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^Ati-Melbotjome

186^71

Melbourne * Acclinaatlsatlon
Society of Victoria,
Annual Report*
3rdp 186^
1871

THK

THIRD ANNUAL EEPOTtT ,-

girclimiitii^ufioit ^ocirtn of ^:)ictoria

At tfu! Attniril .Ui:fLiu|:t >n LIju *>cict.y, Jj^jIiI November ll^li, 16^%,

ill Ihe J^tnilaty*8 Oihtx, hUlhoutnn,
I

TltaKTtlKIt WITH

I'APEllS HEAD AT THE MONTHLY MEETIHGI^OF THE SOCIETY,

^^rELBOUENE:

WtLaUN ^t MACKINNON, rRFNTRKy, COLLINS Si'KEKT EAfcT,

■J:

--fx

MAY 86 1908

THE

THIRD ANNUAL REPORT

^rrlimrfisrfion ^odd^ oi Widon%

AS ADOPTED

At the AnQual Meeting of the Society, held November 11th, 1864
at the Society's Office, Melbourne,

TOGETHER WITH

PAPERS READ AT THE MONTHLY MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY.

MELBOURNE:

WILSON 9t MACKINNON, PRINTERS, COLLINS STREET EAST.

1864.

LIST OF THE OFFICERS

ACCLIMATISATION SOCIETY.

PATRON.
HIS EXCELLRNCY SIR C. H. DARLING, K.C.B

O O XJNOIL.

PRESIDENT.

Hon. W. C. HAINES.

VICE-PRESIDENTS.

THOMAS BLACK, Esq., M.D., Ac, &c.
FERDINAND MUELLER, Esq., M.D., F.R.S., &C., &o

COMMITTEE.

S. H. BINDON, Esq., M. .A.
Dr. JOSEPH BLACK.
D. S. CAMPBELL, Esq.
COMTE DE CASTELNAU.
H. J. CHAMBERS, Esq.
LIEUT.-COLONBL CHAMP.
G. S. LANG, Esq.
THOMAS LOADER, Esq,
W. LYALL, Esq.

Peopbssob M'COY.

de. madden.

Hon. a. MICHIE, Q.C., M.L.A.
ALBERT PURCHAS, Esq.
A. R. C. SELWYN, Esq.
JAMES SMITH, Esq.
J. SPARKES, Esq.
H. E. WATTS, Esq.

HON. TREASURER.

T. J. SUMNER, Esq.

SOCIETY'S OFFICE.
No. 30, SWANSTON STREET.

SOCIETY'S DEPOT.
ROYAL PARK.

Mr. GEO. SPRIGG, Secretary,

EEPORT OF THE COUNCIL,

FOR THB YEAR ENDINQ SlST AUGUST, 1864.

The Council of the Acclimatisation Society of Victoria, in
submitting to the Subscribers the Third Annual Report of their
transactions, remind the Members that, owing to an alteration made
at the last Annual Meeting, by which the commencement of the
Society's year was made to date from September instead of July,
this Report will be a record of what has been done during the
last fourteen months, and the Council trust that a perusal of it
will prove that much progress has been made, and many important
results achieved.

The financial position of the Society is very satisfactory : a large
increase has taken place in the private subscriptions, and the
Council feel justified in accepting this fact as a proof of the
growing interest felt in acclimatisation, ancjl the increasing import-
ance attached to it. The total receipts, including balance from
last year, from all sources, has been £5,386 4s. Id. The total
expenditure, £4,689 19s. 2d., thus leaving a balance to the credit
of the Society of £696 4s. lid. The Council would observe, that
of the amount placed as expended under the head of Purchase of
Animals, the sum of £600 still remains in the hands of the agents
abroad.

At the last Annual Meeting, as has been already mentioned,
several changes were made in the Rules of the Society, the most
important of which were the abolition of the office of Honorary
Secretary, and the appointment of a second Vice-President. The
post of Honorary Secretary was vacated by Mr. W. H. Archer, not
however without a cordial vote of thanks having been conveyed to
that gentleman by the Council, for the efficient manner in which he
had fulfilled the duties of the office since the foundation of the
Society. The additional Vice-Presidency was conferred upon Dr.
Thomas Black, as an acknowledgment of the important services he
has so constantly rendered to the cause of Acclimatisation.

The following changes have taken place in the composition of
the CounciL In December the Chief Secretary exercised the
power conferred upon him by the Society's Rules, and appointed
the Hon. A. Michie, Dr. T. Black, and Mr. W. Lyall, to represent
the (Government at the Council table. In January Mr. Embling
resigned, and was replaced by Mr. D. S. Campbell In February
the Hon. T. T. A'Beckett resigned, and Mr. Loader was elected.
In April Professor Halford and Mr. F. R. Godfrey resigned, and
the Hon. W. C. Haines and Mr. H. E. Watts were elected ; and
in May the Hon. S. G. Henty retired, and Dr. Joseph Black was
elected ; and it now devolves upon this Meeting to confirm these
appointments, and to elect three gentlemen to fill the vacancy in
the Council caused by the retirement of Colonel Ross, Mr. G. W.
Rusden, and Mr. Edw. Wilson. Since the last Annual Meeting
there have been fifty-two Meetings of the Council, at which the
attendance of Members has been as follows : —

Names.

No.Meetingaheld
during the hold-
ing of office.

No. Meetings
attended.

Hon. W. C. Haines

Dr. Black

Dr. Mueller

Hon. T. T. A'Beckett

Mr. S. H. Bindon

Dr. J. Black

Comte de Castelnau

Mr. D. S. Campbell...

Mr. H. J. Chambers

Lieut.-Colonel Champ

Mr. Thomas Embling

Mr. F. R. Godfrey

Hon. S. G. Henty

Mr. T. Loader

Mr. W. Lyall

Professor McCoy ...

Dr. Madden

Hon. A. Michie

Mr. A. Purchas

Lieut. Colonel Ross

Mr. G. W. Rusden

Mr. J. Smith

Mr. T.J. Sumner ...

Mr. H.E. Watte

Mr. E.Wilson

Soon after the publication of the last Report, Mr. E. Wilson,
the then President of the Society, returned to the Colony, and at
once entered upon the active duties of his position. During his
absence from the Council-table, he had not been unmindful of the
interests of the Society, and he was enabled to inform the Council
upon his return, that the establishment of the gazelle in the Colony
had been promised by Sir Charles Nicholson, the acclimatisation
of the edible crab by Mr. George McLeay, that of the nightingale
and hedge-sparrow by Miss Burdett Coutts and Mrs. Brown, whilst
Sir Daniel Cooper had already sent off a valuable shipment of
birds, promising at the same time that these should be supple-
mented from time to time. Another important service rendered to
the cause of acclimatisation has been the securing of a promise by
the Lords of the Admiralty, that H.M. ships may in passing from
one station to another, be rendered available for the purpose of
conveying animals, provided that no expense be thrown upon the
department. Another important work in acclimatisation was the
preparation by the English Society of a set of questions, con-
cerning the animal and vegetable productions of the various
countries, a copy of which has been sent, through the agency
of the Foreign and Colonial Offices, to all H.M. Consuls and
Governors throughout the world. A copy of these questions was
courteously laid before the Council by His Excellency Sir C. H.
Darling, K.C.B., and a Committee, consisting of Dr. Mueller,
Professor McCoy, and Dr. Madden, prepared the replies on behalf
of the Society. The answers to these are now being arranged for
publication in England, and when completed, cannot fail to be a
serviceable guide to all Acclimatisation Societies in their labours.

The Council have long felt it very desirable to have some dis-
tinctive medal with which to reward services often of a most valuable
character rendered to the Society, and to carry out this object,
Mr. Wilson applied himself with characteristic energy. He
succeeded in obtaining from several of the Banks a donation of £21
each, and there is every reason to believe that the other Banks will
give the same amount towards this special fund. Since his return,
he has been as active as ever in the prosecution of acclima-
tisation, and it is with unfeigned regret that the Council have to
state, that in consequence of a complaint in his eyes, rendering
necessary another visit to Europe, Mr. Wilson has, in spite of their
earnest remonstrances, pressed upon the Council his resignation as
President, which resignation the Council have most reluctantly
accepted.

The Council unanimously requested the Hon. W. C. Haines, to
accept the Presidency, and they are glad to say that that gentleman
has consented.

The Council record with much pleasure, that the gold medal of
la Soci4t6 Imperiale d'Acclimatation de France, for this year was
conferred upon Mr. Wilson, as a recognition of his indefatigable
labours in the cause of acclimatisation.

In passing the vote for the Society this year, the Legislative
Assembly attached the condition that £650 should be raised by
private contributions. In order to make an appeal to the general
public, a circular was prepared,* setting forth in a concise manner,
what the Society had accomplished during the short period of its
existence, and what were its claims to public support. The response
to this was of the most generous and gratifying kind. Subscrip-
tions flowed in from all parts of the Colony, whilst the circular
was printed in extenso in the transactions of the French Society, as
also in The Times and Fidd, both which papers contained most
flattering articles upon the detailed results of the Society's
operations.

In reviewing the more prominent labours of the Council during
the past year, a foremost place must be assigned to the introduction
of the salmon, constituting as it does a fresh epoch in Australian
acclimatisation, and conducing to results of which it is impossible to
overestimate the importance. From the few ova that were retained
in Victoria, it cannot be asserted with certainty, that salmon is yet
established in the Colony, although sufficient has been done to show
that there are no insuperable difficulties in the way ; whilst in
Tasmania complete success has been attained. To Mr. J. A. Youl
must be ascribed the lion's share of praise for the result, whilst these
Colonies owe a debt of gratitude to Messrs. Money Wigram and
Sons, for the princely generosity which placed the Norfolk at
Mr. YouFs disposal, for the conveyance of the ova. The Council beg
to record here the votes of thanks which they passed to those gentle-
men, and to Captain Tonkin, upon the arrival of the Norfolk ; and
also to Commander Norman upon the successful trans-shipment of
the ova to Tasmania.

" The Acclimatisation Society of Victoria takes this the ea^est
opportunity of recording its sense of the deep obligations which not
only the Society, but the whole of the Australian Colonies are under
to James A. Youl, Esq., for his constant and undaunted determina-

* See Appendix.

tion to introduce the salmon to these Colonies, and in congratulating
him upon the brilliant success obtained from the experiment made
on board the Norfolk^ the Society wishes distinctly to ascribe
that success to Mr. Youl's persevering, enlightened, and patriotic
efforts."

"That in association with the very gratifying results now
reported of the safe arrival of the salmon ova by the ship Norfolk^
this Council desires to express its strong appreciation of the muni-
ficent conduct of Messrs. Money Wigram and Sons, in their
donation of the large amount of space on board their vessel, and beg
to Congratulate that firm upon the hopeful prospects in one of the
most interesting of experiments, and one fraught with vast import-
ance to the Australian Colonies to which their liberality has so
decidedly conduced."

" That the best thanks of the Council are due to Captain Tonkin
and Mr. Carpenter, of the ship Norfolk, for the care taken, and the
zeal exhibited in reference to the salmon ova on board that vessel,
and the Council hereby expresses its conviction, that to that care no
small portion of the gratifying success, now reported, may be
attributable."

" The Council of the Acclimatisation Society desires to express
to Commander Norman, of H.M.C.S.S. Victoria, its thorough
appreciation of the skill, zeal, and intelligence with which he has so
successfully accomplished the delicate and important duty of con-
conveying the salmon ova to Tasmania, and beg herewith to present
him with the best thanks of the Council as an acknowledgment of
the valuable services rendered by him to Acclimatisation."

Another subject of congratulation is the introduction of the
gouramier from the Mauritius. For this the Colony is indebted to
Messrs. Joshua Brothers, by whose orders and at whose expense
the attempt was made by Captain Beaton. Twenty-four of these
desirable fish reached Melbourne alive, and there is every reason
to hope these will establish the species in the Colony.

The other introductions have been as follows : —

6 Alpacas (from Sydney) 4 Chinese partridges

8 Sambur deer 9 English partridges

2 Hog deer 15 Ceylon partridges

2 Bara singha deer 8 Indian partridges

1 Formosa deer 80 Chinese quail

8 Spotted Axis deer 23 Tasmanian quail

4 Small Axis deer 8 Godwits

2 Moose deer 8 French fowls
10 English hares 4 Roman pigeons

2 White swans 20 Mainas

2 Crowned Goura pigeons 12 Powi birds

14 Carolina ducks 140 Java sparrows

2 Tree ducks 20 English siskins

6 Ceylon peafowl 40 English finches, various

9 Chinese pheasants 86 Tench.

During the past year there have been liberated —

AT PHILLIP ISLAin).

6 Hares 4 Chinese partridges

5 Cape pheasants 70 Chinese quail

8 English pheasants 28 Tastnanian quail

4 Indian pheasants 6 Starlings

8 Ceylon partridges 10 Algerine sand grouse

5 Indian partridges 6 Wild ducks

AT THE EOYAL PABK.

8 Hares 20 Greenfinches

20 Mainas 200 Java sparrows

6 Starlings . 6 Blackbirds
60 English sparrows 20 Siskin finches
16 Yellowammers 6 Powi birds

40 Chaffinches 3 Chinese pheasants

AT PKNTRIDGE.
40 Eoglish sparrows.

AT ST. KILDA.
20 Chinese sparrows.

AT BALLAABAT.
25 English sparrows 20 Java sparrows.

AT BUNEEP.
18 Fallow deer.

This list will prove that the Council have not flagged in their
labours during the past year ; and, necessarily slow as the work of
acclimatisation must be, yet with such a list of successes as this
to show in the short space of fourteen months, the results of the
Society's labours must soon begin to be manifest.

At the suggestion of Dr. Black a large number of Murray codfish
have been procured during the past year, from the Murray, and
placed in the Yan Yean reservoir, with a view to spread the supply
of that valuable fish throughout the Colony.

The Council are glad to be able to report that the Cashmere
goats which were removed to Maryborough at the suggestion of the
same gentleman, have thriven and increased in number.

The flock of llama alpacas, the Council regret to say, have been
decreased by death. Fluke has appeared amongst them, induced
by the extraordinary wet weather experienced lately. Measures are
now being adopted to secure the immediate removal of the survivors*
to the more congenial climate of the Gipps Land Eanges.

The experience of the last few years has determined the Council
to materially alter the system hitherto pursued in regard to the
animals at the Koyal Park. It has been found that in some
respects the Koyal Park is unsuited to serve as a permanent place
of acclimatisation, owing to the dampness of the soil, its confined
situation, and the difficulties attending the construction of proper
breeding-houses, especially for the birds. It has therefore been
resolved that for the future the first and immediate object of the
Society should be the distribution of the animals throughout the
Colony. Under the new system, the Eoyal Park will be used
merely as a temporary place of reception for animals on their first
arrival in the Colony, until they are healthy and in sufficient
numbers to be turned loose, with a reasonable hope of establishing
the breed.

With respect to the future the Council have every reason
to look forward with increased confidence. £500 has been
voted speciaQy for the introduction of some of the magnificent
game birds of India, such as the Monal, Kaleege, Tragopan,
and Pucras pheasants; the large Himalayan partridges, the
floriken, the bustard, the rock pigeon, &c. kc. £400 has
been reserved for further introduction of salmon and trout ova,
in order that at as early a date as possible the streams of
the Colony may be stocked with these delicious fish. It has
also been determined with a portion of this sum to try the
introduction of the salmon trout, grayling, perch, and charr ; and
the Council have requested the valuable assistance of Mr. J. A.
Youl to assist them in carrying out these views. £300 has been
sent home for the purpose of procuring in larger numbers the
Angora goat ; the experience which the Council has had with this
goat leading them to look upon it as a valuable addition to the
permanent wealth of -the Colony ; and to this sum Mr. W. G.
M*Cullough of Maryborough laudably added £600 for a like intro-
duction on his own account.

Within the last few months a committee has been appointed by
the Council, " for the purpose of collecting and reporting upon all
available information with reference to the varieties, the habits, the
seasons, and the qualities of our marketable fishes, with a view to

their protection and increase, and the consequent development of
the fishery trade in this country." A large amount of valuable
information has been collected by this committee, this is now
* eing condensed in the report which is being prepared ; and before
long the Council hope to be able to lay before the members a copy
of that report.

During the past year monthly meetings of the Society have
been held in Melbourne and suburbs, at which papers on various
subjects have been read, in order to bring the objects of the Society
more prominently before the public.

Fallowing the example set by the Imperial Society of France,
the Council determined to hold under their auspices an ExhibitioD
of Dogs, and it is not now necessary to recall the success which
attended their efforts; while it is satisfactory to add that financially
the Exhibition was self-supporting, and that the funds of the
Society were not in any way drawn upon.

The Council regret the almost total failure of Mr. Duffield's
Alpaca experiment, from which so much good was expected, in
spite of his energetic and enterprising efforts. The failure,
however, is not such as to cause despair of final success. The causes
of the mortality to which the alpacas were subjected are found to
have arisen, first, from the great and exhausting hardships suffered
by the animals during their passage hither ; and, secondly, to their
retention in the low, and damp soil in the neighbourhood of
Melbourne. It is hoped that with greater care in the shipment,
and with a wiser choice of a locality for their reception, the alpaca
may yet be profitably acclimatised in Victoria ; and the Council
have much pleasure in reporting that Mr. Duffield, undaunted by
his late ill success, is about to undertake a second attempt to
introduce the alpaca into this Colony. *

In concluding this report of their proceeedings of the past
fourteen months, the Council must again record its sense of deep
obligation to Dr. Thomas Black, whose great interest in and
valuable services rendered to the Society continue undiminished.
The Council are also greatly indebted to Professor McCoy, who in
spite of the multifarious calls upon his time and attention has
always rendered to this Society services of a valuable and scientific
character. The Council would also present their best thanks to
Messrs. Wilson Bros., of the Wimmera, and to Captain Skottowe of
the E.M.S. N(yrtham, to Captain Farquhar of the R.M.S. Madr(Uy

* In Appendix.

to Captain Bume of the R.M.S. Bombay, to Captain Shinner of
the Lincolnshire, to Mr. R. S. R Fussell of Fouchou, to Mr. C.
P. Layard of Colombo, to Mr. J. Weir of Point de Galle, to Mr. J.
Sparkes of Melbourne, for valuable co-operation received in carry-
ing out the objects of the Society, and to Mr. W. Godfrey and Mr.
J. Spowers, for their services in auditing the Society's accounts.
The Council have much pleasure in bearing testimony to the valuable
assistance they have derived from many friends of the cause both
in the Colony and abroad, as well as to the zeal and continued
attention of their Secretary, Mr. Geo. Sprigg.

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LIFE MEMBERS.

An Members marked thus * pey their Amiual Subecripiioii also.

Aldworth and Co., Sandhiirst £10 10
Armitage, George. Ballaarat .. 10 10
Austin, lliomas, Barwon Park . . 10 10
Bagot, C. N., Melbourne Club . . 10 10
•Barkly, His EzoellenQy Sir

Heniy, Mauritius .. 21

•Bear, Hon. J.P., M.L.C., Queen

Street 21

*Bear, Thomas H., HeidelbeiiT .. 10 10
*Black, Dr., Thomas Melbourne

Club 10 10

Box, H., Little Collins Street

West 10 10

Bright Brothers, Messrs. k Co.,

Flinders Lane .. 10 10

Brown, Lindsay, Oanramadda,

Wahgrunyah 10 10

Catto, John, Newbridge, Loddon 10 10
Chambers, H. J., St. KUda Honorary

Cooper, Sir Daniel, London . . 87 2
*Coppin, Hon. Geo., M.L.C ,

Cremome 10 10

Creswii^ Borough Council (rf, . . 10 10
*C. S. Officer, Mount Talbot .. 10 10
*Dalgety & Co., Messrs., Little

Collins Street 10 10

*Darling, His Excellency Sir

Charles H., Toorak . . . . 10 10
*Docker, Rev. Joseph, Wangaratto 21
Eldridge, James, Oakleigh .. 50
*Falooner, J. J., Bank of Austral-
asia 20

Firebraoe, R. T., H^eki,

GippsLand 10 10

Fussen, R. S. R. Fou Chou

dolls. 50 11 10

Glass, Hugh, 18, A*Beckett

Street 21

*Haines, The Hon. W. C,

Melbomme Club .. .. 10 10

♦Henty, The Hon. S. G., M.L.C.,

31, Market Street .. 10 10

♦Hervey, The Hon. M., M.L.C.,

Melboiune Club .. 10 10

*Hoihnann, W., Bush Back,

Easendon 25

Jones, Lloyd, Avenel .. .. 10 10
*Jo6hua Bros., William Street .. 10 10
Kennedy, Hon. D., M.L.C.,

Lansdowne Terrace, St. Kilda 10 10
Learmonth, Thomas, Ercibdan-

riley, Portland .. .. 10 10

Layard, C. P., Colombo .. Honorary

LyaH, W., Frogmore iBlO 10

Martin, Dr., Heidelberg .. ..10 10
Madcende, John, 70^ Queen

Street 10 10

Maddnn<ni, L., "Argus *' Office Honorary.
Marshall, Captahi, D. S., '*A.

H. Badger** Honorary

McGill,A., 10 10

McHaffie, John, Phimp Island .. 10 10
McMuUen, J., Union Bank .. 21
Macintosh, Alexander, Green

Hills, Diggers Rest ..10 10

McMillan, A. Dargo, Qipps

Land 10 10

MoOoy, W. T., Bahnoral .. .. 10 10
Mueller, Dr., Botanic Gardens . . 10 10 o
Municipal Council of Ballaarat

West 20

Kidiolson, Hon. W., 18, Flinders

Street West 10 10

"Nicholson, Germain, Collins

Street East 10 10

•Power, Hon. lliomas H., Haw-
thorne 10 10

Purchas, Albert, Kew . . Honorary

*Ro8tron, John R., Navarre .. 10 10

*Rutledge, WiUiam, Belfast .. 10 10

•Salmon, J., E., S., and A. C. Bank 21

Sargood. King & Saigood,

Flinders Street West . . .. 10 10
Shnpeon, Robert, Winchelsea ..10 10
Sloan, W. 8., Fou Chou, dels.

50 11 10

•Spowers, Allan, " Argus'* Office 10 10
Stanbridge, W. E., Dayleeford . . 10 10
Staughton, S. T., LitUe ColUns

Street West 10 10

Stradian, J., London Chartered

Bank 21

Sumner, T. J., 24, Flinders Lane

West 10 10

Taylor, Frederick, Melbourne

Club 10 10

•Taylor, W., Ovemewton, Keilor 10 10
Templeton, Hugh, Fitzroy Honorary

Ware, Joseph, Carramut . . . . 10 10
Wilson and Mackinnon, Collins

Street East 42 9

•Wilson, Edward, " Argus** Office 21
Wilson, Samuel, Wimmera . . 10 10
Winter, James, Toolambra, Mur-

chison 10 10

Whiter, Thomas, Lange Kal Kal 10 10

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

All Members marked thus * are Life Members also.

a*Beckett, T. T., Chanoeiy Lane £2 2
Adeney, Wm., Cbooolyn, Cam-

penlown £2 2

Aires, John, 81, Elinbeth-st. ..220
Anderson, Sharp, & Wright,

Carron Timber Yard .. ..220
Anderson, R. S., Queen Street ..220
Bagot, R. C. Bourke Street West 2 2
Baines, Edward, Little Collins

Street West 2 2

Band, M. H., Mount Bute ..220
Baynton, Thomas, Kyneton ..220
Beaney,J.O.,154,Ck>llinsSt.Ea8t 2 2
Bear, Hon. J. P., Queen Street ..220
Bonn, John, 24, Flinders Lane

West 2 2

Bindon, S. H., M.L.A., Temple

Court 2 2

Bland, R. H., Climes ..220

Black, Dr. Joseph, Bourke-street

West 2 2

B%h & Harbottle, Flinden Lane

West 2 2

Bon, John, Wappan . . ..220
Bon, J. and W , Miller's Ponds,

Merton 2 2

Brodribb, W. A., Brighton ..220
Brodribb, K. E., Chancery Lane 2 2
Briscoe & Company, 11, Collins

Street East 2 2

Broad, Richard, Benalla .. ..220
Brown, Charles, 83, Bourke Street

West 2 2

Brown, G. O., Hall of Commerce 2 2
Buchanan, Isaac, Roseneath,

OippsLand .220

Buckley & Nunn, 27, Bourke St.

East 2 2

Callender, J. & Co., 26, King St. 2 2
Campbell, D. S., Bank Place ..220
Campbell, Colin, Buangor ..220
Carfrae, Jolm, Victoria Parade ..220
Carter and Watts, 70, Little Col-
lins Street East 2 2

Carter, Ernest, 60, Russell Street 2 2
Champ, Colonel, William Street 2 2
Chapman, H. S., New Zealand ..220
Charsley, Edward, 91, Chancery

Lane 2 2

Christie, F. C, Williamstown ..220
Clark, Richard, Benalla . . ..220
Clark, Walter, Glenarra, Bulla ..220

Clarke, W., and Sons, 86, EliBa)eth

Street £2 2

Clarke, W, J., Collins Street East 2 2

Clarke, W. J., Sunbury .. ..220

dough, J. H., & Co., Messrs.,

118, Collins Street West ..220

Cooling, R. H., Bourke Stoeet
East 2

Cooper, Horatio, St. Kilda . . 2
*Cooper, Sir Daniel, London . . 2

Crisp, Geo., Queen-Street . . 4

Cunningham and Macredie, Col-
lins Street West ..2

Cunningham, H., St. Heliers . . 2

Curcier and Adet, Market Street 2

Currie, J. L., Cressy . . 2
^Darling, His Ezcellen<7 Sir Chas.
H., Toorak 6

Degrayes, Hon. W., M.L.C., Flin-
ders Lane East 2

Dennis, Wm., Cairo Plains Glen-
orchy 2

Dill, George, " Argus ** Office . . 2
•Docker, Rey. Joseph, Wangaratta 2

Drysdale, T. A., 112, Collins
Street West 2

Duerdin, J., Collins Stf^Bet West 2

Eager, D., Pine Hills .. ..5
•Falconer, J. J., Bank of Australasia 2

Falk, P., & Co., 88, Littie Collins
Street West 2

Ferguson and Moore, Flinders
Lane East 2

Findlay, James, Talangatta,
Albuiy 2

Finlay, J., Emerald HiU .. ..2

Fisher, Richards & Co., 114, Col-
lins Street West . . 2

Fitzgerald, J., Lonsdale Street
East 2

Fleetwood, T. P., Little Collins
Street Wet»t 2

Francis, J. G., M.L.A., 26, Kin^
Street 2

Fraser k Co., 14, Collins Street
West 2

Fulton, Thomas, & Co., 120}, Flin-
ders Street West ..2

Gilles, L., Warmambool .. 2

Godfrey, F. R., Somerton . . 2

Goldsborough, R., & Co., Bourke

Street West 2 2

Graham, J., 97, Little Collins St.,

East £2 2

Grant, Daniel, 58, Elizabeth St. 2 2
Grant, Robert, Switzerland ..220
Gray, W. W., Nanit Nareeb ..220
Gumer, H. F., 192, ColUns Street 2 2
Haigh Brothers. 58, CollinsSt-East 2 2
♦Haines, Hon. W. C, Melbourne

Club 2 2

Hamilton, William, Glenurma,

Broadford 2 2

Harris, Nathaniel, & Co., 36,

Elizabeth Street .. ..220

Henty, Hon. James, M.L.C., 11,

Little Collins Street West. ..220
Henty, Herbert James, 11, Little

Collins Street West. .. ..220
Henty, Henry, 11, Little Collins

Street West. 2 2

•Henty, Hon. S. G., Market Street 2 2
Hetherin^n, Charles, 8, Collins

Street West 2 2

Highett, Hon. W., M.L.C., Mel-
bourne Club 2 2

Higinbotham, Hon. Geo , M.L.A.,

Temple Court 2 2

*Ho£Fmann, W., Bush Back, Essen-
don 2 2

Hogg, E. J., Brookville, South

Yarra 2 2

House, Samuel, & Co., Queen

Street 2 2

Howitt, A W., Omeo .. ..220
Hughes, C. W., Brighton.. ..220
Half ord. Prof., University ..220
Jackson, Henry, Sandhurst ..830
Jones, Henry, Birrum, Apeley ..220
Johnston, Hon. J. S., St. Kilda.. 2 2
Jones, Henry, Sandhurst.. ..220
Jo8hua,Bros., 46, William Street 2 2
Kerr, W. L., Killingworth ..220
Kew, Borough Coimcil of.. ..220
Kilpatrick & Co., ColUns Street

West 2 2

Knight, A. H 2 2

Koi^, Meng &. Co., Little Bourke

Street East 2 2

Lang, G. S., St. KUda .. ..220
Lamach, Bank of New South

Wales, London 5 5

Lempriere, C, Elizabeth Street. .220

Leroyd, J 2 2

Loader, Thomas, Elizabeth St. . . 2 2
Levy Bros., Bourke Street East.. 2 2
Macfarlane, A., &Co.,13, Flinders

Lane East 2 2

Mackintosh, A., Green Hills, Dig-
ger's Eest . . . . ..220

Madden, Dr., CoUins Street East £2 2
Martin, George, & Co., 25, Mar>

ket Street 2 2

Martin, Dr., Heidelberg . . ..440
Mason and firth, Flinders Lane

West 2 2

Maxfleld, James, Kilmore ..220

MoCrae, A., Kiimore .. ..220
McCoy, Professor, University ..220
McCracken, R., 120, Little Collins

Street West 2 2

McCuIloch, Sellar & Co., Queen

Street 2 2

McKenzie, A. Reedy Creek ..220
McLeish, D., Glenmore, Yea ..220
McNaughton, Love and Co., Flin-
ders Lane East 2 2

Michie, Hon. A., Temple Court ..220
Mitchell and Bonneau, Elisabeth

Street 2 2

MitcheU, Hon. W. H. F., M.L.C.,

Hawthorne 2 2

Moore, S., Collins Street West ..220
Morris, James, Yan Yean ..220

Morrison, A., Scotch College ..220
Murphy, E. J., Eldon Chambers 2 2
Muttlebuiy, J. W., Queen Street 2 2
Nankivell, T. J., 3, Elizabeth St. 2 2
Napier, Thomas, Moonee Ponds 2 2
•Nicholson, Hon. W., St. Kilda ..220
•Nicholson, Germain, 69, Collins

Street East 2 2

Nordt, Heyde & Co., Collins St.

West .. .. . ..220

Nutt, R. W., William Street ..220
Ogilvy, David, 66, Queen Street 2 2
O'Neill, H., Brighton .. ..220

Parbm-y, Lamb & Co., Queen St. 2 2
Paterson, Ray, Palmer, & Co., 38,

Flinders Lane West . . ..220

Patmore,Gumey, "Argus "OflSce 2 2
Pearson, John, Shadwell Park,

Mortlake 2 2

Phelps, J. J., Melbourne Club ..22©
Piper, William, Benalla . . ..220
Politz & Co., Bourke Street West 2 2
♦Power, Thomas H., Queen Street 2 2
Prost, Kohler &. Co, 9, Elizabeth

Street 2 2

Pugh, Dr., 131, Collins St. East 2 2
Ritchie, D., Blackwood, Penshurst 2 2
Ritchie, J., Bordcarra, Belfast .. 2 2

Ritchie, H 2 2

Robertson, G. Warrock, Cas-

terton 2 2

Robinson, L., 37, Collins St. East 2 2
Rolfe and Bailey, Bourke Street

West 2 2

Ross, Colonel, Melbourne Club . . £2

Rosii, P. F., Collina Street West 2

Rusden, G. W., Brighton.. .. 2
Russell, Thomas, Warro<dc, Roke-

wood 2

Ryan and Hammond, Bourke -St.

West 2

"Salmon, J., E. S. & A. C. Bank . 2
Sands and McDougall, ColUns St.

West 2

*Sargood, King and Sargood, 28,

Flhiders Street East .. ..2

Schlostein, A. , Flinders Lane West 2
Schuhkrafft, A. W., 180, Elizabeth

Street 2

Selwyn, A. R. C, Brighton . . 2

Sharpe, H. L., 13, Elizabeth St. 2

Shaw, Thomas, Darlington . . 2
Sherwin, John, Bradmoree, Mer-

rang 2

Sloane, W. & Co. Collins Street

West 2

Smale, A. W., 105, Collins Street

East 2

Sparkes, J., 6, Flinders St. East 2

•Spowers, Allan, " Argus" Office 2
Sprigg, W. G., 3, Flinders Lane

East 2

Stead Brothers, 43, Swanston St. 2

Steyenson, L., and Sons, Flin-
ders Lane East £5 5

Steavenson, John, Boads and

Bridges Office 2 2

Strutt, C. E.-, Echuca . . . . 2 2

Stutzer, J. J., " Argus** Office . . 2 2

Swan, William, Colerane . . . . 2 2
Taylor, Hon. Wm., OFernewton,

KeUor 2 2

Terry, Leonard, William Street... 2 2

niomas. Dr., Collins Street East 2 2
Topp, Samuel & Co., Flinders

Lane West 2 2

TumbuU, R. & P., WiUiam Street 2 2

Watson, G., Bourke Street West 4 4

Watts, H. E., Melbourne aub .. 2 2
White, W. P., & Co. 10, Elizabeth

street 2 2

Williams, W., Spencer Street . . 2 2
WUshin & Leighton, 7, Market

Street 2 2

«WUson, Edward, " Argus" Office 2 2
Wilson, Dr., Summer Hill,

Somerton 2 2

Wragge, George, 134, CoUins

Street East 2 2

Wyatt, Alfred, Temple Court . . 2 2
Younghusband and Co., 36, Eliza-
beth Street 2 2

DONATIONS.

Armstrong, —, Werribee .. ..£10
Baker, — , Werribee . . ..050

Bamford, J., Swanston Street ..110
Bancroft, E., Flinders Lane East 10
Beauchamp and Rocke, Collins

Street East 110

Bertram, —, Werribee .. .. 10
Beveridge, A., Kilmore . . ..100
Bunny, B F., Temple Court ..100

Butey, M., Bulla 10

Butler and Moss 10

Cameron, James, Merriang .. 10

Cobbledich, —, Werribee .. .. 10

Cochrane and Co 10 6

Collie, J., Collins Street East ..110
Corcoran, John, Tullamarine ..100
Courtney, E., Temple Court ..110

Daly 110

Duncan, G., Dentgan .. ..100
Farron, Wm., Derrimut . . ..060
Fellows, Thos. H., Temple Court 110
Ford, W., and Co., Swanston Street 110

Eraser, C. R. W., Kihnore .. £1 i

Gibbs, Henry, Whittlesea .. .. 110

Gibbs, S. M 1

Gotch, J. S., Collins Street West 110
Grant, Thomas, Glenilgan . . . . 10

Hardy and Co 10

Harvey, J., Little Collms Street

West 110

Howitt, Dr., Collins Street East ..100
Irvine, J. A., Flinders Street . . 10
Johnstone, G. and F., Collins

Street West 10

Jones, — , Melton 6

Katzenstein, J., Flinders Lane West 110

Erouheim and Co 5

Langlands Bros., Flinders Street

West 110

Levi, N., Collins Street West ..110

Lodman, M., Bulla 10

Lord and Co., Collins Street West 110
MacGregor, D. R., Woodstock .. 10 6
Macintosh, James, Oakland ..100

Mathevraon, J., £10

McKenzie, J. M., Cloubmane,

Kilmore 10

McMahon, Thomas, Kororoit .. 10

Miller. Mrs., Yea 110

Newnham, -—, Melton ., : 10

New, Rey. Isaac, Barkly Terrace.. 110

Oliver, Thomas, Campbellfleld .. 10
Oswald and Inglis, Flinders Street

West .. 10

PhilpSjP. a 10

Ray, Dr. 110

Reynolds and English, Collins

Street East 10

Robertson, Qeorge, 69, Elizabeth

Street 110

Ronald, Dr., Whittlesea .. . . £1

Ross, C. S., Ck>llin8 Street West ..

IVlor, T. H 1

Towns, R., and Co., William

Street i

Tulloh, W. P., Mount Cotteril .. 1
Yaughan, Moule, and Seddon,

Chancery Lane i

Watson and Sous, Little Collins

Street East 1

Whitney, J., Swanston Street .. 1

Wilson, Henry, Kilmore . . . . 1

Wilton, John, Morang .. .. 1

Wilson, W. S., Kororoit .. .. 1

Young and Martin i

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Beckx, Gustave, Flinders Lane West.
Biagi, Giuseppe, William Street.
Blanchard, W., ColUns Street West.
Oastelnau, Comte de, Apsley Place.
Chalmers, Dr., New Zealand.
Cooper, Ricardo, Queen Street.
Damyon, James, Market Street.
Drouyn, de Lhuys, Paris.
Fussell, R. S. R., Fou Chou,
Oillanders & Arbuthnot, Calcutta.
Ckxiirey, Captain, J. B., New Ze^and.
Graham, James, Little Collins Street East.
Grote, Arthur, Calcutta.
Kohler, Geoige, Elizabeth Street.

Landells, G. J., King Street.
Macaulay, W., Singapore.
Michaelis, Moritz, Elizabeth Street.
MuUick, Ri^endro, Calcutta.
Newnham, J. A., Flmders Street West.
Ploos Van Amstel, J. M., ColUns St. West.
Ramel, Monsieur, Paris.
Reid, Captain, R. M.S. "Bombay."
Rentsch, Samuel, Flinders Street East
Robinson, J., Calcutta.
Scholfatein, Adolp., Flinders Lane West.
Sparkes, John, Flinders Street East.
Squire, Surgeon John, Dlnapore.
Were, J. B., Collins Street West.

B 2

THE EULES AND OBJECTS

^afimatisatbtt Soxutg- ai ^xdoxm.

^^l^^ of 1. The objects of the Society shall be the introduction,
acclimatisation, and domestication of all innoxious animals
birds, fishes, insects, and vegetables, whether useful or orna-
mental; — ^the perfection, propagation, and hybridisation of
races newly introduced or already domesticated ; — the spread
of indigenous animals, &c., from parts of the colonies were
they are already known, to other localities where they are not
known; — the procuring, whether by purchase, gift, or ex-
change, of animals, <kc., from Great Britain, the British colo-
nies, and foreign countries ; — the transmission of animals, &c.,
from the colony to England and foreign parts, in exchange
for others sent thence to the Society ; — the holding of period-
ical meetings, and the publication of reports and transactions,
for the purpose of spreading knowledge of acclimatisation,
and inquiry into the causes of success or failure ; — the inter-
diange of reports, <kc., with kindred associations in other parts
of the world, with the view, by correspondence and mutual
good offices, of giving the widest possible scope to the project
of acclimatisation; — the conferring rewards, honorary or in-
trinsically valuable, upon seafaring men, passengers from
distant countries, and others who may render valuable services
to the cause of acclimatisation.

Membership. 2. A Subscriber of two gmneas or upwards annually shall
be a Member of the Society; and contributors, within one
year, of ten guineas or upwards shall be Life Members of the
Society ; and any person who may render special services to
the Society, by contribution of stock or otherwise, shall be

eligible for life membersliip, and may be elected as such by
the Council, or by any annual general meeting.

3. The annual subscription shall be payable on the 1st Subscrfp-
day of September in each year, and may be received by any
Member of the Council, or the Collector, either of whom on
receiving the same shall cause the person so subscribing to be
enrolled a member accordingly.

4. All the property of the Society, of what nature and Property
kind soever, shall vest in Trustees to be appointed by the Trustees
Council, for the use, purposes, and benefit of the Society.

5. The Society shall be governed by a Council of eighteen Executive
Members, to include a President, two Vice-Presidents, and an
Honorary Treasurer, three of whom (viz., those who have couwcu.
attended the fewest Meetings of the Council proportionately

since their appointment) shall retire annually, but shall be
eligible for re-election. Provided that if any sum of money
be voted to the Society by Act of Parliament, or trusts con-
ferred upon the Council by the Gk)vemment, then it shall be
lawful for the Chief Secretary for the time being to appoint,
if he consider it expedient, any number of gentlemen, not
exceeding three, to act as Members of the Council, and they
shall have all the privileges as if otherwise duly elected ; and
further, to appoint one Co-Trustee, to act in conjunction with
the Trustees for the time being of the Society. And provided
further, that if the Melbourne Corporation, or any of the ad-
jacent municipalities, shall decide upon expending any sum
of money exceeding £100 in any one year, upon the grounds
or for the objects of the Society, the Mayor of Melbourne or
Chairman of such municipality shall be for such year a
Member of the Council, and be at liberty to act in every
respect as an ordinary member.

6. In case of a vacancy occurring by the death, resignation, ^^^.J"
or non-attendance of any Member of Council for the period of *^ji^^"P"
two months, the remaining Members may appoint another
Member of the Society to be a Member of the Council in the

place and stead of the deceased, or resigned, or absenting
Member, and such new Member may act until the next annual
general meeting. Provided that such vacancy shall not be
supplied by the Council except after seven days* notice given

of the new Member to be proposed, and unless in tbe presence
of at least seven Members of the Council.

^ MeSh^s '^' '^^ Society shall hold periodical meetings, at which
cfety. P^-pers and other communications relating to the objects of
the Society, and reports prepared by the Council, shall be
received, and such discussions shall be encouraged as may be
of value in propagating a knowledge of acclimatisation amongst
the Members and the public. And such business generally
shall be disposed of as may be brought under consideration by
the Council or by any Member who shall have given seven
days* previous notice thereof to the Secretary, or as a majority
of two-thirds of the Members present shall see fit to entertain
and consider ; and each Member shall have the privilege of
introducing two friends at such meetings.

**coSl' 8. The Council shall meet at least once a month, and
three Members (of whom the President, one of the Vice-
Presidents, or Honorary Treasurer shall be one,) shall form a
quorum, and be capable of transacting the business of the
Coimcil, subject to such limitations as may be imposed by
any bye-law of the Council, or rule, or resolution of the
Society, which may be hereafter made.

Powers and 9. The Council shall have the sole management of the
Council, affairs of the Society, and of the income and property thereof,
for the uses, purposes, and benefit of the Society ; and shall
have the sole and exclusive right of appointing a President,
Vice-Presidents, and Honorary Treasurer from amongst them-
selves or the other Members of the Society, and also of ap-
pointing paid servants, as a manager or secretary, collector,
and such other officers, clerks, and labourers, and at such
salaries as they may deem necessary, and of removing them if
they shall think fit, and shall prescribe their respective duties.
And such Council shall have power to consider and determine
all matters, either directly or indirectly affecting the interests
of the Society, and if they shall think fib so to do, shall bring
the same under the notice of the Members of the Society, at
any general or special meeting ; and to make such bye-laws as
they may deem necessary for the efficient management of the
affairs and the promotion of the objects of the Society, and
for the conduct of the business of the Council, provided the

same are not repugnant to these rules ; to appoint one or more
sub-committees, for any purpose contemplated by these rules ;
and generally to perform such acts as may be requisite to
carry out the objects of the Society, which bye -laws are to be
subject to ratification, or emendation, or rejection, by the next
annual or special general meeting of the Society. And it
shall be the duty of the Coimcil to exercise the foregoing
powers as occasion shall require, and to furnish reports of the
proceedings at every periodical and annual meeting of the
Society.

1 0. The Society shall have power to affiliate or associate Branch So-
itself with other Societies of kindred objects, and to found
Branch Societies if desirable ; and the Council shall have
power to carry out any arrangements for this purpose, and to
furnish any monthly or other reports.

11. Minutes shall be made, in books kept for the purpose. Minutes of
of all the proceedings at the general and special meetings of j^J®®**"
the Members, and minutes shall also be made of the proceed-
ings of the Council at their general and special meetings, and

of the names of the Members attending the same, and such
minutes shall be open to inspection by any Member of the
Society at all reasonable times.

12. All subscriptions and other moneys payable to the Moneys to be
Society shall be paid to the Treasurer, who shaU forthwith Treasurer,
place the same in a bank, to be named by the Council, to the

^credit of the Society ; and no sum shall be paid on account of
the Society until the same shaU have been ordered by the
Council, and such order be duly entered in the book of the
proceedings of the Council ; and aU cheques shall be signed
by the Treasurer as such, and be countersigned by the Presi-
dent, or one of the Vice-Presidents, or by some other Member
of the Council delegated by the Council to act as such.

13. An annual meeting shall be held in November Annual
of each year, and the Council shall report their pro-
ceedings during the past year, and shall produce their
accounts, duly audited, for publication if deemed desirable ;

and the meeting shall elect new Members of Council to supply
the vacancies therein. And notices of motion must be fur-
nished to the Secretary one day previous to the holding of

such meeting, or such motions may be rejected by the
Chairman.

^mentX H. All privileges of membership shall cease in case any
Subicrip- Member shall be three months in arrear, subject, however, to
his restoration on the payment of such subscription as afore-
said, accompanied by satisfactory explanation.

SpedaiMeet 1^. Upon receiving a requisition in writing, signed by
SSiberp. twelve or more Members of the Society, or upon a resolution
of the Council, the President, or in his absence one of the
Vice-Presidents, shall convene a special meeting of the Mem-
bers, to be held within fifteen days of the receipt by him of
such requisition or resolution. Provided always that sux^
requisition and resolution, and the notices thereunder conven-
ing the meeting, shall specify the subject to be considered at
such meeting, and that subject only shidl be discussed at such
meeting.

^Members. ^^' '^^^ Council or any general meeting of the Society
may admit, as Honorary Members, such ladies or gentlemen
as may have distinguished themselves in connection with the
objects of the Society, or in objects of a kiadred nature.

Power to ai- 17. It shaU be lawful for any annual or fecial meeting
^ of the Society to alter, vary, or amend the rules ; or to sub-
stitute another for any of the same ; or to make any new rule
which may be considered desirable; if and after a notice
specifying the nature of such alteration^ variation, amendment,
substitution, or new rule, shall have been given to the Secre-
tary fifteen days before the holdiog of such meeting. And
such alteration, variation, amendment, substitution, or new
rule, shaU be valid if carried by a majority of not less than
two-thirds of the Members present at such meeting.

PIlOCEBDINGhS

At TBK

THIRD ANNUAL MEETING,

Held November Uth, 1864.

The Third Annual Meeting of the Acclimatisation Society of
Victoria was held at their offices in Swanston-street, on Friday
afternoon, November 11th. The attendance comprised most of those
gentlemen who have distinguished themselves in connection with
the subject of acclimatisation in Victoria. The chair was taken by
His Excellency the Governor.

His Excellency said that in op^iing the proceedings c^ the
third annual meeting of the society he had bo intention of detain-
ing them long from the practical business of the day. Were he to
attempt a retrospective view of the proceedings of the sodety during
the past year, he would be only relating facts with which the m^nbers
were much better acquainted than he was ; and as for the public,
he should be only giving them an imperfect account of that
which would be given wiUi much more accuracy in detail by the
report of the Council which would be published. Having had
the opportunity of perusing the intended report, he was happy
to find that he could congratulate the Society on the great
improvement that might be said to have taken place in their
position and prospects in every respect. He was glad to see,
that their finances were satisfactory — ^that their list of sub-
scribers was greatly enlarged, and that their correspondence
with the various parts of the world in which they were interested
was much amplified. The Society had also good reason to con-
gratulate itself on the number of objects and proper subjects of
acclimatisation introduced by them during the year, and also on
the fact that its prospects altogether were of a highly encouraging
character. All this must be most gratifying to the friends of accli-
matisation, and the friends of the Society, as it was to himself. He
had been an observer of the carefulness and assiduity with which

the Council had attended to their duties from week to week, and to
the various subjects discussed. No doubt a great deal of the suc-
cess of the Society was attributable to the confidence and assurance
felt in the fact that the Council attended energetically to the ad-
vancement of the objects of the Society. He was well aware that
among the most eminent of those who had done so much for the
association must be recorded the name of their late president, Mr.
Edward Wilson, and he desired to state his concurrence with the
sentiment expressed by the Council at the loss of so zealous and
experienced a co-operator. At the same time, he congratulated the
Society on having secured, as a successor to Mr. Wilson, a gentleman
with so high a personal and public reputation as Mr. Haines. No
doubt under his auspices, and the active exertions of Mr. Wilson, and
such gentlemen as Dr. Black and others who had done so mucli, the
Society would continue to flourish and command the respect of the
public with an equal degree of success to that enjoyed during the
past year. For himself, he had to thank the Council for having, in
accordance with the request made by him at the last annual meet-
ing, offered him ample information to be sent through Her
Majesty's Government at home to the British AccUmatisation
Society, as to the animals and vegetable objects in this colony which
were likely to be suitable for acclimatisation in the mother country
and Europe. According, also, to the expressed wish of the Society,
he had requested of Her Majesty's Government that the Reports
received from other colonies, and Her Majesty's diplomatic represen-
tatives abroad with the various Governments with which Her
Majesty's Government was in communication, might be sent to this
Society. As yet he had received no reply, but he had not the slightest
doubt that if replies were not sent through the Gk)vemment the
Society would in due course receive them from the acclimatisation
society at, home. With these few observations he would call on the
secretary to read the report.

The Secretary (Mr. Geo. Sprigg) then read the report. (See p. 5.)

On the motion of Mr. Stutzer, seconded by Mr. Steavenson, the
report was adopted.

Dr. Madden moved that the election of the Hon. W. C. Haines,
Dr. J. Black, Mr. D. S. Campbell, Mr. Thomas Loader, and Mr. H.
E. Watts, as members of the Council, be confirmed.

The motion was seconded by Lieutenant-Colonel Champ, and
carried.

Mr. Steavenson then moved, that Messrs. G. S. Lang, J. Sparkes,
and A. K. C. Selwyn be elected to fill the vacant seats in the CounciL

The motion was duly seconded, and carried.

Dr. T. Black moved an alteration in Kule XII., by which the
exact day in November at which the annual meeting should take
place might be fixed by the Council. His object was, he said, to
secure, if possible, the presence of the Governor.

Lieutenant-Colonel Champ seconded the motion, which was
agreed to.

Dr. T. Black said he was happy to state that the hares, quails,
and pheasants at Phillip Island were all doing very well ; while the
salmon at Badger*s Creek were going on as prosperously as could be
wished. As every one would be glad to hear of the progress and
condition of the salmon in Tasmania, he begged to introduce the
Hon. Dr. Officer, Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Tasmania,
who would probably give all information on the subject.

Dr. Officer, as indebted to the courtesy of the Society for the
opportunity of being present at their annual meeting, could not but
express his admiration at their labours of the past year, and his
humble wishes for their continued success and usefulness. For him
to speak in terms of eulogy of a Society which had made such a
name in the world would be superfluous repetition ; but he was
quite sure he had a few words of intereai|; to say on the subject
alluded to. He was very glad that all that could be said respecting
the salmon and trout in Tasmania could be summed up in a very
few words. Continued success had attended the treatment of the
fish. It was quite true that incidents had been met with and actual
alarm occasioned in the minds of those concerned ; but happily
these had all been surmounted in the best way, and he was now
able to report that both were in as healthy a condition as could be
expected. Trout in their native country were almost more advanced
than salmon, and those in Tasmania were, therefore, now more
nearly approaching maturity. They were now really respectable
little fishes ; extremely active, leaping at the fly, and greedily eating
anything thrown to them in the shape of food. He was sure that
in less than a year these trout would have begun to produce ova, and
then after that as many fish could be sent to Victoria as were
desired. It was an established fact, he believed, that trout began
to deposit eggs when they were only a year old ; and as those in
Tasmania were already six months old, there would doubtless be a
large progeny by this time next year. The salmon were not so large
as this, but they grew visibly daily and took all the food offered to
them, and for a long time no really natural deaths had taken place.
Some had been lost, but only from incidental causes. For instance,

a few were found to have got into the crevices of the box in which
they were confined, and thus became incarcerated without the fact
being known, and the consequence was some dozen or so perished in
that way. With that exception he was not aware of any deaths.
They were in a large and commodious pond, with an abundance of
running crystal water, so that it was impossible to doubt that an
abundant success would result He heartily congratulated the
society on the spirit they had displayed in uniting with Tasmania in
effecting a second importation of salmon, and that they had appro-
priated the liberal sum of ^£400 for the purpose, and communicated
with his excellent friend Mr. Youl, with a view to concert measures^
with him for obtaining an additional supply. He was not aware of the
terms in which the partnership would be entered into — what part
would be taken by Victoria and what by Tasmania, but he was sure
both would go on as harmoniously as before. Whatever this Society
might decide upon — whether they proposed to retain a large portion
of the ova in this colony and try their hands at hatching here, or
whether they sent the greater part over to Tasmanian care, those in
Tasmania would be equally ready to meet Victorian wishes in all
respects. Probably he might take the opportunity of offering a
little advice on the subject of the fish, but it would be better to
confide it to the Council rather than the Society generally, the
former having, perhaps, the more practical knowledge. He was
not aware that he could say more, but he should be happy to answer
any questions.

His Excellency asked what were the number of the salmon.

Dr. Officer replied that they had been counted up to 3,000 or
4,000, but he did not think that was nearly the number. As to the
trout, which were confined in a much smaller compartment, no
more than 120 fish had been counted for a long time, but when they
got larger and came out to feed, there were found to be upwards of
300. So with the salmon, he believed the number would be found
larger than that originally calculated on. They had a wonderful
art in concealing themselves. Frequently he had walked along the
bank of the pond and not seen one, and another day they would be
in shoals. They seemed to dart with the speed of lightning under
any piece of stone, and so active and so vigilant were they, that he
had no doubt they would be too quick for any enemy. No doubt,
this time next year we should be catching them on their return trip
from the ocean. Out of the whole number of ova, about 18,000
were found to have been never impregnated, and he understood
that when they were sent out there were some fears on that score.

He might also state that the Tasmanian Goyemment and Legislature
had provided a further sum of £800 this year, which money was in
the hands of the Salmon Commission. Money had been sent home
to Mr. Youl some months ago for a second importation, and he was
glad to find that Victoria was inclined to lend her aid, especially as
increased experience promised greater success.

The Hon. W. C. Haines moved a vote of thanks to His Excel-
lency for presiding. They all knew that His Excellency was always
ready to lend his cordial assistance when efforts were being made
to promote the welfare of this community ; and, no doubt, his
countenance lent to this meeting would have valuable effect in many
ways, and as much as anything in recommending the Society to the
people of the colony generally. He trusted the case would be so.
He also moved that the thanks of the meeting be given to His
Excellency for his kind consideration in asking that this Society
should be furnished with the home reports from the various consuls
in the different parts of the empire as to the productions, animal
and vegetable, of the several countries. These would, no doubt, be
of great value to the Council, and enable them to pursue their oper-
ations in the best and most advantageous mode. He felt he ought
not to introduce any other subject, but would just take the oppor-
tunity of expressing his extreme regret at the calamity which
deprived the colony of the services of Mr. Wilson. He trusted that
that gentleman would be still able to render assistance to the cause
of acclimatisation during the time he resided in England, and should
be truly thankful if the nature of the calamity did not prevent such
being done. As His Excellency had alluded to his (Mr. Haines's)
appointment, he might express his feeling that he could only in-
adequately replace Mr. Wilson. What he could do he would do,
and as now he had a little more leisure than he had enjoyed for
many years, he would probably be able to do more than he might
otherwise have done.

Dr. T. Black seconded the resolution, expressing a hope that His
Excellency would often preside under similar circumstances.

His Excellency in acknowledging the compliment, said he wished
he had done more to deserve it. He could only repeat what he had
said once before, that he had so very little accurate acquaintance
with any part of natural history — other pursuits having prevented
his acquisition of much experience — that, though often tempted, he
thought it best not to be present at their regular meetings.
The proceedings then concluded.

APPENDIX.

CIECULAR ISSUED BY THE COUNCIL.

Certain circumstances connected with the passing of the vote for
the Acclimatisation Society have led the Council to consider it
desirable to state a few facts relating to their p^ormance of the
duties with which they have been charged.

The Estimates were laid upon the table of the Assembly on the
3rd February. On the 4th, sums amounting to £1,408,515 were
voted. Amongst other items was that of £4,000 for the acclimatisa-
tion Society, the granting of which was coupled with a condition
that £650 should be raised by private subscriptions.

From the responsibility of that condition the Council have no
desire to shrink, feeling well aware that from the wide feeling of
sympathy with their efforts, a demand can be met, which might have
been fatal to almost any other institution receiving Government aid.

The debate on the vote, and the condition accompanying it, how-
ever, have led the Council to believe that their transactions are less
fully understood than they would wish them to be, and the rapidity
with which the Estimates were proceeded with took them so far by
surprise as to have prevented them from providing the Government
with such statement of their proceedings as would, they believe, have
convinced the Legislature not only that the money voted was being
well spent, but that no other public money is being expended to
better advantage.

The acclimatisation, or rather the introduction and assimilation to
a new set of conditions, of every good thing that the world contains,
to a country so singularly adapted as Australia to a wide range of
products, seems about as legitimate an enterprise as can be con-
ceived.

The gathering together in good condition and in sufficent numbers
to establish the species, foreign animals and plants, is necessarily a
very slow and delicate process, and much time must obviously be
expended before very decided results can be expected. Most of
these animals breed only once a year, and their natural increase is
therefore tardy, however eminently they may prove themselves
adapted to their new home. But a brief outline of what is being
done will be found not altogether barren of those results, for the
fuller elaboration of which it is only reasonable to wait.

The inauguration of the Acclimatisation Society on its present
footing is comparatiyely recent, as less than three years have elapsed
since it was amalgamated with, and undertook the duties of, the
Zoological Committee.

Since then, in consequence of the increasing number of animals,
and the unhealthiness of the original site of the Zoological Qardens,
an entirely new establishment has had to be formed at the Royal
Park, involving a very heavy expenditure in fencing, planting,
forming excavations for poncb, building superintendent's house,
shelter sheds, pens, <fec.

The herd of camels brought from India at an expense of £120 per
head had become scattered, and were in a fair way of being anni-
hilated, under the various exploratory expeditions. Such of them
as could be saved have been collected at Mr. Wilson's station at the
Wimmera, where they are now breeding regularly, and forming the *
nucleus of probably a large herd, available at some future day either
for exploration or conveying the produce of remoter stations in the
more arid districts.

The alpaca has been a constant source of interest with the Society.
Mr. Duffield has been constantly advised with and encouraged in his
great experiment, and has stated that but for the co-operative spirit
exhibited by the Society, he should have probably transferred his
energies to some other country. Meantime, the little flock of llamas
and hybrids imported from England have been diligently cared for,
and their health and adaptation to the country watched. They have
been crossed with pure alpacas, and young ones of the second cross
are now being dropped. Since landing their numbers have increased
from 19 to 56.

The Angora goat is receiving great attention, and is likely to
furnish a very valuable addition to the resources of our graziers, and
of exports to our merchants. A considerable number of the best
strain of blood has lately been presented by the Acclimatisation
Society of France. Pure bred goats are now rapidly multiplying,
and they are being crossed with the common goat in considerable
numbers, four crosses being found to restore the original quality.

Associated with the Society, an enterprising gentleman at Mary-
borough has imported a flock of the Cashmere goat, with which he
is now experimenting, affording an instance of the manner in which
the Society is executing one of its principle functions, in inducing
private enterprise to avail itself of the information and organization
of the Society.

Various breeds of sheep have been introduced, and are being
experimented with, some of them showing signs of a peculiar adapt-
ability to a hot climate.

While devoting tMs amount of attention to such animals as the
camel, the alpaca, the Angora goat, and the sheep, which may be
considered as more immedlEitely interesting to the mercantile and
pastoral classes, the sportsman has not been forgotten. The fallow

deer, the [ndian elk, the beautiful spotted axis deer, have been
successfully imported, bred from, and turned loose at Wilson's
PromonUMy, the Wimmera, the Sugarloaf , and the Bunyip. Numer-
ous specimens of the hog deer of India, a beautiful deer from Manilla,
and another from Formosa, are still in the possession of the Society,
with a view to their multiplication and ultimate release ; and fresh
importations of the deer tribe are almost of weekly occurrence.

The hare has been sent to the Society by the Zoological Society
of London, and has been turned out and is now breeding freely on
Phillip Island.

Various breeds of pheasants, partridges, grouse, and quail have
been introduced, and some have been liberated. Amongst those
may be mentioned the Califomian quail, which has bred after being
liberated in the Botanical Qardens and Phillip Island, and the
• Algerine sand grouse, of which a considerable number have been
imported, and which from their hardy nature and the similarity of
their original climate may be considered highly adapted to this
country.

The English wild duck has been imported, has multiplied very
freely, and now visits the lagoon at the Botanical Gardens in nearly
equal numbers to the indigenous water fowl.

The Egjrptian goose has bred at the Royal Park and promises to
be thoroughly acclimatised.

The wild pea fowl of Ceylon has thriven and bred in the charge
of the Society, and can soon be set at liberty.

The white swan has been introduced in considerable numbers, has
bred in the gardens of the Society, and is now distributed in various
localities.

Various kinds of foreign doves and pigeons have been introduced
and liberated.

The curassow has been obtained, and has bred in the aviaries at
the Botanical Gardens.

Of the angler, and lover of fish diet, the Society has not been for-
getful At the recommendation of the Society, successive votes
have been placed on the Estimates and passed towards assi^ing the
spirited enterprise of the Tasmanian Government in the introduction
of the king of fresh water fishes, the salmon. The gouramie, a fish
which has been represented as the best fresh water pond fish in the
world, is already in the possession of the Society, having been
presented after many trials by a Melbourne firm, and, the difiiculties
of their introduction having now been overcome, the Society expects
soon to obtain further supplies in considerable numbers.

The carp, tench, roach, and dace, as specimens of the not very
valuable pond fishes of England, and the gold-fish, have been
introduced and distributed in various localities favourable to their
multiplication.

But as illustrating by a small success the wonderful results
capable of attainment by acclimatisation if adopted on a proper

scale, the Council would refer to the fact of having introduced
living ^specimens of the sea fishes of Europe in the shape of the
grey mullet and the edible crab ; not indeed in numbers to justify
a hope of establishing the breed, but amply suggestive of what will
be done in the future.

In a country so subject as this to the ravages of insects, the case
of the agriculturist has always been carefully considered. Hundreds
of industrious farmers have even this year been ruined by the
caterpillar, and similar visitations must necessarily be expected.
The introduction of insect-destroying birds has therefore been
carefully attended to, and with this has been combined an effort to
surround our colonial residences with those interesting associations
which constitute no sHght portion of the charms with which the
name of " home " is ever surrounded. The thrush, the blackbird,
the skylark, the starling, the chaflBinch, the sparrow, the Chinese
sparrow, the Java sparrow, and a most active and interesting bird,
the Indian mino, may now be considered thoroughly established, and
are rapidly extending by natural means through the Colony. The
goldfinch, the linnet, the greenfinch, the yellow hammer, the
ortolan, the canary, the robin, and many kinds of the smaller birds
of other countries are being accumulated in the aviaries of the
Society, and many of them have akeady bred there.

The nightingale and the hedge-sparrow have been promised us
by benevolent ladies at home, and the Queen herself has made an
effort to supply us with the rook. To other hberal friends of the
cause we are indebted for promises of the gazelle and the edible
crab.

As a contribution of very particular interest to the cottager, the
introduction of the Ligurian bee may be adduced, that insect being
probably, from its industrious and wonderfully prolific properties,
the most valuable in the world. This bee is multiplying with
almost incredible rapidity, and will soon be accessible to all classes.

A widely extended correspondence and a system of kindly inter-
change are knitting us in interesting relations with kindred societies
in all parts of the world. And to gentlemen in England, France,
India, Ceylon, and China, the Society is in particular under deep
obligations.

The very great distances at which the operations of the Society
have to be carried on, and the difficulty of getting placed in com-
munication with the right class of persons and institutions calculated
to aid the enterprise, should argue in favour of a steady persistence
of effort, protracted probably over many years, and should show
the false policy of any ill-considered interruption of a great national
scheme.

The British Government has recently been induced to take up
the project of Acclimatisation with an amount of consideration
altogether without precedent, the Foreign and Colonial Offices
having recently sent to British emissaries in aU countries in the

world, a series of questions as to the various desirable natonl
products of each country, and the Admiralty has issued a circolar
to all commanders of H.M. ships, directing them to render every
service in their power to the cause of Acclimatiaationy in the
conveyance of specimens.

In ahnost every colony in these seas Acdimatisation Societies
have been founded, most of them paying that of Victoria the
compliment of taking it as their model; and with Sydn^,
Hobart Town, Adelaide, Brisbane, Auckland, Lyttleton,and Dunedin,
the Melbourne Society is thus brought into friendly and frequent
communication. A French man of war is at the time of the
preparation of this statement engaged in bringing the Society
specimens of the yS,k, the ostrich, and other animals.

There is something so attractive, and at the same time so novel,
in the very nature of Acclimatisation, that paragrs^hs referring to
the proceedings of the Society attain a circulation more general
than almost any other subject in English and foreign newspapers, and
such notices are calculated greatly to interest strangers in the
progress of the Colony.

Even the very disasters and deaths inseparable from this kind of
experiment are not without their uses, as many interesting
specimens have been contributed to the National Museum, from the
collection of the Society.

The Council of the Society is composed of gentlemen w^ho have
no personal object to serve. They attend the weekly meetings at
the cost of considerable valuable time taken from their business
hours, and the reports of their meetings will show that the attendance
is such as no other non-commerdal body in the Colony can
boast of.

The Council think that in this brief enumeration of facts they
may consider that " results " have been obtained sufficient to cany
conviction to any unprejudiced mind, to show how impolitic it
would be to allow their proceedings to be rashly or wantonly inter-
ferred with, and to justify them in expressing a doubt whether any
other public money is as advantageously expended in regard to the
future as that portion with which they have been entrusted.

From the very novelty of the project of systematic acclimatisa-
tion, and from the almost illimitable range of the objects with
which it seeks to deal, a fertile topic is afforded to the sneers oi
the thoughtless and the misrepresentations of the ill-informed. But
in seeking to stock this country with new, useful, and beautiful
things, to add to our national wealth, to suggest new forms for our
colonial industries, to provide for manly sports, which will lead the
Australian youth to seek their recreation on the river's bank and
mountain side rather than in the caf 6 and casino, to surround every
homestead and the path of every wayfarer with new forms of
interest and beauty, and to add new elements to the food of the
entire people, the Council conceive that they are engaged in a work

»iiffici^itly noble to secure the sympathies of every good man.
And of parents in particular, they would ask, what may not be
]3iade of this fine Colony, when the seed this Society is now
diligently seeking to sow shall have had time to fructify in a
complete harvest ?

LETTER FROM MR. DUFFIELD,

Melbourne Club, Oct. 18.

*^ Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Council of the Acclimatisa-
tiion Society, — ^I leave Melbourne for Europe by the mail of the 26th
inst. I would not do so without first communicating with you on the
subject of the undertaking with which I am connected, and asking
firom you a continuance of the interest you, as a body, have ever
sliown in the work we are engaged in. The introduction of the
alpacas in Victoria has become of late more beset with difficulties
-than ever. The public, impatient of success, have grown sceptical
on the value of the alpaca ; and the losses and disasters we have
already suffered, as well as yourselves, have thrown a wet blanket
on our enterprise. Notwithstanding those disasters, it is our inten-
tion to carry out our designs, and I ask you for your support in
<ioing so. The Government has promised to submit a proposition to
the Legislative Assembly for helping us with a subsidy of £10 a
liead for each animal we may introduce, provided the nimiber do not
exceed 1,000. I expect that proposition will be discussed during
my absence, and I ask you to watch its discussion, so as that at
least it shall have fair play. I might appeal to you on account of
Tvhat we have already done, as well as on account of the promises
^which have been made to us by no less than three different Admin-
istrations at three different times, none of which have been kept,
owing to political changes, but which we were led to act upon and
did act upon them in doing a great public work. I prefer, how-
ever, to enlist your sympathies for our future operations, the more
as it is our intention to carry them out on a larger scale than we in-
tended at first. We believe that to ensure a permanent footing for
the alpaca in this colony, it will be necessary to farm our flocks our-
selves, to form our own alpaca stations, and bear the labour and
responsibility of demonstrating that this animal can be established
in Victoria as one of the enduring sources of its wealth. To do
this will demand considerable money, and a large amount of
valuable time. I have asked that the Government should deal with
us in this our endeavour to plant a new industry in the colony in
the spirit of the Land Act, which grants long leases of land to
growers of cucumbers and the cultivation of flax. K the public
and the press support us, I believe that the Legislature of the colony
will vindicate its own poHcy, and place ours at least on an equal
level with those other undertakings. I ask you, as individuals, and

in your collective capacity, to help in doing tHs. We have already
collected 600 alpacas within 150 miles of the port of shipment
They will thus be prepared for the privations and risks of l3ie sea
voyage ; but we shall not ship them or make one further move in
the matter until the promises of the Government have been ratified
by the Parliament. K the Parliament deals with us in a liberal
spirit — ^rf the offer of a subsidy is confirmed without any niggardly
restrictions, as I believe it will be — I shall then hope to renew my
connection with the colony and your Society under more prosperous
circumstances than those which have attended our past laboursw

" I have, &c.,
(Signed) "A. J. Duffikld.

"P.S. — I may state that our agents in Melbourne are Messrs.
Clough and Co., with whom We have every reason to be satisfied,
and that they will act for me, I believe, with all requisite atten-
tion, during the period of my absence."

KEPLY.

" Melbourne, October 25.
" To A. J. Duffield, Esq.

" Dear Sir, — On the part of the Council of the Acclimatisation
Society, I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your communication,
dated the 18th inst., announcing your intended departure for Eng-
land. The Council is glad to hear from you that, in spite of the
disasters and discouragements which you have met with in carrying
out your great undertaking, having for its object the introduction of
the alpaca into Australia, you are still disposed to persevere in your
enterprise, provided that the Government of Victoria carry out the
promises made to you by themselves and their predecessors. The
Council look forward with great interest to your return to the colony
with another flock of alpacas ; and it confidently believes that, upon
the new footing you give to the undertaking, namely, by the forming
of an alpaca station, managed upon your own responsibility, the
next attempt will be successful ; and that you will live to earn the
fruits of your long and patient devotion to the cause of the alpaca.
Conceiving the acclimatisation of the alpaca to be of the highest
value to the colony, and believing, in spite of past failures, that by
greater care in the selection and transport of the animals, and by
the choice of a more congenial locality for their reception on their
arrival in the colony, the animal may and will be successfully accli-
matised in Victoria, the Council will, on its part, cheerfully render
you all the assistance in its power towards the accomplishment of
your object. With my sincere wishes for your future success,

" I am, &c.

(Signed) "Thomas Black, Vice-President'*

37
CJOTTON AND ITS CULTIVATION IN PERU.

Bead by A. J. Duffisld, Esq., at a Meeting held March 80, 1864.

Some ten years ago a friend of mine dug out of an ancient
tomb in Antioquia, New Granada, a massive gold plate, which
was carved in strange figures, the centre figure being a hippo-
potamus. That reUc of past ages is a direct proof of the
theory of Prescott and others, that the civilization of the Aztecs,
the Mexicans, the Muiscas, the people of the great interior
kingdom of Cundinamarca, as well, perhaps, of the earl}' settle-
ments on the shores of the Oreat Titicaca lake, came from the
Nile. That gold plate was wrapped in a piece of cotton cloth,
the workmanship of which was as regular, if not as fine, as any
made in Manchester at the present day. I also have examined
many of these mural monuments of early Incarial times, and taken
from them finely-wrought and brilliantly-dyed cotton-cloths, as well
as those string chronicles of early days called quipus, by means of
which the Peruvians handed down their history among themselves.
These quipus, of many colours and tangled knots, were also made of
the finest cotton threads, proving that, centuries ago, cotton growing
and cotton manufactures were among the mechanical arts of the
children of the sun, and that they brought them to a perfection not
surpassed by modem skill or science. Peru is the native soil of one
of the finest cotton trees in the world, the length and brilliancy of
whose staple have never been surpassed. The members of the royal
family, priests, and great officers of state, the Coyas, the Amautas,
the Curacas, the Quipucamayus, and the Mamacunas of ancient
Peru, were as much indebted for their white robes as, PUny tells us,
were the Egyptian priests to the snowy blossoms of a shrub, and
both seem to have been equally skilled in making them. But
though great natural forests of cotton abounded, as they still abound,
in some parts of Upper and Lower Peru, the cultivation of cotton
was carried on to a large extent around the chief centres of popula-
tion — in Caxalmarca, the sacred valleys of Cuzco and Pachacamac,
and along the western coast from the Loa to the Guayaquil. I have
travelled over many miles of these old cotton plantations, and
examined the splendid, scientific methods adopted for keeping up a
plentiful irrigation, without which, on that otherwise barren coast,
cultivation of any kind would have been impossible. And while
those now dried-up channels, and that hard unyielding soil, are an
everlasting disgrace to the gold-grubbing, selfish Spaniards, who
blotted out a thousand peaceful scenes, yet, though in ruins, they
speak to us wise and lofty words. They say plainly enough — Had
the Incas possessed Australia as long as we have, it would by this
time have been irrigated from Carpentaria to its opposite extremity,
and no form of slavery or oppression exist in making it so. The
rivers and creeks of the land would not be, as at present, so many
thieves, running off with the fresh water to the sea, but guardians of

it) conducting it to quiet lakes, and preserring it for tlie sendee of
man, never allowing it to become his master, much less Ms oi4>ressor
and destroyer. Thus the works of the old Incas follow them, and
testify that not unto themselyes only but unto us they ministered of
things belonging unto peace. In those early times, certainly as mud)
as five centuries ago, cotton was cultivated in Portobello, and spun
in Guanachani, in Cuba, and Jamaica. The Indians of IJraba were
clothed in cotton. Yucatan, Guatemala, Santa Marta, Venezuela,
and the Sierra Nevadas — Quito and Cundinamarca, were famous for
their cotton plantations and cotton fabrics. Indeed, as feir as the
old kingdoms of Moxos and the Gran Ohaco, even unto Tlaxeala,
this raw material was largely cultivated, though it chiefly grew spon-
taneously. That is, from 16deg. N. to 36deg. S. latitude, cotton
trees supplied clothing to a hundred millions of our race. No doubt
to the cotton tree which yields a splendid yearly harvest for twenty
years, together with the remarkable rainless climate peculiar to the
Peruvian coast, so suitable to the cultivation of this delicate fibre,
are to be attributed the extent and excellence of those once cele-
brated cotton fields. But though no devastating rain there ever
sweeps away the crops, or fierce hurricanes df^stroy the fruits of the
field, although along the whole coast of Peru the atmosphere is
almost unifoiinly in a state of repose, yet the mildness of the ele-
ments above-ground is firightfully counterbalanced by their subter-
ranean fury, therefore it must not be supposed that the Peruvian
planter had no enemy to encounter, no exertion to put forth, if he
would reap a profitable harvest. The effects of earthquakes on the
fertility of the soil are so great, that in many cases after very violent
shocks the most luxuriant lands have become barren wastes, and for
several years afterwards yielded no thriving vegetation. All kinds
of grain appear to be susceptible to the changes produced by earth-
quakes, and if any great commotion takes place beneath a field in
foil bloom the whole crop will wither in a few days. And with
respect to the plantations of the interior, as well as those on the
coast of the Caribbean Sea, difficulties and dangers had to be over-
come of even greater magnitude than prevailed on the Pacific shores.
So that hard work, perseverance, skill, and foresight, were required
to keep those sources of wealth from destruction. But now those
once mighty fields of floretted snow are either burnt up or become
lairs of the jaguar. We have heard of a cotton famine at home pro-
ducing disease, pestilence, and death. Men have been made to feel
that the insanity begotten of greed in depending on one source alone
for the supply of a material involving life or death to millions was
to have its reward, and that the iniquity of enslaving men in order
to make that supply a more exact or accurate commercial transaction
was to be overtaken by a terrible avenging Nemesis. We still hear
of Lancashire distress, and the protracted strife in America. As yet
we do not know whether cotton is again to be king, and his throne
to be again planted on the necks of millions of men, women, and

children. We may hope that such will not be the case, and there-
fore I thought that the subject of cotton-cultivation in Peru, and the
probable restoration of those once vast plantations, would be worth
at least your hearing. We are informed by the last mail, through
The TimeB of Jan. 14, that the cultivation of cotton in Peru is now
being carried on to a great ext^it. The shipments made to England
this year are more than three times what they were in 1860, and
next year the export will be much larger. In 1860 there were
exported 10,000 cwt. ; in 1862, 15,000 cwt. ; and in 1863 there
had already been shipped 31,500 cwt. It is said, from the area of
land now planted with cotton throughout Peru, the export of 1864
should be 60,000 cwt. A small quantity from the eastern parts of
Peru has been sent down the Amazons, but the expense attending
this route is as yet too great to encourage exportation to any great
extent. Now I know that even 60,000 cwt. are but a few threads
in comparison with what is needed by the 28 millions of spindles of
!Ekigland, to say nothing of those of France. But there can be no
doubt that this free-grown cotton will extend its supplies till the old
plantations of the Incas are restored, and these, added to those of
British India, not only make the cotton supply ineidiaustible, but
cotton slaves as great an impossibility as a slave chain round a white
man's wrist. The cultivation of cotton then in Peru, one of its
original sources, is, though of no local interest to us, of intense
interest to those who watch over the cultivation of the earth's sur-
face. I believe that the azequias, or canals of the old Incas, will
be restored, and that they will fructify millions of acres of free-grown
cotton. I believe that the Mcta and the Amazons, the Plata and
the Magdalena, will soon bear down their free streams many thou-
sand bales of free-grown cotton every year. I believe that the
amazing ocean of cotton trees which stretches from the confines of
Atacama to the foot of the Andes wUl soon be made to yield their
wealth to us. I believe all this, because I have seen it partially
accomplished ; and because science, in the hands of practical men, is
every day convincing the world more and more that to replenish the
earth and subdue it is the service which the Creator requires at the
hand of man, and the only service by which the earth shall yield
her increase, and the " centuries behind " us their fruits of peace.
It is owing to such societies as this that cotton cultivation has been
pushed forward with such proud success, not only in Peru and the
East Indies, but these colonies also ; and I have ventured to broach
lids subject to you, who are labouring in the same cause, though
not from the same pressure of circumstances, that you may be
encouraged, take heart, and keep to your work, undismayed by any
failure, undaunted by any sneer.

40
SILK CULTURK

Bead by J. J. Stxjtur, Esq., at a Meeting held May 25, 1864.

I have the honour to submit to the attention of the society a few
brief obsenrations as to the practicability of utilizing the labour of Ute
inmates of our benevolent and reformatory institutions in conjunc-
tion with the introduction of new industries. The object of these
remarks is two-fold — first, to attempt making the institutions t»
some extent self-supporting, and diminishing their heavy cost to the
conmiunity ; and secondly, to secure a certain amount of cheap
labour, which will render practicable the introduction of those new
means of developing the productive resources of Australia, which in
many cases are left untried solely owing to the present excessive rate
of wages. Though the present average income of each Australian is
probably even now greater than anywhere else in the world, it is
considerably less than it has been, and may be expected to suffer a
further diminution. Whenever a serious strain upon the national
resources shall be felt a hurried economy will have to be enforced.
It will be found that hundreds of thousands of pounds wiU have
been wasted in the course of years in the maintenance of prisoners,
lunatics, paupers, and destitute children, which might have been
saved had the objects of this expenditure been steadily employed in
working out their own support. On the Continent, especially under
the French and Dutch Governments, the benevolent and reformatory
establishments are made, by judicious management, to be to a great
extent self-supporting. That at Mettray, a reformatory school for
boys, is especially remarkable. At the Breda establishment the cost
of each inmate is, or was, about £6 per head. In the north of
Holland, on the loose sandy heaths of Overyssel and Groningen,
pauper agricultural colonies have been established for half a century,
and have succeeded in bringing into cultivation large tracts of land
originally worthless, at the same time that the average cost per man
has been under 3s. a week. When we come to Australia we find
their cost to be in some places double, in others treble, that of
similar establishments in Europe. At the Imperial convict establish-
ment of Port Arthur, were the labour of 500 men under vigorous
discipline has been always available, its money value is under
ii 3,000 a year. At the Queen's Orphan Asylum, at Hobart Town,
which maintains an average of 460 children, the cost was for a long
time above i^l 1,000, or at the rate of £^Q per head. At the
Eandwick Asylum, near Sydney, which is much better managed, the
cost is still £20 per head. I will not take up your time by multiply-
ing examples, but at once proceed to what I consider as a remedy,
confining myself to schools. The great obstacle to the industrial
employment of children is the excessive time which is given to book
learning. A boy or girl of say 10 years old averages six hours in
school, and will probably, if he or she want to get up their lessons,
have a couple more hours in the evening. This is about as much

as working a young man continuously 12 hours a day, the result of
"wMch is tersely expressed in an old university saying — four hours
a day study are four hours, and four more are eight, and four more
are four. Four hours a day are as much as ever a child under 12
can give to study with advantage. And this the more, because I
am speaking now of schools intended for the operative classes alone,
•where if the children learn to read, write, and spell well, with the
rudiments of geography, and a knowledge of arithmetic up to com-
pound division, they take with them all that they are ever likely to
retain in after life. The large amount of spare time which thus
becomes disposable should be given to out-door industrial employ-
ment. It is all right and proper to give boys and girls an hour or
more of play in a day, but it is quite a mistake to suppose that
children Hke only what may be called purposeless play. A boy likes
nothing so well as a couple of hours or more of driving cattle, herd-
ing cows, tending sheep, cutting wood ; he likes the sense of dignity
-which his employment gives him, and looks on it as a promotion.
Girls like tending rabbits or feeding poultry quite as well as they do
a mere game at romps. Now when industrial employment is given,
as it often nominally is, it is almost always indoors. The children,
w^earied with lessons, are condemned to be wearied still more with
tailoring, cobbling, and stitching, and the result is, that the money
value of their work is next to nothing. A few sharp boys occa-
sionally, but rarely, pick up a little artizan knowledge, and thereby
go to swell the overgrown city populations, which only make the
Australian colonies, like tadpoles, all head, while the farmers are
crying out for labour and cannot get it. I beg, therefore, to suggest
that wherever new industrial establishments, reformatory schools,
and the like shall be henceforward established, it shall be made a
sine qud non to have in contiguity to them a tract of land suffi-
ciently large to answer not only as a model farm, but to neutralize a
very large proportion of the costs of the establishment. The manner
in which the children can be employed may be as follows : — ^After
three hours' schooling, from 8 to 11, they can have an hour's play,
and then dine. After dinner they can have an hour's indoor
employment or amusement, and then should work from two to three
hours in the field. The boys are perfectly able to dig the drains for
thorough drainage. There should be a large dairy attached, for milk
forms a chief part of the consumption, and while the boys can milk
the cows the girls should make the butter and cheese. Both boys
and girls should work in the gardens, which should be large enough
to supply abundance of vegetables. Such a system would supply the
establishment with milk, butter, cheese, and vegetables, and where
there k an ample supply of these a great deal of the meat can be
dispensed with ; at least ninth-tenths of the people of Europe never
touch meat, and are just as healthy as the Australians. In conclu-
sion, I come to the subject of the applicability of such a plan to the
introduction of new agricultural industries. There are very many

most Taloable products which ahnost every one acknowledges to be
Taloable, such as hemp, flax, olives, mulberries, <fec., but which are
kept waiting for years solely on account of the dearness of labour.
The agricultural training above recommended would supply this
labour. Even a wealthy individual might reasonably object to risk
and lose £500 in an experiment intended only for his countiys
benefit, but such a loss once in a way would not matter mu(^ to as
establishment supported by the nation. TMs especially appHes to
the new industry with which I am best acquainted, and therefore
naturally prefer to touch on, the cultivation of silk. The stambling-
block to Australia growing silk in immense quantities has been, and
is, the utterly baseless belief that it requires an unusal quantity <rf
specially tnuned labour. I call this idea utterly baseless, and so
says Sir John Young at Sydney, whose practical experience as
Governor of the Ionian Islands has been unusually large. He says :
" It is a product which involves very little labour ; it is conunitted
to young people and to females ; in fact the girls of the villages look
upon silk as their own peculiar province, and as given them for thdr
own profit and for their own dresa It only occupies 35 or 40 days'
labour in the course of the year ; and as it is carried on in buildings,
it is not exposed to the climate in the same way that many other
kinds of cultivation are." A production which occupies only 35
days in the year, and is worked by young girls, certainly should not
be excluded from Australia on the score of dearness of labour. But
at any rate, this does not apply to it when grown in industrial schools.
An acre of land planted with mulberries, for which the month's
occupation is supplied gratuitously, is worth permanently at least
£50 per annum. Apply this on a large scale, and, combined with
other similar resources, you not only create for these institutions
constant lucrative endowments, relieving the Gk)verrmient of great
expense, but train up a large number of the waste population to a
certain knowledge of special employments, which they will ultimately
diffuse up and down the length and breadth of Australia.

THE GAME BIRDS OF INDIA.

Bead by B.. E. Watts, Esq., ctt a Meeting hdd June 2^, 1864.

Of all countries there is none which, in my opinion, offers a more
promising field for the labours of our Acclimatisation Society than
our great Eastern dependency of India. This \& pre-eminently the
great market^ for animals in the Eastern world, front^hich we have
to derive what supplies we require, to stock the comparatively
scanty and barren lands of Australia. The facilities which already
exist for the interchange of productions are greater than those
between this continent and any other part of the world. The
distance which separates us is comparatively a short one — ^the com-
munication is frequent, easy, and regular. The steamers of the

Peninsular and Oriental Oompany liave reduced the voyage to one
month between Calcutta and Melbourne ; and the completion of iJie
great Indian system of railways, now rapidly approaching, has
practically made the hitherto ahnost unknown interior and the hilly
country as accessible to us as the seaports. The enterprise and
energy of our fellow-countrymen have been developing at a mar-
vellous rate, all the splendid and various natural resources of this
magnificent country ; and it may be said, indeed, that it is only in
these last few years that we have really entered into possession of
the noble heritage left to us by the valour and wisdom of our early
Indian conquerors and statesmen. Possessed of almost every
variety of climate and soil within her wide bounds, the peculiar
value of India to this country lies in the fact that a large proportion
of her territory bears a close analogy in soil and climate to Australia.
The animals which are natural to this region may, therefore, fairly
be presumed to be adapted to become denizens also of our (Continent.
For the purposes of our present inquiry, India may be roughly
divided into three principal climatic regions — ^the purely tropical
districts of the south and the sea-coasts — the dry, temperate plains
of the north and of the central table-land, and the region of snow
and ice in the great mountain ranges which form the northern and
eastern boundary of our empire. Within bounds so wide, India
contains natural productions the most diverse and opposite — animals
of the true tropical character, with others of pure alpine habit — the
tiger and the elephant, as well as the chamois and ^e snow-grouse.
Nay, sometimes, even under the same parallel, we shall find the
most singular assemblage of varied natural forms — oaks, beeches,
pines, and rhododendrons, on the hill tops ; the bamboo, the mango,
and the banana, in the valleys — the degrees of elevation producing
the same climatic effects as degrees of latitude in other countries.
But it will be impossible, within the limits prescribed to me, that I
should be able to give you even a sketch of the vast natural treasures
of our Indian empire. I have to do, this evening, only with Indian
birds, and among Indian birds, only with those of the gallinaceous
order. Of all birds, these may claim to stand in the very first rank,
both fi'om their beauty of form and plumage, and their usefulness to
man. They are also by far the most interesting to the acclimatiser,
firom the readiness with which they adapt themselves to changes of
climate, and their capacity for domestication. Indeed, if the science
of acclimatisation required any arguments in its defence, they would
be sufficiently furnished in the examples of what man has done, at
various times, with the birds of the gallinaceous order. The turkey
and the domestic fowl are among the most precious trophies of
acclimatisation. The pheasant, the capercailzie, and the ptarmigan,
in the British -Islands, are instances of the success with which the
game-birds of one country may be trained to inhabit another. Nay,
I need not go out of Victoria to find an illustration of the ease with
which game-birds may be acclimatised. I am informed that on one

estate alone, their liave been killed^ in honourable sport, no fei^
than sixty cock-pheasants during tilie present season. Who caa
doubt, indeed, the fitness of this colony to entertain within its bouwia,
and to natursJize on Australian ground, almost all the members of
the great gallinaceous family ? Nor is their any dass of animals so
easily acclimatised. We have only to remember what was tbe
origmal country of our domestic cocks and hens, of our turkeji
and pheasants, to be convinced that nearly all the birds of tlm
family are capable of thriving even in a climate opposed to tidr
natural one. With this, by way of preface, I will now proceed
to make mention of such of the game-birds of India as I
believe are most valuable to this country, either as objects of sport;
for their qualities as food, or as interesting and beautiful ornaments
of the silent and dreary Australian bush. I will begin with a biri
which the verdict of all Indian sportsmen and epicures invariably
places at the head of the game-birds of India : I means the flonken,
which is a kind of small and more elegant bustard, inhabiting tke
plains of India at the base of the Himalayas, with a tolerably wide
destribution over the dry, sandy districts of the interior and tbe
north-west The floriken is a bird of shy habits, and would,
perhaps, be difficult to cage, unless previously domesticated. But
he is worth all the attention which the Acclimatisation Society can
bestow upon him, and once introduced here, would certainly thrive
in the same region with our native bustard or wild turkey. Of
partridges, there are some half dozen diflferent varieties in India, all
of which are more or less desirable for this country. Each of the
three great Indian regions has its special kinds ; but for us, of
course, the most valuable would be those which inhabit the diy
plains of the interior, or the upland valleys of moderate elevation.
Of these, the black partridge (of which there are two solitary males
already in the Acclimatisation Society's collection) is perhaps the
best bird for our purposes, being excellent for the table, hardy, and
affording capital sport. The chukorey or red-leg partridge, whose
habitat is a colder region than that of the black partridge, extending
northward even to Cashmere, and the lower ranges of the Hima-
layas, is equally good for the table, but is, perhaps, less prized by
the sportsman. The grey partridge of Bengal is comparatively
wortMess, and should be left alone. Of the other partridges
proper, there are the two rarer varieties, which are only found at
considerable elevations — the curna^ which is of a rich chesnut
brown colour ; and the lerwa, or Nepal grouse, which is a splendid
game-bird, and of delicious flavour. The two latter are inhabitants
of a cold mountainous region, but would probably thrive in our
Gipps Land ranges. There is also an Indian wood-partridge, which
roosts on trees, and the Thibet partridge (perdix Hodgsonii), which
would be the most difiicult of all to procure. Among the birds not
strietly belonging to the natural genus perdix, but which are vul-
garly classed as partridges, I may mention the painted spur-fowl of

-fclie Indian ghauts {gdUorperdix lunulosa), which is very handsome,
£tnd of fine flavour. There is also its congener, the kokutree {^aUo-
^erdix spadiceus). But by far the noblest of all the partridge kind
is the Kowk-durra^ or snow-partridge of the Himalayas (tetrcuhgallus
jffzmcUayerms), which is Jive times the size of the common EngUsh
iDird, and of most exquisite flavour. Imagine a partridge as big as
a turkey-hen ! The kowk-durra is of a uniform sober grey colour,
the feathers edged with reddish brown. It is not often met with
"by the Indian sportsman, being an inhabitant of the mountainous
slopes of northern Cashmere, the Kohistan, and the higher levels
of the Himalaya. It is, however, to be found in the valley of
Koonawur, just behind our hill-sanatarium of Simla, where it might
be procured with some little trouble. Mr. Vigne, the traveller,
carried some of these noble partridges to England, and speaks of
them as tolerably well able to endure the hardships of a sea voyage.
Another of these giant partridges is tetrao-gallv^ Caspius^ called by
the Persians kef-irderra or the royal partridge, which inhabits the
mountainous region lying south of the Caspian, and eastward to
Affghanistan. Of quails, there are several varieties in India, but it
seems to me that there are none better than those of our own country.
Some of the Indian varieties might be found, however, on trial, to
have qualities which would make them a desirable importation for
this colony. Of the rarer birds, which partake of the partridge and
quail character, the Thibetan sand-grouse {syrrhaptes Tibetamts)
might be introduced ; as well as the see-aee, or sand-partridge of
Nepal and Persia (ammo-perdtx Bonhami), which is said to be most
excellent game. Of the francolins, there is the beautiful Itragirms
cruentuB, or blood-coloured francolin, of the Nepal hills. There is
also the Affghan bustard {ptis Macqiieeni) as well as otia houhara^
both of which are declared to be exceedingly good for the table.
These birds might probably be procurable vid Kurrachee and
Bombay, The so-called rock-pigeon of India, which is rather a
kind of partridge {Pterocles exustus and Ft fasciattui) is very com-
mon in all the dry, sandy districts of the interior. They aflford
good sport, and are excellent eating, and ought to be admirably well
adapted for the warmer parts of this colony. Coming to the
pheasant tribe, we find in the mountains of India some of the most
beautiful of all the members of this beautiful and interesting family.
If there is one bird more than another, indeed, which demands the
immediate attention of the Acclimatisation Society, and which is
worthy of all the expense and trouble we can bestow on it, it is the
Himalayan pheasant, in all its many varieties. There is the KhdUej
pheasant which has been lately introduced with success into Eng-
land ; the piicrasy which is one of the most common about Almorsdi
and the valley of the Doon ; the brown Nepal pheasant, the Sylhet
pheasant, three feet long, of a glossy velvet black colour — the
MtUhoorUy or Chittagong pheasant, also of very large size. Of
another genus are the cheer {lophophorus Wallichii) ; the feioari, or

western homed pheasant (ceriomis melanocephalus), found ontbe
slopes of the north-western Himalayas, and easily domesticated.
The Nepalese pucras is among the most beautiful of all. There ii
also the tragopan, or singular homed pheasant (phasiantts sat^rw),
which is a most valuable and interesting creature, besides many
varieties of ceriomis. But king of all pheasants, and by £» the
most gorgeous member of this family, is the famous monal, or
Impeyan pheasant {lophophoras Impeyanui)^ whose name signifies
the " bird of gold " in its native country. It is not possible by any
description to convey any idea of the exquisite hues of this
beautiful bird. Its colour is a dark purple, changing into green and
gold. It is as big as a hen turkey, of most tender and delicate
flesh, and easily domesticated. Unquestionably it is the most
valuable of all the Hymalayan birds for the purposes of the acdi-
matiser, and I trust that it will not be long before our society is able
to exhibit some specimens of it in the Royal Park. I have already
exceeded my allotted bounds, and will say no more than to urge
upon the immediate attention of the society the peculiar claims of
the game-birds of India to be added to the scanty list of the game-
birds of Australia. There is scarcely any of the birds I have here
mentioned which could not be adapted to some part or other of this
colony, and I believe that they are worth all the money which wc
can possibly expend in their introduction.

SOME ACCOUNT OF THE QUININE- YIELDING
CHINCHON^.

Read hy A. J. Duffikld, Esq., <it a Meeting hdd July 19, 1864.
There is perhaps no dmg which has rendered greater service to
man than the febrifugal alkaloid known as quinine, or Peruvian
bark ; and among the many noble results of the art of acclimatisation
may be reckoned that of transplanting chinchona, or quinine-yielding
trees, from Pern to Java by the Dutch, and still more successfully
to India by ourselves. Quinine is a word derived from the compound
Quichua word " quina-quina," which signifies bark of bark ; the
word quina was cormpted by the Spaniards into china, which^till
retains its place among homoeopathists, but in Peru it is now called
cascarilla, which also means bark. About two centuries and a half
ago, when the name of Jesuit was suggestive of all that is chivaJrons
in apostolic Christianity, there lay stretched op a bed in a monasteiy
at Malacotas, a district in Peru some 300 miles south of the equator,
a member of that order suffering the terrible agonies of terciana.
Very likely the Jesuit father had cured many diseases, and healed
many wounds of the Indians of that region, for Jesuits then were
masters of many noble arts ; and so when he needed help and sym-
pathy in his misery it came in the form of gratitude trom these
people, who revealed to him the secret of this precious bark. A few
years JLater, the Countess de Chinchona, the wife of the Viceroy of

IPero, lay sick of a fever in Lima, and there was sent, also from
JVialacotas, a parcel of quina-quina to the Countess's physician, with
instructions for its use. It was prescribed for her, and the result
i^as a perfect cure. In 1640 the Countess returned to Europe, carry-
ing with her a quantity of this most precious remedy. Hence it
came to be called Jesuits' bark by some, and Countess's bark or
Countess's powder by others. It was the Countess who first intro-
duced it to the Old World, and in her honour Linnaeus named the
genus which yields it, chinchona. The feme of it spread throughout
the world ; it performed miracles, and among them may be reckoned
the planting of patristic Christianity in China. A century and a
lialf ago there was hardly a province in China where a Catholic
church did not exist — there was a church within the precincts of the
Celestial palace itself — and all those churches may be said to have
been built on Peruvian bark. The Emperor's life had been saved by
it, and in gratitude to the French Jesuits who introduced it to
China, the Emperor allowed them to build as many churches as they
pleased throughout the empire. Of course, the usual difficulties
arose against the new agent of such mighty cures. France, Spain,
Home, and England, imited their noted medical men in its condem-
nation; and among the common people it was sufficient for the
Protestant to decry a thing which the Jesuits patronized. After
much angry disputation, and many experiments, the final discovery
of quinine, and the completion of its chemical history, was made by
the French chemists, Pelletier and Caventon, in 1820. Further
discoveries were made nine years later by Pelletier, and the organic
constituents of chinchona bark found to be — quina, chinchonia,
aricina, quinidia, chinchonidia, quinic acid, tannic acid, kinovic acid,
chinchona red, a yellow colouring matter, a green fatty matter, starch,
gum, and ligidn. I wish all the others had been as easily undei*stood
as the last two or three, but I am not responsible for those learned
terms. I need not describe quinine, or say anything of its usefulness,
or the multitude of circumstances under which it is apphed. They
are well known. The zoue of the chinchonae extends from 10 deg,
N. to 17 deg. S. latitude, following the bend of the Andes, and
describing a line of probably nearly 2000 miles. I have seen them
at the sources of the Meta, about 8 deg. N. ; also on the great Quindio
ranges, and they have been speciidly observed at their extreme
southern end by Mr. Markham, a young and ardent traveller, who
was employed by the Indian Government to transplant them from
their principal native regions to the NeUgherry hills. It is to Mr.
Markham's report we are indebted for a minute and able description
of these trees, and the localities where their most valuable species
are to be found. They flourish in a cool and equable temperature,
on the slopes and in the valleys and ravines of the mountains, never
descending below an elevation of 2,500ft., and ascending as high as
9000 ft. above thes ea level The chinchonas, when in good soil and
under favourable circumstances, become large forest trees— at the

upper limit they become mere shrubs. The leares are of erei;
variety of shape and size ; the flowers are small, and hang in dusten,
like lilacs, generally of a deep rose colour, but those of the species
micrantha are entirely white, and they are most delicioosly fragrant.
The species of chinchona are numerous, probably about 20, but iiien
are only some five which yield the bark of commerce. These, to
call them by their English names, are the red, the crown, the car-
thagena, the grey, and the yellow bark ; and they are found in fire
distinct regions of South America. Humboldt tells us in his A^>ecU
of Nature that they grow on mica, slate, and gneiss, from 6 to
8000 ft above the level of the sea, with a mean temperature between
60 deg. and 65 deg. Fah. He has seen them grow to a height of
from 53 ft. to 64 ft., and these young trees, not more than 18 in. in
circumference. " This beautiful tree," he says, " is adorned witi
leaves above 5 in. long, and 2 in. broad, growing in dense forests, and
seems always to aspire to rise above its neighbours." One cannot
help thinking that it has the power of selecting its associates, for it
is always found in close proximity to the groined arches of the fern
tree, the graceful traceries of the arborescent passion flowers, and the
allied genera of these which form the splendid architecture of the
eternal forest. A century and a half after its introduction to Europe,
so great had been the destruction of these trees by the bark cutta^
that fears were then entertained of their complete destruction, and
these fears were but too well grounded, for some of the species are
now very rare, and the most valuable of all may be said to be extinct.
This is owing to the reckless manner of collecting the bark, which is
stripped from the tree, and the tree being left standing, of course it
soon perishes altogether. In some districts the Government is able
to prevent this wholesale slaughter, by compelling the cascarilleros
to fell the tree after stripping it ; this secures its reproduction ; but
I believe the greater portion of bark exported from Peru and Bolivia,
particularly the latter, and which is the better of the two, is stripped
from trees left standing and to perish. It was partly owing to this
consideration, and the desire to place the inestimable remedy in the
hands of the millions who live in fever-infested regions, that as early
as 1839 it was pressed on the English Government by Dr. Royle to
plant the Neilgherries with quinine-bearing trees, and by Dr.
Weddell, who accompanied the scientific expedition of the Count de
Castelnau, and to whom alone we owe our knowledge of the chin-
chonse of Upper Peru and Bolivia, who urged the introduction of
these plants into the French colonies. Ten years ago the Dutch
began their chinchona plantations in Batavia, and have now some
10,000 plants. Nearly 25 years elapsed before the Indian Govern-
ment took any effectual means to carry out the great benevolent idea
of Dr. RoylQ, and then it was that Lieutenant Markham was sent to
South America to collect chinchona seeds and slips, and carry them
to India, This he did in 1860, and the total number of healthy
plants conveyed by him and planted in 1862 was 13,700. But

l>efore that, in 1854, the Indian Gtovemment had begged from the
Java plantations some of their cattings, which were most liberally
given. Owing to the superiority of climate, the Indian Government
up to 1862 had succeeded seven times better than the Dutch, and
in that year there were actually planted out on the Neilgherry Hills
more than 7 £,000 plants of 11 different species of this invaluable
toee. Unfortunately, the principal part of the Dutch plantation is
useless, being formed of the worthless species of the C. Pahudiana; but
tbey are remedying their mistakes, and making great progress.
Chmchona cultivation is also fsailj started in Ceylon, and I have no
cloubt that in process of time a plantation of 150 acres of the chin-
chona there will be more profitable than one double the size of
coffee. Thus, while three or four earnest, but high-minded men,
liave toiled and passed through the troubles of hunger and thirst, the
sword and nakedness, and the perils of the sea, to do a work which
only the law of their own jiatures imposed upon them, and the
reward for which is only what some esteem as empty fame — ^the
i^orld has been blessed, some of its useless soil made fruitful, its
naked hills made to laugh and sing, and myriads of men and women,
whose lot of life is to labour in fever-smitten swamps, are provided
-with a power to defeat an insidious enemy which rests not till it has
tliem in the grasp of an agonizing death. These are some of the
triumphs of the art of acclimatisation, which give lustre to its labours,
and might and dignity to its name.

ENGLAND'S DEBT TO ACCLIMATISERS.

Read by Jambs Smith, Ebo., at a Meeting hOd July 10, 1864.

I think it may not be unserviceable to remind those who regard
acclimatisation as the new-fsuigled hobby of a few crochetty enthu-
siasts, that it has been practised in England for a period of 1200
years — dating from the time at which the first wheat was sown in
her soil — and that, up to the commencement of the sixteenth century,
at which period great efforts seem to have been made for the intro-
duction of exotic flowers, fruits, and vegetables, the mother country
was singularly destitute of all these ; her population subsisting, as
some of the early settlers of this colony did, upon bee^ mutton, and
damper. Indeed, there is a striking similarity between the condition
of England in the dawn of her civilization and that of Australia at
the present time. She was both a pastoral and a gold-producing
country ; and her exports consisted of gold, silver, tin, copper, wool,
and horses. Not to pursue this parallel further, however, I will at
once proceed to point out what acclimatisation has done for England
in regard to fruits, flowers, and esculents. The very rose which we
adopt as a national emblem, and profess to consider so purely English,
is an alien, and was brought over from France, Flanders, and Italy.
The honeysuckle which garlands the hedgerows and overruns the

porch of the peasant, came originally from North America ; whik
tiie lavender which the £urmer*s wife deposits among her snow-white
napery in the household linen-chest, is a native of the south of EnropeL
So, too, are the rosemary, the mignonette, the lily, and the pink.
English shrubberies are indebted to Hungary for the "golden tresses'*
of the laburnum, to Portugal for the laurel, to Italy for the bay tree^
and to the Levant for the weeping willow. The common daffodi],
** that comes before the swallows' dare," is of Italian lineage, the wiM
foxglove is a denizen of the Canary Isles, and the passion-flower, with
its sacred symbols, is a native of South America. In fact, if yoa
were to strip our English flower gardens, green lanes, woods, and
meadows of their exotic decorations, you would rob them of half their
beauty, and English descriptive poetry of half its charm. To the best
of my belief, England does not possess so much as one indigenous veget-
able ; and, until the time of the Tudors, what little garden stuff her scot-
butic population, did consume was imported from tjie Netherlands. Yon
may remember that Shakspeare makes Sir Andrew Aguecheek account
for the dulness of his mind by observing, ** 1 am a great eater of bee(
and I believe that does harm to my wit f and, in the absence of aoy
succulent vegetables, his excessive consumption of animal food is not
at all surprising. Nor, considering their very restricted range of diet,
can we feel much surprise at Queen Elizabeth's robust maids of
honour making such heavy meals of bread, beef, and beer, as they are
reported to have done. About this time, however, it seems to have
occurred to our beef eating.beer-bemused, and slow-witted fore-fathers,
that it would be cheaper to import garden seeds than vegetables, and
more wholesome to eat newly-cut cabbages, than to feed upon such
half-rotten garbage as was brought over from Holland, in the holds
of broad-bottomed and slow-sailing luggers ; and having once opened
their minds to this conviction, they began to cast their eyes over the
four quarters of the world in search of vegetables. So, in course d
time, they procured brocoli, beans, and cauliflowers from Greece ; peas
from Spain ; carrots and celery from Flanders ; asparagus and Iddney
beans from Asia ; lettuce, artichokes, and cabbage from Holland ;
parsley from Egypt ; and potatoes from South America ; and thence-
forth the kitchen garden formed as indispensable an appurtenance to
the mansion and the manor-house as the pleasaunce, the butteiy-hatch,
or the bowling-green. Of indigenous fruits, also. Old England was
lamentably destitute. All she could boast of was a few crude berries,
growing wild upon brambles ; for I wn doubtful whether even the
crab was native to her soiL Most of the fruits which now flourish
in her gardens, hot-houses, and orchards (none of which fruits, by the
way, are said, upon the authority of Mr. Hawthorne, to be compar-
able in flavour with an Ajuerican turnip), were introduced betweai
the years 1520 and 1600. Italy sent her the mulberry ; S3nia tiie
apple and the plum ; Portugal the grape ; Persia the nectarine and
peach ; Flanders the gooseberry, the finer descriptions of cherry, and
the strawbeny ; Qreece the currant and the apricot ; Austria the

q[Timce ; Spain the pomegranate, and the '' oranges and lemons," so
j>opularly associated with " the bells of St. Clement's ;" and North
America the raspberry and the walnut. It was early in the same
century, too, that England borrowed from the Netherlands, and
planted in her southern counties, the most beautiful, and, withal,
the most useful, of all creepers — the hop plant. Imagine the condi-
tion of the people of England without bitter beer ! — ^and without the
means of brewing it, unless by the employment of obnoxious and
unpalatable drugs ! The beverage which has immortalized the names
of Bass and Allsop, which has been the means of strewing the
summit of the Rhigi and the slopes of the Pyramids with tiie vitreous
evidences of John Bull's ubiquity ; which has made the tropical heat
of an East Indian summer endurable ; which has imparted its own
briskness and sparkle to Australian picnics ; and which has given
Englishmen of the nineteenth century the new sensation which
Xerxes ineffectually sighed for — ^this beverage, I say, is one of the
fruits of acclimatisation, and must be taken credit for accordingly.
!FuUy to appreciate what this beneficent agency has accomplished for
the mother country, we have only to picture one of her counties
denuded of every natural feature which has been borrowed from
abroad. Take the county of Kent, for example, and obliterate from
its surfsice those lovely hop gardens, with their " long-drawn aisles "
overrun with a living tracery of green and gold ; those leafy orchards,
glowing with their ruddy fruitage ; those rippling fields of yellowing
wheat ; those picturesque hedge rows of hazel ; those stately
gardens at Knowle, Cobham, and Penshurst ; those chequered
masses of colour which beautify every cottager's patch of homely
jBowers ; and the face of the country would be not merely transformed,
but deformed. It would be as unlike the Kent of to-day as a noble
fresco would be unlike its former self, after having received a thin
coat of whitewash. I leave to other and to abler hands the task of
showing what acclimatisation has done for England in so far as the
animal kingdom is concerned ; for the subject is a wide one, and is
entitled to more skilful treatment than I am qualified to bestow upon
it. I have confined my attention to one particular only ; and I
have selected this theme because it appears to me that we ought to
derive encouragement here, from the knowledge of what our fore-
fathers accomplished elsewhere, under circumstances especially
unfavourable to the work ; for I need not remind you, that in the
sixteenth century the means of communication between the different
countries of the world were few in number, tedious in operation, and
liable to all sorts of obstructions. The timid scruples, sordid sus-
picions, and jealous fears of one nation, frequently prohibited or
impeded the exportation of such seeds or plants as were likely to
prove beneficial to another ; and all foreigners were looked upon as
hateful rivals or natural enemies, whom it was lawful to defraud in
time of peace, and to plunder and pauperize in time of war. If the
stupid and barbarous policy is not wholly exploded, it is, at any rate,

D 2

discountenanced bj the more enlightened citizens of the more
civilized nations of the world in our time ; and hence the work of
acclimatisation is comparatively easy, and a gratifying reciprodty of
feeling and effort is exhibited by its friends, in different conntries.
In applying ourselves to the work in this colony, we may be animated
by such a retrospective glance as that which I have taken at what
has been effected in this way, with a view to multiply the means of
subsistence and the modes of enjoyment, as well as to augment the
attractiveness of the natural scenery and the charms of social life, in
England. Coming into the inheritance of these things, both as a
matter of custom and right, as such of us did who were bom tha%,
we are very apt to take it for granted that th^ existed from time
immemorial, and to think no more of them than we do of the conmion
blessings of light and air. But when we find, upon inquiry and
reflection, that the energy, the enterprise, and the forethought of
acclimatisers in the sixteenth century mainly contributed to make
England the picturesque garden which it is in the nineteenth, we
may not unreasonably ask ourselves whether it is not in our powec
to confer similar obligations upon those who are to come after us in
Australia. When we are invited to make some little sacrifices of
time and money for posterity, we should reject as a malignant insult
the sneering rejoinder of " What has posterity done for us ?' The
question which each generation has to propose to itself under such
circumstances is this. What have preceding generations done'for our
own ? And if any man will deliberately sit down and compute the
sum of his obligations — the magnificence of the inheritance he enjoys
— the legacy b^ueathed to him in art, literature, and science by the
illustrious dead ; — ^if he will take into account tiie inventions which
have virtually trebled the term of his existence — ^which have multi-
plied his delights and mitigated his sufferings — which have given
the day labourer of to-day the command of comforts and enjoyments
inaccessible to the most powerful monarchs two centuries ago — ^which
have made life infinitely happier and more beautiful for all, than it
was formerly possible to be to the most favoured children of fortune
— ^if he will honestly calculate this debt, " the long result of time,"
he will be startled by its magnitude, and vdll feel that nothing bat
the basest ingratitude or the most degrading selfishness could
influence him in refusing to bestow upon posterity the slender pittance
it may be in his power to offer, not in requital, but in acknowledge-
ment, of what he owes to those who have departed '^ to join the
majority."

53
THE CULTIVATION OF THE MULBERRY.

Bead by A. Mabtilli, Esq., at a Meeting hdd September 15, 1864.

** From a ploughed field is not only sprlDging up wheat, but the entire
civilization of a country, "—Lamaetine.

Mr. President, Ladies, and Grentlemen, — I would crave your in-
dulgence and attention to this paper on the cultivation of the mul-
berry, as it is one of great importance to the future welfare of the
colony. In support of this remark I may mention that in two
provinces of Northern Italy, viz., Piedmont and Lombardy, with an
area of about twenty-five millions of acres, that after supplying the
home market, the annual value of raw sdlk and cocoons exported
amounts to upwards of six millions sterling. It will be no exagger-
ation to foresee that Victoria, with a surface of sixty millions of
acres, a soil and climate better adapted if anything than that of the
North of Italy for the production of Silk, will be in a position, in
a few years, with a properly directed movement, to export more than
twelve millions worth of sHk and cocoons annually. The obstacle to
this great success is however not confined to silk alone. The great evil
of all countries is the Hstlessness that pervades the monied classes in all
matters relating to agricultural interests, and it is against this apathy
that we should endeavour to fight, by setting an example of activity
to the poorer classes of the community, and by raising up an intelli-
gent body of men fitted to carry out the projects designed for the
furtherance of the cultivation of the soil. Complaint is useless
where work is necessary to build up the future greatness of a country.
Give a just direction to agricultural progress, specially by promoting
the more industrious cultures, amongst which that of silk may be
considered as one of the greatest sources of riches to a country, by
the large returns on the distribution of a comparitavely small capital
amongst the labouring classes, and you will have been worthily
assisting in the great work of the erection of the edifice of social
happiness and well-being. It wiU now be necessary to bring under
your notice some principles of vegetable physiology, in order that we
may draw deductions from them for the practical cultivation of the
mulberry. Every tre^ that grows draws the elements of its existence
from the decomposition of mineral and organic substances, by the action
of the atmosphere and the dampness of the soil in which it is planted.
This is done not only by the exterior roots, but also by the leaves
and the skin of the younger branches, Nature beneficently provding
the trunk of the tree with a thicker skin to withstand the rigour of
the elements. There exists such harmony in the provisions for the
growth of trees, that the leaves and roots are working simultaneously
in the absorption of the principles necessary for the perfection of
their vegetation. Those principles materially aid in the circulation
of the sap, which is very rapid in the summer and under favourable
circumstances, but it is nearly suspended during the winter months,
and the powers of the tree recruited and strengthened for the pro-

daction of vegetation daring the next season. There are two saps
continually ascending and descending. The ascending saps pas
through the wood and give nutriment to the branches and leayea,
and the descending ones pass through the skin to the roots, and
produce new wood from season to season as the tree grows oldec
The preservation of the leaves is not so necessary to the existence of
a tree as its roots, as from these it derives its principal support and
nourishment ; it will therefore be gathered from these remarks, that
it is impossible to propagate mulberry trees for silk culture by
cuttings, but that they must be raised naturally frx>m seeds in order
that peifect roots may be formed for the sustenance of the tree in the
future periods of its existence, and when it shall be necessary to
gather its leaves for the education of the precious worm. As the
grand object of the cultivation of the mulberry tree is to fit it fi)r
the production of leaves in the least possible time, nothing must be
neglected by its cultivator to attain that object, not so much by the
expenditure of a large amount of capital as an assiduous study of the
necessities of the plant, as no tree in the world yields so lu^ a
return to its propagator as this one. The good quality of
the ground is certionly of great importance to the prosperity
of the tree ; but the judicious pruning and training of its
branches is of far greater moment, and the excuse of the had
cultivator as to the indiflferent quality of the soil only tends to
betray his ignorance of the art of cultivating the mulberry. The
time for pruning and training the branches greatly depends on
the climate and the situation in which the trees are placed. From
great experience in the cultivation of the mulberry, I am convinced
tiiat the establishment of plantations of these trees will yield large
returns, and be of great benefit not only to the agriculturist but to
the whole community. The demand for silk produced from the
worms fed upon the leaves of the mulberry is always increasing, and!
cannot foresee any but the most beneficial results in its general
adoption in this country. In the composition of the leaves of the
mulberry tree there are five different substances, viz., solid or
fibrous, colouring matter, water, and saccharine and resinous or silky
matters. The three first substances are not absolutely necessary for
the life of the silk-worm. The saccharine matter nourishes and aids
in the formation of the animal, and the resinous matter imbibed bj
the worm from the leaves is accumulated and purified by its peculiar
organisation, and collected in the two reservoirs of the worm, to be
discharged afterwards through its mouth in the form of silk. The
yield of silk will be found in accordance with the presence of more
or less of the saccharine and resinous matters in the leaves on which
the worm is fed. For instance, the silk produced by the leaves of
the black mulberry, which are hard, rough and tenacious, and which
was the principal food of worms in the warm countries of Europe,
(such as Greece, Spain, Sicily, Calabria, &c.,) is abundant, the thread
strong, but very coarse. The worms fed on leaves of the white

mulberry (which has been planted on elevated situations and

exposed to a dry wind) produce abundance of silk, strong, very pure,

and of very fine quality. It is almost unnecessary to state that the

less nutriment there is in the leaves the greater will be the quantity

required to perfectly develop the worm. The result is that the

worm that is fed on leaves which possess great nutritive power will

grow large, and produce less silk than that which is fed on those

containing a large amount of resinous matter, although not attaining

the same size, as the former is liable to become sick, and its productive

powers put out of order. Of the white mulberry there are many

varieties^ but of these the following 16 are in general use in Italy for

grafting stocks, viz. : — 1. A foglie nervose ; 2. Bathiany ; 3. Colum-

bassa ; 4. Flava ; 5. Giazzola a foglia doppia ; 6. Integrifolia ; 7. Lati-

folia j 8. Macrophylla : 9. Macrophylla grisea ; 10. Mascula pedemon-

tana ; 1 1. Ovalifoha fructibus albidis ; 12. Piramidale ; 13. Koseo di

Lombardia; 14. Rosea laevigata ; 15. Rouillardi; 16. Vainissi. For

sowing, two are principally used, viz., Morrettiana and common alba.

Of those used for grafting the three most generally in favour are the

Giazzola a foglia doppia, Mascula pedemontana, and the Roseo di

Lombardia, as being more rich in saccharine and resinous matters,

and containing less water, &c., than the others. From experiments

made with lOG oz. of the fresh gathered leaves of each of these

varieties, the yield after being properly dried was found as follows :

Roseo di Lombardia, 30 oz. ; Giazzola a foglia doppia, 31 oz. ; and

Mascula pedemontana, 36 oz. Another variety of mulberry, the

Multicaulis, that was imported from the Island of Luzon, is also very

much used for the early education of the silk-worm, but owing to its

large leaves it is not adapted to all climates, although it is a splendid

stock to graft on any other variety, and well fitted for the formation

of hedges, and is excellent food for the very young worms. Having

called attention to the physiological principles and different varieties

of the white mulberry in greatest repute, I shall endeavour to give

directions towards making plantations of this valuable tree. First —

With respect to the selection of the ground. A spot of ground

should be selected in a situation sheltered from the south wind, dug

to the depth of 18 in., and afterwards mixed with a little stable

manure, and the surface made perfectly level. Secondly — With

regard to the method of sowing the mulberry. The best time for

sowing in this climate will be found between the middle of March

and the middle of May. The objection I have to spring sowing in

in the case of the mulberry is the long drought and prevalent

hot winds of the Australian summer, which would require a vast

amount of attention and diligence in watering the seedlings. The

winter rains, on the contrary, may be easily prevented from injuring

the young plants by covering them with straw ; but the choice of

season is a matter which may very safely be left to the intelligence

of the farmer. A suitable spot being fixed upon and prepared for

the reception of the seed, the surface of it should be laid out in beds

about 3 ft. wide, snfficient space being left between each for tlie
passage of a man. The seed diould be steeped in water for about
24 hours before sowing, to accelerate its tendency to germinate, and
afterwards well mixed with about one-third part of di^ sand. This
mixture is then to be sown broadcast oyer the beds, the earth caie-
fully raked over it, and gently patted down with the back of a
spade. If the soil is rather hard, a little cut straw sprinkled over it
will tend to remedy this defect. If the season is wet with cold
nights, it will be found beneficial to prepare a blanket or canvas to be
thrown over the ground already sown, supported by pegs, to protect
the seeds and young plants from the inclemency of the weather. In
the absence of rain, they must be watered with a hand watering-can;
and in the event of too much rain, protected with straw or in Uie
manner above stated. As a matter of course, no weeds must be
allowed to remain in the beds. Thirdly — The mode of transplanting.
The young plants after attaining an age of firom 18 to 24 month^
may be transplanted to a proper nursery, or in ground prepared for
the formation of hedges, according to the following directions. For
the nursery it will be necessary to cut longitudinal trenches 15 in.
deep by 15 in. wide. The bottom of the trenches should be covered
with dead branches to the depth of 2 in. or Sin., and afterwards
filled in with earth nearly to the level of the former surface, for the
reception of the roots of the young plants. These plants have
generally a fusiform root from which a piece of about 2 in. must be
cut off The plants so prepared should be laid on the surface of the
ground in the trench in such a fashion tiiat their upper portions
should be supported by the unbroken ground, and the lower portion
covered in with some of the earth taken from the trench, which
must be slightly compressed with the hand ; on this should be
placed a layer of stable manure, and finally the remaining portion of
the earth taken out of the trench. After the young plants have been
set according to these directions, the tops of them should be cut to
within six inches of the ground, for the purpose of increasing the
strength of the young plant. All the suckers springing up from the
plant must be removed except the two strongest, which should be
left for the purpose of giving support to the foot of the tree, and
when they have gained sufficient strength they should be banked up
with earth all round. The distance at which the plants are to be
set should be in accordance with the fertility of the soil, but they
may be set at a general average of 3 ft. from the lines and 15 in. from
each other. No care, trouble, or expense must be spared to keep
the ground well moved round the foot of the mulberry, in order to
maintain the humidity of the soil so necessary for the production of the
vegetation of the tree. Most cultivators are aware that loose earth will
retain its natural moisture for a longer period than that which is com-
pressed; it would therefore, be advantageous to the growth of the tree
to move the surface of the earth with a rake, in order that the rays of
the sun might penetrate to its roots^ Heat and humidity are the most

efiectnal natural agents in the rapid devolpment of v^tation, more

especially with regard to the mulberry, which is indigenous to warm

olimates. In seasons of drought it will be necessary to irrigate the

giroand along the trenches, and a few days afterwards to rake it over

-to admit the penetration of the heat, which had been nearly destroyed

\>y the previous irrigation, because the evaporation of Uie water is

creating cold. These directions may perhaps appear minute to

persons unacquainted with the great importance of the matter, but I

consider they are essential to the successful rearing of the young

plants, and if they grow well and prosperous the first year they will

l>e fit to be gjcsh&5. in the second, and the graft will usually spring

up a young tree in the course of the next season. I would not

"trespass on your patience by extending this paper to any greater

length ; I shall therefore reserve my remarks on the formation of

liedges, the education of the trees, and the rules necessary for

pruning, &c., for the next paper that I shall have the honour to

l>ring before you on this subject.

THE FISHEKIES OF VICTOKIA.

Bead by G. S. Lano, Esq., at a Meeting field September 15, 1864.

The object of my present paper is to show how, and how far, our
fisheries may be elevated into one of the great industries of the
colony. I shall commence simply by a few remarks on the present
fish supply of Melbourne.

BAY-FISHING.

From the information already collected as to a very limited portion
of the coasts and seas vdthin easy reach of Melbourne, it is estab-
lished that the supply of fish is practically unlimited. In Port
Philip Bay there is an area of over 700 square miles, with coast line
of about 130 miles, well supplied with fish ; and in Western Port
Bay about 300 square miles, one immense fishing-ground, and still
more plentifully supplied with better fish, and vnth a coast line of
120 miles, including French and Philip Islands. Both bays are
landlocked, and in every way favourable for fishing. The follow-
ing are the descriptions of fish found in these bays : — Schnapper,
from 21b. to 201b., and even 301b.; rock-cod, flathead, garfish, whiting,
silver-fish, mullet, gurnet, ling, perch, mackarel, butter-fish, 101b. to
201b.j salmon-trout, white sabnon, bream, plaice, flounders and kingJ
fish, also crayfish, shrimps, and oysters. It is very difficult to form
even a near approximation to the number of boats and men engaged
in fishing. There are 316 licences issued for tents and huts for
fishing, and allowing only one boat for each licence, and two and

a-half men for each boat, this will give 790 men. There are tiros,
it appears, almost at oar doors an milimited supply of fish, plent;
of men and boats to catch them, and a large population anxious tc
purchase ; yet the public cannot be suppli^ except at enormous
prices, while the fishermen often cannot sell their fish at all, and
then at prices they can barely exist upon. The reason is, * that tbe
fishermen have no capital beyond Uieir boats and nets, and are &t
the mercy of one or two middlemen who keep the trs^de in their own
hands, and fix their own price. If another buyer interferes, ^
raise the price till he is forced to retire and then at once lower it to
the old scale, tabooing any refractory fisherman, and not bnying
from him at all, while he is unable to take his fish to Melbonrner
and most probably would not find a purchaser if he did. Coital
will, no doubt, remedy this to a very great extent in time ; but fisher-
men as a body, are always poor (perhaps because men cease to be
fishermen when they rise above poverty), and a remedy tli^ will
protect them without preventing the introduction of capital, shonld
be at once applied, and render unnecessary such an association as they
have formed, with rules as unnecessarily severe as those of the anciait
guilds — enough to destroy any industry. The first step is to est&hlist
a fish-market, not only with retail stalls, but with licensed salesmen,
conducting business in the same way as at Billingsgate, to whom an/
boat can safely consign its fish ; and there is little doubt that the
salesmen would find it their interest to combine with the poorer
fishermen in removing the present difficulty, by establishing convey-
ances for their fish, even if coaches were not laid on for the profit of
the carriage, which they most probably would be. It would also he
a great boon to the fishermen if certain portions of land in suitable
localities were marked off as fishery reserves, and fishermen were
allowed to purchase, at a fixed price, sufficient for a house, garden,
and nets, after occupying it a certain time, say two years. The land
would seldom be of much value for any other purpose, and it would
benefit the public most materially, by encouraging men with fsunilies
to establish themselves permanently as fishermen.

DEEP-SEA FISHING.

The colony will never have anything approaching the full advantage
of our fishery resources until capital is applied on a large scale to the
deep-sea fishing ; and that will be only when the fishing-ground is
proved of sufficient extent and there are sufficient capitalists whom
the investment would suit. First, the Fishing-grounds. — Besides the
Western Port and Port Philip bays, where an ample supply is to be
had during the summer months, there are fishing-grounds outsi^l^
which will yield not only an equally ample supply during the winter
months, when fish generally leave the bays for deep water, but supply
for an extensive export trade. Besides the schnapper fishing a*
Queenscliff, which now yields during the summer about 250 tons of

sobnapper alone, there is a bank outside where they can be caught

SL± all times of the year. There is also one immense bank extending

S- and E. from the eastern entrance of Western Port swarming with

sehnapper, rock-cod, and other fine fish, that would of itself, even as

£ar as now known, supply a large fishery. It has been ascertained

txhat the banks extending to the eastward of King's Island, Babbit

ICsland, and Comer Inlet, besides soles, butter-fish, jew-fish, and

others, abound in flounders of large size and of the finest quality ;

suid as the Straits average less than forty-five fathoms, and with

much sand and shell bottom, most favourable for trawling, we only

require proper boats to give us as ample a supply in winter as m

summer. In a strait between such rocky coasts as this and Y^m

Diemen's land, with islands cropping up in every direction, there

xnust be extensive areas of rocky and broken ground below water,

giving both food and shelter, and forming banks for winter fishing

as richly stocked as that to the eastward of Western Port. In the

Straits the kingfish and barracouta are in large shoals, and might be

caught in quantities infinitely greater than at present. Again, on

the south and east of Van Diemen's Land there is a bank covered

by the waters of the cold Southern Ocean, cold enough for the finest

quality of fish, with which it swarms, and of suflScient extent to

supply all the Australian colonies over and over again. This bank

is known to extend from twenty-five to thirty miles from the end

of Maria Island to Tasman's Peninsula — ^how much further is

unknown. It abounds with trumpeter, running up to sixty and

eighty pounds; arbouca, also a large fish, rock-cod, schnappers,

flounders, and many other fish of fine quality. This bank is

as near Melbourne as the banks that supply London with fresh

cod, and traversed by every steamer passing between Hobart Town

and Melbourne, so that it is almost as much a Melbourne as a Hobart

Town fishing-ground. We have, in fact, sufficient data to prove

that the deep waters off the coast are teeming with life. Fish have

been found everywhere ; and the entire bottom, where sounded, is

mixed with shells and seaweed, and where the food is the mouths

will be there to eat it How universaUy animal life is disseminated

in these seas was proved by the wreck of a French whaler, which

came ashore to the east and west of Portland in 1848. She left

Adelaide to fill up, and was never heard of for years, when she came

ashore in pieces, the wood exposed to the water being covered deeply

with muscles, &c., while the broken parts were perfectly fresh,

showing that she had lain in still water till moved by some current

or very deep commotion of the water, on to ground within reach of

the surfEMje waves. There is, in fact, every reason to believe that

we have under the waters as extensive a field for the profitable

exertion of our energies as we have on the land, though hitherto left

as utterly useless and unprofitable as were our pastures before a

white man trod upon them. Second, the Capitalists. — These will

be of two descriptions — ^first, individuals or companies with consider-

able capital, say i£3,000 and upwards, who will hare one or more
stations ashore, with every appliance for curing as well as fi<=^>iii?g ;
and second, single fishing vessels, which will confine themselves to
fishing, selling their fish as far as possible in the Melbourne market,
and the remainder to the curers, unless when they can cure on board
The body of the fishing fleet will consist of such single vessels, fitted
out by a few individuals, as in the Newfoundland and Scotch fisheries.
The cost of a thirty-ton vessel with trawl, well, <fec., would be
about J&400 or £500, and there are many in this community whcmi
such an investment would suit — ^men in various capacities, who
have accumulated money beyond the requirements of their business,
which they have now great difficulty in investing profitably. Mining
has proved too much of a lottery for most prudent men ; agriculture
requires personal superintendence, and has generally proved ruinous
at least to those not brought up to it ; squatting requires too much
capital; ordinary shares giving too small a profit. Whereas, a sound
fishing-smack, fitted out by a few partners under the Limited Liability
Act, insured, and under a skilful master, part owner, would be not
only a safe but a profitable investment. Second, the pioneers in
establishing a national deep-sea fishery must encounter considerable
risk and many difficulties, so that a company such as I have alluded
to, and such as is now actually being formed, would be much more
suitable for the enterprise than one individual As this preliminary
loss was incurred by me twenty years ago, I shall give the result of
my dearly-bought experience for the benefit of these second pioneers.
On arriving here in 1841, I had been struck by the fsict that there
was no article to exchange for the enormous quantities of sugar, tea,
and rice, &c., imported from the East ; and, further, I learned that
the East India Company had for years found a most profitable market
for a large quantity of Newfoundland cod, in Mauritius, India, China,
and the PhiUipines, &c., and had given up the trade only on account
of the very long voyage then usual, during which the fish became
imsaleable. Having partners to manage my sheep stations, I deter-
mined to establish a deep-sea fishery, and addressed a memorial to
Lieutenant-Governor La Trobe, pointing out these facts, and the
advantages that would arise to the colony. The Government almost
at once granted me a squatting licence at the mouth of the Yarra,
where I established what I intended should be my head station. I
set to work with a body of Scotch Highland fishermen and curers, and,
before the season ended, proved to my satisfaction that the supply
of schnapper was unlimited, and so cheaply cured that a most exten-
sive and profitable export to the places above-mentioned could be
established. The men then offered to hire the boats, and fish for
the Melbourne market during the winter, and I agreed, for the sake
of keeping them together; but this at once brought them into col-
lision with the other fishermen, and led to my giving up the scheme
altogether. These men did not object to the deep-sea fishing, but
declared that no gentleman or company had any right to interfere

in supplying Melbourne, and refused to supply any hawker who
bought from the ^' company's " boats, and as my boats could not
guarantee a constant supply, my men were stopped. To meet this
I established a dep6t in Melbourne, and put one of their own coun-
trymen to manage it, but instead of confining himself to his own
business, when he did very well he turned it into a general store.
On my return from a long exploring voyage I found everything
paralyzed ; a regular war by the fishermen generally against my men,
burning and cutting nets, setting boats adnft, &c. ; the men were so
interrupted that they demanded daily wages, and the hawkers de-
manded to be guaranteed a supply, while considerable liabilities had
been incurred in the store, and its contents distributed on credit to
all the Highlanders in Melbourne. The crisis of 1843 coming, I
wound up the fishery and went to the bush, but not before I had
ascertained to my perfect satisfaction that there was an opening for
a great national fishery. I would suggest that this pioneer fishing
company should establish at first, not ten, as they propose, but two
stations— one at QueenscHff and the other at the eastem entrance of
Western Port or near it; each, of course, supplied with row boats,
seines, set nets, drift nets, crab pots, &c. ; also appliances for salting,
drying, and smoking, and in due time preserving fish in tins — the
modem substitute ^r salting. Each station should have one, or
perhaps two, trawling cutters, or, rather, fore-and-aft schooners, as
being more easily handled, and first-rate sea-boats, so as to hold their
own in any weather. They would thus be able to employ their men
in almost any weather, in any wind, and at all seasons, either inside
or outside the Heads, and, in case of a large take, could always secure
the surplus. In the schnapper fishing, alone, they would have a
Btand-bye that would secure them a profit ; the hawkers and salesmen
now object to this fish on account of its weight in proportion to the
profit upon it, and only the smaller sizes are acceptable. Now these
are not suitable for salting, but a company could keep the curers
and preservers in tins going with the large fish, sending the smaller
to Melbourne with the general take; in the same way, when the cutter
is not trawling she can lay-to on the banks and fill herself with
schnapper and rock-cod, either to cure on board or preserve on
shore, besides keeping the men employed in the winter when fish
have left the bay for the deep water. They should strictly confine
themselves to their own particular business on the sea and the beach;
they must certainly establish a means of rapid communication with
the railway, but even that they should do by contract, if therg is no
public conveyance ; sell the fresh fish in the public market, and the
rest through an agent, until the business is in full working order,
when they may extend it as they please, and more particularly and
legitimately by curing the fish caught by other boats. Let them be
content at first with plain bush buildings ; they are cheap, and will
serve for years. Companies generally neglect their men ; it is a great
mistake in any business, but more particularly in a fishery, as it is

of vital importance to retain men acquainted with tiie fishing grounds,
tides, and currents. Hoose them comfortably, and give them the
best of rations. Give the single men a comfortable barrack, with a
cook to look after it, so that they may always be certain of a com-
fortable meal and dry clothes on coming ashore; they will thus secure
the willing services of the best men to be had. A company so b^an
and prudently conducted will, I have no doubt, not only prove most
profitable to the parties engaged but to the colony genersJly .

It is not the business of the Government to force this or any otha
industry into existence, but as the fishing grounds are at our doors,
most bounteously stocked by nature, while there are both capital and
men ready to be employed upon them, it is the legitimate province of
the Governments of Victoria and Tasmania to clear the way by a
survey of the coasts and straits. Private individuals cannot be
expected to spend their capital in making discoveries which at once
become public property, as fishing banks inevitably do. Where
labour is so high it is of great importance to have the men constantly
employed, but until the different banks are laid down they cannot
be so. llie trawlers cannot work in anything like a heavy sea, bat
if they knew of a bank in their neighbourhood they could, wi^ the
deep-sea line, as long as the vessel could hold her own, actually fill
the vessel instead of lying-to idle. The survey of the bank off
Tasman's Peninsula alone would well repay the expense of employiog
a sixty-ton vessel, which would be quite sidficient. There is no doubt
that most of the fish come into the bays in summer to spawn, and it
is most desirable that both Governments should strictly enforce a close
time, and regulate the size of the mesh in all nets, trawlers included,
as the wanton destruction now is most sinful.

1 hope when the Society has the means that the Council will turn
their attention to the introduction of the cod and the herring.
Lieut. Maury, in his " Physical Geography of the Ocean," mentions
that on the portion <^ the southern states of America touched by
the Gulf stream on its way northwards, the fish are of bright colour
but poor quality, and that these southern states are supplied by rail
from the states further north, whose coasts are washed by the cold
current which flows south from the Arctic Ocean inside of the Gulf
stream. It appears from Maury's chart of these seas (No. IX. Sea-
drift and Whales) that the whole of the south coast of New Holland
is bathed by the waters of the cold Antarctic, so that fish of the
finest kind will retain their good qualities. The cod is not only a
good £sh of itself, superior to any of ours, but the salt-fish of
commerce, and if established in these seas, would greatly fiEicilitate
the formation of an export trade, and, I think, quite as worthy of
attention as the salmon. The roe is so exceediingly minute, that
more than nine millions have been counted in one fish; being
so fine, it would be laid among the moss in pieces, and cue
box might contain twelve millions of roe. The sea- water would be
sufficiently cold during a great portion of the voyage, certainly after

rea.cliiiig eighteen degrees south, and as one cask per day of iced
sea-'w^ater would be ample for a box of cod and one of herring, it
appears to me that it is well worthy of an early trial. But whetiier
T^e introduce cod and herring or not, there is no doubt of the fact
tliat 'we have fish of such quantity and of such quality, that it only
requires that capital and labour be applied with ordinary prudence
and. sagacity to make our fisheries one of the great interests of the
colonies.

BfEMORANDUM No. 41

ADMIRALTY,

lOth October, 1863.

{Aitistance to he rendered to the AccUmatisatum Society.)

My Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, having had nnder their
consideration the important question of Acclimatisation, are pleased to
direct that so far as is consistent with the requirements of the public
service, and upon the distinct understanding that no expense whatever
Is incurred, every facility is to be given by the Ck)mmanding Officers of
Her Majesty's ships and vessels to any accredited agent of the Aodima-
tisation Society, who may apply to them through any of Her Majesty's
Foreign Ministers or Consuls, or through the Governor of any of Her
Majesty's Colonies, for the transport of specimens.

The annexed copy of a circular addressed by permission of iha
Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs and for the Colonies to Her
Majesty's Foreign Ministers and Consuls and Colonial Governors, in
various parts of the world, will explain the objects which the Society has
in view.

B^ Command of their Lordships,

C. PAGET.

To all Flag OfiBcers, Captains, C!om-
manders-in-Chief, and Command-
ing Officers of Her Mt^esty's Ships
and Vessels.

LIST OF ANIMALS

In THi BoTAL Paak and Botanical Garddts, Milbourmb.

2S CamelB at Wimmera

Llama alpacas
5 PureiUpacas

11 Ceylon elks

12 Axis deer
20 Hog deer

2 Ma^iillft deer
2 Bamsmyha deer
2 Formosa deer
4 Brahmin cows

1 Chinese bu£Falc
24 Cashmere goats
18 Angora goats
50 Hsfi-bred do.
60 Common goats
SO Sheep

17 Silver grey rabbits

4 ChmdOnas

2 St. Bernard dogs

5 Kangaroos

8 Wallaby

4 Opossums
2 MonkevB

1 Agouti

4 Indian porcupines

2 Moorukes
»6 Curassows

9 Ceylon wild peafowl

6 English peafowl
4 Golden pheasants

9 Silver pheasants
6 English pheasants
2 Black Indian part-
ridges
8 Guernsey partridges
4 Ceylon partridges
2 Madagascar quaU
6 Chinese quail
6 Indian quail

8 Grohorts

2 Algerine sand grouse

12 White swans

4 Canadian geese

13 l^vptian geese

9 Chinese geese

2 Cape Barren geese
50 English wild ducks

1 Mandarin dude

2 Bahama ducks
13 Carolina ducks

8 Call ducks

5 Mountain ducks
2 Tree ducks

5 Wood ducks
2 Macaws

9 Wonga pigeons
12 Fan<7 pigeons

6 Bronze wing pigeons
1 Crested pigeon

11 Turtle doves

5 Ground doves

7 Grey Indian doves
9 Green Indian doves

8 Manilla doves
2 Brazil doves

12 Emeus

1 Native companion
12 Black swans

1 Malleehen

2 Native bustards
8 Curlews

2 Eagle hawks
2 Small hawks
8 Owls

2 Laughing Jackasses
80 Magpies

2 Grey African parrots
4 Indian game fowls
2 Houdin fowls
4 Padua fowls
2 Gascon fowls

15 Bantams

6 Common fowls
8 Cardinal birds
6 Indian finches

6 Bockhampton finches
12 Linnets

16 Canaries

6 Hives Ligurian bees

18 Canaries
18 Blackbirds
24 Thrushes

ANIMALS LIBERATED.

At thb Botanical GAaoiirs.

I 6 California quail

60 English wild ducks
I 85 Java sparrows

4 English robins
8 Turtle doves
50 Mine birds

6 Hares

6 Cape pheasants

8 English pheasants

4 Indian pheasants
8 Ceylon partridges

5 Indian partridges

At Phillip Island.

4 Chinese partridges
70 Chinese quail
26 Tasmanian quail

6 Starlings
10 Algerine sand grouse

6 WUd ducks

5 Pheasants

6 Skylarks

6 Cdifomia quail
4 Thrushes
4 Blackbirds
1 Pair white swans

4 Pheasants

At Sandstoni and CeuacHiLL Islands.

I 4 Skylarks | 4 Thrushes

At Tarba Bend.

6 Thrushes

4 Skylarks

9 TbrvMheu

5 Ceylon elk

NSAR StDNKT.

4 Skylarks
At Suoarloaf Hill.

I 10 Blackbirds
8 Axis deer

8 Haree

90 Mainas
Starlings
mo English sparrows
16 Yellowammers

25 English sparrows

At Wilson's Promontory.

4 Axis deer

At THi ROTAL Park.

40 Chaffinches

2 Thrushes

20 Greenfinches

200 Java sparrows

6 Blackbirds

At Pbntridob.
40 English sparrows

At St. Kilda.
20 Chinese sparrows

At Ballaarat.

20 Siskin findies
6 Powi birds
3 Chinese pheasants
6 Blackbirds

20 Java sparrows

4 Kangaroos
6 Mountain ducks
200 Murray codfish
22 Blapk swans
20 Australian quail
14 Eax;\e hawks
86 Magpies
4 Rosella parrots
6 King parrots
6 Cockatoos
6 Dingos

20 Emeils

22 Kanearoos

12 Bla<£ swans
8 Cape Barren geese
1 South AustraUan

wombat
4 Native geese

2 Kangaroos
8 Black swans

At Bunebp.
18 Fallow deer

ANIMALS SENT AWAY.
To London.

8 Tal^^allai
26 Waterhens

4 Kangaroo rats

9 Wombats
2 Cranes

2 Wood ducks

2 Kangaroo dogs

4 Echidna

26 Laughing jackasses
40 Shell parrots

To Paris.

8 Curlews

1 Native crane

8 Murray turtles

2 Wombats

17 Australian quaU
4 Laughing Jackasses

To St. Pitbrsburo.

2 Laughing Jackasses
2 Wal&bies

36 Lowry parrots
2 Opossums
22 Wonga pigeons
81 Bronze-wing pigeons

2 Wild ducks

3 Swamp magpies
7 Landndls

4 Sugar squirrels
3 Coots

Some Yarra fish

2 Bronze>wing pigMRtf
8 Goatsuckers
2 Native companions
14 Bockhampton fincbtf
1 Iguana
4 Opossums

8 Emeus

To Ahstbrdah.
8 Water hens | 6 Australian quail

To Rottbrdah.
2 Cape Barren geese | 2 Water hens

To Hamburgh.

2 Wonga pigeons
2 Blacks

2 Black swans
2 Black geese

2 Bronze-wing pigeons I 2 Kangaroo rats

I 2 Waterhens

To COLOONB.

2 Curlews

To COPVNHAOBN.

2 Black swans

34 Black swam
12 Emeus
2 Ela^rles

6 Wliite cockatoos

7 Kin^r parrots

8 Black swans

1 Kangaroo

2 Cape Barren geese

To Calctjtta.

16 Rosella parrots
10 Kangaroos

4 Opossums

1 Dingo

1 Wombat

To MAUBimiB.

2 Eagle hawks
9 Fowls

To BOUBBON.

8 Black swans

6 Bronze-wing pigeons
6 Laughing jackasses

20 Shell parrots

52 Magpies

2 Magpies

2 Laughing jackasses

Black swans

2 Black siwans

S Bla^ fliwaos

2 Angora goats
2 Brush kangaroos

1 Silver pheasant

2 Canadian geese

1 Angora goat

2 Blackbirds

To SlOILT.

To Rangoon.
6 Black Swans

To Java.
2 Gape Barren geese

To BUBTBIEONO.

2 Cape Barren geese

To Stbnit.

6 English wild ducks

1 MaJleehen
10 Blackbirds
10 Thrushes

To ASSLAIDl.

2 Thrushes

8 English pheasants

To HoBABT Town.

14 Natire Ducks

1 Kangaroo

4 Larks
4 Starlings
2 Ortolans
2 Sparrows

2 Silver pheasants

1 Angora goat

9 Native bears

3 Thrushes

To NbW ZSAItAND.

6 Magpies

4 Opossums

WIIAON AND MACKINNON, PEINTBES, COLLINS STBSKT BA0T, MBLBOURNB.

.J^^^^^^c^-^;^^

^,.^-^^C^2^^^>^^

.."■^

•^

REPORT

S^icIittmtferfi0n ^odtij^ of Wxdom

AS ADOPTED

At the AjsnsfVAL Mbetino of the Societt, held Mabch 10th, 1871,

AT THE HRCHANICS' IhSTITUTB, MELBOURNE.

*'9m^ Ut^ tmm UVm:*

MELBOURNE:

STILLWELL ft ENIGHT, PBINTEBS, COLLINS BTBEET EAST.

187I.

LIST OF THE OFFIGKRS

AcCLiyVlATISATION SoCIETY.

HiB ExciLLBKCY VISCOUNT CANTEBBUBYJ

db. black.

Db. von MUELLEB, O.M.G. PBOFESSOB McCOY

ion. ^xmmtx.

T. J. SUMNEB, Esq.

ptmbtr0 of (tmmcil.

Hon. a. mOHIE,
COUNT DE CA8TLENAU.

F. G. MOULE, Esq.
Hon. Db. DOBSON, M.L.C.
H. P. VENABLES, Esq., B.A.
Db. JOSEPH BLACK

G. COPPIN, Esq.

JOHN STEAVENSON, Esq.

J. B. WEBE, Esq.
F. C. CHBISTY, Esq.
ALBEBT PUBCHAS, Esq.
GEOBGE SPBIGG, Esq.
BOBEBT HAMMOND, Esq.
CUBZON ALLPOBT, Esq.
Db. PUGH.

ALBEBT A. C. LE SOUEF, Esq.

ACCLIMATISATION SOCIETY OF VICTOKIA.

The Annual Meeting of the Acclimatisation Society of Victoria
was held at the Mechanics' Institute, Collins-street, on Friday,
March 10, 1871.

The President of the Society, Dr. Black, took the chair, and in
doing so stated that His Excellency the Governor, who was the
Patron of the Society, would have been present but for a prior
engagement.

The hon. Secretary, Mr. Le Souef, then read the following re^rt
of the Council : —

The Council of the Acclimatisation Society has much pleasure
in presenting to the subscribers, the Seventh Report of their
proceedings.

Circumstances prevented the issue of the Report for 1869,
the usual subsidy having been discontinued for that year, the
efforts of the Society were necessarily confined to conserving the
aniTTfiAla already in their possession, rather than directed towards
the introduction of fresh stock. Last year the Government and
Parliament again recognised the useful labours of the Society,
the sum of £1,000 was voted towards its maintenance, and
£400 has been granted for the first half of the present year. It is
much to be regretted that the present list of subscribers is so small,
but it is confidently anticipated that an improvement will take
place in that respect in future.

Since the last report was published^ the Society has lost the
valuable services of Mr. George Sprigg as secretary, that gentle-
man having accepted another position, as in consequence of the loss
of a large portion of the income of the Society, the Council were
compelled to make the secretaryship an honorary office. On Mr.
Sprigg's resignation, Mr. lissignol was elected as his successor,
and after Mr. lissignors removal in May last, the services o£

Mr. Albeit Le Souef, the Usher of the LegislatiTe Coandl, were
secured for the daties of honorary secretary. Under his management
the Society bids fair to again become extensively useful

At the date of the last report, the Society was daily ezpectiog
the arrival of some ostriches from South Africa ; the birds, four in
number, reached Melbourne in safety, and Mr. Samuel Wilson, of
Longerenong, kindly undertook their charge. They have now
increased to sixteen, and there is every reason to suppose that
their numbers wUl be considerably augmented in the coarse of
this season. So far the experiment has been a marked success.
Ostrich farming is a profitable occupation at the Cape Colony,
and it is hoped will ultimately become so here. The climate oi the
Wimmera district appears to be well adapted to their haMts j as a proof
of which, the young Australian birds are now taller than the pareot
stock.

The Society has disposed of a number of Angora goats during tike
last two years, having been compelled to do so, in consequence of
their financial position ; though much regretted at the time, this
must prove of advantage to the colony, as these animals are now in
a great many hands, and as all who possess them are fully alive
to their value, it is hoped that carid and attention will be
paid to them. A number of males have bden purchased by peraom
who wished to place them with the common white goat ; the crott
produces a fine and docile animal. The Society is now in possession
of about seventy pure Angoras, the greater number of whidi are at
Mr. Wilson's station, on the Wimmera, a locality in every way
suited to them.

The Society has done and is doing all in its power to encourage
sericulture in the colony, and to this end has, in conjunetioii wiA
Dr. Von Mueller, sent white mulberry cuttings and plants to
all parts of Victoria. Befoce this industry oeai become a commercial
success a sufficient supply of food must be provided for the worms,
and it is of interest to observe the large number of ^ipplications
for cuttings to form plantations, and the great desire evinced to te«t
practically so profitable and desirable an industry. Some months
ago a box of silk-worm eggs was sent by the Government of India to
His Excellency ike Governor, who kindly handed tiiem to &e Sooiely

ior diBtiibfEtfoil, ftfid laJbely a fini^ly ti very superior Japanese eggs,
such as are seldom sold to foreigners, have been forwarded by Dr.
Bennett, the Hon. Sea of the Acdimatisation Society of New
Soatii Wales. The Ooimcil is in oommnnication with the Hon.
Mr. Verdon, <Mie of the Vice-Presidents of the Silk Supply Associa-
tion of London, aiHi with Mr. Francis Cobb, tiie hou. secretary of
tliat insytutkm, and have asked the latter gentleman whether
it would come withm the scope of the operations of the
Association to appdnt S(nne person in Melbourne to purchase
eoooons, as thore are a number of peo{de who hold parcels, and are
discouraged at not being able to turn the fruit of their labour into
money. Until an answer has been received to this letter, the
Council is prepared to forward coco(ms to London, the sender paying
the jhreight j Biod would impress up<Hi sericulturists that it is quite un-
oeceseary to reel l^e silk, as tliat operation is performed much better
in inland where machinery exists for the purpose. The Silk
Supply Association, in one of their Reports rec^tly published'
rec(^pQises no leas than 36,000 square miles of country in Victoria
well suited to the growth of silk, taid when the numerous
yoimg piantatkms eome into bearing, a great stimulus will be given
to this induB<^, whi^ in all probabiUty will, before many years,
add materially to the wealth of the cdony. The Council would
h&te ex]a«ss th^ thMtks to the i^esident and Professor M'Coy, for
the gfeat interest they have always shown in developing sericulture.

Tiie de^ turned out at various times have increased rapidly,
the Council have heard from time to time of considerable herds
haying become established in different parts of the country. The
ans deer on the Ghfampians are numerous and widely spread, and
O^ier pMrts of iht edony are stocked with varieMes of the same
azdmak There ate at present some surplus deer at the Society's
Gardens at the Royal Peak, which will be shortly liberated in
Sttiti^le bcalilies removed from settlem^it, whilst many have
already been turned out this year.

'^le hares have • increased in a very marked manner, and are
rapidly extending Uiroughout the country : a few have been lately
^aoed in a district well suited to them, about forty miles from
tovm, and the Coundl have in addition sent some to Tasmania and

Kew Zealand, as well as having supplied several applicants in
Victoria.

With reference to pisciculture, the Council have to report that
considerable progress has been made, notwithstanding several draw-
backs and losses. One hundred ova of sea trout were received from
the Salmon Commissioners of Tasmania last year, at the proper
season, and were successfully hatched at the Koyal Park, where they
were retained with very small loss until fit for removal ; they were
then carried to a pond which had been prepared forth^n;
but the water was found to be unsuitable, and a number
of deaths occurred in consequence ; the remainder were successfully
removed without further loss to the headwaters of a bright clearatream
a day's journey from Melbourne. This experiment has proved
that ova may be successfully hatched at the Society's establishment,
and the young fish carried to any part of the colony. The Council
therefore propose, for the present, to obtain ova from Tasmania
rather than to incur the expense of preparing breeding ponds. It
is proposed, after hatching the ova at the Royal Park, to distribute
the young fish to persons who will place them in enclosed waters
adapted for them, and who will engage to prepare ponds to keep
fish for breeding purposes, so that the fry may be turned out each
year into the open streams.

A large number of brown trout ova were also obtained last spring,
and in compliance with previous arrangements were placed in hatching
boxes upon a stream some distance up the coun^, at the station of
a Member of the Society, who, at his own expense not only pre-
pared the boxes, but also a pond. The boxes were properly protected
so far as could be foreseen. The ova were sucessfuUy hatched, and
the young fish in a fit state for moving, when some person in the
absence of the o.wner cut away the zinc covering from the boxes and
removed the young fish. It is disheartening to gentlemen who are
spending their time and money in carrying out the objects of the
Society to have their ends frustrated by such nefimous conduct It is
to be presimied, however, that the fry have been turned out elsewhere,
it is to be hoped, into some stream suitable for them.

Several streams have already been supplied with young trout, and
from one of them a fish was taken about dix months ago measuring

ten inches in length; it is now exhibited as the first Yictorian trout
Hie Council hare just completed at their gardens a breeding pond
for perch, and are advised that the parent fish will reach Melbourne
from Tasmania on the 10th instant. From this pond the whole of
the colony may be supplied. There is no doubt that the introduction
of sahnon and trout into the rivers of Tasmania^ has proved a
success. It is reported that large sahnon have been seen this season,
and trout fishing is now permitted under license. The fish caught
some time back in the Derwent, about which a discussion took
place, have been admitted to be true salmon ; and as they were the
young of fish reared in the colony, the acclimatization of them
has been accomplished. The Council desire cordially to thank Sir
Robert Officer and the Sahnon Commissioners for the trout ova and
fry they have sent, and also to express their appreciation of the
services of the Melbourne Anglers' Protective Society in conserving
the native fish.

The zoological element has not been neglected, and proves
pleasing and instructive to many thousands of people who visit the
Society's Gardens during the course of the year. A considerable
measure of success has been achieved in the rearing of phea-
sants and wild-fowl during the season just passed, about sixty of
the former have been reared, principally of the silver variety
(jPhouiarms Nycthemerm)^ some of which have just been liberated.
A great ntunber of English and Indian wild duck have also been
reared ; some of these have been set at Hberty in the lake at the
Botanic Gardens ; about forty yoimg birds have taken fiight with the
native wild ducks visiting the ponds, and some others have been
presented to gentlemen who have sent the Society birds or aniiinalft of
interest in exchange.

The Council would here desire to mention to their friends in the
country, that donations of any native birds or animals, excepting
native bears, oats, or opossums, will be gladly received. If not
required for the collection at the gardens, they are always useful
for the purpose of exchange with other countries.

Since the date of the last Eeport, a number of pheasants (50
JPhcuiamts Fictus)^ brought out by Captain Jones, of the Svperb,
•wexe purchased partly by the Society, and partly by a gentleman

who has turned them oat on his property, and wh6 speaks ytxj
encouragingly of their rapid increase ; and the Cknmcil heat frmn
time to time of the increase of pheasants in other localities.

The Council have sent to San Francisco, Califemi% for a cctnaigii-
ment of the splendid mountain quail of that eountiy. And, at tl)e
request of the Societv, His Ezceilency the Qovernor has kindij
placed himself in oommuuici^on with His Excdlency Lord Mayo
the Viceroy of India, on the subject of procuring partridges, phea-
sants, and jungle fowl from that couAtry.

From past experience in the operations of the Society, tiie
Council have considered it desirable to solicit, through the medium
of the Field, and Land and Water newspapers in the rnoth^
country, the kind donations of animals and birds suitable to tills
climate, from owners of landed property and others who maj
posses^ them.

The Council intend to renew their efforts in the nexit session <^
Parliament, to amend the present Game Act. It is their opinion
tiiat the swivel gun ought to be at once abolished, as the effect of
that wei^n is to wound as many birds as are killed; independuiUy
to its putting a stop to all legitimate sport.

The Council notice with regret that there is amongst some perooos
a tendency to decry the cause of acclimatisation, but there are oth^n
who take a very different view, and who regard the disint^eeted
labours of the Society as useful in the highest degree. Its sole aim
is to benefit the Colony at large, by filling its forests with game, and
its rivers and creeks with fish, thereby providing a variety of food
and sport for the inhabitants. Its efforts will be better appreciated
as time goes on, and as the results become more apparent

The Council cannot conclude this report without expressing their
great obligations to the present Government, and to the late Parlia-
ment, for the supplies granted to carry on the work ; they would also
respectfully wish to thank His Excellency the Gov^nor, the Patron
of the Society, for the great interest he has always shown in its
proceedings.

The Council are likewise not unmindful ot the valuable services
in the cause of acclimatisation hitherto rendered by His Exodlency
Sir Henry Barkly, Governor of ^e Cape of Good H<^, and then

is everjT reason to believe that he will still conliaue to farther the
interests of the Society, whenever it is in his power to do so. The
cordial thanks of the Council are likewise due to our numerous
friends, especially to Mr. Edward Wilson, who, though in England^
continues to take a lively interest in the objeets of the Society, and
has recently made a handsome donation to its funds. The
Council is also indebted to Mr. Samuel Wilson, for his many
services, and to Mr. Kendall, the agent for the P. and O. Company,
for his kindness in granting permission on several occasions to send
stock free of charge by the mail steamers ; the same concession has
generally been granted by the agents of the different lines of inter-
ccdonial steamers, for which the Council beg to tender l^eir thanks.
In conclusion, they would express their warm thanks to Dr. Blade,
the President of the Society, and to Mr. T. J. Sumner, the Honorary
Treasurer, for their disinterested and valuable services.

Pitron: — HIS EXCELLENCY VISCOUNT CANTEEBUEY
continues to be Patron of the Society, and the following gentlemen are
the present Office-bearers : —

DE. BLACK, President.

DE. VON MXJELLEE, C.M.G., rice-President

PEOFESSOE McCOY, Do.

T. J. SUMNEE, Esq., Honorary Treasurer.

HON. A. MICHIE, Member of the Council.

COUNT DE CASTLENAU, Do.

F. a. MOULE, Esq., Do.
HON. DE. DOBSON, M.L.C., Do.
H. P. VENABLES, Esq., B.A. Do.
DE. JOSEPH BLACK, Do.

G. COPPIN, Esq., Do.
JOHN STEAVENSON, Esq., Do.
J. B. WEEE, Esq., Do.
F. C. CHEISTY, Esq., Do.
ALBEET PUECHAS, Esq., Do.
GEOEGE SPEIGG, Esq., Do.
EOBEET HAMMOND, Esq., Do.
CUEZON ALLPOET, Esq., Do
DE. PUGH, Do.

ALBEET A. C. LE SOUEF, Esq., Stm. Sker^^,

It will be necessary, under Rule 6, that the present Meeting con-
firm the appointment of the gentlemen who have been elected to
the Council to fill vacancies which have occurred since the last
Annual Meeting. The Society's Balance Sheet duly audited by
Mr. Eucker, public accountant, up to the end of last yeai^ is ako
submitted to the meeting.

Dr. Von Muelleb, C.M.G., Vice-President of the Society, moved
the adoption of the Eeport and Balance-sheet, and in doing so
said that it was gratifying to him to witness once more the pro-
ceedings of the Annual Meeting, more particularly as the last year
closed in prosperity, and the new one had commenced hopefully. He
considered that a large share of the present prosperity of the Society
was due to the care and interest displayed by Mr. Le Souef ; he felt
it more his duty to refer to this as he knew fix>m his former experi-
ence, as the executive officer of the first Zoological Committee, how
much toil and anxiety were involved in such duties. He further
wished to observe how large a field of operations there was before
the Society ; in enhancing the resources of the country, for instance,
he thought that careful researches should be instituted in the mode
of development of the sturgeon and herring, with a view of learning
whether they could possibly be brought to these colonies. There was
a time when the transfer of salmon to the distant south was deemed
an impossibility, yet through the patient and thoughtful persever-
ance of Mr. Edward Wilson, Mr. Youl, Sir Robert Officer, Mr. M-
port, and other promoters of the great salmon enterprise, it had been
triumphantly accomplished. And he would here allude to the oppor-
tunities afforded by new Antartic Navigation, for observing the
transit of Venus, for perhaps locating the herring in the Antartic
Sea. Any increase of food in rivers and seas was effected without
any cultural exertion, while the yield of such food, irrespective of its
ordinary value, gave so much opportunity for fertilising the land
without deprivation of any kind. Even on a small scale, much might
be done by merely transferring a basketful of eels to any lagoon or
chain of waterholes, which could not be utilised like flowing streams
for trout and other superior fish. Abready on his suggestion, eels had
been taken from Melbourne to the rivers of St Vincent's Gulf, and
the lagoons near King George's Sound. He might here remark

that the new InduBtrial Museum afforded a splendid opportnnity of
bringing the commercial products of acclimatisation before the public.

He would also call attention to the fact, that the Society was
entitled to the favourable consideration of the Legislature, not
merely for the work of universal benefit which it continues to carry
out, but also because it maintains a large recreation ground with
garden plantations for the use of the general public, which otherwise
the large and populous suburbs near the Boyal Park would be
deprived oi; and he might be permitted to state that it would afford
liim pleasure to continue to aid in the extension of the park planta-
tions. He would remark, in conclusion, that he hoped to be able
this year to establish (as long ago recommended in his official re-
pots), test plantations in different climatic localities, one for instance
in the Lower Murray Desert, one on the Alpine Highlands,
and one in the Fern Tree Qullies. This might give new facilities for
local experiments in the cause of acclimatisation.

Mr. PuBOHAS seconded the adoption of the Report and Balance-
sheet, and in doing so stated that he considered the Eeport as the
most favourable one that had been put forward by the Society for
some years.

The motion for the adoption of the Beport and Balance-sheet was
put to the meeting by the chairman, and unanimously carried.

Mr. S. P. Winter, of the Wannon, said he would avail himself of
this opportunity, to thank the Society for having at the suggestion
of the President, given him a very valuable present of six silver
pheasants, to send to the Wannon Valley. Having reared within the
past four years a large number of English pheasants, from birds
imported from England, and having the necessary enclosures, and
men who understood the rearing of the young pheasants, he had no
doubt he should in due time be able to supply birds and eggs to
settlers who would incur the expense of providing proper places for
breeding.

Mr. CxTBZON Allpobt then addressed the meeting. There was one
course, he stated, not referred to in the report just read, and which
he thought should be known to the public, namely : that the Coun-
cil had appointed sub-committees to deal with particular branches
of acclimatisation ; for instance game birds, fish, <fec., the sub-com-

HdHee oonwting of gratkmen iDterested in tiie partit^iiliir pmssitB
to which the sab-oonmiitted reiq[)ectiyel7 related. That as to the
progrefis of the accHmal^tioii of fish, to which he had paid more
particular attention, the sub-committee had come to the eondusion,
that rather than at present incur the expense of preparing and kesp-
ing up breeding and rearing ponds, it would be better to subscrdM
a certain sum per annum towards the cost of the ponds in TasmaDia,
iod obtain from thence a supply of ova in return, which eoidd be
hatched al the Royal Park, and the young fish disMbxtted, when
ready for removal, as indicated in the B^>ort By this meaiis the
produce of the parent fidi might be drafted into the streams each your,
instead of risking the increase to oomparatiyely few fiah tmmed loose
into a large stream, expoBed to all their enemies. Several gentlemea
bad already, at their own expense, prepared breeding p(mds for the
i«oeption of fish, some for trout, and others for perdL The sub-
committee had just completed a pond at the Royal Park, and he
had had the pleasure and satisfaction of placing a number of young
perch in it that day, which he had just received from Tasmanis,
from his brother Mr. Morton Allport ; a similar number had aho
been placed in a pond, prepared by the Hon. A. Midue.

Mr. Coppin remarked, that when in Tasmania, within the last week,
a gentleman had killed twenty-five genuine trout there at wie dxfi
fishing, whidi was considered a good basket.

The CHAiSMAiii called attention to some specimens on the table,
one was a trout (preserved in spirits), the firot caught in Biddell'ft
Creek, Mount Macedon, one of the numerous fry placed in the
creek upwards of eighteen months ago. There were also some ez-
cdleut samples oi silk, sent by Mrs. Pike, of Toorak, and Mrs*
Henley, and Mrs. Talbot, of Blchmond. Sericulture he expected
to become at no distant date a very important industry.

A discussion of a conversational diaracter ensued relative to the
scope and objects of the Society. The chairman stated that the
Society, acting on the suggestion of the Qovemment, had some tune
ago sent over goats, rabbits, pigs, and poultry, to the AuckLind
Ides, for the sustenance of such persons as were unfortunate
enough to be shipwrecked there. Wrecks had occurred on the
island since, and the live stock had proved of great ben^

Mr^ WiHTBB, in aiKtwer to tlie ebainnaii, said thai in the Westem
District he found indigenous birds injurious to his fruit trees, par-
ticularly the black magpies. A simple plan oi frightening birds
awaj» was a bottle bell hung to the trees, which was made by cut*
Idng off the bottom of a champagne bottle, by means of a cotton
wick saturated in turpentine, which must be ignited, and the bottle
dipped when hot into a bucket of cold water, a piece oi hard ecnrk
or soft wood suspended from the mouth of the bottle formed a
clapper, which was kept in motion by a feather inserted in it He
(Mr. Winter), had found this phm answer very well.

Count db Castelnau spoke of a plan said to be adopted by the
Malays, that of hanging up a wooden effigy pierced with holes, the
wind passing through which, caused most unearthly noises.

Dr. JosBPH Black called attention to the fact, that hares w^re
being frequently killed, and hoped that an expression of disapproval
£rom the Society would have the effect of preventing persons from
wantonly destroying those valuable animals, before they had become
thoroughly established.

The President said, that the Society had done what it could to
punish persons who were caught destroying hares, he was pleased to
state that in many parts of the country hares were abundant. If
they were allowed to increase unmolested for a couple of years more,
the law would be changed, and coursing might be allowed without
objection.

Mr. Chbisty said he had noticed the sparrows doing good service
in his garden, by killing the aphis on roses.

Dr. PuGH added, that sparrows sent to a gentleman at Sunbury,
had not only done no mischief to the fruit, but cleared the garden
of aphis^ and been a great benefit in all respects.

Mr. Webb remarked, on the other hand, that according to the
testimony of market gardeners, the destructive qualities of the
sparrow had far exceeded its beneficial qualities.

llie PfiESiDBNT said that the letters furnished on the subject by
market gardeners and others to the Society, came from a small
number of persons, and were not all of a trustworthy character.
The English people were naturally given to grumbling, and not only

the BparrowB but eyeiyihiiig else introduced by the Society, would
be found fault with by some.

On the motion of Mr. Moule, the appointment of the yarioos
gentlemen who had been elected to the Council since the last Axmiul
Meetingi wae confirmed.

There being no other business before the meeting, it closed with
a Yote of thanks to the Chairman.

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LIFE MEMBERS.

AU Memben mirked thus * pay their Annual Subscription lao.

Aldworth and Co., Sandhorrt £10 10

Armitage, Qeorge^Baparat .. 10 10

Armatrong, W., Hexham.. .. 10 10

Anatin* Thomaa, Barwon Park ... 10 10

Bagot, 0. N., MelbonrneClub .. 10 10

Barkly, Hia Excellency Sir Heniy 42

•Bear, Hon. J. P., M.L.C. .. 21

Bear, Thomaa H.; Heidelbeig ..10 10
BhMsk, Dr. Thomas, Melbourne

aub 10 10

Black, W., BelflBst 10 10

Borough Coonoil of Sandhurst . . 10 10
Box, H., Littie Collins-etreet

West 10 10.0

Boyd and Carrie, CoUins-street

West 10 10

Bright Brothers, Messrs. ft Co.,

FUnders-lane 10 10

Brown, Lindsay, Garramadda,

Wahgunyah 10 10

Canterbury, His Excellency

Viscount 10 10

Catto, John, Newbridge, Loddon 10 10
Chambers, H. J., St. Hilda . . Services

Cooper, Sir Daniel, Ldndon . . 87 2

Coppin, Qeo. S 10 10

Cieewick, Borough Council of . . 10 10

Cumming, G., Mount Fyans . . 10 10

Cumming, W., Mount I^ans . . 10 10

Curr, B. M., Queen-street . . 10 10
Dalgety and Co , Messrs., Little

Collins-street 10 10

Docker, F. O., Wangaratta . . 10 10
^FUconer., J. J., Bank of Austral-
asia 20

Fellows, The Hon. T. H 10 10 .

Fiiebraoe, R. T 10 10

Fnssell, B. S. B., Fou Chou

dols. 50 11 10

Ohiss, Hugh, 18 A'Beckett-street 21

Ohun, B. J., Waiparella . . . . 10 10 o

♦Henty, The Hon. S. G., M.L.C. . . 10 10
Hervey, The Hon. M., M.L.C.,

Melbourne Club . . 10 10
•HoAnann, W., Bush Back,

Essendon 25

Jamieeon, Hugh 10 10

Jenner, Hon. C. J., M.L.C. £10 10
Jones, Lloyd, Ayenel . . 10 10

•Joshua Bros., William-street ..10 10
Landells, G. J., Lahore, India .. Services
Layard, C. P., Colombo .. Services

Layard, B. L., Cape Town . . Services
Learmonth, Thomas, Erdbdan-

riley, Portland 10 10

Londesborough, The Bight Hon-
orable Lord, Carlton Gardens^

London 87 10

Lyall, W 10 10

Mackinnon, L., "Argus" OflElce Servicei
Mackenzie^ John, 70| Queen-
street £10 10

Macintosh, Alexander, Green

Hills, Diggers Beet .. .. 10 10
MaTwhall, Captain D, 8., "A.

H. Badger " Services

Martin, Dr., Heidelberg .. .. 10 10
Matheeon, J., Bank of Victoria . . 21

McGill.A. 10 10

McGregor, Samuel, Bel&st . . 10 10
McHaffie, John, Phillip Island . . 10 10
McMuUen, J., Union Bank ..21
MoUoy, W. T., Balmoral . . . . 10 10
Mueller, Dr. F. Von, Botanic

Gardens 10 10

Municipal Council of Ballarat

West 20

Murray, S., Dunrobin . . 10 10
•Nicholson, Germain, Collins-
street East 10 10

•Officer, C. S., Mount Talbot . . 10 10
•Power, Hon. Thomas H., Haw-
thorn 10 10

PuTchas, Albert^ Eew . . Services

Ritchie, J., Streatham ..10 10

•Bostron, John R., Navarre . . 10 10

Rusden, G. W., iighton.. ..10 10

Russell, A. Matuwalloch .. .. 10 10

•Rutledge, William, Bel&st .. 10 10

•Sahnon, J. E., S. and A. C. Bank 21

Saigood, King and Sargood,

Flinders-efcreet East .. ..10 10
Shoobridge, B., Valleyfleld, Tas-

1010

Siinpeoii, Bobert> Lange Eal

Kal £10 10

Sladen, Hon. C, M.L.C., Birre-

gurra 10 10

Sloan, W. a, Fon Chou, dolB. 50 U 10
Spowera, Allan, "Ai-gus" Office
Stanbridge, W. E., Daylesfoxd . .
Btanghton, 8. T., Little CoUins-

street West

Stewart, J., Emeidale, Streatham 21
Strachan, J., London Chartered

Bank .. .. 21
Simmer, T. J., 24 flinders-lane
West 10 10

10 10
10 10

10 10

Tajlor, Frederick, (Melbourne

Club £10 10

•Taylor, W., Ovemewton, Keilor 10 10
Templeton, Hugh, Fitzroy Services

♦Ware, Joseph, Carramnt . . . . 10 10
Wilson and Maokinnon, Collins-

tftreetEast 42 9

♦Wilson, Edward, "Argus" Office 21

Wilson, Samuel, Wimmera . . 10 10
Winter, James, Toolamba, Mur-

chison 10 10

Winter, Thomas, Winchelsea . . 10 10

Winter, S.P 10 10

Toul, James, A., Clapham Park,

London Services

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

Allport, Curzon, Chancery-lane . . £2 2
Bainee, Edward, Little Collins-street 2 2
Banks, Bros., Bell and Co., Flinders-
lane 2

Bligh and Harbottle, Flinders-lane 2
Bla(^, Dr., Bourke-sfareet . . . . 2
Brodribb, K. E., Chancery-lane . 2
Bindon, Judge, St. Kilda . . . . 2
Christy, F. C, Bfalyem . . 2

Evans, d. E., ''Aigus" Office .. 2
Emerald Hill Borough Council . . 5
Fiskin, Archibald, Lai Lai .. 2

Fraser and Co., CoUins-street . . 2
Fanning, Nankivell and Co. . . 2
Goldsborough and Co., Bourke-

street West . . 2
Gray, Charles, Nareeb Nareeb . . 2
House, Son and Co., Elizabeth-
street 2 2

Haddon, F. W., "Aigus" Office ..22
GoTemor, His Excellency the . . 10
Joshua Bros., William-street ..22

McNaughton, Love and Co. ..£220

Moule, T. O., Market-street ..220

Nicholson, Germain, CoUins-street 2 2
Paterson, Ray, Palmer and Co. . . 2 2
Power, T. H., Power, Rutherford

and Co 2 2

Pugh, Dr., Collins-street . . ..22
Robertson, Wm., Temple Court .. 2 2
Ryan and Hammond, Bourke-street 2 2
Rosser, C. and E., Brunswick ..50
Sloane, Wm. and Co., CoUins-street 2 2
Sargood, Son and Co., Flinders-
street 2 2

Stevenson, L. and Sons, Flinders-
lane 2 2

Sands and McDougall, Collins-,

street 2 2

SmaU, R W., Brighton ..22

Sprigg, George, St. EUda . . ..22
Venables, H. P., Caulfield ..50

Wilson, Edward, England . . ..22

DONATIONS.

and Co.

Alcock and Co., BusseU-street . . £1 1 Grice, Richard, Grioe, Sumner

Anderson and Wpght, Flinders-lane 110

Briscoe and Co., CoUinsnertareet East 110

Courtney, E., Temple Court ..110

Dobson, Hon. Dr., Temple Court.. 110

Dunn, Dr. Robert, Maryborough.. 110

Hovritt, Dr., Caulfleld
McDougall, James, Carlton
Nutt, R. W., Collins-street
Pike, Mis. J., Toorak

£110
110
110
110
10

HONORARY MEMBERS.

▲nport, Morton, Hobwrt Town.

Baofac, GhutaTe, FUnden Lane West

Biagi, GhiMppe, Willlaiii Street.

BlMiduurd, W., ColliiiB Street West.

Boaton, A., Tahone, New Caledonia.

BocUand, Dr. F., Londpn.

Cactelnaii, Comte de, Apdey PJaoe.

Chalmen, Dr., New 7iBaland

deeland, J., Albion Hotel, Bonike-street

Cooper, Bicaido» Queen Street.

Coste, rrofceaof , Hunlngne.

Damyon, Jamee, Market Street.

Dromjn, de Lhnys, Paris.

Frauds, Frands, Jxmdon.

Oillanden & Arbathnot, Calcutta.

Ckxlfrey, Captain J. B., New Zealand.

Graham, James Little CoUlns Street East

Grote, Arthur, Calcutta.

Johnston, Clement, down Lands Office.

Latham, GeneraL

Madden, Walter, Office of M nes.

Mathieo, A., Tahoue, New Caledonia.

Merryman, Captain, Essex.

MichaelJH, Moritz, Elizabeth Street

Mi ch a el , Mi^or, Madras.

McQueen, Captain, *' Martha Biraie."

MulUck, Bi^endio, Calcutta.

Officer, Sir Robert, Hobart Town.

lioos Van Amstel, J. W., Collins St. West

Bamel, Monsieur, Paris.

Rentsch, Samuel, Flinders Street East

Bidgers, Ciq>tain, " Sussex."

Robinson, J., Calcutta.

Salt, Titnii, Saltaire, England.

Seholstein, Adolp., Flinders Lane West.

Sdater, Dr. P. L., London.

Shinner, Captain, '* Lincolnshire."

Smith, Captain, ** Dover Castle-"

Squire, Surgeon John, Dinapore.

St. Hilaire, G., Bois de Boulogne, Puis.

Were, J. B., Collins Street Weak

THE RULES AND OBJECTS

^altmatisalkit ^otkt^a td Wxdam,

1. The objects of the Society shall be the introduction, objeetoof
acclimatisation, and domestication of all innoxioos animals, ^'

birds, fishes, insects, and vegetables, whether useful or orna-
mental; — ike perfection, propagation, and hybridisation oi
races newly introduced or already domesticated ; — the spread
of indigenous animals, <!^., from parts of the colonies where
they are already known, to oth^ localities where they are not
known; the procuring, whether by purchase, gift, or ex-
change, of animab, <l5C., from Great Britain, the British colo-
nies^ and fco'eign countries; — ^the transmission of animals, &c»,
fiom the colony to England and foreign parts, in exchange
for others sent thence to the Society ; ttiQ holding of period-
ical 'meetings, and the publicati<m of reports and transactions,
for the purpose of spreading knowledge of acclimatisation,
and inquiry into the causes of success or failure ; — the inter-
change of r^>orts, d^c, with kindred associations in other parts
of the world, with the view, by correspondence and mutual
good o£ices, of giving the widest possible scope to the project
of acclimatisation : — ^the confemng rewards, honorary or in-
trinsically valuable, upon seafaring men, passengers from
distant countries, and others who may render valuable services
to the cause of acclimatisation.

2« A Subscriber of two guineas or upwards annoally shall Memberahip.
be a Member of the Society ; and contributors, within one
year,, of ten guineas or upwards shall be Life Members of the
Society ; 9od any person who may render special services to
tiift Soci^, by coQiributbu of ato«k or otharwise^ shall b%

Sabserip-
tiont.

Proper^
Test in
Tmstaes.

£zeciitiTe
Offioen.

Ck>imciL

Vacancy in
CJoundl)
how sap>
plied.

eligible for life membership, and may be elected as snch by
the Council, or by any annual general meeting.

3. The annual subscription shall be payable on the 1st
day of January in each year, and may be received by any
Member of the Council, or the Collector, either of whom on
receiving the same shall cause the person so subscribing to he
enrolled a member accordingly.

4. All the property of the Society, of what nature and
kind soever, shall vest in Trustees to be appointed by the
Council, for the use, purposes, and benefit of the Society.

5. The Society shall be governed by a Council of eighteen
Members, to include a President, two Vice-Presidents, and an
Honorary Treasurer, three of whom (viz., those who have
attended the fewest Meetings of the Council proportionately
since their appointment) shall retire annually, but shall be
eligible for re-election. Provided that if any sum of money
be voted to the Society by Act of Parliament, or trusts con-
ferred upon the Council by the Government, then it shall be
lawful for the Chief Secretary for the time being to appoint,
if he consider it expedient, any number of gentlemen, not
exceeding three, to act as Members of the Council, and they
shall have all the privileges as if otherwise duly elected ; and
further, to appoint one Co-Trustee, to act in coigunction with
the Trustees for the time being of the Society. And provided
further, that if the Melbourne Corporation, or any of the ad-
jacent municipalities, shall decide upon expending any sum
of money exceeding £100 in any one year, upon the grounds
or for the objects of the Society, the Mayor of Melbourne ot
Chairman of such municipality shall be for such year a
Member of the Council, and be at liberty to act in every
respect as an ordinary member.

6. In case of a vacancy occurring by the death, resignation,
or non-attendance of any Member of Council for the period of
two months, the remaining Members may appoint another
Member of the Society to be a Member of the Council in the
place and stead of the deceased, or resigned, or absenting
Member, and such new Member may act until the next annual
general meeting. Provided that such vacancy shall not be
supplied by the Coimcil except after seven days' notice given

of tlie new Member to be proposed, and unless in the presence
of at least seven Members of the Council.

7. The Society shall hold periodical meetings, at which ^^nJ^g
papers and other communications relating to the objects of ^^^®**'
the Society, and reports prepared by the Council, shall be
received, and such discussions shall be encouraged as may be

of value in propagating a knowledge of acclimatisation amongst
the Members and the public. And such business generally
shall be disposed of as may be brought under consideration by
the Council, or by any Member who shall have given seven
days' previous notice thereof to the Secretary, or as a majority
of two-thirds of the Members present shall see fit to entertain
and consider ; and each Member shall have the privilege of
introducing two friends at such meetings.

8. The Council shall meet at least once a month, and Meetings of

' Council.

three Members shall form a quorum, and be capable of
transacting the business of the Council, subject to such
limitations as may be imposed by any bye-law of the
Council, or rule, or resolution of the Society, which may be
hereafter made.

9. The Council shall have the sole management of the Powers and

^ Duties of

affairs of the Society, and of the income and property thereof, Counou.
for the uses, purposes, and benefit of the Society ; and shall
have the sole and exclusive right of appointing a President,
"Vice-Presidents, and Honorary Treasurer from amongst them-
selves or the other Members of Society, and also of appoint-
ing paid servants, as a manager or secretary, collector, and
such other officers, clerks, and labourers, and at such salaries
as they may deem necessary, and of removing them if they
shall think fit, and shall prescribe their respective duties.
And such Council shall have power to consider and determine
all matters, either directly or indirectly affecting the interests
of the Society, and if they shall think fit so to do, shall bring
the same under the notice, of the Members of the Society, at
any general or special meeting ; and to make such bye-laws as
they may deem necessary for the efficient management of the
affairs and the promotion of the objects of the Society, and
for the conduct of the business of the Council, provided the

nae tie net i^ogoant to these ndas; ta appmnt OBe or ino^
Bub-ocmiinitteeey for any purpose ooiitemjdated by these rules ;
and gsaeaMj to perform such acts as may be requisite to
cany out the objects of the Society, which bye-laws are to be
suljeet to ratifieationy or em^idation, or ejeclioD, by the next
annual or qiedal genial meeting of the Society. And it
diall be the duty of the Council to ez^dse the forcing
powers as ooosicm shall require, and to fumiidi repots of the
proceedings at every periodkal and annual meeting of the
Socie^.

BfeaaohSo- 10. The Society shall have power to affiliate or associate

***'*^**' itself with other -Societies of kindred objects, and to found

Branch Societies if desirable ; and the Council shall have

power to carry out any arrangements for this purpose, and to

furnish any monthly or other reports.

MiMikwof 11- Minutes diaU be made, in books k^t for the purpose,
?2J***^ of all the proceedings at the general and special meetings of
the Members, and minutes shall also be made of the proceed-
ings of the Council at their general and special meetings, and
of the names c^ the Members attending the same, and such
minutes shall be open to inspection by any Member (d the
Society at all reasonable times.

Mon^tobe 12. All subscriptions and other moneys payable to the
a. Society shall be paid to the Treasurer, who shall forthwith
place the ssune in a bank, to be named by the Council, to the
credit of the Society ; and no sum shall be paid on account of
the Society until the same shall have been ordered by the
Council, and such order be duly entered in the bodt of the
proceedings of the Council ; and all cheques shall be signed
by the Treasurer as such, and be countersigned by the Presi-
dent, or one of the Vice-Presidenfe, or by some other Member
of the Council delegated by the Council to act as such.

13. An annual meeting shall be held in ot about

Meeting p^^jy^ary of cach year, and the Council shall report their
proceedings during the past year, and shall produce their
accounts, duly audited, for publication if deemed desirable;
and the meeting shall elect new Members of Council to supplj
the vacancies therein. And notices of motion must be far*
nished to the Secretary oue^ day previous to the holding <rf

nddto
Treasurer.

such meeting, or such motions may be rejected by the
Chairman.

14. All privileges of membership shall cease in case any Non-pay-
Member shall be three months in arrear, subject, however, to sniMorip-
his restoration on the payment of such subscription as afore- "***
said, accompanied by satisfactory explanation.

15. Upon receiving a requisition in writing, signed by SpecUiMaet-
twelve or more Members of the Society, or upon a resolution Memben.
of the Council, the president, or in his absence one of the
Vice-Presidents, shall convene a special meeting of the Mem-
bers, to be held within fifteen days of the receipt by him of

such requisition or resolution. Provided always that such
requisition and resolution, and the notices thereunder conven-
ing the meeting, shall specify the subject to be considered at
such meeting, and that subject only shall be discussed at such
meeting.

16. The council or any general meeting of the Society Honoraty
may admit, as Honorary Members, such ladies or gentlemen

as may have distinguished themselves in connection with the
objects of the Society, or in objects of a kindred nature.

17. It shall be lawful for any annual or special meeting Power to «i-
of the Society to alter, vary, or amend the rules ; or to sub-
stitute another for any of the same ; or to make any new rule

which may be considered desirable ; if and after a notice
specifying the nature of such alteration, variation, amendment,
substitution, or new Yule, shall have been given to the Secre-
tary fifteen days before the holding of such meeting. And
such alteration, variation, amendment, substitution, or new
rule shall be valid if carried by a majority of not less than
two-thirds of the Members present at such meeting.

LIST OF ANIMALS AND BIRDS

Ik thb Rotal Park and Acclimatisation Socibtt*B Gardens, Melbournb.

11 Brahmin cattle

6 Hogrdeer

7 BairaDgadeer
7 Formosa deer

7 Samhiir deer, or Cey-
lon elk

1 Fallow deer

2 Nylffhau

4 Mauritius deer
2 Japanese deer

12 Angora goats
1 Agouti

1 Madagascar sheep

1 Cape sheep
7 Monkeys

6 Wallaby

2 Kangaroo Tats
1 Wombat

1 Ceylon porcupine

1 Leoperd

2 Native dogs

1 Tasmanian devil

1 Er.giish Fox

3 Opossums

3 Emeus

18 English pheasants
22 Silver pheasants
9 Peafowl

4 Jungle fowl

11 Egyptian geese
6 Qeese
About 70 ducks
3 'Crown goiu^ pigeons

2 Ravens

1 Mooruke

2 Tallegalla

2 Curassows
8 Kagus
2 Maori hens

1 Kiwi

2 Bleeding heart doTes

2 Macaws

3 Blackbirds
2 Jackdaws

1 English magpie

8 Owls

A number of natiTB
cockatoos and parrots of
different varieties ; aboat
the grounds large i^um-
bers of doves, and acMse
Californiau qutil.

18 Canaries
18 Blackbirds
14 Thrushes

ANIMALS LIBERATED.

At thb Botanical Gardens.

6 California quail I

80 English wild ducks '
85 Java sparrows |

4 English robuis
8 Turtle doves
60 Maiuas

Hares

6 Cape pheasants

8 English pheasants

4 In<uan (measants
8 Ceylon partridges

5 Indian partridges

At Puillip Island.

4 Chinese partridges
70 Chinese quail
23 Tasmanian quail

6 Starlings
10 Algerine sand grouse

6 Wild ducks

5 Pheasants

6 Skylarks

6 California quail
4 Thrushes
4 Blackbirds
1 Pair white swam

At Sandstone and CnuRcniLL Islands.

Pheasants

I 4 Skylarks

6 Thrushes

At Yarra Bind.

4 Thrushes

4 Skylarks

9 Thrushes

6 Ceylon elk

4 Hares
%0 Mainas

6 Starlings
00 English sparrows
40 (Chaffinches

Near Stdnet.
4 Skylarks

At Suoarloaf Hill.
I

At Wilson's Promontory.
4 Axis deer

At the Rotal Park.

2 Tlirushes
20 Greenfinches
15 Yellowhammers
200 Java sparrows •

At Pbntridob.
40 English sparrows

At St. Kilda.
20 Chinese sparrows

10 Blackbirds

3 Axis deer

6 Blackbirds
20 Siskm finches
6 Powi birds
3 Partridges
6 Pheasants

„J

6 English sparrows

2 Hof^deer

12 Ooato
3 Geese

10 Pheasants.

At Ballarat.
I

At Bunbep.
IS Fallow deer

At Cape Liptrap.

4 Ceylon peafowls
10 Pigeons

At Auckland Islauds.

12 Rabbits
3 Pigs

At Wbstkrnport.
7 Samburdeer

At Wimmera.
35 Axis deer

At Ybrino.
5 Axis deer

At Plenty Ranges.
I 4 Jungle fowls. |

20 Java sparrows

4 Guinea fowl

6 Fowls
3 Duclcs

7 Guinea fowls.

75 Kangaroos

6 Mountain ducks
200 Murray codfish
22 Black swans
20 Australian quail
14 Eagle hawks
85 Magpies

4 Roeella parrots

8 King parrots

6 Cockatoos

6 Dingos

a Talegallas

1 Tasmanian deril

20 Emeus

Langaroos
tlack swanfi

80 K

12 Bl
8 Cape Barren geese
1 South Australian

wombat
4 Native geese

ANIMALS SENT AWAY.
To London.

26 Waterhens

4 Kangaroo rats
10 Wombats

2 Cranes

7 Wood ducks

2 Kangaroo dogs

4 Echidna

26 Laughing jackasses
40 Shell parrots

6 Mallee pheasants
86 Lowry parrots
12 Opossums

2 Emeus

To Paris.

3 Curlews

1 Native crane

8 Murray turtles

2 Wombats

17 Australian quail

4 Laughing jackasses

2 Bronze-wing pigeons

40 Black ducks

40 Teal

22 Wonga pip^eons

31 Bronze-wing pigeons

8 Swamp magpies

2 Iguanas

7 I^nd rails

4 Sugar squirrels

8 Coots

5 Native companions
Some Yarra fish

8 Goatsuckers

2 Native companions
14 Rockhampton finches

1 Iguana

4 Opossums
20 Black ducks
20 Teal

2 Kangaroos

3 Black swans

To St. Pbtbrsburo.

12 Laughing jackasses
2 WalUbies

To Amsterdam.
3 Water hens |

To Rotterdam.
2 Cape Barren geese |

I 3 Emeus

6 Australian quail
2 Water hens

2 Wonga pigeons
2 Black swans

2 Black swans
2 Black geese

To Hamburgh.
2 Bronze-wing pigeons

To Cologne.
2 Curlews

8 Kangaroo rats

2 Waterhens

24 Blade fwuii
12 EmeuB

5 Eaglet

6 White cockatoot

7 King parrots

t Black awana

1 Kangaroo

t Gape Barren geeee

To CortSBABWK.

S Blade swans

To Calcutta.

IS Rosella parrots
10 Kangaroos

4 Oponums

1 Dingo

1 Wombat

To MAtTBrnvs.

2 Eagle hawks
9 Fowls

'7 Magpies

To BOURBOV.

8 Blade swans

6 Bronze-wing pigeons
6 Laughing jackuses

20 Shell parrots

52 Magpies

2 Laughing JadcasM
4 Wallabies

2 Blade swans

To SiCILT.

6 Blade swans | 14 Native dudes

To Ranooov.
6 Blade Swans

To Java.
I 2 Cape Barren geese

To BuRTBNzoiro.
I 2 Cape Barren geese

To Stdnbt.

1 Kangaroo

5 Angora goats
2 Brush kangaroos
2 Silver pheasants
2 Canadian geese
2 Egyptian {

10 Angora goats
2 Blackbhxis

6 English wild ducks

1 Mallee hen
10 Blackbirds
10 Thrushes

To Adblaidb.

2 Thrushes

8 English pheasants

To HoBART Town.

4 Larks

4 Starlings

2 Ortolans

A number of sparrows

2 Silver pheasants

1 Angora goat
9 Native bears
Wild ducks, Indian ft English

8 Egyptian j

Hares
A number of sparrows.

5 Thrushes

6 Magpies

To Nbw Zbalakd.

4 Opossums

2 Brace of hares

Indian and English
wild ducks

48 Wildrabbite

2 Parrots

238 Sparrows

8 Hog deer
10 Pea fowl
20 Guinea fowl

To Foo Chow.
2 Kangaroo

To Nbw Calbdokia.

I 12 Laughing jackasses

At Mr. Wilson's— Lonobrbnono Wimmbra.
16 Ostriches . | 66 Angora goats

Libbrated in thb Bush this Ybab.

SO Pheassnts I A number of doves

Several brace of hares

26 Skylarks

A large number of hares were likewise distributed last year in various parts of the country,
and upwards of 100 Angora goats were disposed of in addition to those enumerated abovei

THE PRINCIPAL TIMBER TREES

SBADILY ELIOIBLB FOB

VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE,

with indieatUms of their native countries and tome of their
technologic uses,

AN ENUMERATION OFFEBED BT

PERD. VON MUELLER,

C.M.G., M.D., Ph.D., P.R8., P.L.S., P.R.G.S., C.M.Z.a,

Commander of the Order of St. Jago, VioeTPresident of the
Aoclimation Society of Victoria.

This eniuneration originated in a desire of the writer to place
before his fellow colonists a succinct list of those trees, which in our
geographic latitudes can be grown to advantage. Calls for such
information arose gradually in the department of the Botanic
Qarden of Melbourne, not merely because it impressed itself more
and more on the mind of every thoughtful settler, that the wanton
waste of the native forests should be checked, but that also largely
should be added to our timber riches by means of copious and
multi£mousintroductions from abroad, and tihat for these introductions
the widest possible scope should be allowed. Nevertheless this list
is far from claiming completeness, either as a specific index, or as a
series of notes on the principal technologic applicability of the trees
most accessible. Indeed it may be regarded simply as a precursor
of larger essays, such as the intended forest administration will
gradusJly call forth. Meanwhile, however, this brief explanatory
catalogue may fEicilitate locally that information, which hitherto was
afford^ by the authors correspondence chiefly.

It seemed beyond the scope of this writing to tabulate the trees
here enumerated, in reference to climatic regions. The inhabitant
of colder and moister mountains in this colony, or the settler in the
hotter and more arid tracts of country, can readily foresee from the
brief geographic notes given with each tree, which kind should be
chosen for the spot, selected by him for wood-culture ; but if doubts
in tbis respect i^ould arise, the needful advice will readily be offered
by the writer.

Though this list was originally prepared and alluded to as an
append^e to a lecture* recently delivered at the Melbourne Industrial
Musexim, I was honored by my colleagues of the Council of the
Acclimation Society in their giving publicity to this document
along with their last annual report, the Society being quite as anxious

* Tlie Application of Phytology to the Industrial Purpoeee of Life;

to fiDster the introduction and mnltiplieation of industrial {^anta,
as the continued acquisition and diffusion of f(»%ign animals d
utilitarian importance.

Unquestioiiably also, tiie periodical issue of essays on aoiinalfl
and plants, to be introduced or to be diffused, will give addildcmal
strength to the Society's labours.

Should, therefore, this small literary offer prove aoc^>table to the
supporters of the Victorian Acclimation Society, then the writer
would feel sufficiently encouraged to offer in a siimlar form,* a hstof
other plants, recommendable here for more general cultivation ; and,
although such indices only to some extent contain original researdi,
they are likely to bring together information, more condensed and
more recent, than it would be attainable in costly os voluminous
works of even several languages, and yet such treating perhaps only
of countries with far narrower climatic aones than ours.

Possibly this publication may aid us also to render known our
colonial requirements thus far abroad, while it will offer likewise
aome inf onnaticm to speed interchangea.

For our Industrial Museum and such similar institutions^ as ^mbt-
kss ere long on a limited scale will be connected with each Meduuuof
Institute, &is unpretensive treatise may help to explain the ical
wealth, which we possess in our unf(»tunatky almo^ unguarded
forests, or point out the manifold new treasures, which we sfaoold
raise independently in our woodlands, while- also these pages mi^t
stimulate both public and private efforts, to i»royide by timely thooghl-
ulness those increased timber resources, without which the neit
generations ci this land can be neither hale nor f»x>sperous»

L— CONIFEROUS TREES.

Arauoaaria Bidwilli, Hook.*

Bonya Banya. Soatbem QneeBsland. A tree 150 feet in heigkt, irith

a fine grained, hard and durable wood ; the seeds are edible.
Arauoaria Brasilienais, A. Bich.

BrasdHaa Pine. A tx«e, 100 feet high, producing ed^e laeiL

Onght to be tried In our fern guUies.

Arauoaria Cookii» B. Br.

In New Galedonjla, where it forms large forests. Height oC tree S0O
feet.

Arauoaria CunnizLgliami, Ait.*

Moreton-Bay Pine.— -East Australia, between 14^ and 32^ 8. latitndiB.

The tree gets 130 feet high. The timber is used for ordinary fumilnne,
Arauoaria ezoelsa, B* Br *

Norfolk-Island Pine.— A magnificent tree, sometimes 220 feet hi^

with a stem attaining ten feet in diameter. The timber is usefollbr

ihip-building and many other parposes.

* A short essay on such plants and trees as well was promulgated by the
Philoa. Society of Victoria 18^, pp. 98—105,

Aranoaria imbrloata, Pay.

01^ And PMagbnia. Thd ttifile tt^ attains 6nty a hef ght of 50 feeti
but the female reaches 160 feet It ftirnishes a hanf and durable
timber, as well as an abondanoe of edible seeds, which oonstitate 4
main article of food of the natives. Eighteen good trees will yield
em>agh for a man's sustenance all the year ronnd. In onr lowlands
of comparative slow growth, bnt likely of far more rapid developm«:Lt,
If planted in onr ranges.

Oallitris quadrivalTis, Vent

North Africa. A middling-sised tree, yielding the true Sandarao
resin,

Ceplialotaztts Fortimei, Hook.

China and Ji^nui. Thb splendid yew attains a height of 60 feet^ and
is very hardy.

Oryptomeria Japonloa^ Bon.

Ji^Mui and Northeom China* A slender evergreen tree, 100 feet high.
It requires forest valleys f<Mr snooessfol growth. The wood is ooupact,
very white, soft and easy to work.

Onpressns Benthami* EndL

Ife3cico,at6to7,000'. A beantiMl tree, GO feet high. Thewoodis
fine gndned and ezceediogly durable.

Onpressns Xiawsoniana, Mnrr.* {fihanuBeypaim Lawioniana, ParL)
Northern California. This is a splendid red-flowered cypress, growing
100 feet high, with a stem of 2 feet in diameter, and furnishes ft
vahiaUe timber for building purposes, being clear and easily Worked.

Onpresona Llndleyi^ Elotmch.

On the mountains of Mexico. A stately oypites, up to 120 feet high.
It supplies an excellent timber.

Onpressns maorooarpa, Hartw.* (C LtunbertianOf Gord.)

Upper California. This beautiful and shady tree attains' the height of
160 feet, with a stem of 9 feet in circumference^ and Is one Si tho
quickest growing of all ocmifers, even in poor dry sdL

Onpressns Nntkaensis, Lamb. (OhamctcyparU Nutkatfuii, Bpach.)
North-West America. Height of tree 100 fSset Wood used lor boat-
bollding and other purposes ; the bast for mats and ropes.

Onpressns obtnsa, F. von Muell. {Rditmpcra ohtutat S- ^ 2.)

Japan. Attains a height.of 80 feet ; stem 6 feet in circumference. It
forms a great part of the "forests at Nipon. The wood is white- veined
and ocmipact, assuming, when planea, a silky lustre. It is used in
Japan for temples. There are varieties of this species with fcdiage of
a golden and of a silvery- white hue.

Two other Japanese cypresses deserve introduction, namely : Ottpr.
brevlramea (Chamaeyparis breviramea, Maxim.), and Onpr. pend^s,
{OhanuBeyparis pendulat Maxim.)

Onpressns pislfera, F. von Muell. {CJumaeypaHi pUifera, S. ft Z.)
Japan. It attains a height of 80 feet, producing also a variety with
golden foliage.

Onpressns sempervirens, L.

Common Caress of South Europe. Height of ^ree up to 80 feet It
is famous lor the great age it reaches, and for the durability of its
timber, which is next to imperishable. At present It is much sought*
for the manufacture of musical instruments.

D 2

Onpressiui thurltea, Hamb. B. Ap E.*

Mezioo; 8,000 to 4,600 feet aboTe sea-leveL Aliaadsome pynunidAl
tiee, upwards of 40 feet high.

Oapressna tlmyoldes, Linn^. ( Chamoseyparis ipharoidea, Bpach.)

White Cedar of NorUi America ; in moist or morassy ground. Height
of tree 80 feet ; diameter of stem 8 feet. The wood is light, soft, and
fragrant; it tarns red when exposed to the air.

OapressnB tornlosa, Don.*

Nepal Cypress. Northern India ; 4,500 to 8,000 feet abovo sea level
Height of tree 160 feet; circumference of stem, as madi as 16
feet. The reddish fragrant wood is as durable as that of the
Deodar Cedar, highly valued for furniture. The tree seems to prefer
the limestone soil.
Baorydlnm oupresGdnnm, Soland.

New Zealand. Native name, Rimu ; the Bed Pine of the colonists.
This stately tree acquires the height of 200 feet, and furnishes a hard
and valuable wood. With other New Zealand conifers particulaily
eligible for our forest valleys. A most suitable tree for cemeteries, on
account of its pendulous branches.

Daorsrdlnm FrankUni, Hook. fil.

Huon Pine of Tasmania; only found in moist forest recesses, and
might be planted in our dense fern-tree gullies. Height of tree 100
feet; stem-droumference 20 feet. The wood is highly esteemed for
ship-building and various artizan's work. *

Bammara alba, Rumph. (2>. orientalise Lamb.)

Agath Dammar. Indian Archipelagus aud mainland. A large tree,
100 feet high, with a stem of 8 feet in diameter; straight and
branchless for two-thirds its length. It is of great importance on
account of its yields of the transparent Dammar resin, ezteniuvely
used for varnish.

Bammara Australia, Lamb.*

Kauri Pine. North island of New Zealand. This magnificent tree
measures, under favourable circumstances, 180 feet in height and 17
feet in diameter of stem. The estimated age of such a tree being
700 or 800 years. It furnishes an excellent timber for furniture^ masts
of ships, or almost any other purpose ; it yields besides the Kauri
resin of commerce, which is largely got from under the stem of the
tree. The greatest part is gathered by the Maories in localities
formerly covered with Kauri forests ; pieces, weighing 100 lbs., have
been found in such places.

Bammara maorophylla, Lindl.

Santa Cruz Archipelagus. A beautiful tree, 100 feet high, lesembling

D. alba.
Bammara Moorel, Lindl.

New Caledonia. Height of tree about 60 feet.
Bammara obtnsa, Lindl.

New Hebrides. A fine tree, 200 feet high; with a long, clear trunk;

resembling D. Australis.

Bammara ovata, Moore.

New Caledonia. This tree is rich in Dammar resin.
Bammara robuata, Moore.

Queensland Kauri* A tall tree, known from Bockingham*i Bay and

Wide Bay. It thrives well even in open, exposed, dry localities at

Melbourne.

Damxnara Vitiensls, Seem.

In Fiji. Tree 100 feet high ; probably identical with Lindley*8 D.
longifolia.

S^tzroya Fatagonloa, Hooker fil.

Sonthem parts of Patagonia and Ohili. A stately tree, 100 feet high,
np to 14 feet in diameter of stem. The wood is red, almost
imperishable in the open air or nnder ground ; it does not warp, and is
easy to spUt. It comes into commerce in boards 7 feet long, 8 inches
wide, i inch thick, and is used for roofing, deals, doors, casks, &c. The
outer bark produces a strong fibre used for caulking ships. Like many
other trees of colder r^ons, it would require here to be planted in our
mountain forests.

S*renela AotinoatrobUS, Huell. {Aeiinostrobut pyramidalis Miq.)

From S.W. Australia, though only a shrub, is placed here on record as
desirable for introduction, because it grows on saline desert flats, where
any other conifers will not readily succeed. It may become important
for coast cultivation.

Frenela Haoleayana, Pari.

New South Wales. A handsome tree of regular pyramidal growth,
attaining a height of 70 feet ; the timber is valuable.

Frenela vermcosa, A. Cunn.

Also several other species from Victoria and other parts of Australia
are among the trees, which may be utilized for binding the coast and
desert sand. They all exude Sandarac.

QinkgO biloba, L. (Saliaburia adiantifolia, Smith,)

Ginkgo tree. Ohina and Japan. A deciduous fan-leaved tree, 100 feet
high, with a straight stem 12 feet in diameter. The wood is white, soft,
easy to work, and takes a beautiful polish. The seeds are edible, and
when pressed yield a good oiL Ginkgo trees are estimated to attain an
age of 3000 years.

Jonipenis Bermadiana, L.*

The Pencil Cedar of Bermuda and Barbadoes. This species grows some-
times 90 feet high, and furnishes a valuable red durable wood, used for
boat building, ftimiture and particularly for pencils, on account of its
pleasant odor and special fitness. Many of the plants called Thuya or
Biotia Meldensis in gardens, belong to this species.

Jnniperus brevifolia, Antoine.

In the Azores up to 4,800^ ; a nice tree with sometimes silvery foliage.

Jtmipema Cedms, Webb.

A tall tree of the higher mountains of the Canary Islands.

Jtmiperas Chinensis, L.*

In temperate regions of the Himalaya, also in China and Japan. This
tree is known to rise to 75 feet. Probably identical with the Himala-
yan Pencil Cedar (Jnniperus religiosa, Boyle) ; it is remarkable for its
reddish close-grained wood.

Jnniperus oommnpls, L.

One of the three native coniferaB of Britain, attaining under favorable
circumstances a height of nearly 60 feet, of medicinal uses ; the bearies
also used in the preparation of gin.

Jimiperas dmpacea, LabilL Plmn Juniper.

A very handsome long-leaved Juniper, the Habhel of Syria. It attains
a height of 80 feet, and produces a sweet edible fruit, highly esteemed
throughout the Orient

Janipema ezoelsa, Biebent

In A4a Minor, 2 to 6000 feet fibova the tea level. A stately trae, 60
feet high.

Joniperas ilaooida, Schleoht.

In Mexico, 6 to 7000 feet high. A tree of 80 feet in height, ikii in
lesin, pimilar to Sandsrach«

JuBiperns foBtidiasima, Willd.

A tall beautiful tree in Annenia and Tauria, ^000 to 6,500 fe^t,
jTuUp^ma Hezioaaa, Schiede.

Mezieoi^tan eleratloaof 7000te ll,000feet. A stiaigfat tiee, 90 feet

high, stem 8 feet diameter, exuding copiously a resin similar to San-

darac.

Junipema oooidentatia, ^Qok.

North Oalifomia and Oregon, at 6000 feet. A stn^ght tree, 80 feet higli,
with a stem of 3 feet diameter.

Juniperoa PhcBnioea, L.

South Europe and Orient A small tree, 20 feet high, yielding an
{iromatic resin.

Junipema prooera, Hochst.

In Abyssinia. A stately tree, furnishing a hard useful timber.
Juaipema reotmra, Hamilton.

On the Himalayas, 10 to 12,000 feet high. Atree attaining; 80 feet in

height

Jnnipema aphjailoa, LindL

North Ohina. A handsome tree, 40 feet high.

Ji;ui}pQni8| VirgUxlana, L.

Kort^ A^aerican Pencil Cedi^r ^ Bed Qeidar. 4 handsome tree^ 50 M
high, supplying a fragrant timber, much esteemed for its strength sod
durability ; the inner part is of a beautiful red 90lor, the outer is white;
it is much used for pencils.

^l)ooe(inia Olillansia, EndL

In cold valleys on the southern Andes ol Chili, 9000 to 5009 feet A
fine tree, 80 fe^t high, famishing ^ h^^ remount wood of a yellowish
color.

Libooednia deourrena, Torr.

White. Ced^r of California gprowipg on high i^o u n t ^ Q g- Attahis a
height of fully 200 feet, with a stem 25 feet in circumference.

Libooednia Doniana, Endl,

North island of New Zealand, up to 6000 feet elevation. A forest tm
100 feet high, stem 8 feet and more in diameter. The wood is hard tw
resinous, of a dark reddish color, fine-grained, excellent for |»lank8 and
spars.

Libooednia tetragona, BndL

On the Andes of North Chili, 2000 to 5000 feet This species has a veiT
straight stem, and grows 120 feet high. The wood it quite whitib M^
Ug^^y esteemed for variouf ftrtisans' work» ind^ very pieoiouff.

Kageia (Podooaipua) amara, Blume.

Java, on high volcanic mountains. A lai^ge tree, sometimes 200 feet

high.
NW^lfk (?o(U>a(grp^ owroaalAf^ ^ Br.

Java. aM PhilHpine Islands. Height ol tree 180 feet» fandihisg*

highly valuable Umber*

.- ^-

Kag^a (PodooarpuB) daorydioldes, A. Rich.

In swampy ground of New Zealand ; the ** Eabikatea'* of the MaorieSf
called White Pine by the colonists. Height of tree 160 feet ; ^diameter
of stem 4 feet. The white sweet fruit is eaten hy the natives ; the wood
is i>ale, close-grained, heavy, and among other purposes, used for
building canoes.

IS'ageia (Podocarpus) femiginea, Don.

Northern parts of New Zealand. The Black F!ine of the col<mists;
native name ** Miro." Height of tree 80 feet ; it produces a dark red
resin of a bitter taste ; the wood is of a reddish color, very hard.

19'ageia (Podooarpus) Lamberti, Kiotzsch.

Brazils. A stately tree, yielding valuable timber.
Hagela (Podooarpos) Purdieana, Hook.

Jamaica, at 2500 to 8500 feet. This quick-growing tree attains a

height of 100 feet.

Hagela (Podooarpus) sploata, Br.

Black Hue of New Zealand. Tree 80 feet high ; wood pale, soft, close
and durable.

Kagela (Podooarpus) Thtinbergii, Hook.

Gape of Good Hope. A large tree, known to the colonists as " Geelhout*' ;
it furnishes a splendid wood for building.

HftCfoia (Podooarpus) Totara, Don.*

New Zealand. A fine tree, 120 feet high, with a stem of 20 feet in cir-
cumference ; it is called niahogany pine by the colonists. The 'reddish
close-grained and duraUe wood- is valuiJi>le both for building and for
fumltore, and is also extensiv^y used for telegraph posts; It Is con-
sidered the most vtUuable timber of New Zealand. Many other tall
timber trees of the geuus Podocarpus or Nageia occur in various parts
of Asia, Africa and America, doubtless all desirable, but the quality of
their timber is not well known, though likely in many oases excdlent«
Nageia is by far the oldest published name of the genus.

Fh jllooladns rhomboidalis, Rich.

Cekry Pine of Tasmania. A stately tree up to 60 feet high, with a stem
of 2 to 6 feet in diameter. The timber is valuable for ships' masts. It
will only grow to advantage in deep forest valleys.

FbyUooladus triohomanoides, Don.

Celery Pine of New Zealand^ northern island ; it is also called Pitch
Pine by the (Mdonists. This tree attains a height ol 70 feet, with a
stn^ght stem of 8 feet in diameter, and furnishes a pake close-grained
timber, used particulariy for spars and planks ; Uie Maories employ the
bark for dying red and black.

Pinns Abies, Du Roi.* {Finns Pieea LinnL)

Silver Fir, Tanne. In Middle Europe up to 50^ N. Lat, forming dense
forests. A fine tree, already the charm of the ancients, attaining 200
feet in height, and 20 feet in circumference of stem, reaching tfa» age
of 800 year& It furnishes a most valuable timber for building, as well
as furniture, and in respect to lightness, toughness and elasticity it is
even more esteemed than the Norway Spruce, but is not so good for
fuel or for charcoal. It also yields a fine white reinn and the Strass-
lk>u]^ turpentine, similar to the Venetian.

Finns Allies rar. Oephalonioa, Parlatoze. (Pinus Cephaloniea, BadL)
Greece, 8 to 4000 feet above the sea. A tree 60 feei high, with a stem
drcumlerenee of 10 feet. The wood k rmj hard and durshle, and
much esteemed for building.

PiniiB Abies var. Nordmaxmiaaay Parlatore. (P. Nordmanniana,
Steven.)
Crimea and Circassia, 6000 feet above the sea. This is one of the most
imposing firs, attaining a height of 100 feet, with a perfectly straight
stem. It famishes a valoable building timber.
The Silver Fir is desirable for our mountain forests.

Finns alba, Ait.

White Spruce. From Canada to Carolina, up to the highest mountains*
It resembles P. Picea, but is smaller, at most 60 feet high. Eligible for
our alpine country.

Finns Aloooqniana^ Parlatore.

Japan, at an elevation of 6 to 7000 feet. A fine tree, with very small
blue-green leaves ; the wood is used for light household furniture.

Pinns amabilis, Dougl.

Califomian Silver Fir. North California, at an elevation of 4000 feet
A handsome fir, 200 feet high, circumference of stem 24 feet ; the st^n
is naked up to 100 feet.

Finns Anstralis, Michz.*

Southern or Swamp Pine, also called (Georgia, Yellow Pitch or Broom
Pine. In the Soutbem States of N. America The tree attains a
height of 70 feet. It furnishes a good timber for furniture and building.
It is this tree, wbich forms chiefly tbe extensive pine barrens of the
United States, and yields largely the American turpentine.

Finns Ayaoahnite, Ehrenb. (P. Loudoniana, Oord.)

In Mexico, at an elevation of 8Q00 to 12,000 feet. An excellent pine,
100 to 150 feet high, with a stem diameter of 8 to 4 feet, yielding a
much esteemed white or sometimes reddish timber.

Finns balsamea, L.

Balsam Fir, Balm of Qilead Fir. Canada, Nova Scotia, New England.
An elegant tree, 40 feet high, which with Pinus Fraseri yields the
Canada Balsam, the well-known oleo-resln. The timber is light, soft
and useful for furniture. It thrives best in cold swampy places. Eligi-
ble for our alps.

Finns Canadensis, L.

Hemlock Spruce. In Canada and over a great part of the United
States, on high mountains. A very ornamental tree, 100 feet high,
with a white cross-grained and inferior wood. The tree, however, is
extremely valuable on account of its bark, which is much esteemed as
a tanning material ; it is stripped off during the summer months. The
young shoots are used for making spruce bedr.

Finns Canariensis, C. Smith.*

Canary Pine. Canary Islands, forming laige forests at ^an elevation of
6 to 6000 feet. A tree 70 feet high, with a resinous durable very heavy
wood, not readily attacked by insects. It thrives well in Victoria, and
shows celerity of growth.

Finns Gedms, L.

Cedar of Lebanon. Together with the Atlas variety on the mountains
of Lebanon and Taurus, also in N. Africa. The tree grows to a
height of 100 feet, and attains a very great age ; the wood is of a light
reddii^ color, soft, easy to work, and much esteemed for its dura-
biUty.

Finns Oedrns var. Daodara.*

Deodar Cedar. On the Himalaya monntains, 4 to 12,000 feet above sea
level. A majestic tree, 150 feet high, and sometimes 30 feet in circumfer-
ence of stem. The wood is of a whitish yellow coler, very close-grained
and resinous, and furnishes one of the best building timbers known ; it
must, however, not be felled too young. The tree also yields a good
deal of resin and turpentine.

Finns Oembra, L.

On the European Alps, also in Siberia and Tartary. The tree attains
a height of 60 feet; the wood is of a yellow color, verv soft and resinous,
of an extremely fine texture and is ^tensively used for carving and
cabinet work. The seeds are edible, and when pressed yield a great
quantity of oil. A good turpentine is also obtained from this pine.

Finns oemhroides, Zucc. (P. Laveana^ Schiede and Deppe.)

Mexican Swamp Pine. A small tree, 80 feet high, growing at an eleva-
tion of 8000 to 10,000 feet. The timber is not of much use, but the seeds
are edible and have a very agreeable taste.

F. Oilioica, Ant. and Eotsch.

Cilidan Silver Fir. Asia Minor. 4000 to 6500 above sea leyel. A hand-
some tree of pyramidal growth 160 feet high. The wood is very soft
and used extemvely for the roofis of houses, as it does not warp.

Finns oontorta, Dougl.

On high damp ranges in California, attaining 50 feet in height. It is
valuable as a shelter tree in stormy localities.

Finns Conlteri, Don.

California, on the eastern slope of the coast range at an elevation of
8000 to 40OO feet. A pine of quick growth, attaining a height of 76 feet;
it has the largest cones of all pines.

Finns Donglasli, Sabine.*

Oregon Pine. N.W. America forming very extensive forests. A large
conical shaped tree, up to 800 feet in height, with a stem of 2 to 10 feet
diameter. Only in a moist forest climate of rapid growth.

Finns dnmosa, Don (P. Brunoniana Wall)

Bootan, Sikkim and Nepal, 10,000 feet above sea level. A very oma-
m^tal fir, rising to 70 or 80 feet.

Finns exoelsa, Wall.*

The Lofty or Bootan Pine. Himalaya, forming large forests at from 6000
to 11,600 feet elevation. A fine tree, 160 feet high, furnishing a valu-
able, close-grained, resinous wood, as well as a good quantity of tur-
pentine.

Finns Fortnnei, Parlatore.

China, in the neighbourhood or Foochowfoo*. A splendid tree, 70 feet
high, somewhat similar in habit to P. Cedrus.

Finns Fraseri^ Pureh.

Double Balsam Fir. On high mountains of Carolina and Pennsylvania.
This tree, which gets about 20 feet high, yields with P. balsamea
Canada Balsam.

Finns Gerardiana, Wall.

Kepal Hut Pine. In the N.E. parts of the Himalaya at an elevation of
10,000 to 12,000 feet, forming extensive forests. The tree gets 50 feet
high, and produces very sweet edible seeds, also turpentine.

Flnxui grandis, DoogL

Graft* SaTer Ht of Norih California. A splendid fir, 20afert1iigb and
npwudi, growing beat in moisfe yaUeya oif iiigh ranges ; the wood is
white and soft.

Pimu Haleppenedfl^ Mill.*

Aleppo Pine. South Earope and North Afiica, This well known pine
attains a height of 80 feet with a stem of from 4 to 5 feet iu diameter.
The timber of young trees is white, of older trees of a dark color; it
is principally esteemed for ship building, but also used for fumitare.
The tree yields a kind of Venetian turpentine, as well as a yaluable tar.
It thri?es well in waterless rocky places, also on the sandy sea cooji
P. maritima is a variety of this species. Content with the poorest and
driest localities, and rapid of growth.

Finns Hartwegil, Lindl.

Hexioo, 9000 to 18,000 feet above sea level. A pine, 50 feet in height,
with a very durable wood of a reddish color ; it yields a large quantity
of resin.

Finns Iiarix,L.

Common Larch ; deciduous. On the European Alps up to 7000 feci It
attains a height of 100 feet, sometimes rising even up to 160 feet, and
produces a valuaUe timber of great durability, which is used fOT land and
water buildings, and much prised for ship building. Tlie bark is used
for tanning and dyeing. The tree is of great importance for its yield of
the Venetian turpentine, which is obtained by boring holes into it in
spring ; these fiU during the summer, supplying from ^ to f pint of
turpentine. In Piedmont, where they tap the tree in different places
and let the liquid continually run, it Is said that from 7 to 8 may be
obtained in a year, but the wood suffers through this operation. P. L.
var. Bossica, Bussian Larch, grows principally on the Altai mountains
from 2,600 to 5,500 feet above sea level ; it attains a height of 80 feet.
The species would be important for our upland country.

Finns leiophylla, Schiede and Deppe.

7000 to 11,000 feet up on the mountains of Mexico. A tree 90 feet
high. The wood is excessively hard.

^inns leptolepis, Sieb . and Zucc.

Japan Larch. In Japan, between 35° and 48° N. lat., up to an elevation
of 9000 feet. The timber is highly valued by the Japanese.

Finns longifolia, Roxb.*

Emodi Pine or Cheer Pine. On the Himalaya mountains, from 2000 to
7000 |feet. A handsome tree with a branchless stem of 50 feet; the
wood is resinous and the red variety useful for building ; it yields a
quantity of tar and turpentine. The tree stands exposure and beat
welL

Finns Massoniana, Lamb. (P. Sinensis, Lamb.)

China and Japan. This pine attains a height of 60 feet, and supplies a
resinous tough and durable wood, used for buildings and furnitnie.
The roots, when burned with the oil of Brasslca Orientalis, furnish t1^
Chinese Lampblack.

Finns Menzieoii, Dougl.

North West America. A very handsome tree, which grows to a height
of 70 feet, and furnishes a valuable timber ; it thrives best in mdst
ground.

Finns Hndsonioa, Poir. (P. JBanksiana, Lamb.)

Grey Pine ; North America, up to 64^ N. lat. Height of tree ^ feet,
in the cold north only a shrub. The wood is' light, tongh and easily
worked.

Finns JeflBreyi, Marr.

NfflrthCaliforBia, on a sterile fttndysi^. A noble pine^ 160 feet liigh ;
stem 4 feet thick.

Finns Kaempibri, Lamb.

Chinese Larch ; also called Golden Pine. Ohina. This is the hand-
somest of all the larches. It is of quick growth, and attaios a height
of 150 feeti The leaves, which are of a vivid green daring spring and
summer, turn to a golden yellow in autumn. The wood is very hard
and durable.

Finns Koraiensie, Sieb. and Zucc.

China and Japan. A handsome tree^ 80 to 40 feet hig^, producing
edible seeds.

Finns Lambertianay DougL

Giant or Sugar Pine. North-west coast of America ; mostly in great
altitudes. A lofty tree,^ upwards of 800 feet high, with a stndght,
naked stem of from 20 to 60 feet in circumference. It thrives best in
sandy soil, and produces a soft, white, straight grained wood, which
for inside work is esteemed above any other pine in California, and
famished in large quantities. The cones are 18 inches long; the
seeds are edible, and used as food by the natives. Would come best
to perfection in the humid regions of our higher mountains.

Finns Larielo, Poir .♦

Corsican Pine. South Europe. It attains a height of 120 feet. The
wood is white, towards the centre dark, very resinous, coarse-grained,
elastic and durable, and much esteemed for building, especially for
waterworks. There are three main varieties of this pine, viz. :
P. L. Poiretiana, in Italy ; P. L. Austriaca, in Austria ; P. L. Pallas-
siana, on the borders of the Black Sea. The tree grows best in
calcareous soil, but also in poor, sandy soil, where, however, the timber
is not so large nor so good. It yields all the products of P: silvestris,
but in greater quantities, being perhaps the most resinous of
all pines.

Finns Mertensiana, Bong.

Califomian Hemlock Spruce, North-west America. . The wood is
white and very soft, but is often used for building. The tiee is from
100 to 150 feet high, by a stem diameter of 4 to 6 feet

Finns mitis, Michx.

Yellow Pine of North America. In dry sandy soil, attaining a height
of 60 feet. Wood durable, fine-grained, moderately resinous, valuable
for flooring.

Finns monopliylla, Torr. and Frem.

Stone or Nut Pine of California, on the Sierra Nevada and Cascade
Mountains, 6,500 feet. The seedfs are edible, of an almond-Uke taste,
and consumed in quantity by the natives. Height of tree only 85
feet ; thickness of stem 8 to 10 inches.

Finns montana, DuBoi. (P. PunUlio ffcenke.)

On the Alps and Carpathians up to the highest points, covering large
tracts, and thriving on the poorest soil. The tree, which grows about
. 25 feet high, in favourable localities 50, yields much oil of turpen-
tine. The wood is used for carving and for firewood. Only available
to advantage for our highlands.
Finns Monteznmae, Lamb. (P. Devonianot Lindl.) (P. OrenvilUcd,
Gord.)
Mexico. A handsome Pine, 80 feet high; wood white, soft and
resinous.

B 2

Flniis montioola, Bongl. ,

CaliforaiA, st an el6vati<m of 7,000 feet It tbriyes best in poot aofl
of granite formation, and attains the heiglit of 200 feet, with a stem
of H to 4 feet thick. The wood is white, cloee-grained.

Piniis mnrioata, Don.

Bishop's Pine. California. Found np 7,600 feet! This pine grows to
aboQt 40 feet.

Piniis nigra, Ait,

Black Spruce. North-East America, Occurring eztensiyely between
44^ and 68^ N. latitude. This tree, which is termed Double Sprace
by the Canadians, attains a height of 70 feet, and furnishes a light
elastic timber of white colour, excellent for yards of ships. Tlie
young shoots are used for making spruce-beer, and the small roots
serve as cords. It likes swampy forest land.

Finns nobiliSy Dongl.

Koble White Fir. North west coast of America, on the Columbia
Biyer and the mountains of North California, where^'it forms exten-
siye forests at 6 to 8,000 feet. A majestic tree, 160 to 200 feet high,
with regular horiaontal branches. It furnishes a valuable timber for
building.

Finns orientalis, L,

Sapindus Fir. In A^ Minor, at 4,000 feet. The tree rises to aboat
80 feet, and resembles somewhat the Norway Spruce. The wood is
exceedingly tough and durable.

Finns parviflora, Sieb.

In Japan. It only gets about 26 feet high ; but is much used as an
avenue tree ; wood for fine furniture and boat-bailding.

Finns Pattoniana, Par).

California ; 5 to 6,000 feet above sea-level. A very fine fir, 300 feet
high, with a perfectly straight stem. The wood is hard, of a reddish
colour, with handsome veins ; but poor in resin.

Finns patnla, Schiede and Deppe.

In Mexico ; at an elevation of 8 to 9,000 feet. A graceful pine, 80 feet
high.

Finns pendnla, Soland. (P. microearpa, Lamb*)

Small-coned American Larch ; Black Larch or Tamarack. Frequent
in Vermont and New Hampshire, A pine of pyramidal growth, 100
feet high. The timber is white, heavy, resinous, and as highly
valued as that of the Common Larch.

Finns pioea, Du Roi.» (F. Ahiet, L.)

Norway Spruce, Fichte, Middle and Northern Europe and Northern
Asia ; rising from the plains to an elevation of 4,600 feet, and forming
extensive forests. The tree attains a height of 160 feet or even more,
and furnishes an excellent timber for building and furniture ; com-
monly known under the name of White Deal. It also produces the
Burgundy Pitch in quantity, while the bark is used for tanning.
Though enduring our dry summers, this spruce would have to be
restricted for timber purposes to the damp mountains.

Finns Pinaster, Soland.*

Cluster Pine. On the shores ot the Mediterranean. The tree is of
quick growth, and rises to 60 feet in height ; the wood is soft and
resinous; it yields largely the French turpentine. Among the best
pines for consolidation of sandy coast land, and converting rolling
sands into pasture and agricultural land. For ease of rearing ana
rapidity of growth, one of the most important of all pines. .

Finns Pinoeana, €k>Td.

Mexico, np to 9000 feet above sea level. A very remarkable pine,
having drooping branches like the Weeping Willow; 60 feet high. Most
desirable for cemeteries.

Finns Pindrow, Royle.

In great abundance on the spurs of the Himalaya mountains, 8 to
12,000 feet above the sea level. A fine straight stemmed tree, 100 feet
high.

Finns Pinea, L *

Stone Pine. Frequent in the countries bordering on the Mediterranean ;
height of tree 60 feet ; the wood is whitish, light, but full of resin, and
much used for buildings, furniture and ships. The seeds are edible,
somewhat resembling almonds, but of a taste resinous though not dis-
agreeable; they only ripen in their third year. This pine grows as
easily and almost as quickly as the Claster Pine.

Finns Pinsapo, Boiss.

Spanish Fir. In Spain, on the Sierra Nevada, 4 to 6000 feet. A tree
of 60 feet high, with branches from the ground.

Finns ponderosa, Dougl.* (P. Benthamiana, Hartw.)

Yellow or Pitch Pine of the mountains of N. W. America. Height of
tree up to 226 feet, with a stem of 24 feet in circumference, of compara-
tively quick growth; the wood is heavy, and for general purposes
preferred to that of any other pine. Has proved well adapted even for
dry localities in Victoria.

Finns Psendo-Strobns, Lindl.*

In Mexico. This tree is superior in appearance to any other Mexican
pine ; height 80 feet

Finns Pyrenaioa, Lapeyr.

In the South of Spain and on the Pyrenees. A fine ornamental tree of
quick growth, 80 feet high ; the wood is white and dry, poor in resin.

Finns radlata, Don.* (P. insignis, Dougl.)

California. A splendid pine, fully 100 feet high, with a straight stem
2 to 4 feet in diameter. It is of remarkably rapid growth, a seedling,
one year old, being strong enough for final transplantation ; the wood
ifl tough, and much sought for boat-building and various utensils.

Finns religiosa, Humb.

Oyamel Fir. Mexico, 4 to 9000 feet above the sea level. A magnificent
tree with silvery leaves, growing 100 feet high ; stem 6 feet in diameter ;
the wood is particularly well fit for shingles.

Finns resinosa, Soland.

Red Pine. N. America, principally in Canada and Nova Scotia. It gets
80 feet high and 2 feet in diameter ; the wood is red, fine-grained,
heavy and durable, not very resinous, and is used for ship-building.

Finns rigida, Mill.*

American Pitch Pine. From New England to Virginia. It grows to a
height of 80 feet ; the timber, when from good soil, is hard and resinous
and used for building ; but the tree is principally Important for its yield
of turpentine, resin, pitch and tar.

Finns mbra, Lamb.
• Hudson's Pine, Bed Spruce. Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and other
northern parts of the American Continent. A straight slender tree, 70
feet high; the wood is of a reddish oolor and highly esteemed

4«

Pinna Sabiniana, Doogl.*

Galifomian Nafc Pine or White Pine, Most frequent on the westom dopes
of the Rocky Mountains, intermixed with other trees ; 160 feet high;
8tem 8 to 6 feet in diameter ; the wood is white and soft ; the dos-
tered heayj cones attain a length of 1 foot; the seeds are ed^Ue.
Proves in dry localities of Tictoria to he of qm.ds. growth.

Pinna serotina, Michz.

Pond Pine. Southern States of North America, in black morassy soil,
principally near the sea coast ; it is 60 feet high, stem 16 indies in
diameter; the wood is soft.

Pinna ailTestris, L.*

Scotch Pir, Foehre. Middle and Northern Europe, up to 70<» N. Lat,
and Norf^ Asia, thriving best in sandy soiL A very valuable tree,
fully 100 feet high, growing to the age of about 120 yeaiB. The Bed
Baltic, Norway, or Biga deals are obtained from this pine, as well as
a large portion of the European pine tar. Proves well adapted ev^
for the drier parts of Victoria.

Pinna Sibirioa, Turca. (P. Fichta, Pisch.)

Siberian Pitch Fir. On the Altai Mountains ; it reaches a height of
60 feet.

Pinns Strobns, L.*

Weymouth Pine or American Wh^e Pine. N.E, America, growing on
any soil, but preferring swampy ground ; it is found 1 00 feet high,
with a stem of 4 to 6 feet in diameter ; the wood is soft, white, light,
free of knots, almost without resin, easy to work, and much
esteemed for masts ; it yields American turpentine and gallipot.

Pinna Tseda, L.

Frankincense or Loblolly Pine. Florida and Virginia, in sandy soil,
attaining a height of 80 feet; the timber is esteemed for ship-building.
It also yields turpentine in good quantity, though of inleri(Mr qualitj.

Pinna tennifolia, Benth.

Mexico, at ta elevation of 5000 feet, forming dense forests ; height of
tree 100 feet, stem up to 6 feet in diameter.

Pinna Teooote, Cham, and Schledht.

Okote or Torch Pine. Mexico, 6 to 8000 feet above the sea level
Tree 100 feet high, stem 8 to 4 feet in diameter ; i^e wood is lednoos
and durable.

Pinna Tanga, Ant.

In the northern provinces of Japan, 6 to 9000 feet above the sea. The
tree ^ets only 25 feet high ; its timber is highly esteemed for superior
furniture, especially by ttimers.

Pinna "Webbiana, Wallich.*

King Pine, Dye Pine. On the Himalaya Mountains, at an elevation
, of 12 to 18,000 feet. A splendid fir 70 to 80 feet high, with a stem
diameter of generally 3 to 4 feet, but sometimes even 10 feet The
wood is of a white color, soft, coarse-grained and very resinous ; the
nativeB extract a splendid violet dye from the cones.

Soiadopitya Tertioillata, Sieb..

The lofty and curious Umbrella Fir of Japan, 140 feet high ; resists
severe frosts ; wood white and compact.

Seqnoia aempervirena, Endl.* (Taxodium semperviretiit Lamb,)

Red Wood or Bastard Cedar of N. W. America, chiefly California. A
splendid tree, 800 feet high, occasionally with a diameter of the stem of
65 feet. The wood is reddish, close- veined, but light and brittle* One
of the most oolossal trees of the globe.

Seqnoia WeUingtonia, Seem.* ( WelUngtonia gigantea, Llndl.)

Mtimmoth Tree. Califorma, np to 6000 feet above the sea. This, the
biggest of all trees, attains a stem of 820 feet in length and 112 feet in
circumference, the oldest trees being estimated at 1100 years ; the total
height of a tree will occasionally be 450 feet ; a stem broken at 300 feet
had yet a diameter of 18 feet. The wood is soft and white when felled,
afterwards it turns red.

Tazodinm distiohnm, Bich.*

Virginian Swamp or Bald Cypress. In swampy places of North
America, k large and valuable tree, 100 feet high, with a stem circum-
ference of sometimes 40 feet, of rapid growth, with deciduous foliage
like that of the Larch and Ginkgo ; it is found fossil in the miocene
formation of man^ parts of Europe. The wood is fine-erained, hard
and durable ; it yields an essential oil, and a superior kind of tur-
pentine. Useful for avenues on swampy margins of lakes or river
banks.

Taxodium mnoronatum, Ten.

The famed Montezuma Cypress of Mexico, 120 feet high, with a trunk
44 feet in circumference ; it forms extensive forests between Chapultepec
and Tescuco.

Tazns baooata, L.

Yew. Middle and South Europe and Asia, at 1000 to 4000 feet
elevation. Generally a shrub, sometimes a tree^ 40 feet high, which
furnishes a yellow or brown wood, exceedingly tough, elastic and
durable, and much esteemed by turners. The tree is of very slow
growth, and reaches a great age, perhaps several thousand years ; some
ancient ones are known with a stem of fifty feet in girth.

Tazus brevifolia, Nuttall. ( T, Lindleyana, Laws.)

N. W. America. Western Yew. A stately tree, 76 feet high, with a
stem of 6 feet in circumference. The Indians use the woodfortheir
bows.

Thuya gigantea» Nutt.

N. W. America, on the banks of the Columbia Biver. The Yellow
Cypress of the colonists. A straight, graceful tree, 200 feet high, fur-
nishing a valuable building timber of a pale or light yellow color.

Thxiya oocidentalis, L.

N. America, particularly frequent in Canada. A fine tree, 70 feet high ;
the wood is reddish or yellowisb, fine-grained, very tough and resinous,
and well fit lor building, especially for water work. The shoots and
also an essential oil of this tree are used in medicine ; the bast can
be converted into ropes.

Thnyopsis dolabrata, Sieb and Zucc.

Japan. A majestic tree, furnishing anexcdl^t hard timber of a red
color.

Torrvya Califomioa, Torr. (r. myristiea, Hooker.)
In California. Tree 60 feet high.

ToneytL grandis, Fortune.

China. A tree 60 feet high, with an umbrdla-shaped crown ; it pro-
duces good timber.

Torreya auoifera, 8. and Z. {Caryotaxui nueifera, Zucc.)

Japan. Height of tree about 80 feet. From the nuts the Japanese
press aa oil| used as an Article of food.

Tbrreya tazifolia, Arnott.

Florida. A tree 60 feet in height, with a firm, dose-grained, durable
wood of a reddish color.

Widdringtonia Jnniperoldes, Endl.

South Africa, 8000 to 4000 feet above sea level. A middling siaed
tree, rich in resin.

II.— MISCELLANEOUS TREES, NOT CONIFEROUS.

Aoaoia aotuninata, Benth.

A kind of Myall from Western Australia, attaining a height of 40 feet.

Aoaoia deourrens, Willd. (A. moUmima^ Willd. A. dealbata, Link.)
The Black Wattle or Silver Wattle. From the eastern part of
B. Australia, through Victoria and N. S. Wales, to the southern part
of Queensland, in open plains a small or middle sized tree, in deep
forest recesses a lofty tree, of singularly rapid growth. Its wood can
be used for staves and many other purposes, but its chief use would be
to afford the first shelter, in treeless localities, for raising forests. Its
bark, rich in tannin, and its gum, not dissimilar to Gum Arabic,
render this tree also important. Other quick growing trees, usef al in
various ways, growing m any soil and enduring drought, can be
used simultaneously, by mere dissemination, in ploughed ground, for
dense temporary belts of shelter, or for quick yielding fuel planta-
tions, such as Acacia pycnantha, A. lophanthay Casuarina quadri'
valvia, Casuarina tuherosa^ Eucalyptus meltiodorat Eucalyptus viminalis
and many other Eucalypts, all easily growing &om s^d.

Aoaoia homalophylla, Cunn.

The Victorian Myall, extending into the deserts of N.S. Wales. The
dark brown wood is much sought for turner's work on account of its
solidity and fragrance; perhaps its most extensive use is in the
manufacture of tobacco pipes. Never a tall tree.

Aoaoia Melanozylon, R. Br.

The well known Blackwood of our river flats and moist forest
valleys, passing also under the inappropriate name of lightwood. In
irrigated valleys of deep soil the tree will attain a height of 80
feet, with a stem several feet in diameter. The wood is most valu-
able for furniture, railway carriages, boat-building, casks, billiard
tables, pianofortes (for sound-boards and actions), and numerous
other purposes. The fine-grained wood is cut into veneers. It takes
a fine poli^, and is considered equal to the best Walnut. Our best
wood for bending under steam. For further details refer to the
volumes of the Exhibitions of 1862 and 1867.

Aoer oampestre, L.

Extends from Middle Europe to North Asia. Height 40 feet, in shelter
and deep soil ; the yellow and purple tint of its foliage in autumn
render the tree then particularly beautiful. The wood is compact
and fine-grained, and sought for choice furniture. The tree can be
trimmed for hedge growth. Comparatively quick of growth, and easily
raised from seed. These remarks apply to almost all kinds of Maples.

Aoer dasyoarpxixa, Ehrhart.

The Silver Maple of North America. Likes rather a warmer climate
than the other American Maples, and therefore particularly desirable
for us here. Height 50 feet ; wood pale and soft, stem sometimea 9
feet in diameter.

Aoer maoropliyllTim, Pnnb.

Large Oregon Maple. Tree 90 feet high, of quick growth ; stem 16
feet in circumference ; wood whitish, b^utif uUy veined.

Aoer Kegnndo, L.

The Bob Elder of North America. A tree, deciduous like the rest of
the Maples ; attains a height of about 50 feet, and is rich in saccharine
sap. Proved well adapted for our country.

Aqer palmataniy Thunb.

This beautiful tree with deeply cleft leaves is indigenous to Japan,
where various varieties with red and yellow tinged leaves occur.
Should it be an aim to bring together all the kinds of Maples, which
could be easily grown in appropriate spots of Victoria, then Japan
alone would furnish 25 species.

Aoer platanoides, L.

The Norway Maple, extending south to Switzerland, 70 fe^ high. The
pale wood much used by cabinetmakers.

Aoer Psendo-platannSy L.

The Sycamore Maple or British Plane. Attains a height of over 100
feet. The wood is compact and firm, valuable for various implements,
instruments and cabinet work. It furnishes like some other maples a
superior charcoal.

Aoer rabram, L.

The Bed Maple, North America. A tree attaining 80 feet, fond of
swampy places ; wood close-grained. The trunk when twisted furnishes
also curled maple wood. Grows well with several other maples, even
in dry open localities of this part of Australia, although the foliage may
somewhat suffer from our hot winds.

Aoer saooharinnm, Wang.*

One of the largest of the maples. In the colder latitudes of North
America, 80 feet higb. Wood of rosy tinge, when knotty or curly
furnishes the Birdseye and curly Maplewood. In the depth of winter
the trees, when tapped, will yield the saccharine fluid, which is so
extensively converted into maple sugar, each tree yielding 2 to 4 lb. a
year. The trees can be tapped for very many years in succession, without
injury. The Sugar Maple is rich in potash. Numerous other maples
exist, among which as the tallest may be mentioned, Acer Creticum,
L., of South Europe, 40 feet ; A, IcBvigatum^ A. tterculiaceum and A.
villosam, Wallicb, of Nepal, 50 feet ; A, pictum, Thunb., of Japan,
80 feet.

^scTiliis Hippooastannm, L.

Indigenous to Central Asia. One of the most showy of deciduous trees,
more particularly when during spring ** it has reached the meridian of
its glory, and stands forth in all the gorgeousness of leaves and
blossoms." Height 60 feet. It will succeed in sandy soil on sheltered
spots; the wood adapted for furniture; the seeds a food for various
domestic animals ; the bark a good tanning material. Three species
occur in Japan, and several, but none of great height, in North America
and South Asia.

Ailantus glandulosa, L.

S.E. Asia. A hardy deciduous tree, 60 feet high, of rather rapid growth,
and of very imposing aspect in any landscape. Particularly valuable
on account of its leaves, which afford food to a silkworm (Bombyx
Cynthia) t peculiar to this tree ; wood pale yellow, of silky lustre when
planed, and therefore valued for joiners' work. In South Europe
planted for avenuee.

Alnns glutinosa, Gaertn.

TbeoidinArj Aider. Tbitraghoat Europe and extra tropical Asia, 70 feet
high ; well adapted for river hanke ; wood soft and light, tumiDg red,
farDiahing one of the best charcoals for gunpowder ; it is also durable
under water, aod adapted for turners and joiner's work. A. incana
Willd. Is an equally h^b and allied sp^iea,

Amyris terebinthifolia, Tenore.

BrazIL Is here perfectly hardy, and is content in dry ground without
any irrigation. It proved one of the best among the smaller ayenne
trees, is beautifully spreading and umbrageous, and probably of
medicinal value.

Angophora intermedia, Cand.

South East Australia. This is the best of the Angophoras, attaining a
height of 50 feet, and growing with the rapidity of an Eucalyptus, but
being more close and shady in its foliage. It would be one of our best
trees to line public roads, and to effect shelter plantations.

Baloghia Incida, Endl. {Codiceum lucidum, J. M.)

East Australia. A middle sized tree. The sap from the vulnerated
trunk forms, without any admixture, a beautiful red indelible pigment.

Betula alba, L.*

The ordinary Birch of Europe and extratropical Aeoa. It attains a
height of 80 feet, and would here thrive best in moist glens of the
rauges, or in the higher regions of our mountains, where it would
form up at the Aljaue Zone excellent shelter plantations. The durable
bark serves for roofing. Wood white, turning red. The oU of the
bark is used in preparing the Busuan leatlMr.

BettQa nigra, L.

The Black or River Birch of North America. One of the tallest of
Birches. If grown on the banks of a lim{^ stream, it wBl bear ittieose
heat. The wood Is compact, of a light colour.

Betala papyraoea. Ait

The Paper Birch of North America. A larger tree than B, Ma, with
a fine-grained wood and a tough bark ; much used for portable canoes.
It likes a cold situation.

BetiOa lenta, Wiiki.

The Cherry Birch of North America. A tree of middle si^e, liking
moist ground. Bark aromatia Wood rose-coloured or dark, fine-
grained, excellent for furniture. Several Birches occur in Japan, which
might well be tried here.

Oarpinua Betnlns, L.

The Hornbeam. A tree of 80 feet high. Middle and South Europe.
Wood pak, ei a horny toughness and hardness, close-grained, but not
elastic. This tree would serve to arrest the progress of bushfires, if
planted in copses or hedges like willows and poplars around forest
plantations. A smaller species, Oarpinus Americana, Mich., yields the
Ironwood of North America. Four species oocur in Japan ( C. cord<U<h
C, eroMf C. laxiflora, Cjaponica (Blume). Carpinui viminea (Widlich)
is a species with durable wood from the middle regions of Nepal

Oarja alba, Nuttall.*

The Shellbark-Hickory. A deciduous tree, 90 feet high, which delights
in rich forest 8<^1 ; a native of North America, Wood strong, elastic,
and tenacious, but not very durable. Yields the main rapply of
Bickory nata« All tbe hickories aire extttttirdy uted in Noilli America
for hoops.

«7

CasTa atnara, NnttaD.

The Bittemnt Tree or Swamp Hickorj. A tree, 80 feet high, in
Bwampy grounds of North America. Wood less valuable than that of
other Hickories.

Carya glabra, Torrey .♦ {Carya porcina, Nuttall.)

The Hognut Tree. A tree» 80 feet high, in forest land of North
America. Wood very tcngh ; the heart-wood reddish or dark-coloured ;
much used for azletrees and axehandles.

Carya oliviformis, Nutt«dl.»

The Pecan Nut Tree. A lofty tree, fond of riyer banks in North
America.

Caiya snloata, NuttalL*

The Furrowed Hickory and Shellbark Hickory of some districts ; also
Sliagbark Hickory. A tree, 80 feet high, in damp woods of North
America. Heart-wood pale-coloured. Seed of sweet pleasant taste.

Carya tomentosa, Nuttall.*

The Mocker Nnttree or White Heart Hickory. A big tree of North
America. Likes forest soil, not moist Heart-wood pale-colonred,
remarkable for strength and durability. Seeds very oily. Nut small,
but sweet. A variety produces nuts as large as an apple.

Castanea sativa, Miller.* (C. vesea Gctrtner.)

The Sweet Chesnut Tree. South Enrope and temperate Asia, as far as
Japan, and 9 variety with smaller frnits extending to North America.
It attains an enormous age; at Mount Etna an individual tree
occurs with a stem 204 feet in circumference. The wood is light
and coarse-grained ; the importance of the tree rests on its adapta-
bility for shade plantations, its nutritious nuts and timber value.

Castanopsis argentea, A. Caadolle.

A lofty tree in the mountains of India, produces also edible chesnati*
Other species of the genus Castanopsis are valuable.

Casnarina glanoa, Sieber.

The Desert Sheoak, widely distributed through Australia, but nowhere
in forest-like masses. This species attains, in favourable places, a
height of 80 feet. Its hard durable wood is valuable. Important for
its rapid growth, resistance to exposure for shelter plantation, and
a spe^y supply of fuel, a remark which applies also to the following
species.

Casuarina qnadrivalvis, Labillard.

The Coast Sheoak of South-east Australia, but not merely living in
coast sand, but also on barren places up to the hills inland. Height
to 60 feet. The male tree is very eligible for avenues, the foliage of
the species being drooping. Cattle are fond of the foliage. For
arresting the ingress of coast sand by belts of timber, this is one of
the most important trees. It produces, like other Casuarinas, seeds
eaily and copiously, and is easily raised.

Gasnarina snberosa, WOld.

The Erect Sheoak of South East Australia. Height to 40 feet. A
beautiful shady species. Caiuarina trickodon (Miq.), O, Fraterianot
fMiq.), and O, Huegeliana (Miq.), are arboreous speaes of South-west
Australia, all valuable for their wood.

Cedrela Taona, Roxburgh.*

The Singapore Cedar. A meve variety of this is the Bed Cedar of East
Australia {Cedrela AuitraiU, Cunn.) The light beautiful wood, easily
worked and sosoeptible of high polish, la miMh in «e(|aMt for

famitQre, for the mannfacture of pianofortes, .for boAt-boildiiig and a
yariety of other work. As this important tree is largely extirpated in
the cedar brushes, it is highly desirable to form of it in our rich forest
gnllies independent plantations for future local supply. The Bed
Cedar is hardy at Melbourne, but in our open exposed gardens and
poor soil of slow growth.

Geltis Australis, L.

The Lotus tree of South Europe and North Africa. Of longevity, 50 feet
' high, available for avenues. Berries edible. Wood hard and dense,
eligible particularly for turners and carvers' work.

Celtis Oooidentalis, L.

The Huckberry Tree. A fine forest tree in Ohio, and other parts of
North America. Height, 80 feet. The variety called C, croisifolxa is
the best. The sweet fruits edible. Wood elastic and fissile.

Geratonia SUiqua, L.

The Carob tree of the Mediterranean regions. It attains a height
^ of 30 feet and resists drought well. Wood pale red. The saccharine

pods, Algaroba or 8t. John's Bread, of value for domestic animals.

The seeds germinate readily.

Cixmamomtim Camphora, Nees.*

The Camphor tree of China and Japan, attaining a height of aboat
40 feet. It endures the occasional frosts of Port -Phillip, though the
foliage will suffer. The wood, like all other parts of the tree, is
pervaded by Camphor, hence resists the attack of insects.

Ck>rylas Ck>liima, L.

The Constantinople Nut tree, the tallest of Hasels, attaining 60 feet
in height, of rather quick growth. This, as well as the European
Basel (CoryluB Avellana,lt.) and the Japan Hazel f (7. heterophyUa^
Fitcher) might be grown for copses in onr forest gullies.

CtorynocarpuB laevigata, Forst

The Earaka of New Zealand and the principal forest tree of the
Chatham Islands, attaining the height of 60 feet. The wood is
light, and used by the natives for canoes. The pulp of the fruit is
edible. Cattle browse on the foliage. In rich humid soil the tree
can be adopted for avenues.

Diospyros Virginiana, L.

The N. American Ebony or Parsimon. A tree 60 feet high. Wood
very hard and blackish. The sweet variety yields a good table fruit.

Engelhardtia spicata, Blume.

The spurious Walnut tree of the mountains of Java and the Himalayas*
It reaches a height of 200 feet.

Enoalyptus amygdalina, I^abill.

In our sheltered springy forest glens attaining not rarely a height of
ovet 400 feet, there forming a smooth stem and broad leaves, pro-
ducing also seedlings of a foliage different to the ordinary state of
Euc, amygdalinat as occurs in more open country. This species or
variety, which might be called Eucalyptus regnans, represents the
loftiest tree in British territory, and ranka next to the Sequoia Welling^
tonia in size anywhere on the globe. The wood is fissile, well adapted
for shingles, rails, for housebuilding, for the keelson and plank-
ing of ships and other purposes. Lablllardidre's name applies ill to
any of the forms of this species. SeedlingH raised on rather barren
ground near Melbourne have shown the same amitfing rapidity of
growth as those of Euc. globulus; yet, like those of Euc, obli^a^
/ they «re not ao easily satiflfied with any soil.

Siioailjptiis oitrlodora, Hooker.

Qaeeosland. It combines with the ordinary qaalities of many Eacalypts
the advantage of yielding from its leaves a rather large supply of
volatile oil of excellent lemon-like fragrance.

Bnoalyptns diversioolor, F. v. Mneller.

The Karri of S. W. Australia* A colossal tree, exceptionally reaching
to the height of 400 feet, with a proportionate girth of the stem. The
timber is excellent. Fair progress of growth is shown by the young
trees, planted even in dry exposed localities in Melbourne. The shady
foliage and dense growth of the tree promise to render it one of our
best for avenues. In it8nati?e localities it occupies fertile, rather humid
valleys.

BnoalTptxis globulus, Iiabill.

Blue Gumtree of Victoria and Tasmania. This tree is of extremely
rapid growth and attains a height of 400 feet, furnishing a first^slass
wood ; shipbuilders get keels of this timber 120 feet long ; besides this
they use it extensively for planking and many other parts of the ship,
and it is considered to be generally superior to American Bock Elm. A
test of strength has been made between some Blue Gum, English Oak,
and Indian Teak. The Blue Gum carried 14 lbs. weight more than the
Oak and 17 lbs. 4o2sS. more than Teak upon the square inch. Blue Gum
wood, besides for shipbuilding, is very extensively used by carpenters
for all kinds of out-ooor work, also for fence rails, railway sleepers —
lasting about 9 years,~for shafts and spokes of drays, and a variety of
other purposes.

Eaoalyptus gomphooephala, CandoUe.

The Tooart of S. W. Australia ; attains a height of 50 feet. The wood
is close-grained, hard and not rending. It is used for shipbuilding,
wheelwright's work and other purposes of artisans.

Euoalyptus marginata, Smith.*

The Jarrah or Mahogany tree of S. W. Australia, famed for its inde-
structible wood, which is attacked neither by Chelura nor Teredo nor
Termites, and therefore so much sought for jetties and other structurei
exposed to sea-water, also for any underground work, and largely
exported for rsulway sleepers. Vessels built of this timber have been
enabled to do away with all copperplating. It is very strong, of a close
grain and a slightly oily apd resinous nature ; it works well, makes a
fine finish, and is by shipbuilders here considered superior to either
Oak, Teak, or indeed any other wood. The tree grows chiefly on iron-
stone ranges. At Melbourne it is not quick of growth, if compared to
our Blue Gum (Euc. globulus, Lab.) or to our Stringyl»rk {E. Miqua,
rjUer.), but it is likely to grow with celerity in our ranges.

Enoalyptus rostrata, SchlechtendaL

The Bed Gum of Victoria, South Australia and many river fiats in the
interior of the Australian continent. Although a native tree of this
colony, it has been introduced into this list on account of its wood
being of extraordinary endurance under ground, and for this reason so
highly valued for fence-posts, piles and railway sleepers ; for the latter
purpose it will last at least a dozen years, and, if well selected, much
longer. It is also extensively used by shipbuilders— for main stem, stern
post, inner post, dead wood, floor timbers, futtocks, transomes, knight
head, hawsepieces, cant, stern, quarter and fashion timber, bottom
planks, breasthooks and riders, windlass, bowrails, &c. It should be
steam^ before it is worked for planking. Next to the Jarrah from
West Australia this is the best wood for resisting the attacks of sea-
worms and white ants. For other details of the uses of this and other
native trees refer to the Beports of the Victorian Exhibitions of 1862 and

1867. Thetneatttinsahdghtof foltjlOO tMt The sopply for oav
locftlwttatifiUlialfMdyduNrtyaAd cannot ba obtained from Tasmftnia,
whora the troe does not natarally eziit

Xuoftljptus Sidoroi^lOBy Cann.

Iron Bark tree. It attains a height of 100 feet, and sapplies a
raloable timber, poeeeesing great strength and haidoess ; it is mucli
prised for its durability by carpenters, ship-builders, &c. It is largely
employed by waggon-builders for wheels, poles, &c. ; by ship-builders
for top sides, tree nails, the rudder (stock), belaying pins and other
purposes ; it is also used by turners for rough work. This is considered
the strongest wood in our colony. It is much recommended for railway
sleepers, and extensively used in underground mining work.

EzoSBOaria seblferay J. M. {StiUingia sebifera, Mich.)

The tallow tree of China and Japan. The fi^ coating of the seeda
yield the TQgetable tallow. The wood is so hard and dense as to be
used for printing blocks; the leaves furnish a black dye. The tree
endures Uie night frosts of our open lowlands, though its foliage fauffem.

TtLgua Cminingliaiiil, Hooker.

The Victorian and Tasmanian Beech. A magnificent evergreen tree,
attaining colossal dimensions, and only living in cool damp rich forest
valleys, not rarely 200 feet high. The wood much used by carpenters
and other artisans*, the myrtlewood of the trade. It requires to be
ascertained by actual tests in the forests, whether the allied tall ever-
green New Zealand Beeches possess any advantage over ours for foiest
culture, they are: Foffut Menziesii, Hooker, the Red Birch of the
colonists; Fagusfutcat Hook., the Black Birch ; Fagua Solandrij Hook,
the White Birch. A magnificent beech, Fagu9 Moorei, F. von Mu^L
occurs in New England,

FsLgVLB sHvatioa, L.

The deciduous beech of Britain, of most other parts of Europe and
extra tropical Asia, and as Fagus ferruginea, Ait. in a particular variety,
extending through North America. The trunk has been measured in
height 118 feet, the head 850 feet in diameter ; the wood is hard, exten-
sively used by joiners and ship-builders. An allied Beech, Fagus
Sieboldii, Endl., occurs in Japan. All these could here be grown to
advantage only in our springy mountain forests.

Fiona Sycamoms, L.

The Sycomore fig tree of the Orient, copiously planted along the road
sides of Egypt. The shady crown extends to a width of 120 feet.
Though introduced, we have as yet no local means of raising this tree
in quantity, and must therefore rely on fresh importations of cuttings
or more particularly seeds.

nous maorophyUa, Desfont.

The Moreton Bay Fig-tree, which is indigenous through a great part
of East Australia . Perhaps the grandest of our avenue trees, and among
the very best to be planted, although in poor dry soil its growth is slow.
In our latitudes it is quite hardy in the lowland. The foliage may
occasionally be injured by grasshoppers. Easily raised from seed.

Frazinns Americana, L.*

The White Ash of North America. A large tree, 80 feet high, which
delights in humid forests. Timber valuable, better resisting extreme
heat than the common Ash. The Bed Ash {Fraxinut pube»€ens. Lam.),
the Green Ash {F. viridis, Michx.), the Black Ash {F, tambueifolia^
Lam.), and *the Oarolina Ash {F, platgearj>a, Michx.}, are of smaller
sice.

The ordittaiy Ash of Boiope and West Asia. Height 90 feet, of com-
paratively qaick growth, known to attain an age of nearly 200 years.
Bich soil on forest rimlets or rirerbanks snit it best ; wood remark-
ably tongb and elastic, used for agricultural and other implements, for
oars, azletrees and maoy other purposes. Six peculiar kinds of ash
trees occur in Japan, some also in the' Indian Highlands; all might
be tried here.

Fraziniis floribnndat Don.

Nepal Ash, 40 feet high.
Frazixiiis Onms, L.«

The Manna Ash of the Mediterranean regions. Height abottt 80 feet.

It yields the medicinal manna.

Fraxinus qaadrangnlata, Michx.*

The Blue Ash of North America. One of the tallest of the Ashes, 70
feet high, with an excellent timber.

Frazinns Tiridls, Mich.

The Qreen Ash of North America. Height 70 feet ; wood exoeUent.

Gleditsohia triaoanthos, L.

The deciduous Honey Locust tree of North America. Height up to 80
feet. Wood hard, coarse-grained, fissile. Sown closely, this plant forms
impenetrable, thorny, not readily combustible hedges. An allied species
the O. horrida, Willd. in East Asia. The Water Locust tree of North
America {Oleditschia monosperma, Walt.), will grow in swamps to
80 feet.

Grevlllea robnsta, Cunningh.*

Our beautiful Lawntree, indigenous to the subtropical part of East Aus-
tralia, 100 feet high, of rather rapid growth, and resisting drought in
a remarkable degree ; hence one of the most eligible trees for desert-
culture. Our cultiyated trees yield now already an ample supply of
seeds. The wood is valued particularly for stayes of casks.

Gnevina Avellana, }io\in% (Quadria heterophyUa^ R. & P.)

The eyergreen Hazel tree of Chili, growing as far as 30® S. It attains a
height of 80 feet, and yields the Hazel nuts of S. America

Gymnooladns Oanadensis, Lamark.

The Ghirot. A North American timber and avenue tree, attaining
a height of 80 feet ; allied to Gleditschia, but, as the name implies,
thornless. The wood is strong, tough, compact, fine-grained, and
assumes a rosy color.

Jnglans oinereay L.*

The Butternut tree of N. America. About 50 feet high ; stem-diameter
4 feet. Likes rocky places in rich forests. Wood lighter than that of
the Black Walnut, durable and free from attacks of insects.*

Jnglans nigra, L.«

Black Walnut tree. Attains a height of 70 feet ; trunk 4 feet in dia-
meter; found in rich forest land in N. America. Wood purplish
brown, turning dark with age, strong, tough, not liable to warp or to
split; not attacked by insects. Seed more oily than the European
Wahiut:

Jnglans regia, L.*

The ordinary Walnut tree of Europe, but of Central Asiatic origin ;
it attains a height of fully 80 feet, and liyes many centuries. Wood
light and tough, much sought for gunstocks, fnmituie and other things.
The shells of the nut yield black pigment. Trees of choice quality of

wood liAYO been sold for £600, the wood Mng the most yaliiahle of
middle Europe. Can be grown in cold localitiee, sb it lives at 2000 feet
elevation in middle Europe. The Caiifomtan Walnnt tree {Jugltmi
rupettris, Eogelmann) and the Chinese Walnat tree {Julians Mandchu-
ricaj Maxim.) ought to be introduced here.

Lexioadendron argentetun, Brown.

The Silver tree of South Africa is included on this occasion among
forest trees, because it would add to the splendour of our woods, and
thrive far better there than in our gardens. Moreover, with this tree many
others equally glorious might be established in our mild forest glens as
a source of horticultural wealth, were it only to obtain in future years
a copious supply of seeds. Mention may be made of the tall Magnolia
trees of N. America {Magnolia grandiflora, L., 100 feet high ; M. umbrella.
Lam., 40 feet ; M» acuminata, L., 80 feet; M, cordata, Michz. 50 feet;
M, Fraseri, Walt., 40 feet; M, maerophylla, Michz., 40 feet), M. Yulan,
Desf. of China, 60 feet ; Magnolia Campbellit Hook., of the Himalayas,
160 feet high and flowers nearlv a foot across ; M, sphaerocarpa, Bozb.,
also of the Indian Highlands, 40 feet ; the North American Tulip tree

ilAriodendron tulipifera, L.), 140 feet high, stem 9 feet in diameter ; the
lediterranean Styraz tree (Styrax officinalis, li.) ; Stenoearpus tinuosui,
Endl., of East Australia (the most brilliaDt of the Proteacem) ; the
crimson and scarlet Bates of New Zealand (Metrosiderot florida, Sm. ;
M, lucida, Meuz. ; M. robusta, Cunn., 80 feet nigh ; M, tomentosa, Cunn.»
40 feet) ; fuchtia ezcorticata, L., also from New Zealand, stem 2 feet in
diameter; the crimson-flowered Eucalyptus ficifolia of West Aus-
tralia; Rhododendon Falconeri, Hooker, from Upper India, 50 feet
high, leaves 18 inches long. In the Sassafras gullies, here alluded to,
also may be planted the great Melaleuca ^ Leucadendron, L., the true
Asiatic Cajuput tree, wbieh grows to a height of 100 feet ; even the
North European Holly (Hex Aquifolium), which occasionally rises to
60 feet, though both from regions so distant.

Liquidambar Altingla, Blume.

At the Red Sea and in the mountains of India and New Guinea, at
8000 feet, and probably hardy in the warmer parts of our colony. The
tree attains a height of 200 feet. It yields the fragrant balsam known
as liquid Storaz.

Liquidambar stTraoiflua, L.

The Sweet-Gum tree. In morasses and on the springs of the forests of
N. America, with a wide geographic range. The tree attains vast
dimensions of its crown ; the stem 10 feet in diameter. The terebin-
thine juice hardens, on ezposure, to a resin of benzoin odour. Wood
fine-grained.

Haoadamia temifolia, F. von MoeU. - (Helicia temifoUa, F. M. )

The Nut tree of subtropic East Australia, attaining a height of 60 feet;
hardy, as far south as Melbourne ; in our forest valleys likely of fair
celerity of growth. The nuts have the taste of hazels.

Horns rubra, L.

The Bed Mulberry tree of Korth America is the largest of the genus,
attaining a height of 70 feet ; it produces a strong and compact timber.
The White Mulberry tree {Morus alba, L.), with others, ofifering food
to the silkworms, should be planted copiously everywhere for hedges or
copses.

Haolura aurantiaoa, Nuttall.

The Osage Orange of North America. Greatest height 60 feet; wood
bright yellow, very elastic, fine-grained. For deciduous thomhedgea
the plant is important; its value for silkworms needs further to be
tested.

«$

Ostcya oarpinifblia» So(H[x>]L

South Europe, and Orient The Hop Hombeaiu A deciduoos iree^
eo feet high.

Ostrya Virginica, Willdenow.

Leyerwood tree of North America, 40 feet high, in rich woodlands.
Wood singularly hard, close-grained andheavj, in use lor levers mucL
other implements.

Pistaoia vera, L.

Indigenous in the Orient, as far as Persia. A deciduous tree, 80 feet
high, yielding the Pistacia Nuts of commerce, remarkable for their
green almond-like kernels. The likewise deciduous Mediterranean
Piitacia TerebinthuB, L. , yielding the Ohio Turpentine, the P. Atlantica,
Desf., and the evergreen South European Pistacia Lentiscus, L.,
furnishing the mastiz, grow rarely to the size of large trees.

Flanera Japonioa, Miquel.

Considered one of the best timber trees of Japan.

Flatanua oooidentalls, L.

The true Plane tree of the East part of North America. More eligible as
an avenue tree, than as a timber tree ; diameter of stem at times 14
feet ; wood dull red.

Platanns orientalls, L.

The Plane tree of South Europe and Middle Asia. One of the grandest
trees for lining roads and for street planting, deciduous like the other
planes, rather quick of growth, and not requiring much water ; attains
a height of 90 feet. The wood is well adapted for furniture and other
kinds of cabinet work.

natanns raoemosa, Nuttall.

The Califomian Plane tree. Wood harder and thus more durable
then that of P. occidentalis, also less liable to warp.

Fopnlus alba, L.

The Abele or White Poplar of Europe and Middle Asia. Height 90 feet
It proved here an excellent avenue tree, even in comparatively water-
less situations, and gires by the partial whiteness of its foliage a
l^easing effect in any plantation. Populut eanesceni, Sm., the grey
Poplar, is either a variety of the Abele or its hybrid with the Aspen,
and jrields a better timber for carpenters and millwrights.

Populns balsamifidra, L.

The Tacamahac or Balsam Poplar, of the colder, but not the coldest
parts of North America, 80 feet high. Its variety is P, candicant,
Alton.

Popnlua grandidentata, Michauz.

North America, 60 feet high. A kind of Aspen.
Populua heterophylla, L.

The downy Poplar of North America. Height 60 feet

PopTilua moniliflsra, Alton. (P. Canadentii, Desf.)

The Cottonwood tree of North America. Height 100 feet. One of the
# best poplars for the production of timber.

Popnlns nigra, L.

The European Black Poplar, extending spontaneously to China. It
includes Populw dxlaiaia^ Alton, or as a contracted variety^ P. faiti"

ffiata, DesL, the Lombardy Poplar. Ghpeafort hdght IB^ faei Onnrtti
ispid, like that «f ail other poplan. Wood 0oft,|light and of looee
texture, used by joiners, coopers and tamers, famishing also saperior
charcoaL Bark employed in tanning. The tree requires damp'soii

PqPq1iI9 tremtUaiTi.

The European Aspen. Height 80 feet It extends to Japaa, where also
a peculiar species, Populut Sieboldii (Miq.) exists. T^ aspettwood is
white and tender, and in use by coopers and joiners.

FopTilus tremuloidea, Michaux,

The North American Aspen< Height 60 feet It extends west to
Oalifomia, where a partioalar species, Pop, trichoearpm, Torrey, oocurst
All Poplars might be pbmted like all WiUows, in our gallies, to
intercept forest-fires, also generally on river>banks.

Qnerous iBgilops, L.*

South Earm>e. A tree of the size of the British Oak. The cape,
known as vidonia, osed for tanning and dyeing; Hm unripe aoonis as
Camata or Camatena, for the same purpose. The wood is capital to
furniture.

Queroos alba, L.*

The White or Quebec Oak. A most valuabTe timber tree, 100 feet high ;
diameter of stem, 7 feet. Wood in use by ship-builders, wheelwrights,
coopers and other artisans. ' -

Qaefoaa anaulata, Smith.

A large Oak of Nepal, which provides a yery good timber.
Querous aqxiatloft, Walter,

North America. Height of tree 60 feet ; it ^(»|8hflli a •iq[>erior bark

for tanning, also wood for ship-building.

Qierons Gerris, L.

South Earope, of the height of the English Oak, in suitable localities
of quick growth. The foHage dedduoos, or also evergreen. The wood
available for wheelwrights, cabinetmakers, tumeric peapeiss tik» ipr
building purposes.

Qnerena oooGi£9ra,L.

The dedduoos Eeimes Oak pi flbath Boom; so called from tiie red
dye, famished by the Cocm9 iliei$, ftfom (l|ia Oak. It also snppliea
tanner's bark. The huge and aaeient AJmhamli Oak bslonga to thia
species. *

QaerooB coooinea, Wangenheim.

The Black Oak of North America* Height 100 feet; -stem-diameter,
5 feet. Foliage deciduous. The yellow dye, kn^ewn as Quercitron,
comes from this tree. Bark rich in tannic acid.

Querous oomea, Loureiro.

China. An evergreen tree, 40 feet high. Acoms used, fi>r loqd.
QtierotLB fletloata, Michaux.

North Ameri(». Foliage dedlduoas. lives in ^ly 8MQ4iy gveond.

A good-sized tree with excellent tanner's bark.

QnQroua Hex, L.

The Holly Oak of South Ehxrope. Height of tree 50 feet. WoOd in
use for sbip-building, bark fbr tanning. From varieties of this tret
are obtained the sweet and nourishing Ballota and Chesni^ aeoma^

Quoreos Ineana, Boxb.

A Hkaal^yan timber tree of great dimensIoDSy beantUol, eTBigreeiL

Q;aerotis infeotoria, OUt.

Oely 1^ smaXi tree, with dAcidaoos foliage. Chiefly from this tree the
galls of commerce are obtained*

Qnerons lanoifolia, Boxb.

A taU limber tree a( the Himalayas. Wood valued for its durability.
Q;iier<ms xoaorooarpa, Michx.*

The Bur Oak of North America. Tree 70 feet high. The timber

nearly as good as that of the White Oak.

QjOfirons paluatriiSy Du BqI.

The Marsh Oak of No^h America. Height 80 feet ; of quick growth
The wood, though pot fiQe-grained, is strong and tough.

QiaeroiLs Frlnua, L.

The North American Swamp Oak. A tree» 90 feet high, available for
wet localities. Foliage deciduous. Wood strong and diastio, of fine
grain. A red dye is produced from the bark.

Querona Bobnr, L. *

The British Oak, extending through a great part of ISurope and
Western Asia, attaining a great age and an enormous size. Extreme
height 120 feet. Two yarieties are distinguished : — 1. Quercua
ses^Qifiora, Salisbury. The Durmast Oak, with a darker, heavier timber,
more elastic, less fissile. This tree is also the quickest of the two in
growth, and lives on poorer soil Its bark Is ^so richer in medicinal,
dyeing and tanning principles. 2. Quercus peduneutata^ Willd. This
variety supplies most of tiie oak-timber in Britain for ship-bnildiog,
and Is the heat for bending under steam. It is also pieferred for
jQin«r's work.

Querons rubra, L.

The Bed Oak of North America. Height 100 feet ; diameter of stem^
4 feet. The wood is not of value ; but the bark is rich in tannin.
Autnpnal tint of foliage beautifully rfd.

Qinerons semeoarpifbllay Smith.

In the Himalayas. Height of tree often 100 feet; girth ql stem
18 feet It furnishes a first-class timben

QoOTOWS aenrftta, Thunbeig.

One of the 23 known Japan Oaks. It yields the best food for the
oak silkworm {Bomtyx Tomaisai.)

Qnerons Slderozylon, Qumboldt.

Mountains of Mexico, at 8,000 feet elevation. An Oak of grea^ size,
of compact timber, almost imperishable in water, Q. ImceQlata, Q,
ehryiophyllay O, reticulata^ Q. laurinot 0. obtumtar Q, ^lauceaeent,
Q. Xalapen%i9 (Humb,) and Q, acutifolia (Nee), are among the many
other highly important timber Oaks of the cooler regions Gi Mexicou

Qioeroas 0(|ttamata,BexbBigli.

One of the tallest of the Himalayan Oa^s, Wood lasting,

QtteroBs Saber, L,#

The Cork Oak of South Europe and North Africa; evergreen. It
attains an age of fully 200 years. After about 20 years it can be
stripped of its bark every 6 or 7 years ; but the best cork is obtained
from trees over 40 years Mi, Ikight of tree about 40 feet. Aooms
of a sweetish taste^

Qnerons Snndaioa, Blame.

One of the oaks from the moantainB of Jav^t where several other
Talaable timber oaks exist.

Queroxis Toza^ Bosc

South Europe. One of the handsomest oaks, and one of the qnickest of
growth. Foliage evergreen.

Queroos virens, L.*

The Live Oak of North America, evergreen, 60 feet high. Supplies a
most valuable timber for shipbuildiDg ; it is heavy, compact, fine-
grained ; it is moreover the strongest and most durable of all American
Oaks. Like Q. obtusiloba, Michauz., it lives also on seashores, helping
to bind the Band, but it is then not of tall stature. Of many of the 300
Oaks of both the Western and Eastern portion of the Northern hemis-
phere, the properties remained unreconled and perhaps unexamined ;
but it would be important to introduce as many kinds as possible for
local test-growth. The acorns, when packed in dry moss, retain
their vitality for some months. The species with deciduous foliage are
not desirable for massive ornamental planting, because in this clime
they shed their dead leaves tardily during the very time of our greatest
verdure.

Rhus vemioifera, Cand.

Extends from Nepal to Japan. It forms a tree of fair size, and 3rield8
the Japan varnish.

Rhus suooedanea, L.

The Japan Wax tree, the produce of which has found its way into the
English market. The Sumach (Ekus eoriaria, L.), and the Sootino
(Rhus Cotinus, L.), both important for superior tanning and for dyeing,
thrive here quite as well as in South Europe. They are more of shrubby
growth.

Robinia Psendaoaoia, L.

The North American Locust Acacia. Height to 90 feet. * The strong
hard and durable wood is for a variety of purposes in use, and par-
ticularly eligible for tree nails. The roots are poisonous. The allied
Bobinia viscosa attains a height of 40 feet

8assafiras officinale, Hayne.

The deciduous Sassafras tree, indigenous from Canada to Florida, in
dry open woods. Height 50 feet ; leaves lobed ; wood and bark medici-
naJ, and used for the distillation of Sassafras oil.

SoplLora Japonioa, L.

A tree of China and Japan, resembling the Laburnum, up to 60 feet
high ; wood hard and compact, valued for turner's work. AU parts of
the plant purgative ; the flowers rich in a yellow dye.

Salix alba, L.«

The Huntingdon or Silky Willow of Europe and Middle Asia. Hdgbt
80 feet, circumference of stem 20 feet ; wood light and elastic, available
for carpenter s work and implements, bark for tanning. The golden
Osier (Salix vitellina; L.), is a variety. The shoots are used for hoope
and wickerwork.

Salix Babylonloa, Tournefort.

The Weeping Willow, indigenous from West Asia as fur aa Japan.
Important for oonsolidathig river banks.

Sallx oaprea, L.

The British Sallow or Hedge Willow; grows also to a tree ; wood oseM
for handles and other implements, bark for tspining. It is the earliest
flowering willow.

Salix oordata, Moehlenb.

One of the Osiers of North America.

Salix daplmoideSy Yillars.

Middle Europe and Northern Asia, as fsr as the Amoor. A tree of
remarkable rapidity of growth, 12 feet in four years.

Sallx firagills, L.

The Crack Willow. Height 90 feet, stem to 20 feet in girth. A variety
of this species is the Bedford Willow, SaUx Euaelliana, Smith, which
yields a ligbt elastic tongh timber, more tannin in its bark than oi^,
and more salicine (a sabstitnte for quinine) than most congeners.

Sallx laaoeolata, Smith.

One of the Basket WiUows, cultivated in Britain.

Sallx luoiday Muehlenb.

One of the Osiers of North America.
Sallx purpurea, L.

Of wide range in Europe and West Asia. One of the Osiers.
SaUx rubra, Hudson.

Throughout Europe, also in West Asia and North Africa; is much

chosen for Osier b^ds. When cut down, it will make shoots 8 feet long

in a season.

Sallx triandra, L.* (5. amy^dalina, L.)

The Almond Willow, through nearly all Europe and extratroplcal Asia.
Height of tree 30 feet. Shoots 9 feet long, for hoops and white basket
work, being pliant and durable.

SaUx vimlnaUs, L.«

The common Osier of Europe and North Asia, attains the height of 30
feet. One of the best for wicker-work and hoops ; when cut it shoots
up to a length of 12 feet. It would lead too fiir to enumerate even the
more important willows all on this occasion. Professor Andersson, of
Stockholm, admits 158 species. Besides these, numerous hybrids exist.
Many of the taller of these willows could here be grown to advantage.

Tilla Americana, L.

The Basswood tree or North American Linden tree, growing to 52^
North Latitude. Height of tree 80 feet, diameter of stem 4 feet ; wood
pale and soft. TiHa heterophylla, Vent, the Silver Lime of North
America^ and Tilla Manchurioa, Bapr., of South Siberia might be tested.

Tllla Enropsea, L.

The common Lime of Europe, eztendii]^ naturally to Japan, the large
leaved variety of 'South European origin. Height ap to 120 feet,
exceptionally 60 feet in girth. Tbe wood pale, so^ and close-grained,
sought for turnery and carving ; the bast excellent for mats.

Ulmua alata, Michx.

The Whahoo Elm of North America. Height of tree 80 feet; wood
fine-grained,

Ulmus Americana, L.

The White Elm of North America, a tree fond of moist river banks,
100 feet high ; trunk 60 feet, 5 feet in diameter.

Ulmiui oampestriSy L.«

Til* ordinary Blm, IndigMoas to Soalh llhuope and iMnperato AeHtk, as
ftur BMt at Japan. 8«iMral maiked farleUed, sooh as the Oork film
and Wych Elm, exist. Tlie Elm in attaining an age of sereral centariea
becomes fimdly of enormons siae. The wood is tough, hard, fine-grained
and remarkably durable, if constantly under water; next to the Yew, it
is the best of European woods, wliere great elasticity is required, as for
archery bows. It is also used for keels, blocks and wheels. Bast tough.

Ulmus Floridana, Chapman.

The West Florida Shn, 40 feet high.
Ulmus folva, Michx.

The Slippery or Bed Elm of North America, 60 fe^ high ; wood red,

tenacious.

Ulmtui raoemoaa, Thomaa.

The Ooric Elm of North America.

For fuller information on trees, long known, refer to Loudon's
Classic "Arboretum;" also for many further details to lindley's
Treasury of Botany, to Asa Qra/s Manual, to Nuttall's North
American Sylva, to Lawson's Pmetnm and many looal works;
also to the volumes of the Exhibitions of 1862 and 1S67.

The trees marked with an asterisk * should receive prominent
attention in Victorian woodoulture. The dimensions given are the
greatest, of which the writer could trace reliable records.

•TllLWIIiL AXB VXZOST, FBXXTIBS, OOLKOn STUn BAST, MlIAOVmiTB.

^i^ftMifa

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