it with the top-
mast ; the gaff also is eictended forwards, and beitig at
the same time bent downwards in a curve, joitis the stay
mentioned, about a third of the distance from the top to
its lowest extremity, when the former is at its greate&t
elei^atioA ; but as it is* necessary that this gaff should b6
lowered, when the sail is required to be reefed in the way
diifected by the patentee, its lowef end travel'sed tip atid
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464 ^ Notices of New Patents^
down on the stay ]by a roller, which cpnfines it to.:i|he. 8{ay. .
without impeding its descent or ascent. A single SAii^.
occupies the whole of the space betwe^ this gi^,. and
stay, and the boom ; it is laced to the gaff in the usual
way, and is joined to the stay by rings called " crii^es,''
and in this way it serves the purposes both of mainsail
and foresail ; liie reefing laces are at the bottom of the
sail,'bnt are not arranged parallel to the boom, but to a
line dr^wn from its aft end to the lower extremity of the
gaff; and as this latter is lowered are taken up below, and
the gaff being brought more forward by its connexion
with the stay, as its fore end is brought down, its upper
end still maintains nearly the original elevation, and only
approaches nearer to the mast, which accounts for the
disposition of the reefing laces just mentioned. /
• The patentee also proposes, in place of the single
>D,igat-^sual for sloops, to erect two in the same line
vacross the vessel, each being about an eighth of the
breadth of the vessel from the centre, as far as can be
judged from the drawing ; these two masts ascend parallel
to each other, but are joined at top either by a cross
piece strengthened by iron diagonals, or by two curved
pieces scarfed to their extremities, which make their con*
nexion assume the figure of a gothic arch ; a topmast is
attached to them, in this part, and they are all thtee
connected to the sides of the vessel by shrouds and stays
in the usual manner. The long boom lying {hen between
tthe two masts, the sail will not be impeded by them more '
on one tack than on the other, as would be the case with
a single mast.
For large ships a bowsprit is to be used, but for small
vessels this may be dispensed with, and instead of it iei
spar fastened to the fore end of the boom be employed, of
8u£&cient strength to carry the jib-saiU In this mode of
arranging the sails, particularly in that last mentioned, on
each tack the fore end of the sails will traverse over to the
windward side of t))^ vessel, fipm which the patentee ex-
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Notices of Ntio Patenii. AS6t
pe0l8:.g^NMii ftdrftnttg^ ; ^oiie' of wUich is obrious in its
caifwig t];ie freight of the fore end of the' boom and 6f
tbe spar to pass to that side of the vessel,' and so far
counterbalance the pressure of the wind in inclining the
•ails to the leeward, but of the other advantages seamenf
alone can ^udge.
: Where a bowspfrit is used, the patentee directs that the
jih-hoom be fastened at near its middle to the end of the
bowsprit, so that its aft end can. traverse across the fore*
castle by a ring and curved spar, or iron bar, prepared fot
it; (in the way lisual for thejodoveableaogle of thefore-^s^il
in some sloops,) and that its fore end be turned to wind-
ward as required : be also mentions that the boom' may
be nlade double, of two .pieces a little curved, ana hooped
together at their extremities, so that when a single mast
is used, it will be in the middle between the two pieces.
In one of the figures iu which the boom and bowsprit are
joined in one piece, the gaff is represented passing down
in a curve entirely to the fore end of the united piece,
like the bowed yards or gafis, used for tartan-rigged
vessels in the Mediterranean. ^ >
The patentee directs a new method for rigging a gaff
topsail ; instead of its being laced to the topmast in the
common method, it is to be fastened' at that side to ayaird,
placed parallel to the top-mast, and attached to it by its
middle : the point of this triangular sail is to be fastened
to the aft end of the gaff as Usual, and a brace, or rope,
passing from each end of the yard to the deck, either end
of it may be brought down as required, according to the
tack in which the vessel is steering, fiy this plan the
gaff sail maybe put up without sending any man aloft^
pulUes being previously placed at the proper situations'
on the toprmast, and on the end of the gaff, with ropesr
reeved through them, ready for taking up the yard and
^sail, when it is wanted.
Fqx ships and other large vessels, the patentee directs a
method for rigging the jib-sail somewhat different from
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4M NoHM of New Patmt$.
Aat brfore^ifaenlioiied) which is by faairliif a^boom dr yafi^
attached to the bottdm of ibis ciaily i&btetd of flie jib^
boonsi which is to be fa^ten^d td tbe ehd of tbc^ bowspfit#
80 that two«»fifths of it may prcjcct beyoiid the bowdprit^
and the other tbree-fifUis i^a aft kbove^it; two ropei
being fastened to the aft end of this boom, and one ^
them being brought oter eithei* side of the boW/ will senre
to turn the fore edd of the boom and jib to the windward^
as required^ in a maimef similar to that described relalitil
to the former jib.
A method is also directed for bringing the tacks o#.th4
f^re and main4.saiis^ in two niasted vessels or ships, to a
wkeel on deck, by Which the patentee states thcfy oan b«
managed with much more facility.
Of the plans of the patentee, that in which the boool
is extended fortrards^ and placed between two masts, seems
^e most likely to be beneficial ; as the sails used with it
will hare all the adTantages of lug-sails, Which are m«ieh
estemed for quick sailing by seamen, without requiring
to be shifted as thelse do, to hard their full power on the
different tacks.
The tvro masts might also be placed like a pair of shears^
for the same purpose, and if fixed over a beam, and
fastened to its extremities, and to the side^ of the tessel
by substantial and well managed iron work, would gire^
so much support in the direction of the shrouds, that
probably some of them might be dispensed with^ which
in addition to what would be saved in the shears costing
so much less than the mast, would occasion considerable
^^oonomy in the rigging. The shears combined iu this
way with the beam, would form a triangular frame, which
is well known to be the strongest, and any additional
weight thrown by them on the end of the beam might
easily be supported by stanchions properly disposed*
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Netieei of New Patenis. 4^
J^anewjaur, Pated August llj 1894.
This filter consists of a wide bag pleated in longitu-
dinal folds, and inclosed within a case of metal, wood,
Ii^ken,v0t other materials, a little longer than itself, to
preytot its beibg torn by protrudiDg bejodd ita limits.
The' iiclien case is preferred on account of its cheapness ;
calico is mentioned as a proper material for the filtering
bag« though other substances would also serre for the
same purpose ; and its dimensions are particularised in
one ibstance as being six feet round and two fe^t deep,
.but sire not confined on all occasions' to these limits ;
the case is to be made mUch narrower, probably less than
a third of th^ width of the bag, that it may confine it> 86
aft that it may always lie in longitudinal folda. A odnical
metallic funnel, with a screw at its smaller end, conneets
the bag and case with a vat placed above them ; into the
battom of which the small end of the funnel is screwed
up : and the filtering bag and its ticken case are fastened
to thi^ futinel by a ring somewhat narrower than its
\^i(ier part, ivhich is first passed over its neck ) and the case
and bag, being Uien drawn up between the ring and the
funnel, are turned over the former, and fastened beneath
it in atiy mannet convenient. This mode of connecting
the bag with the funnel will dause it to be pressed tighter
to the latter, in proportion as the weight of liquor within
it is greater. .
Several of these filters may be fastened, in the manner
described, below the bottom of the same vat, care being
taken to leave sufficient space between them, that they
may not touch one another when filled with liquor.
A clause in the i^pecification, relative to the Jirarieties of
ihaterials and dimensions of the bag and case, directs the
latter to be always aboUt the proportions stated, and
ttmong the matetials for the case mentions netting. It
U83 states that two or mote bags may Ifi sotne cases be
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468 . Notices of New Patents.
.usedvone ioside the other, to' give more strength, pteVe'iit
the ill effects of accidental holes, and to render the ffltra*
tion more perfect. . ;
It would seem, from the directions given relative to this
.filter, that the patentee had some particular application of
it in view ; but as he has not explained himself on this
point, it can only be the subject of conjecture.
Among the materials mentioned for the cases, netting
.seems to have advantages not noticed by the patentee, as
it would not be liable to interrupt the passage of the liquor
through the filtering bags, which the other sorts of cases
mentioned would do, n^ore or less, as the outsides of the
bags would be much pressed against them by the weight
of internal .liquor, and its passage between them an^ the
cases obstructed proportionally. .
Patent granted to ViulivWeise, of Tooley ^street ^ Southwark, Surrey,
Mamifaciurer, for certain improvements in preparing and making
waterproof clothy and other material for manufacturing'hais, bonnets,
■ caps, and wearing apparel. Dated October 14, 1824.
\*
The materials of which the articles recited in the title
of this patent are to be made ace very miscellaneous;
among them are enumerated beavers' fur, the, sort called
neuter, musk wool, the fur of hares' backs, Saxon wool,
lambs^ wool^ flax or hemp, carded silk, and down or feathers.
The proportions of these are to be 5 lb. of the finer furs,
2^ lbs. of the wool, 2 lbs. of the flax, 1 lb. of the carded
silk, and |- of a pound of the down or feathers, as nearly
as we can recollect. These materials are to be divided
into portions of about two ounces each, and to be passed
through a fine carding engine by one portion at a time,
the' fine fur being first laid or bowed on the roller cloth of
the engine, which will cause it to lie on the outside of the
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Notices of New. Patents. 469
carded flake. After being thus carded, the materials are
to be dcawD, roved, and spun, like cotton, the management
directed for them being the same as is used for that'
substance.
' The yarn spun is to be of two sorts, one fine, for the
warp, and the other coarser and softer, for the weft. It
is then to be woven in a loom of from 8 to .12 " lambs,'*
and a proportional number of threadles. The fine yarn
forming the warp is to be kept at the back of the cloth,
abd the soft weft in the front, by the means well known
to weavers, and similar to those used in weaving diapers
a:nd velvets,
- When the cloth is wanted to be made waterproof, a
composition is to be prepared of equal portions of shell
lacy caoutchouc or elastic rubber, mastic, gum animi, and
sandarac ; by cutting the caoutchouc into very small
shreds, and plounding the gums and lac very fine, and then
dissolving them in " spirits of wine,'' or spirits of turpen-
tine... Into this composition the fine skejns for the warp
are to be dipped, and then to be gently pressed or left to
drain, and to be hung up. to dry ; and when dry, are to be
stretched in the loom, where, instead of the common
sizeing, the composition above stated is to be used,
* After the cloth is woven, the fur or nap is to be drawn
forward on its front by teazles or cards, and a hot smoothing
iron is to be passed over its back, to cause the compo-
sition to sink into it, and close the interstices.
This cloth, when intended for hats, is to be laid over
linings or moulds, on hat blocks,^ of the same materials
usual for those of silk hats, and to be managed in ,the
same njanner.
I For wearing apparel the cloth is to be chiefly made of
Saxon wool and flax, managed as before-mentioned ; and
when cloth with a pile, like plush or velvet, is wanted, it
is to be woven in a velveteen loom, and then to be cut in
the usual manner.
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470 Notim of Neui Pqtenfff
The diraQtiomi in thU specification ahoqld be t^ie^ wit}i
a little allowapce, for if followed literally, fqj exfiinplei
with regard to the cfurding, the destruction of fhe c^d^
must be the consequence, as no cards fit for fur pr w^l
could be strong enough to card flax or hemp, directed to
be mixed with those materials*
In the composition for making the cloth waterproof, i(
should also be noted, that spirit of wine has np power t^
dissolve o^otttcbou^, as inferred by the patei^tee*
We shall just mention here that the parts of % jp^qi
cpmmonly called lambs, as abpve, ought prpb^bUy to b§.
written lames, as being derived from the Frencb li^PJ^V^gf •
originally, in which that word signifies a blade, fi^d fr^m
thence a thin flat piec^ of wood.
Pft^fnt granted fo TiyouAS HopasoK^ ^ WilH^m^H^fit Jfjfmkfiif
tjfurreijf, '* F^terenariari" for improvementf in tfie fonsiruciifn fnf4.
ntantifaciure of shoes^ or fubsiitutes for shoes^ for horsey qnd oih^
cattle^ and for rfiethods for applying the same to the feet. Dated
October 7, 1824.
Tup patentee cpmmences his specifipation with iayipg
down the proportions of the height of ^ horde's h^of ^ it%
br^th md lengths fttat^iag 4l}so that the i^ngi^ pf ipidina-
tion of its sloped p^rt in frpn^;, and at the bee), is 30 ^9ffll^
with th^ p^rpe9dipular. Jle also me^tipps tb^t (^e bo^.
of asses, and of pther be^ts^ have th^ ^aine %nglp of imlh
natipn lil^ewise^
He th#n de^c^nbes th^ 'sbo§ to which ki§ patent v^UJIm
as being n^ade of an oval forni, but larger in front, 9p ^;
to fit the *^ bulges" of the hoof, while the n^rfow pftrt f^j
tb^ oval (according to thie sketch which is given of U),
com^n round the extremity of the frpg. BvA it app^ftrft.
aftefn^ards that the shoe is not to be left oval when finisb^dy
a/i it is directed tQ be fiut ppep s.t tliiie heel, and t§ be tur^d.
downward and outward at the hinder part» 90 ^§ f^ 0.
come in contact there with the hoof (as appears from an-
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Hotim of Nm PaitntB. 47 i
efiwr dt^ieh), for abooC a third oiP its length. It$ breadth
9ad tiitckiiess are represented about the same as those of
a eommoa hor^e^shoe.
The bottom of the shoe is to be channelled, and cut
roQgh like a rasp, to keep the horse from slipping ; and
to prevent this roughness wearing away too (ast, the shoe
is to be made somewhat concave, so as to press on the
ground at the outside edge principally ; and the hoof i%
te be pared a little concave at the back, to keep it from
touching the shoe in that p^rt till pressed down by the
weight of the animal. The shoe will therefore only come
in pontaet with the hoof in the front for about two^hirds
ef its length, and there it is to be fastened to it firmly by
pails ia the usual manner.
The patentee mentions that he is aware that shoes have
been made somewhat of this shape before ; but that thi«
not having been dooe with reference to the proportions of
thie hoof, which he has laid down, he claims the method of
doing so as his invention. He also states, that the same
malho^ of making shoes is applicable to tho^e for ather
inimals as well as for th,e horse.
Tha patentean^ having given any explanation td thr
ppjiiiexion bfitw^n the ^oportions which he has so pre*
^^ly lard down for the hopf of a house, and the mode uf
fpreguig the shoo with reference to it, we ar^ entirely
at a loss to conceive on what he founds his patent right.
Havjkig, frou^ c^ream^teilces, uninteresting tp explain,
se^Q frefqueiitly great nymfoers of hoofs in a prussian blue
fct^t^ry, we ew liPSwer for it that the variety of shape
SM^d form of hoofs is as great as can be conceivedi oonr
fm\m%. with the g^n^ral character of the animai to which
th^y belon^d s and that any thing like mathematical
pir^^ci^ioQ on th$ subjei^jb is the last point WQ should have
«iF996tlp4 to ^n 91%^ jr<»specting !^bem.
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472 NiOiceslof Nm PatenU.
-' The appellation which the patentee Haa 'aubjdimd'to
his naine, '^ Veierenarian" not being of regnlar authotity
a> an English word, and its Latin original, VeterenariuSj
not being used by any classical author of note, has not
been • judicious ; more particularly as the vanity of^onr
gallic neighbours has caused their common blacksmiths
to assume the title oi Artiste Veterenaire, of ^I'hich we can
point out a conspicuous instance adjoining the Eglise de
St. Sulpice, at the end of the Rue Ferou, Paris, where tUese
words,' in lai^e letters, designate the forge of an ordinary
horse-shoeing Vulcan.
If the idea we have formed of the meaning of the pa-
tentee be at all correct, the practice he recommends is .
admirably adapted to produce patients, that is, lame horses,
lor the exercise of the ^' Yelerenarian's'' skill in their cure,
at least so far as the horses of Europe are concerned ; and
with those only are we intimately acquainted, though we
hnre reason to believe that the horses of Asia may be
^omewhlat different ; that is, from having feet that are
ly^all, .with the insensible covering very thick, very
tough, and proportionally inelastic, they may be misused
to a greater extent, without mischief being produced,
than the general run of horses' feet in this country
will bear. We 'know this to be the case with the 'Asiatic
description of feet in this country, where, however,
from the: fancies of breeders, the mixtures of breeds,
and various other causes^ the varieties in feet are almost
infinite,
, Many years ago we saw tlie horses then at Astley's
Amphitheatre^ the ground surfaces of whose shoes were
ehannelled, and cut rough like a rasp, to keep them from
slipping. This, therefore, is not new ; neither is the mode
of making the shoe somewhat concave^ so as to press on
tiie ground at the outside edge prinqipally (that is, if the
surface of the ground was plane, and |o hard astol>e im-
penetrable). Nor is the mode , recommended of having
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. * VhHees ^ Nen^ fatefds. 478
^d »hd6 in oonfoot mih two-thirds of the lu>^f oaly, and thst
'tt'the-fi^d pikrt, at all novel; il is: the everyniay pf aetice
"ofh,ttiei%f a^ one of th^ ine'an« adopted to make a lame
:borae useable, upon the simple and obvious principle of ^
'dimiBishiQ^ the pressure On a tender part^ and inoreasdng
it -oh^ a healthy part. But this mode is not a prophilaotic ;
-although, it will palliate the pain resulting from disease,
4t will not prevent disease taking plaee« Indeed, from
giving the Axit an unnatural bearings (p&m twisting and
distorting it/ a much more l&ely cqnseqimiee is, the
production of disease.
patent p-anied io ?«;i.;p T4y;.or, of (he qity I^oad^ Jlfiddl^fXj
Engineer y for improvements in sie^m' engines. Dated July ^ .1824.
The objeets which this patent is intended to secure,
<are an airraiigernent of the pistoi^ rods of eylinders of
'Steam-engines, wh^n in an horizontal of inelined position,
to prevent the pistons from pressing unequally on th^
cylinders, and a method of combining two or more cylihdem
so as to direct tbfeir joint powers to one operation.
The patentee directs, for attaining the first object, that
the piston rod shall pass through the piston, and out
through the opposite end of the horizontal or inclined
cylinder, being provided with fit stuffing boxes at both of its
leixtremities, and that each end of this long piston rod
fifhall be furnished with a vertical wheel, grooved at itp
rim, and moving between two metal guides, parallisl to
est^h other, and to the sides of the cylinder. These guides
being of course one above and the other below the wheels,
would prevent the weight of the piston from making it
pres6 too much at the lower side of the cylinder, if the
tod were perfectly inflexible ; but as this oannot be, the
patentee supposes that he will effect his purpose by
causing considerable weights to aet on eaoh Mi of fte
rod in opposite directions, by appending them to the
VOL. T. 2 k
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474 Notices of New PaifMs.
horizontal arms of '' bell cranks" or bent levers, so as to
tend to keep the rods straight by their being in a state of
tension. These weights may either consist of .pump rods^
at each extremity when the engine is employed in pumping
the water from deep mines, or a pump rod may be at one
extremity and the weight at the other,, in which latter case
the power of the engine exerted in lifting the weight would
not be lost, as the weight would react on the piston rod in
its descent, and assist the engine in lifting the pump rod
and water at its opposite extremity.
It is obvious that these engines may be employed in
producing rotary movements for mill work, as well as those
of a reciprocating nature mentioned ; but with the rotary
movement the tension of the piston rod would not be
effected, without weights being appended for this purpose
to the bent levers at each of its extremities.
The action of two cylinders managed in this manner
may be combined by placing them parallel to each other,
and uniting their piston rods at each end to strong cross
pieces, from the middle of which rods are to proceed to
the bent levers, weighted as before. In the drawing two
cylinders are represented, lying on the same horizontal
planei and having the wheels and guides at each end of
the cross pieces, instead of beipg in the same line with the
piston rod ; but it is evident they may be placed one over
the other also on the same principle, and that any number
of them may be combined in this manner by properly dis-
posing the cross pieces and wheels, which latter, however,
need not be multiplied as the number of cylinders are in-
creased, as the same number of wheels that will serve for
the piston rods of two cylinders may also be made to
support those of several more.
A method of binding these cylinders down firmly to
their supports, whether the latter are constructed of stone
or of cast-iron, is de3cribed by the patentee ; as is also
the mode of disposing the tubes that convey the steam to
the several cylinders, and from them to the condenser, or
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Notices of New Patents. 475
to the 6|)en air (according to the nature of the engines)*
80 as to make oile set of valves or slides serve for them
all. But as there is nothing particular in the arrangement
of these tubes, or in the method of fastening down the
eylinders^ being such as may be easily conceived, they
do not require further explaination.
We have made a few remarks relative to steam-engines
with horizontal or inclined cylinders, in our account of the
Operative Mechanic, by Mr. J. Nicholson, in p. 363 of
this volume ; and we are sorry to find that the great defect
of engines of this description still remains without an
effectual remedy, the plans of the patentee serving only
for its diHiinty;ion^ but by no means for its total removal.
The support given by the wheels at each end of the
prolonged piston rod evidently cannot prevent the weight
of the piston from pressing on the lower side of the cylinder
with a piston rod of the usual thickness ; and if the piston
rbd be increased in size sufficiently to prevent its being
bent by the weight of the piston, the power of the engine
will be very much diminished by the great space which
this bulky rod (or more properly mast) would occupy in
the cylinder. Neither can the method of remedying the
flexibility of this rod, by the tension given to it by great
weights acting on bent levers at each of its extremities,
be more effectual than the other, from the well-known
vast power which a weight has when appended to the
middle of any line, chain, or bar, in a horizontal position,
to press it downwards a certain degree, as explained in
most elementary treatises on dynamics of any eminence :
and although the weights appended to the bent lever will
react as mentioned, yet that will not prevent the loss of
power which they will cause to the engine, in putting them
in motion from a state of rest each time they are elevated,
and that this loss will be large may be understood from
considering how great these weights must be to give any
effectual tension to the piston rod.
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476 Notim rf ikw Patents.
We shall fttiiher obserre of the flist method, that if the
pressure of the piston i^ attempted to be remedied bjr
causing the wheels at the extremities of the rods to be
pressed downwards by the upper gvidea, the same objeo*
tioDS will exist as in the ease first Considered, with the
addition that in this latter plan the great additional fHres*
sure which it will occa8ion.on the lower sides of the stuffing
boxes must tend to cut them open in that directiooi as
well as to wear out the lower sides of the piston rods*
' We are not aware of any advantage that cab arise fro^
the other plan of the patentee, of oombining Seretal
cylinders for one operation, at least in this country, whete
cylinders may be procured of any size* On the contrary,
we think it would occasion loss of power^ and great addi-
tional expense, as it is well known that the friction in
cylinders is directly as their citcumferenoes, while their
powers are as the squares of their dilBuneters; from which
it must follow that the friction in four cylinders, for
example, each of a foot diaaieter, would be twice as great
as in one of two feet diameter, whose power Would be
equal to the whole of theirs, to say notiiilig of the greater
friction which four piston rods must cause than one ; and,
moreover, not taking into account the loss of power that
must arise from the greater space tvhieh the four piston
rods will occupy in their respective cylinders, which even
in low pressure engines cannot be less than in the proper^
tion of ten pounds to the round inch of their transverse
sections, and vastly more in high pressure engines.
FMient granted to Chablbs Phillips^ rf Frindsbury^ Kent, JBif- fir
improvements on. tiUers, and steering wheels of vessels qf various </e«
nominations. Dated July 13, 1824.
Two methods are described in the specification of this
patent of communicating the action. of the steering wh^l
to the rudder, and also a method of keeping the rudder
steady and fixed in th^ position rec^tiired, which is (
ployed in conjunction with both the other plans.
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JSh4ka of Ntib Pmtinim 479
In ^ first medMid of uains ^^ steinriiig #]led^ itt
rolled CD Which the cord is woVuad that gives motion to
the tiller, turns round on an axis t6 whi<^h tiie steering
wheel is atlachdd.; and to the further end of this roUet a
grooved whe^l is fhsteaed^ in which a chain is fixed that
aoU 09 the tiller in all birdinary cases. On the end of the
loUer wbbre it passes through this wheel, two piniohs turfe
placed at bpflosite sides of it^ diameter, which are attached
to it hy b>lts that form axles, on which th^y tuhi^ and
which bolts also pass through a flat ring^ {dsi^ed at the other
side of thb pinionsj opposite to the roller. On the axlh
thbt rans through the roller a third pinioh is fixed, betweoi
the other two, whose teeth ititerldck With theirs, bach of
tiie thi^ee pinions being about a third bf the diameter of
the roller ; and a Hag^ toothed at its internal snrfttcd,
suhrounds the three pinions^ in which the two pinions
attached to the roller wotk^ and whiefa^ being screwed <9t
bolted to the post br fraih^ which supports the end of the
axle of the roller, the consequence must be> that when
the axis is turned reund by the steering nirheeli the pinion
oh its end will turn the two pinions fixed to the rolled,
which, pressihg on the fixed toothed ring at their sides,
will cause the roller to move round along with them with
a Ante equal to the multiples of the ciroamference of the
central pinion contained in that of the toothed ring, plus
one circumference of the pinion, which latter addition this
disposition of the pinions and ring occasions.
From the grooved wheel on the rolled before^mentioned^
the chain passes through blocks and over rollers, properly
arranged for the purpose, to the end of a short tiller on
the rudder (when, the chain is used by itself) ; but when a
rope is also attached to the roller for occasional use, then
the chain is fastened on the tiller (which is of the usual
length)) nearer to the rUdder than that part bf it to which
the jope is to be attached.
: To prevent the chain from getting slack in.certain pe^
sittods of the rudder^ thsf (Mttentee dimets the grootad
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478 Natiies of New Patents.
wheel which works it to be made^^' eccentric/^ by which,
and a proper position of its longer diameter^ it will keep
the chain equally tight at all times.
In the other method of moving the rudder, directed in'
the specification, a common steering wheel is uered, from
which the rope passes throii^h blocks and over rollers;
that direct its .inflections to a horizontal wheel, placed
with its centre directly over the gudgeons of the rudder,'
abovQ the tiller, whi<ih in this case is made of iron, and
18 fixed to the top of an iron support that rises up from
the back of the rudder, to which it is attached by being
bent round at its lower end, and passing through to the
front of the rudder head at that place*
Fr6m a point of the tilljer, thus arranged, nearly over
the centre of the rudder, a bar rises and bends off forwards
at right angles, till it comes over the gudgeons of die
rudder, and then, rises up vertically again, where it forms
the aide on whi6h the horizontal wheel before-mentioned
turns. There is reason to think, likewise, that the patentee
intended that the lower end of this crank-shaped bar
should turn also in the part of. the tiller from whence it
ascends. The front of the horizontal wheel projects'
beyond -the tiller, and the end of this latter turns up at
right angles, and enters into a cavity or groove cut for it
through the wheel, of a particular shap^, which may per-^
baps be conceived by supposing the groove to be parallel
to the circumference for an eighth of its extent, at each
side of the fore and aft diameter of the wheel ; but when
pretty near to this diameter, to incline inwards at each
side, so as to meet at a point in the diameter nearer to
the centre, in an angle of about 90^. The patentee
asserts that this method of connecting the horizontal wheel
with the tiller will add to it a great mechanical force.
. The method of keeping the rudder steadily fixed when
required, consists in having a horizontal wheel fixed at
its. top concentrically with its gudgeons, round the greatest
portion of the outward edgQ of which wheel a babd of iron
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Notices of New Patents^ 479
pieiSBes, which is sustaioed in its place by flanches pro-
jecting from ,tbe wheel. One- end of this iron band is
fixed to the timber of the stem, and the other end to a
lerer near its centre of motion^ which centre is a joint
ako fixed to the stern timbers : from the other, end of this
lefer a rope is passed upwards, over pullies properly
placed; to a ring close to the steering wheel ; by pulling
this rope the steersman can, from the action of the lever;
cause the iron band to press on the edge of the wheel
with great force.
In the second method described for giving motion to
the rudder, this friction wheel is united to the horizontal
wheel, which in it is fixed above the tiller, and forms with
it one piece of the same circumference.
In the first described apparatus for moving the rudder,
the small size of the pinions at the end of the roller of the
steering wheel, as represented in the drawing, seems very
ill calculated to give them the strength necessary for an
operation, on which the safety of the ship so much depends.
The method directed^ of fastening them to the roller,- is
also very weak and imperfect.
The second plan described for the same puipose ex-
hibits a curious instance of error. Because the bent end
of the tiller will take some more time to be acted on by
the wheel at each turn, on account of its haying to
traverse along a portion of the groove previously, from
some confusion of ideas relative to the maxim in me-
chanics, that power gained is directly as the time ex-
pended, the patentee fancies that because the groove
causes a loss of time it must gain power ; when, in reality,
the power of the wheel connected in this method by in-
termediate parts with the tiller, is in no respect greater
than if it were actually fixed to it or to the rudder.
In the machinery which we have seen in some vessels
for this purpose, the apparatus was so contrived as to rise
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480 IhticisafNeti^BatiiUi.
«Iopg witb the rudder, ia oaaesof itft bei^Iilke^iq^'^F
taking the ground, or in passing a bank, or b]p «maf
auddea Tiolent pereusi^iaEi'from the wa^es in a stona,
•^hii^b preserved the maGhinerv from iBJiiiy at 1^ time
when it was moat tkqjiiit/* ;talti^.^w of th^ patentee
there is bo arrangement whatsoever for this objeet, and
this omission alone would so for make them inferior to thf)
methods already ia practice.
Pertons dfisirous of obtaining Patent^ for inver^itoi^s thav haye t\nn
fftoeured with UHk ir<mbh to ^tkfm^kei,. at^ geTtata^ wi0u^ ik^
personal attendance in London, 0» appiicatum to th^ Proj^^pr^^ t^
Repertory, {addreisedto Mr, Wyatt, Maiden Lane, Qumn^street,
Cheapiide), who, from long pracfice.fii^e^riente, presume they may
be enabled to ctfford important assistance to Patentees in drawing up and
t^^^lt^iting Mftr Specification^ on ike accuracy aand p^sj^it^ ^w^ich,
ir^ (K great f^easupe, depends the security ofthd'PaienL .'" „ . * . . F.
* . . ^..(. .*. A
Th^ eoMt of a Patt^ifor Engkn^i w* #A« wuif eoairi^ -'■ ~
tfihen unopposed^ f^clu^ivf o^ the Sfefiftcation, ih^ .. .. „ . .
expence of which depend^ iiponits length^ the trouhte ^ . - • -•
Tki cost <^ iiL Patent for Scotland, • • 7^ 0 0
fiRRA'fA. ' ••
^{ilVZ
PJ»«^.4«i l|nf 9^, for x^ir}g jft%^tjQ^^
readj^ raising great loads frequently, lurould, etc. ' y.'^\V. DffT:
Page 56/ lines 11 and 19.trom theVptt^m^^ ^|^ i^O hayfjts
limits, and the vioyuig forwsird muchqidckear tl^an th^ ^poippr^a^
akt Y?t, ^, refld, ^ill flso hava its liKiitS;i/^i\d ^o'jnipYW
forward much quicker than the compressed air, yet> &c. "* ' "
Fags 107,: isthliiiafr<9a tof,>f;jieui;0^«f fiwfiifitsy]^ jc^
rfmi^jcuracy. . , t -
V^%el^0i9Xii\k\w, after ^&i;'i^aeH;h^\&(iJ^ '« * v ^t»U7
Pi^ 134, ath line, for impressed, read, oompresaed* - ^.
yi^ge2*j, adiiii^jRTM. aiBquip,'VA46?;iM.'Sd^ '
E?^P PF VOLUME I.
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■ ' ■ • 'A ; ' ■••
COMPENDIUM
. . OF - . .
THK LAW OF PATENTiS.
CHAPTER I.
' \ Of Patents in generaL
. AcL grants from the Ciiown are madei not by deed
or indenture^; bpt by cert^n 'in$t7upfl,ents palled
ktUrs patent^ or open writings, to whicl^ l^he. great
^9eal is affixed* In aneient tinies^ ^bep the C^qwn
held )9^ tracts of i^restl^nd and the estates of
leligioHS houses dissolved by Acts of Parlian^ent, and
inras 4dsp in the- contimi^ acquisition of forf€!ite4
estates, these grants ware very m^m^rous, and wer^
jnade upon various pccasions* In modem times, be-
jddef patents of nqbility^^ ^ants of ofiiees;, andch^^
t^ to Qpmpanies, they are inpst; commonly^ applied
t0 one .single pm^pose^ that of securing to an indi«i
vidual « tQonop<^y in som^ new manuf^x^ture, or in^
vention as it is more commonly termed^ for a Un^ited
period, not exceeding fourteen years,
., The first^ object of these patents is, in « gd^ral
Svmj^ i^yq^aPy^^ undejpstood ; but tl}^ef are ^s(pp
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2
distinctions in the law concerning them^ with which
few persons are well acquainted ; and the extreme
caution which is necessary in the first procuring, or,
as it is called, in solidting them, is veiy little known,
and therefore not always sufficiently ohserved. It
has heen said, indeed, hy those hest acquainted with
the suljjeot, tha^- ^f ihe n^melOlll patent! t>l|tained
in the course of a year, not one-tenth could, if strictly
examined, he sustained.
To persons wholly unacquainted with the suhject,
it might naturally appear, that the Royal authority
having heen once obtained for tii^ monopoly of an
invention, the proprietor must he thenceforth secured
kgainst all interraption in his enjoythent of if, dtiring
the term for 'which it is granted. There tAmid%,
liowevter, be a more erroneous opinio^ j'fer, in tnithi
the validity of a patent depends not upon the i^erA
appendage of the great sealy or the authority of thft
Drown, of whioh it is the emblem, but on the nature
of the manufacture itself, the conduct of the Ititetttdf
i)t proprietor in obtaining the patent, ^nd^ tfie cor-
Tectness of the spedfication. Unless these be strict
andr^ularin every part, the patent is of no avaff,
and the inventor has consunied Ms time, iiigienKity,
•and labour, and wasted his- money in vain/' '^Rtb
author has upon many occasions foitrid ther p^es
Sfor whom he has been employed to solicit patents, en-
tirely unacquainted mth the true extent oi? the autho-
rity or;p¥otecldon which they soiight to dbtaittuAder
%he Rc^ grant, ah* comj^et^ dP the
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requisites by ivhich it was to be sectired. In some
instances this ignorincf imB (fd to, fatal errors being
committed before the author was consulted, which
could not afterwards be remedied. He has therefore
attempted to collect, in the folbwing concise treatise,
siich pUin imd easy iBatruetions as appeat to him A-
mdst iaeapaUfe of xmsspprehension^ in order .that peiv
ttos se6kilig Utters patetit inay be put upon their
(fuard ; nd by in&nniiig them of the. points to which
ift^rtrictneis they ought ta direct tli6ir attentimi^ not
only to &Gi£trite tibe obtaining c^ their patettsr^ but
torehder mob pstents setase and raluable wheii oIk
tained. In doing this, it has been his aim to aToid
tiie cradpilihg of an daborate tcieaiise. For M is
con^ineeA that i^ple and pMn instmctioiis are
alone waited ; that the parade (^ learning would^
on trndt aa ae&asios, be^n oilteQtalimii and useless
dismay, atd that the end to be desired iff not iSor
8et.^fvery iincetitor vpon the conceit that he is equal
ta the iofieitmg of hif own pkedt, but^ on the e(m^
trary,! thai lie tbmM be maxsiei of i3sB tedbnieal i£ffi«
culties which may occur, and see the necessity of ok{
tainingi proper, advice from person? of experienced
prodtife; add, above aU^ diouM be ^ssitted inprcw
passng vt proper speeifiestiOn, that he may dot, in^
stead jof a proteefion to thepaniT&ge Whicb he daams)
be deluded with a mete form^ leafing amspeniDg fixi
dtihsrs. to' tkefin ind take the piofite whidi his w
'^rmty hm jaaui»&t and Im bd)oate bsnre inittui^d.
B 2
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4'
0« th^lhKcif ofgrantbtg Patents^' bnlS o/j^ultiMmy
■ " •■ '. ' • the SpecxfihallotU: '' '^ "«■'' .""^^
>v t V ' *, ;j r i •:•-.;■.. .t'T ":.' « '; ""fir ' i;j:-^f •of^'i'.f
of th^ ,CQl^^v(^.KJu^g>i■pen^.i^^
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ttey deemed wokhy of -notSce. Tbe • iflodmfdttie^ii^
faoWccfrer, ef tlie bpmi<»if tMi* ^ i^ublicatifoh of the
8|M^c^cation6 Qf . pateHt$ i$ mischievotis. must be eid-^
dent, when it is a well-known fact, capable of easjT
proof, tliat most <^ the important inventions now^
]ifi9i>ld^al^/'encouif^^''eo «tieh eondtfit by the ^
fSf^^st;^^ B^ia^imt^ tlic^d Whd^have ixp/eissed'aii^
dj^ifittto^gak^ thfrpi^^Btfbf^cli a mode of W
wiirdkig'-? t^iNS^ ^^^^^^bjr iMs ItiHMis; add sb muih t&
the ppoi^fity of onr tifianiifactHfels: Tndividtials n^ay^
iJWitttim^' ^tM iady^it by the publica-^
tifm <^^eir inventfoni^ be^tee Miiits tdken from*
tbem wa^ ^aV^ Mfakiii to'sU)r{»ji^s and siipers^e fb^
ftrtiteoMarnrftiiee ; but tliis^ is^a pi^bKc gdoA, and <^il-'
xiM be^jttstifiaMy op^sed by individual interests. ' It'
i^'bei^des, a leading piindple in the law of patents,,
and 8 <xmcfitioli in every patent, that the specification
shotlld give puWicfey t&^he itiventor^s secret.
Among the most ]»^ominent inventittos and dis-
coveries foi^ which this country is indebted to fo-
rrigtiees, i^^be ibieh^oried, 4:h^ new systi^ bf bleaeh-
rag^mA tanriiigi the' ^dc^idery for ranking paper is'
I»^)^het^s;''aiid ^le ifiventidh of WnUfadtu^ng^'
pjql^r froih stfAw^ iMi abov^eafft, ^e very ingenida^
aMt/itegportd^ m^ toek^ ia the King's ]>6dk^'
yildg-iA P^tkfM^tb>au;d eha(^^^^ ships'^
ysHodi^^ Itiis itiMaltet, that Ib^eign^tfe, ^^Hiculii*!^'
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li8^ m^tl^y ip the B^p^i^iy oC Af ti^ it matr 1^ $e0a
t^t tl|q8«lK>w grant^ji for wvetttiQtift oi9»i^iU2Jiit«ited ^
l4cm» pf n^tiTe growths Jf Jt'is iwpi^^pef to publuth
Bpyal ^Q0fe|y> iwd 9libw emUttpji^ mmtifib iAltilii^:
tifOMi^ to puVU9l^/tb«iv ptoc^ffnikig^ .wlmk are t^
often, the lo^Q^^^n Ml ¥bi^ pftt«ijb lATentiotta bfc^
1)^11: «ubsic)qveBt]|y cn^^ted^ But hq fieciiQilL wijl ffitasljh
l^e \foiA enough to es^pport^uoh ^ c^kooi: m Oj^pi^
fl|t9/im tQ tib^ univ^ffnA pf^m 9f ^ the €[mnt^(:
00(4^6$ of ipliwr opes who i^i^liUih thm prOceedteger »
qi4^ iff aiOQelerat0 th« gener^ diflfwim of ikAo^ledgiv
iOi yl^ch valwble purpcw th^ B^n^rMry. ^ Aits «My^
h^ :iBM4 .with saftl^y to add m np' iiiem«knUA
4^ep.
CHAPTER in.
On theftirm and course of granting Pdients. '
• '••.' \ ' . ..J *■* > '
. By statute 27 Hesiy VllJf d)af^ 9, i»r flidsvt^
settle the £^08* of the. I^9g'« ^Sk^ nfm the gtentmg.
of patent^ it isr en^et»ds that efvery gift w #va^ a0
the Kiug^ signed with, his /^n^wanjua}*- to he. passed
the, gmat seal of £9gh»i4« Irskiid^ laitd the J>ml^t ^
I^aqeaste? in^ the . priAc^pality of Widest shtU her
hroiKJbt tothe poN^^^^ ^the.dtotoi
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of the signet, to whom the- tfam^ shall MiJie, ^t^,'
by wart^ntof^ the same Wl, withii^ eighl ddyd a#er^
ntrlefii^ the Kilig^s pleastoe to Ihe eotftra*y Wsignifiedj
make warrants to the Lord Keeper of the privy, feeal
Mthe sanle ; and otie df the cl^ks of thb priVy sfeal,
npoti Ade eJtatnidation by ihe Lco'd Keeper ther^di^
shall in eight days after, unless comni^Mde^ iothd
cMtfary, make k 'irarratt^ith the iia^bie of th^ clerk
to the piivy seal, to the Lord GhatneelloiS er^ Keeper
of the great seal, &c. for the writing and s^Hli^
thereof with the grcfat iettl. - ' ■
The procfeediiigs . a» HoW usuABy it the fefldWitig
' J?r^^— Aii aflftdavft fsl mkde V *^^ idVefttoif, d^s*
clarftig thdthe has itfvented or discovesr^ isloni^fihfeg
which he specifically describes, and that he I* iki
first and trUe inveiitor thereof,
t iSe(?e)/M%.*— A petition, pi?aying Tor letters paieiit
to he granted for the said invention or discovery, ii
prepared. ' ^ .'
Thirdly, — The petition is referred by the Secretary
of State for the Home department to the Attorney
or Solicitor General,
Fourthly. — The Attorney or Solicitor General
makes a report thereon.
Fifthly. — ^A warrant for the bill, signed by the
Sovereign, is issued to thp Attorney or Solicitor
General.
Si^t^thltf. ^The Attorney or Solicitor General pre-
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pfrai m^ dgm a hjOl for the pateaV ^^^udb i9 ahoi
signed by tbe Soyer^^Q.
iSev^n^A/y.^-^The bil}, and transedpt tkereof^ are
^araasmitted to one of th/e <de|:ks of the signet ax}d Lord
PriyySeal.
£i^AM/^«r-The patmt receives the great sea],
and, in oonsequen^e Qf tl|e proviso or condition con-;
tained tfa^cin, . ;^
Nintf^ly.^^A descripiion of th^ inveption is en<«
rolled in th^ Conrt of Gbanqery, ^^hich is. called thQ
specification.
Were this designed as, a book of pifactice for th^
profession, it wouid be .necessary to give paxj;icidar
directions for the proceedings in all these respecte;
but it being intended only to assist the inv^iLtor in
his application for a patent, with the aid of wpm^
perspn already acquainted with the formal practice,
the material points which demand bis particular at-
tention win s^aae be noticed; these are, the caveat,
phe petition m^ affidavit m support tWeof, and th^
specification.
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; Tb^ IB iMf^lj^ II iwmdniiiduta oj;,p#tilsi^ luft ftt^ee^
^n offices/ ihi^ugh which eVeiy psftent muiMi; pa^ii,
descrihiBg the nature of the idvcaitidiif afiid ri^estii^
tiiii 119 pBAmt fet f hat purpose be ^aEJ^^ed to )pass
ilntjbitmt. notice i]D the personb described in. this ni^nX^
feaadwi or nbi^e^ and w^bh is dmitfihinAted k taviat.
The natiire and effiset of a^fcaveat h TeiV littlj^ un^
4imtood» or h^lm niiidi misitnderst(x)d. Haxiy iIl^
yentionfiT have Ix^n ]^ted&6m tk^ prigiji^al inyenttiHi
throiigh ihcnit oonfideot re]latic€f,on the jsrii^posed se-
timty^ hai been very
firequtotly ""'-^" ^-^^^- ^- - itould seo^e tht
pnle tight 1 ie nianner, dnniig
jt^ peiio4 UB. ^aii|^ a j^tant .
h^A he^a i Dtftbte the par^ tf
{Hractiise ti r dunng th^ time
in which he might be employed in hnngiag it to ma^
tiintj^ c» .aaoertaining ttt vahie; and that iticonse-
qneHoe of hafii^ dntsiellra dav^t» no person, oisnid
cbtftin a patent £osr the inventicm whieh the party
daimed, nor even practise it ; but that the purty wbd
had entered the caveat would secuni ^e right to his
pKient whenf^rer he sheukL think fvifet to apply for
iL In dbort» that it was to aU intents and purposes
4 piatcilt fi)]( a y^fx {h&xfg the penod finr which it re^
auttHa id ftrai^ and rataewaUe fim^ yett to yi«r4
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This ^rnmMQs ooDfidetior in the power md/efffi^^
a caveat has heeu very^qudnily ^ ean^ itif ntfMlh
itijitty to ittventovsriaid it: is tridif astottiifaipg jbpw
80 eiTODdoas aaispiniioirslByi^
ttmlgatod^ 'tb»^ fnA^, f^mmt^trnfit^ng
•that tii6 pi«TaleMetx>fftheo|H]3]ioft'Shoiddtbe'^
geoeial as it'has^beM tmaito ie^ ^ -<:■. j : :' >
The author of 2thk)taet haa^ iiide*d» m 4|Lej«oi«(se
•Off his :experieiiee» i&undrilD t» )Ve mtiemx^Mk^^
ttfiivern^' pievafenftpaiiditt isniudi to bi^ defied
lliat ioYentittS shodd^he^nqieiiy^wasiad^agiftu^
ihiiids to whieh they may he-eqtoaed Iqr tiiiW^^i^
takkg the trae eflBibt of }a eaTeaL^ ': - ^ , j r ' .
- A eaveaV instead^^^bsiiig a aesuity;^ is^ .^^.^
MiitffflB^^ hut of littW use;^ aadiiilvfiome ipstaneea
:«i advkaUe mor ta mrter^ a > caraato ai^ ^^^ i iM^ufa
!mtiered,nt shoiiIdibefdiMmupiiiricei^
iest theiinmsntioiiTEiHoidd hephated hyaomerdeiigiaa^
persons; tOiWhoai theieaveat . btiol^ nay he suhilU^bed
Ifor ini^otion, ^whiQfai::ifiMr] a /trifimg fee, jm$ V^^iexr .
mnined'l^^aiiyoHei i:-r-\. '"'.v-^.to": ^:u^-d:, £ .-^
The 'ftar erf pinef intdnniaqriri^ fUSftAsiMli <^*
merieal. The autOuyriiiaft hdmsfilf) famrfA ^6Mr^M#%*
stanees^ in which -advantage rhad ractnaBjHMQ tajk^
to pirate an . imrentiaD; >tfa9pogli) tth^ijpfytmt^im^^
whkh the partjF waailed) bj^jmerosiif U^^refAiT ^ ^-^
The miivetM pi^^raisDM iif ient^^
piohadbilXSirisenfniti' tbedkecfkieii^^^ tJbe 5*^ dSa#
4!^^ C<Mis»f ifaatiipoft:a|iiify]]p^ ^;a3iialmt4ii^«fiinifc
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'islHSb tS iimr^iSmk 8tol. r Thistir oftoii impMper a4«
l4fiepifilAtft^e»% of M btherme itteui ti^tsMm-
ttifii^maMj'^Uiih^^t^^ a-patmt. >
S ^i{%g^alttlrae]^l4Glr Stopiebnr (Seneiil^upDii^ every 9p-
^^aie^(«ffbrqi]f]kteirt^ Secretory
of State, for his ad,^iiis^hg^lhk i^
^iMMdd ^ graiited^ sssi aicst eal is rmecdy a idoquet
*»^i^m8i^^i^ tbes^^ affidsm^shbi^ld giw the f^^
^li^iser ef^aity |Nit»libii for ^ a patieiil for any ioventian
^^^«Mi«^ t^^tbe:cnAe»i]ii^^ If, upon
iietSde df in i^j^&^atioo for a patmt £«r a simUar ia-
vebtiohy the party iMsAs it prbtelile ihat it wUlin-
^UkSBtt iidt^tite e»e for whaih he has Altered a cateat,
^h^^giNM ^"004^ toloppose the pabent,
Oiliidr all partieaair&OQnsequeiitly siftnmined hrfore the
*Mi»a0fpt:'S6laBa^ onler that eai^ mfiy
Wifiiimym asld in; con^eiiee tQ him, tlo^
^ttisntt^iaf dttir ieespeetiye c^ It sometimes liap-
-^i, kwevor, t}mi :tfae: pmsties^ akhoi^h tbc^; Uy^
ai a dbtance fiom each other, and' evideiitly i^haiee
liel<tohiiftawf (wJTManktttiini^ t^ with the other,
ittayr iMivhlMlKadbg;^^^^ 1^ .hmimtdXyi hit osi tbe
^mke e^tlr^^Qttiiiej^^ iiiveiititaat; Jn that case it ms
>|biii(ietlf 4^rp]iui^ to
ascettldii the'^itei^pdesity of th& i^rention ; hot it
^|iib^ easf^mR^j^Aito 0^^ to join
^tin^ fntii^ts^ bf Iplcing xnit a ;patent in oopjuitiQtiiQn,
^^b4l^Hns6li0'a^^ patlepEs^aoKilial tbey sMl n^
cS
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to the hSk txieat, is^to the. tuiMatoik notion of tlto
eiBicfc.f^f 01 ctimit. JSidli pittty Iwisg in pdstaMiaii ^
the othcir^s cecv^ ^ is in.th^iNniw of.ei^icr» sbwM
tlwAttenifljr or Sdiottof GtiMaLmiMAtibeptt^t
ta his Qppvnenl^ to make the iuteiituiii piiWic bcfoer
a pataat can be oonipleted^ ihaik k to «ay^ hsfoie it
ean inebe the Gitafc Seil>;m vbk^ eafle^thi jpfttaM
wfjoibi he ioralid^ aiid the in^entlea ImeQiM f«d>Me
pEcqiKtj. Epoi^h^ pcifaapfiy haafaecB taM to emplaki
thfra^^tare .o£ a. caveat^ and iHwH be fequiiite mdy fi
point out the eitsea irhese a caraitisi of teal mkiliikjr* v
It m dcfltttUe that a cayaafc AftnM hremteredifjww;
thief, party causot xoadil^ dBiMmamm Ito pcudenee iff
obtaLoii^ a patent, jdithac hcBameiti vmf. nat aoit h»i
p0(nmi«ry meani^ €ar bexsanae Itt . vmak^ far« taiiaw
reaaoBv oomnnnucate hi^ aeeret la otfwr penam $ addl^
Ibr^imitattce^ aa^imrknm m ctimu^ jAmm asaukawa
eeadvice ha may requiieu in eitiwr ef tbaia InsiaBeea
a caveat may rsry^p^sfffi^ ba cmtorad, aa ifc wBl<pE»i
i«Bt all nch.peaMBus fixm ftanduirady tt^amnptfa
tiondty obtamng! a patisst i(»* the wtKli«i& tiineli
may have been edvnfttBncated tfl^ them in eciiiiilgimi
But it Buist be ^ecoUcatiedi^ thai a eaveai' nfll oak
pveveat thisae: pevK>M Aaiar.fublidiiagi^niiQTeiitkBi^
and therdby^ pteduding 4^ leat JpMnter fftdmobtam^
ittg a vahd patent. For tbeiB ^eaaona it is alwiya
desarable to apply liMr ^patent witb m Ktdedehiy.aa
piiideMei|i4)itheir^p60te aBid»ifites»
pMssblf be abided;, naltc^ make an^ pMev^ae^uiKtal
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vnik Hie acfenm of tbe mTeQtian premusly t<r the
psteiit haTiog passed tile Gieat Seal.
Itistproper to enter a eaveat on applying fi»r i^
patent^ to imrrent other persona from ninning a rac4
wixhXhe inventor to the Gteat Sed^ an^ ebtaiaing %
patmt b^»^ him f<nr the saai0 inv^tien. ' Thk t^%
be eonsiitered very pvclrable, i^iftfe thfi potkaion if f«i
The fittt apflicatkm ttf a p^t^&mAy/ from variow
eaiUKfly b^ dehiye4 whild anieth^r person may^ lA iSm
mean i^Ule^ MsdlTe theo(mfniii|ieat}ons and aim i^pl^
tot »p4tetttr Under svu^ e0euiftat»iM«i> t2ferpreae«|
C^ilicdlor, IfC^ Sldon, m ite e«»e^ ^ es paiti^ D^^i^/
hcitdr ^that be «oitfd 9t(i no other leftfc ef deeU^i
than by «w«rd]«^ fbe pattel; to hini that rai f«^^
; When a pitent has b^en ebtibid, i^ ^^
sUfezed a gded pnoiiteito eortimieea^sata dui^gishto
iidieie term df the patent, in ordtr that no appiieatioii
ma|r he Blade toot aniy a&nilar isiventieii, wiUHtat Aa
hioddodge of the fiat patented, atid tiiark ha may {*»
imit 4he goAt of »patnt for an iarartba fasfc&^spng
011^ hMro\M/fri£Ai m^t happen fn6k the igneianci
i^1iieparties« Vim pra^tiee i)f ednfomng ac&vcft*
by a patentee ia to beteeouHtaiBBded^at freqi^^
vemingaamfis^ttiisnl atHfttfeex^ and wiChoitt
ffidnngfimg the atiginal patttii^ which & liable td
9&tem stnatinfin a eouit Of jMtiee, if aa i^tisht hi
bsoQght foif an infiugemeikt m a patents It esq
ibi* eid^. be suttidHi vHam i£ la perftet brf aB
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ifenlSttorney Gen^ai,* stoppled several patient's/ biTf^
^uncl^ ot'liiterfenn^ other pk^tehtsr 7t'iB6§t,
jJwe^r,^be k Very obvious' iftfringeriieiii' to" induce tfee
ISiUlraey^tf^ General to fake upon ynis^tb
slJ^<Se^n*tiiis way,'as the parties have fheit 'r^(^
kt laW| and ihp beoe^t of a jury to decide, |)ff(^
ivhom competent witnesses can be examined. On the
^o^^k^^^^ ^fiae bf ifee^ Attoniey aild Saicitdr tfe-
feielali 'is' tSo- m by their various "and
vl|>b1rt^i d^ties^ to permit thWeitomining^i^^^
at mucfalefigth; and generlSly not being We^^t^i^
in chemistry or mechanics, they are inclined to avoid
givinga decision in a case of much nicety. It some-
times happens that tlie tfed$i<m of the Attorney or
Soficitor 6meil}^% ^uQsstfjsfactory to tbp parties, or
lliat persons interested in, or claiming a right to, the
i^Yen|ibnj^ were not in time to oppose the patent in
:raG(L^^ Xn th^case it is uiBual tb
4i(dxi at the Great Seal; but i^s may1)fe
^ai^ed, e^^ point of expence, a :bad;practice,
for j^^^^ p^ten^, ^
a£^ having passed sp &r as theGreat Seal, shallot B^
tl)0n stqf^ed. This used to be the universal practice of
tlif t^our^^^ Chancery ; and.Lord £ld6n hiais, ib addi«
i^pn^ us]^ awarded that the costs of iihe appfitafiM
to tfie Ck)urt'tb,remove^ t^^ be paid by the
|»rty entenng thfe caveat, which formerly ^eiteinva-i
mblj borne by each pairty, that is, each party paidMil
own costs. The effect of this practice wasi Jth^ J|
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patent iittg>t 1^ imiliciopsly deUyed {(jir^m^v^yf^fdi^
aod sometipies humtl^Sy to tba gri^t^md i||im^^
injury of thq pa^tentee^ fit tlie mere ^ding |5X]^cj^ df
't][ie cayeat.at the Great Seal/ But b^ t^e '^«^
pifctice it is otherwise; ^or by. fear of inei]rm^,t|(^
oosts, a greiit deal, of groun^ss litigatioii js av^edL
The folloiinng is the form of a caveat :-^vI«.
CAVEAT against gjpmtii]^ a pateixt tQ any p$9^^
,or. persons for : . , . £^ere insef^^ke titl^
onyohJ,€Ct of the imentioh intended to iesprQtfWf!^
*withQut ^oliQ^ to A* B. of &c« &e» . ^; J".
CHAPTPtt V.
<^f the Affidavit and PeHtum.
•,'.T..'4
:0::-:]I^
1:1
The affidavit and petition are of more impoiljmoe
:S7ri
than is usually supposed, as all the jiroceediiigs &£tho
pfttent are grounded on thern^ Or^at care, l^a'efp^^
oug;ht to be taken that ^ the invention is aocnita
d$s(Qri1[)ed in them,. , If tl|e title ^ven to the i^yei^
tipn in, the affidavit should not be conrect, thepat^t
jtselfwill be faulty, and rendered vqidah^^^^ ,^^
J In preparing t}i^ affidiayit, attentipi^ ^u^t tp 1^
p^id to the sp^oificatipn tha^ is to follow aq one off fhe
^^tions of t^e patent, and in which ^eaii^ctjwd
nicety are required to n^ake it complete, so as to en^
sur« ths validity of th? Jl^\^h\ ; V. •
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t6
gB|^^ te bo wdl QOBiidertdt ^at it siay oomMty
ieiigOMte tlie intentim&i: «rbicll the patefit |f de^
Afaoidt tlat it thiNdd he neither toon nor Itsseempm-
bttomm thn the ftcti iivmir«at; dttt it ihodd mt
dkicrihi the invpntioB as a nuttter entfardy new, iriioi
it is merely an improvement ; that it should not be
confined to one method when there are several me-
tiwdatohofltatM; and ad on the eontrary.
• If tnio modes have been invented for aoecimpiishiag
, ttt>e tkjetk^ and tec deatoibed in the sperift»tionji and
the patent has been obtained tax otaly ene^ vndter the
title of a method, it will be a fatal defect in the
patent; and so on the contrary; for the law appre-
hends fraud in such cttes, iisid ooAiequently inflicts a
severe penalty. It is therefore necessary to be aware,
in preparing the affidavit, that the title therein given
tethdimmition Will be ekaotly tl^Mme in Ae patent,
with which the speeifioatioft also ttust »gt«e. 11ii%
tiMu^ in fact a separate instrament, dtoidd th^^
Ibfte^ in some^ Mipects, b6 eonsideited as Oiie and the
fltmd, o^ as a eoatinvation ot repetition ^iStae same, A
t^ttit^f attention to^is point is ordinarily the caiiee
of so many patents being invalid. - The insecurity of
fat^rrts is by the hieeiisideiate totf frequently imputed
t& a defect in the law, w^di, peihaps, with Me except
tien toly, could not be improved. . Did they attend
pwpi^ly to the ^rms presoibfed^ and tidte 4M ihm
patents properly, they woidd b6in most easee aafe»
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17
Mftny patents now in force wtaght be set aside
from the incorrectness of their titles.^ The affidftyyt
should not be too particular or minute in descdbing
the inv^tion, because in the passdng of the pateirt
through the offices, the title may be- seen by some
one who may learn from it the nature of the invent
tioB, and thereby take advantage of it/ as observed
in the case of the caveat.
.. The following is the form of the affidavit, which
must be written on an affidavit stamp (v^ue QtS. 6d.),
and sworn before a Master^ or, if in the country, a
Master Extraordinary, in Chancery.
A, B, of ■ ■ , maketh oath and saith, that
after much study and expense he hath invented
(Here insert the precise title of the invention).
That he is the first and true inventor thereof, and
that the said invention is entirely new, and has never
been practised or used by any other person or persons,
to the best of his knowledge and belief.
Signed A. B.
. Sworn at — ^ — y this day of — — ,
Before me, CD.
The following is the form of the Petition.
To the King's Most Excellent Majesty,
The humble Petition of A. B. of
Sheweth, That your Petitioner hath, after much
study and expense, invented {Here insert tbe^
title or object of the invention for which letters i
patent are required), which invention he be*
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Uflves will be of great publio utility. Thtt bf ig the
true and first inventor thereof, and that the said in.-
yenticm bath not been practised or used, by any oth^
persoii or persona whatsoever, to the best of his
knowledge and belief.
Your PetitioBer therefore humbly prays your Mar
jesty mil be graciously pleased to grant unto him,
his executors, administrators, and assigns, your Mar
jesty*s Royal Letters Patent, under the Great Seal of
your Majesty's United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, for the sole use, benefit,. and advantage of his
said invention, within that part of your Majesty's
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called
England, your dominion of Wales, and town of
Berwick-upon-Tweedj» for the term of fourteen years,
.{>ursuant to the statute in that case made and provided.
And your petitioner will ever pray, &c.
When it is desired that the patent shall extend to
the Colonies, the words " and in all your Majesty^ $
Colonies and Plantations abroad'' should be intro-
duqed after the woi-d " Tweed,'' A Patent for
England dOes not extend to Scotland or Ireland,
for each of which separate patents must be obtained.
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CHAPTER VI.
Of the Specification.
- When patents t\rere first granted it wais not tb-
qtiired of the patentee to enrol any d^scdption of thi
ihventieii ; but the Attohiey aiid Solicitor Gefiisrals,
who have the powfer of iinposiiig any conditions on
the j^alehtee ttiey may judge proper, considering thai;
the practice which had arisen subsequently^ bf ihs6rtin||
fl l6hg aecdunt oif the invention iU the patent itself
ij^fe* either very imperfect ot very inconvenient, fex>.
pensive, ind alio very unsafe for the inventor, as his
invention might be pirated and made piibHe before*
his patent had passed the Great Seal, directed that a
full and particular description of the nature of the
invention, and the manner ih which it was to be
performed, should be enrolled in Chancery witHin a
certain period from the completion of the patent,
'otherwise the patent should be void. This period
has bieen varied, according to the judgment of th6
Attorney and SoUcitot General for the time being,
tt was at one time four months ; then it was changed
to one ; and at present it is fixed, in ordinary cases, at
two months ; but longer time may be obtained, if
necessary, upon a proper suggestion to the Attorney
or Solicitor General, previously to his making the
report in favour of the patent ; and in the case of
applying for a patent also for Scotland, four monthis
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ao
are granted ; and when a patent for Ireland is like^
wise solicited, six months are allowed.
The greatest possible care and accuracy is requisite
in preparing this instrument, and if it is in any
respect defective it will vitiate the patent. This
subject will come again under consideration in treating
of the law of patents, from which a sufficient know-^
ledge of what is requisite in the specification inay,
for all practical purposes, be obtain^. Any otiber
mode of explaining it might t^d to mislead all
parties ; but the chief object of it is to describe the
invention, that after the expiration of the patent any
peri^n of ordinary skill upon the subject may be
enabled to prepare and use the invention.
CHAPTER VIL
Summm^y of the Law of Patents.
By the common law of England, which is prin-
cipally the natural law of reason, all trade and manu-
facture is to be. considered as perfectly free, and
nothing can be more odious than the principle or
practice of monopoly.
In times of feudal policy, when the. soil and pro-
perty of the whole nation were considered as held. of
an arbitrary Monarch,, who coi^d portion out what
part he pleased among his favourites, it was, however,
not unusual to grant monopolies by letters patent.
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which have been subsequently restrained by the
statute, 21 James I. e. 3.
It was the object of this statute to annul and destroy
all monopolies whatsoever, the granting of which had
then lately been carried to a very miscl^ievous extent ;
but as it was considered a great encouragement to the
improvement of trade and manufacture, that all who
contribute to that desirable end should have' an ex-
clusive property in their new discoveries, or new ma-
nufactures, an exception was introduced into the
statute, by a proviso, in favour of letters patent to be
granted for^the iJole Working or making of new mar
nufiictures, to be granted to the true inventors thereof
for fourteen; years: " r
It is, therefore, upon the effect of this proviso alone,
that all the authority of any patent depends. What-
ever is not within the words and obvious meaning of
this, exception. in the statute, is not only invalid, but
absolutely illegal, and any person aggrieved thereby
is a^titled to recover treble damages and cost, under
section 4 of the same statute. In order to state the
law clearly upon llie subject, it will therefore be first
necessary' to set forth the principal clauses of the
statute, and to add, by way of comment on the prin-
cipal and operative words in it, such cases as have
occurred, and such an exposition of its operation as
is consistent with the train of the decisions upon the
subject.
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i%
Statute of Monopolies.
21 James I, c. 3.
Intituled, an Act ceBoemiog Monopolies find Dispen^
sations, with Patent Laws^ and Forfi^tures ther e(^.
I. For ds much as your Most E&oi<ent MAje^f,
in your royal judgment and of ytiur blessed dis^
ndon to the weal and quiet of your sUbjeets, did, iil
the year of our Lord God one thousand Ids hundred
and ten, publish in print to the whole re^lm, ahd b»
all polsterity, that all grants and mDiio}x)lilBs, ^tid of
the benefit of any penal laws, or of pOw&i' td dibpefise
with the kw, br tb comp&Und foi^ the fioiirfeituiiSi are
contrary to yoUr Majesty's laws, which yeur Majlssty'i^
declaration is truly consonant and agreeable to th«
ancient dtid fundamental laws of this tealin : And
tvhsteas your Majesty was further gracidusly pleasM
fexpi-essly to command, that no suiter should presmnfe
to moTe yout Majesty for matteirs of that naturfe J y6%
nevettbeless, upon misinformation and untrue i^m-
tences 6f public good, i^iany such grants have been
unduly obtained and unlawfully put ill execution^ tb
the grfeat grieyance and inconVeniettce of your Ma-
jesty's subjects, contrary to the laws of tliis yotii:
r^altn, and contrary to your Majesty^s most royal and
blessed intention, so published as aforesaid. .^Pbr
avoiding whereof aiid pfevenliSg the like in time to
come, may it please your excellent Majesty, at the
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bunible suit (^ the Lords spiritaal and temporal* ^nd
the Gommons, in this piresent Parliament assembled,
that it may he declared and en^ted by this present
Parliament, that all monppolies, and all commissions,
g^nts, licences, charters, and lettej^f patent^ hereto*
fore made or granted to any person or persons^
bodies politic or corporate^ whatsoever^ or for the
sole buying^ selling, tnafcing, working, or using of
any thing within this realm, or the dominion €£
Wales, or of any other monopolies, or oi power,
liberty, or faculty to dispense with any others, or td
^ve licence (» toleration to do, use, or exerdse ^ny
thing against the tenor or purport of any law or
statute, or to give or make any warrant for any such
dispensation, licence, or toleration to be had or made |
or to agree or compound with any others for any
penalty or forfeitures limited by any statute ; or of
any grant or promise of the benefit, profit, or com-
modity of any forfeiture, penalty, or sum of money
that is or shall be due by any statute, before judgr
ment thereupon had ; and whatsoever any way tend->
ing to the instituting, erecting, strengthening, far-
thering, or countenancing of the same, or any of them,
93te altogether contrary to the laws of this realm, and
so are atd shall be utterly void and of none effect,
and in no wise to be put in use or execution.
II. And be it fiirther declared and enacted, by the
authority aforesaid, that all monopolies, and all such
eommissions, grants, licences, charters, letters patent,
proclamations, inhibitions, restraints, warrants of asr
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- a* •
i^8tande» tad all ctlietmktteti and tbiiigd tending as
aforesaid, and the force and validity of them and of
every of them, ought to be and shall be for ever
hereafter examined, heard, tried, and determined,
by and according to the common laws of this reafan;
and not otherwise.
III. And be it further enacted^ by the authority
aforesaid, that all person or persons, bodies politic and
corporate, whatsoever, whidi now are or hereafter shaU
be, shall stand and be disabled and imcapable to
have, use, exerdse, or put in use, any monopoly, or
any siidb commission, grant, licence, charter, letters
patent, proclamation, inhibition, restraiiit, warrant of
assistance, or other, matter or thing tending as a&re*
said, or any liberty^ power, or faculty, grounded or
pretended to be grounded on them, or any of them. >
IV. And be it further enacted, by the authority
aforesaid, that if any person or persons, at any time
after the end of forty days next after the end of this
present Session of Parliament, shall be hindeied,
grieved, disturbed, or disquieted^ or his or their goods
or chattels any way seized, attacked, distrained, taken,
carried away, or detained, by occasion or pretext, of
any monopoly, or of any such commission, grants
licence, power, Uberty, faculty, letters patent, ;procla«
mation, inhibition, restraint, warrant of assistande, t>r
other matter or thiiig tending as aforesaid, and!: will
sue to be rdiev^ in or for any of the premises ; that
then, and in every such case, the same person or
persons shall an^ may have his and their remedy/for
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the sahe at the cofmmon law, bj any action ot actians
to be gtoiitided upon this statute^ the same action or
Mions to be h^rd and determined in the Courts of
King's Berich, Common Pleas, and i4xchequer, or
in any of them, against him or them, by whom he
or they shall be so hindered, grieved, disturbed, or
disquieted, or against him or them by whom his or
their goods or chattels shall be so seized, attaisked^ or
distrained, taken, earried away, or detained, wherein
all and every such person or persons which shall be
so lundered, grieved, disturbed, or disquieted, or
whose goods or ebattds shall be so seized, attacked^
distrained, taken, carried away, or detained, shall
recover three times so nluch as the damages^ ^hich he
er they sustained by means or oeoadon of being so
hindeted, grieved, disturbed, or disquieted, or by
means ot having hii^ at their goods or diattels seiied^
atta^ked^ distrained, tideen, carried away, at detained^
^nd double costs ; and in mdti suits, or fdr the staying
or delaying thereof, no essoin, proteetii^, wager of
Jaw, aid, prayer, privilege^ injunction, or order of
restraint, shall be in any wise prayed, granted^ ad*
mitted, or idloWed, nor any more than one impiarlanee4
And if any parson or persons shall, after notiGie given
that the action depending is grounded upon this
statute, cause or procute any action at the common
law, grounded upon tins statute, to be stayed or
delayed before judgment^ by colour or means ef any
order, warrant, power, or authority, save cmly of the
^)oart wbarein sueh actidns as aforesaid diall be
E
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26
brought and depending, or after judgment had upoii
such action shall cause or procure the cbcecution of or
upon any such judgment to be stayed or delayed^ by
colour or means of any sueh order, warrant, power, or
authority, save only by writ of error or attaint ; tihat
then the said person or persons so offen^ng shall
incur and sustain the pains, penalties, and forfeitures,
ordained and provided by the statute of provision and
praemunire, made in the sixteenth year of the reign
of Kuig Richard the Second.
y. Provided nevertheless, and be it declared and
enacted, that any declaration before-mentioned shall
not extend to any letters patents, grants of privilege
for the term of one-and-twenty years or uhder, here-
tofore made, of the sole working or making of any
manner,of new manufacture \dthin this realm, to the
first and true. inventor or inventors of such manu-
facture^^, which others at the time of making such
letters patent and grants did not use, so they' be not
contrary to the law nor miBobievohs to the state, by
rising the prices of conimodities at home, or hurt to
trad^, or generally inconvenient, but that the same shaH
be <^/sueh force as they were or should be if this act
had not been made, and of none other ; and if the
same. were made for more than one-and-twent^ year^i
that then the same, for the term of. one-aiid-twenty
years only, to be accounted from the dat6 of the first
letters patent and grants thereof made, shali be of
such force as they were or should have been if the
same had been made but for the tenn of one^aftd*
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twe^ity years only, and as if this act had never beai
made or had, and none oth^.
« VI. Provided also, and he it deekred and enacted,
that any declaration hefore- mentioned shall not extend
to any letter^ patents and grants of prvoilege for the
term of fourteen years or under, hereafter to be
tnade, of the sole working or making of any manner
of new manufactures, which others, at the time of
makings such letters patent and grants, shall not use^
so as also they be not contrary to the law, nor mis^
chievous to the state^ by raising of prices of com-
modities at home, or hurt of trade, or generally
inconvenient ; the^said fourteen years to he accounted
from the date of • the first letters patents^ or grants
of. -such privil^e hereafter to he made, hut that the
same shall he of such force as they should he if this
act had never heen made, and of none other.
VII* Provided also, and it is herehy further in-
tended, declared, and enacted, hy authority aforesaid,
that< this act, or any thing therein contained, shall
not in any wise extend or he prejudicial to any grant
or privilege, pow^r or authority, whs^tsoever, here-
tofore made, granted, allowed, and confirmed, by any
Act of Parliament now in force, so long as the same
' shall continue in force.
, VIII. t^ovided also^ that this act shall not extend^
to any warrant or privy seal, made or directed, or
to he made or directed hy his Majesty,' his heirs, or
sQecessors, to the Justices of the Courts of the King's
Bleneh or Cpmmon Pleas^ and Barons of the Exehe*
£ 2
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gu^, ^ufilio^ of A«lfe, Justjl^M 0f Oyw and T««^
miner and Gaol-delivery, Jiistieas of the PeaiQe, and
Qthfir Ji^^ti^epi £m the im9 \mngp banng poisrer to
bevr 4^4 4et0nAine Q^e^^ dQKe agaiast ai^y penal
«t9tttt9 ^ep^in^ ii> 8^^ ^^ question before them,
ox «ny of th^|n recqpef^vely, aftev pl^a pleaded by the
parley 4^<^wt
I}^ PiTQvided ali;o» »nd it u hereby briber in^
tef)4adi deci&fi^ i^nd ^aeM* that: tbia aet» or any
thing tberein epnt^ipedf shall n^t in any wiae extend
ox bp prejudieial unto the mty of London* or to vij
(Aty, boroughs or t9wp wrporate within this realm,
for or ooHoerning any grantee charten, or letters
patepts, to them or any i^ them ; or unto any cor*
porations, companies, or fellowships of any art, trade^
occupation, pr mystery, or to any companies or societies
of merch^ts within this re4u)f erected for the main*
tenancie, enlargement, or ordering of any trade of
luerphandize ; but thitt the sa^e charters, customs,
t3<»?pprj^tions, companies, fellowships and societies, and
their liperties, privileges, powers, and immunities,
shall be and continue of su<^ force and efiect as they
were before thp making of this actr and of none other ;
any thing before in this act contained to the contrary
in any wise, notwithstanding. .
X. Provided also, and be it enacted, that iids act,
0X ?ny dedaration, prqviiHon, disablement, penalty,
forf^ture, or other thing b6fore*mentiQoed9 shall not
(extend to any letters patents of gnmts of pnvih^
her^tof(»'e made or hereafter to be made of, fiir, or
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89
f^oehuog tlie digging, making, or eompaunding of
jsaltpetre, or gunpowder, or the casting or making of
ordnwee, or shot. for oidi^anee, mx to any grant or
htien patei^ts bexeto&itQ made, or hereafter to be madd,
sf my offiap or o£^ees h^etof(»re erected, madp^ or or-
dained, now in being, and put in execution, other thapi
•Hch offices as have been decried by any His Majesty's
proclamation or proclamations ; but that all and every
the 9ame grants, commisi^iQns,andletters patents^andall
.other mattar$ and things tending to the maintaining,
.strengt^hening, and furtlia:anpe of the sam.e, or any
of them, shall be and remain of the like force and
i^ect, and no other, and as £ree from the declarations,
provisions, penalties, .and forfeitures contained in. this
Act, as if this act had never been had nor mad^ and
not otherwise.
XI. Frpvided al^, apd be it enacted, that this
act, or any declaration, provision, disablement, penalty,
.forfeiture, or other thing before-mentioned^ shall not
.extend to any comi^ission, grant, letters patent^, or
{privilege heretofore made, or hereafter to be made,
of, for, or concerning the digging, compounding, or
making of alum, or alum-mines ; but that aU and
every the same commissions, grants, letters patents,
and privileges, shall be and remain of the like force
and effect,^ and no other, and as free from the decla-
jratiops, provi»ons, penalties, and forfeitures contained
in thiaact, as if the act had never been had nor made,
and not otherwise.
XII* Provided abo, and be it enacted^ that this
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act, or any (Jed^ratioB^ provisicmt penalty, forfeiture,
or, other thixyg before^-mentione^t shall, not .extend or
be px^udici^l to any uife, custom, presajptionn fianrf ^
ch^, fisedom, jurisdiction, immunity,' lib^y, or
privili^e herpto&re claimed, used, or ei^oyed by tb^
goTeroors ^xlA stene^ds rad bretlp»B of the feUowsJiip
of the boast^men of the town of * Neweastle-upofir
Tyoe, oi^by the ancient fellowshipvgUd, or ftateziiity,
commonly called boast-men, &r ot concerning the
sellings carrying, lading, disposing, shi^ng, venting,
or trading of or , for any sea coals,- stone coals, or pit'
coals, forth or out of the haven or river rftTyne, a?
to any granf; made by the said governor and stewards
and brethren of the fellowsbip of the said hoastonen to
the late Que^ Elizabeth, of any duty or sum of
money to be paid for, o^ in respect of any such coals
as aforesaid ; nor to any grants, letters patents, or
coininifi^on, heretofore- granted, or hereafter to be
grantj^ of, for, or concerning the licensing of the •
k^pii^ of any tavern. or taverns; orsdiing, uttanvftf:
or reitaiUng of wines to be drunk or;spra]^ in the mfi^
sion*bous^, or houses, or other jplace in the tenurer 4Mr
occupation of. the. party or parties, sp selling or uttesing >
the" s^me ; . pr jfor . or copeerniog the making of aivyr
coqipositions fojc such licences, so as tbebene^t pf
suph pop3ppsitions.be JTfserved and appliedito aod^f^^
the ^sepf his Majesty, his h^^, or nuecefisqrs, . and .
not to the miyat<^ u^hs^ pf any :p&nKm(m periKmp.
}CIII. Vmn^ed al^, an4 be iit.jpnacted, dia^ttbis v
act, or anyi^dbp^^op^ provisiox;, pevall^i forfeitwer*
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or btber thiiig btefore-raelitioned, shall tiot exeild or'
be prejudicial to a grant or privilege for or concerning
the making of glass, by his Majesty's letters patents
undei the great seal of England, bearing date the
twt)-and-t^ventieth day of May, in the one-and^twen-
tieHi year of his Majesty's reign of England, made
and granted to Sir Robert Mansel, Knight, Vice
Admiral of England : nor to a grant or letters patents,
bearing date the twelfth of June, in the thirteenth
year of his Majesty's reign of England, made to James
MaKewell, Esquire, concerning the transportation of
calves skins : but that the said several letters patents,
last mentioned, shall be and remain of the lijce force
and effect,' and as free from the declarations, pro-
visions, penalties, and forfeitures before-nieutioned,
as if this* act had uev^ been had nor made, and not
otherwise.
XIV. Provided also, and be it declared and enacted,'
that this act, or any declaration, provision, penalty,
forfdtute, or other thing before-mentioned, shall hot ^
extend dr be prcijudicial to a grant or privilege for or
concetning the making of smalt, by his Majesty's
lettcfrs patents, under the great seal of England,
bearing date thie sixteenth day of February, in the
sixteenth year of 'his Majesty's reign of Englahd,
mndetut granted to Abraham Baker ; hot to A grant "
or privily for or concerning the nielting of iron
ewer, and of making the same intb ca^t-Works or bars
with sea coals or pit coals, by his Majest/s letters
patents/ under the great seal of England, bearing'
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date the twentieth day of February, in the nineteenth
year of his Majesty's reign of England, made or
granted to Edward, Lord Dudley ; but that the same
several letters patents and grants shall be and remain
of the like force and effect, and as free from the.
declarations, pro\dsions, penalties, aiid forfeitures be-
fore-mentioned, as if this act had never been had nor
made, and not otherwise^
The patent contains certain terras and restrictions
which it has been found beneficial for the public to
introduce; and as these must also be considered in
ascertaining the effect and validity of a patent, we
shall next insert the usual form now adopted. It is
material that every patentee should carefully peruse
and consider the claims and conditions of the patent,
in order that he may. clearly understand the terms
upon which the grant, has been made.
The form of Letters Patent for Inventions'
GEORGE, R.
George the Fourth, by the Grace of God, &c.-^*
To ^11 to whom these presents shall come greeting.
Whereas A. B. of in the county of
hath by his petition humbly repre-
sented urito us that he hath, after mitch study an^
expence, invented certain improvements in steam-
engines, which th6 petitioner conceives will life of great
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8S
pub^c utilitjr; that he is thejirst and true inventor
iheteofi and tbat the same has not been practised or
used by any other person or persons, to the best of
his knowledge and belief. The petitioner therefore
mest humbly prayed that we would be graQiously
pleased to grant unto him, his executors, administrators
and assigns, our royal letters patent, under the great
sear of our united kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, for the sole use, benefit, and advantage of
his said invention, within * that part of our united-
kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, called England,
our dominion of Wales, and town of Berwick-upon-
Tweed, and also within all our Colonies and Planta-
tions abroad,* for the term of fourteen years, pursuant
to the statute in that case made and provided ; and
we being willing to give encouragement ib all arts
aiid inventions which may be for the public good, are
graciously pleased to condescend to the petitioner's
request, Kticm ye therefore, that we, of bur especial^
grace J certain knowledge and mere motion, have
given arid granted, and by these presents for us, our^
heirs, and successors. Do give and grant unto the^
said A. B. his executors, administrators and assigns, our .
especial licence, full power, sole privilege andauthority,
that he the said A. B. his executors, administrators and
assigns, and every of them by himself and themselves, or.
by his.or their deputy or deputies, servants or agents, or
* Three distinct patents must be obtained for the three several
united kingdoms of England^ Scotland^' and Ireland; but the
Colonies may be mentioned and oomprised in the English patent.
P
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ill
^^ Qtlieri )vi |m till« B9|4 A. 3i M« «i«(atMI» nik
^lUsiaratQFP «n4 a«wgQ(t, b1|«U »t wy t^« «grM» witl^
fn^ np others, firom tim$ to tiQi?» jwd at »a tliMf
j)ereafl|»r, during the t<^rm of yowrs )}ei«in OKpvwstd,
«haU and lawfully may maVo iwe of, 9imim, vaA
y^nd hi« tai4 wv^ntion vrUhin tlwt part ^ «ur
united kingdoj^ of 6r«at Britain and Ireland* caOei^
l^ngland, our do^iinion of Walei, an^ town vS
Perwi(?krupo»-Tweed, in sncln niAPn^r as to l)im tilt
8344 A- B. his eyeontoif^ admiiuetraton and amgncu
or any of th^m, »hall in his or th^tr di^erotions worn
meet. And that ho the said A< 3i hia enoctttwik
a4miniitratois and as^gntb sltaU and la«^ttl\y nay
^vo An4 ^njoy tho wboU piofti h»neSt, oramodity
9n4 advantago iPmn timr to timft onmn^ grtiring,
Mwuing and ariilnf hy r^nm of tl^ laid iiYsotionf
lor ivnd daring the t^rm of yean bemn mentieiMd, ta
bavo. boldt exem«e, and <HiOoy ^ <>aid Uoencf, iu«ar%
^livUegea, and advantAgea ^«r«inhofo«e ^ntad m
wwtionod t* hfi gxatted v(SAa tbo aaid A. ^ im
eno^ntcrt^ ii^Moii^tora and aaogna^ &sr fod dniingit
and unto th« fuU ei^ ^nd term ^fmirtaem j/*ar*t
fifom tkf BAVft af^heteprtsenti tuaiondimnudlattfy
watting, andfyUy to, be oempiete aad emied aoeojrfk
tag ia tie statute in weh case made andpeemdtd.
And to the Mid tiiat he the said A. ^ his exeentyri^
administ^tm and a«aigna», and frs^ of then, mt^
hare and enjoy the full benefit and the sole use and
e^rcise o^ the «aid inventiont accor4in|^ t^t onr p^.
QAVtt intARtH« i^tfoiBlwIoni 4tsto4 W« d^ by (bow
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fresents, hrxL9 and hnf heirs and successors, require
and strictly command all and every person and persons;
bodies politic and corporate, and all other our subjects
whatsoever, of what estate, qiiality, degree, name, or
condition soever they be, within that said part of out
united kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, called
England, our dominion of Wales, and town of Berwick-
iipon-Tweed aforesaid, that neither they, nor any of
them, at any time during the continuance of the sai4
term of fourteen years hereby granted, either directljT
or indirectly, do make use or put in practice the said
invention, or any part of the same so attained Unto
by the said A, B. as aforesaid, nor in any wise coun-
terfeit, imitate, or resemble the sanie, nor shall mak^,
6t cause to be made, any addition thereunto, oi: sub-,
traction from the same, whereby to pretend himself or
themselves the inventor or inventors, devisor or de-
visors thereof, without the licence, consent, or agreement
6f the said A. B. his executors, administrators and
assigns, iii writing, under his or their hands and seals,
first had and obtained in that behalf, upon such pains
and penalties as can or may be justly inflicted on such
ofifenders for their contempt of this our royal com-
niarid ;* and further, to be answerable to the said A. B.
his executors, administrators and assigns, according to
law, for his and their damages thereby occasioned.
And moreover. We do by these presents, for us, our
heirs and successors, will and command all and sin-
g\xlar the justices of the peace, mayors, sheriffi, baililfe,
constables, head boi^ugh's, and all' other officers and
F S
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36
ministers ivhatsoever of us; our heirs and successors
for the time being, , that they or any of them do not,
nor shall at any time hereafter during the said term
hereby granted, in any wise molest, trouble, or hinder
the said A. * B. his executors, administrators and
assigns, or any of them,* or his or their deputies, ser-
vants or agents, in or about the due and lawful
use or exercise of the aforesaid invention, or any thing
relating thereto; provided always, and these our
letters patent are and shall be upon this conditicm,
that if at any time during the said term hereby granted,
it shall be made appear to us, our heirs or successors,
or any six or more of our or their privy council, that
this our grant is contrary to law, or prejudicial, or
inconvenient to our subjects in general, or that the
said invention is not a new invention, as to the public
use and exercise thereof in that said part of our united
kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, called England,
our dominion of Wales, and town of Berwick-upon-
Tweed aforesaid, ornot invented and found out by
the said A. B. aforesaid^ then upon signification or
declaration thereof to be, made by us, our heirs and
successors, under our or their signet or privy seal,
and by the lords of our or their privy council, or any.
si.v or more of them under their hands, these our
letters patent shall forthwith cease, determine, and
be utterly void, to all intents and purposes, any thing
hereinbefore contained to the contrary thereof in
any wise notwithstanding. Provided also, that these
our letters patent, or any thing herein contained.
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si
sh4li not"extend,l or be construed to extend, to give
privilege unto the said A. B. his executors, adminis-
trators or assigns, or any of them, to use or imitate
any invention or work ^whatsoever, which has here-
tofore been found out or invented by any other of our
subjects whatsoever, and publicly lised or exercised in
that said part of our united kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, called England, our dominion of Wales,
or town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, unto whom like
letters patent or privileges have been already granted
for the sole use, benefit, and exercise thereof; it being
our will and pleasure that the said A. B. his executors,
administrators and assigns, and all and every other
person or persons to whom like letters patent or
privileges have been already granted as aforesaid, shaU
distinctly use, practise.' their several inventions by
them invented and found out, according to the true
intent and meaning of the respective letters patent
and of these presents. Provided likewise, nevertheless,
and these our letters patent are upon this express
condition, that if the said A. B. his executors, admi-
nistrators and assigns,; or any person or persons which
shall or may at any time hereafter during the continu-'
ance of this grant, have or claim any right, title or
interest, in law or equity, of, in or to the power,
privilege and authority, of the use and benefit of the
said invention hereby granted, shall make any transfer
or assignment, or any pretended transfer or assignment,
of the saidliberty and privilege, or any share or shares
of the benefit or profit thereof^ or shall declare any
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S8
trust thereof to or for any number oS persona exote^g
the number of five, or shaH open, or cause to be optMd^
any book or books for public subscriptions, to be made
by any number of persons exceeding the numb6r~^f
five, in order to the raising any sum or sums of moUey
under the pretence of carrying on the said liberty or
privilege hereby granted, or shall by him or themselveil^
or his or their agents or servasits, needve toy sum of
money whatsoever of any number of personiS exceeding
in the whole the number of five, for such or the like
intents or purposes, or shall presume to act as a cor*'
porate body, or shall divide the benefit of these our
letters patent, or the liberty and privileges hereby
granted, into any number of shares exceeding the
number of five, or shall commit, or do, or proeui'e to
be committed or done, any siet, matter or thing what«*
soever, during such time as su6h perijon or persons
shall have any right or title, ^ther in law or equity,
in OF to the said premises, which will be contrary to
the true intent and meaning of a eertiin Act of Par«-
liament, made in the sixth year of the reign of ova
late royal great grandfather, King George I. intituled^
" An Act for the better securing certain powers and
privil^es iiitended to be granted by his Majesty by
two charters for assurance of ships and merchandizes
at sea, and for lending money Upon bottomry, and
for restraining i?everal Extravagant and Unwarrantable
practices therein mentioned*" Or in cs»e the said
power, privilege, and authority shall at any time here*
after b^soome vested in or Ia trust £ot m&te titoB thd
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^\mhei vf flre.pvMMsi te^niMtitifM it ttijr <»i»
time, ireckonltig eltMUlktti Mid administMtdtd as aiid
ftff the i6ngl6 ^MdA whom they M^re^^fit, ais to fiuch
interoit M they ate or shall b^ entitled in Hght of
stteh thoir t^dtatdr or int^Btatota ^ that then and itt
any of the mdd casea^ theie our lettets patent, and all
Ubartiea and advantages whataoever hereby granted^
diallutteHy ceaa^detennine^and beomnevoid^any thing
ko^inbefore contained to the contrary thereof in any
Wise Botwlthitanding« Protided also, that if thd toid
A. B. shall not particularly describe and ascertain thsi
nature of his said invention, and in what manner tha
same is to be performed, by an instrument in writing
under his hand and seal, and cause the same to be
enrolled in our High C!ourt of Chancery, within two
calendar months next and immediately after the date
of our said letters patent, that then these our letters
^at^nt, and all liberties and advantages whatsoever
hereby granted, siiall utterly ceal^e, determine, and
become void, any thing hereinbefore contained to the
contrary thereof in any wise notwithstanding. And
lastly, we do by these presents, for us, our heirs and
successors, grant iinio the said A. B. his executors,
administrators and assigns, that these our letters
patent, or the enrolment or eXemjplification thereof,
shall be in and by all things good, ifirm, valid, sufficient
and effectual in the law, according to the true intent
and meaning thereof, and shall be taken, contrived,
and adjudged in the most favourable and beneficial
seiise foir the bei§t advantage of the said A. 1i. hii
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executors, administrators and migns, ail well in all
pur. courts of record, as. elsewhere; and by all and
angular the officers and ;niinisters whatsoever o£, us,
our heirs and succiessors/ in thatpiirt of our .umted
kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, called JEn^glaad,
our dominion of Wales, and town of Berwick-upon-
Tweed aforesaid, and amoragst all and every the
subjects of us, our heirs and successors, whatsoever
and wheresoever, notwithstanding the not full and
certain describii^ the nature and quality of the said
invention, or of the materials thereto conducing and
belonging. ;:;.'.
Witness ourself at Westmitster, this . .
day of in the year of our reign.
From a review of the statute 21 James I. c. 8, and
of the form of the patent, it will appear, in the first
place, that a patent cannot be granted for more* than
fourteen years ; .that it must be for the sole working
or making of any manner of nezv manufacture within
these realms, to the true and frst inventor, which'
others at the time of making such letters patent shall
not use^ so as also they be not contrary .to the law,
nor mischievous to the state, by raising prices of com-^
modities at home, or hurt of trade,, or generally
inconvenient. ...
And that, secondly, according^ to the form of the
patent, if at any time during the term it shall. be.
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Qi^appear to tbe King or. his Goundltllftt ti^ grant
is; Qontrary.to law,. or prejudicial or incdnvenient to
tbe, King-s. 8ubjects\in general^ or that the inv^ntioii
is not a new invention, as to the public use and e^^*
cise thereof in thisirealtn, or not invented and found
put by; tho' patentee, the patent shall be void. Also
that it shall give.no licence to ii^e or imito^e any in^
vention or ,work^whatsoever which has heretJbfore'ba^
found out or invented and publicly used in thiie realm;
and for which a patent - has been^ granted. Also that
if the patient be transferred to -or in trust for more
than five persons, or to any who act as a corporate
body,* or in contravention of the act 1 Geo. I. for
securing the privileges granted by charter to the
Royal Assurance Company, &c. And lastly, if the
patentee shall not, within; a. given time,' particularly
describe and ascertain the nature of Mb inventionj
and in what manner^ it is to be per/brmed, by an
instrument in writing under his hand and seal,' to be
enrolled in Chancery, ' the patent will be utterly void;
In the conclusion, the i)atent contains a grant that
it shall be construed most^beneficially for thd patentee,
which is not the case with ordinary grants from the
crown.
By particularly attending to the passages in italics^
we shall have a clear view of the most useful part of
the law concerning patents, arranged in an: order
entirely practical.
As to the time or duration of patents, they are
limited to fourteen years ; but by Act, of Parli^m^at,
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ihey We hoek continued for a bng^r peiidd^ M Itf
tiie ease of Boulton and ffatts* iHdam^etiglne, and
aeveral other instances*
Frota the words in the statute^ sole working «f
making of any manner of new manufaettirfsi It ii plain
iJbt the i^bfeci (oS the afet was to eneoar^;e deniestl«
trede and mamifkotures in general, and ndt mm
si^ientific disGOTmes*
The ^ord soie eonveys to the patentee what ii
erdiaarily oalled the monopoly, but which is morft
properly the exclusive right of m^ufaettire ; fbf as Is
ebserved iii th^ ease 4f Boulton tM Wai^ it is the
working ^ making of the manufacture which is pfd^
tected, and tiot the sole buying and selling a manti*
fftctnre^ which conid hardly be brought within the
quaHfieation^ that the patent shall not be contr^ty id
Uw/er pn^ttdidal to trade. Were^ it extended to
the eale of the inrention, none but the patentee could
vehd his dwn intention^ and the manufacture could
be sold but once.; but by restricting the tcorking or
making of the article, all interference with the interest
sf the inventor is sufficiently prohibited.
Notwithstanding, however, these obvious considera^
tions, foreign ilrtieles are considered as new manu-
fiu^tures upon their^r^^ introduction here, although
they may have been s^d abroad;^ and patents
are consequently frequently granted fbr inventidfll
* B«[geki]f r. 9tep&^i dalkeld'iir R^pofts; u. p. ii7.
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vAich iva made Imown from th* esmmuBieltiMls tf
foreigners^ it being indifferent in law whetkar a mfliU ,
be leaAied by ttavel or by studyi tbe object being to
encourage improvements in iUrts and niailttfactur^i
The terms n^W manu&cture c6me nekt to be boii-i
sidered^ and the eonstructibn of these wotds seems to
have occasioned all the difficulties that have o^cwredi
By thd term new is not to be understood that
every thing in the manufactuns shall be novel and
ftrangei which is impossible, but that esseritially it
shall be different in some main and principal pointy
&6m all other manufactures of the same kind» hitherta
used in these realms.
Hence it has hetn held^ that a pat^dt for ab ifa«
proved manufacture is good^*
But as it is obvious that the improvement is the
essential novdty, a patentee, by adding an improve
ibent to an old manufaetuare, cannot entitle himself to
am exclusive right in the whole manufacture: but tho
public must have the same right of Using the old ma^
Bttfaoture as before.
The patent must therefore be confined to the im-
provement ; and when a patent was taken out for a
watch, and the invention was merely an improvement^
by the invention of a particular movement, such as an
escapement, it was hcdd void.^
UpoU this point, as well as others, the leading case
♦ Per Lord Mansfield in Morris v. Branston, BulL Ni. Pri* 77,
t See Jessop's case, dted in Boulion and another v. Bull,
8tt;Blacfal.p.4e«:
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of Boulton V. Bull appears to h«ve turned. Mr.
Watt had improved the steam-engiBe, by inventing a
newinethod of condensing the steam, which saved steam
and fuel. This consisted in condensing the steam out
of the cylinder, and -keeping the cylinder hot. * The
mechanical form of the cylinder, or of the condenser,
might be varied in many ways; but whenever these
were separate, the essential properties of Mr. Watt's
invention were imitated. ^
The Court, upon. further investigation, considered
that the terms of the patent daimed no other right
than this, of making all condensers and cylinders, in
which the steam should be condensed out of the
cylinder, and held the patent good. .
It is upon this principle that the case could alone
be' ^supported, and when thus explained, it appears
plain and simjple ; but such is the confusion of lan-
guage, that entirely for want of a good technical
description, this patent was litigated with great
force, and supported at least with great difficulty.
Manufacture is the next important word in the^
statute, and is supposed to be applied to principle ot
to methodj for which latter it has been; argued a'
patent cannot be granted. ^ * ' '*»,''
Yet in the case of Boulton v. Bull the patentee
h^d described his invention as a new principle, and
had claimed his right for the' particular principle, and
there are daily instances of patents taken out for a
method.
We shall endeavour to reconcile these appar^t>
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inconsistencies, whicb, like * many others, arise from
verbal disputes, v ,
The word manufacture has two senses. It means
a thing made with hands, ' and in some cases the
making of a thing with hands.' In either of these
senses, when the. thing made is a vendible substance,
essentially new in some particulars, it may be. the
subject of a patent eithfer for the whole substance
produced,- or for the particular novelty in it, as the
case may be, and as the one is separable from the
other.
Manufacture, in this sense, is as universal as arti-
ficial substance ; as the things which hand can pro-
duce ; as the mechanical arts ; and as practical che-
-mistry. It is to artificial productions and mechanical
substances, or vendible commodities of man's own,
invention, modification, and contrivance, to which
the patent right applies.
It excludes all natural productions, all engrossing
of newly imported minerals, seeds, or animals, or their
raw products, dnd it is opposed, as it should seem,
to all mere manipulations or acquirements of manual
dexterity, as well as to all scientific principles.
These consist in mere methods^ or in ideas and
notions, which are incapable of being restrained by
any patent.
It has, however, frequently happened, that the
patentees have described their inventions as methods
and principles f where they have been, in reality, actual
na w manufactures, or nevf processes, in manufacture.
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In tlieie mms there is no peenliar eftet to \ie
attached to the particular words, hut the Court has so
eonstrued them as to eonnder the whole of the patent
tc^thar, and thence decided whether the patent was
in eflbct fbr a new manufacture or not, and this we
shall exemplify when we come to treat of the spe-
dfieation.
** Within these realm$r It is hy the effect of this
dause that, as we have seen before, a foreign invention
may become the subject of .a patent upon its first im-
portation into Great Britain.
** To the true and first inventor."^ Hence, it ap-
peatv, that the patent can only be granted to the
inventor, and not to his assignee. But who is the
Arst and true inventor is a question sometimes of
difficulty.
In the case of Dollond^s patent one Hall had ori-
ginally made the discovery of the principle upon
which the acromatic telescopes were afterwards con-
structed ; but he, says Lord Chief Justice Eyre^ in
the case of Boulton v. JBw//, made the discovery in
his own closet, but never made it public : and on that
ground DfiUond's patent was sustained.
It should seem, however, that if Dollond had not
himself also discovered it, he could not have been
entitled to the patent.
But when one Tennant had, in 1798, obtained a
patent for an improved bleaching liquor, a chemist at
Olasgow- deposed, that having had frequent commu- '
nications with him, he had suggested that Ife;?>?^«f
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Ymii 9lif)fx» h\* ti^i^ l»y JsM^mfit the liiM Fater
^W9 ymr^ hefar^ th^ pc^teiit, told him this method
or process had succeeded. A bleacher at Nottingham
ftUio deposed that he had used it five or six years be-
fore the patent^ though he kept hi9 proaeAS a secret
frQm aU but bis partners mi two men Gweemtd in
prq>aringAe liquor-
Upou these grounds the piaintiff was nonsmtfid^
m an action brought for the infringement of thsi
patent, and tded December 8a« 18Q9, before Loni
Menborought Chief Justice^ and a spedal jury.
^' Which others at the time pf making mch Utl^t^
patent shall not use.*^
This clause is a fisiFthor explanation of the meaning
of the words nem manufactun^ namely, ft must bs
somethii^ which is not in nse, or has not been mado
in this realm by others^ at the time of granting: the
patent. And this must clearly be undcf'staod of a»
hand fide vm^ior if, while in the attempt to constniofi
the machinery, some workman should surr^titieusly
pirate it, the original inventor would still be entitled
to the patent by force of the previous words ^< tha^
true and fir^t inventor,*^ and such a fraudulent «e
Qduld not be a bar to his claim. Even if a patent
were granted by surprise to the other party^ it shopld
seem that it might bb rev4)ked on a sdre/acias, and
a new one granted to the true inventor* But it is
presunaed that a patent obtained under either of these
circumstances would he of yjgry dPHhtful validity.
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•: *' And also that they be not contrary to the law;
n^r mischievous to the state, by raising prices of
commodities at home, or hiirt of t?^ade, or generally
inconvenient.^
This clause is the least definite in its meaning and
application of the whole act.
In the case of the King v. Arkwright^* an issue
was taken upon the scij'c facias, " that the
patent was inconvenient to the king's subjects in
general." But/upon this issue the learned judge
said, that it was merely conl^equential, ^ and he could
not receive any evidence upon it. It stated no fact
which a jury would try, nor which the defendant
could come prepared to answer. * . • \
Patents under the act 21 James I. cannot properly
raise the price of commodities, because they are in
effect for new commodities, of which there can have*
been no current price previously. But, as was before
remarked, if a patent should be obtained for a foreign
invention, and the patentee charged more thaii it
can be imported for from abrbad in its perfi^t state,'
it would seem that such a case would fall within this
datise, and ^the patent be inconvenient to the public,
and tend to raise the price; of commodities. Such a
case, however, is not likely to occur, and the whole
may be considered rather as a saving clause of ex-
treme caution and little practical effect. *
With regard to the patent itself, many of the
dauses and operative words which we have 'marked,
♦ BuU, Ni. Pri. 77. '^
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are mere repetitions of the restrictions imposed by
the statute, and contain a reservation of the right or
power, of the crown to recal the patent, in case it
shall have been ^imposed upon; all which has been
already sufficiently discussed.
. It next contains a proviso, making the patent void
upon its being transferred to, or. in trust for, more
than five persons, or in contravention of the actwhich
establishes the Royal Exchange and Royal Assurance
Companies. ^
The precise policy of this clause is by no means
apparent, as to the assigning it in trust for- more than
five persons. - -
, For if it is an invention of a manufacture so costly
that it cannot be carried on without' the joint- capital
of more than five persons, . to restrain it to less is
hardly beneficial to the community, since it is to
forbid its use. Whereas if one alone may exercise it,
there seems little diflference to the community, whe-
ther the profit is shared between few, or many ; and
parliament have removed this difficulty, when re-
quired, as in the case of the straw paper manufacture,
for which an act was passed enabling sixty persons to
be concerned. .
The most important clause in the patent is that
which . requires the specification to be filed or enrolled
within two months or. such other time as shall be
specified by the patent.
" This instrument must particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the invention, and in what
manner it is to be performed."
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If thk desGoriptioB be false it is clearly yoid* Even
if it 18 imnecefisarily aml^uous, so as to mislead the
public, who aie entitled to know the correct process,
it is said to be bad.f As where in a process for
making yellow paint, any fossil salt was Erected to
boused, when only sal gem would produce the effect,
^rpat^t was held void. So where in tempering
steel trusseft the {wtentee had omitted to state the
ruM^Hlg of theifi with tallow^ which was a necessary
process, the patent was held void. — Liardet t. Johnson.
So if the process stated, in the specification does
notpioduee the substance for whidb the patent is
obtained, it is void. As where the patent was for
pi^oducing a yeUow colour and midcing white lead by
one process, and white lead could not- be produced by
it^ tibte specification was lidd to be bad, and the
patent void.
The ohjieot of the spedfication is to enable the
puMic to have the bebefit of the general use of the
manufacture after the expiratixMu of the patent right;
and therefore the machine, mamifacturei or procfess,
should be so clearly described as to enable any parson
of ordinary capacity in the trade or manufacture of
which the invention is^ an improvement to maice or
paroduc^ it ; but it need not contsin mere ind-
denta known to every common manui&cturer ; in the
same way as, if any article were mixed with gold in a
state of fusion, it need not set forth howgold is to be
fused or melted; and where it is for an addition or
• BttU. Ni. Pri. p. 77.
t Per Ashursti J. 1 T. Rep. p. 602.
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improvement, it will .be only necessary to state tlie
psurticulars of the additioa or hnprovenent, and li^w
they are to be attached to die old maehne^.
Drawings of machinery are not absolutely requisite,
but must necessarily be added where it is difficult to
understand the mechanism without them. Many
persons of judgment and experience, among whom
may be named the late Mr. Nicholson, whose assist-
ance in preparing specifications was much sought,
have strongly recommended their omission where a
sufficient description could be given without them*
on the principle that in the event of a reference to
a jury, upon any question of an infringement, they
were apt to confine their view of the inventionto the
precise drawings in the specification, although the
infiringement complained of might be the same^ only
varying the form of the machinery.
In the case of Boulton v. Bull, the specification of
Mr. Watt's Engine was without a drawing, and it
was held that the specification was complete without
The time of enrolling the spedfioation must be
stcietly (diserved, as; after the patent is once granted^
no extaision of the period cain be obtiufied.
There are two remedies by which the patents
may protect his right.
He may at comnum law bring an aetion upon tile
case for damages, or he may fil^ w bill in equity
against the party>for ali inju]iotk)ii to restrain him
from using the manufacture, and for an, account of
the quantities which he hafr made and sold, and that
the party shall pay over the profits.
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In the first place the plaintiff must give evidence
in support of his specification to show that he has
actually produced the manufacture, machinery, sub-
stance, or improvement, which is the subject of his
patent. He must then prove the infringement of it
on the part of the defendant ; and should the con-
trary party be unable to show that the invention was
not new at the time the patent was granted; nor that
the patentee had violated, or not complied wi^, any of
the provisoes of the grant, he will be entitled to a
verdict for such damages as he can prove he has
sustained.^
The remedy in equity is stated to be preferable
to an action at common^ law, because the party may,
in the first instance, be restrained from further using
the manufacture, and must by his answer confess the
extent of the injury.
When different persons, not partners in trade,
have in different instances infringed a patent, the
party must file separate bills against each, and cannot
join the cases in one bill.f
Where a patent is improperly obtained, the usual
way to set it aside is by applying, io the Court of
Chancery for a scire facias at the suit, of the crown,
which will issue on the authority of the attorney^
general upon the application of any private party.
' * BuU. Ni. Pri. p. 77.
t Per Ashurst, J. 17 Rep. p. 602.
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INDEX.
AiTKtir, Mfo dei<<T>ptioii of a re^
tnontdlrc etcttpeitient^ 390.
Albado, tannel tinder the Thames
proposed by^ 999.
Ifcfi
Atchohx>\, fectlfioBtioD of, Without
heat, 346.
AinafetaitddeIlrfnie,MM. bt«¥«t
or, for A wheel with m<»Veiible
flash boards, 961.
ApsdiD, Mr.i patent of, tot a m^
thod of making lime, 804.
■ patent ofj for an im^
provement in the mode of pro*
dactnjr artificial stone, 453.
Atlee^ Mr.» patent of, for a process
by which plaolcs and scantling will
be prevented from shrinking;, 116c
Bark hnd wood cf the chesnut-tree,
employment of, in dying and
tanning, 108.
Belleville and Amavet, MM« brevet
of, for a wheel with moveabli
flash boards, 961.
Beneke and Shears, Messrs., patent
of, for improvements In making
. zinc or spelter, 446.
Boiling or evaporating fluids by
steam, patent for, by Mr. J. Per-
kins, 140.
Boswell. Mr. J. W., apparatits of,
for lining heavy goods into carts
or waggons, 41.
Bottling wine, dtc. patent for> by
Mr. Masterman, ISO.
Bradhnry, Mr. J. L., patent of, fdf
a mode of twisting and spinning
silk, cotton, &c. 68.
Bricks, M. Bnretfe's brevet for
making, 961.
— tlamps of, patent for im«
provements In, by Mr. Rhodes,
275.
Bridge, London, treatise on fe.
bnildiog, by Mr. J. Seaward,
reviewed, 2ffiJ.
■ of iron-wire^ovtjr the Galore,
account of, by M. Seguin, 941.
" of 600 fe^t ftpiui. plan for a,
VOL. I.
over the Thames, by Mr. J. 8ea«
ward, 984.
Broadmeadow^ Mr., patent of, for
eoadensing and propelling ffmik
&c. 905.
<" ■ pateat for pftt*
rifying inflMBnfkble gasea ^y air^
520.
Brown, Mr., vacunm mgiB* of^
observatloAt on^ by B., 100.
Burolto, M., brevet of, for making
bricks, 961.
Barnet, Mr., patent of, for a »••
thod of loseeaiog the drift of ships
at sea, 277.
Barstall and Hill, Messrs., patent
of, fbr a loflomotive or steam car-
riage, 198.
Busk and Neville, Messrs., pateat
for improvements in propelling
ships, &c., 195.
Carriages* patent for improved
construction of» by Mr. D. Gor-
don, 78.
>*■ ■ ■ ■ patent for inpellingy by
mechanism, by ditto, 28.
wheeled, patent for cer-
tain improveaitnti in» by Mr.
Qaan, 456.
Carriaga-way pavements, on con-
structing, by Mr. Bryan Donkio,
918.
Cartmel, Mr., patent of, for an im-
proved cock to be applied to
. loeks of guoff, &c, 940.
Caak, BOtal, patent for an improve-
ment in making, by Mr. Dicken-
son, 88.
Charles, M., brevet of, for making
raaors with biases which may ba
changed, 962.
Cheneuz, M., brevet of, for a razor*
strop, 962.
Chesnut-tree, bark of, employei! in
dyeing and tanning, 108.
Chubb, Mr., patent of, fof an tm-
provement in the coostruetion o^
Idcks, 979.
2 t
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Google
482
INDEX.
Church, Mr., palenC of, for im-
provements in casting cvlinders,
&c. 271.
Clint, Mr., balanced or swinging
roaBt of, 06.
Cloth, water-proof, patent for cer-
tain improvements in preparing
and making, by Mr. P. Weise,
'468.
CoHee, on the colouring matter of,
414. . :
Cold, Mr. Vallance*! patent for me-
'. tbods of producing, &c. 424.
Cocking bottles, patent for, by Mr.
Masterman, 302.
Court and J«rop, Messrs., patent
. of, ior an ' improved method of
manufacturing salt, 68.
Crosley, Mr., patent of, foranap-
panitosfor registering theqoan-
: titicB of liqvors passing from one
vessel to another, 35S.
■ patent of, for. an im*
• provement in- the coustroctioD of
gas regulators, 273.
Cylinders, improved method of
' casting, patent for, by'M r.Chnrcb,
271;
Dallas, Mr., patent of, for a ma-
' chiue to* pick or dress stones, 349.
Dean, Mr., patent of, for an appa-
ratus to be worn by persons eu*
- lering rooms filled witb smoke,
&c. 61.
Docharne, £. Paget, on the recti-
fication of alcohol without heat,
- 346.
Denison and Harris, Messrs., patent
of, for machinery > for making
' woven and laid paptr, 109.
Dickenson, . Mr., patent of, for
an improvement in addition to
the shoeing and stopping of
•horses! feet; 35;
patent of, for an
Improvement in the manufacture
of metal casks, 88.
Donkin, Mr., on constructing car-
riage-ways, 318,
Duce, Mr., description of a quad-
ruple lock by, 388.
Eddy, Mr., improved screw wrench
by,5U.
Erard; Mr., patent of, for Improve-
rocQts'in piano fortes, 113.
Escapement, description of a re-
monioire, by Mr. Aitkin, 390,
Fatton, Mr., patent of, for an astro.
ouRiical watch, 1.
Fid, an improved, patent for, by
Mr. Rntch, 69. 91.
Figuring lace, patent for, by Mr.
fieatbcoal, 359.
Filter, a new, patent for, by Mr.
' Scltroder, 467.
Flue or chimney, an improved,
' patent for, by Mr. Jeffrey, 142.
Fluids, patent for means of evapo-
rating, by Mr. W. Johnson, 464.
r— r^ — patent for equalizing the
pressure of, in tubes, &c., by
Mr; Pontifex, 11.
Forges and bellows, improvements
^ in, patent for, by Mr. Halley,
118.
Foreman, Mr., patent of, for im-
. provements in the construction of
steam engines^ 451.- ,
Foun^in, gravitating, .patent for,
by Mr. Sfaalders, 60.
Fraunf reffer, ! M., large refracting
. telescope, by, 171.
Furnaces, patent for a mode of sup-
plying, witb fuel, by Mr. Stanley,
84.
.1 for iron or steel, improve-
ments in constructing, by Mr.
' Spencer, 137.
Galvanic columns', dry, of M. Zam-
'. boai , ' M. A mpere's notice o f, 1 8 1 .
Qas lamps, portable, improvements
in, patent for, by Mr. D. Gordon,
. 297..
Gfi3 regulators, improved patent
for, by Mr. Crosley, 273.
Gases, inflammable, Mr. Broad*
meadow's patent for purifying
by air, 420.
Gillman and Sowerby, Messn., pa-
tent for improvemeuts in gene-
rating steam, &c. 369.
Glazing for earthenware, a useful,
by M. Roschimoki, 348.
Gordon, Mr. David, patent of, for
improvements in harness, 226.
patent of, for
improvements in portable gag
lamps, 297.
patent of, for
improvensenta in the construction
of carriages to be propelled by
m^hanical means, 28.
patent of, for
improvements in the construction
, of carriages, (io placing the
wheels), 78.
Gosset Mr., patent' of, for improve-
ments in the construction of. ma-
chinery for weaving, 227.
Digitized by
Google
INDEX.
483
Green/ Lieut. W. P., gub^aniage
of; for natal use, 46.
Green, Vienna, preparation of, by
Dr, Liebig, 347. • .
Gan, carriage for- naval use, by
Lieat. W. P. Green, 46.
Gunn, Mr., patent of> > for • certain
improvements in wlieoled car.
riages,458. : '
Halley, Mr., patent Qf,for ionpnove-
meotB.in-.tlie construction of forgi^
and bellows, 118.
Harness, patent for iniproveaient.8
in, by Mr. D. Gordon, 8S6.
Harrington, Mr., patent of, for an
improved raft for transporting
timber, 356,
Hassenfratz, M., on ttie causes of
^ the hardening of lime, 327.
Hats, sillc, patent- for manofjmtur-
ing by Mr. Hopper, 217. .
Head, Mr., patent of, for improve-
ments in machinery for making
cord or plat for boot and stay
. laces, &c. 446. . ,
Heat of expanded air, experiments
, on, by MM. Walter and Qay
. Lassac, 183.
— — , patent for conveying into
buildings, for roaonfactunng, hor-
ticultural, and domestic purposes,
&c. by Mr. W. Johnson, 443..
Heathcoat, Mr., patent of, for an
. economical method of arranging
. machinery in lace and other fac-
tories, 120.
■ I I I I. patent of, for a mode
of figuring lace, &c. 359.
Herapatb, Mr., compensating pen-
dulum of, remarks on by W. 105.
■ reply of, to obser*
.^ vatious by W., on bis compensat-
ing pendulum, and remarks on
ditto, by Editor, 252.
Higgins, Mr., patent of, for im-
provements in the' construction
of the masts, yards, sails, and
rigging of ships and smaller ves-
sels, and in the tnclcle u&ed for
working or navigating the same,
463.
Hodgson, Mr., patent of, for im-
provements in the constraction
and manufacture of shoes, or sub-
stitutes for shoes for horses and
other cattle, and for methods of
applying the same to the feet^
470.
Hopper, Mr., pateot of, for im«
i provemento in maadlactttring
silk bats, 817.
Horse-shoes, patent for improve-
ments in *^the construction, &c.
470.
Horses employed in mills, brevet
. of • M. Ma^ierre, for lessening
the number of, 360.
Hoi'ses^ feet, patent for shoeing and
: stopping, by Mr. Dickenson, 35.
Iodine in the mineral kingdom,
notice of, by M; Vauquelio, 17dL
Isaacs, Rev. Mrl patent of, for pro-
pelling carriages, ships, &c. 125,
'James, Mr., patent of, for improve-
ments in the construction of rail-
, ways, 184: '
•— — patent of, for steam
carriages for highways, 430.
JefiVey, Mr., patent of, for an im-
proved flue or chimney, 142.
Johnson,' Mr. patent of, for means
of evhporating fluids ; for donvey-
ing heat into buildings, for manu-
facturing, horticultural, and 'do-
mestic purposes; for heating li-
. quors in distilling, brewing, and
- dyeing ; and in making salt and
sugar with reduced expenditure,
443. •
Jordan, Mr., patent of, for an im-
provement in the construction of
' water-closets, 189. '
Jurup and Court, Messrs., patent
of, for a mode of manufacturing
' salt, 68.
Laces, bootf and stay, patent for
making, by Mr. Head, 454.
Laine, M., an extraction of opium
from indigenous poppies^ 270.
Lambert, Mr., patent of, for im-
provements in the material nnji
manufacture of paper, 309.
.Leahy, Mr., patent of, for ma-
chinery for making bricks, &c.
415.
Lime, on the causes of the harden-
ing of, by M. Hassenfratz, 327,
403.
, making, Apsdin*s patent for,
204.
Lieblg, M., preparation of Vienna
green by, 347.
Liquon, registering the quantity of,
that passes from one vessel to
another, patent for, by Mr. Cros-
ley, 353.
Lock, description of a quadruptef
by Mr. Duce, 388.
2fc«
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4M
IKUSX4
i#fkl» Mr. i^Wi fUtiillMaa
iBproTmcnt itt| 9?|^.
— of g«ni«|»«viiiiK«iM4 fer»
(Uffion oock fflir, pAtcat f«ry by
Mr. Cartmdly 349.
hi^€muiilim, pilt4iii fMr prodncltg
by statietary «ii(iMi# by Mr.
Vallaace, $i9.
hocomwiifti or ileaahcarriagt,
Mmmw. Brntiai ana liiU> palcnt
for a, 108,
London Bridge, Tr^tiie on the
rebuilding of, by Mr, J, ScfV>
wardy reviewed,'S8$«
Machinery, arranging in lace ma-
factories, 'SiC*f patent fbr, by
Mr. Heatlicoat, ISO.
exportation of, report
of Committee of |Ionie of Com-
mbns on, 163, 259, 339. 398.
MantoOy Mr., patent of, for |m-
proTcment in shot, 387.
Ifasterman, Mr., patent of, for an
apparatus for bottling wine and
other liquors, 150.
-^ — , patent of, for a me-
thod of corking bottles, 309.
Masts balanced, by Mr. R. Clint,
96.
Maziere, M., brevet of, for lesien-
ing tbo onmber of hones eos-
ployed in mills, 360,
M%ordy, Mr., patent of, for an
improved a^thod of generating
cteam,441.
Mineral water, artificial, Mr.
Swaine's patent for malting, 63.
Mincnr, plan by, fbr making a
funnel under the Thames, 310.
Mollerat, M., brevet of) f»r a pro-
cess fbr extracting soda from sul-
phate of soda, S60.
Kesbit, Mr., patent of, for making
paper of moss, 435.
Neville and Busk, Messrs.i patent
of, for improvements in propel-
ling ships, 195,
Nicholson, Mr. John, Operative'
Mectianic by, reviewed, 363.
Nicod, M., account of a new Udo-
meter by, 170.
Operative Mrcbanic, or Brhiah
Mechanist, by Mr. J. Nicholson,
reviewed, 363.
Opium, OB the extraction of, from
iodigenons poppiee, by M.
Laine, 270.
Palmer, Mr., pamphlet on mil-
roads by, review of, ?06.
Mf., paMt ar» f^r im*
provementi In iftlUwayl m4
c«rriaffi» 199.
Paper, improvement Hk tba manu-
faotore of, patent for, by Mr«
Lambert, 309.
^ r, Mr, Naibil'f pateul f«t
»akiag» from moii, 486.
, machinery for makl^gt Pa-
tent for^ by Messrs. Denison and
Harris, 109.
Pklteats, noathly lists of, 70, 134,
814, S95, 367, 438.
9^kef, Mr., patent of, formanii-
factoring sale, 281.
Paal, Mr., patent of, for Improve*
meiitt in generating steam, 190.
Pendulum, compensating^, remarka
oa Mr. Herapath's, by W. 105.
, „ ^ reply of
Mr. Herapath's to W.-s remarks,
and observatlans by editor,
961.
Perkins, Mr., patent of, for improve-
mentt in propelling vessels, 433.
, patent of, for improve-
ments in the mode of boiling or
evaponitlng fluids by steam, 140.
patent of, for* improve-
ments in steam engines, 920b
Petitpierre, Mr., patent of, for a
machine for making shoes, dec,
from one pieee of leather, with-
out seams, 64.
Phillips*, Mr. C, patent of, for
improvements on tillers, and
steering wheels of v^els, 476.
Plano-fortcs, improved, patent for,
by Mr. Erard, 119.
Planks, preventing, from thrinking,
Mr. Atlee*s patent for, 119.
Pontifex, Mr., patent of, fbr new
modes of equalising the presstire
of fluids in tubes, fte. II.
Propelling carriages aad ihips,
fatenl for, by Rev. Mr. Isaacs,
25.
■ ■ I - ships, Messrs. Busk and
Neville's patent for, 195.
Raft for transporting timber, pa-
tent for, by Mr. Harrington, 356.
RaiUroads, pamphlet en, by Mr.
R. H, Palmer, reviewed, 806.
RaiUwa^s, improved patent for, by
Mr. James, 184,
. — . , Treatise on by Mr.
Wood, reviewed, 206,
— '■ and Air I'unnel, pam-
phlet on. by Mr. y§llapce, re-
viewed, 206.'
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INDEX.
485
^RAilwoys,: TfMtise on by Mr.
Tredgold, reviewed, 206.
.- and carriages, patent for
improvetnents on, by Mr. K. H.
., Palmer, 129. ,
Razors with blades' which may be
changed, brevet for making, .by
, . M. Charles, 362." *
.Report of tioi^le of . Commons on
ejcporiation of maehineiry, 163,
. 259,339,398.
Ithodcs, Mr., paient of, for improve-
, mentsio the construction of brick
clamp^, 275.
Rigging of Ships, patent for certain
improvements in the constructing,
by Mr. Biggins, 463.
Roschinski, M., glazing for earthen-
ware, by,' 348.
Rotch,/Mr.', account of a patent of,
for an improved fid for a 8hip*s
* top-mast, 69.
■ ■ , specification of patent
of, for an improved fid^ 91.
Salt, mode of manufacturing, pa-
tent for, by Messrs. Jump and
Court, 89.
*— r~, method of making, patent
for, byMr.Parkes, 281.
iSawing wood, patent for improve-
ments in by Messrs. Sayerand
Greenwood, 114.
Sayer and Graenwood, Messrs., pa-
tent of, for improvements in cut-
ting and sawing wood, 114^
Screw-wrench, improved by Mr.
Eddy,'50.
Screws, on cutting, by a workman,
256.
'Scroder, Mr., patent of, for a new
. filter, 467.
Seaward, Mr., treatise by, on re-
building London-bridge, review-
. ed, 285.
■■ :, plan for a bridge of
600 feet span over the Thames,
' by, 324.
Seguin, M., account of the bridge
' of iron wire over the Galore, by,
i 241.
Shalders, Mr., patent of, for a gra-
r. vitating fountain for raising wa-
ter, 60.
Shears and Beneke, Messrs., patent
, .of, for improvements in making
zinc or spelter, 446.
Ships, lessening the drift of, at
sea, Mr. Burnet's patent for,
977.
Ships', rigging, patent for eerta^n
improvements in the construetion
by iMr. Higgin?,'463. ^ •
Shoe? fi'oui^ne- piece of leather^
without a seam; patent for mak-
« ing, byiMrv'^Petilpiere; 64.'
Shoes', horse, pment for impMve-
roents in by Mr. Hodfrson, 4T0.
Shbe'rng and stopping horses' feet^
, patont for an . improved addition
to, by Mr. Dickenson, 35.
Shot, Mr. Manton*s pntent for im-
,\proveniients in,387 ■'■
Silk hats, improvements in makins:,
'^«tent frfr, by Mr. ifopper, 217.
SlidingTulc, mode o( applyinir^to
facilitate calculations of strength
. of materials, by T., 816.
Smart, Mr. G., new method of, for
. supporting the topmasts of ships,
99.
Smoke, &c. apparatus to be worn
, in rooms filled with, patent for,
by Mr. Dean, 61.
■ and gases, propelling, patent
fori by. Mr. Broadmeadow, 305.
Soap, transparent, mode of making,
108. •
Soda, extracting, from sulphate of
. soda, process, for, by M . Mollerat,
360.
Sower^y and Gillman^ Messrs. pa^
tent for improvements in gene-
■ rating steamy 369.
Spelter or zinc, patent for improve-
,. ments in making, by Messrs. Be-
necke and Shears, 446.
Spencer, Mr. patent of, for improve-
ments in the construction of fur-
naces for the preparation of iron
or steel, 137.
SpiUbury, Mr. patent of, for im>.
provements in tanning, 279.
Spinning and twisting silk. Sec, Mr
Bradbury's patent for, 68.
Stanley, Mr.' patent of, for machi-
' nery for supplying furnaces with
fuel, 84.
Steam-engines, patent for improve-
ments in, by Mr. J. Perkins, 220.
■ ■ , generating, patent for im-
provements in, by Mr. Paul, 190.
■ ■ , heat for producing, patent
for a mode of applying, by Mr.
. Surrey, 84.
, generating, patent for im-
provements, by Messrs. Gillman
and Sowerby, 869.
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IHDfiX.
geMimiiiigt pal«Dt te
kBpr»v«d Aclfcod, ki Mr.
M'Curdy, 44h
-^' cBgiMi* l^r- VMihan'i pii-
tcpt for ImproTCDMOU ia» 4ti.
Stflim eoftiMt,. Mn ForejpMn's
pat€9t Cor imipreveiMttU M tiM
coBftrMlion of, 451.
^ , patent §ot IMI^
pr*f CACAli i«» by Mr. P. Taylor,
47S.
^....^ airriafet for bigfcwEys, p«*
tent of Mr. JaoMs, for nakingy
480.
Stoaey artiflciaU patent for ao Im-
provenaat in tke mode of pro*
daeiaff, by Mr. Ajpdin, 4A8.
Stonei, macbint to pick ami drawy
patent for, by Mr. DalUls, S49.
Strap fbr rasors> brarat for, by M.
Cheneauz, 362,
Streagtb of matorialf^ calcalatiom
of, BMde of applying tbe ilidlag
role to faciiitata, by T. SItt.
(array, Mr. patent of» for a aietbod
of applyiag heat for prodadog
Bteaai, 73.
6waioe, Mr. Schmidt, pateat of,
for a mode of producing and pre*
sertiag artificial miaaral wkt^rs,
63.
Tiiintitg, bark and wood of cheidtit
atndfor, 106.
^, patent of Mr. Spilbtiry,
fbf imnrovemeots in, 8t9.
Tkylor, Mr. patent of, for improve-
ment! id Bteam-eneiiies, 473.
Teleseope, large refracting, by M.
Praanbotf«r, 171.
Tlllfcfa, patent for improvement! on,
by Mr. C. Pliillips, 476.
Topmasts ot ships, mode of sop-
porting, by Mr. Smart, 99.
. TredgOld, Mr. Treatiie on Rail-
roads, by, review of, ?W)6.
TrevetMck, Mr. pTan of prodvdng
a tnnnel nodcr tiie Thames, S95.
Tunnel under the Thames, plan for
making bv 1*4142, and general
accoant o^ 156.
■ under tbe Thames, proposed
by Mr.Trevith!ck,«35.
'■■■■■ , plan for ditto, by Mtiietir,
«ia
I, plan for ditto, by Albedo,
009»
Udometer^ new, MCMint •!» by M.
Nicodf 17(K
Vacnrnn engine of Mr. BfOWtl, 6l»-
servations on, by B., 108.
Vallauce, Mr. J., patent of^ for
producing locomotion by station-
ary engines, 5t,
■ «-, pamphlet on
rail-roads and air tunnel, by, re-
view of, «06.
-, patent of, for
methods of producing cold, 4S4.
▼aughan, Mr., patent of, for fm-
provements in steam engine^, 49f .
Vanqueliii, M., notice of iodine
being found In minerals by, 176.
Vessels, Mr. Perkins's patent for
Improvements in propelling, 499.
Wal«b« assranomicalt patent foi^
by Mr. Fattoa, 1.
Water-closeU, improvomentt in,
paunt for, by Mr. Jordan, 189.
Weaving, improvements ia ma-
chines for, patent, by Mr. Gosset,
927.
Welse, Mr., patent of, fbr certain
improvements in preparing And
making water-proof cloth, tUid
other materials for maaofactnr-
ing hats, bonnets, caps, and
wearing apparel, 468.
Walter and Gay Lnssac, Messts.,
experiments of, on the heat of ex-
panded air, 183.
Wheel with moveable flash-boards,
• brevet for, by MM, Ammavet
and Belleville, 361.
ilTindlass, patent for an apparfttvii
to be applied to, by Mr. Yett»
«S.
Wire, iron, bridge of, Over the Ga-
lore, account of, by M. 8cgtiin,
241.
Wood, Mr., practical treatise on
railways by, review of, S06.
W., remarks by, on Mr. flerapath's
compensating pendulum, 105.
yett, Mr., patent of, for an appa-
ratus to be applied to a windlass,
Zambtml, M., dry galvaaie columns
of, notice by M. Ampere, 481 #
2lnc or spelter, patent for making,
by Messrs. Beneeke and Sews,
446.
C Baldwin, Priuter,
New Bridge Street, London.
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